\\\\ Ce : bur oe 4 it aie oN ae aan ye ee ner ae. 4 Obra eee ae oll New York State Education Department New York State Museum 6a ANNUAL REPORT Ig0g In 4 volumes VOLUME 3 APPENDIX 5 TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE FEBRUARY a1, 1910 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK IgIt STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 WuiTeLaw Reip M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor - - - - - New York tgt7 St Crarr McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor - - - - Brooklyn IQEQNDANIELIBEsCH Pit D, LL.Die 5 =. 20 - + « - fe eo Watkins LOLA MEGINY RSE XON) bss ves =) =) i= =) ee eee eal moral 1912 T. GuitForp SmMirH M.A.C.E. LL.D. - - - - - - = Buffalo 1918 WiLtiam NortincHam M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - - - - - = Syracuse 1922) CHESTER S: LLorp M.A. LU:D: =) = i = |=. = = 55 e2 New York 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. =.) eeeeAllbany, 1911 EpwarpD LautersacH M.A. LL.D. - - - - - - - - New York 1920 EuGene A. Puitpin LL.B. LL.D. a j= ew =) inde ewe Orie 1916 Lucian L. SHEDDEN LL.B. LL.D. - - - - - - -_ = Plattsburg LOZLMRANCIS IM. CARPENTER) =) = 9 - (=) =) Mount Kasco Commissioner of Education ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Avcustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Asststant Cuarves F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Asststant Director of State Library James I. Wyer, Jr, M.L.S: Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. Crarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, GEorce M. Witey M.A. Attendance, James D. SuLiivan Educational Extension, Witt1am R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, Hartan H. Horner B.A. : Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, Frank B. GILBERT B.A. School Libraries, CHartes E. Firca L.H.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case Trades Schools, ArrHur D. Dean B.S. Visual Instruction, ALrrep W. Asrams Ph.B. en ‘ I ¥ OF CONG Kaw PRES DUPLICATE EXCHANGED STARE OF NEW: YORK Now45 IN ASSEMBLY FEBRUARY 21, I9I0 63d ANNUAL REPORT NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM To the Legislature of the State of New York We have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the 63d Annual Report of the New York State Museum, the report of the Director, including the reports of the State Geologist and State Paleontologist, and the reports of the State Entomologist and the State Botanist, with appendixes. ST CLraiR McKELway Vice Chancellor of the University ANDREW S. DRAPER Commissioner of Education Appendix 5 Museum Memoir 12 Birds of New York, part 1 New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. Criarke, Director Memoir 12 MAY 1 1940 hy, 9, ot 0, x 22/ Zoologica e BIRDS OF NEW YORK BY ELON HOWARD EATON 2Or tan INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS; WATER BIRDS AND GAME BIRDS PAGE PAGE Preface - - - - - - 5 | Bird migration - - - - 65 Illustrator’s note - - - - 9 Spring arrivals - > = © = 72 Summary of the New York State Published local lists - - - 75 avifauna - + - - - - 11 | County schedules - - = - 80 Life zones of New York State - 1g | Classification - - - - - 88 The Mt Marcy region - - - 42 | Descriptions of genera and species - 91 Increase and decrease of species - 50 | Explanation of plates - - - 391 Suggestions to bird students - - 58 | Index - - - - - - 475 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1910 STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 WHITELAW Rerp M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor - New York T9o17 ST Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor - Brooklyn i9t9 Danrex Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. - - - - - Watkins tom Primm i. Sexron LLBS LL.D: - - - - Palmyra role) Ie Gumrorp omar MAC ELE De - = - Buttalo 1918 Wititiam NorrincHam M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - - Syracuse TonOGnESTEReS. LORD MWAS TEED). = - - - New York 1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER-M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - Albany 1911 Enwarp LaurersacH M.A. LL.D. - - - New York 1920 Evcene A. Puirsin LL.B. LL.D. - - - - New York Toro Lucan L. SHeppen LIEB. LL.D: - = : Plattsburg 1921 Francis M. CarpENTER- - - - - Mount Kisco Commissioner of Education Myoriowy S, IDmPinrk IbJE)8, LIL. ID: Assistant Commissioners Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Asszstant Frank Rotiins Ph.D. Second Assestant Tuomas E. Frnecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant Director of State Library James I. Wver, Jr, M.L-S. Director of Science and State Museum lon: IM Crarikewehs 2) DSc sei ap: Chiefs of Divisions Administration, Hartan H. Horner B.A. Attendance, JAmMes D. SuLLIvAN Educational Extension, Wittiam R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, CHarLes F. WuHeretock B.S. LL.D. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, Frank B. Givsert B.A. School Libraries, Caries E. Fircn L.H.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case Trades Schools, ArrHur D. Dean B.S. Visual Instruction, ALFrep W. Abrams Ph.B. New York State Education» Department Science Division, April 1, 1908 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Comnusstoner of Education Str: In 1844 this State published as one of the volumes of the Natural History of New York a comprehensive and finely illustrated treatise on the birds of the State prepared by the eminent ornithologist, James E. DeKay. Ever since its date of issue this work has been of fundamental value to all students of birds and may justly be regarded as, in a large degree, the primary inspiration of the present widespread interest among the people of the State in the science of ornithology. In 1904, 60 years from its publication, I urgently represented to you that a restudy of this field was desirable in order to bring together the increments to knowledge during the long period which had elapsed without active interest therein on the part of the State, and to meet the very gen- eral and lively concern in the subject among our citizens. Consequent upon your cordial approbation of this plan, Mr E. Howard Eaton, an experienced student of the birds, was asked to undertake the preparation of a work which would meet the present needs of the public. It is with much satisfaction that I now have the honor to transmit to you herewith for publication as a memoir of the State Museum, the manu- script of the first volume of this treatise, accompanied by the plates in color which have been prepared by the accomplished bird artist, Mr Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Very respectfully Joun M. CLarKE Director State of New York Education Department COMMISSIONER'S ROOM April 8, 1908 The economic value of birds, the aid which they bring to common culture, and the stimulus which they give to moral sense, constitute ample warrant for supplying accurate and scientific information about birds and bird life, at the expense of the State. Our State has already done something to this end, and what it did was well done, for it devoted one of the sumptuous volumes of the Natural History of New York to the subject. But that was before most people now living were born. It is said, no doubt with truth, that that work has been the main reliance of serious students of ornithology and the main inspiration of substantial popular interest in birds, not only in New York but beyond our borders, for more than sixty years. Certainly, popular interest in the subject has both widened and deepened. The present needs were brought officially to my attention by Dr John M. Clarke, the Director of the Science Division of this Department, very soon after the organization of the present Depart- ment, and he was authorized to go forward with the preparation of a work that would meet these needs, with the assurance that it would be pub- lished by the State if it proved to be widely comprehensive of the subject, was given a form which would appeal to popular interest, and was marked by scientific accuracy for which he would vouch. Even so much as this appears to have been realized, and publication is approved. vAKe Commissioner of Education New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. CrarkeE, Director Memoir 12 BIRDS OF NEW YORK BY ELON HOWARD EATON PART I PREFACE During the past half century there has been a remarkable advance in all departments of ornithology. Detailed study of the structure, classifi- cation, migration and distribution of birds has virtually revolutionized the science. The popular awakening of interest in nature study and the increased appreciation of the out-of-doors among all classes of society, has largely centered in bird study as one of the most delightful and fasci- nating recreations. The vast army of American sportsmen is becoming aroused to the necessity of protecting our game and wild birds more effi- ciently, lest they all go the way of the Heath hen and Wild pigeon. The Audubon societies are making an heroic defense of our song birds and vanishing sea fowl. National and state governments and individual bio- logical researches have proved the inestimable value of birds to agriculture. Many American states have established special commissions for the study of economic ornithology and have published extensive reports on native birds and their value to the commonwealth. 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On account of the rapidly changing natural conditions in this country due to settlement and cultivation, and because of the wanton and thoughtless destruction of forests and wild life which has characterized the last century, there is most urgent need of public sentiment asserting itself in the protection and encouragement of our wild birds, if this State is to preserve the remnant of its heritage of game birds whose abundance astounded the early explorers, and if we are to keep the song birds which lend such a charm to country life and insure the farmer against the outbreak of insect pests which constitute the most serious menace to the agri- cultural wealth of the State. During the 64 years which have elapsed since DeKay’s account of New York ornithology was published, 100 species of birds have been added to our State list and material advancement has been made in our knowledge of the habits and distribution of the commoner species. The present report has been prepared with the double purpose of bringing together as completely as possible our knowledge of New York birds at the present time; by affording the intelligent public an account of every species known to occur within the State, accompanied with the illustrations so success- fully executed by Mr Fuertes, it is hoped that the rising generation will become sufficiently acquainted with the beauty, interest and value of our birds to appreciate and protect them more efficiently. For assistance in preparing this report the author is indebted to all students of New York birds who are mentioned in the introduction to the summary of the published and county lists; to Dr Clarke, Director of the State Museum, at whose suggestion the work was begun, and to his corps of assistants who have helped in the study of the State’s specimens and records; to the authorities of the United States National Museum in Washington, especially Professor Ridgway, Dr Richmond and Mr Riley who have furnished free access to the specimens in the Smithsonian collections of birds and eggs; to the authorities of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, who have placed their extensive collection of records and specimens at his disposal, especially to Dr Merriam, BIRDS OF NEW YORK 7 Chief of the Survey, and to Dr Fisher, Professor Cooke, Mr Oberholser and Mr Howell, all of whom have worked in New York territory and have rendered generous assistance; to the officers of the American Museum of Natural History in New York city, specially to Dr Allen, Mr Chapman and Mr Miller, for the use of their records and specimens; to Dr Jonathan Dwight for comparison of specimens with his complete series of subspecies of eastern birds; and to Mr Dutcher for the use of his Long Island collec- tion and exhaustive notes on Long Island birds. Eton Howarp Eaton Canandaigua, N. Y., March 25, 1908 ILLUSTRATOR’S NOTE In illustrating a work of the importance and scope of the present one it has been necessary to draw upon larger material than was available in my own cabinets, so recourse was had to the more complete collections of others. The majority of the land birds and smaller water birds have been drawn from specimens of my own collecting, while most of the larger species were kindly loaned by different institutions; the New York State Museum at Albany, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and the Department of Zoology of Cornell University. The living appearance of a bird is seldom well expressed by a dried skin, however perfect it may be, and in many instances a specimen gives no hint of the grace and beauty furnished in life by the bright colors of the perishable parts: the eyes, the soft skin of bill and feet of many water birds, and, in rare cases, the living feathers themselves. For there are some birds, notably the group of Black-headed gulls, some terns, and the larger mergansers, whose white plumage is suffused at certain seasons with a most beautiful tinge of shell-pink or rosy cream-color which is evanescent, and soon fades from the most carefully prepared and cherished skin. The rich colors often found in the bill, legs and feet also change with the pro- cess of drying, and it is a cause of surprise and regret to students to find how meager is the literature bearing upon this important item of bird coloration. It is almost impossible to find concise descriptions of even the more striking of these transitory beauties, while those less brilliant but not less beautiful and interesting are generally allowed to pass entirely undescribed. Thus it early became apparent to me that if such data were to be recorded it must be done from actual specimens, painted, in short, from living or fresh taken birds, before the settling of the body fluids or the disintegration or absorption of pigments could take place. This, it may be said, is frequently a matter of only an instant, and in most cases, also, the high color is only attained in adult birds and at the approach of the breeding season. se) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Thus it has come to be the most important part of my field work for the past ro years to make careful color notes of all these changeable parts, at the first possible moment after the capture of the bird, and I have endeav- ored to miss no opportunity to add to my collection. As a result I now have a large series of such studies, fairly covering the field, which has been freely drawn upon in this work, and without which many of the subjects could not possibly have been rendered even slight justice. And it is still possible that some of the species are incorrectly represented, owing to the impossibility of getting fresh specimens or adequate descriptions of the rarer ones. In these few cases reference has been made to such descriptions as were available and to the original edition of Audubon—an expedient not without precedent among authors of the present day. Owing to the large number of species and plumages necessary to present, it was found impossible to devote an entire plate to each species as was the first hope of all connected with the work. This accounts for the regrettable combining of several species on a plate, at times introducing anomalous conditions, and bringing birds together that seldom see each other. We have tried hard to reduce such cases to a minimum, and it should be understood that where these occur there was no better solution apparent. Among the water birds, presented in volume 1, the groups are for the most part not unnatural, though frequently crowded, but among the land birds in the second volume it was necessary to frankly face the situation, do the best we could, and make this explanation. Louis AGassiz FUERTES ihaca Nee SUMMARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE AVIFAUNA At the present time there are 411 species of birds which have been recorded as occurring in New York State. Sixty-four yearsago, when DeKay’s Ornithology of New York appeared, 301 species were known. By referring to the tables of local lists, it will be seen that several species well known at the present time were unknown to Dr DeKay: such as the Alder fly- catcher, Prairie horned lark, Rough-winged swallow, Migrant shrike, Louisiana water-thrush, Connecticut warbler, Hudsonian chickadee and Gray-cheeked thrush. But the greater portion of the 100 species which have been added to the State list are uncommon or accidental visitants to this region. It is impossible to group New York birds according to their mode of occurrence into sharply defined classes, but the following summary may be useful. For a full account of the distribution of each species, however, the reader is referred to the schedules in the local lists, and to the specific descriptions. I Residents These are species which are found within the State at all seasons of the year and breed within its borders. A Species occurring throughout the year in all, or the greater portion of the State. Some of these, like the Red-headed woodpecker, are occasion- ally migratory, and others, like the Crow, are rarely found in the highlands or colder districts during midwinter. Ruffed grouse Bald eagle American long-eared owl Short-eared owl Barred owl Screech owl Great horned owl Hairy woodpecker Downy woodpecker Red-headed woodpecker Blue jay American crow House sparrow American goldfinch Cedar waxwing White-breasted nuthatch Chickadee 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM B Species that breed throughout the greater portion of the State and occur sparingly during winter in the warmer districts. They are all, however, more common as summer residents. To these some might prefer to add the summer residents mentioned on page 13 which are marked wr. Marsh hawk Sharp-shinned hawk Cooper hawk Red-tailed hawk Red-shouldered hawk American sparrow hawk Belted kingfisher Northern flicker Prairie horned lark Cowbird Meadowlark Purple finch Song sparrow Swamp sparrow Robin Bluebird C Species which breed more or less commonly in the colder districts and winter in the warmer districts, occurring chiefly as migrants in the greater portion of the State. Those marked wr are most typically winter residents. Loon Herring gull wr American Merganser wr Red-breasted merganser Black duck American golden-eye wr American goshawk Saw-whet owl Yellow-bellied sapsucker American crossbill wr White-winged crossbill wr Pine siskin White-throated sparrow Junco Myrtle warbler Winter wren Brown creeper Red-bellied nuthatch Golden-crowned kinglet Hermit thrush D_ Species occurring only in the warmer portions of the State. American barn owl Bobwhite Red-bellied woodpecker Fish crow English pheasant Ring-necked pheasant Skylark Heath hen Wild turkey Cardinal Mockingbird Carolina wren Tufted titmouse INTRODUCED SPECIES Starling European goldfinch EXTIRPATED SPECIES Carolina paroquet BIRDS OF NEW YORK 13 F Residents of the colder districts, mostly in the Adirondack region. Canada grouse Canadian ruffed grouse Arctic three-toed woodpecker American three-toed woodpecker Northern pileated woodpecker Canada jay Northern raven Hudsonian chickadee II Summer residents These are species which are found in the State during the summer and breed more or less commonly within its borders. Those marked wr are occasionally found during winter in the southern districts but from the evidence at hand we find them to belong more characteristically to this group than to that of permanent residents. Those marked with a (?) are not known to breed regularly at the present time. A Species which breed throughout the greater portion of the State: Pied-billed grebe wr Hooded merganser wr Wood duck American bittern wr Least bittern Great blue heron wr Green heron Black-crowned night heron wr Virginia rail wr Sora wr American woodcock wr Bartramian sandpiper Spotted sandpiper Killdeer wr Passenger pigeon ? Mourning dove wr Broad-winged hawk wr Duck hawk wr American osprey Yellow-billed cuckoo Black-billed cuckoo Whip-poor-will Night hawk Chimney swift Ruby-throated hummingbird Kingbird Crested flycatcher Phoebe Wood pewee Least flycatcher Bobolink Red-winged blackbird wr Baltimore oriole Bronzed grackle wr Vesper sparrow wr Savanna sparrow wr Chipping sparrow Field sparrow wr Towhee wr Rose-breasted grosbeak Indigo bird Scarlet tanager Purple martin Cliff swallow Barn swallow Tree swallow Bank swallow Migrant shrike wr I4 NEW YORK STATE Red-eyed vireo Warbling vireo Yellow-throated vireo Black and white warbler Northern parula warbler Yellow warbler Chestnut-sided warbler Black-throated green warbler Pine warbler wr MUSEUM Ovenbird Northern yellowthroat American redstart Catbird wr Brown thrasher wr House wren Long-billed marsh wren wr Wood thrush Wilson thrush B_ Species breeding in the warmer districts. Most of these belong to the Carolinian fauna, but some like the Common tern, though not properly belonging to that fauna, in this State breed only in the southern portions. Laughing gull ? Common tern Roseate tern Least tern ? Snowy heron ? Clapper rail wr King rail wr Florida gallinule Piping plover Green-crested flycatcher Orchard oriole Purple grackle wr Grasshopper sparrow Henslow sparrow Sharp-tailed sparrow wr Seaside sparrow wr Dickcissel ? Rough-winged swallow White-eyed vireo Worm-eating warbler Blue-winged warbler Golden-winged warbler Lawrence warbler ? Brewster warbler ? Southern parula warbler Cerulean warbler Prairie warbler Louisiana water-thrush Kentucky warbler Yellow-breasted chat Hooded warbler Short-billed marsh wren Blue-gray gnatcatcher ? C Species breeding mainly in the colder districts, and belonging mostly to the Canadian fauna. Black tern Blue-winged teal American coot Wilson snipe wr Solitary sandpiper ? Pigeon hawk wr Olive-sided flycatcher Yellow-bellied flycatcher Alder flycatcher Rusty blackbird wr Lincoln sparrow Carolina junco ? Blue-headed vireo Nashville warbler BIRDS OF NEW YORK 15 Tennessee warbler Northern water-thrush Black-throated blue warbler Mourning warbler Magnolia warbler Canadian warbler Blackpoll warbler Bicknell thrush Blackburnian warbler Olive-backed thrush III Transients These are species which pass through the State while migrating to and from their breeding grounds, which lie to the north or northwest of this State. Some of these, like the Long-tailed jaeger, Arctic tern, and Blue goose seem to be rare migrants with us, but appear to belong to this category more than that of accidental visitants. Species marked wr are sometimes found throughout the winter in the warmer portions of the State, those marked b have been known to breed in the State. Pomarine jaeger Parasitic jaeger Long-tailed jaeger Sabine gull Caspian tern Forster tern Arctic tern Leach petrel Cormorant wr Double-crested cormorant wr White pelican Mallard b, wr Gadwall Baldpate Green-winged teal b, wr Shoveler Pintail wr Ring-necked duck Ruddy duck b, wr Greater snow goose Blue goose White-fronted goose Hutchins goose Whistling swan Yellow rail wr Red phalarope Northern phalarope Wilson phalarope Dowitcher Long-billed dowitcher Stilt sandpiper Knot Pectoral sandpiper White-rumped sandpiper Baird sandpiper Least sandpiper Red-backed sandpiper Semipalmated sandpiper Western sandpiper Sanderling wr Marbled godwit Hudsonian godwit Greater yellow-legs wr Yellow-legs Willet Buff-breasted sandpiper Long-billed curlew Hudsonian curlew Eskimo curlew Black-bellied plover 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM American golden plover Cape May warbler Semipalmated plover Bay-breasted warbler Turnstone Palm warbler Golden eagle b, wr Yellow palm warbler Nelson sparrow Connecticut warbler Acadian sharp-tailed sparrow Wilson warbler White-crowned sparrow American pipit wr Fox sparrow wr Ruby-crowned kinglet Philadelphia vireo Gray-cheeked thrush Orange-crowned warbler IV Winter visitants A Species found in this State in the winter and retiring to higher lati- tudes in summer to breed. Red-throated loon Gyrfalcon Puffin Black gyrfalcon Briinnich murre Great gray owl Razor-billed auk Richardson owl Dovekie Snowy owl Kittiwake American hawk owl Glaucous gull Horned lark Iceland gull Evening grosbeak Kumlien gull Pine grosbeak Great black-backed gull Redpoll Canvasback Holboell redpoll Barrow golden-eye Greater redpoll Old-squaw Snowflake Harlequin duck Lapland longspur Labrador duck (extinct) Ipswich sparrow American eider Tree sparrow King eider Bohemian waxwing Purple sandpiper Northern shrike American rough-legged hawk B Species occurring in the warmer districts, or on the seacoast during winter, but more common as migrants both on the coast and in the interior. Holboell grebe Bonaparte gull Horned grebe b Gannet Ring-billed gull Red-head Greater scaup Lesser scaup Buffle-head American scoter BIRDS OF NEW YORK 17 White-winged scoter Surf scoter Canada goose White-bellied brant V Summer visitants These are species which occur during summer but breed in more southern latitudes, and wander northward after their nesting season is over, or like the Summer tanager, overreach their normal range during migration, but are not known to breed within our boundaries. Cory shearwater Greater shearwater Sooty shearwater Gull-billed tern Sooty tern Black skimmer Wilson petrel Glossy ibis American egret Little blue heron Yellow-crowned night heron Black rail ? (swiminer resident) Wilson plover American oyster catcher Turkey vulture Swallow-tailed kite Summer tanager VI Accidental visitants These are species whose breeding range, or usual migration route, is far from our borders and which occur in our State very rarely or accidentally. A Southern species: summer visitants which have occurred only one, two, or three times. Royal tern Cabot tern Trudeau tern Audubon shearwater Black-capped petrel Scaled petrel Yellow-bilied tropic bird Booby Brown pelican Man-o’-war bird White ibis White-faced glossy ibis Wood ibis Louisiana heron Purple gallinule Ground dove Black vulture Gray kingbird Blue grosbeak Painted bunting Prothonotary warbler Yellew-throated warbler Brown-headed nuthatch Carolina chickadee ? 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM B Western species which live mostly beyond the Mississippi and casually wander to New York during their migrations. Cinnamon teal Lesser snow goose Black brant Trumpeter swan ? Whooping crane (formerly) Sandhill crane American avocet Black-necked stilt Swainson hawk Burrowing owl Arkansas kingbird Hoyt horned lark Yellow-headed blackbird C Northern species Bullock oriole Chestnut-collared longspur Baird sparrow Leconte sparrow Lark sparrow Gambel sparrow Lark bunting Louisiana tanager Plumbeous vireo Grinnell water-thrush Townsend solitaire Varied thrush or two occasions but might be regarded as rare winter visitants Black-throated loon Black guillemot Skua Ivory gull D_ European species Little gull Manx shearwater ? Stormy petrel ? Widgeon European teal Rufous-crested duck Barnacle goose Corn crake Willow ptarmigan White gyrfalcon ? Hoary redpoll ? Dunlin Curlew sandpiper Ruff European curlew Lapwing European linnet? Green finch? Wheatear river which have reached our territory on only one — aA ead i .] ~ P = Sing) 3 Te i ; Bi sh “aoe f - é 7 . - i > ‘0 Lire Zones or New York State Carolinian Faunal Area of the Austral Zone, in red. Alleghanian Faunal Area of the Transition Zone, in blue. Canadian Faunal Area of the Boreal Zone, in green, Admixture of Carolinian forms occurs in the lowlands and warmer valleys; of Boreal forms in the cooler uplands, swamps and gullies. The darker shading shows the increase of altitude from below soo feet in the Hudson valley and Ontario lowland to over 4000 feet in the Adirondacks and Catskills, mw veyron Pus af pi@uiy ae ae 7 u : . LIFE ZONES OF NEW YORK STATE With reference to the distribution of plant and animal life in North America, Dr C. Hart Merriam has proposed to divide the continent into Boreal, Austral and Tropical “‘regions’’! of which the first two are represented in New York. He has further divided these regions into “‘zones”’;? the Boreal region into the Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian zones; and the Austral region into the Transition, Upper Austral, and Lower Austral zones. These zones of the Austral region are again divided into humid or eastern, and arid or western faunal areas, the eastern subdivision of the Transition zone being called the Alleghanian faunal area, and the eastern division of the Upper Austral zone, the Carolinian faunal area. These terms are so well recognized at the present time that they will be employed in this discus- sion of bird distribution in New York, the Carolinian, the Alleghanian, and the Canadian faunas, as well as a slight tinge of the Hudsonian, being represented within the State. The limits of these zones, Dr Merriam determines by laws of temperature control [loc. cit. p. 54]. Taking the “sum of normal mean -daily tempera- tures above 43°F. (6° C.)” as determining the northern limits of the respec- tive zones, the plants and animals of the Lower Austral require an annual total of at least 18000° F. (10000° C.), those of the Upper Austral 11500° F. (6400° C.), and those of the Transition roo00° F. (§500° C.). ‘*‘The south- ward distribution is governed by the mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year,” the “normal mean temperature of the six hottest consecutive weeks” furnishing a satisfactory basis of deter- mination. Thus the southern limit of the Hudsonian is estimated to be the isotherm for the six hottest weeks of 57.2° F. (14° C.), while the southern limit of the Canadian is found to be 64°.4 F. (18° C.), of the Transition 71°.6 F. (22° C.), of the Upper Austral 78°.8 F. (26° C.). The actual dis- 1The Geographic Distribution of Life in North America. Smithsonian Inst. Rep’t, 1891, p. 365-415. 2U. S. Dep’t Agric., Biol. Sur., Bul. ro, 1898, p. 18-31. 19 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bartramian sandpiper Known breeding range in New York, 1906 Alder flycatcher Known breeding range in New York, 1907 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 2T Yellow-bellied flycatcher, breeds 7 Green-crested flycatcher, breeds \ , occurs ‘ Olive-sided flycatcher Breeding range in New York, 1907 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Orchard oriole Breeds “\ , occurs * White-throated sparrow Known breeding range, 1905 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 23 Junco Known breeding range in New York, 1906 Grasshopper sparrow Known breeding range in New York, 1906 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rough-winged swallow Known breeding range in New York, 1906 Blue-headed vireo, breeds / White-eyed vireo, breeds ,\ occurs * sew BIRDS OF NEW YORK 25 Golden-winged warbler, breeds J occurs | Blue-winged warbler, breeds _ , occurs , Black-throated blue warbler, breeds y Worm-eating warbler, breeds \ occurs s 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Magnolia warbler, breeds / Cerulean warbler, breeds Sy occurs \ Biackburnian warbler, breeds / Prairie warbler, breeds \, occurs BIRDS OF NEW YORK 27 Myrtle warbler, breeds / Yellow-breasted chat, breeds \, occurs * vA Water-thrush, breeds / Louisiana water-thrush, breeds \ 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Canada warbler, breeds ’, 1906 Hooded warbler, breeds \, occurs Mourning warbler, breeds / i Kentucky warbler, breeds \ occurs y | | BIRDS OF NEW YORK 29 a 2 Winter wren, breeds / Carolina wren, breeds \ occurs Brown creeper, breeding range as known 1906, Vi Short-billed marsh-wren, breeds \, occurs \ 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Red-breasted nuthatch Known breeding range, 1906 / Tufted tit, breeds \, occurs * Hermit thrush Known breeding range in New York, 1907 BIRDS OF NEW YORK i tribution of plants and animals, which properly determines the boundaries of the life zones, agrees so nearly with the limits determined by these laws of temperature control that the boundaries shown on the maps of the Biological Survey have been fixed according to the temperature. This, while accurate in general, is slightly misleading when applied to the dis- tribution of birds and mammals in New York State, on account of the peculiar conditions obtaining. New York is so situated topographically that it neither connects inti- mately with the Boreal zone on the north nor with the Upper Austral on the south. The Adirondacks are separated from the main Canadian zone by lowlands of less than 500 feet elevation which are typically Alleghanian in fauna. The coastal region, Staten Island, Long Island, and the Lower Hudson valley, is practically or nearly shut off from the southern coastal plain by the encroachment of the New Jersey highlands and by the tidal waters, which though not wholly efficient as barriers, nevertheless check to an appreciable extent the influx of the usually sedentary species or less ambitious migrants of the Carolinian fauna. The Hudson valley, extend- ing northward between two highlands of Boreal affinities, is still further cut off from easy connection with the Carolinian area by the extension of the Hudson highlands diagonally across the valley. The lowland of western New York is practically shut off from direct communication to the south- ward with the Carolinian area by the broad northern expansion of the Alleghany plateau which extends westward from the Catskills entirely across the southern portion of the State bordering on Pennsylvania. Thus the only efficient connection of this lowland with the Upper Austral is by a narrow strip along Lake Erie, and through southern Ontario and Michigan. For this reason the Carolinian birds which breed in the Lake Ontario low- land of New York are almost entirely migratory species like the Chat and Large-billed water-thrush, the more sedentary or resident species failing to establish themselves permanently on account of the severe winters with deep snows, which destroy such species as the Bobwhite and Carolina 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wren. When these birds have once been killed off, before their successors can invade the country again by the difficult or circuitous route from their center of abundance in the south, other hard winters appear and thus they are held continually in check. The Carolinian faunal area which is the eastern or humid division of the Upper Austral zone defined above, is the warmest of the life areas repre- sented in New York. According to the temperature limits mentioned,this area would include Staten Island, the principal portion of Long Island, and the Hudson valley as far north as southern Saratoga county. ‘‘Count- ing from the north, the Carolinian area is that in which the sassafras, tulip tree, hackberry, sycamore, sweet gum, rose-magnola, red bud, persimmon, and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, together with the opossum, gray fox, fox squirrel, Cardinal bird, Carolina wren, Tufted tit, Gnatcatcher, Summer tanager, and Yellow-breasted chat. Chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, and walnuts grow in abundance’ [Merriam]. These character- istic plants and animals are well represented in the vicinity of New York city, but, of the birds mentioned the Gnatcatcher and Summer tanager are not known to breed even on Staten Island. As one passes up the Hud- son valley there is less and less evidence of the Carolinian flora, and, of the characteristic birds mentioned above, after the Highlands are passed only the Yellow-breasted chat is an established species. In western New York the sassafras, tulip tree and sycamore are well represented, but the opossum, gray fox and fox squirrel have rarely been taken, and must be regarded as only accidental. All the birds mentioned in the above quotation have occurred in western New York, but only the Yellow-breasted chat is an established breeding species, and is local in distribution. The following table will show the proportion of Carolinian elements in the bird fauna of the different districts in New York which have been considered of Upper Austral affinities. The average temperature of the hottest six weeks of summer is taken from the records of the United States Meteorological Bureau. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 33 Berepino Sprctes isang | owe | Meuse, | Eaten | Bape ee 73°F.) | 72:5-73-5°F.| 72-73-5°F. | 71-72.4°F. | 71-73° F. end ISON OURTSS awn So abt coe fee fac tse fc | rare | rare ' Orchard oriole. 5....... fic c c | me | ore rare x Grasshopper sparrow... . c c c | c fee i Canina sok abehoaseuee unc | unc | rare ; Rough-winged swallow..| unc ; unc unc unc une | fie White-eyed vireo....... c | c c it © unc | rare ; Blue-winged warbler.... if (e © | c unc Golden-winged warbler. .|_ ——— | une rare | if unc unc Prairie warbler.........| —— unc c c —---. rare : Louisiana water-thrush..|_ —— c ? ——. f c local Soo : Kentucky warbler...... —— unc —_ _ | ? aon ? ; Yellow-breasted chat... . c c c ie unc unc local Hooded warbler........ unc c c local Carolinaswrene esse aes unc f c local unc c local -_— ? i Maite deatitim Ouse sea i © — — ? | c=common; f c=fairly common; unc=uncommon It is evident that the western New York lowland both from its tempera- ture and its fauna is Alleghanian with a slight admixture of Carolinian forms. The Bobwhite, Grasshopper sparrow, Rough-winged swallow, Golden-winged warbler, Prairie warbler, Louisiana water-thrush, and Hooded warbler are not strictly Carolinian species, but all have their north- ern breeding limit in the Alleghanian (Transition zone), although they are more common in the Carolinian (Upper Austral) zone. In the case of Mammalia western New York is even more strongly Alleghanian. On account of the great diversity of soils, slopes and drainage systems in New York, and the greater or less isolation of its cold and warm areas, 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM there is often a peculiar intermingling of northern and southern forms. Thus, species which are ordinarily regarded as Carolinian may be found breeding side by side with Canadian species, and although the Alleghanian species are the most abundant in those localities, the Transition zone seems to have lost its special character by the Carolinian fauna being joined directly with the Canadian. This effect though noticeable to a certain extent in the Catskill region, as has been shown by Mr Bicknell, is particu- larly evident in western New York as will be seen in the account of the Potter Swamp area. The plateau and lowland of western New York west of the 75th meridian slopes from an altitude of about 2000 feet near the Pennsylvania line to 250 feet on Lake Ontario. Though its slope and drainage is chiefly to the north, the waters of this region reach the sea at such widely diverse points as the Gulf of St Lawrence, New York bay, Delaware bay, Chesapeake bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The plateau region thus is reached by the narrow extension northward of the Delaware, Susquehanna and Alleghany valleys, but at such a high altitude that few southern forms are introduced by those routes. There is little or no evi- dence that Carolinian forms come into western New York by way of the Mohawk valley, but the chief influx is from the west by way of southern Ontario, and along the southern shore of Lake Erie, and from the south along the Delaware and Susquehanna valleys. In the Adirondacks and Catskills the Canadian fauna is entirely surrounded by the Alleghanian which ascends all the valleys to the very hearts of those regions. The eastern end of Long Island, cooled by the sea, is mostly Alleghanian in its fauna, but still strongly tinged with the Carolinian. The Alleghanian faunal area in New York, though perplexing to map out accurately, certainly includes the greater portion of the State and its birds are the most abundant and well known in all localities from Long Island to the spruce and fir line of the Catskills and Adirondacks. In this area ‘‘the chestnut, walnut, oaks, and hickories of the south meet and overlap the beech, birch, hemlock, and sugar maple of the north; the southern mole and cottontail rabbit meet the northern star-nosed and Brewer's moles and varying hare, and the southern bobwhite, Baltimore oriole, bluebird, catbird, chewink, thrasher, and wood thrush live in or near the BIRDS OF NEW YORK 35 ’ haunts of the bobolink, solitary vireo, and the hermit and Wilson thrushes.’ This quotation from Dr Merriam meets the conditions throughout western New York excepting that the southern mole and Bobwhite are rare or absent in most localities and the Solitary vireo seems to be more allied with the Canadian fauna. The same statement might be applied to the borders of the Catskill and Adirondack regions, as far as the spruce and fir line. The Canadian zone comprises the southern part of the great trans- continental coniferous forest of Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire, and Michigan, the Green mountains, Adirondacks and Cats- kills, and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. Among the many char- acteristic mammals and birds of the Canadian zone are the lynx, marten, porcupine, northern red squirrel, varying rabbit, star-nosed and Brewer's moles, voles, long-tailed shrews, northern jumping mice, white-throated sparrow, Blackburnian and yellow-rumped warblers, olive-backed thrush, three-toed woodpecker, spruce grouse, crossbills, and Canada jays. The Adirondack country, after the spruce and fir line is passed, is purely Canadian in its fauna, but the Alleghanian birds, which surround it on all sides, invade it along the cleared tracts and river valleys. All the mammals and birds mentioned above as characteristic of the Canadian zone breed in the Adirondacks. In the Catskills a higher altitude must be reached before the Canadian plants and animals are met with but the higher sum- mits are all Canadian although the Spruce grouse, Canada jay, and Ameri- can three-toed woodpecker are not natives of that country. The highlands along the Pennsylvania border in southwestern New York and numerous swamps and ravines in eastern New York, the central lake region, and western New York. wherever the altitude is above rooo feet, are strongly tinged with the Canadian fauna, showing all gradations from the condi- tion exhibited in the Catskills to that found in Bergen swamp, Genesee county. and the smalier gullies of the lower Finger Lakes, where two or three Canadian birds may be found nesting with the generally distributed transition species. The following chart will illustrate the distribution of all our breeding species in the three life zones of New York. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN iPied=pilledtonebermc ecm nee seminste ck Le NOt sag HA MOO OOO nD OOo On b On OO oO Os lnlemnine wll 5 oooaeenacvoacanmog GC Layering eos 5 bb coansaso5easoon0D (Cloraninnoyn WEIN S oo oongoanobEQooUdO oO ROSeabenbentlninc eiscntere aie sccie sok s sueuores GeaStateriienees meu ers cus anced aoe aoe Blackwternneersrr Es ERS e Soe eel Se American mergvanseiay sae se ae Sanco sosdesnaseeoone Ament Gan onstenne sm ace cr coerce Least bittern..... Great blue heron Greenwienromic As ntesa ciate ebus ook ss yore Black-crowned night heron Kerracmrale s 5 a5 a ieee emi ane Clapper railea. Warren, lo 5 5p koe e Oc Carolinas mea tercucn che tesserae Mondarvcalllimulessne eo ae American coot American woodcock Wilson snipe BIRDS Solitary sandpiper Bartramian sandpiper Spotted sandpiper IkGilclexemy co sig od Heo ane tom clam Piping plover Bobwhite (Cannevoky Terotisanic og oanaonnonubovSopeE Ruffed grouse. Canadian ruffed grouse Miotimnin odovere atin selsiets cui: Marsh hawk... Sharp-shinned hawk......... Coopers hawk Goshawk Red-tailed hawk Red-shouldered hawk Broad-winged hawk............... Bald eagle Duck hawk American sparrow hawk. . Pigeon hawk American osprey Barn owl American long-eared owl Short-eared owl 3arred owl Saw-whet owl Screech owl Doe oOn Bld come col oon occ & Great horned owl Yellow-billed cuckoo Black-billed cuckoo OF NEW YORK Oo si CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN J — NEW Belted kingfisher lnlentions yKOOCH SOS, op gogacceronsodc Downy woodpecker Arctic three-toed woodpecker American three-toed woodpecker..... Yellow-bellied sapsucker............. Northern pileated woodpecker. .. Red-heade« Red-bellied Northern fli woodpecker. . woodpecker. . . cker Whip-poor-will Nighthawk... Chimney swift....... Ruby-throated hummingbird......... Kingbird. Crestedifivicatchermmmr em a rice sane Phoebe... Olive-sided flycatcher Wood pewee..... Yellow-bellied flycatcher. Green-crested flycatcher. Alder flycatcher ILGAIRS MORMON s «conc todanconesedoc Prairie horned lark.. Bile aiyrene ae Camadaryayaeractes e\-yomivers hist ees Northern raven American crow EM SHVGrOwian ceatt ros ey eS a ee Bobolink. Cowbird YORK STATE MUSEUM CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN Red-winged blackbird..... Meadowlark...... Orchard oriole... Baltimore oriole. . . Rusty blackbird. . Purple grackle.... 3ronzed grackle. Purple finch. . . American crossbill White-winged crossbill American goldfinch Pinetsiskin=..-. 4. Vesper sparrow Savanna sparrow Grasshopper sparrow... . Henslow sparrow eae Sharp-tailed sparrow Seaside sparrow White-throated sparrow. Chipping sparrow. . Field sparrow..... ‘fictaXeloye ie cus rere o Oierotercae Song sparrow.... Swamp sparrow Lincoln sparrow. Mowilteecerscscrrer Cardinal Rose-breasted grosbeak. Indigo bunting Scarlet tanager Purple martin BIRDS OF NEW YORK 39 CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN — 40 NEW Cliff swallow Barn swallow Tree swallow... Bank swallow Rough-winged swallow Cedar waxwing.. Mioramtishinikesy. 9 esses seer: Red-eyed vireo. Warbling vireo. Yellow-throated vireo. Blue-headed vireo White-eyed vireo. Black and white warbler. Worm-eating warbler. . Blue-winged warbler Brewster warbler Lawrence warbler. Golden-winged warbler Nashville warbler. . Tennessee warbler. Northern parula warbler............. Yellow warbler Black-throated blue warbler Myrtle warbler Magnolia warbler Ceruleanswanblen=mas ane aee Chestnut-sided warbler Blackpolliwarblenaemenmees eee Blackburnian warbler Black-throated green warbler Pier WAS SAS ood cada secona ae des Prairie warbler. YORK STATE MUSEUM CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN BIRDS OF NEW YORK Owvemloindry. petit. cs hoe eties Mieletace eererss WHORES, Go gon aenoobes coomoouT Louisiana water-thrush. . Kentucky warbler. Mourning warbler... Northern yellow-throat Yellow-breasted chat. Hooded warbler... Canada warbler..... Redstarte ca soccen a. Mockingbird. <2... - (Catloindieer ws cath a rsto ees: House wren....... Winter wren.... Short-billed marsh wren Long-billed marsh wren Brown creeper White-breasted nuthatch. Red-breasted nuthatch Tufted titmouse.... Chickadee Hudsonian chickadee.. Golden-crowned kinglet. Ruby-crowned kinglet. Blue-gray gnatcatcher Wood thrush Wilson thrush.... Bicknell thrush... Olive-backed thrush CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM jean ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN THE MT MARCY REGION During the summer of 1905, beginning on the 15th of June and ending lslSraaihe POKES... oc coke oo ne A oonGeoe 6 |Pe(oV oni eta is ae oie ora rane ae Renae ec oe iB lkbepbe le Meee aeiets Data conyers ceerc the first week of August, the author and his assistants undertook a survey of the bird life about the Ausable lakes and Mt Marcy slopes. The especial object of this study was to obtain an exhaustive list of the birds nesting in the highest portion of the Adirondack wilderness, and to estimate as nearly as possible the relative abundance of each species. The thrushes, warblers, and sparrows were mostly in full voice, and the number of pairs of breeding birds could easily be counted while passing through the woods or along the trails. The attempt was made to give a fair consideration both to the virgin forest which is very extensive in the lands of the Adiron- dack Forest Reserve; to the spruce swamps, sphagnum bogs and extensive slashings of the McIntyre Iron Co.; and to the clearings about Keene Valley, Elk lake, Boreas River, and John Brown’s grave, as well as to the higher portions of the Boreas range, Bartlett ridge and the high peaks of the Adirondacks such as Marcy, Skylight, Haystack, Colvin and Whiteface. In the virgin forest, birds, in general, were much less numerous than about the slashings, clearings, burnt tracts and swamps. A few species seemed tobe quite generally distributed even in the dense forest. These were the Olive- backed thrush, Hermit thrush, Chickadee, Red-bellied nuthatch, Brown creeper, Winter wren, Ovenbird, Black-throated green warbler, Black- burnian warbler, Myrtle warbler, Black-throated blue warbler, Red-eyed vireo, Blue jay, Yellow-bellied sapsucker, and Canadian ruffed grouse. But even these species were more numerous near the edges of lakes or clearings, or along the borders of swamps and streams. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 43 It was a matter of surprise to find so few hawks and owls in the woods. The owls were mostly silent, except the Barred owl, and so were over- looked, but no evidence was secured from the inhabitants, or otherwise, that any other species of owl was common in this region. The commonest hawks in order were the Broad-winged, Coopers and Red-tailed. There was some evidence of one family each of the Sharp-shinned hawk, Pigeon and Goshawk, and the eyrie of a pair of Duck hawks was found on Lower Ausable lake and a family of Sparrow hawks near John Brown’s grave. The Red-shouldered hawk was not located nearer than Saranac river where one family was found in August. None of these hawks was common and we do not believe that more than six pairs of Broad-winged hawks, four pairs of Coopers hawks, and three pairs of Red-tailed hawks nested within 6 miles of Mt Marcy. Water birds were very scarce. One family of American mergansers was reared on Elk lake and one pair of Pied-billed grebes was endeavoring to nest there. American bitterns were breeding on the same lake, but had been destroyed by reckless tourists. Herring gulls paid daily visits to Elk lake and sometimes to Upper Ausable and were evidently nesting somewhere south of these lakes. A small colony of Great blue herons was located in the marshes of Boreas pond. We learned that Wood ducks in previous seasons had nested on Boreas pond and a ‘“‘Sawbill’’ had had a nest of r1 eggs under a tussock of grass on Elk river. This was evidently a Red-breasted merganser. Woodcock were almost unknown in Keene Valley, but families of these birds were found 3 miles below Elk lake and at Boreas pond. Spotted sandpipers with downy voung were found both at Boreas pond and at Elk lake and birds of this species were seen several times in Keene Valley and the Ausable lakes. Eagles and ospreys were not nesting in this immediate vicinity. One osprey came fishing frequently to the Upper Ausable from some point southward and we judged from the time she was absent after taking a fish, that her nest was several miles distant. One Bald eagle was seen passing over Haystack and we learned that it had bred recently on the high slopes 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM overlooking the Cascade lakes, but evidently was not breeding nearer than Taylor pond to the northeast of Whiteface, in 1905. Neither species of cuckoo was found in the forest, but it was learned that they were sometimes observed in Keene Valley and in other places about the edges of the woods. Kingfishers were found on all the lakes and streams, but were decidedly uncommon on the heavily wooded waters. Wood- peckers of all species known to the State, with the exception of the Red- bellied woodpecker, were unquestionably breeding within 15 miles of Mt Marcy. The Red-headed woodpecker was not found nearer than 3 miles below Elk lake, and the Flicker is confined to clearings and slashings. The Hairy woodpecker was decidedly more common than the Downy, and next to the Yellow-bellied sapsucker, was probably the commonest woodpecker in the forests. Sapsuckers were abundant and invariably awoke us at dawn by their loud and continuous drumming. Many of their nests containing young were found in beech and birch stubs, usually about 25 feet from the ground, and almost without exception, under cover of the dense woods. The Black-backed three-toed woodpecker was fairly common and was found both in the spruce swamps about the lakes and on the wooded ridges to an altitude of 3900 feet. The American three-toed woodpecker was nearly as common as the Black-backed species, but only two families of young were found, one of these being on the slope of Mt Marcy at an altitude of 4ooo feet. Pileated woodpeckers were not seen by any of our party but were heard on three occasions, and we learned on good authority, that they were breeding near St Huberts and at Boreas pond. Chimney swifts were common about clearings and old lumber camps, their nests being fastened to the boards in the gable ends of the deserted shacks. Hummingbirds were frequently noticed, both in the dense woods, and the second growth about the lumber camps. Nighthawks were breed- ing at Boreas pond and Elk lake, but whip-poor-wills were not living nearer than the road from Elizabethtown to Placid. Kingbirds were observed at Elizabethtown, Keene Valley, Elk lake and Boreas pond; Crested flycatchers, at Elizabethtown and North River. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 45 Phoebes were confined to the outskirts of the district in the more inhabited localities, but Wood pewees were found about the old lumber camps and slashings to an altitude of 3500 feet within 5 miles of the summit of Mt Marcy. Least flycatchers lived in many of the burnt tracts and clearings which had grown up to poplars, one pair being found on the slopes of Mt Colvin above the Lower Ausable lake and several pairs about Elk lake. Alder flycatchers inhabit the swamps at the head of the Upper Ausable and about Elk lake and Boreas pond, being next to the Olive-sided flycatcher the most conspicuous member of the family. The latter species was fairly common in all the swamps and in many of the slashings to an altitude of 3800 feet. Yellow-bellied flycatchers were confined mostly to the cool, mossy slopes, like those of Indian head and Geological cobble, Marcy and Haystack, where we found them nesting in July. During our second visit to Elk lake on July 23d, several of this species were also seen and heard in different localities about the lake. It is probable that both this species and the Alder flycatcher were actually as common as the Olive-sided, but were more often overlooked as usually it was necessary to be within 20 rods of them before they were discovered, while the Olive-sided flycatcher could often be seen and heard at a distance of several hundred yards when- ever we came in its vicinity. A brood of Prairie horned larks, just able to fly, was seen at Elizabethtown but none at Elk lake or at Boreas pond clearing, although it is probable that this bird nests generally about the edges of the wilderness wherever there is grass land of sufficient extent. The Blue jay was one of the most generally distributed birds of the region, being conspicuous everywhere, both about the clearings and in the depths of the forest to an altitude of 4ooo feet. The Canada jay was confined mostly to the dense swamps about the head of the Upper Ausable, Elk lake and Boreas ponds, but was seen on the summit of Bartlett ridge, July 3d. Crows were uncommon at this season, except about the larger clearings, and none were seen nearer than Keene Valley, Clear pond, and the Flowed land. No ravens inhabited the region. We were told by Mr Scott Brown, Superintendent of the Forest Reserve, that they were found 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM only in late fall and winter and he had seen only two within 15 years. Bobo- links bred in the meadows of Keene Valley and Boreas camp. Red-winged blackbirds bred sparingly at Keene Valley, Elk lake, Clear pond and Boreas pond. Bronzed grackles were nesting at Elk lake and Boreas camp, but were by no means common. We failed to find meadowlarks, cowbirds or orioles within 15 miles of Marcy, but Baltimore orioles were living at Ausable Forks, and both Baltimore and Orchard orioles were observed on the road from Boreas River to Port Henry. The family Fringillidae was represented in the woods by the Purple finch, Pine siskin, White-throated sparrow, Junco, and Rose-breasted grosbeak; the Junco and White-throat being among the commonest birds of the region. The Purple finch was fairly common about the swamps and streams. Several large flocks of Pine siskins containing immature birds were seen from June 17th to July 5th, both at Beede, the Upper Ausable and Boreas pond. Mr Cox of the Boreas camp informed us that they had been there through the winter and spring and had nested very early in the season, as was proven by several specimens taken on June 17th which, though feeding themselves, were in immature plumage. The Rose-breasted grosbeak was seen on three occasions in the vicinity of the Upper Ausable and Elk lake, and on July 22d a pair with young was found on the Elk lake trail at an altitude of 2200 feet. Swamp sparrows were common at Elk lake and Upper Ausable inlet and the Flowed land. Song sparrows were common about all the clearings and one pair was found at the head of the Upper Ausable and another on the Stillwater above the Upper Ausable. Field sparrows were found at Beede and along the Elk lake road. Ameri- ean goldfinches, Vesper sparrows, Savanna sparrows and Chipping spar- rows were breeding about all the clearings visited. One Indigo bird was seen at the entrance to Keene Valley. The English sparrow was common at Elizabethtown and Beede, but had not yet reached Elk lake and Boreas pond. One flock of crossbills was seen on the Upper Ausable, and as Dr Merriam and Dr Ralph have found them breeding in the western Adiron- dacks, they probably breed also in the vicinity of Mt Marey. Mr Richard BIRDS OF NEW YORK 47 of the State Museum observed a Chewink, on July 5th, along the road from Boreas River to Port Henry and we were informed that they were sometimes seen at Elk lake clearing. A Lincoln sparrow was observed in the Upper Ausable swamp by Mr Taylor, but on account of its extreme shyness, the specimen could not be secured. The Junco and White-throated sparrow were common all the way from Elizabethtown to the summit of Mt Marcy and were singing throughout our stay of six weeks. These two species together with the Myrtle and Blackpoll warblers were conspicuous near the summit of all the mountains visited, particularly Skylight, Marcy, Haystack and Whiteface, but the juncoes were by far the commonest on the extreme summits where they frequently gathered to feed upon the remnants of lunches left by tourists. The Scarlet tanager was fairly common at Beede, and on the Elk lake trail at an altitude of 2500 feet a pair with young was discovered on July 6th. Cliff swallows were common about all the clearings, and breeding colonies were noted at Westport, Spruce hill, Keene Valley, Boreas camp, Elk lake and Proctors. On July 14th, while our party was on the summit of Skylight, a single Cliff swallow was seen flying over the summit, but no nests were discovered about the rocky ledges. Barn swallows were common in all the clearings and often were found nesting over the cabin doors. Tree swallows were noticed in several localities and were breeding com- monly at Elk lake and Boreas pond. Small colonies of Bank swallows were found at Beede and Boreas pond. Mr Richard found them common at Port Henry and Boreas River and also noticed a pair of Rough-winged swallows at the latter place, altitude 1700 feet. The Cedar waxwing was common along the swamps and streams. Only two species of Vireo were found within ro miles of Mt Marcy. The Red-eyed species was common throughout the woods to an altitude of 3300 feet. Blue-headed vireos were found nesting in the Ausable swamp and on the Marcy trail at an altitude of 2200 feet. Although no Warbling vireos were met with, Mr C. F. Batchelder says that they are found about the streets of Elizabethtown. The Yellow-throated vireo was found at 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Middle Saranac lake and Pollywog pond, and one was heard singing on the shore of Lake Placid. A family of Migrant shrikes was found near Long Lake and I notice an instance of its breeding in Essex county, on the Ausable river, recorded by Dr Merriam. Seventeen species of wood warblers were found nesting in the region, but neither the Tennessee warbler which was found by Roosevelt and Minot in Franklin county, and by Merriam in the western Adirondacks, nor a single specimen of the Bay-breasted, Cape May or Wilson warbler, which we had hoped to secure, could be found. The Black-throated green, Black-throated blue, Myrtle, and Magnolia warblers, as well as the Oven- bird, were common and generally distributed. Slightly less common and less generally distributed were the Blackburnian, Canadian, Chestnut- sided, Mourning, and Black and White warblers and Redstart. Common in the swamps were the Water-thrush and Northern yellow-throat up to an altitude of 2750 feet. The Mourning warbler was commonest in the burnt tracts which were grown over with a tangle of weeds and bushes. Chestnut-sided and Canadian warblers seemed to prefer the slashings up to an altitude of 3000 feet. Nests of the Black and White warbler were found by Mr Achilles at Elk lake and we noted old birds feeding their young near the top of Indian head. The Blackpoll warbler was found nesting near the summit of Indian head by Mr Bradstreet and old birds were observed carrying food to their young on the Geological cobble, Bartlett ridge, Marcy trail 2500 feet, Colden trail, Elk lake road 2000 feet, and also near the summit of Skylight, Marcy, Haystack and Whiteface. The Parula warbler was found in full song at Boreas pond, Elk lake and the Upper Ausable, but the nest was not located. The Yellow warbler was seen only at Beede’s near the head of Keene Valley. The Catbird was found nesting at St Huberts and Boreas camp. The Brown thrasher was said to occur at Elk lake, but we saw no specimens. One family of House wrens was located at Elizabethtown. The Winter wren was generally distributed in the woods, and broods of young were frequently seen to an altitude of 3900 feet. The Brown creeper was about BIRDS OF NEW YORK 49 as common as the Winter wren and broods of young were found at an alti- tude of 3500 feet. The Red-bellied nuthatch was abundant throughout the region. The White-bellied nuthatch was not found in Essex county, but was observed by Messrs Fuller and Taylor near Saranac Inn and Racquet lake. The Chickadee was common to an altitude of 3600 feet. Families of Hudsonian chickadees with young recently from the nest were found in the Upper Ausable swamp and near Skylight camp. The Golden- crowned kinglet was common from an altitude of 2000 to 4ooo feet. A single Ruby-crowned kinglet was seen on the slope of Mt Marcy at an alti- tude of 4000 feet. All species of the Thrush family, known to breed in the State, were found within 7 miles of Mt Marcy. Several pairs of Wood thrushes were breed- ing in the woods at the foot of the Upper Ausable lake, altitude 2000 feet, and two of their nests were found. The Wilson thrush was fairly common at St Huberts and Elk lake, and Mr Richard found them all the way from North Creek to Boreas River, but they were certainly not to be found in the woods about the Ausable lakes, or on any of the mountain slopes we visited which were above 2000 feet. In these localities they were replaced by the Bicknell thrush, which was found on the Geological cobble, altitude 3300 feet, on the Bartlett ridge, and along the Marcy trail, altitude 3100 feet, and along the Colden trail from Mt Marcy. Near Skylight camp at the foot of the Marcy shde a pair with young was found on July rath. From the summit of Marcy at twilight several were heard singing in the scrubby spruce near the timber line. At Lake Colden, altitude 2750 feet, several males were singing about our camp on the morning of July 18th, and one male was taken. Both the Olive-backed and the Hermit thrushes were common and nesting to an altitude of 4300 feet. The Robin was fairly common, even in the forests about the Upper Ausable, and a few were noted at an altitude of 4000 feet. Bluebirds were nesting in Keene Valley, Clear pond, Proctors, and Boreas camp and a single specimen was heard as it flew over Skylight camp on July rath. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM n @) It was evident from the search which we were able to make, that at least roo species of birds were nesting within 10 miles of Mt Marcy. With the addition of those species which were seen on one or two occasions and those of which we learned from reliable sources, the number is raised to 117, and I have no doubt that this represents about the actual number of species nesting in that region. Of the roo species which we found nesting, 32 are commonly regarded as belonging to the Canadian fauna, and the remainder are species of general distribution in eastern North America, or of the Alleghanian fauna. The typical Alleghanian species enter the valleys and clearings as far as St Huberts, Elk lake, and Boreas camp. No Carolinian species was found within ro miles of Marcy, and no Hudsonian species unless the Bicknell thrush, Ruby-crowned kinglet and Hudsonian chickadee be regarded as belonging to that fauna. INCREASE AND DECREASE OF SPECIES It is the general testimony of authors that there has been a marked diminution in the bird life of our State during the past century, and there can be no doubt that this is true of the waterfowl, shore birds, and, in general, of the larger species. At the same time, since our wild birds are the property of the State and form a valuable public asset, it seems advis- able to consider briefly the facts regarding their variation in abundance, and the causes which affect bird life in general. When the State was first settled, waterfowl fairly swarmed on our bays, rivers and lakes, and shore birds flocked by thousands every spring and fall along Long Island and on the inland lakes. Wild turkeys, Ruffed grouse, and Bobwhites were well distributed, although the turkey and ‘“‘quail”’ were never common in the northern districts. The larger hawks and owls were abundant throughout the State, while herons and other marsh birds occupied the swampy lakes and rivers. It is difficult to obtain reliable information in regard to the abundance of small birds, like the warblers, flvcatchers, sparrows and thrushes, but the writer believes they were less abundant during colonial times than they are at present. This may BIRDS OF NEW YORK 51 not be true of the Red-winged blackbird, Crow blackbird, the woodpeckers and many others, but the accounts given by early writers of the tremendous multitudes of ‘‘maize thieves,’ as the blackbirds were called, create a greater impression because the birds were concentrated about the few plantations, whereas now they are scattered over thousands of square mules which formerly were covered with forests. The general law of variation in abundance seems to be as follows. Birds which prefer the open country begin to increase as the forests are cut off, and many which live in the forests themselves increase as long as the clearings are few and scattered. As the cultivation of the country pro- gresses and a large percentage of the forests has been cut off, the hawks, owls, grouse, jays, Pileated and Hairy woodpeckers, tanagers and many wood-warblers and thrushes decrease in number. When the swamps are drained there are fewer nesting places for snipe, rails, bitterns and Marsh wrens. As the pasture and meadow lands increase in area, birds like the Bobolink, Meadowlark, Vesper sparrow, Killdeer and Bartramian sand- piper find favorable nesting places and increase. But as the modern style of agriculture develops, new dangers arise to threaten the field birds. Late plowing and extensive cultivating and early mowing destroy great numbers of eggs and young birds. A high stage of agriculture is hkewise accompanied with danger from the spraying of fruit trees and potato plants, as birds are often killed by eating cater- pillars which have been poisoned. The cutting of all dead limbs and trees also destroys the nesting sites of flickers, Downy and Red-headed wood- peckers, chickadees, wrens and bluebirds. On many well kept farms, also, the barns are so tightly closed that swallows are unable to gain entrance. Thus in many ways the increase of native birds is discouraged, unless arti- ficial means is taken to counteract the evil by such methods as erecting boxes and woodpecker stubs, cutting swallow-holes in the barn, cultivating and plowing around the nests, and watching out for the young birds when mowing. In thickly settled districts the danger to many species is further increased by the abundance of telegraph and telephone wires, electric lights, plate- 2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On glass windows, cats and thoughtless boys. Especially during the migration season many birds are killed in every city and village by flving against the plate glass where they see a reflection of the landscape. Thousands are also killed, or hopelessly maimed, by flying against wires which are strung along the streets and railroads; these wires being at the same hight as the ordinary flight of the Woodcock, Pheasant and many others, form deadly obstacles against which they break their necks. I have known many instances of such birds falling victims to the telegraph wire and the same is true of ducks and many of our smaller birds. I have also known of upward of a dozen small birds being killed in a single month by flying against the wire netting which formed the back-stop of a tennis court. In the case of wire and plate-glass victims, it is only a very small percentage which are noticed, but from the number which have come under my personal observation, it is easy to believe that many thousands are thus sacrificed annually in our State. If the disagreeable truth must be told, it is certain also that tens of thousands of birds yearly fall victims in our State to the domestic cat, while dogs kill a comparatively small number. Along the coast many birds fly against lighthouses and towers while they are migrating at night. Sometimes several hundred birds are picked up in a single morning by the keepers. While migrating on the night of May 7th, 1905, a bushel basket full of warblers, sparrows, vireos and wrens consisting of 17 different species were killed by striking the Washington Monument. During the night of September 23, 1887, 356 Blackpoll war- blers, among others, were killed by the Fire Island Light, on Long Island. On December 3d, 1888, 40 Scaup ducks were killed against the Montauk Light Tower; on December 17, 1890, 24; and on November 15, 1890, 13 struck. Against the Fire Island Light 59 of these ducks were killed on January 6th, 1888; on the rath, 27; and on February 25th, 1894, 40 struck [see, Dutcher, Water Birds, ms no. 148]. Accounts of smaller numbers strik- ing Long Island lighthouses, both of Scaup ducks and many other species of birds, are scattered through Mr Dutcher’s Long Island Notes. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 3 Sal In addition to all these dangers to bird life we must add the direct agency of man in destroying birds and taking their eggs, both for food, scien- tific specimens, and for so called sport or idle curiosity. Perhaps the most destructive class are the thoughtless boys who go birds’ egging and shooting indiscriminately; also foreigners, mostly Italians, who often kill all kinds of birds for food, as they have been accustomed to do in their native country; and the pot hunters and market gunners, who exterminate our game without mercy. It is also a common occurrence in all parts of the State to see gunners, who call themselves sportsmen, shooting at swifts, swallows. meadowlarks, kingbirds etc. merely ‘‘for fun,’ or “‘for practice.”’ Mr Fuertes and myself once picked up 18 swallows which had been killed by a gunner who was returning home, disappointed, from a morning’s duck shooting, and this was only a small portion of the number which he had shot as they were hovering over the reeds of the Cayuga marshes. Bitterns, grebes, owls and herons are killed by many gunners at every opportunity. It is probable that such acts are largely the result of thoughtlessness or ignorance, and it is to be hoped that by spreading a knowledge of our native birds, thereby arousing a pride and interest in their welfare, we may over- come a large portion of this wanton destructiveness. We have not yet mentioned the dangers to which birds are subjected in the due course of nature without the interference of man. The most obvious of these arises from the attacks of predaceous animals. Gyrfalcons, Duck hawks, goshawks, Snowy and Great horned owls are destructive to ducks, grouse and other large birds. Pigeon, Cooper and Sharp-shinned hawks feed mostly upon sparrows, thrushes and other small birds. All the species of hawks and owls occasionally kill other birds, as is also true of shrikes, crows, jays and Crow blackbirds. The three last mentioned are especially destructive to eggs and young birds. I have known many instances of crows carrying away robins and other young birds when nearly ready to leave the nest and have seen Crow blackbirds follow and kill young robins which were able to fly several rods. I once saw a Bittern followed so hotly by a troop of redwings that she dropped the young bird 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which she was carrying away to her nest, and on examining the victim I found it was a Red-winged blackbird fully fledged which the Bittern had speared through the side with her daggerlike beak. There is little doubt that the callow young of our perching birds are devoured by numerous flesh-eating species. The mortality among eggs is even greater than among the nestlings. Many species of otherwise inoffensive birds become egg-eaters during the nesting season. Blackbirds, cuckoos, catbirds and wrens invade their neighbors’ nests and destroy their treasures. Crows and jays are probably the worst destroyers of eggs and nestlings and I have seen the Crow on so many occasions in this nefarious business that I doubt if I could ever consent to regard him as a reputable citizen. The Cowbird is fully as noisome a pestilence from the standpoint of bird pro- tection, for every young Cowbird is reared at the expense of a whole brood of vireos, warblers, finches or some other song bird. Among the fourfooted enemies, next after the cat, I should place the red squirrel. One summer while sojourning at a lakeside camp I saw a pair of red squirrels succeed in destroying every robin’s, flicker’s, vireo’s and warbler’s nest in the grove. Three pairs of robins in the vicinity of our camp had failed to raise any young up to the middle of August, when I witnessed the destruction of the last nest. The poor birds had evidently decided to try their fate high on the limb of an elm tree which stood in front of our cabin. One day I heard their battle cry and came upon the scene just in time to see the squirrel dislodged by the robin’s fierce attack and fall a distance of 50 feet to the ground, but this did not discourage him sufficiently, for later in the day I saw him make a sudden dash up the limb and seize an egg in his mouth but drop it sud- denly as if afraid of another attack. A pair of flickers had built their nest in a stump near the camp and the young were apparently nearly half grown before the squirrels discovered them, but the peculiar notes of the young birds attracted their attention and the squirrels after investigating the hole killed the young birds one by one, the last victim being so large that the squirrel could scarcely drag it from the nest, but he succeeded BIRDS OF NEW YORK 5S and let it drop to the ground with a deep gash bit through the base of its skull. Weasels are also a dangerous foe to birds. This fierce little pirate destroys a large number of those species which nest or roost upon the ground. Sometimes he attacks birds of large size. On one occasion I saw in the snow the marks of a desperate struggle which had taken place between a weasel and a cock grouse. The weasel had sprung upon him as he was sleeping on the hillside, and they had rolled and struggled down the hill together until the grouse, owing to the favoring slope, finally shook off his assailant by his powerful wing-strokes and left a large mouthful of hackle feathers in the snow as the price of liberty. Minks, martens and skunks are natural enemies to the birds, but are not as destructive as the weasel, unless we except the marten which is largely arboreal in habits and consequently wrecks many a dainty household which escapes terrestrial enemies. Among our native reptiles the black snake is undoubtedly a dreaded enemy to birds, for it attacks their nests both in trees and on the ground; and the snapping turtle is destructive to ducklings, young rails, coots and bitterns. Like the snapping turtle some fishes, notably the pike, pickerel and bowfin often rise from the grassy shallows and drag down the young of ducks and marsh birds and even capture the agile Marsh wren as it trips along the grasses at the surface of the water. My friend, Mr Foster Parker, of Cayuga, informs me that Marsh wrens have decreased remarkably along the marshes of Seneca river since the bowfin, or ‘‘dog- fish,’ became abundant in those waters. We must not forget the parasites, both external and internal, which prey upon birds and often destroy their life directly, especially young birds in the nest. I have noticed many instances in which phoebes, swallows, goldfinches and woodpeckers lost all or a part of their young through the attacks of lice which swarmed about their nests. Every species of bird has a louse which specially afflicts it. Ticks often fasten themselves on the heads of young grouse and gradually absorb their life. Many birds, like the Meadowlark, are the hosts of tapeworms and other abdominal parasites. 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Wood ducks and other species of waterfowl are often found to have the muscles studded with the cysts of threadworms or tapeworms. While para- sites may not kill fullgrown birds directly they often diminish their vitality to such an extent that they fall an easy prey to carnivorous animals or unfavorable weather conditions. Of all the dangers which befall the feathered tribe, however, it is doubtless true that unfavorable conditions of weather, whether of wind or flood or snow or drought, destroy more birds directly than any of the agencies already mentioned. During migration time they are subject to the greatest mortality and are often driven to sea by storms and perish in the waves. At times of fog or heavy rain or tempest, they fly against lighthouses, wires and other objects. They even pitch headlong into lakes and rivers as they descend toward the earth during fogs and storms, failing to distinguish the surface of the water as they approach it, and their water- soaked plumage renders them unable to rise again. Mr William Brewster has observed such catastrophes on the lakes of Maine, and several accounts have come to my notice of the wholesale destruction of small birds in Oneida lake and other bodies of water in our own State. Dr T. S. Roberts has given an authentic account’ of the tremendous catastrophe which befell the migrating longspurs in Minnesota during March 1905, when millions of these birds were killed by flying against trees, buildings, and the ice of lakes which they were unable to see on account of the heavy snow- storm which overtook them in their flight. During long-continued rainy weather as well as heavy rainstorms there is high mortality among young birds and sometimes the old birds themselves are killed. Martins and swallows are often found dead about the barns and boxes which they inhabit after a continued cold rain in April or May. Five hummingbirds were brought to me on the 31st of May 1881, having been killed the previous day by a snowstorm which whitened the ground for a few hours of the morning. These of course were an insig- nificant percentage of the number which were thus killed in that vicinity. ‘Auk, 24: 369-77. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 57 Many accounts have been published of the wholesale destruction of English sparrows and other birds by heavy rains, when large basketfuls of these birds are sometimes gathered under the trees of city parks after the storm is past. It is a noticeable fact that cold or wet weather for two or three weeks when grouse chicks are young will leave the coverts with scanty coveys of birds when the shooting season begins, and similar principles apply to almost all our native birds. During the months of June and July 1906, the rails, gallinules, bitterns, Swamp sparrows, Red-winged blackbirds and Marsh wrens were twice driven from their nests and their eggs destroyed by the high water which prevailed in the marshes of Ontario county as a result of the abundant rainfall. During the same season a great calamity befell the birds of Ontario county from a hailstorm which visited that locality killing both old and young birds or breaking up their nests. In the neighboring county of Yates, Messrs Burtch and Stone found many nests destroyed and noticed a Wilson thrush which had been killed while incubating her eggs. The calamity as represented by farmers in some parts of the county was undoubtedly overestimated, but I am satisfied that about 20 per cent of the nests were destroyed in a belt of country 16 miles in length by 4 in width. It is now well known to sportsmen that bobwhites are winter killed by deep snows or continued sleet storms, as then they are unable to get the necessary food. The Bluebird was nearly extirpated in many districts by the cold wave and sleet storms of 1895 which swept over the eastern United States. For several years thereafter this bird was very scarce in most portions of the northeastern states, and only recovered its former numbers in Igot. SUGGESTIONS TO BIRD STUDENTS There are numberless good books on the birds of eastern North America, many of them profusely illustrated. The author has been asked many times to name the best book for the bird student. This task is too difficult, for the requirements of bird students are as varied as the number of books. 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM U1 The book is not of so much importance as the attitude of the student. The author learned more from an old thumb worn, imperfect copy of ‘“Ornith- ology,”’ evidently compiled from the works of early writers, principally Wilson, than he has from any exhaustive treatises of recent publication. He knew the colored plates of DeKay’s birds of New York so well that the species therein depicted were recognized at the first meeting in the field. Many beginners, however, will find it convenient to carry a pocket handbook for reference on their field excursions. In preparing the present volume we have avoided exhaustive synopses and keys, having found by experience that most students pay little attention to them. We would direct all students in using this volume to study carefully the plates which have been arranged as far as possible to give a clear idea of the relative size and char- acteristics of related species. These, in connection with the descriptive text, should give a clear idea of the different orders, families and species of our avifauna. We believe that all beginners should learn as soon as possible to recognize the relationship of the birds which they wish to identify, rather than to rely entirely on size and color, as is too often the case; that is, When wishing to identify a duck, one can determine the species more quickly by glancing at plates of ducks, than by running through a lengthy key; and to identify successfully a small bird it is of far greater importance to note from its general structure and personality whether it is a sparrow or a warbler, as the case may be, than to fix the attention too exclusively on its colors. All students should become familiar with the characters of orders and families as soon as possible. In the descriptions, the beginner is directed particularly to certain parts which are printed in italics to give ‘ definite “earmarks” for identification. Every bird student should keep a notebook, or better, two notebooks, one for use in the field, and one a journal with removable leaves, or a card system, in which a record of each species is kept in chronological order, and each species in its proper order according to the prevalent classification. Thus it will be possible to turn at once to any migration or breeding date, or observations on the life history of any species in any given year. The BIRDS OF NEW YORK 59 following sheet from such a notebook will illustrate the plan advised, but of course in common species, like the Migrant shrike and Bluebird, the notes will be much more extensive and varied. CAPE MAY WARBLER DENDROICA TIGRINA 1902 Rochester, N. Y., May 7. One reported seen. do. May 12. Sawai fine male, the first I ever studied through a glass. He was low down among the bushes and brush in the farther corner of Cobb’s hill, restlessly searching for insects. Could make out with perfect distinctness the reddish ear spot and large yellow patch behind it, the black crown, the large white patches in the wings and outer tail feathers, and the y ellow under “parts streaked with black. 1903 Rochester, N. Y., May ro. Found one male in Mt Hope. do. May 12. Male on Cobb’s hill. 1904 Charlotte, N. Y., May 8. In Greenleaf woods saw the only 3 noted near Rochester this year. 1905 Rochester, N. Y., May 4. 6 reported seen on Cobb’s hill. do. May 14. Saw do incompany with Bay-breasts in the oak tops on the Pinnacle. 1900 Spr ingville, N. Y., May 12. Saw a fine o on the east edge of Clark’s woods in company with a Palm warbler and many others of sev eral different species; they were all feeding restlessly in the maple tops and mov ing rapidly from tree to tree toward the north along the ridge. A beautiful warm May day, the wind strong, southwesterly. Rochester, N. Y., May 13. & seen in Mt Hope. 1907 Rochester, N. Y., May 14. Sawa o& on Cobb’s hill. do. May 16. Saw two ¢ and one 9 on Cobb’s hill. do. May 17. @on Cobb’s hill in the tops of the tall chestnut trees. Added her to my collection, thereby verifying to a doubting friend the possibility of distinguishing with a glass the 9 Cape May in the tree tops. 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rochester, N. Y., May 18. Three # and two 9 seen on Cobb’s hill before breakfast. Rochester, N. Y.,May 24. Qfeedingin the white oaks on the Pinnacle. do. May 30. Two Qon Cobb’s hill in the chestnuts and white oaks. am Forest Lawn, N. Y., May 30. @ feeding in the maples back of Mr Perkins’s cottage. Several other specimens, or the same ones above mentioned, were reported from Rochester as seen by different friends. This year has been unprecedented for the numbers of this species in this vicinity. It is absolutely essential that some record of observations be kept. Migration dates, the relative abundance of different species, mating, nest building, first eggs seen, period of incubation, length of time young remain in nest, kind and amount of food brought to young, destruction of nests, special enemies, second broods, beginning and end of song period, time of day the song is heard, description of song and call notes, and many other valuable bits of life history would thus be gathered into such an adjustable notebook and in such order as to be of the greatest satisfaction to the owner as well as to any ornithologist seeking information on the birds of the locality. The need of such records on the number of birds of each species which may be seen in a given locality is well illustrated by the answers given by 12 bird enthusiasts in Monroe county when asked to mark 50 of our com- monest land birds as to their relative abundance, on a basis of counting the English sparrow 10. Estimates of the Bluebird’s abundance varied from 1-9. Of the Chickadee from 4-6, of the Crow from 2-10, Phoebe from 1-7, Chimney swift, 14-8, Flicker, 4-7, Barn swallow, 4-8, Least flycatcher, ;-6, Song sparrow, 5-10, while the estimates on the other 4o show equal discrepancies. This shows that general impressions are of little value from the standpoint of exact science, and that records of well determined facts form the only safe basis of judgment. Many bird lovers wish to know how many species of birds it is possible to see in one day, or in an entire season. This depends of course on the BIRDS OF NEW YORK 61 proficiency of the observer in recognizing birds at a glance, and his knowl- edge of their proper haunts and the time of their appearance, as well as his energy in the search and the amount of time at his disposal. After carefully reviewing the list of New York birds, I am convinced that any one well acquainted with the different species, who is willing to devote one day each week to field work, through the year, and four half days each week in April and May, can surely see a list of 114 species of land birds and about 50 water birds, with a possible additional list of 4o or 50 land birds and 15 or 20 water birds. This assumes of course that he is so situated that he can visit the proper haunts of the water birds as well as the forest-loving species The largest daily lists are made along the slopes of river valleys, and near the coast or the lake shores where there is a convergence of migration routes. An excellent way of recording the migrations, or of taking a bird census, is to form an association of workers who can divide the country between them each day, and meet at intervals to compare and record their observa- tions. This method has been employed with success by the Bird Section of the Rochester Academy of Science in studying the spring migrations of 1902 to 1907, and by the Department of Vertebrate Zoology of Cornell University in 1905 and 1906. The result has been the assembling of excep- tionally full and accurate migration dates for those stations [see Monroe county and Tompkins county, tables of migration]. Of great value, also, are the data of individual observers, who have recorded the migrations at the same station through a series of years, as has been done by Dr Merriam at Locust Grove, Dr Fisher at Ossining, and Dr Mearns at Highland Falls. It is possible for a single observer to record as many as roo, or even 130 different species of birds in one day, provided his energy is unlimited, and he has made a careful preliminary survey of the ground, and there is means of rapid conveyance between forest and copse, meadow and stream, swamp and lake. But to do this, one must be familiar with their haunts and know all the birds so well that they can be recognized at long distance, 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM while such birds as the Sora, Gallinule, Bittern, Whip-poor-will and Screech owl may be recorded as heard only. Such a day will probably begin at peep of dawn in the familiar coverts near home; then with a hope born of promised success the hunt develops with wild enthusiasm through the forenoon; continues toward sunset with a grim determination; and ends at dusk in utter weariness. This method of observation will hardly commend itself to the ordinary bird student, and certainly lacks the poise which appeals to the sympathetic student of nature. it eee ery) gh oe) Ls Lagpon Tah tee ae AK pa; ips. VAL Dy «alae bale hk «1 he wah Ree aM a Wye ae igh qa ie ey pe fs f - “4 f oe ah < rece cate BQAsee as + vei 4 teat: wala ye ae i wale fbt pape a x aM aba deh omte gto f re 4s | rar aa anleien cae ant shih . , arbin P ee — _ eee are - +44] jay 26/May x1/May 10/May B30%fon SeceeES Fe May 11 \Apr. as) Apr. a5 Pr. 29) ar ‘Apr. 19 i|May xo) May “"4jMay x0|May- “1a]May” “yay olMay 3] : (Apr. 3a): May 1s May 15)h May” x3) May ai t1/Mny 16). : 4 4 H 3 May 5]-.0see-feveueeshe Pr. $0) F ; ; ny ‘Apr. 39 Apr. 30) Mar. “4)Mar, r4/Feb. 35 Peb. 23|Mar. o/Peb. 33 a|Mar. 19). — aA few wintered. 4 = t ‘ rt Cee 4 ' » sae : SO era 2 ~ i mere std ¥ abs} ‘ ; + ic ak : at ; v Peeceye a I = : 7 ‘ n , ws FAG: . ¢ ? 4 1 ' en Yay ev 2H ; itive, i Youle eal 2 mh : . 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LOCAL LISTS An immense volume of literature relating to the birds of New York State has accumulated during the 300 years which have elapsed since Hudson sailed into New York harbor. Casual references in the notes of early travelers and colonial writers; definite records in the works of Wilson, Audubon, Nuttall and other early ornithologists; numerous statements in the works of Baird, Brewer, Ridgway, Coues and a host of modern writers in America and some in Europe; many incidental records or bits of life histories in scientific and popular magazines, such as the 4merican Naturalist, Science, Scribner's, Forest and Stream, and others; frequent accounts of local or general interest in the numberless newspapers of the State and adjacent territory, numerous references in government and museum reports and bulletins; and finally records in the Auk, Osprey, Wilson Bulletin, Ornithologist and Oologist, and other ornithological publications, all have contributed to the distribution, migration and habits of our birds as reported in the present volume. The work of completing the history and _ biblio- graphy of New York ornithology has proved a task so seemingly endless, however, that its publication is deferred for the present. The author has found it impossible to assert with any degree of certainty who first added the different species of our common birds to the list of our avifauna. It is evident from the writings of Wilson and Audubon that most of our common birds were well known in New York during their time, and frequent references are made in their works to different species of water birds oecurring on Long Island. For the use of New York bird students we have deemed it advisable to publish a comparative summary of the principal bird lists referring specially to the New York fauna, beginning with Giraud and DeKay. The Birds of Long Island, by J. P. Giraud jr, was published in 1844, by Wiley and Putnam, 161 Broadway, N. Y., and is an octavo volume of 397 pages, with descriptions and annotations of 286 species. Only about 200 copies of this book were printed. The author includes the Crested / 5 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM grebe, Manx shearwater and Little stormy petrel, which are European species with no definite records for New York, though cited by most of the early writers. His records of Lestris parasiticus and L. rich- ardsoni probably both refer to the Parasitic jaeger. His Canadian woodpecker may be the Northern hairy woodpecker, subspecies |e u co m e- las, but no recent records or specimens are known. The Wood wren is now regarded the same as the House wren. Thus it is evident that Giraud treated 280 of our present list as occurring on Long Island. The Zoology of New York, Part 2, Birds, by James E. DeKay, also appeared in 1844, published by the State Museum. This large quarto work includes 353 pages of text, with descriptions and brief histories, and 141 plates, showing 358 figures of native birds in colors. DeKay describes 309 species as belonging to New York or, like the Carolina paroquet, as having occurred here. Some species like the Magpie, Carolina titmouse, and Whist- ling warbler are admitted on supposition or hearsay evidence. The Wood wren and Hemlock warbler are not valid species, and the Crested grebe is European. This is the best known account of New York birds, although it has been evident for many years that important additions should be made to bring the knowledge of our ornithology to the present time. In the 64 years which have elapsed since DeKay’s report, about 100 species have been added to the State list. George N. Lawrence’s List of the Birds of New York and Vicinity, which appeared in 1866 in the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York, enumerates 327 species, but only a few are annotated. The Crested grebe, Common murre, Manx shearwater, Little stormy petrel, Tropical fulmar and Carolina chickadee appear without definite records and no New York specimens have been found in the Lawrence collection. The European woodcock and Red-cockaded woodpecker were entered as having occurred in neighboring parts of New Jersey, and the Hutchins gull, Green- backed mallard, Cooper sandpiper and Wood wren are not regarded as valid species. Thus Lawrence included 315 of our present list as New York species. BIRDS OF NEW YORK aT The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, New York, by Theodore Roosevelt jr, and H. D. Minot, 1877, isa brief but satisfactorily annotated list of 97 species occurring in the Northern Adirondacks in the summer time. This is the first definite study of our Adirondack avifauna. A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands with Annotations, by Dr Edgar A. Mearns appeared in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., beginning in volume 1o, 1878, and concluded in volume 13, 1882, with an addendum of four species published in the Auk, 1890. This is one of our very best lists, including records of migration, relative abundance, and food of the different species, together with a fine series of measurements of birds taken in this State. These dimensions have been a constant source of authority in the preparation of the present volume. It includes 213 species, 99 of which are recorded as breeding in the Highlands. A Revised List of birds of Central New York, from the observations of Frank R. Rathbun, Gilbert Fowler, Frank S. Wright and Samuel F. Rath- bun, published at Auburn, N. Y., in 1879, is an admirable list of 236 species, of which 83 are reported as breeding in central New York. The birds named in this list are all admitted as New York species at the present time. A Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to Occur in the Adirondack Region, North Eastern New York, by C. Hart Merriam M.D., published in the Auk, 1881, with addenda in 1882-84, is a briefly annotated list of 211 species, with valuable notes on the fauna and flora of the region. This list, together with Dr Merriam’s notes on Lewis county birds, published in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1878 and 1879, constitutes the best account we have of the ornithology of the Adirondack region, con- taining much that is interesting on the natural history of some of our native birds. A Review of the Summer Birds of a Part of the Catskill Mountains, with Prefatory Remarks on the Faunal and Floral Features of the Region, by Eugene Pintard Bicknell, published in the Transactions of the Linnaean Society of New York, in 1882, is another valuable faunal list treating of 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM go species of birds found nesting in the Catskill region, with exhaustive remarks on the floral and faunal areas represented. This list of 54 pages gives us our first definite and reliable knowledge concerning the Canadian fauna which inhabits the summits of the Catskills. Our Birds and Their Haunts, by Rev. J. H. Langille (Estes & Lauriat, Boston, 1884) is an extremely interesting volume devoted to the commoner native birds of the northeastern states. A large portion of the records refer to western New York where the author formerly resided. Birds of Chautauqua County, by John M. Edson, is an address delivered before the Chautauqua Society of History and Natural Science, in James- town, N. Y., January 29, 1885. It isa briefly annotated list of 152 species. A Lust of the Birds of Onondaga County, by Morgan K. Barnum, Syracuse University, 1886, is a reliable list of 204 species. An Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and its Immediate Vicinity, by William L. Ralph M.D., and Egbert Bagg, Oneida Historical Society, volume 3, page ror, 1886, is an exhaustive and reliable list. Together with the additions which have appeared in the Auk up to 1900, the Oneida county list contains 248 species, of which 1rog have been found breeding in that vicinity. Birds of Niagara County, N. Y., by James L. Davison, appeared in Forest and Stream, in 1889, and names 204 species, with 93 breeding in the county. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity, by W. H. Bergtold, M. D., from the Bulletin of the Buffalo Naturalists Club, volume 1, number 7, 1889, mentions 237 species very briefly and gives 111 as breeding near Buffalo. An Annotated List of the Birds Known to Occur within Fifty Mules of New York City, by Frank M. Chapman, American Museum of Natural History, 1894, and a revised edition of the same in the American Museum Journal, volume 6, numbers 2 and 3, 1906, names 348 species in the first edition and 353 in the second, besides three extirpated species, four species liberated but not established, one doubtful and not counted (Stormy petrel), and three forms not regarded as valid species. Mr Chapman’s nesting and BIRDS OF NEW YORK 79 migration dates are taken from his Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America, and from An Annotated List of the Birds Known to Breed within Fifty Miles of New York City, Guide Leaflet 14, American Museum, 1904. 120 species are listed as breeding near New York. A Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, by William H. Gregg M._D., 1891, mentions 200 species, but only 165 are accorded any definite records for Chemung county. Birds of Western New York With Notes, by Ernest H. Short, Albion, 1896, records 289 species as occurring and r1g as breeding. The list of the Birds of Sing Sing, N. Y., by Dr A. K. Fisher, of the Biological Survey, Washington, D. C., is taken from Chapman’s Handbook, 1898, and gives a very complete record of the migration dates for the lower Hudson valley. The number of birds in the list is 233. Birds of Long Island, by William Dutcher, part of which appeared in Chapman’s Handbook, 1898, gives the best dates we have for the migration of waterfowl and shore birds on the coast of the State. These notes, together with numerous records of Long Island birds, which have appeared from time to time in the Auk are included in these columns. Mr Dutcher has kindly consented also to the use of his Long Island Notes consisting of three large volumes of records and a fourth containing complete data of all the specimens in his collection taken on Long Island, over 2000 specimens. These have furnished much more exhaustive migra- tion dates than were obtained from his published notes. Birds of Western New York, by Elon Howard Eaton, Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science, rgor, includes 319 species, of which 128 are known to breed. It gives the relative abundance, migration and nesting dates as well as the records for rare species, and also contains a chart to illustrate graphically the time and manner of occurrence of each species. Birds of Madison County, N. Y., by George Charles Embody, Colgate University, 1901, is a very satisfactory list of 192 species, 75 of which are 80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM known to breed. It mentions the relative abundance and time of arrival of the different birds. Stars in this list refer to William R. Maxon’s review of Embody’s publication, Auk, 20, 1903, p. 262-606. A List of the Birds of Long Island, N. Y., by William C. Braislin, from the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York for the year ending March 1907. This is a complete list of the birds known by Dr Braislin to occur on Long Island, including 364 species and giving a good series of migration dates and records of accidental visitants. COUNTY SCHEDULES These tables have been prepared to show in condensed form the status of our knowledge concerning the birds of each county in New York State. The information has been gathered from schedules and bulletins sent out from the State Museum by Dr Farr in 1900, and subsequently returned by numerous observers in all parts of the State, also from migration schedules and correspondence returned to the author in 1905, 1906 and 1g07. The author’s personal notes are largely embodied in the lists of Erie, Ontario, Monroe and Essex counties, his observations, begun at Springville in 1880, having been principally confined to western New York, but in part to the eastern and southeastern parts of the State. All reports received from any source have been given due consideration, but it has seemed advisable to omit numerous records of unusual birds because the reports were based on hearsay evidence or merely from having been seen, no absolute confirmation of the record being obtainable. Numerous records also, which have appeared in print, have not been included, because after careful investigation they were found to refer to some other species than that originally reported. At the same time, it is probable that some reports which have been omitted from these tables were of actual occurrences of the species named, but since they were of such an unusual nature it has seemed best to omit them when they were not substantiated by specimens or subsequent observations. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 8r The author wishes to express his appreciation of the assistance which has been rendered to the State Museum by all those who have given their time and effort to the compilation of these county lists. For the guidance of students who may desire to know the source of our information, we append the following list of correspondents: George H. Chadwick, Canton W. W. Judd, Albany ALBANY COUNTY George Richard, Cody, Wyo. Will Richard, Cody, Wyo. Isaac H. Vrooman jr, Albany E. 5. Gilbert, Canaseraga W.N. Clute, Binghamton John A. Dyer, Binghamton Fred R. Eaton, Olean W.H. Eldredge, Leon George C. Embody, Auburn Matilda Jacobs, Aurora Foster Parker, Cayuga A. E. Kibbe, Mayville Mrs R. R. Rogers, Jamestown Stella M. Lawrence, Elmira R. L. Moss, Elmira ALLEGANY COUNTY F. S. Place, Alfred A.C. Whitford, Alfred BROOME COUNTY Lillian Hyde, Binghamton A. L. Reed (deceased) Lillian Reed, Berkshire CATTARAUGUS COUNTY John W. Kales, Franklinville Evelyn M. Moore, Olean CAYUGA COUNTY F. R. Rathbun, Auburn Frederick J. Stupp, Auburn E. G. Tabor, Meridian F.S. Wright, Auburn CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY L. T. Sprague, Jamestown Sarah Waite, Dunkirk CHEMUNG COUNTY Fannie B. Rice, Elmira Rufus Stanley, Elmira CHENANGO COUNTY F. H. Williams, Greene CLINTON COUNTY George C. Shattuck, Boston, Mass. 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM COLUMBIA COUNTY Miss E. Sackett, East Chatham Margaret R. Wilbur, Old Chatham CORTLAND COUNTY H. C. Higgins, Cincinnatus DELAWARE COUNTY W. E. Yager, Oneonta William J. Youngs, Youngs DUTCHESS COUNTY Lispenard S. Horton, Gretna Arthur A. Allen, Buffalo Dr Carlos Cummings, Buffalo E. H. Eaton, Springville Florence A. Jones, Willink E. F. Lein, Buffalo John D. Macpherson, Buffalo H. L. Achilles, Rochester C. F. Batchelder, Cambridge, Mass. J. H. Bradstreet, Rochester W. Scott Brown, Elizabethtown Dr C. A. Dewey, Rochester Prof. C. W. Dodge, Rochester Mary Hyatt, Stanfordville ERIE COUNTY Edward Reinecke, Buffalo Ottomar Reinecke, Buffalo E. P. Reynolds, Buffalo James Savage, Buffalo Mathilde Schlegel, East Aurora Charles H. Stevenson, Kenmore ESSEX COUNTY E. H. Eaton, Canandaigua George Fuller, Rochester A. H. Kallies, Lake Placid Jennie Kimball, Williamsville Tom Taylor, Rochester Edgar S. Tweedy, North Elba Marcellus Wild, Rochester FRANKLIN A. R. Fuller, Malone Charles P. Alexander, Gloversville G. P. Clarkson, Buffalo Emily Becker, Catskill HAMILTON Egbert Bagg, Utica FULTON COUNTY F. Seymour Woodruff, Albany COUNTY Donald Frazer, Johnstown GENESEE COUNTY Prof. F. M. Comstock, Ithaca GREENE COUNTY George H. Chadwick, Canton COUNTY C. J. Pennock, Kennett Square, Pa. Dr William L. Ralph (deceased) BIRDS OF NEW YORK HERKIMER COUNTY C. L. Avery, Herkimer J. R. Benton, Little Falls Egbert Bagg, Utica G. S. Hardy, Littleville Dr William L. Ralph (deceased) JEFFERSON COUNTY Minna C. Anthony, Watertown L. C. Snyder, Lacona William Hagedone, Woodville KINGS, QUEENS AND NASSAU COUNTIES G. B. Badger, Brooklyn W. F. Hendrickson, Long Island City Dr William C. Braislin, Brooklyn Arthur H. Howell, Washington, D. C. C. J. Brasher, Queens co. J. L. Shields, Floral Park G. Kk. Cherrie, Brooklyn S. H. West, Flushing LEWIS COUNTY Dr C. Hart Merriam, Washington, D. C. James H. Miller, Lowville LIVINGSTON COUNTY Prof. Guy S. Bailey, Geneseo A. L. Thorne, Sonyea MADISON COUNTY G. C. Embody, Auburn S. A. Maxon, Oneida Oscar S. Gorton, West Bloomfield William R. Maxon, Washington, D. C Dorothy B. Leonard, Kenwood Gerrit S. Miller jr, Washington, D. C. MONROE COUNTY J. D. Archer, Hilton Francis Gott, Rochester David Bruce, Brockport George F. Guelf, Brockport E. H. Eaton, Canandaigua Charles G. Presser, Rochester Truman R. Taylor, Rochester Also records of the Bird Section of the Rochester Academy of Science. MONTGOMERY COUNTY Donald Frazer, Johnstown NEW YORK CITY L. S. Foster (deceased) Also published records of many observers. NIAGARA COUNTY J. L. Davison, Lockport F. A. W. Dean, Effingham, III. 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ONEIDA COUNTY J. S. Allwood, Vernon Egbert Bagg, Utica Graham Bronson, Vernon Dudley Dorn, Point Rock A. R. Eastman, Waterville A. S. Hopkins, Rome W. B. Mann, Sangerfield A. C. Weed, New Hartford W. J. B. Williams, Holland Patent ONONDAGA COUNTY Dr W. M. Beauchamp, Svracuse J. A. Dakin (deceased ) ONTARIO Frank T. Antes (deceased) Maurice Blake, Canandaigua B. S. Bowdish, Phelps E. H. Eaton, Canandaigua F. H. Hall, Geneva E. H. Johannot, Syracuse A. W. Perrior, Syracuse COUNTY D. Byron Waite, Springwater Ernest Watts, Canandaigua W. P. Wheeler, Geneva Addison P. Wilbur, Canandaigua Charles H. Wilder (deceased) ORANGE COUNTY F. A. Heiss, Port Jervis Mary O. Lamb, Middletown F. B. Robinson, Newburgh ORLEANS COUNTY Dana C. Gillett, Medina C. F. Posson, Medina OSWEGO COUNTY Dr Newton Cook, Sandy Creek Dr R. L. Crockett, Sandy Creek O. J. Russell, Port Ontario J. W. Soule, Sandy Creek D. D. Stone, Lansing OTSEGO COUNTY J. J. Wood, Oneonta PUTNAM COUNTY W. A. Mead, Carmel RENSSELAER COUNTY Charles E. Chambers, Troy Martin J. Conway, Lansingburg Dr T. B. Heimstreet, Troy W. C. Hitchcock, Cropseyville A. F. Park (deceased) F. S. Webster, Pittsburg, Pa. RICHMOND COUNTY Wm. P. Heineken, New Brighton ROCKLAND COUNTY L. W. Brownell, Nyack BIRDS OF NEW YORK ST LAWRENCE COUNTY W. A. Newell, Ogdensburg Mary B. Sherman, Ogdensburg SARATOGA COUNTY A. S. Brower, Ballston Spa S. R. Ingersoll, Ballston Spa Will Richard, Cody, Wyo. SCHENECTADY COUNTY James E. Benedict, Washington, D. C. SCHOHARIE COUNTY Dr D. Norwood, Esperance SENECA COUNTY C. J. Hampton, Cosad Foster Parker, Cayuga STEUBEN COUNTY George B. Hollister, Corning Mrs George B. Hollister, Corning A. H. Wood, Painted Post SUFFOLK COUNTY Mrs A. W. Lowerre, Southold James G. Scott, Montauk W. W. Worthington, Shelter Island W. A. Babson, Bellport O. W. Degen, Plum Island A. H. Helme, Miller’s Place TIOGA COUNTY Earl D. Hammond, Sayre, Pa. J. Alden Loring, Owego TOMPKINS COUNTY A. A. Allen, Buffalo Dr H. D. Reed, Ithaca Ll. A. Fuertes, Ithaca A. C. Weed, Ithaca Francis Harper, Ithaca A. H. Wright, Ithaca ULSTER COUNTY E. P. Bicknell, New York John Burrows WARREN COUNTY Anna Cheney, Glens Falls Dr A. K. Fisher, Washington, D. C WASHINGTON COUNTY Stewart H. Burnham, Vaughns F. T. Pember, Granville WAYNE COUNTY B. S. Bowdish, Phelps Mary S. Eames, Newark n OQ U1 860 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM WESTCHESTER COUNTY L. V. Case, Bedford Dr A. K. Fisher, Washington, D. C. Gerald H. Thayer, Monadnock, N. H. WYOMING COUNTY Rev. J. C. Warren, Pike YATES COUNTY Verdi Burtch, Branchport Rev. E. C. Hull, Dresden Clarence N. Davis, Branchport Louise Sumner, Crosby C. F. Stone, Branchport The abbreviations used in the first column of each county list classify the birds under the following heads. Sesidents (res) are those species which are found at all seasons of the year and breed within the county. Summer residents (sr) spend only the warmer part of the year in the county, coming from the south in the spring, returning to the south to pass the winter. Transient visitants (tv) are species which merely pass through the county in the spring or fall, or both, on the way to their breeding grounds. Winter visitants (wv) are those which come from their homes in the north to pass the winter with us. Summer visitants (sv) are species which breed farther south but visit us in considerable numbers during the summer after the breed- ing season is over. Accidental visitants (av) are species which live so far from our borders, and are found here so rarely, that their occurrence may be regarded as accidental. In the second column the relative abundance of species is indicated by the terms Abundant (ab), applied to such birds as the Robin and Song sparrow, which are very common in the locality. Common (c) indicating a less degree of abundance. Fazrly common (fc) birds are such as are found in limited numbers at the proper place and season, like the Scarlet tanager, or Migrant shrike in western New York. Uncommon (unc) birds are such as can not he called rare and yet are of unusual occurrence. Birds of Occasional occurrence (oc) are those which are not observed each season but appear at intervals of a few vears. A rare bird is one which has been recorded only a few times and yet can not be regarded as accidental. We have also found it convenient in these tables to use such expressions as local, referring : i Ss cakbeSeavate anoy WHY Yom Be se | «, > ee ppkt tate D408 tation ge - ~ Se tt a ae —— “Tp ee i —_ / iy Reckam | A aren tee oes aa * aguias - Pe | | tahaslecont.no sooblenS “Een pbsonll. ek ee \ { thats bn } —— aot | zee hoa . : { =* ee are H setaseine eqpaiiog ze tis> bee aees a Merial casas '<, Pa sae ee eh a ey ao 20% dee dy oad TAT AGL VerercEh > gece yrabA tame Soh sri pete AF sie heed Perec neveass Supa cole L abassG- Desai , eS | . abhiex ris ee 5 or Se ove Coe ren Ppa ee = ope pak A Vee ae Rath er kas: tto seas fen patie, 26 TadDi ad Wilaoina tetior? elt eal brosear a thaws S puch MApemende sree ue ¥ 6 jp.r rcs eRe IED PMO OF, UPC oe yy oo , S82 tn WB air 2a wit cietn a AOD OG BUOE VIG S a tatty Sn Petes snecdineie OM ab ie |: ea) >- eet ie 85% Fes) sed]. be 5: =a pin » a la cabins ee vase «a Kiteole eres) due ae ‘- as vee ep Bo FANS. age] sie eae Laie” AAP ENG e AERTS he ct searene eh RW eee cee A} tuscan tier thee ee ee he pad app b PES nod Seonbar: Be ee ene ape sere eee rerr ee ’ nyeniett TMDL ote Pee oes ee Perret hy ys ner ennye Flea he eset ol tne bah PEsles Peer eer mee ee Sesteyias tnent s att tepeee i ip OA et ae reek Ae +a 4 RAMA eee et eee eee eee . sony enn oie SIEAEE Treen see Label 26pn0) ms Jaeepest gxort eco sephora site rtp elt sabes | th eee aS ‘ TERED Sinan tien siti 80 eigacssae ' Lars Smapicn) yaar sist aa ass sk bia . we eB ne nt Hh R teers tnt retrew analy hee . ia) re “esis baelai Bi taeia Ba Edina cent) fay rier bart we eae aie nl te Ey Kies eas Liege eoa ge ase et aee cayie hed ee ube regpeee egRa Tee SAM AUMOE MOT UT hte ey), Gee i ee, 1° sets : normed: pa | anes Teen Rane Si © ee ee * * ae eee. | Be 2 ret ew ams Adee a Cv an eee beter Rs- see Wek vant . * ~ oe Stee Peo ware a + 54 ee Se xe he heen eee ey FELLAS Oo Fe ta ee cepegys | ae ny mee. as8 aa ek 0084 TERED Oe EN 7 ie 2 # we : eee) Cee ek! ee ' ae het sok: Late ie Cees as ee veh sis cde see cee ee Se eee old vp tee ee ys oan de tues fe ser rererar as Acie ae ene sar As beatle as a “eRaTeeRe Sebo Foubcoms ihetioee } . Purkeds le Than IEEE EAE ea sas ae is 1 1 (a ae } aie Se t Satna ganelp nae ~ » vets ra ee SECTION I, PART 2 ot Ls Lee a=: cas wah or eof LY ie Ltt se Bet WA %, Aw ’ a” Weli ~~) £ gi 2 = 7) Ry at) P § ; - ‘ ¥ vy OFRa, 7 CO Aa RAG ge A Ae : 7 wane hh arabia. inshinad ends aevek 4 hi : erm k bh 7 | ‘ 7 hen p ’ t t i aheeat ges P é : “4 SP 4 Muse pao Fevba tres e : tite ehery | \ a a ih eI | us! 5 i pe ¢ hr ¢ | G r o VOR GUAR 5 5 as Wy ’ Ht hh | 1 \ 2 H A al ~~ it * vous A eS | | Melgeptephas IP e aD , ‘ faa’ 9 7 ofits ‘ hex ty : jaa sa ae! t wae ' : Pee / ; Vie. Y t <4 ’ f \ ( , ns 1 f ‘ n I - , : 44) i exe some | "pap ial... . c 1 { 1 ‘ we ¥i} { ! ap Geren | ‘ ) j é { t 4 . ys i: ge ? ao hbew oi ' s i . hay f ines “ees a) : , } enue co 5 i VQ SSS (44536 70% “ r ; 7 eo ee ; P bane 2 ¥ wie a seine waaay ’ “ , eh - , ~ oF fat ; sant ay rr ge | qaanconat & ; a ey 40! - Ss, ras wad te et eceee Herd eres #6 em lawns : veil yy Mine Fe rverhe the ov wd dade on OOP unis h' WPS i ee he fi anes tein er Oli ‘” . eee. BU Pe, apie sg AALS: NAST ERS 7 SECTION 1, PART 3 veh Mol Wee cvnh one sont eA. pe san st Soe EE oe ae rns vale as dena tePRes: ie ep ow ar *¥ nr eee avelte Lv Filet ie a Res Jorgen we ag Me Pte Nos nechual Hee str Poewhs ag 8 Lae Bs, ae = oust ne hake awe iwa ied. i ae Se i Oe Oh yaar foes fp a ao Senin ova eee A Sas sa 6 eel ake Serna eteae oa a aS ati whey oe WAP setae BEN, waa gh kat eae seeladcee SRASO ST hes oy ale ee, reek y We ee v at oe Saas | eevee mn Peed ee eek | SAI 5. KAYO ee weber este tsef eee i pid ctedew iy of Fanta = a bh | Coen) Ty OT wey cas eTR PWOTMRAtioe Ce AMERY : ea ee ee eee es = ; , TQSOa8R Salons anciaguaies satenlataca ' | epfereott } wr sa ¥ Soom | eae 0 | an Tl Miatt i — Le * oot : Witoe | Hopes tart ‘ FOTIA © siren 9 WH 4 bb ioe Ve ewe ver ae wird 288 * tt. BF} jvm AER < ; « oe Terre wa Webs ’ + Ry a de hee ay oa Psat ee ey 5 VON SoReE cay wisn ey (rest ter ove ol en Te mit fansite she ea he bi’ iin 6 PAO re 4 x : ess Wovens bly eh Pe ee b SPS I ys ie 4 ae > ro ay ’ ty ek wah Seo ee Sr ok OT: Oe Pore Pees wis we4 A. ve ; $0 ert ee es, errs ies is ‘ < see owe j bas fr alts he WR ries . ; Ne Ore ee, >a - - 7 Pe awe SEP ee ioral z fe Ne ae : on “| ne ! Sy 4 ae ~ : rea) . a 2 sae en ns acute wa¥ ca amtiap ee Seve i conigwlapsts Ky dpct ahve ; a wea GERVIOF, } ote baer icy ay ep eas a) Oe t Gt Saif et kee es: deere y Pere wane hake fee athe she tee a) eu tebe reh ad of sétéey® tah pb- cates ote a bs Aug: 95+ Sept. 15, 26 Sept! 16, Oct, 3, to. Nov. 1, 29. ]Now. 10, 23 Apr. § a «Apr. ax, May 7. (Ocw. 14, No’ go Oct. “70.0. . Nov, $, 26. . 1 Last record 1874 SECTION}, PART 4 zy “enh he pr Ree A" ala MOT FT ee Rey cone walidvas Whey eRe pet we thot ae’. % +k 2200) Aes BO ste nae). = at . Bens | NG ve @ 98 Oe hae hades wa br. tcl i ys 0 oe reve Sn igane a¢) san i — ee ete oe $33 A : i : : P y 3 © ab Toewenapeae a oT ‘ $6448 A ah in 64nd 4 By jay ‘ ‘ + mates) see ina Dad eng ve - . vi | \ Re ch ae penne Se {) Mar. a5."Apel 33]° May -|Det: a ‘Apr. 20, May 5.|Nov. [Apr §: *]Qck 1629, Oct, Hl nee a i i i SECTION 7, PART 5 oe rn cine j ne ayo A Perens Meer at oe aoe = Re eee: cal son Wks © Ne acres dike : aici = PS “ + all ; F Wafer nt pehae ede ees oe fi eld ePe ee hoes ce rte ween oe, ‘a Barts is amt b t+ . TeNoaie *. mare pee ; eek oe . - debates or — os ve Cee Ce : salty yey eh eV ee 8 4 isi tha es dans ; +54 Pee ee ey cee oA mae 0 pe ey Pie t¥y ctirkae 5! : yee 5 ? r 4 «yews vee v 2 e Pisw ee owaghie Lee aeb Oty we we? «hsb beeen it. Pini ese 4 oie tye tages hee Oe E> ee ol eit «bot bx eed = eee MePhe ee « Lae vy o EVN bot rdatew gel See ole EOE tem tr + EES Peds wee Be pete hea dat paar Panett eae = he. + eee Ue ge myers A oe 4 Ae all mete as Care = cee : ae cua Dh hci dire ray Sara att) ee re beak eT TALS er sfeteit cates Ke .. mueEee?. Tvs BP a sina Pha ae hkal 4 ccna espe ant es Mp saNe arene i i em icity hid ids wate } A ale : ANSE ER t eutrs ‘Da Vi reenter . { ‘ re a ater + «0 MODE ae eet Lb wile a ues conti i baw reas PEM vit te wie Rie y sve + Sees JO . ‘ Mi wenn | oe eae sl ore PaPrinee Ofek She ee teem & Sean ihe PR An es Aquppeyd i fet Ae rh tS a 237+) eRee ey ES eae ae a - a) , naere oo ey airs < Pore ' =~ iC ie ee. — aye ar ayeas: PUIPT PLEO F Absoon eareseny Spraeieett $6535 Ee) Oy aie ; pratn SrsSrer elves pe eae " a 4s be eee + bi ceaeser? ae A moa eae Coun) ines wea FE ASS By , rs *) a 4, | ee +) shee ev eee ee Rh tae ee | ' eve . T+ tw ay is ae seas abot ah CoS OD ce eal ts epee, hare , a 4 Gaze: f ay Vereen’ ents ‘fe ae Jas 2 Teeee ly - ‘1 Sas bh re oh ey ids RAT : PP Te eee rae treo se 4 en Ph dane OE dd Bd Vins yee het abee orc ttn wee a 4 7 eee ey te At Ye 99. +0, [AUB a5, Seeeee weererrerin) (7 { j* ler. 80) AT. To, SECTION § Part 7 af oe ee ~~ w Vie 1 et eee ie ee ee ? Fe ay ewe ipe wes Wek de i she 1 tm ‘Mi «Wh } ee ee Ere, By 4 ee ate e re Aey ~~ Wen cathe wee hae oR » eae ee Oe ee eee ere a + aa - aa aapewey* te aed’ ae Se AN Late ta FF $ nal a, Pee te ? Per lie ©) vleer? Poe TS Ate pee ite a be ie Ye ee) ld re a age eee ee sev avineee PPTs ae Re pair kor poeeeraere® fxd 0), Laces SN i TRA eae MMce eve ue msieat by een weaver ert tari gu «va b> a=? Fy rane “+4 Ln gitalat we bathe) 7. Pe by vam rr ete hd ave Vase rye ibeaen|jinann sts SECTION I, PART 8 seven weet shee aos CNA bea oem «Jewel aia we en Fe ties 9D peehi fase F9ORVSL Eee 4 wayh mene ele Bus a ee wing bey yey Pate ber wwe sop Ses Ceg ies ey tee 7 eA es a} Rerren erty: been cue dipe ke tea (Ke King ore quase@ams 256 © rey ee 4 ea PT ee -), <8 idl ak “Al ” AIT FBP pe * oe elt Ais S de ts dase’ lyide tase ee fa 4 Bi ‘ SECTION I, PART 9 Sl Ape asta dans JReb. a5, Mar. a0, Mar. 38 Apr. ee Feb. 22, Mar, 15 Apr, May. Nay"r0, 38 |Apr. 15, Mayo as ax sve er? wort tw vii ae or iy WO’ BES Poke m atetes Lit aed ee) eae ine te , ‘es ope ' ped Lop eeee *W 7 7 wa. ; ee ee " ; ; mete cn ee ae oe od ePIneey Sea S ee age? ESA Lee Yases nies tf dae, e z Jp yhent ta ee oe y eg: SAR yreay ee aS 905 pay t hava st oy ees ; we WALT saz Ser ee ere tt WNEeSaB rc | ee ee Sar O gs bis ital a 4 CAS SESURS eon pera th SRCNG TAGE ) A\eAbn? We bys? 1 oe. oR Mats 4 unas ea aw wes m_ «bas eB eee Mind « caf oa OS e 2 caging Det: Ponting wit hci manny Jems * ‘ 7 A exiee* A* serue etre Tee oe Te sss eee a ame gar yg eset if arn NY eS ee eee sew SECTION |, PART ro fae ewer ee ef ee en) & heel Viring sm oF i eee ayes oteg © obe “4 te ee on oes eps oe Pee mr Neo) ae iaund ah eehbet in ae s else ngs an ¥Ol bas ties be fen am tee a * 5 tt dey alll he a hae em fa senna “ie GxGntyan Gere eT we Od eee Jk Yad et 08 vee fener i+ koa MNS oe 47) wha "Iga gen gaiye i ey eee <4 ae ‘ is re AVS: pas ion a = ay lees rf Pes. hae ryote aneeaa Lee er 200K on 8 a> OR rd ew rs AT F, . eOF ot eee ~ et 1 an Terris, ISD 38 TPE} ra 4 et Sey ehaye pea ae ehoen sd) »|Sept a5, Oct. 7, sce: Nov. SECTION I, PART 11 outeno aetna apt Pin i te ee ead! ues ee eee Dies abr? belies 4 a a) a) ee ee ee oe es) Lond 1 TV eed ey ape weer 'e a an her ag Sey el. ARE eae we rie ea ry eee eL | Aarau ee Pee ee pie bid Snoty of AV oa 6 peel ow re 2 EL IS a SF diet siniciedelied A en ate 451 ven. bee ees Pe ALPE) crete rey Le tae Py tees Cd ee Ave s aris ia er seu ve wees eed eit hex: amber Ace ars ote nes SO) ae ae) ey ro . 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EVP TAVERN wie k Ue t ere eee atid th f wa ty Aap tla ae ey Va ad- aaa ee ead efoes ce ease RAG Ae ane pea alee LON lee ee) weet sae iee hehe sean aRene< AS Fee eV ES heen, dense eo yt atid Sosy ahs SNA sewaleetedt bybehdeaocbabaed 3s at SHER re +s eae ek baat satnept ¥eeevesis «RE EEENS VE! bAAwERS Dhow * PATNA WY AVIS ET Wiehe be hun hiel eerie reer’ | Aeasasy ein Genes we uon [ee aN EV EVES de Rly Ee SPU DANT GSE aU bee P ele NA ES Suh sole ‘ we ory he ee bee ke ‘ ; eS rAbe th Oh ey eh TW oer Pewee anes ane Phebe ees. Wot Re eee SVS evi eee a erewss SWE Res Ee! Sets weer ee 1'oh were & vay] MoM Vulse toe weg bw . ? StS Leese abbas Tae ew ale ole ate eweoe vb yee’ ete wW eGR 1 e+e eh UT. Yt 4 eee be ewe ake iS hao Sasa babes Webbe bei eeg =bSbe?s ’ aeye bur babe . sewkbiy scene eons Seb hieayees aa bea vs he J sha se ehee x Trevose Barwda gee ttavediug save derseis Pwhaeeriene Pregete saoreatiate Pes eddaritees sididawas eedadeeie viva sate ae ete crtatone POL e rs ter) Jivani Prerais ts, Pee PIAL lela tM tae Pye uP ey ee, ee ee es 43 7 a Pedeeeee Pie we rte bnw ee shat hers V>PDEwE oe ae ei Neyee severing eeeverrs pues ane riety ebeeaes | ee Re VRP Seer wavke wei ae teaet 25) +6 eist A eee Waa edly aet eee eee Vests . Poe eve Ns Pebsace was vet yses +4 Aut iebaeee poe ekve ews Pre erer ers] weeee ten taés+ evade be wet syeuiee Loeseieres heave $s 059 9 ONE P eee cred WES Gee es a eis A7>0 008% i tseePeaaiy ROWELL TNT Ry Sees wae Sich we EV ESE TEP eho eS SVS ees eet ST) ho! eases ees NTR GEST See es eka Peteae ; Peers eye vest » rebae ie ees ee be ee ee = tebe ks ASO AGA Dek ewe . ne wn Nes whe eh hah weeds’ takes ee | 4A ESE the dc dad Be eile beeae Toss sues seh ews jee BRaee soa as yueae see e tees ebebeeae PECL OE NS ee teree es! ee eas Le ASAD OC EE TNS PROSE ch PECTS TE POW WOES VAAL vedegiy eee (ee eee . atte vee The s PEELE OPI YOO. 0 OEM Cee tee) ‘ ade Mes Tre tata! & ive Sore red ne VTA ee eel eer tae deed bh) A eeaehe a - A? phi aprile Pate tah to mecere lies | Payee ote tea rs) apa ete i fetdare sey sPelalDevpetgigds wee Ped das a petal sata ielh Se ww ai ola Aes Pave Pe FG Wier * seat it ie | Pet eae &: ak 9 fe aha SOHC AY Ws S CARVE f ye wa at 548 ‘Dit Vier Whtee daa 223227 SECTION J, PART 12 eee ¢ wort a4} ke ie ae all) eres we... 22 eM wee B90) MG .0¢, .Jo0) Fhe paetee? ¢ apanqew iar Vint To Bac Fase eny eis oe a2 i ey Ves 4 + fever pene aaa « AI . eee ue ee Meh mes 4 . £1 nana a vs nave Opal es 4 re he ee | teehee pone ah eA ere oy vibe ened ae, ee ee as bye rg ae eee «tyre net ed eee eee Greet kt. Pas oe gy as ets ae LAD 7 Ate ey Oa 1 Pines, peta oe wel CUle PRES ide S147! =the yINoriag sie pi + as On TS as dale © pate a || -¥e a ‘ i cto of ative . vas bie lay ei bee yee rh dean et oeat tig T2684.) 4 gether st 'egs>eepes Pogiseg Wie | per Ps boot ee (isos (dees 2 Shh oan Per sas | > ee awe “Ec - 18, Oot. #5/Dec. 5. {|New 9, 35. Nov. '8, 16 Dec. “or -|Now. 1, Dee. 2, 14. ‘Oct. | . ieee Fe : ‘]Oct. 8, 90. 2 ed gine F i : 2 c peaeeerek Sept. a8, Oct. 9, 20.. Am. white-fronted : 2 $ : seen ABE 30 Witeesteuka lack SECTION J, PART 13 4 ee eS al ee trite eri pe lee lt in AB! i! i dans! 2. OU bP, ob a, 3a a “Tay ah Heo’ i eae | eo ae Bate ait bay Piatt a sah ae okt) fas® 2 ver i det ot oe tose Bra ream vO prensa 2k OTe Oe sens P : ooh is sarvt ex eRE SO " a6 pen were Ot te ee eee eerine 8 Ub epee rene ae | ee ew ee se t 7 ei, ies ce age sie PT erewes Wats te Lari ae, v7 Phe PV alee oe seRe 2 ES im BHAT «, 9 thy pea i. Wor 2 fo Ne On +3 Arye 23 | ray ag” ORS thy sel yee el va at fae arte oy ob 0 cuak Kpanes exvist esrati-... ee pasdd oB Ma bi nap 0a Ae eleow FON RA ren he Paar UW aaet t Ae tal wewderey sis adu uty ae Fi pd ee en oie Sheteeed © ee eee sauectt eee pee eae dete tev ited NO lebes . 5 ¢ Pewee ntewtant ile si eete eves racers tan = 2 EE NO IO raw see ope UO y part eves vps ome oe sate wd £0 be Cee Rape dare weet OOPS EE OP RENT ee eames 16, ceset Me GA, ido Se waa , = et 9G 0 ‘ pe Re a wpeatale aviv? ’ ‘ “+ , +seee or ; Ba prere vee ~/3t @ oe! e, ei oF aM +4 Pivars Ernie tk iki, re Sou ‘ 2 J Melber: eet tee din ‘Nie “ See Le ee ey - ; Vert saree al res Lente SSL). cc, sue ss ote" ore¥hge ' Ars eee sars Vocals er et, Te or OE ke weir ne «MA WREy neg RA .L th ct tlt Oe ahd oe, PTeies fy Paee ly Pd deere ec¥lawecdee piers - me bo Au oe SOO whe 2 chee oy € 2 0d On EF ete den Se Cie dag si vn Ap ye I . ; sede eee a One? ae wie a ty Pin’ : 240 6040 08 TAS y eke a vse a ee 7014 at MAB ays O cel ne ee DEE mtn dg ahded hated ot . aol Ad, ea why oi ‘ ye ae wes ok Seer ‘ fate: ; » wtaeds ob vet wide tas aeOe yk ay! et av U ee Ve Nia Per CSET T EOE Deen ee te.ce' p00 ae ore) oy oa Ga Pad twat eae ade basetee Fa ee A bs Cn eee VR TOLLE ALS oh a LA ite Wi nave k Ti ge eee ae ay weedareat ’ FPR AP Written wd o deus £6 ay Sense ie * Pes es tected TITAS ahi a Jain “FQ! Ab ow, ce ¥ > . COREE TEE Ce ele Wert et ron T oS Ol two i _ #0844 TO a eta s ee at As an eieiae “A BO We 2k gee! pe We ay) OR ORD i's, r SENo aoe sat), b' dey ino Oe BA ie we poe AP oe & & . aeee dew Me ees ae } i = ark Shes naans 2) ee ee are rd 4 ‘ ae beweenee saab ony i. veer ewe teak oes Peat?) neha peers 5 Ws - ote ee 4 Bye ee a fa ao minis vend perhins ree as neon oo ee ee « a ee ia, tee eR ee ene Maree PP Te es bi kame a One thereat eae ake e pe paa ene shina dR e epe seer aantine ast authes spreremreee ee epee hone tioere nore ® he * .eeeerers ee Qa eetrte a es Peres) fa gaeener aeenbee weeestes ‘ atetere ee eeeaeeae SEAA SPOS ene Th) sie heree -er A APT E RL eee echo re rhcc se anrs Sarhts PAARL aks OEY perver pat So -isopeere panne, gare. 7 yk sans Oe ae i | A ¢ ‘ aasaat tc apart rs A feeee es Peete SECTION, Part 14 TW eae, cae ee evs ee ee vb ee SEN . Pees en: ere CAGys Se ne + neues Cee Taig ene Seger we aes oh AN wave omy (ane 4m anes a seit + ae Perret wee ett eee A emp Oe eeeht ed oo POO ea) et | yaane ayes sap oad vat evade et ee ‘ ebwees aponer ee 7 eo ed ¥ “ . apend Ge eee Ba aie oe oe nag tity ee Te we hey oe 3? ea, Sgr ea? eqgieed! . POPE Are rs Ser ekeus at : 5 | ea ba Sansa d <0: Hy os ven a Co ee a & eaten tes eg was een eaimare (pass vor app eae ld Ole ¢ Re r navadw rhe ! comgpearar en aha ansn : \alek ale» bk me J ie Awe Gf nae ea’ he awe vale 0k ve dpe ate 0 Kee , aae vests 7¥ ae rd evened Stns he uve hoe an oe ¢ Whar ahs oe oaks hess + 4 VERRY Re ee i4 ae eee : PCOS coer Whee Sl rivadel Nm? jee ston 4 SMe Ae Saag o> sted Wi ; pees eee | “ berets se Ua RAD he ee VSI orf Roney yt Oh aworetas &-4 le oe te aria Hecke wb i edon Lr i. in June Rare, Granted susan ba Ang de Sapte i N abundant “Common on coast, Apr. & autumn, Breeds through interior. "Leaves in Sept. Pies every stream.” A; Abundant on coast. May, Jack curlew). May, A\ fall migrant. Aug. to 3 “]AW all ‘seasons in’ almoat incredibie ‘numbers. * Breeds, -|May 45...|Apr. to Sept. Breeds. Rare. “Sever ilied in ‘one day in Rodidiasid county... are exzert in autumn winter: re. Frequently near Highlas Sometimes in flocks of 15 : sods in winter, =-|Pound in all States... SECTION 2. PART 1 al mts 2 ee r roe Wa SeSTRRS noe? + P 7 ‘ a a = a a ne Pita a ive? i ee une 2a Avorn om eky de = hy (pee Thien 5 Ate ae me oie OF boo og te op ee bere dh Pa Ne aa WNsh 1s dates OES ee red IS BEES RSTO AR FEF > rs : Riker ¢ ar she pare Saeia © § sat Ene ew ; vr ethae whee Coe) | 4,495 a peta afataertrian ul + saa Rated | wa ye certs BY» bie ASTM cy evi i a ‘ } en Ae rath + pte < vet 5 ; ¢ > oe. Can oar eey nose Mev ere ochecmieeiend : - ; Rds OSER age a A : Semin ns o- i AT4 Vie ont i ae > orey | Jerdieetene? d 1 ee Ae arag tte , i ) vi ae } ayes OOO ES EO 2 Cay Psi stay . SECTION 2, PART 2 7 ep nian fetes At avirtel Heres, 1 Mpes | abound a 30) > Wises ? * i ies Toe SRR sn ale WES vibe oat Ds gta) a aioe hme ears: “a * opbpaoy fae pale say uaa 4 ae fat} emt ATE | coo og Dalla “a ra ht pet sp ay i pot vernal hier eee oe Btpeca a bt vegas tlie me Lob: “F rd (le i) * iyehon 8 ets eae 5 yrneees Perea | vadpued ba Cp 4 ohle A2R003 aWebate (OR TAT Oreo we te ee ied be SBANP SARs emen 9 : © =f ia vain fxn te 9 re eee Pt oe ad o he ee ferris el ee Coe 19 bow wade ae wie ee ee ow a nelpeiage bee { anber jee ee ts whew re uye ae Ebr ha yw ww MA e oe ve oe , « A Atlatne ora er ee ros vyte ees east i oo WoL. yeaa ae at Pade ene & eT 1s na? us Ae had ie ees wok BR). BE SKE) a hard «el ay aie ey tae. Reb. ¥, Ape. 19- Peb. 14, Apr, 20. A 32.» Apr. SECTION 2, PART 4 oss e Lpepieclian | bs ee Shey aueeer “while Tt Yom tegas eae cn UA Pe ne BEBE eg i te a ee ea KA es lh Be ey fei ’ a GD i ah been eae Por Sree Teh es Pi eet Mohan OF 3 a SIE sea weed Nee Ie as Oe ss op aeds kee be Sina s 1 eepraphged Syeete pee} a ek ale #2 er seen cine acaliNaptret nese) op ae aad Feats La : Sen snece soRUON Ss 2) Ps a aa PS ot rf Gade eee t's We Hine * Med eae peree wenn Kan RAL id ame ture te eaee as : kaka a Van ees ~ 201444 meee ae be noajane . ry . aa NSA DE PPR AAA oF aaeeA, - 446 | Pro, attire * whee ee eee ‘ ‘ : -t2 ell ot «o3 MAMI. « ; PRIN po EEF win SREtA bs : ; Fi z: {,cz,0 ONO i ae nwse i Oe Or eres) as oe Th) esas ope ban ew Healt: tS a . 0 REM eee sre nye te ee beeen ee 2 ane fe oane ah ee ee tees we Qe AE a6 ee ie BAS ou we $Ee Mass mone mp gee es Ne Be A Sem Nees pi ale Ee Oe I As Oe, hints oe! , bE +s =F kane POR RIaNa em on we nphes Fm Ee fh. SB eH) - TITIES. alec atieepillew en «004 nse enanae ab 7 ed CEE See eabet| eMah on sn ttilld ee dene me ai ob bee Whe ee te pee SobR A. nia 44 FT Ws ter bees esenbe tn ye eee ek aanans sa€h ct ODey aie eeieG Seaul vas 003 7 aside «fe aaa 2 ee s\enwaa eae - seer wo peter ST eeceanese se BS CR Dik vee ar eedss rae eed na baal brake Led Gt es age. sheng weet viene eae te “e «Se eae eet neha eee i vibe comare pieces mearens &* | Dee a teeta bens aver emaesrenant eee tr (ee eee eer er ra ee ee Werbocae ve meae ee Winn . fer: ai aes vs ' 7 becsaues iy ‘ ive 1 v1 10>: Sel er id PAS arn’ pigte ee Bs Se aaa ort eet etnies ales tae += # ty, ae aT veal hay pd cata Pe aay MSE es ubvewtve te? tr ; . ‘ 2 ee ee we ne pete a o ' f 4 , o< gimp ae tee pee aicwaak wr: 3 wae $°% ."e tee Pierise. Roars ca ee - tt a Vee ee er 3 , : ‘ Wiis) > f 7 Pe 4, R ° esas el ead BP) | we es thas = ere deeaipsiee ae ee ee oe Baas cep o> hm oo oo) Core ee} Ws > pect a bbe epee ee ee sage bn we Bays Pra hres ob share nytt he dar a eens ee See tera af ok te eens tats wheaee renee ey aecaline * ie ee ere taser te™ Se2 outa + ee My vista ee ks sees ge" 3 955 ~ mes ere seh as ae) Se) Oe Cae Re eae Can ee od pia gn etme 20h ba Sa vag eee eh eve e pene 4 ta jan wenne ~ethowe Pah ee 18 Wey oh ae seeare ' pene rips es Meee ets fete ee — wary MUR he Me wast ie he > | dive ue wane ; <9 ese ‘ore adie bias a Aa Retox ove ig RA Lee aoe he.r¢ ’ Rae oo. Peake stint LAOS ae bak Fw Alan a eligge =e Lh vt tet ape ot ee on ae Ba: sina : 5 el mv: * ae pny a e ip yous at) Fae Pitt ag deuda pve re oe os ds aos ot ae . fi a i) te vin ead tes B14¢ teeter 4 Cede am js on ke 02 eoiretelas ae > Teh beh a eae Sowa ta5 vl ege Pes texuale > Kae kt " ‘mana Pe ere $ hg Le SR ee . 7 ; oy A y wy : ae #6 A Seas rie. 2 2 ; is , ie | yy ats ye ee aes They ndeten » ‘el: é) Pa graa* t94 SECTION?. Part 8 ‘ Rink P | pace. My. dit «ep ped ee Ae eos - { oe eee ey * bi meee fy ae aeray ha? eddie ne hacake € . rays we forrrengk pig ah ke) ee WR eps ee Ae ms ws 4 CAEN vue APPL O eh nie bee hee De enacts me TP et ae ee © SU ee 7 ' Lf 8 aps ace i ee eee Ad ahh oh tits ‘ . of, Dan al ee Pind, ee Ts deed eye « : F —A4e 8 oe TUR sun sf tides sae ures pores 4 2 “ ; #e ft ; a ee ee ar neh ‘ ; ¥ .s eet > ] aes eae sesae Lieeee et tenet ibe cee hens aoe reams SPT Tier eater ete Oa ees ; 0 eps speedo fier cligiste TAs ‘tu »* af ane ak a rong “ ' ies) ¥ Chee ees Kees ates semble ws Pripey. ‘ PF 40 pkecivas Amian s “av ‘5 * padann - eee Pew, fone coy ’ ‘ ‘ ; Aone a ae kent ea Pe 7 he a : See athaby & Me 4 rats tp A Ser Acad Ss aphepre, Neat savnasonned aM Ay srr & + 7 om + mes hee bee Ps omy wiek awd pace wh | hedge A “ aoe eee ees ee Btwee er ae r HW eta. De armrares e ’ aa bernlon® amtinenno Aten ed Bl Ane abre tier emae eee ee ia ay Satnav saad h * paver (a primi ery pA st pea é Cr err apeare da isags + AO 8 me ge agh 5S OE: . exten y & “s > hae a wihdyeee : i i : ~6. : ed CRW “te. weber: f ae td teed i ot i s irdeae = aed | ah > yt ee Pi 4d aap~ ye sews Ale pot —— = 19. »|Mar, 5, 19. lay 3, 11 + Apr. a5. SECTION 2, PART to eee meron) ts tate [aR ‘ ue # ws : Ao te on ee ee gsetia to Stith btchartee hot) hal pula vuras ia ® jee ween eres est eee Sipwut soa enh none eee heey Tpareamapigslvves nares nee Abit sms vie ay eaheeth: hana © 14M ata BDA be etree ye Oe = re gale yayibers gee arti tg Fic Wl Oa TRA, Qe febecur dan eet oa. bt ee sk ded wyepedets Ne nals eh t Sie sarap ands we fp rey & ya ha? > coe é aves aaere bee, Nia * yy) A ch oryeer ee Laer os r ¢ oer pe cree raat: ae 4 A Ast Me ef yes i , ‘ Li 4 at sorb Cee ee ‘ : ismedeew | EI apenpar es | daar wep aw rece gianay ASO Fe i are bhererieon bop pend wean T * pee ee ae OT aed t, WA Raaa Ne nr alba Poaeden peter’ Aree" can iventeereeee wetrreropk tl # 5 yrs eadae AM : > oe ee ‘ an oro Rete sh ape en) (TS tT ae) eo eaeas vr) ¥ pad ev ae eh ne beh sh y Ot Tah Ae absvassd ee tisaer om , ; VS dati aioe eet 7 . oe cute D Gears oa senet® «prices tae cen awe Fe OS ApANe MS es? ei vires? (need tekim esr at eyes © » ob oevqers ooelt eeaeer Pe ee eh eet a ae hansen ree. (ees: Mia eds = xi J nee eee } . Lege cin: ono steE | tee 4, it he porege ee eicraepe ise at es ee reny clo ae STE <5 one ai -Dees mesveeeeinal® Pilani dan conde of Jive mee, ~~ ohage® ee Sept. a9, Oct. 19 SECTION 2, PART 11 bake 1 VB , lige Sy ef r ts af ones Tees F AR TSO Lote re <1 Haver I : pate iy es ayhat iy Lee eyaiy asthe ee Piel a fortes 83 vile ® hese toa a avian, 7 LAW cg Sah. ve a ou Sah, i oat =A, ye ’ ; 7 . seee ane a « s« ‘ rs) , - A apes tte Abnwe eas ham sha }e phe D staat Pe OR bakin ld ; cy bs kaut bs ae Re Wire Ga ki aere Cony) Nee ae oo Al! erent = : J aS errno ra! Cerne kes be Cale peer - Fe es raty SED? se Zay ae da nneetey . apadaae * 4° i. co poe Lh eee bene pends eee ee oh asp rrseen ut mae pPeaes tt 2 myr aw sesi: Fes Vases rot SeeMoe Pate ee wants * » dba ees 8 & Dense tener e oer ete res : bs) & ? ’ bale»; i Ways re , +705 RABE Jen aie as tee ae . : - : > . ; Sieei hia 7. ; 7 , eden we Those tber insane lie tt coe SOT ad Keay = *ariteeed wis: test geeeBls, weraer, 97 oo Cer Ph dy tke we ole an beeen s Pe 3 TAA eek antege wees , . ere ony ites c : sAty be Wy a Alte ae AY ‘ saws See nd rmbt eras : Chr etpee then een ¥ . ‘Oke eee i an Mtoe eee , ASOT AOA StS SAFE DP ed ASR be erry severed, Ot rrr, io 4 2D, bone serene cusehagnel Sate teers) saa, } Vaanbrodya SMASES ons ha hehe ce corte shes op itm as Oe re id a ae re eeynkrie Sena [bis 56) Ox ae a as sae RPO ee 2 ne SABO Fare APA Ore ae w ee ee te here Os PD met Ad {\ JP SECTION 2, PART 12 i £ hie ‘tee AGRA 42 ‘ eee he wee Se ‘ ‘ } { core ea 4 eae enn hovers ahs ao } } ‘ - WS pie oo 8 ee eee ty ée . + RTE LD eet Ghd iis 4 aries peves a PF) Fi tens «neh pope eaves woke epee? ves Lied rhe , . Vera ab's vane’ saree ee ‘ wD wiytoay yh i» at 4 coe WSC epels ees cae OPS ae ad + eeweeees pe ape Pa aenes : D F Pe enna ee cree Nav Pr el ee © bonne Pr? é ora ay 7 eee 2 i : ri a gd Cha en Be . . PasNiseye Se ha ~ paea ts ausere ‘ * 9 <5 Ol ¥ (fei. 444 of Bs ere F 5 nv 5 7 a wera ee redeeeet ; we rr iwnddens cease uviveqdeeee dase weeew nn a sh 4s TSS “ eee 4 chovSve Gs Ody wetter) .e 8 , . ‘ ee peers ara 4b. “s% yes. if te oy ees J a: seine, r Ai wt a0 MaGie = whe WPL... cans errant ye os Fe ee oe iithawn aa fe sbi a ‘ Ga wali a eel Coed be , Z a ote : F moh aa a ib a Fea, SECTION 2, PART 13 ic Bret. ¥ X 2 « RY ASoptePanee ee eS natin ert? eA Te a ary . “A 5 ‘ PRE ETS Soe te eee ce re a ee TAY RP i Ose TSE EGO bs Lead sie oe 06 oe VET ES Popol Sis sere cd A Oe Bees ae) aM ache, 239 nS “ hs f * 4% . ] : rir 4 oes 20 yea & @ * \ : ’ nae Pa ; r ' ' ‘ * Li ral . ve . ’ ! a Lave wey rr ‘ : , 2 7 j LAPS ai P Fiet sols ‘ Nas eae t Me ’ a > ’ Pevs iB f | prs ‘ i > eh wes 17 wh waed * F ds . "I ( WAN s Suhife tale diced mie He Bea i ; |e be kee! ve ia weer > , * rs ott ea aie Vices tera! fe MENT ie ud t. eee ea 3 bat 6, 2 on ‘ te 5 she aya. va : rh ; * | er ah eee 8 te eae Day od dt _ mo bey ee Pa | ye bth iue j Lo i bg ' » > NM ete ; : } sees ceepeeeedely s t “ie eat eas ASP Re rast bt anil: my a \ ] : \ ‘ pis I ¢ tT) hehe eee # tite as Bs { * y } ¢ - 1 1, i ayia “sg | lial ‘ ny “ A y ‘J , Ay f Se } * “ a’ 6 Potten. ; | 5 ' >. : L, . ee Boys, Mt! MOA, ty : ’ i ee nee i F ro es eee Lane r 009 Bid diewed ee atl eg aed Dede baat abinees +e el iva “hide geal sieny “~~ hates ny ee tote ee Pere eee at Kwa fe hye es wand by ee. eee ree Corse Nie Aen sw metry iP). ener al ores 4 eee eed Vet ew a a8 sent Pe aoe 01.9) Oman UM ae aAe bape oh seen oe on Faro Mery Ay AB od baal F aan peddle sa Fa Aout n Tews ee eteee aha ee Va ve ewes ere) sr oe tee AY uae) « cae Bye AV a4 Sys ivy Trees avers a soak : Srraes kl =e ith: Cy i Panis TS evant Tt ae) 5 i * pi fewer ae eete 4 me at's iy ere Seay iiiiis ote: oe a a H a E i THE fe SECTION 2, PART 14 ” Sime ea ced vevdeadne ee eee sok ee en thee puavevtesr ie tere le Heep ti ake cee S . rere aS So ; <.. vee thongs PROTA i nh emiey ys eae r videy bes ee a a i eee anti Ae geen e en Fe 6 ET ASE EEO | Sars SS ewibtsqoi pa! Pe anh i a a eo = RG tagrevess m rr eae | an (OC ye? RS ST eee veaden reinge rier »* > wi t' Dae pence salt days ley WEE ee? fee tA sanipa capa te fy. evsabans évia Mord sah D reeeswasitile Pr aayeaees* . Se a ples a onan Ss Loe meine od 4a) <8 88 EE Oe traperercre ¢ sirssenes spe : \ seed ee «apeee cee 4) arn ime eer tee WENT ate fe ha er a Serr oe Lage Le Lt ae iris) San why ans fe mea ar tt" wah a ie sveurw sees e “ne peepee sees Fs ap at epee! SECTION 2, PART 15 \ Fibs oemar eo ees +» hy athe ‘are ae 7 ae c+ ee we De ee eek & nantes ined ae 4 —— se wad ni o'r Bs a) Wak ie nN aA rate ort wesy iid ie oe Te eee a wae ay a ee re, cee ® ap ewhe vee? ela oede Tat aay Re Ie : Wiss ace Veg at ‘ ‘eee ee ag WVE oheae we Redd eres" scat marysugy A084 ow Fe ven e4 cen a A PAME TS 8 VP haat rd Uicenhesyeee 66 bs pee hig Polat sts RE 9 . « CORT es va ortessy ete ne Vive fue oe ld seh eate vomanetee ” Weetre Dee) s y 4s se ae men inaet seems tj4 Jones av «har re® rrr bea sherk rh ee « Sain 4s Peo ee yee Se? ' * oroel, : ase spk Aes Sage ee 1 AU hae ee Oe, ver ‘ he- ach eh tae le aa ohn Fee +e chee ard ALM whine igi . + maamiiet vars seen eae eas avets atwettes »- at ae Vee) «vats FS ooh nt eet” iAliat, ery oe ney fares espera ; heweeenr veueeaaThees ees o> eee eae wee Pret ere ee ets be es eee ess 48 eee Hed hab da Per ee ek ope ee Ctra th yt) whe eysa as ao eada ade BLE A oe v> chdegred-erer se Arseme te | far tage tite eeewen Perers bart. as ne es ee kgvente feeereen sa | ever et etry beeed sams ae oo ka ees ne ee butte sAgereee ie ee Fae ee date bine eee eee aa e aes i A ee ee ee tape ed eaeee ateewee ee Peue br mane v0 ag SB ee eee ins 4a4 tees eta eT) lidar. 