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HIST0M SURVET

NATURAL
HISTORY SURVf
LIPP RY

:,. S FIELDIANA • ZOOLOGY

Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

Volume 31 July 12, 1951 No. 48

BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND

Austin L. Rand

Curator, Division of Birds

INTRODUCTION

Dr. D. S. Rabor of Silliman University, Negros, is engaged in
a study of the fauna of Negros Island. Chicago Natural History
Museum is co-operating in this, and in the collection of birds that
have so far come to the Museum are specimens representing new
records for Negros and series of rare or little known species. Other
specimens necessitated reviews of certain species. Dr. Rabor had
intended to collaborate with me in working on this collection, but
as this has been impossible I present these notes. Two new sub-
species, representing new species records for Negros, Rhabdornis
inornatus rabori and Otus bakkamoena nigrorum, have already been
described elsewhere. For comparative material of certain species
I am indebted to Dr. Ernst Mayr, of the American Museum of
Natural History, and Mr. H. G. Deignan, of the United States
National Museum.

The new records for Negros, while in a way only minor extensions
of range, are of more interest than these small extensions might
imply. The faunas of some of the islands of the Philippines differ
markedly, even when separated by only narrow straits, and absences
of species, as well as occurrences, have significance.

The revisions or partial revisions of several species present
interesting lights on certain aspects of speciation in the Philippine
Islands. In the Philippines proper (excluding Palawan) there are
"two large islands, several others of fair size, and innumerable
small islands and islets, a total of 7083." (Delacour and Mayr,
1946, p. 2.) The part that the isolation provided by these islands
has played in speciation of birds in the Philippines was early recog-
nized by Steere, who wrote (1894, p. 420) : "They show isolation to
be the first and the necessary step in the formation of species."
Steere, also observing how related forms replaced each HtJflflMJMPEF THf

No. 671 571

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library

572 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

island to island, concluded that "no two species structurally adapted
to the same conditions will occupy the same area." Both of these
ideas subsequently have received much attention. In some cases
the geographical representatives inhabiting near-by islands are
markedly different, as the representatives on Luzon and Mindoro
of Ninox philippensis and on Negros and Siquijor of Loriculus
philippensis; and certain very different, related species such as
Stachyris speciosa, S. dennistouni, S. nigrocapitata and S. capitalis
replace each other, illustrating the part that island isolation has
had in allowing speciation to progress.

But this should not be allowed to obscure another aspect of
geographical variation that has received less attention in the Philip-
pines. This is the slight difference between some island populations,
and the gradual but progressive change from island to island. This
type of variation is better recognized on continental areas, but, as
the following summaries of examples show (they are treated at
length later), it is pronounced in some of the species in the Philippine
Islands.

Spihrnis cheela: Increase in size in specimens collected from south
to north, with a decrease in those from the west central islands,
where birds are paler.

Terpsiphone cinnamomea: Increase in wing length, tail length,
and especially in length of central streamers of tail in specimens
collected from south to north; northern birds are deeper in color
than more southern ones.

Nectarinia jugularis: The populations in the central islands are
variable, but toward the north the birds become small and pale;
to the south they are richly colored but without orange on the breast.

Sarcops calvus: Birds in the west central islands (Negros and
Mindoro) show a slight increase in size; in the northern (including
Mindoro) and the extreme southern (Sulu) islands the birds are
pale-backed ; in the central islands (including Negros) they are dark-
backed, the darkness reaching its maximum in Samar and Leyte.

Oriolus chinensis: A tendency toward an increase in size in the
birds in the extreme northern islands (Fuga, Calayan), in extreme
west central islands (Busuanga, Cuyo) and in the extreme south
(Sulu); a decrease in brightness of yellow and in width of yellow
forehead in populations from north to south.

We obviously have geographical trends in variation here, but
not one of them is a simple north to south cline. In Spilornis,
which approaches it, there is the greatest decrease in size, and a

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 573

sudden paling in specimens from the west central islands; Terpsi-
phone also approaches it, but the color cline at least is apparently
stepped; in Nectarinia clines of different characters extend north
and south from the central islands; in Sarcops the same is partly
true but the clines appear stepped, the end products are very similar,
and in the west central islands (Negros and Mindoro) a minor size
increase cuts across color variation; in Oriolus a north-south color
cline, perhaps stepped, exists, but in size there are extremes in three
widely separated areas: the north, the extreme west central, and the
south. It is very probable that local reversals and irregularities
exist on these clines.

All these studies, while made on considerable series, are based
on inadequate samples of even all the populations of the medium-
sized islands.

The kingfisher, Halcyon chloris collaris, was recorded by McGregor
(1909, p. 323) on 42 islands (including Palawan), and Delacour and
Mayr (1946, p. 135) say it has been recorded from nearly every island,
even the smallest. The same is probably true for certain other
common species such as Oriolus chinensis, which McGregor recorded
for 45 islands, and Cinnyris jugularis, which he listed for 39 islands.
Probably many of the more than seven thousand islands support
populations of common widespread birds. Though there may be a
certain amount of crossing from island to island, the water barrier
surrounding each island provides some isolation. Presumably every
island population is slightly different from every other. When our
techniques are more refined we probably can demonstrate this.

Thus the Philippines could provide a happy hunting ground for
those who believe in naming any population that has a definite
range and shows any difference, and at the same time it would provide
a nightmare mass of names for a student interested in the intriguing
questions of geographical variation involved, and a stultification of
the study.

Fortunately the application of names to geographical variants
of Philippine birds is nowhere near such a condition. McGregor
(1909) gave us a good summary from a specific viewpoint, and
Delacour and Mayr (1945, 1946) have reviewed it from a subspecific
viewpoint. But that there is much as yet unrecognized variation
in Philippine birds can be presumed on theoretical grounds. Below,
I have demonstrated some of it for certain species.

In studying variation in Philippine Island birds it would seem
advisable to keep the following points in mind :

574 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

(1) Every island population is slightly different from every other
population.

(2) Trends in variation, or clines, exist from island to island.

(3) These clines frequently may not parallel each other.

(4) Local reversals or irregularities in clines may occur, as well
as steps in the clines.

(5) Non-clinal variation exists and abruptly differing popula-
tions may occupy adjacent islands.

(6) Possibly populations of some islands are exceptionally
variable because occasional crossing of individuals from
island to island occurs.

(7) Occasionally an individual differs strikingly from the popula-
tion to which it belongs, and more closely resembles some
other different-appearing populations.

It is evident that much minor variation can not be indicated in
conventional nomenclature. I have applied names to each end of
a cline, when the extremes were different enough to separate at
least 80 or 90 per cent of the individuals. But I have hesitated to
apply names to the intermediate stages in clines; to minor irregulari-
ties in clines; to the ends of minor or vague trends, and to geographi-
cally isolated populations possessing certain characters in common
that separate them from intervening populations. I have attempted
to use names only where it seems they will be useful in discussing
populations.

