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Pedea awd oe Pan y mane e ne ae OR a ' i pee bah de oe Ar be An rat . ere | caf peed oA (| Seri ras ' a t Poe i" MASAI ee Yaw ’ ’ PBF N¥ pod ~ ye g4 7 adr td 4 <9 LEST 1H: LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN . BUILDING USE ONLY MAR 16 1997 MAR 16 1997 FEB 2 5 2009 FEB 1 6 2009 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 282 _ ZOOLOGICAL SERIES Vo. XVII, No. 7 BIRDS OF THE MARSHALL FIELD PERUVIAN EXPEDITION, 1922-1923 BY JOHN T. ZIMMER aa ot We FORMER ASSISTANT CURATOR OF BIRD : JAN © WILFRED H. Oscoop ur CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EDITOR Y™% NATURAL \ d k, HISTORY 1893 "i ~CHICAG Oy y ‘ CHICAGO, U.S. A. DECEMBER 10, 1930 THE LIBRARY OF THE Matus me FEB LZ 1932 7D Oa UNIVERSITY @F WLLINGIS : nos 3 . * n Aa aria Field Museum of Natural History Zoology, Vol. XVII, Plate III 3 4 < ~> Rio ATO VICTORIA 0 &. PII OEZ ) SANTA EVULALIA ( A S che Seren TUCAN. . ait CALLAQ@ Lim, ECUADOR BPA Z/L PACIFIC OCEAN MAP OF CENTRAL PERU SHOWING COLLECTING LOCALITIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 282 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VoL. XVII, No. 7 BIRDS OF THE MARSHALL FIELD PERUVIAN EXPEDITION, 1922-1928 BY JOHN T. ZIMMER FORMER ASSISTANT CURATOR OF BIRDS WILFRED H. Oscoop CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EDITOR THE LIBRARY OF THE FEB 17 1938 UNIVERS Dll y ADM a . ix Y cree \ HIsToRY CHICAGO, U.S. A. DECEMBER 10, 1930 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS 5£90,5 FI VA Ys a Cop & BIRDS OF THE MARSHALL FIELD PERUVIAN EXPEDITION, 1922-1923 BY JOHN T. ZIMMER Early in 1922, Field Museum of Natural History despatched an e expedition to Perfi for the purpose of collecting zoological and oy © botanical specimens. As ornithologist of the expedition, I devoted my principal efforts to the bird life of the region and secured 1,497 “ specimens, to which Mr. Edmund Heller, mammalogist of the party, teh 3 / g -added a few skins from localities I did not visit. The following _ report is concerned with the collection of Peruvian birds secured during the course of the work, with comparative notes on allied species or subspecies from other parts of Pera or from adjoining countries. Descriptions of some of the new forms found in this material have been published in advance (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., 12, No. 4, 1924; t. c., No. 8, 1925; op. cit., 17, No..1, 1929; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, pp. 207-210, 1927; and op. cit., 42, pp. 81-98, 1929). The following new names are used in the present account: Page AGIGIOCSTENS TOM. NOV. 6 i iis Chea ub ae CER OR CRU ae 290 Catamenia analis insignis subsp. nov...............0 eee eee eens 460 Colonia colonus niveiceps subsp. nOV............ 000 cece cece eeees 368 Diglossa sittoides decorata nom. NOV... 2...) hs ed ek ee es 416 Jacana spinosa peruviana subsp. nov...... 2.2.2... cece eee eee 253 Ochthoeca leucophrys interior subsp. nOV................020ee eee 365 Thlypopsis ornata media subsp. nov.......... 00.0. e cece cece ee ees 452 Todirostrum cinereum peruanum subsp. nov............-...22005 384 Since the operations of the various sections of the expedition were carried on independently, I shall not attempt to exceed the description of my own activities. I left Chicago on March 19, 1922, and arrived at Callao on April 3. As soon as arrangements could be completed, I moved up the Rimac Valley a short distance to the town of Chosica, still in the arid tropical zone, using this as a base from which to visit Santa Eulalia and Vitarte. On April 27, I ascended by rail to the town of Matucana, considerably higher up the valley in the arid subtropical zone, and a week later continued the ascent and passed over the divide and up the Junin Plateau to Cerro de Pasco at the northern end of the table-land in the puna region. 233 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII On May 8, I began the descent of the Huallaga Valley, passing the head of the river just below Cerro de Pasco, and stopping for about a week at La Quinua, a short distance below, in the temperate zone about at timber line. Thence three days on horseback with pack train brought me to Huanuco in the semiarid subtropics, which constituted a base camp for future operations until the close of the year. Three extended trips were made out of Huanuco. The first comprised an ascent of the mountains on the right bank of the Huallaga River on which two camps were placed, at 10,500 and 12,200 feet, in the humid temperate zone. Passing over a shoulder of the mountain, I next descended into a valley near the town of Panao and established a camp on the slopes of Mt. Pukagaga (the Quechua name for Quebrada Colorado), also in the humid temperate zone though with more decided subtropical affinities. Thence I descended into the Huallaga Valley again and returned toward Huanuco, with an extended pause at Hacienda Dispensa where the natural conditions of the countryside were less disturbed than at Huanuco itself. On August 12, I again passed through Dispensa, crossed the river and the mountains on the left bank and entered the valley of the Chinchao River which I descended to near its junction with the Huallaga, at the junction also of the subtropical and humid tropical zones. Here I collected at two principal points: Vista Alegre, on the right bank of the Chinchao and at the lower margin of the subtropical zone; Huachipa, across the river in the tropical forest. October 20, I returned in the direction of Hudnuco and, from October 21 to November 20, collected at Hacienda Vileabamba in the neighborhood of the town of Chinchao, in the subtropical zone just below the cloud forests. Thence I retraced my route to Hudnuco. On December 5, I crossed the mountains on the left bank of the river near Hudnuco through the Higueras Valley to the Marafién which I descended on the right bank to a small place known as Culleui or Cullquish in the arid temperate zone. This place was reached on December 9. On December 17, I returned up the valley a short distance, crossed the river and ascended the Aguamiro Valley to the town of Aguamiro, reached the following day, and climbed the escarpment to the high plateau which contains the ruins of the pre-Inca city of Hudnuco Viejo. Here I remained until December 25 when I began the return to Hudnuco by a circuitous route which crossed the Marafién somewhat higher up and joined 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 235 the Higueras Valley at the place where I had left it on the outward journey. Being unable to find transport across the lowlands to the Pichis River, in the Ucayali drainage, I returned to Cerro de Pasco and down the plateau to Oroya, whence I descended the eastern slope of the mountains into the Chanchamayo Valley. Passing through the town of La Merced, I established headquarters at the Hacienda Pampa Americana on the Rio Colorado, a short distance below the town, in the humid tropical zone. February 26, I began a journey with pack train over an outlying spur of the mountains to the Pichis River which I reached seven days later, continuing my journey by canoe to Puerto Bermidez the following day. From March 5 to 20, I remained at Puerto Bermidez, in the humid tropical forest. March 20, I boarded a steam launch bound for Iquitos and reached that destination on March 26 after collecting a very small number of specimens at Orellana and San Enrique en route. From Iquitos I descended the Amazon to Manaos where I obtained passage on a steamer bound for New York, stopping at Parad on the outward journey, and reached Chicago on April 28, 1928. A detailed description of each of the important collecting stations follows: Chosica.—April 13-17, 25, 27, 1922. 2,800 feet. Arid tropical. Situated in a narrow valley between barren, rocky hills, with the level bottom-land devoted to gardens and cotton fields. The hills in April were dry and clothed with cacti and other such desert vegetation, but the banks of the river and the irrigation ditches supported thickets of somewhat more luxuriant growth. Santa Eulalia.—April 18-24. 3,500 feet. Arid tropical. Similar to Chosica but slightly higher in elevation and better wooded. Much of the valley floor was occupied by orchards of oranges, soursops, guavas, and such fruits, though the desert vegetation persisted on the hillsides. Many Inca ruins were scattered about the valley and numerous terraces of ancient construction were still in good repair on the hills. Vitarte——April 27. 1,300 feet. Arid tropical. A cotton and sugar cane plantation between Chosica and Lima. Not radically different from Chosica. Matucana.—April 28-May 4. 7,700 feet. Arid subtropical. Hereabouts the valley is narrow and the hillsides very steep and 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOoLOGY, VOL. XVII rugged, but the cloud line is much closer and the countryside accord- ingly greener. The snow line, also, is closer and the air much cooler and fresher than at Chosica. Several cold mountain streams rush down from the heights and have their banks overgrown with vines and bushes where they are not occupied by boulders, but the steep slopes of the adjacent hills are covered with cacti and similar plants. Cerro de Pasco.—May 5-7. 14,419 feet. Puna zone. High, grassy plains above timber line. La Quinua.—May 8-16. 12,100 feet. Humid temperate. Just below timber line. Scattered patches of gnarled and twisted trees occupy the heads of the canyons, with more bushy growth along the river banks and grassland on the padi Frost and cold rain or hail were daily occurrences. Huénuco.—May 19-30, July 31—August 11, November 23- December 4, and December 29, 1922-January 12, 1928. 6,600 feet. Semiarid subtropical zone. The town lies on the banks of the Hua- llaga River in a broad valley surrounded by hills reaching upward to the puna zone. The valley floor is very fertile but the near-by hillsides, at the lower elevations, are dry and barren or set with cacti and other desert plants. In May and August the climate was dry and hot during the daytime, though cool at night; in November the rainy season was imminent while at the close of December it was on in full force, and the once dry hillsides were green and flourishing while much of the lowland was boggy. When not qualified by other stated elevations, the locality “Huanuco,” as used in the following pages, means this locality or the near-by Hacienda Dis- pensa which is mentioned below. Hudénuco (Schizmay).—May 30-June 17. 10,500 feet. Semiarid temperate and semiarid subtropical. This designation marks a camp on the slopes of the mountains near Hudnuco at the given elevation. It proved to be excellent collecting ground. It lies on the northern slope of the hills with a high, rocky ridge to the eastward and one to the westward, with high peaks at the back from which a small stream tumbles down the slope to the Huallaga River. The hillsides are grassy, where not cultivated, and are provided with patches of scattered woodland. Along the stream and its affluents are dense tangles of bushes and trees interlaced with rattans, blackberry vines, and other creepers. The climate was warm at midday, considerably colder at night with occasional frost, and rains were frequent though not of long duration. The region may be classed, in general, as 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 237 semiarid or even humid temperate with finger-like projections of the humid subtropics extending upward along the streams from the lower elevations. Hudnuco (Pagancho).—June 17-80. 12,200 feet. Humid tem- perate. This region was cold and bleak. The temperature often remained below 50° F. in the middle of the day and dropped below freezing at night. Rain and hail were of almost daily occurrence and the fog, which settled in the lower valleys at night, began to lift at sunrise and often blanketed the hills until nearly noon. The mountain tops near-by are at an elevation of about 14,000 feet and are rocky and barren of all but a few patches of grass, though the hollows and pockets at the heads of the ravines support a growth of gnarled and stunted trees, draped with moss and creepers and saturated with moisture from the nightly fogs. These pockets are full of pitfalls for the unwary foot, with many crevices between the rocks concealed by moss and precariously bridged by rotting logs, but they furnish a home for many species of birds not found elsewhere. Some of the deeper hollows hold an alpine lake of icy water rimmed with black cliffs and emptying over the lower side or through a fissure in the rocks. An occasional bog marks the origin of one or other of the numerous brooks. The hillsides near camp were clothed with grass and bushes and an occasional tree. Panao (Mt. Pukagaga).—July 2-18. 10,300 feet. Humid temper- ate and subtropical. Not unlike the mountains near Hudnuco at 10,500 feet, but less arid and with a more pronounced subtropical tendency. The river is larger than that at Schizmay, and is bordered by heavier woods, with numerous tree-ferns and solid jungles of rattan at several places. Temperate zone forest occurs in detached areas on the upper slopes of the mountains, alternated with grass- land and extensive patches of ferns. Though not immediately adjacent to the town of Panao, this collecting site is in the same extensive valley and at about the same elevation, though on a different slope. Hudnuco ( Hacienda Dispensa).—July 20-31. 6,400 feet. Semi- arid subtropical zone. A hacienda between Valle and Hudnuco on the banks of the Huallaga River. The conditions are equivalent to those at the town of Hudnuco, 200 feet higher in elevation, except that they are less disturbed by human activities. There is a fringe of woodland along the river with a few beds of cat-tails and an extensive jungle of giant Equisetum ten or twelve feet high. 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsToRY—ZOOoLOGY, VoL. XVII Cultivated fields in the bottom of the valley and dry, cactus-covered hillsides complete the picture. Since the region is identical with Hudnuco in its faunal conditions, I have not attempted to segregate the records from this locality, although they may sometimes be recognizable by the dates. Vista Alegre.—August 15-September 1, October 8-20. 4,100 feet. Subtropical zone. The coca plantation of this name lies on the right bank of the Chinchao River a little above its junction with the Huallaga River. Above the hacienda the hills reach upward through the subtropical zone with alternating grassland and dry woods; below and across the river is the tropical forest. Although most of the species of birds found here are subtropical forms, numer- ous tropical species occur here also since the forest on the right bank of the river is continuous with that on the left bank and the river does not form an effective barrier. The climate is hot and humid, without much relief at night. Huachipa.—September 2-7. 2,800-4,600 feet. Humid tropical. The camp at this place was within the edge of the tropical forest beyond the large clearing of Huachipa plantation. Though higher than Vista Alegre it is in sight of that place across the river. The bottoms of the deep canyons are nearly two thousand feet below, and collecting was done throughout the region. The plantation clearing furnished a modification of territory as did the second growth springing up at the edge of the woods, but the basic collecting ground was the heavy, dark, gallery forest, varied here and there by denser second growth where a fallen tree had permitted the entrance of a little sunlight. Vines, rattans, epiphytes, and parasitic growths were numerous and bird life was abundant. Many of the so-called vaga- bond troops were found and followed with profit—large flocks of mixed species, from the terrestrial ant-wrens to the arboreal tanagers and a host of others between, patrolling the woods and searching the vegetation minutely from top to bottom. Whereas various tropical species common at Huachipa were found sometimes at Vista Alegre, there were but few species of the subtropical zone (such as Elaenia pallatangae and Myiarchus tuberculifer atriceps) which had found their way across the river to the clearings on the Huachipa side. The climate at Huachipa was more uncomfortable than at Vista Alegre, being more enclosed and with less movement of air. Chinchao (Hacienda Vileabamba).—October 21—November 20. 5,700 feet. Subtropical zone. The immediate vicinity of the hacienda 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 239 is similar to Vista Alegre without the tropical zone incursions, but there is a reversed influence from the cloud forest that tops the near- by hills. At the season of my visit, the rains were beginning in earnest and the steep hillsides of the hacienda were perpetually deluged so that there was little distinction between humid and arid regions except in the density of the vegetation. Collecting was done in both types of country. Cullcui (Maratién Valley)—December 9-17. 10,400 feet. Arid subtropical zone. A tiny settlement on the right bank of the Marafién bounded by steep dry hills. Cactus, agave, and similar desert plants are in preponderance, even along the banks of the river where they form impenetrable thickets. A small tributary entering the Marafién, a short distance below the settlement, has developed a more luxuriant growth of bushes, trees, and grass that forms a humid oasis in the desert. The faunal affinities of the region are to the western slope of the coastal range and a number of species of birds are common to Culleui and Matucana, though the latter locality is less arid than Culleui. Hudnuco Vieyo.— December 18-25. 12,700 feet. Puna zone. The locality is above timber line on a broad plateau with a few rounded peaks rising a little above it. It is covered with grass and watered by a little stream which finds its origin in an extensive marsh, not far from the ruins of the ancient settlement. The climate was continuously cold and wet. Rio Colorado (Chanchamayo Valley).—January 25—February 26, 1928. 2,300 feet. Humid tropical zone. Mixed forest and cultivated fields. At the time in question the rainy season was well advanced and every gully was a running stream while many level areas were inundated. Though in the Ucayali drainage, the Chanchamayo Valley is closer in faunal affinities to the tropical Huallaga valleys than to the Upper Amazonian area of northeastern Peri and the upper Ucayali River. Puerto Bermidez.—March 5-20. 1,100 feet. Humid tropical zone. Upper Amazonian region. This locality is at the head of steamer navigation during the rainy season and above it during the dry season. When I visited it, the region was extensively inundated and difficult for collecting. Except for small cultivated clearings, the countryside is heavily forested with considerable undergrowth along the banks of the river and at the edges of the fields. The faunal affinities are with the Upper Amazonian region and some of 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOoLOGY, VOL. XVII the subspecies found at Puerto Bermidez occur also on the Rio Solimoés in Brazil. It is impossible to name the numerous persons whose thought- fulness and kindness smoothed the difficulties of the expedition’s work in a foreign country, but to all of them I am grateful for their services. To Mr. Marshall Field, whose generosity made the expedi- tion possible, and to Mr. H. B. Conover, who supplied a portion of the funds in return for some of the game-birds obtained on the trip, I am grateful for the opportunity given to study the Peruvian bird life in the field. To the government of Pera and its various officials I am grateful for the courtesy and assistance granted in entering the country and exploring its zoological riches. In studying the collec- tion since my return I have been indebted to Dr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York; Mr. W. E. C. Todd, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Mr. O. Bangs, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge; Dr. Witmer Stone, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; and Drs. A. Wetmore, H. Friedmann, and Charles W. Richmond, of the United States National Museum, Washington, for the loan of a large amount of comparative material from the collections under their charge, without which this report would not have been possible. Many thanks are due also to Dr. Charles E. Hellmayr of Field Museum of Natural History for much helpful comment and criticism and for comparative notes on many specimens in European museums and references to obscure or inaccessible publications. The systematic arrangement in the following pages may seem somewhat confused inasmuch as I have not followed any single author. There is no check list of neotropical birds which is both complete and strictly modern. Consequently I have largely followed Wetmore (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 76, Art. 24, 1930) for the sequence of orders and families (not separately shown in the text); Simon (Histoire Naturelle des Trochilidae, 1921) for the genera of Hummingbirds; Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pts. 3-6, 1924-1929) for the Mesomyodian (or Tyrannine) Passeri- formes; Berlepsch (Ber. V. Int. Orn.-Kongr., pp. 1001-1161, 1912) for the Tanagers (excluding certain genera which I think belong to the Finches) ; and Brabourne and Chubb (Birds of South America, 1913) when better authority is not available. The adopted scheme is not without its disadvantages and certain inconsistencies may be noted such as among the Finches where the genera most nearly related to the Tanagers will be found in a position 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 241 farthest removed from them. However the present paper is too limited in scope to warrant an attempt at reclassification on a large scale to rectify such errors. The present repository of the type specimens of the various species and subspecies, so far as I have been able to ascertain the facts, have been given at the close of each original reference. In the following descriptions, capitalization of the names of colors indicates direct comparison with Ridgway’s Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. ?Crypturellus soui nigriceps (Chapman). Crypturus sout nigriceps CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 96, p. 1, 19283—-Upper Rio Suno, e. Ecuador; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A female from Vista Alegre, August 24, 1922 (in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with thirty-six additional specimens in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. and Conover coll., belonging to a number of races, from Chanchamayo, Peri; Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Vaqueria, Jiminez, Milagro, and Puente de Chimbo, Ecuador; Vista Nieve, Santa Marta, Colombia; Utinga and Murucutt, Para, and Ayupaya and Rio Manacapuré, Amazonas, Brazil; British Guiana; Colén, El Banco, Boquete, and Old Panama, Panama; Lagarto, Buenos Aires, Las Aguas, and Las Cafias, Costa Rica; Chapulco, Guatemala; and San Pedro Sula, Honduras. I have not been able to arrange all of this material satisfactorily in the limited time I have been able to devote to it. Suffice it to say that the Vista Alegre bird appears to agree best with Chapman’s description of nigriceps, although in the absence of specimens from eastern Ecuador I am not sure that it is properly referable to that form. The Bolivian bird probably is hoffmannsi and is much brighter in ventral coloration than my Vista Alegre specimen, though the upper parts are much the same. The Chanchamayo specimen, being a male, is not strictly comparable to the Vista Alegre female, from which it differs by less blackish crown, lighter brown back, and paler belly; it may not be fully adult. Until I have seen more material from PerG, I must let the identification of the present specimens remain more or less in doubt. ?Crypturellus obsoletus ochraceiventris (Sztoleman). Crypturus obsoletus ochraceiventris SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, (4), p. 199, 1926—La Gloria, Chanchamayo, Peri; Warsaw Mus. 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZooLOGY, VOL. XVII A male from Chinchao, November 14, 1922 (in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a male and female of obsoletus from Fazenda Cajoa, Sio Paulo, Brazil; a male from Sao Paulo; an unsexed skin from Rio Grande (do Sul); three males and three females from Misiones, Argentina; a male of cerviniventris from La Azulita, Venezuela; and two males and three females of (?)pwnensis from Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia (all but the female of obsoletus in Conover collection). With this material it is impossible to be certain of the identity of the Peruvian and Bolivian birds. Chubb’s description of pwnensis gives little positive information and Sztoleman’s description of ochracewentris compares that form with obsoletus without showing how it differs from punensis, its geographically nearest ally. Chubb (Ibis, 1919, p. 8) recorded punensis from Chulumani, Bolivia, and Sztoleman had three Chulumani skins for comparison, which he also called punensis, so it is to be assumed that ochraceiventris shows certain differences from the west-Bolivian skins. The Incachaca specimens at hand are darker and deeper in coloration than the skins of obsoletus, and are more richly colored, though above they are rather overlaid with dark gray. In these respects they answer Chubb’s description of punensis, although they are not smaller than the Brazilian skins of the same sex. The Chinchao bird is a little deeper and richer below than the Bolivian specimens, while above it is decidedly more rufescent than either the Bolivian or Brazilian examples and has no trace of vermiculations on the back, thus agreeing, so far as can be determined, with the description of ochraceiventris, though the belly is not as ochraceous as it is in the Bolivian and Brazilian birds; in size it agrees best with the description of punensis. If the Incachaca birds represent typical punensis, the Chinchao specimen may be separated as ochraceiventris; it certainly is not Sztoleman’s chirimotanus. On the other hand it is not certain that ochraceiventris and punensis are recognizably distinct, due to the failure of the respective authors to furnish sufficient information concerning the two supposed forms. Since Chinchao is nearer to the type locality of ochraceiventris than to Oroya, Puno, Pera, the type locality of punensis, I must refer my specimen to ochraceiventris until such time as the relationship of these forms can be satisfactorily explained. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 243 Nothoprocta curvirostris Sclater and Salvin. Nothoprocta curvirostris SCLATER and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neot., pp. 153, 163, 1873—Calicali, Ecuador; British Mus. A female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 12, 1922 (in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with five males and seven females from the Paramo de Pichincha, Mt. Corazén, Quito, and the Cochaseca Range, Ecuador (Conover coll.). The Peruvian bird is browner, less blackish, on the back and top of the head and has the flanks a little more deeply colored than the Ecuadorian specimens. The upper throat is without blackish hair lines and has buffy central spots margined with whitish, but several of the Ecuadorian birds are similarly marked in contrast to the others. Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus). (Palamedea) cornuta LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 282, 1766—based on ~~ MARCGRAVE’s “‘Anhima’’; Brazil. A young female from San Enrique, lower Ucayali River, March 25, 1928. Compared with a young female from British Guiana and a female from Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela. Anas cristata alticola Ménégaux. Anas cristata alticola MBENEGAUX, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 10, p. 224, 1909— Lake Poopo, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Two males and a female from Hudnuco Viejo, December 21, 1922 (one male and the female in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with three males and two females from Junin (two in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); a male from Machu Picchu (U. S. Nat. Mus.); two females from El Cumbre, Bolivia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); and a male and female from Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, Bolivia (Conover coll.); also with eight specimens of cristata from Chubut, Arroyo Verde, Deseados, and Rio Gallegos, Argentina (seven in Conover collection). The specimens referred to alticola are larger than the series of cristata (wing, males, 285-309 mm. as compared with 252-266 mm.), and have the throat rather less purely whitish and the breast less clearly spotted. Peruvian birds from Junin and northward may be somewhat more deeply rufescent on the breast than the Bolivian specimens but the difference is not striking; judging by the individual 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorYy—Zoo.ocy, VoL. XVII variation shown in the series of cristata, it may not be constant. A larger series of topotypical alticola would be desirable before attempt- ing to separate a northern race on this character. Nettion flavirostris oxypterum (Meyen). Anas oxyptera MEYEN, Nov. Act., 16, Suppl., p. 121, pl. 26, 1833—southern Pera. A male and two females from Hudnuco Viejo, December 20 and 21, 1922 (the male and one female in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a female from Junin, Per4; two males and a female from Tiraque, Cochabamba, and a male and a female from Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, Bolivia; a male from Rio Loa, Anto- fogasta, Chile; and a male and female from Laguna Blanca, Cata- marca, Argentina; also with seven males and five females of flavirostris from Neuquen and Mendoza, Argentina, and Chiloe Island, Chile (all specimens in Conover collection). The series of oxypterum is lighter in dorsal coloration and has the pectoral spotting less heavy than in flavirostris. The general characters are too nearly alike in both forms to leave much doubt as to their specific affinity. Merganetta armata leucogenis (Tschudi). Anas leucogenis TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 390, 1843—‘“‘in Antibus elevatis,” Peri; Mus. Neuch&tel. A male from Panao, July 6, 1922; the skin of a young bird purchased at Hudnuco Viejo in December, said to have been shot locally within the month (both skins in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a female from Molinopampa; also with a male of garleppi from Tarija, Bolivia; a male and female of frenata from Rio Nireguao, Chile; two males of armata from Coquimbo, Chile, and Neuquen, Argentina; and two males and a female of columbiana from Rio San Pedro, Ecuador, and the Mérida region of Venezuela (all but the Moyobamba specimen of leucogenis in Conover collection). Phillips (Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 223, 1926) has pointed out the variations shown by a number of specimens from Junin (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) and suggests that if this variation is individual it points to the probability that the torrent ducks are only subspecies of a common species. This I believe to be the correct interpretation of the relationships among the various forms of this group. Phillips’s 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 245 distributional map shows the ranges of armata and garlepy to over- lap but this must be an error since these forms are not known to occur together. No details are given, since the two forms are treated by Phillips as full species. The immature plumage of lewcogenis seems not to have been described and the following account of the young bird purchased at Hudnuco Viejo may be interesting. This specimen is white below, slightly ochraceous on the throat, and crossed on the foreneck with a band of deep ochraceous buff; sides of the breast and flanks strongly banded with black and white; crown vermiculated with blackish gray and white on a gray ground; sides of neck grayish white, indistinctly barred with blackish gray; mantle and scapulars dull black, broadly margined with brownish gray, somewhat ochra- ceous on the longest scapulars; lower back and rump gray, barred with narrow white lines; tail dull brownish gray, edged and marked diagonally with indistinct whitish lines; tips of shafts conspicuously ivory white; wing quills not developed; upper wing-coverts bluish gray with broad white tips on the greater series, forming a transverse band; spur undeveloped, consisting merely of a short, rounded knob; maxilla bluish black with whitish tip (mandible missing). Examples of this handsome duck were seen on the upper Marafién River in several places and gave interesting exhibitions of their marvelous powers of diving. The Panao bird was one of a pair found in the rocky rapids of a small stream that descended the mountain side at that locality. I retrieved the male by going into the water after him as he was floating swiftly past, but the female (apparently wounded) rode to safety and was’ downstream before I could reach her. Accipiter erythronemius ventralis Sclater. Accipiter ventralis SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1866, p. 303—Nova Granada interior; Gurney collection, Norwich Mus. A female from Chinchao, November 2, 1922. Compared with a young male from Bogota, Colombia; also with a female of salvinit from Paramo de Tama, Colombia, and two males and four females of erythronemius from Concepcién, Tucuman, Argentina. The rufescence of the under parts in the Chinchao bird is largely confined to a broad stripe on each side extending from the base of the bill through the malar region and down the sides and flanks, 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII becoming deeper posteriorly and culminating in the deep rufescent thighs. The throat and breast are lightly washed with rufescent; the belly and crissum are white. The three forms mentioned, salvini, erythronemius, and ventralis, appear to belong to the same specific group. Stresemann (Journ. Orn., 72, p. 486, 1924) has added velox and several additional forms and placed them all under nisus, but I am not prepared to go so far at present. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot). Sparvius platypterus VIEILLOT, Tabl. Ency. Méth., 3, p. 1278, 1828—near Philadelphia, Pa. A female from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 6, 1928. Compared with three Bogota skins and a series from North and Central America. ?Buteo brachyurus Vieillot. Buteo brachyurus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 4, p. 377, 1816—Cayenne. A male from Panao, July 16, 1922. Compared with two males from Florida; also with numerous skins of B. platypterus and B. lineatus. I am not entirely satisfied with my identification of this specimen since it does not match any description which I can find. In size and the various proportions of wing, tail, primaries, etc., it comes close to brachyurus, as it does in the coloration of the upper parts. Below there is a broad stripe of dark rufescent brown from the sides of the breast to the lower flanks, with some narrow brown streaks on the sides of the abdomen; the throat and median breast and abdomen are pure white. The tail is dark grayish brown above, crossed by eight or ten rather indistinct dusky bars. Until identification is more certain the specimen may be referred here with a query. The stomach of the Panao bird contained the remains of a Turdus (fuscater gigantodes?). Geranoaétus melanoleucus australis Swann. Geranoaétus melanoleucus australis SWANN, Synop. Accip., ed. 2, 2, p. 67, 1922—-Valle de Lago Blanco, Chubut, Patagonia; British Mus. A female from Cullcui, Marafién River, December 13, 1922. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 247 Compared with a nearly adult male from Rio Nireguao and an immature male from Limache, Valparaiso, Chile; also with a female from Aconquija, Tucuman, Argentina, and a young male from Quebrado de los Cuervos, hacia a, probably referable to typical melanoleucus. The Rio Nireguao specimen is the only one of the series that appears to show the definite characters of any supposed form of this species. The skins from Limache, Chile, and from Uruguay are quite immature and useless for comparison until detailed studies have been made by someone with enough material to determine the characters of the young birds. The Rio Nireguao bird is quite boldly barred on the belly and flanks and is large, and evidently belongs to australis as characterized by Swann. The Culleui speci- men also is barred but much less pronouncedly. It falls within the range of measurements given for the females of australis, having a wing length of 5382 mm. and thereby is too large to belong to meridensis which Swann believed might be the form inhabiting Pert. The Aconquija female is even less strongly barred than the Culleui example but it certainly does not have the belly unqualifiedly “white,” as was indicated by Swann to be the case in typical melano- leucus. It evidently is intermediate between that form and australis. No one appears to have had sufficient material to date to give a thorough account of the variations and distribution of this group. Rupornis magnirostris occidua Bangs. Rupornis magnirosiris occidua BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 187, 1911—Rio Tambopata, e. Pera; Mus. Comp. Zool. A male from Chinchao, October 25, 1922. Compared with a male from Lagunas and three females from Yurimaguas, Rioja, and San Ramon, Perd; also with a number of skins of magnirostris from British Guiana; Boda Vista, Brazil; Orope, Zulia, Venezuela; and Cucuta, Colombia; and with nattererz from Quixada, Ceara; Sado Bento, Maranhao; and Tury-assi, Maranhao, Brazil. No two of the Peruvian birds are exactly alike, but all apparently belong to the same form, which is intermediate between nattereri and magnirostris. Hellmayr [Arch. Naturg., 85, A, (10), p. 129, 1920] includes the whole of Pera in the range of occidua after examination of a larger series than I have before me. 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Ibycter megalopterus megalopterus (Meyen). Aquila megaloptera MEYEN, Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, suppl., p. 64, 1834—highest regions of the cordilleras, Chile; Berlin Mus. Two males (one immature) from Panao, July 8 and 17, 1922. Compared with an adult male from Macate and an adult male, a young male, and a young female from Junin, Peri; also with four adults and two young of carunculatus from Antisana, Ecuador. The three adult Peruvian birds show an interesting progression in the direction of carunculatus. The Junin specimen has the breast uniform black and two outer primaries with broad white tips. The Panao bird, from farther north, has faint indications of pale terminal or subterminal spots on the lower breast and has white tips on three outer primaries (with indications of white tips on the others). The Macate specimen has quite distinct, though small, whitish spots on the lower breast and has five outer primaries with distinct white tips. The Ecuadorian specimens of carunculatus have all the pri- maries tipped with white and the whole breast and the flanks with large white subterminal spots, and average larger than megalopterus although the extremes overlap in size. The general characteristics of curly crest, black back, white-tipped secondaries (broader in carun- culatus), white upper tail-coverts and lower rump, and other features, found in both forms, leave no doubt that these birds are representa- tives of the same group. Probably albogularis belongs to the same group although I have no specimens from which to form a clear judgment. The species was known locally as ‘‘Dominico.” It was most commonly seen on the ground. The young bird had its stomach full of angleworms. Cerchneis sparveria peruviana Cory. Cerchneis sparverius peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, No. 8, p. 296, 1915—-Chachapoyas, Pert; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Two males and a female from Hudnuco, May 22, August 4, and August 6, 1922; a male from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 8; a male from Vista Alegre, August 16; two males from Culleui, Marafién River, December 12 and 16. Compared with the type from Chachapoyas and five males from Macate, Hacienda Limén, Mirador, and Menucucho, Pert; also with a male of cinnamomina from Rio Nireguao, a male from Puerto Montt, a male from Lake Gualletue, Province of Cautin, and a male and female from Rifiihue and Mafil, Province of Valdivia, Chile. ~ 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 249 The Peruvian birds are separable from cinnamomina as a whole by more ochraceous less cinnamomeous breast and a tendency toward the reduction of the black barring on the back. The series is far from uniform. The type, one male from Hudnuco, and the bird from the mountains near Hudnuco are the most heavily barred on the back, being about like the males of cinnamomina in this respect. Four other birds are more or less intermediate between these and the Vista Alegre and Culleui skins, which are lighter rufescent on the back with the barring obsolete. These last three birds differ among themselves in turn. The Vista Alegre specimen has no streaks on the breast while the two Cullcui examples are the most heavily streaked of all the Peruvian series. The streaks on the breast are rather pronounced in the Macate bird and the two Huanuco males, but obsolete in the others. The Vista Alegre bird, moreover, has the black subterminal bar on the two middle pairs of rectrices broken in the middle to form two separated spots. One Culleui and one Hudnuco male show a rufescent spot on the occiput lacking in the others, a feature used by Cory as a character of peruviana; the spot is present in all of the series of cinnamomina. Apparently peruviana is a highly variable form but it is not clear that the material at hand from Perd can be referred, even in part, to any other race, at least until certain distributional problems are solved. Penelope jaqtacu jaqtacu Spix. Penelope jaquacu Sprx, Av. Bras., 2, p. 52, pl. 68, 1825—“‘in sylvis fluminis Solimoéns”’; Munich Mus. A female from Vista Alegre, August 24, 1922 (in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a female from Chanchamayo and a male from Lagarto Yacu, Ecuador; also with a male and female of speciosa from Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Conover collection). The three Peruvian and Ecuadorian birds are rather uniform in coloration and size. Since Hellmayr [Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 2 K1., 22, (3), p. 688, 1906] has compared a Chanchamayo specimen with the type of jaquwacu and found them to be indistinguishable, it is apparent that the Vista Alegre bird is referable to the present form. The Bolivian speciosa ( = boliviana auctorum, nec Reichenbach) appears to be only subspecifically distinct. The Vista Alegre bird was named “‘Pukakunga”’ by the natives. 250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Ortalis guttata guttata (Spix). Penelope guttata Sprx, Av. Bras., 2, p. 55, pl. 73, 1825—“‘ad flumen Solimoéns”; Munich Mus. A female from Vista Alegre, August 24, 1922; a male from Chinchao, October 25 (both in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with three males and a female from Rio Catapino and Concepcion, e. Ecuador (Conover collection); a Bogota skin, appar- ently referable to guttata; and a male of albiventris from Macaco Secco, Brazil. The two Peruvian birds have the forehead distinctly gray and a more or less pronounced superciliary stripe also gray, while the whitish tips on the pectoral feathers are uniformly broad, without much indication of a restricted spot of purer white in the center; in these respects they differ from the average of the Ecuadorian series. However, one of the Ecuadorian birds has the gray forehead and superciliary stripe and another has the broadly and evenly margined pectoral feathers, showing that these characters are not restricted to the Peruvian examples. The Ecuadorian birds, on the other hand, have the ground color of the breast and lower throat somewhat blacker than the Peruvian skins. Apparently there is not a very close approach toward the characters of the Urubamba specimens which Chapman (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 44, 1921) refers to adspersa. Taczanowski (Orn. Pér., 3, p. 279, 1886) points out differences between specimens from central Peri, which must be typical adspersa, and others from southern Pera, which should be like the Urubamba birds, and my two examples do not agree with the characteristics assigned to either series. A number of specimens from various parts of Pera will be necessary to determine the limits of distribution and of individual variation in whatever forms may be found to inhabit the country. Meanwhile I can not satisfactorily separate my specimens from east-Ecuadorian birds which Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 155, 1926) identifies with typical guttata. Psophia crepitans leucoptera Spix. Psophia leucoptera Spx, Av. Bras., 2, p. 67, pl. 84, 1825—Rio Negro, errore [ef. HELLMAyR, Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 2 K1., 22, (3), p. 709, 1906]; Munich Mus. A female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 7, 1923 (in collection of H. B. Conover). 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 251 Compared with three males and two females from Parana de Tacaré, Amazonas, and a female from Ayaguia, Rio Purds, Ama- zonas, Brazil; also with a female of ochroptera from Manacapurt, Rio Solimoés; two females of obscura from Rio Cumarapy and Utinga, Para; five females of crepitans from Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil and Essequibo River, British Guiana; and a female of napensis from Guamayacu, Ecuador (all but one female of crepitans in col- lection of H. B. Conover). The various forms of Psophia replace each other geographically and appear to form but one specific group. The characteristics of each race are suggested in the variations of the others. Pardirallus sanguinolentus tschudii Chubb. Pardirallus rityrhynchus tschudit CHUBB, Ibis, 1919, p. 50—Lake Junin, Pera; British Mus. Three males and four females from Huanuco, July 23-30, 1922 (five in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with three young males from Cajamarca, Pert; also with three males and two females of sanguinolentus from Tunuyan (Mendoza) and Burruyain, San Felipe, and Rio Colorado (Tucu- man), Argentina. The Peruvian birds differ from the Argentine specimens by their darker coloration above and below; both series show semi-concealed black spotting on the lower back, which may be a little more con- spicuous in the Argentine series because of the slightly lighter color of the tips of the feathers. I use the name sanguinolentus for the Argentine specimens because the earlier name rytirhynchus of Vieillot is unidentifiable. Vieillot based his name on Azara’s description of three apparently young birds from Paraguay which, among other characters, had a white stripe from throat to crissum and had bills measuring 35% lignes =80 mm. Neither character seems to apply to the species long identified with the description and even if the three birds (which Azara says were all alike) were abnormal specimens of some rail of the present genus, there is no evidence that they were not of the species named nigricans by Vieillot, based on adults also described by Azara from Paraguay. Swainson’s species, sanguinolentus, was said to be from “Brazil and Chili’”’ but the type, now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, is labeled “‘Brazil’’ and has been examined by Dr. Hellmayr who informs me that it is identical 252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII with rytirhynchus auctorum. In view of the uncertainty surrounding Vieillot’s name rytirhynchus, it is preferable to use the Swainsonian name. These interesting birds (tschudii) were common at the Hacienda Dispensa, below Huadnuco, in the jungles of reeds and Equisetum near the river. Their extraordinary song was heard much more often than the birds were seen. The most common utterance began with a low hum, something like the starting of a dynamo, repeated two or three times with a successive increase in pitch and with the last one sliding into a cackled, ‘“‘ka-wheet, ka-wheet, ka-wheet”’ or “cha-gweet, cha-gweet’’ with a deep, choking undertone, ‘‘ug, ih-hug, ug,...’ accompanying it. Another expression was a long drawn “oh . . . chuck-a-chuck-a-chuck-a-chuck ....” The alarm note was a sharp “chick.” Creciscus viridis (P. L. S. Miiller). Rallus viridis P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst. Suppl., p. 120, 1776—based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 368; Cayenne. Crex facialis TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1848—Pera (probably Chanchamayo); young bird; Mus. NeuchAtel. Creciscus viridis subrufescens BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1902, p. 49—-La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peri; Warsaw Mus. A male and female from Huachipa, September 27 and October 7, 1922; a female from Hacienda Buena Vista, Rio Chinchao (col- lected by E. Heller), September 8 (the Huachipa female and the Hacienda Buena Vista skin in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a skin from the Carimang River, British Guiana; two females from Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, Brazil; and two males and two females from Manacapurt, Amazonas, Brazil (all in Conover collection); and with a Bogota skin and a female from Ponto (Canella), Maranhao (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.). I am unable to recognize any racial distinctions in this material. The characters given by Berlepsch and Stolzmann for subrufescens may be found scattered through the series. From no region are the specimens uniform and no characters can be found to distinguish any geographic units, even variable ones, without the characters reappearing in individuals from other localities. I believe that the species must be considered as a highly variable one without clearly marked races. My Huachipa birds were found on a dry hillside at the edge of the tropical forest in a dense thicket of second-growth saplings. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 2538 Eurypyéga helias helias (Pallas). Ardea helias PALLAS, Neue Nord. Beytr., 2, p. 48, pl. 8, 1781—Surinam. A female from Orellana, lower Ucayali River, March 24, 1923. Compared with a male from British Guiana and two males and a female from Serra da Lua, Brazil; also with a male of major from near San Pedro Sula, Honduras. The Peruvian specimen clearly belongs to the typical race although it differs from the other specimens by lacking all trace of a rufous spot on the outer primary. Jacana spinosa peruviana subsp. nov. A female from Masisea, lower Ucayali River, March 22, 1923. Compared with the material listed below. Type from Masisea, lower Ucayali, PerG. No. 2797, collection of H. B. Conover, Chicago. Adult female collected March 22, 1923, by J. T. Zimmer. Original number 3541. Diagnosis.—Similar to J. s. melanopygia from western Venezuela but larger and with rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and belly less blackish, more purplish. Differs from J. s. intermedia from the north coast of Venezuela by larger size and by having the back, upper tail-coverts, tail, and flanks darker. Back, tail-coverts, tail, and flanks very much darker than in jacana. Habitat—Lower Ucayali River, Peri (possibly adjacent parts of upper Amazonia). Description of type-—Head, neck, upper part of mantle, and upper breast greenish black; lower mantle, rump, and scapulars rich Diamine Brown with purplish violet lights; upper wing-coverts like scapulars except for a wide strip along outer border of the wing, including alula and primary-coverts which are sooty blackish; pri- maries and outer secondaries largely Light Chalcedony Yellow with all of the outer margin of the outermost primary and the terminal portion of the remainder (except the inner ones), the tips, and the distal portion of the inner margins light brown; inner webs of the inner (yellowish) quills with an irregular brownish area at the base; innermost secondaries and tertials like the back on the exposed portions, browner basally; upper tail-coverts and tail Aniline Black with brighter violet lights; belly light Aniline Black with violet lights; flanks like the belly but sides of body under the wings near the border of the rump paler and browner; inner under wing-coverts 254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Hessian Brown; outer ones Dark Grayish Brown. Iris dark brown; bill yellow; frontal leaf and wattles ox-blood red; alar spines yellow, paler at tips; feet slaty black. Wing, 137 mm.; tail, 48; culmen, 3434; frontal leaf, 1514; tarsus 62%. Remarks.—In spite of the evident distinctness of the present race and the fact that it is cut off from the range of its nearest ally, melanopygia, by the region occupied by the very different jacana, I would hesitate to describe it from a single specimen were it not for a critical note published by Berlepsch in the Journal fiir Ornithologie, 1889, p. 320. In this account, Berlepsch identifies a female from. Sarayacu, Ucayali River (not far from Masisea) as melanopygia with the observation that it differs from Sclater’s description of melanopygia by having the lower back and upper tail-coverts not black but purplish brown with blackish tips. He further describes it in comparison with “spinosa” (=jacana) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and Venezuela, which further shows its similarity to the Masisea specimen, and gives measurements which agree with my example (wing, 188 mm.; tail, 48; culmen, 37; tarsus, 58). It is apparent, therefore, that the Masisea specimen is not an abnor- mality but a member of a distinct subspecies. I follow Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 18, p. 489, 1929) in considering jacana and its races as forms of spinosa. Material examined (in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. and collection of H. B. Conover): J. s. jacana—Surinam: 1?; Paramaribo 1 &. British Guiana: Georgetown 1 29; Potarolc. Brazil: Serra da Lua 22; Quixada 17 19; Santa Rita 19; Deserto, Piauhy 1°; Ibiapaba, Piauhy 1.7; Sao Francisco, Maranhao 1; Manacapuri 22. Argentina: Concepcion, Tucuman 4 1 2; Buenos Aires 1 &. Paraguay: Villa Rica3 #1 9. J. s. intermedia—Venezuela: Aragua, Maracay 2°19. J. s. melanopygia—Venezuela: Encontrados, Zulia 29° 29; Catutumbo 1’; Maracaibo 1 9 ; Rio Cogollol1v19@. J. s. hypomelana—Colombia: Bogota 3. J. s. peruviana—Pert:: Masisea 1 9. J. s. scapularis—Ecuador: Vinces 1 o&. Ptiloscelys resplendens (Tschudi). Charadrius resplendens TscHuDI, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388—Pert, “in Antium incola’’; Mus. Neuchatel. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 255 Two males and two females from Hudnuco Viejo, December 20, 1922 (two in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a male and female from Junin, a male and female from near Leimabamba, and a female from Chachapoyas, Pert; a male from Suaquin, Bolivia; and a skin without sex from Argentina. The Junin specimens probably are topotypical. Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski). Gallinago andina TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. 8. London, 1874, p. 561—Junin, Pera; Warsaw Mus. Two females from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 26, 1922 (collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a female from Junin and a male from near Leimabamba, Pert; a male, two females, and a specimen of uncertain sex of paraguatae from the departments of San José, Rocha, and Minas, Uruguay, and SAo Bento, Maranhao, Brazil. The Junin bird is topotypical and the Hudnuco specimens agree with it. These birds were found about the bogs at the headwaters of the streams in the puna region. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). (Tringa) macularia LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 249, 1766—based on EDWARDS, Gleanings, pl. 277; Pennsylvania. A male from Puerto Bermidez, March 9, 1923 (in collection of H. B. Conover). Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (P. L. S. Miiller). Charadrius mexicanus P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst. Suppl., p. 117, 1776— Mexico. A female from Puerto Bermtidez, March 17, 1928 (in collection of H. B. Conover). Larus serranus Tschudi. L(arus) serranus TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 314, 1844—Pera (= Jauja; Faun. Per.); Mus. Neuchatel. A male from Hudnuco Viejo, December 20, 1922. No material for comparison. The species was not uncommon on the high plains at Hudnuco Viejo and also along the upper stretches of the Marafidén River. 256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Columba albilinea albilinea Bonaparte. Columba albilinea BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 2, p. 51, 1854—New Granada; British Mus. Four males from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 2-13, 1922 (three in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with two skins from Bogota, a male and female from Santa Elena, Colombia, a male from Hacienda Llagueda, Pera, and a male from Tucuman, Argentina. The Peruvian birds seem to be indistinguishable from the typical Colombian examples. Columba plumbea delicata Berlepsch and Stolzmann. C(olumba) p(lumbea) delicata BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1902, p. 44—La Gloria, Chanchamayo, Pert; Frankfort Mus. Columba plumbea propinqua Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, No. 8, p. 295, 1915—-Moyobamba, Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Columba plumbea andicola CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 38, p. 32, 1917— Mapiri, n. Bolivia; British Mus. A male from Huachipa, September 24, 1922 (in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a skin from “Ecuador’’ (Conover collection); a male from Mindo, Ecuador, and a male (the type of propinqua) and two females from Moyobamba; also with a male and an unsexed skin of pallescens from British Guiana, and a male, apparently of the same form (Conover collection) from Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia. The Peruvian and Ecuadorian birds are identical and all agree with the description of delicata. This name was proposed obscurely and must have been overlooked by Cory when he described propin- qua. Chubb (Ibis, 1919, p. 33) received a specimen collected in Chanchamayo and labeled by Berlepsch and Stolzmann “andicola’’ (possibly a name which they originally planned to use instead of delicata), and after searching vainly through literature for a publica- tion by Berlepsch and Stolzmann with this name in use, Chubb published a description of it, having two Bolivian specimens in addition, one of which he made the type of the subspecies. The Chanchamayo bird probably was one of the paratypes of delicata. The skin from Incachaca is much darker above and less vinaceous on the belly than the Peruvian birds and agrees best with the two 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 257 Guianan skins of pallescens, though it is larger than either of them (wing 184 mm. as compared with 165 and 176). Zenaida auriculata hypoleuca Bonaparte. Z(enaida) hypoleuca BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 2, p. 83, 1854—‘“‘Pearl Island” (Panamé), errore; probably Guayaquil, Ecuador; British Mus. Zenaida auriculata pallens BANGS and NOBLE, Auk, 35, p. 446, 1918—Huanca- bamba, n. w. Perf; Mus. Comp. Zool. Four males and two females from Hudanuco, May 24 and July 20-26, 1922 (five in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with six males and two females from Macate, Menu- - eucho, Mirador, Chachapoyas, and Hacienda Llagueda, Pera; also with five males and three females (Conover collection) from Valle de Rojas, w. Ecuador. The series shows some individual variations but represents a single distinct subspecies. The bird has not been found by recent collectors on Pearl Island and it is supposed that the type was mis- labeled. Since the collectors of the type, Kellett and Wood, are known to have worked at Guayaquil, it is presumed that the speci- men in question came from that region where the race is known to occur. Chapman (Amer. Mus. Novit., 31, p. 1, 1922) has noted the facts of the case and the synonymy. Gymnopelia ceciliae ceciliae (Lesson). Columba (Chamaepelia) cecilioe (sic) LESSON, Echo du Monde Savant, Jan. 12, 1845, p. 8; (Reprinted papers, p. 729, 1913)—Pera. Columba (Chamaepelia) anais LESSON, Descr. Mamm. et Ois., p. 210, 1847— Pert. A male from Santa Eulalia, April 19, 1922; a male from Matucana, April 30 (both specimens in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with five males and four females from Macate and a male and female from Hacienda Llagueda, Peri; also with a male (the type) and a female of obsoleta from Culleui, Marafién River and a female from Balsas; and a male of gymnops from Puno, Bolivia. The Matucana and Santa Eulalia birds are virtually topotypical, in all probability, and the Macate birds agree well with them. Gymnopelia ceciliae obsoleta Zimmer. Gymnopelia ceciliae obsoleta ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 4, p. 51, 1924—-Cullcui, Marafién River, Peri; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZooLoGY, VOL. XVII A male (the type) and a female from Culleui, December 12, 1922 (female in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a female from Balsas and with specimens of gymnops and ceciliae as listed under the latter form. This race inhabits the arid hillsides, living on the ground among the rocks and desert plants and in the bushes and low trees that line the small watercourses. Leptotila verreauxi decipiens (Salvadori). Homoptila decipiens SALVADORI, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 6, p. 131, 1871— Brazil; Turin Mus. Leptoptila intermedia CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 38, p. 17, 1917—Central South PerG-Huiro, Urubamba Valley; British Mus. Leptotila ochroptera kalinowskit SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, (4), p. 201, 1926—Santa Ana, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Two males and a female from Chinchao, October 24-November 17, 1922; a female from Vista Alegre, October 12; (three in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a female from Moyobamba; three males and three females from the Urubamba Valley (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); two females from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); four males and a female from Sao Marcello, Macaco Secco, and Rio de las Velhas, Brazil; and a male and female from Fazenda Cajoa, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Conover collection); also with a male and a female of chlorauchenia from the Department of Rocha, Uruguay (U. S. Nat. Mus.); three males and a female of approximans from Serra Baturité, SAo Marcello, and Rio do Peixe, Brazil; twenty-one specimens of verreauxi from northern Brazil and Venezuela; and sixteen skins of decolor as listed under that subspecies. I am unable to separate the Chinchao and Vista Alegre birds from the typical south-Brazilian decipiens, and the Urubamba specimens (of intermedia) belong here also. Hellmayr has compared the females from Chinchao and Vista Alegre with the type of znter- media in the British Museum and found the Chinchao bird, in particular, to be a match for it. The female from Moyobamba shows a little approach toward verreauxi and the Béa Vista and Rio Branco skins of verreauxi show an approach toward decipiens. Specimens from the Marafiédn Valley and the coast of Peri are referable to decolor, discussed below. Leptotila verreauxi decolor (Salvin). Leptoptila decolor SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895—Cajabamba, Pera; British Mus. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 259 Leptoptila verreauxi occidentalis CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 142, 1912—San Antonio, Colombia; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A male and female from Cullcui, Marafién River, December 13, 1922 (female in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with a male from Menucucho, a female from Hacienda Llagueda, and five males from Hacienda Lim6n; also with four skins from Chongon, Nono, and Puente de Chimbo, w. Ecuador (Conover collection); and a male and four females from the Cauca Valley, Colombia (four in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The skins from Menucucho, Hacienda Llagueda, and Hacienda Limon are virtual topotypes of decolor and the Cullcui birds are referable to the same form though they vary slightly in the direction of the darker decipiens. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 168, 1926) has discussed the identity of decolor and occidentalis. Columbigallina minuta minuta (Linnaeus). (Columba) minuta LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 285, 1766—based on Brisson, ‘“Turtur parvus fuscus americanus’; “San Domingo,” errore; Cayenne suggested by BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, 1902. Two males and two females from Hudanuco, July 23-29, 1922 (three in collection of H. B. Conover). Compared with twenty-nine additional skins (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. and Conover collection) from Menucucho, Peri; Georgetown, British Guiana; Villa Rica, Paraguay; Varzea Formosa (Ceara), Ibiapaba (Piauh}), and Alto Parnahyba (Maranhdo), Brazil. The Menucucho birds belong to Bonaparte’s amazilia; one of the males has been compared with the type in the Paris Museum by Dr. Hellmayr. There seems to be little to distinguish this form from typical minuta, however, and I am not certain that it is entitled to recognition. Some of the specimens of minuta are just as small as the Menucucho specimens and the coloration varies within about the same limits. On tue other hand, my Hudnuco specimens are larger than the Menucucho skins but are matched by large specimens of minuta. There are noticeable individual differences in coloration throughout the series, some of which appear to be due to age, but with the material at hand I am unable to separate the Huanuco birds from the typical form. It is necessary to revert to the name Columbigallina Boie, 1826, instead of Chamaepelia Swainson, 1827, for the present genus. Boie’s name was dropped as being preoccupied by Columbigallina Oken, 260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII. 1817, but Oken’s name is a pure nomen nudum, without description or reference to any species and hence is untenable. The type of Columbigallina Boie is C. passerina, by monotypy. Oreopeleia montana (Linnaeus). (Columba) montana LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 163, 1758—Jamaica. A male from Puerto Bermidez, March 138, 1923 (collection of H. B. Conover). No races of this wide-ranging species have ever been satisfactorily distinguished. Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot. Coccyzus melacoryphus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 271, 1817—based on AZARA; Paraguay. A male and female from Hudnuco, July 20 and 30, 1922. Compared with thirty additional skins from Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, and northern Pera (Moyobamba). No consistent variations are apparent in the series. Piaya cayana obscura Snethlage. Piaya cayana obscura SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 21, 1908—Bom Lugar, Rio Verde, upper Rio Purts, Brazil; Para Mus.? Piaya cayana boliviana STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., “1908,” p. 500, Jan., 1909—Yungas, Bolivia. A female from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 6, 19238. Compared with two females from Rio Espirito Santo and Porto Velho, Bolivia, and a female from Huiro, Urubamba Valley, Pert; also with the other material listed under P. c. nigricrissa. The Rio Colorado bird is doubtfully referred to this subspecies. It has the under side of the tail as rufescent as the Bolivian and Urubamba Valley skins, in contrast to the blackish coloration of the same region in nigricrissa, but the crissum is sootier than in the other skins of the present form though not so black as in the birds from farther north (a Yurimaguas specimen excepted). Probably a series of specimens from the Chanchamayo Valley would show individuals approaching both forms, between which these would exist as inter- mediates since the locality is intermediate in position. With only one skin at hand from the region it is impossible to say to which race the greater number of individuals might belong. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 261 Having no material from the Puris, I follow recent authors in assigning the Bolivian and Urubamba birds to obscura. Piaya cayana nigricrissa (Cabanis). Pyrrhococcyx nigricrissa CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 169, 1862—skin from Fraser coll.=Babahoyo or Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador (CHAPMAN, 1926); Berlin Mus. A male and two females from Vista Alegre, August 16—October 13; a male and female from Chinchao, October 27 and November 9; a male from Hacienda Exito, Rio Cayumba (E. Heller coll.), July 30. Compared with a male from Yurimaguas; also with four females of obscura from Rio Espirito Santo and Porto Velho, Bolivia, and Huiro, Urubamba Valley and Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, Peri; two skins of mesura from Bogota, Colombia; and various specimens of cayana, macroura, cearae and other South American forms not studied in detail. The Vista Alegre, Chinchao, and Cayumba specimens answer well to the descriptions of nigricrissa and can not be referred to any other known race. The Yurimaguas specimen is not so clearly marked, having the under side of the tail with a slight ferruginous tinge and the crissum less blackish than in the others of the series. It is still closer to nigricrissa than to mesura, recorded from eastern Ecuador, and can not well be assigned to obscwra because of the interruption in range; probably it is an unusually pale example of the present form. This large and showy cuckoo is known locally as ‘‘Arriero”’ because of the resemblance of its unmusical song to some of the syllables used by the arrieros, or mule-drivers, to urge on their recalcitrant charges. Piaya minuta minuta (Vieillot). Coccyzus minutus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 275, 1817—based on LATHAM’S Cuculus cayanensis, Var. A; Cayenne. Two males from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 29 and February 17, 1923. Compared with eight adults from British Guiana; Bogota, Colombia; Orope and Valle, Venezuela; and Conceicao, Brazil; and a juvenal male from Moyobamba, Pera. Although there is noticeable variation in this assortment of material, no geographic groups can be separated from it. The young bird from Moyobamba is interesting, having the rump dis- 262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII - tinctly barred with cinnamon-rufous and fuscous, and the back, head, upper wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts dull brown very faintly tipped with cinnamomeous; rectrices narrowly tipped with cin- namomeous; under parts dull, dark brown. Illiger’s name, rutilus (Abh. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, “1812-15,” p. 224, 1816), has been accepted by recent authors as having priority over Vieillot’s name minutus but I believe that this is an error. Through the kindness of Dr. Hellmayr I have had access to a manuscript extract of that part of Illiger’s work referring to this matter and find the following transcription: “‘Zu Cuculus Cayanus (417, 14) gehért Cuculus cornutus (422, 21); dagegen miissen die Varietaéten 8 und y als eine sehr verschiedene Art, Cuculus rutilus des Museums, abgesondert werden.” [Illiger thus includes both varieties of Gmelin’s species, (Cuculus) cayanus (var.) 6 and y, in the form which he names rutilus and there is no evidence that he included y in error as suggested by Berlepsch and Hartert (Novit. Zool., 9, p. 97, 1902). Illiger’s name, therefore, represents a com- posite species and should be dropped as unidentifiable. Gmelin’s (var.) y was based on Latham’s Var. A which, alone, was named minuta by Vieillot the year following Illiger’s ill-advised effort. Vieillot, t. c., p. 236, described Cuculus melanogaster from “‘Java’’ and, p. 277, Coccyzus rutilus from Brazil without any references to other authors or to previous nomenclature; they have no bearing on the validity of minuta which is the first valid name applied to Latham’s Var. A and hence Gmelin’s (var.) y. Crotophaga ani Linnaeus. (Crotophaga) Ani LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 105, 1758—based on BROWN, SLOANE, and MARCGRAVE; ‘“‘America, Africa’’ (Africa in errore). Two males and two females from Hudnuco, May 28—July 30, 1922; a male from Vista Alegre, October 12. Compared with numerous specimens from various parts of South America. The species remains uniform over a wide range of territory. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson. Crotophaga sulcirostris SWAINSON, Philos. Mag., (new ser.), 1, p. 440, 1827— Mexico. A male from Chosiea, April 15, 1922; a male from Santa Eulalia, April 22. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 263 Compared with series from various countries of Central and South America. Apparently confined in Peré to the coastal district. I have not enough material from this region to investigate the status of casasiz Lesson. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 341, 1926) thinks it may be difficult to separate from typical sulcirostris. Ara militaris militaris (Linnaeus). (Psittacus) militaris LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 189, 1766—no locality; Colombia suggested by BRABOURNE and CHUBB, 1912. ?Ara miliiaris boliviana REICHENOW, Orn. Monatsb., 16, p. 18, 1908—Bolivia (Machareti, region of upper Pilcomayo); Berlin Mus. A female from Huachipa, September 7, 1922. Compared with a Bogota skin; also with three skins of mexicana from Mexico. The Huachipa bird agrees fairly well with the Bogota specimen and agrees in part with the description of boliviana. The chin, throat, and auriculars are rich Bay with greenish tips on the posterior feathers, somewhat more extensively than in the Bogota specimen though not more than might be due to individual variation. In this respect the Peruvian bird agrees with the description of bolivi- ana. However, the blue of the remiges and the tips of the rectrices is paler, not darker, than in the Colombian skin. In the absence of Bolivian material, of which the describer of boliviana had only the type, I am not convinced of the validity of that form and prefer to call the Huachipa bird militaris. Aratinga mitrata mitrata (Tschudi). C(onurus) mitratus TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 304, 1844—Pera, I suggest Chanchamayo Valley; Mus. Neuchatel. A male and female from Chinchao, October 22 and 26, 1922. Compared with a female from Chanchamayo and five skins from Tucuman, Argentina. The Argentine birds have decidedly more red on the face than the Peruvian specimens, but the latter are variable among them- selves. The Chinchao male has a broad red ring around the eye but only a few scattered red feathers down the malar region. The Chanchamayo female has the orbital ring narrower and has only two or three red feathers on each side in the malar region. The Chinchao female has the orbital ring almost absent while the cheeks 264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZooLoGyY, VOL. XVII show only narrow red tips on a few feathers of each side. However, the Chanchamayo bird must be nearly topotypical while the Chin- chao specimens show the variation in both directions. Possibly the Argentine examples are separable. At Chinchao, the birds with admixture of red feathers in the body plumage, like the male which I secured, were called “Garga’’; examples without such admixture (except on the head), like the female I obtained, were called ‘‘Jornalero,’”’ being supposed to belong to a different species. Psilopsiagon aurifrons aurifrons (Lesson). Psittacus (Lathamus) aurifrons LESSON, Cent. Zool., p. 63, pl. 18, March, 1831— “Nouvelle Zélande”’’ (emended to Callao in Rev. Zool., 5, p. 185, 1842); type in Massena coll. (cf. BourJotT St. HILAIRE, Perroq., text to pl. 45, 1837-38), and should be in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. C(onurus) sitophagus TscHuDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 304, 1844—Perda; Mus. Neuchatel. A male from Matucana, April 29, 1922. Compared with a male and female of orbygnesius from Puno, Pera; a male from Tirapata, Carabaya District, Peri; a male and female from near San Pedro, Antofogasta, Chile; and a male and an unsexed bird from Maimara, Jujuy, Argentina; also with a male and two females of rubrirostris from Laguna Blanca, Catamarea, Argen- tina; and two females from Aconquija and Cerro Mufioz, Tucuman. The Matucana bird is clearly referable to typical aurifrons because of its small size (wing 85 mm.) and the development of the yellow sides and facial area. The series of orbygnesius are all larger (wing 102-104 mm.) and without so much yellow on the sides of the breast, forehead, base of malar region, and chin, but several speci- mens have an appreciable amount of yellow in these places and clearly show their relationship to aurifrons. The specimens of rubrirostris, with one exception, are washed with glaucous blue underneath and are comparatively distinct from orbygnesius, but one of the females from Laguna Blanca is not clearly separable from some of the specimens of orbygnesius, being much yellower and greener than the other rubrirostris. The Aconquija bird is about intermediate between the two series. Several specimens of this series also show traces of yellowish on the chin or forehead and all of them are perceptibly more yellowish on the sides of the breast. All three forms evidently belong to the same specific group. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 265 Bubo virginianus nacurutu (Vieillot). Strix nacurutu VIBILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 7, p. 44, 1817— based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 383; Paraguay. A male from Hudnuco Viejo, December 24, 1922. Compared with ten skins from Tierra del Fuego; Chubut, Patagonia; Mendoza; Concepcién, Tucuman; Aconquija, Tucuman; Rio Nireguao and Ramadilla, Atacama, Chile. This material is totally inadequate for the study of this variable species. The Peruvian bird is most like a male from Mendoza (Lujan, Cacheute), Argentina and not greatly different from a _ Tierra del Fuego specimen, while the females from Concepcién, Tucuman, are much buffier and with more widely spaced vermicula- tions; the Aconquija female is more cinnamomeous with much finer vermiculations. The Patagonian skin is pale but whitish rather than ochraceous. The Chilean specimens are about as dark as the Peruvian bird but with coarser vermiculations. No satisfactory grouping of this material can be made without studying a con- siderably larger series, and I refer the Peruvian bird to nacurutu mainly on the basis of Chapman’s identification of Urubamba specimens as that race (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 60, 1921). Speotyto cunicularia nanodes Berlepsch and Stolzmann. S(peotyto) cunicularia nanodes BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1892, p. 388—Lima, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Two females from Vitarte, April 26, 1922; a male from Chosica, April 27. Compared with five males of cunicularia from Atacama, Co- quimbo, and Concepcién, Chile; also with the type of intermedia from Pacasmayo, Pera. The Vitarte and Chosica birds are virtual topotypes of nanodes. They are rather blacker, less brownish, than cunicularia and are smaller (wing of male 168 mm., females 165, 166; as against 172-190 for the males of cunicularia). The type of intermedia matches the smallest female of nanodes in size but is even paler, more sandy brown, than cunicularia. Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin). Strix brasiliana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 289, 1788—based on the Caburé of BRISSON (ex MARCGRAVE); n. e. Brazil; Cear& suggested by HELLMAYR, 1929. 266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII A male from Santa Eulalia, April 19, 1922; two males and two females from Hudnuco, July 24-30. Compared with three males from Menucucho and a female from Hacienda Limon, Pert; a male and two females from Quixada and Jud, Ceard; a male from Ibiapaba, Piauhy; a female from Arara, Piauhy; a female from Sao Marcello, Bahia; a female from Rio de las Velhas, Minas Geraés; a female from Mangunea Island, Maranhao; a male from Quebrada de los Cuervos, Uruguay; a male, three females, and a bird of undetermined sex from Eldorado, Puerto Segundo, and Iguazi, Misiones, Argentina; and a female from Concepcion, Tucuman, Argentina. My Peruvian birds are all in gray phase except one Menucucho specimen which is neither the one nor the other, while the only specimen from near Ceara which is in the gray phase is a young bird in full molt. Judging by this specimen, however, the Peruvian birds are not distinguishable from typical brasilianum. The Argentine -and Uruguayan specimens appear to be distinct by reason of browner upper parts without white spotting on the back and with the white markings of the tail forming rounded spots rather than bars. If really separable from brasilianum they probably will bear the name ferox Vieillot, based on Azara, Paraguay. This little owl was known locally as ‘‘Puk-a-puk-a” from its rapidly reiterated note which is like the syllables “puk-puk-puk- puk-puk....” It was heard frequently in the daytime as well as at night. Steatornis caripensis Humboldt. Steatornis caripensis HUMBOLDT, Rec. Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., 2, p. 141, 1817— Caripe, Venezuela; type lost. Steatornis caripensis var. peruviana TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 1, p. 199, 1884— Ninabamba, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Three males and two females from Tingo Maria (collected by E. Heller), October 11, 1922. Compared with two specimens from Oropuche River, Trinidad, and two Bogota skins. No constant differences can be detected in the Peruvian material. Taczanowski’s race was described as differing from the typical form only by being smaller and having a more strongly graduated tail, but even these differences can not be found in the material before me. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 267 Nyctibius griseus panamensis Ridgway. Nyctibius griseus panamensis RipGway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25, p. 91, 1912—-Nat4, Coclé, Panam4; U.S. Nat. Mus. A male from Huachipa, October 5, 1922. Compared with six skins from British Guiana, Brazil (Bahia), Argentina (Tucuman), and Colombia (Bogota); also with three specimens of jamaicensis from the type locality. The British Guianan skin probably represents fairly typical griseus and as Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 202, 1926) has referred Paraguayan birds to this form, the Bahian skins should belong to it also; they differ from the Guianan skin at hand principally by having the bars on the inner webs of the primaries rather more distinct. The Argentine specimens are the palest of the lot and have the bars on the primaries more distinct than in the rest of the series, almost as broad as the black interspaces. Their exact identity is doubtful. The Bogota specimen is the most rufescent of the series and considerably larger than the Guianan example, and I believe that it can be referred to panamensis. My Peruvian skin is nearly as large but, while it is distinctly rufescent in places, a blackish coloration is predominant, making the bird much darker than the others. Wetmore (1. c.) provisionally unites cornutus with griseus on the basis of Paraguayan skins. The Bahian skins now before me agree with Gould’s description and plate of his pectoralis from ‘“‘northern parts of Brazil’; one from Sao Amaro has the wing 248 mm. in length, almost precisely equal to the 934 inches specified by Gould. The Tucumdén birds are considerably larger, 265 and 277 mm. in wing length and are thus closer to the Peruvian skin in this respect though farthest from it in coloration. The entire species is in need of revision by someone with a good series from all parts of its range. When I first heard the weird call of this bird, the natives informed me that it was an “alma perdida” or “lost soul” which was abroad and which, like the “‘duende” or hobgoblin that inhabited the rivers, it was foolish to think of shooting. However, I found that the bird was not averse to coming when its call was imitated, and succeeded, one moonlit night, in luring one from the depths of the heavy forest to an opening among the trees where it could be obtained. It could just be seen high overhead like a knot on a limb, and only the movement of its head as it answered my imitation of its call showed me that it was the object of my search. The song was a clear, high- 268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII pitched succession of notes dropping down the scale from A, G, and F to D and ending in a descending quaver. The snap of the bill between the notes could be plainly heard. When singing, the bird appeared to sit erect with head thrown backward. Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis (Gmelin). (Caprimulgus) albicollis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 1030, 1789—based on the White-throated Goatsucker of LATHAM; Cayenne. Nyctidromus albicollis obscurus Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., -1, (8), p. 801, 1915—Yurimaguas, PerG; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Two males and a female from Vista Alegre, August 27-29, 1922; a male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 30, 1923. Compared with the type of obscurus from Yurimaguas and eight additional specimens from northern Pert (Hacienda Limon, Lagunas, Moyobamba, Rioja, and Rio Utcubamba), twelve skins from Venezuela, two from Surinam, six from northern Brazil, two from Eeuador, and one from Colombia; also with ten specimens of derbyanus from southern Brazil and Bolivia. The Peruvian specimens, including the type of obscurus, are not separable from typical albicollis. There is great variation in color- ation throughout the series, with the two extremes of brown and sooty plumage quite different when compared with each other, but there are intermediates of every stage. The type of obscurus is a dark bird but it can be matched by specimens from near the type locality of albicollis while other Peruvian skins are as light in color as any from other regions. The species was called locally ““Tocuyo’—a very good ono- matope of the birds’ clearly whistled song. Systellura decussata (Tschudi). C(aprimulgus) decussatus TscHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 268, 1844—Pert; Mus. Neuchatel. Caprimulgus aequicaudatus PEALE in WILKES, U. 8. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 168, 1848—Callao, Peri; U. S. Nat. Mus. A male from Chosica and a female from Santa Eulalia, April 27 and 28, 1922. Compared with three males of S. longirostris atripunctata from Matucana and near Otuzco, Peri, and Rio Loa, Antofogasta, Chile; a male and three females of ruficerviz from Venezuela and Ecuador; 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 269 three males and four females of bifasciata from the provinces of Colchagua, Coquimbo, Ascencién, Concepcién, and Cautin, Chile; and a male of longirostris from Tucuman, Argentina, and a female from the Province of Buenos Aires. I am not sure that decussata is not a member of the longirostris group. Some of the specimens of bifasciata are very close to the two specimens of decussata in coloration, being very little darker and with an identical pattern except that the spots on the primaries of decussata do not cross the shaft as they do in the Chilean birds. The size, of course, is different but the difference might be overcome in larger series. However, without having seen more specimens I do not like to propose specific identity. At Santa Eulalia the bird was found inhabiting some ancient Inca ruins on the hillsides, hiding in dark corners and taking wing only when in danger of being trodden underfoot. Systellura longirostris atripunctata Chapman. Systellura ruficervix atripunctata CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 67, p. 2, 1923—-Acobamba, Junin, PerG; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A male from Matucana, May 3, 1922. Compared with the specimens mentioned under S. decussata. The Matucana bird clearly shows the characters of this well- marked form. The locality is in a westward and downward extension of the Junin plateau, so far as this species is concerned, and not an upward extension of the coastal region where decussata is found. I believe it best to place atripunctata, bifasciata, and ruficervix in the same specific group as longirostris of central Chile. One specimen of bifasciata from Paiguano, Coquimbo, shows the pale markings of the scapulars unusually rounded and with blackish frecklings concentrated in the middle to form a dusky area resembling (though not as sharply defined) those in atripunctata. In other respects the specimen clearly belongs to bifasciata and matches other skins from Coquimbo. On the other hand a male of atripunctata from near Otuzco, Pert, is about intermediate in characters between the Paiguano bird and the Matucana specimen, including the color of the rufous collar. Chapman (I. c.) has indicated that bifasciata and longirostris from Argentina are conspecific. Since the four forms are obvious geographic repre- sentatives, I believe that their relationship is best expressed by trinomials. 270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta (Cabanis). Hemiprocne albicincta CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 1862, p. 165—“‘Mexico bis Guiana”’; type from British Guiana; Berlin Mus. Three males and one female from Vista Alegre, October 17, 1922. Compared with a skin from “Peru” (U.S. Nat. Mus.), four skins from Bogoté (one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), two males from Dabeiba, Antioquia, Colombia, and one female from Rio Chama, Venezuela; also with the type of altissima and two additional skins from Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); and a small series of palli- difrons from the West Indies, mexicana from Guatemala, and zonaris from Tucuman, Argentina, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. No topotypes of albicincta examined. The Peruvian birds compare well with the Colombian and Venezuelan specimens, although I have not been able to compare them with typical Guianan specimens. All of these differ from three Argentine and one Brazilian zonaris by smaller size and noticeably deeper black general coloration. The Tucuman specimens are even more recently collected than my Vista Alegre birds so there is no question of fading. Chapman (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 65, 1921) identifies Peruvian specimens from the Urubamba region as zonaris, compared with a comparatively recent Rio skin. Apparently, therefore, both subspecies are found in Pera, zonaris in the extreme southeast and albicincta in the rest of the country. The size of my Peruvian specimens is rather indeterminate since they are in molt, but, so far as comparable, the measurements are the same as those of Colombian and Venezuelan skins. The measurement of the specimens has brought out the fact that the length of the tail in these birds is probably greater than is usually recorded. Two of my males have the tail in full molt with the central plumes still in the sheath but with the outer ones apparently full- grown and beautifully fresh and unworn. The lengths of these outer rectrices are 83 and 8214mm.., respectively, whereas the maximum tail measurement as given by Ridgway (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 5, p. 698, 1911) is 72 mm. and by Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 606, 1914) is 74mm. The discrepancy at first appears to point to a possible racial difference but my third male furnishes evidence to the contrary. In this specimen, the rectricial molt is not so far advanced as in the other two birds and the outer rectrices are in the sheath while the central ones are the old worn plumes which have not yet been shed. The length of these worn feathers is matched by that of the correspondingly worn feathers of the Colom- 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 271 bian specimens, indicating that the extraordinary length of the tail in the Peruvian birds is due only to their fresh and unabraded condition. A swift’s tail is subject to considerable wear and, as indicated by the present series, the loss in length during a season apparently may amount to ten per cent or more of the total length. It may be added that, in the fresh specimens, there appears to be a deeper emargination of the tail than is shown by Ridgway (t. ¢., pl. 27, fig. 2) or than is exhibited by worn specimens. Cypseloides rutilus brunnitorques (Lafresnaye). Chaetura brunnitorques LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 81—Colombia; Paris Mus. One male from Chinchao, October 31, 1922. Compared with seventeen additional skins (U. S. Nat. Mus. and Carnegie Mus.) from southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, and Pert; also with the type of C. r. griseifrons (U.S. Nat. Mus.). Some variation is apparent throughout the series of brunnitorques in the depth of color and apparent width of the collar, the extent of the black throat patch, and the suggestion of ashy forehead and supra-loral line, but this variation is irregular and shows both extremes in different examples from the same general region. One male, however, from Hacienda Llagueda, Peri (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 45,251), taken March 12, 1912, is strikingly different from all the others in the direction of grisezfrons; in fact its throat is even paler rufous than that of the type, it is equally ashy on the forehead, superciliary region, and lores, but is a trifle darker sooty on the back. It seems impossible not to refer it to grisezfrons. Since it was taken in winter it apparently represents a migrating individual in winter quarters of this north-Mexican form. No other specimen I have seen from South America can be referred to it although only one of these, a male from Idma, Santa Ana, s. Pert, is likewise a winter bird, the remainder having been taken while the Mexican birds would have been on their breeding grounds in the north. It is possible that the Hacienda Llagueda specimen represents the ex- treme of individual variation in brunnitorques. If this is true, it may prove desirable to examine a good series of birds from Tepic, Mexico, and reconsider the status of grisezfrons. This pretty swift was seen at various places, in the gorge of the Huallaga River between Hudnuco and Cerro de Pasco, in the vicinity of Panao, and in other mountainous localities, coursing and circling 272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII in large flocks high in the air. Only once, at Chinchao, did a flock descend low enough to give an opportunity to secure a specimen. Phaethornis guy apicalis (Tschudi). Tr(ochilus) apicalis TSCHUDI (ex LICHTENSTEIN MS.), Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 296, 1844—Pera; Berlin Mus. A female from Vista Alegre, August 17, 1922; a female from Chinchao, November 14. Compared with ten specimens of emiliae from Bogota and near Palmira, Colombia; San Cristébal, Venezuela; and Ecuador (ex Buckley). I can see no differences among the females of emiliae and those of apicalis except that the latter average smaller. The measurements of my two birds are: wing 56, 56144 mm.; tail 62, 64; culmen 35%, 37144. The females of emiliae (four) measure: wing 58-62 mm.; tail 60-68; culmen 3614-414. The differences might disappear in a larger series. F. Heine (Journ. Orn., 1886, p. 177) examined the type of apicalis and identified it as equivalent to the later emzliae. More recent authors have overlooked the priority of Tschudi’s name and placed it as a synonym of emiliae except Simon who (Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 258, footn. 4, 1921) noted the correct date but overlooked Heine’s critical note on the type and was in doubt as to the positive identity of the name. If future studies show the Peruvian birds to be inseparable from Colombian skins, as suggested by Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 284, 1926), emzliae must be submerged under apicalis. Pygmornis longuemarea atrimentalis Lawrence. Phaethornis atrimentalis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 260, 1858—Napo, Ecuador; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Phaéthornis riojae BERLEPSCH, Ibis, 1889, p. 182—Rioja, n. Perf; Mus. Frankfort. A female from Puerto Bermtdez, March 8, 1923. Compared with two skins of longuemarea from Trinidad and “Guyana,” a specimen of striigularis from Bogoté, and one of subrufescens from Rio Dagua, Colombia. The Peruvian specimen certainly is not specifically distinct from longuemarea, and striigularis and subrufescens seem to belong to the same group. My specimen agrees well with Lawrence’s original 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 273 description of atrimentalis but geographically should belong to riojae. Dr. Hellmayr (MS.) reports that he has compared the type of riojae with certain skins from the Rio Napo and later compared one of these skins with the type of atrimentalis, with the result of finding them racially inseparable. The type of riojae is an adult male and that of atrimentalis is an immature bird, which accounts for differences in the descriptions of the two specimens. Eutoxeres condamini gracilis Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Eutoxeres condaminei gracilis BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z.S. London, 1902, p. 19—Vitoc, Per4; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. A male from Vista Alegre, August 27, 1922; a female from Huachipa, October 3. Compared with a skin from the Napo region, Ecuador (Buckley coll.). The two Peruvian birds agree well with the original description of gracilis in most particulars. In comparison with the Ecuadorian skin they are slightly smaller with distinctly shorter bills (25 mm. as against 2814); the ochraceous streaks on the chest are a little broader; the purplish tone of the submarginal portion of the under tail-coverts is less strongly developed; the cinnamomeous color of the outer rectrices is somewhat paler, and the top of the head is a little blacker (possibly faded in the Napo skin). The general coloration of the upper parts is the same in the male from Vista Alegre as in the Napo specimen, but the female from Huachipa is a little clearer green. The patch on the side of the neck is much bluer in the male than in either of the other specimens. This bird was found about the hanging flowers of a low bush in open parts of the tropical forest. The flowers were of such a shape that the bird was obliged to throw its head back to insert the tip of the bill, which followed the curves of the corolla as the head was returned to a normal position. The hummers did not remain long at the flowers but made away through the forest by rapid, direct flight, just above the ground, not pausing until out of sight. I noted nothing in the field or by dissection to explain the bald stripe on the top of the head which is not possessed by the allied species E. aquila. Colibri iolotus (Gould). Petasophora iolota GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 15, p. 9, 1847—Bolivia; British Mus. Pinarolaema buckleyi GouLD, Ann. Nat. Hist., (5), 5, p. 489, 1882—Misque, Bolivia; melanism; British Mus. 274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Colibri iolatus brevipennis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, No. 1, p. 221, 1918—Caracas, Venezuela; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Four males from Matucana, April 29-May 3, 1922; two males from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 9 and 12; a male from Panao, July 17; a male from Vista Alegre, August 19; four males and a female from Chinchao, October 22-24. Compared with a male from Bolivia; thirteen males from Pera (Macate, Cajamarca, Hacienda Llagueda, and Rio Utcubamba); three males and a female from ‘‘Ecuador’’; nine skins from Colombia (Bogota and Santa Marta Mts.); and nineteen males from Venezuela (Culata, Conejos, Sierra, Mucunutan, Escorial, Rio Chama, and Caracas—the type of brevipennis). No constant differences can be found in this series. The type of brevipennis is a small bird, but it is matched by skins from Pert and other localities both in size and coloration, while other Venezuelan specimens exhibit a range of variation too wide to make any separa- tion advisable. This species is very pugnacious and takes delight in driving away other individuals that come near it, especially those of smaller species. Its note is a sharp, “‘zeep, zeep, zeep,’’ which it utters continuously while perched on the top of a bush or weed. On April 29, I found the nest of a pair of this species at Matucana. A large branch of a tree overhung a stream, and on the under side of the branch a slender twig was curved down and upward again to form a semicircular loop with just enough space between it and the large branch to hold the nest and allow head room for the brooding bird. Two white eggs were in the nest but they were too far advanced in incubation to be blown. Colibri cyanotus cyanotus (Bourcier and Mulsant). Trochilus cyanotus BOURCIER and MULSANT, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Lyon, 6, p. 41, 18483—-Caracas, Venezuela; Bourcier coll.? Three males from Panao, July 4 and 5, 1922. Compared with two males and an immature bird from Culata, Conejos, and Mérida, Venezuela, and three Bogota skins; also with five skins of cabanidis from Costa Rica. The Peruvian birds average paler and greener on the throat than the more northern specimens, some of which approach cabanidis rather closely. This species was seen only in the neighborhood of Panao where the larger species zolotus also occurred. The present bird was easily 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 275 recognizable by its song, which was a flat, monotonous, “‘peter-dick, peter-dick, peter-dick,”’ continued indefinitely and delivered from a perch on the top of a bush in the manner of the song of the larger species. It was not as aggressive in habits as zolotus. Chlorostilbon prasinus phaeopygus (Tschudi). Tr(ochilus) phaeopygus TSCHUDI (ex LICHTENSTEIN MS.), Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 297, 1844—Peri (probably Chanchamayo Valley); Berlin Mus. Hylocharis daphne BONAPARTE, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 255—Peru. Three males and a female from Huanuco, July 20-27, 1922; three males from Chinchao, October 22-November 8; a male from Vista Alegre, August 23; a male from Rio Cayumba (below Vista Alegre) collected by E. Heller, July 30. Compared with a male from Chanchamayo. I am indebted, for the synonymy of this race, to Dr. Hellmayr who has examined the type of Tschudi’s phaeopygus and found it to be the form later described by Bonaparte as daphne. Thalurania furcata tschudii Gould. Thalurania ischudii GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 28, p. 312, 1860—Rio Ucayali (Pera); Paris Mus. Thalurania jelskiti TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 188—Soriano, Chanchamayo Valley, Peré; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Three males from Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 31 and February 1, 1923. Compared with two immature males from Moyobamba, Pert; also with seven males and six females of bolivianus from Bolivia (Buena Vista, Tres Arroyos, and one unspecified locality); seven males and a female of furcata from French Guiana; two males of nigrofasciata from “‘Ecuador’’ and ‘“‘Bogota’’; two males of intermedia from Santarem, Brazil; six males and a female of furcatoides from Tury-assi and Sao Luis (Maranhdao) and Utinga (Para), Brazil; three males and two females of fissilis from British Guiana and Serra da Lua, Brazil; and ten males and five females of baer: from Tranqueira and Inhuma (Maranhiao), Sao Marcello (Bahia), and Urucum de Corumba (Matto Grosso), Brazil. My Rio Colorado specimens, one of which is beautifully adult, agree perfectly with Gould’s description of tschudit, while they are practically topotypes of jelskiz. Furthermore, Gould in describing 276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII ischudit had before him a specimen collected by Tschudi in Pert. This must have come from near the Chanchamayo Valley since Tschudi did not get any farther north than that region in the tropical zone of the interior of PerG. Gould states that his species was matched exactly by Tschudi’s bird which was also a topotype of the later-described jelskiz. Consequently it is evident that tschudii and jelskii are synonymous. Bolivian birds are separable by having the chest entirely viola- ceous without the greenish tinge present in tschudiz and without so pronounced a blackish border on the sides of the breast posteriorly. A name is available for this race (long identified erroneously as jelskit) in bolivianus Boucard (Gen. Hum. Birds, p. 107, 1894— Bolivia). My most fully plumaged bird has the rump strongly tinged with reddish purple as in furcatoides, the middle wing-coverts also are reddish purple, and the top of the head has suggestions of the same color though the crown is rather dark and inclined to glitter i certain lights. | Chrysuronia oenone josephinae (Bourcier and Mulsant). T(rochilus) Josephinae BOURCIER and MULSANT, Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 272— loc. ign.; type? Agyrtria Allent ELLIOT, Auk, 5, p. 268, 1888—Bolivia; 9; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Chrysuronia Buckleyi BoucaRD, Hum. Bird, 3, No. 1, p. 9, 1898—Bolivia; Paris Mus. Ch(rysuronia) oenone intermedia HARTERT, Novit. Zool., 5, p. 519, 1898— Upper Amazons = Pebas, Pert (cf. HARTERT, Novit. Zool., 29, p.406, 1922); Tring Mus. A male from Chinchao, October 22, 1922; a male from Vista Alegre, August 18. Compared with a male from Pebas and a female from Rioja, Peri, and with seven males and a female from Bolivia; also with seven skins of oenone from Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. Three of the Peruvian birds have the culmen 20, 20% and 20% mm. in length; the Vista Alegre example hasit19mm. The Bolivian specimens show a variation of from 17 to 19 mm., averaging less than the Peruvian series. The Pebas example is topotypical of intermedia and should belong to that form (if it is distinct) which is described as having the chin blue, but there is no trace of blue on the chin in 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 277 this example. The Chinchao specimen shows a tiny trace of that color at the point of the chin but the other Peruvian specimens are inseparable from the Bolivian in coloration. The bill in oenone shows a variation of from 19 to 21 mm. without relation to locality, and the coloration of the series from different places is uniform, from which it appears that longirostris, azurea, and brevirostris are hardly entitled to recognition, although my series is too small to make this unquestionable. The individual variations exhibited by the speci- mens in hand seem to point to but two valid races, oenone and josephinae. Leucippus chionogaster chionogaster (Tschudi). Tr(ochilus) leucogaster TSCHUDI (nec GMELIN), Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p 297, 1844—Pert; Mus. Neuchatel. Tr(ochilus) chionogaster TSCHUDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 39, 1845—new name for Tr(ochilus) leucogaster TSCHUDI. Leucippus pallidus TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 542—Huanta; young bird (cf. SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, No. 4, p. 209, 1926); Warsaw Mus.? Two males from Hudnuco, May 24, 1922; two males from Chinchao, October 22 and 27. Compared with thirteen specimens of hypoleucus from Parotani and Buena Vista, Bolivia, and Santa Ana, Tucuman, Argentina. The Peruvian series is separable from the Bolivian and Argentine examples by having the flanks more broadly and strongly green. Other recorded differences of coloration and size do not scot in the present material. I use the name hypoleucus Gould in preference to turner? Bourcier without other reason than the auctorum plurimorum principle; both names were published in November, 1846. Amizilia amazilia amazilia (Lesson and Garnot). Orthorynchus Amazilia LESSON and GARNOT in DUPERREY, Voy. Coquille, Zool., pl. 31, fig. 3, July 25, 1825—no loc.; Paris Mus.? Orthorhynchus Amazilia LESSON in DUPERREY, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, p. 688, April 8, 1830—Lima and Callao, Pera. A male from Vitarte, April 26, 1922. Compared with a female from Callao and a male labeled “‘Peru (Whitely)”; also with a male of “leucophoea’ from Hacienda Llagueda (near Otuzco) and a skin labeled “‘Peru’’; and a male of dumerili from Guayaquil, Ecuador. 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII The Vitarte bird is a virtual topotype and the Callao example exactly one. They and the third specimen agree with the characters of the typical race. I believe that the type locality of “lewcophoea”’ of Reichenbach should be changed from “‘Siid Peru, Vulkan Are- quipa” to “N. W. Pert.” The type was collected by Warscewicz who in other instances is known to have labeled specimens wrongly. The bird in question has never been collected in Arequipa by any subsequent collectors, but numerous specimens have been taken in northwestern Pert which agree with Reichenbach’s figure. The Vitarte bird is so badly worn that the rufous margins of the belly have practically disappeared, leaving a black patch (formed by the black bases of the feathers) covering the area, which gives the specimen an unfamiliar appearance. There is a small black patch on each side of the breast formed in the same manner. Lampraster branickii Taczanowski. Lampraster branickit TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 140, p. 21, fig. 1—Monterico, Peri; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. A male from Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 16, 1928. No specimens compared directly, but a skin, probably from Bolivia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), examined. The present example agrees very well with the original description and plate. The species is close to Agapeta and Clytolaema. Butler (Ibis, 1926, p. 338) already has suggested that if Agapeta is preoccupied by an earlier Agapete (which it is not, according to the recommendations of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) the genus may well be called Lampraster, since the genera are hardly separable. Only three other specimens of this rare bird are known to have been collected by ornithologists. The type was secured by Jelski at Monterico and is lost. Kalinowski obtained two at La Gloria, one of which is in the Warsaw Museum; the other was formerly in the Berlepsch collection, now at Frankfort, but disappeared some years ago. Two other native skins were found by Dr. Thomas Barbour attached to an Indian necklace in a museum in La Paz, Bolivia, supposed to have come from the Rio Beni; one of the skins is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the other, which I have examined, is in the American Museum of Natural History. My example was collected at the edge of the forest. It was found perched on a twig just inside the clearing along a roadside 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 279 through the plantation, and was the only individual of its kind observed. Heliodoxa leadbeateri leadbeateri (Bourcier). Trochilus leadbeateri BOURCIER, Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 102, April, 1848—-Caracas, Venezuela; Paris Mus. Tr(ochilus) Otero TscHuDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 298, 1844—Per4; Mus. Neuchatel. Leadbeatera grata BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, p. 70, 1850—new name for Trochilus leadbeatert BOURCIER. Coeligena sagittata REICHENBACH, Aufz. Colib., p. 23, 1854—-N. Peri; Dresden Mus.? Heliodoxa leadbeateri parvula BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 320, 1887— Bogotaé; Frankfort Mus. A young male from Chinchao, October 23, 1922. Compared with six males and two females from Bogota and one male from San Augustin, Colombia; three males and a female from Sierra, Montafias, Nevados, and Mérida, Venezuela; and a male from Roquefaldas, Bolivia. This material represents the various races which have been described from the region between Venezuela and Bolivia but I am unable to recognize more than one form in it. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 304, 1926), with a greater variety of material, reached the same conclusions. Oreotrochilus estella stolzmanni Salvin. Oreotrochilus stolemanni SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 17, 1895—Huamachuco, Pera; British Mus. Two males from La Quinua, May 15, 1922; two young males from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,500 feet, June 9; two males and a female from Hudnuco Viejo, December 20 and 24. Compared with three males and three females of estella from Putre, Tacna, a male from Quispicanchis, Marcapata District, two females from Tirapata, Carabaya, and a female labeled ‘‘Peru’’; also a female and a male from Argentina and a male from Bolivia; compared also with five males and a female of O. leucopleura from Tucuman and Jujuy, Argentina, and “Chile.” The specimens from La Quinua are distinctly more bronzy and less greenish than those from a little farther north, which seems to indicate an approach toward the duller, less greenish upper parts of 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII estella. Most of the specimens of the latter form show traces of glossy blue on some of the rufous feathers of the middle belly; the Quispicanchis male, though immature, has a stronger bronzy luster on the upper parts than the other examples of estella, showing a tendency in the direction of stolzmannit. I would place leucopleura as another race of this species were it not for the fact that both leucopleura and estella have been recorded from the same localities in a few instances. Probably future investigations will show that the occurrences were winter visitations or that the examples in question were intermediates of a sort, but until such evidence is forthcoming it is best to leave the forms specifically distinct; leucopleurus is even closer in characters to stolzmanni than is estella which occurs between the others, a not unusual condition. This species was often noted perching on the bare carbone of the rocks in the temperate zone. Patagona gigas peruviana Boucard. Patagona gigas peruviana BoucarD, Gen. Hum. Birds, p. 61, 1893—Peré = Tinta, Dept. Cuzco; Paris Mus. Patagona gigas boliviana BoucaRD, 1. c.—Bolivia; Paris Mus. A male and female from Matucana, May 8, 1922; a female from Culleui, Marafién River, December 10; a female from Hudanuco Viejo, December 22. Compared with twenty-three additional skins from Tinta, Haci- enda Llagueda, Cajamarca, Macate, and Putre, Tacna; also with thirteen skins of gigas from Caldera, Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Limache, and Santiago, Chile, and Tucuman, Argentina. The Peruvian birds, with one or two exceptions, are consistently larger than the Chilean skins, with longer wings and longer, heavier bills. They also, with one or two exceptions, are more rufescent on the under parts, sometimes very markedly so. Since Dr. Hellmayr plans to discuss the characters of these two races in a forthcoming paper on the birds of Chile, I will leave further details to his able pen. The species was found only in the arid subtropical and temperate zones. One or two examples were seen near the town of Hudénuco but were not secured. The birds were noted most commonly about the tall flowering spikes of various species of agave. Aglaeactis castelnaudii (Bourcier and Mulsant). T (rochilus) Castelnaudii BoURCIER and MULSANT, Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 270— Amér. mérid.; Paris Mus. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 281 Two males and four females from the mountains near Huanuco, 11,500 and 12,200 feet, June 7-26, 1922. No material for comparison. The series is quite uniform. The males are darker and deeper in coloration than the females and have a somewhat more extensive patch of glittering color on the lower back; they also have longer wings and possibly shorter bills (the bill of one male is broken). The sexes are otherwise very much alike. This hummer was obtained around patches of flowering plants in the small open glades of the woodland in the temperate zone. Lafresnaya lafresnayi rectirostris Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Lafresnayea saul rectirostris BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1902, p. 24—Pariayacu, Maraynioc, c. Peri; Warsaw Mus. A male and two females from the mountains near Huanuco, 10,000-12,200 feet, June 2-23, 1922; two males and three females from Panao, July 5-15. Compared with three males and a female of gayi(?) from Ricusdor: five males and a female of lafresnayi from Bogota, Colombia; and three males of liriope(?) from the Mérida region of Venezuela. The Peruvian birds are distinguishable from the Ecuadorian series by a smaller bill and longer wing, a more bronzy green back, and a lighter (less bluish) green throat. The Venezuelan birds differ from both Ecuadorian and Peruvian specimens by even longer bill, more bronzy green middle rectrices, and distinctly greenish instead of purplish black tips on the outer rectrices. These characters seem to favor the recognition of the three subspecies mentioned, assigning the Venezuelan birds to the Santa Martan race, liriope. However, Brabourne and Chubb have attempted to designate Venezuela as type locality for gayi, though I can see no grounds for this designa- tion, and to follow their action may necessitate dropping liriope as a synonym of the earlier name. Bourcier and Mulsant did not assign any type locality for their species, gayi, and there is no evidence that I can find to indicate that the types or type came from that region. At the date of the original description, 1846, there had been no collecting done in the Mérida region of Venezuela, and nowhere else in that country is the present species found. The original specimens may have come from Santa Marta, from western Colombia, or, like the type of saiil, from Ecuador, but rather certainly not from Venezuela. In the absence of the original specimens it is impossible to say to what form they belonged and it might be better to drop the 282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—Zoo.oecy, VoL. XVII name entirely and call the Ecuadorian birds saiil until some definite information is obtainable—an unlikely happening if the types are lost. In any case, the Peruvian birds are recognizable as rectirostris although the character of a relatively straight bill, mentioned in the original description, is valueless, having been based on an individual feature of the single specimen known to the describers. Pterophanes cyanopterus (Fraser). Ornismya Temminckii BOISSONNEAU (nec LESSON, 1829), Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 354—Bogota, Colombia; type lost? Trochilus cyanopterus FRASER, P. Z. S. London, 8, p. 17, 1840—Bogota; type? Pterophanes peruvianus BOUCARD, Gen. Hum. Birds, p. 263, March, 1895— Pert; Paris Mus. Two males and two females from the mountains near Huanuco, 12,200 feet, June 9-28, 1922. Compared with a male and two females from Bogota, Colombia, a male from Ecuador, and a male from Bolivia. Only the Bolivian bird and one Peruvian skin are perfectly adult and they are almost exactly alike in coloration, though the Peruvian bird is a little darker on the top of the head. The other Hudnuco male is nearly adult and matches the Bolivian bird in the color of the crown, but has a mixture of rufous on throat and crissum and has the remiges dull, only tinged with blue at the base on the under side. The other males in the series are like this young bird but with even more rufous on the under side. Such differences as exist are evidently those of age and individual variation. The characters of perunianus are not apparent in any of the Peruvian or Bolivian speci- mens. The females from Colombia and Pera are alike. This handsome species was rather uncommon. It was found only at high elevations about the brilliant pink flowers of a certain spiny-stemmed tree, and not many of the trees were observed in blossom. In flying, the wings have a slow, butterfly-like motion that is quite unlike the usual hummingbird flight and which may have some relation to the unusual brilliancy of coloration of the remiges. This coloration would not be exhibited to best advantage if the wings were vibrated at the usual rapidity of a hummer’s flight, but is distinctly noticeable as displayed by the present species. Helianthea violifera dichroura Taczanowski. Helianthea dichroura TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 188—Maraynioc, Pera; Warsaw Mus.? 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 283 A male from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 14, 1922; a male from above Panao, July 10. Compared with a male and female of osculans from Limbani, Carabaya, Pera. From dichroura through osculans to wolifera (judging by various descriptions of the last named), there is a progression of characters shown by a gradual increase of the rufous on belly, tail, and rump with a corresponding decrease in the amount of green on those parts. The present specimens show an approach to one of the characters of wolifera which is not shared by osculans. This is a narrow white band on the breast, quite distinct in one example ~ but prominent only on the sides in the other. The frontal patch in one example shows a trace of blue on the posterior portion, when viewed in certain lights, that may be taken as a trend toward the blue patch of osculans. Ensifera ensifera (Boissonneau). Ornismya ensifera BOISSONNEAU, Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 354—Bogota; type lost? Trochilus derbianus FRASER, P. Z. S. London, 8, p. 16, 1840—Bogota. Docimastes Schliephacket HEINE, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 215, 1863—Riobamba, Ecuador; Halberstadt Mus. Nine males, one female, and one probable female from the mountains near Huanuco, June 1-16, 1922. Compared with five males and two females from Bogota. The Bogota material is not entirely satisfactory and I am not sure that the Peruvian specimens represent the same form as that found in the north. The greatest difference noticeable is in the color of the throat of the adult males, which is deep black with green and purple reflections in the Peruvian skins and dull brownish black with faint greenish reflections in the Bogota examples. There is no constant difference in size and the difference in color may be due to post-mortem change in the older material. This interesting species was not uncommon about a certain long- tubed flower, for entering which its extraordinary bill was perfectly adapted. The hum of the rapidly moving wings was very pro- nounced when the bird was poised before the blossoms, and was different enough in pitch from the sound made by other species to be recognizable and, in many cases, to give the first intimation that one of these birds was in the immediate vicinity. When resting on a perch, the hummer carried its bill pointing upwards at less than ten 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—Zoo.oey, ‘’oL. XVII degrees from the vertical; when flying it carried the bill nearly horizontally. Ocreatus peruanus (Gould). Spathura peruana GOULD, Mon. Troch., 3, p. 164, 1849—-Moyobamba, Pera; Mathews coll., Hackney, London. An adult male from Huachipa, September 28, 1922; two young males and a female from Chinchao, October 23—November 18. Compared with specimens of melananthera from Ecuador, under- woodi from Colombia, and discifer from Venezuela. Without specimens from northern Pert, eastern Ecuador, southern Peri, and Bolivia to furnish a means of studying the relationships and variations of solstitialis, typical peruanus, annae and rufocaligatus, it is difficult to do much with the present speci- mens. Judging by the accounts of Simon and of Hartert, my adult male agrees best with perwanus and the female and young males are probably the same. The Huachipa bird was taken in the depths of the tropical forest; the specimens from Chinchao were found about the blossoms of the “‘pacay”’ trees in the more or less open plantation. Lesbia nuna pallidiventris (Simon). Psalidoprymna pallidiventris SIMON, Novit. Zool., 9, p. 182, 1902—Algamarca, Araqueda, “prov. Cojabamba” = Prov. Cajamarca, Peri; Simon coll., Paris. P. gracilis labilis Simon, Hist. Nat. Troch., 1, 194, 1921—-Cajabamba, Pera; Simon coll., Paris. P. gracilis longicauda SmmoNn, loc. cit.—Otuzco, Chitahuara, Pera; Simon coll., Paris. Two males from Culleui, Marafién River, December 14, 1922. Compared with a male from Tabaconas (Mus. Comp. Zool.), one from Macate, two males from Hacienda Llagueda (near Otuzco), a male from Callahuate, and a female from Rio Utcubamba, Pert; also with one male of nwna from Paucartambo, Pera; one of boliviana from “Bolivia”; three males and a female of chlorura from near Huanuco and Chinchao, Perdé; three males of gracilis from ‘‘Ecua- dor’’; and four males and four females of gouldiz from “Bogota.” This series presents a perfect specific group ranging from Colombia to Bolivia. The characters are variously progressive. The length of the bill gradually increases from gouwldii to boliviana as does 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 285 the extent of buffy margins on the under tail-coverts. The outer rectrices are largely glossed with green in gowldii, gracilis, and chlorura; without green gloss in nuna and boliviana, and variable in pallidiventris. The extremes in distribution, gouldit and boliviana, show no pale outer margins of the outer rectrices beyond the tips of the subexternal pair; gracilis and pallidiventris are alike in this respect and show a centimeter or more of pale grayish margin, visible on the closed tail but not sharply defined terminally; chlorura has only a few millimeters of pale margin so visible, but this amount is paler and whiter than in pallidiventris and rather sharply terminated. All agree in the truncate gorget and the extensive green on the four inner pairs of rectrices, which distinguish this group from victoriae and its allies. Judging by available information, the nuna group occupies slightly lower elevations in the mountains than the victoriae group, of which more will be said under chlorura. Simon’s trinomials for ‘“‘labilis’’ and “‘longicauda’’ are intended as names. for individual variants, not for geographic subspecies, since both forms and his typical pallidiventris are from the same region. In the present series, the two Hacienda Llagueda birds show two of the extremes, one with no greenish lights on the outer rectrices, the other greenish in certain positions though much duller than in chlorura, gracilis, and gouldii. The Macate bird has noticeable green; the Callahuate skin has none; the Cullcui birds are intermediate. The form appears to be intermediate between gracilis and chlorura and apparently is variable. Gray’s designation of Trochilus forficatus Linnaeus as type of the genus Lesbia Lesson is invalid, since that species was not among those originally included in the genus; the next valid designation is that of nuna by Salvin, 1892, and since Lesbia antedates Psalido- prymna the former name must be used for the present genus. Lesbia nuna chlorura Gould. Lesbia chlorura GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 1871, p. 504—supposed to be Per&; type lost. Three males from the mountains above Huanuco, 10,500 feet, June 3-8, 1922; a female from Chinchao, November 3. Compared with the material noted under L. n. pallidiventris. Since the time Gould described this species from a single skin of unknown origin, there has been considerable speculation as to its relationships and habitat and even its identity. A careful study of the present material reveals the fact that it belongs to the long lost 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII chlorura, that this species is related to the nwna-gouldii group, and that it inhabits the central Andes of Pera adjacent to the Junin plateau (at least northward) at about 10,000 feet elevation. The adult males agree perfectly with Gould’s description, having the outer rectrices strongly glossed with green as in gouldii, and having the bill distinctly longer than in gouldzi and gracilis (also longer than in pallidiventris but shorter than in nuna). Aside from the difference in the size of the bill, the outer margins of the outer rectrices are paler (whiter) basally than in any other race of nwna, with about 4—6 mm. showing beyond the tips of the penultimate pair (see account of pallidiventris), and the under tail-coverts are largely brownish buff with a small central spot of greenish. The female from Chinchao appears to belong to this race rather than to pallidiventris by reason of similar under tail-coverts and long bill, though the latter is slightly shorter than in the males. Culmen in males, 12144 mm.; in the female, 1134 mm. The Huanuco birds all were taken at an elevation of approxi- mately 10,500 feet. Some distance higher on the same mountain slopes, at an elevation of about 12,000 feet, the species is replaced by a member of another group, P. victoriae juliae. Apparently these two species are altitudinally distinct. . Lesbia victoriae juliae (Hartert). Psalidoprymna juliae HARTERT, Novit. Zool., 6, p. 75, 1899—-Cajabamba, n. Peri; Tring Mus. Four males from the mountains near Huanuco, 12,000 feet, June 2-9, 1922. Compared with nine males and two females of wctoriae and “aequatorialis’”’ from Bogota, Colombia, and ‘‘Ecuador,” respectively. The Peruvian birds are separable from victoriae (which I am unable to subdivide into Colombian and Ecuadorian races) by shorter bill and tail and paler buffy under tail-coverts. This species was found about low beds of flowers on the high plains at the top of the Andes, in the puna zone. Lower down the slopes, at 10,000 feet and thereabouts, in the humid subtropical and lower temperate zones, L. nuna chlorura was obtained. Polyonymus caroli (Bourcier). Trochilus caroli BourcigR, P. Z.S. London, 14, p. 48, 1847—no loc.; type lost. One adult male, two young males and five females from Cullcui, Marafion River, December 14, 1922; one young male from Matu- cana, May 2. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 287 Compared with a young male from Macate; two males from Chipa, Junin, and Otuzco or Cajabamba (O. T. Baron coll.), Pera (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); and a male and female from Lima and (probably) Tambo de Aza, Vitoc Valley (U. S. Nat. Mus.). Among the adult males there is no appreciable variation in the color of the throat, but the females have the gorget somewhat paler red with the feathers broadly margined with whitish, giving a spotted appearance. M. Jacques Berlioz of the Paris Museum writes me that seven or eight male specimens in various museums in Paris are all much paler beneath with the throat more pinkish than my Cullcui bird, and he believes that they must be younger than mine. Bourcier described this species from a specimen which he saw in the collection of birds belonging to Edward Wilson, which Wilson later presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; the type, if still in existence, should be in that institution. Unfortu- nately it seems never to have reached Philadelphia since no skin of the species is in the museum of the Academy; nor is there any record of such in the catalogue of the Wilson collection, as I have ascertained through the kindness of Mr. C. E. Underdown, formerly of the Academy, who made a search for me through the collection and records. Probably the specimen was among others lost in transit, as mentioned in Jardine’s Contributions to Ornithology, 1852, p. 59. My single adult male example of this rare hummingbird was collected at camp as it hovered about the blossoms of a spreading cactus plant that grew in the shelter of the mud walls enclosing the compound. Another was seen later in the dense and spiny thicket along the river but could not be secured. Tephrolesbia griseiventris (Taczanowski). Cynanthus griseiventris TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1883, p. 72—Paucal, Pera; Raimondi coll., Lima, Pera. A female from Cullcui, Marafién River, December 14, 1922. Compared with an adult male, four young males, and five females of Polyonymus caroli from the same locality and from Matucana and Macate. The present species 1s doubtfully separable generically from Polyonymus caroli. Simon compared his genus Tephrolesbia only with ‘‘Lesbia’”’ (= Aglaiocercus) and did not state how it differed from Polyonymus which he placed in a quite different ‘‘group.” Until more specimens of the present bird are available for comparison I am unable to examine the genus critically. 