8,33, Apr. |Mar. 13, Apr. « May x ¥ 1S, May x2, oy 14, Apr, 19) 17- 0-6 Mar. 40, Ape 3 24 xt. ‘ . Sept. 27, Get, 12, Nov. SECTION 2, PART 16 Nov Sots, ra Oct 0 7 east Sept. ae, a5, 8 lov. 19. = £2, 31, Oct. 3. Oct. 14. Sept. June 5, 20... 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Ja ‘ ? - é yoga SNe ~abae se aamerd oh | rpg 5 2 tA »earebl ae val. ’ ‘ , . ** : * < ¢ wae if , i 2.0 MGW. Te : a feels Stee wert he. , F , ~—s . SaaS eltiain i VOT oe a6 oh Ay apa antsy stent ee ee aprons ae Se ee vee CHE FO i hexiige Nadas ave : Sn ih te epttthey case OLE “é sot a “ee: J ve TOA M4 ah. bianat ewe eA, aaF Rs a8 ~ ee . mye = ise Tes in etbaaaehepetsa (Fier pres wae AA ee june, 2000 ft, SECTION 3, PART 2 tsi te heer aa oe) J eee dt Pee bay whee : ne t's wey ‘ fore pn viewer amen fs ere Owen cman a ee igeganseeoria y a de | fisasbeamiet. | ree Prasvtets et 2 Merge ayy: iy Pre esd Rage y +9 bd ‘ . seb avateee de Pee es Ae 5 wn ried ae T VERE COW vale ar eee . ¥ ' . » 2% < ae Par COze f enone ere) meee ee "pe ee ‘oP « ited ces Ris: eis iis wooktns wat iy : } me a erty ree yore eer ewan Aree bom doer ever 9 : - ‘ aera re Te Ra del | Sieh tame Arie « Teena cee s tee ees lag ov Cane Ae ee fires NW See earn eet ere awe Lk a ve ie ea ee) omnes tee oe © ee py, 9) 400 eee en seas ee pete tics oa ts OT ch je" VER ei ‘Weems > ’ ’ ed a wien ot ‘ 5 é vee neds wy ane OF Ae Af ne las Ayn ee Do A ee knee eee sees i . oe ‘ Pee hrwes on ts ’ : bad hdd eaten Serie ee neces A “any : : . : ’ o140ts elect ear verese pat nai. “ | } « ; Ma Np ci, platy Boe hehe s Woh eee Pre Gey et Pasta i Ae Ps eh et ee f re tee th ere eae et rs eg eas ire ar WoW Vettes es eee Aarne aeia ne wets : ce : Af: ! hes Te ty RES aes Terre ii ak eh ted) tek) ae? (veg ekes See wie ree! Ste y is ree ot . ine evan save i Va Beer _ \anres: beam (oda se tas eee ; piece ate, ORE Cha acer ae wvalh 2s Joa a or a ta) hee ae , a ee as Cb ee Le oot vst Pad walt «a ian Re might ae Peer eee ee eg WA an oe eo Fah Pe teenies vie | eae TT ae ee PS Gh ae ced eee +e kee weg woreta d 6 A ele ie igh she ynaas (waa 1, ‘ oe ee yee Bers Cae ae ak oe te Lee wee PO ee Nee ae en eee aon ae de atl seartnyowets ofl Sere vee Vase ver De hey a ea late oe wey ty. < ee elee'r AW See ee Se ee ed ‘ Tul th ee ria evel cates hoon > xe 7. ee et ha abs wv) We Paree Veber Severe Asp cin evies Ate sry Aa Wn TRUTAS TTY Pita hl st LS bb he etd eWes evi oT fee Pn tayaly a ee whew es oN eiWn vy eeePe eure wireqe at mivis <“tee? es ie. Awe c DT Pe AR AER, eal) bed ea vee eyed? ee oe oi Nes ape She ewer ns rac: at “as sFacetr a eer eas Siwe ti pease see ween , Pepe) eee re a i a ee lune, Jonce, to May "Ay. - SECTION ee eae get. etnuge OMunsa?, re? et “yl fe) a el p f 4 ae pres foes Pe D Seat ot wea ase re ane aSmey a ei = yee ents vee cnet ; eeaeetne boise dates # bev ec) ; { Aot pace fear AEM », Art - dir ’ : ; ea eh Side |S thee: . Ro SED RE a ee ears hes . et ere hah | ‘doen ae Co” oa —-- a a jay «. ee ee cope, ERS Ponta Vote : ee ee ae eee | Be te le hn a st f or hyeates ae atv ’ ae Shey Be FET 3 mere ee ise denen tn be eee Bel eens Sei aeviny bat AS. S38 »» IU ve seyrees mh ly ee at, Uyen dr) ba kde Laas ad 9 See > cree ee muh) Fes Pe HG seater iy oe * dete lb ans Se apale Fr Pe be C408 ba pews etree tare be fae wre et € its eect ade ! R oeanet: | ages (ate ney Wawes ee is tae ates) c Peete ever ee ik thoes tak! - ie i 7 Oct. 1g... | June’, pa aaa ier h Sept 3 Tyga ‘lSepe: 3 VAbe. 16, ‘Jo, May’ 7! yes. hy Feb. s, 14, Mar. 38 fay 1,6, 10 Abr. 29, May 3, Oct. 7, 17, 22. Apr. 22, May 2, gee « : +} [aly 28, Aus: 20. Apr. a5, May 9. wmenenaess -|Sept. 26, Oct, 10.. *|Sept. a9, Oct. vx, ¥ 4 Oct ota, Novemes SECTION 3, PART 5 at mth Bae Poe elas Ues5e epee ere, TA Ra REA Ema jovmabagte 6s oot Aton tert cee BO Snip ot ade ree 4 ae Be aa! wie We A yevke andi tw oe 4 Sy Benet). et i f Ve | VL We HE Nd, MMT oi ee Nae ae ahi valk 7 iysril * + dale ay a bem f oe : 2 Sank ; re pal ” t We * r AT ' ! * Co ‘4 j } vrepe nats ae eaWi, “Atri x i) OF AEs oka Mt SLD a t i Pi Pale PR mi Len seuly ene yea 1 we 5 bie bLi n+ Sencah Mar r hs oe | ee, 4 A Aus Se aa ameped Tee) 5 ART 2 * bgt Nes a el aN “ie goer Oe! bap as as Oe ' we aac es teem 1 ‘ C . . et sere | ocak ay =s bane ati Sa y aut = oh 2 MOS OG jo, nae wis seh : ‘ fey Fie Mis he vane niesT ee 18% i » hoa wae Valores Wey ee J ' svt ey pat eM as fad ¢ 14 in h, FYOOe sos A) ate ht t eee et i aie ive | 4 a. Whey a5 be Ps +s Pat t 2 6 ci Wath)... apt Sat ae ge aad tari sitccbounts : ete ee i eee , ek ‘sot fon Wada! “« , i Up. ple Aan, -. seek Wl AL, a fm me pHi Bld ete ol ORE SRD ate Sap ea ei asta ae Ries eines ao inate eats: = i ates 4 | : a ——— et , A : woh = by uP ao ey oe gw) Sn toe F Sadten ta ‘ oo $00 +tGGN 8 xe t . ern et ans a yar 8 of oo = ee ea dt eean ye. ina Ges errs Tere Cea welay se Apr. Apr 3.3, ‘|e. Mar. May a7.0.2202 SECTION 3, PART 6 a, ' € 9 wobieeR : Ot ae qi Prid, S retinas. “peaked im 7 £, mothe aa wIgt Snsier 5s RL ale ‘Dapeunts «MOA S a age potest ee ve teas Oe TT nS eee A eo ee opie bw Ley ae PU OPE Hy a maepe Peay i Lata iy oY Seal [0y. y aoa Peo ta tes oem Whe) ye ban welt aly vation ane : eee OOCLEs aw Pek a. ire Any " one we ge ROW Ga FF Bie aoe d Ae V's PA dN ' tive tupr ted LOOM oe dis |e shir 3 Fg ee ee . re * i. Meer este) Wy soe i4s wha Se te Gore en 0 adh “bette be ‘ i Ss a uaae od ate y 4 "i ute opti rel? el tt ftoighow Es wen agkt bee i hales «|May 16. Apr. 23, 30. Sf B tegeeee 584 a ” bin vad Se ae x 4 SECTION 3, PART 7 BAGS tre) re ean ey eh 4hs. tabs Ton teat ae ey ah eee op vane here ens ones vin Sauipe + Fic eed 0 EONS 0 hel} + fies “ 108k. mda . 73 Oak Seg nk air. e xi ' Pat &.-« a 4 * ener ’ reas 2 aoe cat. tn ex 3a! : * C * fe . ety oO vito eft o a + ae en «00 gh tad TA 40.00 ftaet heed SAauan tes ee ceeley ree eee! tea * ‘) _» ey een dy” | a hia aw fas j a. trae 5 panptel > ye 9 ) E I gory id hon 23 ¥ ne NOs tae. ee ores yeseFr = $ie jae sg pe . x ee ro wee’ A . . en aes SECTION 3, PART 8 (pate eats SG = | yet a AVS OE > ' “ A BEN ek Wi UF H Se ah ip py Kalai ee i? Leh ’ +p ah i & . Tp a i at ah a aT hae yas 0 Nall yt cere ye rae ctr titer . 4 yin Of ‘ dealin’ : nm 4 2 mS en a 1 | Cinna a Qnmet jetta heer ici mae 2 OO ea a? wae aah rT we. eases Yah, Sa eee ~ be PEWS xe Wis Siath at gets aoe ay ae oa are te peal pe 2 WByes ey ie, ae eer | Poy “ viel) : re vert) 3 ee ‘ IAB, Fy fe | we ne nw of Sahe = ‘ie a th Pet fe) . aka addetiy | agence Ja types omy, ee fe a piisinoanda : potest ' i” oh be iy hivsaigrivell, a8 =< ae ett Anh ; 7: t, Be) "| Pe bag ay =e ; “f Fae PPP > a Es ee ane owe { wedis - baa tee a Taied ee i ook oe : Pas Tacs +4) re ki SECTION 3, PART 9 > mpe yar ae aE acre aie 8 eUAR ye 7 am ice ork eee hiss ee AE Pee eT) Viet bases sso were Sees ae 4. ks ; ‘ eas +oree vag! AT eS ys ‘ - \- } ys te ’ > howe ~ PRN hy oa a =, * a Sara ‘ ' hed Aves. iat Gongs oe | eee chat ey ad el (23 UROL + fs ier pac ABW go ad eae paLe AE A es raickeiee : ao '- oP a FPR ye! ee sh iiny +b see was ae pal ca ‘ sat neem oe | ee Pe te teh eee the r ts - soe 2 ra is 4 ee ern o/ in pe eh ie eee ves veg ttay. 22 ows fae " ae G3 ot ww .2t eee eas f G¥ asad May ts, 30. »|Apr, 10, 14, 29 SECTION 3, PART 10 ; ay sees pd ware sthwe ne ie von. >: ea rhe s as bee wets OO Ainge noord)... sshiestt at) } ™ opatomars 6. oad poe canaa a mt 1. ranted | ' inne win aT) nh Aene ee aVONeTE ef) 4p eh aay ha pa * PAykaet rae oe cesar, Letseeeare« ray oat, We “> 1 4hsooh es aR ea rat® 7 « bs ag ines: oe ipeniew eanh phew ait fa we : eriaget, ; = . * «4 SECTION 3, PART 11 ay yy | ee ened ; eer” 4 a natok waren 00 rh i961 cules , ae Mer bi wh pit ya be 1s of ah ae is iy sects 3 pale teeas | tibrtiie Seba ev erwesen se a te on e293) t jan! & pase if , 2 | -55 ee ewe: ey yrls F u'« So ¥ 7 E , : a " ‘ ree deme ags at sibaere Pe spa . ‘ am igs rt 8 thers aye eat o jet ay . babey gay 1 de in -% 394 7, tae : ; { . per parted Be +t ee avin * Ries Ot, 7 ee A ae Rite ese UROL ake av, es pes Sth deli a's bess . ee z Lees aw QE. Te maha ay, a es ASIC vIg: ak phe Oe ana os seers suit. tear ede iiavbe ee Nav exnhas abso were <“idel tata ta ce Ohiab SA 40nd) eoeit eee gt): ‘ ey Pee ote Min AP Gee eye be ew webs vane hn a Se | SEY ah Ovtds isis Tile ehinaien 0 Aw ae b Kass Ke © Sih ch BLL gs Gone an nak 59 dow ee Priee ey rte ry |< a0? END eE He 0ao ee es Aine kel ek oe ar eh» hag Wave Leen eh ieee Suhre: stay Whe #1 ne ane eee ate os ete, eer t | HA (Bt S05 ra sd Ben aah A rh dh Ialaieredor ay er yeah ee Pry eer hee ad Oe cen } a eee re, yo 2p seul fea ke eM: oral ai spe eg t SE ee ee Ee 2 eds o a.es tee b SEGS V's igi gi 70H es ters Pe era :" 1 eNw Aeel, ayOerek Jo ull .ot.24 buns Gnas Bi re3 4 osen rear 1nd he Neer Pea pg eae sa te ee tae tle Ao OR ae natn te ye AM Ate ns Seaven wate La amen go TE 2k atl Obl so ia, see ax a 1 eoey ome ad Sea IS owhehs Malad, . er tee eee ee Tt) a a a eee are {Ook 48, Nowy & 96, Nov. M6 Seve [Oct 29, 28.....- Oc TUINov. 15, 90, Dee: assess > - : £5 : “ ‘JOct a0r'a5,'Nov. sosst 2) ; : sper jso Sept. "8; SECTION 3, PART 12 aie “yey eow ers. eta nd” PPT od «ant nama Helen ae PRs j exert inten 5 roses i| ete o> en es ve ce oetbae pag ee REY Cee os Aes > ee ee | eGR sate e=?- gcweeTe® ( Tas She bya Ve 1 aie te 5 ae Revgy cut Fotudd eis Tee be on Ave PE) gs sf geese? <> Ried «tet nate exe yn RCO ue eee i oe OME eden ee oS ay gence ye es eects eahy ee nen rset vende s ee Pe EE bake 1 yokes ep anere Ae) ee od cate hay ore foanl oe Bn norte ree eee ays + «tan «Se 4, ae as Ot ieee cap ene, ee i oe arepees| cer eM an eb e eke ; “ eae ae onl; sto bes cee bf) ghee wens +8 jicgtcnes aeee ere” a ORL Was qeeeenre he hae Petes ET kn 1a SRh senrdaetry: oe card ror? 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ATs a we be on eh nie the PRES O® ote be nee tile Oneank eS ea pelemeeete Wo eee tet whi vane Bei Se tee Neo he Ae : Sh ee ret ex MV rene eers pe «Pts VU se hat a plree OG cae rere dee Ag WED Ds + ba we sD at tot 8) eee ee tee os pil BPN ily Bar a ea ‘) Nile Wee pe ape! yay yew oe Verb okruer up ere aa: od Ret he eo eye arbour denne 0 scan eR , semiaeyr® oeneee ude weds Vimch wk ee <0 ei, Ae Cd oe re tr) S (id Cn ee genet aoe kee ek a Obs CNG wear’ bathe Qe ae Teds weg erher Ay ee errr ty neuadee ences shh tf Petes pod en ae { wea ds ptakt anh eae hee? Pan dT a OF) ee rapt revise ee ws aee ek hak ele oes Somme Hone <2 Re eh er em aor “ er ja la puma) pars adel: » SEGA 7 a {tesienaste ret oereve ee) Gigs ibs PRS fe De , key Sl = 2 4 oFewe it dew owe we ee er oe jase iva ew Coc ee pad 8 9eRL). 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SECTION 3, PART 15 ae ee t bh Ste a) ee Vtecere ev ewhee pT Esa ahe # ee re ary ye - ee avid wlth BE way dle we AS tee ea oe CO shine PLY 2 Oe os Crew ure flee nt! eon « seeeae 2 Fase Be Desir = Cs een se ree ora ‘#4 oe aer ag Sree lea oe ee ten he yee VEL es wd a Ane i NERS Lh 7 Sn a " LURERASS 88 MP awh tn Pilly meagan ee toh Pemmemeta beer ees eee keds om 5 ‘ ; NaSAes ¥ Ras ae eres tb tess “ RPS an eo 3 ae We tile. eel ‘ : : tele! Py sae 5 QR shee Sette Se ha tea Neb! Ue ee 1) Te aN J i Pires wwe era vr De. sf: US ea : “J < P ee ° . aM aes re > nd a wera Oy - Fey ee ‘ f Vee veer nee & ts 7 ‘* ’ we yee ree ee aye nse vfesiee ; , ‘5 1h PRE ha spi Ses So 8 ieee sf a eS eee by | tallied Poe vu ie Se Paw kis OS ern Pew) cae $< Saae:: es | ty eK : Se Sah a eee dng . ‘ awe oe a state Py vrs ive bales dhe aelee ast 1s aoeon ge ; +. 4 ve Wee SRE eee ‘ * ee O84 Bh-- je bey We * » Nii 4 rat Se med 4S VOM: ETON vee We, Sins) 2 al vane). og ver. pals as Cicer ee Nodal ay : oe. = oe, Pilih a ya? nile oe sate hee at 40g) © "4 iowatsee ve. oq. : od ks head Wes vee, 7 fe , v3 a] Set ocey ee 4 pene , . oar nee eer a en Je cpeees« Ry cer NMeawebes sy - fee ee pass le ered ree nenwweledt iw few) sae ee ee ee prey rene Va ope ewes syeer Saenger ee puereeee ye Pa ee ome witere ule Cy * ee ee, whe oe ye ee beviweey ene F ae | a i" r 3 en 108 PO cpeates vee eet es erie eae ee one re kt) veep wee ers megscun rey TE) oe ahs ap eee see = ied pe deeds the ewe bare ; f aes ee we bated Malden Se apne yh eaeede Dee eee ener ee ee Cee Py hw nen ee nee Iq «whup nls ote reese ee rey WEEN Ys © Shh oe HPS yo eh ” oh a} sae hy Share : / | P, ot a atesTe = Ap y at casdue ba aoe See t ee ee , , " 4 obi ip cue QE VUAN Ls ve. 6 — ; hy ric rs ete E a phase i ae ¢ vivy a ed are wot te 102. VO . slag « ee j ed} by = > * pres Cosemiis bis fies a . es hd a . Pig tween Csfend. = i yees SWOT e? wo a* * aaeed Yee VOTED SFpi hes - ahd | be tvws Bia J . SECTION 3, PART 17 era nak tavee oe 6 6 Vay. : ," 2 walt vals he ws a Se a Rye orc: apa ae, a) “ot eee =o peak? mile ih , mal wa or Sheer j carts kets sive wn ts pease cmeet . >>e ns ey “-* ‘ gle aeauel ! al ae ian 4 a Mii 7) bow: diuhinaM fetap leet >: icts ‘acon addr =" | svi A aie las as Lat | 1 oe Ea ei ae) ' a : ; thT ise: be sawn Opsieane A | dion 5 * re ns a 2 ye Suse ~i\an Oe ne te “Sia Ne ah. Vey: ee an) oo Ear i 9 figs 7) WOtRSs «| { (24 aa ae ee 1 Opticenae (nS SECTION 3, PART 18 4 » & cede we wl; et oO od UA eet eens * i : RUT hacthe- 8 meaninn? | ated Ser % \ es ed | ye wiAl, Pity say wins : Seeienert fe met Pm — toe ait = ‘ rt oe ve jive SR ee? os 584, aS + ve “ar ay ots oe 43 or ayy eee Lien Cane gat aor OK “taatl. ; i an sea r- ve aS Oe eet), : 48 ay ea EN SIGE : ras ae oe “ eer. | se Bas «+k <> aE Snot! vege emt ani tase *. Aaa phere tte END A bev ee ws | ‘ er 2as anel> as ee eee a pe Sieat iey | eee uns) Saws fad Peas Me ‘ " wile Wiel . Bae ns ee > = poe chee i 8 nt ‘eka , oak ae 7 te Se : Th he res cet oa ie: iin 4 4 ey FER G a nls § bd Wee" wae Are rs ss Spnriaes dusk svat Partie tae s ‘ ors ‘ Pee ane ; te ny ‘i Recent See 4 J ; : Ceo r Deets ees fowl “alg vi Bs : us soett cease ; J, i A ‘98, May's, July a3. SECTION PART 19 je ae eres TARA +s Vee ke se pale lat , we se epliaes jenn d ee ME WAE PLA Pe ne epee 8 40a © eee ; Din | ei ee ed wee - ere oe r “> - * saat «le ot gee ewe ® t sae Le bed be de Obes Peg le an A eee er ee ‘ Aaah yer as punt 8 Be iy be bt Ok, REE on oR te 4 fens apbas ee ee Js saeube G? meee dn en PV Re eS sae oe | aaswel ‘ ain tho noe meaal ; gull age. 208 el 4 ‘ } rete aa Sa AGA Be ey Weteeis ous moat Toe” P eee i tap esckerciaeiegeold om gall), = A. Ys aa 2 AID AS BU on nn oo eT a « Maeve d ‘ as wa ao 1 ++ f ‘ os * + £iy eR enh eewee ¥ i } ; 1 aa “4 20 WoO], oe pew bes SeOreaee { cass } ’ ears ' esau eerie se ceserl 0p dale Met, i , seh te OP AIPUR ear re ay iv ieanies “ ; 7 } i wh MA. ONE, eke | cree oie i oe ein VACA ai mate nes “4 ee at ate or oede ‘talk Odea apnke ew el arden Fs ay re i - i,m el, et et $6) oh he Wa 04 «ue eet Pye Ay ae) 4 po ead ead «8 5) 5 eh td Gen hel tey } iamactinctest ” Ea) in 1 aes aes fy ue EG ‘ eee vee thooe regent hy enw’ weds © + op ry el ew vs yilv wit Pisces] dA a oe whee astogsa ” es } BEDE. 7,92. cece Oct, 16, Nov. 3... Dec. Nov. SECTION } PART 20 ie ah (ped er) anne le RES Td Sma RE pe ic vr, i ’ Cs ve bag rey sere = [aon wt eb + 04 on "pls maid [7 Cay ker aa shh ee 5 at ee a] pvetmhie su Rf a Ot Tee j pa Seay eer cite beget! aah} ead ced nary hl Oe ao HK Ep omy Oiicene- yee : ee wehbe ‘ . BU Alaaed a UT Di iy PNY POR cee a PR A ' eames ae A Ae Sea ate pre 1 ee nan ee nih * ir ome nn MOREE ERAN Oe ew ee ee Ae ee sare rs eee RO re erage: 2a) TE ED ; at o ak See elacved Oi DL hv Cengrinc beanie | , eee S re ee Peer ee ce eda ee! elects « nb, WEA 84 ile once tMiledes ony “piety ae oe Baares: ue 7 fh a ae Ape mye fees find, Pell ys ees @ “ee Ley a es ne Bee Des . ait ay 6 ith Be ake re wth Rady . in Lbs. ote bse ae FO iad ge ONY FS hoe he ded ds edutii wp hs pete bed 403% Pe Prete et Yea eee oa) wha ihcges vate oe va i Oe oh et pee i een eee COTE Sy Lee beheld okt er perreee b Bey pikes ee Dope tunel eet eas Pep J cd the eee ears Sees Tn Pee adee eee + > ‘4 pan bes Fy et cee bol ate ‘ A453 o> abi dee et AGA Stank trent, BOW . . v nga EP Orr S27 |.) ae demon Ones ME cee eer. ” sind | CEE. TE. Coie 4d 70 FA SUR] eeereenh eV ime ; ‘ “4 viva bt eve wd wyeit See 7s aboard wadaiorgh 4 : : bobianc) abertl oprah mit CARP wep ee Xe 8 * «U od : can = <> - ra peeves i ia . oh ade ee Oe : C eer bt M0 Tree de Cae Fase’ : : BRAS a6 ree ore oe ht cee raat af 'y sa enfiit eh 9 Ae ae 2's ee se abey® fe tea bRW Ay on Th as ahs. + ee ee aA lel edi i are sehaa ye eae Sa ae “ ~heeanye - 5 ca bask ona dice tence te «Faden p eee ‘ of poeraee te se) Meee eomreeee i) ' ero 6 fan GON ( 4 , ; re ay, Peers & arn oe pricents. 41 © -0¢ sae yee , eeae also . dads Peer aee OK). «¢ eh eagateen es : eh eceeas bebe at teh nee : sEtuys Ae at dad Coaches 7) oe : avoid e y+ Feat we v4 t4ynsh shiciiaiiademaiatioled AP usw Oe vee his Ad Ake ope om Ae) ae heey pe 5 soreelb dara aPavia “he oy hens ie a a oe nw avers : . > meta tied ae = Dive sou set ps “Aa . le od hp Ap merle A nina wee een as ae . yt aime bene PMG... ene is Baad ss ee cl 4 , 5 a de thee be ee ee Len elihdaied bod ah Loe a. ne : * A tA eaetrear tahoe (ues ee +4, ; ‘J reevinty tees i BY aed taba d ‘ per bli hn eR a sakes ated ‘ oe POT dy. ‘ b[acindawe fees ¥euen cee yee A + shed eee Nt ae SRE AMAA Ee UND Are AP AAS Oh tk dd a eee fe ge A gle geet ge —- 1 plea ie eheten | AWenasee “ ah! ae eer . w ae Se a , sistas sev idaek xX Merrett eT ee Co a Dy denuke daeT " r . , a OA} Cannel eae ok te hd oye merges g ee deat 2 mike ae mesten said? | i ge Prete a : At) PO ee eer 0 Sere ed 4 { 4d ee ey pe em ape rahe We eases Pugh s ee de ha aA meee Reet ee é ei atk bok as 1 hb dL ws : wean ds ease os eee I ok ; bee Sows oh PR tees asae 13a: 4 : : May a5. June 10.) ty. lune, Side mt.’ fc, up to asoo ft iG. Up to a000 ft c, Slide mt. fe, ete. lab; fe, valleys SECTION 4, PART 2 rere bere ars Weak ere Nee eee eae AP eet CU Re Pic reer Da iS Pag hertirved ak S 8 volorgia Vee tervary ep Ks bg vu UWGN Vere ve re eo ei ae: bt tea Ce ee en res VER Pe be ven ne +o stew ene Pe ea hae Teer a ee a ET wt ab ASP sees ie ae a ee ee . vsweww es rea ey oD ovee SOS Ssoahs er eee weit Pee eter tenet ees ree 7 eet Pree te ay caatal ree + ole aerate gid feats SDS sawh Capea ton Sh ad vec ebes Pan eee Aa Be at | eetiarstere +h ae = E . WD eRe wey beh eee be betes lt» Va Po evaw rege ie ewes eae Surya tra 7 aos Bie er ]a ward mew POS +7 Wa et TgAS, i eee eens f Serie rt ree nev pe veweeta EE ie + ve re Te He ee ere nn ne ae bt he Seem be wey aeae epee cn vaee SS eee) leds Sexe ey wet te PPS ey «ue oer evi er ave ne betas neh en awe eb Lee eee ie em te foe ees nae Cremer ast Ce a fret COI Cees eee vd eee ge ee Annee Ahead: meee hee ym meal WRU ae! ne tee ee Centres Saba neko 4am whe yea ra + shee er hs + Soe ee +e ee sound pee Bene clea Cac ee ar 5 iae ¢ Oe ne teed ee oe ot dar ne ee ew eens ry ee es are ee eas nt en erp ewe terete ee A ree Tea, mene AC tee ee en ie eh ee we A rw: Ay wee pty ve | “as Penh + “santa 4 v2 : Thiel ast © : 4 7 } Ady Hh Ot ate as ane my oak a ft ypencia ee told ., é huant, ‘i ' 7 oP ae | i . ieee od Yall gt nee ; kn att fy nny i % 223425. 2a oe es ' = - a — Pes ee nant nn ofl ees ae fe ab. ‘fe Teed: junc. - te le lab. ce -. lence © lfc, ab in Ad. mts ih rerare a, Seneca river. . ae inone wince 1887 |returned in oy 24 May "75 S/R mts [Bay va, Ad mes you vos. yes June 13 {ves |yes yee 15 June ‘or SECTIO] ae 7 7 . , La) ten! : 2 a bite Glows. bias pei ni iii: neath oom ; : «nn gee Rasta hans ea a ee aden Ze ro — i = a Malls he. : , — . ‘ ” sate der 4 Aen me . aye AT, pret) . 36 1 cw . ie thor nth.. « 3 5 q m ‘sethdaset : whe Tiroateal | ate eat wow oe - hi jak eo ew oes pe niyaee oa wae” Tyee? ae ¢* ool! i pds + anatt a Pace Vs lt “feet ri barecte tort! hey aie eet ope ghalitel 5 art Ae 394. ee v4 Ula ae si tab TV SE € By GE eo DS 29-39... 7 20-30... Oct. 15- lay s|May Im10... 05 »| May 10-20, Oct. ag-as. Tees May 10-20. May to-20. TApr. wera Sept. ao-yo.. Sept. 10-20... |Oc : May 2o-June te, [Sept to-20,. |Oct, 1-40... cers Apr. a5, May t@{Oct. r-10. | Nov. r-30...,..|L. 1, probably. i - Nov. 1-yo...-..[Apr. a0.......0 20. | iPeb. x PES \ {Pres Mar 10. Apr. 10. late saturn, | SECTION 4, PART 4 oe at ry ees tyr vA shok ue pd alas setts > ovterts eel ey a5 June ae. May ss: June: Ny a, ay Us 3 ie eo Be May 26, Tune 5 ‘May 20; June 29. - ry 7 i et ; t ' 6 vd al 18 uJ : “ f \ t + eT ai “s as ¥ ' a ; * Z a , oa | ‘ f t é i } ‘ ee » Wi i 'igy 1 Some ‘ MaMa, RASTURD HX 1904 ————_sspectss necopeD |~ ; Mays. 14 Apr. 13, 276 Jonee, 1954750. 0s ey Dakern cunseee le iiay 15, : Apr. 18 Peb. 38: Mar. 33. SECTION 4, PART 6 wrixr, i fe ; : " * whe hate aes ’ 7 1 7 ! , end 4) (ot : lsat ° eee I f ; : Where Gal, “as 4 1 Peay > tae < obs Se « a Pang aS) eee al a =4-8 iW aSSe a oe. } 1 yate ey Te ey » Jalsa tl CF as Mir ee cr Fe ee i | é 4€. y a osdves Chen OR "pe tn ee j P ‘ AT ET 1 Set i rh Wrevdal su! eee? vig? hie oe eee oe eee eo sess i a we * reste , Pere eaptc/ tty b icnil te) Oe << ee Me ye inci y PPE LE yal ‘ a i chy t POL sons ot Pala oF Wend by arent; eee “le (Rib Owe vive bred cP (ET Vi ivere ree jit cael fo (2 peau aéota% -ywee tpt rte ow tg eee reas Ae ae 7 igo eee t . reeset a re { Ly gman aes: Ey woth WO ag tiiveds trees AVe ss 2E5G a wll bees teN perienili y Rare eet, ees eee ee ed Sve Hae ce tS as 3% ip Vath vot ih cy fe eT Ee RAM Se cvleeweOr O5n% are ; . ‘ vce aE Bron sg . ; — 4 PRT rs o A eee eS oak Pa 1 4A WANS oneal beset nb) heeds ee ee etons *Te app + -s | ~ peewee Pe 2 smh its ell eck "« aes q : fase Ge me te ie eepe <94 hag) We. «jn mers re aie Ae yell}. iaton Valois cotta ae abe ’ HITE ie bee stron vets sere’ hogs ge NORE. ree r ey er rarer Phe ‘ . ita eae rant ie. eas ee Shion PPPS ERT Lip : ates a reeres sy B } iT sas. sii rarely =“, erye% Perr ee Sk) a ed ed i Ape. 25 30 Nay sai May 2.14. Ay fi SECTION 4, PART 7 ) / ; i shivelt | tiaqatl ’ arr unt ' alerx2 Tha i am ' U inion et | { | | are oe M d, ’ ‘| - myn Wiliree dd FI My ; ++ Ob42%.043 5 ‘ OPE oe Ce ee Fe abe Oe oe 3) Sag ae » Eatagh Ries same Weegee e pack bat i a2 ‘ : . peach | 4 [ tsit . naa Nee . hate as : tr : Seer! On: 7 : 1) a a as ere es.ibe watt. d rege Pe Uh Veuhs hpen hs kal 4 . ‘ Daw eenitad os Galt)... -§ Nadel og wd é “pi PH. nar doOhoo’ wos inser an or tre i wh i BX, DPD 6 .O% RAM). here os oe oe Wah (vil : Pid a=. as kee ole ars & cb Yad a bd dhe yon kn ; Axe x &1 wuld. 40a ook S + f « * ) Parr wre. re 4 A J -e ells oe . ¥ | Ses. . nig} Lveatte goal ~ tel ow < H 2 a If a te, SA) ee a ated fea ev OE Ae hyic. iat ht Mlb i a» ee 40.6 ae ff ee a | L14@ UE Che Cd yh ¥ ear 4 ave ‘a & aes : i Yc eae : 10 Gal oa +10 tae saat ERM yer. val}. Shine ce das Va ei IR w “ox eget af Bide OG ch 2 wae ina bee oa . gf hee i td [ii st al vet rae A et ae ere ome YE Peta : * TLL were + bt cents OF Aceh. wilees 16. .|May 41, [May 1. 5,20 G Ic [Asi 20, ye : ane sol x : cfyes SECTION 4, PART 8 ¥ o> 7 \ ‘_ v iy * ; “ Z a AS le ta ms J basgit Radort —— = poe 9 cirri — aig lng i f | ae , jaa RX H we Arena," S ovhrivoe St i £7 t ® j t yy ‘ * ‘ > ‘ oe : Tet j { S { 5 : : , | + ye } ‘ ; t/ > v ‘ ' . A . ; ; te ‘ : ; ey t “g t x * \ , : ' . ’ . . nd f mn t i 3 : pal oni ; ae | 4 * ~ Sertrat. word * i yee Ss ine P H . aw tA 5 ee cas one ; cal % ” Abas © die oly hie ee alt rah i adh _ c + oi t ve 7 , pa ’ 1. “ i. ‘ . ; : 1 \ I 4 3 | { : p rit +i f ye a “e i 1 i j i ag nal | ase i / = MEG cd poGOPYT «5's io ‘ es tra wee 1 ot ay } - : - e ’ € * j i herd i " FOTN wa's iF ae 4s ; Ki onthe ata yt ah) ce eet eee ry + ’ A Pe] eee - — ae SR er ~ — nme ea Apr. 45, 39. “|May az... -|May 9, 19, |Apr.so, Mays, ro > |May wo. Fs|Oet2 <6 5+ .|May rs, Sept. a5. June 15. .|ar, v. june y Apr. June 26, 30... SECTION 4, PART 9 SECTION 4, PART to bobbed soaieni\? een a Soe y $ ' , iN an —, as ens ee, Ce eae | Pe . *« >” aes ¥ ae isi Es ces eee peels et ES in CAEN nam bette url oe Pia paar ant BE ee ee en te Uibisieel 0 BAe, cai 3 wieas ae tera ee eee tp te ey ees poe ee ease We ef Sy Lega be + actives a na Ope ay CARRIE Re AD ees Be Get cctar eke md apeeee a eirt ee ¥ hails: ah hee Cae Webelt ae wir yy He | pe ow in eRe eee VERE ee Te “aay Dy e's oe he tare ese? i yee San Bt ae ble TG eae viwlige + hagee al « Cheb ey ts y shes eee of Ne eee a sunie eries fe ety ere =a" i + We ey vate ty aeeine ee = yee . Same y i ek Se wee eee sage tng vatriet® HER AN 11 aly ee etek nit ia > ng et ays eh eae Sats are Gr th ay wena Lv Gee Sere eRe ee ae ere Pa PP ere tui cs wi ant Ep iat PPS Weer ai? i 0 oak Vease oe ae SPU a TARE) pea ee, eat ee a! bl a Pes ta) 5 Ree Ae ie. il bead yaar bee new wei ER k ~ A a = ets heats eA ‘oa ot a AEM b en's ens +e Petey. 2 aan eereee ms eG eth Ce ) TERT hels be eee ef va by oa Sabai nee ee era) saan oie owt } wer eongnte), ie” Mee +t oeaere en fa) 2 ie oo Swsws yoy i Vote @. poe Live wt we A A SKS Jal. paw, « 0+ eeenstl Rall seweeee ; wh pe ot eae 2) eres pint! eM oe coy a ode ee beeee ee ae Ri fp pews 4 r aie Cin avs ist. idge tute Pb erie eras Prt. | bi ’ citcobh vias | a eA ar BAY «eee > 9) .244 ones hal ot SE ere wee » OSS ew ‘ j geri oes pia ped . Ti) (tes ‘ eniwata ears Ait gore es anh eh OP eens ‘i bowed soy . ‘ De evo ta sthadet *4 ‘sv i Jnl Ae seret “sik as’ Shaat hi 44 a! sqaw FES 5 eT weed see? Shaw baGe ue <¢ it a a sae - . _ May 16, Tune 9°: May 9, 16, 30 line. JApr. 20, May'y, 10... 1]. : Sept. 11, 36, Oct, 30. a[Gkpeer’ con eoeniee lee i ee Oct. 3. 29, Now. ves. SECTION 4, PART 11 & ‘ wt) - \ q +} ’ wet ) = : =a sigh cet ee TATCAy i - | 2 rhe F- ty Re > ~ : sgoe r } isda yet ce ta ‘ ‘ if) A Vn ‘ t i ra vers : ’ Le } g! i, ( } ; ‘ aa v nt eh; Pe ; Ms ] >* yt 1 . i 4 . 2: Bee 1! HTL gi ae a ee, at ba i; wh A ' p ‘ | . » Mae r ’ ? seen | a. ; ’ { vane 4 ee eee. ee ee ae le, . age " aa ; Le it ve 7 te Wea ‘ h a : . y welt) | ’ H ' ut 7 ae f re 6 ee ‘ ) noe \ ‘ : x ny ' . i ' : : > : ' E Ae « 7 ; ! 4 ; ten | } } ; *) ¢ f | t ‘ ? / , f ‘y et Va 5 mo - ‘ { , uy : 1 ull oo , : i re yal } } * } Ie we ; 2 t.400) 4 Mies x ! wot ; ri a0) ; ot yeh, be se fats, . ® ! a fet ‘ 5 raul : ; Y vel J P . el ‘ A th? eran BROT 7m: ‘ “ ” . ; , t - , 100s Eeyek i ee ° 130 Ce ea the. ' sae g eit i aa ones a ir 1 lalla ace sTity ap eabale os ae F aabaabl Ok 1M anene at % 3 2 aes a) ee) : tecare

. Ped. a4, Mar. 4.13, x am sesPadar op enOtte WE-cs ‘Okt 16, New. to" [? broods Sarah , Jab. «208. PART 13 oles Be of aor -% . aoe peas AX > yee chal bi SeVE OMAP 4) = Ary, = chk ae Lele i}Peb. 97, Mar. 9, 20 : tay TJABE: 20, 36 ‘Awe. 37, May ta »|Apr. 1, 10, “lA ad, Wayitiaurae ——$ —— SECTION 4, PART 14 PV cre ui, Aan Dae as Be git cp re : ai ss ; batete rt hte eet Me et ham eee Saw . ‘ ey ’ i! : vie ed, ta St ce : He) iM : ; | he he a si ~s ‘ “4 F . pit a Sigie erty ee mn res ‘y sities ae a | ‘ v oi aad me peer a Poe ars) he “a rg 7 Tao We ypt ee yee 34} ae f Sf ede bie FLSA a cientavee sau p seaweed Ged eee ei. Sedan eis +o iulhal eR ve wath fess the cnn 8k Bl: Bm Ags OE Med YOM, {roses + sO Qatl foe why jad cach adectuna a) i Wee hee he ‘ eu RN ee ts vine avi" male gfe gate cS ee Se va! Ea ROMEO sin Bact vacav vat Hd angt) Crete ieee Sean 4g CEPR SAS AOE Fe roe ® hae a ‘Yves sobale 1+ fa) aides ons: awe 4 mec 3¥4 4 ce OU ae ae ee tres epee oe Th ta ond= ies ey ae f f ve AB ot wi be p tia On tg Bis tents ea , a tpt a = -—- a es ee a i Gites). giiawo eo het ne a le CUETO ER Beret ee 4 ity, & Aw 7. ee ee | oweaes Ndi waQO hres & way sal ‘ ate nat AV Rall be heals . q oe enh,< 7 ; ve% ners Botte -oO02) rush wht wee b ue a me et kn eae, » ‘ , . TuTiSE hth uk ha ips via Vals bis fee Am hues Oy Lee ast ° * y seSeVeby war . why (8b # ; : veehrowe *\aktus i a eee Ne oh Silex shag Oe j *eeGdbes sae haus se ithe. Pai TRU SSS he us ster ae eae te eee LS) ae ia 8S ap th vague Mag Us : ‘ ebedtveatilerens vttt AY Pree ey es Co eee Stam ‘ aoe A AeA ee a Pla 6d ew Om ry Re TN fe a) kav ety iit ee eT OP Gee ists #40. Aan Die he™ vis es CTP da oy Pome Aes # (aess — ’ ede ae ae Pine eee wile beer eI’ Wee Fe eee dave CORE Ce a eee ee ee ie ae ee oe Mek de> peplide-ge- ping GAL 28-78 May 25. May 15, 17- Mi May sa Mar. 0, 16, 3) SECTION 4, PART 15 ; ‘7 - , uy i i ; « beni; ; ‘ ; ; a , oa KE ir A, i Sel i \ Ens ey bd es ly J aes: 204) * ue { tf rs 2 alk). ul. ’ ‘ n 6M " wt. , vo Lami ise tO NORD D Lite cc MA ih rl ene . Of ‘ + eye s } ; - i t ae bt e yr val at ‘ i t~wé Se co eee ; ‘ 1, cok Pies >t «4 \ L { ra Voth Be yt 7 i - ices ohh eee 4.a0 20 ; are =) val ape coidrew ty ; bees -¢: Sauer Sie +a OF ose jor 1S, af. SECTION 4 PART 16 FAT Ww : winftias doen pee ee kt Kee o ee ee eh bee how ernapre rte ee se ede Tu ey eer vv bw ebb Cae een Se re res 1 OP f oh: ten eee se Peper t ut 7abh om full ioe sSeeet af 4s weve yv ras ve ’ boast Gey Reve Perererri ty oi bey yVen® tig oe ~ Vers orale evo nerf sheet a+ weaved dau wwe ath Oe vance eee ee dea wcan ote cathe ae uel an anet ee See ’ exits s ey mercer re re pe et . co dia verscee TT tert U c dines othe Aoi eaewele : Repro ‘ “ee best oe ee ee che rte 6 4 - es reSirems weve ani ks oon ee Pee oa PSs LEO, ORF « iP ar 7 . ae Rie tea a Wes oT taraie iock ENT Ay. ? teks votes ta» hee une ' oe ees ue ae aera wos O mie at oo © Oe ee SRE way Pe! & oa ee ee ad bef ' ‘ Sore As Veet oe ‘ oor ama envy antag ee | ov omoneee vue anol ’ a op betta’ een al a, at bane one ek : pea ape teva aie tae + q heehee otal cme , «pee SNE ee PD ee iesh beet a RET SILC Sy sifitens ova ruil als ae sola eae on wae iwerees : oy aA re fet tor8s ruts 5 les eee sag teE se ten oe VRE Te A EL paste ‘ Tro 1. teres pane ey ee ee ie rr oe) E Veo eens eT Pik E x + or . tt Bee- eWelen ¢ eae as —- e. if Pet ime rs satan eee svete nade deb es + MEL ces re bane Vite nae es Ae aght 7, ! en bike eae iens fl ‘ fl Lease > Hity WAesetyay het aba ze 7 : oF een re cee ‘ : Piaay# so = = = = - a raae yedligal, ee ut oo! “pa bys ; Pere ree eine Pee eee a see Vise hae vy re de. Pt Rn bee es Pree Pees tae). Terera rs & A dere tince 0% Ev idwerey Reetie ONDA eae es eeete ; bevel Mees Ver bia tee ee VY) OY ORLA Bees a} bea! bee sees RGA ee | rr MIN eCKINeAW vee hewn cae Ae ee 7-7 ast Blo $a-7Fiy 4s Root | Age ee ee Cc. ee cm, 5 ee ae a aun Rede Atte Oe ed Le oe earseue eine Vitiel Bree 2 de RSAN ates) see einai nie serene bile Rtg fant f Rok imcakperntahe pall) « Sic: aah gh RI ih aad reve Nees AS! ee Oe rere eeeerare ; paired eee \! aioe LSI aRy S409? BIRDS OF NEW YORK 87 to birds which can only be seen in particular localities; and zrregular, indicat- ing that the species may be much more common in some seasons than in others. It is sometimes necessary to rank a species under two, or even three heads, as for instance the Junco or Common snow bird, which is an abundant transient visitant in Ontario county, an uncommon winter visitant, and a rare summer resident. Migration dates given in the third column represent as far as accessible the earliest, average and fairly late dates of arrival of all migratory birds from the south and in the fourth column is recorded the date of departure for the north of all those species which are transient or winter visitants. The - fifth column contains the dates at which these species return from the north again; and the sixth column records the dates of departure for the south of transients and summer residents; and the last column for each county indicates whether the species breeds within its borders and, where possible, gives the date when fresh eggs have been found. Whenever dates are given in these columns the effort has been made to record the earliest, average, and late dates for both migration and nest- ing, but unfortunately, in spite of the unlimited time which has been expended with this object in view, the result in most counties has been far from satisfactory, yet represents the best that can be done at the present time. In nearly every county it would be possible to insert more complete and accurate dates, both for migration and nesting, than those which appear, from our knowledge of what must be true in those localities; we have considered it far better, however, to adhere to the actual date received and refer those who are in search of fuller dates of migration in different parts of the State, to the schedules for Cayuga, Erie, Lewis, Madison, Monroe, Ontario, Orange, Saratoga, Steuben, Suffolk, Tompkins, West- chester and Yates, where the dates are based on observations extending through a series of years. In cases of rare or accidental birds with only one or two dates for the county, we have entered the date in the column where it seemed most appropriate and have often inserted the year, thereby making the record of greater value. CLASSIFICATION Although birds have been studied more than any other class of animals, authorities on classification are still widely at variance in their views as to the proper arrangement of orders, families, genera and species. The difficulty arises from the fact that birds, although so closely related to reptiles that Huxley proposed to unite them in the same class, have never- theless been so modified in details of superficial structure and in color, that there has been a continual temptation to raise groups into higher positions than correspond to those of equal value in other branches of the animal kingdom. At the same time the differentiation of the various portions of avian anatomy has reached such a high development, on account of the bird’s freedom of movement and adaptability to surroundings, that it is sometimes impossible to decide whether a given structure or its absence is due to real relationship or to a parallel development in unrelated forms. Assuming that the different systems of classification are intended to repre- sent, as they should, the real relationship of the different species, it will be evident from a survey of the arrangement of the different orders of birds found in New York State, in the three systems which are best known in America at the present time, how far we are from a complete knowledge or agreement on this subject. It must be borne in mind, however, that no linear sequence of species such as becomes necessary in book writing can possibly show the proper relationship of the families and species. An arrangement like the spreading, dividing and subdividing branches of a tree could be made to show much more accurately their proper relation- ships. When we consider the difficulty of discovering the complete history of the evolution of birds, on account of the wonderful parallel development which has occurred in many orders and families, and the insuperable cb- stacles in the way of a linear arrangement, it will be easy to understand the disagreement of authorities on classification. It is certain that a more correct arrangement could be adopted than the classification current 88 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 89 in American ornithology but we have decided to employ it in the present volume, as this is the system most generally familiar here. For the use of those students who do not have access to Sharpe’s Hand-List and Ridgway’s Catalogue, which unfortunately is not yet completed, we add for comparison the arrangement of the orders of New York birds, numbered in order of sequence, as they appear in the American Ornitholo- gists Union Check-List of 1895, Sharpe’s Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds, and Ridgway’s Birds of North and Middle America, the latter classification being based principally upon that of Dr Hans Gadow. Class AVES Subclass CARINATAE ORDER Ke Os, ue SHARPE RIDGWAY 1 Pygopodes 1 Galliformes t Colymbiformes 2 Longipennes 2 Columbiformes 2 Procellariiformes 3 Tubinares 3 Ralliformes 3 Ciconiiformes 4 Steganopodes 4 Podicipedidiformes 4 Anseriformes 5 Anseres 5 Colymbiformes 5 Falconiiformes 6 Herodiones 6 Procellariiformes 6 Galliformes 7 Paludicolae 7 Alciformes 7 Gruiformes 8 Limicolae 8 Lariformes 8 Charadriiformes 9 Gallinae 9 Charadriiformes 9 Cuculiformes 1o Columbae to Gruiformes to Coraciiformes 11 Raptores 11 Ardeiformes 11 Passeriformes 12 Psittaci 12 Anseriformes 13 Coccyges 13 Pelecaniformes 14 Pici 14 Cathartidiformes 15 Macrochires 15 Accipitriformes 16 Passeres 16 Strigiformes 17 Psittaciformes 18 Coraciiformes 19 Coccyges 20 Piciformes 21 Passeriformes NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM go A comparison of these three systems to show the equivalents of the several orders of our birds, with each order numbered according to its position in each author's classification, gives the following agreement: A. O. U. 1895 (part) Pygopodes GADOW-RIDGWAY SHARPE 1 Colymbiformes I Podicipedidiformes Grebes (less Alcidae) ls Colymbiformes Loons 2 Procellariiformes 3 Tubinares 6 Procellariiformes Petrels etc. Gispairarnes { 4 Steganopodes 13 Pelecaniformes Pelicans ete. SA 1 6 Herodiones ir Ardeiformes Herons 4 Anseriformes 5 Anseres 12 Anseriformes Geese etc. 5 Falconiformes 11 (part) Raptores ee Cathartidiformes American vultures (less Striges) 15 Accipitriformes Hawks etc. 6 Galliformes 9 Gallinae 1 Galliformes Hens etc. 7 Gruiformes 7 Paludicolae 3 Raliionme. Res to Gruiformes Cranes 1 (part) Alcidae 7 Alciformes Auks y 2 Longipennes 8 Lariformes Gulls 8 Charadriiformes 8 Limicolae 9 Charadriiformes Plovers etc. to Columbae 2 Columbiformes Pigeons 12 Psittaci 17 Psittaciformes Parrots 9 Cuculiformes | 13 (part) Coccyges 19 Coccyges Cuckoos (less Alcyones) ti (part) Striges 16 Strigiformes Owls 10 Coraciiformes 15 Macrochires 1 18 Coraciiformes Kingfishers etc. 13 (part) Alcyones j 14 Pici 20 Piciformes Woodpeckers 1x Passeriformes 16 Passeres 21 Passeriformes Perching birds BIRDS OF NEW YORK Class AVES Subclass CARINATAE Order PYGOPODES Diving Birds The Pygopodes (rvy} rump; zovs, rodds foot) as their name signi- fies are characterized by the posterior position of the legs, the crura, or ‘‘drumsticks,’’ being buried in the general body integument and the heel joint close to the tail. These birds therefore stand, or sit, with the body in a nearly perpendicular position and walk with great difficulty and awk- wardness. Palate schizognathous, vomer cleft, maxillo-palatines lamellate, biceps slip present, plumage aftershafted, oil gland large and tufted; sexes alike; the neck and body are elongated, the tarsi compressed, the feet webbed or broadly lobed, the plumage dense, and the body almost entirely incased in a layer of fat. The numerous, long jointed ribs and long sternum form extensive body walls which mostly inclose the internal organs. Hence they are highly adapted to an aquatic life. In fact they pass the greater part of their time in the water and are surpassed by no birds as divers and by none, or few, as swimmers. Wings short, scarcely reaching the base of the tail. The latter short, or rudimentary. Bill horny, with no lamellae and no pouch. Gape large. The members of this order, comprising the three following families, are famous for their diving powers, poor flight, helplessness on land, and coarse and unpalatable flesh. They are the most aquatic of all our birds and sub- sist on a diet of fish and other water animals. They nest on the ground or rocks, and the young are ptilopaedic, or covered with down. Family COLYMBIDAE Grebes Order Podicipedidiformes in Sharpe’s Hand-List The grebes are a cosmopolitan family of about 30 species characterized by semipalmated and broadly lobed feet; hallux free and broadly lobed; gl g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tarsi compressed, scutellate, the rear edge serrate; nails broad, flat and blunt; tibio-tarsal (heel) joint naked; bill straight or sometimes curved at the tip; a naked strip from the eye to base of bill; tail rudimentary; wings weak, conspicuously concavo-convex; fifth cubital wanting; primary feathers 12 in number, 11 being developed and several emarginate, con- cealed when closed by the elongated inner secondaries. Like the loons they have a large apophysis of the tibia which renders it difficult to unjoint the knee in the usual manner when dissecting. Carotids single. Eggs often as many as 7 or 9g. Young praecocial. These are the ‘“‘Hell-divers,”’ or lobe-footed divers, so well known to our youthful gunners. The Western grebe which is not found in New York furnished most of the grebes’ breasts so extensively used on ladies’ hats and muffs a few years ago. It is a curious fact that a grebe’s stomach usually contains, at least during the spring migrations, a compact mass of the bird’s own feathers, probably swallowed during the molt. Although grebes can scarcely be called beneficial birds, we can well spare the small fry which they destroy as a return for the lively entertainment which they furnish all visitors to our lakes and bays. Colymbus holboelli (Reinhardt) Holboell Grebe Plate 1 Podiceps holboellii Reinhardt. Vid. Med. 1853. p. 76 POG IS Gri Gee wes eral 1275 mw loyal Go Wiss Wiley, Aol IN Wo wv. joe A, Pp. 275, 276 Cromliyam biwis) hol biove li GAO. Ue Check Wists = disommerSo5- None colym’bus, Lat., a diving bird; hol'boelli, in honor of C. Holboell Description. Swmmer plumage: Upper parts glossy greenish black, feathers on the back edged with grayish; secondaries white with black shafts and brownish tips; throat patch and side of head white, tinged with silvery ash; under parts silvery white, each feather with a dusky shaft and terminal spot, producing a pecuhar dappled appearance; front and sides of neck and upper breast deep brownish red; bill black, yellowish at base of lower mandible; iris carmine; crest and ruff rather inconspicuous. Winter adult and immature: Crests scarcely discernible; upper parts brown- ish black; throat, sides of head, and under parts white, mostly without spots; front and sides of neck, and sides ashy; bill yellowish, dusky toward 11H 0}, BIRDS OF NEW YORK 93 Length r9-22.25 inches; extent 32-36; wing 7.6-8.12; bill 1.9-2.12; hight of bill at nostrils .55-.58; tarsus 2.5—-2.57; middle toe and claw 2.85-3. The maximum dimensions were taken from an adult male killed on the ice on Irondequoit bay, Monroe county, N. Y., February 22, 1904, which is now in the author’s collection. Field marks. The large size of this grebe will distinguish it at once from our other species; and in summer dress the white sides of its head con- trasted with the glossy black crown are very conspicuous at shotgun range, and much farther with a strong glass. Its colors in winter bear a general resemblance to those of the Horned grebe, but the cheeks are not so shining white as in that species. Distribution. The Holboell grebe is a fairly common transient and winter visitant on the coastal and larger inland waters of New York State. In the interior counties it has been taken mostly when driven by winter storms or the freezing of northern lakes to alight in snow banks or small creeks and is then quite helpless and can often be caught with the hands, or killed with a stick. During the winter of 1903-4 many of these grebes were takenin thismanner. A large flight was stranded near Utica and Clinton and many of them were killed. Every spring and fall several of these birds are seen on Lakes Ontario and Canandaigua by the writer, and they are reported as not uncommon on all the larger lakes of the State, excepting those of the Adirondack region, and are regular winter visitants on the shores of Long Island. Sometimes they alight on the smaller ponds. Mr Embody reports one from Woodman’s pond, Madison county, taken in April rgoo, and another taken October 25, of the same year. One was taken by the late David Scott of Springville, N. Y., on Griffith’s pond, Erie county, in November 1892. Migrations. In the autumn this bird arrives in New York about the middle of October and is sometimes seen in winter wherever there is open water, but is more common late in the fall and during the month of April, when those birds which pass farther south return on their northward journey, leaving us by the middle of May for their breeding grounds in the far north and the interior of British America. There is one very early fall record, a 94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM specimen taken at Niagara Falls, September 20, 1903 [see Blaine, Auk, 21: 276]. Numerous records from all parts of the State occur from October 20 to April21. The latest in my notebook is of a specimen seen off Charlotte on Lake Ontario, May 30, 1904. Haunts and habits. The Holboell grebe is even more a bird of the open water than the Horned grebe and is rarely seen in the shallows and weedy sloughs. It swims and dives with great power when pursued and rises from the surface of the water with the same flopping of its feet as the other grebes, but more often makes a long flight when once under way. Late in the spring it may be seen on our waters in its breeding plumage, and is then a bird of striking appearance [see pl. 1]. Colymbus auritus Linnaeus Horned Grebe Plate 1 Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 135 Podiceps cornutus DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 274, fig. 305 Colymblus awritus ASO; Ul iCheck list. “dias 1895. Nong - Description. Breeding plumage: Crests and ruff conspicuous. Crown, chin and ruff glossy greenish black; lores chestnut; crests and stripe over eyes buffy, or brownish yellow; upper parts blackish; secondaries white; neck, except the black stripe along the back line, upper breast and sides chestnut ved; lower breast and belly shining white; bill black, with yellow tip; iris carmine, with inner white ring of beading; feet dusky yellowish on the inside. Winter and immature: Crests and ruff consist of only shghtly lengthened feathers; upper parts grayish black, darkest on the crown and back of the neck; sides of the head and under parts silky white, washed on the foreneck, sides and lower belly with ashy gray. _ Length 13.5-15 inches; extent 23-25.5; wing 5.6; culmen .g; hight of bill at nostril .3; tarsus 1.75; middle toe and claw 2.1. Field marks. The Horned grebe may be distinguished at once from the Holboell grebe by its smaller size, and, in the summer dress, from both our other grebes by its conspicuous buffy crests. In winter dress its shining white cheeks and slim pointed bill are good marks; and when flying also the large square patch in each wing formed by the white secondaries. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 95 Distribution. This bird called also Hell-diver, Pink-eyed diver, Dipper, and Water-witch, is a common migrant in every county of the State. A few remain in winter on our lakes and rivers as long as they are open, and along the coast of Long Island it is fairly common throughout the winter. In the western part of the State it is perhaps commoner than in the east, and for a short time in April and in early November each year it is fairly abundant. According to Mr Reinecke of Buffalo and Mr Davison of Lock- port, it has bred on the shore of Lake Ontario where they have seen the old birds with their young, but I have never seen it in the breeding season, nor any eggs of the species collected in the State. Migrations. The Horned grebe arrives from the south in considerable numbers from March 20 to April 10. After acquiring its nuptial plumage it passes northward to breed, about the middle of May. By the roth of October it returns from the north and is quite common till the last of Novem- ber when the greater number has passed farther south. Haunts and habits. This grebe is found on all the lakes and larger streams of the State as well as on salt water bays and sounds, preferring the open water to the weedy shallows. It swims rapidly, often timing its exertions with a peculiar jerking motion of the neck. When interested or excited its neck is fully extended with the axis of its head at right angles to the straightened neck, and the body nearly submerged. For this reason it is almost impossible to kill a grebe by gunshot unless it chances to be hit in the head or neck. I do not believe it can “‘dodge the flash of a gun’’ as is often asserted, when it is in easy range. Even when black powder is used, the bird can be secured with any good gun loaded with no. ro shot at a distance from 6 to 8 rods. It is a famous diver however. I have often seen it remain under water for three minutes and cover a distance of at least 30 rods at one dive. It is somewhat gregarious in migration time, when a line of 20 or 30 grebes may often be seen swimming abreast at a distance of a few rods from shore. It is quite possible that they are fishing after the manner of mergansers when in this formation, one individual taking more easily the fish which escape from his comrades. Grebes are rarely gO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM seen on land, but this species and the Holboell grebe are sometimesfound on the ice when bays and ponds suddenly freeze in winter. They are sometimes found on the snow far inland in an exhausted condition. Indeed it seems quite impossible for a grebe to take flight either from land or water unless a considerable level surface is before it over which to propel itself both by wings and feet while rising. Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus) Pied-billed Grebe Plate 1 Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 136 Hiyad 10) kia can ollamiemisis) Delays 'Zool Ne Y. (28445. pti2s p27 eansos Podilymbus podiceps A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 6 podilym’bus, evidently a contraction of podicipes and colymbus; pod’iceps, an improperly formed word from podex, podicis, rump, and pes, pedis, foot Description. breeding plumage: Upper parts brownish black; front and sides of the neck brownish gray, with concealed dusky mottlings; a large black throat patch; under parts silvery ash, obscurely mottled with blackish, especially on the breast and sides; ball short and thick, dull bluish white, with a black band near the middle; eyelids white; iris brown and white; feet greenish black, lead color on the inside. Jn winter: Bill dusky vellowish, with no band; throat whitish, without the black patch. Young: Striped with white and buffy about the head. Length 12-14 inches; extent 22-24.5; wing 4.5—-5; bill .85; hight of bill at nostrils .4; tarsus 1.5; middle toe and claw 2.15. Field marks. This bird has a more brownish cast than our other grebes, but the best mark at all seasons is the shape of its bill, which is short and thick--more henlike. In the breeding season the black throat patch and band on the bill are distinctive, while in winter it lacks the shining white cheeks of the Horned grebe, which is our only grebe liable to be confused with the present species. Distribution. This bird, called also Dabchick, Hell-diver, Dipper, Didapper, and Water-witch, is found throughout New York during the breeding season, whenever it is undisturbed in its favorite haunts. I have noticed it breeding on the marshes of Seneca river, on the bays of Lake Ontario near Rochester, on Canandaigua and Keuka lakes and on BIRDS OF NEW YORK 97 Elk lake near Mt Marcy in the Adirondacks. It has been recorded as a summer resident by Giraud on Long Island; Merriam, in Lewis county; Mearns in the Highlands; Davison in Niagara county; Chapman near New York; Short in western New York, and Fisher at Ossining. It is also reported by correspondents as breeding in Cayuga, Erie, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans, Yates, Onondaga and Fulton counties. It is, however, much less commonly distributed through the State, than formerly, before so many marshy ponds and streams had been drained and our lakes and streams frequented by fishermen and pleasure seekers. During the spring and autumn it is found on all the waters of the State. It is a species of wide distribution in America, ranging from Argentina to Hudson bay. Migrations. This grebe is a rare winter bird in the southern part of the State, but is mostly a migratory species arriving from the south about the 6th of April in the vicinity of New York and from the 23d of March to the 15th of April in Monroe county and other parts of western New York. Migrants have passed to their breeding grounds from the 1st to the 15th of May and return from the north again the last of August to September 15th. The greater number have departed to the south by the first of November, but an occasional straggler is sometimes found in December and January. I have seen one which was captured in a barnyard watering trough during the first week of February, when the mercury was below zero and the ground was deeply covered with snow. Haunts and habits. Marshy lakes, ponds and bays and sluggish streams bordered with flags and grown over with pondweed, water crowfoot and eelgrass are the favorite haunts of this species. Here it makes its nest and rears its young. When approached, it sinks gradually out of sight by compressing or expelling the air from its lungs and air sacks or dives with a quick motion of the neck and legs, and swims rapidly beneath the surface to reappear some distance from where it disappeared, or rising among the weeds remains invisible, sometimes with only its nostrils above the water beside some stick or plant, thus completely evading its pursuers. It is rarely found in the open deep water where our other grebes find their 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM principal subsistence. The note of this bird is a resonant call reminding one somewhat of the Yellow-billed cuckoo note, composed of the syllables cow—cow—cow—cow—cow—cow—cow, repeated several times, the latter syllables being drawn out into froglike gutturals. This is one of the most characteristic sounds of the marshes comparing well with the booming of the bittern and the clattering of the rails as a sound with which all nature lovers should be familiar. It is undoubtedly the love note of the bird, but is sometimes heard during the pleasant days of the fall. Nest and eggs. The Pied-billed grebe forms its nest of flags and reeds among the thick sedges or cat-tails, but sometimes in a rather exposed position. It usually rests on submerged weeds or rubbish, but sometimes floats on the surface, only slightly anchored to the surrounding stems, and has been known to float away in times of flood with the mother bird incubat- ing her four to eight dull white eggs on her rudely constructed house boat. When the old bird leaves the nest in search of food she usually covers the eggs with weeds, probably to protect them from gulls and other egg-loving birds. The eggs are 1.75 inches in length by 1.2 in width. The young swim as soon as hatched. Family GAWIIDAE Loons Order Colymbiformes in Sharpe’s Hand-List Bill straight, sharp, strong, horny and paragnathous; wings strong; primaries 11, ro being well developed, none emarginate; secondaries numer- ous, short, the fifth wanting; tarsi much compressed, reticulate, smooth on the rear margin; feet palmate; hind toe partly lateral and connected with inner toe by a lobe; claws normal; tail of 18-20 short, stiff feathers; tibia has a long apophysis; patella small; carotids double; coeca and ambiens present; body broad and flattened; back spotted. Loons are admirably adapted to the avocation of divers. The form is long and pointed for cleaving the water, the tarsi so narrow that they offer little resistance to forward movement of the legs, and the broad webbed feet take a powerful hold of the water at the backward stroke. They also can change their specific gravity by inhaling or expelling air from their lungs BIRDS OF NEW YORK 99 and air sacs. They make their nests on the ground near the water’s edge, and the eggs are two, of an elongated oval, olive or brown in color with spots of brown and blackish. The young are covered with a sooty grayish down, changing to white on the belly. They swim about as soon as hatched. The family consists of only five species, all confined to the holarctic realm. Gavia immer (Brunnich) Common Loon Plate 2 Colymbus immer Britnnich. Ornithologia Borealis. 1764. p. 38 Colymbus glacialis DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 285, fig. 290 Uirnia trom aim bier An On Ue Checkebist= ida 2y s 1805 Now, ga’via from the Italian name of a gull, first applied to loons by Forster in 1788; immer from the Swedish wmmer and English ember, or immer, used in composition with goose for this bird, Ember goose Description. Summer plumage: Head and neck rich greenish black, with purplish reflections; small patch of shining white streaks on throat, and a larger one on each side of neck, consisting of raised edges of the feathers so that the streaks may be felt as well as seen; upper parts black, with a pair of white spots on each feather, those on the back and scapulars being square, or rectangular, the others oval; under parts pure white; sides of upper breast sharply streaked with black; a dusky band across the belly; bill black, sometimes tipped with yellowish; iris red; feet blackish. W inter and immature: Upper parts dusky brown, the feathers edged with grayish; crown and back of neck blackish; sides of head and neck white mixed with grayish; under parts white. Weneth) 341-36" inches extent 52) wine 12-5—14.25- culmen) 275-3; gape 4—4.25; hight of bill at nostrils .75—.85; tarsus 3-3.5; middle toe and claw 4.25—5. Females and voung have the smaller dimensions, the bill of voung especially, being considerably smaller than that of adult. Distinctive marks. As shown by plate 2, the Common loon may easily be distinguished in breeding plumage from the Red-throated and Black-throated loons by the marked difference in coloration of its head and neck. In winter plumage, the feathers of its upper parts are margined with grayish, while those of the Red-throated loon are spotted with white, and the Black-throated loon is decidedly smaller. The bills of the Black- throated and Common loons are very similar in shape, but that of the pete) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Red-throated species is more slender and is slightly concave in the region of the nostrils, which gives it the appearance of being tilted upward from the base. This difference in the bills of our two common species serves as an excellent field mark by which, with the aid of an eight power glass, I have been able to identify the Red-throated loon at the distance of half a mile. Distribution. This holarctic species, called also Great northern diver, Diver, Big loon, Ember goose, is a common transient visitant on all large bodies of water within New York State, and is often found through- out the winter on the larger lakes and along the shores of Long Island. In 1824, according to Audubon, it was breeding on Cayuga lake, and in 1844, according to DeKay, on Raquet lake. Roosevelt and Minot record it as common in Franklin county up to 1870. Merriam, in 1881, called it a common summer resident of the Adirondack region, and in 1883 found it fairly common at 1st Lake, where a nest with partly incubated eggs was found on June roth. According to Davison it formerly bred on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, but I have been unable to find satisfactory evidence of its nesting there in recent years. As a summer resident it is now confined to the secluded ponds and lakes of the Adirondacks, being most numerous in the western and southwestern parts of that region. During the summer of 1905, we failed to find it on any of the waters in Essex county, but a few were met with in Franklin, St Lawrence, Herkimer and Hamilton counties, where they still breed. Mr L. L. Merriam writes that it is still a common summer resident on many lakes north of Beaver River. Migrations. The spring migration of the Common loon begins the first of April in the southern and western portions of the State. It becomes quite common by the middle, or third week of April, and is often seen migrating by day at a considerable elevation, either singly, or in small companies of 6 to 15. On one occasion the writer saw 26 of these birds passing over Canandaigua lake in a scattered company steering toward Lake Ontario. According to Dutcher they leave Long Island in June. They are often seen on Lake Ontario and the larger inland lakes as late as the 20th of June, but by far the larger portion have passed on to their breeding grounds by BIRDS OF NEW YORK IO1l the third week in May. They begin to return from the north about the middle of September, and are quite common during October, most of them passing southward by the last of November, many going as far southward as the Gulf of Mexico. Haunts and habits. The Common loonis rarely seen on ponds of less than several acres extent and is never common except on the larger rivers and lakes where it keeps to the open water and escapes from its pursuers by diving and swimming long distances under water. In this manner it can elude the swiftest oarsman, but when cornered in shallow water, it takes wing and makes a long flight before alighting. Like grebes, it often sinks as if a stone were fastened to it and seems to disappear completely, probably rising with only its bill out of water and so remaining until its pursuers have given up the chase. It is asserted by the best authorities that this bird can evade a gunshot by diving at the flash, and I have no doubt that this is true when black powder is used, but when a modern smokeless rifle is discharged at a loon, he is utterly unable to dodge the shot, even when intently eyeing the gunner all the time. When on land the loon is a very awkward fellow, as his name would indicate, it being derived from the old English loom, or lumme, meaning a clumsy fellow or lummox, and probably allied to the word lame. He stands with his body erect and his tarsi usually resting on the ground. Perhaps it would be more correct to say he sits up like a startled woodchuck. He can not walk, but progresses by tumbling forward and flopping his wings and pushing his feet in a most ungainly manner. The scream of the loon, uttered at evening, or on the approach of a storm, has to my ear, an unearthly and mournful tone resembling somewhat the distant howl of a wolf. It is a penetrating note, loud and weird, delivered with a prolonged rising inflection, dropping at the end, resembling the syllables a °° oo, or as is often written 0’-0-00h. Its laughter, however, is of a more pleasing quality, like the syllables 100, hoo, hod, hoo. hoo, uttered in a peculiarly vibrating tremulo. Food. The food of the loon consists almost entirely of fish, which it catches by swimming after them beneath the surface of the water. 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nests and eggs. This bird lays its eggs close to the margin of the lake where it can easily slide into the water at the approach of danger. The nest is a mere depression in the rock or ground and its eggs, usually two in number, are about the size of a goose egg, grayish olive-brown in color, spotted with brownish black. The young are covered with a soft down, sooty brown in color and leave the nest as soon as hatched. The time for fresh eggs is from May 15 to June 5. Gavia arctica (Linnaeus) Black-throated Loon Plate 2 Colymbus arecticus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.io. 1758. 1: 135 Urinator arcticus A.©.U. Checklist. Ed. 2. 1895. No.9 arc’tica, arctic Distinctive marks. This bird bears a general resemblance to the Common loon, but is smaller. In summer the upper part of the head and back of the neck is of a clear bluish gray, gradually fading into black on the throat and foreneck. The white streaks on the sides of its neck form a lengthwise patch, and the white spots on its upper parts are more confined to restricted areas as shown in the plate. In winter, there is a much closer resemblance, but the Black-throated diver has a much wider edging of bluish gray on the feathers of its upper parts, which gives it a peculiar “reticulated or scaly appearance.” Length 27-30 inches; wing 12-13; culmen 2.4-2.5; gape 3.4; hight of bill at nostril .65; tarsus 2.9. This arctic species is extremely rare in New York, the only specimen from this State known to exist is recorded by Dutcher in the Auk, volume ro, page 265. ‘‘The bird was killed by Gus Merritt of City Island, L. L., on Saturday morning, April 29, 1893, between Sands Point lighthouse and Execution lighthouse. He was one of a party of young men who left City Island in the middle of the might to lie in line for ducks. At daylight on Saturday morning the bird flew from the east and was killed by him as it passed over his boat.”’ It was a male in full plumage. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 103 According to Mr F. S. Webster, he once saw a female of this species which had been shot by a gunner on the Hudson river near Troy, N. Y. The first United States record which has come to my notice, is of the speci- men which was shot in Sandusky Bay, Ohio, in 1880, see Wheaton’s Birds of Ohio, page 565. There are three records for Lake Ontario, near Toronto. A pair from this locality was sent to the Paris Exposition and a third speci- men was captured off Mimico, May 22, 1889, recorded by Fleming [Auk, 7 eet 7.0) Lawrence, in 1866 included this species in his list of Birds of New York and Vicinity, but there is no specimen in his collection. Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan) (Gavia lumme on plate) Red-throated Loon Plate 2 Colymbus stellatus Pontoppidan. Danske Atlas. 1763. 