Podiceps ruficollis philippensis Bonnaterre

Colymbus Philippensis Bonnaterre, 1791, Tabl. Encyc. Meth., 1, 1790 (1791),
p. 58 — fresh waters of the Philippines [=Luzon] (Rand, 1948).

Negros: Male adults, 3; male immatures, 2; female adults, 2;
female immatures, 1.

Wing: male adults, 103, 107, 108; female adults, 99, 102. Cul-
men: male adults, 27, 27, 27.5; female adults, 24, 25.

For comparison we have the following measurements:

Mindanao: Wing: male adult, 98; female, 98, 98. Culmen: 24, 25.

Luzon: Wing: male adult, 113; female, 105. Culmen: male, 27;
female, 27.

Some of the Negros birds came from an altitude of 3,000 feet,
on Lake Balinsasagao.

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 575

Though this species has been recorded from Luzon and Min-
danao, as well as some intermediate islands, including Guimaras,
this is the first record for Negros.

In 1948 (Rand, 1948, p. 1) I separated as P. r. cotabato the
Mindanao bird from P. r. philippensis of Luzon on the basis of
smaller wing and bill, and darker coloration above and below. In
addition, cotabato has less white in the base of the outer web of
the secondaries. Of the five adult birds in the present series, four
are darker, more blackish on the under parts than two Luzon birds,
one is not; compared with two fully adult Mindanao birds, none is
as dark. In the amount of white in the base of the outer webs of
the secondaries, as seen by lifting the coverts, the condition in the
Negros birds is intermediate between the conspicuous white present
in Luzon birds, and the near absence of it in Mindanao birds. In
wing length the Negros birds are intermediate, but in bill size they are
more like Luzon birds. While in most characters the Negros birds
are intermediate between Luzon philippensis and Mindanao cota-
bato, suggesting that there is a gradual change in characters from
north to south through the islands, on bill size they are similar to
the former, and in color of under parts are closer to it, so I refer
them to philippensis.

Besides the fully adult bird, three other stages of plumage are
represented in the series: (a) a full-grown young with white breast
retaining some juvenile streaked pattern on the head (male, May 22) ;
(6) a bird resembling the adult but with white throat, breast and
abdomen, and pale rufous on the side of head and neck (female,
December 24); and (c) one very like the adult but with a white
lower breast and abdomen, and a few white feathers in the throat
(male, May 22).

Butorides striatus amurensis Schrenck

Ardea (Butorides) virescens var. amurensis Schrenck, 1860, Reise Amur Lande,
1, pt. 2: 441 — Amurland.

Negros, Amio River: 1 male, May 11, 1948.

Wing: 200. Culmen: 76 mm.

Rabor also collected three of the resident race to which the name
B. s. carcinophilus Oberholser has been shown to apply by Mayr
(1943, p. 11), and which measure: wing, male 182, female 167, 171;
culmen, male 65, female 65, 65 mm. The specimen of amurensis
differs from those not only in its larger size, but also in the greener
color of the elongated scapular feathers.

576 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

This race, a winter migrant from the north, is known to winter
in the Philippines and as far south as Celebes, but this appears to
be the first record for Negros. The date seems rather late.

Ixobrychus sinensis sinensis Gmelin

Ardea Sinensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2: 642— China.

Negros: 1 female, February 5, 1950.

Wing: 124.

Though the least bittern is recorded from a number of islands,
from Luzon to Sulu, this female sent by Rabor from Negros, seems
to be the first record for that locality. From the date it could well
be a winter visitor.

Anas poecilorhyncha luzonica Fraser

Anas luzonica Fraser, 1839, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839: 113 — Luzon.

Negros, Amio River: Male adults, 8; female adults, 7. April 9-
May 18, 1948.

Wing: male, 235, 238, 240, 241, 247, 247, 248, 262; female, 225,
229, 231, 231, 234, 235, 235.

Though this species has been recorded for many localities in the
Philippine Islands, the present specimens appear to represent the
first record for Negros.

Hieraaetus kieneri formosus Stresemann

Hieraaetus kieneri formosus Stresemann, 1924, Orn. Monatsber., 32: 108.

Negros, Zamboanquita: Males, 1. January 23, 1949.

Wing: male, 333 mm.

Though previously known from both Luzon and Mindanao as
well as some intermediate islands, this specimen appears to be the
first record of the species for Negros. Its small size compares well
with published measurements of this race.

Spilornis cheela Latham

The series of six adults and one immature sent by Rabor from
Negros necessitates a review of the variation in this species.

The subspecies S. c. palawanensis, of Palawan, Busuanga,
Calamianes, and Balabac Islands, lacking spots on the upper breast
and on the mantle, is quite different from the birds of the rest of
the Philippine Islands. Indeed, many authors, including Peters
(1931, p. 274) and Swann (1925, p. 168), keep the latter birds as

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 577

a separate species under the name Spilornis holospilus, not particu-
larly closely associated with S. cheela. However, it seems advisable
to follow Delacour and Mayr (1945, p. 106) in considering them
conspecific.

The geographical variation in these latter birds has not been
properly established. Vigors described holospilus from near Manila
in 1831, and Steere in 1890 described as smaller and paler the bird
from Guimaras, Panay and Negros and named it Spilornis panayensis
(1890, p. 7). Bourns and Worcester (1894, p. 44) wrote that dark
and light birds occurred throughout the range of the species, and were
unable to find constant size differences. They decided panayensis
was based on characters due to season and individual variation and
not recognizable. McGregor (1909) recognized panayensis but was
doubtful of its validity. This view Hachisuka (1934, pp. 22, 23)
followed, saying panayensis was a pale individual variety known
from Bohol, Guimaras, Masbate, Mindanao, Negros, Panay, Rom-
blon, Sibuyan and Tablas (evidently from McGregor), and mentioned
a panayensis type of bird from Davao on Mindanao. Delacour and
Mayr (1946, pp. 49, 50) follow, and give S. h. holospilus as ranging
throughout the Philippines (exclusive of the Palawan group).

However, Grant (1896, p. 527) reviewed the question, listed the
measurements of thirty specimens, and concluded that from Luzon
south through the western islands to Mindanao and Basilan there
was a decrease in size in the populations that were composed of
dark birds, and that in Panay, Guimaras, and Negros there was a
still smaller and a paler bird, to which the name panayensis was
applicable. Both Peters (1931, p. 274) and Swann (1925, p. 168)
recognized panayensis. In 1939 (pp. 76-77) Peters, when discussing
birds from Mindoro, Mindanao, and Basilan, remarked that in-
dividual variation was great, but that Mindanao birds were larger
than those from farther south; lack of critical material prevented
him from drawing final conclusions.