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Metallura phoebe (Delattre and Lesson). O(rnysmia) phoebe DELATTRE and LESSON, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 17, 18839—Andes of Per4 = probably highlands of Junin (Delattre coll.); Paris Mus. Tr(ochilus) opacus TSCHUDI (ex LICHTENSTEIN MS.), Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 296, 1844—-Pera = probably highlands of Junin (B. Philippi coll.); Berlin Mus. Trochilus cupricauda GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 14, p. 87, 1846—‘“‘Bolivia” = Palea, Tacna, Pera; British Mus. Metallura jelskit CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 99, 1874—‘‘(Maraynioc?)’’; Berlin Mus. Two males from La Quinua, May 15, 1922; a male and a female from Cullcui, Marafién River, December 10 and 12. Compared with a male from Cajamarca. The measurements given by Cabanis for his jelskzi are slightly larger than those of the present series but the coloration appears to agree. Cabanis compared only the size of his bird with that of opaca (which probably came from the same general region) so that his diagnosis is not very informative. Recent authors have been unable to recognize more than one form. Metallura tyrianthina septentrionalis Hartert. Metallura smaragdinicollis septentrionalis HARTERT, Novit. Zool., 6, p. 73, 1899—Peri = Huamachuco; Tring Mus. Five males and two females from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 1-14, 1922; three males and one female from Panao, July 4-15. Compared with two females from Molinopampa; also with a male and two females of quztensis from ‘‘Ecuador’’; a male topotype of “‘peruviana’”’ (=smaragdinicollis) from Ccachupata, Pert, and a female from Bolivia; a small series of both sexes of tyrianthina from Paéramo de Tama, Venezuela and Colombia, and Santa Elena, Santa Isabel, and Bogota, Colombia; and a series of oreopola from the Mérida region of Venezuela. While all the Huadnuco and Panao birds are not clearly separable from the topotype of peruviana (which Hartert synonymized with smaragdinicollis), several of them are referable to Hartert’s sep- tentrionalis, having the pale subterminal portions of the pectoral feathers rather broadly exposed. Probably this series represents an intermediate condition showing affinities to both neighbors. The females are rather more deeply rufescent on the breast than either 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 289 the Molinopampa or Bolivian specimens; two are lightly spotted like one of the Molinopampa birds; one is a little more heavily spotted than the other Molinopampa skin. The lightly spotted female from Molinopampa has the tail considerably more bronzy than the other and shows more resemblance in that particular to quitensis than to its companion. I follow Hartert, 1922, in placing septentrionalis as a subspecies of tyrianthina. Metallura eupogon (Cabanis). Urolampra eupogon CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 97, 1874—-Maraynioc, Pera; Berlin Mus. Metallura Hedvigae TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 189, pl. 21, fig. 2—Maraynioc, Peri; Warsaw Mus.? Five males and three females from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 21-80, 1922. Compared with the type of Laticauda rubriginosa Cory (=M. theresiae) from near Balsas, Pera, and with two young specimens of M. aeneocauda from Bolivia. These three species (and probably others of which I have no material) are closely related to each other, having many characters in common which distinguish them from the tyrianthina group, M. phoebe, and possibly other congeners. Without specimens of the other related forms it is impossible to discuss these features in detail. This fiery-throated hummer has been considered rather rare, but I found it not uncommon at the very tops of the mountains near Hudnuco and on the slopes immediately below. It inhabited low bushes and plants but a few feet high, often clinging to the under side of the twigs in the manner of a titmouse. On cold, bleak mornings the little creatures were chilled and sluggish in their movements, but regained their customary activity when the sun had dispelled the mists that hung about the hilltops. Chalcostigma stanleyi versigularis Zimmer. Chalcostigma stanleyi versigularis ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 52, 1924; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Three males (including the type) and one female from the moun- tains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 26 and 30, 1922. Compared with a male of vulcant from Quispicanchis, Marcapata, Pera (U. S. Nat. Mus.), and five males and one female of stanleyi from Ecuador (four in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Zoo.Loey, VoL. XVII The species was found about the blossoms of certain trees at the margins of the wooded “‘pockets” at timberline, and also among the low bushes scattered on the hillsides near the streams. It often perched on the tops of the bushes in readiness to dart away at the approach of danger. Aglaiocercus kingii smaragdinus (Gould). Trochilus smaragdinus GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 14, p. 85, 1846—Bolivia; British Mus. ; Cynanthus bolivianus GOULD, Ann. Nat. Hist., (5), 5, p. 489, 1880—Bolivia; British Mus. Three males from Chinchao, October 23 and November 20, 1922. Compared with a male from Poco Tambo, Pert, a male and female from ‘Bolivia’ (Buckley coll.), and a male from Roquefalda, Bolivia; also with seven males and a female of coelestis from Mindo, Gualea, and ‘“‘Ecuador’’; six males and a female of mocoa from Baeza, Rio Pastaza, and ‘“Ecuador,’’ and La Candela, Colombia; two Bogota skins of emmae; nine males and five females of kingii from “‘Bogotaé’’; and eleven males of caudata from Sierra, Nevados, Rio Chama, and Rio Mucujén, Venezuela. The specimens from Bolivia to Poco Tambo, Pert, show little variation among themselves and all are referable to smaragdinus. This is closest to mocoa among the related forms. It becomes necessary to provide a new name for the present genus owing to the fact that the various names previously applied are all unavailable. Cynanthus Swainson, 1827 (Philos. Mag., n. s., 1, p. 441, 1827), type C. latirostris Swainson (cf. Stone, Auk, 24, p. 192, 1907), preoccupies the name Cynanthus. Cyanoleshia Stejneger was proposed as a new name for Cynanthus Swainson, 1837 (Classif. Birds, 2, p. 380, 1837), type, by monotypy, 7. forficatus Linnaeus =Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus; therefore Cyanolesbia =Trochilus Linnaeus, 1758. Lesbia Lesson, 1833 (Troch. Index Gen., p. XVII, 1833) contained three species, sapho, nuna, and kingit. Gray three times designated Trochilus forficatus Linnaeus as type species under the mistaken notion that kingii was a synonym, but since forficatus was not among the original species, these designations are invalid. Salvin (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 16, p. 146, 1892) seems to have been the first to comply with modern requirements when he designated nuna as the type of Lesbia. Incidentally this requires the use of Lesbia for the genus known recently as Psalidoprymna, but it leaves the present genus without a name. To supply the deficiency I 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 291 propose the name Aglazocercus with Ornismya kingit Lesson as type species. Rhodopis vesper vesper (Lesson). Ornismya Vesper LESSON, Hist. Nat. Ois.-Mouches, pp. XV, 85, pl. 19, 1829— “Chili” (possibly Tarapacaé but possibly s. w. Pera); Paris Mus. A male and a doubtful male from Santa Eulalia, April 23 and 24, 1922. Compared with a male from Islay, Arequipa, Pera, and two males and two females from Pica, Tarapaca, Chile; also with seven males of atacamensis from Caldera, Chile. The Tarapaca males have slightly longer bills than the Peruvian males, probably indicating an approach toward the still smaller atacamensis. . The species was found about certain flowering cacti on the arid hillside. Thaumastura cora Lesson and Garnot. Orthorhynchus Cora LESSON and GARNOT in DUPERREY, Voy. Coquille, Zool., pl. 31, fig. 4, 1827—(in later text) between Callao and Lima, Pera; Paris Mus.? Thaumastura cora montana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 286, 1913—Hacienda Llagueda, northeast of Otuzco, Peri; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. T (haumastura) Cora var. cyanescens SIMON, Hist. Nat. Troch., p. 224, 1921— Tulpo, Pert; Simon coll., Paris. Five males from Matucana, April 28 and May 1, 1922; a female from Santa Eulalia, April 23; a probable female from Chosica, April 16. Compared with a male from Maynapall; two males from Calla- huate, a male from “‘Perd”’ (Delattre skin, probably from near Lima), and the type of montana from Hacienda Llagueda. The type of montana has a little less of the bluish reflections on the side of the throat than the other skins, but a few feathers show the same bluish tone; the Callahuate and Maynapall specimens are from the same general region and are perfectly typical cora. The other characters mentioned by Cory are perfectly normal character- istics of the species, the author having been misled by the old and faded Delattre skin which he used for comparison. Simon’s ‘‘var. cyanescens”’ is nothing but an individual variant which the author 292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HisTtoRY—ZOooLocy, VoL. XVII picked out from several skins taken at the same locality, the rest of which were normal. It could not have been intended as a geographic subspecies. Calliphlox amethystina (Boddaert). Trochilus amethystinus BODDAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 41, 1788—based on DAUBENTON, Pl. Enl. 672, fig. 1; Cayenne. T(rochilus) Ruficaudus VIEILLOT, Tabl. Ency. Méth., Orn., 2, p. 573, 1822— Amérique méridionale; Laugier coll.? T (rochilus) Minullus VIEILLOT, t. c., p. 574, 1822—Brazil; Laugier coll.? Ornismya amethystoides LESSON, Troch., p. 79, pls. 25-27, 1832—Brazil. Ornismya orthura LESSON, Troch., p. 85, pls. 28, 29, 18832—-Cayenne; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Calliphlox roraimae BoucarD, Hum. Bird, 1, p. 30, 1891—British Guiana; Paris Mus. Two males from Vista Alegre, August 18 and 30, 1922. Compared with fifty-one additional specimens from Cayenne (including the types of Ornismya orthura), British Guiana (Mt. Roraima and Merume Mts.), Venezuela (San German de Upata, Azulita, Sierra de Carabobo, Sacupana?, La Bomba, San Felix, and El Callao), and Brazil (Chapada, Minas Geraés, Tury-assa, Tran- queira, Descalvados, and Rio?) (twenty-four skins in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; twenty-two skins in Carnegie Mus.). A very careful study of this material has shown several interesting facts with reference to the sequence of plumages. Immature examples of both sexes have the tail tipped with white; adult females have the tail tipped with cinnamon-rufous; adult males have a long forked tail, sometimes with traces of white tips on the outer rectrices; young males may acquire the amethystine gorget before the long tail or may develop the forked tail first. Two specimens from San German de Upata, Venezuela (Carnegie Mus.) have the long feathers of the tail just appearing while the throat patch is undeveloped. Apparently adult males with the full gorget but with a short, white- tipped tail were described as Ornismya orthura, but the types of Ornismya orthura are not fully adult; one has the gorget still showing traces of brownish feathers on the lateral borders; the other has only a few amethystine feathers on the throat which is spotted with brown centrally. Both have traces of cinnamon on the flanks as do other short-tailed birds with a full gorget, while the same condition is shown by long-tailed birds with undeveloped gorget; fully adult males have lost the cinnamomeous tinge and have green flanks. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 293 The two Peruvian birds have longer bills and narrower white breast bands than the Venezuelan and Guianan specimens but a larger series will be required to establish the constancy of this difference. Myrtis fanny (Lesson). Ornismya fanny LESSON, Ann. Sci. Nat., (2), 9, p. 170, 18838—‘‘Mexique,”’ errore. Ornismya labrador BourciER, Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Lyon, 2, p. 889, 1839—“‘Mexique,”’ errore. Thaumastura francesiae SCLATER, Cat. Amer. Birds, p. 299, 1862—nom. emend. A male from Culleui, Marafién River, December 15, 1922; a female from Chosica, April 16. Compared with two adult males, three young males, and three females from Macate, a female from Trujillo, and a female from Chachapoyas, Peri, and two males and a female from “Ecuador” (ex Buckley). The Ecuadorian males seem to be a slight tint lighter and redder on the lower part of the gorget than the Peruvian specimens, and their bills are 16 and 17% mm. long as compared with 171% and 18 for the three adult Peruvian males, but the series is too small to show the value of this variation. The Ecuadorian female is somewhat more deeply rufescent below than the racial ing Peruvian females. Chaetocercus bombus Gould. Chaetocercus bombus GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 1870, p. 804—Citado, Ecuador; British Mus. A female from Chinchao, October 22, 1922. Compared with a topotypical male and a female from between Chimborazo and Chimbo, Ecuador. The Chinchao female is more bronzy green above and more deeply rufescent below than the Ecuadorian female, and is a little larger in all measurements. Chaetocercus mulsanti (Bourcier). Ornismya Mulsanti Bourcter, Ann. Soc. Phys. Nat. Agric. Lyon, 5, p. 344, pl. 20, 1842—Colombia. A male and two females from Chinchao, October 23 and November 16, 1922. 294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Compared with a male from Quito, Ecuador, a female from “‘Bolivia,’’ and two males and three females from Bogota, Colombia. No differences are noticeable among these specimens. The species was taken from about the flowers of the “‘pacay”’ trees where they occurred in company with C. bombus and a clear- winged moth which was sometimes difficult to distinguish from the birds at a little distance. Trogonurus collaris collaris (Vieillot). Trogon collaris VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 320, 1817— Cayenne. Two males and two females from Huachipa, September 20-26, 1922. Compared with three males and a female from Tobago, a male “Orinoco” skin, a male “‘Bogotaé” skin, and a female from Maracay, Venezuela. There are certain differences apparent between the Peruvian specimens and the rest of the series, principally in the narrower black bars on the outer rectrices and the smaller black throat patch, but without much more material, including specimens from Cayenne, I am unable to determine the value of these characters. The species was heard rather commonly in the tropical forest at Huachipa and responded rather readily to an imitation of its song. This was easily imitated, being a clearly whistled, ‘‘who-it, keé-oo, hé-o00-hé-00-hé-00-hé-00-hé-oo.”” The males would reply at once and would often approach closely overhead, sometimes remaining for a long time but otherwise disappearing when their curiosity was satisfied. Once I had five males in the trees about me at the same time. Occasionally a female also would approach. The females uttered a sudden, explosive, “‘chirr-rr-rr’’ accompanied by a jerk of the tail from dependent vertical to horizontal, while the neck was quite extended, not shortened as in positions of rest. Trogonurus rufus devillei Cabanis and Heine. ?A(ganus) (Pothinus in text) Devillei CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 4, (1), p. 191, 1863—based on Trogon meridionalis DEVILLE and DEs MuRS (nec SWAINSON), Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1, p. 333, 1849; Santa Maria (= south of Pebas, Péru?); type no longer in Paris Mus.? An adult and a young male from Puerto Bermidez, March 17 and 15, 1923. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 295 Compared with three specimens of rufus from British Guiana, fifteen of tenellus from Costa Rica, one cupreicaudus from w. Colombia, and one chrysochlorus from Sao Sebastiao, SAo Paulo, Brazil. The Puerto Bermidez adult male differs from the males of the other races at hand in the beautiful coppery color of the tail. This is as described for cwpreicaudus from Colombia. The specimen of that race at hand shows little trace of coppery and therefore must be atyp- ical, and I am unable to say how the form may differ from devillet. The type locality, Santa Maria, is given by Deville and Des Murs without more definite allocation than that it is the same general region as Ega, on the Yaguas River on the right bank of the upper Amazon. A careful perusal of Castelnau’s account of the travels of his expedition has elicited the following information (Expéd. Amér. Sud, Hist. Voyage, 5, pp. 15-27). Shortly after reaching Pebas, the party accompanied a resident missionary on a visit to his mission station, formerly called “Saint Jose’? but then known‘as “Santa Maria de los Yaguas.”’ This station was two days’ travel from Pebas inland (i.e., away from the Amazon, evidently southward). After a short visit there, Castelnau returned to Pebas but Deville remained to make natural history collections. This must be the Santa Maria from which various upper-Amazonian birds were subsequently recorded. At any rate it evidently is in the region to which Puerto Bermidez bears a close relation through the Ucayali River, and since my specimens agree with the description of Deville and Des Murs as well as with that of Cabanis and Heine, I have no hesitation in referring my specimens to the form in question. I use the name rufus in preference to curucut of Linnaeus, which I consider to be misapplied to this species. As claimed by Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 5, p. 764, footn., 1911), Linnaeus based his name principally on Edwards’s plate (Gleanings, 3, pl. 331) which has been accepted as depicting the present species. With this latter contention I am unable to agree. The plate shows too much red on the under parts for any of the rufus group and while it is not so bright as is shown by the red-bellied species in full, fresh plumage, a red specimen sometimes fades to a degree that is quite com- parable to the plate. I have before me a specimen of awrantiiventris from Costa Rica (Field Mus. No. 24,223) which has the belly faded to Salmon Orange with traces of Bittersweet Orange, matching Edwards’s picture very closely and showing to what extent the color of a red-bellied species may change. Further than this, Edwards describes the upper wing-coverts as a light ash color with very fine 296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIstoRY—ZOooLocy, VoL. XVII black lines making a mixed gray color. In both rufus and collaris, the two species to which the name curucui has been applied by vari- ous authors, the color rather is black with fine white lines which are large enough to be distinct as such, whereas in the variegatus group the arrangement is exactly as described by Edwards and the general effect of the extremely fine black lines on an ashy ground is that of a mixed gray color. For these reasons I believe that Edwards figured a faded specimen of the variegatus group; I am certain that he did not show the present species. I am quite in favor of dropping the name curucut as being of composite origin, possibly unidentifiable, and without type locality. Chloroceryle americana americana (Gmelin). (Alcedo) americana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 451, 1788—based on DAv- BENTON, PI. Enl. 591, figs. 1, 2; Cayenne. Two males and three females from Hudnuco, July 28-August 10, 1922. Compared with sixty-four additional skins from various parts of South America, representing several subspecies, as listed in the appended table. The Guianan and Serra da Lua males are smaller than any of the others (wing 74 and 73 mm.); two males from Maranhdo and one from Piauhy, Brazil, are slightly larger (wing 77, 77, 78); a male from Descalvados, Brazil, is still larger (wing 79); a male from Lake Valencia, Venezuela, matches the Descalvados bird; one from Buena- vista, Bolivia, also matches it; and the males from Moyobamba and Lagunas, Peri, match the Maranhao specimens. All these males agree, furthermore, in having the white throat patch comparatively short, rather sharply defined against the rufous chest, and bounded laterally by well-marked dark malar stripes (not so well-marked in the Descalvados and Moyobamba specimens). The females from Guiana, Brazil, Venezuela, and northern Pert are not as small as the males but most of them have the dark malar stripes just as strongly marked. These birds, therefore, may be taken to represent typical americana, which seems to range over the Amazonian country from Guiana and Venezuela to southern Brazil, northern Bolivia, and northern Pert. Three Uruguayan males have the wing 77, 78, and 80 mm.; eight Argentine males measure 78, 79, 79, 80, 8014, 801%, 81, 84. In addition to their smaller size, these birds show a larger extent of white on the throat, without very pronounced malar stripes and 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 297 blending more gradually into the rufous of the breast. Females from the same regions are distinguished principally by the usual lack of pronounced malar stripes. It seems probable that this series can be separated under the name mathewsii (Laubmann, 1927—new name for Alcedo viridis Vieillot, nee Meuschen, 1787). Specimens from southern Bolivia may be intermediate between mathewsii and americana. The Hudnuco males agree well with the series of americana in the extent of the white throat patch and comparatively well-marked malar stripes, but are unusually large (wing 83, 85 mm.). They can not be referred to mathewsii and I conclude that they are americana with a tendency toward the size of cabanisii of the Pacific coast region of Pert. Three males from Huacho, Dept. Lima, Pert, are typical cabanisii and are large (wing 84, 85, 85) with the white throat patch even larger than in mathewsii but rather sharply defined against the rufous of the breast as in americana. The females from this region are even larger on average (wing 84, 85, 87, 87) but are not clearly separable from the large examples of mathewsii except by distribution. A single male from Cartagena, Colombia, might be referable to mathewsii if it were not cut off from the range of that form by the interposition of americana, but it agrees even better with specimens of isthmica and probably represents an intermediate between that form and americana. A Bogota female completely lacks the dark malar stripes of americana and is also referable to isthmica. I am unable to recognize Laubmann’s hellmayri, the characters of which can be found in specimens of both americana and mathewsii. The comparative absence of dark green spots on the under tail-coverts seems to be due, in part, to immaturity; at least those specimens of the South American subspecies which have a minimum of dark spots are all young birds. In croteta the same character is fixed regardless of age. Specimens examined: C. a. americana—British Guiana 1c° 19. Surinam: Para- maribo 1¢. Venezuela: Lake Valencia 1; Maracay 1 9 ; Rio Mucuj6n1¢. Brazil: Serra da Luald 1 9 ; Quixada, Ceara 1 9; Conceicéo 1 9; Rosario, Maranhao 2 7; Mangunga Is. 1 9; Tranqueira 1 9; Ibiapaba, Piauhy 13; Descalvados19°19. Pera: Lagunas 171? ; Moyo- bamba 1 &; Hudénuco 2 @& 3 9. Bolivia: Buenavista, Santa Cruz 1c. 298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII C. a. mathewsti— Uruguay: Rio Uruguay, near Dolores 10’; Arazati, San José 1 1 2 ; Polanco, Minas1¢ 2 9 ; Monte- video 1 !; San Vicente, Rocha 1 9'. Argentina: Isla Ella, Delta del Parana 2 &; Rio Paranay 1; Concepcidén, Tucuman 5 o& 5 2; Vermejo, Chaco 1<7!; Las Palmas, Chaco 1 ¢!; Conchitas, Buenos Aires 1 ?1'. Bolivia: Yacuiba 207 1 92; Rio Surutd, Prov. de Lara 1 2 2?; Rio Yapacani, Santa Cruz 1 &?; Puerto Suarez 1 7”. C. a. cabanisii—Pert: Santa Eulalial ¢ ; Limal ?*; Huacho, Lima 8 &"*; Bequeta, Lima 2 9°. C. a. wsthmica—Colombia: Cartagena 1 o; Bogota 1 9. Panama, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Hon- duras 7 89. C. a. subsp.?—Ecuador: Puente de Chimbo 1°. Chloroceryle americana cabanisii (Tschudi). A(lcedo) Cabanisii TscHuUDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 253, 1846—Pera; Mus. Neuchatel. A female from Santa Eulalia, April 23, 1922. Compared with three males from Huacho, two females from Huacho, and a female from Lima (all in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with the other material listed under americana. The males of this form are separable from those of americana and mathewsii by having the white throat patch more extensive posteriorly; more sharply defined against the chestnut band across the breast than in mathewsii. The size is larger than most examples of the other two forms (wing 85, 85, 84 mm.) but is matched by specimens of americana from the interior of PerG (Hudnuco) which are not referable to cabanisii on account of the differently marked throat. The females are not clearly separable from large examples of mathewsii or americana. The second outer rectrix has the inner web more extensively white in all the females of this series than in most of the females of americana but some of mathewsi from Uruguay are even more strongly marked than the series of cabanisit. I have been unable to discover any constancy in regard to the spot- ting of the under tail-coverts or the extent of white on the wings, and conclude that the separation of the present form must be on the basis of the characters of the males. 1Specimens in United States National Museum, Washington. 2Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. 3Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 299 Galbula tombacea cyanescens Deville. Galbula cyanescens DEVILLE, Mag. Zool., (2), 1, p. 56, 1849—“‘le bords de l’Amazone’”’ = Sarayacu, Ucayali R., Perf; Paris Mus. One male from Huachipa, September 19, 1922; three males from Vista Alegre, August 31; one male from Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 1, 1923; and one male from Puerto Bermidez, March 8. Compared with three males from Moyobamba and a male and female from Rioja; also with a specimen of typical tombacea from Bogota. One of the Huachipa examples has broad dusky tips on the metallic feathers of the crown. The Vista Alegre and Rio Colorado birds are similarly marked to a lesser degree, and most of the other examples show one or more feathers on the top of the head with fine dusky tips, but there is no complete brownish area as in the specimen of tombacea. There is an unusual amount of coppery reflection on the birds from Vista Alegre and Rio Colorado while the Moyobamba and Rioja birds average greener, but as this color is variable in the rest of the series and is subject to some post-mortem change, it probably is of no diagnostic value. One bird at Vista Alegre was seen entering a burrow in the cut bank along a hillside trail where it apparently had a nest under construction. Galbula albirostris chalcocephala Deville. Galbula chalcocephala DEVILLE, Rev. Zool., (2), 1, p. 55, 1849—Sarayacu, Ucayali R., Pera; Paris Mus. Two males from Puerto Bermidez, March 10 and 19, 1923. Compared with three males and one female of G. a. albirostris from British Guiana. The Peruvian birds are easily separable by the more extensively black maxilla, the more extensive and deeper purple cap, the deeper rufous under parts and tail, and the less extensive greenish edges on the outer rectrices. One of my specimens has the sides of the chin spot broadly black within the mandibular rami; in the other there are only faint traces of blackish tips on the sides of the chin although the malar apex is as blackish as in albirostris. Ecchaunornis striolatus (Pelzeln). Bucco striolatus PELZELN, Sitzb. Akad. Wien, 20, p. 509, 1856—Engenho do Cap Gama (Matto Grosso, Brazil); Vienna Mus. 300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII One male from Chinchao, November 8, 1922. Compared with a specimen from Chanchamayo, Pera. The Chanchamayo bird is much darker ochraceous on the throat and chest, with a pinkish suffusion on the lower breast and sides, while the dusky bars on the tail are confluent, leaving the russet markings isolated as marginal indentations instead of complete bars. The Chinchao bird is pale cream buff on the throat and breast and has the bars of the tail complete. It has a shorter bill but longer wing and tail than the Chanchamayo specimen. On comparing this species with Ecchaunornis radiatus fulvidus, E. chacuru chacuru and Nystalus maculatus, it appears that striolatus belongs rather to Ecchaunornis than to Nystalus. It agrees well with the characters given by Ridgway for Ecchaunornis but is excluded from Nystalus because of its bill which is less than two-fifths as long as the wing and in width at nostrils is more than one-third the length of the exposed culmen. In actual appearance the bill is shorter, stouter, and more abruptly hooked than in Nystalus maculatus and its races. The Chinchao specimen when shot was in solitary occupation of a lofty perch in the top of a tall, dead tree standing in an open clearing. Malacoptila fusca (Gmelin). (Bucco) fuscus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 408, 1788—based on the White- breasted Barbet of LATHAM; Cayenne; type lost. An adult male from Vista Alegre, August 28, 1922. Compared with a male from Pozuzo, Pera. The two birds examined agree in most details except that the specimen from Pozuzo has the lores extensively white and the bases of the chin feathers and the inner basal margins of the remiges more buffy. The Vista Alegre bird when freshly killed had the bill black at the tip and bright orange at the base; iris vermilion; eyelids olive green; feet yellowish green. The species was found in the tropical zone forest. Malacoptila fulvogularis fulvogularis Sclater. Malacoptila fulvogularis SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 21, p. 123, 1853—Bolivia; British Mus. ?Malacoptila fulvigularis melanopogon BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P, Z. 8. London, 1902, (2), p. 37—-Garita del Sol, Peri; Frankfort Mus. One female from Huachipa, September 18, 1922. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 301 Compared with two males of “‘melanopogon” from Bolivia, four females and one male from Santo Domingo, s. e. Pera, one female from San Miguel, Urubamba Valley, a male and a female from San Ignacio, n. Peri, and a specimen without sex from Cutucuo, Ecuador (all in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). No satisfactory arrangement appears possible without referring all the specimens to fulvogularis. The Santo Domingo birds are not clearly distinguishable from Bolivian skins; the San Miguel bird has the pectoral stripes clearer white, less tinged with buff than any of the others; the Huachipa bird is the darkest of the series; the San Ignacio specimens have the throat and chest brighter and clearer and the pectoral stripes broader and more narrowly margined with dusky, and have the upper wing-coverts more broadly striped with buff; the Ecuadorian skin is most like one of the Santo Domingo birds. The markings on the mantle vary from sharp, whitish streaks to buffy spots which terminate narrow, dull hair lines, but without geographic significance. Similarly the forehead and lores vary among clear white, dull brownish, and light yellowish buff, with all types present in the series from Santo Domingo. Itis thus impossible to recognize melanopogon, and the likelihood of the distinctness of Sclater’s substriata (from ‘“‘Nova Grenada’’) is lessened by the evident variability of the species as shown in the present series. Nonnula ruficapilla ruficapilla (Tschudi). L(ypornix) ruficapilla Tscuup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 300, 1844—-Perda; Mus. Neuchatel. An adult male and a female in first annual plumage from Vista Alegre, August 22 and October 14, 1922. No material for comparison. The adult male is somewhat different from the figure of a speci- men from the Ucayali given in Sclater’s Monograph of the Jacamars and Puff Birds (pl. 46, fig. 1). In the figure the gray superciliary line is broad and distinct over the entire orbit, the eyelids are not brightly colored, and the crissum is white. In my specimen the superciliary line is all but obsolete on the upper anterior margin of the eye, leaving the gray lores and the gray postocular space con- nected above the eye by an exceedingly narrow gray line on the very fringe of the eyelid; the skin of the eyelid is slightly expanded and in life was bright orange vermilion; the under tail-coverts are ochraceous buff but not white, agreeing better with Tschudi’s poor figure in the Fauna Peruana (Aves, pl. 24, fig. 1) and his description 302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII of “‘Steiss falb.”” The bill in life was bright blue at the lower base and otherwise black; feet olive brown. Tschudi’s plate shows no superciliary line whatever but repre- sents the rufous of the crown coming down to the middle of the orbit in front and rear. It is possible that this feature is variable, that the specimen figured by Tschudi was imperfect, or that the differences are racial. More material is necessary before any conclusions are possible. The immature female is paler below than the adult male, and darker on the crown, with undeveloped bill and other characters of immaturity. It agrees with the adult in the matter of buff crissum and reduced superciliary stripe. The species was found in low thickets and weed patches along the roadside at the edge of the tropical forest. Monasa morphoea peruana Sclater. Monasa peruana SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 23 (for 1855), p. 194, Jan. 22, 1856—Chamicuros, Pert; British Mus. A male and female from Huachipa, September 11 and 6 (respec- tively), 1922; a male and female from Puerto Bermidez, March 16 and 14, 1923. Compared with a topotype of perwana. All the examples agree well, with slight variations among them- selves in the sootiness of the crown and throat and the extent of white on the face. The Chamicuros bird has a slightly more bluish (less greenish) gloss on the tail, a more orange (less reddish) bill (possibly owing to post-mortem change), and shorter wings and tail than the other specimens. However, judging from measurements of two Yurimaguas birds given in Berlepsch’s manuscript notes, the difference in size is purely individual. This species was found in small flocks in the forest, moving in straggling flight from tree to tree when pursued, or congregating in the branches like migrating blackbirds. Its note is a noisy scream. Capito auratus punctatus (Lesson). Bucco punctatus LESSON, Traité d’Orn., p. 165, 1830—no locality; Buena Vista, Colombia, suggested by CHAPMAN, 1928; type? Capito aurifrons Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. and Corr., Zool. Soc. London, 2, p. 38, 1832—“‘Chili” = Pert; type lost. Two males from Vista Alegre, August 26 and 30, 1922; four males and two females from Huachipa, September 14—October 2; 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 303 one female from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 2, 1923. Compared with a male and female from Moyobamba, a male from Pozuzo, and a male of auratus from Pebas, Pera. There is a slight amount of variation in the series but it is purely individual. There are faint traces of red on the forehead of one or two of the males and the exact tint of orange on the throat and that of yellow on the crown are variable. The females from Huachipa seem to match Chapman’s description of a Rio Napo female in that the throat spots are crescentic and subterminal rather than guttate and terminal, while the margins of the feathers on the rump are terminal rather than lateral. The Rio Colorado female more nearly answers the description of the typical female although it suggests the characters of the variant. A female from Moyobamba is more heavily spotted on the breast and flanks but more lightly marked on the throat than any of the Huachipa birds. A male from the same locality has the throat lightly tipped with blackish points and the breast has faint blackish terminal bars, more strongly indicated than in any of the other males. Vigors’s Capito aurifrons, described from ‘Chili’ (at the same time as Aglaia chilensis which also must have come from Pera), must be a synonym of punctatus since the description agrees well with the female of punctatus with strongly spotted throat. The Huachipa birds were found among the mixed species of the vagabond troops in the tropical forest. Eubucco versicolor steerii (Sclater and Salvin). Capito steerii SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1878, p. 140, pl. 12— _ Moyobamba, Peri; Mus. Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor. One male from Vista Alegre, August 16, 1922; two males and two females from Huachipa, September 11—October 5. Compared with a male of versicolor from Omeja, Bolivia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and a male of glaucogularis from Chanchamayo, Pert. While well marked racially, steeri2 appears to be only the northern representative of glaucogularis which, in turn, is a subspecies of versicolor. Berlepsch and Stolzmann (Ornis, 13, (2), p. 98, 1906) record typical versicolor and so-called hybrids of that form with glaucogularis from the same locality, Idma, Pera. These supposed 304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII hybrids were described as having the malar stripe blue mixed with yellow or else with a narrow line of yellow along the upper margin of the blue stripe; otherwise they were like glaucogularis. Chapman (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 74, 1921) notes two out of three examples of versicolor from Idma as showing a similar approach to glaucogularis. I believe that all these intermediate specimens indi- cate intergradation. On the other hand, the specimen of glaucogularis at hand has a faint tinge of bluish on the posterior auriculars, showing a tendency toward versicolor. Of my three males of steertz, one from Huachipa shows an approach toward glaucogularis from the opposite direction. The breast, normally yellow, has a noticeably bluish tone immediately behind the red throat, and about eight millimeters below this there is a row of fine but distinct orange dots across the breast in the exact position of the orange band in glaucogularis. Since the locality is between Moyobamba and Chanchamayo, it is natural that inter- grades should be found in this region if the forms are subspecifically related. I have seen no females of versicolor and glaucogularis, but from . descriptions I judge that they are very similar to my specimens of female steeriz with, perhaps, a little broader band of red across the chest. Of my two females, one has the blue of the head rather deeper than the other, with blue tinging the breast below the crimson band, and there is a fine speck of red on the lower breast which is wanting in the second bird. The paler-headed example has a small touch of red above the right eye and the yellow behind the ear-coverts is slightly less orange than in the first example. The species was found in the tropical zone forest. Ramphastos ambiguus ambiguus Swainson. Ramphastos ambiguus SWAINSON, Zool. Ill., (1), 3, pl. 168—no loc.; Buena Vista, Colombia, suggested by CHAPMAN, 1917. A female from Huachipa, September 7, 1922. Compared with two Bogota skins. The Peruvian specimen has the anterior upper parts much less maroon reddish than the Bogota skins; probably this is a sexual difference. Otherwise the birds agree well with each other in all but size in which there is great variation, the Bogota birds being at the two opposite ends of the scale. The “‘Dios-te-de”’ was not uncommon at Huachipa in the heavy tropical forest, in spite of which only one specimen was taken. The 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 805 song, interpreted by the local residents as ‘‘Dios-te-de’’ sounded more like “kitik-ke-kitik,’”’ and was accompanied by regular move- ment of the head. At the first syllable the head was thrown back vigorously to a nearly vertical position and then lowered more slowly to the horizontal where it rested at the close; the tail was carried up at an angle of about forty-five degrees. Ramphastos monilis cuvieri Wagler. R(amphastos) Cuvieri WAGLER, Syst. Av. Gen., sign. 1, Ramphastos, sp. 5, 1827—“‘Brasilia versus flumen Amazonum”’; Munich Mus. ?Ramphastos Inca GOULD, P. Z.S. London, 14, p. 68, 1846—Chimoré, Bolivia; Liverpool Mus. A female from Puerto Bermidez, March 10, 1923; a male from Tingo Maria (collected by E. Heller), October 19, 1922. Compared with a Bogota skin of cuviert; also with three males of monilis from the Rio Cumarapy and Rio Xingu, Para, Brazil; and four skins of auwrantiirostris from British Guiana and Surinam. The Bogota skin is old and the bill faded, but there is a pale spot on the side of the maxilla that may once have been reddish. The Tingo Maria skin has the bill very like that of the Bogota specimen. The Puerto Bermiidez specimen has this pale area still distinctly reddish; when freshly killed it had the spot brighter and more distinct though much smaller than is indicated for “inca” in Gould’s plate in the Monograph of the Ramphastidae. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 330, 1917) notes indications of red on the bills of three out of five Colombian skins of cuviert. Berlepsch and Hartert (Novit. Zool., 9, p. 99, 1902) record a skin of “tnca” from Munduapo, upper Orinoco, and apparently refer Peruvian birds to the same form. In the three skins of monilis at hand, one (from the Rio Cumarapy) has the largest part of both maxilla and mandible reddish; another (from the Rio Xingu) has the red areas somewhat reduced but still noticeable for most of the length of the maxilla and visible clearly on the sub-basal half of the mandible; the third (from the Rio Xingu) has the red still more reduced and about as extensive as shown in the plate of inca. All this seems to indicate that the type of inca was a very brightly marked cuvert or a poorly marked monilis, being intermediate between the normal plumages of these two subspecies. It is doubtful if it represents a fixed form with a definite distribution unless there are other characters for it than the exaggerated reddish spot on the side of the bill. The single Bogota skin at hand has the culmen straighter than in the two 306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Peruvian birds, but I do not know if this difference is characteristic or otherwise. Ramphastos vitellinus culminatus Gould. Ramphastos culminatus GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 1, p. 70, 1833—‘‘Mexico”’; Colombia suggested by BRABOURNE and CHUBB, 1912; British Mus. A female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 11, 1923. Compared with a male from Yurimaguas, Pera, a male and a female from Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and a female from Rio Guachi, Santa Elena, Venezuela; also with three skins of vitellinus from British Guiana; one skin of theresae from Inhuma, Alto Parna- hyba, Maranh4o, Brazil; and three males and three females of ariel from Tury-assi, Maranhao and Joinville, Santa Catharina, and from the Rio Xingu, Brazil. These forms, together with osculans which I have not seen, form a well-marked specific group distinguishable from the other South American species by the curious concavity on each side of the maxilla below the culmen, which is exactly the same in all the forms men- tioned, as is the general shape and coloration of the bill and the style of coloration of the plumage. Certain differences in details of color- ation are bridged by individual variation. For example, vitellinus and ariel have the upper tail-coverts deep red; theresae has them light yellow; culminatus has them sometimes pale yellow, usually deep orange, and sometimes orange tipped with red. The throat is deep orange in ariel; chrome yellow with pale lateral borders in theresae; orange centrally in vitellinus, with chin, sides of face and a broad malar region nearly white; usually white in cuwlminatus though occasionally with the entire lower half of the throat lemon yellow. The red pectoral band varies in width without any sharp delimitation in measurement among the various forms. According to published accounts, osculans is a highly variable form connecting culminatus and ariel. Berlepsch and Hartert (Novit. Zool., 9, p. 100, 1902) record both osculans and culminatus from Munduapo, upper Orinoco, but their specimens of culminatus were far from uniform and the specimen referred to osculans appears to have been only an especially strongly marked individual of the same form as the others. The Orinoco series identified as culminatus had the upper tail-coverts varying from yellow to red-tipped orange and the throat from yellow to orange; the so-called osculans had the throat orange below and yellow above and the tail-coverts largely red though yellow sub-basally. Many years before, Pelzeln recorded 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 307 both osculans and culminatus from Borba but printed Natterer’s notes in which the latter observer stated that he considered the two forms as local varieties of the same bird. The variability of the coloration in osculans may prove to be its only claim to separability as a distinct race, a criterion of doubtful value. The present form, culminatus, is strikingly like R. monilis cuviert in the coloration of the plumage and, to a certain extent, in the coloration of the bill, and the two birds occur together over a large extent of territory. However, the resemblance is superficial and the two birds belong to quite distinct specific groups, the other members of which do not show the similarity exhibited by these two. Selenidera langsdorffii (Wagler). P(teroglossus) Langsdorffii WAGLER, Syst. Av., sign. 1, ais gin sp. 12, 1827—Brazil; Munich Mus. A male from Vista Alegre, August 30, 1922; a female from the Hacienda Buena Vista, Rio Chinchao (collected by E. Heller), September 2. No other specimens for comparison. This species was known locally as ‘‘Tabaquero.”’ Aulacorhynchus derbianus derbianus (Gould). Aulacorhamphus derbianus GOULD, P. Z. S. London, 3, p. 49, 1835—‘“‘Cordil- leran Andes’’; Liverpool Mus.? Two males from Huachipa, September 3 and October 4, 1922. Compared with a female from Chanchamayo. This species appears to have no very close relatives among its congeners. It was known locally as “‘Lechero.” Colaptes rupicola cinereicapillus Reichenbach. Colaptes cinereicapillus REICHENBACH, Hand. Spec. Orn., lief. 6, p. 416, pl. 680, figs. 4489-90, 1854—“‘Guayabamba,” n. Peri; Dresden Mus. Colaptes stolemanni TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1880, p. 209—Cutervo, n. Peri; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Two males and one female from the mountains near Huanuco, 12,200 feet, June 20-26, 1922; two males and one female from Huanuco Viejo, 12,700 feet, December 19. Compared with a small series from Cajamarca, Hacienda Llagueda, and near Balsas, n. Pert; also with three specimens of puna from Junin. 308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—ZooLocy, Vou. XVII The Hudanuco birds agree fairly well with the north-Peruvian specimens. The two males from Hudnuco Viejo are much paler below than any of the others but they are also much worn. The female from the same locality is like the Hudnuco female. The north- Peruvian skins may average a little darker below and the Hudnuco and Huanuco Viejo examples a little yellower, but the Cajamarca bird (which is slightly immature) is like the Hudnuco specimens. Both males from Hudnuco have distinct traces of red on the nape and the female from that locality has the pectoral bars short, not reaching the lateral margins of the feathers. These characters show close approach toward puna. Ménégaux (Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, pp. 207-209, 1909) has shown that puna intergrades with rupicola. This flicker is a common bird in the lightly wooded and open portions of the Andean table-land. I found it to be very wary and alert and therefore difficult to stalk. Its favorite perch was on some of the huge boulders which lay on all sides and it usually managed to keep most of the rock between itself and its pursuer, jerking its body erect to peer over the upper edge and ready to take flight when it deemed the danger too imminent. It was seen frequently winging its undulating flight over the open hilltops, displaying the prominent white rump as a conspicuous field mark. Its voice and actions were strongly suggestive of the North American flickers of which it is the southern representative. Hypoxanthus rivolii brevirostris Taczanowski. Hypoxanthus brevirostris TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 546—Higos (co) and Chilpes ( 9), Peri; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Hypoxanthus aequatorialis DuBOIS, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 1879, p. 823— Ecuador; Brussels Mus. Three males and one female from Panao, July 6-16, 1922; a female from Chinchao, November 20. Compared with two females from Ecuador (one from Hoyaucshi) ; also with a female of quindiuna from ‘“‘Colombia’’; and six skins of rivolit from Paramo de Tama, Colombia and Venezuela. Judging by descriptions, the Expedition specimens appear to be typical brevirostris, although I have no topotypes for comparison. The Chinchao female is not quite adult and shows traces of red tips on some of the feathers of the crown though the malar stripes are entirely black. Possibly this is a tendency toward the characters of meridae. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 309 This handsome woodpecker was found in the temperate zone woodland and was quite retiring in its habits. Occasionally one was heard to utter a rolling “‘chir-r-r-r-r’”’ or a short “ka-weép, ka-weép,”’ but for the most part they were quiet, industrious birds, not often seen or heard. Chrysoptilus atricollis peruvianus Reichenbach. Chrysoptilus peruvianus REICHENBACH, Handb. Spec. Orn., Lief. 6, p. 419, No. 985, pl. 680, figs. 4493-94, 1854—-Perti = Cutervo (see below); Dresden Mus. Ch(rysoptilus) chrysonotus BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1892, p. 386—Callacate, Chachapoyas, Peri; Frankfort Mus. Chrysoptilus atricollis lymani BANGS and NOBLE, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, 6, pp. 85-86, 1918—Huancabamba, Pert; Mus. Comp. Zool. A female from Cullecui, Marafién River, December 12, 1922. Compared with three males and one female of “lymanz” from Huancabamba (Mus. Comp. Zool.); also with two males of atricollis from Menucucho and Hacienda Llagueda, Pert. The Culleui and Huancabamba birds differ from the specimens of atricollis by having the blackish bars of the dorsal surface broad, equal in width to the interspaces, and the center of the belly quite immaculate, Light Chalcedony Yellow, unbarred. The general tone of coloration is difficult to compare since the yellow pigment appears to fade considerably and becomes nearly white before the feathers are finally shed, and all of the specimens in hand have the plumage mixed with fresh and faded feathers. Reichenbach’s illustration when compared with Malherbe’s plate of atricollis (Mon. Pic., 4, pl. 88, fig. 4, 1862) shows the broad dorsal barring characteristic of the inland form, and the type in the Dresden Museum (No. 18118) examined by Hellmayr (MS.) confirms the identity of this race with chrysonotus and lymant. The type locality of peruvianus, therefore, may be proposed herewith as Cutervo, which is one of the collecting stations of Warscewicz, the discoverer of the type. This woodpecker was not uncommon at Culleui but it was very difficult to get. It was found about the tall cactus stalks in which it appeared to nest, since many holes were seen into which the birds frequently disappeared. A number of other specimens were shot but they were caught by the cactus spines and held in inaccessible security high above ground. 310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Veniliornis fumigata fumigata (D’Orbigny). Picus fumigatus D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., pl. 65, fig. 1, 1844; idem, op. cit., p. 380, 1847—type from Yungas, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Veniliornis oleagineus aureus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 612, 1914—La Sierra, Colombia; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Veniliornis oleagineus obscuratus CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 250, p. 1, 1927—Chugur, 40 miles w. of Cajamarca, Peri; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. One male from Huachipa, September 26, 1922; a male and female from Chinchao, November 17 and October 31. Compared with a skin from near Yala, Jujuy, Argentina; a male and female from Hacienda Limon, Pert; and a female from Paramo de Tama, Venezuela. This species appears to be extremely variable in color if not dimorphic, showing both dark brown and golden phases of plumage without relation to distribution. The Argentine example is quite dark throughout, being dark Buffy Brown or Olive Brown on the mantle and under parts, and rather lighter, nearer Saccardo’s Umber, on the middle back. The Huachipa specimen is nearly as dark, with faintly reddish tips on the back. The male from Chinchao, south- west of Huachipa, is bright Isabella Color x Honey Yellow on the back and light Saccardo’s Umber on the breast. The female from Chinchao is in mixed plumage of faded pale brown and dark brown. The Hacienda Limén birds are from a locality close to the type locality of obscurata but they are much paler and more golden than the Jujuy and Huachipa specimens, though darker and duller than the Chinchao examples, whereas obscurata is described as being darker and less golden than fumigata. A female from Paramo de Tama, Venezuela, is even brighter golden than the Chinchao specimen. Chapman already (1927) has announced the invalidity of aurea and it seems impossible, in the light of the present material, to maintain obscurata. The species apparently varies throughout its extensive range and if divisible it must be on other characters than general coloration. Size also seems to be variable. Hacienda Limén specimens are largest in the present series, Huachipa and Chinchao skins are smallest, and the Jujuy and Paéramo de Tama examples are inter- mediate. That these comparisons are not significant is evidenced by the measurements of specimens from other localities given by Chapman (1914) in which similar irregular variation is shown. The use of the name fumigata for the ‘‘oleaginea’”’ group is necessitated by the fact that oleagineus Lichtenstein, 1830, is a 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 311 nomen nudum and oleagineus Reichenbach, 1854, is antedated by fumigatus D’Orbigny, 1847. Veniliornis nigriceps pectoralis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). Dendrobates malherbet pectoralis BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1902, p. 383—Pariayacu, Maraynioc, Peré; ?; Frankfort Mus. A male and female from above Panao, July 17 and 8, 1922. Compared with a male and three females of nigriceps from Ineachaca, Bolivia (Carnegie Mus.). The Peruvian specimens show certain of the characteristics of pectoralis as described by Berlepsch and Stolzmann, but other differences mentioned are not constant. The female has the top of the head distinctly olivaceous, not clear black as in nigriceps; the postocular stripe is paler yellow and broken into bars posteriorly; the back is more olivaceous (Bright Orange Citrine) and less tinged with red; the dark portions of the under parts are more olive (Buffy Olive) and less brownish; the pale bars on the breast are elongate- cordate, not parallel-edged (although one of the Bolivian females is no different) while the pale bars are narrower than the olive inter- spaces in both forms; and the under side of the tail is more olivaceous, less brownish, with the cross bars less sharply contrasted. So far as I can learn, the adult male of this race has never been described. It may be distinguished from the male of nzgriceps by the characters given above for the female with the exception that the whole top of the head, except a narrow, smoky gray frontal band, is Nopal Red x Brazil Red with the subterminal areas of the feathers Dark Neutral Gray, less blackish than in nigriceps; the lores also are paler than in the typical race. My specimens were taken at an elevation of 10,300 feet and the Bolivian examples of nigriceps were collected at 2,500 and 2,600 meters. Both are temperate zone inhabitants like equifasciatus of Colombia and Ecuador, which differs from both migriceps and pectoralis by having the pectoral bars and interspaces of equal width. I would place all three as races of the same species. The Panao birds were taken in the same isolated patch of woods and may have been a mated pair although they were secured on different dates. Veniliornis affinis haematostigma (Cabanis). Picus haematostigma CABANIS in TSCHUDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 266, 1846— ex NATTERER MS.; no locality; evidently based on specimens in Natterer’s collection; Vienna Mus. 312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOoLOGY, VoL. XVII C(ampias) hilaris CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 4, pt. 2, p. 154, 1863— Pert; Halberstadt Mus. ; V(eniliornis) ruficeps haematostygyma HELLMAYR, Abh. K. Bay. Akad. Wiss., Kl. 2, 22, pt. 3, p. 611, 1906—crit.; type locality designated Engenho do Gama, Rio Guaporé, from named specimen in Natterer’s collection; Vienna Mus. A female from Huachipa, September 19, 1922; a male from Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 6, 1923; a male and female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 14 and 18. Compared with a female from Chanchamayo and a female from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira (nearly topotypical); also with a small series of ruficeps from Tury-ass, Rosario, and Barra do Corda, Maranhéo, Brazil; a ‘“Bogotaé”’ skin is referable to orenocensis. The Porto Velho specimen though nearly topotypical is not thoroughly characteristic of the race, judging by all accounts, since the streaks on the upper wing-coverts are rather pronounced, but it is a little paler below than females of ruficeps from Tury-assi and Rosario, has practically no red on the mantle, and has a more nearly unstreaked rump. The series from Pera bears out these characters but further shows a considerable reduction in the size of the shaft streaks on the upper wing-coverts. The under parts vary from the relatively dark color of the Porto Velho specimen to a noticeably paler hue and the upper wing-coverts are broadly tipped with red as in ruficeps. The males of ruficeps (from Tury-assG and Barra do Corda) are distinctly sootier on the ventral cross bars than any of the series of haematostigma. Cabanis united with passerinus the specimens labeled haemato- stigma by Natterer, but he published the Nattererian name with a description, thereby validating it. Later (1863) he united this haematostigma with ruficeps and separated Peruvian specimens as hilaris. Without a large series of skins from the Rio Madeira and Pera it is difficult to say which arrangement is best—to unite haematostigma and ruficeps, unite haematostigma and hilaris, or recognize all three races. The closer resemblance of the Porto Velho bird to my Peruvian skins than to the series of ruficeps makes it appear most desirable at present to sink hzlaris in the synonymy of haematostigma and refer the Peruvian specimens to the Rio Madeira form. Hellmayr (1906) fixed the type locality as Engenho do Gama because of a male specimen in the Vienna Museum from that locality labeled by Natterer, himself, haematostigma; Natterer’s Borba and Marabitanas specimens were found to be referable to ruficeps. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 313 The use of the specific name affinis is necessitated by Hellmayr’s examination of the type of that species (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 412, footn., 1929). Picumnus jelskii Taczanowski. Picumnus jelskii TACZANOWSsKI, P. Z. S. London, 1882, p. 41, pl. 2, fig. 3— Paltaypampa, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Picumnus irenae DOMANIEWSKI, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 4, No. 4, p. 292, 1925—-Garita del Sol, Peri; imm. specimen; Warsaw Mus. Picus jelskii vitocensis DOMANIEWSKI, t. c., p. 298—Garita del Sol, Pert; adults; Warsaw Mus. A male from Vista Alegre, October 11, 1922, and a male and young female from Chinchao, November 8 and 10. Compared with two males and two females from San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba Valley, Pera (three in U. S. Nat. Mus.; one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Expedition series agrees fairly well with Taczanowski’s description, but not so well with his plate which fails to show the pale edges on the interscapulars and upper wing-coverts mentioned in the text and present on my birds. The back is paler in the speci- mens than in the figure, though the description is accurate. Domaniewski has attempted to separate Kalinowski’s adult specimens collected at Garita del Sol from the type of jelskit taken at Paltaypampa, both localities being in the temperate zone in the Aynamayo Valley with only two hundred feet difference in elevation. The characters which he gives for vitocensis are purely individual and can be found in the two adults from Chinchao, one of which agrees with jelskii (as described) and the other with vitocensis. Domaniewski further described the young bird as a distinct species, P. irenae, also from Garita del Sol, although the specimen which forms the type had been correctly determined as a young male of jelskiz by Berlepsch and Stolzmann and so recorded by them in 1902. My immature female from Chinchao answers to the description of zrenae quite well. This species is subtropical in distribution. Picumnus punctifrons punctifrons Taczanowski. Picumnus punctifrons TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 3, p. 65, and Tables, p. 87, 1886—part, Monterico (cf. DOMANIEWSKI, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 4, No. 4, p. 296, 1925); Warsaw Mus. Two males, one adult female, and one young female from Huachipa, September 19-29, 1922. 314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Compared with seven skins of P. lafresnayei from Moyobamba, Pera, and additional specimens of the same species from Zamora and Oyacachi, Ecuador. The Huachipa specimens agree fairly well with Taczanowski’s original description. This states that the dorsal (interscapular) feathers have olive yellow borders forming an undulation more or less pronounced; the diagnosis in the ““Tables” is more positive and says that the light borders are little marked. In the present series the yellowish edges are present but are not at all pronounced. Taczanowski drew up his description from both Monterico and Huambo specimens, noting that the Huambo examples were in fresher plumage than the others and commenting on certain differ- ences in the birds from the two localities; he ascribes the distinguish- ing features of the two series to this difference in freshness. Possibly the original description applies more closely to the Huambo birds, though this is difficult to determine. However, Domaniewski (I. c.) selected as the type of punctifrons one of Taczanowski’s specimens from Monterico and described the Huambo birds as new under the name taczanowskii, having a freshly plumaged bird from La Merced to compare with the fresh Huambo specimens. He added nothing to Taczanowski’s comment on the characteristics of the Huambo birds and thus supplied no infor- mation as to possibly less distinct barring of the upper surface in the typical form. Hargitt (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 18, p. 544, 1890) describes as punctifrons (=taczanowskit) a Huambo specimen in which the upper parts were ‘‘olive barred with dull yellowish olive.” In my Huachipa series, the upper parts are not unqualifiedly barred and I suspect that the typical Chanchamayo Valley form is likewise not barred but rather lightly margined on the upper back. The rump, as described by Taczanowski, is noticeably barred, apparently in both forms. In any case, taczanowskii is said to be much brighter than punctifrons above, below, and on the outer margins of the second- aries, with the ventral barring less regular. In these respects, P. lafresnayei differs also from punctifrons exactly as indicated and would seem to be separable from taczanowskii only by the red instead of yellow tips on the forehead and by browner, less blackish, crown and occiput. On this account it is probable that punctifrons may be related to lafresnayei through taczanowskit. The general pattern is the same—olive above with yellowish edges, forehead with fine orange red or yellow spots, crown and occiput with small round 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 315 white spots, and under parts barded from chin to under tail-coverts. Moyobamba appears to be the most southern locality for lafresnayet and it is not far from Huambo but is separated from it by a range of mountains which has proven to be a subspecific distributional barrier in another instance (cf. Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 93, 1929). Without specimens of taczanowskii for examination I am unable to do more than suggest the possibility of the relationship expressed above. The Huachipa birds were found in the tropical forest associated with the vagabond flocks as well as in the weed patches at the edges of the clearings. Liosceles thoracicus thoracicus (Sclater). Pteroptochos thoracicus SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1864, p. 609, pl. 388—Rio Madeira, Brazil; British Mus. A male from Puerto Bermiidez, March 18, 1923. No material for comparison. The specimen agrees well with Sclater’s original description. Sclater’s later description (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 15, p. 344, 1890) speaks of the pectoral spot as being “‘orange-red’”’ whereas in my specimen it is no brighter than Amber Brown overlying Baryta Yellow. It is possible that there is a racial distinction which is impossible to determine with a single specimen. Scytalopus unicolor Salvin. Scytalopus unicolor SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 15, 1895—Cajabamba, Hua- machuco, Pera. A male from the mountains near Panao, July 16, 1922. Compared with a young male and five females of S. acutirostris from: near Hudnuco, a male from Chipa, Junin, and a female from Machu Picchu; a male and three females of uwnicolor from Palambla, Pera; and a male and female of S. griseicollis from El Pinon, a female from Tocainito, and two females from Chipaque, Colombia (all but the Hudnuco specimens in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Panao bird seems to belong to the northern unicolor by reason of its longer legs, longer and slenderer bill (less elevated at base), longer wing, less barred flanks, tertials, tail, and rump, and gray instead of brown outer margins of the rectrices as compared with the series of acutirostris. However, there is a trace of barring on the tail, especially on the outer feathers, the outer margins of the 316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII rectrices are dull brown, and there is a suggestion of barring on the tertials, all of which shows an approach toward acutirostris. One female from the mountains near Huanuco is somewhat intermediate and is very difficult to place satisfactorily. It has large feet, slender bill (so far as can be determined, since this member is damaged), dark and relatively unbarred rump, upper tail-coverts, and flanks as in wnicolor, and the tertials and tail are barred only at the tip though the outer surface of the remiges is definitely brown and not gray; the dorsal coloration is very little browner than in a female of wnicolor from Palambla. On the other hand, a male of acutirostris from Chipa has the outer edges of the remiges gray with only a faint trace of brown, though the heavily barred flanks, tertials, and rump and the small bill and feet are typical of acutiros- tris; the female from Machu Picchu also has the remiges edged with gray, which throws some doubt on the value of this character. So little is known of the seasonal, sexual, and ontogenetic differences in the plumages of these birds that a proper solution of their affinities is impossible at this time. It appears certain that the male from near Panao is not typical wnicolor and the anomalous female from above Hudanuco is not typical acutirostris, each varying in the direction of the other, so that it is very possible that unicolor and acutirostris may one day be shown to be specifically related. Huanuco and Panao are only a few miles apart across the ridge - inhabited by these birds. The specimens were all taken in the same type of habitat which is not likely (probably unable) to support two distinct but related subspecies, one in each place. I anticipate the finding of intergrades when more material is collected in the region. Scytalopus acutirostris (Tschudi). Pt(eroptochos) acutirosiris TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 282, 1844— Pera; Mus. Neuchatel. Three adult females, two immature females, and one immature male from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 9-23, 1922. Compared with the material noted under S. unicolor. All but one adult female agree in general characteristics with the male from Chipa (which is probably nearly topotypical) and with Tschudi’s description. One female shows a distinct approach toward unicolor with which it is discussed above. The females in the series show a great deal of variation which may be worth recording. One bird has the mantle and tertials with black 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 317 concentric bars, the tail without black bands, the throat and breast pale gray with a buffy wash, the belly buff with dusky centers, the flanks with broad blackish concentric loops, the top of the head grayish brown with indistinct dusky points, the under wing-coverts buff, the outer edges of the remiges and upper wing-coverts pale brown, the primaries and greater wing-coverts with buff tips and black subterminal bars, and the alulet barred; it is evidently immature. Another is similar but the top of the head is grayer, the mantle is less heavily barred, the belly is less extensively buff, the bars of the flanks are straighter, the under wing-coverts and lesser upper wing-coverts are grayer, the greater coverts are about as in the first specimen, the primary-coverts are grayish brown with blackish tips, and the outer margins of the remiges are darker brown; this ' bird also is immature. A third female is grayer above than the second but marked about the same except that the bars on the tail are inclined to form con- centric loops; below, the gray of the chest is clearer, the belly is only touched with buff, the flanks are brighter cinnamomeous, the lesser upper wing-coverts are still grayer, the primary-coverts are mostly blackish with brown outer margins, the alulet is gray, and the outer margins of the remiges are still darker gray; this specimen is rather adult than immature. The fourth example is, above, about like the third but the central rectrices have definite concentric loops of black like the tertials; the under parts are entirely gray except the lower flanks and crissum which are deeper cinnamon; the top of the head is slightly brownish with fine dusky spots; the bird appears to be nearly adult. The fifth example is clearer brown above without spots, the rump is unbarred and the upper tail-coverts are nearly so, the throat and breast are clear gray but the belly is deep buff centrally and the flanks are buffy brown with indistinct concentric loops of dusky; the tertials and tail are lightly barred only at the tips, the upper wing-coverts are totally unbarred except that the greater series have a faint buffy spot at their tips. This entire series may be more or less immature since the adult male and female from Chipa and Machu Picchu have the back gray, unspotted, and the outer edge of the wing gray with only a touch of brown. Itis also possible that the Panao male, which I have referred to unicolor, may be an extreme example of that form or may be a really adult specimen of the birds here referred to acutirostris. A 318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistoRY—ZOoLoGy, VoL. XVII much larger series from various localities will be necessary to settle the question. The present birds were found in the region of cloud forests in the temperate zone. Some were in thickets of stunted trees growing over tumbled piles of boulders where there were many little caverns among the rocks, overgrown with vines and covered with dripping moss. Others were along the banks of small streams which meandered across the near-by plain. In actions they were like the Winter Wren (Nannus hiemalis), being quick and secretive. Often it was necessary to burrow into precarious masses of roots and rotten logs to recover the specimens which had fallen into crevices, and not all of the birds that were shot were retrieved. The only note heard was a rather slowly repeated, “‘tyo6k, tyook, tyook....” Scytalopus femoralis femoralis (Tschudi). Pt(eroptochos) femoralis TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 281, 1844—-Pert =Vitoc Valley, HELLMAYR, 1924; Mus. Neuchatel. An adult male from Huachipa, September 20, 1922. Compared with a male from Andalucia, Colombia. This specimen has a few silvery white feathers in the fore part of the crown, one such feather below the right auriculars, and one in the left malar region. The rufous on the posterior under parts is a little darker and duller than in the male from Andalucia, Colombia, and the size is a trifle smaller, but otherwise there is not much difference between the two birds. The specimen was taken in the heavy tropical forest as the bird was running along a fallen log. Conopophaga peruviana Des Murs. Conopophaga peruviana DES Murs in CASTELNAU, Expéd. Amér. Sud, Ois., livr. 18, p. 50, pl. 16, fig. 1, June, 1856—-Pebas and Nauta, n. e. Pera; Paris Mus. A female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 13, 1923. No material for comparison. Conopophaga castaneiceps brunneinucha Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Conopophaga castaneiceps brunneinucha BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 385—-Garita del Sol, Peri; Warsaw Mus. ; Three males and one female from Huachipa, September 19-23, 1922. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 319 No material for comparison. Two of the males are duller than the third which is in full, rich plumage. These birds kept to the seclusion of overgrown thickets in dense forest where their dark plumage blended with the shadows on the ground, only the silvery white occipital tufts coming startlingly into view when displayed. The only note I heard from the species was a sharp ‘‘sheep.”’ Cymbilaimus lineatus intermedius (Hartert and Goodson). Cymbilanius lineatus intermedius HARTERT and GOODSON, Novit. Zool., 24, No. 3, p. 495, Dec. 1917—-Humaytha, Rio Madeira, Brazil; 9 ; Tring Mus. Two females from Huachipa, September 28, 1922. Compared with a female from Rioja, Pera. The Huachipa birds are slightly paler above than the Rioja example but, otherwise, agree closely. Taraba major melanura (Sclater). Thamnophilus melanurus SCLATER, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ., n. ser., 1, p. 233, April, 1855—part, Rio Ucayali, e. Peri; imm. <7; British Mus. One male and two females from Vista Alegre, August 16- October 20, 1922; a male from Puerto Bermtdez, March 6, 1923. Compared with three males and one female of major from Argentina and five males and two females from Matto Grosso, Brazil; nineteen males and thirteen females of stagura from Maran- hao, Goyaz, Piauhy, Ceara, and Bahia, Brazil; six males of semz- fasciata from British and Dutch Guiana and Serra da Lua, Brazil. The Vista Alegre male is marked by having broad white tips on the outermost rectrices and a white spot at the tips of the next pair. The amount of black on the under tail-coverts is indetermin- able since most of these feathers are missing; one such feather which remains is pure black; two new feathers still in the sheath are white. The crest of melanura, judging by the present series, is shorter than in transandeana. The bird was rather shy, keeping largely to the depths of the thickets in otherwise open country. Its iris was bright red in life. Thamnophilus doliatus subradiatus Berlepsch. Thamnophilus subradiatus BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 17, 1887—“‘Ober- amazonas” =Iquitos, Perf; Frankfort Mus. 320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Thamnophilus variegaticeps BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 379—La Merced, Chanchamayo, Pert; Frankfort Mus. A male and female from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 13 and January 30, 1923. Compared with another male from the Chanchamayo Valley and an adult and a young male and two adult females from Moyobamba. The Chanchamayo birds are darker throughout but are probably not separable from the northern specimens. Berlepsch and Stolzmann described variegaticeps from Chanchamayo by virtue of a supposed shorter crest with occasional white margins, broader dorsal white bands giving a paler coloration above, and more com- plete white bars on the tail, characters in which my specimens do not agree; Berlepsch later (Ornis, 1900, p. 98) referred Santa Ana specimens to the northern subradiatus. The race, like others of the group, is variable and can hardly be subdivided. The Moyobamba specimens show what may be an approach toward T. d. zarumae, judging by descriptions, or toward T. d. albicans. The adult male has a white belly barred obsoletely on the upper part, the flanks are tinged with buff, the throat is lightly streaked, and the rest of the under parts are less heavily barred than in the Chanchamayo examples. T'’. d. zarwmae has been recorded by Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 382, 1926) from Palambla, Pera, west, but very little north, of Moyobamba. Thamnophilus palliatus puncticeps Sclater. Thamnophilus puncticeps SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 15, p. 212, 1890— part; Tilotilo and Consati, Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia; British Mus. Four adult males, one immature male, three adult females and one immature female from Huachipa, Vista Alegre and Chinchao, August 16—to November 1, 1922. Compared with two males and a female of palliatus from Maran- hao, Brazil. I use the name pwncticeps with some diffidence after a careful examination of the merits of the case. Sclater’s original description emphasizes characters which are not definitive, giving precedence to the white striations of the black cap and to narrower black and broader white ventral bands, which are found equally in east- Brazilian specimens of true palliatus. His “flanks somewhat rufes- cent”’ is better and in series seems to hold true on the average although the minimum of rufescence in Peruvian specimens can be matched by the maximum in Brazilian examples. Berlepsch and 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 321 Stolzmann (P. Z. 8. London, 1896, p. 380) describe a male from Garita del Sol, Pera, as having the rufous of the back much paler than in Bahia males. This same feature is evident in my series when comparisons are made with comparable individuals in the Maranhao series. The young female from Maranhao, thus, is paler than the adults of both sexes from Pera and slightly darker than a young male from Chinchao, though much darker than a young female from the latter locality. Hellmayr (MS.) notes the pale coloration of Sclater’s type of puncticeps as compared with a male from Mojos, e. Bolivia, and a number of Bahia skins, while a male from Chanchamayo, Peri, is said to be again darker though at the maximum of size. My Peruvian specimens average larger than recorded Bahia examples, Maranhao birds, and even eastern and western Bolivian specimens. It seems evident, then, that Peruvian examples average larger and have an average of paler, less chestnut, upper parts than typical palliatus. Bolivian specimens are inter- mediate; those from eastern Bolivia agree in both characters with palliatus and those from the west agree in size with pallatus, in color with puncticeps. The birds found in the region of the type locality of puncticeps are, therefore, less distinct from palliatus than are Peruvian examples and may be considered as unworthy of sepa- ration, but if the race is extended to include the Peruvian examples with their better marked characters, the name puncticeps may stand for the western Bolivian and Peruvian examples together. A further character noticeable in my Peruvian birds, which may or may not occur in Bolivian examples, is a somewhat longer crest and a farther posterior extension of the black of the hind neck which reaches over the anterior back feathers. To the northward, T. tenuepunctatus is found, with the race berlepschi in the departments of Amazonas and Loreto, Pera. Males of this species are barred black and white on the back, not rufous as in the palliatus group. A tendency toward this barring is shown by the males of both races of palliatus which have a few feathers on the sides of the hind neck barred with black and rusty white, but a male from Huachipa has the barring quite pronounced across the anterior interscapulars. Perhaps a good series from northern Pert would show a closer relationship between tenuepunctatus and pal- liatus than is demonstrable at present. A female from Poco Tambo, near Uchco, referable from geographic reasons to tenuepunctatus berlepschi, is separable from central Peruvian females only by having the pale rufous inner margins of the wing quills paler, more buffy, 322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII and more sharply defined against the dusky median portions of the feathers. The species was known locally as ‘‘Uitishu,”’ in fancied imitation of the birds’ peculiar song, which consists of several hurried notes in a descending scale with a suddenly lowered, explosive note at the end. The birds inhabit thick, scrubby growths near the ground where they clamber about in concealment, being oftener heard than seen. When they approach the outer margins of their retreat, their pale, whitish eyes are their most conspicuous feature. Thamnophilus aethiops kapouni Seilern. Thamnophilus aethiops kapouni SEILERN, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 11, Heft 4, p. 277, 19183—-Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, s. e. Perf; Mus. Seilern, Leskna, Czecho-Slovakia. One male and three females from Huachipa, September 11-30, 1922. Compared with four males and two females of incertus from Para and Maranhao, Brazil. The females show great variation in the depth of color on the back and under parts, but the crown is about the same hue of deep Chestnut Brown or Carob Brown in all. The male has a trace of pale apical spotting on several of the median upper wing-coverts, showing an approach toward T'. a. polionotus. Thamnophilus schistaceus hellmayri (Cory). Dysithamnus schistaceus hellmayri Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 388, 1916—Rioja, n. Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. ?Dysithamnus dubius BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, 1894, p. 393—La Merced, Pera; Warsaw Mus. Two males from Puerto Bermiidez, March 11 and 138, 1923. Compared with the type of hellmayri and a female from Moyo- bamba; also with four skins of schistaceus from Rio Espirito Santo, Bolivia, and two of capitalis from Iquitos. One of the Puerto Bermidez birds is about like the type above but is slightly paler below; the other is nearly the same as the type below but is blacker above. Together with the type, these two birds are exactly intermediate between schistaceus and capitalis (as represented from Iquitos), being larger and darker than schistaceus and smaller and paler than capitalis. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 323 A question exists with regard to the name dubius. Berlepsch and Stolzmann described a male from La Merced, Chanchamayo Valley, under that name. Hellmayr (Novit. Zool., 14, p. 68, 1914) referred a male from Chuchurras, Hudnuco, to dubius while recognizing an unnamed separable form from Yurimaguas and Chyavetas, which later was named hellmayri by Cory. The Puerto Bermiidez examples, coming from between La Merced and Chuchurras, ought to belong to dubius, but seem to be inseparable from the type of hellmayri and do not show the characters ascribed to dubius. If both dubius and hellmayri are recognizable, their distributions are curious unless the Chuchurras bird can be referred to hellmayri; if they are identical, the older name, dubius, must be used. A series of Chanchamayo birds will be necessary to determine the correct status of the two forms. On March 14 I collected a nest and two eggs which I am sure belonged ‘to this species. I did not obtain the female which was sitting, not wishing to risk the destruction of the eggs by shooting at the nest, and I was unable to collect the parent bird when she hurriedly departed. However, I had watched the bird for some time from a distance of but a few feet and was able to see the heavy, hooked beak and rufous cap quite distinctly. The eggs were two in number, cream-colored with dark spots over all. The nest was a rather loosely built and shallow cup hung like a vireo’s nest in the fork of a bush not above three feet from the ground. It was con- structed of coarse plant fibers without any finer lining and was covered on the outside with green moss and some fungus-whitened twigs. As it was placed, a cluster of leaves hung over the top within an inch of the back of the brooding female. No male was seen in the immediate vicinity and the female, after leaving the nest, did not remain anywhere in sight but disappeared into the jungle. The eggs were destroyed in camp by a stray dog so that only the nest remains in the collection. Thamnophilus melanchrous Sclater and Salvin. Thamnophilus melanchrous SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1876, pp. 16, 18, pl. 3—Huiro, Urubamba Valley, Pera; British Mus. Four adult males and one adult female from Chinchao, October 28—November 20, 1922. Compared with two young males from Molinopampa; also with a male of T. aspersiventer from Jatumpampa, Cochabamba, Bolivia. The present species is very close to 7’. aspersiventer from north- western Bolivia which, as indicated by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. 324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsToRY—ZooLocy, VoL. XVII Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 3, p. 104, footn. a, 1924) is similarly related to caerulescens and its races through connectens. With the material at hand it is impossible to demonstrate intergradation, although the forms are strict geographic representatives of each other and perhaps should be grouped together under the specific name caerulescens. The Chinchao males show only the faintest trace of white barring or grayish coloration on the belly and flanks, which are pronounced in the Molinopampa specimens and shown in the original plate of the species. Pygiptila stellaris maculipennis (Sclater). Thamnophilus maculipennis SCLATER, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ., n. ser., 1, p. 247, 1855—“‘Peruvian Amazons’’; British Mus. A female from Puerto Bermidez, March 19, 1923. Compared with three males from San José and two females from Rio Suno, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and a male from Con- tamana, Rio Ucayali, Pert; also with fourteen skins of purusiana from the Rio Puri (four males and six females, including the type, from Hyutanahan, two females from Arima, and two females from Nova Olindo—all in Carnegie Mus.); and fifteen skins of stellaris from eastern Brazil (one male from Santarem, eight males from Colonia de Mojuy, Santarem, two females from Villa Braga, two females from Miritituba, one female from Itaituba, and one female from Aveiros, Rio Tapajoz—all in Carnegie Mus.). The Puerto Bermidez bird, although somewhat intermediate between purusiana and maculipennis, is much closer to the latter. It differs from the two Rio Suno females by having the back much less gray and more olive brown with some grayish admixture, while the nape and upper interscapulars have only a slight grayish tinge. In spite of this, it is grayer above than all but one of the ten females of purusirana and has the tertials grayer, the lesser upper wing- coverts grayish with brownish edges, instead of uniform Cinnamon Brown, the upper surface of the tail deep gray, and the under parts with a faint grayish wash; in all of these characters, maculipennis appears to be separable from purusiana. To further intensify the probability that the east-Peruvian bird is maculipennis and not purusiana, a male from Contamana, Rio Ucayali, is darker above and below than four males of purusiana and has a generous admixture of black on the hind neck and upper interscapulars, serving to connect the black of the nape with that 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 325 of the middle interscapulars, while on the lower back it reaches to the rump. In these characters, the Contamana specimen agrees with three males of maculipennis from Ecuador and disagrees with purusiand. Apparently, therefore, wherever maculipennis and stellaris may meet on the north bank of the Amazon (probably between the Rio Negro and the Rio Branco), south of the Amazon their meeting is prevented by the intervention of purusiana, although that form is not intermediate in racial characters but distinct from both the others. A series of stellaris from Santarem and the Rio Tapajoz is, in a sense, intermediate between purusiana and maculipennis. The males are exactly intermediate in the shade of gray, though in the extent of black on the upper back they are more like purusiana. The females are grayer above than purusiana, but are less grayish than typical maculipennis; the lesser upper wing-coverts occasionally are slightly grayish at base but the greater series have rather notice- able, though ill-defined, paler tips, thus combining the features of the other twoforms. All three races are recognizable, although purusiana appears to have a curiously restricted range. It may extend eastward to the left bank of the Rio Madeira and northward to the Javari, but at present it is known only from the Rio Puris. Thamnistes anabatinus rufescens Cabanis. Thamnistes rufescens CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 65, 1873—Monterico, Pera; Berlin Mus. Two males and two females from Huachipa, September 21-— October 7, 1922. No material for comparison. One male and one female are noticeably darker and more rufescent (less ochraceous) than the others, probably more closely approaching aequatorialis. Dysithamnus mentalis tambillanus Taczanowski. Dysithamnus tambillanus TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 30, 1884—Tambillo, n. Peri; Warsaw Mus. Three adult males and one young male from Vista Alegre, August 19-October 16, 1922; four adult males, two young males, and three females from Huachipa, September 10—October 7; one male and one female from Chinchao, November 9 and 12. Compared carefully with a series of tambillanus from San Ignacio, Huarandosa, Lomo Santo, and Chaupe, northern Pera (Amer. Mus. 326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Nat. Hist.), and a male from Moyobamba; also with a series of D. m. olivaceus from Tulumayo and La Merced, c. Pera (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The present birds are somewhat intermediate between the two races but are noticeably closer to tambillanus, having the grayer backs and less yellowish bellies of the northern males; the throats are inclined to be paler but not as white as in olivaceus. The females of both races are too nearly alike in variability to be clearly dis- tinguishable. The male from Moyobamba is like the present series. Dysithamnus ardesiacus ardesiacus Sclater and Salvin. Dysithamnus schistaceus SCLATER (nec D’ORBIGNY), P. Z. S. London, 26, p. 66, 1858—Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; British Mus. Dysithamnus ardesiacus SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1867, p. 756— new name for D. schistaceus SCLATER. Four males and four females from Puerto Bermiidez, March 1-18, 1923. Compared with the type and a female paratype of huallagae from Lagunas, n. Pert. The males vary somewhat in the amount of black on the throat, but even the one with the most black has a generous amount of gray at the tips of the feathers. There is no trace of white on the mantle in either sex. Myrmotherula brachyura (Hermann). Muscicapa brachyura HERMANN, Tab. Aff. An., p. 299, note, 1783—based on “Le petit Gobe-mouche tacheté, de Cayenne’”’; BUFFON, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 554; DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 831, fig. 2; 9 ; Cayenne. A single male was taken at Puerto Bermiidez on March 16, 1923. Compared with a male from Bogoté and two females from Moyobamba, Pera. The Puerto Bermitdez bird differs from the Bogota male in several respects. It is a little deeper yellow above and below; the scapulars have broader whitish outer margins which, on the uppermost, in- volve almost the entire outer web; the whitish scratches on the crown are less extensive; the rectrices are finely tipped with yellowish white; the feathers of the semi-concealed patch on the back are yellow to the base, instead of grayish at the base, and the extent of this patch is greater. These characters may be only individual. The two females from Moyobamba are more like the Bogota male except for pale tips to the rectrices. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 327 Myrmotherula longicauda australis Chapman. Myrmotherula multostriata australis CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 86, p. 4, Aug. 1923—Rio Inambari, s. e. Per4; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. One adult and one young male and one female from Vista Alegre, August 29-October 15, 1922. Compared with a small series from northern Pert, eastern Ecuador (males only), Chanchamayo Valley, and Junin, Pera, and Department of Puno, southeast Pera. All the males are nearly alike and almost indistinguishable. The females from Chanchamayo Valley and eastern Junin belong to typical longicauda and are separable from the others by a blacker, less buffy, tone of the upper surface and paler under parts, less heavily but more sharply streaked on the breast. The rest of the females are in general agreement although those from Moyobamba have the third outer rectrix less broadly tipped with white than the others. The Vista Alegre female is brighter and clearer in coloration than those from north and south, having the margins to the feathers of head and back rather deep ochraceous and the breast deep ochraceous, with the stripes broader and more clearly defined. These characters are so slight that it seems unwise to use them as the basis for descriptions of new subspecies unless they should be substantiated by large series from all parts of the regions under discussion, and yet the present arrangement is equally unsatisfactory. With longicauda restricted to the Chanchamayo Valley and eastern Junin and australis occurring in the southeast and north (the western boundary of the range reaches to the temperate zone which is uninhabitable for the species), we have one form virtually surrounded by the other. If the Vista Alegre birds should be described as new, the Moyobamba specimens would still be referable to australis whose range would then be interrupted by the interposition of two forms instead of one. It would be necessary to describe the Moyobamba birds (probably including Ecuadorian examples) as still another race on very minute characters, mainly on geographic grounds.' Probably it is best for the present to recognize but one variable form. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 390, 1926) records typical longi- cauda from eastern Ecuador without having seen females from that region, but this is unlikely to be correct. In any case, considerably more material is necessary before any definite changes can be proposed. With the present arrangement I must refer my Vista Alegre examples to australis. 1Since I penned the above account, M. |. pseudoaustralis has been described from Moyobamba by Gyldenstolpe (Ark. Zool., 21 A, No. 26, p. 28, 1930). 328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Specimens examined: M. lI. longicauda—Perti: San Ramén 1 0; Tulumayo, Junin, 2 #2921. M. |. australis—Pera: Moyobamba 4 @ 3 9; Vista Alegre 2 of 19; Rio Tavara 291; La Pampa 1% 19!; Ecua- dor: Zamora 1<’; Macas 11. Myrmotherula leucophthalma sororia Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Myrmotherula sororia BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 396, 1894— La Gloria, Peri; Warsaw Mus. A male from Vista Alegre and a female from Huachipa, August 27 and September 14, 1922. The sexes are quite different as in the other races of the species, and as given in the original description of sororia, and I am unable to understand Chapman’s statement (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 391, 1926) that in sororia the female is much like the male. Myrmotherula atrogularis Taczanowski. Myrmotherula atrogularis TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 137— Amable Maria, Peri; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Myrmotherula guayabambae SHARPE, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 11, p. 2, 1900— Guayabamba (=Huayabamba), n. Perd; 9; British Mus. Two males from Vista Alegre and three females from Huachipa, August 28-October 13, 1922. I have not seen topotypical material. Taczanowski (Orn. Pér., 2, pp. 41-42, 1884) gave a more detailed description than in the original account, and pointed out differences between a male from Amable Maria and one from Huambo which he considered probably less mature than the other; Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 15, p. 235, 1890) re-described the Huambo male. My two males agree better with the description of the Huambo specimen than with that of the type of atrogularis in that the elongated feathers of the rump are quite noticeably tinged with grayish olive, which Taczanowski says is not the case in the type. Sharpe described Myrmotherula guayabambae from northern Peri, comparing it unfortunately to fulviventris. Hellmayr compared the type with a female of atrogularis from Huambo and reported the two birds to be identical (Novit. Zool., 13, p. 349, 1906). It is quite possible, however, that a separate form of atrogularis occupies northern Perd, including the Huallaga Valley as far south as Vista 1 Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 329 Alegre, which should be known as M. a. guayabambae Sharpe, but a comparison must be made between Huambo specimens and topo- types of atrogularis before this separation can be formally approved. Unfortunately, I have no material for comparison. Myrmotherula erythrura Sclater. Myrmotherula erythrura SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 15, p. 236, pl. 15, 1890—Rio Napo, Ecuador; 9; British Mus. A male and four females from Puerto Bermiidez, March 11-17, 1923. _ Compared with a series of three males and three females from Rio Suno and San José, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Certain differences are apparent which may indicate a possible subspecific distinction. The male is a little buffier above than the Ecuadorian males, has a duller belly, white lores, and white throat, with only the faintest indication of dusky edges on a few feathers of the lower throat, while in the Ecuadorian specimens there are distinct blackish edges at the base of the gular feathers, giving a streaked appearance to the area. Unfortunately, the most pronounced character, that of the black-edged throat feathers, appears not to be constant, since Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 391, 1926) notes it as present in only three out of nine male specimens in hand. The females from Pera can be told by the deeper orange buffy color below and by having the forehead, lores, and sides of the face buffy and not grayish as in Ecuadorian examples. The color of the mantle and the size of the pale spots on the upper wing-coverts appear to be valueless, since they can be matched rather closely in the two series. Myrmotherula axillaris axillaris (Vieillot). Myrmothera axillaris VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 12, p. 113, 1817—“‘La Guyane” = Cayenne. A male and female were taken at Puerto Bermidez, March 15 and 19, 1923. Compared with eight males and five females from Bolivia, northeastern Brazil (Tury-assi, Maranh&o, and Conceic&o), and French Guiana; also with five skins of melaena from Moyobamba, Yurimaguas, and Rioja, northern Peri, Orope, Venezuela, and Bogota, Colombia. 330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZooLoGy, VoL. XVII Apparently the Puerto Bermidez birds belong to true avzillaris although a thorough revision of the forms of this group probably would result in placing them in some other race. The male agrees with the Bolivian, east-Brazilian and French Guianan males in general characters but is a little smaller and has smaller spots on the upper wing-coverts. The female is grayer olive and less brownish than five others from northeastern Brazil and Bolivia, but the series is too meager to point out any constant differences. Myrmotherula longipennis garbei Ihering. Myrmotherula garbet IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 441, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1905— Rio Jurua, w. Brazil; Mus. Paulista. Myrmotherula longipennis IHERING (nec Pelzeln), op. cit., p. 441, pl. 15, fig. 2—Rio Jurua. Myrmotherula longipennis longipennis HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 3, pp. 155-156—part, e. Pera. Myrmotherula longipennis zimmeri CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 205, pp. 9-10, Dec. 28, 1925—part, e. Pera. One male was secured at Puerto Bermidez on March 17, 1923. Compared with five males of garbei from Caviana, SAio Paulo de Olivenca, Arima, and Hyutanahan, Brazil (Carnegie Mus.). This Peruvian specimen seems to be inseparable from garbev, agreeing perfectly with one example from Arima, Rio Puris, as well as with Ihering’s fig. 2 of longipennis Ihering (nec Pelzeln). Chapman, in describing M. |. zimmert from Ecuador, recorded my Peruvian specimen as belonging to his new form on the basis of a comparison, made by Dr. Hellmayr, which seemed to show no differences between the Ecuadorian and Peruvian examples. Apparently, the males of garbez and zimmeri are indistinguishable. How different these two forms are, therefore, must be determined by an examination of representative females, and females from eastern Peri are needed to ascertain definitely the form to which the Peruvian birds belong. In the meanwhile, since it seems more probable that garbei extends its range westward to eastern Pert than that zimmerit ranges southward from Ecuador across the Marafidn and up the Ucayali River as far as Puerto Bermtdez, I have referred the present specimen tentatively to garbet. Herpsilochmus axillaris (Tschudi). Thamnophilus axillaris Tscuup1, Archiv. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 278, 1844— Peri; Mus. Neuchatel. One female from Huachipa, October 4, 1922. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 331 I have no material for comparison other than a pair of the more or less closely related form, H. rufimarginatus frater from north- eastern Brazil, from which it is, of course, quite distinct. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 395, 1926) has united H. axillaris aequatorialis with H. a. axillaris after comparison of a male from southeastern Peri and one from eastern Ecuador. These he found to agree in the characters by which Taczanowski and Berlepsch separated aequatorialis from axillaris, so the species is probably variable. Apparently it is quite rare, both in the field and in collections. My bird was taken in the heavy tropical forest where it inhabited the undergrowth. Cercomacra nigrescens approximans Pelzeln. Cercomacra approximans PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 85, 158, Sept. 1868— Engenho do Gama and Matto Grosso, Brazil; Vienna Mus. Two males and three females taken August 17-24, 1922, at Vista Alegre; and one female, November 17, at Chinchao. For comparison I have only a male and female from La Merced, Chanchamayo Valley, and a female from Poco Tambo, near Rioja. The Poco Tambo specimen is considerably more rufescent than the more southern females which, however, are somewhat variable. One female from Vista Alegre shows traces of white on the lesser upper wing-coverts; another from the same place has two more or less distinct buffy wing bars. One Vista Alegre male has the con- cealed white dorsal patch very much reduced; the other has it quite large. The females vary also in the extent of this patch. The two Vista Alegre males show both the blackest and the palest extremes of gray upper surface; the La Merced male is intermediate. The form seems to be quite variable in the central Peruvian region and is probably referable to approximans, although the northernmost (Poco Tambo) example might prove to be separable if sufficient material were available to determine its status. Cercomacra serva (Sclater). Pyriglena serva SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 26, p. 66, 1858—Quixos, e. Ecuador; British Mus. A male and a female were taken at Puerto Bermidez on March 13 and 18, 1923. I have no material for comparison. 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII The birds were found among the miscellaneous species associated in the vagabond flocks of the tropical forest. Pyriglena leuconota picea Cabanis. Pyriglena picea CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 212, 1847—Peri; HELL- MAYR, 1924, suggests Chanchamayo; Mus. Neuchatel. A single male taken at Vista Alegre, August 28, 1922. Compared with two females from Chilpes and Utcuyacu, Pert (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and two females of pacifica from Chimbo and Naranjo, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Unfortunately no female was found; hence exact determination of the form is impossible, but from geographic grounds there is not much doubt that the Vista Alegre specimen belongs to picea. The bird was found in a thicket of second growth along the roadside at the edge of the tropical and subtropical zones and was very active and elusive. Myrmoborus myotherinus myotherinus (Spix). Thamnophilus myotherinus Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 30, pl. 42, fig. 1, 1825—no loc. = Fonteboa; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, 1902; <’; type lost. Hypocnemis melanolaemus SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 22, “‘1854,”’ p. 254, pl. 72, fig. 2, 1855—-Chamicuros, Pert; British Mus. Hypocnemis melanosticta SCLATER, t. c., p. 254, pl. 73; Chamicuros; @ juv. and 9. Four males and one female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 12 and 18, 1923. Compared with a series of birds from So Paulo de Olivenga, Rio Solimoés, Brazil, a series from Bolivia, and a male and female from Yurimaguas, Pera. (See subjoined list of specimens examined. ) In the combined series, certain differences are apparent which may or may not be worthy of recognition by name. Compared with the Sao Paulo birds, Bolivian males average a trifle paler above and darker below, noticeable only in series; Bolivian females are a trifle paler brown above and deeper ochraceous buff below, with the dark spots on the breast more pronounced. The Puerto Bermidez males, compared with the Sado Paulo birds, are slightly darker above and below; the single female is a little deeper ochraceous below and possibly darker above, while the spots on the breast are a little heavier than in one SAo Paulo example (they are obsolete in the other Sao Paulo female). Compared with the Bolivian series, the Puerto Bermitidez males average darker above 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER $33 and below; the female is about the same above, a little paler than the average below, and the spots on the breast are smaller than the average. | Of the Yurimaguas pair, the male is paler above than the Sao Paulo birds but equal below; the female is paler above and about equal below, with the spots on the breast as in the Puerto Bermidez female. . There is evidently considerable local variation, but I am unable to separate any distinct races from these examples without recogniz- ing a different one from each locality. The name melanolaemus would be applicable to the north-Peruvian examples, but these are less separable than central Peruvian or Bolivian specimens. Con- sequently, I believe it is more advisable to consider them all as belonging to one form, albeit a variable one. The use of the name myotherinus seems justifiable on the basis of Berlepsch and Hartert’s designation of type locality as Fonte Boa (Novit. Zool., 9, p. 78, April, 1902). Hellmayr rejected this designation in the belief that Spix had never visited Fonte Boa, while specimens from Rio Ica fitted Spix’s description better than examples from south of the Amazon, and he designated Rio Ica as type locality (Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 112, footn. 1, 1920). However, Spix actually spent three days at Fonte Boa (Reise Bras., 3, p. 1184, 1831) so that, in the absence of proof that his type of Thamnophilus myotherinus came from somewhere else, we are not justified in rejecting Berlepsch and Hartert’s designation. The Sado Paulo de Olivenga examples are thus topotypical of myotherinus. Specimens examined: M. m. myotherinus—Brazil: Sio Paulo de Olivenca 7% 2 9}; Prov. del Sara 3 1 9!; Rio Surutu 3 7 4 91; Rio Yapacani 1¢'!; Todos Santos 16’. Pera: Puerto Bermiidez 4719; Yurimaguas 1719. M. m. elegans—Colombia: La Murelia 2 # 1 9?; Florencia 1% 29% Ecuador: Rio Suno 4¢ 4 9; San Jose de Sumaco 2 o' 2 9?. Hypocnemis cantator peruvianus Taczanowski. Hypocnemis cantator peruvianus TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 61, 1884— Yurimaguas, Peri; Warsaw Mus. One male from Puerto Bermtidez, March 6, 1923. 1§pecimens in Carnegie Museum. 2Specimens in American Museum of Natural History. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Compared with four males and one female from Moyobamba. The combined series of males appears to be uniform except that the Puerto Bermidez example is rather smaller than the more northern birds (wing 53 mm. as against 60; tail 36 mm. as against 41-42). The specimen was found in the wet tropical forest. Hypocnemis flavescens subflava Cabanis. Hypocnemis subflava CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 65, 1873—-Monterico, Pera; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. A female from Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, February 25, 1923. Compared with a male from Chanchamayo, Pert, and one from Todos Santos, Bolivia. The Rio Colorado and Chanchamayo birds are nearly topotypes of subflava, but I have no true flavescens for comparison. The Bolivian bird appears to be inseparable from the Chanchamayo male. Schistocichla schistacea intensa (Zimmer). Myrmeciza schistacea intensa ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, p. 208, 1927—-Huachipa, Pera; 9; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A female (the type) and two males from Huachipa, and a male from Vista Alegre, August 26—September 22, 1922. Compared with seven males and two females of schistacea from Sao Paulo de Olivenca and Tonantins, w. Brazil (Carnegie Mus.), and five males and four females of subplumbea from Rio Suno, Ecuador, and La Murelia, Colombia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). While admitting Todd’s genus Schistocichla, I am of opinion that subplumbea and intensa are only races of schistacea. Compared with leucostigma the characters of bill, feet, and tail, as discussed by Todd (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, p. 165, 1927), are the same in schistacea as in intensa so that if schistacea is to be considered an aberrant form of the genus, zntensa is similarly so. More material is needed from northeastern Perit south of the Amazon and west of the Javari. This bird was noted as having a scolding note much like that of the North American House Wren. Pithys albifrons peruvianus Taczanowski. Pithys albifrons peruviana TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 73, 1884—-Monterico, Amable Maria, Chyavetas; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. A male and female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 16, 1923. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 335 Compared with four specimens of albifrons from British and French Guiana. The Puerto Bermidez birds were secured from the low bushes along the trail through the heavy forest. Hylophylax naevia theresae (Des Murs). : Conopophaga Theresae DES MuRS in CASTELNAU, Exp. Amér. Sud, Ois., livr. 18, p. 51, pl. 16, fig. 2, June, 1856—Rio Javari, n.e. Per; 9; Paris Mus. Four males from Huachipa and a female from Vista Alegre, August 26—October 4, 1922. Compared with a male from Moyobamba, Pert; a male and female of naevia from the Mazaruni River, British Guiana; three males and three females of consobrina from Manacapurt, Brazil (Carnegie Mus.); and three males and two females of obscura from Tonantins, Brazil (Carnegie Mus.). I have not seen topotypical examples of theresae, but my series differs from naevia as recorded for theresae, in the greater amount of gray with less brownish suffusion on the head, the smaller black saddle, and the heavier black spots on the breast. However, the characters are all variable. Three males of H. n. obscura from To- nantins, north bank of Rio Solimoés, are much closer. From obscura, the series of theresae males seem to differ only by having the crown and nape with more gray and less brown, the lower breast more ochraceous with less pure white, the ochraceous of lower belly and flanks less pinkish, the ground color of the back (exclusive of the black saddle) averaging duller and less rufous, and the black spots on the breast averaging heavier. Except for the color of the top of the head, the lower breast, and the belly and flanks, the two series overlap, and even within the series of theresae there is considerable variation in these particulars in the direction of obscura. The female of theresae is not fully adult. It differs from two females of obscura by being less rufescent brown above, with a larger black saddle having heavier pale spots on it; below, it is more ochraceous (less pinkish) buff, paler than one of the obscura females, darker than the other; the streaks on the breast are a little heavier than in either of the obscura females, in one of which they are much heavier than in the other. Hylophylax poecilonota lepidonota (Sclater and Salvin). Hypocnemis lepidonota SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. §. London, 1880, p. 160, —Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; 9; British Mus. 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII A male from Vista Alegre, August 31, 1922, and a female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 16, 1923. Compared with two males and three females from Zamora, Eeuador, and La Murelia, Colombia, from which they are not separable. The male is not far removed from grisezventris of southern upper Amazonia, having the feathers of the lower mantle white for their basal half. The female, however, is quite unlike that race, being strikingly like the same sex of guttuwralis from Sao Paulo de Olivenca. The interrelationships of all the various races of poecilonota curiously are not demonstrable by either sex alone but only through the resemblances of females of certain forms and the males of others. Myrmothera campanisona minor (Taczanowski). Grallaria minor TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1882, p. 33—Yurimaguas, Pert; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. One male of this species was secured at Puerto Bermidez on March 138, 19238. Compared with thirteen specimens of both sexes (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) from Rio Negro, Santa Rosa, Lagarto, Pomara, mouth of the Rio Urubamba, and Orosa, Pera. The Puerto Bermiidez example falls within the range of variation exhibited by the series. This consists of a slight change in the pro- portion of olivaceous and rufescent tones on the back, distinctness of the margins of the pectoral feathers, and intensity of the coloration of the under wing-coverts, with some differences in size in which the Puerto Bermidez bird represents the minimum. Grallaria squamigera canicauda Chapman. Grallaria squamigera canicauda CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 231, p. 1, Oct. 16, 1926—Cocopunco, Larecaja, Bolivia; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A male from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 1, 1922, and a pair from near Panao, 10,300 feet, July 3 and 14. Compared with a series of 22 skins of sguamigera from Colombia and Venezuela. While the size and general coloration are much as in some Colombian specimens, the tail is more as described for canicauda, being gray like the back and not at all brownish. Probably these three examples are more or less intermediate between squamigera and canicauda but may best be referred to the latter race, although 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 337 the tails measure only 61-63 mm. in length, which is less than the measurements given for typical examples from Bolivia. The bird inhabits the floor of the thickets in the low temperate zone, where it is never an obtrusive resident. Of those I found, one seemed to materialize out of the shadows as my eyes became accustomed to the gloom on entering a shadowed ravine, and was quietly disappearing behind an adjacent tree when I stopped it with a shot. Another was in a sheltered pathway as I rounded a bend and, rail-like, made instant use of its long legs to carry it into con- cealment among the grasses. The third was in a bit of hillside forest where the allied G. rufula obscura also was taken. Grallaria rufula obscura Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Grallaria rufula obscura BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 885—Maraynioc, Junin, Peri; Warsaw Mus. An adult female from the mountains above Panao, July 3, 1922. Compared with a male and a female from Maraynioc (topotypes of obscura) and a young female from Rumicruz, Junin; also with the type of cajamarcae, two males from Chugur, and a female from Taulis, near Pacasmayo (all in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with the type and seven additional specimens of occobambae (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. and U. 8. Nat. Mus.). The Panao specimen is closest to obscura but shows considerable approach toward cajamarcae, as might be expected from the inter- mediate position of the locality. The forehead is uniform with the crown as in obscura; the color of the back is lighter and less rufescent than in obscura but more rufescent and less olivaceous than in cajamarcae. Beneath, the color is not definitive. The Panao bird was taken in the temperate forest on the mountain slope. Grallaria andicola (Cabanis). Hypsibamon andicolus CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 318, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1873— Maraynioc, Dept. Junin, Pera; Berlin Mus. One male and three females from La Quinua, May 11-16, 1922, and two females from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 and 12,200 feet, June 7 and 26. For comparison I have a female from the mountains near Balsas. The series is rather uniform below, although the male and two of the females from La Quinua have a decided rosy suffusion on the belly which is not present in the others. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII Above, there is a certain degree of variation in the amount of pale streaking. The male has the forehead and a broken collar on the hind neck with black-bordered buff streaks as in the others, but the rest of the back is comparatively uniform, with only ill-defined shaft lines of pinkish buff on the crown and interscapulars and a faint suggestion of black and buff on some of the scapulars. This seems to indicate a close relationship to G. andicola (as described; I have not seen examples of that form). The three females from La Quinua appear to be immature. Their rectrices and tertials are somewhat acute and are tipped with rather sharply defined, pale, triangular spots not noticeable in the other specimens. Two are only moderately streaked on the back; the other is the most heavily marked of all the series. These birds inhabited the dense growths of bushes, ferns, and stunted trees that occupied portions of the hillsides in the temperate zone. They were very retiring in habits and required quiet stalking even to be seen. When found, the bird was usually standing large- eyed, silent, and motionless on a moss-grown root or similar perch or among the rotting leaves. Geositta tenuirostris (Lafresnaye). Alauda tenutrostris LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, p. 7 of text to pls. 58-59, 1836—no loc.; type from Sicasica, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Upucerthia juninensis BRABOURNE and CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, pp. 20-21, 1915—Junin, Perd; British Mus. Two males from the mountains near Hudnuco, 11,000 feet, June 7, 1922, and two females from Huanuco Viejo, December 20 and 24. Compared with a male from near Otuzco, a male from Junin, and a specimen of unknown sex from Lara, Tucuman, Argentina. My four birds agree with each other and differ from the three others in being more cinnamomeous buff below, with heavier brown edges on the breast feathers, distinctly brown sides of the breast, and with the white of the throat restricted to a small central patch; also in being richer (less grayish) brown above and more deeply rufescent on the wing lining. The Otuzco bird is exactly like the Argentine specimen; the Junin example is very like it also but has the wing bars more ochraceous and less rufous, being in this respect more like the Hudnuco birds. The Otuzco and Hudnuco Viejo skins have the shortest wings, the Argentine bird has the longest, while the Junin and Hudnuco specimens are intermediate. One male from Huanuco has the longest bill of all, this being 838 mm. as against 33 in the Argentine example which is the next in the series. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER | 339 These differences can not be arranged geographically and without more material I must conclude that they represent individual variations. The species inhabits the high plains of the temperate zone, being found in the open grasslands. Geositta crassirostris Sclater. Geositia crassirostris SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1866, p. 98—Lima, Pera; British Mus. Geositta fortis BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 11, Nos. 2, 3, p. 194, Nov., 1901—Pauza, Pera; Warsaw Mus. One male and two females from Matucana, April 28-May 38, 1922. No material for comparison. These specimens differ from the description of crassirostris exactly as fortis is said to do in the original description of that species, but since they are practically topotypical of crassirostris (which was found on the hills around Lima), they should represent cras- strostris. If allowance is made for the immaturity of Sclater’s type, which is mentioned by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 4, p. 14, footn. a, 1925), the Matucana specimens agree well enough with the description of the form in question to indicate the identity of both names. These birds were taken on the steep arid hillsides. Cinclodes fuscus longipennis (Swainson). Furnarius longipennis SwWAINSON, Anim. in Menag., p. 350, 1838—Pert (probably the northern part of the country); W. Hooker’s coll., Cambridge (Eng.) Mus.? Three males and one female from the mountains near Huanuco, 12,000-12,200 feet, June 2-25, 1922. Compared with a series of 127 skins from Junin, Cerro de Pasco, Oroya, Puno, and Otuzco, Pera, and from various parts of Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina, representing several subspecies. The Hudanuco birds differ from all the rest in their dark sooty coloration of the upper parts (less grayish than in fuscus, less rufescent than in albiventris). They show rather deep brown flanks and moderately heavily margined feathers on the upper breast, and the white band on the primaries usually becomes distinct buff on the secondaries (largely white in one example). From rivularis of the Junin plateau and more southeastern highlands of Pert, they are separable b ir darker coloration above and below and by the more buffy band on the secondaries; from albiventris of northern Chile and Bolivia and 340 FreELpD Museum ofr NATURAL History—Zoo.ocy, Vou. XVII the northern highlands of Tucuman, Argentina, they are separable by the distinctly darker and less rufescent upper parts and flanks. These characters are quite noticeable in fresh, full-plumaged specimens though less pronounced in worn examples. The single Otuzco bird I have is badly worn and faded and might be referred to rivularis if this fact were not taken into account. Dr. Hellmayr advises me that he has seen six examples from Cajamarca that were noticeably darker than Junin birds, thus confirming the apparent distinctness of northern specimens. I use the name longipennis for this race with little hesitation. Swainson’s description is very detailed in some respects and, so far as I can determine, is applicable to no other bird than Cinclodes fuscus rivularis or the present race. It is true that the under parts are described as white without mention of the dusky margins of the feathers or the brownish flanks, but if Swainson’s specimen were greatly worn, as is the Otuzco bird at hand, these characters would have been overlooked in all probability. The locality was given as “Peru” and the type was from W. Hooker’s collection which, as is apparent from a study of the various Peruvian species described by Swainson from the same source, indicates a locality somewhere in the northern part of the country. The species immediately following longipennis in Swainson’s paper (Furnarius fasciatus = Heleodytes fasciatus) is a case in point, since it is not found south of the Hudnuco district and is unknown from the region of Junin. Consequently, I believe it is better to adopt Swainson’s name for the northern birds than to apply a new name which might have to be relegated to synonymy if Swainson’s type should be unearthed some time in the future. If my conclusions are incorrect it will be easy to supply a new name when it is needed.' Cinclodes fuscus rivularis (Cabanis). Cillurus rivularis CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 319, 1873—-Maraynioc, Junin, Pera; Berlin Mus. Two males from Cerro de Pasco, May 8, 1922. Compared with a series as mentioned under the preceding race. The Cerro de Pasco birds agree well with others from Junin, Oroya, and Puno while they are separable from a series of typical albiventris from northern Chile and various examples of longipennis from more northern Pera. Since writing the above I have learned through Dr. Hellmayr that a number of the species credited by Swainson to W. Hooker’s collection has lately been discovered in Cambridge, England. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 341 Compared with albiventris, the birds from the Junin plateau are noticeably less rufescent on the upper parts, paler buffy on the flanks, and less heavily margined on the feathers of the chest. Cinclodes atacamensis atacamensis (Philippi). Upucerthia atacamensis PHILIPPI, Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p. 263, 1857—San Pedro de Atacama, Chile; Santiago Mus. One female from the Huallaga River below Cerro de Pasco, May 8, 1922. Compared with a female from Putre, Tacna (Pera), two males and a female from Antofogasta, Chile, a male and female from Silola, Potosi, Bolivia, and a male and a female from Maimara, Jujuy, Argentina. The Cerro de Pasco bird is noticeably different from the north- Chilean examples which were taken in May and June and are there- fore comparable. The upper parts of the Peruvian bird are darker and browner rufescent, with the top of the head more dusky; the lower throat is more heavily marked with darker dusky tips on the feathers; the rest of the under parts are browner without any whitish tone on the mid line although the flanks are darker than the brownish buff belly. Taczanowski’s detailed description of C. bifasciatus (Orn. Pér., 2, p. 111, 1884), probably based on Jelski’s three Junin specimens, agrees better with the Chilean series than with my example which is from the northern end of the Junin plateau. It is possible, there- fore, that the differences now apparent would disappear in a series from central Perf. With only a single specimen available from this region it would be unwise to attempt the separation of a new form, although future investigations may establish the existence of a distinct race in the north. Upucerthia validirostris jelskii (Cabanis). Coprotretis jelskii CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 98, 1874—-Junin, Pert; Berlin Mus. A male from Cerro de Pasco, May 8, 1922. Compared with four specimens from Chipa, Junin (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). My bird agrees with the others in general characteristics but is noticeably more sooty throughout, with the crown rather darker than the back. 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII When first seen, this bird was running rapidly along the hillside with head and tail outstretched in a line with the back, looking very much like a long-tailed mouse. Upucerthia serrana Taczanowski. Upucerthia serrana TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 525—Junin, Pert; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Cinclodes neglectus Cory, Auk, 36, p. 89, 1919—Otuzco, Perf; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. One female from La Quinua, May 15, 1922, and one male and two females from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200-—12,500 feet, June 12-29. Compared with the type of Cory’s neglectus from near Otuzco. My series is rather uniform in coloration, although the female from La Quinua has the sides of the forehead distinctly cinnamome- ous, which is not the case in the Huanuco birds. The type of neglectus is immature, with the rectrices more acute at the tips than in the adults and with the bill (which lacks most of the maxilla) short, a fact which may have misled Cory in his deter- mination of the genus. Its color is slightly paler and more amber rufous above than any of my series from central Pert, but this also may be due to immaturity. Other characters are well matched. Leptasthenura striata cajabambae Chapman. Leptasthenura striata cajabambae CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 18, p. 9, 1921 —Cajabamba, Peri; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Two males from La Quinua, May 15 and 16, 1922; a female from the mountains near Hudanuco, June 18; and a male from Cullcui, Marafién River, December 11. Compared with five males and two females of striata from Tacna (Pera) and Tarapaca, Chile. The Expedition series agrees with Chapman’s description and differs from striata by the characters given in the original account. The La Quinua birds show a slight approach to striata by having the crown somewhat paler and more tawny than in the Hudnuco and Cullcui examples, but even in this respect they are closer to cajabambae and are perfectly typical in other characteristics. These birds were very active and agile and clambered about the bushes and trees in a manner suggesting titmice. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 343 Synallaxis azarae infumata Zimmer. Synallaxis azarae infumata ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 8, p. 103, 1925—-Chinchao, Pert; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A male (the type) and two females from Chinchao, October 30- November 18, 1922. Compared with ten skins of azarae, thirty skins of elegantzor, thirteen of fruticicola, five of media, and one atypical example of infumata from Molinopampa, as indicated in the original description. Cranioleuca baroni baroni (Salvin). Siptornis baront SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 14, 1895—Huamachuco, Pert; British Mus. One male from Cullcui, Marafiédn River, December 11, 1922. Compared with two males and five females of C. b. capitalis from the mountains of the upper Huallaga Valley. This specimen agrees with a detailed manuscript description of the type made by the late Count Berlepsch. Cranioleuca baroni capitalis Zimmer. Cranioleuca baroni capitalis ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 4, p. 54, 1924—-La Quinua, Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. One male (the type) and three females from La Quinua, May 13 and 14, 1922; a male from the mountains near Huanuco, 10,500 feet, May 31; and two females from near Panao, July 5 and 16. Compared with the male of baront from Culleui. The present species was found in the scrubby trees and thickets of the temperate zone, going about in small flocks of five to ten individuals. It was very active and acrobatic, clambering about the trees in every conceivable attitude and seeming more at home when upside down than otherwise. Its call note was harsh but not unpleasing. At Panao I heard one individual several times utter a curious ‘‘quick-quick-quick-he-e-e-e-e.”’ Asthenes pudibunda pudibunda (Sclater). Synallaxis pudibunda SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 445, pl. 58, fig. 1— Obraillo (near Cauta, Dept. Lima), Peri; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. A female from Matucana, May 3, 1922. Compared with four males of A. p. neglecta from Macate, Pera, including the type. 344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII The Matucana bird agrees excellently with Sclater’s description and figure though not with Cory’s synoptic key (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 149, 1919) since there is no dusky shading on the second outer rectrix and only a faint trace of it on the third, exactly as in the form described by Cory as neglecta. In comparison with the series of neglecta, there is a pronounced difference in the color of the gular patch which here is bright Ochra- ceous-Tawny but which is Hazel x Chestnut or Sanford’s Brown in the northern examples. The size also is noticeably different. The Matucana specimen has a wing measurement of 56 mm. (54 not flattened), tail 69, exposed culmen 124, and tarsus 20. The Macate specimens have the wing 60-64 mm. (not flattened 58-62), tail 80-88, exposed culmen 14-15, and tarsus 2144-22. The type of pudibunda (with original measurements reduced to millimeters) is said to have the wing 53.34 mm., and tail 73.66, with which the Matucana bird is in closer agreement than the others. Berlepsch and Stolzmann (Ornis, 13, p. 70, Sept., 1906) record one adult and one immature male from Coracora, Ayacucho, which the authors state agree well with Sclater’s description of his Obraillo specimen but which have the wing 6114-6214 mm., tail 7444-82, bill 1334, and tarsus 2114-22. The measurements are close to those of the Macate birds. Much more material is desirable to ascertain the distribution and variation of the supposed races, but it seems probable that Cory’s form is worthy of recognition. Asthenes humilis (Cabanis). Synallaxis humilis CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 319, 1873—-Maraynioc, Pera; Berlin Mus. Three males and five females from the mountains near Huanuco, 12,200 feet, June 19-28, 1922. Compared with the type (Berlin Mus.), four males from Junin, Santiago, and Cajamarca (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and another male from Junin (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.). There is some variation in the prominence of the dorsal streaking or spotting, the extent of rufous or cinnamon color on the outer rectrices, the size and hue of the chestnut patch on the throat, the color of the under wing-coverts, and the depth of buffy tone on the under parts, but these differences seem to be purely individual. This spine-tail was almost entirely terrestrial in habits and was often found running actively through the grass and climbing over 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 345 the tumbled rocks in dry ravines. A favorite perch was the top of a rock where it would sit and jerk its tail sideways while it “barked”’ in short, staccato notes in a ludicrous suggestion of the actions of a prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). It was usually wary and not easily approached. Asthenes flammulata taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). Siptornis taczanowskit BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 393, 1894 —Maraynioc, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Four males and two females from the mountains near Hudénuco, 12,000-12,500 feet, June 7-28, 1922. Compared with a male from near Balsas, northern Perd. I have seen no topotypical material but the specimens at hand agree well with the original description and with Taczanowski’s later, more detailed account (Orn. Pér., 2, p. 189, 1884). The male from near Balsas is a little brighter brown on the back and redder on the top of the head, with less streaking on the forehead and pos- sibly more brown at the tips of the auriculars; otherwise it can be matched in the series from Hudnuco. This bird was fairly common among the bushes and trees in the mountains, clambering about the trunks and branches quite actively. So far as I observed, it was silent. I never saw it other than arboreal but nevertheless caught one in a mouse trap on the ground on June 21. Asthenes urubambensis huallagae (Zimmer). Siptornis urubambensis huallagae ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 4, p. 53, 1924—mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. The type and a female from the same locality, June 28 and 22, 1922.. Compared with two males and two females from Machu Picchu (U.S. Nat. Mus.). This species was found in company with A. h. humilis and A. flammulata taczanowskii on the upper slopes of the mountains. Its habitat was among the vines and creepers growing over the boulders and in the thickets of moss-covered trees in the cloud-forest, about which it clambered somewhat in the manner of a tree-creeper. While taczanowskii was almost strictly arboreal and humilis equally strictly terrestrial, the present bird was at home in the company of both the others. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Margarornis squamigera peruviana Cory. Margarornis perlata peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 291—Molinopampa, Perd; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Two adult males, one immature male, and three adult females from near Panao, July 3-12, 1922. Compared with seven specimens from Molinopampa (including the type); also with a male and female from Torontoy, a female from Machu Picchu, and an immature specimen from Maraynioc (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist); twenty-seven examples of perlata from Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela (eleven in U. S. Nat. Mus.); and a female of squamigera from Limbani, Carabaya, Pert. Throughout these series, the differences between the various subspecies are quite recognizable, in some cases very pronounced. The young male from Panao reproduces the pattern and colors of the adult in softened form. It has the yellow spots on the under parts broader, deeper yellow, and less sharply margined with dusky white; on the center of the belly the spots occupy the entire feather except for a narrow dusky border, thus losing their characteristic drop-like appearance. Premnoplex brunnescens brunnescens (Sclater). Margarornis brunnescens SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 25, p. 27, pl. 116, 1856— Bogota; British Mus. Two adult males from Huachipa and Vista Alegre, September 12 and August 28, 1922. Compared with three specimens of brunnescens from Colombia and one of stzctonotus from Bolivia. The two Peruvian examples belong to brunnescens by reason of lacking the conspicuous spotting of the back as found in séictonotus but here only faintly suggested; also by having the under tail- coverts less largely spotted. The Vista Alegre bird has the pale centers of the belly feathers rather broader than any of the others, not excepting the Huachipa example, while both Peruvian skins are a little browner and less rufous above than the Colombian examples, with the top of the head duller and with a slightly greater amount of pale hair-streaks on the back. In these respects they show an approach toward the characters of stictonotus of Bolivia and southeastern Peri; the differences between that form and brunnescens in these particulars is not great. The species was found in the tropical zone forest. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 347 Pseudocolaptes boissonneauti medianus Hellmayr. Pseudocolaptes boissonneauti medianns (err. typ.) HELLMAYR, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, No. 1, p. 3, Febr., 1919—-Leimabamba, n. Perf; Munich Mus. One female from near Panao, July 18, 1922. Compared with four skins of boissonneauti from Colombia (Bogota, La Florida, and near Popayan) and with eight skins of meridae from Venezuela. The Panao specimen has the neck tufts not pure white as indi- cated in the original description but slightly tinged with yellowish along the lower margin. The measurements are at the minimum for medianus (wing, 107 mm.; tail, 9844). It is thus somewhat intermediate between typical medianus and auritus, judging by descriptions. The specimen was taken in the bamboo thickets along the river. When first seen the bird was facing me and had the neck tufts expanded laterally so that they stood out from the sides of the head, giving it an owlish appearance. A second individual was seen but not secured. Ancistrops strigilatus (Spix). Thamnophilus strigilatus Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 26, pl. 36, fig. 1, 1825—no loc.; Rio Solimoés, Brazil, suggested by HELLMAYR, 1925; Munich Mus. Anabates lineaticeps SCLATER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 17, p. 468, 1856— e. Peri; (ex Verreaux coll.) British Mus. A male from Puerto Bermiidez, March 17, 1923. Compared with a male in the United States National Museum from “‘Pérou (ex Verreaux),” and with a large series in the Carnegie Museum from Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Tonantins, and Hyutanahan, Brazil. There are no striking differences apparent in the series although there is some irregular variation in the hue of the lesser upper wing- coverts. Spix’s original description and plate both fail to record the rather conspicuous superciliary stripe, but in other respects they are identifiable with the birds under discussion. Philydor subfulvus Sclater. Philydor subfulous ScLaTER, P. Z. S. London, 1861, p. 377—Gualaquiza, Ecuador; British Mus. A male from Huachipa, September 11, 1922. No material for comparison. 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII This species is closely related to P. atricapillus, although the two species are separated by a wide extent of territory. Philydor rufus bolivianus Berlepsch. Philydor columbianus bolivianus BERLEPSCH, Ornis, 14, p. 366, Febr., 1907— Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; Berlepsch coll., Frankfort Mus. One male from Huachipa, September 18, 1922, and three females (one immature) from Vista Alegre, August 21 and September 1. Compared with two males from Vermejo, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and two males and two females of rufus from Sido Sebastiao and Fazenda Cajoa, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The Peruvian specimens, in comparison with the Bolivian, are perhaps a trifle darker on the back, a shade grayer on the crown, and with the forehead less extensively ochraceous, but the differences are not pronounced. The immature female, which is nearly adult, is distinguishable from the full-grown birds by having the colors clearer, the bill shorter, less uncinate, and uniformly blackish except at the extreme tip, and the rectrices more sharply pointed, with downy plumules still attached to the tips of the feathers. The present specimens are the first known from Pera. Philydor erythropterus (Sclater). Anabates erythropterus SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 24, p. 27, 1856—Bogoté; British Mus. A single female from Puerto Bermtdez, March 12, 1923. No material for comparison. In some respects, such as the comparative lengths of wing and tail and the shape of the bill, this bird resembles Automolus more than it does Philydor. It appears to be a very rare species. Automolus infuscatus infuscatus (Sclater). Anabates infuscatus SCLATER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 17, p. 468, 1856— e. Pera, upper branches of Peruvian Amazon; British Mus. Three males and two females from Puerto Bermiidez, March 15-18, 1923. Compared with a female from Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas. The Yurimaguas bird differs from my series by having a little more rufous tone on the forehead, mantle, and under wing-coverts, 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 349 and paler sides of the breast. It seems to be not fully adult, however, which may account for the differences. The species was found only among low bushes in the forest. It was exceedingly active, constantly darting from one bush to another and back again, or circling to a different thicket. Attempts to stalk it openly were not very successful. Xenops minutus obsoletus Zimmer. Xenops minutus obsoletus ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 57, 1924—-Puerto Bermidez, Perd; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A male (the type) from Puerto Bermidez, March 15, 1923; a female from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 30; and a male and a female from Huachipa, October 4 and September 28, 1922. Compared with various skins of typical minutus, genibarbis, ruficaudus, and littoralis as tabulated in the original description. Xenops rutilans purusianus Todd. Xenops rutilus purusianus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 79, 1925— Hyutanaha4n, Rio Puris, Brazil; Carnegie Mus. A male from Chinchao, November 8, 1922, and two males and a female from Huachipa, September 15—October 5. Compared with a female and two males from the type locality and a male and female from Arima (Carnegie Mus.); also with eight specimens of rutilans from eastern Brazil and Misiones, Argentina; a female of connectens from Jujuy, Argentina; a female of guayae from Puente de Chimbo, Ecuador; seven skins of heterurus from Bogota and Santa Elena, Colombia; and the type and three other skins of septentrionalis from Costa Rica and Panama. The Chinchao bird agrees best with puruszanus although it differs in having less black in the tail than the average of that form. Without more Peruvian material I can not tell if this difference and others may be significant. Xenops rutilans Temminck, 1821, antedates Xenops rutilus Lichtenstein, 1823, as the specific name of this group. Sclerurus albigularis zamorae Chapman. Sclerurus albigularis-zamorae CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 86, p. 17, 19283— Zamora, e. Ecuador; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Three males and two females from Huachipa, September 11- October 7, 1922. 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII Compared with three female topotypes (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with five males, three females, and three examples of unknown sex of propinquus from Santa Marta, Colombia (Carnegie Mus.), and twelve skins of albigularis from eastern Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Huachipa birds are more strongly marked and more distinct from albigularis and propinquus than are the topotypes examined in this connection. Two of my specimens agree well with one from Zamora which is darker than the other two, but three of mine are still darker, especially one which has the pectoral band almost clear Auburn x Argus Brown. In all of the specimens the upper tail- coverts are but slightly brighter than the back, the character which seems to be of greatest use for the separation of this subspecies. Sclerurus mexicanus peruvianus Chubb. Sclerurus mexicanus peruvianus CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 39, p. 41, 1919 —Yurimaguas, e. Pert; British Mus. A female from Puerto Bermidez, March 6, 1923. Compared with a female from Zamora, e. Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with the type of pullus and a topotype (female), and a male and female from Costa Rica (Mus. Comp. Zool.), six specimens of obscurior from Colombia and w. Ecuador (five in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; onein Mus. Comp. Zool.), and five skins of anomalus from Panama and La Frijolera, Colombia (Mus. Comp. Zool.). The Puerto Bermudez and Zamora birds appear to be inseparable from each other and referable to this dull colored race. Lochmias nematura obscurata Cabanis. Lochmias obscuraia CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 65, 1873—-Monterico, Pera; type formerly in Warsaw Mus., now lost. A single male from Chinchao, November 12, 1922. Compared with a male and female from Pico Naigata, Miranda, Venezuela (Carnegie Mus.), a specimen of undetermined sex from the Bogota region, Colombia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and a male from the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Carnegie Mus.); also with a number of skins of nematura from Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil (U. S. Nat. Mus. and Field Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Venezuelan birds are topotypes of sororia and the Colombian specimen is referable to the same form. The Bolivian bird is more like the Peruvian skin. Thus aligned, obscurata appears to be larger 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 351 than sororia (wing 77-78 mm. in males as against 75 male, 72 female, and 70 sex unknown), its upper surface averages duller and less rufescent, the white on the throat averages broader, and that on the belly narrower and more restricted on each of the feathers. The two races are exceedingly close, however, and in larger series may prove to be inseparable. Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo chunchotambo (Tschudi). D(endrocolaptes) Chunchotambo Tscuupl!, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 295, 1844— Pert (probably Chanchamayo region); Mus. Neuchatel. Four males and two females from Huachipa, September 11— October 2, 1922. Compared with a male from Pozuzo and a female from Rioja, Pera; also with two specimens of unknown sex from “Bolivia” and a male from Rio Espirito Santo, Bolivia. The Pozuzo bird, which probably is nearly topotypical, is more rufescent in ground color than the other Peruvian birds which are more olivaceous. The Bolivian birds agree with the Pozuzo example in general coloration, but have the pale portions of the throat and breast feathers a little deeper buff than in any Peruvian skin. Also they are distinctly smaller in all measurements than the Peruvian series (wing, male, 9714 mm.; unsexed specimens, wing, 88144 and 92 as against males, 102-108 mm.; females 98-101; other measure- ments in proportion). Considerably more material is necessary from Bolivia and the Chanchamayo region before determining any con- stant differences. This species is woodpecker-like in habits, clinging to the sides of the tree trunks and hammering on the bark in similar manner. It often accompanied the vagabond flocks of the tropical forest where it was found. Xiphorhynchus elegans insignis (Hellmayr). | Dendrornis insignis HELLMAYR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 15, p. 55, 1905— Samiria, Rio Marafién, Pert; Berlepsch coll., Frankfort Mus. A male and female from Puerto Bermtidez, March 14 and 15, 1923. No material for comparison. The male has the pale spots on the mantle smaller than in the female and not sharply outlined with blackish, the pale spots of the lower breast and belly are obscure, and there are distinct, though 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZooLocy, VoL. XVII fine, pale hair lines on the terminal part of the shafts of the lesser and middle upper wing-coverts. These details show an approach toward elegans as described. Lepidocolaptes fuscicapillus fuscicapillus (Pelzeln). Picolaptes fuscicapillus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1, pp. 44, 68, 1868—Engenho do Gama, Brazil; types in Vienna Mus. A male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 7, 1928. Compared with a male and female of L. f. layardi from Tury- assa, Maranhao, Brazil, and a male of L. f. madeirae from Porto Velho. The feathers of the forehead and crown have dusky tips, most noticeable on the sides, and a faint suggestion of pale subterminal spots, suggesting relationship with some of the forms with spotted heads. The ventral coloration is decidedly buffier than in the speci- mens of layardi and madeirae; the general coloration of the upper parts is nearer to that of madezrae. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris napensis Chapman. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris napensis CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 187, p. 4, Sept. 28, 1925—Rio Suno, above Avila, e. Ecuador; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A male from Puerto Bermtdez, March 17, 1923, and a female from Vista Alegre, August 20, 1922. Compared with the type (male), a topotype (female), and another female from the Rio Suno (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and with a male and female of thoracicus from Puente de Chimbo, w. Ecuador. The Peruvian birds unquestionably are closest to napensis, being more rufescent (less olivaceous), with narrower, less conspicuously margined, pale streaks above and below and with browner (less blackish) top of the head; also the bill is paler and slightly more curved than in thoracicus. The Peruvian specimens have noticeably longer wings than the Rio Suno birds (male 98 mm. and female 102 mm. as compared with male 96 and females 95 and 98, respectively), but without larger series to determine the limits of individual variation, the significance of this feature is uncertain. The Vista Alegre and Rio Suno females are very similar in coloration, especially below; above, the Vista Alegre specimen is somewhat more narrowly streaked, being 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 353 more like the type in this respect. The Puerto Bermtidez example is more narrowly streaked below while the streaks on the mantle are more clearly margined with dusky asin the Rio Suno examples. The type has the belly more distinctly streaked than the other speci- mens. Apparently these various features are more or less variable within certain limits which define the race as distinct from thora- cicus. Sztoleman’s C. t. zarumillanus from Lechugal, n. w. Pert, seems to be a synonym of thoracicus though it exhibits some differ- ences corresponding to the variation shown to be present in napensis. The two Peruvian specimens extend the known range of napensis considerably to the southward, since there are no other records of this race from any part of Pert. In habits these birds were very creeper-like, ascending the boles of forest trees and exploring the crevices of the bark in search of food. Glyphorhynchus spirurus castelnaudii Des Murs. Glyphorhynchus castelnaudit DES Murs in CASTELNAU, Expéd. Amér. Sud, Zool., 1, livr. 18, Ois., p. 47, pl. 15, fig. 2, 1856—Santa Maria (near Pebas?), Pert; Paris Mus. One male and three females from Puerto Bermtdez, March 10-14, 1928. Compared with a female from Chanchamayo (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) and a male and female from Tulumayo, Junin (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); eight specimens of albigularis from Rio Inambari and La Pampa, Rio Tavara, Peri, and Rio Espirito Santo and Tres Arroyos, Bolivia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); a male, two females, and an unsexed specimen of spirurus from Surinam, and from Mandos and Conceicao, Brazil (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.); two males and a female of cuneatus from Utinga, Pard, and Tury-assi, Maranhao, Brazil (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.); and sixty-four birds from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., and Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.). The arrangement of the Central American and western South American material is somewhat doubtful in view of varying opinions as to the limits of racial distribution and the proper allocation of certain records. However, the Peruvian specimens from as far south as the Chanchamayo district appear to belong to castelnaudi. Birds from eastern Ecuador (Avila, Rio Suno, Sumaco, Rio Curaray, and San José) appear, with few exceptions, to agree with these Peruvian examples. On the other hand, specimens from Cerro Manglar Alto, Rio del Oro, La Chonta, Esmeraldas, Santo Domingo, and Mindo, 354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsTORY—ZooLocy, VoL. XVII Ecuador; all of Colombia; Rio Guachi, Venezuela; and Costa Rica are rather more heavily margined on the feathers of the throat and have the belly more distinctly streaked than the central Peruvian series, and are closer to the Guatemalan birds in these respects though the latter are even more strongly marked. On the basis of the material examined I recognize pectoralis from Guatemala, include the birds from Colombia, western Venezuela, and western Ecuador in sublestus (Peters, 1929), and refer east-Ecuadorian examples to castelnaudit. Sittasomus griseicapillus amazonus Lafresnaye. Sittasomus Amazonus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 590, 1850— “Haut Amazone’’; Paris Mus. A male and a female from Huachipa, September 11 and 21, 1922. Compared with a single female from Serra Grande, Rio Branco, Brazil; also with four specimens of grisezcapillus from northern Argentina, eight skins of reiseri from northeastern Brazil, and ten skins of sylviellus from southern Brazil. The Peruvian birds agree with the Rio Branco example. Deconychura longicauda connectens Zimmer. Deconychura longicauda connectens ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 17, No. 1, p. 8, 1929—-Puerto Bermiidez, Pert; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A male (the type) from Puerto Bermiidez, March 17, 1923. Compared with a male from Sabanilla and an unsexed specimen from Cutucuo, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with various skins of longicauda, pallida, minor, and typica as noted in the original description. Deconychura stictolaema secunda Hellmayr. ‘ Deconychura secunda HELLMAYR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 14, p. 51, 1904— Coca R., upper Rio Napo, Ecuador; Tring Mus. A female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 6, 19238. Compared with a male from Sao Paulo de Olivenga; also speci- mens of stictolaema and clarior from Brazil and French Guiana, as listed in my review of the genus (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 17, No. 1, p. 18, 1929). Pipra coronata exquisita Hellmayr. Pipra exquisita HELLMAYR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 15, p. 56, 1905—-Chuchurras, Pera; Tring Mus. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 355 Three males and one female from Puerto Bermidez, March 9-18, 1928. Compared with the type of circumpicta from Munichis, Yuri- maguas, northern Peri. These specimens are almost topotypical and, in addition, have been compared with a paratype of exquisita by its describer. Pipra caeruleo-capilla Tschudi. P(ipra) caeruleo-capilla Tscuup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 271, 1844—-Pera; Mus. Neuchatel. One male and four females from Huachipa, September 12- October 2, 1922. No other material of the species available for comparison. One of the females has several distinctly bluish-tipped feathers among the scapulars and greater upper wing-coverts on the left side. All of the females are more decidedly yellowish green on the upper surface than a female of P. coronata exquisita and are duller and grayer below, besi¢ es having a smaller bill and shorter tail and wing. Pipra chloromerés Tschudi. P(ipra) chloromeros Tscuupi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 271, 1844—Perda; Mus. Neuchatel. One young male from Vista Alegre, August 18, 1922. Compared with a young male from Rio Espirito Santo, Bolivia. The Bolivian bird is a little duller than the Peruvian, and rather darker and browner, with the lores dark like the crown, whereas in the Vista Alegre specimen they are yellowish like the throat. This and an adult male which escaped were the only examples of the species observed. They were found in the heavy tropical forest. Pipra pipra microlopha Zimmer. Pipra pipra microlopha ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 85, 1929— Puerto Bermidez, Peri; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. One adult male (the type), four young males, and a female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 10-18, 1923. Compared with three males from Orosa, Peri (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and a male from Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Brazil (Carnegie Mus.); also with specimens of typical pipra, anthracina, coracina, comata, and intermediate examples as listed in the original description. Details of plumages have been discussed in the original account. 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Pipra pipra comata Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Pipra comata BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, 1894, p. 392—La Gloria, Pert; Warsaw Mus. An adult and a young male from Vista Alegre, August 22 and 24, 1922; a male and a female from Huachipa, September 26 and 29; a male and a female from Chinchao, November 14 and 20. Compared with various races of pipra as listed in the description of P. p. mcrolopha (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 85, 1929). Tyranneutes stolzmanni (Hellmayr). Pipra stolemanni HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 44—Marabitanas, n. w. Brazil; Vienna Mus. A female from Puerto Bermidez, March 10, 19238. Compared with a male of 7. virescens from British Guiana. In addition to the curious structure of the tail mentioned by the describer, this specimen has the outer primary six millimeters shorter than the second, which is subequal to the third and fourth. In the male of wrescens the outer primary is only two millimeters shorter than the second, which is subequal to the third but noticeably longer than the fourth, while the entire plumage, including remiges and rectrices, is stiffer than in the present species. Also, virescens appears duller in coloration and with much paler yellow on the belly, while the rictal bristles are much shorter than in stolzmanni. Schiffornis turdinus amazonus (Sclater). Heteropelma amazonum SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 28, p. 466, 1860-—-Chami- curos, Pert; British Mus. A female from Huachipa, October 4, 1922. No material for comparison. > The bright cinnamomeous upper wing-coverts are very pro- nounced in this specimen. Ampelion rubro-cristatus (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). A(mpelis) rubro-cristata D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 39, 1887—-Ayupaya and Yungas, Bolivia; types in Paris Mus. Five males and one female from the mountains near Hudnuco and Panao, 10,200-10,500 feet, May 31—July 4, 1922. Compared with fifteen skins from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Pera. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 357 One male, evidently just reaching maturity, has slightly oliva- ceous-tinged belly and under wing-coverts, white lateral tips on the tertials, and a white wing bar at the tips of the greater wing-coverts. Tschudi’s first usage of Ampelion (Faun. Per., Aves, p. 21, 1845) fixes its type, by monotypy, as Ampelis rufaxilla Tschudi. This antedates p. 187 (1846) and also antedates Heliochera Filippi (1847). Ampelion auctorum is properly Carpornis Gray (1846). These birds were not uncommon in the localities mentioned. Most of them were seen on exposed perches in the tops of trees at the edge of the woods or in more open situations. Pipreola chlorolepidota Swainson. Pipreola chlorolepidota SWAINSON, Anim. in Menag., p. 357, 1838—Pera = n. Peri; (27); W. Hooker’s coll., Cambridge (Eng.) Mus.? Euchlornis sclateri CORNALIA, Contrib. Orn., 1852, p. 133, pl. 101—Pera, errore = Quijos Ecuador; Milan Mus. Euchlornis sclateri pallidigula ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 60, 1924—-Huachipa, upper Huallaga R., Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. The type of pallidigula and a second male from Huachipa, October 3 and September 15, 1922. Compared with two males from the Rio Suno, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). On examination of additional material in European museums, Dr. Hellmayr has concluded that the supposed differences of pallz- digula are due to individual variation without racial significance, although Ecuadorian birds average larger (wing 74-78 mm. as against 72-75). This conclusion is confirmed by still other specimens which I have examined from northern Pera, in the American Museum of Natural History, although I have made no direct comparison of them with the type of pallidigula. One of these specimens, a female from the Rio Seco, west of Moyobamba (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 234,954), agrees so perfectly with Swainson’s description of Pipreola chlorolepidota that there is no remaining doubt that he had a specimen of the bird later named Euchlornis sclateri by Cornalia. This positive identification makes it necessary to alter both genus and species of this bird, since Swainson’s names are oldest in both instances. These birds were found at the upper limit of the tropical zone in the heavy forest. Although they were noted in the immediate neighborhood of the vagabond flocks of mixed species, which were 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII common in the forest at Huachipa, they took little part in the feverish activity of the other birds in the bands, but sat rather quietly high in the trees and made only occasional short and direct flights to other perches. On account of their inactive habits and their re- semblance to the color of flower and leaf, they were not conspicuous in spite of their bright plumage. Ampelioides tschudii (Gray). Ampelis cincta TSCHUDI (nec KUHL, 1820), Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 385, 1843— Pangoa, Pert; 9; Berlin Mus. C(otinga) Tschudit Gray, Gen. Birds, 1, p. 279, Dec., 1846—new name for Ampelis cincta TSCHUDI. A female from Huachipa, September 22, 1922. Compared with a single skin from Bogota. This example was the only one of the species observed. It was found in the heavy tropical forest and was silent and shy. Laniocera hypopyrra (Vieillot). Ampelis hypopyrra VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 164, 1817—“‘la Guyane” =Cayenne; Paris Mus.? A skin from Puerto Bermiidez, March 14, 1923. No material for comparison. The specimen was sexed as a male but it is unspotted below and the pectoral tufts are yellow like the shoulder patch. Lipaugus cineraceus (Vieillot). Ampelis cinerea VIEILLOT (nec LATHAM, 1790), Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 162, 1817—based on ‘‘Le Cotinga cendré’”’ of LEVAILLANT; Cayenne. A(mpelis) Cineracea VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Méth., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 761, 1822—based on “‘Le Cotinga cendré”’ of LEVAILLANT; Cayenne. A male from Puerto Bermidez, March 10, 1923. Compared with sixteen specimens from the Guianas and northern Brazil. There are no differences worthy of note in the entire series. Although only a single specimen was taken, numerous individuals were heard both at Puerto Bermidez and on the trail from the Chanchamayo Valley to the Pichis River. Their remarkably clear, vibrant, and penetrating whistle, resembling the syllables ‘‘whee, whee-oo,”’ with the last note exactly an octave below the first two, was one of the fascinating bird voices of the region. The example | shot had another curious call which sounded like the two ascending 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 359 notes of a hen’s cackle, abrupt and sharp but not musical like the ordinary song. The birds were shy and retiring, and if one came suddenly into the open, it dashed back into seclusion even more rapidly. At variance with this usual habit, the example I obtained was sitting quietly on a twig in a rather open part of the forest where there was little undergrowth to conceal it. Lipaugus cryptolophus cryptolophus (Sclater and Salvin). Lathria cryptolopha SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1877, p. 522— Monji, e. Ecuador; British Mus. One female from Chinchao, November 19, 1922. No material for comparison. The species was found in the humid subtropical forest. Pachyramphus viridis xanthogenys Salvadori and Festa. Pachyrhamphus xanthogenys SALVADORI and FssTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 13, No. 330, p. 1, 1898—Rio Zamora, Ecuador; Turin Mus. Two males from Vista Alegre, August 19 and 21, 1922. Compared with a series of fifteen specimens of P. v. viridis from Brazil and Argentina. In the ‘Peruvian birds the belly is less buffy and more whitish; the black cap is longer; the gray nuchal band is wanting; the greater upper wing-coverts have narrower yellowish margins and more black interiorly; the yellow of the anterior under parts is more olivaceous; and the throat and sides of the face are yellow, not white or grayish white. One example of viridis from Jud, Iguata, Ceara, has a decided yellowish suffusion on the throat and sides of the face and the nuchal band is narrow and anteriorly margined with olive green, showing a decided approach to the present form. Pachyramphus polychopterus niger (Spix). Pachyrhynchus niger Sp1x, Av. Bras., 2, p. 33, pl. 45, fig. 1, 1825—no loc.; “Amazonas prope Fonteboa” suggested by BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Novit. Zool., 9, p. 56, 1902; type lost. A young male and an adult female from Huachipa, September 15, 1922; an adult male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 7, 1923. Compared with a male from Yurimaguas; five skins of spixi2 from northern Argentina; three polychopterus from the states of Bahia, Piauhy, and Maranhao, Brazil; and four tristis from Béa Vista, Brazil; Col6én, Venezuela; and Tobago. 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII The young male from Huachipa is just passing into adult plumage and is as pale gray below and on the rump as P. p. spixii, with a blackish chin and a creamy white patch on the throat. The adult male from the Rio Colorado agrees with one from Yurimaguas in its blackish coloration and the almost total absence of white on the tertials, seapulars, and inner margins of the remiges, while the young male has considerable white in all these places. Both adult males (Rio Colorado and Yurimaguas) differ from a dark colored male of P. p. tristis from Béa Vista, Brazil, in this same respect and in having the glossy steel blue of the top of the head continued farther poste- riorly to the hind neck; the young male from Huachipa is not suffi- ciently advanced in molt to show the extent of this area. Tityra semifasciata fortis Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Tityra semifasciata fortis BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 869—La Gloria, PerG; Warsaw Mus. One male, Huachipa, October 4, 1922. Compared with a male from Cerro Hosane, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Although the Peruvian bird has the wing and tail noticeably shorter than the Bolivian example, the bill is a trifle longer. Rupicola peruviana peruviana (Latham). Pipra peruviana LATHAM, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 555, 1790—based on “‘Le Coq-de- Roche du Pérou”’ of BuUFFON, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 437; Pera; Chanchamayo suggested by CHAPMAN, 1926. A male, female, and young male from Huachipa, September 3-— October 7, 1922; a female from Chinchao, November 4; a male from Hacienda Buena Vista, Rio Chinchao, August 30 (collected by E. : Heller). Compared with three males and two females of aequatorialis from Colombia. ; The adult Huachipa male has a faint shade of dusky visible beyond the ends of the tertials but the deep black of the basal portions is wholly concealed. The Buena Vista male has the exposed webs of the tertials wholly gray. The “Tunqui” was found sparingly in the deep forest at Huachipa. Although there was said to be a cliff near-by where they occurred in numbers, the efforts of a guide to show me the place were unsuccessful. When seen, the birds usually were squatting horizontally on a limb of a tree, peering down at me. At a little distance the nasal crest looked surprisingly like a rooster’s comb. The alarm note was an unmelodious squawk. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 361 Agriornis montana insolens Sclater and Salvin. Agriornis insolens SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 153— Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Pera; British Mus. A female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 2, 1922. Compared with seven additional skins from Junin, Cajamarca, Chachapoyas, and Macate, Peri; also with various specimens of montana, maritima, intermedia, and leucura from Argentina and various parts of Chile. The Peruvian birds are fairly uniform and all are referable to the same race. The species was found in the open country of the high temperate zone, perching on weeds and bushes or flying with strong wing-beats from place to place. Agriornis andicola Sclater. Agriornis andicola SCLATER (nec Pepoaza andecola D’OrRBIGNY), P. Z. 8S. London, 28, p. 78, 1860—Pauza, Chimborazo, Ecuador; British Mus. Dasycephala.albicauda PHILIPPI and LANDBECK, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 132, 1863—one of the valleys of the cordilleras of Per4 =Tacna; Chilean Nat. Mus., Santiago. Agriornis pollens SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 153—new name for Agriornis andicola SCLATER. A male from La Quinua, May 15, 1922. Compared with a male from Putre, Tacna, a male from near Otuzco, and a female from Cajamarca. Dr. Hellmayr has compared the La Quinua specimen with the type of andicola while Mr. K. P. Schmidt has compared the Putre specimen with the type of albicauda. While certain differences exist in size and in the buffy or grayish tone of coloration, these differences do not appear to be more than individual. According to the recommendations under Article 36 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, andicola Sclater, 1860, is not preoccupied by andecola D’Orbigny, 1839. In a matter of personal preference I would like to consider these names (as also Spermophilus and Spermophila, Anisognathus and Anisognatha, Parulus and Parula, etc.) too nearly alike to warrant the retention of both but see no way to accomplish it without disregarding the International Rules. The American Ornithologists’ Union Code is very clear and, to my mind, preferable in this case to the Inter- 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII national Rules, but it has not been adopted universally. The Committee of the British Ornithologists’ Union has adopted even more drastic criteria for the rejection of similar names but those standards are not in general use. The International Rules furnish the only present road toward uniformity in zoological nomenclature and I believe that zoologists should adhere to them in spite of individual dislike of various parts. For this reason I have adopted the specific name used herewith. Muscisaxicola rufivertex occipitalis Ridgway. Muscisaxicola occipitalis RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 480, 1887— Lake Titicaca; U. S. Nat. Mus. Muscisaxicola rufivertex ruficrissa Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 342, 1916—-Macate, Peri; 9; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. One female from La Quinua, May 138, 1922. Compared with the type of ruficrissa Cory and with a female from Cajamarca; also with long series of the Chilean races, rufiveriex and pallidiceps. The Peruvian birds are easily separable by their darker coloration but are not subdivisible into two forms. The species inhabits the high open plains. Muscisaxicola alpina grisea Taczanowski. Muscisaxicola grisea TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 213, 1884—Maraynioc, Junin, Peri; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. . Two males and a female from the mountains near Huanuco, 12,200 feet, June 20-30, 1922. Compared with a male from Junin. The Hudnuco birds agree with the Junin specimen except for their slightly smaller size. Muscisaxicola maculirostris maculirostris D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye. M(uscisaxicola) maculirostris D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 66, 1887—La Paz, Bolivia; Paris Mus. A female from Chosica, April 15, 1922; two males and a specimen of unknown sex from Matucana, April 28-May 4; a male from Santa Eulalia, April 24; a male from La Quinua, May 18. Compared with sixteen specimens from various parts of Chile. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 363 There is no localized variation to be found in the complete series. The vertical distribution of the race in Pera is shown by the present material to range from 3,500 to 12,000 feet or from arid tropical to arid temperate. Muscisaxicola fluviatilis Sclater and Salvin. Muscisazicola fluviatilis SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. 8. London, 1866, p. 187— lower Ucayali, PerG; British Mus. A single female from Vista Alegre, October 13, 1922. Compared with two males from Moyobamba and one male from San Ramon, Pert. The bird from Vista Alegre was secured from a sandy bar in the Rio Chinchao completely surrounded by steep, heavily forested hillsides. Lessonia rufa oreas (Sclater and Salvin). Centrites oreas SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1864, p. 154—Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peri; British Mus. Two males and a female from Hudnuco Viejo, December 20, 1922. Compared with a young male from Lake Junin and a male and female from the Province of Antofogasta, Chile; also with a series of rufa from southern Chile and Argentina. The two series are clearly marked. The bird occurred in small, vagrant flocks on the high temperate plains. Myiotheretes striaticollis striaticollis (Sclater). Taenioptera striaticollis SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 19 (for 1851), p. 193, pl. 42, June, 1853—Ecuador; Edward Wilson collection, should be in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Two males and two females from Chinchao, October 23—Novem- ber 11, 1922; a female from Panao, July 15. Compared with a female of pallidus from the Province of Tucu- man, Argentina. The Peruvian birds are clearly separable by their darker coloration. At Chinchao this bird was found about the hacienda in exposed places. Locally it was given the general name of “Tapa-mosca.” 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII ~ Cnemarchus erythropygius (Sclater). Taenioptera erythropygia SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 19 (for 1851), p. 193, pl. 41, June, 1853—-Ecuador; Edward Wilson collection, should be in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Two males and two females from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 19-24, 1922. No material for comparison. The few examples found were observed perching on the tops of bushes and low trees on the almost perpendicular sides of deep gullies where approach and pursuit were beset with difficulties. They were very alert and took wing at long range, often crossing the gullies or ascending to more precipitous heights, and when they were shot they fell into various almost inaccessible situations. An example, supposedly of this species, was lost at Matucana for this reason. In the air, the birds were light and graceful. Ochthodiaeta fumigata fumigata (Boissonneau). Tyrannula fumigata BOISSONNEAU, Rev. Zool., 13, p. 71, 1840—Santa Fé de Bogota, Colombia; Mus. Comp. Zool. Three males from Panao, July 10 and 11, 1922. Compared with two Bogota skins. The Panao birds agree with the topotypes in most essential particulars, although the whitish superciliary stripe and subocular space apparently are more marked in the Peruvian birds and the general coloration is darker and more sooty brown. The differences" may be due to post-mortem change in the old Bogota skins. These birds were heard to utter a soft and rapid “hew-hew- hew-hew....” Ochthoeca fumicolor brunneifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Ochthoeca oenanthoides brunneifrons BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 355—Maraynioc, Pera; Berlepsch coll., Frankfort Mus. Two males and a female from the mountains near Hudnuco, ° 10,500 and 12,200 feet, June 2-21, 1922. Compared with a female from Molinopampa, one from near Balsas, and a skin of undetermined sex from Sanjas, Ecuador; also with a series of six skins of fumicolor from Colombia and western Venezuela. The Peruvian skins are rather uniform among themselves but a trifle duller than the Ecuadorian bird. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN E;XPEDITION—ZIMMER 865 Ochthoeca leucophrys leucometopa Sclater and Salvin. Ochthoeca leucometopa SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1877, p. 19— “‘W. Peru, Prov. Cuzco’’; type from Chihuata, above Arequipa (Chile); British Mus. Three males from Matucana, April 30, 1922; a male from Cullcui, Marafion River, December 10. Compared with a male and two females from Putre, Taena, a male from Macate, and a male from Cajamarca, Pert; also with seven specimens of tucumana from the province of Tucuman, Argentina. The Matucana birds are clearly referable to lewcometopa of which the Tacna birds are nearly topotypical. The Cullcui specimen is badly worn and faded so that it is difficult to compare it satis- factorily, but it agrees with the Cajamarca specimen and apparently also the Macate skin (in poor condition) in being distinctly paler and browner than the more southern specimens. Whether or not this difference is significant can not be determined with the material at hand. The northern birds are not smaller than the southern and do not seem to be referable to piurae. The subspecies is confined to the arid temperate zone of the western slopes and the Marajién Valley. Birds from the interior belong to a distinct form treated below. Ochthoeca leucophrys interior subsp. nov. A male and female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 and 11,000 feet, June 23 and 12, 1922; two males, an adult female, and a young female from La Quinua, May 11-15. Compared with a male and two females of leucometopa from Putre, Tacna, three males from Matucana, a male from Culleui, Marafién River, a male from Macate, and a male from Cajamarca; also seven skins of tucwmana from the province of Tucuman, Argentina. The birds from the Huallaga Valley appear to be distinct and may be described as follows. Type from the mountains near Hudanuco, Peru. Altitude 12,200 feet. No. 59,660 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected June 23, 1922, by J. T. Zimmer. Original number 2,442. Diagnosis.—Similar to O. |. lewcometopa but upper parts dis- tinetly darker; wings and tail blacker; white of forehead averaging narrower; size averaging smaller. 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HiIsToRY—ZOoOoLoGy, VoL. XVII Habitat—Humid temperate zone of the central Andes of Pera, at least from the northern boundary of the Junin Plateau northward. Description of type-—Top of the head Chaetura Black, darker than the mantle which is between Chaetura Drab and Fuscous, becoming brighter on the rump where it is light Vandyke Brown; upper tail-coverts again more dusky. A narrow frontal band of white expands over the lores into a broad superciliary line which reaches to the nape, leaving the lores, a narrow line over the eye, and a postocular band dull black; a small white semilunar patch below the eye; auriculars blackish at tips but with considerable white sub- basally. Chin and upper throat whitish, passing into ashy gray on breast, sides, and flanks, the latter with a slight brownish tinge; belly and under tail-coverts rather broadly white. Wings blackish brown; lesser and median upper coverts with faint cinnamomeous tips; greater series with pale terminal margins a little better defined; secondaries and tertials with whitish margins and tips, forming a white patch on the closed wing; under wing-coverts gray; inner margins of remiges dull whitish with a faint cinnamomeous tinge. Rectrices blackish with fine white tips on the outer three pairs; outermost with outer webs white except for a small subterminal dusky area. Bill and feet black. Wing, 76 mm.; tail, 72; exposed culmen, 11; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 2314. Remarks.—-The dark coloration of the present race is not sur- prising in view of the more humid conditions of the territory which it occupies. Probably the birds from the Junin Plateau southward to the Urubamba Valley will be found to be more closely related to this form than to leucometopa, but I have no material to determine the point. Ochthoeca rufi-pectoralis centralis Hellmayr. Ochthoeca rufipectoralis centralis HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, No. 5, p. 49, 1927—Panao, Per; 9; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Five females (including the type) from above Panao, July 3-13, 1922; two males and a specimen of undetermined sex from the moun- tains near Hudnuco, 10,500 and 12,200 feet, June 2 and 38. Compared with two females from Molinopampa; also with two males and a female of tectricialis from the Urubamba region, Peri (U. S. Nat. Mus.), and seven skins of rufopectus from Colombia and western Ecuador. . 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 367 One of the males from near Hudnuco has a very distinct second wing band occupying the tips of the median coverts, almost as broad as that on the greater coverts. The two Molinopampa birds are equivocal. One is exactly matched by Ecuadorian skins of rufopectus; the other is less well marked. Probably these specimens are best referable to the Ecuadorian form. These little flycatchers were found in the open, bushy thickets of the temperate zone, usually near the brooks and springs on the hillsides. Ochthoeca oenanthoides polionota Sclater and Salvin. Ochthoeca polionota SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, for 1869, p. 599, 1870—Pitumarca, Dept. Cuzco, Pera; British Mus. One female and one doubtful female from La Quinua, May 9 and 18, 1922. Compared with six skins of oenanthoides, three from Putre, Tacna, and three from the province of Tucuman, Argentina. None of the specimens of oenanthoides are topotypical since the type locality is La Paz, Bolivia. The Tacna specimens are a little different from the Argentine examples, but in the absence of topo- types I can not say which series is the more typical. In any case the La Quinua birds are markedly distinct from all the others by their much darker coloration throughout, and evidently are referable to polionota. Sayornis nigricans latirostris (Cabanis and Heine). A(ulanaz) latirostris CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 68, footn. **, 1859—Bolivia; Berlin Mus. Sayornis cineracea angustirostris BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, _ 1896, p. 357—-La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Sayornis latirosiris fumigatus TopD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 72, 1920— Don Diego, Santa Marta, Colombia; Carnegie Mus. Two males and four females from Huanuco, July 20—August 10, 1922. Compared with three males and three females from Argentina (Jujuy and Tucumén), two males from Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo), a male and female from Colombia (San Augustin and Andalucia), and a male from Venezuela (Colon, Tachira). The Argentine birds appear to be slightly larger on average than the Peruvian and other specimens, and to have somewhat more 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII white on the belly and on the edges of the tertials and wing-coverts. However, they are in very fresh plumage while the others are decid- edly worn, which may account for much of the apparent difference. Since the type locality is Bolivia and I have no Bolivian material, I am unable to say whether Argentine or Peruvian specimens are the more typical. Colonia colonus niveiceps subsp. nov. A male and four females from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 27—-February 25, 1923. Compared with specimens of various subspecies as listed below. Type from Poco Tambo, Peri. No. 44,259 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected June 29, 1912, by W. H. Osgood and M. P. Anderson. Original number 3,062. Diagnosis.—Similar to C. c. colonus but with forehead much more broadly white, including the crown in the males, and the rest of the top of the head paler than in the same sex of the typical form; central rectrices apparently longer. Similar also to fuscicapil- lus but with the differences in color even more pronounced. Halitat.—Humid tropical zone of central and northern Pera. Description of type-—Entirely silky black except for a white patch on the middle of the rump and a pale area on the top of the head; forehead, most of the lores, and the crown to the posterior border of the eyes, snowy white; posterior border of nape also white; intervening occipital and nuchal area faintly grayish with pure white tips, hardly differing from the forehead; crown slightly crested. Median rectrices long and filiform as in the other races. Wing, 85 mm.; tail, except for median plumes, 65; median plumes, 196; exposed culmen, 8; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 16. Remarks.—Four other males agree with the type except that the white tips on the occipital and nuchal region are less pronounced, leaving the area generally slightly more in contrast with the white crown and forehead though still distinctly nearer white than in colonus; pure white frontal area as broad as in the type. Wing, 84-85 mm.; tail, except for central plumes, 63-65; central plumes, 180-202; exposed culmen, 834-10; culmen from base, 14-14; tarsus, 15-16. Females similar to the males but with rectricial plumes shorter and top of head darker, though the latter is distinctly paler and with broader frontal band than in colonus or fuscicapillus; white of head 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 369 restricted to a broad band which is pure white for a width of 6 or 7 mm. in median line and sometimes ashy white behind this to the posterior border of the eyes; the frontal area involves the lores and is continued broadly over the eyes to above the auriculars; remainder of crown, occiput, and nape, except as indicated, Pale Mouse Gray or Pale Neutral Gray with the dusky centers sometimes concealed, sometimes more or less exposed. Wing, 75-81 mm.; tail, except for central plumes, (52?)58-65; central plumes, 121-151; exposed culmen, 8-10; culmen from base, 12-14; tarsus, 1514-16. Specimens examined: C. ce. colonus—Brazil: Rio, Therezopolis 1 #1 9; Rio de las Velhas 1 o&. Argentina: Misiones, Iguazi 171 9; Eldorado 1 &. © C. c. niverceps—Pert:: Poco Tambo 2 o (incl. type); Moyo- ‘bamba 1 o&;San Ramén 1 o& 1 2; Rio Colorado1 74 9. C. c. fuscicaptllus—Colombia: Bogota 1 9 ?; Buena Vista 2 The species was found in the gardens near the plantation buildings in both localities. 'Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex Pelzeln. Elainea albivertex PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 107, 177, 1868—-Ypanemé, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Vienna Mus. Elainea lundit REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 344, pl. 8, fig. 1—Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraés, Brazil; Copenhagen Mus. Elainea gracilis TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 271, 1884—Chirimoto, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Elaenia sororia BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 175, 1898—Palomina, Santa Marta, Colombia; Mus. Comp. Zool. A male and young female from Vista Alegre, August’'16 and October 12, 1922. Compared with a female from Chachapoyas, Pera; two males and three females from the State of Maranh&ao, Brazil; two females 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 393 from Chapada, Matto Grosso; a male from Serra da Lua, Brazil; a female from Villa Rica, Paraguay; four males from Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; a Bogota skin; a female from Rio Chama, Venezuela; and seven males and three females from Maracay, Venezuela; also with two males and a female of chiriquensis from Col6én, Panama. It is impossible to separate the Peruvian birds from the Brazilian series or to arrange the material at all satisfactorily. The Chacha- poyas specimen is as yellow below as are the examples of chiriquensis and as pale on the breast, though the upper parts are grayer. The Vista Alegre male is paler below, matching some Maranhao examples. The Bolivian birds appear to have darker breasts than any others. The Maracay, Venezuelan specimens are hardly distinct from chiri- quensis and the Bogota bird agrees with them. I am not sure that albivertex is separable from chiriquensis; a large series from Central America should be compared with an equally large series of South American birds to be certain of the relationship. Elaenia obscura obscura (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). M(uscipeta) obscura D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 48, 1887—Y ungas, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Muscipeta guillemini D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., p. 319, 18839—new name for Muscipeta obscura D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE. Elainea rustica SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1861, p. 408—new name for “Elainia obscura TscHuUDI”; Brazil and Argentina. A male from Chinchao, November 18, 1922. Compared with a male from Molinopampa, Pert, two males and an unsexed bird from Bauru, Sao Paulo, a male from Victoria, Sio Paulo, and a male from Therezopolis, Rio, Brazil; also with six skins of pudica from Santa Elena and Paéramo de Tama, Colombia, and Escorial, Mérida, and Pinos, Venezuela. The Peruvian birds appear to be indistinguishable from the Brazilian series, but the Chinchao specimen is badly worn and faded, and difficult to compare satisfactorily. . Elaenia pallatangae Sclater. Elainea pallatangae ScLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1861, p. 407, pl. 41—Pallatanga, Ecuador; 9°; British Mus. A male and female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 1 and 4, 1922; four males and a female from Panao, 394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HiIstoRY—Zoo.Loey, Vou. XVII July 15; a young female from Huachipa, September 24; and a female from Chinchao, November 2. Compared with a female from Molinopampa, and five males and three females from Chunchi and Huigra, Ecuador (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.). The Molinopampa bird is a trifle browner than most of the central Peruvian specimens but the difference is not constant. Peruvian and Ecuadorian specimens are inseparable. This species inhabited the bushes and smaller trees on the open hillsides and along the roads in the temperate and subtropical zones. Huachipa (4,600 feet) probably represents the lower limit of vertical distribution; the locality is just at the boundary between tropical and subtropical zones. Elaenia caniceps cinerea Pelzeln. Elainea cinerea PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 108, 180, 1868—-Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Brazil; Vienna Mus. A female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 10, 1923. Compared with two males and a female of caniceps from Rio de las Velhas, Codé (Cocos, Maranh&o), and SAo Amaro, Brazil. The bright yellow under parts of the Puerto Bermidez female identify it as cinerea. AY Phaeomyias murina wagae (Taczanowski). Myjiopatis Wagae TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 253, 1884—-Chirimoto, Pera; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost; paratype in Berlepsch coll., Frankfort Mus. A male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 28, 1923. Compared with three males from San Ramon and three males and two females from Moyobamba; also with two skins of inflava from Trujillo and Menucucho, and a good series of muwrina and incomta from various parts of Brazil, British Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia. The east-Peruvian birds appear to be recognizably distinct by reason of larger bills and the more extensive and brighter yellow under parts. I have not seen twmbezana from the arid littoral of southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Pert. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 395 Camptostoma obsoletum sclateri (Berlepsch and Taczanowski). Eupsilostoma pusillum SCLATER (nec Myopatis pusilla CABANIS and HEINE), P. Z. S. London, 28, p. 68, 1860—Pallatanga, Ecuador; 9°; British Mus. Ornithion sclateri BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1883, p. 554—new name for Hupsilostoma pusillum SCLATER. A male from Chosica, April 14, 1922; a male from Santa Eulalia, April 20. Compared with two skins from Ecuador, seven from northern Pera, and small series of obsoletum, cinerascens, napaeum, and pusillum from various localities. The Peruvian birds are closer to the Ecuadorian sclateri than to any other form but a few seem to be duller on the rump and to have less white about the eye. I have not seen enough Ecuadorian material to determine the constancy of this difference. Phyllomyias griseiceps (Sclater and Salvin). Tyranniscus griseiceps SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, for 1870, p. 841, 1871—Babahoyo; Ecuador; British Mus. A male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 13, 1928. No material for comparison. An exact study of the Peruvian form of the species is impossible without more material. Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 501, 1926) records specimens from Perené which is across the Rio Chanchamayo from the mouth of the Rio Colorado. Tyranniscus uropygialis (Lawrence). Mecocerculus uropygialis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 266, 1870—“‘Supposed to be Ecuador’’; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 1, 1922. Compared with a male of T. n. nigro-capillus from Molinopampa, Pera, and two males and two females from the Mérida region of Venezuela. The species, wropygialis, is very closely allied to nigro-capillus but there are certain supposed peculiarities of distribution which require explanation before the relationship can be determined pre- cisely. The shape of the bill, the wing formula, and the pattern of coloration are exactly alike in the two groups, and the rufescent rump 396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII of uropygialis, which is one of its characteristics, is suggested in some of the Mérida specimens of nzgro-capillus. A large series from all parts of the ranges of both groups will be necessary to settle the problems of relationship. Tyranniscus viridiflavus viridiflavus (Tschudi). E(laenia) viridiflava TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 274, 1844—-Perti; Mus. Neuchatel. Tyranniscus fronialis BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, 1894, p. 390—Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Pera; Warsaw Mus. Four males and three females from Vista Alegre, August 18- October 18, 1922. Compared with three males and two females of chrysops from La Sierra and Fusugasuga, Colombia; Colén, Tachira, Venezuela; and Poco Tambo, Pert. The Vista Alegre birds are separable from the more northern specimens but I can see no reason for keeping them specifically distinct. The only constant difference appears to be in the intensity of the yellow coloration on the under parts. The specimen from Poco Tambo effectively bridges the difference in the color of the crown, having the top of the head as dark as in viridiflava though otherwise it is like chrysops. Two chrysops from La‘Sierra, Colombia, and the bird from Venezuela have the lores:as pale yellow as in viridiflavus, being quite different in that respect from the other Colombian specimen. The size and structural details are about the same in the two forms and there is no confusion in geographical distribution. Oreotriccus plumbeiceps (Lawrence). Pogonotriccus plumbeiceps LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 267, 1869—Bogota; U. S. Nat. Mus. A male and female from Huachipa, September 11 and 18, 1922. No material for comparison. The superficial resemblance between this species and Pogono- triccus ophthalmicus is very striking. Both have the same pattern of coloration, differing in very slight particulars, but the blunter shape of the bill and the absence of the heavy rictal bristles dis- tinguish the present species very clearly. Leptopogon superciliaris superciliaris Tschudi. L(eptopogon) superciliaris TscHup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 275, 1844— Pert; montafia of Vitoc suggested by Hellmayr, 1927; Mus. Neuchatel. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 397 Two males from Vista Alegre, August 30 and 31, 1922; four males and three females from Huachipa, September 11—October 1. Compared with a female from Rioja. There is considerable individual variation in the color of the wing bars but in all the specimens at hand there is more or less tawny buff present, sometimes very slightly indicated, sometimes intense. Mionectes olivaceus fasciaticollis Chapman. Mionectes olivaceus fasciaticollis CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 67, p. 9, 1923 —Tulumayo, Peri; 9; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Three males and two females from Huachipa, September 29-— October 4, 1922; a male from Chinchao, November 14. Compared with six specimens of venezuelensis from Venezuela, two olivaceus from Costa Rica, and two hederaceus from western Colombia and western Ecuador. The Peruvian birds are distinct from the other forms examined but I am not sure how distinct they may be from pallidus of eastern Colombia which I have not seen. Two of my specimens have the crown noticeably darker than the back. The throat in all the specimens is about as in hederaceus though the breast is more broadly streaked, in most cases, with clearer whitish. In these respects they agree with the description of pallidus. However, the belly is not paler than in hederaceus but about the same tint, and in most of the skins the head is about the color of the back; these may prove to be the most stable characters for the recognition of the present race. One of the Huachipa males and the San Ramon male do not have the second primary deeply emarginated as in the three other males but otherwise do not appear to be immature. Mionectes striaticollis poliocephalus Tschudi. M(ionectes) poliocephalus Tscuupi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 275, 1844— Pera; Valley of Vitoc suggested by Hellmayr, 1927; Mus. Neuchatel. A male from Vista Alegre, August 21, 1922; a female from Chinchao, November 20. Compared with a male of columbianus from La Candela, Colombia. Both Peruvian birds show the characters of poliocephalus, although the female (which is not fully adult) is less clearly marked than the male. The latter appears to be adult but lacks the attenua- 398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—ZooLocy, Vou. XVII tion of the second primary which is supposed to characterize the adult males of this species. Both examples have noticeable streaks on the breast. The male has these marks very fine on a dark green ground; the young female has the ground paler (grayer) with the streaks distinctly broader, though not as heavy as in columbianus, and there is less green on the back of the head. The presence of the streaks on the chest may indicate an approach toward the characters of striaticollis of Bolivia. Orochelidon murina (Cassin). Petrochelidon murina CASSIN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 6, p. 370, 1853— Ecuador; Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. Aiticora cyanophaea CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 92, 1861—Santa Fé de Bogota, Colombia; Berlin Mus. A female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 21, 1922. Compared with a female from near Leimabamba, Pert, and a - female from Puente Andalucia, Colombia. The two Peruvian birds are distinctly more greenish above than the Colombian bird, but the difference evidently is individual since Hellmayr (Archiv. Naturg., 85, (10), A, p. 10, 1920) noted that Ecuadorian birds were greener than specimens from Ollachea, Pera, and Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 556, 1926) found no differences of racial value in specimens from Colombia, Ecuador, and Pert. Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot). Hirundo cyanoleuca VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p. 509, 1817—based on Azara’s ‘‘Golondrina de la timoneles negros”; Paraguay. A female and a young male and female from Huanuco, July 23, 1922; a young male from Huachipa, October 1. Compared with a series of skins from Moyobamba and Hacienda Llagueda, Peri; Concepcién, Tucumdn, Argentina; Bogota, San Antonio, and Caldas, Colombia; Puente de Chimbo, Ecuador; Parotani, Bolivia; Therezopolis and Rio de las Velhas, Brazil; and Macuto, Venezuela. There is no racial difference apparent in the series. Pygochelidon patagonica peruviana Chapman. Pygochelidon patagonica peruviana CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 30, p. 7, 1922—-Huaral, Province of Lima, PerG; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 399 Two males from Matucana and Santa Eulalia, May 1 and April 22, 1922. Compared with a series of patagonica from Concepcién, Tucu- man, Argentina, and Bafios del Toro, Papudo, and Lake Gualletue, Chile; also with a female from San Ramon and a young female from Yurimaguas, Pera, which I refer to patagonicus. The Matucana and Santa Eulalia birds are small and have the white of the under tail-coverts practically absent, being reduced to a small whitish, but not white, area at the very base of the short coverts. The San Ramon and Yurimaguas specimens (May 26 and September 24) I take to be winter birds from the south; the Yurima- guas specimen is in full (pre-nuptial) molt. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot). Hirundo ruficollis VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 14, p. 523, 1817—Brazil = Rio de Janeiro; Paris Mus. A male from Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 1, 1923. Compared with specimens from Moyobamba, Rioja, and San Ramon, Pert, and with examples from Sao Marcello (Bahia), Piraputanga (Matto Grosso), and Tranqueira (Maranhao), Brazil. The Peruvian series appears to be inseparable from the Brazilian birds. The Rio Colorado specimen is distinctly darker than any of the others, being blacker on wings and tail, more dusky on the back and head, darker brown on the flanks, and deeper rufescent on the throat than the rest, including a female from San Ramon, very near to the Rio Colorado. The specimen, however, is just completing its molt and the plumage is very fresh, which may account for the unusually heavy coloration. Cyanocorax violaceus Du Bus. Cyanocoraz violaceus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., 14, pt. 2, p. 108, 1847— Perti; Brussels Mus. Two females, Puerto Bermiidez, March 14, 1923. Compared with a specimen from “Bogota.” One bird lacks the whitish band on the upper hind neck, having the whole area uniform bright Aniline Lilac; the other has the white line well marked. The species occurred in small flocks and was not common. It was seen only at Puerto Bermtdez. 400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Xanthoura yncas yncas (Boddaert). Corvus yncas BODDAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 38, 1783—based on DAUBENTON, Pl. Enl. 625; Pera. (Corvus) peruvianus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 1, p.373, 1788—based on DAUBENTON, Pl. Enl. 625; Pera. (Pica) chloronota WAGLER, Syst. Av., genus Pica, sp. 12, 1827—Perd; “‘Collect. Ryals at Leadbeater, Londin.”’ ? Pica luteola LESSON, Traité d’Orn., p. 331, 1831—“‘patrie?”’ One female from Chinchao, October 31, 1922. Compared with a series of skins from Hacienda Limon, Molino- pampa, and Uchco, northern Pera. The Chinchao specimen agrees well with the average of the more northern series. It has the occiput and nape rather noticeably tinged with pale blue, more pronouncedly than in some of the others but much less than in a female from Molinonampa which has the same region broadly tipped with Light Squill Blue (through which the rich creamy bases of the feathers are visible only anteriorly). The blue on the anterior part of the head of this Molinopampa bird is Light Cadet Blue, noticeably paler than the Diva Blue x Gentian Blue of the normal adult. This species was not common in the regions visited and the bird obtained was the only one seen. It had a loud, hoarse call-note, “wawk, wawk, wawk,” not greatly unlike that of Paradisaea raggiana. It appears to inhabit the humid subtropical zone. The local residents gave it the name of “Quien-quien.” Cyanolyca viridi-cyana jolyaea (Bonaparte). Cyanocitia Jolyaea BONAPARTE, Tageblatt 29 Versamml. Deutscher Natur- forscher und Aerzte, Wiesbaden, (Beilage), p. 89, Sept. 25, 1852—‘‘Amer. m.”’ (=Peru on label of type); I suggest Molinopampa, n. Pert; Paris Mus. Four males and one female from near Panao, 10,300 feet, July 6-16, 1922. Compared with four females and one male from Molinopampa; also with two specimens of viridi-cyana labeled as collected by Ockenden at Quispicanchis, Marcapata, Pert. The series of jolyaea is fairly consistent. My four males are all deeply colored and one of the Molinopampa females is nearly as strongly marked as the most extreme Panao example. The Panao female is noticeably lighter and greener but not so much so as another 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 401 of the Molinopampa females. The Molinopampa male is lighter and greener than my males, about like my female. Dr. Hellmayr has kindly compared my female and darkest male with Bonaparte’s type in the Paris Museum and finds that the type is somewhat intermediate between these two in the color of the throat but like the Panao female in the color of the remaining under parts, and nearer to the male in respect to the upper parts. The type is labeled as from Peri and doubtless came from somewhere in the northern part of the country, for which reason I suggest Molino- pampa as an appropriate type locality, in the absence of more definite knowledge as to the exact source of Bonaparte’s bird. It is doubtful if the two specimens of viridi-cyana at hand actually came from the Marcapata district of Pera. Hellmayr’s cyanolaema was described from Chuhuasi with another example present from Huasampilla whence Sclater later described his synonymous cuzco- ensis. Both these localities are in the same general region as Marca- pata and it is extremely unlikely that viridi-cyana also occurs there. The labels have very meager data, quite unlike Ockenden’s usually careful handiwork. No exact date beyond the year 1905 and no elevation, sex, colors of soft parts, or other information is given. Since the specimens evidently are from those secured on Ockenden’s last, ill-fated expedition, it is probable that he did not collect them himself nor supply the data and they may have been purchased locally with original source unknown. The known Marcapata form, cyanolaema, is an exact intermediate between viridi-cyana and jolyaea. The original reference to Bonaparte’s description appears never to have been quoted. Cabanis received a copy of the reprinted article and reprinted it a second time in the Journal fiir Ornitholo- gie, 1, pp. 46, 47, 1852. I discovered a copy of the first reprint in the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library of Field Museum and published an account and photographic reproduction of it in the Catalogue of the Ayer Library (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 16, p. 70, pls. 3, 4, 1926). More recently I have come upon the original publication in which the paper appeared. The society of the Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte has been in existence for many years, holding its meetings annually in one town after another and issuing a variety of publications depending, apparently, on the resources of the particular meetings. In 1852 the twenty-ninth meeting was held in Wiesbaden from September 18 to 24. The publication that year consisted of a Tageblatt, issued each day of the meeting and giving the day’s program with a review of 402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII the minutes of the preceding day. The series is numbered consecu- tively from 1 to 7. On the 25th of September a Beilage zu Nr. 7 d. Tageblatts was published with the minutes of the meeting of the 24th, this being paged continuously with the preceding leaflets. The Tageblatt for September 23 (p. 58) announces Bonaparte as on the program for the day. That for the 24th (p. 74) mentions his name among those taking part on the previous day. The Beilage, published on the 25th, includes a Nachtrag zu der Verhandlungen der Sectionen am 23. September which contains Bonaparte’s original paper in full, exactly as reprinted except that it occupies parts of two pages, 88 and 89, being divided at the end of the table of ‘‘Aves.”’ The descriptions of the three new species (Thalassidroma tethys, Chelidop- tera albipennis, and Cyanocitia Jolyaea) are all on page 89. That this leaflet was actually published as stated on September 25 is supported by the fact that Bonaparte mailed at least one copy of the reprint from Frankfort on the following day, that being the copy sent to Du Bus and now in Field Museum of Natural History. Heleodytes fasciatus fasciatus (Swainson). Furnarius fasciatus SWAINSON, Anim. in Menag., p. 351, 1838—Peri =n. Pera; W. Hooker coll., now in Cambridge (Eng.) Mus. Hight males and three females from Hudnuco, May 24—July 30, 1922. Compared with five males and a female from Huancabamba (Mus. Comp. Zool.), a male and female from Menucucho, and five females from Hacienda Llagueda, Hacienda Limon, Trujillo, and Macate; also with four males and two females of pallescens from Daule and Santa Rosa, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), a male and female from Sullana, Peri (Mus. Comp. Zool.), and a specimen from Milagro, Ecuador. The Huanuco birds are larger and darker than the north-Peruvian skins of fasciatus but since most of my specimens are in molt it is difficult to say with precision what the differences may be in their entirety. I prefer, therefore, to refer them to fasciatus until a more satisfactory series is available for study. The Banded Wren was a most interesting, if mischievous, denizen of the thickets in the vicinity of Hudnuco. Its bulky nests were common objects in the trees throughout the valley, constructed of grass, fibers of other plants, cotton, and a few small sticks. The nests seemed to be kept in repair although none that I found were 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 403 used for incubation purposes, and I was informed that some of the structures were used for roosting places and others were built as a blind to distract attention from the genuine nest. They were about the size of a football and with a side entrance. To obtain the cotton, which forms a large portion of the building material when available, the birds are said to rob the cotton fields to the great disgust of the native planters. They also stole many of the tufts of cotton which I had twisted around convenient twigs to mark thé location of my traps for small mammals, and it was some time before I discovered the thieves. The birds have the curious habit of singing in pairs. Sometimes one will pick up the song as the other stops and keep the rhythm continuous; sometimes both sing together or with interspersed notes, making a jumbled chorus. The syllables are not always the same. The most common ones were “yu-we-a-weé, yu-we-a-weé,”’ or “‘cha- weé-a-wuh, cha-weé-a-wuh, ....’’ The local names for the wren, based on its vocal performance, are ““Taurugarai’ and ‘‘Café-con- leche.”’ Odontorchilus branickii branickii (Taczanowski and Berlepsch). Odontorhynchus branickii TACZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, P. Z. S. London, 1885, p. 72, pl. 7, fig. 1—Machay, Ecuador; Warsaw Mus. A male and female from Huachipa, September 11 and 18, 1922. Compared with two males, a female, and an unsexed bird from Machu Picchu, Utcuyacu, and Uchco, Peri (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with a male of “minor” from La Palma, Colombia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Huachipa birds are in worn plumage agreeing in that, as in other respects, with an Utcuyacu male. The Machu Picchu and Ucheo skins are in fresh plumage and in comparison with the Colombian skin of “‘minor,”’ also fresh, are a little darker in colora- tion than this northern bird. The Machu Picchu male and the Colombian male are of the same size (wing 62 mm.), the Huachipa male is but little smaller (wing 61 mm.), and the type of branickiz, according to the authors, was very little less (wing 60 mm.). In view of this it seems very probable that minor (which was described as having a wing of 53 mm. in the male sex) was based on a wrongly sexed female and is therefore inseparable on the basis of size. The apparent differences of coloration, in turn, are slight and need to be confirmed by larger series from Colombia. 404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Thryophilus leucotis peruanus Hellmayr. Thryophilus leucotis peruanus HELLMAYR, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 5, p. 41, 1921—Nauta, Rio Marafién, Pert; Frankfort Mus. A male from Puerto Bermiidez, March 8, 1923. Compared with ten skins of albipectus from Brazil, British Guiana, and Caura, Venezuela; twelve of venezuelanus from Cata- tumbo, Orope, Encontrados, Guayabo, and La Uraca, Venezuela; seven bogotensis from Bogota and El Guayabal, Colombia, and Valera, Venezuela; and a Bogota skin of leucotis. In dorsal coloration the Peruvian specimen is dull and dark and resembles certain examples of albipectus from near Béa Vista, Brazil, but it is darker on the top of the head and much more rufescent below; the whole breast and belly are deep Pirkish Buff (to light Tawny Olive), the flanks are Snuff Brown, and the under tail-coverts are Sayal Brown. Sphenura coraya amazonica (Sharpe). Thryothorus amazonicus SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 6, p. 235, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1881—Sarayacu, e. Pera; British Mus. ?Thryothorus albiventris TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1882, p. 5—Chirimoto, Pert; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Two males from Vista Alegre, August 21, 1922; one from Chin- chao, November 13. Compared with four specimens of cantator from the Chanchamayo district (three in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and an adult male and two immature specimens of ‘‘albiventris’”’ from Moyobamba. Owing to the comparative rarity of Peruvian examples of this group I am unable to fix the identity of my birds without question. Apparently they are not referable to cantator from the Chanchamayo Valley. The four examples of that form at hand agree with Taczanowski’s description in the matter of rufous and black bars on the tail and the rufous under tail-coverts, uniform or barred with dusky, whereas my specimens have the tail and the under tail- coverts grayish (Hair Brown) barred with black. Judging from descriptions, the Vista Alegre and Chinchao birds are closest to amazonicus though I have no topotypical specimens of the latter for comparison. The Moyobamba specimens appear to represent albiventris. The adult has the whole mid line of the under parts white, with the flanks buffy brown and the sides of the breast gray, the crown overlaid 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN E:XPEDITION—ZIMMER 405 with Hair Brown, and the back light in color (about Hazel x Tawny). The young birds are duller above and rather broadly ochraceous buff below. The tail and under tail-coverts of both adult and young are barred with gray, not rufous. Berlepsch (Journ. Orn., 37, p. 298, 1889) records a specimen of amazonicus from Yurimaguas, not very distant from Moyobamba, and in his unpublished notes he describes a young male from Sarayacu in comparison with the Yurimaguas specimen, concluding that the two are not specifically separable. The differences he mentions as distinguishing the Sarayacu bird and the Yurimaguas specimen are the same as separate my Vista Alegre and Chinchao birds from the Moyobamba adult, except that my two specimens are darker above as well as duller than the Moyobamba skin. None of the known specimens of albiventris and amazonicus agree exactly with any of the others. Sharpe had a single specimen of amazonicus; Taczanowski had one of albiventris; Berlepsch had two skins frdm.two localities; my two specimens do not agree in detail. The series of cantator exhibits great variation among the various specimens and it is certain that the northern form or forms must do the same. For the present, therefore, it appears best to recognize but one race from north-central and northeastern Peri and await more material before attempting to distinguish additional races of what is at best a very variable species. The generic name Pheugopedius is antedated by Sphenura Lichtenstein (Verz. Vogel Mus. Berol., pp. 7, 8, May, 1822—type, by monotypy, S. coraya; cf. Mathews, Birds Australia, 10, p. 149, 1923). If the genus is not worthy of recognition, the oldest name is Thryothorus. Troglodytes musculus albicans Berlepsch and Taczanowski. Troglodytes furvus albicans BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1883, p. 540—Guayaquil, Ecuador; Frankfort Mus.? Two males from Chinchao, one male from Vista Alegre, and one male from Huachipa, August 28-November 14, 1922. Compared with a series from Chachapoyas, Moyobamba, Yurimaguas, and Uchco, Peri; Puente de Chimbo, Ecuador; and various localities in Brazil, Venezuela, and British Guiana. These specimens are rather puzzling in affinities but seem to belong to the widely distributed form, albicans. None of the four specimens have the whitish median under parts of typical albicans, 406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—ZOooLoey, VoL. XVII the vinaceous tone of audax, nor the rich coloration of puna, but they are somewhere in the midst of all three. The series at hand furnishes evidence of sufficient variation in albicans to cover the differences in ventral coloration shown by my four specimens. Especially do the examples from farther north in Pera exhibit transitional differences. Adult Moyobamba and Yurimaguas birds are well-marked albicans; Chachapoyas birds are most like my own examples; one Uchco skin is intermediate and one other is typical albicans. Some of the specimens from Maranhao, eastern Brazil, show a lack of white below, so it seems unlikely that much significance is attached to this variation. There is some resemblance to the coastal form, audax, in the Chachapoyas skins, but the lack of vinaceous tinge in the Huachipa, Vista Alegre, and Chinchao specimens removes these last-named examples still farther from the littoral race. On the back and crown, all four skins are somewhat deeper brown than any other of the albicans series and strongly suggest puna. One Chinchao bird has the rump dark, though little more rufescent than the back; the other Chinchao specimen has the rump distinctly brighter; the Huachipa example has rump and upper tail-coverts as rich rufescent as some examples of puna. On the whole, the subtropical valley of the upper Huallaga seems to be occupied by a transitional form which connects albicans and puna; higher up in the same valley, puna appears to be established. Troglodytes musculus audax Tschudi. Troglodytes audax TSCHUDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 185, 1846—coast of Pert; Mus. Neuchatel. One male and one female from Vitarte, April 26, 1922; two males from Santa Eulalia, April 22 and 23; two males from Matucana, April 30 and May 4. Compared with five males from Hacienda Limén, Hacienda Llagueda, and Macate, northern coast of Pert; also with a male and a female of carabayae from San Ramon. The present specimens are presumably topotypical of audaz, especially the Vitarte birds. They agree among themselves and with the specimens from farther up the coast. In general the dorsal surface is unbarred, but there are very faint traces of fine barring in all of the skins. The male of carabayae from San Ramon is exactly similar in this respect but is noticeably grayer and darker above, 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 407 with much duller rump and upper tail-coverts; the female is similarly dark but is strongly barred above. Troglodytes musculus puna Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Troglodytes musculus puna BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 329—Ingapirca, Peri; Warsaw Mus. A male and female from La Quinua, May 8, 1922; four males, one female, and one specimen of undetermined sex from the moun- tains near Hudnuco, 10,500—12,200 feet, June 2-30; one female from Panao, July 8; two males from Huanuco Viejo, December 24. Compared with a male from near Balsas and one from near Molinopampa, Pera. All but the Hudnuco Viejo birds are clearly referable to this richly colored highland race. The Hudnuco Viejo specimens are quite pale and ochraceous in coloration, with less vinaceous and more buffy tone even than albicans. They are in rather worn plumage but are comparable to October and November examples of albicans from Chinchao to which they do not bear particular resem- blance. A June specimen from the mountains near Hudnuco is somewhat paler than the average of puna and may represent the fresh condition of the coloration exhibited by the Hudnuco Viejo specimens. None of my series of puna is very large. Wing measurements of the males vary between 52 and 55 mm.; tail 42 to 4844 mm. The males of albicans from northern Peru (cf. account of albicans) have wing measurements of 50-56 mm.; tail 39-46 mm. Ecuadorian examples are a little smaller. Males of audax at hand have the wing varying between 51 and 55 mm.; tail between 391% and 42 mm. Evidently size is of minor value in distinguishing these races in Pera, although puna sometimes reaches a maximum of 61 mm., wing, and 52 mm., tail (ef. Chapman and Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 50, p. 308, 1924), which is beyond the maximum of any of the other subspecies. Henicorhina leucosticta hauxwelli Chubb. Henicorhina leucosticta hauxwelli CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 40, p. 156, 1920—Elvira, n. e. Pera; British Mus. Two adult males, one young male, and two adult females from Huachipa, September 3—October 5, 1922. Compared with one male, two females, and one bird of dubious sex from Florencia and La Murelia, Colombia; also with a male of 408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—Zoo.ocy, VoL. XVII leucosticta from Carimang River, British Guiana (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Peruvian specimens agree with Chubb’s short description of hauxwelli fairly well except that they are deeper and redder than leucosticta but not especially darker. The Colombian examples are essentially the same but are smaller than the Peruvian birds. The young male from Huachipa is very similar to a young male of H. leucophrys leucophrys from Vista Alegre but has shorter legs, a more whitish tone on the throat and breast, less buffy under wing- coverts, a little narrower black band on the upper auriculars, and deeper rufous flanks and back, and has the characteristic white spots on the alula which are lacking in lewcophrys. One of the males from Huachipa has the bill curiously twisted and malformed. Another has the brown of the fore part of the mantle continued broadly across the center of the hind neck to the occiput and thence across the center of the crown and forehead as narrow brown tips on the feathers, showing an approach to some of the characters of H. l. prostheleuca. Curiously enough, I found no leucophrys at Huachipa nor did I find hauxwelli at Vista Alegre, although these two localities are just across the narrow Chinchao River from each other. However, from Huachipa the tropical forest extends northward down the Huallaga Valley while from Vista Alegre the hills rise into the subtropical zone, so, although the river can not possibly form an effective barrier to keep these species apart, the tendency may be for each to keep very precisely within its own zonal limits. Henicorhina leucophrys leucophrys (Tschudi). Tr(oglodytes) leucophrys Tscuupt1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 282, 1844—-Pert; Mus. Neuchatel. Two females and one young male from Vista Alegre, September 1—October 16, 1922; a female from Chinchao, November 5. Compared with a male and female from Uchco, a female from Molinopampa, and eleven skins from Bogota, Andalucia, and Subia, eastern Colombia, and Paramo de Tama, Colombia and Venezuela. The series shows considerable agreement and considerable vari- ation and it is difficult to distinguish any separable units in it. Tschudi’s original description specifies a bird with blackish edges to the feathers of the throat. This character is noticeable in all but the Vista Alegre and Chinchao birds, being especially prominent in the series from Paramo de Tama and the male from Uchco, Pera (which 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 409 is more like the Péaramo de Tama specimens in this and other respects than it is like the female from Uchco). I do not know the exact locality whence Tschudi secured his specimens of the species. He notes it as occurring in northeastern Perd in the ““Urwald’”’ but the farthest north that he reached in that kind of country was the Chan- chamayo Valley. Of all the specimens at hand, that from Ucheco answers best to the original description. Without a large series from various parts of Pera it is impossible to differentiate between the individual and possible racial variations or to suggest a restriction of Tschudi’s name to the birds from any particular section of the country. I found the species about the bushes and undergrowth on the hillsides. Its alarm call was something like ‘‘heé-oop, heé-oop, heé-oop,’”’ uttered when the bird was disturbed but while it was mostly concealed. I never found it in full song, although its per- formance has been eulogized by various early travelers. Once only, at Chinchao, I heard a short but remarkably sweet and musical song whose author could not be approached very closely along the treacherous hillside and I was unable to identify it. I was told by a Peruvian that it was the famous “‘Organista.”” The name was well applied since there was a certain organ-like quality of tone which gave the song a peculiar richness. Mimus longicaudatus longicaudatus Tschudi. M(imus) longicaudatus TscHup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 280, 1844—Perda; Mus. Neuchatel. Mimus peruvianus PEALE in WILKES, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 87, 1848— Callao, Pera; U. S. Nat. Mus. Mimus leucospilus PELZELN, Sitzb. Akad. Wien, 31, p. 324, 1858—“‘Chile,”’ errore = Peri; Vienna Mus. Mimus nigriloris LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 187, 1871— “Mexico,” errore = Peri; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A female from Chosica, April 15, 1922. Compared with four males from Menucucho, Pert. The Menucucho specimens are badly worn (February and March) and the Chosica bird is in full molt but the combined series seems to represent but a single form of which the Chosica example is probably nearly topotypical. It is probable that this form is a representative of M. thenca of Chile, of which I have examined a series of thirteen skins, but I 410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII prefer to keep them specifically distinct until I have seen more Peruvian material, since there are certain characters that seem to be constantly different in the two groups. I found this mockingbird sparingly in the ‘thickets along the hillsides above the Rimac River, but it was shy and elusive and usually gave me but a flash of white-tipped tail as it disappeared into hiding. Myiadestes ralloides ralloides (D’Orbigny). Muscipeta ralloides D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., p. 322, 1839— Chulumani, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Pi(ilogonys) griseiventer TscHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 270, 1844—-Pert; Mus. Neuchatel. An immature female from Chinchao, November 17, 1922. Compared with two adults of venezuelensis from Colombia. Without adult specimens from Chinchao or near-by localities, it is impossible to fix the identity of this immature bird or to determine the validity of Tschudi’s griseiventer, which does not appear to have been recognized in recent years as distinct from ralloides. Turdus fuscater gigantodes Cabanis. Turdus gigantodes CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 315, 1873—-Maraynioc, Pert; @; Berlin Mus.? Three males and two females from the mountains near Huanueo, 10,500 feet, June 1-16, 1922; an immature male from Culleui, Marajfién River, December 10. Compared with twenty-one additional skins from Macate, Balsas, Hacienda Llagueda, Hacienda Limén, Molinopampa, and Chacha- poyas, northern Pera, and from Chical, Cochaseca, and Hoyaucshi, Ecuador; also with two skins of quindio from Santa Isabel and Paramillo, Colombia. The Peruvian and Ecuadorian series seems to be indivisible although several of the Ecuadorian birds show an approach toward quindio. These large thrushes were common in the temperate zone above Hudnuco in company with Turdus chiguanco, from which they were distinguishable in the field chiefly by their larger size and darker coloration. Turdus ignobilis debilis Hellmayr. Turdus ignobilis debilis HELLMAYR, Journ. Orn., 50, p. 56, 1902—Rio Madeira, Brazil; Vienna Mus. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 411 A male and a female from Vista Alegre, October 17, 1922. Compared with six examples from Moyobamba, Lagunas, and Yurimaguas, northern Pert. The Vista Alegre skins are a trifle darker and grayer on the back and breast but hardly separable from the more northern birds. The present race is the only one recorded from Pert. The species was noted only among the scattered trees of the more or less open hillsides adjacent to the humid tropical forest but not within the forest itself. As it was not found at higher elevations in similar country it seems to be referable to the tropical zone fauna. Turdus chiguanco chiguanco D’Orbigny. Turdus chiguanco D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., p. 201, 1836—near Tacna, 2,000 m. up to Palca; Paris Mus. Turdus conradi SALVADORI and Festa, Boll. Mus. Torino, 14, No. 367, p. 4, 1899—Sigsig, Ecuador; Turin Mus. Two males, an adult female, and an immature female from Matucana, April 29—-May 2, 1922; a male from La Quinua, May 16; two males from above Hudnuco, 6,500-10,500 feet, August 4 and June 10; a male from Huanuco Viejo, December 22; a male from Culleui, Marafién River, December 15; a female from Chinchao, November 8. Compared with twenty-five other skins from Per (Moquegua, Coecachacra, Macate, Hacienda Llagueda, Cajamarca, Rio Utcu- bamba, and Chachapoyas) and four from Ecuador (Chimborazo, El Paso, and Loja) (eight skins in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Three males and a female from Moquegua and Cocachacra should represent typical chiguanco. They are paler with more pure white on the lower belly and crissum than most of the central and north- Peruvian birds, but they are nearly matched, except in size, by the Culleui and Hudnuco Viejo specimens and even more closely by several Ecuadorian examples representing conrad?. The skins from the other localities show considerable variation in both size and color without regard to distribution. D’Orbigny (Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., pp. 201, 202, Oct., 1838) notes the occurrence of his chiguanco from sea level up to Palea which is at an elevation of 2,740 meters, as high as Matucana where I took a large dark specimen. Higher in the mountains south of Tacna, at Putre, C. C. Sanborn secured a specimen which is also large and is the darkest and grayest of the series before me, probably 412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII representing an approach toward anthracinus. Berlepsch (MS.) notes a female from Ica, with wing 131 mm. and tail 113% mm., which he describes as gray, less brownish than Huira examples. Ifa specimen from the moderate elevation of Ica agrees with north- central Peruvian birds, the assignment of Moquegua and Tacna examples to a different lowland race, distinct from conradi, seems problematical. If such a race is maintained, most of my Peruvian birds will be unidentifiable. These birds are very like the American Robin in actions and not radically unlike it in song though recognizably distinct. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). Merula Wilsoniti SWAINSON (nec Turdus wilsoni BONAPARTE) in SWAINSON and RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 182, Febr., 1832—Carlton House (on the banks of the Saskatchewan), lat. 53°; type in coll.? T(urdus) swainsonit TSCHUDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 28, 1845—new name for Merula Wilsonii SWAINSON (a specimen collected by Cabanis in New Jersey is only incidentally described on page 188, 1846). Two females from Chinchao, October 26 and 31, 1922. Compared with a series from North America. These birds were found in a small patch of second-growth trees on the mountain side, in conditions rather humid than arid. They were silent and shy. Both are referable to the eastern race, swainsoni. Anthus bogotensis immaculatus Cory. ‘Anthus bogotensis immaculatus Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 8345, 1916—mountains east of Balsas, Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Two males from the mountains above Huanuco, 12,200—12,500 feet, June 12 and 21, 1912. Compared with the type of immaculatus and a specimen of bogotensis from Paramo de Tama, Venezuela, both males. The characters given in the original description of 7mmaculatus do not hold completely for all three skins at hand from Pera, since both Hudanuco birds have well-marked flank streaks (perhaps not quite so broad as in bogotensis); even the type has traces of shaft lines on the lower flanks. Above, the dusky centers of the feathers are a very little narrower than in the Venezuelan skin, and the pale margins are a little brighter buff and a trifle wider, but the differences are so slight as to appear unlikely to hold ina large series. However, 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 413 additional characters not mentioned by Cory appear to be present in more sharply defined pale inner margins of the remiges and in dusky inner margins of the outermost rectrices, which likewise may not hold in a series. It is possible that Anthus rufescens D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye (nee Temminck, 1820), Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 27, 1887, from the Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia, belongs here, though it was described as having longitudinal streaks on the flanks. I have no Bolivian material. Anthus furcatus brevirostris Taczanowski. Anthus brevirostris TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 507—Junin, Pert; Warsaw Mus. Two females from Hudnuco Viejo, December 21, 1922. Compared with four males from Puno, Pera, two males of furcatus’ from Argentina (Las Rosas, Santa Fé, and Torrecito, Buenos. Aires), and a series of thirty-one skins from Concepcién, Tucuman, Argentina. It is with difficulty that I can recognize in this material the form brevirostris which Taczanowski later synonymized with furcatus and which Hellmayr (Hornero, 2, p. 182, 1921) revived. Peruvian birds may have a slightly more rufescent tone on the rump than typical furcatus and they seem to have a little more white on the two outer pairs of rectrices, though the latter character is not constant. The specimens from Concepcién, Tucuman, are equivocal and while most of them show the black and white markings of the tail as in furcatus, the color of the rump varies between that of furcatus and that of brevirostris. The color of the breast and belly and the shape of the bill seem to have no significance. This pipit was found only on the high plains where, in December, it occurred in vagrant flocks. Vireosylva virescens chivi (Vieillot). Sylvia chivi VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 11, p. 174, 1817— based on AZARA; Paraguay. A female from Vista Alegre, August 25, 1922; a male and female from Huachipa, September 19 and 24. Compared with a male from Paraguay; nine males and two females from Misiones, Argentina; a male and two skins of doubtful sex from Matto Grosso, Brazil; a male and female from Bolivia; and a male from San Ramon and two females from Hacienda Limén, 414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOooLOGY, VOL. XVII Pera; also with twenty-five skins of agilis from the states of Bahia, Maranhao, Piauhy, Amazonas, and Ceara, Brazil; four males and a female of vividior from Trinidad, British Guiana, and Lake Valencia, Venezuela; two Bogota skins of caucae; and a large series of virescens from North America. The Peruvian birds are not typical of chivi but, together with the Bolivian and-Matto Grosso specimens, are duller above and below than the Paraguayan and Argentine examples. However, the latter are mostly in better plumage than the Peruvian birds and the apparent differences may not be sustained by a larger series of the latter in more comparable condition, which I would like to see before describing the variations in detail. I do not believe that chim and virescens can be maintained as distinct species. The supposed differences in the length of the first primary in relation to the fourth and fifth primaries (from outside) are bridged by individual variation. Although I have seen no chivi subspecies with the first primary as long as the fourth and no vires- cens with the first shorter than the fifth, there are specimens at hand of both groups in which the first and fifth are subequal. Pattern and general coloration show no specific differences. Vireosylva leucophrys leucophrys (Lafresnaye). Hylophilus leucophrys LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 81—Colombia; Mus. Comp. Zool. A male from Chinchao, November 6, 1922. Compared with two skins from Colombia and one from the Rio Chama, near Mérida, Venezuela. The Chinchao bird is inseparable from the northern specimens which appear to be typical leucophrys. The species is badly in need of revision by someone with an abundance of material. Vireolanius leucotis subsp.? Malaconotus leucotis SWAINSON, Anim. in Menag., p. 341, 1838—‘‘Africa,”’ errore = Guiana? One male from Huachipa, September 21, 1922. Compared with a specimen from the lower Huallaga River (U. S. Nat. Mus.). The correct determination of the Huachipa specimen must await a revision of the entire species for which the material is not available. The skin agrees with the descriptions of both mzkettae (w. Ecuador) 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 415 and simplex (Rio Tapajoz), as does a skin from Perené, judging by Chapman’s account (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 590, 1926). The example from the lower Huallaga appears to be closest to typical leucotis, having considerable white on the sides of the head, though whether as a mid-auricular stripe or as a white tip on the super- ciliaries it is difficult to say owing to the very poor condition of the specimen. Chapman (I. c.) records two birds from eastern Ecuador, one of which is said to have a white auricular streak that is practically absent in the other; my Huachipa bird has only a faint suggestion of grayish white at the lowest point of the yellow subocular spot. V. bolivanus from Bolivia and the Marcapata District of southeastern Pera is said to have the forehead distinctly blackish which is not the case in the Huachipa bird. It thus appears that my specimen is most closely allied to simplex (which I have not seen) although the nearest locality from which that form is recorded is northern Matto Grosso. In view of these puzzling facts I must let the problem await further study. The specimen was taken from a vagabond troop of mixed species in the dense tropical forest. Cyclarhis gujanensis saturatus Zimmer. Cyclarhis gujanensis saturatus ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 107, 1925—-Cullcui, Marafidn R., Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. One male (the type) and two females (one immature) from Culleui, Marafién River, December 11 and 13, 1922. Compared with eleven specimens of gujanensis, contrerasi and virenticeps as specified in the original description. These birds were found in the bushes along the steep hillsides bordering an affluent of the Marafién, in conditions more arid than humid subtropical. They preferred to keep in concealment rather than to expose themselves at the edges of the thickets. Coereba luteola chloropyga (Cabanis). ' C(erthiola) chloropyga CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 97, 1851—Bahia; Halber- stadt Mus. Three males and two females from Chinchao, October 23- November 14, 1922; two males and two females from Vista Alegre, August 30 and 31 and October 16; one male and one female from Huachipa, September 28 and October 3; and one male from Hacienda Buena Vista, Rio Chinchao (EK. Heller, collector), September 15. 416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Compared with fifteen specimens from Bahia, Ceara, Minas Geraés, Para, and Maranhao, Brazil, and Santa Cruz, Bolivia; also with seven specimens of magnirostris from Bellavista, Huancabamba, Perico, and Cajamarca, Peri (Mus. Comp. Zool. and Field Mus. Nat. Hist.); and with four examples of intermedia from Moyobamba, four of allent from Matto Grosso, five of columbiana from Colombia, two of guianensis from British Guiana, and four of minima from eastern Brazil. The Expedition series is not satisfactorily separable from the Brazilian specimens of chloropyga. Together with the Bolivian skin they show minute average differences in the blacker (less ~ brownish) head, grayer or more olivaceous (less brownish) back, and greener (less ochreous) yellow rump, but the characters are very slight. Some specimens in each series are indistinguishable from each other. The two series seem to be segregated by the interposition of allent in Matto Grosso so that subspecific distinction would be very plausible, but I am unable to find sufficient characters on which to propose such a separation. A slight indication of transition toward intermedia (of n. Pera and e. Ecuador) is found in several of my specimens in which the grayish margins of the primaries are slightly widened and more whitish than usual, but the same tendency is noticeable in some of the east-Brazilian birds. The species was common, usually in flocks, about the trees and shrubs in flower on the hillsides and at the edge of the forest in the tropical and subtropical zones. Diglossa sittoides decorata nom. nov. Diglossa sittoides intermedia Cory (nec D. intermedia CABANIS, 1851), Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, No. 7, p. 292, 19183—-Cajamarca, Pert; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. An adult male, two immature males, and a female from Chinchao, October 30—-November 6, 1922, and an immature male from Hua- chipa, September 28. Compared with the type of Cory’s intermedia, from Cajamarca, and with four males and a female from the Urubamba Valley (U. 8. Nat. Mus.); also with ten examples, mostly males, of d’orbignyi! 1 Boissonneau’s name, d’orbignyi, should, I think, be applied to the Bogota form often known as similis. Boissonneau gave the measurements of his species as 12 em. total length and 8 cm. for the bill, which Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37, p. 580, 1917) thinks are too large to apply to this race of sittoides. However, I have seen skins from Venezuela which measure 11.8 cm. as made up 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 417 from Colombia and Venezuela (four in Carnegie Mus.) and four specimens of sittoides from Bolivia (two in U. 8S. Nat. Mus. and two in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The name intermedia is preoccupied by Cabanis’s earlier usage, which necessitates renaming the Peruvian race or dropping the supposed subspecies. If the sole criterion were the type specimen, it perhaps would be better to submerge the name entirely. The type is much paler below than any other Peruvian specimen I have seen but it is in abraded plumage and has the appearance of being faded and abnormal. Hellmayr (MS.) has noted specimens from Cajabamba, Succho, and Santiago, northern Perd, which are con- siderably more deeply colored than the type, and Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 687, 1926), while referring certain Ecuadorian specimens to zntermedia, states that their color is much like typical sztioides from Bolivia. However, there are certain characters found in Peruvian speci- mens which may entitle them to continued separation from siitoides. They are slightly smaller than that form (wing of males, 56-59 mm. instead of 61-68 mm.), being about the size of d’orbignyi, and are a trifle paler below than either of the others. The forehead and anterior part of the crown are usually conspicuously lighter and brighter than the back, whereas in sittoides the area is about uniform with the back and in d’orbignyi somewhat darker. The two innermost tertials have on their outer webs a conspicuous, broad, buffy white or buff spot occupying about one-third the length of the feather. This is bleached to nearly white in the type and largely worn off but it is still recognizable as having been of the same character. The spot is sometimes suggested in the adjacent forms but in most cases these have the tertials edged only with gray like the secondaries, perhaps with a little white or buffy white near the tip, never as pronounced as in the Peruvian birds. Specimens from the Urubamba region are larger than those from central and northern Pera, thus approaching sittoides, but they retain the bright forehead and the spots on the tertials of the central Peruvian examples. With these characters thus apparently fixed as the real racial criteria (instead of the abnormally pallid under parts of the type), I believe the subspecies may still be maintained under the new name decorata. and a stretched skin could easily exceed Boissonneau’s measurement; the length of the bill as given is actually less than in the skins I have handled of this form. The description fits the female of this bird fairly closely and much better than it does any other member of the genus. 418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII These birds were found in small flocks in the open woods and at the edges of the clearings, and in trees along the roadsides in the . subtropical and upper tropical zones. They were extremely active and very warbler-like in behavior. Diglossa carbonaria brunneiventris Lafresnaye. Diglossa brunneiventris LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 318—Pera; Paris Mus.? One male and one female from La Quinua, May 9, 1922; six males and three females from the mountains near Huanuco, 10,500-— 12,200 feet, May 31-June 16; one male from Panao, July 15; one male and one female from Cullcui, Marafidn River, December 13 and 16. Compared with nine examples from Balsas, Limbani (Carabaya), Ollantaytambo, and Torontoy, Peri, and Paramillo, Colombia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. and Field Mus. Nat. Hist.). The series is somewhat variable in coloration without respect to locality. The tone of rufous on the belly is found in various hues, sometimes with fine grayish margins on the abdominal feathers; the amount of gray on the flanks and upper tail-coverts is not constant; the rufous malar stripe is sometimes incomplete, not reaching the bill; the development of a grayish superciliary stripe is irregular; several specimens show broad grayish tips on the lower margin of the black gular patch, not apparent in the others. Evidently this race, which I consider the most ancient member of the species, is subject to the greatest amount of variation, which may account for its having produced such widely differentiated forms as aterrima and carbonaria. This I have discussed in greater detail elsewhere (Auk, 46, p. 28, 1929). Des Murs (Iconog. Ornith., Lief. 8, p. 48, text, 1847) says that the type of brunneiventris was collected in Chile by Gay and presented to the Paris Museum, but Gay makes no mention of it in his work on the natural history of Chile. Hellmayr (Arch. Naturg., 85, A, (10), p. 11, 1920) suggests that the type may have come from Bolivia. These birds were common inhabitants of the woods in the temperate zone, both in the deeper portions and at the edges of the clearings. They were noted commonly associated with the other members of the mixed vagabond flocks. A curious fact, noted first in the present species but found after- wards in every member of the genus collected, was that most of the 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 419 subcutaneous layers of fat were quite stiff, of the consistency of cream cheese, and but little oily, and could be lifted with the forceps and peeled freely from the skin. Diglossa lafresnayii pectoralis Cabanis. Diglossa pectoralis CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 318, 1873—-Maraynioc, Pert; Berlin Mus. One male and two females from above Huanuco, 12,200 and 12,500 feet, June 12-28, 1922. Compared with two specimens of wnicincta, three of albilinea, the type of mystacalis, seven skins of lafresnayii, and eight of gloriosissima, all of which I consider to be races of lafresnayit. The characters and relationships of this interesting bird have been discussed in detail in a former paper (Auk, 46, pp. 21-37, 1929). The specimens were taken in the dense mossy forest of the cloud belt, in the pockets at the heads of the ravines. The birds were not common. Diglossa cyanea melanopis Tschudi. D(iglossa) melanopis Tscuup!I, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 294, 1844—Pert; Berlin Mus. Diglossa personatus TSCHUDI (nec Agrilorhinus personatus Fraser), Faun. Per., Aves, p. 237, 1846—part, N. (=C.) Pera. Four males and two females from the mountains near Panao, July 3 and 4, 1922. Compared with a male and female from Molinopampa, a male from Ucheo, and thirteen skins of typical cyanea from Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. The Peruvian birds are consistently larger than the Colombian and Venezuelan skins and, with one exception, are larger also than the Ecuadorian specimens. They are also darker and duller blue, except for the crown which is lighter. The under tail-coverts are less strongly tipped with white than in cyanea, but are not entirely with- out white as is said to be the case in Bolivian examples. Tschudi’s type locality, ‘““N. Peru,’’ must mean some region no farther north than Cerro de Pasco, the point farthest in that direction reached by Tschudi in his travels through Pert. Resurrection of the name cyanea for this species is necessary since it has distinct priority over Fraser’s personatus. Fraser’s paper was read before the Zoological Society of London on February 25, 1840, 420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII but it was not published in the Proceedings of that society until July of the same year, whereas Lafresnaye’s independent description was published in the Revue Zoologique in April. Gray (Gen. Birds, 1, p. 187, 1846) properly uses the name cyanea while Sclater (P. Z. S. London, 1855, p. 188) gives preference to Fraser’s name by citing the date on which it was read, meanwhile accepting the date of Lafresnaye’s paper-as April 1. If the genus Diglossopis is to be recognized, this species must be referred to it (cf. account of D. caerulescens pallida). These birds were found in small flocks in the woodland of the temperate zone. Diglossa caerulescens pallida (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). Diglossopis caerulescens pallida BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 334—“‘Peruvia alta centrali et septentrionali’’ =Garita del Sol; Warsaw Mus. Three males and one female from Chinchao, November 2-20, 1922. Compared with a small series of saturata from Colombia and western Venezuela. The Peruvian birds differ from saturata by their larger size, grayer blue upper parts, much paler (more ashy and less bluish) under parts, and slightly straighter, less recurved, culmen. There is an apparent break in the distribution of the species, since no form has been recorded from Ecuador. Sclater’s inclusion of that country in his distributional synopsis (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, p. 12, 1886) is evidently a mistake since he records no specimens from Ecuador and stated somewhat earlier (Ibis, 1875, p. 221) that he had seen none from the country in question. Recent observers have not been any more fortunate. I have included this species in the genus Diglossa owing to inability to recognize a clearly defined and separable genus Diglos- sopis. The hook of the bill is but little less pronounced in this species than in Diglossa cyanea, the culmen is variably recurved in the different races, the relative lengths of the exposed culmen and the lateral outline of the mandible are alike in the two species mentioned, and the outline of the gonys is the same. Between D. major and the extremes of individual variation in cyanea there is little difference in the characters mentioned and they are carried only a step farther in the lafresnayit group. Any separation of these four species from each other on the basis of characters found in the shape of the bill would 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 421 be purely arbitrary since there is a gradual transition from the straighter, less hooked bill of caerulescens to the recurved and strongly hooked bill of lafresnayit. Whatever disposition may be made of the genus Diglossopis, therefore, these four species would have to go together. On the other hand, lafresnayii is distinguishable from various other members of the genus Diglossa only by characters which appear to be of no more than specific value. Consequently it seems best to recognize only the single genus which, without subdivision, is compact and distinct but which, if divided at all, will require to be broken up into a number of poorly defined genera, none of which will be perfectly isolated. The specimens secured by the Expedition were found in the humid temperate forest in company with other birds high in the trees. Conirostrum sitticolor cyaneum Taczanowski. Conirostrum cyaneum TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 512—Sillapata, Pera; type formerly in Warsaw Mus., now lost. One male and two females (one adult and one young) from above Panao, July 5 and 10, 1922. Compared with two males from Balsas and Molinopampa; also with a male of intermedium from the Mérida region, Venezuela, and three skins of szttzcolor from Bogota. The Panao birds agree well with the description of cyaneum although both adults have the upper throat dull blackish, which, apparently, is not the case in typical cyaneum. The Balsas male has this blackish coloration deeper and more extended while the Molino- pampa specimen has the whole throat and chest, except the narrow lower border of the latter, rich glossy black. These two examples show a decided approach toward svtticolor of Colombia in this respect and also by having the superciliary stripes short and terminated anteriorly at the posterior corner of the orbits, whereas in the Panao specimens the stripes extend past the middle of the orbits. The Balsas and Molinopampa skins show some resemblance to inier- medium from Venezuela, although that race is smaller and has the superciliaries as long as in typical cyanewm; thus they stand atéa point in the midst of the three races, showing some characteristics of all of them. Conirostrum cinereum littorale Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Conirostrum cinereum littorale BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 336—Lima, Peri; Warsaw Mus. 422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII A male from Matucana, May 2, 1922; a male from La Quinua, May 15; a young male from Huanuco, 12,200 feet, June 19; a male and two females from Culleui, Marafién River, December 11-16. Compared with seven males and two females from Pica, Tara- paca, Chile; a male from Chacalluta, Tacna, a female from Caja- marca, and a female from Macate, Pert. There is considerable variation in size, with the smallest measure- ments found in the Matucana specimen, which agrees in that respect with other specimens from the coastal region of PerG and northern Chile. The Cullcui skins exceed the wing measurements of cinereum as given by Hellmayr (Arch. Naturg., 85, A, (10), p. 18, 1920), but lack the strongly marked dusky cap and grayish breast of the typical race, although both characters are suggested in some of the series. Conirostrum ferrugineiventre Sclater. Conirostrum ferrugineiventre SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 23, p. 74, pl. 85, 1855— Bolivia; Derby Mus., Liverpool. A female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 18, 1922. No material for comparison. This bird agrees well with Sclater’s original description and with the more detailed one given by Taczanowski (Orn. Pér., 1, p. 424, 1884), being nearer to the measurements of the type than to Taczanowski’s male. The present locality extends the known range of the species somewhat to the northward, since it has been recorded only from Maraynioc, Torontoy, and Ceachupata in Pera and from various localities in Bolivia. The nearest relative of this bird seems to be Conzrostrum rufum. Dacnis lineata (Gmelin). M (otacilla) lineata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 990, 1789—-Cayenne; based on “‘pitpit a coiffe bleue’”’ of BUFFON. Dacnis angelica BONAPARTE, Atti Sesta Riun. Se. Ital., p. 404, 1845—Brazil. Dacnis melanotis STRICKLAND, Contr. Orn., 1851, p. 16—Cayenne and Demer- ara. D(aenis) arcangelica BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Caen, 2, p. 31, 1857—Bogota. Dacnis modesta CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 64, 1873—Monterico, Pera; 9; Warsaw Mus. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 423 Two adult males, one young male, and one female from Vista Alegre, August 24--October 15, 1922, and three young females from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 31—February 7, 1928. Compared with fifty-one other specimens (in Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., and Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.) from Nuevo Loreto and Moyobamba, Pera; Rio Napo, Zamora, San José, Rio Suno, Macas region, and Rio Upano, Ecuador; Cuembi, Bogoté and La Murelia, Colombia; Tamanoir, Pied Saut, and Cayenne, French Guiana; Nova Olinda, Caviana, Para, Falls of the Rio Madeira, Panda Rapids (Rio Teodoro), and Tonantins, Brazil; and Mapiri, Bolivia. Throughout this series I am unable satisfactorily to separate any recognizable subspecies. The greenest example is one from the Napo, Ecuador; the deepest blue is one from Vista Alegre; the rest vary between these extremes without any regularity. Peruvian birds may average a little larger, but the distinction is of doubtful value. The tone of blue is extremely variable according to the angle of incidence of the light so that comparisons are sometimes difficult except under most favorable conditions. In any case, enough specimens from the various regions can be matched with each other to make any separation purely arbitrary. I see no reason for rejecting Gmelin’s name lineata. The fore- head, sides of the head and neck, and the mantle of this species are, in certain lights, a distinct though very dark violet blue, which agrees with Buffon’s account of a “cape d’un beau bleu brillant et fonce’’; the remainder of his description also agrees with the species. Latham translated Buffon’s description verbatim, but Gmelin attempted to abbreviate it and mixed the two types of blue into a confused account; probably he had never seen a specimen. His reference to Buffon and Latham serves to identify the species to which he applied the first valid name. Cyanerpes caerulea microrhyncha (Berlepsch). Coereba caerulea microrhyncha BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 1884, p. 287— Bucaramanga, Colombia; coll. Berlepsch, in Frankfort Mus. An adult female from Vista Alegre, October 15, 1922, and a young male from Puerto Bermidez, March 10, 1923. Compared with a small series from Moyobamba, Peri; ‘Bogota,’ Colombia; and Buenavista, Bolivia; also with specimens of chocoana 424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistoRY—ZooLocy, VoL. XVII from Rio San Juan, Colombia, caerulea from Utinga, Brazil, and the three Guianas, and longirostris from Trinidad. Within the series of microrhyncha there is a little variation which may have some racial significance, but the material at hand is not sufficient to settle the matter definitely. A Bolivian female differs from Peruvian females by reason of duller green upper parts; brownish ear-coverts without a greenish suffusion, except on the lower border in continuation of the blue malar stripe; and the breast and flanks without a trace of blue in the grass green margins of the feathers, which here are sharply defined from the white shaft stripes. The Peruvian females all have decidedly greenish auriculars and usually prominently bluish margins on the feathers of the breast and flanks, while the general tone of coloration above is brighter than grass green. The young male from Puerto Bermidez is like the Bolivian female in respect to the brownish auriculars and lack of blue on the breast, but the general tone of coloration is a little brighter than that of the Bolivian bird. One of the Moyobamba females is less bluish on the breast than the others but in most respects resembles them. The Bogoté females have no green on the auriculars, which are colored like the throat, and the breast is less distinctly marked with bluish than in the Peruvian examples, but the tone of green is the same and brighter than in the Bolivian bird. However, before suggesting the separation of a Peruvian race, I would like to see much more material, including a series of males from various localities; all but one of the present series are females. Parula pitiayumi alarum (Chapman). Compsothlypis pitiayumi alarum CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 2, 1924—-Chaupe, e. of Huancabamba, Perfil; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. One adult male, one supposed male, also adult, and one young male from Chinchao, October 28 and November 7, 1922. Compared with two skins of melanogenys from Santa Ana and Garita del Sol, Pera; fifteen skins of pitiaywmi from Uruguay, Argentina, and southeastern Brazil; and nineteen skins of elegans from Venezuela, British and Dutch Guiana, and Colombia. These specimens seem to agree better with the description of alarum than with that of melanogenys, especially in the length of wing, although they are intermediate in coloration. The wing bar on the greater coverts is as large as in many specimens of elegans 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 425 but that on the middle coverts is much reduced, being represented by a fine, more or less obsolete, white terminal point, an ashy blue subterminal area, and an irregular central shaft spot of white. Both adults have the wing 60 mm. in length. The general coloration is not appreciably different from that of elegans except that the black loral spot is duller and extends less below the eye. The young bird is colored like the adults except that the remiges and rectrices are somewhat brownish, with their outer margins duller blue, slightly tinged with greenish. If the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature are to be followed with their reeommendations, it is necessary to revert to the name Parula for this genus, since an earlier Parulus does not preoccupy Parula. Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). Sylvia cerulea WILSON, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 141, pl. 17, fig. 5, 1810—-Pennsylvania. A female and two young males from Huachipa, September 30— October 3, 1922; a female and a nearly adult male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 4-16, 1923. Compared with North American specimens. The Rio Colorado male still retains the greenish primaries and secondaries, the pointed rectrices, and the yellowish-tinged rump of immaturity, but otherwise it has acquired adult dress. The February birds were noted as giving their characteristic song; the September and October birds were not singing. Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). (Muscicapa) canadensis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 327, 1766—hbased on BRISSON’S Muscicapa canadensis cinerea; Canada. A male and female from Huachipa, October 1 and 4, 1922; a female from Vista Alegre, October 13; a male and two females from Chinchao, October 29—-November 14. Compared with North American examples. In its winter quarters, the Canada Warbler has the same general habits that it shows in its northern travels. At Huachipa it was found in the depths of the forest; at the other localities it was in open woods. Myioborus verticalis verticalis (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). S(etophaga) verticalis D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 50, 1837—Ayupaya, Bolivia; Paris Mus. 426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HisToRY—Zoo.Locy, VoL. XVII A male and a female from Huachipa, September 11 and 12, 1922. Compared with a male from Bolivia, and a male and two females from Hacienda Limon, near Balsas, Pert; also with a series of palli- diventris from Colombia and Venezuela. The Peruvian and Bolivian birds for the most part show less black at the base of the outer rectrices than pallidiventris; one of the Hacienda Limén females has the same amount (20 mm.) as a Venezuelan female on the outer rectrix, decidedly less on the second. The bird with the least amount of black is the Huachipa female; the next is the Bolivian male. A larger series from northern Pert might show that the average was closer to pallidiventris than to verticalis but with the material at hand the relationship appears to be closer to the typical subspecies. The depth of color on the breast and belly is variable in both races. The Peruvian specimens average as pale as any of the Venezuelan skins, while the Bolivian bird has a distinct spot of brownish color on the upper breast as in some of the Colombian examples. The Hacienda Limon male has the feathers of the throat broadly tipped with yellow; the same character is suggested in a female from that locality and in the Huachipa female. Myioborus melanocephalus melanocephalus (Tschudi). S(etophaga) melanocephala Tscuup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 276, 1844— Peri; Mus. Neuchatel. An adult male and female and a juvenal male from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 3-15, 1922; two males and two females from Panao, July 5-8. Compared with three skins from Molinopampa, Pert. The Hudnuco and Panao specimens show some variation in the tone of yellow on the face and under parts, ranging from near Cadmium Yellow to near Lemon Chrome. One male from Panao has the yellow eye ring complete, although it is continued over the lower anterior portion only by the tiny feathers of the eyelid. The eye ring is connected with the yellow throat by a broad vertical band between the lores and auriculars which is more or less finely tipped with black. In the Molinopampa specimens this vertical band is absent or but faintly indicated, and the black of the lores is not separated distinctly from that of the auriculars but unites with it to form a broad stripe that rather completely interrupts the yellow eye ring. Berlepsch (MS.) notes the variability of this 19380 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN E-XPEDITION—ZIMMER 427 character in Bolivian specimens, so that an extensive series will be necessary to determine its relative constancy in north-Peruvian birds. The Molinopampa specimens show also a greater posterior extension of the black cap, an absence of pale shaft lines at the base of the auriculars, and less black on the outer margins of the second outer rectrices, but the value of these characters also is in doubt. One of the Molinopampa birds shows traces of rufous margins on the bases of the central occipital feathers, pointing to relationship with M. baird: which Taczanowski (Orn. Pér., 1, p. 480, 1884; ex Stolzmann) says has identical habits with melanocephalus that occurs at Chota and Cutervo but is replaced by melanocephalus at Chachapoyas. It seems probable that bazrdi may prove to be a race of the present species; the ranges of the two seem to be separated by the Marafidn River in northwestern Pera, a natural barrier. A young male in fluffy plumage is washed with brownish above; the cap is darker and more dusky than in the adults; the lores are a little blacker; the sides of the head are like the back, with a few fine, yellow points below the eye; the throat is dull Mustard Yellow; the belly is Naples Yellow x Straw Yellow; the breast is distinctly rufescent (Tawny Olive) with dusky tips; the tail is as in the adult. Basileuterus tristriatus tristriatus (Tschudi). M (yiodioctes) tristriatus TscHuDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 288, 1844—Pera, probably near Vitoc; Mus. Neuchatel. Two males and a female from Chinchao, November 12 and 20, 1922, No Peruvian material for comparison. Todd (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 74, pp. 58 and 59, 1929) has com- pared these specimens with twenty-four other examples from Peri and southern Ecuador and finds that they are noticeably duller below than the rest of the series, with a close resemblance to baezae of eastern Ecuador, though with whiter upper throat. Since typical tristriatus apparently occurs both north and south of Chinchao, it is better to consider the differences mentioned as due to extreme individual variation than to attempt the separation of a new race with a circumscribed range, at least until a larger amount of material is available. This species inhabited the thickets of light second-growth on the hillsides near the upper limits of the humid subtropical zone. 428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIstoRY—ZooLocy, VoL. XVII Basileuterus coronatus coronatus (Tschudi). M (yiodioctes) coronatus TscHuDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 283, 1844—Pert (=Chanchamayo Valley, TscHupDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 193, 1846); Mus. Neuchatel. A female from Chinchao, November 20, 1922. No material for comparison. The specimen has been compared with the type by Dr. Hellmayr and found to agree. It also agrees well with the characters of the restricted subspecies as defined by Todd (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 74, art. 7, 1929), who examined this specimen and referred it to the typical race. The bird was taken from among the bushes and ferns surrounding a spring on the steep hillside above Chinchao. It was rather shy. Basileuterus nigro-cristatus nigrivertex Salvin. Basileuterus nigrivertex SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 3, 1895—Cajabamba, Suecha, and Huamachuco, n. Pera; British Mus. Three males from Culleui, Marafién River, December 10 and 12, 1922. Compared with a small series of nigro-cristatus from “Bogota” and El Pinon, Colombia, and Paramo de Tama, Hechisera, and Escorial, Venezuela. The Peruvian series is separable from the typical race by fairly well marked characters. The color of the back is very slightly brighter and more yellowish green than the average of nigro-cristatus although it is matched by a Bogota skin. The flanks are less deeply tinged with olive and the thighs are more yellowish, less greenish. The bill is more blackish than in some of the typical race but is matched by several specimens from the north. The tone of yellow on the under parts is not consistently different in the two series. The black cap of the Peruvian birds is short, not passing the occiput; in the Venezuelan skins (two males and a female) the feathers on the hind neck have black subterminal bands which continue the color of the cap to the anterior border of the mantle; the Bogota skins are intermediate in this respect. In the length of tail, however, the Cullcui birds are markedly different from the others, measuring 664%, 671%, and 68 mm., respectively, as against 6044-61 mm. (males), 57-58 mm. (females), and 59-62 mm. (not sexed). Hellmayr (Arch. Naturg., 90, (2), p. 156, 1925) gives measurements for a large series of Colombian and Venezuelan skins which show the tail to 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 429 range from 55 to 64 mm.; Berlepsch (MS.) gives 58-62 mm. for six Bogota skins and 67 mm. for a bird from Cajabamba, Pera. Apparently the length of tail is a fairly constant character. I am unable to recognize the genus Myiothlypis as restricted to this species. Cabanis (Mus. Hein., 1, p. 17, 1850) originally described the genus as distinguished from Geothlypis and gave no characters to distinguish it from Basileuterus. Baird (Rev. Amer. Birds, pp. 237, 251, and 252, 1865) supplied certain characters that are shared equally with the species flaveolus which he placed in the same genus, remarking that the group was not sharply defined. In shape of bill, length of first primary, length of occipital feathers, and additional characters other than the details of color pattern, some specimens of nigro-cristatus and flaveolus are exactly matched. Similarly, flaveolus is not sharply separated from other members of the genus Basileuterus except on characters which are hardly of generic value. Without better definition, I believe it is better to keep the present species in the same genus as flaveolus and other related forms. The species was found at Cullcui in the leafy thickets overhanging a small stream, a tributary of the Marafién River, in a humid tem- perate “‘oasis’’ of the arid temperate region. The birds were alert and active. Ostinops decumanus (Pallas). Xanthornus decumanus PALLAS, Spicil. Zool., fase. 6, p. 1, 1769—Surinam. Two females from Puerto Bermidez, March 11, 1923. Compared with two females from Lagunas and Yurimaguas, northern PerG, and with a series of skins from British Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia. One of the Puerto Bermiidez examples is somewhat immature and has an admixture of yellowish feathers on the thighs and carpal edges of the wings; the other is without any yellow except in the tail, being like the rest of the series. The status of the Puerto Bermudez birds with reference to maculosus, which is said to occur in the Urubamba region, is impossible to determine without more material. Ostinops angustifrons alfredi (Des Murs). Cassicus Alfredi DES Murs in CASTELNAU, Expéd. Amér. Sud, Ois., p. 67, pl. 19, fig. 2, 1856—-Santa Ana, Peri; Paris Mus, A female from Vista Alegre, August 18, 1922. Compared with a male and female from San Ramon and a female from Pozuzo, Peri; also with four angustifrons from the Rio Suno, 430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIstoRY—ZOooLoGy, VoL. XVII Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); one neglectus from La Azulita, Venezuela; two males and a female of oleagineus from Maracay, Venezuela; a male and female of salmoni from near Salento, Colombia; two males of atrocastaneus from Esmeraldas and Huigra, Ecuador; and an angustifrons x neglectus from Andalucia, Colombia, 2,500 feet (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). In comparison with the San Ramon and Pozuzo birds, the Vista Alegre specimen is much more tinged with olive above and below and the outer rectrices are much less extensively yellow, having the area of that color restricted to the base where it is concealed by the under tail-coverts. The yellow on the forehead is likewise much reduced, being practically absent in mid line though present on the sides above the lores. In this latter respect it is matched by the Pozuzo bird, but the San Ramon specimens have the yellow on the top of the head reaching to or beyond the posterior border of the eyes. The bill apparently is rather uniformly light colored, but my field notes on the Vista Alegre specimen show the base of the bill to have been distinctly pale olive greenish in the freshly killed specimen. Taczanowski’s account (Orn. Pér., 3, pp. 407-410, 1886) shows con- siderable variation among the specimens from various parts of Peri examined by him. After a careful study of the various forms related to alfredi, I have reached the belief that angustifrons belongs to the same specific group. The present form, alfredi, ranges throughout Pera except in the northeastern Amazonian lowlands where, at Iquitos, Sarayacu, Nauta, Loretoyacu, and other near-by points, angustifrons occurs. In Ecuador, angustifrons is recorded from the region of Macas, Rio Suno, Baeza, Rio Coca, and below Oyacachi. Taczanowski and Berlepsch record alfredi from Mapoto, in the same general region, but Berlepsch’s unpublished notes describe the Mapoto bird in sufficient detail to make it very probably a specimen of angustifrons, having no yellow whatever on the forehead or lores but rather a pale olivaceous coloration exactly like in specimens of angustifrons which I have seen from the Rio Suno (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The Mapoto record, therefore, should be removed from alfredi to angustifrons. The Peruvian race, alfredi, crosses into Ecuador from Perico and Bellavista (Bangs and Noble) to Zamora (Chapman) and other near-by localities in the subtropical zone, not conflicting with the range of angustifrons. In Colombia, angustifrons is confined to the lower elevations on the Amazonian side of the Andes as at La 1930. . BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 431 Murelia, Florencia, and Villivicencio, while neglectus occupies the higher elevations on the eastern slope as at Andalucia and Montere- dondo (Chapman), extending northward into Venezuela to the neigh- borhood of Mérida. To make this apparent relationship more signi- ficant, specimens from Andalucia and Florencia are intermediate between neglectus and angustifrons as has been pointed out by Chap- man (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 626, 1917). One of these specimens (a male from near Andalucia, 2,500 feet, below Caqueta), examined in this connection, is very like Rio Suno (Ecuador) specimens of angustifrons except that the bill is largely whitish with the basal third darker and brownish, while the bill of typical angusti- frons is entirely black. However, a male of undoubted angustifrons from Rio Suno has an extensive whitish area on the maxilla and a whitish spot on the tip of the mandible, showing a partial loss of the typical black coloration. The particular specimen from Andalucia might be referred to angustifrons showing approach to neglectus rather than the reverse, especially in view of the low elevation at which it was taken. A male of neglectus from La Azulita, Venezuela, shows an approach to oleagineus from the coastal range (Maracay, San Julian, and Cumanéa) in the more olivaceous tone of the body plumage and especially of the outer margins of the remiges. The forehead is broadly yellow in the La Azulita bird but is variable in oleagineus since, in three skins from Maracay, one has a rather broad yellowish forehead, another has the yellow band reduced, and the third has no yellow whatever on the head. To recapitulate, therefore, I believe that we have an extensive specific group ranging from Venezuela to Bolivia and including oleagineus, neglectus, sincipitalis, salmoni, atrocastaneus, angustifrons, alfredi, and possibly australis, although the latter name may prove to be a synonym of alfredz, judging from unpublished notes on Bolivian birds made by the late Count Berlepsch. In original description, australis was compared only with sincipitalis and neglec- tus from which it seems to differ exactly as does alfred, to which no reference was made. The oldest name in the group as thus arranged is angustifrons. Cacicus cela cela (Linnaeus). P(arus) Cela LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, p. 191, 1758—“‘in Indiis’’; errore, Surinam suggested by HELLMAYR, 1906. A male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 31, 1928. 432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Compared with forty-two skins from northern Perd, Brazil, eastern Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, and the type locality, Surinam (one male); also with two females of flavicrissus from western Ecuador. A wide-ranging species of the tropical zone. The Peruvian birds can not be separated from the Surinam examples. Cacicus leucoramphus peruvianus (Zimmer). Cassicus leucoramphus peruvianus ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 66, 1924—-mountains near Panao, Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. One male (the type) from near Panao, July 7, 1922. Compared with a male and female from Rumicruz, Junin (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with eleven specimens of leucoramphus from Laguneta, Bogota, Almaguer, and Paramo de Tama, Colombia (six in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The type was found in a strip of heavy woodland, an upward extension of the subtropical zone, along the banks of the river. It was in company with Cyanolyca viridi-cyanea jolyaea. I suspect that it was the author of a sweet, clear whistle which was heard at this place just before the bird was seen. Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis (Lafresnaye). Cassicus uropygialis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 290—Colombia; Paris Mus. Cassicus uropigyalis (sic) LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 218—Bogota. Cassicus curvirostris LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 218—Bogot4é; new name for C. uropygialis. Cassicus pachyrhynchus BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 299, 1889—Tarapoto, n. Pera; Berlepsch coll., Mus. Frankfort. One skin from Chinchao, shot in May, 1922, by Sefior Pedro Manuel Pinzas of Hudnuco and presented to the Expedition. Compared with four males and two females from Andalucia, Colombia; and Oyacachi, Baeza, and Rio Sardinas, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with three males of pacificus from Tadé and Barbacoas, Colombia, and Bulum, Ecuador; and twelve skins of microrhynchus from Costa Rica and Panama. The Peruvian specimen is inseparable from the Colombian and Ecuadorian birds. There is a great variation in size in this race and it is possible that Peruvian birds may be found to average a little larger than Colombian examples, but it is impossible to draw a line anywhere to define two well-marked groups. Unfortunately 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 433 Berlepsch failed to note any differences between his pachyrhynchus and what he considered to be typical wropygialis, although he stated that they resembled each other in the light tone of red and the restricted area of the rump patch, both of which are distinguishing characteristics of the uropygialis group as opposed to haemorrhous. A detailed comparison of haemorrhous and uropygialis has revealed a number of differences which render easy the separation of these two species. The more extended and deeper red uropy- gium of haemorrhous is noted above. The high and evenly curved bill of uropygialis as compared with the somewhat flattened or even partly concave culmen of haemorrhous was noted by Lafresnaye as early as 1847. The satiny purplish sheen of haemorrhous (restricted to the tips of the feathers in C. h. aphanes,! is a prominent feature of that species when contrasted with the duller black of uwropygialis. The more extensive white at the base of the feathers of neck and back in uropygialis is sometimes useful for comparison. Finally, the wing-formula is quite distinct in the two groups; haemorrhous has the outer primaries distinctly narrower and more attenuated than uropygialis and has the first (outermost) primary longer than the sixth and shorter than the fifth which in turn is distinctly shorter than the second, while the fourth (sometimes the third) is the longest; uropygialis has broader quills and has the first primary longer than the seventh but shorter than the sixth, while the fifth and fourth are subequal and longest. The genus Cacicus of Lacépéde, 1799, seems never to have had a type species designated. Ridgway (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 2, p. 186, 1902) accepted Cassicus affints Swainson as type but cited it with an interrogation mark which may raise future objections. Lacépéde’s original description mentioned no particular species, a fact which leaves the road clear for subsequent designation of any species found to agree with the description. Both Cacicus of Daudin 1It is possible that this bird should bear Swainson’s name affinis. The original plate of Swainson is somewhat equivocal (Birds Brazil and Mexico, pl. 2, 1834), and shows characters which belong to both Guianan and east-Brazilian forms. The country of origin is said to be “Brazil” but this is not conclusive in view of other errors of that sort in the same work. Swainson visited parts of eastern Brazil where ‘“‘aphanes”’ occurs but not those parts of the same country inhabited by ‘“‘haemorrhous” which, at that time, were rather inaccessible; so, if the locality is correctly given, the bird is probably the same as aphanes. Bonaparte (Compt. Rend., 37, p. 833, 1853) was the first to assign Swainson’s name to the Guianan race but at the same time he misidentified haemorrhous as the east-Brazilian form. Berlepsch (Journ. Orn., 37, p. 300, 1889) rectified the status of haemorrhous and renamed the east-Brazilian subspecies aphanes, but offered no proof that it was not entitled to the name affinis. I am inclined to believe that Swainson’s specimen came from the eastern coast of Brazil and that his name should be given priority over Berlepsch’s aphanes. 434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII and Cacicus of Cuvier have been favored by the designation of Oriolus haemorrhous Linnaeus as type species, and to make these names absolutely identical with Lacépéde’s earlier genus I hereby formally designate Oriolus haemorrhous Linnaeus as the type species of Cacicus Lacépéde, 1799. Pezites militaris bellicosa (De Filippi). Sturnella bellicosa DE FILIPPI, Mus. Mediol. Anim. Vertebr., cl. 2, Aves, pp. 15, 32, 1847—“‘Amer. trop. occ.’’—I suggest Lima, Pera; Milan Mus. Pezites brevirostris CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 191, 1851—“‘Brasilien”’ (errore = Peru?); Halberstadt Mus. Leistes albipes PHILIPPI and LANDBECK, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, No. 5, p. 616, Nov., 1861—Pera =Arica, Chile; Santiago Mus. Eight males and four females from Hudnuco, May 27 and July 22-29, 1922. Compared with twenty-two additional skins from Macate, Cajamarca, Menucucho, Huancabamba (Mus. Comp. Zool.), and Lima and Vitarte (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), Peri; Santa Rosa, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); and Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (now Pert). The Huanuco birds differ somewhat from the specimens taken on the coast and in the northern Marajfion region but I am not certain of the stability of the characters. The females have the entire throat distinctly reddish with rather narrow buffy tips, the red extending almost to the bases of the feathers, whereas the throat is usually white or buff in the coastal females. The males in fresh plumage average deeper red and less scarlet than the more western examples though worn and faded specimens are not definitely dis- tinguishable. In fresh plumage, also, the under parts are more narrowly, if at all, margined with white or buff. Beside the characters of coloration there is the added factor of isolated distribution. P.m. bellicosa inhabits the arid coastal region from Tacna to Esmeraldas, Ecuador, and in Peri, at least, crosses the coastal range by a low pass in the northern part of the country and follows the eastern slopes of the western Andes southward to Cajamarca, so far as known. To reach the vicinity of Hudnuco from this region, it appears to be necessary to cross the high central Andes separating the Huallaga and Marafion rivers or else to follow the river valleys through the humid tropical zone, both of which courses pass outside of the habitat of the species. The Hudnuco 1930 - BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 435 birds probably reached their present area of distribution by a route now closed. I am inclined to place bellicosa in the same species with militaris. There is no pronounced difference between them except the average size of the bill which is greater in bellicosa than in the other two, and this is only a matter of degree. A male of bellicosa from Cajamarca has the culmen from base measuring 29 mm.; a male of militaris from Rio Nireguao, Chile, has a measurement of 3014 mm., one from Chubut, Chile, measures 31, and one from Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires, Argentina, also measures 31. The color of the Hudnuco birds also suggests the rosy tone of militaris. Unfortunately the name Trupialis can not stand for this genus, having been used for the first time in another sense by Merrem (in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. Kunst., 15, p. 275, 1826) as a new name for Oriolus Illiger (Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Aves, p. 214, 1811), nec Oriolus Linnaeus. [Illiger’s genus included only two species, “Oriolus Icterus and Cayanensis Lin.,’”’ and as no type species has been designated for it I propose herewith as type “Oriolus Icterus,”’ thus making Oriolus Illiger equal to Icterus Brisson. The type of Trupialis Merrem thus becomes Oriolus icterus Linnaeus. The oldest available name for the present group is Pezites Cabanis (Mus. Hein., 1, p. 191, 1851)—new name for Trupialis Bonaparte (nec Merrem), the type of which was designated by Gray, 1855, as Sturnus loyca Molina. This species, called ““Pecho Colorado” and “Juan Chaco” by the natives, was common in the corn fields and other cultivated areas around Hudnuco. Most of the birds were very fat. The song sug- gested that of the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), resembling the syllables ‘‘o-ka-chee,” but it had a quality also somewhat like that of Sturnella magna (not neglecta). The actions were distinctly those of Sturnella, whether the birds were walking about on the ground, perched on a leaning cornstalk, or traveling from field to field on rapidly beating wings. The birds proved to be excellent camp fare. Tersina viridis occidentalis (Sclater). Proenias occidentalis SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 22, p. 249, 1854—New Granada = Bogoté, Col.; British Mus. Two males and two females from Vista Alegre, October 17 and 18, 1922. 436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Compared with seven north-Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Colombian, and Venezuelan skins; also with eleven specimens of viridis from Brazil and Bolivia. The Vista Alegre birds agree with the measurements of occi- dentalis and with the other specimens referred to that race. The two males are not fully adult and are in mixed plumage. They were found singly or in small flocks about scattered trees in the open. Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis Nelson. Tanagra xanthogaster quitensis NELSON, Smith. Misc. Coll., 60, p. 16, Sept. 27, 1912—‘“‘Quito’”’; U. S. Nat. Mus. Two males from Vista Alegre, August 26 and October 15, 1922; a male and female from Huachipa, September 9 and 18. Compared with two males from Moyobamba, a male from Rioja, and three females from Puente de Chimbo, western Ecuador;also with nine skins of brevirostris from Bogoté and Andalucia, Colombia, and the Carimang River, British Guiana, and a male of what appears to be chocoensis from El Roble, Quindio Andes, Colombia. This group is greatly in need of revision but I have not the material to undertake it. At present Iam unable to place my Peru- vian specimens satisfactorily. The Huachipa male nearly matches a specimen from El Roble, Colombia, which, in turn, is much paler yellow on the crown and belly than the Bogota skins of brevirostris, approaching chocoensis. One Vista Alegre male is as deeply colored on the under parts as some of the Bogota skins but the crown is a little brighter, less brownish. The other Vista Alegre bird is a little paler but is more orange than males from Moyobamba and Rioja, Pert; in the deep purplish iridescence on the back it is very close to males of guitensis from Puente de Chimbo, western Ecuador. One Moyobamba skin is nearly as purplish; another is less so; a Rioja male is bluer, less purplish than some Bogota skins. Both Peruvian and Bogota specimens have more iridescence on the throat than the west-Ecuadorian birds, in which the throat is duller and blacker. The female from Huachipa is a little paler below than one from Moyobamba and both are paler than west-Ecuadorian females but like them are separable from British Guianan females (of breviros- tris?) by much more greenish, less ochreous, yellow flanks. In size of bill, the Ecuadorian birds are distinctly larger than all the Peruvian specimens, which are: about like the Guianan and Bogota specimens in this respect. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 437 Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 651, 1926) has found quitensis to range entirely across Ecuador and into extreme northern Pera, evidently cutting off the range of brevirostris from Peruvian territory. Peruvian material at hand seems to be more or less distinctly separable from brevirostris by average paler crown and belly and to be much closer to quitensis in spite of the slightly but distinctly longer bill of the latter. Chapman (l. ¢.) considers the size of bill in Ecuadorian birds to be a variable character so that the value of this difference in the present instance needs confirmation by a larger series. In view of this fact I prefer to await more material before venturing to separate the Peruvian birds from quitensis. This species was found in a variety of situations; among the miscellaneous species in the vagabond flocks of the forest, in small flocks of its own kind about flowering trees on the open hillsides, and in the low trees along the banks of the rivers. It was not seen out- side of the tropical zone. Tanagra chrysopasta chrysopasta Sclater and Salvin. Tanagra chrysopasta SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 438, pl. 30, figs. 1, 2—e. Pera, Rio Ucayali; British Mus. One male, Huachipa, October 3, 1922; two females, Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 6 and 25, 1923. No material for comparison. The male agrees well with the original description and figure. The females disagree with the original figure by reason of having the lores and anterior malar region decidedly ashy white without a trace of the yellow as shown by the plate. Whether the discrepancy is due to incorrect coloring by the artist or to racial or individual variation, I have no material to determine. The white loral patch in the females is bordered above by a noticeable dusky line not present in the male. The significance of this character also is not determinable. Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae Chapman. Tanagra mesochrysa tavarae CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 9, 1925— Rio Tavara, Peri; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A female from Huachipa, October 3, 1922. No material for comparison. The specimen agrees with the description of this recently dis- covered subspecies. 438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Chlorochrysa calliparaea calliparaea (Tschudi). C(allospiza) calliparaea TscHupI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844—-Pera (ex LICHTENSTEIN MS.); Berlin Mus. Two adult males and one young male from Huachipa, September 15-24, 1922. No material for comparison. The specimens appear to be referable to typical calliparaea, having the belly distinctly and strongly bluish when held away from the light and decidedly blue when held toward the light (between Peacock Blue and Oxide Blue in one adult and Oxide Blue in the other). The bluest example has the blue of the middle breast con- tinued laterally along the posterior border of the black throat in the shape of the letter Y; in the other adult this Y is bluer green than the sides of the breast but not clear blue. The immature specimen is a little duller than the adults and has the auriculars largely green mixed with a few Burnt Sienna feathers; the rump is yellowish green with a few orange-tipped plumes, and the throat is dull black with several green-tipped buffy feathers in the middle; the belly is dis- tinctly blue. All the specimens were taken from among the varied members of the vagabond flocks in the heavy forest. Tangara atrocoerulea atrocoerulea (Tschudi). P(rocnopis) atrocoerulea TscHup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844—-Pera; Mus. Neuchatel. One male from Panao, July 4, 1922. Compared with a female of branickit from Molinopampa and two males and a female of vassori from Bogota, Santa Elena, and Alma- guer, Colombia. This specimen has the yellowish occipital patch rather smaller than is shown in Sclater’s plate (Monogr. Calliste, pl. 31, 1857), but, according to manuscript notes by the late Count Berlepsch, this feature is somewhat variable. An important feature is shown by the mantle which is not uniform black as described but very distinctly, somewhat broadly, margined with the blue of therump. This points very strongly toward intergradation with branickii of north-central Pera which I am inclined to place as a race of the same species. Probably vassori of northwestern Peri, Ecuador, and Colombia belongs to the same group. I agree with Miller (Auk, 36, p. 577, 1919) that the genus Proc- nopis is too imperfectly defined to warrant its retention. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 439 Tangara chilensis chlorocorys Zimmer. Tangara chilensis chlorocorys ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 91, 1929— Vista Alegre, Peri; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. One male (the type) and four females from Vista Alegre, August 19-31, 1922; two adult females and one young female from Huachipa, September 18—October 7. Compared with sixteen specimens of typical chilensis from the Rio Colorado, Moyobamba, near Pebas, Rioja, and an unspecified locality, Perf, and Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador; two specimens of caelicolor from Mt. Roraima, British Guiana, and Bogota, Colombia; and three additional specimens of the present race from Nuevo Loreto, near Tayabamba, Pert. Detailed notes on the plumage of this race have been given in the original account. The bird is an inhabitant of the forest but is found also in adjacent groves and more openly situated trees. It is known locally as “Siete Colores,’ a name which, throughout Spanish- speaking countries, is given to the bird in each locality which has the most variegated plumage; as a result various birds in different parts of South America bear the same appellation. Tangara chilensis chilensis (Vigors). Aglaia chilensis Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr., Zool. Soc. London, 2, p. 3, 1832—“‘Chile’”’ =errore; Bolivia suggested by BERLEPSCH, 1912; Cuming’s coll., type lost. Three males and one young female from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 31—February 7, 1923. Compared with various specimens as noted under chlorocorys. The Rio Colorado specimens belong to the typical subspecies. Tangara schrankii (Spix). Tanagra schrankii Sprx, Av. Bras., p. 38, pl. 51, 1825—no loc.; N. Brazil suggested by BERLEPSCH, 1912; Munich Mus. Aglaia melanotis SwAINSON, Anim. in Menag., p. 355, 1838—Peri (probably northern part); 9; Hooker’s coll., Cambridge (Eng.) Mus.? One male and seven females from Huachipa, September 3-28, 1922. Compared with specimens from Chanchamayo, Nuevo Loreto, and Yurimaguas or Chamicuros (Bartlett, 1867). The Nuevo Loreto male has the spot in front of the eye bright golden yellow instead of green and there is a yellowish tone to the 440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII green of the upper parts, especially noticeable on the superciliaries and hind neck. The Huachipa male has a distinct, narrow, green line separating the yellow crown from the black forehead. Bartlett’s specimen from Yurimaguas or Chamicuros has a rather stronger tinge of blue on the thighs than the other males. The females (all from Huachipa) vary in the amount of yellow on the crown. Some have a distinct patch of this color (smaller than in the male) while others show only a slight yellowish tinge. One has the basal half of the middle pair of rectrices white, probably due to partial albinism. Tangara xanthogastra Sclater. Calliste xanthogastra SCLATER, Contr. Orn., 1851, pp. 28, 55, January, 1851— “Rio Negro,’’ Upper Amazons (cf. SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, p. 106, 1886); British Mus. I(xothraupis) chrysogaster BONAPARTE, Rev. Zool., 1851, p. 144, March, 1851— Ecuador? Calliste xanthogastra rostrata BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z: S. London, 1896, p. 3839—La Merced, Peri; Warsaw Mus. A female from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 7, 1923. Compared with two males from Moyobamba and Rioja, northern Pert. The Rio Colorado bird is practically topotypical of rostrata but fails to bear out the characters of that supposed race which was described as being simply larger than typical xanthogastra. The racial distinction was not maintained by Berlepsch in later writings. The two males from Moyobamba and Rioja are bluer on the back than the Rio Colorado female, possibly due to sexual difference. Tangara aurulenta pulchra (Tschudi). C(allospiza) pulechra TscHup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 285, 1844—Pera; Mus. Neuchatel. Three males and one female from Huachipa, September 11-24, 1912. Compared with a young female from Chanchamayo; also with four males and a female of occidentalis from Gallera, San Antonio, and Cauca, Colombia; and three specimens of aurulenta from El Roble and Bogota, Colombia. The four Huachipa birds vary somewhat in the intensity of the chestnut patch on the throat, the tone of greenish yellow on the 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 441 mantle, and the width of the black frontal band. All are much brighter and more intensely colored than a female (probably not fully adult) from the Chanchamayo district, which is probably topo- typical. The variations in the series show an evident approach toward aequatorialis of Ecuador. I believe that the affinities of this bird are best expressed by placing it in the aurulenta group, to which it shows unquestionable relationship although exact intermediates are lacking. This tanager was found in the humid tropical forest as an occasional member of the vagabond flocks, of which it was by no means the least conspicuous unit. Tangara cyanotis lutleyi Hellmayr. Calliste melanotis SCLATER (nec Aglaia melanotis SWAINSON, 1838, = Tangara schrankii), Ibis, 1876, p. 408, pl. 12, fig. 1—Rfo Napo, e. Ecuador; British Mus. Tangara lutleyi HELLMAYR, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 13, (2), p. 198, 1917— new name for Calliste melanotis SCLATER. A female from Huachipa, September 18, 1922. Compared with a male from the lower Sumaco, Ecuador, a female from Sabanilla, Ecuador, a male from La Palma, Colombia, and a specimen from unknown locality and of unknown sex (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); a male from Idma, Santa Ana, Pert, and two specimens of unknown sex from Archidona, Ecuador, and Bogota, Colombia (U.S. Nat. Mus.), and a female from Chanchamayo (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with a female of cyanotis from Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia (Carnegie Mus.). The Bolivian specimen is separable from all the others by the more decidedly green mantle, blue anterior auriculars instead of all black ones, rather broader blue outer margins of the rectrices, and less buffy under wing-coverts; the central portion of the superciliary stripes are more golden yellowish, showing a greater contrast with the bluish anterior and posterior ends which, however, are no bluer than in some of the skins of lutleyi. The differences are certainly no more than subspecific, especially in view of the individual variability shown by the Colombian, Ecuadorian, and Peruvian series of lutleyi. Tangara cyanicollis cyanicollis (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). Aglaia cyanicollis D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 33, 1837—Yuracares, Bolivia; Paris Mus. ?Tangara cyaneicollis gularis CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 41, p. 332, 1919—Candamo, s. e. Perf; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsTtoRY—ZooLoeGy, VoL. XVII One male and three females from Vista Alegre, August 27-— October 12, 1922; one adult and one young female from Chinchao, November 9-15; one male and one female from Hacienda Buena Vista, Rio Chinchao, September 15, 1922 (collected by E. Heller); one male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 7, 19238. Compared with a small series of seven skins from the Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia, and Chanchamayo and Junin, Pert (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. and Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with one skin of caeruleocephala from Moyobamba, a male from near San Augustin, a female from La Palma, and a specimen of undetermined sex from Bogota, Colombia; a male of cyanopygia from Pichincha, western Ecuador; six males, one female, and one unsexed skin of granadensis from Rio Lima, Rio Zapata, San Antonio, near Palmira, and Bogota, Colombia; and three males and two females of hannahiae from Colon and La Azulita, Venezuela. There is considerable variation throughout the series but it is thoroughly mixed and without apparent geographic significance. I have not seen Urubamba specimens described by Chapman as gularis, but the Junin birds appear to be inseparable from Bolivian examples as subsequently remarked by Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 661, 1926) and Chanchamayo specimens are similar. The Vista Alegre examples are intermediate between typical cyanicollis and caeruleocephala but are closer to cyanicollis. The Rio Colorado male is the most strongly marked individual in respect to the purplish patch on the throat, but it has very little purplish blue on the belly and forehead and the shoulders are not very coppery in tone, while the middle of the back is rather pronouncedly bluish, suggesting the Ecuadorian cyanopygia. The young female from Chinchao (November 9) is just beginning its molt from the dull first annual plumage into adult dress. Tangara gyroloides catharinae (Hellmayr). C(alospiza) gyroloides catharinae HELLMAYR, P. Z. S. London, 1911, p. 1106— Chaquimayo, Carabaya, e. Perf; Munich Mus. Nine males and five females from Huachipa and Vista Alegre, August 19-—October 15, 1922. Compared with thirteen skins of gyroloides from Colombia, one of nupera from western Ecuador, and seven of bangsi from Costa Rica and Panama. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 443 The characters of the race are well-marked in the males, less pronounced in the females. The species was quite common in the heart of the forest where it was found among the vagabond flocks, but it also was of frequent occurrence at the edge of the woods and in more openly situated trees. It was rather active in its habits. Iridosornis analis analis (Tschudi). T(anagra) analis Tscuup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 287, 1844—Perai; Mus. Neuchatel. A male from Huachipa, September 21, 1922, and a male and three females from Chinchao, November 10-20. Compared with a male and a female from Chilpes and Utcuyacu, Pera (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with one Ecuadorian and nine Colombian specimens of porphyriocephala (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) and an additional Ecuadorian skin (U.S. Nat. Mus.). The Ecuadorian and Colombian specimens have deeper blue crown, back, and breast, darker and greener flanks, and deeper yellow under tail-coverts than the Peruvian birds, although the latter show a little variability among themselves in these particulars without approaching the northern form very closely. The two appear to be representative forms which belong to the same specific group. The females are rather duller than the males. The type of analis may have come from near Lima since Tschudi (Faun. Per., Aves, p. 20, 1846) says that while the species was com- mon in the fruit gardens of Lima he did not find it farther north nor east away from the interior of the coastal region. I did not observe it in the Rimac Valley. My Chinchao specimens were obtained from the thickets at the upper heads of the ravines in evident subtropical conditions; the Huachipa bird is from the tropical zone. Delothraupis castaneoventris (Sclater). Calliste castaneoventris SCLATER, Contr. Orn., 1851, p. 61—Bolivia; Liverpool Mus. One male from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 15, 1922, and three males and two females from Panao, July 3-10. Compared with two females from Maraynioc (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. and U. S. Nat. Mus.), and a female, a young male, and a specimen of unknown sex from Incachaca, Bolivia (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. and Carnegie Mus.). 444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII The Peruvian birds average larger than the Bolivian and have a greater amount of silvery tips on the feathers of the upper surface, but until a more satisfactory series of Bolivian birds is available I hesitate to propose a separation. There is some variation also in the degree of whiteness of the superciliary stripes and of the chin, and in the tone of rufescence on the under parts, which may not be constant. Anisognathus lunulatus ignicrissus (Cabanis). Poecilothraupis ignicrissa CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 317, 1873—-Maraynioc, Pera; Berlin Mus. Poecilothraupis lunulata intercedens BERLEPSCH, Ber. V. Int. Orn.-Kongr., pp. 1044, 1045, 1135, 1912—-Leimabamba, Perdé; Frankfort Mus. Six males (one immature) and five females (four immature) from the mountains above Hudnuco and Panao (10,500 feet), May 31- July 10, 1922. Compared with a male from Levanto and a female from near Balsas, Peri; also with a male and three females of ignivenitris from Incachaca, Bolivia, two males and a female of erythrotis from Ecuador (two from Hoyaucshi), and four skins of lunulata from Cundinamarca and “Bogota,’’ Colombia. The Peruvian series shows little variation in essential characters. The tone of red on the under surface is a trifle more scarlet than in lunulata from Colombia and erythrotis (=atricrissa) from Ecuador. The exposed portions of the feathers of the crissum are mostly entirely red, although a few of the longer under tail-coverts occasion- ally show black subterminal areas, and the back lacks the bluish wash of igniventris from Bolivia. Several specimens, however, have distinct traces of bluish edges on the remiges and greater wing- coverts, showing an approach toward igniventris. One male from above Huanuco has a number of feathers in the center of the lower throat margined with scarlet; the same condition is noted in a female from Incachaca, Bolivia, in the Carnegie Museum. The significance of this is not apparent. Young birds have the colors of the adults duller and with the scarlet tinged with ochreous. It seems probable that Berlepsch’s intercedens is the same as ignicrissa. A male from Levanto (one of Berlepsch’s paratypes) is no different from the Hudnuco birds except that it is slightly smaller, which is of no importance in view of the fact that the maximum measurements given for intercedens are greater than the minimum of the present series. A female from near Balsas is similar. Berlepsch 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 445 recognized both forms in his revision of the tanagers, but beyond stating that zntercedens is intermediate between lunulata and ‘“igni- crissa’’ @=igniventris?) he did not mention zgnicrissa in the descrip- tion of the supposed new form. His manuscript notes contain no records of comparisons made between the two forms, but there are extensive notes on the new race under the name ignicrissa. The characters of intercedens are exactly those of ignicrissa which is intermediate between lunulata and igniventris, and it would be diffi- cult to find a place for another intermediate form since there is not a great deal of difference between these as they stand. It is most likely that Berlepsch (who had no Maraynioc specimens of the species) was confused by the similarity of the names igniventris and ignicrissa and redescribed the latter race as intercedens. In any case there are no differences to support the claims of Berlepsch’s race for recognition. | It is necessary to use Reichenbach’s name Anisognathus for this genus. The name was published on June 1, 1850 (Av. Syst. Nat., pl. 77) in connection with unmistakable figures of the generic characters of the present species, and, in 1851, Bonaparte (Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 172) designated Aglaia ignicrissa as the type species. Cabanis’s name, Poecilothraupis, was published ostensibly in 1851 (though probably late in 1850) but is certainly antedated by Anzsog- nathus which, in turn, is antedated but not preoccupied (according to the recommendations under Article 36 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature) by Anisognatha Lacordaire, 1848— Coleoptera. With the amount of detail in Reichenbach’s published figure, his name can not be dismissed as a nomen nudum. The species inhabited the temperate forest at moderate eleva- tions. It was found in small flocks (possibly family groups) and singly, usually in the neighborhood of thickets though occasionally in more openly situated trees. Thraupis episcopus caeruleus Zimmer. Thraupis episcopus caeruleus ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 94, 1929 —Vista Alegre, Perf; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Two males (including the type) and one female from Vista Alegre, August 20—October 14, 1922, and two males and a female from Chinchao, October 28-November 17. Compared with five males and seven females from Moyobamba, two females from Yurimaguas, and two young females from Hacienda Limon, Perd; also with three skins of major from San Ramon, Pert; 446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII eleven specimens of coelestis from Porto Velho, Caviana, Sdo Paulo de Olivenca, Tonantins, and Manacapur4d, Brazil (five in Carnegie Mus.); and eighteen specimens of episcopus from the three Guianas and Béa Vista, Mandos, Itacoatiara, Utinga, Sao Luis, Barra do Corda, S&o Bento, and Cod6, Brazil. Detailed notes on the plumages were given in the original description. This pretty species was found most commonly about the trees in somewhat open situations. Its note is a soft, highly-pitched and rapid monotone which bears a curious resemblance to the tone of a squeaky violin, for which reason the bird is known locally as “Violinista.”’ Thraupis palmarum melanoptera (Sclater). Tanagra melanoptera SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 24, p. 235, 1856—n. e. Pera and Bogot4; n. e. Peri suggested by BERLEPSCH, 1912; Bremen Mus. A female from Vista Alegre, August 22, 1922. Compared with three skins from Rioja and Yurimaguas, Peri, and various other localities in Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, northern Brazil, and Bolivia; also with a series of palmarum from eastern Brazil. This species appeared to be rather uncommon in the localities visited. It was known locally as ‘‘Violinista Real.” Thraupis darwinii (Bonaparte). Tanagra Darwinii BONAPARTE, P. Z. S. London, 5, p. 121, 1837—Chile(?); s. w. Peri suggested by BERLEPSCH, 1912. T (anagra) frugilegus TscHuDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 286, 1844—-Peré; Mus. Neuchatel. ?Tanagra darwini laeta BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 1906, p. 81— Cuzco, Perfi; Berlepsch coll., Frankfort Mus. A male and a female from Matucana, May 2, 1922; four males and two females from Huanuco, 6,500—10,500 feet, May 31—August 9; a female from Panao, July 16;a female from Chinchao, November 15; and two males and three females from Cullecui, Marafién River, December 13-16. Compared with five males and two females from Cajamarca, two males and a female from Hacienda Llagueda, four males from Macate, and a male and three females from Putre, Tacna, Pert, and a male from “Ecuador.” 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 447 The Matucana specimens are virtual topotypes according to Berlepsch’s subsequent designation of type locality or, if extreme southwestern Peri was meant, the Putre, Tacna, birds must be topotypical. In addition to the specimens in hand I have had access to Berlepsch’s manuscript notes, thanks to Dr. Hellmayr, which contain measurements of specimens from various other localities. So far as size is concerned, I agree fully with Chapman’s conclusions (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 674, 1926) that there is but one form recognizable from Cuzco to Ecuador. The differences in color ascribed to laeta by Berlepsch and Stolzmann were found by Chap- man (l. c.) to be inconstant. Possibly the types of laeta showed an approach toward the brighter colors of bonariensis which has been recorded by Sclater and Salvin (P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 697) from Cosnipata, Pera. The origin of Bonaparte’s type is shrouded in mystery. Bonaparte says that it was a “‘Chilean bird in the British Museum brought to this country by the Expedition under Capt. Fitzroy,” but that expedition secured specimens only of bonariensis, at Maldonado, Uruguay. Furthermore there are no records of any specimens of the western species which would have been available to Bonaparte; the first definite published account of such is Tschudi’s description of Tanagra frugilegus from Pert, collected in 1838 or later. It was supposed for a time that Bonaparte had described the female of ‘striata’ (=bonariensis), and Bonaparte himself follows that sup- position in his Conspectus Generum Avium. Sclater (P. Z. S. London, 1858, p. 453), upon examining alcoholic specimens from Ecuador, decided that darwinii was based on a male of the western form and not a female of the eastern species, and this conclusion has been accepted to date. The characters of the female bonariensis do not answer Bonaparte’s description and Sclater’s conclusions are probably correct, but the mystery surrounding Bonaparte’s type still remains to be cleared. At Hudnuco, this bird was known as ‘‘Pichaco.” It was found in the open woods of the temperate zone and in the trees adjacent to the buildings of the towns and plantations. Thraupis cyanocephala cyanocephala (D’Orbigny and Lafres- naye). Aglaia cyanocephala D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 32, 1837—Yungas, Bolivia; Paris Mus. 448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIsToRY—ZOoLoGy, VoL. XVII Tanagra Maximiliani D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., p. 276, 1889— new name for Aglaia cyanocephala D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE; Enquisivi, Sicasica, Bolivia. One male from Chinchao, November 14, 1922. Compared with a male of olivi-cyanea from Maracay, Venezuela; five males, three females, and a specimen of undetermined sex of auricrissa from Bogota, Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, and Paramo de Tama, Colombia, and Conejos and Escorial, Venezuela; also (for generic characters) with examples of the typical or other subspecies of T. darwini, bonariensis, abbas, palmarum, episcopus, glaucocolpa, cana, and sclateri. I am unable to separate Sporathraupis from Thraupis. The wing formula is a variable feature and in other races of cyanocephala is matched by various species of the genus Thraupis. The narrow operculate nostril is possessed by darwinti, bonariensis, and glauco- colpa; the comparative length of wing, tail, and tarsus is shared by darwinii, bonariensis, and other species. On the whole, darwinti and bonariensis share most of the characters ascribed to Spora- thraupis, leaving only the shape of the bill which in these two is large and heavy but in cyanocephala is relatively slender. If cyanocephala is generically distinct from ornata, coelestis, and the other “blue tanagers,” darwinit and bonariensis together should be separated in another genus of equal value, but since none of the characters are perfectly distinctive I prefer to follow Berlepsch and Sclater in recognizing a single genus Thraupis for all of them. Ramphocelus carbo connectens Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Rhamphocelus jacapa connectens BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 344—La Merced, Perdé; Berlepsch coll., Frankfort Mus.; type also claimed by Warsaw Mus. One male and two females from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, January 29-February 14, 1923, and a male from Puerto Bermtdez, March 16. Compared with a male from San Ramon and one from the Urubamba region. The Rio Colorado and the San Ramon birds are virtual topo- types. The male from Rio Colorado shows purer black above and below while the Puerto Bermidez specimen is faintly washed with maroon. The San Ramén male is like the Puerto Bermidez bird and the Urubamba specimen is even more reddish. 1930. * BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 449 Ramphocelus melanogaster transitus Zimmer. Ramphocelus melanogaster transitus ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 95, 1929—Chinchao, Perdé; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A male (the type) from Chinchao, October 25, 1922; an adult male, two young males, and two females from Vista Alegre, August 17—October 17. Compared with fourteen specimens of melanogaster from northern Pera (two in U.S. Nat. Mus. and one, the type of R. luciani Lafres- naye, in Mus. Comp. Zool.). Detailed notes on the plumage of this subspecies were published with the original description. The bird was not very common and was seen usually in small flocks about certain large trees in the neighborhood of the hacienda buildings. Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus). (Fringilla) rubra LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 181, 1758—America; based on CATESBY’S Muscicapa rubra, Hist. Nat. Carolina, 1, p. 56, pl. 56. Three males from Chinchao, November 5-18, 1922; one female from Huachipa, October 5; and one male from the Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 6, 19238. Compared with a series of rubra from North and Central America, and three specimens from Venezuela; also with a single male of cooper? from Arizona. One of the males from Chinchao (November 5) apparently is in first annual plumage; another (November 17) seems to be adult but is in worn, orange-tinted yellow; the third (November 18) is entirely red. The spring male from Rio Colorado (February 6) is just com- pleting a molt from yellow to red and retains the old worn plumage in the outer remiges and wing-coverts and the lower belly and flanks. The Peruvian birds (and the Venezuelan) appear to be referable to rubra, but all of the males are distinctly paler red than the average specimen from North America in either winter or summer plumage. However, a specimen from North Carolina and another from Florida, which must be rubra, are about the same hue. The specimens are noticeably darker above than the male of coopert and though within the measurements of coopert are small for that form. Only rubra has been recorded from South America. Piranga flava lutea (Lesson). Pithylus luteus LESSON, |’Inst., 2, No. 72, p. 317, 1884—-Callao, Perf; 9; type lost? (Mus. Rochefort?) 450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Pyranga testacea tschudit BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1892, p. 375—Lima, Pert; Frankfort Mus. Two males from Santa Eulalia, April 19, 1922; a male from Vista Alegre, August 27; two males and a female from Chinchao, October 28—-November 8; a female from Cullcui, Marafién River, December 18. Compared with a male from Hacienda Limon, Perdé, and nine specimens from Ecuador (eight in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with series of all the allied races except haemalea as detailed in my review of the species (Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 17, No. 5, pp. 167-219, 1929). Piranga leucoptera ardens (Tschudi). Ph(oenisoma) ardens TscHup1, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 287, 1844—Perda; Mus. Neuchatel. A male and female from Vista Alegre, August 20 and 21, 1922; an adult male and a young male from Huachipa, October 7. Compared with a series of leucoptera from Nicaragua and Guatemala, and a male of latifasciata from Costa Rica. The adult males agree with Tschudi’s description except in the matter of the forehead. Tschudi describes the forehead as black but in my specimens it is quite uniform red with the black confined to the lores, nasal plumes, and an incomplete circumocular line interrupted on the lower eyelid. Taczanowski (Orn. Pér., 2, p. 497, 1884) gives a description which agrees well with my specimens and says that the front lacks a black border. It is probable that Tschudi meant the fine black tips on the nasal plumes or possibly he had specimens showing a greater extent of black than the series at hand. Berlepsch (Ber. V. Int. Orn.—Kongr., p. 1066, 1912) notes that Colombian examples of ardens have a black forehead, and both leucoptera and latifasciata are similarly provided. Both adult males show occasional yellow feathers in a few places through the plumage, though they evidently are fully adult. The young male is mixed Grenadine Red, Lemon Chrome, and Olive Yellow, with conspicuous white terminal spots on the tertials and secondaries which are suggested on the outer margins of the tips of the primaries. The female is much deeper yellow than the female of leucoptera and the adult males are purer (less scarlet) red. Habia rubica peruviana (Taczanowski). Phoenicothraupis peruvianus TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 498, 1884— Yurimaguas and Monterico, Peri; type from Yurimaguas; Warsaw Mus. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 451 Two males and a female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 17 and 19, 1923. Compared with an adult male, female, and young male of amabilis from Rio San Antonio and Rio Espirito Santo, Bolivia. The Peruvian males are appreciably lighter, more brick red, in coloration than the Bolivian male and appear to represent Taczanowski’s form, but the value of the characters is impossible to determine without more material. Berlepsch described amabilis as darker than rhodinolaema of Ecuador; Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 679, 1926) found rhodinolaema to be darker than amabilis. These birds were found in the partially inundated forest among the bushes. They were very wary and alert, usually escaping from the back of their retreat and flying low to other shelter when approached too closely. After a partial emergence to look at the intruder they thereafter kept well out of sight though, judging by their voice and the movement of the foliage, in constant, nervous motion. Lanio versicolor versicolor (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). Tachyphonus versicolor D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 38, 1837—Yuracares, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Three males and one female from Huachipa, September 11- October 3, 1922. No material for comparison. The specimens were taken in the heavy forest associated with the mixed species of the vagabond flocks, usually high in the trees. The present form appears to be rare in collections. Tachyphonus surinamus brevipes Lafresnaye. Tachyphonus brevipes LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 206—Colombia; Paris Mus. Tachyphonus Napensis LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 42, 1864—Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A male from Puerto Bermidez, March 13, 1923. Compared with two males from “Bogota,’’ Colombia; also with a male of surinamus from Surinam and three skins from British Guiana, and with three skins of insignis from Utinga and Santarem, Brazil. 452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VoL. XVII The Peruvian bird differs from the two “Bogota” examples by having the uropygium deeper cinnamomeous, exactly matching the lower flanks; the posterior portion of the occipital patch is hardly paler than the anterior portion, and the bases of the central throat feathers are white. Whether or not these characters are significant can be determined only from a larger series than is available at present. On certain feathers of the throat, breast, and upper flanks there are subterminal bands of cinnamomeous buff, and fine rufescent tips are present on most of the feathers of the breast, upper flanks, and abdomen, suggesting a tendency toward a pale cinnamomeous under surface. Tachyphonus rufiventer Spix. Tanagra rufiventer Sprx, Av. Bras., 2, p. 37, pl. 50, fig. 1, 1825—“‘sylvis Parae’”’; Sdo Paulo de Olivenca emend. HELLMAYR, 1919; Munich Mus. Tachyphonus metallactus OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 240, 1919—new name for Tanagra rufiventer SPIx (nec Takaor rufiventris VIEILLOT, 1819). Two males and two females from Vista Alegre, August 20- October 14, 1922. Compared with a male from . Rioja. One of the Vista Alegre males is not fully adult. It has the yellow crest paler than the other and retains a few olive feathers on the shoulder; otherwise it is like the adult. The male from Rioja agrees with the other birds. According to the International Code of Nomenclature, rufiventris does not preoccupy rufiventer. Thlypopsis ornata media subsp. nov. Type from Culleui, Marafién River, Pera. Altitude 10,400 feet. No. 60,161 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult female. Col- lected December 15, 1922, by J. T. Zimmer. Original number 3,324. Diagnosis.—Exactly intermediate between TJ. 0. ornata from central Ecuador and 7. 0. macropteryx from south-central Pera, having the coloration of ornata and the size of macropteryx. Habitat.—North-central and northern Peri and_ southern Ecuador. Description of type.—Forehead and sides of the face, including the superciliary region, Mars Yellow x Ochraceous Buff; crown darker, Mars Yellow x Sudan Brown; nape with a faint tinge of 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 453 » olive; back Deep Olive Gray x Dark Olive Gray; rump slightly paler, tinged with buffy on the sides. Chin and throat bright Antimony Yellow x Ochraceous Buff; breast, flanks (broadly), and under tail-coverts Cinnamon x Ochraceous-Tawny; median line of belly broadly white. Wings and tail dark Hair Brown, edged largely with the color of the back; outer margins of primaries paler, whitish; upper wing-coverts with exposed portions the color of the back; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner margins of remiges white. Iris brown; maxilla black; mandible light blue; feet dull pale blue. Wing, 70 mm.; tail, 58; exposed culmen, 11; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21. Remarks.