1:621 Colymbus septentrionzelis DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 286, fig. 300 Uiribnvantio ma iswamimve Al TOMUR Check: lista Pda2 esos.) Norn stellata, Lat., starred or spotted Description. Summer plumage: Crown and back of the neck black with greenish gloss; back of neck and sides of breast sharply streaked with white; upper throat and sides of head and neck bluish gray; a long triangular patch of chestnut on throat; upper parts brownish black spotted with white; breast and belly white; lower belly and longer tail coverts dusky; bill and feet blackish; iris red. Wanter and immature: Crown and back of neck ashy gray; upper parts dusky grayish profusely spotted with white; no throat patch; under parts white; the bill of female and young considerably more slender. Length 25 inches; extent 44; wing 11.5; culmen 2; gape 3; hight of bill at nostril .5; tarsus 2.75. Distinctive marks. See remarks on Common loon, page 99, 100; also plate 2. Distribution. The Red-throated loon, Red-throated diver, Sprat loon, or Seape-grace, is fairly common along the shores of Long Island and Lake Ontario. It occurs principally as a transient visitant, but is often found 104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM throughout the winter. On the smaller lakes it is occasionally seen, but must be regarded as decidedly less abundant than the Common loon. DeKay and Giraud considered it as comparatively rare; Rathbun and Chapman as fairly common, while the other local listshave recorded it as a rare, or un- common species. I have frequently observed it on Canandaigua lake, and on Lake Ontario off the Charlotte harbor where it is sometimes decidedly common. In severe winters when the lake freezes, these birds like the grebes, are often taken unawares and left stranded on the ice apparently unable to rise, and flounder over the ice and snow in a helpless condition till they are either captured or die from exposure. On January roth, 1885, a bird in this condition was captured by two wood choppers at Adams Basin. On December 22, 1903, another specimen under very similar con- ditions was taken in Bergen swamp, 18 miles south of Lake Ontario, and in February of the same year a specimen was captured on the ice and brought to the Park Aviary in Rochester. This is a holarctic species breeding from Scotland, New Brunswick, and Manitoba to high latitudes, and migrates southward in winter nearly as far as the Common loon. Migrations. The late David Bruce of Brockport, stated that he had found this bird on Lake Ontario during every month of the year. It is mainly a transient visitant, however, arriving from the north from Septem- ber 19 to the last of October and passing southward about the first of Decem- ber. The few which remain all winter are joined by spring migrants the latter part of March, the greater number of these passing on to their breeding grounds in the north before the first of June. Like many of the waterfowl, however, this loon is often found loitering on the lake long after the breeding season has begun, but there is not the slightest evidence to my knowledge of its ever nesting within our borders. Mr George F. Guelf of Brockport reports specimens taken June 13, 1899 (o ); June 22, 1899 (); and July 17, 1896 (in molting plumage). BIRDS OF NEW YORK I05 Family ALCIDAE Auks, Guillemots etc. Order Alciformes in Sharpe’s Hand-List Feet palmate, hind toe wanting; tarsi mostly reticulate, heel joint naked; bill variable, in some species curiously enlarged, and ornamented in the breeding season; tail short, of r2-16(rarely 18)feathers; lores feathered ; oil gland tufted ; no apophysis of tibia; altricial, i.e. their young are fed in the nest by their parents; ptilopaedic, or mostly covered with down; nidicolous, i.e. remaining in the nest for some time; eggs one, or few, very large. This is a family of holarctic distribution, consisting of about 30 members, almost exclusively maritime in habitat. They are highly gregarious in the breeding season and return with great punctuality to their nesting sites on the precipitous cliffs and ledges of northern shores. Famous breeding grounds are the Hebrides and other islands of Scotland, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Labrador, Alaska, and Bird Rock in the St Lawrence gulf. The southernmost breeding stations in eastern America are on the coast of Maine. The eggs are of commercial value and are gathered in immense numbers on the rocky islands of Great Britain and Norway. Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus) Puffin Plate 3 Alca arctica Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.to. 1758. 1: 130 Mormon arcticus DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 282, fig. 302 o' e Bratereulavancetiica ANOS UsCheck Vist. Edi 2, 1895. Nom frater’cula, from Lat. fraterculare, to swell up, probably from the pouting appearance of standing puffins, somewhat resembling the attitude of pouter pigeons; arc’tica, arctic Description. ill extremely deep. Adult: Uead, neck and upper parts blackish, the head and front of the neck browner; sides of the head, throat and a narrow collar on the nape white or grayish; breast and belly white. Breeding plumage; Bill much enlarged and brilliantly colored; feet and eyelids orange-red; a bluish conical projection on the upper eyelids; less white on the neck. Length 13 inches; wing 6; tarsus 1; bill 1.85; depth of bill in winter 1.5. 1060 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Puffin, Sea parrot or Tinker is recorded by Giraud, DeKay, Law- rence and Chapman as a rare winter visitant to the shores of Long Island. Mr L. S. Foster reported a specimen from Center Moriches, Suffolk county, December 15, 1882; and Dr Braislin, from Montauk, March 30, 1902 [see Auk 20: 50]. The southernmost breeding station of this species is on the coast of Maine, and it rarely migrates further south than the shores of Cape Cod. Cepphus grylle (Linnaeus) Black Guillemot Plate 3 Alea-grylle Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 130 Uria grylle DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 278, fig. 303 Cepphus grylle A.O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 27 cépph’us, Gr. xéergos, some sea bird; gryl’le, Swedish for this bird Description. Jn winter: Upper parts blackish, all the feathers tipped with white giving a marbled appearance; lesser wing coverts, terminal half of greater coverts and lining of the wing white, the white coverts forming a large white patch; under parts white. Young: Similar, but the under parts mottled with black. Breeding plumage: Sooty black with greenish reflections above; wings as in winter. Length 13 inches; wing 6.25; bill 18 WERT Iola The Black guillemot, sometimes called Sea pigeon is an . uncommon winter visitant south of Cape Cod. It is mentioned without definite records by Giraud and DeKay, and is certainly very rare in this State. There is one specimen from the Lawrence Collection, labeled “‘Long Island”’ in Mr Dutcher’s collection, number 1959. The late David Bruce of Brockport, N. Y., writes that he has several times picked up the wings of this species in the winter drift on the shore of Lake Ontario, and that a specimen in the mottled plumage was taken on Lake Ontario in February, 1888, by Mr Skillen of Troutberg. Cepphus mandti (Lichtenstein) Mandt Guillemot Distinctive marks. Like the Black guillemot, but the greater wing coverts are white to their base, whereas C. grylle has at least the basal half of the greater coverts black, sometimes showing as a black line between the white of the greater and lesser coverts. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 107 This holarctic species is more northern in distribution than the preceding, and rarely wanders farther south than Maine or Massachusetts. It breeds on Hudson bay, and Mr Fleming and others believe that the guillemots which are rarely taken on Lake Ontario are of this species. The late David Bruce has labelled a pair of Cepphi in the Mechanics Institute Collection in Rochester ‘‘Lake Ontario,’ but his notes do not indicate that he actually took them on Lake Ontario. He does state however that he has found their remains on the lake shore in the spring drift. Uria troile (Linnaeus) \lurre Distinctive marks. Similar in color to Briinnich murre but in breeding plumage the top of head and hind neck smoky brown; depth of bill at angle less | eee than one third the culmen. See figure. SS The Common murre is confined to the north Atlantic, and migrates as far as southern New England in winter, but among the scores of murres from New ~ York which I have examined no specimen of troile can be found. DeKay, = Giraud and Lawrence record this species from New York, as many later ob- U.Lomvia,juv. servers have done, but the records probably refer to young lomvia. It is a strange fact that no specimen of troile from New York can be secured but s the conclusion must be that it does not migrate as far south as lomvia, or iA SS that our specimens of lom via are from Hudson bay and the Arctic ocean. Bills of murres } nat. size UriaTroile, Ad. a Uria lomvia (Linnaeus) Brunnich Murre Plate 3 Alca lomvia Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1to. 1758. 1: 130 Urata Lomiv.vasAN@nUeCheck ist, =Bdi2, 18952 Non3t u/ria, Gr. ovpia, some diving bird; lom’via, Faroese name Description. Jn winter: Upper parts, wings and tail black; tips of secondaries and under parts white; throat and sides of the neck mixed with grayish white. Breeding plumage: Head and neck sooty black, the front of the neck browner. Length 16.5-16.8 inches; extent 30-31; wing 8.4; bill 1.25; depth of bill .48; tarsus 1.3; middle toe and claw 1.7. Young birds have smaller bills. This species, known also as the Thick-billed guillemot, is the commonest member of the Auk family on the waters of New York State, and seems to be growing commoner in recent: years, especially in the interior of the State, where it has been almost a regular winter visitant on the larger lakes for several years. Most of the specimens taken in the interior have been emaciated and evidently unable to obtain food, but some were able to survive till spring, and possibly would have returned to their breeding TOs NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM grounds. This bird has been mistaken for U.troile so often that we would call attention to the relative dimensions of the two species, specially of the bills, [see figure]. The principal records of specimens examined follow: Auburn, N. Y. Jan. 4, 1854. (William Hopkins). Dr Brewer, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IPROC, SIGO, Ge 33} Lawrence, N. Y. List. 1866 Amagansett, L. I. Dec. 1, 1883. (Lawrence). Dutcher, Long Island Notes South Oyster Bay, L. 1. Winter 1884. (Verity). ;, Smith’s Point, L.I. Mar. 23, 1884. (Albin). Ss Ss Rockaway Beach, L. 1. Feb. 20, 1884. (Weston). i ; Coney Island, L. I. Jan. 21, 1884. (Bebeusee). 2 _ Bellport, L. I. Feb. 2, 1884. (Monsell). - Smith’s Point, L. I. Jan. 30, 1884. (Albin). “ i Southampton, L. 1. Jan. 31, 1884. (Phillips). A © Ditch Plain, L. I. Jan. 5, 1884. (Stratton). ~ Smith’s Point, L. I. Jan. 19, 1884. (Albin). e « Amagansett, L.I. Jan. 17, 1884. (Barnes). e af Southampton, L. I. Jan. 15, 1884. (Burnett). s : Shinnecock bay, L.]. Jan. 8, 1884. (Carter). G ¢ Montauk Point, L.I. Jan. 4, 1884. (c). S ts Atlanticville, L. I. Dec. 29, 1884. (Vail). ‘ Shinnecock bay, L. I. Jan. 27, 1885. (Carter). 5 : Atlanticville, L. I. Feb. 15, 20, 1885. (Pairsseen 5 milesoff. Vail). Dutcher Springs, L. I. Dee. 1892. (2). (Parsons). Dutcher Far Rockaway, L. I. Jan. 1, 1891. (Howell, c). s Jan. 7, 1891. (Frazer). = Montauk, L. I. Jan. 1891. (Scott, nos. dead). e Miller’s Place, L. I. Winter 1891. (Helme, nos.). s Shelter Island, L. I. Jan. 8,17, 1891. (22). Worthington, Auk. 1885. 2: 39 Lake Champlain, N. Y. Dec. 1893. (Numerous). Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. Cong. Proc. p. 520 Lake George, N. Y. Dec. 12, 1893. (2). A. K. Fisher Ossining, N. Y. Dec. 11, 1894. A. K. Fisher Baldwinsville, N. Y. Dec. 15, 1893. W.M. Beauchamp Booneville yNs Ye Deer s, 15,255 Lo04.) Aukenon 77 Roslyn, N. Y. Dec. 24, 1894. S. H. West Buffalo, N. Y. Nov. and Dec. 1894. Savage Pleasant Valley, Dutchess co., N. Y. Dec. 1894. Horton Utica, No We Deer 24, 1894. Aukones177 1a 226 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 10g Carmel, Putnam co., N. Y. Dec. 1895. (5). W. A. Mead Ithaca, N.Y. Dec. 14, 1895. (4. G Wilson), Dr MH: D. Reed & Dec. 16, 1895. Cornell Univ. Coll. Lake Ontario, N. Y. Dec. 17, 1895.. George F. Guelf Johnstown, N. Y. Winter 1894-95. Auk, 12: 290 White lake, Oneida co., N. Y. Dec. 13, 1895. Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. Cong. Procy p.532 Seneca lake, N. Y. Dec. 23, 1895; May 1896; Dec. 26, 1896; nos. winter 1896. Chap- man, Auk, 14: 202 Niagara Falls, N. Y. Dec. 23, 1896. Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. Cong. Proc. p. 533 Penn Yan, N. Y. Dec. 20, 1896. Verdi Burtch Canandaigua, N. Y. Dec. 20, 1897. A. P. Wilbur Murray, Orleans co., N. Y. Mar. 1897. Posson, Auk, 16: 193 Monroe co., N. Y. Several specimens mounted at Ward’s. Truman R. Taylor Ithaca, N. Y. Winter 1899. L.A. Fuertes a Nov. 27, 1899. (2). Cornell Univ. Coll. 3099 Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. Dec. 4, 1899. George F. Guelf Rochester, N. Y. Nov. 27, Dec. 2, 1900. (4). E.H. Eaton Chateaugay lake, Clinton co., N. Y. Dec. 24, t900. Shattuck, Auk, 18: 199 Lake Earlville, Madison co., N. Y. Nov. 26, 1900. G. C. Embody Lowville, Lewis co., N. Y. Nov. 29, 1900. Miller, Auk, 18: 188 Redwood, Jefferson co., N. Y. Dec. 4, 1900 Rockaway, N. Y. Dec. 2, 1900. Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. Cong. Proc. p. 536 Erie co., N. Y. Dec. 14, 1900. James Savage Ithaca, N. Y. Dec. 19, 1901. Cornell Univ. Coll. Cayuga, N. Y. 1go00o—-Apr. 1903. (3). Foster Parker Collection Sag Harbor, L. I. Dec. 6. 1901. Braislin, Auk, 20: 51 Rockaway Beach, L.I. Dec. 26,1901. “ . Amagansett, L.I. Dec. 30, 1901; Mar. 2, t902. Braislin, Auk 20: 51 Fair Haven, N. Y. Dec. 11, 1902.. L. O. Ashbury Newton Falls, N. Y. Dec. 17, 1903. : Waterford, N. Y. Feb. 25, 1904. State Museum Collection Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. wv,oc. David Bruce Rockaway, L. I. Dec. 14, 1902 Blooming Grove, Rensselaer co., N. Y. Dec. 5, 1901. State Museum Long Island, N. Y. wv “Regular in recent years.” Braislin, Lin. Soc. N. Y. Proc. 1907. Pp. 34 Cincinnatus, Cortland co., N. Y. Dec. 2, 1907. (1 shot). H.C. Higgins Hudson river, near Albany, N. Y. Dec. 1907. (2 shot) IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Alca torda Linnaeus Razor-billed Auk Plate 3 Mica onda Linnaeus, soyst.) Nat) Sede mes 91758) 12.130 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 283, fig. 304 AMO PUP Checks Listas hdy cr mso5-8 eNons2 al'ca, Icelandic alka, auk; tor’da from tord the name of the bird (Coues) Description. breeding plumage: Head, neck and upper parts black, deep brown on the sides of head and throat, sunken line of white from the eye to base of bill; tips of secondaries and under parts white; bill and feet black, the bill ringed with white. Wzanter and young: Duller, more white on neck. Length 16-18.5 inches; extent 25-27; wing 7.75; tail 3.5; graduated about 1.25; bill 1.3, greatest depth of bill .9; gape 2.25; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw 2. Young smaller than adults, with slender bills. The Razor-bill, or Tinker, inhabits the coast of the north Atlantic, on the American side, breeding from Grand Manan and the Magdalens to high latitudes. It is an uncommon winter visitant on the shores of Long Island, and purely accidental on our inland waters. Most of the specimens taken have been found dead or exhausted on the shore. The principal dates are as follows: Center Moriches, L. I. Mar. 5, 1878. Collection of Robert Lawrence. Dutcher, Long Island Notes Southampton, L. I. Jan. 15, 1884. Dead. (Burnett). Auk, 2: 38. Dutcher, Long Island Notes Smith’s Point, L. I. Feb. 2, 1884. Dead. (Albin). Auk, Island Notes Southampton, L. I. Feb. 6, 1884. Dead. (Green). Auk, 2: 38. Dutcher, Long Island Notes Amagansett, L. I. Nov. 25, 1884. (Edwards). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Bellport, L. I. Feb. 2, 1885. (W. E. LT. Smith), S Quogue, L. 1. Dec. 2, 1885. co (Jessup). # “ Montauk Point, L.I. Dec. 3, 1886. (Scott, c off the point). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Montauk Point, L.I. Dec. to, 1886. (Helme, ‘‘Active wave’). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Sag Harbor, L. I. Dec. 10, 1886. (2). (Helme). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Southold, L. I. Jan. 26, 1887. (Worthington). e ue to : 38. Dutcher, Long BIRDS OF NEW YORK IAEA Ditch Plain, L.I. Dec. 1887. (Stratton). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Montauk, L. I. wv,oc. (10-15 flocks). (Scott). : 2 Montauk Point, L.I. Jan. 6, 1887. L.S. Foster Gardiners Island, L. I. Jan. 20, 1890. Dead. (Lester). Dutcher Saratoga lake, N. Y. Nov. 26, 1893. (2 taken). S. R. Ingersoll; A. S. Brower Montauk Point, L.I. Nov. 14, 1901. Braislin, Auk, 20: 51 Rockaway, L.I. ‘Regular,’ Nov. 2-Feb. 6. Braislin, Lin. Soc. N.Y. Proc. 1907. p.34 Alle alle (Linnaeus) Dovekie Plate 3 Alea alle Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.ro. 1758. «2: 131 Mergulus alle DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 280, fig. 302 Aillelballe A. ©. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 34 al'le, Swedish name of this bird Description. Summer plumage: Head, neck and upper parts sooty black, the front of the neck and breast browner; secondaries tipped with white and the scapulars streaked with the same; belly white. Wanter and ammature: Similar, but the throat whitish, and sometimes a grayish collar on the neck. Length 8 inches; wing 4.5; bill .5; tarsus .7. This little bird, called also Sea dove, Sea pigeon, Greenland dove and Ice bird, is an irregular winter visitor to the shores of Long Island and New York bay. Specimens are found on the shore nearly every winter, dead or in an exhausted condition. Off the coast it is frequently observed from the decks of passing steamers. Like the Briinnich murre it sometimes straggles up the St Lawrence to Lake Ontario. There is one record for Toronto, November 18, 1go1 [see Ames, Auk, 19:94]. The only specimen which I have found from the interior of New York State was picked up in a garden at Sweden, about 15 miles from Lake Ontario and died soon after being found. The following records in recent years are worthy of note: Long Island. oc, wv. Giraud List. 1844. p. 375 New York State. Rare on coast. DeKay List. 1844. p. 281 New York and vicinity. Occurs. Lawrence List, 1866 Center Moriches, L. I. Jan. ro, 1878. (R.B. Lawrence). Forest and Stream, ro: 235 w i Jan. 11, 1878. Berier, Forest and Stream, ro: 37 West Neck creek, L.I. Nov. 18, 1879. co. (Worthington). Dutcher, Notes Center Moriches, L. I. Dec. 23, 1881; Nov. 1882. Dutcher, Auk, 1: 35 Bayport, L. I. Nov. 1882 1i2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fire Island Light, L. I. Dec. 7, 1882. 9 Long Island. Novy. 25, 1884; Feb. 6, 1884. Dutcher Collection Sag Harbor, L. I. About 1884. (Several dead. Lucas and Buck). Dutcher, Notes Amagansett, L. I. Nov. 1885. (Byram). Dutcher, Notes a Mar. 24, 1884. Dutcher, Auk, 2: 38. Braislin, Lin. Soc. N. Y. Proc. 1907. P. 34 Montauk, L. I. Sept. 8, 1886. A. H. Helme Outer beach, L.I. Nov. 23, 1891. (2). (R. B. Lawrence). Dutcher, Notes L. I. Nov, 28, 1891. co. (CW. W. Wilson). “ Freeport, L.I. Account of 1 taken by C. H. Scott. 4 L.I. Dec. 6, 1891. Accountof j taken. (Frazer). L.I. Dec. 8, 1891. 1 seen by and 3 reported. (N.T. Lawrence). Dutcher Jamaica bay, L. I. About Dec. 18, 1891. (C. Glier). Dutcher, Notes Sweden, Monroe co., N. Y. Nov. 1892. David Bruce Montauk, L. I. Nov. 27, 1893. (3). (Scott). Dutcher, Notes Ossinine, Naya. -Atve (2) $ Dec. 5, 1898. Dr A. K. Fisher Amagansett, L.I. Dec. 14, t901. (2). Braislin, Auk, 20: 51 Babylon, L. I. Jan. 15, 1903. Burtis, Auk, 20: 209 New York, N. Y. Often found dead, t900. L.S. Foster Hither Plain, L.I. Dec. 31, 1906. (Baker). Braislin, Auk, 24: 186-87 Order LONGIPENNES Long-winged Swimmers Order Lariformes, Sharpe’s Hand-List Wings long and pointed; nostrils /ateral and open; hallux small (some- times rudimentary), free and elevated; tail usually long, of 12 feathers; primaries 11, only ro developed; fifth secondary wanting; legs compara- tively free and inserted near middle of body; tarsus partly scutellate, otherwise reticulate; tibiae bare for a short distance; front toes palmate; palate schizognathous; no basipterygoids; nasals schizorhinal; 15 cervicals; furcular hypocleidium present; syringeal muscles one pair; esophagus capacious; cloaca large; plumage aftershafted; oil gland tufted; eggs few, usually 3; ptilopaedic, altricial and nidicolous in nature; mostly piscivorous in diet; cosmopolitan in distribution; maritime, lacustrine or fluviatile in habitat; shrill or raucous in voice; volucral in habit. This order resembles most nearly the tube-nosed swimmers of all the natatorial birds, but the character of the nostrils easily distinguishes them without reference to internal anatomy. The pterylosis and osteology of the group also show some affinity to Limicolae and Alcidae. BIRDS OF NEW YORK ALI} Family STE RCORARIIDAE Skuas and Faegers Bill epignathous, the tip of the upper mandible being decidedly curved and furnished with a distinct nail or dentrum; a horny cere is saddled over the opening of the nostrils; claws strong, sharp, and curved; primaries stiff and rounded; central tail jeathers more or less elongated; coeca much larger than in other Longipennes; sternum with only a single notch on each side instead of two as in Laridae. There is also a general tendency to a sooty blackish coloration of the upper parts in the adult, to a gilding of the head and hind neck, and to a whitening of the shafts of the flight feathers tow ard their bases; while the young in all are noticeably smaller than the adults and profusely waved or streaked with rufous, requiring years to reach the full dimensions and plumage of the adult. Tn habit the skuas or jaegers are dashing, intrepid and predatory, strong and vigorous of body and wings. Armed with beak and claws which mimic the birds of prey, they harass their weaker brethren of the gull family and compel them to drop, or dis- gorge, their prey which is snatched up with great dexterity. This habit has given them the names in common use among sailors—jaegers (hunters, sea-hawks, teasers. boat swains, and, by a misconception, dunghunters). This is a family of only five or six species, native to high latitudes in both hemispheres and wandering widely in winter, some of the holarctic species passing far beyond the equator in their migrations. In the breed- ing season their habits change, and they proceed inland along the Arctic coast to nest upon the tundra. Their food then consists largely of insects, small mammals, and other animals, and upon these they feed their young. Megalestris skua (Brunnich) Skua Plate 4 Catharacta skua Brinnich. Ornithologia Borealis. 1764. 33 Megalestris skua A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 35 meg’ ales’ tris, Gr. péyas, large and Ayotpis, pirate craft; sku’a from the Faroese or Norwegian name of this bird Description. lackish brown, the feathers more or less tipped with chestnut spots; shafts of the wing and tail feathers white, excepting toward the tip; more or less streaked with white and chestnut around the neck; IIt4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM under parts lighter; bill and feet blackish; iris brown; young similar but more streaked about the head and neck. Length 20-22 inches; wing 16; tail 6; central feather elongated .5; billeon\ gape 3; tarsus 2.7; middle toe and claw 3.1; the young much less, »d the wing being of different shape and only 12.25 in length. The Skua, or Sea-hawk may be recognized from the other jaegers by its greater size and robustness. It isa rare bird on this side of the Atlantic, although it may breed in the region of Baffin bay. It has been taken at least three times off the coast of Massachusetts. There are three records for this State, the first being recorded by William Dutcher, Auk, 3: 432. The bird was found dead on the beach by Mr M. F. King, of the Amagansett Life Saving Station, Suffolk county, N. Y., on March 17, 1886. It had undoubtedly been washed ashore and frozen in the ice during the gale of January gth preceding. The second specimen was secured on Niagara river, in the spring of 1886, by the late Charles Linden of Buffalo, N. Y., and is reported in Bergtold’s List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity, also in the Auk, 6: 331. A third specimen struck the Montauk Point Light August 10, 1896. Its wing was sent to the Biological Survey in Washington where it was identified by Dr Fisher. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck) Pomarine Faeger Plate 4 Larus pomarinus Temminck. Manuel d’Ornithologie. 1815. 514 LOGE OPOudl iviin ws Deke Zool, No Wo UE, jb By jd GEO, wis. BOX Stercorarius pomarinuws AO, UsCheck List. Bd> 2h) 1952) Nos 36 stercora’rius, Lat., pertaining to dung; pomart’nus, incorrectly formed for pomatorhinus, Gr. répa, toépatos, a flap, and pis, puvos, nose, alluding to the saddle or cere Description. Adult breeding plumage: Upper parts brownish black or sooty slate; under parts white; neck all the way around white, except the pointed feathers which are yellow; crown, lores and sides of chin black; bill horn color, black at tip; feet black; upper part of tarsus light bluish; iris brown. Dark phase: Nearly uniform blackish brown, black on the crown and lightening to smoky brown on the belly; a slight gilding of the BIRDS OF NEW YORK I15 feathers on the sides of the neck; bases of the wing feathers light. This melanotic plumage is usually confined to the immature birds, but may be found in adults, and all stages or gradations between the dark phase des- cribed above and the normal light plumage may be found. Jntermediate plumage: Dark band of spots across the breast, sometimes broadening till the whole breast appears brown, mottled with white; sides barred with brown; under and upper tail coverts barred with white; central tail feathers project one inch; feet blotched with chrome yellow. Otherwise like the adult. Young: Considerably smaller than the adult; bill and feet much smaller and weaker; central tail feathers projecting only one half inch or less; body transver sely waved with dull rufous, becoming broad bars on the flanks and the tail coverts; brownish black prevailing on the back and wing coverts; rufous predominating on neck and under parts; wings and tail brownish black; a dusky spot in front of the eye; feet yellow; toes black. The different phases of plumage grade into each other imperceptibly. Length 20-23 inches; extent 48; wing 14; tail 8-9; bill r.45-1.75; tarsus 2; tibia, bare .75; middle toe and claw 1.9—2; young less, in all dimen- sions, wing 12.5; bill 1.25; tarsus 1.69, the tail varying from 5.5 tO 0.5) imehes: the tail of the adult, exclusive of the elongated feathers, 5 inches. This species may be distinguished from the other jaegers by its greater size, and by the shape of the central tail feathers, which are quite blunt and twisted on their axes so that the vanes at the tips are nearly vertical, The Pomarine jaever is a regular transient visitant along our Atlantic seaboard, occurring in June and July (Chapman), but more common in the fall from August 6th to October 30th. It is also a rare visitant to the Great Lakes. Their appearance in numbers on our coast is said to depend largely on the abundance of small bluefish. Migration records are as follows: Rockaway, L. I. Sept. 19, 1875. (1). N.T. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 2 Aug. 30-Oct. 15,1872. Numerous. “ . Ossining, N. Y. Oct. 18, 1877. Dr A. K. Fisher Long Island, N. Y. Aug. 11, 1888. L. 5S. Foster Little Gull Island, L. I. Aug. 6-16, 1888. (common). Dutcher, Auk, 6: 125 Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. wv, rare. Truman R. Taylor Buffalo, N. Y. (2). (Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. Collection and R. H. Reed collection), James H. Savage Shinnecock bay, L. I. Oct. 9, 1885. (Carter). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Amityville, L. 1. 1885. : . Montauk, L.I. Sept. 18, 1888. (Scott). # Little Gull Island, L. I. Sept. 18, 1888. (50). (Field).“ G 10106) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Little Gull Island, L. I. Sept. 20, 1888. (15). (Field). Dutcher Long Island Notes . Oct rook. - a « Montauk, L. I. Oct. 30, 1889. (Scott). : & Rockaway Inlet, L. I. Aug.2, 1891. (7). (Marshall). “ c w Aug. 8, 1891. (2) te a & Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus) Parasitic Faeger Plate 4 Larus Deeas siticus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1:136 Lestris richardsonii DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p.215, fig. 293 Siemconra rai ws! plamasib uc seAn OnUAChecks Viste Hdiens i Socn Noms parasit’icus, Lat., parasitic Description. Very similar in color to the Pomarine jaeger, perhaps a more slaty or brownish tinge on the upper parts in the adult. The differ- ent stages of plumage like that species; in size, however, decidedly smaller: the central tail feathers straight and pointed, projecting from 3 to 4 inches. The young are similar to those of the next species and must be distinguished by their relative dimensions, especially the structure of the bill; and the color of the shafts of the pramartes which are white with no abrupt change to brownish. The color is also more ae or rusty, and the size larger than in the young of longicaudus Length 17-20 inches; Ww ing 12.8-13.75; tail 5-6, with central feathers projecting 3 or 4 inches farther; bill exposed L241 3) | CAGSUS il OOS tibia, bare .5; middle toe and law 1.62-1.8. Young much less, the central tail feathers projecting .75 to 2.5 inches, according to age; wing 12.4-12.8; exposed culmen 1.22. The Parasitic jaeger is a fairly common or at least a regular transient visitant on the coast of this State, appearing from the 15th of June to November 15th. Other names for it are Richardson jaeger, Arctic hawk gull, Black-toed gull, Boatswain, Marling-spike, Teaser. Five specimens from the interior of the State were all young birds of the year, and at least two of them seemed to be in a very exhausted con- dition as they would not take wing when approached. The Monroe county bird was found on the shore of the lake, the Herkimer county bird on the water. Migration records are as follows: Rockaway, L. I. June 1873. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 Gardiners Island. L. I. Aug. 1884. (Lucas & Buck). Dutcher ‘e) Shinnecock bay, L. I. Oct. 9, 1885. 92 Dutcher BIRDS OF NEW YORK 7) Joc’s lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. Aug. 27, 1886. Juvenal. Ralph & Bagg, p. 104 Niagara river, N. Y. Sept. 1887. Juvenal. Harry Lansing Little Gull Island, L. I. Aug. 6-16, 1888. (common). Dutcher, Auk, 6: 125 . Sept. 18, 1888. (50). (Field). : Sept. 20, 1888. (15). ‘: : e Aug. 24, 1889. (2). = < Canoe lake, L. I. Aug. 25, 1890. i South Oyster Bay, L. I. Sept. 10, 1891. <. ~ Rockaway, L. I. July 29, 1893. (3). o Montauk, L. I. Nov. 15, 1894. i Buffalo, N. Y. Oct. 2, 1895. James Savage Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. Nov. to, 1897. George Guelph Buffalo, N. Y. About Oct. 25, 1907. (Grieb). James Savage Long Island, N. Y. “Apr. 30 (Rockaway); Aug. 6—Nov. 9 (Amityville).”” Braislin, p. 35 Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot ong-tatled Faeger Long-tailed Faeger Plate 4 Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot. Nouveau Dictionnaire. 1819. 30: 157 Dees tins) bawitioma ((@) Dekay) Zooly No Y. 1844. pte p: 34) fis. 2ou Sbercoranius longicawdus A. ©: U. Check List. Ed. 2. xreos. No. 38 St long d A.O. U. Check List. Ed 895. No. 38 lon’ gicau’dus, Lat., longus, long, and cauda, tail Description. Colors and color phases practically the same as in Parasitic and Pomarine jaegers, but the dark phase is apparently of rare occurrence. The tarsus leaden blue, tibiae and feet black. The shajts of the first 2 or 3 primaries white, the others brownish, an abrupt change from white to brown at the third primary. Length 17—23 inches; wing 11.75—-12.5; tail 14-16, the central feathers projecting 8-10 inches in the adult; bill 1.1-1.3; tarsus 1.5-1.8; tibia bare .75; middle toe and claw 1.4-1.65. Young smaller, the central tail feathers projecting only a short distance, making the total length much less than recorded for the adult, wing 9.5-11.25. Distinctive marks. Adult birds of this species are easily recognized by the excessive elongation of the central pair of tail feathers, the shorter and weaker bill and lighter bulk of body. The young are also smaller than those of the Parasitic jaeger and the mottling and marbling is of a prevailing leaden grayish; the tarsus is relatively longer than in parasit- icus, being longer than the middle toe and its claw, while the reverse 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is the case in parasiticus; the unguis is longer than the cere or saddle: and there is an abrupt change at the third primary from white to brownish shafts as in the adult. The Long-tailed, Arctic, or Buffon jaeger is apparently very rare in this State. Mr Dutcher has no record of specimens in his Long Island Notes. Mr Helme savs it occurs as a rare visitant, but mentions no speci- mens. The same is true of the notes of the late L. S. Foster of New York and David Bruce of Brockport. Mr Chapman states that it is sometimes eed ie = SS SSeS v — ee Longicaudus = a Long-tailed jaeger. (Note the abrupt change at the third primary in the color of the shafts.) a a eee Parasiticus Bills of jaegers4 nat. size Parasitic yaeger. (Note the gradual change in the whiteness of the primary shafts.) not uncommon off our coast. The only definite record for this State is an immature bird in the plumage of the first fall taken on Long Island and now in the Lawrence Collection [Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., no. 46094]. The jaegers of Giraud and DeKay are very difficult to make out. The Lestris parasiticus of Giraud, a description of which he copies from Fauna Borealt Americana, is evidently the Long-tailed jaeger which is now known aslongicaudus, but the specimen from South Oyster Bay [Birds of L. I. p. 365], which he ascribes to this species is undoubtedly the light phase of a Parasitic and not a Long-tailed jaeger, since he states BIRDS OF NEW YORK I1Q that the tail feathers are about three inches shorter than the dimensions given by Swainson and Richardson. There seems no doubt also that the specimens from Gowanus bay [Birds of L. I. p. 365] may be the young of the Parasitic jaeger. The specimen to which he refers as Lestris richardsoni [p. 367] isa Parasitic jaeger in the dark phase; thus it appears that none of Giraud’s specimens can be referred with certainty to the species longicaudus, although he himself refers two to that species. DeKay’s Lestris richardsoni is undoubtedly a Parasitic jaeger. His L. buffoni is probably the same species, although it may be the intermediate phase of longicaudus. Family LARIDAE Gulls and Terns Gulls and terns are distinguished by the structure of their bills, which are more or less epignathous and somewhat compressed, with a protuberant gonys, but lacking the horny saddle of the jaegers. The nostrils are linear or oblong, placed toward the middle or in the basal half of the bill, and are open transversely. Among the gulls, especially the larger species, the bill is stout, and hooked near the end, and the short symphy sis of the branches of the lower mandible makes a prominent gonys, or angle of the jaw. There is a continuous graduation in the size and shape of the bill from the heavy hooked beak of the Great black-backed gull, to the slender, nearly straight bill of Bonaparte and Sabine gulls; and among the terns from the ponderous beak of the Caspian tern and the gull-like beak of Gelochelidon to the slim and delicate bill of the Black tern. The tail is nearly square in most gulls; in terns and some gulls it is forked. The legs are short, especially in terns, the tabiae being bare for a short dis- tance. The legs are placed near the center of the body, so that they stand and walk with ease, carrying the body in a nearly horizontal posi- tion. The plumage is long and dense on the breast so that they rest lightly on the water, “swimming high” in comparison to divers or even ducks. Gulls and terns are very uniform in coloration, being mostly white with a darker mantle over the back and wing coverts, which ranges from slaty black in marinus to pale pearl-gray in hyper bonrews, but is pure white in the Ivory gull. They have dusky or black markings, of greater or less extent, on the primaries, excepting in hyperboreus, leucopterus etc., where they are nearly pure white. A great point is made of these markings in the determination of species [see pl. 5, 6]. The molt occurs twice a year so that there is a slight difference between the summer and winter plumages. Immature birds 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are darker colored and marked with brownisheven in Pagophila alba requiring two or three years to reach mature plumage. The sexes are alike in color, but the males are slightly larger. In the breeding season the bill, mouth, eyelids and feet, one or more, are ornamented with brilliant shades of red or yellow; several species have a delicate salmon-pink suffusion of the breast plumage; the terns have a black cap, and a group of smaller gulls a black hood. Most gulls and terns are maritime birds, rarely traveling inland except on the larger streams and lakes. They are almost constantly on the wing searching for the fish, other marine animals and refuse, which constitute their food. The voice is harsh and shrill in the smaller species, but hoarse in the larger ones, inseparably associated with lapping waves or pounding surf, while their graceful forms following the ship are usually the first indication to the voyager that he is approaching land, though it be hundreds of miles away. Gulls and terns nest in colonies on rocks, or sandy beach, or the drift of inland lakes, or sometimes even in trees. The eggs are two to three in number, rarely four, of some olive, greenish, or buffy shade, spotted with brown or black. The young stay in the nest and are fed by their parents, i.e. they are nidicolous and altricial, but they are covered with down and some species which nest on the beach often move about when a few days old, thus showing an approach to the praecocial type. Pagophila alba (Gunnerus) Ivory Gull Plate 6 Larus albus Gunnerus. Leem’s Beskr. Finm. Lapp. 1767. p. 285 Gawie Alliges Ae Os We Cloeele igs, 136k 25 TEOG, IN@s 36 pagoph’ila, Gr. wéyos, ice, pAos, loving; al/ba, Lat., white Description. Adult: Pure white, shafts of the primaries yellow; bill yellowish; feet black; iris brown; eyelids red. Young: Upper parts, tips of the wings and tail feathers w ith’ dusky spots. Length 15-19.5 inches; average 17; extent 41; wing 13.25; tail 5.5; culmen 1.4; gape 2.1 - depth of bill at nostril .45; tarsus 1.45; middle toe and claw 1.75. This is an arctic species, very rarely entering the United States. The only specimen from New York is recorded by Dutcher in the Auk, volume 12, page 290. Itwas shot on Great South bay, near Sayville, L.1., by John Goldswerth, January 5, 1893. Mr Helme writes that he once saw a single bird of this species flying about Mt Sinai Harbor, Suffolk county, N. Y. BIRDS OF NEW YORK I21 Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) Kuttiwake Plate 6 Larus tridactylus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.ro. 1758. 1:136 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 313 Rissa tridactyla A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 4o ris’sa, Icelandic name; tridac’tyla, Gr. rpidaxtvdos, three-toed Description. Head, neck, tail and under parts white; back and wings pearl-gray or dark bluish; outer web of the first primary and tip of wing to length of three inches black, the division being squarely across the end oj the wing; primaries after the first tipped with white ; bill yellow; jeet black; iris reddish brown; eyelids red; hind toe a mere knob without any nail. Jn winter: Small black crescent in front of the eve; back of head and neck, and the sides of the breast tinged with bluish gray, changing to blackish in the ear region. Young: Crescent in front of eye, ear spot, back of neck, part of the wing coverts, band at tip of tail, except outer feathers black; more black on the primaries than in the adult; bill dusky. Length 16-17.7 inches; wing 12.25; tail 4.5; bill 1.3-1.5; tarsus 1.3; middle toe and claw 1.8. In winter and immature plumage the Kittiwake bears superficial resemblance to the Bonaparte gull, but by referring to the description given above, and plate 6, the distinction is easily manifest. Furthermore the absence of the hind toe in the present species is an easy mark of identi- fication when the bird is in hand. Giraud, DeKay and Lawrence mentioned the Kittiwake as occurring on the shores of Long Island. J. H. Batty in Forest and Stream, volume 7, page 164, treats of it as a winter visitant on our coast. Mr Dutcher calls it a common migrant in late fall, and an uncommon winter resident, occurring some distance off shore, his dates ranging from November 13 to March 17. It is apparently rare on the inland waters of the State. William Hopkins has reported a specimen taken at Auburn, N. Y., January 4, 1854 [see Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 1856, 5:13]. One from Seneca lake is recorded in the Auburn list; one from Oak Orchard, Orleans county, April 10, 1881, by David Bruce; one from Constantia, Oswego county, November 9, 1890, I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM by Bagg, Auk, volume 11, page 162. Mr Truman R. Taylor has noticed it as an irregular migrant in Monroe county. The Kittiwake is holarctic in range, breeding from the Gulf of St Lawrence to 80° north latitude. Its name is derived from the call notes which resemble the syllables kitt/-aa, kitti-aa. It is more pelagic in haunts than any of our other species. Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus (Larus glaucus on plate) Glaucous Gull Plate 5 Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper. 1767. p. 22 (note) Larus glaucus A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 42 larus, Gr. Ades Lat. lar’us, gull; hyperbo'reus, Lat. northern Description. Adult in summer: Whute, the mantle very pale pearl-bluc; primaries all white, or extremely pale pearl-gray, fading to white at the tips; bill chrome yellow with a vermilion spot at the angle; feet pale flesh color, or yellowish; iris yellow; eyelid vermilion; mouth flesh-color. In winter: Head and neck slightly varied with brownish. Second winter: Pure white, sometimes with trace of the brown bars and mottlings character- istic of the first winter, sometimes with a trace of the adult plumage; bill flesh-colored with dusky tip. First winter: Dingy white, profusely marked with pale buffy brown or drab gray, the markings being coarse bars and mottlings on the back and wing coverts, obscure streaks on the head and neck, obscure bars and fine mottlings on the wings and tail; under parts nearly uniform pale brownish or drab gray; legs and bill flesh color, the latter tipped with black; iris brown; the primaries “‘ecru drab” varying to dull white. The plumage gradually fades during the winter, becoming very light toward spring. Length 26-32 inches; extent 60; wing 16.7—18.75; tail 7.4—8.5; bill 2.3-3; gape 3.75; depth ‘of bill at angle .8-1; tarsus 2.4—-3.25; middle toe and claw .65-3. Immature birds have the smaller Gamencicad The white phase of this gull is Larus hutchinsii of earlier writers and probably the L. arcticus also. According to Dr Dwight [Auk 23: 30-34] birds of the third winter sometimes show the plumage which is most characteristic of the second year, and sometimes birds of the second winter possess the mantle and white body feathers of the adult. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 123 The Glaucous gull, Burgomaster, or Ice gull is an uncommon but regular winter visitant to the shores of this State. It is an Arctic species famous for its raucous voice and gluttonous appetite. Several have been captured on the lower Hudson river and on Long Island, [see Chapman, Birds of New York and Vicinity, p. 16]. Recent records are as follows: Washington co., N. Y. Winter 1868. (White phase). Elliot, Birds of N. A., pl. 12 Long Island sound, N. Y. Mar. 1879. L. 1. Hist. Soc. Col. Long Island, N. Y. Mar. 4, 1880. (White phase). Found in Fulton Market, Mearns, Ns ©; (G, Whetlos GS sexo) Bangor, Franklin co., N. Y. About 1880. Merriam, N. O. C. Bul., 7: 257 South Oyster Bay, L. I. Mar. 11, 1884. Dutcher, Auk, 2: 37 Springs, L.I. Gardiners Bay. Mar.19, 1887. (25 seen). (Parsons). Dutcher, Notes New York, N. Y. Jan. 19, 1889. wv,oc. L. 8S. Foster Sag Harbor, L. I. Dec. 11, 1890, 2; Feb. 8, 1890. Dutcher Collection Far Rockaway, L. I. Jan. 11, 1891. 2. Immature. Howell, O. and O., 16: 61. Lin. Soc. N. Y. Proc. 1891. p.5; Braislin, p. 36 Far Rockaway, L.I. “‘Jan.1,1891.’’ (Howell). Dutcher, Notes Miller’s Place, L. 1. wv, 1893. (Helme). Dutcher, Notes Buffalo, N. Y. Jan. 29, 1895; Feb. 13, 1898. Savage, Auk, 12: 312 “ake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. Feb. 22, 1899. Truman R. Taylor Rockaway, L. 1. Jan. 2, rg01; Jan. 13, 1901; Mar. 13, 1904; May 1, 1904. (Peavey) Braislin. Lin: Soc. N. Ye Procs, 1907. p-. 36 “Larus hutchensii” New York and vicinity. Lawrence list Larus leucopterus Faber Iceland Gull Larus leucopterus Faber. Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822 ACs @ a Win Checlkewist=. idan2 leucop’terus, Gr. Aevkés, white, and wrepdv, wing Description. Colors and sequence of plumages as in the Glaucous gull, but in immature birds the shafts of the primaries are more often white or brownish instead of yellowish as in hyperboreus. Also the mot- tling of the first winter plumage, according to Dr Dwight, is sometimes more blackish in the present species. Length 24-26 inches; wing 14.75-16.5; tail 6-6.7; bill 1.6—-1.9; depth of bill .62-.7; tarsus 2.1-2.5; middle toe and claw 2.1—2.35. The Iceland or White-winged gull, like its larger counterpart the Glaucous gull, is an holarctic species, and straggles southward in winter to 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the Great Lakes and the shores of Long Island. The specimens taken in this State are almost always immature birds and are most often seen in winter or early spring. Audubon mentions this species as occurring as far south as the Bay of New York, but neither Giraud, DeKay, nor Lawrence mentions it as a New York species. Dr Merriam, in April 1878, saw two of these gulls over a pond in the Adirondack region, as recorded in Bulletin of Nuttall Ornithological Club, volume 6, page 235, and in Auk, volume 1, pages 241-42. Other records are as follows: Peterboro, Madison co., N. Y. Feb. 1, 1884. Juvenal. Lawrence, Auk, 1: 240. Green-Smith Col. Miller’s Place, L.I. Winter of 1893; Nov. 30,1888. A.H.Helme Lansingburg, N.Y. Noy. 21,1888. 2 Juvenal. State Museum. No. 41 Rye, N. Y. Mar. 3, 1894. Porter, Auk, 12: 76 Cayuga lake, N. Y. Mar. 17, 1897. (In white plumage). L. A. Fuertes Oswego, N. Y. wv,oc. D. D. Stone ss Dec. 28, 1899. Fairly common. Gerrit S. Miller Rockaway Beach, L. I. Feb. 6, 1898. (Peavey). Braislin, p. 36 Lake Ontario, near Brockport, N.Y. Sept.10, 1899. oo’ Juvenal. David Bruce The last specimen taken in the State, as far as I can ascertain, is an immature female collected by the author at Rochester, N. Y., April 14, 1904. It was associated with a large flock of Ring-billed gulls and a few immature Herring gulls on the wide waters of the canal and as soon as seen was recognized by the peculiar chalky whiteness of its plumage, and especially the whiteness of its wings when flying; for, although it was in the faded plumage of the first winter, it appeared wholly white when seen at a distance. Although its companions were very noisy, no sound was heard from the Iceland gull during the three days while it was under observation. Larus kumlieni Brewster Kumlien Gull Larus kumlieni Brewster. N.O.C. Bul. 1883. 8: 216 A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 45 kumlient, in honor of Ludwig Kumlien Description. Colors practically the same as hyperboreus and leucopterus, excepting the primaries, which have subterminal bars BIRDS OF NEW YORK 125 and shadings of slaty or brownish. Immature birds are darker colored than the Iceland gull, the flight feathers being brownish gray, darker on the outer webs; tail almost solidly drab gray, the base and outer feathers sprinkled with dingy white; the barring and mottling is coarser and darker than in leucopterus [see Dwight, Auk, 23:36—41]. This species, first described by Mr Brewster in 1883, is little known as yet, but is apparently a rare winter visitant on the waters of this State. The first specimen from New York was shot at Green Island, on the Mohawk river, January 27, 1884, by Edward Root, and is now in the State Museum, Park Collection. Mr Park’s notes made from the fresh specimen may be of interest: ‘“Length 23 inches; extent 51.75; wing 15.75; tail 7; tarsus 2.2; middle toe and claw 2.25; bill 1.6; bill of a general light watery yellow, palest and with a greenish shade at base, with a small vermilion spot on lower mandible about at angle in a cloud of dusky. Upper mandible on top chrome yellow at angle with a line of red along ridge toward the point; iris mottled grayish brown; tarsus and toes flesh color, claws nearly black. Weight 21 ounces. Poor in flesh, stomach contained a few grains of gravel. Ovaries show that it had been through at least one breeding season.” This bird was identified by Mr Brewster. Its head and neck are streaked and suffused with grayish and the breast is slightly soiled with grayish. Thus it is evidently a nearly mature specimen, being a bird of the second or third winter. A second record for New York is given by Braislin, Avwk, 16: 190; it is an immature male which was shot by John Tiernan, 5 miles off Rockaway Beach, L. I., on March 8, 1898. An immature female from Stamford, Conn., February 16, 1894, is reported by Porter [Auk, 12: 76; also Dwight, Auk, 23: 37]. Larus marinus Linnaeus Great Black-backed Gull Plate 5 Larus marinus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.ro. 1758. 1:136 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 308, fig. 283 A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 47 marinus, Lat., Marine Description. Large: Mantle slaty black with purplish reflections ; primaries slaty, or blackish tipped with white ; secondaries broadly tipped 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with white; head, neck, tail and under parts pure white; bill bright chrome yellow, with a large vermilion spot; iris lemon-yellow; eyelids and mouth vermilion; legs and feet pale flesh color. Jimmature: “Upper parts dusky chocolate-brown, mottled with whitish and light rufous, the latter on back and wings, the feathers being tipped and wing coverts deeply indented with this color; primaries and tail brownish black, the former tipped, the latter subterminally barred, and its outer feathers mottled, with whitish.” [Coues]. Under parts varied with whitish and dusky, lightest on the throat; bill black. The specimen figured by Mr Fuertes, plate 5, is evidently in the faded-out plumage of the first winter, being much lighter than the average fall specimen of the first year. Distinctive marks. Mature birds of this species can always be recog- nized even at a great distance by their large size and black mantle. Immaz- ture birds differ from the Glaucous gull, our only species which compares with them in size, by their dark primaries and the generally darker coloration of the upper parts. The Great black-backed gull, Saddle-back, or Coffin-carrier is less arctic in distribution than the three species just described, breeding as far south as the Bay of Fundy. It is consequently more often seen with us, occurring as a common winter visitant on the shores of Long Island, Mr Dutcher’s dates ranging from September 22 to March 17, and a regular but uncommon winter visitant on the Great Lakes [see Savage, Auk, 12:312, and Davison, Birds of Niagara County]. It is also occasionally taken in the interior of the State, as at Brockport [see Short, p. 5]; and Branchport, April 18, 1898 [see Stone, Auk, 16:284]; and at Booneville, February 1903 [see Johnson, Auk, 20:303]. Correspondents also report it from the shore of Lake Ontario in the counties of Orleans, Monroe and Oswego; also from Cay- uga and Seneca lakes. The Black-back is chiefly a maritime species. It is very noisy in its breeding haunts, which are confined to the shores of the north Atlantic. All observers agree that it is one of the wariest birds at all times of year. BIRDS OF NEW YORK I27 Larus argentatus Pontoppidan Herring Gull Plate 5 Larus argentatus Pontoppidan. Danske Atlas. 1763. 1: 622 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 306, fig. 270, 284, 286 Larus argentatus smithsonianus A.O.U.Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 51a, argenta’tus, Lat., silvery Description. Adult in summer: Head, neck, tail, and under parts pure white ; mantle “gull-blue”’ about the same shade of pearlblue as in del- awearemsis, butvdarkerthanimbyperboreus, lencoptie gus and kumlien1i, primaries like the back at base extending successively farther along the center of the feathers and growing nearly white, then comes a black portion varying from a length ‘of 5 inches on the first primary to a mere spot on the seventh: all the primaries also have rounded white tips, and the first a subapical rounded white spot about 1 inch in diameter, which becomes elongated in older birds and sometimes coalesces with the white tip, making a termt- nal white portion 2 inchesin length; thesecond primary hasa subterminal white spot, such as younger birds possess on the first primary; bill bright chrome with a vermilion spot at the angle; legs and feet pale flesh color. Jn winter: Head and neck streaked with dusky; bill duller. Nearly mature: Upper parts margined or mottled with grayish; tail with an indefinite subterminal dusky band. Furst winter: More or less edged and mottled with dusky; wing and tail feathers brownish black; often on upper parts patches of pearl- blue; bill flesh color tipped with black. Fuvenal plumage: ‘Above grayish brown with whitish and buffy edgings; below plumbeous with inconspicuous whitish mottling, the head and neck paler and tending to streaking. The primaries are uniformly brownish black. The rectrices are similar but basally, and the outer one slightly, mottled with grayish white. The bill is plumbeous and the feet flesh-colored. Natal down: Grayish above with obscure mottling on the back and black spots on the head and throat, paler below.” [Dwight, Auk, 18:58] Length 22.526 inches; average 24; extent 54-58; wing 16.5—-18; tail 7.5; bill 1.95—-2.5; depth of bill at angle .7—-.85; tarsus 2.3—-2.8; middle toe and claw 2.3. Field marks. The amateur can scarcely mistake this bird for any of our other gulls, except the Ring-billed species. The young Iceland and Kumlien gulls are practically of the same size, but the plumage of the present species is much darker, especially on the wings and tail, than in 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM either of those birds, although a faded out Herring gull of the first winter might be mistaken for the juvenal plumage of the Kumlien gull. Students should be very wary of trying to recognize at a distance any of ourrarer gulls in their immature plumage. This can be done with certainty only when the bird is in the hand, or in very exceptional circumstances. The Ring- billed gull is considerably smaller than the Herring gull, but at a distance it is difficult to distinguish from the present species. The surest way to recognize the species is to get near enough to judge its size accurately, and, if the bird is immature, the broad, subterminal black band on the tail of the Ring-billed gull is distinctive, and in mature birds the black ring on the bill. Distribution. This is the commonest and most generally distributed gull in the State, in fact this is true of the holarctic realm in general, the American and the palearctic bird now being considered identical. It is abundant along the coast of New York in winter and a few are often seen in summer. It is almost as common on the Great Lakes and rivers as on the seacoast, but occurs more as a transient visitant in the interior, especially on small bodies of water. It still breeds in the Adirondack region, more particularly in the western and southwestern portions, in the counties of Franklin, Herkimer and Hamilton. Mr L. L. Merriam reports it as common and breeding in 1907, on Raven lake and North pond. I failed to find it breeding in Essex county during the summer of 1905, but it probably was breeding in the southern part of the county, as birds made daily trips to Elk lake where they had nested in preceding years, but their nests have been broken up, or their young killed by thoughtless tourists until they have deserted the islands in that lake which they formerly occupied. I regret to say that this is also the case in many parts of the Adirondacks, notwithstanding the law which has been passed for the pro- tection of these birds. It is said that they formerly bred on the islands near the north and northeast shore of Lake Ontario, but no evidence has been found that they do so at present. In rg02 a small sailing boat landed on one of the barren islands and found only dead birds around the nests. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 129 Migration. The Herring gulls which remain all winter on the lakes and open rivers of the State are joined in March or early April, when the ice goes out, by large numbers which have spent the winter farther south. They continue common on the lakes till late in May. During June and July few, if any, are seen in the interior of the State except a small number which are summer residents of the Adirondacks. In early August this gull begins to appear again on our inland waters and continues to increase in numbers until the first of November when the majority gradually depart for the south. On the lower Hudson, Dr Fisher gives its average time of arrival as September 21st, and its departure for the north, May 9th. On Long Island, it comes from the north in September and departs in May. Haunts and habits. The Herring, or Winter gull, is the species usually seen coursing along the shore, or lying in long “‘beds”’ on the sand bars or on the water some distance offshore, both on the inland lakes and the seacoast. They are continually circling about the harbors or following garbage scows in flocks of thousands. They also follow coastwise vessels to feed on refuse cast overboard by the cooks, and when the coveted morsels are thrown in the sea, the few birds which are near the ship are joined in an incredibly short time by dozens and sometimes hundreds of birds, when the air above the floating crackers and bacon scraps becomes a confused tangle of scream- ing gulls, until the last vestige is devoured. It is quite impossible to deceive these birds by throwing bits of wood or cigar stubs from the boat; although I have seen it tried many times, no birds appeared to take the slightest notice, but as soon as a piece of cracker was thrown, there was immediately an eager scrimmage. I have often sat on deck and watched the soaring gulls above the masthead with scarcely any motion of their wings, moving against a 10 mile breeze and maintaining the same position with reference to the ship as she plowed along at the rate of 12 milesan hour. The Herring gull becomes quite tame and friendly in cities and parks where it is pro- tected, but on the lake shore and sound where gunners often molest it, it becomes very wary, and I have had great difficulty in securing specimens in different plumages. On its breeding grounds, the scream of this bird, 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM according to Audubon and Nuttall, is a barking akak kakak. Every one must be familiar with the Sea-gull’s scream, but it is difficult to describe in syllables. Its food, like that of gulls in general, consists of small fry, dead fish, and any floating refuse which it can pick up. It is sometimes found feeding on carrion at a considerable distance from water. When securing live fish, it plunges its head and neck under water, either when dropping from the air, or resting on the shore, but it never seems to dive like a Kingfisher or Fish-hawk. I have seen it standing on a sandy beach, in shallow water, devouring the small fishes which were swimming about it, till it had swallowed upward of 50, as was proved by killing and dissect- ing the bird. It is probable that the fish destroyed by this bird are mostly small fry which have no value except as food for other fish, and I am inclined to believe that its principal food consists of dead, or disabled fish, or of refuse which would pollute the water and shore. Hence, it can be regarded as a beneficial species, especially when we consider its esthetic importance. The lake or seashore without its graceful gulls and terns would lose much of its charm. Nest and eggs. The Herring gull places its nest on the ground or a shelf of rock, and occasionally in a scrubby bush or tree. It prefers to nest on islands, probably to escape the attacks of marauding animals. The nest is composed of grasses, moss, and seaweed; and contains two or three eggs, varying in color from greenish or bluish white to brownish olive, with irregular spots, blotches and lines of brown and blackish. In the Adiron- dacks the eggs are laid from the rst to the 30th of May. Larus delawarensis Ord Ring-billed Gull Plate 5 Larus delawarensis Ord. Guthrie’s Geography, Am. Ed. 2. 1815. p. iva aiubss ZO mlonahh yanic hits Delay ZOOlpN YeumnlOA4 ED Une ED EEaOS 2 Viarus) dielliaw a riemsis ALO, Ua Check Lista Edi 25 18055 sNors delawareén’sis, of Delaware Description. Adult in summer: Head, neck, tail and under parts pure white; mantle light pearl-blue; primaries tipped with white, except BIRDS OF NEW YORK I31 the first, the first with a white spot near the end, the second with a small white spot on the inner web, the first black for nearly its whole length, the second to the sixth black for a shorter distance, becoming less and less, until the sixth, where it is only a narrow bar; bill gr eenish » yellow with a band of black around it at the angle; iris pale yellow: eyelids orange-red; feet greenish yellow. In winter: Back of head and neck spotted with dusky. First winter plumage: Irregularly mottled with dusky brown and white, the back showing patches of pearl-blue; primaries black; tail mostly white with a broad band of black near the end; bill tipped with black, sometimes with a yellowish spot at the end. Fuvenal plumage: Heavily mottled with brownish black, the feathers of the upper parts mar eined with buffy white; basal third Of bill flesh-color, the rest black. “Length 18-20 inches; extent 49; wing 13.5-14.75; tail 6; bill 1.55—1.75; gape 2.3; depth of bill at angle .5—.65; tarsus r. g—-2.45; middle toe 1.8. The smaller dimensions refer to ‘the females and young. Distinctive marks. This bird can scarcely be mistaken for any other of our gulls, except the Herring gull, but I am inclined to think this often occurs, as comparatively few reports of this species have been received from amateur observers throughout the State. This bird is 5 inches shorter than the Herring gull. The old birds also may be distinguished by the black ring on the bill, the greenish yellow legs, and the biack tip of the first primary; and young birds by the size, and the broad band on the tail. Distribution. This is a species of the boreal and arctic zones, breeding mostly in the interior of British America. According to Giraud and Dutcher it is a common winter visitant on the shores of Long Island. Dr Braislin calls it a regular transient visitant, rare in winter and summer. It is given as an occasional winter visitant in the Hudson Highlands, by Mearns; at Ossining, by Fisher; and in western New York, by Short. The Auburn List gives it as a rare visitant. It has been recorded from Cayuga, Erie, Essex, Monroe, Niagara, Oneida, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, Onondaga. Seneca, Schuyler, Tioga, Westchester and Yates counties, but in nearly every instance was called a rare transient visitant. On Canandaigua and Seneca lakes I have found it decidedly less common than the Herring and Bonaparte gulls, but on Lake Ontario and the Erie canal it is sometimes fairly abundant as a spring migrant. The record of its nesting at Axton in 132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the northern Adirondacks found in the Auk, volume 19, page 299, should probably be referred to the Herring gull. Migration. On Long Island Dr Braislin’s dates in the fall are Septem- ber 5 to November 12, in spring from March 27 to May 15; Mr Dutcher’s dates range from August 27 to April 10. At Rochester it arrives from the south in considerable numbers from the 25th of March to the 5th of April, and is commonest about the middle of April, departing for the north about the roth of May. In the fall it seems to be less common, occurring during October and early November. With us the habits and food of this species do not differ materially from those of the Herring gull, but in the interior of America it is said to live principally on grasshoppers and other insects which it captures both in the air and on the ground. In the vicinity of Rochester, N. Y., it fre- quents the “‘wide waters’ of the Erie canal before the water is admitted in the spring, to feed on the refuse and dead fish, and sometimes gathers in great numbers on the fields where garbage is scattered, late in March and early in April. Larus atricilla Linnaeus Laughing Gull Plate 6 Larus atricilla Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 136 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 310, fig. 289, 290, 296 A. ©. U. Check list. Ed.2. 21895: No. 58 atricil’la, Lat. black-tail; only applicable to the young (Coues) Description. Adult in summer: Head and throat slaty black; mantle dark slate color; first six primaries black, usually with white tips, their bases like the mantle for an increasing distance from the first to the inner- most; neck, rump, tail, tips of the secondaries, and under parts white, the breast and belly with a rosy tinge; bill deep carmine red with dusky tip; feet dusky red; iris blackish; eyelids carmine; mouth deep red. In winter: Head white mixed with blackish; bill and feet more dusky; under parts pure white. Jimmature; The mantle mixed with patches of grayish brown; primaries brownish black, lighter toward the tips; outer webs of secondaries brownish black; tail plumbeous gray with a broad band of black at the tip; upper tail coverts and under parts white, sometimes washed BIRDS OF NEW YORK 133 with dusky white. Fuvenal plumage: Upper parts light brownish gray, the feathers tipped with grayish white; a dusky space about the eye; forehead and under parts dull white, clouded with gray, especially on the breast; primaries black; tail dark bluish gray, with broad black subterminal band; bill and feet mostly brownish black. Length 15-17 inches; extent 41; wing 12.5-13; tail 5; bill 1.65—-1.75; gape 2.3; depth of bill at nostril .45; tarsus 2; middle toe and claw 1.5. Distinctive marks. The dark mantle and primaries of the Laughing gull will distinguish it from our other Black-headed gulls in the mature plumage. Young birds may be recognized by the wholly brownish black primaries, and the generally darker upper parts than in our other small gulls. Distribution. The Laughing, or Black-headed gull is an inhabitant of the tropical and austral regions of America. In this State it is practically confined to the seacoast, where it was a common summer resident in Giraud’s day but now is rare, nesting only on the salt marshes of Great South bay. It is reported as an accidental summer visitant in the Hudson Highlands by Mearns; and near Buffalo by Bergtold. The northernmost colonies known are on the coast of Maine and Massachusetts. It occurs with us now chiefly as an uncommon transient visitant on Long Island first appearing in April, and passing south in September. Evidently the number of breeding colonies on the Atlantic coast has rapidly decreased during the last 30 years, but the protection by the Audubon Societies will probably save them from extermination. In Mr Dutcher’s Long Island Notes the last records of its breeding are: South Oyster Bay, May 24, 1884; Amityville, June 11, 1887, ro pairs; Cedar Island, May 19, 1888. Haunts and habits. This gull inhabits the bays, islands and marshes of the seacoast, making its nest on the ground among the grasses. The eggs are from two to five in number, usually three, varying in color from a dull grayish white to a dark greenish or olive-brown, thickly spotted and splashed with brown, black, reddish and dull lilac, 2.12 by 1.55 inches in size. Dr ‘ Coues writes, “its cachinnations in the breeding season are not more vocif- erous than those of other species under similar circumstances.’’ Langille [34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM describes its call as “a long-drawn, clear note on a high key, sounding not unlike the more excited call note of the domestic goose; and every now and then it would give its prolonged weird laughter, which has given rise to its common name. To one who has heard it, it might be imitated by the syllables hah-ha-ha-ha-ha, hah-hah-hah-hah-hah, all of which are uttered on a high, clear tone, the last three or four syllables, and especially the last one, being drawn out with peculiar and prolonged effect.” Larus philadelphia (Ord) Bonaparte Gull Plate 6 Sterna philadelphia Ord. Guthrie's Geography, Am. Ed. 2. 1815. 