Though present material is not extensive — only sixteen birds — it
has the advantage of having series from two islands (seven skins from
Negros; seven skins from Mindanao; one from Sibuyan; and one
from Romblon), allowing an estimate of range of variation.

The wing measurements of the present series plus those of Peters
and of Grant are as follows:

Luzon (Grant): male, 13.2, 13.75, 13.9 in. (= 335.2, 348, 353
mm.); female, 14.1, 14.1, 14.4, 14.6, 14.6, 14.8, 15.2, 15.2 in. (= 358.1,
358.1, 365.7, 370.8, 370.8, 375.9, 386, 386 mm.).

578 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

Catanduanes (Grant): female, 14.8 in. (= 375.9 mm.).

Marinduque (Grant): male, 13.2 in. (= 335.2 mm.).

Mindoro (Peters) : male, 368, 370, 372, 380 mm.

Cebu (Grant) : male, 13.2 in. (= 335.2 mm.) ; female, 13.3, 13.8 in.
(= 337.8, 350.5 mm.).

Mindanao (Grant) : female, 13, 13.25, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8 in. (= 330.2,
336, 345.4, 347.9, 350.5 mm.). (Peters): male, 338 mm.; female,
338 mm. (C.N.H.M.): male, 334, 338 mm.; female, 343, 350,
352, 358, 367 mm.

Basilan (Grant): female, 12.7 in. (= 322.5 mm.). (Peters) : male,
332 mm. ; female, 335 mm.

Panay (Grant): male, 12.5 in. (= 317.5 mm.).

Negros (Grant): male, 11.8, 12.3 in. (= 299.7, 312.4 mm.);
female, 12.2, 12.2 in. (= 309.8, 309.8 mm.). (C.N.H.M.): male,
311, 324, 326, 328, 330 mm.

Sibuyan (C.N.H.M.): female, 329 mm.

Romblon (C.N.H.M.): male, 319 mm.

The measurements made by the three persons may not be strictly
comparable (Grant's notably seem small), but it is evident that
there is a decrease in the size of specimens taken from north to
south, and further that the birds from the west central islands are
smaller than Mindanao birds, as Grant pointed out.

In color the seven Mindanao birds in Chicago Natural History
Museum show surprisingly little variation in the dark brown ground
color of the under parts, and Grant has shown that his Mindanao
birds are similar to Luzon birds. The six adult Negros birds con-
trast strikingly; four of them are very much paler below, two are
only somewhat paler than the Mindanao birds. The Romblon and
the Sibuyan birds are very similar to the pale Negros birds.

Present material agrees well with the findings of Grant as to
geographical variation: a decrease in size from north to south
through the eastern islands, and a further decrease in the west
central islands; and a pronounced paling in ventral ground color
in the western central islands. It seems advisable to recognize this
variation by name. The Philippine races should stand as pala-
wanensis, panayensis and holospilus.

Spilornis cheela palawanensis Sclater is found on the islands of
Busuanga, Calamianes, Palawan and Balabac.

Spilornis cheela panayensis Steere is from the west central
Philippines, at least Negros, Panay (Grant), Guimaras (Grant),

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 579

Sibuyan and Romblon. Peters also includes Tablas, Cebu, Bohol
and Siquijor, but not Masbate, which McGregor does include.
Differs from palawanensis in the presence of white spotting on the
upper breast and upper back, in the smaller size, and paler coloration.

Spilornis cheela holospilus Vigors, Philippine Islands from Luzon
to Sulu Archipelago, except for the range of the above races, is like
panayensis in having white spots on the upper breast and back,
but larger, and darker below. The decrease in size from north to
south does not seem sufficient to warrant dividing this subspecies
into large and small forms. The occasional occurrence of a pale
panayensis-\ike individual in populations of this subspecies, as
Hachisuka recorded for Davao, Mindanao, does not invalidate the
separation of the two populations as subspecies.

Spilornis cheela panayensis Steere

Spilornis panayensis Steere, 1890, List Birds and Mammals Steere Exped., p. 7.

Negros: Males, 5.

Wing: males, 311, 324, 326, 328, 330 mm.

Amaurornis phoenicurus javanica Horsfield

Gallinula javanica Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc, London, 13, pt. 1: 196,
Java.

Negros, Amio: Males, 1; females, 1. May 2, 25, 1948.

Wing: male, 154; female, 138.

Another species widely distributed in the Philippines but hitherto
unrecorded for Negros. Five Java males have wings of from 142 to 155
mm., and agree well with the Philippine bird.

Cuculus fugax pectoralis Cabanis and Heine

Hiracococcyx pectoralis Cabanis and Heine, 1863, Mus. Hein., Th. 4, 1862-63,
Heft 1, p. 27 — Philippine Islands.

Negros, Pagyabonan: Male adult, 1. May 9, 1949. — Amico:
Male adult, 1. May 12, 1948.

Wing: 179, 177+ mm.

These two adult males represent the first record of this species
for Negros, though it apparently is widespread in the Philippine
Islands, from Sulu and Basilan to Luzon. The specimens have
wing lengths of 179 and 177+ mm., and the measurements thus
are slightly larger than the 171-175 mm. that Mayr (1938, pp. 25-
26) gives for this race.

580 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

Cacomantis spp. (Philippine Islands)

The treatment of the forms of Cacomantis occurring in the Philip-
pine Islands has been varied, as is shown by McGregor (1909,
p. 374), who listed only one species in this genus, C. merulinus, for
the Philippine Islands; Hartert (1925, pp. 164 ff.), in a review of
the genus, gives C. m. merulinus for the Philippine Islands and
Sulu, C. variolosus sepulcralis for the Philippines, and C. v. everetti
for Tawi-tawi, Sulu Islands. Hachisuka (1934, pp. 205-207), how-
ever, considered that merulinus and variolosus were conspecific and
listed C. m. merulinus as ranging from Basilan to Luzon in the
Philippines and C. m. everetti from only Sulu (Tawi-tawi). In 1939
Peters (p. 90) showed that the dark-breasted C. v. everetti and the
pale-breasted C. m. merulinus both occurred on Basilan, and were
thus to be considered as species, as Hartert had done. Later, Peters
(1940, pp. 23-24) gave the range of C. m. merulinus as the Philippine
Islands, that of C. v. sepulcralis as including the Philippine Islands
(except Sulu Archipelago), and that of C. v. everetti as Basilan and
the Sulu Archipelago. However, Delacour and Mayr (1946, pp.
106-107) list only C. m. merulinus as occurring throughout the
Philippines, and the only form of C. variolosus given is C. v. everetti,
with a range on Basilan and the Sulu Archipelago.

While adequate material is lacking for a critical study of the
validity of the forms involved, present data support Hartert's and
Peters' view that two species, C. variolosus and C. merulinus, are
widespread in the Philippines.