—Three males of ornata from Huigra, Ecuador, have wing lengths of 55, 56, and 5814 mm. respectively; two females from Chunchi, Ecuador, show 56 and 58 mm.; a female from Cayandeled has the wing 55 mm. Berlepsch’s description of macropteryx adds 57 mm. for a male of ornata from Bugnat, Ecuador, and 6114, 61, and 55 mm., respectively, for a male and two females from Cayandeled, while for macropteryx are given 6734-714 mm. for four males and 66 mm. for a female, from Maraynioc. A male and female of macropteryx from Chipa and Rumicruz, examined in this connection, measure 65 and 61144 mm., respectively. Thus ornata ranges from 55-6144 mm. (males) and 55-61 mm. (females) while macropteryx shows 65-71% mm. (males) and 6114-66 mm. (females). A Taraguacocha male and a Loja female of the present subspecies have the wings measuring respectively 64 and 62 mm.; a male, a female, and an unsexed bird from San Pedro, Peri, measure 67, 62, and 68 mm. Hellmayr (MS.) adds the following figures: five males from San Pedro, wing, 6314-64 mm. (immature birds) and 66-67 mm. (adults); a male from Leimabamba, wing, 68 mm.; four females from San Pedro, wing 65 mm. (immature) and 6114-63 mm. (adults); one female from Leimabamba, wing, 63 mm. Together with the type the series shows the males to have a wing length of 62-68 mm. and the females 6114-70 mm. The differences in coloration between ornata and media on the one hand and macropteryx on the other appear to be as follows. In macropteryx the top of the head is darker and less yellowish, being about dark Sanford’s Brown; the breast and throat are more cin- namomeous, about Ochraceous Tawny x Ochraceous Orange; the belly is more broadly white and the flanks correspondingly narrow; the latter are less rufescent, being a grayish olive buff. 454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZooLoGy, VOL. XVII It may seem unnecessary to describe this form which apparently differs from ornata only in size but if the north-Peruvian and south- Ecuadorian birds were placed in ornata it would give that species a variation in wing length equal to about twenty-seven per cent of the minimum measurement, an unusually large amount. Since the difference in size is correlated with distribution and a large area of habitat is provided for the new form, it seems advisable to name the intermediate race. Measurements other than that of the wing are less definitive; the tail of ornata ranges from 48 to 53 mm.; that of macropteryx, 554-61 mm.; that of media, 50-58. The sexes are not appreciably different. Material examined: T. 0. ornata—Ecuador: Huigra, Chimbo 3 @!; Chunchi 2 ?!; Cayandeled 1 92. T. 0. macropteryx—Pera: Chipa, Junin 1 o@*; Rumicruz, Junin 1 9?3. T. o. media—Pert: Culleui, Marafidn R. 1 2 (type); San Pedro 1 & 1 9?, 17%. Ecuador: Taraguacocha 1 3; Loja 173, Thlypopsis pectoralis (Taczanowski). Nemosia pectoralis TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pér., 2, p. 508, 1884—Acancocha, c. Pera; 2; Warsaw Mus. Five males and two females from the mountains near Hudnuco, May 31—June 16, 1922, and a female from Panao, July 11. No material for comparison. My specimens agree very well with Taczanowski’s description of this well-marked species of which only the type has been known up to the present time. One male and two females are immature. They differ from the adults in having the ochraceous color of the throat and breast much paler, being deep buff on the breast, ochraceous buff on the front, lores, superciliary stripes, and the sides of the head, and clearer yellow on the chin and throat. The crown and nape are buffy olive greenish, sharply defined against the superciliary line but blending more gradually into the lighter forehead and the darker back. The back is inclined to be somewhat lighter olivaceous than that of the adults. 1Specimens in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 2Specimens in United States National Museum, Washington. 3Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 455 Judging by the slender bill and straighter culmen, pectoralis is more closely related to ornata than to inornata or sordida. The birds inhabited the bushy growth along the little streams of the mountain side. Occasionally an individual would mount to the upper twigs in the open to sing, but usually they remained secreted in the foliage. Hemispingus leucogaster (Taczanowski). Dacnidea leucogasira TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 131, pl. 19, fig. 2—Maraynioc, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Two males from Panao, July 3 and 16, 1922. Compared with two females from Molinopampa. The Panao birds agree fairly well with Taczanowski’s description except that one of them has the feathers of the forehead with a dis- tinct whitish terminal dot; this marking tends to pass posteriorly down the center of the crown but is lost in a slightly grayish median stripe. The other specimen has no frontal white except on the superciliary stripe but the center of the whole top of the head is grayish, leaving a dusky border on each side above the superciliaries. The two females from Molinopampa have even more white on the front and less dusky on the crown than my specimens, and have noticeably less pale gray across the breast and more buffy suffusion on the flanks. Schistochlamys melanopis grisea Cory. Schistochlamys atra grisea Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 346, 1916—Rioja, Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A male and a female from Vista Alegre, October 17 and 18, 1922, and a female from Chinchao, October 29. Compared with the type (female) from Rioja and a male and female from Moyobamba; also with a supposed female of melanopis from Mana, French Guiana (Carnegie Mus.), a male and female from Caracas, Venezuela, a male and three females from Colén, Venezuela, and two Bogota skins (one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); with twenty- three specimens of olivina from Chapada and Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil (mostly in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), and with thirteen Bolivian examples of the same form from Province del Sara, Buenavista, Rio Suruté, Rio Quiser and Mapiri (twelve in Carnegie Mus., one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). 456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Examination of this series shows that grisea is distinctly separable from typical melanopis by darker gray coloration and more extensive but less sharply defined black of the crown, which is slightly duller in tone. From olivina it proves to be equally distinct by darker gray coloration above and below and by the deeper black of the crown (which is distinctly brownish in olivina). Most of the Matto Grosso specimens of olivina are relatively old skins but the Bolivian series is recent, showing that the differences are not due to fading as otherwise might be supposed. Cissopis leveriana leveriana (Gmelin). L(anius) Leverianus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 302, 1788—based on the Magpie Shrike of LATHAM, Syn. Av., 1, (1), p. 192, No. 49, 1781; loc. ign. (Guiana = French Guiana cited by LATHAM, Suppl. Synop., 1, p. 54, 1787). L(anius) picatus LATHAM, Index Orn., 1, p. 73, 1790—Amer. merid. Corvus collurio DAUDIN, Traité d’Orn., 2, p. 246, 1800—“‘Chine ou 4 Cayenne.”’ Cissopis leverianus VIEILLOT, Analyse, p. 40, 1816. Cissopis bicolor VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 26, p. 417, 1818—part, Guiana. Cissopis minor TSCHUDI, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 211, 1846—«c. e. Pera and Brit. Guiana; type from Pera; Mus. Neuchatel. Bethylus medius BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, p. 491, 1850—Guiana. A male from Puerto Bermidez, March 8, 1923; one female from Huachipa, October 5, 1922; two females from Vista Alegre, August 24 and 27, 1922. Compared with a series of twelve skins from Moyobamba, Pert; Florencia, Colombia; Tachira, Venezuela; Porto Velho, Brazil; and Hyde Park, British Guiana; also with two females of major from Minas Geraés, Brazil, and Misiones, Argentina. The two specimens of major are recognizably distinct but the remainder of the series can not be subdivided satisfactorily. Most of the Peruvian skins have the glossy anterior parts a little greener than the Guianan and some of the Venezuelan specimens, but a Moyo- bamba female and two Colombian birds resemble the Guianan birds while two Venezuelan specimens are like the Peruvian in this respect. The size and shape of the bill and the white markings on the tertials, greater upper wing-coverts, and rectrices are variable without geo- graphic significance. Tschudi described his minor from Pera but included Guiana in the range, attempting only to separate these birds from the Brazilian 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 457 form which he called ‘‘bicolor’”” (=major). No one, apparently, has succeeded in separating the Peruvian birds from typical leveriana. The species was found principally at the edge of the forest in the tropical zone. It was known locally as “Pichi Blanco” and ““Mercenario.”’ Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysogaster (Lesson). Pitylus chrysogaster LESSON, Cent. Zool., p. 209, pl. 67, 18381—‘‘Chili’”’ = Perii?; type lost. A male from Santa Eulalia, April 22, 1922; two males and a female from Hudnuco, July 20-28; two males and a female from Chinchao, October 29-November 11; a young male from Vista Alegre, August 21. Compared with a female of chrysopeplus from Mexico. The adult males are quite variable in the tint of orange yellow or lemon yellow and in the amount of black and yellow on the mantle, but otherwise they agree among themselves. All have more or less white on the outer margins of the outer remiges near the tips, in some cases a considerable amount. As may be supposed, this bird is rather conspicuous in the field. It favors the lightly wooded river bottoms and groves in the arid tropical and arid subtropical zones. Spermophila simplex Taczanowski. Spermophila simplex TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 182—Lima, Pera; Warsaw Mus. Two males and a female from Chosica, April 14-16, 1922. Compared with a female from Macate. The Chosica birds are virtual topotypes. One of the males is not quite adult; the other male and the female are badly worn. This finch is an inhabitant of the weed patches, bushes, and cotton fields of the arid lowlands along the Rimac River. Spermophila nigricollis inconspicua (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). Sporophila gutturalis inconspicua BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 13, p. 84, 1906—Santa Ana, e. Perf; Frankfort Mus. Two adult males, one nearly adult male, and one still younger male from Hudnuco, May 24—July 21, 1922; one male from Chinchao, October 24. 458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTOoRY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Compared with a male from Moyobamba, a young male and a female from Yurimaguas, and a female from San Ramon, Pera; also with nineteen males of nigricollis from Brazil (Ceara, Goyaz, Bahia, and Minas Geraés). The validity of inconspicua:has been questioned by Todd and Carriker (Ann. Car. Mus., 14, p. 514, 1922), but there appear to be good grounds to favor its retention. In the series of nigricollis from Brazil, there is none which does not have a greater extent of deeper black on the head and throat than any of the adult Peruvian males. A single specimen from Varzea Formosa, Ceara, has the top and sides of the head and the sides of the throat and breast largely olivaceous, the feathers on the center of the throat and chest broadly tipped with yellowish olive, and the back brighter olive than in any other of the Brazilian examples, but this specimen is in molt and not fully adult. Its plumage is comparable to that of a nearly adult male from Huanuco in comparison with which the black of the Varzea Formosa skin is deeper and more extensive, thus carrying out the distinguish- ing features of the two forms. The remarks of Todd and Carriker were formulated upon examination of Venezuelan and Colombian, but not Brazilian, specimens and it is possible that birds from these northern regions are unusually variable and not of assured identity. However, the type locality of nzgricollis is Brazil and the evidence at hand shows good uniformity among specimens from that country and uniform distinction among Peruvian skins. For these reasons, whatever the status of Colombian and Venezuelan birds, I believe that inconspicua is entitled to recognition. Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye. Spermophila luctuosa LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 291—-Colombia; Mus. Comp. Zool. Pyrrhula leucomelas LESSON, Echo du Monde Savant, 11, p. 234, Aug. 4, 1844 (Reprinted papers, p. 186, 1913)—‘“‘Amérique’’; Abeillé collection, type lost? Three males and two females from the mountains near Huanuco, 10,500 feet, May 31—June 10, 1922; an adult and a young male from Vista Alegre, October 11; a female from Chinchao, November 18. Compared with three males from Cajamarca and Yurimaguas, Pera, and three skins from “‘Bogota.”’ The series is rather uniform in color characters, most of the males showing more or less irregular spotting with brown or gray-tipped 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 459 feathers; the Bogota specimens have paler bills, due possibly to seasonal difference or post-mortem change. Spermophila obscura obscura (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). E(mberiza) obscura D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 81, 1837—Chiquitos, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Spermophila obscura TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 519—Paltay- pampa, Pert; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Spermophila pauper BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1884, p. 2938, pl. 24, fig. 2—Cayandeled, w. Ecuador; Warsaw Mus. A young male from Huachipa, September 22, 1922; an adult male, a young male, and a female from Vista Alegre, August 19—October 14. Compared with three skins from Hacienda Limén, near Balsas, northern Pert, and one skin from Buenavista, Bolivia. While showing some individual variations, the series at hand evidently represents a single form. The Huachipa and Vista Alegre birds are darker and browner, the Hacienda Limén specimens are paler and, in one case, distinctly more olivaceous, and the Bolivian bird is rather nearer the Vista Alegre skins above though paler below, like the north-Peruvian specimens. Catamenia inornata minor Berlepsch. C(atamenia) inornata minor BERLEPSCH, P. Z. S. London, 1885, p. 115— Cechce, Ecuador; Frankfort Mus. Four males (two immature) and one female (immature) from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500-12,200 feet, June 1-28, 1922. Compared with a series of minor from Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) and a series of inornata from the provinces of Catamarca and Tucuman, Argentina. In size the Hudnuco specimens are distinctly referable to minor and in color probably also, although there does not seem to be a very marked difference among these races in that respect; the adult males of minor may average a little buffier below. I can not see the advisability of recognizing a separate genus, Idiospiza, for this species, which is certainly very close to Catamenia. analis. Both species, analis and inornata, approach a median point where the ninth and third primaries (counting from the inside) are equal; the bills are not greatly different, especially in picked speci- mens; the difference in acuteness of the tips of the rectrices is hardly generic in value; and there is, at least in one case, a trace of white on 460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII the inner margins of the rectrices in minor, suggesting the inception of a white area on the inner web as in analis. I believe that the relationship is best expressed by retaining znornata in Catamenia. Catamenia analis analoides (Lafresnaye). Linaria analoides LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 75—Lima, Pera; Paris Mus. Two males and a young female from Matucana, April 28 and May PA 72M Compared with a young male from Mirador (near Macate), Pert, and with five skins from Huancabamba (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with six specimens of analis from Parotani, Bolivia and Concep- cién, Tucuman, Argentina; six males of sdéderstrom: from Quito, El Paso, Valle de Cumbaya, and Valle Tumbaco, Ecuador (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); and a male of schistaceifrons from Bogota, Colombia. The Matucana specimens are about topotypical. The adults show the prominent characteristics of white belly and broad white wing speculum which indicate the affinity of typical analzs, to which they are closer in these respects than are any other races of the species. They differ from analis by having a broader black area in the plumage at the base of the bill, in a somewhat smaller speculum, and in whiter, narrower, and more sharply defined outer margins on the outer remiges. The differences which Chapman noted (Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 10, 1924) in the arrangement of the white band at the base of the primaries in analis and analoides does not appear to be as fixed in the series at hand as was evidently the case in Chapman’s series. One of the Matucana males has the white of the inner and outer webs of certain primaries confluent at the extreme base beneath the primary-coverts while a male of analis from Con- cepcién, Tucuman, Argentina, has the white of the inner web ex- tended down the inner margin toward the tip, though not as far as it reaches in typical analoides. I believe that extensive series of both forms would show still closer approximation even though the inter- posed race, griseiventris, is developed in another direction and does not show intermediate characters; there are many similar instances where closely allied subspecies are separated by an apparently aberrant but related race. Catamenia analis insignis subsp. nov. A young male from Culleui, Marafién River, December 11, 1922. Compared with three males from Cajamarca and a series of analis, séderstromi, analoides, and schistaceifrons as listed under analoides. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 461 The Cullecui and Cajamarca specimens show certain character- istics which distinguish them from griseiventris and analoides and I propose, therefore, to separate them as a distinct subspecies under the name znsignis. Type from Cajamarca, Peri. No. 49,447 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected April 19, 1912, by W. H. Osgood and M. P. Anderson. Original number 2,527. Diagnosis.—Closely related to C. a. griseiventris but wing specu- lum obsolete; the whole white outer margin of the base of the primaries of approximately the same width, not strongly widened near the primary-coverts and not reaching the shafts. Black of face apparently narrower. Separable from C. a. analoides by the absence of the speculum and by a longer bill, grayer belly, and less black on the face. | Habitat.—Central-northern Pera in the upper Marafién Valley. Description of type.—(Worn plumage.) Upper parts light Slate Gray becoming paler (Deep Gull Gray) on the rump and upper tail- coverts. Forehead, lores, a narrow line around the eye, the extreme anterior part of the malar region, and a narrow chin spot sooty black; throat and breast between Dark Gull Gray and light Neutral Gray; belly somewhat paler medially but not broadly white as in analoides; thighs gray like the flanks; under tail-coverts Auburn with narrow pale grayish tips. Lesser upper wing-coverts gray like the back; median and greater series black with gray margins and tips, broader and whiter near the tips of the outermost greater coverts; remiges black, all but the outermost primary with narrow pale margins (except toward the tips); margins of tertials gray, those of the pri- maries and secondaries whiter but rather uniform in width, not widening near base to reach the shaft nor to form a white speculum visible beyond the coverts (as in griseiventris); inner margins of remiges with narrow white margins becoming obsolete terminally; under wing-coverts gray like the flanks. Tail black with narrow, light grayish outer margins, broadest basally; all the rectrices but the middle pair with a large, more or less rectangular patch on the inner webs at about one-third the distance from the tips; spots on outermost feathers largest. Bill pale, dull yellow (in dried skin) ; feet brown. Wing, 65 mm.; tail, 5614; exposed culmen, 9; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 19. Remarks.—Young males are about like those of griseiventris except for the absence of the white speculum on the wing. 462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Dr. Hellmayr advises me that he has seen a male from Bafios, near Cajamarca, which he had noted as showing hardly a trace of white at the base of the primaries—evidently referable to this new form. Volatinia jacarina peruviensis (Peale). Geospiza peruviensis PEALE in WILKES, U.S. Expl, Exped., 8, p. 115, 1848— between Callao and Lima, Pert; U. S. Nat. Mus. Volatinia jacarini CASSIN in WILKES, U. S. Expl. Exped., Ornith., p. 135, 1858—synonymy. Volatinia jacarini pacifica CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 11, 1924— Trujillo, Peri; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Five males from Chosica, April 14-17, 1922; a male from Vitarte, April 26; two males from Matucana, April 30 and May 1. Compared with two males from Puente de Chimbo, western Ecuador; also with series of atronitens from Pera to Mexico and of jacarina from various parts of Brazil. The series is fairly uniform in having the under wing-coverts, axillars and the inner margins of the remiges largely white. The remiges are distinctly brown in all the specimens (of which all but three appear to be adult), thus corroborating Chapman’s observa- tions on the coastal race. However, it is noted that several specimens are molting and the new primaries and secondaries are not much blacker than the old worn plumes, though the tertials are distinctly blacker; the character seems to be of distinct value regardless of season. One Matucana bird has all the remiges darker than the rest of the series, though worn, but they are not so black as in full- plumaged jacarina or atronitens. Volatinia jacarina atronitens Todd. Volatinia jacarina atronitens TopD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 72, 1920— Campeche, Mexico; Carnegie Mus. Three adult and two young males and one female from Chinchao, October 23—November 11, 1922; a male from Huachipa, September 21; a male from Vista Alegre, August 22. Compared with a male from San Ramon, Perd, and a series from Venezuela, Colombia, and Central America, including eight skins from Mexico (Colima, Cuernavaca, and Teapa); also with eight birds from the coast of Pera, referable to peruviensis Peale, and twenty-six skins of jacarina from various parts of Brazil. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 463 The Peruvian series appears to be as variable in respect to the extent of white on the wing lining as is typical atronitens from Mexico. One adult Chinchao male and the Huachipa bird have the under wing-coverts and axillars entirely black, with a trace of white on the inner margins of the remiges in the Huachipa skin. Two other Chinchao males have the coverts and axillars largely white; one has only a trace of white on the inner margins of the remiges while the other has a broad white border which reaches the shaft only a little less broadly than injacarina. The Vista Alegre male has considerable white on the wing lining except on the margins of the quills where there is none. A male from San Ramon also has a proportion of white beneath the wing. The series from Colima, Mexico, exhibits similar variation. Compared with the Mexican series, the Peruvian birds are a little larger, on the average, and are less purplish and more greenish, though.a single bird from Teapa, Mexico, is about as greenish as the Peruvian examples. Colombian and Venezuelan skins are inter- mediate, with a little closer approach to the Peruvian birds. Un- fortunately most of the skins have the blackish coloration obscured by tips and margins of varying hues of brown so that it is difficult to match the tones exactly. If the southern birds are worthy of separation the fact must be determined by more material than I have at present. In any case, certain characters of the inland form in Pera and throughout its range appear to be not firmly established, and while some examples are sharply distinct from the coastal birds, others are separable with difficulty and still others go to another extreme in a trend toward jacarina of the Brazilian campos. The adults of this form at hand show little trace of the brownish remiges so noticeable in my series of perwviensis, except in several old quills of the San Ramon specimen. In all the other specimens the quills are quite blackish. The habits of this interesting finch have been noted by various authors and it is unnecessary to go into details here. The curious leaping into the air at frequent intervals has given the bird its local name of “Bailerino’’ or dancer. Saltator maximus maximus (P. L. §. Miiller). Tanagra maxima P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst. Suppl., p. 159, 1776—based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 205; Cayenne. 464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Two males and three females from Vista Alegre, August 16- October 15, 1922; one female from Huachipa, September 22; one male from Chinchao, October 29. Compared with twenty skins from British Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and various parts of Pert; also with sixteen skins of magnoides from Guatemala and Limon, Costa Rica; and eight skins of intermedius from Buenos Aires and Boruca, Costa Rica and from Panama. Thisspecies was confined largely to the tropical zone but was found also in the subtropical. It inhabited the seclusion of low-growing beds of ferns and the almost impenetrable bushy thickets at the otherwise open heads of ravines, whence its clear whistle could be heard most often towards sunset. When one was surprised at the edge of a thicket, it at once ceased its song and dived into conceal- ment, where it remained silent and wary, though its voice would rise again in triumphant vigor as soon as the intruder left the immediate vicinity. It was known locally as “Titulo.” Saltator coerulescens azarae D’Orbigny. Saliator Azarae D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Ois., p. 287, 1839—-Moxos, Bolivia (ef. HELLMAYR, Novit. Zool., 32, p. 6, 1925); Paris Mus. A male from Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, February 25, 1923. Compared with several examples from Moyobamba and Lagunas, Pera. I have no topotypical material for comparison, but the series agrees with the original description. Saltator aurantiirostris albociliaris Philippi and Landbeck. Pitylus albociliaris PHILIPPI and LANDBECK, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 122, 1868—Socoroma, Arica, Chile; Santiago Mus.? Saltator laticlavius SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1869, p. 151— Tinta, Pera. A male from Matucana, May 3, 1922; a male and female from La Quinua, May 9 and 13; two females and a young male from Culleui, Marafién River, December 15. Compared with a series from Macate, Peri; also with a specimen of zteratus from Cajamarca. The Expedition birds are referable to albociliaris, subject to the uncertainty surrounding the application of that name as discussed in 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 465 detail by Dr. Chapman (Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, 1927). The Culleui specimen is in fresh plumage; the other adults are badly worn. The young male from the mountains near Hudnuco is in fluffy juvenal plumage which shows the pattern of the adult with some variation in colors; the breast band is dark olive gray, with the black adult feathers just beginning to appear. The short, clear song of this interesting bird was heard most often from individuals perched on the upper twigs of low trees in con- spicuous places, and the brightly colored bill and black-bordered white throat formed excellent field marks. Spinus magellanicus peruanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Spinus ictericus peruanus BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. 8. London, 1896, p. 352—c. e. and w. Peril; type from La Merced; Warsaw Mus. Two males from Vista Alegre, August 17 and October 11, 1922; one adult male and one young male from Chinchao, October 28 and November 18; two females from Huanuco, 6,500 and 10,500 feet, July 29 and June 7. Compared with sixty-six additional skins representing various races, from Pert, Ecuador, Bolivia, and northern Chile (many in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. and U.S. Nat. Mus.). The Vista Alegre birds are fairly typical and compare well with specimens from La Merced although there is some variation in the exact tone of yellow. The Chinchao adult shows a strong tendency toward the characters of S. m. capitals of which I have (among other representatives of that form) two examples from Huaynapall (near Huamachuco) which are comparable to highland Ecuadorian skins. However, I believe that this Chinchao bird is a little closer to typical peruanus since the rump is less brightly yellow than in capiialis and the yellow of the outermost primary is inclined to reach the shaft, which it does not seem to do in capitalis. The approach to the more northern form is shown by the olivaceous tone of both upper and under parts. The young male from Chinchao and the Hudnuco females also are not typical of peruanus and, like the Chinchao adult, seem to represent an approach to a highland form intermediate between capitalis and urubambensis, but since they are not fully adult it is difficult to place them with assurance. With them may be associated three specimens from Macate. After a careful study of the series of seventy-two skins from the various localities, I venture to propose an arrangement at variance with that of Mr. Todd who reported on the same problem with, in 466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII part, much the same material. I believe that all the Peruvian members of the magellanicus, capitalis, and peruanus groups are members of a single species, bearing the earliest specific name, magellanicus. It is evident that the birds of the high elevations are distinct from those of the lowlands but examples from intermediate localities are precisely intermediate in characters though in a somewhat irregular manner. Todd, in his revision of the group (Ann. Car. Mus., 17, p. 52, 1926), noted that there was a difference in the vertical distribution of paulus and capitalis although he sepa- rated these forms specifically. Todd further mentions a single example of peruanus from Pisac, Pera, from which locality there were also specimens of urubambensis, which seemed to point to necessary specific distinction of these forms, but an examination of this specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 273,660) suggests another possibility. The bird in question agrees with perwanus in size (though it is small even for that race), but agrees better with allenz in size and color, though it is not distinctly referable to either of these forms or to urubambensis, to which the other Pisac skins clearly belong. A specimen from Machu Picchu is a close match for it, and since both Pisac and Machu Picchu are on a border line where alleni, peruanus, and urubambensis might possibly meet, I see no objection to con- sidering occasional specimens from these localities as intermediate individuals, even though other examples from the same localities may be definitely closer to any one of the three forms. Birds from the lowlands of the Chanchamayo Valley seem to be recognizably distinct as peruanus; those from the highlands of the Cuzco region form another separable form, urubambensis; specimens from the coastal lowlands are closest to paulus (treated below); and examples from the northern highlands belong to capitalis; alleni is not known to reach Pera but is found in the campos of Matto Grosso, Brazil, and eastern Bolivia. Examples taken in localities between any adjacent regions mentioned herewith show what may be interpreted as intermediate characters. For example, skins from the Junin Plateau show a mixture of the characters of wrubambensis, peruanus, and paulus; those from a short distance down the western slopes (as at Matucana), begin to approach paulus somewhat more closely; toward the north, the highland birds approach capitalis while those from relatively low localities show a tendency toward paulus (as at Macate) or toward peruanus (as at Vista Alegre). The Maynapall specimens, though referable to capitalis, show a tendency toward urubambensis in a maximum wing length (71-73 mm.). 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 467 Thus seen, wrubambensis forms a wide-ranging species, exhibiting altitudinal and geographical variants some of which are recognizable as distinct races, the rest being intermediates. Spinus magellanicus paulus Todd. Spinus peruanus paulus Topp, Ann. Car. Mus., 17, p. 51, 1926—Zamora, Ecuador; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A male and a female from Santa Eulalia, April 21, 1922; a young female from Vitarte, April 26. Compared with ten additional examples from the coast of Pert, six specimens from the lowlands of Ecuador (including the type of paulus), four topotypes of perwanus, and much additional material from other parts of Pert (largely from Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. and U.S. Nat. Mus.). The coastal Peruvian birds average larger and brighter yellow than the Ecuadorian specimens of paulus, but the differences are not constant. The type of paulus is unusually brightly colored compared with the rest of the Ecuadorian series at hand, but it is exceeded in this respect by at least two of the Peruvian birds and matched by others. The measurements of Peruvian and Ecuadorian skins overlap. It is possible that a new Peruvian race could be described, but I prefer to see a larger series of Ecuadorian examples before determining the distinctness of such a form. On the other hand, the entire series is readily separable from Chanchamayo Valley examples of peruanus by the much clearer and paler yellow of the under parts, more yellowish back, brighter ramp and upper tail-coverts, and greater extent of yellow on the two middle rectrices. Spinus atratus (D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye). C(arduelis) atratus D’ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 83, 1887—La Paz, Bolivia; Paris Mus. Three males from La Quinua, May 16, 1922; one male from Huanuco Viejo, December 24. Compared with one Bolivian, one Argentine, and two Chilean skins. Two of the Peruvian birds are rather dull (brownish) black; the others are clearer black and clearer yellow, especially the Huanuco Viejo specimen which, furthermore, has the yellow of the belly broadly extended toward the flanks where the feathers are tipped 468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISToRY—Zoo.ocy, VoL. XVII with the same color; the rump is similarly tipped with dull olive yellow. The appearance of this specimen is suggestive of a probable specific origin from some yellow-bellied, yellow-rumped progenitor. Spinus olivaceus Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Spinus olivaceus BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, 1894, p. 387—Vitoc, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Two males from Vista Alegre, October 11 and 18, 1922. No material for comparison. One of the birds has the lower under parts distinctly lighter in tone than the other, with the back rather darker, i. e. with the centers of the feathers more extensively dusky and the margins greener, less yellowish. Sicalis luteola raimondii (Taczanowski). Sycalis raimondii TACZANOWSKI, P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 183—Lima, Peri; Warsaw Mus. Six males and one female from Chinchao, November 13-18, 1922. Compared with eight males from Lima, Vitarte, and Chorillos, Peri (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) and a female from Cajamarca (Field Mus. Nat. Hist.); also with thirty-two specimens of luteiventris from Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay, and Matto Grosso, Brazil. Compared with the series of luteiventris, the Peruvian specimens have shorter wing and tail (males with wing 6714-73 mm. and tail 441-50, as against wing 73-77 and tail 51-58) and have the yellow of the under parts slightly more tinged with orange, being on the orange side of Lemon-Chrome rather than between Lemon-Chrome and Lemon Yellow; the Chinchao and Cajamarca birds are a trifle more deeply colored than those from the coast. The upper parts are not appreciably different in the two subspecies although none of the Peruvian birds is as brown on the margins of the dorsal feathers as are a few of the Argentine specimens. The latter, in turn, are browner than the Chilean, Uruguayan, and south-Brazilian exam- ples, though these were taken in a different season. The race, raimondii, is not strongly marked but appears to be just recognizable. The birds were found at Chinchao in small flocks scattered through the open parts of a coca plantation. Sicalis olivascens chloris (Tschudi). Sycalis chloris TscHuUDI (ex CABANIS MS.), Faun. Per., Aves, p. 216, 1846— Peri; Berlin Mus. Two males from Matucana, May 3 and 4, 1922. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 469 Compared with twelve skins from Antofogasta and Atacama, Chile; also with two specimens of salvini from Hudnuco, Pert, and two of sordida from Jujuy, Argentina. One of the Matucana birds has been compared with the type by Dr. Hellmayr and found to agree. This specimen is in complete plumage though moderately worn; the other skin is quite worn and stained. These finches were not uncommon about Matucana, being found throughout the village in the streets, on the roofs of the houses, and about the dooryards. They were either single or in small groups and added a touch of color to the dull, mud-walled buildings. In the open country they were seen much less often. Sicalis olivascens salvini (Chubb). Pseudochloris salvint CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 39, p. 70, 1919—Vifia, Huamachuco, n. Pera; British Mus. A male and female from Hudnuco, May 27 and 26, respectively, 1922. Compared with fourteen specimens of chloris from Matucana, Pera, and Antofogasta and Atacama, Chile, and with two skins of sordida from Jujuy, Argentina. The Huanuco birds are definitely smaller than chloris, having wing measurements of 73 mm. (male) and 72 mm. (female) as com- pared to 77144 and 82 in chloris. Chubb’s type of salvint has a recorded wing measurement of 73mm. Further than the difference in size there is no noticeable criterion for the separation of this race, although the bill of salvini appears to be shorter and blunter and thereby thicker in proportion to its length. Both Hudnuco birds are in molt, the male nearly complete and the female not so far advanced, but in both examples the second primary (which is the longest one in this species) is that of the old plumage, thereby furnishing a reliable measurement. Sicalis uropygialis sharpei (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). Pseudochloris sharpei BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, 1894, p. 386—‘“‘Peruvia centrali’’; type from Ingapirca; Warsaw Mus. A male from La Quinua, May 8, 1922; a male and two females from Hudnuco Viejo, December 19 and 21. Compared with three males and a female from Junin, and with specimens of uropygialis from Puno, Pera, and San Pedro (Antofo- gasta) and Chintaguaia (Tarapaca), Chile. 470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII My specimens are referable to sharpei although the differences between that race and uropygialis seem to be not perfectly constant. The La Quinua bird has the posterior auriculars distinctly grayish but the sides and flanks are olive, not gray, and the under wing- coverts are distinctly yellowish rather than white. The San Pedro, Antofogasta, specimen of wropygialis shows a tendency toward the characters of sharpei by having the anterior auriculars suffused with yellow, the sides and flanks gray, and the under wing-coverts mostly white. Both of these intermediates seem to have the characters ascribed to connectens Chapman, but for geographic reasons are best considered as belonging to sharpet and uropygialis, respectively, though showing the interrelationships of the three forms by individual variation. Females and young males are not as strongly marked racially as the adult males. Myospiza aurifrons aurifrons (Spix). Tanagra aurifrons Sprx, Av. Bras., 2, p. 38, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1825—‘“‘in provincia Bahiae,”’ errore; Fonteboa, Rio Solimées, suggested by HELLMAYR, 1910; type lost. Three males from Vista Alegre, August 26 and October 14, 1922; a male and a young female from Chinchao, October 22 and November 7; and a female from Puerto Bermiidez, March 9, 19238. Compared with twelve skins from Brazil (Porto Velho, Mandos, and Itacoatiara), twelve from various parts of Peri (San Ramon, Yurimaguas, and Moyobamba), and a female from Todos Santos, Bolivia. I can find no constant characters in this series to form a basis for dividing it. The female from Todos Santos, Bolivia, should represent the race meridionalis but does not differ from the Peruvian birds. I have not seen zamorae. My Vista Alegre and Chinchao specimens were taken on open hillsides; the Puerto Bermidez example was found in an open field adjoining the river. Both tropical and subtropical zones are represented. Incaspiza personata (Salvin). Haemophila personata SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 8, 1895—Cajamarca; British Mus. A single male from Cullcui, Marafién River, December 11, 1922. Compared with a female paratype from Cajamarca (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) and a male from near Otuzco. Also compared by Dr. Hellmayr with the type in the British Museum. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 471 The single specimen obtained by the Expedition was the only one observed. It was found perched on agave stalks in a rather open field and was wild and wary. Poospiza hispaniolensis Bonaparte. P(oospiza) hispaniolensis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, p. 478, 1850—‘“‘ex Ins. Sti. Domin.,”’ errore, type labeled “‘Pérou?’’; Paris Mus. Poospiza bonapartit SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1867, p. 341, pl. 20—Lima; new name for Poospiza hispaniolensis BONAPARTE. A young male from Matucana, April 30, 1922. No material for comparison. The specimen is in very worn condition but agrees with the descriptions and Sclater’s plate. Zonotrichia capensis peruviensis (Lesson). Pyrgita Peruviensis LESSON, L’Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, 1834—Callao, Pera. A male from Vitarte, April 26, 1922; a male from Santa Eulalia, April 21; a female from La Quinua, May 14; an adult male, a young male, and two females from near Huanuco, 6,500-12,000 feet, June 2-July 30; three males from Chinchao, October 27-November 11; a female from Culleui, Marafién River, December 15; and a male from Hudnuco Viejo, December 25. Compared with a small series from various parts of Perdé including two examples of pulacayensis from Puno. Certain differences have been noted in this series that may warrant the subdivision of peruviensis, but I prefer to leave the matter in abeyance until more material is available from certain localities. The ubiquitous ‘‘Gorrion” was found from the coast to the top of the Andes and down to the subtropical zone of the interior valleys. Its rather mournful but sweet song was heard throughout the day and was a cheerful feature of many a pleasant valley as well as a friendly accompaniment of dusty miles of desert roadside. The birds living on the top of the divide seemed to have a slightly different song than those inhabiting the coastal plain, while in the interior valleys both types of song were noted. At Culleui in the upper Marafién Valley, many examples of this species were observed imitating the aerial antics of Phrygilus fruticeti peruvianus with which they were associated, and sometimes also attempting to imitate the song with more or less success. 472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOoLOGY, VOL. XVII Phrygilus gayi chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Phrygilus chloronotus BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 350—Tarma, c. Peri; Warsaw Mus. A male from Cerro de Pasco, May 8, 1922; an adult and a young male from La Quinua, May 11 and 14; two males and a female from Culleui, Marafidn River, December 13-15. Compared with seven skins from Macate and one from Caja- marea, Pera. The Cerro de Pasco and La Quinua birds are almost topotypical. None of the entire series has the color of the back approaching the tawny russet ascribed to punensis, although there is a slight variation in the tone of yellow in the various specimens, the Macate birds showing both brownest and yellowest extremes. The immature male is in juvenal plumage, exhibiting buffy superciliary stripes and wing bars which are lost in the adult dress. May birds are badly worn; December birds are perfectly fresh. I use the specific name gayi for this group although I am not convinced that it should not be dropped as unidentifiable, in which case the name atriceps D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye would be available. Phrygilus fruticeti peruvianus Zimmer. Phrygilus fruticeti peruvianus ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 63, 1924—-Matucana, Pera; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Four males (including the type) and two females from Matucana, April 28—-May 4, 1922; three males from Culleui, Marafién River, December 11-16. Compared with eight specimens from Cajamarca and sixteen from Macate, Pera; also with fourteen specimens of fruticeti from Chile. The plumage has been discussed in detail in the original account. The birds were common at Cullcui on the open hillsides and in the cultivated fields and the thorny thickets bordering the river. The males were very active and were in full song, being more in evidence than any other species of bird at that locality. The song was loud and musical, consisting of a few preliminary notes followed by a rippling cadence that was strongly suggestive of the effort of the North American Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). This was sometimes given from the ground or from a perch on post or weed stem, but was just as often delivered from overhead as the bird sprang into the air with rapid wing-beats, and then fluttered down to earth Sea eee ee —————— 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 473 with a retarded, butterfly-like motion. This, again, was suggestive of the flight-song of the Lark Bunting. Examination of a series of Calamospiza and of the present species (made in a moment of curiosity) produced some surprising results. Calamospiza was found to have a somewhat stouter bill, heavier rictal bristles, and a shorter tail in proportion to the length of wing than Phrygilus fruticeti, but other characters are not so marked as might appear at first glance. The long tertials of Calamospiza give the wing a shape unlike that of P. fruticeti but not greatly different from that of P. alaudinus. The conspicuous white alar patch of Calamospiza is suggested by the white areas on the same feathers in fruticeti, in which the white margins of the tertials are still present though not so sharply defined. The outer margins of the outer webs and the tips of the inner webs of the outer rectrices are white in Calamospiza, gray in fruticeti. Females and young males of both species are streaked above and below in somewhat similar fashion and the young males of Calamospiza acquire their first black body plumage on face, throat, and breast where frutzceti also is black, and the black is sometimes tipped with whitish in both species. The size and shape of the feet are about the same, though the claws of fruticeti may average longer; in Calamospiza the feet of adult males are dark, in fruticetz they are pale. However, in most species of Phrygilus the fifth primary (from the outside) is equal to, or longer than, the first whereas in Calamospiza it is shorter than the first, giving the wing-tip a recognizably distinct appearance; this, with the shape of the bill, may serve to separate the two genera well enough, although the wing-tip of Calamospiza is not unlike that of Melanodera melanodera, long considered as a species of Phrygilus. A more careful and detailed study of the various species mentioned may show that they deserve to be placed somewhat closer to each other in generic sequence than has usually been supposed. Phrygilus unicolor inca Zimmer. Phrygilus unicolor inca ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 88, 1929— mountains near Hudnuco, Pera, 12,200 feet; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A male from La Quinua, May 8, 1922; three males (including the type) and four females from the mountains near Hudnuco, 12,200 feet, June 18-26. Compared with two specimens from the mountains near Balsas, Pert; also with twenty specimens of wnicolor from Chile, twenty 474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII specimens from Las Pavas, Tucuman, Argentina, and twelve from Bolivia (Carnegie Mus.); and three specimens of grandis from Ecuador. The plumages have been discussed in the original account of this subspecies. Phrygilus alaudinus bipartitus Zimmer. Phrygilus alaudinus bipartitus ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 61, 1924—-Cajamarca, Perd; Field Mus. Nat. Hist. A male from Vitarte, April 26, 1922; three males from Matucana, May 1-4; three males and a female from Hudnuco, May 24 and July 29. Compared with three males and a female from Cajamarca (in- cluding the type) and two males from Milluachaqui, Pera; also with ten specimens of alaudinus from Chile and six skins of excelsus from Cochabamba, Bolivia, and Puno, Pert. An account of the plumage of this subspecies has been published with the original description. One of the Matucana males is in spotted juvenal plumage (May 4). The species was found on the open hillsides in the arid tropical and subtropical zones. Phrygilus plebejus plebejus Tschudi. Ph(rygilus) plebejus TscHupt, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 290, May, 1844— Peri (probably Junin highlands); Mus. Neuchatel. A male from Matucana, May 3, 1922; two males (adult and young) from La Quinua, May 8 and 14; two males from the moun- tains near Hudnuco, 10,500 and 12,200 feet, June 13 and 19; a young male and a female from Hudanuco Viejo, December 24. Compared with twenty additional specimens from near Otuzco, Cajamarca, Macate, Junin, and Puno, Pera; San Pedro, Antofogasta, Chile; Laguna Blanca (Catamarca), Cerro de la Laguna (Jujuy), and Maimara (Jujuy), Argentina. There seem to be no constant differences of color in this material, but there is a gradually increasing length of wing toward the south. The Argentine and Chilean specimens are larger than my Peruvian skins while the north-Peruvian examples seem to approach the measurements of ocularis. Probably there is complete gradation in size from one end of the range to the other without any well-marked lines of demarcation. 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 475 Buarremon torquatus poliophrys Berlepsch and Stolzmann. Buarremon poliophrys BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P. Z. S. London, 1896, p. 847—Maraynioc, Per4; Warsaw Mus. An adult male, a young male, and a female from the mountains near Hudnuco, 10,500 feet, June 1-3, 1922, and a female from Panao, July 3. Compared with two specimens of assimilis from Molinopampa, Pert, and several skins of the same race from Colombia and Ecuador; and a Bogota skin of atricapillus. The specimens agree well with the original description and repre- sent a good intermediate between torquatus and assimilis. The Molinopampa specimens are closer to the present form than the Colombian and Ecuadorian skins in that they have traces of the black pectoral band visible on the extreme sides of the breast. The young male is in fluffy juvenal plumage and is largely olive brown with traces of dusky brown on the sides of the pileum and the sides of the head; the throat is yellowish white and the median line of the lower breast and belly is dull yellow. ‘Atlapetes rufigenis (Salvin). Buarremon rufigenis SALVIN, Novit. Zool., 2, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1895—n. Per4, type from Huamachuco or Cajabamba; Tring Mus. A female from Cullcui, Marafidn River, December 11, 1922. No material for comparison. The nearest ally of this species appears to be Ailapetes seebohmt. I can not agree with Ridgway (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, (1), p. 438, 1901) in placing it in the genus Melozone. This solitary individual was the only one of its kind found in the region. It was rather wary and dodged very actively about the ruins of an old stone building, which was overgrown with vines and bushes. The situation was adjacent to the banks of a small tributary of the Marafidn which was lined with bushes and trees and formed a veritable oasis of semi-humid conditions in an otherwise arid locality. This record extends the known range of the species some distance to the southward. Atlapetes schistaceus mystacalis (Taczanowski). Buarremon mystacalis TACZANOWSKI (nec Arremon mysticalis SCLATER, 1852, = Atlapetes albofrenatus BOISSONNEAU), P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 515— Ninarupa; type formerly in Warsaw Mus., now lost. 476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII Buarremon taczanowskii SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. London, 1875, p. 236, pl. 35, fig. 2—new name for Buarremon mystacalis TACZANOWSKI. Two females and one young male from the mountains near Huanuco, 12,200 feet, June 21 and 23, 1922; two males and two young females, Panao, 10,300 feet, July 5-9. Compared with two Bogota skins of schistaceus and a male and female from the coast range west of Popayan, Colombia; two males of castaneifrons from Culata and Rio Mucujon, Venezuela; and five males and two females of tamae (including the type) from Paramo de Tama, Venezuela and Colombia. I have no topotypical material for comparison, but the birds in hand agree well enough with the original description and Taczanowski’s more detailed one in the Ornithologie du Pérou, except that the nuchal region is not always paler than the crown as described. The three young birds are interesting. In size they are fully grown. The Hudnuco specimen and one from Panao are in fluffy plumage, with Prouts Brown back and dull ochraceous crown and nape, while the forehead is quite broadly black with the white loral patch reduced in size. Beneath they are brown on the breast, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts, and grayish buffy white on the belly, with indistinct dusky streaks; the throat is purer white with blackish tips. The sides of the head are black except for the white loral spot and a white malar stripe, as in the adults. The other young female from Panao is somewhat older and is like the younger birds above, but below is more like the adults though with a greenish yellow wash over all, suggesting relationship with some of the yellow-bellied species. I am induced to place this form in the schistaceus group because of certain evident affinities and the geographic replacement shown by these two together with castanezfrons and tamae. As has been pointed out by other writers, mystacalis and castaneifrons resemble each other more than either does schistaceus, although the last named occurs in the intermediate localities; castaneifrons, however, is some- what closer to schistaceus than is mystacalis. In the series of tamae at hand, one example shows a trace of white speculum on the primaries beyond the coverts, and two others show a deepening of color on the anterior part of the crown nearly matching the color of the head in schistaceus. A larger series of the various forms probably would show even closer approach throughout. 1930 _ BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER ATT I agree with Ridgway in placing this genus among the finches rather than with the tanagers as was done by Sclater and Berlepsch. Aside from the structural features which recommend this course, the habits of the present species appear to be more fringilline than tanagrine. The birds are very like the northern Towhees (Pipilo) in general appearance and actions, scratching on the ground under bushes and in other shady places and being found far more often there than on more elevated perches. However the genus is placed, it unquestionably is close to the border line between the two families. Atlapetes nationi nationi (Sclater). Pipilo mystacalis TACZANOWSKI (nec Buarremon mystacalis TACZANOWSKI, t. c., p. 515), P. Z. S. London, 1874, p. 521—Ninarupa, Junin, Pera; formerly Warsaw Mus., now lost. Buarremon nationi SCLATER, P. Z. S. London, 1881, p. 485—above Lima, 10,000 feet; British Mus. _ Buarremon matucanensis BRABOURNE and CHuBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 20, 1914—-Matucana; British Mus. Two males and two females from Matucana, April 29 and 30, 1922. Compared with a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History from Matucana (ex British Museum), labeled by Chubb as “compared with the type of nationt =B. matucanensis.”’ Berlepsch and Stolzmann’s Pogonospiza mystacalis brunneiceps from Pauza, Peru, is described as differing from P. mystacalis mysta- calis (=A. n. nationi) by having the head brown instead of blackish, the front and supercilium more extensively mixed with white, the black of the chin more restricted, the throat more strongly buffy, and the bill longer. The brown head is shown by alli the specimens of nationt examined, the amount of white is variable in the same series, but the measurements of ‘wing, tail, and bill seem to average less than those of brunneiceps. It is possible, therefore, that brunneiceps may prove to be separable on average differences of size, though this is questionable. In any case the present specimens are typical nationi. I am unable to recognize the genus Pogonospiza of Berlepsch and Stolzmann of which the present species is the type. This genus was founded on differences from Buarremon (type B. torquatus) in which Pogonospiza agrees exactly with Atlapetes. I am unable to separate the two latter genera, between which Berlepsch and Stolzmann did not attempt to point out any differences. Further, I can see no 478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZooLoGY, VoL. XVII resemblance to Orchesticus (suggested in the original description of Pogonospiza) which warrants placing these two genera next to each other as was done by Berlepsch in his revision of the Tanagers (Ber. V. Int. Orn.-Kongr., p. 1108, 1912). These finches were beginning to nest when I left the vicinity of Matucana, but I did not succeed in finding any complements of eggs. The nests were constructed in small trees in the lower parts of the river vailey, being placed about eight or ten feet from the ground. INDEX OF GENERA PAGE PAGE MEOUINUOR 0k ES Re es CED | pera ais Conan urn 415 Peg (1 WER a Lea eae ULI OS ine eR RACE 200: ° Colaptesy) des, os si ees oes 3807 TA UROCIE oi. colnet hae viene SEO! CORDE Ya aie sae rely aalpeeniets 273 RPIAIOCOROE is ee ane else hs Ped S00: COMma ss es eh eens 368 rg 11 Red PRION SrenaD sb ape eran ae SL) Colma oral ocean cen es 256 Aiea Fgh Be eg ee Seay ee ek 277. Columbigaliina: (6/65) 65 i ees 259 Ainpslioideg 635 oe ees S58 Conivostram. eer eee ees 421 Wee es OCS ose kia etwraltea ate 306). Comoponnagars owen val tauns 318 ERDAS Yi atersd He sgh Ant LC hela aie ian 243°. Cramolence. 30.8 Oye ee 843 PIRAIOOE oe NO See SAT CROCICUS Se a tie Poo a earl 252 OO cs Ge ha sion yew Dans 200. ORUCOUIRE i oye eye 262 PINON oss ciate sedis 444° Cryptureliaa 5a ees 241 PRTG Ne dd aa 412: CYRNEIDRR ois i obs Pies 423 7c RR RR ROR TE Rote HATE OM Hou aay 2GG || OVANOCOPAR 604i o ng oe eae 899 SIGE Sie cel ee eee zoe Gyanoiyea 633 os FE 400 VASENONOS Sh SR egeoe ooece aula O48 5 Cyelar nis iiss ek a ai ee 415 PUAN ee ie bls crak ATG: COPPA ONG |S 2500 os ee ete 319 Aulacorhynchus................. BOT CPeeOaen: 3s PONS Cees 271 ARNO 5s eo kas 348 PRONG ee woe eee any 422 Beloutene co Poa ses BET TOCOMVENUIR OSES GES 354 DURITOMIOR ois ak eee ie ees ATG: Delta i ri ha ete 443 fT A ATR ees Bg TERS ORT Pe: OROVOIE, eet cy v bb ge eit 425 Burbeo st ie eee are Nene gO ct MERI DRBR US ama One ac: panier aL 416 Dysithamnties os sees ee 825 CACO LO Oe Oy OE Se ei ee 431 Caltiphloe ier sai eco 202) + MOCRRUNOMNIN 8 y/6h io cis ee ee eee 299 Camptostoma ses ite ae BOD) PAOD sires 2.515 ap ierg tod nee iene 891 Campylorhamphus.............. 352 Empidonax....... PPP ei Fy) 877 CMe Se Dee eee BD: MOM eS ee oy aloes 283 ONO 5's hs wiv ba cea aieprane crus mtu Be PUA pisos ac hciacace 6 oa Rees 803 RACIST ee er hea COu Ory PYOe iS. ous. sere meres 253 COreD CIs 5) NH e iis ee em aie Bs TOMCOMOTOR 2/0 of 5's pete es 273 MOP COMIALTA Boe ionlow een Steele 331 Chaetocercus............0..5005 ee. ae oS os RE Sree 299 Chaleowtiema oi eee eee BOR QOORItE 6S, eeoreaeee 338 ORI Grocer ye i ia nie 200: Gerancastua. . 03). ean 246 Chlorochryse ss 4 kee eo ase: Glanucidtwna! 3.5 00s Sse ae 265 CRIGTORTAIDON Godby ibiiis es eee 275 re ae ac i dk ciphel eines) eRe whan 353 CRPPUONIB Seas ope ere Bue Gralerig coy oor Sis saa 336 CHEYSUTONIB EGP ise kos FN 276) Gymnonelia coo. Ce ec eas 257 COCO 5 obo SAG viene ss selene 339 CPCI os so Ech leo cleus Boe |. ODIE ny inden s Wine eR eae 450 COGrra ty ee eed 260. Heleodytes.. ..0600 Kose. eyrgea yt 402 1930 BIRDS OF PERUVIAN EXPEDITION—ZIMMER 479 PAGE PAGE TIOUABO Os Ge one ea BOS RIOR cig EAL Giclee ane 244 FIGOGUEE hie Cie atk neta ee one 218! NORMUIA di OSs aaa 301 PR NEEMN ROLY) aE ae 465. Nothoprocta. 3.05). aoe 243 POIOOP IR. oj case wee Rees S07) Nuttallonrnie cco Setesagen 376 PAGEPRUIOCNINUN 0 as ek $00)“ NVetibius os oe Oa Ree 267 eee neg FeLi esata oatanuhatobata le shane ro NYVCUCTOMUS. a eae 268 Hylocichla. 0.000020 2022.21111 41g Qehthodiaeta........ eee 364 Hed NN OPA He MRR Arps re ct Ho ete e eee ee eee ee ee ee ees of 4 Hesse 0 ci) eee omenborebiine 00007) aes 403 sh ys SARS AD SP RACHA Wop al Hie iA se ty to) UM Rapa SRR TER aT sj lh 3 Ai irae ROUSE aati aR le FT A 279 eh et OE are hea seas 443 la ag Sette terete entrees oan ARR ee Raed ame amNY TASH SY BE GIO 666 oe swine ae os ae ea 429 PRCA VTRINDNIN 5 oo ois awe eeae 359 Lafresnaya....................5 eee Mapdivalliia oa sa area 251 Lampraster...................-. Re eb oy a ce ear a 424 Lanio...... ahd shuren lates: aa ihe Ore PReamR i i is oleae 280 Laniocera...................... Bee ROMO. sols iu Comune oa 249 poled iad ies Pa aaa aM hia re PRT CRD a bby ap kata tte. 434 GAtUS. =. eee eee eee eee eee SPL Phasomyias............-<. 05.00, 394 Lepidocolaptes.................. Gen Miaathiorhis. ... 66... os sok sa 272 Leptasthenura.................. tee) PRONMACIA.. i006... ca vuvan dan 457 Leptopogon..................... Bor Geer a oe 347 ea de os A a a a ABA SEA Bari 258 jet | ARRAS ae eG Sar ec AT72 proved vet et eet e tee eee eres i PAveGytae os alae 395 SSOMID. .- 2. eee eee eee ween 363 Phylloscartes..............-..-. 387 Leucippus...............--..... SABER | OARS ROREICIEE Sa Means 260 osceles........... 0.6... eee, Pen Pee eee ey wae 313 Lipaugus....................05, 358 WIL yes ek tre es ue sare earl 354 Lochmias Ras steel ae aa prasMeh Veen Kite 350 OER REM ean Ls) 357 Lophotriccus.................... FY a Nees See Nae 449 5) al CMEN AUS SMR lo any EC ¥ 374 DORR 6.05 en ah a eeleusmaiey 300 rae ARO R Teco i iOrc'e St ste 334 bast ached oo Et POG Platytiachus. 6s. ss. exc os uke 381 Mecocerculus.... 2.2... 00.2144) 390 Pogonotriccus................00% 387 PROTONS a eas Zee ‘Polvonymus: 2.6.66... ed ce 286 MOM oy ies cask Sion ew ee) NE i ha A471 BE i gs as wile cos Seiad again ue) MMO i 6). cans cele Skea 346 scopes apaat CHER EC ee 397 Pseudocolaptes.................. 347 Mitrephanes.................... 378 Pgeudocolopteryx................ 388 BAONOBR ee lec e eee 302 Psilopsiagon.................005 264 cate hte onal EE OTE rc Ree MN eo oo CL ere 250 Muscisaxicola................... 362 Pterophanes.................00. 282 PEIN eee heey ein he Pilipadatoe 8) LS Cy ae 254 Lt pe besnagg OI ET OLE BOR PRT oii. bs aks cee on eae 324 PERN el | oh eine cath ae ye cuNtnlg OY OO OES, SRR MAE Np PDE TE Sinn Iu 272 WE LCN ad euean S20 Pyaochelidon. . ..)..5. 0 bens ek 398 WEIN as ea aes Pe PERN os aye Caer 332 Aioctana. eS Renee ete og tt Pyrocophalie. 0/4. cs 000 00a 369 feb ae oa aeRO ls eM SN la ama a 1 ws BA VIGWOCRRON Eo ie Py en Ra da S18.) Ramphastos... 6. os can a ote 304 DEVORE Cai ee at 7g 470). Ramphocelus. 260) ees 448 DEYPRACIOR es ie ee ee ON ef) SOMOS esa tae 2 ey eis 291 DESTEAOCNM esi Nes 8386 Rhynchocyclus.................. 383 Myrmotherala iii ee Op BOUNCE ea coe 6's ee eae eee 360 bo Bc UPS oS EAL AIA AED Aan ees BOB RUDOROIS iis agp aee paras ane ah 247 480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVII PAGE PAGE REBUOE eee eran mh M63. Thamnistes. o.oo. ee a eke 325 DRVORTAB ooo eC A es BGT PRAMNODENS . 5 ce i hee 319 OPN ea we penne SOG SS UMUREOTE co oe cee 291 Schistochlamys................+> MD GL I DODSIS 6, boise os bt eae oe 452 MOCHISCOCICDIA bu Secs sk eee es SO) EAPSU DIS sachs ee oe 445 CONUS ho aie ae SE ROOMS eG ae 404 PCVUMIODUE cia ive a ees eRe pas ERNIE Se pr aia ng AGN 360 DOININOrA LEP ee eae od BOF) LOUINOSTIUIN og ese os eae ‘ee BELPOUMAES esp ele oels SO |: CROCS oo. Ca pa tae 405 SCANS i eee Oi eee ee AGS PROCONUTUS ies a ee 294 PIECHSOMNNS 2 Pe ei aren BOE PROGR 55a. Has eee 410 SUOMI cri co kas eee. Soe CyTennoutes. ob ee ew 356 SOOMMODNUA ii) iss ss a cee Ye RR TRONS ee ues a mle 395 oo ARE) albu cele sata es MOA RUBINO is ook he Sails peewee 370 rn ER Oe NEO ie Pa atime eee 465 f = eb NU Ont ar Beg RGL SCN ©. ggg Upucerthia..................... 341 WORROEOIB ca hee ere soe 266 aes SLOP MIOVEN YK os eee ok 8 399 esate re aahia till itae 5 okt nie eae omer at Streptoprocne.....0. 2222... a0 Veosywa. ae Synallaxis PDE NILGERT seal APR UNAD Sor aa Rae trad SA a 343 Volatinia 462 Svstelltira cy eye hayes eee GR ake LE Sy tah ACU TONY eee ea mR Wachoskians 451 WIBOOE i a ga Oe ee 425 EORROVA sr Cicer ele ese ses 436: MANCNOUTE 2) Oi ae a 400 PORERR ery ed Ee OM es oe BOO EO sow oka tes Weal ea 349 EARS CC LEE LES OLG : RAPNOTNVUCHUA oS a eas 351 POPHTOCEDIB A 287 WORM CCDS CVE e le urea) Une MM OR n ele hee 257 MGUUREER ES ep VSEG 8 Cane os B16: | ZOBOWICA ee Seoee ied yeaa 471 THE LIBRARY OF THE JAN 5 1931 UNIVERSITY. OF ILLINGIS. Ne Foret’ a ae Tp ea pe shaw i) Be i= a Gees e - = iii fe Ce lah APs | UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA NI 3 0112 004115314 * < : . Aenean b 7 . 2 ‘ . ‘oars ‘ ve ree a i vise eng : ‘ ; ei \ wea eh A : eA ' . PM \ ‘