2 YEetS INoOmA eww IDO, Aoyoil, IN, Wa UE, join, 0, Bw, mls, D7, Oiss) rar ws! pyalfaidvellip bias A OsUn Checkabistas sh dias r3o5sas NoOmo philadel’phia, the city of Philadelphia, Pa. Sue) Description. Head and throat blackish slate-color; neck, under parts and tail pure white; breast and belly with rosy tinge; white patch on the under and upper eyelid; back and wings light pearl-gray; primaries mostly white with black tips, the outer webs of the first and second mar gined with black; bill black; feet orange-red; iris dark brown; eyelids and mouth car- mine. Jn winter: Head and throat white, washed on the back of the head with grayish; no rosy tinge below; feet flesh- color; dusky spot in front of eye and below the ear. * First winter plumage: Similar to the adult in winter, but the ear spot more distinct; scapulars, wing coverts and second- aries “Tartiedl with dusky brown; tail with a subterminal blackish bar; bill dusky flesh-color tipped with black; feet pale flesh-color. Length 12-15 inches; extent 32-34; wing 10-1015; tail 4; bill 1172; gape 1.75; depth of bill at nostril .25; tarsus 1.4; z:1ddle toe and claw 1.4. i Distinctive marks. In plate 6 the distinctive wing pattern and head colors of this species, both in the mature and immature specimens, are clearly shown. An immature Kittiwake is sometimes mistaken for this species, but the former may be recognized by its dark feet with no hind toe, the dusky band across the back of its head and its different wing pattern. The young Laughing gull is much darker on the wing tips and upper parts, is larger, and has a much larger bill and legs. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 35 Distribution. Next to the Herring gull this is the best known and most generally distributed gull in the State, especially in the interior. It occurs as a transient visitant in considerable numbers on our inland lakes, as well as the seacoast, and a few are occasionally seen in winter on Long Island and the Great Lakes. It is purely an American species and breeds in high latitudes. Migration. On Long Island it arrives from the north in October or early November and returns to the north in April, Mr Dutcher’s latest date being May 4, and Dr Braislin’s, May 11. On Lake Ontario and other inland waters it usually arrives from the south from the 2d to the zsth of April, leaves for the north from the zoth of May to the roth of June, returns from the north October 1st to 20th and departs for the south from the 1st to the 20th of November. Habits. This little gull is more often found in flocks than our other species and is frequently seen flying over swamps and plowed fields, search- ing for worms and insects; but is usually met with on the lakes and rivers hunting its food like the Herring gull. It is far less wary than that species. Larus minutus Pallas Little Gull Larus minutus Pallas. Reisen Russ. Reichs. 1771. Apx. 35. 3: 702 A. ©. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. [60.1] minu’tus, Lat., very small Distinctive marks. The very small size of this gull, the smallest of its race, will distinguish it. The mature bird has a black head, pale mantle, lake-red bill, vermilion feet, and no black on the primaries. The young are extensively dark brown above; the primaries brownish black in the center, edged and tipped with white; tail has a broad black band. Length 1o.4—11.5 inches; wing 8.7-9; tail 4; bill .q—1; tarsus 1; middle toe and claw 1. This old world species is very rare in North America. Besides the doubtful record by Swainson and Richardson, and one from the Bermudas, there are only two specimens from this country, both taken on Long Island; the first an immature specimen shot at Fire Island, Suffolk co., N. Y., 136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM } nat. size Little gull. Larus minutus Pallas. Long Island specimen in American Museum of Natural History. about September 15, 1887. It was taken by Robert Powell and presented by John Wallace to the American Museum [see Dutcher, Auk, 5:172]. The second specimen is a young female collected on Rockaway Beach, May roth, 1902, by Robert L. Peavey, and presented to the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences [see Braislin, Auk, 20:52]. Xema sabini (Sabine) Sabine Gull Plate 6 Larus sabinii J. Sabine. Lin. Soc. Trans. 1818. 12:« DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 312, fi Xema sabinii A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. i895. No. 62 ve’ma, Meaning unknown; sa@’bint, in honor of E. Sabine Distinctive marks. This gull in any plumage may be recognized by its forked tail. The peculiar wing pattern and the black border around the BIRDS OF NEW YORK 137 bottom of the hood are well shown by the figure on plate 6. Immature birds have no hood or collar; upper parts slaty gray waved and tipped with brownish white; under parts white; tail white with a black bar one inch wide in the middle, narrowing toward the edges. Adult birds in sum- mer have a black bill, yellowish toward the tip, black feet, dark brown iris, vermilion mouth and eyelids. Length 13-14 inches; wing 1o—11.25; tail 4.5-5; forked .7—1.25; bill 1; depth of bill at angle .3; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw 1.25. This beautiful arctic species is a rare visitant in this State. It is barely mentioned by DeKay and Lawrence, evidently on the authority of a specimen killed at Raynor South, L. I., in July 1837, and reported in Giraud’s Birds of Long Island, page 363, and Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds, volume 2, page 272. A second specimen from the State was reported by Worthington in Auk, volume 17, page 63. It was an immature female and was killed in Gardiners bay, on October 6th, 1899. Its stomach contained a cutworm and the remains of other insects. The only specimen known from the interior of the State is an adult bird in summer plumage, taken on the Montezuma marshes, in Seneca county about the year 1887, by Foster Parker of Cayuga, and now in the author's collection. Gelochelidon nilotica (Hasselquist) Gull-billed Tern Plate 7 Sterna nilotica Hasselquist. Reise nach Pal. Deutsche Ausg. 1 Sterna anglica DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 301, fig. 27 Gelochelidon nilotica A.QO. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 63 gelocheli’don, Gr. yédws, laughter; xeddwv, a swallow; nilo’tica, of the Nile Description. Adult in summer: Crown and occipital crest greenish black; neck, tail and under parts white; mantle, rump, and middle tail feathers pale pearl-gray; primaries dusky grayish, the first silvered on the outer web, the shafts of all yellowish, and their inner webs with white spaces, largest on the first, diminishing to the last; bzll and feet black; the bill heavy and somewhat curved over at the tip. In winter: Similar, but the head white with a grayish spot before the eye and over the ear. Length 13-15 inches; extent 33-37; wing 11.75-12.25; tail 5.5, forked 1.2-1.75; bill 1.4; depth of bill at base .45; gape 2; tarsus 1.3; middle toe and claw 1.1. 138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This southern species, also known as the Marsh, Anglican, or Nuttall tern is an accidental summer visitant on the coast of this State. Giraud and DeKay found it rare on the coast, but the latter says that it occurs more frequently on the Great Lakes, a statement which I have been unable to verify and it is certainly not true at the present time. bill 112-1375, 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Distinctive marks. This tern resembles the Arctic and Forster terns but may be distinguished from the former by the color of its bill, which is black at the tip for one third of its length, its tarsz are longer, its primaries have less white, and the white line of feathers along the base PLOW of the upper mandible scarcely extends to the feathered point. It is distinguished from Forster tern by the color of its streamers, which are white on thetr inner webs and gray on the outer, while the reverse is the case in Forster. The adult specimens of the Com- mon tern also have pearl-gray underparts in summer, instead of white,and their feet and legs are redder. Distribution. The Common tern, Wilson tern, or Sea swallow is an Dougalli First primaries of terns abundant transient visitant along the shores of Long Island, and is still a common summer resident in the protected colonies, especially on the northand south ends of Gardiners island, and on Fishers island, where wardens are maintained by the Audubon Societies and the A.O. U. It formerly bred along the shores of Long Island in great numbers, Paradisea and as late as 1882 Mr Dutcher found it nesting at South Oyster a Bay in considerable numbers; in Dougalli Outer tail feathers of terns 1883 it was becoming scarce, and in 1884 very few were left at that station. In 1885 they bred all over Little Gull island, in 1888 only 300 pairs were left, and now they have deserted that station entirely on account of the disturbance caused by the neigh- BIRDS OF NEW YORK 145 boring military station. This tern formerly bred on the Canadian shore of Lake Erie, not far from Buffalo, and at Presque Isle, Erie, Pa., but now is not known to nest on the Great Lakes nearer than the Chicken islands, Put- in-Bay, western Lake Erie. In the interior of this State this bird is a fairly common transient visitant, especially on the Great Lakes, but is not known to breed within our limits except on the seacoast, where it was an abundant summer resident in Giraud’s day. It is a bird of holarctic range, in America breeding from the Gulf coast to Greenland. Migration. The Common tern according to Giraud arrives from the South by the middle of April and departs late in the fall; Mr Dutcher’s dates range from May g to October 15. In western New York it is most often seen in early June, and from August 8th to September 25th, although I have seen it as early as May 5th on Canandaigua lake and as late as October gth. It has been reported from Lake Erie on the r5th of April, but I am inclined to think that is exceptionally early for this species in the interior. Mr Todd’s earliest record for Erie, Pa., is April 26. Habits. The tern, or Sea swallow, is often seen standing on spiles, tocks, or floating debris, but less often swimming on the water than the gulls. Like gulls it spends a large portion of its time flying back and forth over the water looking for the small fish and the aquatic insects which are its principal food. When flying, terns carry the bill inclined downward, instead of pointing forward in the axis of the body, as is the habit of gulls. They nest in large colonies and near such resorts the air is often filled with their graceful forms. When the colony is invaded the birds raise a great uproar and dart about the intruder. Their scream is a harsh tearr, tearr. Nesting. Their eggs are laid in a mere depression in the sand or rubbish near the shore, or on a nest of grass or seaweed, sometimes among the growing grass. They are from two to four in number, usually three, of a buff or pale brown color shaded with olive, thickly spotted with chocolate or blackish and obscure lilac. Dimensions average 1.6 by 1.22 inches. The nestlings are grayish buff mottled with dusky. The eggs of the Forster, Common, Arctic and Roseate terns are practically indistinguishable. 146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sterna paradisaea Brunnich Arctic Tern Plate 7 Sterna paradisaea Brtnnich. Ornith. Borealis. 1764. p. 46 Sterna arctica DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 302 Siernmal pamadusiaea AIO) UlCheckilist. Wdi25) 1rso5s) No: yx paradisae’a from paradisus, paradise Distinctive marks. The first four or five primaries are similar to those of the Common tern, but the blackish on the inner web is less extensive, leaving only a small line of grayish along the shaft; tail white, streamers very long, the outer webs of the outside feathers grayish black, the inner webs slightly tinged with pearl-gray; bill is slighter and of a rich carmine color; tarsi and feet are smaller, of an intense carmine; the breast is of a deeper lavender gray than inthe Common tern. Young: Scarcely distinguish- able from those of the Common tern. Note the comparative dimensions carefully: “forehead white; shoulders darker than in hir undo; upper parts in general darker; the middle tail feathers grayzsh, bill, tarsi and feet shorter than inhirundo. Length 14-17 inches; extent 29-33; wing 10—-10.75; tail 6.5—-8.5, forked 4-5; bill 1.2-1.4; depth of bill .3; gonys .75; tarsus .55—-.65; tibia bare .45; middle toe and claw .8-.85. Young: bill 1.08-1.15; tail 4.75-5. The Arctic tern is a rare bird in this State. It is barely mentioned by Lawrence and DeKay, and Bergtold gives it as an accidental visitant near Buffalo. Mr Dutcher has one specimen, a male taken on Ram island shoals, July 1, 1884. According to Brewster, [B. N. O. C., 4:15], the Arctic tern bred along the entire New England coast in 1878. It is a bird of holarctic distribution, breeding northward to unknown latitudes, and migrating southward in winter as far at least as Virginia on the American coast. It is remarkable that so few specimens have been taken on our coast, and those in summer! BIRDS OF NEW YORK I47 Sterna dougalli Montagu Roseate Tern Plate 7 Sterna dougalli Montagu. Orn. Dict. Sup. 1813 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 304, fig. 280 A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 72 dou’ galli, in honor of Dr McDougall Description. Breeding plumage: Mantle pearl-gray extending to the base of the tail; neck and under parts white tinted with delicate rose-pink; tail white, the streamers very long and white on both webs, turning grayisn toward the tip of the inner; primaries similar to the Common tern, but shorter and the white on the inner web covering more than halj the space and extending to the tip; bill black, reddish at the base; feet bright red. In winter: Front of the cap mixed with white and the under parts without the rosy tinge. Jimmature: Head white, marked on the top and back with brownish gray; eye and ear regions blackish; under parts white; upper parts pale pearl-gray, marked with buff and blackish; the feathers with submarginal dusky marks; bill and feet dusky brownish; tail slightly forked. Distinctive marks. This species is easily distinguished in the breeding season by its slender elegant form, pure white tail, and rosy under parts. Length 14-15 inches; extent 30; wing 9.25—-9.75; tail 7-8, forked 3.5- 4.5; bill 1.5, depth .35; gonys 1; tarsus .85; tibia bare .4; middle toe and claw 1. Young: Length r1; tail 4; bill 1.35. The Roseate, or McDougall tern, is an “uncommon but regular summer resident on Long Island,” arriving in May and departing in September or early October. A few pairs of this species have been found by Dutcher, Chapman and Braislin nesting among the colonies of the Common tern on Gardiner’s, Fishers, and the neighboring islands. Itisan accidental visitant in the interior of the State; one from Lake Keuka is reported in the Auburn List; one from Lake Erie in the Buffalo List; one from the Niagara river, May 31, 1886, in the Davison List. It is holarctic in range but confined to warm latitudes, on our side of the Atlantic breeding from Florida to Maine. The habits of the Roseate tern resemble those of the commoner species but it is a more wary bird and its voice is quite characteristic, the alarm note being a harsh cack, very different from the call of the Common and Arctic species. 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sterna antillarum (Lesson) Least Tern Plate 7 Sternula antillarum Lesson. Descr. Mam. et Ois. 1847. 256 Sterna argentea DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 305, fig. 273 Stienna anitulilia cum ANOMmUn Check Mist. Eda2k. 1805. Non74 antilla’rum, of the Antilles Description. Lreeding plumage: Crown and lores black; forehead white, extending over the eye; upper parts pearl-gray, with a leaden shade; under parts pure white; outer primaries black on the outer web and the shaft portion of the inner; bill bright yellow with dusky tip; feet orange- yellow. In winter: Bill dusky; back of head black; top of head spotted with black. Jmmature: Similar to winter birds, but the upper plumage more or less mottled with buffy and blackish, often in V-shaped pattern. Length g inches; extent 20; wing 6.6; tail 3.5, forked 1.75; bill 1.2, depth .28; tarsus .6; middle toe and claw .75. Distinctive marks. The adults of this species are easily recognized but the young are sometimes confused with that of the Black tern. Besides the general difference in structure, the size of the present species is consider- ably less, the wing being only 6.25 inches in length, while that of the immature Black tern is 7.75 inches or more. The upper parts of the Least tern are much lighter and the under parts are pure white. The Least tern was formerly a common summer resident on Long Island. Mr Worthington found it breeding at the eastern end of Long Island as late as June 2, 1880, and Mr Dutcher noted it nesting in numbers on South Oyster Bay on July 11, 1882. It may possibly be regained as a breeding species by careful protection of the nesting sites. It has been recorded from the interior of the State by DeKay, Rathbun, Ralph & Bagg, Bergtold, and Eaton, but it is probable that the records on which these reports were based are partly in error, as all the specimens from the interior of this State, which I have had the privilege of examining, proved to be juvenile specimens of the Black tern. On the coast it occurs now as a rare migrant or summer visitant. It inhabits tropical and temperate North America, and is closely related to the neotropicalsuperciliaris and the palearctic minuta, BIRDS OF NEW YORK 149 Sterna fuscata Linnaeus Sooty Tern Plate 7 Sterna fuscata Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1766. Ed.12. 1:228 A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 75 fusca’ta, Lat., dusky Description. Adult: Lores, crown and upper parts black, deepest on the top and back of the head; forehead, extending over the eye, white; outer tail feathers mostly white; under parts white; bill and feet black. Immature: Sooty brown, dark above, but fading to grayish on the belly; the lining of the wings, scapulars and tail coverts tipped with white, giving the bird a “‘peculiar spotty appearance.” Length 15-17 inches; extent 34; wing 12; tail 7.5, forked 3-3.5; bill 1.8, depth .5; gape 2.5; tarsus 1; middle toe and claw 1.2. The Sooty tern, a bird of general distribution in tropical regions, is an accidental visitant on the coastal and inland waters of New York. In the years, 1876 and 1878, there was a marked invasion of these terns in New York and New England. Ten or more specimens have been recorded from New England. New York records are as follows: Oswego, N. Y. “About 1875.” D. D. Stone Lake Champlain, N. Y. Sept. 6, 1876. Merriam, Auk, 1: 59 Owasco Lake, N. Y. Sept. 20, 1876. Fowler, Forest and Stream, 7: 230; N. O. C. Bul., 2: 76 Lake Ronkonkoma, L. I. Sept. 13, 1878. Dutcher, Auk, 3: 433 Highland Falls, N. Y. Sept. 13; 14, 1878. Mearns, Es. Inst. Bul., 12: 87 Montauk, N. Y. Sept. 18, 1883. (W. W. Worthington). Dutcher Collection, 1355 Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin) Black Tern Plate 8 Sterna surinamensis Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 604 Sterna nigra DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 300, fig. 278, 278a Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 77 hy'drocheli'don, Gr. &/dup, water, and xeuddv, swallow; ni’gra, Lat., black; suriname’nsis, of Surinam, Dutch Guiana Description. Adult in summer: Head, neck, breast and belly, black; back, wings, and tail dark plumbeous or slate-color; primaries grayish I50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM black, silvered on the inner edge and the shafts white toward the base; lining of wings and extreme edge of lesser wing coverts ashy white; under tail coverts pure white; bill black: mouth lake red; feet reddish brown; iris brown. Jn winter: Head, neck and under parts white, marked on the crown, nape, eye and ear region with blackish; patches of black in the white while moulting. Jimmature: Resemble adults in winter plumage, but the upper parts are more or less washed or marked with brown, especially on the back, which is quite brown in the interscapular region; sides more ot less ashy brown. Length 9-10.25 inches; extent 23-25; wing 8.25; tail 3.3-3.75, forked .9; bill 1.1, depth .25; gape 1.6; tarsus .66; ae toe and Ae 95 Distinctive marks. This bird should not be mistaken for any of our other terns, for its general structure is quite different, belonging as it does to a separate genus with well marked characters. The bill is very sharp and slender, shorter than the head, longer than the middle toe; angle of gonys very acute; wings very long, pointed and without distinct markings; primaries broad, not acute; secondaries not flowing; tail short, only slightly forked, without streamers; feet short and slender, webs deeply incised; colors dark. The young also differs from the Least tern in being larger, browner on the back and tinged with grayish brown on the sides. The Black, or Short-tailed tern, is a fairly common migrant on the coast and larger inland waters of New York State. It is chiefly a species of the interior and is consequently somewhat irregular on the Long Island coast, but often appears in flocks of hundreds during the fall migrations. Such flights are recorded in Dutcher’s Long Island Notes, especially on September 1-10, 1882, and September 5, 1884. His dates range from July 12 to September 14, there being no spring record for the coast, but Mr W. A. Mead reports it for Carmel, Putnam county, April 9th, oo In western New York it makes its appearance late in April—April 27 (Erie, Pa.), April 28 (Canandaigua), and “‘April1893’’(Utica). It occurson all the inland lakes, most commonly in the fall from August 12 (Cohoes), August 17 (Canandaigua) and August 18 (Schroon lake) to September 30 (Penn Yan) and October 2 (Niagara river). It is also a summer resident in the marshes at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. BIRDS OF NEW YORK I5l Nesting. I am pleased to report that the Black, or Short-tailed tern, is a regular summer resident in the marshes near the mouth of Big Sandy creek, Jefferson county, N. Y. According to Dr R. L. Crockett, Mr L. C. Snyder and Mr J. W. Soule the birds begin to lay during the last week in May, making their nests on sunken muskrat houses, floating boards, or debris, merely gathering together a few straws on which to deposit the eggs which are from two to five in number, usually three. Dr Crockett writes that the eggs are sometimes found as late as the last of July and thinks Nest and eggs of Black tern. (From Bird-Lore; photo by Bent) that two broods are reared. Mr Snyder estimated that there were 150 pairs of breeding birds in 1903. Mr William Hagedone, keeper of the Life Saving Station, writes that in 1905 there were probably 1000 birds in the marshes; that they arrive about the first of June, lay four eggs in a nest, the young “‘are all out’? by the 4th of July, that no one shoots them, and they are all gone by the 1st of September. Mr Foster Parker of Cayuga has found it breeding in the Montezuma marshes on a few occasions. The eggs are brownish olive, quite heavily spotted and splashed with light brown, brownish black and obscure shell markings, dimensions 1.35 X .95 152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM inches. This American representative of the species nigra breeds from Kansas and the Great Lakes to Alaska, migrating to the tropics and far into South America in winter. In flight its wings seem excessively long and at a distance it bears a great resemblance to the Nighthawk in size and color as well as in its wing strokes and habit of hawking about over the marshes in search of insects. I have little doubt that many of our April dates for the arrival of the Nighthawk in New York really belong to this bird. While searching the lake for food it carries its bill pointing downward like the other terns and often plunges into the water for the minnows with which its diet is varied. Family RYNCHOPIDABR Skimmers Bill hypognathous, the lower mandible being considerably longer than the upper, compressed also, the lower mandible being thin like a knije blade with an obtuse end. The upper mandible is much less compressed and has a groove for the reception of the bladelike under mandible, and is hinged near the base, so as to admit of free movement; tongue stumpy; wings exceedingly long; legs and feet very small; tail slightly forked. Skimmers fly low over the surface of the sea, inclining the fore part of the bodies downward, with slow and measured wing beats, often cutting the surface of the water with their knifelike bills and “‘plowing up”’ their food of small marine animals. They are partially nocturnal in habits and hunt their food in close-ranked companies. Their voice is “hoarse and raucous,” otherwise their habits resemble the terns to which they are closely allied. This is a family of very few species, confined mostly to the tropical region, only one species reaching the United States. Rynchops nigra Linnaeus Black Skimmer Plate 7 Rynchops nigra Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed. ro. 1758. 1: 138 DeKay. Zool, N.Y. 1844, pt 2, p:. 207, fig. 272 AW On UnChecka list (Bde i2a 1895. Nos sco ryn’chops, Gr. pryxos, beak, and wy, face; ni’gra, Lat., black Description. Upper parts black; forehead, sides of the head, under parts, tips of secondaries, and outer tail feathers white; bill carmine, black BIRDS OF NEW YORK 153 toward the tip; feet carmine; iris hazel. Immature: Upper parts grayish brown; under parts white; bill and feet duller colored, bill smaller, imper- fectly formed; tail less forked. Length 16-20 inches; extent 42-50; wing 13-16.5; tail 4-6, forked 1.5; bill, upper mandible 3; under mandible 3.5-4.5; gape 4.5; depth of under mandible .6; tarsus 1.45; middle toe and claw 1.3. The Black skimmer, Scissor bill, Cutwater, or Shearwater, is an occa- sional summer visitant off the shores of Long Island, but is not known to breed north of Egg Harbor, N. J. Giraud wrote, “It is not very common with us,” but DeKay said, “It is common enough with us.”’ The following recent records are all that have come to my attention: Rockaway, L.I. July 26, 1876, (2); Sept. 3, 1876. N.T. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, IO: 235 South Oyster Bay, L. I. Aug. 2, 1884. Grinnell, Forest and Stream, Aug. 7, 1884 Amityville, L. I. May 6, 1893, (2). (Chichester). Dutcher £ May 20, 1808. € Braislin, p. 41 Whitesboro, Oneida co., N. Y. Fall of 1893. Bagg, Auk, 11: 162 Order TUBINARES Tube-nosed Swimmers Order Procellariiformes, Sharpe’s Hand-List Nostrils tubular; bill epignathous, hooked and enlarged at the tip; covering of bill in several horny plates, showing sutures between; hind toe very small or wanting, elevated; wings usually long and pointed; ten stiff primaries; 10 to 30 short secondaries, the fifth wanting; tail rather short, usually of 12 or 14 feathers; palate schizognathous; nasals holorhinal; also numerous other characters of internal anatomy; plumage very compact and oily; the body often so fat that it can be used as a lamp or candle; sexes alike; seasonal changes in plumage, if any, not determined; color inclining to uniformity, mostly sooty and white; a single egg laid on the ground or in a burrow. These birds are pelagic in distribution, frequenting the shore only for purposes of reproduction, and never found inland except when driven astray by storms. The species are largely cosmopolitan, often ranging 154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM over the entire ocean, the petrels, or Mother Carey’s chickens, and albatrosses being among the best known of birds. There is an unusual range in size in this order from the Stormy petrel, the smallest of natatorial birds, to the Giant albatross whose wing expanse is unsurpassed in the whole bird king- dom. They have no equals in the power of flight, even among the Longi- pennes, practically living in the air and snatching their food of marine animals and oily matter from the surface of the sea. Authorities are at variance as to the number of families but four are usually recognized, The albatrosses (Diomedeidae) and diving petrels (Pelecanoididae) are not found in the nearctic region. Family PUFF FINIDAE Fulmars, Shearwaters and Petrels Medium or large in size; first primary as long or longer than second; basipterygoids present; coracoids short, with broad bases and widely diverg- ing axes; hypocleidium of furcula short; sternum with uneven posterior margin. “The fulmars (Fulmarinae) have the bill stout, the nasal tubes promi- nent with a thin partition between them, the under mandible not hooked, the upper mandible with rudimentary or well developed lamellae, and the tail of 14 or 16 feathers. The shearwaters and petrels (Puffininae) have the under mandible hooked, the tubes low with thickened partitions, no lammellae, and the tail of 12 feathers. Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus) Fulmar Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. 1766. Ed. 12. 1: 213 Fulmarus glacialis A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 86 ful’marus from Eng. fulmar; glacia’lis, of the ice Description. Head, neck and under parts white; mantle pearl-gray; bill greenish yellow; feet gray, or yellowish; quills ashy brown. Dark phase: Upper parts smoky gray, somewhat paler below. Length 18-20 inches; wing 12.5-13.5; tail 4.5-5; bill 1.3-1.8; average 1.5; depth of bill .75; tarsus 2. The Fulmar, or Noddy, of the north Atlantic has been taken in winter as far south as Massachu- setts and New Jersey, although we can find no valid record of its occurrence within the limits of New York State. It is undoubtedly an occasional winter visitant off our coast where it might easily be overlooked by the inexperienced because of its general resemblance to the common gull. wn BIRDS OF NEW YORK T5 Puffinus borealis Cory Cory Shearwater Puffinus borealis Cory. N.O.C. Bul. April 1881. 6: 84 A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 88 pufj'inus from Eng. puffin; bored’lis, Lat., northern Description. Brownish ash, tipped with white on neck and upper tail coverts; white below; under eyelids and under tail coverts mostly white; bill yellowish. Length 20.5 inches; wing 14.5; tail 6.5; bill 2.25; depth of bill .75; tarsus 2.2; middle toe and claw 2.9. The Cory shearwater was first described from a specimen taken on Cape Cod, Chatham Island, October 11, 1880 [see N. O. C. Bul. 6: 84]. Numerous specimens have since been taken on the coasts of Massachusetts and Long Island. From the latter part of September till November 1886, this Shear- Cory shearwater. Puffinus borealis Cory. From specimen in American Museum of Natural History, # nat. size 156 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM water appeared in enormous numbers off Point Judith, R. I., Buzzard’s bay and Vineyard sound, Mass., feeding on the herring which occurred there in unusual abundance [see Baird, Auk, 4:71]. The following are our New York records: Gardiners bay, L. I. Sept.-Oct. 1886. (Worthington). Chadbourne, Auk, 5: 202 Amagansett, L. I. About Oct. 18, 1887. Dutcher, Auk, 5: 175 Ram island shoals, L. I. Oct. 20, 1887. oc 2 Dutcher Collection Little Gull Island. Aug. 6 -16,1888. (2). Dutcher, Auk, 6: 128 Montauk, L. I. Nov. 29, 1889. (1). (Scott). Dutcher, L. I. Notes Off Fire island inlet, L. I. Oct. 4, 1902. (2). Braislin, Auk, 21: 287 It is an uncommon summer visitant off Long Island but its breeding grounds, probably in the southern seas, are unknown. By the early writers it was confused with the Greater shearwater, but, as far asI know, no specimens have been found in the Giraud and Lawrence collections. According to Baird these shearwaters, as observed off the coast of Cape Cod, in 1886, occurred in flocks of from fifty to two or three hundred and were “generally found resting quietly on the water and feeding while swimming, on the herrings that were so abundant in the vicinity. They were very tame.’’ According to Dutcher the specimens seen in Gardiners bay were associated with the jaegers and like them were engaged in the occupation of robbing the terns. He did not see them alight on the water. Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly) Greater Shearwater Procellar ia gravis O’Reilly. Voyage to Greenland. 1818. p. 140, pl. 12, Pu ae ; us cinereus DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt2,p. 287, fig. 207, 208 Prt i im wise aay om A OhUn Check Wists Hdh on 1so5teNOmso gra’vis, Lat., heavy, great Description. Upper parts fuscous, the feathers edged with ashy; white below, with brownish patches on the flanks; under tail coverts ashy gray; bill blackish. Length 18-20 inches; extent 42-45; wing 13; tail 5.75, graduated for one inch; bill 2; depth of bill .65; tarsus 2.4; middle toe and claw 2.9. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 157 The Greater shearwater, Wandering shearwater and Cinereus puffin of Giraud and DeKay, is recorded as a rare visitant to our shores by those early writers. Chapman calls it irregularly common from early June till November. Dutcher calls it “uncommon in summer,” his only New York speeimens (2) being from Gardiners bay, August 1884. The long, narrow wings are set stiffly at right angles with the body, and the bird frequently glides half a mile at a time without moving them perceptibly. It usually follows a direct course, and invariably skims over the waves. I know of no other sea bird whose movements are as easy and graceful. [Brewster] Greater shearwater. Puffinus gravis (O'Reilly). - From specimen in State Museum, } nat. size Puffinus puffinus (Briinnich) Manx Shearwater Procellaria puffinus Briinnich. Ornith. Borealis. 1764. p. ( 9 Puffinus puffinus A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. ) 2 go In color similar to Audubon shearwater. Length 13.5-15 inches; extent 30-33; wing 8.75-9.25. tail 3.1, graduated .75; bill 1.4; depth of bill .45; gape 2.1; tarsus 1.8. The Manx shearwater is of rare, or accidental occurrence, in North America. Giraud and Lawrence recorded it from Long Island, but as no specimens from that locality have been found in their collec- tions, it is probable that their records refer to the next species. 158 NEW- YORK STATE MUSEUM Puffinus lherminieri Lesson Audubon Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri Lesson. Rev. Zool. April 1839. 102 Puffinus obscurus DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p.-288, fig. 294 Put faenias|aculd wib.o mit AU OSNUED Check ist. sid: 25 1805 NOs G2 lherminieri, of Felix Louis L’ Herminier Description. Above dark brownish black, white below, marked with blackish on flanks and under tail coverts; bill dull leaden blue, blackish at tip; webs and inside of tarsi yellowish, outer sides brownish. Length 11-12 inches; extent 26; wing 7.5—-8; tail 4.25, graduated one inch; bill z.25; depth (of “bill! 4; gape 1.7; tarsus 1.6; middle toe and claw 1.8. The Audubon shearwater, also called Dusky and Little Shearwater, is a south- ern species and rarely visits the coast of this State. The only recent record is of a specimen taken in Great South bay, Audubon shearwater. Puffinus Ilherminieri Lesson. From specimen in State Museum. } nat. opposite Bellport, Ly, IL. August i 1887 size, ; [see Dutcher Auk cei: “Its flight, low over the water, is strong and swift, five or six rapid wing beats being followed by a short sail.’ [Chapman]. According to Giraud and DeKay it is an occasional straggler to the coast of Long Island. Puffinus griseus (Gmelin) Sooty Shearwater Porecellaria grisea Gmelin. Systema Naturae. 1788. 1: 564 Piatt imiwisy siti ack Warnid ay ACTOS Wa iCheekwlist) (hdy oye Soc Nomo4 gr’seus, Lat., dark Description. Sooty black; under parts slightly grayish; bill and eye blackish. Length 16-18 inches; extent 40; wing 11.5-12; tail 4; bill 1.75—2; gape 2.33; tarsus 2.25; middle toe and claw 2.5. BIRDS ,OF NEW YORK 159 Sooty shearwater. Puffinus griseus Strickland. From specimen in American Museum of Natural History. #2 nat. size The Sooty shearwater, or Black hagdon, appears off our coast in sum- mer associated with the Greater and Cory shearwaters, but is less common than Puffinus major with which it agrees in habits. At-a distance, according to Brewster, “it looks as black as a crow,” and hence can easily be distinguished from the other species. This bird is now regarded the same as the Old World species, but for years was held to be distinct. 100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Aestrelata hasitata (Iuhl) Black-capped Petrel Procellaria hasitata Kuhl. Mon. Proc. Beitr. Zool. 1820. 1 Abt., p. 142 Meisitrellatia hvalsn tartar Kell AN O, Us Check vista iki 2r ers ose Nom (GS) aestre’lata (more correctly oestrelata), Gr. oiotpyAaros, driven by a gad-fly, frantic; hasita’ta (more correctly haesitata), Lat., stuck, the discoverer was in doubt about it (Coues) Description. Cap, bar on side of the head, mantle, wings and end of tail, fuscous; rest of head, neck, base of tail and under parts white; bill and feet black; legs flesh-colored. Length 16 inches; extent 39.5; wing 11.5-12; tail 5.25, gradation 1.5; bill 1.4; depth of bill .66; tarsus 1.4; middle toe and claw 2.12. This species is a rare straggler from the southern seas, sometimes being driven inland by storms. A specimen from Quogue, Long Island. July 1850, is recorded by G. N. Lawrence in the Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of New York, volume 5, page 220. A specimen was secured on Verona beach, Oneida lake, August 28, 1893, by Rev. G. A. Biederman and reported by Bagg [Auk, 11:162]. Mr L. S. Foster reports a specimen in his collection “taken in Cayuga county, September 1893.” Another specimen was captured alive in a snow bank at New Paltz, Ulster co., January 26, 1895, recorded by Foster [Auk, 12:179]. Aestrelata scalaris Brewster Scaled Petrel Aestrelata scalaris Brewster. Auk, July 1886. p. 300 A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. (99) scala’ris, Lat., pertaining to a ladder, referring to the markings on the back Description. Cinereous above and running down the sides of the neck, sides and abdomen; under parts white; immaculate on the chin, throat, center breast and the under tail coverts; feathers of back and wing coverts tipped with white, giving it a peculiar scaled appearance. Wing 9.88 inches; tail 3.95, graduated .9; bill 1.03; hight of bill .46; tarsus 1.37; middle toe and claw 1.7. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 161 For the original and complete description the reader is referred to Brewster, Auk, volume 3, pages 389-93. This species was made known to the scientific world from a specimen secured in this State and noted by Mr Brewster, in Bulletin Nuttall Orni- thological Club, volume 6, pages g1-97. The story of its discovery may be interesting tosome of our readers. ‘“‘Some months since while passing the natural history store of W. J. Knowlton, Tremont street, Boston, my atten- tion was attracted by a mounted petrel, which, with spread wings, hung con- spicuously inthe window. I sawat once it was a speciesnew to meand, upon entering, was greatly astonished to learn that it had been received only a short Scaled petrel Aestrelata scalaris Brewster. Photo from type specimen taken at Mount Morris. Now in Mr Brewster's collection. 3 nat. size time before zm the flesh, and in a comparatively fresh condition. Further in- quiries elicited the information that it had been mounted for Mr E. H. Wood- man of Concord, N.H.,and upon writing to that gentleman, I was very kindly put in the possession of the following particulars. The bird had been sent him by a client, Mr Nathan F. Smith, who conducts a large farm at Mt Morris, Livingston co., New York. One of the laborers while plough- ing an old cornfield, noticed it running in a freshly turned furrow and despatched it with a stick. It was apparently exhausted, for it made no attempt to escape. This was early in April 1880, probably not far from the 5th of the month, as I find its reception recorded on Mr Knowlton’s books as April 10. A letter afterwards received from Mr Smith confirms all of these facts, but adds nothing of interest, save that the farm com- 162 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM prises what is known as flats, lying along the Genesee river, about 40 miles south of Lake Ontario.’’ Other specimens have since been taken in New Zealand, one of which is in the State collection. Family PROCELLARIIDAE Stormy Petrels Small in size; first primary shorter than second; both mandibles hooked; nasal tubes prominent with thin partition; tail of 12 feathers; wings of moderate length; hallux minute; no basipterygoids; coracoids slender, their axes only slightly diverging; a long manubrium of the furcula; rear border of sternum even. There are two well marked sub- families of the Stormy petrels, which some would give the rank of families. The Procellariinae are short-legged, tibia slightly bare, with numerous secondaries, and sharp, curved, com- pressed claws. The Oceanitinae have long legs, the tibia bare an inch or more, only 10 secondaries, and broad, flat, blunt claws. Thalassidroma pelagica (Linnaeus) Stormy Petrel In color similar to Wilson petrel, excepting the wing coverts, which are not tipped with whitish as in that species. Size much smaller. Length 5.5-5.75 inches; wing 4.5—4.8; tail 2.5; bill .45; tarsus .g; middle toe and claw .82. The Stormy or Least petrelis said to be the most abundant species of bird in the world. Stormy petrel Thalassidroma pelagica (Linnaeus). Though common on the European side of the From Audubon, Birds of America Atlantic, it is rarely found on the American side. It has been ascribed to Long Island by Giraud and Lawrence, but no definite records have been given and no specimens of this bird from Long Island have been found in their collections. If it occurs at allon our coast, it must be very rarely, or at a considerable distance offshore. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 163 Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot) Leach Petrel Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1817. 25 Thalassidroma leachi DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 291, fig. 29 Oceanodroma leucorhoa A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. to oceand'droma, Gr. Oxeavos, ocean, and dpepos, running; Jeuco’rhoa, Gr. woe Aevkos, white and o'ppos, rump Description. Sooty blackish, browner below; wing coverts grayish brown; upper tail coverts white, the shorter ones mixed with brownish; bill and feet black; iris brown; tazl forked. Length 7.5-8.9 inches; extent 17-18; wing 6-6.5; tail 3.5-4, forked -75--9; tarsus .g—-1; middle toe and claw 1; bill .67. The Leach or common Forked-tail petrel inhabits the seas of the holarctic region in general, breeding from the Hebrides and the coast of Maine northward, and migrating southward in winter as far as Virginia and Leach petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot), From Audubon, Birds of America, § nat. size 104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM California. It has been noted as a rare or rather uncommon migrant on our coast, from the days of Giraud to the present time, and sometimes wanders inland, especially up the Hudson river. This is the only petrel which breeds on the coast of the United States. It lays a single white egg in a burrow in the ground, and the birds come and go at night, the male usually taking charge during the day. The nestling is covered with a very fluffy, sooty down. The following are the records of New York specimens: Quogue, L.I. 1850. Dutcher, Auk, 5: 132; see also Lyc. Nat. Hist. Ann., 5: 220 Catskill, Greene co., N. Y. Oct. 19, 1874. Day, Forest and Stream, 3: 180 Lansingburg, N.Y. Nov. 13,1879. (William Gibson). Thomas Heimstreet Hudson river above Troy, Oct.1879. Park, N. O.C. Bul., 5: 190 Lansingburg, N. Y. Nov. 3. 1886. (William Gibson). Austin F. Parks Fire Island Light, L. I. May 4, 1888. co’. Dutcher, Auk, 6: 132 Montauk Point Light. May 30,1889. oc. (Mulligan). Dutcher, Long Island Notes « July 27, 1889. (Gurnett). z ie New Lebanon, Columbia co., N. Y. Oct. 17, 1889. (A. B. Davis). Park Collection, State Mus. Montauk Point Light. June 1s, 1890. @. (Scott). Dutcher, L. I. Notes Opposite North Troy. Sept. 29, 1890. ) Dillesn a rage female 2 inches. The King eider is a winter visitor on the coast of Long Island as well as the inland lakes of New York. It occurs much more frequently than the American eider and may be considered a regular winter visitor, sometimes being decidedly common, as in the winter of 1879 on Lake Erie, and the winter of 1886-87 off the eastern end of Long Island. Its breeding range extends from the Gulf of St Lawrence northward. It is a deep water duck and feeds mostly on mussels which it is able to procure, it is said, in water upward of 150 feet in depth, and occasionally is caught like the Old squaw in the deep water gill nets of the lake fishermen. In the breeding season the males go into the “‘eclipse’’ plumage and flock together on the open sea. The female lines her nest with down as do the other species of eider, thus furnishing the famous eider down of commerce, which is gathered by the natives of Iceland, Greenland and Norway. This is taken chiefly from the Greenland and European ciders, each nest yielding about 5 ounces of down in a season. The following are some of the records for the interior. Onondaga lake. Jan. 20, 1877. Co adult. Auburn List, p. 39 Buffalo, N. Y. Nov. 26, 1879. (18 shot). Allen, N. O. C. Bul., 5: 62 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 221 Cayuga lake. Taken yearsago. co adult. L.A. Fuertes Oneida lake. Several taken. Ralph & Bagg Great Lakes. 1889. Taken in deep water gill nets. Sterling, Forest and Stream, 34: 350; see also Linnett, Auk, 7: 88 Irondequoit bay. Feb. 1890. David Bruce Niagara river. Dec. about 1891. James Savage Lake Champlain. Dec. 2, 1894. (C. L. Kirke). State Museum Collection Lake Ontario, Monroe co. Dec. 22, 1895. 2. George F. Guelf Erie, Pa. Nov. 13,1894, (sshot); Dec. 30,1900, (2). (Bacon). Todd, Birdsof Erie, p. 526 Cayuga, Nov. 3, 1908. (zo seen, 3 shot). E. H. Eaton Long Island dates taken from over 30 records in Dutcher’s Long Island Notes range from November 1 to April 27. They occur every winter and are commonest at the eastern end of the island. Oidemia americana Swainson American Scoter Plate 20 Oidemia americana Swainson in Swainson & Richardson. Fauna Bor. Am., MOSM 214.50 ; Fuligula americana DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 336, fig. 242 Oidemia americana A.O.U.Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 163 oide’mia, Gr. oidnua, Lat. oedema, swelling, referring to the knob on the bill Description. Adult male: Bill much swollen on top at the base, this whole knob and the basal half of the upper mandible yellow, or yellowish orange, the rest including the edges black; whole plumage black. Adult jemale: Dark grayish brown, under parts lighter; side and under parts of head light grayish, contrasted with the dark brown of the top and back of the head; bill blackish. Young: Similar to female but lighter beneath, the belly obscurely barred with grayish brown. Length 17-22 inches; wing 8.75-9.5; tarsus 1.7; bill, culmen 1.65— 1.8, depth of upper mandible at base, male .85-.95, female .7; tarsus 1.75; middle toe and claw 3.25. Distinctive marks. Among our other scoters this species may be recognized by the uniform black color of the male; the frontal feathers do not encroach upon the bill as in the other species; tail 16-feathered; the females and young by the uniform light grayish brown or dingy whitish color of the cheeks, whereas the female Surf scoter has two whitish patches on the sides of the head and is a larger bird, but the females and young of these two species can not be recognized at a distance. to bo NO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The American scoter which is known on Long Island as the Black coot, Whistling coot, or Yellow-billed coot is a common winter visitor on the coast, arriving from the north about the 15th of October, but sometimes as early as the 21st of September, and returning from the 11th to the 25th of April. At times it is abundant on the Hudson, according to Dr. Mearns, and is a common fall migrant on Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain. On the smaller rivers and lakes, however, it is little known, and the males in adult plumage are scarcely ever procured except along the coast. Mr James Savage refers to the great flights on Lake Erie as follows: “This species and the next are abundant on Lake Erie in October. A few sometimes arrive before September ist, but the first big flight usually takes place the last week in September. They occur in large flocks, decoy easily and are killed in great numbers even though not desirable for the table. At the beginning of the flight last fall (1899) one gunner whom I know, killed Tog in one forenoon and quit because he had no more ammunition. The big flight of scoters this fall (tg00) occurred on October 9th. On that day two men in a boat came in at the foot of Michigan street with 156. On the same day two brothers, friends of mine, shot 175 on Lake Erie near Angola, Ores COR This scoter has the same habits as the following species and like them breeds in Labrador and the interior of arctic America, wintering on the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St Lawrence to South Carolina and rarely farther. Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte White-winged Scoter Plate 20 Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte. Rev. Crit. de l’Orn. Europ. de Dr Degl. 1850. p. 108. Fuligula fusca DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 337 Ondem@ia dieglVamdi AO: U.jCheek Mist: “Eds 25 “28955 Nowa65 deglan’di, to C. G. Degland Description. Feathering advancing about as far on the forehead as on the lores; sides of upper mandible sunken at the base; lores separated from BIRDS OF NEW YORK 223 the nostril by narrow space, knob on upper mandible feathered; bill wonder- fully varied with orange, red, black and white; plumage black, speculum and spot behind the eye white. Female: Sooty brown or dusky grayish brown, lighter below; speculum white. Winter and immature: Similar to female, sometimes grayish white patch at base of bill and in the ear region. Length 20-23 inches; wing 10.7-11.5; bill, culmen 1.4-1.7; depth of upper mandible at base 1.1-1.3; tarsus 1.75—2.08. Field marks. This bird may be recognized at long distance on account of the black plumage with white speculum. The White-winged scoter or White-winged coot is the most abundant of our three scoters and the most generally distributed throughout the State, occurring on inland waters both as a spring and fall migrant, and a winter visitor on the Great Lakes; on the coast it is an abundant winter visitant. It arrives on our waters from the 15th of September to the rst of October and leaves us again on its northward journey from the 1st to the 15th of May. It is the only scoter which is common on the interior lakes in the spring and is often seen in large flocks during late May when the males are in perfect plumage and their bills brilliantly colored. During the fall it is chiefly young birds which are taken on the lakes. This is the nearctic or North American representative of the Velvet duck, breeding from Dakota and southern Labrador to the Arctic coast, and wintering from the Gulf of St Lawrence and the Great Lakes to South Carolina, chiefly along the coast. These scoters prefer to gather in large flocks at sea or on the open waters of bays, lakes and rivers, especially over the beds of mollusks which abound in the waters of Long Island and the Great Lakes On the coast they feed principally on clams and scallops, but in the interior fresh-water mussels are equally sought after. They are more nocturnal or crepuscular in habit than the Scaup or Redhead. 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus) Surf Scoter Plate 20 Anas perspicillata Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 13125 Pu lveila, piers piieniilla tagDekay= Zool iN. Yeu ne4qs pte passisn tiem sonneae OQiconisire, Pes wena way yO), We Cagek Wiige, Wel, a, wor, IN©, «OO per'spicilla’ta, Lat., very conspicuous Description. Aduli male: Glossy black, duller below; a triangular white patch on forehead, and another on the nape; bill white, pink, orange and carmine red, with a large black patch on the side of upper mandible near the base; feet orange al with dusky webs; iris pearly white. Female and young: Sooty brown above; silvery gray below: sides of head with more or less grayish white, in the young males at least gathered into cheek and ear patches; bill blackish; feet dusky tinged with reddish; size of the smallest dimensions given. Length 17-21 inches; extent 31-36; wing 9-10; tarsus 1.65—1.7; middle toe and claw 3.25; bill along gape 2.25-2.5. Remarks. The male of this species has the tumid enlargement of the bill on the sides as well as above the nostrils and the feathers of the loral region do not encroach upon the sides of the bill as in the White-winged scoter. The latter character will help distinguish females and young of the Surf duck, but the absence of the white patch in the wing makes just as certain a mark, and one which can be recognized at a long distance. Distribution and migration. This species is an abundant transient visitant along the seacoast and common along the Hudson river and Lake Champlain. It is less commonly met with on the Great Lakes, except in the fall when it is common for a few days in October. Immature specimens are occasionally taken on the central lakes, but is much less common than the White-winged scoter. It is also common throughout the winter off the Long Island coast, but rare as a winter visitant on the inland waters. It arrives from the north from the rst to the 15th of October and disappears from the smaller inland waters by the middle of November. In the spring it leaves the Long Island waters in May, no definite dates being obtainable. This species breeds from Newfoundland and southern Labrador to Great Slave lake and the Arctic coast and is found in winter principally along the coast from the Bay of Fundy to Florida. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 2 to on Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin) Ruddy Duck Plate to Anas jamaicensis Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 510 Fuligula rubida DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 327, fig. 261 Erismatura rubida A.O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 167 erismati'ra, Gr. pea, prop, and ovpd, tail; jamaicen’sis of Jamaica Description. Male in full plumage: Neck, upper parts and sides rich brownish red; crown and nape black; chin and sides of head nearly up to the eye line w hite: under parts silky w hite ‘ ‘watered’ with dusky white; wings and tail blackish brow n; bill and eyelids grayish blue; feet bluish gray with dusky webs; eyes reddish. Female, young ‘and males an obscure plumage: Brown above with irregular and spotted bars of ocherous or buffy, giving the feathers a peppered appearance; crown and irregular band on side of head dark; cheeks, throat and under parts of a grayish white appearance, the winter males with plane white cheeks, the bases of the feathers on the breast and belly being gray and the tips silvery white; bill dusky. Length 14.5-17 inches; extent 20-24; wing 5.5-6; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw 2.6; bill 1.5, width .q—.95. Distinctive marks. The peculiar round, chunky body, small head and thick short neck of this bird make it easily recognized by its shape. It has a remarkably broad flat bill also, with an overhanging and decurved nail. The tail is composed of 18 stiffened feathers, often spiny-pointed by the wearing off of the terminal barbs, and with no observable coverts. Distribution and migration. The Ruddy duck is a fairly common migrant on our inland lakes and rivers and in some seasons is common along the coast, but seems to be more irregular in its occurrence on Long Island waters than in the interior. It is a hardy species and is occasionally taken in midwinter, especially on the coast. Foster Parker of Cayuga has furnished one instance of its breeding on the marshes of Seneca river. On the first day of September several years ago, he found an old duck of this species with a brood of young which were so poorly fledged that they were unable to fly. I, myself, have seen this species on Buck pond, near Rochester, during the months of May and June under circumstances which led me to believe that they were nesting in that locality, but I was unable to secure 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM definite proof. This species appears in the spring from the roth to the 2oth of March and it is commonest about the roth of April and usually passes northward before the rst of May. It returns from the north from September 25th to October 15th and passes southward from November ist to 2oth. This species is found breeding in such widely separated localities as Ungava, Great Slave lake, Lower California, Guatemala, Porto Rico and Cape Cod. Its principal summer home, however, is from Dakota to the Saskatchewan. This curious little duck is so unlike our other sea ducks, both in the structure of its bill, its general build, its spiny tail andits habits that it has been given a great number of local names, according to Trumbull and Coues, reaching a total of 60 and upward. Many systematists likewise would make it the type of a subfamily (Erismaturinae). Its colloquial names tell its natural history from the gunner’s standpoint: Dumpling duck, Butter duck, Deaf duck, Sleepy-head, Diving teal, Widgeon-coot, Booby-coot, Bumblebee- coot, Bristle-tail, Spoon-billed butterball, Broad-billed dipper, Hickory- head, Shot-pouch, Chunk duck (western New York), Paddy-whack, and 4o others. Chen hyperborea hyperborea (Pallas) Lesser Snow Goose Anser hyperboreus Pallas. Spicil. Zool. 1769. 6: 25 Chien hy pies biorea AyOs Us Checklist] Vids 24) 28055) Nom chen, Gr. xyv, goose; hyperbérea, Lat., hyperborean, far northern Distinguishing marks. Differs from the Greater snow goose only in size; from the Blue goose as noted under that species. Length 24-26 inches; wing 14.5—-17; tail 5.5; tarsus 2.75—-3.3; bill 2-2.15. According to Professor Cooke, [Biol. Sur. Bul. 26, p. 65-67], this species is confined principally to the region west of the Mississippi river during migration, winters most abundantly from Louisiana to Texas and Mexico, and probably breeds on the islands of the Arctic ocean, “immediately to the north of Banks Land.”’ In Mr Dutcher’s Long Island collection there are two specimens of Snow geese, no. 107 and 1200, both immature, which fall within the dimen- BIRDS OF NEW YORK 227 sions given by authorities for the Lesser snow goose. One was taken on Shinnecock bay, October 8th, 1881 [see Dutcher, Auk, 1:34], the other on Montauk Point, October 29th, 1888. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forster) Greater Snow Goose Plate 21 Anas nivalis Forster. Philos. Trans. 1772. 62: 413 An sem hy pier bionews Dekays Zooly N.Y 1844" pte; p. 350, e238 Chen hyperborea nivalis A.O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 169a nivalis, Lat., like snow, snowy Description. Adult: Plumage pure white, the wing tips black, the head often washed with rusty; bill pinkish or carmine red, the nail white and the “grinning” opening black; feet pale lake-red; iris dark brown. Young: Head, neck and upper parts light gray, the feathers margined with lighter; rump, tail, and under parts whitish; bill and feet much darker than in the adult. Length 27-31 inches; extent 58-63; wing 17-17.15; tail 6.5; bill 2.3-2.65; tarsus 3-3.5; middle toe and claw 3-3.5; weight 5-6.5 pounds. The Greater snow goose is supposed to breed mostly on Victoria Land in the Arctic ocean. It “is enormously abundant on both the eastern and western shores of Hudson bay during spring migration” and winters chiefly in the lower Mississippi valley from southern Illinois to the gulf, but is found mostly east of the Mississippi river, while the Lesser snow goose is found to the westward. The Greater snow goose is also found on the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Cuba and occasionally winters as far north as Cape Cod, and it is assumed in the present report that all records of Snow geese in New York State where the specimens were not procured refer to this species. The following are the definite records we have of this species: Ithaca, N. Y., March 1876. (2 young). Forest and Stream, 7: 283 Lake George, N. Y. Nov. 19, 1881. (Flock). Merriam, N. O. C. Bul. 7: 128 Ossining, N. Y. April 8, 1882. (200-300). Fisher, N. O. C. Bul. 7: 251 Moriches, L. I. Sept. 28, 1886. Adult. (Lucas & Buck). Dutcher, L. I. Notes Lake Champlain, N. Y. Few years ago flock seen by E. G. White, Ottawa, 185 Wurten- burg st. (Some were shot.) 228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cedar Island, Great South bay, L. I. Oct. 9, 1886. 3 juvenal. (Wilson). Dutcher, L. I. Notes Amityville, L. I. Nov. 15, 1886. (Flock 20 flying southwest, Chichester). Dutcher Atlanticville. L. I. Dec. 3, 1886. (Flock 30). (Jackson). Dutcher Montauk, L. I. Dec. 1886. Dutcher Cold Spring Harbor, L. 1. Dec. 7, 1886. (2 seen). Forest and Stream, Dec. 9, 1886 Owego, N. Y. Fall of 1888. (J. A. Allen). J. A. Loring Shelter Island, L. I. Apr. 3, 1889. o'. Dutcher Gardiners island, L. I. Oct. 1889. (2). (Lucas). Dutcher Atlanticville, L. I. 1890. (2 killed, Knoess). Dutcher Point Lookout Life Saving Station, L.I. Nov. 24, 1901. (Several flocks). Braislin, p- 5° Rockaway Beach, L. I. Jan. 30, 1902. (2). Braislin, p. 50 Nyack, N. Y. Nov. 18,1903. Y% Immature. Braislin, Auk, 21: 288 Several other records more or less indefinite occur in the Forest and Stream and other publications. It is evident, however, that the Snow goose is an uncommon bird in this State, but, unlike most birds which breed in the interior of British America or on the Arctic coast, and follow the Mississippi valley during migrations, it appears to be more common on the Atlantic coast and along the Hudson-Champlain valley than in western New York. Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus) Blue Goose Plate 21 Anas caerulescens Linnaeus. Syst: Nat: Ed.ro. 1758. 1: 124 Chen caerulescens A. ©) U. Check Vist. Edo2. 1895. No 169% caerules’cens, Lat., bluish Description. Head and upper neck white; lower neck, back, scapulars, breast and flanks dusky gray, the feathers tipped with grayish white, or brownish, giving a somewhat scaly appearance; the dark color fades to whitish on the belly and under tail coverts; rump, and greater and lesser wing coverts bluish gray; tertials and greater coverts black along their centers, growing br ownish toward their edges and quite sharply margined with whitish; wing feathers dusky toward the tips, their shafts white except near the tips; tail feathers dusky, margined and tipped with whitish; bill and feet flesh color, the “grinning recess” of the bill black; iris brown. Like other water fowl which dabble in marshy waters char ged with iron, there BIRDS OF NEW YORK 22090 is often a rusty tinge on the head and belly. Young birds have the head and neck dark grayish brown and the bill and feet dusky. Length 25-30 inches; wing 15—17; bill 2.1-2.28, depth of bill at base 1.37 ; tarsus 3-3.25; middle toe and nail 2.77; outer toe 2.62; inner toe 2.12; eA TLOC re Ore Blue snow goose, Blue-winged goose, Blue wavy, White-headed blue brant, or White-headed goose, as this bird is called by gunners in different localities, is one of the rarest waterfowl which visit the waters of New York State. Many ornithologists have considered it merely the young of the Snow goose, but at the present time the consensus of opinion seems to be that it is a perfectly good species. The amateur may distinguish it by the white head and bluish wings and rump, since the young of the Snow goose is never known to have a white head when in dark plumage. Its habits and notes resemble those of the Snow goose and its breeding range is supposed to be somewhere in the Hudson bay region. Several specimens of the Blue goose taken within the State have been preserved in museums as follows: Shinnecock bay, L.I. L. I. Hist. Soc. Col. Dutcher, Auk, 10: 270 Amityville, L.I. Nov. 22, 1893. 2. (Chichester). Dutcher Collection Cayuga, N. Y. Apr.1, 1896. o@ 2. Foster Parker. Collection of State Museum Schenevus, N. Y. Mar. 23, 1898. Collection of State Museum Amagansett, L.I. Mar. 21,1887. (Edwards). Collection of Lucas & Buck, Sag Harbor, Dutcher Miller’s Place, L. I. Apr. 28, 1883. wigse Grek Dedce genatieua Toon oe 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bay, L. I., about October 20th, 1876, recorded by George N. Lawrence [N. O. C. Bul. 2: 18, also in Forest and Stream, 7: 181, 276]. Olor columbianus (Ord) Whistling Swan Plate 22 Anas columbianus Ord in Guthrie’s Geogr. Am. Ed.2. 1815. p. 319 Cygnus americanus DeKay. Zool..N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 353, fig. 235 Oller colin baa niuls) SAN Os (Ue) Check Mist.) diay 18955 SNok iso o’lor, Lat., a swan; columbia’nus, of Columbia river Description. Adult: Plumage entirely white, sometimes with a rusty tinge about the head and breast; bill black with a yellowish spot in front of the eye; feet black; iris brown. Young: Ashy gray, with brownish wash on head and upper neck; smaller than the adult; feet light colored; middle portion of bill largely flesh-colored. Weight 12 to 19 pounds. COMPARATIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE WHISTLING AND TRUMPETER SWANS | ms | | Length | Extent Wing | | | Columbianus. | ft | Buccinator . 5 ore Bill, PR ., | Rear of nostril | Middle PAC ose || rear eel || LESSEE toe culmen Tail in.| 7-81n.|3.62-4.25 in 8-9 |4.22-5. boy The smaller dimensions are of immature specimens, and young of the year are still smaller in each species. Distinctive marks. This swan is distinguished from O. bucci- nator, the Trumpeter swan, by its smaller size, 20 instead of 24 tail feathers, yellow or yellowish spot on the side of the bill, and particularly by the different shape and dimensions of the bill, as shown by the above measurements [see also text figure]. The sternum is hollowed out to receive a long fold of the trachea, which is more convoluted in buccinator, forming a vertical as well as a horizontal fold. The Whistling swan, or American swan, breeds in the arctic regions and appears in New York as a spring and fall migrant both on the coast and on the interior lakes. It is more common in western New York than on the coast and may be regarded as a regular migrant, appearing in spring BIRDS OF NEW YORK 237 from the 13th to the 28th of March and is rarely seen later than the roth of April. In the fall it appears from October 21 to November 8 and has not been recorded later than December 24. Many mounted specimens of this bird, killed in western New York, have come under the author’s observations, but in most cases it has been impossible to obtain any definite information concerning the date of their capture. DeKay’s statement Bill of Trumpeter swan. 4% nat. size Bill of Whistling swan. js nat. size that the swan formerly bred in Hamilton and Herkimer counties was based on the testimony of residents who undoubtedly made the report on insuf- ficient evidence. At any rate, we have no good reason to believe that this bird ever bred in New York State, although it was unquestionably much more common in early times. Following are a few records of its occurrence in recent times. Black river, Lewisco.,N.Y. March 1826. (Flock). “Hough, History of Lewis county”’ Lake Champlain, N. Y. About 1870. F. T. Pember Montauk Point, L.I. About 1874. (J. Miller, J. Scott). Dutcher 238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mount Morris, N. Y. Apr. 1875. Fraine. Forest and Stream, 4: 199 Cayuga, N. Y. Spring 1875. Fowler. Forest and Stream, 7: 230 Northwestern Pa. Mar. 22, 1879. Sennett, N. O. C. Bul. 5: 127 Southwestern N. Y. (Numbers brought down by sleet storm and captured) Seneca river, N. Y. Apr. 1880. Fowler, Wright & Rathbun, O. & O. 7: 133 Highland Falls, N. Y. Oct. 21, 1880. Mearns List Shinnecock bay, L. I. Nov. 26, 1886. Forest and Stream, 27: 364. Dutcher, Auk, 5: 170 Medina, N. Y. Spring 1886. Posson Lockport, N. Y. Mar. 20, 1886. Cook, Biological Survey Bul. 26 Reed pond, Montauk, L. I. Nov. 5, 1886. (Juvenal). (Shot by George Hand). Dutcher, Auk, 5: 176 Branchport, N. Y. Mar. 31, 1888. (3). Verdi Burtch Niagara co., N. Y. Below Niagara Falls. Mar. 30, 1889. (Several each season). Davison, Forest and Stream, 30, 34, 32: 295 Deerfield, Oneida co., N. Y. Mar. 13, 1890. Ralph & Bagg, Auk, 7: 230 Cayuga, N. Y. (About) Nov. 1894. Foster Parker, E. H. Eaton collection Scarboro, N. Y. Late Nov. 1897. Gerald Thayer Irondequoit bay, N. Y. Apr. 2, 1898. State Museum collection Honeoye lake, N. Y. Early Apr. 1898. (3 birds seen). Wallace Reed Flatlands, L.I. Dec. 24, 1901. Braislin, Auk, 20: 52 Buffalo, N. Y. ‘‘Repeatedly shot.”’ Ottomar Reinecke Canandaigua lake, N.Y. Mar. 25, 1905. (12). George B. Dixon, Ontario County Times Keuka lake, N. Y. Nov. 1, 1905. (5). C.F. Stone Manitou, Monroe co., N. Y. Nov. 2, 1905. John West, Democrat & Chronicle Rush, Monroe co., N. Y. Mar. 27, 1907. John S. Gray, Post Express Canandaigua, N. Y. Mar. 20,1907. (28). Foster Burtis The month of March 1908 was famous for the unprecedented migration of swans in western New York, and for the catastrophe which befell the birds on Niagara river. On March 17th, 12 swans were reported from Montezuma, and, on the r8th, 118 were seen at Mud Lock near Cayuga. These birds did not arrive in a single flock but ‘‘came in’”’ in bunches of 15 or 20, and left sometime in the evening. On March r4th about 350 swans lit in the Niagara river near Grand Island, and on the r5th, about 11.30 a.m., more than roo of them were swept over the falls and were taken from the river below the falls. Many of them would have survived but were killed by clubs and guns. On the 18th three more were killed, and on the 22d 12 more. This great slaughter of whistling swans was reported in the BIRDS OF NEW YORK 239 Buffalo newspapers of March 17th, 1908, and by James Savage in the Buffalo Society Natural Sciences Bulletin 1908, volume 9, pages 23-28, and by Fleming in the Auk, volume 25, pages 306-9. Olor buccinator (Richardson) Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator Richardson in Richardson & Swainson. Fauna Bor. Am. 1831. 2: 464 Olor buccinator A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 181 biiccind’tor, Lat., a trumpeter This large species is a bird of western North America, but has been ascribed to the Atlantic states as a casual visitor by many authors. I have been unable to find any New York specimen of this swan although the Auburn List records it, page 36, as having been taken on Cayuga lake and the specimen was still extant in 1879. The Buffalo List, by Dr Gregg, page 6, also records it as an accidental visitant on the authority of the late Charles Linden, but no specimens are cited. I regret to state that I have been unable to trace the Cayuga specimen and hence can pass no judgment as to its authenticity. Also, a second specimen from Cayuga supposed to be this species, after careful measurements Ihave referred tocolumbianus. This bird was evidently an immature specimen, probably of the second year as it still retains the brownish or ashy tinge of the head and upper neck; but its dimensions reach the maximum for columbianus. Its bill though appearing perfectly black, after being scrubbed with alcohol, revealed the fact that it had been of an obscure flesh-color for a con- siderable space both before and behind the nostrils. Its tail feathers are 20 in number. The shape and proportions of its bill are more nearly those On Columb am Us: It is probable that the Trumpeter swan was formerly an occasional visitor to this State in the days when all our waterfowl were more numerous, and such western species as the White pelican and Whooping crane are known to have been regular visitors on the Atlantic seaboard. It will be well for all sportsmen and ornithologists to make a sharp scrutiny of all 240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM swans captured in this State in the hope that we may add this noble species definitely to our avifauna. Order HER RODIONES Herons etc. Order Ardeiformes, Sharpe’s Hand-List Bill long, normally sharp and horny at tip with cutting edges (Cultri- rostral type); skull sloping gradually to base of bill and intimately joined with it; nostrils small and elevated, with bony surroundings; head more or less naked at least on the lores; neck long, of 15 to 17 vertebrae, easily bent into a strongly curved S-shape; legs long, the tibiae bare below; toes long, the hind one nearly or quite on a level with the front ones; wings long and broad; tail short, of about 12 feathers; skull desmognathous; carotids double (abnormal in the Bittern); food chiefly fish, reptiles, amphib- ians, mollusks and other aquatic animals. These birds are preeminently waders (Grallatores), and stalkers (Gradatores), moving with slow and stealthy gait, often remaining motionless and standing on one leg. They seize their prey by a quick, straight thrust of the beak. From the nature of their feet they are mostly good perchers and nest largely in trees, the nest being bulky and rude, the eggs few and plain in color. The young are psilopaedic and altricial. Family IBIDIDAE Ibises Bill long, slightly compressed, almost cylindrical, grooved, curved throughout; legs short for the order; front toes webbed at base; claws compressed, sharp, resting on a horny “‘shoe;’ tail short, usually of 12 feathers; tarsus usually scutellate in front; palate schizorhinal; no basip- terygoids; occipital foramina, ambiens, femorocaudal and its accessory, semitendinosus and its accessory present; pectoralis major simple; sternum two notched on each side; tongue very small; two coeca; feather tracts broad; no powder-downs. There are about 32 species of ibises, confined to the tropical and warm temperate regions. They inhabit marshes, swampy rivers and lake shores, some of them resembling curlews in general appearance. White ibis. Guara alba BIRDS OF NEW YORK 241 (Linneaus). From specimen in American Museum of Natural History. 4 nat. size NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to aS bo Guara alba (Linnaeus) White Ibts Scolopax alba Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.to. 1758. 1: 145 Ibis alba DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 230 Guara alba A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 184 guara, South American name; al’ba, Lat., white Description. Adult: White; tips of four or more outer primaries black; the bare face, bill and legs orange-red, the bill tipped with dusky; iris light blue. Young: Grayish brown, rump, base of tail and under parts white; face and bill yellowish; legs bluish gray; iris brown. Length 24-26 inches; extent 40; wing r1—-12.5; tail 5; bill 5-7, from the nose 4.6; tarsus 3.4-3.5; middle toe and claw 2.5. I have been unable to find any record of the occurrence of this species on Long Island since the time of Giraud, who records a specimen which was shot at Raynor South in the summer of 1836, and another procured at Moriches in the early part of March 1843. About the year 1895 one was killed near Lake Ontario and mounted by a taxidermist in Rochester, N. Y., where the fresh specimen was observed by David Bruce and recorded in his correspondence with the State Museum. The home of the White ibis, or “Spanish curlew,”’ is in tropical America, extending as far north as southern Hlinois and South Carolina. It is purely accidental in New York State. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselquist) Glossy Ibts Tringa autumnalis Hasselquist. Reise nach Palastina. Deutsche Ausg. 1762. p- 306 bis mexicanuwus Dektay. Zool Ne You 18445 spire. 2a Pilleiora dais asust wim! na lis) Al © Ue Checkalvictaaeh divchaeer 805s NOs O pleg’adis, Gr. mAnyds, tAnyddos, a sickle; autumnda’lis, autumnal Description. Adult: Rich dark chestnut, glossed on the back, wings, tail, front of head with purplish green; sides and lining of wings dusky greenish; primaries greenish black; bill and legs blackish; bare face slaty blue or greenish; iris brown. Young: head and neck grayish brown BIRDS OF NEW YORK 243 streaked with whitish; upper parts dusky green; bill yellowish and dusky; legs yellowish. Length 24 inches; extent 36; wing ro—11.6; tail 4; bill 4.5-5.5; tibia bare 2.5; tarsus 3-4; middle toe and claw about 3. This species is an occasional summer visitant in New York. Besides many rumors of its being seen, we have the following records of specimens taken: Southampton, L. I. Sept. 12, 1847. Dutcher, Auk, 10: 271 Canarsie bay, L. I. Oct. 10, 1848. Dutcher, Auk, 10: 271 Auburn, N. Y. 1854. William Hopkins, Bost. Soc. Nat. list. Proc. 5:13 Tonawanda swamp, N. Y. May 1889. Posson, Auk, 17: 193 Dunkirk, N. Y. April 1894. (J. W. Ware). Savage, Auk, 12 393. (A specimen evidently this same bird reported by Kirkover, Auk, 15: 50) Rochester, N. Y. 1898. (Miller, Newark, N. Y.). D. Bruce Ne ITE J T r Glossy ibis. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselquist). From Se neca Tiver, N 2 M S May 1902. specimen (immature) in State Museum. j nat. size 3 seen, 1 shot. F.S. Wright Cayuga, N. Y. May 11,1907. (3 seen, 2 taken). (Parker). Fuertes, Auk, 24: 338 : May 21, 1907. (3 seen). i « & The Glossy ibis inhabits the tropical and warm temperate zones, in the United States straying northward to the Great Lakes and New England. The specimens taken by Mr Parker in the Montezuma marshes were evidently about to breed, the ova in the female being as large as BB shot. Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus) White-jaced Glossy Ibis Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.12. 1766. 1: 242 Plegadis guarauna A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No 187 guaran’na, South American name Distinguishing marks. Similar, both in size and color to the Glossy ibis, but the lores of the present species are lake-red in life and the feathers 244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM surrounding the bare skin of the face are white, instead of blackish as in the preceding species; iris red. The home of this species is tropical and warm temperate America, and in the United States extends from Texas and southern California to Wyoming and Washington. It has been found in Florida, but is ex- tremely rare or purely accidental in the other eastern states. Its place in New York ornithology rests on a single specimen in the New York State Museum [No. 205] which was taken on Grand Island, Niagara river, August 1844 [see Ne Y2 State Muss adUAn Rept, p. 225 also, Auk; 3>252—54)- Family CICONIIDAE Storks Bill very stout at base and broad as forehead, long, decurved at the tip im oun (species) snot grooved; nasal fossae wanting; tarsi mostly reticulate; claws on a horny “‘shoe,” the middle one not White-faced glossy ibis. Plegadis guarauna (Lin. pectinate; nasals holorhinal; semi- naeus). New York specimen in State Museum, j nat. size 6 : tendinosus muscle and its acces- sory present; accessory femorocaudal absent; two coeca; no powder-down., There are 18 species or more of the Stork family found in the warmer regions of the globe. The Wood ibis, so miscalled, is the only New York species. Mycteria americana Linnaeus Wood Ibis Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 140 Tantalus loculator A. O. U. Check List.. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 188 mycte’ria, Gr. poxtnpifo, to turn up the nose Description. Adult: White, the wing quills, primary coverts and tai! glossy black; bald head “‘livid bluish and yellowish:” bill dingy yellowish; BIRDS OF NEW YORK 2A S legs blue; feet blackish, the webs stained with yellow; iris dark brown. Young: Head and neck downy; plumage grayish brown, the head becoming bare and the plumage white with age. Length 35-46 inches; extent 66; wing 17.7-19.5; bill from nostril “—8, depth at base.2 or more; tibia bare 6; tarsus 7-8.5; middle toe and claw 4.75; weight 9-12 pounds. The home of the Wood ibis, or American wood stork, is in tropical and austral America northward to Virginia, Illinois and California. It is of acciden- tal occurrence in New York, five specimens having been taken in the State as follows: Sand Lake, Rensselaer « OF; N. Y: June 24, 1876. (2). Fes: Webster, N. O. C. Bul. 1: 96 Glennie Falls, Ulster co., N. Y. July 8, 1884. Fisher, Auk, 2h) 21200 East Marion, L. I. June ar: 1800. Dutcher, Auk, to 266 East Galway, Saratoga co., N. Y. Aug. 1896. 5S. R. Ingersoll & A. S. Brower ’ Family ARDEIDAE Bitterns and Herons Bill narrow, wedge- shaped straight, cabout Jas i wscaipememe renal oa ee nee eee ee a in State Museum, 3 nat. size ; long as tarsus, with long oD nasal fossae; tarsi scutellate in front; toes long and slender; claw of middle toe pectinate, or comblike; hind toe very long on level with front toe and its claw long and curved in the true herons, straighter in the bitterns;: head long, narrow, flattened and sloping gradually to the bill; gullet capa 246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cious; wings very large and broad; tail short, of ro feathers in bitterns, and t2 in the true herons; plumage very loose; powder-down tracts two pairs in bitterns, three pairsin herons. There is great seasonal change in plumage among the true herons, most of them developing dorsal, pectoral and nuchal plumes in the breeding season, the dorsal train reaching a marvelous development in the egrets. Some species are dichromatic. The voice is rough and croaking. The female is somewhat smaller than the male, and there is considerable individual variation in size, as well as in the color of the bill and legs. One leg is almost always larger than the other, probably from the habit of standing largely on one foot. Herons nest in trees on flat bulky nests constructed of sticks. The eggs are mostly from three to seven in number, oval in shape, usually of a pale bluish color. Young are born naked and are fed in the nest by their parents like all members of the order. Bitterns rarely perch on trees, and build their broad nest made of reeds or rushes on or near the ground. The eggs are light greenish white or brownish in color. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu) American Btttern Plate 23 Ardea lentiginosa Montagu. Orn. Dict. Sup. 1813 Ardea minor DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 226, fig. 189 Botaurus lentiginosus A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 190 botaurus, new Lat., a bittern; lentigind’sus, Lat., freckled Description. Upper parts brown, profusely mottled and freckled with buffy and ocherous; neck and under parts tawny white or ochery, each feather with a brown dark edged stripe; the throat line white with brownish streaks; a velvet black streak on each side of neck; crown and tail brown; a buffy stripe over the eye; quill feathers greenish black, washed with glaucous and tipped with brown; bill pale yellowish, brownish black on top and tip; legs greenish yellow; iris yellow. Dimensions. This species varies greatly in dimensions. “Length 23- 34 inches; extent 32-45; wing 9.5-13; bill 3; tarsus 3.5”; middle toe and claw about 3.5, the claw 1-1.12. The female is the smaller. Distribution. This bird undoubtedly occurs, and probably breeds, in every county in this State. It is a fairly common summer resident on uBUI JO sunod Ssurpoord us0zjiq uPoroury ‘UlOI IG UPOIIOWIY JO Sss9 pur son Ivo} 4ISIY SUIMOYS SUIO}}IG UPOIIOUIYW SsUNO — af yf 4 NN +S ¥ BK <4 es iy Hy ‘. ; ‘ eB 4 NS 4 Le RR, And 248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM eastern Long Island and on all the marshes of the interior. On the Mon- tezuma marshes it is so common that a dozen birds may often be heard booming at the same time. Some of the upland counties may possibly be without breeding records for the bittern, but it seems to establish itself wherever there are weedy marshes 10 or more acres in extent. I have found it nesting at Elk lake within 10 miles of Mt Marcy, and it prob- ably breeds in suitable localities throughout the Adirondack region when- ever it is left undisturbed. Migration. The bittern arrives from the ist to the roth of April in the southeastern part of New York, and from the roth to the 2oth of April in the western districts. On Long Island and in the interior the latest dates are from the 1st to the 15th of November. Habits. From the time of its firstappearance in April well into the month of June the booming of the bittern is one of the characteristic sounds of our marshes. The popular impression exists that the notes are produced while the bird’s head is submerged, but such is not the case. On several occasions I have sat on a slope overlooking an extensive marsh where a number of bitterns were booming, and sometimes two or three could be seen at the same time engaged in the curious performance. They were standing quite motionless in the marsh, and every few minutes the desire to utter its love notes seemed to take violent possession of some one of the birds. It would stretch out its neck rather spasmodically, clicking its bill meanwhile three or four times, and begin a sinuous or pumping motion with the neck and fore- part of the body, similar to the actions of a hawk or owl when disgorging a bone pellet, but with the head and bill inclined upward at an angle of 45 degrees or more. At each spasm or pumping motion the head and foreneck would shoot forward some distance, and the wondrous notes would finally come forth, resembling the syllables pump-er-lunk, or plum pudd’n, or, as one observer expressed it to me, ugh plum pudd’n, repeated several times. He certainly acts as if suffering from acute nausea, and the notes are fairly disgorged by the love-sick bittern. The sound has a hollow gurgling quality and has been compared to the sound of a wooden pump just as the water is about to come forth, or to the muffled bellow of a bull. At the dis- tance of halfa mile it is reduced to one syllable and resembles the sound made BIRDS OF NEW YORK 249 — P vie SON ‘ al an ‘ . yer > we 7 WT 4 a v4 - . m7, \ ie . o . American bittern brooding and defending young. (From Bird-Lore. Photo by E. G. Tabor) 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM while driving a stake in the mud; hence the popular names of Thunder- pumper, Stake-driver, Bog-buil etc. Persons who are unfamiliar with the bittern’s note pass it by unnoticed, and I have often stood on piers and bridges where several people were congregated and bitterns were booming near by, but no one seemed to notice the strange note and when asked con- cerning it, they usually admitted they had never heard it before. When flushed from its retreat on the marsh or riverside, the bittern rises with a hoarse croak, its neck stretched out, its legs dangling, and seeming to shrink in mortal terror from the impending danger, until well under way, when it makes off with slow and measured stroke of its ample wings. Its nest is placed in a secluded part of the marsh among the grass and weeds and consists simply of a broad flat pile of dead grass, flags and weed stalks. The eggs are from three to five in number, of a brownish drab color, about 2 inches in length by 1.5 in lesser diameter. The food of the bittern consists largely of frogs as well as all kinds of small animals which inhabit the marsh, even mice and small birds, but fish are rarely found in its stomach. It often stands motionless in the grass with its bill pointing upward, its attitude, streaked neck, general hue, and the black diagonal patch on the sides of its neck, all combining to render it invisible. On several occasions I have found it quite impossible to point out successfully to companions a bittern which was standing in full view at no great distance, and often, when finally successful, have been met with the assertion that it was no bird at all. The bittern is now protected by our laws and I see no reason why such an interesting bird should not be preserved. Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin) Least Bittern Plate 23 Ardea exilis Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. 2: 645 F DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 225, fig. 190 Ardetta exilis A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. rox ixobrychus, perhaps from Gr. igo’s, birdlime; and fpixdopa, to bellow ; exi’lis, Lat., slight, = small Description. Male: Crown, back, rump and tail glossy black, a narrow stripe of buffy along each side of the back; hind neck, part of the BIRDS OF NEW YORK : = ob aS ‘a Pes ay ay, Tabor) G. Photo by E (From Bird-Lore. Least bittern on nest. 252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wing coverts, and the outer edges of the wing quills chestnut, the rest of the neck and the under parts in general varying from light buffy to brownish yellow, the chin and throat varied with whitish; bill pale yellow, turning to blackish along the culmen; lores yellowish green; legs green; eyes and toes yellow. Female: Similar to male, but brown where he is black and a broader stripe of buffy on the scapulars. Young: Similar to female, but the feathers of the upper part tipped with buff. Length 11-14.25 inches; extent 18; wing 4-5.25; tail 2; tarsus 1.5-1.75; middle toe and claw 1.72. Field marks. The very small size of this little heron together with its buffy and black coloration will serve to distinguish it as it flies low over the flags of the marsh, or stands immovable among the sedges. Its presence in the marsh, however, will more often be determined in the breeding season by its mellow cuckoolike call, ‘‘coo-coo-coo”’ from the depths of the marsh. Distribution. The Least bittern is locally common as a summer resident in the marshes of Long Island, the Hudson valley and the region of Lakes Erie, Ontario and the central chain. It must occur, also, on the marshes of Lake Champlain, but I can find no definite records to this effect. It is apparently rare, or absent in the upland counties, but there are reliable records from Springville, Cincinnatus, Owego and other localities where there are no extensive marshes. Its proper range is tropical and temperate America as far north as Maine and Manitoba, and it winters from Florida southward. It arrives from the south from the 7th to the 20th of May on Long Island, the earliest record being April 27th. In western New York it arrives from May roth to the 2oth, and leaves for the south September 1st to 15th, sometimes remaining as late as October roth. The Least bittern is our smallest member of the family, and is of shy and gentle disposition, remaining hid in the long grass of the marshes and feeding on insects and small aquatic animals. It is sometimes seen flying low over the marshes but usually travels on foot, making its way through the rank grass of the marshes with great ease. It climbs through the grass from stalk to stalk and rarely wades. The nest is built among thick sedges, or cat-tails several inches above the water, poorly supported upon the grow- ing plants, and is often flooded, or beaten down by storms. It is a rather BIRDS OF NEW YORK 253 flat structure composed of dead grass and flags, the tops of the sedges about it usually being bent down to form a screen above the eggs after the manner of rails. The eggs are from four to seven in number, of a light greenish white, elliptical in shape, about 1.23 x .g2 inches in dimensions. The young are quite downy but not thoroughly ptilopaedic and remain in the nest for some time. Ixobrychus neoxenus (Cory) Cory Least Bittern Distinguishing marks. Neck and wing coverts rich chestnut; under parts rufous or light chestnut; under tail coverts black; males have no light stripe on side of back. Size of exilis. This species or color phase, whichever it is, has been taken several times at Toronto, and its nest found there. Although no specimens have been reported from New York it should occur on the Niagara river and along the southern shore of Lake Ontario. Ardea herodias Linnaeus Great Blue Heron Plate 24 Ardea herodias Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o0o. 1758. 1:143 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 219, fig. 184 A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 194 ar'dea, Lat., a heron; hero’dias, misspelled for Gr. épwé0s and Lat. herodius, a heron Description. Adult breeding season: Top of head, cheeks and chin white; sides of crown and occipital crest black; neck light purplish gray, the throat line streaked with black, white and rusty; upper parts mostly slaty blue; wing feathers deepening to black on the outer primaries; scapular and pectoral plumes largely pearl-gray; under parts largely black streaked with white; tibia and edge of wing chestnut-brown; bill and iris mostly yellow, the former dusky along the ridge, loral space blue; legs blackish. Young: Top of head blackish, no pearl: gray plumes; upper parts more of a grayish blue tinged with rusty, especially on the wing coverts; the black of the under parts replaced by ashy gray. Length 42-50 inches; extent 68-74; wing 18-20; tail 7-8; bill 4.5-6.5; tibiae bare 3-4; tarsus oe a middle toe and claw 5; weight 6-8 pounds. Young in the fall from 3 5 pounds. Distribution. The Great blue heron is a common and well known tran- sient visitant in all parts of New York, and is locally a summer resident on Long Island as well as in western, central and northern New York. Breed- 2 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM on ing colonies formerly existed in every large swamp in the State, but constant persecution and the destruction of the large trees which furnished their nesting sites have greatly reduced the number of heronries. In recent years they still existed near Cherry Creek, Lime Lake, Dansville, Potter, Cincinnatus, Johnstown, Troy, Granville, Amenia, Jamaica sound, and many other localities, but most of these have passed into history within the last two decades. At present there are large heronries in the Tona- wanda swamp near West Barre, Clyde river between Newark and Clyde, Oheida lake near Constantia, several localities in the Adirondack region, the largest probably being in the vicinity of Saranac and Cranberry lakes. According to Mr O. W. Degan of Plum island there was still a breeding colony on Gardiners island in 1900. At present there are not over 50 pairs in the West Barre heronry, but according to Mr William R. Maxon, there are about 500 pairs in that at Constantia. Migrations. This is the hardiest of all our herons and is occasionally seen in midwinter both on the coast and in the interior about the open waters of springs and streams. The spring migration seems to begin about the same time on Long Island and in the interior; the earliest arrivals ranging from March 16th to April 5th, March 30th being the average date in most localities. The greater number depart for the south between the sth and the zoth of November. It is commonest during April, and from August to October when the immature birds are likely to be found on every creek and mill pond in the State wherever they are unmolested. The Great blue heron is a distinct addition to the picturesqueness of our lake shores and river courses. “The haunts of coot and hern”’ lose much of their charm when deprived of this stately bird. Like most of the herons it nests in colonies and the old birds visit the streams and marshes for miles around in search of their favorite food of fish, frogs etc. This heron is undoubtedly the most destructive enemy of all our native birds to trout streams and fish ponds. As it visits the ponds at night when the trout are feeding in shallow water, a few herons will often levy a toll of several dozens of fingerlings in a single night. When visiting trout ponds early in the morning, I have occasionally found fish which had been speared BIRDS OF NEW YORK 2 Photo by A. W. Perrior Great blue heron’s nest and eggs Photo by C. F. Stone Great blue heron, nest. The nesting trees die after a few years Photo by A. W. Perrior 5 nests in Constantia swamp Swamp at Constantia, Oneida lake. Site of great heronry Great blue heron. (6) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 2 On by the heron’s daggerlike beak and drawn ashore only to be discarded because they were too large even for his capacious gullet. The tallest trees in the swamp are usually selected for their nesting sites. The nest is a bulky affair made of large sticks and rather flat on top. The eggs are from three to six in number of a pale greenish blue, ellipsoidal in shape and about 2.55 by 1.52 inches in size. The young remain in the nest about four weeks and often set up a rattling clamor for food, resembling somewhat the barking of a litter of young dogs. Herodias egretta (Gmelin) American Egret Plate 24 Ardea egretta Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. 2: 629 ea leuce DeKay: Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 220, fig. 186 Ardea egretta A.O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 194 egret’ta, from French azgrette, a kind of heron, also a plume Description. Adult in breeding plumage: Entirely white; about 50 straight plumes, or “‘aigrettes,” spring from the back and extend con- siderably beyond the tail; bill, lores and eyes yellow; legs and feet black. Immature and adults after breeding season: Without the dorsal plumes. Length 36-42 inches; the train of plumes extending to or 12 inches farther; extent 53-56; wing 14.3-17; tail 5.6-6.5; bill 4.3-5; tarsus 5.5— 6.75; tibia bare 3.5. The females have the smaller dimensions. Distribution. This species inhabits tropical and temperate America as far north as Virginia and Missouri. After the breeding season it straggles northward as far as Oregon, Manitoba and Nova Scotia. In our State it is an occasional summer visitant. Giraud speaks of its occurrence on Long Island as “‘not frequent’ and mentions a flock of five which remained on Coney island beach for several days. Numerous accounts of ‘‘White cranes”’ or White herons which have been seen in different parts of the State have come to my notice, and undoubtedly refer to this species. Besides these we have the following records of specimens taken or seen by reliable observers: Auburn, N. Y. (William Hopkins). Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 1856. 5:13 Ossining, N. Y. Early Sept. 1870. Fisher, N. O. C. Bul. 4:62; Forest and Stream, IL: 452 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 25 ~ Cattaraugus creek, Erie co.,N. Y. Aug. 10, 1881. o juvenal. Eaton, Auk, 13: 178 Medina, N. Y. Ernest H. Short South Oyster Bay, L. I. Aug. 3, 1882. co’. Dutcher, Auk, 1: 32 Cayuga, N. Y. Aug. 1882. Parker Herkimer, N. Y. Spring 1882. Ralph & Bagg Sunham’s bay, Lake George, Warren co., N. Y. Latter part of May or first of June 1883. Merriam, Auk, 1: 59 Carlton, Orleans co. 1883. (Davison). Forest and Stream, 24: 204 Kent, Orleans co.,N. Y. July 27, 1883. (3 seen, 2 killed). Posson, Auk, 16: 193 Gardiners island, L. I]. Summer 1884. W. W. Worthington Alcott, Niagara co., N. Y. Aug. 18, 1886. Davison, Auk, 4: 159 South Barre, Orleans co., N. Y. About Apr. 25, 1887. (Col. Fred Miller). Neil F. Posson Deerfield and Marcy, N. Y. Nov. 10, 1889. Ralph & Bagg List, Auk, 8: 230 Baldwinsville, N. Y. Sept. 1895. A. W. Perrior, ‘‘1896.’" W.M. Beauchamp Skaneateles, N. Y. About 1893. s Newark Valley, Tioga co., N. Y. June 1896. G. B. Sutton Jamaica bay, Queens co., L. I. Oct. 1, 1897. Braislin, Auk, 17: 69 Montauk, L. I. July 23, 1900. Braislin, Auk, 19: 145 Penn Yan, N. Y. Spring. Auburn List, Forest and Stream, 7: 325 Dresden, N. Y. Years ago. James Flahive Ontario co.. N. Y. Aug. 1905. Wallace Reed Shinnecock bay, L. I. July 17, 1884. Dutcher, Long Island Notes Fire Island, L. I. July 27, 1884. (Martin). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Southampton, L. I. Aug. r890. (Burnett). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Long Island. (Years before 1890 mounted several, Knoess). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Egretta candidissima (Gmelin) Snowy Heron Ardea candidissima Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. 2: 633 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 221, fig. 187 A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 197 candidis’sima, Lat., very white Description. Adult: Plumage entirely white; atrain of about 50 plumes or “‘aigrettes’’ springs from the interscapular region, recurved at the tips; plumes also grow from the occiput and lower neck, the latter, however, are nearly straight. Young: Similar, but lacking the plumes. Lores, base of bill, eyes and toes yellow, tip of bill and legs black. Length 20-27 inches; extent 36-41; wing 8.5—11; tail 4; bill 2.25—-3.6; tarsus 3.25—4.5; tibia bare 2.5. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM i) On oe) Field marks. This species may be distinguished from the white phase of the Little blue heron by having the wings entirely white and the legs black; and from the Large white egret by its smaller size. Distribution. The range of this species coincides closely with that of the American egret. According to Giraud it was formerly not uncommon on Long Island from “‘late in the spring till the last of September.” In early days it undoubtedly bred in the Long Island swamps, and as late as May zoth, 1885, Mr Dutcher saw three specimens on Great South beach which were evidently trying to nest [see Auk, 3: 435]. During the summers of 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884 and 1885 small companies of these birds numbering from three to seven were observed on different occasions along the south coast of the island, but since that time it is rare or only an occasional visitor [see Dutcher, Auk, 1: 32]. Dr Braislin in ‘Auk, volume 17, page 169, men- tions a flock of six or seven observed at East Rockaway in August 1899. Mr Hendrickson in Dutcher’s Long Island Notes reports one from Queens county, May 16, 1889. Specimens from the interior have been reported from Buffalo, in Dr Bergtold’s List, page 6, from Sing Sing by Dr Fisher, from Lake Ontario, 1889, by Chapman, Forest and Stream, volume 33, page 497, and from Saratoga county, summer of 1893, by Messrs Brower and Ingersoll of Ballston Spa. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse) Louisiana Heron Reoimetita usta colMlbnisiiGosse;. jamaican a S47 3s Avr dieraalwidiow aicita ma Dekay Zool NEY 1S44e pine pemzc3 Mime, iientCo lier iti Going AO, Ws Clases Ire, Il. 1895. No. 199 hydranas’sa, Gr. ddp, water, and avacoa, queen; tri’color, Lat., three- colored; ruficol’lis, rufous-necked Description. Adult: Bill very slender; feathers of head and neck elongated and pointed; upper parts slaty blue; back of head and most of neck deepening to purplish maroon; the longer feathers of crest white; upper throat, rump and under parts mostly white; jugular plumes purplish and plumbeous; a scapular train of fringelike plumes sweeping beyond the tail, “light drab” in color; legs dusky in front and yellowish behind; bill black BIRDS OF NEW YORK 259 and yellow; lores yellow; iris red. Young: Without plumes; head and neck mostly rusty; upper parts plumbeous mark- ed with rusty; otherwise similar to the adult. Length 23-28 inches; extent 36-40; wing 8.5—11; tall 3:53 bill 3:6—57 tarsus 3.5—4; tibia bare 2.25; middle toe and claw 3 Distribution. It ranges through tropical and austral North America, rarely north to New Jersey and Indiana. Its only claim to a place in the New York list rests on “a single specimen shot near Patchogue in the summer of 1836” [Giraud, Birds of Long Island p 282] Louisiana heron. Hvyvdranassa tricolor ruficollis : Ose ; (Gosse). From specimen in State Museum. } nat. size Florida caerulea (Linnaeus) Little Blue Heron Ardea caerulea Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.to. 1758. 1 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 222 A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 200 flor’ida, named for the state; caert’lea, Lat., blue Description. Adult: Usual phase slaty blue, becoming purplish chest- nut or maroon colored on the head and neck; base of bill and bare loral space blue; tip of bill and legs black; eyes yellow. Young (and sometimes adults): Pure white, the longer quills tipped with bluish slate. Speci- mens varied with patches of ‘white are not uncommon. In the young, the legs, feet and lores are mostly greenish yellow, usually showing some trace of bluish. Distinguishing marks. The slaty blue wing tips and the greenish yellow legs distinguish the white phase of this bird from the Snowy heron 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Little blue heron. Florida caerulea (Linnaeus). From specimen in American Museum of Natural History. - io 3 Nat. size at a considerable distance. The inexperienced sometimes mistake the Little green heron for this species, but a slight attention to the descriptions will dispel the error. Distribution. This species inhabits tropical and warm temperate America from Guiana and Columbia to Kansas and Virginia, and like other southern species sometimes straggles northward as far as Nova Scotia and even to Labrador. It was rare on Long Island even in Giraud’s day, and must be regarded as only an accidental summer visitant. The following are the records of specimens taken: Great South bay, L. I. Aug. 17, 1847. Dutcher, Auk, 10: 271 I Shelter Island, L. I. Aug. 16, 1881. (Worthington). Dutcher, Notes Far Rockaway, L.I. Apr. 3, 1885. Lawrence, Auk, 2: 272 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 261 Little blue heron. Florida caerulea (Linnaeus). From specimen (immature) in American Museum of Natural History. nat. size 262 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Moriches, L. I. July 1889. (T. M. Lawrence). Dutcher, Notes Shelter Island, L. I. Apr. 7, 24, 1891. (Byram). Dutcher, Notes Montauk, L. 1. Apr. 20, 1898. Dutcher, Notes ast Rockaway, L. 1. Aug. 1899. Braislin, Auk, 17: 69 Hempstead bay, L. I. Summer 1900. Braislin, Auk, 19: 146 Also reported as seen at Oneonta by Yager in August 1899; and at Binghamton, May 8-12, 1900 by Miss Lillian Hyde Butorides virescens (Linnaeus) Green Heron Plate 23 Ardea virescens Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.to. 1758. 1: 144 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 224, fig. 188 A. ©. U. Check List. Ed’ 2: x85. No: 201 butort’des, Lat. butor, bittern, and Gr. «dos, resemblance; vires’cens, Lat., greenish Description. The top of head crested and greenish black; rest of head, and the sides and back of the neck rich chestnut, washed with vinaceous; ’ throat and narrow line down the foreneck whitish streaked with blackish: back and wing coverts green, the latter edged with buffy white, and the elongated interscapular feathers washed with glaucous or bluish gray; under parts brownish ash; quills and tail dusky with a plumbeous shade; bill dusky, base of lower mandible and lores yellow; legs greenish yellow. Young: Similar but the head and neck more rusty than chestnut and streaked with ocherous buff, no dorsal plumes; the wing coverts broadly margined with buffy. Length 15.5—22 inches; extent 24-26; wing 6.4-8; tail 2.65; bill 2—-2.5; tarsus 2; tibia bare .g—-1. Field marks. At a distance the Little green heron does not appear green and the old birds are much more likely to show a bluish cast from the plumbeous shading of the back and the wing quills. It may be distinguished from the bitterns, the only other small herons common in the State, by its prevailing dark coloration, while the bitterns are of a yellowish brown or ocherous hue. Distribution. The Green heron is common in tropical and temperate America as far north as Manitoba and New Brunswick. In New York it is quite generally distributed, except in the Adirondack region, and probably BIRDS OF NEW YORK 263 breeds in every county, excepting Franklin and Hamilton, and may yet be found in the lower portions of these counties. In the southeastern portion of the State it arrives from the south from the 6th to the 2oth of April; in the western portions from the 25th of April to the 5th of May. Its time of departure in the fall seems to vary greatly according to dif- ferent observers. I have found it in western New York to be from the 5th to the 15th of October and Dr Fisher in West- chester county from the 2d to the zoth of October. Others give it as early in September. The Green heron, Fly-up- the-creek, Shitepoke or Chalk- line, is perhaps the most famil- iar member of this family in most parts of New York, as it is found along the small streams and ponds, as well as the larger swamps and lakes. Its food is principally frogs, minnows and crawfish. The voice of this little heron is shriller and less hoarse than those of the other Photo by L. S. Horton Green heron’s nest and eggs herons, a somewhat guttural qua-qua. It is more easily ob- served on account of its diurnal habits and like the Kingfisher and Spotted sandpiper is the interesting companion of many a canoe trip on our New York rivers. They breed singly or in small colonies, the nest being placed in an alder, willow or thorn tree not far from the creek and usually about 15 feet from the ground. It is a slovenly structure of small sticks and is con- 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM siderably smaller than a crow’s nest, so loosely put together that the eggs may often be seen from the ground. These are from three to six in number, elliptical, pale greenish, and about 1.38 x 1.12 inches in size. Photo by L. S. Horton Young Green herons Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert) Black-crowned Night Heron Plate 24 Ardea naevia Boddaert. Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783. 56 Andea discors DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt 2) p. 227, figs 185 NS7CULCOMA Wi~OulCOreax. MAG wits BOO, We Cine Ibis, Wil 2, Bees No. 202 nycti'corax, Gr. and Lat., Night-raven, the classic name of the Night heron; ne’vius, Lat., birth-marked, spotted Description. Adult: Top of head, back and scapulars glossy greenish black; front and sides of head and lower parts generally white; rump, wings and tail ashy gray; two or more narrow white occipital plumes several inches BIRDS OF NEW YORK 205 in length; bill black; lores greenish; legs yellow; eyes red. Young: Grayish brown above streaked and spotted with tear-shaped spots of buffy white; under parts grayish white streaked with dusky; bill dusky; legs dull grayish green; iris grayish brown. Length 23-26 inches; extent 43-46; wing 11-13; tail 5; bill 3; tarsus 3-3.4; middle toe and claw 2.8-3.1; tibia bare 1. Both species of Night heron are of medium size, about that of the com- mon bittern; but shaped quite differently from the other herons. Their bodies are stouter and the neck and legs comparatively short. Their bills are also shorter and stouter than those of the other herons. The present species is the one common in New York State and can easily be distinguished from the Yellow-crowned species when in the adult plumage, but careful attention must be given to immature specimens to determine them accurately. The common Night heron is well known in the vicinity of its rookeries by its nocturnal habits and the hoarse cry which has given it the common name of Quawk. The Quawk is a common summer resident on Long Island and in the Hudson-Champlain valley as far north as Washington county, but is quite local in distribution, being confined to the vicinity of a few large heronries during the breeding season. The most famous of these heronries have been located in Nassau county; on Gardiners island; on Constitution island, Hudson river; and near Dunsbach Ferry, Saratoga co. Less important breeding stations have existed in recent years near Granville, Washington co.; at West Seneca and Boston, Erie co.; and various localities on Long Island and the Hudson river. It is a regular transient visitant on the central lakes and along Lakes Erie and Ontario, young birds being not uncommon about the last of September, but whether these come from heronries located in the Ontario- St Lawrence valley, or are wanderers from southern localities, I am unable to state. This bird often remains throughout the winter on Long Island, but the usual winter range is from Virginia southward. It inhabits the greater part of America from Argentina to Manitoba and New Brunswick. 266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus) Yellow-crowned Night Heron Ardea violacea Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed to. 1758. 1:143 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 228, fig. 199 Niyactueclompase warolaicliemsy An OF We Check Wists Edin 8 os Niom2o3 nyctanas'sa, Gr. vvé, night, and, advacoa, queen; Lat. viola’cea, violet-colored Description. zll very stout, much shorter than tarsus; general color bluish plumbeous striped above with black; top of head and elongated patch on tts side white, rest of head black; bill black; lores greenish; eyes orange. Young: Similar in color to the young of the preceding species, but the top of the head is_ blackish, marked with buffy white, and the quills slate color without ru- jous markings. The general] color is somewhat darker. Length 22-27 inches; ex- tent 44; wing 10.5-12.5; tail 5; bill 2.5-3, depth at base .7—-.94; tarsus 3.25-4; tibia bare 2; middle toe and claw 2.75. The home of this species is in tropical and austral America, north to Illinois and North Caro- lina, straggling northward as far as Nova Scotia. It is one of the rarest of herons in New York State. Giraud and DeKay give no definite records and evidently took its occurrence for granted. Charles Linden in the Buffalo List, page 7, speaks of it in the same indefinite terms. Mr Tru- man R. Taylor of Rochester, N. Y., writes that he examined Yellow-crowned night heron. Nyctanassa violacea a specimen killed several years (Linnaeus). From specimen in State Museum, } nat. size BIRDS OF NEW YORK 267 ago at Long Pond, Monroe co.; and Mr Arthur Babson that he took a specimen at Bellport, L. I. in 1897. The only specimen recorded by Mr Dutcher [see Auk, 10: 266] was killed at Freeport, L. I., in April 1893. Another specimen was taken at Wading river in April 1901 by A. Hoff- man and is now in the collection of Arthur H. Helme [Braislin, Birds L.I., p- 54]. A fourth Long Island specimen was taken at Orient in the fall about 1892 and is owned by Dr Henry Heath of Brooklyn [Braislin, Auk, 24: 187]. A fifth was observed at Orient, May 4-7, 1905, by Roy Latham [Braislin, loc. cit.]. Order PALUDICOLAE Marsh Birds Orders Ralliformes and Gruiformes, Sharpe’s Hand-List This polymorphic and unsatisfactory group includes several extra- limital families of widely divergent characters. In North America it is represented by two suborders, the Grues, or Cranelike birds, and the Ralli, or Raillike birds. Family GRUIDAE Cranes Heronlike in stature; neck and legs much elongated; head partly naked, wattled and sparsely grown over with stiff hairs; bill rather long, straight, and blunt pointed; nasal fossae short and shallow; nostrils, near middle of bill, open and pervious; tibiae largely bare; tarsi scutellate in front; toes rather short, webbed at base; hallux small and elevated; wings large, the rear edge when spread curving forward on account of the short- ening of the outer cubitals; inner wing feathers flowing; fifth cubital wanting; plumage compact; no powder-downs; tail short, of 12 feathers; palate schizognathous; nasal schizorhinal; no basipterygoids; coeca very long; oil gland tufted. There are 18 species of cranes, found in nearly all parts of the world. They are striking and graceful in appearance and are famous in the countries which they inhabit for their migratory flights which are performed in Indian file at a great elevation and heralded by their raucous, rattling clamors. Their flesh is esteemed for food, but they are very wary and 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM difficult to procure. They subsist principally on frogs, insects, snails and mice, in fact are rather omnivorous feeders. Cranes nest on the wide unfrequented plains and marshes of the Northwest, in America, and are fast being driven to the more remote mountains and arctic marshes. The eggs are usually two in number, of a brownish drab color, irregularly spotted with different shades of brown. The shell is quite rough with warty eleva- tions. The young are covered with down and run about soon after hatching, but are fed for some time by the parents. Grus americana (Linnaeus) Whooping Crane Ardea americana Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.ro. 1758. 1: 142 Grus americana DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 218 A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 404 grus, Lat., a crane; america’na, American Description. Plumage white, except the wing quills which are black; the bare skin of the head carmine red with a growth of black hairs; bill dusky greenish; legs black; eyes yellow. Young: Head feathered; general color whitish, washed with rusty brown. Length 50-54 inches; extent 90; wing 22-25; tail g; bill 5.5-6; depth at base 1.4; tarsus 11-12; middle toe and claw 5. The home of this bird is in the interior of North America from Minnesota and Dakota to Slave lake and south in winter to Florida, Texas and Mexico. In colonial times it was evidently common in the Atlantic States as far as New Jersey, New York and New England, but there are no definite records for New York in recent times. I was told that a specimen of this bird, mounted about 15 years ago at Ward’s Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, N. Y., was killed near Cayuga lake, but I have been unable to trace the specimen. In recent years its line of migration les almost wholly west of Lake Michigan. DeVries in his Journal, describing the country of New Netherlands, mentions White cranes as occurring (1639-42) with the swans, geese and ducks which swarmed on the coast of New York bay [see N. Y. Hist. Soc Cola. 3) Ero): BIRDS OF NEW YORK 209 Grus mexicana (Muller) Sandhill Crane Plate 24 Ardea (Grus) mexicana Miller. Syst. Nat. Sup. 1776. p. 110 Grus americana DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 218 (part) Grus mexicana A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 206 mexica’na, of Mexico Description. Whole plumage brownish gray, or bluish gray; bare portions of the head dull red sparsely overgrown with stiff hairs. Young: Varied with rusty brown; the head entirely feathered. Length 40-48 inches; extent 80; wing 21—22.5; tail 9; bill 5-6, depth at base .g5-1.1; tarsus g.5—10.6; middle toe 3.5; tibia bare 4.6-5. For the benefit of those who persist in calling the Great blue heron a crane, it may be said that these birds have a superficial resemblance to each other, but belong to different orders and are quite different in details of structure and habits. A slight attention to the description and plate 24 will show the difference between them. Furthermore the crane is not fourd in the Eastern States, except in very rare instances. Although this bird occurred in New York during colonial times, neither Giraud nor DeKay mention it as having been taken within our borders. It is included in Dr Bergtold’s Buffalo List as an accidental visitant, on the authority of Charles Linden and Otto Besser. Mr Posson in his manu- script notes on the birds of Orleans county states that a specimen of this species ‘was secured near Albion about 1880, and another in the town of Clarendon, about 1886.” Mr David Bruce writing to the State Museum says, ‘‘a fine example was shot by Mark Cooke of Brockport, May 20, 1885. It was in fine plumage and had been for several days in the same place.” This is evidently the second specimen referred to by Mr Posson, who gives David Bruce as his authority. I have talked with Mr Bruce and others who saw this specimen before it was destroyed by fire in the meat market at Brockport, and am convinced that there was no error in regard to the identity of the bird, or the place of its capture. 27° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Family RALLIDAE Rails, Gallinules and Coots Size medium to small; body compressed; head rather small and narrow; thighs very muscular; legs stout; toes very long, the hallux much longer than in Limicolae and lower down; bill not sensitive, short and somewhat henlike in the crakes, gallinules and coots, but long and slightly curved toward the end in rails proper; nostrils pervious; wings short, rounded and feeble; tail short, of 10 or 12 weak feathers; colors subdued and blended; palate structure schizognathous; nasals holorhinal; no basipterygoids; ambiens present, also gall bladder, two carotids and long coeca; plumage aftershafted: oil gland tufted. Rails and gallinules are marsh birds, very secretive in habits, keeping well under cover of the dense rushes and grasses, except at night or in the twilight, when they venture out on the muddy shores. When silently floating along the marshy stream, one may often see them standing motion- less near their favorite coverts, or walking deliberately along the margin flirting their upturned tails and bobbing their necks in henlike fashion. Their cries are also loud, and remind one of the different notes of our domestic fowl. Consequently all our species of the family, from the Virginia rail to the Coot, have received the common name of Mud hens in this part of the country. The flight of rails and gallinules is feeble and hesitating. They usually take wing as a last resort, and then proceed with dangling legs, in a direct course, low over the tops of the rushes, dropping abruptly in a few rods amidst the grass, as if exhausted by their unwonted exertion. They are perfectly at home on the ground, and dart among the dense weeds with marked freedom, the long toes keeping them from sinking in the mud or submerged vegetation, their thin bodies gliding easily between the reeds. The eggs are numerous, oval or elliptical in shape and sparsely spotted; the young are precocial. The food consists of all kinds of aquatic animals, and the seeds and tender shoots of plants. The family numbers about 180 members, in all parts of the world. This is anancient family, rich in fossil species, and some insular varieties, like the wekas of New Zealand, are entirely flightless. The family in BIRDS OF NEW YORK 2G] 38 general is considered degenerate and several species are threatened with extermination. We fear that our own Black rail may be among this number. Rallus elegans Audubon King Rail Plate 25 Rallus elegans Audubon. Ornithological Biographies. 183 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 260, fig. A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 20 ral’lus, Lat., rail, referring to the rattling cry; #/Jegans, choice, elegant Description. Upper parts brown, or brownish black, the feathers broadly margined with tawny olive; wing and tail feathers olive-brown; wing coverts varying from rufous to rich chestnut; top of head and hind neck plain dark brown; throat and line over the eye nearly white; breast and foreneck deep cinnamon or rufous; sides, flanks and axillars brownish black, distinctly barred with white; under tail coverts white coarsely spotted with blackish; bill dusky brown on top and tip, base and lower mandible mostly y ellowish brow n; legs yellowish brown; eyes reddish brown; legs and bill tinged with reddish in high plumage. Length 17-19 inches; extent 23°75) wing 6-7; tail aun oilman on tarsus 2.3; middle toe and claw 2.2—2.6; tibia bare about .7— ie Field marks. The King rail is distinguished from the Virginia rail by its much greater size; from the Clapper rail by the general olive-brown, instead of grayish color of the upper parts, and the bright rufous instead of buffy breast. It is also a fresh-water species, whereas the Clapper rail inhabits the salt or brackish marshes. Distribution. The King rail inhabits the eastern half of the United States, being resident in the Southern States. In New York it is apparently an uncommon summer resident and is most abundant in the great marshes of central and western New York. Dutcher records four specimens from Long Island [see Auk, 5: 176]. From western New York there are several records by Langille, Reinecke, Savage, Posson, Eaton and Bruce. These are mostly fall birds, killed in August, September and October. The earliest date of arrival in the State is March 3d, 1887, when a specimen struck the Montauk Light. The latest dates are November 2d, 1886, 272 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bayport, L. I.; late November, about 1894, a specimen taken by Foster Parker on the Cayuga marshes; December 3, 1897, James Savage took one at South Buffalo; Dr H. D. Reed reports a specimen taken at Ithaca, November 27th, rgo1. These records, when considered with the New England records of December 14, January 20, and February, seem to indicate that the species may almost be regarded as a permanent resident at the northern limit of its range. It is a fairly common summer resident on the Cayuga marshes according to Mr Foster Parker who is well acquainted with it, but on account of its extreme shyness it is rarely seen. Mr Dutcher records a summer specimen from Shinnecock bay, L. I., but the exact date is unknown. Mr Reinecke found a nest and ro eggs of this species at Point Abino, Ontario, near Buffalo, on May 30, 1894. _ He also skinned and dissected a specimen containing a fully developed egg, which was shot by George E. Harris in South Buffalo, May 23d, 1891. So far as I know no one has seen the King rail in the act of uttering its note. Mr Brewster describes it as deep and guttural, sometimes harsh and vibrant, ‘a grunting umph, wumph, umph, umph, the notes being on the same key and separated by rather wide but approximately regular intervals.” Chapman describes its supposed call as ‘‘a loud startling bup, bup, bup, bup, bup, uttered with increasing rapidity until the syllables were barely distinguishable and ending somewhat as it began, the whole performance occupying about five seconds.”’ Rallus crepitans Gmelin Clapper Rail Plate 25 Rallis enepitagns Gmelin, “SystyiNats 788.) dian oe yn Dektaye | Z00ls Nee 918445) pine; spac on nese 22 AY ©. W.Check Mist, —Bdh 2s x8955) Nos enn cré’ pitans, Lat., clattering Description. Upper parts ashy gray, shading to olive-brown in the center of the feathers; neck and breast varying from creamy buff to pale BIRDS OF NEW YORK Ae cinnamon-buif, often shaded with ash; sides, flanks and axillars grayish brown with narrow bars of white; wings and tail brown, the wing coverts pale cinnamon; throat, eyelids and line over the eye white. Length 13.5-16 inches; extent 20; wing 5—-6.25; tail 2-2.5; bill 2-2.5; tarsus 1.7—2.25; middle toe and claw 2-2.3. Distribution. The Clapper rail ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, regularly to Long Island and casually to Massachusetts. It is a common summer resident on the salt marshes of our State and ascends the Hudson accidentally as far as Ossining. According to Mr Worthington it is rare in the vicinity of Shelter Island. It has been reported two cr three times from the interior of the State, especially from Syracuse, by Mr Dakin, who was a careful ornithologist, but, in default of the specimens, we must infer that these interior records should be referred to the young of the King rail. This species is frequently met with throughout the winter on Long Island, but the principal number are migratory, arriving from the 3d to the 2zoth of April and departing late in October. The Clapper rail, Salt-water marsh hen, or Mud hen, inhabits the grassy salt marshes of Long Island, Staten Island and New Jersey. They are abundant in the extensive marshes of the south coast of Long Island, but uncommon about the eastern end and on Staten Island. They remain under the cover of the dense sedge grass during the greater part of the day or when danger is near, and it is almost impossible to flush them, except at high tide when the marshes are flooded. Then if a boat is pushed through the grass they can be driven from their hiding places. In this manner they are shot in large numbers, but their flesh is much inferior to that of the Sora. Clapper rails are noisy birds as both their scientific names and their common names would indicate. Their nest is concealed in the salt marshes and consists of a pile of dead rushes and grasses. The eggs are from 7 to 12 in number of a buffy or clay-white color, rather sparingly spotted with reddish brown and obscure purplish. The dimensions average 1.72 x 1.20 inches. 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rallus virginianus Linnaeus Virginia Rail Plate 25 Rallus virginianus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.12. 1766. 1: 263 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 261, fig. 223 A OMUn Check Listy Ddazn 18o5e Nowe virgimia’nus, of Virginia Description. In color very similar to the King rail; but the sides of the head bluish ash; legs more reddish. Jmmature: Darker, more or less blackish below becoming whitish on throat and central line of the belly. Downy young: Uniform glossy black as in all the genus Rallus. Distribution and migration. The Virginia rail is a fairly common summer resident on the marshes of Long Island and central and western New York, and undoubtedly breeds in every county of the State, with the exception of the Adirondack region. Along the smaller streams and marshes it is less common, but everywhere is more abundant than is popular- ly believed. It arrives from the south in April, from the roth tothe 27th, and leaves for the south late in October, passing the winter in the South- ern States, Cuba and Central America. The breeding range seems to be confined to the upper austral, transition and lower boreal zones. The Virginia rail, or little Mud hen, inhabits the grassy marshes, keeping rather more on the landward side than the Sora, and usually placing its nest on dryer ground and rarely in the flooded marshes. It is well concealed in the brush, or dense grass, and is composed of dead flags or grasses, piled Virginia rail on nest. (From Bird Lore. Photo by E, G,. Tabor) ™ N BIRDS OF NEW YORK Photo by James H. Miller 5d* Virginia rail’s nest and eggs 270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM up in arather shallow, flat mound. The eggs are usually 8 to 12 in number, pale grayish or buffy white, spotted with reddish brown and obscure lilac, averaging about 1.25x.95. Mr Brewster gives us an admirable account of its notes as follows: ‘‘About the middle of April we begin to hear in our marshes, usually in the early morning, late afternoon or during cloudy weather, and coming from some briary thicket or bed of matted reeds, a guttural cut, cut, cutta-cutta-cutta repeated at brief intervals, often for hours in succession. This is occasionally interrupted or closely followed by a rapid succession of low, yet penetrating grunts not unlike those of a hungry pig. The Virginia rail is the author of both these sounds, the former appearing to be peculiar to the male and, no doubt, his love song. When heard very near at hand it has a peculiar vibrant quality and seems to issue from the ground directly beneath one’s feet. The grunting notes are given by both sexes but, with rare exceptions, only during the breeding season. The female when anxious about her eggs or young also calls kt-ki-ki and sometimes kzu like a Flicker.’’ [Bird-Lore, 4, 2, 47] Porzana carolina (Linnaeus) Carolina Rail or Sora Plate 26 Rallus carolinus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 153 Ortygometra carolina DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 262, fig. 224 Porzana carolina A.O.U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 214 orza’na, Ital., name of the European spotted crake; caroli’na, of Carolina ’ ? ? Description. Upper parts olive-brown, the feathers with blackish centers; back and scapulars streaked with white; forepart of head, chin and throat black; sides of head and neck together with the breast bluish gray; wings dusky brown; the outer edge of ae st primary white; belly and under tail coverts white, the crissum tinged with rufous; sides and flanks barred with slaty black and white; bill light greenish yellow; legs greenish; iris brown. Young: No black on jace, nor bluish slate on foreparts; throat and belly whitish; neck and breast light olawe- brownish. Chicks: Black, with orange beard. Range and migration. This species inhabits the nearctic region from about latitude 41 degrees, to Hudson bay and Slave lake, wintering from BIRDS OF NEW YORK 27 Virginia, Missouri and California to South America. It is our most abundant species of Rail, being common in the marshes of central New York and th Great Lake region and probably breeding in nearly every county in th« State, but is uncommon as a summer resident in our coastal district. It is an abundant transient visitant on the tidal marshes, as well as throughout the interior, but is undoubtedly less common than formerly on account of the great slaughter by gunners, which at- tends its autumnal migration. Spring arrivals on the coast date from the 28th of April to the gth of May as shown by Mr Dutcher’s Notes. In western New York it arrives from the 20th to the 30th of April, ul uae itiees CAMATINN cornu Pac eamamce calumny (iment: Immature specimen in State Museum. daigua, on one oc- i, ee casion, I heard its note on the 5th of April. On the 6th of March 1g00, a Sora was picked up in the snow at Buffalo and brought to Mr Ottomar Reinecke. It was greatly emaciated and had probably been driven out of its course by the strong southwest wind which had prevailed for three days before its capture. This is one of many similar occurrences in the Eastern States. The Sora is commonest during September and early October, departing for the south from October roth to the 30th, a few stragglers sometimes remaining until the marshes are entirely frozen. The nest of the Sora is composed of coarse reeds and grasses which are piled up among the growing grasses until the top is a few inches above the ] water which usually covers the site selected to a depth of 2 or 3 inches. 278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The green tops of the grasses are gathered together and slightly interwoven above the nest, forming a loosely constructed arbor to shelter the eggs. If the water rises, additions are made from time to time until the structure is several inches in hight. The old bird drags the wet or dead grasses from the marsh on to the nest by the same route so that there is frequently a well defined approach rising from the marsh to the summit of the nest. The nest 1s broad and flat: probably larger in propor- tion to the size of the bird than that. of any other of our common species. The eggs are from 8 to 14 in number, larger sets which are sometimes found probably being the laying of two birds. The eggs are darker in color than the Virginia rail’s, of a strong buffy drab ground- color and blunter at the small end, but spotted much like those of other Photelby GF) Stese rails, Dhey averaceismmes Sora’s nest and eggs x .g inches. Like other rails the young are covered with a jet-black down with a tuft of orange bristles on the throat and leave the nest soon after hatching. On several occasions, I have come upon a Sora’s nest when the young were hatching and some were still wet from the shell, but even these would follow their mother from the nest and start to wade or swim off and hide amid the grass. It is an interesting sight when a Sora like a diminutive hen is sur- BIRDS OF NEW YORK 279 prised leading her family of 12 or 14 downy black chicks along the sedgy bank of the stream. In the fall soras feed largely on the seeds of grasses, especially the wild rice (Zizania) and become fat and well flavored. At this season Sora shooting is much practised on the New Jersey, Delaware and Chesapeake marshes, the gunners being poled at high tide through the flooded coverts. The birds are called rail-birds, sorees and ortolans, the last being the common restaurant name, simply because a Sora, like the Ortolan of Europe, is a small, delicious bird. Mr Brewster gives the following account in Bird-Lore, 4, 2, 48: In the more open, grassy stretches of meadow, as well as among the beds of cat-tail flags, but seldom, if ever, in thickets of bushes, we also hear, after the middle of April, mingling with the notes of the Virginia rails and the din of countless frogs, the love song of the Carolina rail, a sweet, plain- tive ér-e given with a rising inflection “and suggesting one of the “scatter calls” of the Quail. Such, at least, is its general effect at distances of from fifty to two or three hundred yards, but very near at hand it develops a somewhat harsh or strident quality and sounds more like kd-e, while at the extreme limits of ear range one of the syllables is lost and the other might be easily mistaken for the peep of a Pickering hyla. This note, repeated at short, regular intervals, many times in succession, is one of the most frequent as well as pleasing voices of the marsh in the early morning and just after sunset. It is also given intermittently at all hours of the day, especially in cloudy weather, while it is often continued, practically without cessation, through the entire night. Equally characteristic of this season and even more attractive in quality is what has been termed the “whinny” of the Carolina rail. It consists of a dozen or fifteen short whistles as sweet and clear in tone as a silver bell, the first 8 or ro uttered very rapidly in an evenly descending scale, the remaining ones more deliberately and in a uniform key. The whole series is often followed by a varying number of harsher, more draw ling notes given at rather wide intervals. Although it is probable that the “whinny’’ is made by both sexes I have actually traced it only to the female. She uses it, appar ently, chiefly as a call to her mate, but I have also repeat- edly heard her give it just after I had left the immediate neighborhood of her nest, seemingly as an expression of triumph or rejoicing at the discovery that her eggs had not been molested. When especially anxious for their safety and circling close about the human intruder she often utters a low whinnying murmur closely resembling that which the muskrat makes while pursuing his mate and sometimes a cut-cut-cutta not unlike the song of the 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Virginia rail, but decidedly less loud and vibrant. In addition to all these notes both sexes have a variety of short, sharp cries which they give when startled by any sudden noise. Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin) Yellow Rail Plate 26 Fulica noveboracensis Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 7or Ortygometra noveboracensis DeKay. Zool.N.Y. 1844. pt 2,p. 263, fig. 225 PORAANA WOVSMOLCACOMSAS BO UW. CieeleIbisn, Wel, 2, uwoO5 INO 225 cotur'nicops, Lat. coturnix, quail; Gr. of, face, appearance; noveboracén’sis, of New York Description. Upper parts striped with brownish yellow and blackish, and narrowly barred with white; head, neck and breast pale brownish yellow, or ocherous, shading to whitish on belly; flanks blackish, barred with white; ‘‘under tail coverts cinnamon’’; secondaries white. Length 6—7.5 inches; wing 3-3.6; tail 1.5; bill 50-60; tarsus .8-1; middle toe and claw 1-1.12. Field marks. The small size and general yellowish hue of this bird distinguish it from the other rails. Some young soras are nearly yellowish brown in color of the foreparts, but the white markings of the back are lengthwise instead of transverse as in the Yellow rail. When the bird is flushed there is no possible chance of mistaking it as this species shows a conspicuous white patch in the wings formed by the white secondaries. Distribution. The Yellow rail inhabits eastern North America, north to Nova Scotia, Hudson bay and Slave lake, wintering southward to Cuba. In this State it is chiefly a transient visitant, but its nest will probably be found within our borders. The nearest approach to a breeding record that I can find is a specimen in the State Museum, no. 283, labeled,“‘ Brad- ’ dock’s bay, June, 1880.’’ There is a winter record for Long Island in Mr Dutcher’s collection, 1913—Sayville, January 17, 1894. From the records of 33 specimens taken in the State, 5 are without definite dates. Of the remaining 28, 15 were taken in October, 6 in September and 3 in April, with xz record each for August, November, January and June. tr of these specimens were taken on Long Island, 6 in the marshes bordering on Lake BIRDS OF NEW YORK 281 Ontario, 9 near Buffalo, 6 on the central lakes—Canandaigua 4, Penn Yan 1, Oneida county 1—and 1 in Putnam county. Between September 20th and October 11th, 1907 Mr Hermann Grieb of Buffalo, N. Y., saw 12 or 15 of these birds at Rattlesnake island, Niagara river. During the three weeks while the birds were in the marsh, he saw them at every visit and collected five or six specimens. The others were flushed, but at such close range that they were not shot, but were easily identified by the white wing patches. Mr Todd in his Birds of Erie, pages 533-34, gives the migration dates as April 23 to May 3; and September 15 to October 29. It is evident that this is a regular migrant through our State and should be looked for about the first of May and the first of October. Nuttall describes the note of the Yellow crake as “‘an abrupt, cackling ery ‘krek, ’krek, ’krek, ’krek, ’kuk, ’k “kh.” Mr J. H. Ames of Toronto describes its note as a scolding, kik-kik-kik-kik-queah. When much sur- prised his specimen uttered a longer call kzk-kik-kik-kik-kik-kik-kik-ktk- ki-queah, like the famous Kicker of the Massachusetts marshes [Auk, 19:94]. ‘ Creciscus jamaicensis (Gmelin) Little Black Rail Plate 26 Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 718 Porzana jamaicensis A.O.U.Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 216 creci’scus, Lat. crex, crake; jamazicén’sis, of Jamaica Description. Very small; head, neck and lower parts dark slate color becoming blackish on belly; hind neck and foreback chestnut-brown; the upper parts speckled and finely barred with white; flanks and lower belly barred with white. Length 5-6 inches; wing 2.75-3; tail 1.35; tarsus .80; bill .5. The Little black rail inhabits temperate North America from the West Indies and western South America to Oregon, Illinois and Massachu- setts. On account of its secretive habits, its migration and breeding range are imperfectly known. It seems to be an uncommon species in all parts of the United States and very few nests have ever been found. As it has bred in New Jersey, Connecticut and probably in Massachusetts there is little doubt that it breeds on Long Island and perhaps in the Hudson valley 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and western New York. I can find records of only five specimens actually taken in New York State: Penn Yan, Yates co., N. Y. Spring 1870. (John Gilbert). Birds of Cen. N. Y., p. 35 Watkins, Schuyler co., N. Y. Spring 1872. : # se Jamaica, L.I. Spring 1879. R.B. Lawrence, N. O. C. Bul. 5: 117 Canarsie, L. I. Spring 1884. (C. Sargood). Forest and Stream, Aug. 7, 1884, p. 24; also, Grinnell, Forest and Stream, Aug. 7, 1884, p. 24 South Oyster Bay, L. I. Aug. 1, 1884. (L.S. Foster). Forest and Stream, Aug. 7, 1884, Pp. 24 The Black rail has also been reported as seen at close range by Mr F. S. Webster, Watervliet, 1873; by Dr T. J. Wilson, May 30, 1874, on Seneca river, below Cayuga [Auburn Daily Advertiser, Sept. 3, 1887]; by Nathan L. Davis near Brockport, October 1892; and by the late David Bruce on two occasions at Lake Ontario, Monroe county. The nest of this bird found in Connecticut contained nine eggs, creamy white, speckled all over with dots of rich reddish brown and a few heavier ones near the larger end. Dimensions about 1.05 x .8 inches. The Black rail is even more difficult to flush and more mysterious in habits than the Yellow rail. Its note has been described by Mr March of Jamaica as cht-cht-cro-croo-croo, several times repeated in a sharp and high tone [Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds, 1: 379]. The Kicker, whose notes are so fully described by Mr Brewster in the Auk, volume 18, pages 321-28, is supposed to be the Black rail, but may possibly refer to the Yellow rail whose notes are doubtless similar. The commonest Kicker notes are as follows: Kuzk-kik-kik, quéeah; Ktk-kik-kik, ki-quéeah; Kik-ki-ki-ki, ki-quéeah; Kic-kic, kic-kic, kic-kic, kic-kic, ki-quéeah. Crex crex (Linnaeus) Corn Crake Rvalilis cine Winnaeus, Syst. Nate si dsmom a7 5cameus ers Cirex Grex Ay O, Ue Cee Ibis, lic 2, nox. INO: (xy) crex, Gr. kpéé; Lat. crex, a crake, referring to the note Description. Wzng coverts above and below chestnut, or rusty brown; quills rufous brown; bill, eyes and legs pale brown. Otherwise, in size and color similar to an overgrown Sora. Length ro inches; wing 5.75; tail 2° tarsus 1.6; bill .9. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 283 J This palearctic species, the common Land-rail of Europe, is of casual occurrence in eastern North America. There are four New York records: Oakdale, L. I. Nov. 2, 1880. Dutcher, Auk, 5: 177 Cohoes, N. Y. Nov. 6, 1883. Park, Auk, 2: 296 Amagansett, L. I. About Aug. 15, 1885.’ Dutcher, Auk, 3: 435 Montauk Point, L.I. About Nov. 1, 1888. Dutcher Collection, 1213. See Forest and Stream, Apr. 3, 18go. Corn crake. Crex crex (Linnaeus). Albany county specimen State Museum. 4 nat. size Ionornis martinica (Linnacus) Purple Gallinule Plate 27 Fulica martinica Linnaeus Syst. Nat. Ed.12. 1766. 1: 259 ITonornis martinica A.O. U. Check List. 1895. No. 218 tonor’nis, Gr. tov, violet, épu:s, bird; marti’nica, of Martinique Description. Head, neck and under parts rich purplish blue, becoming bluish green on sides and lining of wing, and blackish on belly; back and 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wing coverts olive-green; under tail coverts white; legs yellow; frontal plate bluish; bill carmine tipped with yellow. Young: Duller, more brownish above, and whitish below. Size the same as young of Florida gallinules, but middle toe shorter than tarsus, and inner posterior surface of tarsus scutellate, and nostrils oval. This is a species of tropical and lower austral America, wandering northward to Wisconsin, Ontario and Nova Scotia. According to Giraud it was extremely rare on Long Island 60 years ago, and DeKay puts it in the extralimital list. Mr Nicholas Pike, however, states that it was formerly plentiful on the island [see Dutcher, Auk, 10: 272]. There is a specimen from Indian pond, Flatbush, L. I., in the Collection of the Long Island Historical Society; and another in the State Museum, “obtained within the State’? by J. G. Bell. Our latest record seems to be from Middle Island, Le i, summer of 1870) elme, On 6.077: 118); Occasional reports of the Purple gallinule in New York which I have investigated prove to refer to high plumaged specimens of the following species. A reference to the plate will dispel any illusion with regard to the difference between the two species. Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein) Florida Gallinule Plate 27 Crex galeata Lichtenstein. Verz. Daubl. 1823. p. 80 Gallinula galeata DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 264, fig. 234 A OSU. Check Vist) Eds 25 28095. No: 2mo galli’nula, Lat. diminutive of galli’na, hen; galea’ta, Lat., helmeted Description. Forehead with a broad horny plate, or ‘shield, reaching backward and expanding from the base of the culmen; nostrils slztlzke, near center of bill; tarsus reticulate on its inner posterior edge, otherwise scutellate; middle toe longer than tarsus. Adult: Head, neck and under parts dark bluish slate color, becoming whitish on the belly; back brownish olive; wing and tail feathers dusky; lateral under tail coverts, edge of wing and flank stripe white; tarsus and toes greenish; ring around tibia, frontal plate and most of bill red; eyes reddish brown. Jmmature: Colors duller; under parts whitish; bill and legs dull colored. Downy chicks: Black with silvery beards. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 285 Length 12-14 inches; extent 20-23; wing 6.5—7.5; tail 3; tarsus 2.25; middle toe and claw 3; bill, including frontal shield, 1.7-1.85, from rear of nostril .80. The Florida gallinule is a fairly common summer resident in the more extensive marshes of central and western New York and the Ontario-St Lawrence valley, but does not seem to occur except in a few places in the coastal district, or through the Hudson valley. It hasrecently been found to be a common breeder in the marshes of Newark, N. J.,and Long Island City. In the Hudson-Champlain valley it is a neglected species, and records have been made only at Ossining, Highland Falls, Green Island, and Lake Bomoseen, Vt., but it is undoubtedly well established in all large marshes of that region. In the Montezuma marshes it reaches its greatest abundance in New York State, and hundreds of broods are annually reared, the greater portion of which are destroyed by gunners at the beginning of the shooting season. The Florida gallinule arrives from the south from the 2zoth to the 3oth of April and departs from the 15th to the 30th of October. Soon after arriving the birds pair and construct their nests amidst the dense growth of flags or marsh grass. It is a bulky structure composed of dead grass and flags. The eggs, which are deposited from May 25 to June 20, are from 8 to 14 in number of a buff or brownish white color, spotted and dyed with brown and neutral shell markings. They average 1.75 x 1.2 inches in size. This is the common American gallinule, or Red-billed mud hen, of the gunners, which is responsible for the greater portion of the henlike notes heard from the dense coverts of the marshes. They are frequently seen swimming across the open spaces among the reeds, but do not live on the water as generally as the coots. Mr Brewster gives a fine description of their notes: Like the rails they are given to skulking among the grass or flags but at morning and evening we occasionally see them swimming across pools or ditches, their brilliant scarlet bills and frontal shields flashing in the level beams of the rising or declining sun. They are noisy birds at this season and some of their cries are second only to those of the Bittern in strength and grotesqueness. One of their common- 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM est vocal performances is a loud and prolonged outcry consisting of a suc- cession of henlike cucks, given rather slowly and at nearly renee intervals, and frequently ending with a harsh, drawling kée-ar-r, krée-ar-r. They have other calls so numerous, complex and variable that it is difficult to describe them briefly and at the same time adequately. Sometimes they give four or five loud, harsh screams very like those of a hen in the clutches of a hawk, but uttered more slowly and at wider intervals; sometimes a series of sounds closely resembling those of a brooding hen when disturbed, but sharper and louder, succeeded by a number of lower, more querulous cries intermingled with subdued clucking; occasionally something which sounds like kr-r-r-r-r, kruck-kruck, krar-r, kb-kb-kb-kb-kea-kea, delivered rapidly and ieee in pitch towards the end. Shorter and more frequent utterances are a low kloc-kloc, or kloc-kloc-kloc and a single explosive kup very like the ejaculation of a startled frog. Nearly all these cries are loud and discordant and most of them are curiously henlike. [Bird-Lore 4, 2, 50]. Fulica americana Gmelin American Coot Plate 27 Fulica americana Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Edi1. 2: 704 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. ae By [Os DyD, ile, BRS A. ©: U- Check List. Ed. 2: 2895.) No. 22m jit’lica, Lat., coot (from sooty color); america’na, of America Description. Under plumage very dense for aquatic life; toes with large rounded flaps or lobes on each joint; nostrils linear. General color dark slate, the head and neck nearly black, the back tinged with olive; marginal under tail coverts, edge of wing, and tips of secondaries white; feet olive-green; bill whitish, the frontal shield and spot near the tip deep reddish brown; eyes red. Length 13-16 inches; extent 23527; wine 7—8; tail 2- tarsus) 2—2 9- middle toe and claw 3; bill, without frontal shield, 1.25—1.6; weight 16-20 ounces. The Coot is a common transient visitant in the marshes of New York State but is much less common in the spring than during the fall migrations. It arrives from the 1st to the 20th of April and passes northward from the BIRDS OF NEW YORK 287 rst to the 16th of May; a few remain to breed in the Montezuma marshes and about the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Some seasons quite a number of them are found: other years they seem to be entirely absent as summer residents. They also breed in the Newark marshes of New Jersey, and Mr Hendrickson thinks that they have bred in company with the gallinules at Long Island City. In fall, migrant coots begin to appear in numbers from the 15th to the 2zoth of September and the few which are not killed Nest and eggs of American coot. (From Bird-Lor Photo by Bent) by our gunners disappear from the 1st to the 20th of November, occasional stragglers remaining well into December. Coots swim as lightly and easily as ducks and are occasionally seen on the wide waters of our lakes and bays. They prefer the shallow lagoons, however, near the shelter of dense reeds and flags, whither they retreat when danger threatens them. When rising from the water they patter for a long distance on its surface until they have gained sufficient momentum to launch themselves in the air, when they fly off at a low elevation with legs stretched backward very much in the manner of rails and gallinules. 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM When in our waters the coots are usually silent birds, but sometimes utter a low kluck, and when gathered in numbers they engage in a confused gab- bling and clattering. The Coot’s nest is a mass of flags and dead vegetation, but resembles the grebe’s more than the gallinule’s in location, being built up in the shallow water in a slight opening among the flags. The eggs are from 8 to 16 in number, of a buffy white, minutely and unitormly dotted with blackish brown and obscure tints, sometimes in larger blotches; average size 1.9 x 1.42) aches: This is the Mud hen, Meadow hen, Water hen, Crow bill, Hen bill, Crow duck, Blue peter or White-billed mud hen of the gunners. Its flesh, though palatable, is inferior to that of the Sora and our better ducks. Order LIMICOLAE Plover, Sntpe etc. Order Charadriiformes, Sharpe’s Hand-List Small, or medium sized; bill with a soft skin covering more or less of the basal portion, grooved from the base to the hardened terminal portion; nostrils open slits in the membraneous basal portions; legs normally long and slender, and scutellate, at least in front; tibia usually bare for some distance; front toes, at least the middle and outer, usually connected at the base with a small web; hind toe smaller and elevated, or wanting; claws small, sharp and slightly curved; wings normally long, flat and pointed, the outer primaries longest, the inner secondaries elongated, giving the extended wing a V-shaped appearance; tail rather short, stiff, broad and rounded. Cervical vertebrae 15, cervico-dorsals 2, dorsals 5 to 6; palate schizognathous; nasals schizorhinal. Most members of this order prefer the shore, mud flats, or open marshes, and feed on mollusks, crustaceans and insects in the mud or along the moist strand. They nest upon the ground. The eggs are usually four in number, well spotted or blotched with dark colors, which renders them quite inconspicuous among the grass or pebbles. The young are precocious and covered with a soft gray or buffy down marked with blackish, and lie quite flat and still when approached, to escape being seen by their enemies. Many of the species are gregarious in habit and perform extensive BIRDS OF NEW YORK 289 migrations, probably surpassing all other orders in the development of the migratory instinct, several of our species breeding on the arctic islands and wintering on the plains of Patagonia. Their voices are mellow, piping, or whistling, and can be heard from a long distance. Their plumage is mottled or varied. They are prized as game birds, the Woodcock, Snipe, Golden plover and Upland plover being in high repute with sportsmen and epicures. Family PHALAROPIDAE Phalaro pes Small birds with dense, ducklike plumage, and lobate feet; tarsus com- pressed and serrulate behind; the lobes or toe margins scalloped in at the joints; hallux slightly lobed; bill as long, or longer, than head, grooved for three fourths or more of its length, rather hardened and pointed at the tip. Phalaropes are good swimmers and are frequently seen far out at sea resting on the water like flocks of diminutive ducks. They often swim while feeding, whirling about in the shallow water to stir up the minute insects from the bottom, and seizing them as they are swept about in the little whirlpool thus created [Chapman]. The female Phalarope is larger and more brightly colored than the male. She does the courting and turns over the duties of incubation to the male. This reversal of Nature’s usual order in reproductive habits is not confined to this family, but is also characteristic of the Painted snipe (Rostratula) of the Oriental, Ethi- opian and neotropical regions, as well as of the Old World Hemipodes (Turnicidae). Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus) Red Phalarope Plate 28 Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 148 Phalaropus fulicarius DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 268, fig. 232 Cymophilus fulicarius A. ©. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 222 phala'ropus, Gr. dadapis, coot; rovs, foot; fulica’rius, Lat. cootlike; fulica, Lat., a coot Description. Bill depressed, broad and somewhat spatulate; feet semipalmate and broadly scallop-lobed. Female in summer: Under parts 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and front and sides of neck dark reddish chestnut; sides of head white; top of head and feathers around base of bill sooty; upper parts blackish, the feathers broadly margined with tawny or buff; wings grayish brown, a broad band of white through the secondaries and tip of greater coverts; primaries blackish, the shafts white; bill yellowish tipped with dusky; feet yellowish; eyes dark. Male: Similar but much duller. Wanter plumage: Light pearly gray above; head and under parts white; a dusky space about the eye, and blackish crescent on the back part of the crown, bill and feet mostly dusky. Young: Upper parts similar to summer male; under parts white tinged with buff on throat and breast. Length 7.5-8.8 inches; extent 14.5-16; wing 5-5.5; tail 2.4-2.5; tarsus A fis—fs)5 \ONUIL ono This species is of holarctic distribution, breeding far north and migrat- ing southward to temperate regions in winter. In New York it is rather uncommon. There are about 20 records of its occurrence, 8 of these being from the interior, as follows: Flushing, L. I. Aug. about 1870. Robert Lawrence, N. O. C. Bul. 5: 117 Shinnecock bay, L. I. May 14, 1883. Dutcher, Auk, 1: 33 & Sept. 26, 1885. G. E. Payne, Auk, 3: 436 Montauk, L. I. Sept. 1886. Dutcher, Auk, 3: 134 . 3& 2. Oct. 22, 1888. Dutcher, Auk, 3: 134 Quogue, L. I. Dutcher, Auk, 3: 134; Giraud, Birds of Long Island, p. 245 Amityville, L. I. Nov. 28, 1888. (Chichester). Dutcher Montauk, L.I. May 20,1892. 2 2. (Scott). . Montauk Light, L. I. Oct. 21,1894. 9°. « & Apr. 30, 1898. (2 o%,7 2). (Miller). Dutcher Montauk Point Light, L. I. Nov. 27, 1902. Braislin, Auk, 21: 289 4 Sept. 24, 1903. Braislin, Birds of Long Island, p. 57 Oneida Lake, N. Y. Oct. 4, 1889. Bagg, Auk, 7: 230 Niagara river, N. Y. Oct. 1892. James Savage, Auk, 12: 313 Buffalo, N. Y. 2. Sept. 26, 1894. i ¢ South Buffalo, N. Y. Oct. 31, 1896. James Savage ‘ Nov. 1897. re Keuka lake, Yates co., N. Y. James Flahive Collection Auburn, N. Y. (William Hopkins). Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 1856. 5: 13 Fourth lake, Herkimer co. Sept. 25, 1904. @. (Robert McPhail). E. H. Eaton Collec- tion BIRDS OF NEW YORK 291 Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus) Northern Phalarope Plate 20 Tringa lobata Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 148, 824 Lobipes hyperboreus DekKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 269, fig. 203, 204 Phalaropus lobatus A.O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 232 loba’tus, Lat., lobed Description. Bill short, slender, straight, compressed and pointed at the tip; legs short; tibia only slightly denuded; toes with scalloped mem- brane. Femaleinsnmmer: Upper parts in general plumbeous, the back and scapulars with four stripes of ocherous, and the feathers of the back and wing coverts narrowly edged with white; szdes of the neck bright reddish chestnut; throat and ey elids w hite; a white band in the wing formed by the white ends of the greater coverts; primaries blackish, the shafts white; tail dusky grayish, the outer feathers lighter and narrowly edged with whitish; upper tail coverts white and dusky; under parts white, mixed with bluish gray on the breast and sides; bill and feet black. Male: Showi ing similar pattern and colors, but much duller and the upper parts mixed with grayish brown; smaller than female. Water plumage: Upper parts light grayish, the buffy stripes of summer replaced with whitish ones; front and sides of head and neck, and under parts mostly white; a dusky patch back of the eye, and the sides of neck washed with buffy where the red appears 1n summer. Young: Upper parts blackish, edged with buffy, grayish on the back, scapulars and wing coverts; top of head and neck slaty; below white; sides of neck and breast “tinged with light brownish; feet lighter. Length 7—7.5 inches; extent 13.5; wing 4.15-4.5; tail 2; tarsus .78— middle toe and claw .85; bill .8-.88. Smaller dimensions are of males. The Northern, or Red-necked phalarope, is holarctic in distribution, breeding in high latitudes and migrating southward in winter to temperate and tropical regions. It is our commonest phalarope, occurring with considerable regularity both on the ocean and inland waters. New York specimens are as follows: Rockaway, L. I. Aug. 24, 1874; Aug. 1875. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 roy, New. ave, iss. Webster Keuka lake, N. Y. May 1874. Auburn List, p. 31 ‘Owasco Lake, N. Y. (Several). June 1877. Auburn List, p. 31 Black river, Lewis co., N. Y. Sept. 6, 1877. Merriam, N. O. C. Bul. 3: 54 Booneville, N. Y. About e si 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Center Moriches, L. I. Aug. 20, 1879. Robert Lawrence, N. O. C. Bul. 5: 117 Flushing, L. I. Sept. 29, 1879. (C. A. Willets). Lawrence, N. O. C. Bul. 5: 117; Auk, 6: 135 Troy, N. Y. Sept. 4, 1881. TT. B. Heimstreet Westmoreland, N. Y. Early spring 1881. Bagg Near Albany, N. Y. May 19, 1883. N.O.C. Bul. 8: 180, G. A. Lintner South Oyster Bay, L. I. May 24, 1883. Dutcher, Auk, 1: 33 Fire Island Light, L. I. May 19, 1884. Dutcher, Auk, 3: 36 Onondaga lake, Syracuse, N. Y. Sept. 2, 4, 25, 1886. Green, Auk, 4: 73 Montauk Point Light, L.I.- Sept. 3, 1886. Dutcher, N. O. C. Bul. 5: 117; Auk, 6: 135 s May 5, 1888. 29. $ a is . May 29, 1888. 3c. " e Aug. 13, 1888. 2. rf 5 ~ a Oct. 22, 1888. Go. : of Buffalo, N. Y. Oct. 1, 1889; Sept. 1894. James Savage Oneida Lake, N. Y. Sept. 21, 1889. Egbert Bagg Thomasville Mills, Lake Ontario, Orleans co. Sept. 19, 1891. David Bruce Montauk Point, L.I. May 1890. o'. (Scott). Dutcher * MEK am, WI9Q, La 3 : Aig. 216, 1892. (8): = * ‘ Nesy &, mon, “2s, % a June 3, 1894. E i — ANOS, Dei, USVI, (Oo = Keuka lake, N.Y. May 16,1895. oc. C.F. Stone Cayuga marshes, N. Y. May. About 1895. o, 9. (Parker). E. H. Eaton Collection Steganopus tricolor Vieillot Wilson Phalarope Plate 30 Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. 1819. 32: 136 Holopodius wilsoni DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2,p. 270, fig. 201-2 Pihta lascioypa s) ta clo om sARO Us Checkaleistay Ediza S ose O22 stega’nopus, Gr. oreyavorovs, webfoot; tr1’color, Lat. tres, tria, three, and color, color Description. Bill long, equaling tarsus, depressed, very slender, acute; legs long; tibia bare some "distance: toes long, slender, fringed broadly and almost ‘evenly. Female in summer: Lores, front and crown light ash turning to white on the back of the neck; throat, line over the eye and ey elids white; a velvety black band extending from the region of the eye halfway down the sides of the neck, then giving way ‘to rich purplish chestnut or wine- red which continues down the sides of the back in narrowing stripes; a stripe of the same color on the scapulars; upper parts in general bluish BIRDS OF NEW YORK 2903 ash, paler on the rump; upper tail coverts and tail marbled white and grayish; under parts white, the foreneck and breast washed with vinaceous buff and the sides flushed with the same; bill and feet black; eyes brown. Male: Smaller; color pattern similar, but much duller than female, and browner above. IWunter plumage: Above light grayish, the feathers edged narrowly with whitish; some scattered blackish feathers; lores, stripe on side of head, and whole under parts white. Young before the winter molt: Upper parts brownish black, the feathers margined with a rusty brown, resembling a Pectoral sandpiper; line over eye, upper tail coverts and under parts white, the breast tinged with rusty; feet yellowish. Length 8.25-9.5 inches; extent 15-16; wing 4.75—5.32; tail 2.25; tarsus r.33; middle toe and claw 1.12: bill 1.33. Smaller dimensions are of males. Young: Bill 1.1; tarsus 1.2. The Wilson phalarope is a nearciic species, inhabiting the interior of the United States and Canada north to the Saskatchewan and Hudson bay, and wintering from Texas to Patagonia. New York lies out of the normal migration route cf this species and it occurs only as an occasional transient as follows: Buffalo, N. Y. Very rare. DeKay, Zool.N. Y. 1844. 2: 270 Long Island. Few occur. Giraud, Birds of Long Island. 1844. p. 247 south Bay, Lei. 1. I. Hist. Soc: Col: (3 specimens) Rockaway, L. I. Oct. 3, 1872. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 Long Island, N. Y. Oct. 10, 1874. N.T. Lawrence, Auk, 2: 273 Penn Yan, N. ¥Y. (Gilbert). Birds Cent. N. Y., p: 30 Bast river, N. Y. Oct. 15, 1879. N. 2. Lawrence, Auk, 2: 273 Murray, Orleans co., N. Y. Sept. 1882. David Bruce Shinnecock bay, L. I. Aug. 20, 1883. Dutcher, Auk, 1: 33 Oneida Lake, N. Y. Oct..6, 1883. (Barnum). Ralph & Bagg List, 112 Western New York. Oc. in fall. Langille, Our Birds in their Haunts. =884 Atlanticville, Suffolk co. About Aug. 15, 1885. (G. W. Howell). Auk, 3: 43¢ Onondaga lake, N. Y. Sept. 2, 1886. C. P. Moxon Moriches, L. I. June 1, 1887. Lawrence Collection, 3247 Shinnecock bay, L.I. Sept. 13, 15, 1887. Dutcher, Auk, 5: 177 Carmel, Putnam co.;N. Y. About 1890. W. A. Mead Seaford, L. I. Fall r890. (Wilson). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Ithaca, N. Y. Fall 1892. Juvenal. L. A. Fuertes Collection Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Avocets Bill lengthened, flattened, recurved and much attenuated and acute; legs very long, with hexagonal plates; front toes webbed; hind toes short and free; plumage thick and ducklike; wings rather short; tail short and square. 294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are four or five species of avocets inhabiting the temperate regions, only one of which reaches North America. They are well adapted to wading and swimming, and when they get beyond their depth in water, continue on their course as if nothing had happened, in this respect being unlike all members of the order, with the exception of the phalaropes. Recurvirostra americana Gmelin American Avocet Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 693 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. pt 2, p. 266, fig. 227, 2 A. ©. U: Check List. Bd: 2) 1895: Nos 22i5 recurviro’stra, Lat. recurvus, bent back or upward; rostrum, bill; america’na, American Description. Breeding plumage: Head and neck pale reddish brown or cinnamon fading to white below; back, lesser coverts and primaries black; rest of plumage white. [1 winter and immature: Similar, but headand neck white or gray- ish white. Bill recurved or bent upward, blackish; legs bluish; eyes dark. Length 15.5—18 inches; ex- tent 28-31; wing 8.7510; tail aa5 oll aks 5, bALSUS) ae 7Ge The American avocet, or Bluestocking, was formerly an occasional visitor to the shores of Long Island and the Great Lakes, but now is purely acci- dental or entirely absent. The last authentic specimens from the State were obtained about 50 years ago on Long Island. Specimens from this locality without definite data are found American avocet. Recurvirostra ame Eieame Gmc: From in the State Museum, the Ameri- specimen in State Museum. 1} BIRDS OF NEW YORK 29 un can Museum, and the Collection of the Long Island Historical Society [see Dutcher, Auk, 10: 272]. The bird is mostly an inhabitant of interior and western America from Texas to Saskatchewan, wintering from the gulf coast southward. Family HIMANTOPODIDAE Stilts Body rather small, but the legs excessively lengthy; hind toe wanting; front toes semipalmate; bill slender, nearly straight, slightly curved upward, tapering, acute; wings long and pointed; plumage blackish and white. There are seven or eight species of Stilts, inhabiting warm or temperate regions, but only one reaches the United States. Coues says, “on the ground whether walking or wading, the bird moves gracefully, with measured steps; the long legs are much bent at each step (only at the joint, however), and planted firmly, perfectly straight; except under certain circumstances, as those Wilson narrates, there is nothing vacillating, feeble or unsteady, either in the attitudes or the move- ments of the birds. When feeding, the legs are bent backward with an acute angle at the heel joint to bring the body lower; the latter is tilted forward and downward over the center of equilibrium, where the feet rest, and the long neck and bill reach the rest of the distance to the ground.” Himantopus mexicanus (Muller) Black-necked Stilt Charadrius mexicanus Miller. Syst. Nat. Sup. 1776. p. 117 Himantopus nigricollis DeKay. Zool. N. Y. pt 2, p. 265, fig. 200 Himantopus mexicanus A. ©. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 226 himan'topus, Gr. ipavrorovs, strap-legged, crook-shanked; mexica’nus, Lat., Mexican Description. Adult male: Black and white, the back of head and neck, upper back, and wings, black; tail gray; front of head and neck, lower back, rump, under parts, a spot before the eye, and another behind 296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM it, white. Female: Browner above. Immature: The brown of the upper parts marked with whitish. Length 13.5-15 inches; extent 20-28; WiINSSos5 O07 wallace pila tarsus 4.15. The Stilt, Longshanks, or Law- yer, is confined mostly to tropical, and interior or western austral Amer- ica, rarely occurring at the present day north of Florida on the Atlantic coast, although it formerly bred as far north as New Jersey and possibly on Long Island. The latest New York specimens were taken 50 or 60 years ago on Long Island, some of which are now in the State Museum, the American Museum, and the collec- tion of the Long Island Historical Black-necked stilt. Himantopus mexicanus (Miller) Long Island specimen, State Museum. About } nat. size Society. Both this species and the Avocet were of regular occurrence on our coast in 1840 according to Colonel Pike and Giraud [see also Dutcher, Auk, 10:272]. Family SCOLOPACIDAE Snipe etc. The true Snipes have a long bill, in Tringae however scarcely longer than the head, and its terminal portion sensitive; in Scolopacinae the legs are of moderate length and the tibiae not so extensively bare as in Totaninae; the latter also have the terminal portion of the bill hard, and the outer and middle toes joined by a web at the base, and the plumage mottled; the former are more or less striped. Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus European Woodcock This species is larger than the American woodcock and much grayer in general color. The under parts are finely barred or waved with dusky. Length 13.5 inches; wing 8; bill 3.25. This palearctic species has been taken in Rhode Island, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Lawrence records a specimen from the vicinity of New York which was brought in by a gunner on a North river ferryboat. It is only accidental in eastern North America but may yet be taken in New York. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 207 Philohela minor (Gmelin) American Woodcock late 31 Scolopax minor Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.z1. 2: 661 Rusticola minor DeKay, Zool, NOY. (1844) pte, ps 257) fe: 231 Rha loiedlia manor JANOS UsCheck List. Jd. 2) "895. Nox228 philo’hela, Gr. @éXos, loving and €Xos, bog; minor, Lat., smaller, i.e. than the European woodcock Description. Head large; neck short; eyes large, set far back and high; bill very long, compressed, the upper mandible longer and the lower mandible fitted into it at the tip, its terminal portion corrugated, pitted, sensitive and voluntarily flexible and fingerlike; wings short and rounded, the first three primaries short, narrow and somewhat falcitorm; legs short, stout, feathered to the heel joint; toes entirely free; tail of 12 feathers; general build full and stocky. Upper parts intricately mottled and barred with rufous, buffy and black; the feathers edged with pale ashy, forming four broad stripes on the back and scapulars: front of head and sides of neck ashy washed with rufous; occiput black with three transverse bands of buffy; irregular line from bill to eye and another below the eye on sides of neck, black: eyelids buffy; under parts pale rufous, brighter on sides and under wing coverts; flight feathers ashy brown; tail feathers blackish tipped with ashy and their under surfaces with silver y white; under tail coverts also with white tips; bill light brown, pale at base; legs pale reddish or flesh color; iris brown. Length, ¢ r0=-1r, 9 r1—12 inches; extent 17-19% wine 4.75—-5.755 tail DD Pals 5 “bill 2. 5-2.75; tarsus 1.2-1.4; middle toe and claw 1.5; weight, males 5—6 ounces; females 6-8 ounces, extra fat ones rarely 9 ounces. Distribution. The Woodcock inhabits the eastern United States and Canada, north to Manitoba and southern Labrador, and westward to the plains, wintering in the southern half of its range. In New York it is a summer resident, and formerly nested commonly in every county of the State, but is now fast disappearing from the more inhabited districts on account of the incessant slaughter by gunners in the open season, and by telegraph wires at all seasons, the killing of its young by cats and other predatory animals, the draining of swamps, and the destruction of its favorite coverts. I have talked with gunners in western New York who killed as many as 180 brace of woodcock in one season 25 years ago, but 298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM now have difficulty in securing 30 birds each fall; and I have little doubt that in the State as a whole we have no more than 1 Woodcock where there were 50 in 1860. Woodcock still breed sparingly in all parts of the State, and are fairly common on good grounds during a short period in October, when the northern birds are migrating, or, “coming in,’ as the sportsmen call it. Migration. This species sometimes appears in southern New York as early as February 22, but usually arrives from the roth to the r5th of March, and from one to two weeks later in the interior and northern dis- tricts. There are very few reliable data before me, most records of “‘first seen” being when nests with eggs were found. In the fall, northern wood- cock arrive after the first sharp frosts in October, usually from the rst to the 15th, and the last are seen from November tst to 20th, although stragglers occasionally remain about warm springy places through December or even throughout the winter in the southern parts of the State. Haunts and habits. The Woodcock is not by any means confined to swampy ground, but often seems to delight in wooded slopes and hilltops. Alder coverts along ponds and streams, rich bottom lands grown over with willow, soft maple, elder and dogwood, low-lying cornfields, hill slopes covered with low second growth of maple, hickory or oak, and the edges of wooded swamps are its favorite haunts. Thick coverts and a moist soil, well supplied with earth worms, are its delight. They do not thrive on ‘sour bottoms’’ or where the soil has been flooded so long that the worms are driven out. In upland coverts they often feed by searching under the leaves, or on the worms that come out at night, but also travel considerable distances at night to seek well known banquet grounds in the valley or along the streams. When camping on the uplands, and when journeying through the country at dusk, I have frequently seen woodcock darting past on their foraging excursions. They migrate and feed at night. Dur- ing the day the Woodcock sits quietly amid its coverts, or stands sleepily at the edge of the swamp, or beside some path or opening in the woods, his head drawn down upon his “shoulders” and his bill pointing downward, appearing more like a ball of brown leaves attached to a slender stick, than BIRDS OF NEW YORK 209 like a bird. If disturbed, he pops up, as if discharged from a catapult, to the tops of the bushes; then darts away in a hc yrizontal course, and quickly drops again among the bushes. The Woodc« ick’s flight is rapid and accom- panied by a whistling, whirring sound, but not so resonant as that of the Grouse and Bobwhite. It lies well to the dog and when hunted rarely leaves the locality where it was startled. Thus the whole brood is often secured by the sportsman and none are left to repopulate the coverts. The wood- cock’s migratory habit has preserved it thus far from extermination, but it sorely needs the most efficient protection if it is to escape the fate of the Heath hen, Wild turkey, and Passenger pigeon. Woodcock begin to breed from the 1st to the roth of April, and the eggs are almost always laid before the 25thof thatmonth. During the mating season and until the period of incu- bation is nearly finished, the cock performs his peculiar song and aerial evolutions during the early evening and often in the morning. Springing from the ground, he ascends in a spiral course, whistling or chippering or piping as he mounts in the air until a considerable hight is reached when he sweeps about in wide circles and descends again, uttering all Tl acess of woodcock. (From Bird-lor) the while a mellow and rapidly increasing Phot by Tabor chipper, or warble, until the ground is reached, when he lowers his head and cocks his tail and utters a harsh, nasal peénk, or blak, accompanied with an uncouth waving motion of the body. Then he looks about expectantly and if his mate does not appear, the serenade is repeated, often as late as 9 or 10 o'clock in the evening. 300 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Woodcock lays her eggs where there is a slight elevation of ground in the swamp, or in the midst of the woods. I have found the nest in Ontario county in dry oak and pine woods on hilltops at an elevation of 2000 feet, but usually the lowland woods are preferred. There is slight attempt at nest-building, the eggs being laid on the dry leaves, or a few dried grasses and bits of leaves drawn together for a bed. They are four in number, ovate in shape, of a buffy color spotted with reddish brown and purplish gray, and average 1.56 x 1.22 inches in dimensions. The voung are covered with a rusty buff-colored down, marked above with deep chest- nut, and follow their mother soon after hatching. Within two weeks they are able to fly a short distance, but usually escape their enemies by lying absolutely still among the brush and leaves. The old bird is deeply attached to her young and when they are disturbed flutters about the intruder uttering a pitiable whining sound and frantically endeavors to distract one’s attention and lure him from the chicks. They also cling closely to their nests when incubating and will often allow themselves to be raised from the eggs with a stick or even by the hand rather than desert them. After a severe snowstorm in early April Mr Edward Reinecke of Buffalo found several nests of woodcock by tracking the hens over the snow and, noticing where they had sat down or scratched on the surface, he dug down and found the eggs buried under several inches of snow. Gallinago delicata (Ord) Wilson Snipe Plate 32 Scolopax delicata Ord. Wilson’s Ornithology. 1825. 9: 218 Scolopax wilsoni DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2,p. 256 Gia a nar giondieliicia ta AN On UnCheckalist dies 1805s NOs 230 gallina’go, Lat. (from gallina, a hen), henlike; delica’ta, delicious Description. Upper parts black, striped and mottled with buffy whitish; foreneck and breast ocherous buff obscurely mottled with blackish; throat and belly white; sedes and under wing coverts and axillars barred with black; under tail coverts buffy marked with blackish; wings dusky, the coverts tipped or mottled with whitish, and outer edge of first primary white; BIRDS OF NEW YORK 301 central tail feathers black with a broad subterminal bar of rujous, and tipped with whitish; outer tail feathers white, barred with blackish. Bill dusky or brownish, legs greenish olive; iris dark brown. Sexes similar, the female perhaps more ocherous on the breast and light markings. Length 10.75-11.75 inches; extent 17.5-20; wing 4.9-5.2; tail 2.25; bill 2.3-2.7; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw 1.5; weight 4-5 ounces. Field marks. The dark, striped back of the Snipe combined with its long bill (2.50 inches) and white belly can be seen by a quick eye as he springs from his grassy coverts in the swamp. His rapid zigzag flight and sharp, grating call of scazpe, scaipe, are also quite distinctive. Distribution. The Wilson snipe breeds from Minnesota, Illinois, and southern New York north to Labrador and Hudson bay. In this State, however, it is neither a common nor regular breeder at the stations where its nest has been found, but would undoubtedly become a commoner breeder in such localities as the swamps of central New York and Lake Ontario if permanently relieved of spring shooting and disturbance of the nesting grounds. I have found it breeding at Springville, Canandaigua Outlet in Ontario county, and Bergen swamp; Mr C. F. Stone has taken its eggs at Branchport on two occasions; Mr E. R. Tabor found its downy young at Meridian; and reports of its nesting in Chautauqua, Genesee, Orleans, Onondaga, Oswego and St Lawrence counties have come to my attention. Throughout New York the Snipe is found as a regular migrant while passing to and from its more northern breeding grounds, being so common on the more extensive swamps of western New York, that 14o birds have been bagged by two guns in a single day. But this is an exceptional occur- rence, and such reckless slaughter is suicidal to the interests of true sport, and has already resulted in a woeful depletion in the ranks of this fine game bird. Migration. In the warmer partsof the State, the Snipe begins to arrive from the south as early as March rath to 16th, if the spring is advanced, and rarely later than March 25th, and from one to two weeks later in the northern counties. They are commonest during the middle and later part of April in the swamps of Lake Ontario and the central lake country, and mostly pass on to the northward from the first to the tenth of May. In the 302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fall there is a noticeable movement of northern birds from the 1st to the zoth of September in western New York, and September roth to 3oth on Long Island. They remain in full force if undisturbed throughout October and well into November, the majority disappearing with the freezing of the swamps, although stragglers are found throughout the winter around warm springs in western New York, and on the tidal marshes of the coastal district. Haunts and habits. The Wilson snipe, “Jack’’ snipe, or ‘“‘English’’ snipe as gunners often call it, is a bird of the swamps, marshes, and bogg shores, but not in the dense flags and sedges where the rails hold sway, nor in the thick coverts which are the woodcock’s delight. This bird prefers a sparse growth of grass, weeds or bushes where it can walk easily about thrusting and probing in the soft oozy soil for worms, grubs, soft roots and seeds which constitute its favorite food. When no enemy is near he walks nimbly, carrying the head and body erect with the bill pointing well downward, but often assumes more the attitude of a sandpiper and gleans from the surface especially when foraging along the shore of a lake or stream as he often does in the dusk of evening. When his foes appear he crouches so motionless that it is impossible to distinguish him among the grasses, and when too closely pressed springs suddenly into the air with a sharp grating call and makes rapidly off in a “‘rail-fence’’ course not far above the ground until well out of danger, when he mounts high in the air and circles about for a few minutes finally to pitch headlong into the swamp again, perhaps into the same position from which he was driven. In April and early May when snipe are nesting their curious aerial per- formance is one of the most interesting sounds of the marsh lands. It is usually heard in the evening or on cloudy days. The bird mounts high in the air, often five or six hundred feet, and circles around the swamp, occasionally sweeping obliquely downward with a quivering motion of the wings, producing a weird tremulous crescendo whistle, resembling somewhat the distant or muffled bleating of a kid, or the sound of an old- fashioned fan-mill, whence the notes have been known as the “bleating”’ or “‘winnowing”’ of the Snine. The sound is evidently produced by air rushing BIRDS OF NEW YORK 303 through the feathers of the rapidly vibrating wings, similarly to the winnow- ing of pigeons’ wings as heard about the dovecote. When this winnowing of the Snipe is heard in the hush of a spring evening and without warning, directly above one’s head, the effect is quite startling and impressive. In the breeding season the Snipe also has a mating call delivered as the bird flies in a direct line over the swamp at a low elevation, consisting of a suc- cession of curious notes resembling the syllables ‘‘kuk, kuk, kuk, kuk, kuk’’ [Brewster]. I have heard this note often on the marshes of western New York, but have never observed the bird alight on a tree, as Brewster states, after uttering the call, but have seen it perch on a hummock or log after the performance. The Wilson snipe lays her eggs, four in number, in the midst of the grassy swamp on a slight hummock, or a tussock of grass, in a nest composed of a few straws, leaves, or mosses. They are large, about 1.6 x 1.18 inches, of a clay color or greenish olive, with blotches of chocolate and obscure shell markings more heavy about the larger end. The chicks are covered with a dark down, striped with buffy. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmelin) Dowttcher Plates 33, 34 Scolopax grisea Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. pt 2, p. 658 Scolopax noveboracensis DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt2,p. 255 Macrorhamphus griseus A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 231 macrorhim’ phus, Gr. paxpos, long; pdudos, beak; gri/seus, Lat., gray Description. Summer plumage: Upper parts blackish edged, mottled or barred with dull buffy or cinnamon; rump white, V-marked with blackish; tail and its upper coverts barred with white and dusky; under parts pale cinnamon becoming white on belly, mottled and barred with blackish, except on belly; bill and legs greenish dusky. Wdunter plumage: Brownish gray above, the rump and tail as in summer; throat and breast pale ashy; belly white, sides barred with black. Length ro-11r inches; extent 17.5-19; wing 5.25—-5.9; bill 2.05—2.55; tarsus 1.3-1.4; middle toe and claw 1.2. Field marks. The Dowitcher resembles the Wilson snipe in size and shape, but has a white rump and is less striped on the back and more buffy 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM or rufous on the under parts. The white rump and barred tail combined with its size and the length of its bill serve to distinguish the Dowitcher from other shore birds. It is more gregarious than the Wilson snipe and also more of a beach bird. Distribution and migration. The Dowitcher breeds in the arctic region of eastern North America and passes the winter from the gulf coast to South America. In New York it is chiefly confined to the shores of Long Island where it was formerly an abundant migrant, passing north- ward from the 25th of April, or the gth of May, to the 30th of May, or the rath of June, and returning to its winter quarters from July 12th or 2oth, to September 8th or rs5th. It is now much less common than it was 20 years ago, due mostly to spring shooting and reckless slaughter by the gunners, who often destroy entire flocks that have bunched among their decoys, without leaving a Dowitcher. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmelin) Long-billed dowitcher. M. scolopaceus (Say) From specimens in State Museum and Forest, Fish and Game Commission collections, # nat. size BIRDS OF NEW YORK 305 single pair to return to the breeding grounds. On the inland waters of the State this bird is decidedly uncommon, but is taken occasionally along the Great Lakes and rarely on our rivers and smaller lakes, in May and early September. The Dowitcher (““Deutscher” or ““German”’ snipe to distinguish it from the “English” snipe), also called Red-breasted snipe, Robin snipe, Brown- back, Gray-back, and Quail snipe, is fully as gregarious as the Yellow-legs and often occurs in dense bunches over the bars and mud flats of Long Island. As they circle about the marshes, and often as they take wing when startled, they utter a tremulous whistle resembling considerably the notes of the Yellow-legs. Their flesh is less delicious than that of the Wilson snipe, and they also bear less resemblance to the true game birds since they are hunted from blinds by the use of decoys, and do not scatter or lie in cover before dogs like the common Snipe. The capture of dowitchers is more like slaughter and less like genuine sportsmanship. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say) Long-billed Dowitcher Limosa scolopacea Say. Long’s Expedition. 1823. 2:170 Macrorhamphus scolopaceus A.O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 232 scolopa’ceus, Lat., snipelike Description. Very similar to the preceding species, but slightly larger, with longer bill. The under parts are also more rufous in the summer plumage, with the sides more heavily barred. In winter plumage the size and bill are the only distinguishing features. Length 10.75—12.5 inches; extent 18-20.5; wing 5.45—6.5; bill 2.2-3.25; tarsus 1.3; middle toe and claw 1.2. This species is chiefly confined to the arctic coast west of Hudson bay in the breeding season, and migrates mostly through the Mississippi valley and along the Pacific coast. On our shores, however, it is a regular migrant, -according to Lawrence arriving at least a month earlierthan M. griseus, in the spring often appearing by the zoth of March and passing northward -in April. Mr Dutcher’s Notes furnish dates ranging from July 16 to October 306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 15, and November 30. Mr Savage records aspecimen from Strawberry island, Niagara river, October 1892, but no others have been taken on our inland waters, as far as I know, although western New York les nearer than Long Island to the usual migration route of the species. Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte) Stilt Sandpiper Plates 33, 34 Tringa himantopus Bonaparte. Ann, Lyc.N. Y. 1826. 2: 157 Hemipalma himantopus DeKay. Zool.N. Y. pt 2, p. 235, fig. 196 Micropalama himantopus A. QO. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 233 micropa’lama, Gr. puxpés, small, radayn, a web; himan’topus, Gr. UpavTorous, strap-legged, or crook-shanked Description. Legs long and slender; toes webbed at base; bill long, slender, slightly curved. Summer: Upper parts black, marginedand str eaked with grayish and buffy or rufous; upper tail coverts barred with white and dusky; tail mingled white and ashy; wings grayish, primaries changing to fuscous and the “secondaries edged with white; ear coverts and the stde and rear margins of the crown rufous; under parts white, often washed with red- dish, extensively barred with juscous; bill and legs dusky greenish. Wonter: Upper parts ashy gray, sometimes with traces of black and buff; under parts white, indistinctly streaked on the neck and breast with dusky and barred wth black on the sides; tail and its upper coverts white, the former margined and the latter barred with ashy. Young: Similar, the upper parts usually dusky margined with buffy white; legs greenish yellow. Length 8-9 inches; extent 16-17; wing 5-5.25; Sale 2.26: bill 1.51.75; tarsus 1.6-1.75; middle toe and claw 1; tibia ipaee I. The Stilt sandpiper inhabits eastern America, breeding in the arctic regions and migrating in winter to the West Indies and South America. In New York this species is not as rare as has been generally supposed, probably being overlooked by gunners from its resemblance in fall to the Yellow-legs. Lawrence [N. O. C. Bul. 3:148] mentions it as common on the south side of Long Island from July to September. Mr Dutcher’s Long Island Notes record about 150 specimens shot between 1882 and 1893 and many others seen, often in flocks ranging from 11-60 individuals, the dates ranging from July 12 to October 10. In the spring it is less common, or BIRDS OF NEW YORK 3°07 entirely absent, his only record being May 18, 1885. Mr Todd, in his Birds of Erie, Pa., mentions 17 specimens taken on Lake Erie between August 7- September 14, in the years 1893, 1895 and 1901. Few definite records from the interior of New York have come to my attention. One was taken at Penn Yan in October 1875 [Birds Cent. N. Y. p. 31], two in Saratoga county in 1893 [A. S. Brower], two near Buffalo, September 16, 1893 [Savage, Auk, 12:313] and one on Seneca river October 10, 1907 [Foster Parker]. Like the Yellow-legs, this species often wades in shallow water while feeding, when flushed it “darts swiftly away with a sharp tweet, tweet.”’ [Gosse] Tringa canutus Linnaeus Knot Plates 33, 34 Tringa canutus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 149 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 243, fig. 194, 218 A. ©. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 234 tri'nga, Lat., sandpiper; cani’tus, pertaining to King Canute who is supposed to have been very fond of this bird Description. A large stout sandpiper; bill longer than tarsus, straight, flattened and enlarged at tip; tibia bare about half the length of tarsus; tail nearly even. Summer: Upper parts brownish black, the feathers broadly edgedand tipped with grayish white andrufous; tail ashy gray ; rump and upper tail coverts white barred with dusky white; wings gray, primaries dusky; line over the eye and under parts in general rujous slightly marked with blackish on the sides; flanks and under tail coverts whitish marked with dusky; bill and legs greenish black. Wunter: Upper parts gray; upper tail coverts white barred with dusky; under parts white marked with dusky on the breast and sides. Jmmature: Upper parts dark ash, feathers tipped with whitish, with a subterminal edging of blackish; under parts white, marked on the breast and sides with blackish. Length 10-11 inches; extent 20-21; wing 6.5-6.75; tail 2.7; bill 1.3-1.4; tarsus 1.2; middle toe 1, tibia bare .6. The Knot, Red-breasted sandpiper, Robin snipe, or Gray-back, breeds in the arcticregionsof both hemispheres and migrates along our coast and inland waters, wintering from the gulf coast to South America. It is one of the best known beach birds on the south coast of Long Island, but likeall the shore birds 308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is much less common than formerly. Although it appears in considerable numbers during the spring migrations, between the i5th of May and the toth of June, it is far more common in the fall, arriving from the north July 15th to the 30th, and passing southward from the roth to the 30th of October. There are few records comparatively, from the interior of the State. Mr Flahive has collected it near Penn Yan, Mr Bruce several on the shore of Lake Ontario, Mr Heimstreet one in May and one in September near Troy, Messrs Reinecke and Savage a few near Buffalo, and Mr Bagg reports it from Oneida lake. The dates for the inland records range from August 20th to October 15th. Mr Todd also records several specimens from Erie, Pa., dates ranging from August 27th to September 17th. Knots feed both along the beach and the mud flats, often probing like other snipes for the small insects and crustaceans which are their principal food. Their note is a soft wah-quoit, usually heard when the birds are coming to the decoys, or a diminutive honk. They often bunch so closely like the dowitchers that the whole flock is sometimes destroyed while alight- ing among the decoys [Mackay, Auk, 1893. 10: 25-35]. Arquatella maritima (Brinnich) Purple Sandpiper Plate 34 Tringa maritima Brtmnnich. Orn. Borealis. 1764. p. 54 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 237, fig. 98 AMONUs Checialist; Edie ee reo5e se NOw2ai5 arquatél’la, Lat. dim. of arquata, arcuata, bent or bowed; mari’tima, Lat., maritime Description. Summer: Upper parts varied with black, chestnut, buff, and whitish; under parts white streaked with dusky on the breast and clouded with dusky on the sides. Wunter: Upper parts ashy or dusky gray, the feathers slightly margined with lighter and often with purplish reflections; wing coverts and inner secondaries edged with white; rump: and middle tail feathers blackish; outer tail feathers ashy gray; lower neck, breast, and sides beneath the wings ashy; rest of under parts white; legs yellow or orange; bill yellow at base, greenish black toward the tip, BIRDS OF NEW YORK 309 The Purple sandpiper, Rock sandpiper, or Winter snipe, is holarctic in distribution, breeding in the arctic regions and often wintering in high latitudes, but migrating regularly to the Middle States and casually to Florida. Though principally a maritime species, it occurs rarely on the Great Lakes and other inland waters. It prefers a rugged coast where the rocks covered with seaweed are exposed at low tide furnishing a bountiful supply of small aquatic animals which are its favorite food. In Mr Dutcher’s Lone Island Notes we find about 25 records of this species on Long Island in the years 1880-93, the dates ranging from October 31st to March 5th. The number taken on each date varies from one to eight [see also Auk, 5: 178]. Mr Lawrence also records it from Rockaway, L. I., [Forest and Stream, 10: 235; see also, Berier N. O. C. Bul. 6: 126], Dr Braislin from Great South bay, L. I., November 23, 1899 [Auk, 19: 146], Mr Flahive from Seneca lake [Birds of Cen. N. Y. p. 32], Mr Bruce from Lake Ontario in the spring of 1883, Mr Burtch from Branchport, N. Y., September 14, 17, 1904, and Mr Webster from the Hudson, near Troy. It has also been taken at Toronto, Ont., November 3, 1900 [Ames, Auk, 18: 107], and in Ohio [Wheaton, Birds of Ohio, p. 476]. Pisobia maculata (Vieillot) (Actodromas maculata on plate) Pectoral Sandptper Plate 35 Tringa maculata Vieillot. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1819. 34: 465 DTringa pectoralis DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 242, fig. 193 Tringa maculata A.O.U.Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 239 macula’ta, Lat., spotted Description. Bill nearly straight, about as long as head; tibia bare for a space about two thirds of the length of tarsus; tarsus equal to middle toe; jugulum and breast conspicuously streaked; tail doubly emarginate, central feathers longest. Smwmmer: Upper parts black broadly margined with ocherous buff; rump and central tail coverts black; lateral tail coverts mostly white; primaries fuscous, the shaft of the outer one white; lateral tail feathers brownish gray slightly tipped and margined with white; jugulum and breast streaked with dusky and dingy buff; throat and belly white; bill 310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and legs dusky greenish, or ochery. Wunter: Similar, but the ocherous buff of the upper parts largely replaced by rufous and whitish. Young: Similar, but less brightly marked. Length 8-9.5 inches; extent 15-18; wing 4.75—5.7; tail 2.1-2.4; length- ening of central tail feathers about .35; tarsus 1-1.1; bill 1.1-1.2. The male is decidedly the larger. This is the largest of our sandpipers of this genus with dusky and buff streaked breast and buffy or rufous edgings of the black feathers. Its breast is also more heavily streaked and its central tail feathers more elongated and pointed. Its note also which gives it the name of Krieker or Kreeker, is distinctive. The Pectoral sandpiper, Grass snipe, or Kreeker, is a common migrant on all suitable marshes and mud flats in the State. It is more often found in meadows and flats with scattered cover than our other sandpipers, much resembling the Wilson snipe in this respect. Its grating whistle and habit of crouching in the grass and springing singly with zigzag flight when approached, also remind one of that bird. Its flesh compares quite favorably in flavor with that of the Snipe, and it is the smallest of our shore birds which I could consent to regard as legitimate game for the sportsman. As might be expected from the habits of this bird, it is more generally distributed in the interior than the species which frequent the bars and bare shores, and is a common fall migrant along our lakes and rivers. In the spring it makes its appearance from the 22d of March to the roth of April and is sometimes seen as late as the 26th of May. In the fall it is much more common, arriving from the 15th to the 30th of July, usually commonest during the month of September, and passes southward from the 2oth of October to the roth of November, stragglers sometimes occurring till the last of that month. It winters in the West Indies and South America and breeds in the arctic regions. The male inflates its throat and breast in the breeding season and utters a deep, resonant note [Nelson]. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 311 Pisobia fuscicollis (Vicillot) (Actodromas fuscicollis on plate) White-rumped Sand piper Plate 35 Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1819 34: 461 Tringa schinzi DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 241, fig. 191 Tringa fusecircollis A. ©. U. Check List. Edi2. 1895. No: 240 juscicol/lis, Lat, fuscus, dusky, and collum, neck Description. A small sandpiper with the general appearance of A. maculata, but smaller and the upper tail coverts white, and the edgings of the upper parts more rufous, and the sides more distinctly streaked. Winter plumage: Upper parts plain ashy or brownish gray, often showing patches of the black and rufous of the summer plumage. Young: Resem- ble summer adults, but less distinctly marked, and the edgings of the upper feathers more rusty and whitish. Length 6.75—8 inches; extent 15—16.5; wing 4.85—5; tail 1.8—-1.9; tarsus 1o5—h, oil o—r. The White-rumped, Bonaparte, or Schinz sandpiper is a fairly common migrant in the fall on the coast of Long Island, arriving from July 4th to August 15th, and disappearing from the rst to the 30th of October. On inland lakes and rivers it is less common, though a regular migrant in western New York. Eighteen specimens from the central lakes were taken on dates ranging from September zoth to November 4th; several from Lake Ontario between September 10 and October 16; one from Putnam county in October 1889 [Meade]; one from Albany county, October 25, 1884 [Parks]; one from Seneca river, October 13, 1906 [Fuertes]. Todd in his Birds of Erie, Pa., records a number of specimens, the dates ranging from August 29 to October 23, and two were taken on June 4th, 1875, by Mr Sennett, which is the only spring record that I have seen for the vicinity of New York State. This is a species of eastern America breeding within the arctic circle, and wintering from the West Indies to South America and the Falkland islands. It resembles the Pectoral sandpiper in habits, but is more often found on the sandy shore, in this respect and in the plain gray of its winter plumage and in the white of its rump suggesting a diminutive Knot. It is more gentle, however, and often allows one to approach within a few feet, but when startled dashes swiftly away with a sharp weet, weet. Ie} NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pisobia cooperi (Baird) Cooper Sandpiper Similar to P. fuscicollis in color but ground-color of upper parts brownish gray, with only the least trace of ocherous on some of the scapulars, and upper tail coverts conspicuously varied with broad V-shaped marks of grayish dusky. Length 9.5 inches; wing 5.8; culmen 1.25; tarsus 1.2. A single specimen of this bird was taken on Long Island, May 24, 1833, and is now in the Smith- sonian Collection, United States National Museum. As no further specimens have appeared, it is believed that it may be a hybrid, or abnormal example of P. maculata. Pisobia bairdi (Coues) (Actodromas bairdi on plate) Batrd Sandpiper Plate 35 Actodromas bairdi Coues. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1861. p. 194 Wr ienveta: ebja wr diide VAL Os Uni Check Vist] Bdi2s erso5y Nona bairdt, in honor of Spencer F. Baird Description. Resembles A. maculata but smaller and the upper parts more fuscous and pale buff than black and ocherous buff, the ugulum and breast less heavily streaked. In winter the upper parts more buffy grayish brown with dusky centers and rounded whitish tips. Young of the first winter closely resemble young of A. fuscicollis: but the breast is tinged with buffy and upper parts paler; rump not white. Length 7—7.6 inches; extent 15-15.6; wing 4.5-4.85; tail 2.25; tarsus .g-1; bill .g-1. Smaller than the smallest maculata. The Baird sandpiper is a fairly common transient on the shores of the Great Lakes and the central chain, and is not rare on Long Island. It is a nearctic species, breeding in the arctic region and migrating through the interior of North America to Chili and Patagonia. It was overlooked by the early ornithologists, and can be recognized with certainty only when collected and carefully examined. The migration dates are as follows: Rockaway, L. I. (2 spec.). Sept. 1872. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 e (1 spec.). Aug. 26, 1873. i. s cs Gispec))s Septa2or 1874" i e Mong Island > N. Yo 2882) NO) Cs Bull 72 138 = TO Obey entice 27/3 Fair Haven, Cayugaco.,N. Y. O.&O. 1882. 