Cacomantis merulinus merulinus, type locality Panay, is listed in
Hartert's review of the genus as ranging in the Philippines and the
Sulu Archipelago. He gives the wing length as 98-111 mm., while
Peters, listing a Basilan bird, gives the wing length as 100 (male),
102.2, 99.3, 99.8 (female). We have a single example of this gray-
breasted bird with pale rufous belly. It was collected at Solsona,
Luzon, December 19, 1923, by McGregor and others and is a male,
with wing of 112 mm.

Cacomantis variolosus everetti, type locality Tawi-tawi, is charac-
terized by Hartert as being very close to sepulcralis but with no gray
on the throat. Peters extended its range to Basilan on the basis of
an unsexed adult, with a wing of 113.5 mm.

Cacomantis variolosus sepulcralis S. Miiller

Cuculus sepulcralis S. Miiller, 1843, Verh. nat. gesch. Nederl., Land-en
Volkenk., pt. 6, p. 177, note.

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 581

Negros: Female adults, 2.

Wing: female, 113, 113 mm.

Hartert and Peters have admitted this race for the Philippines;
Hachisuka, regarding C. variolosus and merulinus as conspecific,
allows only C. m. merulinus for the Philippines north of Sulu Archi-
pelago while Delacour and Mayr do not list any representative of
C. variolosus from the main Philippine Islands. We have four
specimens in addition to those from Negros: Mindanao, 1 male
adult (wing 122 mm.); Luzon, 1 male adult, 1 male subadult, 1
female adult (wing, male adult 124; male subadult 116; female
adult 116 mm.). McGregor listed only C. merulinus from the
Philippines but he evidently had specimens of this species, as two
of the above specimens were collected by him in 1903.

The present specimens are all plainly separable from the single
available Philippine specimen of merulinus in the much darker
chestnut of the under parts, the chestnut (not gray) upper breast,
the darker (less pale gray) forehead and the bluer back. The wing
length of the females is close to that of the male merulinus. There
is considerable variation in this series: the two Luzon and the Min-
danao males and the Luzon female all have a distinct gray area on
the throat, thus differing from the description of everetti. The two
females from Negros, however, have only a little gray in the chin.
On the rest of the under parts the Mindanao and one Negros bird
are rather dark and richly chestnut; the other Negros bird and the
Luzon birds are considerably paler chestnut.

Eudynamys scolopacea mindanensis Linnaeus

Cuculus mindanensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 169 — Mindanao.

Negros, Mabaha, Bais: Male adults, 2; male immature, 1. April
26, 28, 1949; May 15, 1949.

The immature bird, taken May 15, has molted into nearly com-
plete glossy black adult plumage, but though no molt is in progress
it still retains some brownish black, immature remiges and rectrices,
and a few dull black, worn wing coverts.

From Mindanao (June 21, 1948), we have an immature female
in almost wholly immature plumage, which is completely black,
duller and less glossy than that of the adult male. Only on the
abdomen, breast and under wing coverts the post-juvenile molt has
started and a few adult female type of feathers, pale rufous, or
whitish, barred with blackish, are growing in.

582 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

This indicates that the young of this Philippine subspecies, both
male and female, are completely black like the adult male. A
similar situation has been recorded for India and correlated there
with this cuckoo's habit of laying its eggs in crows' nests, and the
need for the young cuckoos to resemble young crows.

Tyto capensis amauronota Cabanis

Strix amauronota Cabanis, 1872, Jour. Orn., 20: 316 — Philippines.

Negros, Amio: Female adult, 1. May 27, 1948.

Wing: 365 mm.

Though known from Luzon and Mindanao as well as some
intermediate islands, this is the first record of this grass owl for the
island of Negros. For reasons for using the above specific name
instead of T. longimembris see Amadon and Jewett (1946, pp. 551 ff.),
who combine the grass owls of Africa and those of the Indo- Australian
area under the oldest name, capensis.

Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Temminck and Schlegel

^Caprimulgus jotaka Temminck and Schlegel, 1847, Fauna Japan, Aves, p. 37 —
Japan.

Negros, Dayongan: Female [=male], 1. November 18, 1947.

Wing: 229. Tail: 140 mm.

This migrant has been recorded only from Palawan and the
extreme northern part of the Philippine Islands, so that this record,
new to Negros, represents a southeastern extension of its known
wintering range.

Chaetura gigantea dubia McGregor

Chaetura dubia McGregor, Bureau Gov. Labs., Manila, No. 34, p. 15, pi. 12 —
Mindoro.

Negros, Lake Balinsasayao: Males, 4; females, 4. May 21-28,
1949. — Santa Catalina: 2 males. December 30, 1948.

Wing: male, 212, 214, 216, 216, 218, 219; female, 211, 211, 214,
216 mm. We also have three other Philippine birds: Luzon, male,
222+; female, 226; Mindanao, female, 217 mm.

This fine series is of a species rare in collections. The Palawan
representative of this species, C. g. gigantea, of which we have three
from Palawan and one from Culion, is quite different in having a
much paler back and being much paler below, almost like C. g.
indica, and in lacking any pale loral spot. The representative to

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 583

the south is C. g. celebensis, but its characters contrasted with those
of the Philippine bird have not been adequately pointed out. We
have none of the five known specimens. From the descriptions it
appears to be smaller (wing, male 203, female 188) and to be greenish
black rather than purplish black.

The early records of this species from Negros were called C. cele-
bensis, but Riley (1924, p. 56) has compared two Basilan birds
(wing 215, 220) with a Mindoro bird (topotypical dubia; wing 223)
and found them identical. However, the measurements indicate
that southern Philippine birds may average slightly smaller than
those from northern Philippines. Our one Mindanao specimen has
the body more dead black, with less of a purple gloss than in Negros
material, but the importance of this is not clear.

All of our six females and most of our seven males show at least
some buffy or brownish tinge to the loral spot, but in some cases it
definitely appeared to be adventitious staining and this was demon-
strated to be the case by washing one specimen, when the brownish
color disappeared. The sexes appear to be alike, except for the
average slightly smaller size of the female.

Wear and fading cause a great change in color in these birds.
All the May birds are molting. The back has a mixture of old worn
feathers (dull brownish at the tips, then with a band of iridescent
purplish black, where they have been protected by the next feather)
and new feathers (purplish black to the tip). The difference due to
fading is usually less pronounced on the under parts, but in one
male the worn brown tips to the feathers of the under parts are
very conspicuous.

This change in color is evidently rapid, for though the Mindanao
bird taken in August is still blackish above and below, the two
December birds from Negros are already distinctly brownish above,
foreshadowing the very brown, worn condition of the tips of the old
feathers still retained in the molting May birds.

Chaetura picina Tweeddale

Chaetura picina Tweeddale, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878: 944 —
Mindanao.

Negros, Lake Balinsasayao: Males, 4; females, 7. May 22-29,
1949.— Sicopon River: Males, 1. December 22, 1947.

Wing: males, 162, 167, 169, 174; females, 160, 165, 166, 167,
169, 169, 169 mm.

584 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

The splendid series of this rare, long- winged, spine- tailed swift
provides a new record for Negros. Hitherto this swift was known
only from Mindanao, Leyte and Cebu in southern and central
Philippines.

Though some of the May birds are molting, the molt is much
less conspicuous than it is in the related C. g. dubia, indicating
perhaps a different way of life. In the December bird in fairly
fresh dress the gloss of the plumage is quite greenish; in the May
specimens the old worn feathers are considerably more purplish,
but again the difference between fresh and worn plumage is not
nearly as great as it is in C. g. dubia. Aside from differences due
to wear there is little variation in this series.

Hemiprocne coma t a major Hartert

Macropteryx comata major Hartert, 1895, Nov. Zool., 2: 473 — Luzon.

Negros, Inubungan: Male adult, 1; female adult, 1. December 20,
26, 1948.— Amio River: Female adult, 1. May 18, 1948.— Sicopon
River: Male immature, 1. December 22, 1947. — Lake Balinsasayao :
Male immature, 1. June 1, 1949.

Wing: male adults, 140; female adults, 141, 144.

Color variation within the Philippine Islands seems insufficient
for separating subspecies, but there seems to be a gradual change
in size, decreasing from north to south. Material in Chicago Natural
History Museum gives the following measurements: Basilan, 135;
Mindanao, female, 132; Mindoro, female, 138; Luzon, females, 149,
149, 139, 147, 148 mm. The Negros birds are included in the part
of this cline with the larger size.

Halcyon lindsayi moseleyi Steere

Halcyon moseleyi Steere, 1890, List Bds. Mamms. Steere Exped., p. 11.

Negros, Lake Balinsasayao: Males, 1. May 24, 1949. — Pagya-
banan: Males, 1; females, 3. May 8-12, 1948, 1949.— Talostos:
Females, 1. May 17, 1948.

Wing: males, 107, 107; females, 110, 112, 112, 114 mm.

The above series of this well-marked endemic Negros race re-
presents one of the rare birds of the Philippines.

Stachyris speciosa Tweeddale

Dasycrotapha speciosa Tweeddale, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878:
114 — Negros.

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 585

Negros, Lake Balinsasayao: Females, 2. June 1, 4, 1949. —
Pagyabanan: Males, 3; females, 1. May 8-12, 1949. — Inubungan:
Males, 1; females, 1. December 20, 1948.— Karahaan : Females, 2.
May 10, 23, 1948.— Ugdangan: Males, 1. May 5, 1948.

Wing: males, 68, 69, 69, 69, 70; females, 66, 67, 67, 68, 68, 69 mm.

This is another fine series of a rare Negros endemic. Except for
the average slightly smaller size of the female the sexes are alike.
The width of the yellow forehead varies somewhat, its color varies
from orange yellow to clear yellow, and the black of the throat
may be heavily or lightly marked, but otherwise there is little
individual variation in this series.

Gerygone sulphurea Wallace

Gerygone sulphured Wallace, 1864 (1863), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863: 490—
Solor.

Negros, Dumaquete: Males, 1. February 5, 1950.

Wing: 53 mm.

This specimen, a male in very worn plumage, but beginning to
molt, seems to be the first record for the island though the species
has been collected previously in both northern and southern Philip-
pines.

Megalurus palustris forbesi Bangs

Megalurus palustris forbesi Bangs, 1919, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 7: 5 —
Luzon.

Negros, Sicopon River: Females, 1. December 27, 1947.
Wing: 86 mm.

Though fairly widespread in the Philippines, this grass warbler
was hitherto unrecorded for Negros.

Phylloscopus borealis kennicotti Baird

Phyllopneuste kennicotti Baird, 1869, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, pt. 2:
313 — St. Michael's in Norton Sound, Alaska.

Negros, Inubungan, Santa Catalina: Males, 2. December 18, 26,
1949.— Tolong: Males, 1.' December 28, 1948.

Wing: 63.5, 64, 65 mm.

Out of the seven specimens Rabor sent from Negros, four had
wings of 68, 68, 69, 70 mm. and are considered to represent P. b.
borealis. The above three, because of their small wings, are con-
sidered to represent kennicotti.

586 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

Parkes and Amadon (1948, pp. 86, 87) were the first to point
out that kennicotti occurred in the Philippines, and they recorded
it from Palawan and Luzon. The present specimens thus extend
its range south to Negros.

Terpsiphone cinnamomea Sharpe

Terpsiphone cinnamomea 1877, not T. unirufa 1937, nor T. rufus
Gray, 1843, preoccupied by T. rufa Swainson (=T. mutata) 1837,
should be used as the specific name of this bird (see Salomonsen,
1937).

A fine series of this species sent by Rabor from Negros showed
surprisingly little individual variation and gave a sound starting
point for studying the geographical variation of the species. I
borrowed the available material from the American Museum of
Natural History through the kindness of Dr. Mayr, and that from
Washington through the kindness of Mr. Deignan. Though the
combined material (58 specimens) is too scanty for a final review,
some points emerge.

In color, adult males from Luzon (two specimens), Lubang (one),
Sibuyan (one), Romblon (one) and Basilan (one) fall within the
moderate range of variation of the eleven Negros birds. The Cebu
(one specimen), the Mindanao (three) and Tawi-tawi, Sulu (two),
six specimens in all, agree in representing a lighter, paler series,
whose complete range of variation is represented by the three
Mindanao birds. However, compared with the above listed darker
series there is some overlap. The palest bird from the northern
darker series is from Negros, and the darkest one of three Mindanao
specimens is very similar to the palest Negros bird. The three
Talaut birds are as dark below as the Mindanao birds, but the
upper parts, especially the head and neck, are somewhat paler than
in any of the Philippine birds.

Wing length is as follows: Luzon, 95, 96; Lubang, 98; Romblon,
99; Sibuyan, 101; Negros, 90-96 (av. 93.2); Cebu, 96; Mindanao,
94, 95, 95; Basilan, 92; Sulu, 88, 92; Talaut, 92, 93.

Tail length, exclusive of the central streamers, is as follows:
Luzon, 119, -; Lubang, 98; Romblon, -; Sibuyan, 101; Negros,
(10) 81-95 (av. 87.1); Cebu, 91; Mindanao, 83, 84, 88; Basilan, 88;
Sulu, 83, 78; Talaut, 85, 85, 85.

The extent of the central tail feathers beyond the next longest
tail feathers is: Luzon, 40, -; Lubang, 105; Romblon, -; Sibuyan, 95;

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 587

Negros, (10) 11-26 (av. 17.6); Cebu, 9; Mindanao, 5, 6, 8; Basilan,
7; Sulu, 5, 7; Talaut, 2, 5, 6.

The small number of male immatures, female adults and female
immatures prohibits much comment. Five immature males from
Basilan have white bellies, like the figured type of cinnamomea, a
sixth is darker and has the belly pale rufous, as does a Tawi-tawi,
a Panay, and a Cebu specimen.

In the adult females six Negros birds, two Luzon, and one
Lubang bird are dark, while one Cebu, one Mindanao, one Basilan
and one Sulu bird are somewhat paler, the Basilan bird being even
almost buffy on the belly; a Talaut bird is slightly paler again but
has the belly pale rufous as in the rest of the series except the Basilan
bird.

Two immature females from Sibuyan and one from Romblon
have the belly strongly buffy; one from Mindanao and two from
Basilan have the belly buffy whitish.

The variations discussed above for the adult male may be
summarized as (1) an increase in wing length; (2) an increase in
tail length (exclusive of central streamers); (3) a great increase in
the length of the central tail feathers; and (4) a deepening of the
rufous color as one goes from south to north.

It is possible that various local reversals in the main trends occur,
that in places the cline is stepped, that locally individual variation
may be much greater than present material indicates. Conceivably
various stages on the general cline could be separated as named
subspecies, but the advisability of this is doubtful. Three races are
recognized.

In Terpsiphone cinnamomea cinnamomea Sharpe the birds are
usually paler, and adult males have central tail feathers projecting
little beyond the next pair; this is the form from the Sulu Archi-
pelago and southern Philippines north to Mindanao.

The type of the species, which Sharpe figured, is obviously
a young bird. Hachisuka (1935, p. 324) gives the type locality
as Isabela, Basilan, but Steere, the collector of the type (Sharpe,
1877, p. 328) says, "I only saw one specimen .... It was shot . . .
in the interior of the island of Basilan, at some distance from the sea."

Terpsiphone cinnamomea talautensis Meyer and Wigglesworth
differs from T. c. cinnamomea in having the upper parts slightly
paler, especially on the head and neck; from Talaut Islands, Celebes.

This is an ill-defined race and its characters are a continuation
of the cline from the Philippine Islands. Were it not so separated

588 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

geographically from the rest of the range of the species, its recogni-
tion might be questioned.

Terpsiphone cinnamomea unirufa Salomonsen

Terpsiphone unirufa Salomonsen, 1937, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 58: 15.

Negros: Males, 9; females, 5.

Wing: males, 90-96 mm. (av. 93.2 mm.).

Tail: males, 81-95 mm. (av. 87.1 mm.).

The dark birds and the adult male having elongated central
tail feathers range from the northern Philippines south to Negros.
If it can be shown that all Luzon adult males have much elongated
central tail feathers, the Luzon population could perhaps with
propriety be separated from that of Negros, in which the males
have much less projecting streamers.

Nectarinia jugular is jugularis Linnaeus

Certhia jugularis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 185 — Luzon, Philippine
Islands.

Negros: Male adults, 13, immature, 1; females, 5.
Aethopyga flagrans guimarasensis Steere

Cinnyris guimarasensis Steere, 1890, List of birds and mammals, Steere
Exped., p. 22 — Guimaras.

The original spelling of the subspecies name is guimarasensis,
not guimarenses.

In identifying the three males and two females that Rabor sent
from Negros, the color of the mantle of the males seemed so far
removed from the blood red described for A. /. guimarasensis that
I borrowed the available material in the American Museum and the
National Museum, in all, eight birds from Luzon (A. /. flagrans),
one from Guimaras and five from Panay (A. /. guimarasensis). The
Guimaras adult male (topotypical), the two Panay males, and the
three Negros males agree fairly well among themselves, and differ
from A. /. flagrans from Luzon in having the feathers of the nape
and hindneck black tipped with dull brownish red, sometimes tinged
olive (not pure yellowish olive), the mantle more or less strongly
washed with the same dull brownish red (not bright yellowish orange) ,
the lower breast and abdomen brighter, clearer yellow (not pale olive
yellow), the central orange area of the lower breast and abdomen
brighter, clearer yellow (not pale olive yellow) and the central

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 589

orange area of the lower breast more extensive, slightly paler, and
contrasting less with the rest of the under parts. The variation in
sheen of the metallic plumage, purple to blue, is not correlated with
geography, and is probably due to wear.

Compared with A. /. flagrans the females of A. /. guimarasensis
in fresh plumage differ chiefly in that the under parts are much
yellower generally, and the central part of the breast is much
brighter. The two Negros females differ from the three Panay
females rather strikingly, for the throat and sides of the neck are
much clearer gray (not heavily washed with yellowish olive) and
the top of the head is deep gray (not olive). However, the Negros
birds are much worn, and the Panay birds in fresh plumage; the
observed difference I attribute to wear.

Sarcops calvus Linnaeus

A series of eight adults sent by Rabor from Negros all have
considerable black on the back, not quite as much as does a Leyte
bird, but slightly more than do eight Mindanao birds (six from the
Davao area, two from Ayala). However, compared with eight
Luzon birds, and three Mindoro birds, all of which have silvery
gray backs, the Leyte, Negros and Mindanao birds can be grouped
together as representing one subspecies.

Gilliard (1949b) has reviewed the variation in this species, show-
ing that Grant was correct in considering the distribution of the
silver-backed and the darker-backed birds to be sufficiently cor-
related with geography to use in recognizing two races. I had al-
ready come to the same conclusion in studying the material in
Chicago Natural History Museum. But when Gilliard recognizes
the three named races and goes farther and shows there are six
populations in all in the Philippines, names one of them, and implies
that two others may be worthy of naming, I think he has gone too
far in segregating and naming populations, but not far enough in
indicating variation.

Using Gilliard's data and the twenty-nine specimens in Chicago
Natural History Museum I come to the following conclusions:

(1) Wing length: There is a slight increase in size of birds in
the west central Philippines (Mindoro and Negros; see table).

(2) Tail length: As with the wing, there is a slight increase in
size in Mindoro and Negros birds. While the difference is greater
than in the wing measurements, the tail length tends to be much

590 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

more variable. This is shown in the Negros birds by the tail measure-
ments, which overlap the tail measurements of both Mindoro and
Luzon birds in Chicago Natural History Museum material.

(3) Gilliard records that Sulu Island birds have less gray
tipping to the undertail coverts. As he did not name these birds
on the basis of the five specimens examined, while he did name the
four Mindoro birds, I do not accept his new race; I judge this varia-
tion is slight indeed.

(4) Gilliard recorded "the white central shaft streaks [on the
throat] more profuse in full adult birds" from Mindoro. This seems
the result of a misapprehension. The white lines in the throat of
Sarcops are not shaft stripes, broadening at the tip; each is a single
filoplume, branching near the tip. They appear to be easily affected
by wear, and are only pronounced for a short period. Three Mindoro
birds in Chicago Natural History Museum do not have these white
lines more profuse than do central Luzon, Negros and Mindanao
birds.

(5) Color of f back: This is a conspicuously variable character
and correlates with geography. The birds with the most deeply
and most extensively black-colorf 1 backs appear to come from the
central eastern Philippines, Samar and Leyte; to the east, south,
and north the intensity and the extent of the black on the back
decreases, reaching a silvery gray condition in Mindoro, central and
northern Luzon, and Sulu Island. Apparently this cline is stepped,
for in southern Luzon both types are recorded; also occasional
specimens of one type are found in the range mostly occupied by
the other, as, for example, a silvery-backed specimen from Basilan
and a dark-backed specimen from Catanduanes (Gilliard, 1949b,
p. 3).

Ignoring S. lowei Sharpe from Sibutu, whose status is doubtful,
we have (a) a slight increase in size (both wing and tail) in the
birds of the central west Philippines (Negros and Mindoro), and
(6) a decrease in intensity of pigmentation in the back in specimens
from the east central islands to those from the west central (Negros),
still more to those from the south and north islands — a decrease that
apparently is not all on a steady cline.

Now as to the number of names to use in indicating this varia-
tion: There is little doubt that the dark-backed forms should be
separated from the light-backed forms. It does not seem necessary
to recognize by name the fact that Negros birds are slightly paler
than Samar birds, or that Mindanao birds are slightly paler than

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 591

Negros birds; nor are size differences great enough to use in recog-
nizing races.

Sulu birds are more like central Luzon and Mindoro birds than
they are like those of intervening islands. However, to use geography
almost entirely in recognizing races seems inadvisable. I recognize
Sarcops calms calms Linnaeus and S. c. melanonotus Grant. S. c.
mindorensis Gilliard is referred to the synonymy of calms calms.
This is the subspecies with a silvery gray back, from northern and
central Luzon, Mindoro, and the Sulu Islands.

Sarcops calvus melanonotus Grant

Sarcops melanonotus Grant, 1906, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 16: 100.

Negros: Adults, 7.

Tail: 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 120 mm.

The subspecies melanonotus is the dark-backed form known
from Samar, Leyte, Mindanao, Negros, and Basilan.

Measurements (adults, C.N.H.M.).— Luzon, Abra Province: wing,
128, 129, 133, 133, 133; tail, 107, 111, 111, 112+ . T.uzon, Benguet:
wing, 129; tail, 108. Mindoro: wing, 132, 132, 135; tail, 115, 117,
120. Leyte: wing, 135; tail, 105. Mindanao, Davao area: wing,
125, 127, 129, 130, 134, 137; tail, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 111.
Mindanao, Ayala: wing, 124; tail, 86, 101.

Oriolus chinensis suluensis Sharpe

Oriolus suluensis Sharpe, 1877, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 3: 205.

Negros: Males, 6; females, 1.

Previous to identifying the three adult males sent from Negros
by Rabor, I had worked out the variation of this species with the
help of the material in the United States National Museum. Since
then, Gilliard (1949a) has revised these orioles.

My understanding of the variation in these birds accords in
part with Gilliard 's, but I find additional variation, and find myself
in disagreement with him in the allocation of names. Individual
variation is considerable in color and in size, and series must be
used in evaluating variation.

In brief, variation is as follows:

(1) A tendency for an increase in size of birds in the extreme
northern islands (in Fuga and Calayan Islands), in Busuanga and
Cuyo Islands, and in Sulu Islands.

592 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

(2) A tendency for an average decrease in the width of the
yellow in the forehead in populations from north to south.

(3) A tendency for a decrease in the width of the yellow tip
to the central rectrices in populations from north to south.

(4) The females from the south (Mindanao and Basilan) lack
the yellow tips of the secondaries that characterize more northern
females.

(5) The southern females also average more greenish on the
back, and have more green in the tail.

(6) Bright yellow males are more common in the northern
populations.

Some of these data are represented in the attached table.

Gilliard separates the Philippine birds (exclusive of 0. c. pala-
wanensis of Palawan) into five races, using the characters cited
below:

(1) Oriolus chinensis fugaensis of Fuga Island like 0. c. chinensis
but with more extensive yellow on forehead (30 mm. wide) and larger
wings (159 mm.). Our material shows an average larger size of
birds in these far northern islands, but not a wider yellow forehead.

(2) Oriolus c. chinensis of central Luzon, male, wing 151.5-156,
forehead patch never more than 23 mm. wide.

(3) Oriolus chinensis sorsogonensis of southern Luzon, Tayabas
and Mindoro, like chinensis but with a narrower yellow forehead
(maximum 16 mm.) and larger size (male, wing 154-164 mm.). Our
material supports the postulated difference in the width of the fore-
head, but not the size, for we have specimens from as far north as
Albay Province with a wing of 161 mm.

(4) Oriolus chinensis yamamurae of Basilan, Mindanao, Negros
and Samar Islands; contrasted with all the above, characterized by
lacking yellow tips to the primary coverts and inner secondaries.
Our Mindanao birds compared with Luzon chinensis also differ in
the average lesser yellow on the forehead (see table) and less yellow
on the tips of the central rectrices; and in the female in lacking the
yellow tips to the secondaries; in the average more greenish back,
and the more frequent occurrence of green in the tail. The males
also are less frequently golden yellow than are the northern birds.

(5) Oriolus c. suluensis of Sulu Island, characterized by a much
longer tail (111-118 mm.) but not larger size (male, wing 148-
156.5). However, Meinertzhagen (1923) gave the wings of six

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 593

Sulu males as 152, 161-170, indicating that this is a large bird, like
those from the islands north of Luzon, and of Busuanga and Cuyo.

The advisability of using five names for this series of what are
for the most part north to south representative populations is
doubtful. In color there seems no justification. Size more evidently
varies geographically, but a number of considerations weigh strongly
against using this. According to Gilliard, his sorsogonensis from
southern Luzon is larger than central Luzon birds, but the largest
Luzon bird in Chicago Natural History Museum (wing 161) is from
Albay, farther north; this could be construed as the large race
"fugaensis" also occurring on northern Luzon, but there are also
large birds, wing up to 164 and 168 mm., on Busuanga and Cuyo
Island, and up to 164 mm. on Panay. The wing measurements of
Gilliard's Sulu Island birds are only 148-156.5, while Meinertzhagen
gave 153, 160-170 for Sulu Island, and when these figures are com-
bined they give a range of variation of 148-170 for Sulu birds, a
range that includes all Gilliard's measurements for the Philippines
and all but one measurement (one from Calayan, wing 180 mm.) of
the birds in Chicago Natural History Museum. While average
measurements do seem to vary, individual variation is great, and
the average extremes in size in a number of places do not seem to
lend themselves to use in defining races.

The following arrangement with only two subspecies in the
Philippines proper, and a third from Palawan, is proposed:

(1) Oriolus chinensis palawanensis Tweeddale, restricted to
Palawan; characterized by the wide yellow band on the forehead
in the male, while the female overlaps in characters with those of
the north Philippine populations. Meinertzhagen (1923, p. 73) has
already commented on the overlap in characters between birds from
Palawan, and those from Negros and Luzon.

(2) Oriolus chinensis chinensis Linnaeus. Northern Philippine
Islands, south at least to Mindoro and southern Luzon and also
Calamianes and Cuyo; separable from palawanensis by a moderate
width of the yellow on the forehead. Within this group there is
an increase in size in two places: in the islands north of Luzon
(fugaensis of Gilliard) and in Calamianes and Cuyo; and from
Gilliard's data, in the southern part of the range there is a decrease
in width of the yellow forehead (sorsogonensis Gilliard) a fore-
shadowing of the condition in the next race to the south.

(3) Oriolus chinensis suluensis Sharpe. The southern Philip-
pines, north at least to Mindanao. This race is characterized by

594

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

Oriolus chinensis: Variation
Males (U.S.N.M. and C.N.H.M.)

Locality Wing

Palawan 156

Calayan 180

Fuga 167

Luzon

Abra Province .. . 161
Manila Bay area. 148, 150, 151,
157, 158, 159,
160

Mindoro 149, 159, 160

Busuanga 156, 161, 164

Cuyo 155, 168

Panay 156, 164

Negros 153, 157, 163

Siquijor 156, 157

Ticao 160

Samar 158, 159

Mindanao (9) 152-159

(av. 156)

1 Measured along shaft.

Extent of Width of yellow Extent of yellow
yellow on tip to central on outer web of
forehead rectrices outer rectrices1

23

7

47

16

8

61

20

7

50

10

2

35

12, 14, 16,

5,

6, 6, 6, 7, 9

41, 41, 43,

44,

16, 19, 19,

45, 45

20

12, 14, 18

4,

6

35, 40, 43

14, 15, 16

4,

7, 10

41, 60, 70,

80

10, 15

4,

9

40,80

16, 17

1,

2

36,38

8, 8, 14

2,

2,2

35, 54

10, 12

6

56,62

9

5

40

9, 11

1,

2

27, 50

(9) 7-14

(9) 1-5

(9) 33-54

(av. 10)

(av. 2)

(av. 43)

Females (U.S.N.M. and C.N.H.M.

Locality Wing

Palawan 153

Fuga 163

Luzon

Ilocos Norte 150, 150

Taal Volcano 150

Sorsogon 154

Lubang 154

Mindoro 158

Busuanga 154, 160

Cuyo 158, 167

Panay 155

Negros 153

Samar 155

Mindanao (9) 147-156

(av. 151)

Basilan 152

Sibutu 160

1 Measured along shaft.

Extent of Width of yellow Extent of yellow
yellow on tip to central on outer web of
forehead rectrices outer rectrices1

20

4

47

18

6

42-/

16,20

3

24,30

17

6

33

13

2

31

19

3

45

12

7

34

18, 23

5,2

41, 51

12, 15

5, 5

30,47

0

20

20

2

38

14

3

44

(9) 10-15

(9) 0-4

(9) 23-42

(av. 12)

(av. 2)

(av. 34)

18

28

15

1

45

RAND: BIRDS OF NEGROS ISLAND 595

the decrease in the yellow on the forehead, the lesser extent of yellow
on the tips of the central tail feathers, the average more greenish
back, and the more frequent occurrence of green in the tail. The
female lacks the yellow tips to the secondaries, and the males are
less frequently golden yellow than are Luzon males.

The birds from the central Philippine Islands need to have their
variation studied by series. The few specimens examined indicate
intergradation between north and south populations though popula-
tions are variable.

REFERENCES

Amadon, Dean and Jewett, S. G.

1946. Notes on Philippine birds. Auk, 63: 541-559.

Bourns, F. S. and Worcester, D. C.

1894. Preliminary notes on the birds and mammals collected by the Menage
Scientific Expedition, etc. Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad. Sci., 1: No. 1: 44.

Delacour, J. and Mayr, E.

1945. Notes on the taxonomy of the birds of the Philippines. Zoologica, 30:
105-117.

1946. Birds of the Philippines, pp. 1-309. New York.

GlLLIARD, E. T.

1949a. Two new orioles from the Philippines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 62:

155-158.
1949b. A study of the Coleto or bald starling (Sarcops calvus). Amer. Mus.

Nov., No. 1429, pp. 1-6.

Grant, W. R. Ogilvie

1896. On the birds of the Philippine Islands Ibis, pp. 525-565.

Hachisuka, M.

1934-35. The birds of the Philippine Islands, 2: 1-469. London.

Hartert, E.

1925. Review of the Genus Cacomantis Mull. Nov. Zool., 32: 164-174.

Mayr, E.

1938. Notes on a collection of birds from South Borneo. Bull. Raffles Mus.,

No. 14, pp. 5-46.
1943. Notes on Australian birds. II. Emu, 43: 3-17.

McGregor, R. C.

1909. A manual of Philippine birds, pp. 1-769. Manila.

Meinertzhagen, R.

1923. A review of the Genus Oriolus. Ibis, pp. 52-96.

Parkes, K. C. and Amadon, Dean

1948. The winter range of the Kennicott Willow Warbler. Condor, 50: 86-87.

596 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 31

«

Peters, J. L.

1931. Check-list of birds of the world, 1: 1-345. Cambridge, Mass.

1939. Collections from the Philippine Islands: Birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
86: 74-122.

1940. Check-list of birds of the world, 4: 1-291. Cambridge, Mass.

Rand, A. L.

1948. Five new birds from the Philippines. Fieldiana, Zoology, 31: 201-205.
1950. A new race of the Philippine Creeper, Rhabdornis inornatus (Class Aves).

Nat. Hist. Misc., No. 59, pp. 1-3.
1950. A new race of owl, Otus bakkamoena, for Negros, Philippine Islands.

Nat. Hist. Misc., No. 72, pp. 1-5.

Riley, J. H.

1924. A collection of birds from north and north-central Celebes. Proc. U. S.
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Salomonsen, F.

1937. [On Philippine Paradise Flycatchers.] Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 58: 13-16.

Sharpe, R. B.

1877. On the birds collected by Professor J. B. Steere in the Philippine Archi-
pelago. Trans. Linn. Soc, London, 1, (2), Zoology, pp. 302-353.

Steere, J. B.

1890. A list of the birds and mammals collected by the Steere Expedition . . . ,

pp. 1-30. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1894. On the distribution of genera and species of non-migratory land-birds

in the Philippines. Ibis, 1895, pp. 411-420.

Swann, H. Kirke

1925. A monograph of the birds of prey, 2: 168. London.