7: 133 Montauk, L. I. Sept. 20, 1880. Daniel E. Moran, N. O. C. Bul. 7: 60 Far Rockaway, L.I. Aug. 1882. Lawrence, Auk, 2: 273 BIRDS OF NEW YORK eta we) Locust Grove, Lewis co., N. Y. Aug. 11, 1885. H.W. Henshaw, Auk, 2: 384 Mt Sinai harbor, L. I. G\ and 2. Sept. 2, 1887. (Helme). Dutcher Onondaga lake, N. Y. Aug. 27, 1888. Morris M. Green, Auk, 6: 68 Moriches, L. I. Aug. 26, 1890. (Lewis). Dutcher Seaside Park, L.I. Sept. 29, 1894. H.H. Taylor, Auk, 12: 179 Shinnecock bay, L. I. Oct. 31, 1894. Braislin, Auk, 16: 191 Easthampton, L. I. Sept. 17, 1895. Vaughan, Auk, 13: 80 Waterport, Orleans co., N. Y. Sept. 3, 1895. Posson, Auk, 16: 194 Lakeside Park, Orleans co. Aug. 20, 1898; Sept. 8, 1898; Sept. 16, 1898. Posson, Auk, 16: 194 Canandaigua, N. Y.c’. Nov. 20, 1895. E. H. Eaton - 26°. Oct. 6, 1900. “ Oneida Lake, N. Y. Sept. 4, 1897. Bagg, Auk, 17: 178 Verona Beach. Sept. 5, 1899. x £ Lake Ontario, Orleans co., N. Y. Sept. 8, 1898; Oct. 18, 1899. David Bruce Montauk, L. I. Aug. 14-17, 1907. (5). Braislin, Birds of Long Island, p. 60 Rye Beach, N. H. Aug. 26, 1880. (2 spec.). Henry M. Spelman, N. O. C. Bul. 6: 61 New Haven, Conn. Oct. 28, 1887; Oct. 19, 1889, cd’. Woodruff, Auk, 7: 89 Erie, Pa. Sept. 5-29, 1900. ‘‘Moderately common.” Todd, p. 540 2) Aug. 24, 1892; Sept. 16, 1893; Sept. 1, 7, 1894; Oct. 5, 1894; Oct. 3, 1895; Sept. 11, 1897; Aug. 22, 1902; Sept. 1, 5, 1902. (Bacon). Todd, p. 540 Pisobia minutilla (Vicillot) (Actodromas minutilla on plate) Least Sandpiper Plate 35 Tringa minutilla Vieillot. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1819. 34: 452 Tringa pusilla DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 244, fig. 207, 208 Tringa minutilla A.O.U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 242 minutil’la, Lat. diminutive of minutus, small Description. Our smallest sandptper, very similar to the Pectoral sandpiper in color, but brighter on the back in summer and less heavily streaked on the breast; in winter not so bright, the upper parts being plain brownish gray with dusky shaft streaks. Length 5-6.75 inches; extent 11; wing 3.5-3.75; tail 1.75—2; tarsus .75; bill 750. The Least sandpiper, Little peep, or Oxeye, is a common migrant along our coast and inland waters. It contests with the Semipalmated sandpiper the place for greatest abundance among our shore birds, at least along the Long Island coast. On our inland lakes and rivers perhaps the Yellow-legs, 314 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pectoral sandpiper, and Red-backed sandpiper, are fully as abundant during the fall migration. In the spring it appears on Long Island from the 2oth to the 30th of April and departs for the north from the 26th of May to the rath of June. Return migration begins as early as the 4th of July and is well advanced by the 1st of August, the last birds departing from the 20th of September to the 7th of October. In western New York it arrives later in the spring, like other species of arctic shore birds, usually appearing for only a few days late in April, or in May, while hurrying northward. Fall dates range from July zoth to September 3oth. This species like the Pectoral sandpiper frequents both the sandy shore, mud flats and the grassy meadows, and is often called the Meadow oxeye by the Long Island gunners. Where it is not persecuted by hunters I have often seen it so unsuspicious that one was quite unable to “walk it up,” the little fellows trotting along in front of the observer and gleaning, or probing, industriously for insects on every side. When flushed it darts away with characteristic snipelike flight, sometimes to alight within a short distance, at others to leave the locality entirely, uttering its mellow peep, peep, or peet, peet. Some consider the little Sand-peeps as legitimate game and shoot them by the dozens to be made into “‘peep-pies’”’ which are famous delicacies in many localities along the coast, but for my part, after associating with the Little sandpipers, I am more content to eat chicken pies than to think how dozens of these harmless, interesting birds have been sacrificed for a single meal. This species breeds from the Gulf of St Lawrence to the arctic regions, and winters from the gulf coast to South America. Pelidna alpina alpina Linnaeus Dunlin Tringa alpina Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1858. 1: 149 A: O; U. Check List: Bd: 25 1865:, No: (243) pelid’na, Gr. meddves, livid; alpi’na, Lat., alpine Description. Smaller than subspecies pacifica. Bull shorter; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw. In summer upper parts less brightly colored; and the blackish belly not strongly contrasted with the speckled or grayish breast. Length about 8 inches; bill, average 1.4; tarsus and middle toe 1.75. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 315 This palearctic subspecies is of accidental occurrence in Greenland, Hudson bay, Washington, D. C., and Long Island. The single specimen from this State was taken on Shinnecock bay, L. I., September 15, 1892 and identified by Mr F. M. Chapman [see Young, Auk, 10:78]. Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot) Red-backed Sandpiper Plates 33, 34 Pelidna pacifica Coues. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1861. p. 189 Tringa cinclus DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt2,p. 240, fig. 192 Mnmica al pinay paicdiaca AnO MU. Cheek ist. 1895: No. 152 Description. Bill slightly decurved toward the end, depressed, with slightly widened and sensitive tip; tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. Summer: Above, bright rusty or tawny, streaked or spotted with blackish; belly covered with a large patch of black, remainder of under parts white or grayish white, slightly marked on the breast and sides with dusky; tail and wings ashy gray; primaries dusky with light shafts; greater wing coverts tipped with white; bill and feet blackish. “Winter: Plain brownish gray above and white below varied on the breast and sides with grayish. Young: Similar, but edged with rusty above, and streaked with dusky below. Length 8-9.25 inches; wing 4.5—5; tail 2-2.35; bill 1.5-1.75; tarsus and middle toe 2 Distribution and migration. This subspecies breeds in arctic America and winters from the gulf coast to South America. It is a common migrant on the salt marshes, beaches and mud flats of our coast, but is much more common in the fall. It arrives in the spring from the rst to the r5th of April, and departs for the north from the zoth of May to the 6th of June. In the fall it arrives much later than our other common shore birds, usually appearing from the 1st to the 20th of September, is common during the first two weeks of October, and usually departs for the south from the 20th of October to the 15th of November, but is sometimes observed on the tide- washed flats throughout the winter. In the interior of New York it is also common in the fall along the Great Lakes and the marshes of the central lake country, appearing from the 20th of September to the roth of October, sometimes arriving in great flocks with the first cold weather in October, and is often taken as late as the middle of November. In the spring it is a rare bird in western New York, but is sometimes observed between April zoth and May asth. 316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Red-backed sandpiper, Dunlin, Black-bellied sandpiper, Black- heart, Winter snipe or Purre, is well known to the bay men of Long Island. It usually occurs in flocks, sometimes of hundreds of individuals, which sweep along the coast or over the marshes like clouds, now showing the glistening white of their under parts, and now their leaden backs, as they swiftly wheel to come up the wind and alight on the muddy flats, to scatter immediately in search of the small worms, crustaceans, and insects which are hidden among the grasses or seaweed. On such occasions they keep up a contented, peeping chatter. When frightened, or flying, they utter a hoarse, grating note. Erolia ferruginea (Brunnich) Curlew Sandpiper Tringa ferruginea Brwunnich. Orn. Borealis. 1764. p. 53 Mri n'sia) sswibra tiqiula tal Delktayz = Zool Ne Wel 1S44es pir. p) 230; uicen2 ns Mriniga her x. weaned An OmUn Check Listi, Ddaz eso s5e mNOwen7 ero’lia, name given by Vieillot, meaning unknown to me; ferrugi’nea, Lat., rusty or ’ é5 é s ? ? ) reddish Description. Bill decurved beyond the muddle, slightly widened at the tip; tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. Summer: Upper parts rusty and blackish; under parts cinnamon-rujous or chestnut-red, slightly barred with dusky on the flanks and belly; tazl coverts white barred with black. Winter: Upper parts ashy brown with dusky shaft streaks; under parts and upper tail coverts white, the breast streaked with gray. Length 7-9 inches; wing 4.8—-5.2; tarsus 1.2; tibia bare .7; bill 1.4-1.6. This palearctic species is of rare occurrence in America. Audubon mentions a specimen from Long Island, and Giraud states that Mr Bell obtained seven or eight specimens in Fulton Market, New York, and mentions two or three others obtained there—‘‘all of which were procured on the ever productive shores of Long Island.” In Mr Dutcher’s Collection there is a female taken May 24, 1883, on Shinnecock bay, L. I. [Auk, 1: 32-33], and another presumably from Long Island, which was sent to Mr Dutcher by mail, June g, 189r. The Curlew sandpiper associates with dunlins on the shores and mud flats, and in appearance resembles a diminutive Knot with a long decurved bill [Seebohm]. BIRDS OF NEW YORK Go - ~I Curlew sandpiper. Erolia ferruginea (Briinnich). From Audubon, Birds of America. About ? nat. size Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus) Semtpalmated Sandpiper Plate 35 cs) Tringa pusilla Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.12. 1766. 1:25 Heteropoda semipalmata DeKay. Zool.N.Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 236, fig. 195 Ereunetes pusilla A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 246 ereune’tes, Gr. épevvntys, searcher or prober; pusil’lus, Lat. small Description. Toes with basal membrane, that between the middle and outer extending to the second joint, and all the toes slightly margined; bill straight, much wider than in Tringa minutilla and enlarged at the tip; tail doubly emarginate. Summer: Coloration similar to the Least sandpiper in pattern, but the edgings of the upper feathers pale buffy cinnamon. Wunter: Upper parts plain grayish with dark shaft streaks, breast mostly without streaks. Young: Marked with buffy and grayish white and the chest tinged with buffy. Length 5.5—6.55 imebes; extent 11-s—12.75; wing 2.25—-3.905; tail 1.5— 1.65; tarsus .85—.95; middle toe .55-.65; bill .66-.92. 318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This little Sandpiper is one of our commonest shore birds and still appears in large numbers during both spring and fall migrations on the beaches and mud flats of our seacoast and inland waters. The spring migrations begin from the 28th of April to the 8th of May and end from the rst to the 13th of June. The return flight begins from the 4th to the 2oth of July and continues until the 20th of September, and occasionally to the middle of October. On the central lakes I have sometimes observed it as late as the last of October and the 5th of November. This species winters from the gulf coast to South America and breeds in arctic America. The Semipalmated sandpiper often associates with the Stint, or Least sandpiper, and both are known as peeps, or oxeyes, the present species often being called the Sand oxeye, and the former the Meadow oxeye, the names indicating a slight difference in the preferred haunts of the two species. They are as gregarious as dunlins and great clouds of peeps are often seen executing their aerial maneuvers over the shores and marshes. Like the lead-backs also they keep up a continuous peeping chatter of good fellow- ship as they run nimbly about the beach, searching for the small crustaceans, worms and insects upon which they feed. Ereunetes mauri Cabanis Western Sandptper Ereunetes mauri Cabanis. Journal of Orn. 1856. p. 419 Ereunetes occidentalis A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 247 occidentalis, Lat., western Description. Bzll longer than in E. pusillus. In summer the upper parts are much brighter rusty or cinnamon and the breast more heavily marked with dusky than in the preceding species. In winter the dimensions must be relied upon. o> a Wing 3.6-3.9 inches; tarsus .85-.95; middle toe .55- E.Pusillus .65; bill .85-1.15. The larger dimensions are of females as 5 ie in the preceding species. While the length of the bill in females of pusillus equals or exceeds that of the smallest males of mauri, the dimensions of the same sex do not Bills of Semipalmatea OVErlap, the bill of pusillus ¢@ being .66—.75 and the 9 and Western sand 892, while the billof mauri ¢@ -8s—o5 and the Om pipers. 4 nat. size E.Occidentalis BIRDS OF NEW YORK 319 This species is confined mostly to western North America, breeding on the arctic coast and wintering from the gulf coast to South America. Dur- ing the migrations it occasionally appears in numbers on our shores, as in 1897, during July and August, when it was abundant on Long Island [Brais- lin, Auk, 16:191]. In Mr Dutcher’s Long Island Notes, we find reference to four specimens taken by Mr Lawrence in Queens county, July 29, 1889, and in Mr Dutcher’s Collection is a specimen taken at Point Rockaway, August 29, 1891, and three others taken at Rockaway by Mr Lawrence, July 17, 1893. I have never secured a specimen in western New York, but Mr Savage took it near Buffalo on the Canadian side in September 1897. If a close watch were kept among the Semipalmated sandpipers taken on our inland waters, this species would be detected occasionally. Calidris leucophaea (Pallas) (Calidris alba on plate) Sanderling Plates 33, 34 Tringa arenaria Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.12. 1766. 1: 251 Calidris arenaria DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 245, fig. 205 A. ©. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 248 cali'dris, Gr. xadi6pis; Lat. calidris, a beach bird; leucophaéa, Gr. Aevkos, light; gatos, dun, gray Description. Hind toe wanting; front toes free but with narrow, finely scalloped margins; imner primaries, secondaries and greater coverts, and tail feathers partly white. Summer: Head, neck, breast and upper parts varied with rufous and black, tipped or frosted with whitish; belly, flanks and under tail coverts and under wings pure white. Wunter: Upper parts pale ashy gray varied with blackish along the shaft lines; entire under parts immaculate white. Length 7-8.75 inches; extent 15-16; wing 4.7—5; tail 2.25; tarsus .9- 1.05; middle toe and claw .75; bill .g5—1. The Sanderling is undoubtedly the most widely ranging of our shore birds, breeding in the northernmost portion of the holarctic region and migrating southward in winter, reaching nearly all parts of the world in its wanderings. In this hemisphere it winters from the Middle States to 320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Patagonia. It is a common migrant, especially in the fall, along the coast of New York and the Great Lakes. On our smaller lakes and rivers it is much less common though by no means one of the rarest shore birds. The spring migrations on Long Island begin from the 15th to the goth of March and end fromthe 1st tothe 14thof June. Bythe 4th of Julyafeware already returning from the north and the migration is well under way by the 1st or roth of August. They are usually found in numbers through September and October and a few are observed as late as November 20th and December 8th. Stragglers of this species like the Red-backed sandpiper are occasionally taken in midwinter on the coast of Long Island. In western New York the Sanderling is not often observed in spring, but sometimes occurs late in May when the southern birds are hurrying to their breeding grounds. The Sanderling, or Surf snipe, is the whitest of all our sandpipers and our most characteristic beach bird. Even more than the Sand oxeye they prefer the sandy beaches, bars and flats which are washed by the waves, and are usually seen running in troops along the hard packed sand, advancing as each wave recedes and retreating as the next advances, gleaning the small mollusks, crustaceans and insects which are washed up on the shore. They are quite gregarious and numerous flocks circle up and down the beach at a low elevation, occasionally uttering their “‘slender and rather plaintive whistle.’ Late in the fall they become exceedingly fat and are usually regarded as a delicacy. Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus) Marbled Godwit Plate 37 Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 146 Limosa fedoa DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt2, p. 252, fig. 238 ALO: Us Check Vist. Ede 25 1805. §No: 249 limo’sa, Lat., muddy; fed’oa, of unknown derivation Description. Large; bill and legs long; bill bent slightly upward for its whole length; tarsi about twice as long as the middle toe; toes narrowly margined; tail short and even; general color pale ocherous or cinnamon or ocherous buff; head and upper parts streaked and barred with dusky BIRDS OF NEW YORK 321 brownish. Adult: With dusky bars on the breast, sides and flanks. The young with immaculate under parts; legs dusky; bill dull flesh color, dusky toward the tip. Length 16-22 inches; extent 30-40; wing 8.5-9; tail 3-4; tarsus 2.75-3; middle toe 1.4; bill 3.5-5.5. Female decidedly the larger. The Marbled godwit, or Brown marlin, breeds from Nebraska to Sas- katchewan, winters in the West Indies and Central America, and was formerly a regular spring and fall migrant on the shores of Long Island, but was not an abundant species even in the days of Giraud and Pike. It is now a rare visitant or straggler. The following are the only records for the past 30 years which have come to my notice: Syracuse, N. Y. June 1876. (Howlett). Birds Cen. N. Y. 32 Shinnecock bay, L. I. Aug. 12, 1881; Sept. 1-8, 1883, (3); Aug. 25, 1885; Aug. 31, 1885, (3); Sept. 15, 1885. Dutcher, Auk, 3: 437 Atlanticville, L. I. Aug. 23, 1887; Aug. 27, 1887, (pr.); July 28, 1888. (W.M. Lawrence). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Shinnecock, L. I. Aug. 31, 1887. (Perkins). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Good Ground, L. I. Aug. 18, 1888. (Hendrickson). Braislin, Birds of Long Island, LOO7s | Ps On Orleans co., N. Y. Oct. 1888. (W.F. Palmer). David Bruce, Notes Albany, N. Y., Aug. 23, 1890. A. F. Parks Niagara river, N. Y. Oct. 1891. James Savage, Notes Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus) Hudsoman Godwit Plate 37 Scolopax haemastica Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 147 Limosa hudsonica DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 253, fig. 230 Limosa haemastica A.O.U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 251 hemas’tica, Gr. dipactixes, bloody-red Description. Much smaller than the Marbled godwit, but similar in shape. Upper tazl coverts white, the lateral ones tipped with black; tazl black except the base and narrow tip which are white; primaries blackish with white shafts and bases; axillars black. Summer: Head, neck and upper parts varied with blackish and pale chestnut and buffy; under parts deep chestnut barred with dusky and often tipped with whitish. Woanter: Upper parts plain brownish gray; head, neck, and under parts dingy white or 322 JEW YORK STATE MUSEUM buffy grayish. Young resemble summer adults above and winter adults below. Length 14-16.75 inches; extent 25-28; wing 7.5-8.6; tail 3-3.5; tarsus 2.35~-2.55; tibia bare 1; middle toe and claw 1.3; bill 2.75-3.5; weight 9-10 ounces. Female somewhat larger than the male. The Iudsonian godwit, or Ring-tailed marlin, is a nearctic species breeding in arctic America, migrating southward through the Mississippi valley and along the Atlantic coast, and wintering in South America as far as Patagonia. It is more common than the Marbled godwit on the coast of Long Island and still occurs in small numbers during the migrations. In Dutcher’s Long Island Notes I find about 25 definite migration dates ranging between August 8th and October gth, during the years 1881 to 1893, the hight of the migration season seeming to occur between August 23d and September roth. On August 31st, 1903, a large flight occurred along the Long Island coast and many gunners killed a dozen or more of these birds [see Kobbe, Auk, 21: 79]. Dr Braislin also reports it from Quogue, L. I., September 23, 1896, and Rockaway, L. I., August 30, 1903 [Auk, 22: 167]. Our inland records are as follows: Ithaca, N. Y. Nov. 5, 1878. (R.B. Hough). C.J. Pennock Green Island, Albany co., N. Y. Oct. 24, 1882. A. F. Parks Onondaga lake, N. Y. Oct. 13, 1883. A. W. Perrior Lake Ontario, Orleans co., N. Y. Sept. 1890. David Bruce Oneida Lake, N. Y. Sept. 7, Oct. 7, 1891. Bagg, Auk, 11: 163 Godwits, like the curlews and larger plovers, formerly migrated along the Atlantic coast in large flocks, but seldom appear in numbers unless driven to land by storms, which force them from their ocean course between Newfoundland and South America. At such times they appear on Cape Cod, Marthas Vineyard and eastern Long Island. Being fat from feeding on the small shellfish, berries, and tender roots which abound on the Labrador coast from which they came, they are highly prized by epicures. They are very shy but respond readily to an imitation of their whistle, or the cries of wounded companions, and when these flights occur they are taken in great numbers, which undoubtedly accounts for the decline of this species, as its nesting grounds are practically beyond the interference of man. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 323 Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin) Greater Y ellow-legs Plate 36 Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 659 Totanus melanoleucus DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2,p. 250, fig. 221 tA. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 254 16t/anus, Ital. totano, a kind of snipe; melancleu’cus, Gr. peAus, black; Aevkos, white Description. Large; bill longer than head, bent very slightly upward from the middle, the nasal groove extending nearly half way to tip; legs very long; tarsus one and one half times the middle toe; legs yellow; bill black; plumage blackish, white and grayish brown; rump and tail coverts white, imperfectly barred; tail varying from white to gray, barred with dusky; primaries blackish, shaft of first white; flanks and under tail coverts barred with dusky; head and neck streaked with white and dusky. Summer: Upper parts varied with black, gray and white, the former quite prominent; under parts white spotted and barred with blackish, except on the belly. Winter: Upper parts brownish gray spotted with white and dusky on the edges of the feathers; under parts white, lightly streaked with grayish on the jugulum and breast. Length 12.15-15 inches; extent 23-26; wing 7.5-7.85; tarsus 2.5—-2.75; middle toe and claw 1.7; length from tip of bill to end of outstretched toes 16-18 inches; bill 2.2-2.3; weight 6-10 ounces. Range and migration. This species breeds from Minnesota and the Gulf of St Lawrence through boreal America, and migrates southward both on the seacoast and through the interior, wintering from the gulf coast to Patagonia. With us it is a common migrant. The spring migra- tions begin from the gth to the last of March or the 5th of April on the coast, and end from the rst to the 5th of June, stragglers sometimes appear- ing as late as the 22d of June. The return movement begins from the 1oth to the 25th of July, continues through August and September, and ends from the 2oth of October to the 15th of November. Through the interior of the State this species rarely appears before the 12th of April, is most often seen during the latter part of April, but is occasionally observed throughout the month of May. Along the lakes the fall migration com- monly begins about the middle of August and continues till late in 324 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM October. This species is well represented during the spring migration, but like most of our shore birds is more common in the autumn, and as it comes and stays later than the Lesser yellow-legs is often called the Winter yellow-legs. The Greater yellow-legs, or Varied tattler, frequents both the sandy beach, the muddy banks of pools and streams, and the flooded marshes. It walks with easy carriage along the strand, or wades far out in the shallows, feeding on the small crustaceans and aquatic insects which lurk in the mud or among the aquatic plants, also on small fishes which I have sometimes taken in considerable numbers from its gullet and stomach. It is wilder and more suspicious than many of our shore birds, and, when approached, usually takes flight when well out of range, giving voice to its loud penetrat- ing whistle which resembles the syllables wheu-wheu-wheu, wheu-wheu. These alarm notes are frequently repeated and immediately give notice to all the flats and marshes that the sportsman is abroad. This habit has given it the name of Telltale tattler in many localities. Its call note is often heard at night when the birds are migrating, and during the day I have listened to its notes coming from such an elevation that the birds themselves could not be distinguished as they passed over me on their southward journey. It is a common experience also when gunning on the marshes to hear the call of these birds from high in the air long before they appear, as they stoop from their lofty course to rest and feed for a time. Yellow-legs sometimes gather in large flocks, but usually travel in small companies of six or seven birds, and do not bunch so closely as some shore birds when alighting among decoys, a fortunate circumstance, which, combined with its suspicious nature, is likely to prove the salvation of the species. In the fall they become very fat, and are esteemed by some as game, but to my palate its flesh is too strong in flavor, but this, as in other species, probably depends upon the food of the birds for some time previous to their capture. BIRDS OF NEW YORK Oo NO un Totanus flavipes (Gmelin) Lesser Yellow-legs Plate 36 Scolopax flavipes Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 659 Totanus flavipes DeKay. eee N. Y. 1844. / pt 2, p. 248, fis. A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 255 fla'vipes, Lat., yellow foot Description. Essentially like the Greater yellow-legs in shape and color, but decidedly smaller, the tarsus proportionately. longer, and the upper mandible grooved for more than half its length rather than less as in melanoleucus. Length 9.5-11.5 inches; extent 19-21.5; wing 6.1-6.7; tarsus 2-2.15; middle toe and ene ewe tibia bare 1. 25; bill 1.3-1.55; weight 3.5—5 ounces. Distribution and migration. This nearctic species breeds from Minne- sota to the arctic regions, and migrates southward, mostly in eastern America, to the gulf coast and Patagonia. DeKay, 1844, states that many remain to breed in New York, but this was probably a mistake which arose from the fact that the Yellow-legs is a late migrant in spring and begins to return from its breeding grounds earlyin July. I have seen only one record of its nesting in New York State which seems authentic, and ‘his, of course, may be a case of wing tipped birds, as spring shooting was practised at that time. This was in 1891 when a pair reared their young near Phelps, N. Y. [see Bowdish, Auk, 8: 394]. The Yellow-legs is much less common in the spring than in the fall migrations. The few Long Island records range between May 6th and 26th. My only records for western New York lie between April 20th and May 3oth. During the fall it is one of our commonest shore birds, appearing on Long Island from the 7th to the 23d of July, and departing for the south from September 13th to October 5th. Western New York dates range between July 12th and October rath. It is usuaily commonest during August and early September. Haunts and habits. The Yellow shanks, or Lesser yellow-legs, frequents the bars, mud flats and marshes which are exposed by the ebbing tide, 326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM or left bare by the lowering waters of our lakes and rivers. Its habits are similar to those of the Greater yellow-legs, but in general it is less suspicious, travels in larger flocks and bunches more closely when coming to decoys. Giraud mentions an instance of 106 being killed by discharging both barrels into a flock which were sitting along the beach, and Audubon was present when 127 were killed by the discharge of three barrels. Is it any wonder that shore birds have diminished in numbers? During the summer of 1907 the water was unusually low in the Montezuma marshes and many mud flats and bars were exposed. Consequently shore birds were exceptionally numerous and flocks of two or three hundred yellow-legs were not uncommon and 20 or 30 were occasionally killed by a single shot. The notes of this species resemble closely those of the Greater yellow- legs, but it is slightly more vociferous, uttering more notes in succession, commonly following the formula, wheu, wheu-wheu-wheu-wheu, wheu-wheu, wheu. The fat with which the body of the Yellow-legs is incased is strongly flavored and its flesh does not compare favorably with that of the Snipe and larger sandpipers, but it is eagerly sought after, like its larger representa- tive, and is commonly served in city restaurants under the name of Snipe or Plover. Helodromas solitarius (Wilson) Solitary Sandpiper Plate 36 Drintgwa slo litariuus Walsony Am? Or, 8035 7253 pla 5syee. Notanwus chloropygiws DeKay. Zool, Ni Yo 1844. pt 2) p: 240) fig; 210 Helodromas solitarius A. ©. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 18095. No. 256 helo'dromas, Gr. os, marsh, dpouds, running; solita’rius, Lat., solitary Description. Bill slender, about straight; upper mandible grooved for over half its length; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw; outer tail coverts and outer tail feathers white barred with dusky; central coverts and central pair of tail feathers dusky, spotted on the edges with white; upper parts in general dusky brownish, somewhat glossed with dark greenish, streaked on the head and neck, and spotted with whitish on the back, scapulars and longer wing coverts; wings dusky, contrasted abruptly with the white belly; under parts white, the jugulum and upper breast and sides under the wings marked with dusky; axillars and under wing coverts white, barred BIRDS OF NEW YORK BOY] with dusky; legs dull greenish; bill blackish, lighter at the base. Wdanter: Similar but grayer above and less distinctly streaked with dusky on the foreneck. Young: Similar but with thicker speckles of dull buff above and the head more uniform grayish. Length 7.5—9 inches; extent 15.5-17; wing 4.75—-5.4; tail 2.25; tarsus r.2-1.3; middle toe and claw 1.12-1.22; bill 1.12—1.25. Range and migration. The Solitary sandpiper is a nearctic species representing the Green sandpiper (Helodromas ochropus) of the palearctic region. It breeds from the northern United States well into or through boreal America, and winters on the gulf coast and in tropical America. It is a fairly common migrant in all parts of New York State, being more generally distributed than any species of this order, with the exception of the Spotted sandpiper and Woodcock. On Long Island it appears between the 5th and 15th of May and passes northward from the 15th to the 28th of that month, returns from the 7th to the 2oth of July and departs for the south from the 25th of September to the 14th of October. In western New York it arrives from April 25th to May 8th, passes north- ward from the 18th to the 30th of May, returns from the 12th to the 30th of July, and departs for the south from September 20th to October rath. In northern New York this Sandpiper is supposed to be a summer resident and I have no doubt its nest will be found eventually in the Adirondack country. As yet, however, it is entered as a summer resident for northern New York on rather slender evidence. In Dr Merriam’s Adirondack Notes, I have found no record of this species between May 30th and August roth. Mr Pennock who has made several trips to the Adirondacks has no record between May 25th and August 6th. My own party, which spent the early summer of 1905 in the higher Adirondacks, failed to establish its presence beyond a doubt, although Mr Achilles was confident that he saw one speci- men near Clear Pond on July 6th. No member of this order is more mysterious in its breeding habits, and many doubt all the records which have been accredited to the northern United States. Haunts and habits. The Solitary sandpiper is even less gregarious than the Spotted sandpiper although five or six individuals are sometimes seen scattered about a swampy pool, or springy bog in the woods. Many a 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM time I have made my way cautiously to the margin of some old mill pond, or secluded lakelet in the forest, expecting to see Wood duck, Hooded mergansers, or herons, but found only a scattered troup of Solitary sand- pipers probing in the ‘‘spring moss” (Chara foetida), or wading quiet- ly in the shallow water, or standing on water-soaked logs which projected above the surface of the pool. Some of them always seemed to be aware of my approach and silently nodded in their characteristic mechanical manner. They are silent birds and quite unsuspicious, rarely taking wing unless very closely approached. Sometimes when one member of the party is shot the others will not take wing, or, if so, will fly only a short distance, uttering a mellow whistle which suggests the bird’s alliance with Yellow-legs, but is far more subdued and melodious. When alighting they have the habit, even more than other members of this family, of holding their long wings stretched upward almost vertically, displaying the striking pattern of the wing- markings and slowly folding them as their poise is gained and the search for food resumed. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Gmelin) Willet Plate 38 Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 1788. Ed.1. 2: 659 Morpamsuls” sleimajpralimeat wis) Delay. ZoolkNe Yau S445) spb 2smpaesitpe iceman Symphemia semipalmata A.O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 258 catoptre' phorus, Gr. katortpov, mirror, and dépw, Pop, to carry, referring to the mirrorlike wing patch; semipalmda’tus, Lat., half webbed Description. Front toes webbed at the base; tarsus 14 times the middle toe; bill thick, slightly recurved, longer than head, the upper man- dible erooved for about 4 its length; end portion of wing feathers black, bases of the primaries and greater portion of secondaries white; axillars and longer under coverts black; lesser under coverts of the humerus and of the radius and ulna white; the wings thus showing striking black and white pattern when extended; tazl grayish white; upper tail coverts mostly white, barred at the base with dusky. Summer: Upper parts varied with blackish and ashy; head and foreneck streaked, breast and sides barred with dusky; belly white. Winter: Upper parts plain ashy, or brownish gray; under parts white shaded with gray on the foreneck, breast and sides. Y oung: BIRDS OF NEW YORK 329 Similar but tinged with buffy on the back and sides; legs bluish; bill blackish, rather bluish at the base. Length 15-17 inches; extent 28; wing 7.5-8.25; tail 3; tarsus 1.95—-2.6; middle toe and claw 1.65—1.7; bill 2—-2.5. The Willet inhabits the Atlantic States from Florida to southern New Jersey, and rarely to the coast of Maine. Its winter home is from the Southern States to Brazil. Formerly it may have bred on Long Island, but Giraud knew of no nest having been found, nor have any since been recorded. It hardly seems probable that all the willets which appear on Long Island during July, August and September are migrants from more northern breeding grounds, and the species undoubtedly journeys up the coast in search of fresh feeding grounds after the breeding season is over. These flights of willets, however, are comparatively rare in recent years. In Mr Dutcher’s Long Island Notes, I find records of numerous flocks observed during the first two weeks in August 1884, 1885, 1886 and 1888. A few are sometimes observed as early as July 4th or rrth, but the flight rarely begins before July 25th; the last birds are usually seen from the 17th to the 25th of August, but sometimes as late as September 16th. There are few spring records in recent years, May 11, 1886; May 6, 1887; and April 29, 1890, being all that I find in Mr Dutcher’s Notes. In the interior of New York this species was formerly a more or less regular visitant [see Birds Cen. N. Y. p. 33]. The following are the only records which I have since 1880: Canandaigua, N. Y. Aug. 31, 1882. Dr M.S. Gooding Lake Ontario, N. Y. Sept. 12, 1885. David Bruce Chautauqua lake, N. Y. May to, 1897. A. E. Kibbie Erie, Pa. Apr. 24, 1902. (2). Todd, Birds of Erie, p. 542 The Willet, or Semipalmated tattler, can scarcely be mistaken for any of our other shore birds, its remarkable wing pattern and its loud whistle of pilly-will-willet establishing its identity beyond question at a great distance. It was formerly much sought by Long Island gunners, but Giraud remarked that its flesh though palatable was not considered so great a delicacy as its eggs. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM & [e) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus Brewster Western Wallet Description. This western representative of the Willet is larger than the Atlantic coast bird, with a longer and more slender bill, and less heavily marked on the under parts in summer plumage. In winter plumage the dimensions are the only means of distinction. Wing 8-9 inches; tarsus 2.6—2.85; bill 2.25—-2.75. The Western willet has never been definitely recorded for New York, but may occur here, espe- cially in the Great Lakes region, Pavoncella pugnax (Linnaeus) Ruff Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 145 Pavoncella pugnax A.O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. (260) pavoncél’la, Lat. diminutive of pavo, peacock; pug’nax, Lat., pugnacious Description. Bill nearly straight, grooved nearly to tip, rather broad; legs slender; tarsus 1} times middle toe; basal web between outer and middle toes, inner toe free; tail rather long, distinctly barred. Male in breeding plumage: Face without feathers, papillate; a long tuft of feathers extending backward on each side of head, foreneck also furnished with a broad ruff, the tufts and ruff being differently colored in nearly every specimen; general plumage varied with ash brown, black, ocherous and white. Wuinter plumage: Face feathered, tufts and ruff wanting; under parts pale buff; upper parts grayish brown with light markings. Female: Without ruff; upper parts grayish brown and dusky, pale buff below, much smaller than male. Length 12-12.5 inches; wing 7-7.5; tail 2.6-3; tarsus 1.75—-2; middle toe and claw 1.4; bill 1.5. Q length ro inches; wing 6; tarsus 1.4; bill 1.15. This palearctic species is accidental in eastern America, there being 24 or more records [see Dean, Auk, 22: 410; Palmer, Auk, 23: 98; Hardy, Auk, 25: 82]. Two specimens from Long Island are in the G. N. Lawrence Collection, American Museum of Natural History, a male taken in October 1851 [Lawrence, Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Ann. 5: 220] and a female taken May 15, 1868 [Chapman, Birds of Vicinity of N.Y. Ed.2. p. 35]. Baird’s statement that the Ruff has been “so frequently killed on Long Island,” evidently refers to Lawrence’s specimen, as I can find no evidence of any other records for New York. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 331 Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein) Bartramian Sandpiper Plate 38 Tringa longicauda Bechstein. Uebers. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1812. 2: E Totanus bartramius DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 247, fig. 2 Bartramia longicauda A. O.U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 26 bartra’mia, in honor of John Bartram; longicau’da, Lat. longus, long; cauda, tail Description. Bull rather shorter than head, much shorter than tarsus, equal to middle toe, upper mandible grooved for more than ? its length and slightly concave; gape wide, reaching below the eyes; tail long, grad- uated; tarsi much longer than middle toe and claw; outer and middle toes webbed at the base; inner toe free; neck and legs long; head small, pigeon- or plover-shaped; no decided sexual or seasonal changes in coloration. Above varied with blackish, ocherous buff and gray; primaries blackish, the outer one barred with white; tail feathers varying from grayish brown to buff and white at the base of the outer ones, all more or less barred with blackish; under parts white, varied on the foreneck, breast, and sides with blackish, and tinged with buff; legs light yellowish; bill yellowish at base and below, dusky toward the tip. Field marks. The amateur may recognize this species by its general buffy brown color, as seen at a distance, its mellow bubbling flight whistle, and its preference for dry uplands, rather than the marshy shores. Distribution and migration. The Bartramian sandpiper, or Upland plover as the sportsmen call it, is a summer resident of eastern Long Island and the plains of inland New York, especially in the counties of Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, Ontario, Oswego, Madison, Oneida, Lewis, Jefferson, St Lawrence, Clinton, and Rensselaer [see also, Distribution map, p. 20]. Although the species has been diminishing on Long Island, it is holding its own in northern and western New York, and certainly has increased on the plains of northern Erie county and western Monroe county during the last ten years. The spring migration begins from the 13th to the 20th of April and the breeding season is in late May, or early June. About the 2oth of July, or even earlier, sometimes as early as the 4th, they gather in small flocks, which are probably augmented by migrants from farther north which continue to arrive until about the roth of August. In western New York the last birds are usually seen about the 25th of August, a few some- 332 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM times remaining till the roth of September, which are also the dates of its departure from Long Island. It is a nearctic species, breeding from Virginia and Kansas, to Nova Scotia and Alaska, and wintering in South America. Haunts and habits. More than any other shore bird, this species, as its name of Upland plover signifies, is a bird of the dry fields and pastures, rarely visiting the shores or marshy lowlands. It seems to prefer dry rolling plains in western New York, especially waste fields, wide pastures, and even cultivated fields. On Long Island and the New England coast it occurs on the grassy sand plains, as well as the barren hilltops of New England. Mr H. L. Bowers writes, 1900, “‘they are very plentiful in the dry swamps west of Rome, during the summer. They nest in the timothy fields near by, but the old birds are never seen near the nest and will not leave their eggs till nearly stepped on. They arrive April r4th and nest in May.” Mr George F. Guelf of Brockport writes, “they are common on the level fields which extend from 4 miles east of Clarkson, Monroe county, about 9 miles to the west, and lying about 1 mile north of the Ridge road.” Mr E. H. Short of Chili says they are becoming commoner and extending their range, often nesting in cornfields, potato patches, and fallows. James Savage and Hermann Grieb state that it has grown commoner within the last 15 or 20 years in the vicinity of Buffalo and is rarely killed by the sportsmen, as it is practically impossible to get within shooting distance of the birds. The common experience of observers throughout the interior of New York is that very few Upland plovers are shot, the nature of the country making it practically impossible to hunt it on horseback or from wagons, as is often done on the western prairies. The chief enemies of the bird in western New York are certainly not the gunners, but wandering cats and other predacious animals, sheep and cattle which destroy its eggs, late plowing and the cultivating of fields. This beautiful bird like most members of the Snipe family executes a peculiar performance in the mating season. The bird mounts high in air, or alights on a knoll, “‘a fence, or even a tree, and utters a prolonged mourn- ful mellow whistle, more like the wind than like a bird’s voice, which may be heard even in the night, and is one of the most weird and never to be BIRDS OF NEW YORK 33 DW forgotten sounds in nature.’’ [Langille] The same writer gives its alarm note as a rapid quip-tp-ip-ip, quip-ip-1p-ip, and the song as chr-r-r-r-r- ee-e-€-€-e-€-00-0-0-0-0-00. Will Richard, in describing a pair near Rouse Point, N. Y., states that they are called ‘‘Wet-weather’” birds by the people of that locality from one of the calls which the bird utters, and writes the song as follows: wh-o-c-e-et-et-e-e-e-e-e-e-0-0-0-000. This is a good rendition of the weird whistle described by Langille, as I have heard it in western New York, the notes rapidly rising and swelling, then slowly falling and dying away into a hollow windlike whistle, very much like the hteration of Mr Richard’s description. This love song of the Upland plover, and the winnowing of the Snipe, and the flight song of the Woodcock are three of the most interesting sounds of our bird life, and belong to the three most highly prized game birds of the order Limicolae, all three of which fortunately breed within our limits, and should be pro- tected in every possible manner from the extermination which has over- taken our Wild turkey, Heath hen, and Wild pigeon. The food of the Bartramian sandpiper consists largely of grasshoppers, crickets, beetles and other insects, occasionally varied with seeds or small fruits. The young follow their parents as soon as hatched, and the old birds evince considerable distress when the young are molested, often fluttering along the ground, feigning lameness, or a broken wing, after the manner of a Killdeer, to draw the intruder away from the site. Their carriage is light and graceful, they run with great swiftness through the rows of stubble to escape from intrusion, or crouch motionless in the grass until the enemy is dangerously near, when they spring into the air and fly swiftly away, often passing entirely out of sight before alighting, but uttering a mellow whistle as they go, evidently to inform the members of their clan that the enemy is near. The Bartramian sandpiper conceals its nest in the thick grass of the meadow, or under a tussock in the pasture or a waste field, and is rarely or never seen in its vicinity, and will not leave it until she is almost trod upon. Mr Short told me of finding a nest while plowing a field, which the 334 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM old bird refused to leave until his horses were standing over her and the plowshare was at the very point of burying her and her treasures in the earth. The nest is a mere depression lined with grasses and small stalks. The eggs are four in number, large and pyriform in shape, buffy white in color spotted with chocolate and reddish brown, more thickly about the larger end, the average dimensions being 1.75 x 1.3 inches. The downy young are buffy white tinged with rusty above and mottled with blackish; blackish spots below the eye, a small one on the lores and a large one behind the ear. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot) Buff-breasted Sandpiper Plate 38 Tringa subruficollis Vieillot. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1819. 34: 465 Mine a muitesice ns DeKiay. Zool NeW aes4A5 pie. sp. 236. sno), Mimi Cavtiesesiub)t wt terol ais) CARO D Uni Checkalist. Eda seen tSoleee NO mz62 tringi’tes, Gr. tpuvyvrns, a sandpiper; subruficol/lis, Lat. sub, below, rufus, reddish, and collum, neck Description. Bill shorter than head, slender, grooved neariy the whole length, hard at tip; gape extensive; tail rounded, the central feathers pro- jecting; tarsus longer than middle toe and claw; toes cleft. Primaries grayish brown, darker toward the tips, their inner webs and the secondaries peculiarly marbled with white; central tail feathers greenish brown, darker toward the end, the others grayish or rufascent with subterminal black bar and buffy white tips; upper parts in general olive-brown broadly mar- gined with yellowish brown, or ocherous, giving a prevailing tawny color; under parts pale buff sightly streaked or spotted on the sides of the breast; bill brownish black; legs yellowish. MWunter and tmmature: Very similar but paler below. Length 7—8.9 inches, average 8.5; extent 16-17; wing 5—5.5; tail 2.5; tarsus 1.15—1.3; middle toe and claw 1; bill .7—8. The Buff-breasted sandpiper is a nearctic species breeding in high latitudes, and wintering in South America. It is rather uncommon even in the Mississippi valley and is one of the rarer sandpipers on our Atlantic coast. Like the preceding species, it inhabits the dry prairies and sandy fields during migration and is rarely taken along the beach. The following BIRDS OF NEW YORK 335 are the only records for New York during the last 50 years that have come to our notice: West Troy, N. Y. Aug. 27, 1861. (2). Thomas Heimstreet Penn Yan, N. Y. Oct. 15, 1874. James Flahive Montauk Point, L.I. Aug. 26, 1880. Berier, N. O. C. Bul. 6: 126 Blissville, L. I. Sept. 16, 188r. (Hendrickson). Dutcher Kendall, N. Y. Apr. 20, 1884-85. Posson, Auk, 16: 194. David Bruce Lockport, N. Y. Aug. 31, 1886. Davison List Brockport, N. Y. Sept. 1886. David Bruce West Seneca, Erie co.. N. Y. Aug. 1888. James H. Savage Mastic, Suffolk co., L. I. Aug. 28, 1888. Dutcher, Auk, 6: 136 Long Island City, L. I. Sept. 17, 1889. W. F. Hendrickson Gaines, N. Y. Fall 1897. Posson, Auk, 16: 194 Shinnecock bay, L. I. About 1870. (Nichols). Dutcher Rockaway, L. I. Aug. 25, 1873; Aug. 1874; Sept. 13, 1875; Sept. 1879; Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 Rockaway, L.I. Aug. 1888. (3). (Lawrence). Dutcher Queens co., L. I. Aug. 31, 1894. Howell. (Johnson). Braislin, Birds of Long Island, p. 63 Rockaway Beach, L. I. Sept. 11, 1904. (Peavey). Braislin, Auk, 22: 169 @ Sept. 4, 1906. (Peavey). Braislin, Birds of Long Island, p. 63 Cleveland, Ohio. Wheaton, Birds of Ohio, p. 491 Ontario, near Lake Erie. Breeds. Mcllwraith, Birds of Ontario. 1894. p. 156-57 Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) Spotted Sandpiper Plate 36 Tringa macularia Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.12. 1766. 1: 249 Totanus macularia DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 246, fig. 206 McGinnis ia cu Varia AO WU. Checklist. Edi2, 1895: iNor263 acti'tis, Gr. axtirns, dweller by the shore, or worker by the shore; macula’ria, Lat., spotted Description. Bill straight, as long as head or tarsus or middle toe and claw; tibia bare for half the length of tarsus; outer and middle toes webbed to their first joint, inner toe free; tail rounded, half as long as wing; upper parts grayish olive with brassy luster, spotted with dusky—in streaks on the head and neck, in broken bars on the back; inner tail feathers like the back, outer ones whitish barred with dusky; a line over the eye white; under parts white, profusely spotted with black, the spots roundish, and heavier in the female than in the male; wing feathers dark brownish 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with white bases, forming a lengthwise wing stripe which shows in flight; legs and base of bill flesh color, the latter blackish toward the tip. Young: Similar, but without spots, feathers above edged with buffy white. Length 7-8 inches; extent 13-14; wing 3.8-4.5; tarsus .9-1.05; middle toe and claw .9-1.05; bill .g-1.05; weight 2 ounces. The female is larger than the male. Distribution and migration. This is the nearctic representative of the palearctic species hypoleucos. It is found from Hudson bay and Alaska to South America, wintering from South Carolina to Brazil. In New York it is the most universally distributed member of the family, being common in every county in the State, from the 18th or the zoth of April to the 1st or roth of September, rarely lingering in the southern portions till the middle of October. The birds of the interior of the State evidently come by way of the Mississippi valley, as they arrive from 7 to ro days earlier in western New York than along the coast. They nest commonly along every stream, pond and lake in the State, except those lakes which are entirely wooded to the water’s edge. Our party in 1905 found them breeding on Elk lake, Boreas pond and the Flowed Land near Mt Marcy in the Adirondacks; and every country boy is familiar with the tip-ups which nest near the creek in his pasture, or in the edge of the meadow. The eggs are laid from the 15th of May to the 2zoth of June. Haunts and habits. During the nesting season the little Spotted sand- piper, Tip-up, or Teeter-tail, is found in the pastures, cultivated fields and meadows, sometimes at considerable distance from the water, as well as along the brooks and lake shores. During the mating season, the males strut about before the female swelling up the breast, in a manner somewhat suggestive of the Pectoral sandpiper, until they finally burst forth into the shrill pipe which is the more familiar accompaniment of their larklike flights, when they rise several feet in the air and at the close of the song drop into the meadow again. It is impossible for the Tip-up to stand or walk quietly, it keeps teetering or tilting its tail continually as it walks nimbly along the beach or stands on some stone, log, or fence post. When driven from one spot along the lake shore, or river bank, it flies out severalrods over the water quite close to the surface, then turns up or down the stream and proceeds some dis- tance before alighting. If disturbed again, the same operation is repeated BIRDS OF NEW YORK 337 until it hasbeen driven some distance from home, when it flies out farther and higher over the water and returns directly to the original spot from which it was startled. The flight of this Sandpiper is quite unlike that of the other members of the family, being performed by well measured wing beats, with the wings drooping below a horizonial line and both wings stroking in unison like the oars of a boat. Its call of peet, weet, which it commonly utters when startled, is similar in quality to the love song, but the latter Photo by Clarence F. Stone Spotted sandpiper’s nest and eggs is prolonged into a shrill, piping crescendo, uttered as before stated, both when the bird is puffing and strutting on the ground, or rising with upstretched neck and rigidly stroking wings over the nesting site. Its diet is almost wholly insectivorous and its interesting habits and confiding manner should commend it to the protection of man rather than relegate it to the list of game birds. Nest and eggs. Its nest is usually concealed among the weeds or grass, two or three rods from the brook or lake shore, or under a tussock at the edge of the swamp or cornfield. As usual in this family there are only a 338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM few dry grasses, leaves or weed stalks which form a lining in the slight hollow which contains the eggs. These are four in number, of a creamy buff color, spotted and blotched with chocolate and obscure shell markings, most thickly at the larger end. Average dimensions are 1.3 x 1 inches, or slightly iess. The downy young are grayish above with a narrow black stripe from the bill down the neck and back, and a narrow black line on each side of the head through the eye; under parts whitish. They leave the nest soon after hatching and from the first teeter like their parents. Numenius americanus Bechstein (Numenius longirostris on plate) Long-billed Curlew Plate 37 Numenius americanus Bechstein, in Latham Allg. Ueb. Végel. 1812. Aw 2,432 Numenius longirostris DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 232, fig. 216 AN Os UR Check Lista Dds 2a r8o5e NO 204) numé'nius, Gr. vovpyjvos, a kind of curlew, from vovunvia, the new moon, alluding to the crescent or sickle-shaped bill; americanus, Lat., American Description. Large; bill very long and curved, upper mandible longer and slightly knobbed at the tip; toes webbed at the base; upper parts varied buffy or rufous and blackish, chiefly in streaks on head and neck, and broken bars on the back and wings; outer webs of the primaries blackish; under parts pale ocherous buff; legs dull bluish gray; bill yellowish flesh color at the base and below, blackish toward the tip. Length 20-26 inches; extent 36-39; wing 10-12; tail 4; tarsus 2.75-3.5; bill 4-8.5 (young of the year only 2.3-3.5). The Long-billed curlew, Big curlew, or Sickle-bill, breeds in the interior of America as far north as Manitoba and Saskatchewan and winters on the gulf coast and the West Indies. Sixty years ago it was plentiful on Long Island, according to Colonel Pike [Dutcher, Auk, 10:272], but is now only a rare or accidental visitor in New York. The following are our records for the last 35 years: Far Rockaway, L.I. @. Aug. 20, 1873. N.T. Lawrence, Auk, 2: 273 Oneida Lake. Oct. 5, 1880. Ralph & Bagg List, 115 Far Rockaway, L.I. Aug. 26, 1885. N.T. Lawrence, Auk, 2: 273 Canandaigua, N. Y. Sept. 1885 or 1886. A. P. Wilbur BIRDS OF NEW YORK 339 Shinnecock bay, L. I. About Aug. 15, 1882. Dutcher, L. I. Notes ‘ 1883. (2). (Lane). : a Aug. 1884. Rockaway, L.I. July 21, 1884. Atlanticville, L.I. Aug. 14, 188s. . « Good Ground, L. I. Aug. 5 7 Atlanticville, L. I. Aug. 23, 1887. Rockaway, L. I. July 29,1889. (Several, Lawrence). “ Montauk, L.I. Sept. 9, 1889, * $ Numenius hudsonicus Latham Hudsonian Curlew Plate 37 Numenius hudsonicus Latham. Index Ornithologicus. 1 i DeKay. Zool. N.Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 233, fig. 215 AO. U. Check list. Ed. 2. 1805 ( hudson'icus, of Hudson bay Description. Smaller than the Sickle-bill; bill about twice the length of the head; top of head brownish black with a sharply defined median streak of whitish; stripe on side of head from base of bill through the eye brownish black; upper parts varied with blackish and grayish white, or ocherous, the general tone being more grayish and less rufous than that of the Sickle- bill; primaries brownish black, barred on the inner webs with buffy or pale rufous; under parts grayish or buffy whitish; foreneck and breast streaked, and sides barred with dusky; legs and bill similar to the Sickle-bill’s in color. Length 16-18 inches; extent 31-33; wing 9-10; tail 3.5; tarsus 2.25—-2. middle toe 1.4; bill 3—4. on The Hudsonian curlew, Jack curlew, or American whimbrel, is the nearctic representative of the palearctic species phaeopus. It breeds in the arctic region, and winters from the gulf coast of the United States to Patagonia, belonging to the troop of shore bird migrants, like the Golden plover and Hudsonian godwit, which perform the autumn migration along the Atlantic coast, often making the flight directly from Nova Scotia or Newfoundland to the coast of South America. When storms are encountered they often appear in numbers on Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Long Island, but some years are scarcely noticed along our coast. The fall migrations 340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM on Long Island begin sometimes as early as the 2d of July, but usually from the 18th to the 25th, and the last birds are seen from the 16th to the 30th of September, the largest flights usually occurring between August rst and September roth. In the spring this species is rarely seen, but Mr Dutcher’s Notes show that the migration occurs between the 6th and the 30th of May. In the interior of New York, the Jack curlew is less common than along the coast, the following being the definite records: Brockport, N. Y: Oct. 10, 1880. (3). David Bruce Union Springs, N. Y. 1882. R. B. Hough Yates co., N. Y. May1884. (13). Verdi Burtch West Seneca, Erie co., N. Y. Aug. 24, 1889. James Savage Lake Ontario, N. Y. Sept. 10, 1889, David Bruce Branchport, N. Y. May 29-June 2, 1895. (5). C. F. Stone Canandaigua, N. Y. May 30, 1897. (Several). Hallenbeck and Newman Orleans co., N. Y. Sept. 1897. Posson, Auk, 16:195 Oneida Lake, N. Y. Sept. 5, 1899. Bagg, Auk, 17:177 In Giraud’s day this species was less abundant than the Long-billed curlew on Long Island, but the reverse is now the case. In fact it is the only curlew that we have at the present day. It is easy to see why the Long-billed curlew diminished in numbers as its nesting grounds have been largely destroyed by the settlement of the west and northwest, but the present species, breeding practically beyond the disturbing influence of mankind, is likely to be preserved for many years to come. The Jack, or Short-billed curlew, as the gunners call this bird, has an easy, steady flight, rarely soaring except when about to alight, or suddenly arrested by an imitation of its whistle. Like the Long-billed curlew, it exhibits much sympathy for wounded companions, often sacrificing its life by returning in answer to their cries. Its flesh is much inferior to that of the Eskimo curlew, being quite unpalatable, except in the fall when it has fed for some time on berries and grasshoppers. When the amateur bird student first meets with this species, he is apt to believe he has seen a Long-billed curlew, its size and long bill, though much inferior to that species, being quite impressive when compared with our commoner shore birds. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 341 Numenius borealis (Forster) Eskimo Curlew Plate 37 Scolopax borealis Forster. Phil. Trans. 1772. 62: 411, 431 Numenius borealis DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 234, fig. 214 A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 266 borea’lis, Lat., northern Description. Much smaller than the other curlews; bill slender, slightly curved. Similar to the Hudsonian curlew in color, but with no sharp central line on the crown which is mottled with buffy; the primaries without bars; breast markings V-shaped. Length 12-15 inches; extent 28; wing 8-8.75; tail 3; tarsus 1.7—-1.85; middle toe 1; bill 2—-2.5. The Eskimo curlew, Dough-bird, or Fute, was formerly a regular fall migrant on Long Island and perhaps in western New York, nesting in the arctic regions, and wintering in South America as far as Patagonia. It was formerly abundant on the Labrador coast in autumn, and frequently made the journey to South America directly over the Atlantic, unless driven to land by storms. The spring migration was through the Mississippi valley where it abounded during the month of May. Many like Professor Cooke believe that this species is now practically extinct. If so it seems that this unfortunate fate has overtaken it because of its habit of bunching so closely during its migrations, that gunners, as well as unfavorable weather conditions, had exceptional opportunities to effect its destruction. It is more often found on the dry upland fields than the other curlews, and associates with the Golden plover and Upland plover, feeding on grass- hoppers and other insects. In the fall it is extremely fond of the crow- berry which grows in abundance in Labrador, and becomes fat and well- flavored. Dr T. B. Heimstreet of Troy, N. Y., writes that a few of this species associate with the Golden plover during the last week of August and the first two weeks of September, on the fields along the south bank of the St Lawrence river, not far from New York State, and are eagerly 342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pursued by sportsmen. All the New York records which I can find for the last 35 years are as follows: Otisco, N. Y. 1873. (2). Barnum, Birds of Onondaga Co. p. 26 Far Rockaway, L. I. Sept. 12, 1875; Sept. 10, 1876; Sept. 26, 1884. N. T. Lawrence. Auk, 2: 273 Good Ground, L. J. Sept. 7, 11, 1885. (Perkins). Dutcher, L. I. Notes Long Island. Sept. 7, 1885. (Howell). Dutcher § Montauk Point, L. I. Sept. 11, 1886. (Scott). Dutcher se Queens co., L. I]. Sept. 30, 1887. (Hendrickson). * : Good Ground, L. I. Sept. 13, 1889. (Perkins). iu Queens co., L. I. Sept. 11, 1889. aS aG . Sept. 12, 1889. (5). Hy ss . Sept. 13, 1889. (Several). (Hendrickson) 3 Long Island. Sept. 15, 1889. (J. G. Scott) s Good Ground, L. I. Sept. 11, 1890. (Perkins) as Montauk, L. 1. About Sept. 14, 1891. (Scott) it .s Sept. 16, 1891. (12). (Scott) ‘s Good Ground, L. I. Aug. 3, 1893. (1). (Perkins) ‘ Lockport, N. Y. Oct. 2, 1879. (Louis Hill). J. L. Davison Oswego co., N. Y. tv, rare. Several times in 25 years. D. D. Stone Rensselaer co., N. Y. Once taken. tv. F.S. Webster Brockport, N. Y. May 8, 1887. David Bruce Cooper, Wyoming co., N. Y. About 1896. James H. Savage Canada, south bank St Lawrence river. Aug. 25-Sept. 15. Dr T. B. Heimstreet Near New York, a few Numenius arquatus (Linnaeus) European Curlew Scolopax arquatus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.to. 1758. 1: 145 Numenius arquatus A.O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. Hypothetical List, ING, Wir, a arqua’tus, Lat., bent, or bowed, referring to the bill This species resembles the Long-billed curlew in size and shape, but is of a grayish, rather than of a buffy or rufous color, and the rump 1s white. A single specimen of this palearctic species was obtained on Long Island in 1853, and is now in the State Museum collection [see N. Y. State Mus. 7th Rep’t, p. 17; also Marshall, Auk, 9:390]. This record was regarded by the A. O. U. committee as subject to some doubt, but Mr Dutcher and others who have examined the evidence regard the authenticity of the BIRDS OF NEW YORK 343 specimen as fully established. Experts agree that the mount is from a fresh specimen and the taxidermist who had the bird and asserted that it was brought to him in the flesh did not know of its rarity. Its occurrence in America is, of course, purely accidental. European curlew. Numenius arauatus (Linnaeus). Long Island specimen, State Museum. ‘| : 3 nat. size Family CHARADRIIDAE Plovers Head, large, rounded; neck short; bill short for this order, being scarcely as long, or much shorter than the head, rather cylindrical and pigeon- shaped, being much compressed at the base and indented opposite the nostrils, and the hard terminal portion enlarged and convex and quite 244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM distinct from the membranous portion; nasal groove short and wide, the nostrils appearing in it as an open slit; gape small; legs lengthened, tarsi longer than toes, mostly reticulate; middle and outer toes webbed at the base; hind toe usually wanting; wings long and pointed. Plovers are birds of conspicuous black and white coloration, strong flight and whistling notes, sometimes mellow, sometimes piercing, but always far-reaching. They are somewhat gregarious in habits, but do not fly in such dense flocks as sandpipers. They run with ease and often indulge in peculiar antics especially at the breeding season. There are a about 75 species of Plover distributed in all regions of the world, 8 of which are found in North America. Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus) Lapwing Tringa vanellus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1: 148 Vea nell wis wane liltulis) ASO7 US Check Hist) “Bdi 2s 18955) Nos (Oo) vanel'lus, Lat. diminutive of vannus, fan, alluding to the wing strokes Description. Bill slender, shorter than head; legs long; middle and outer toes webbed at base, inner toe free, hind toe small; wings very long, rounded, second to fifth primaries longest; primaries broad, the first three or four narrowed toward the tip; sec- ondaries long and wide; long tapering recurved crest; plumage of upper parts iridescent; top and front of head, throat and forebreast black; sides of head and neck, under parts and most of tail white, the latter with broad, black terminal band; upper parts iridescent green, passing to bluish black on the wing feathers; bill black; legs red. Female slightly duller with shorter crest. Length 13 inches; wing 8.5—9; tail 4; tarsus 2; middle toe 1; bill 1. This famous palearctic species is still common in Europe in spite of the hundreds of thousands of its eggs which Lapwing. Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). From speci- men in State Museum. } nat. size are sent yearly from the lowlands of BIRDS OF NEW YORK 345 Europe to the larger city markets. It is occasional in Greenland but on the American coast is purely accidental. There are two records for New York State, the first a specimen taken at Merrick, L. I., about Christmas time, in 1883 [see Dutcher, Auk, 3: 438]. The second was shot at Watermiils, L. I., late in the fall of 1905 [see Beebe, Auk, 23: 221]. Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus) Black-bellied Plover Plate 30 Tringa squatarola Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.to. 1758, 1: 149 Squatarola helvetica DeKay. Zool.N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 214, fig. 180 Charadrius squatarola A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 270 squata’rola, Ital., name of this species Description. Hind toe present but small; tibia and tarsus reticulate; a basal web between outer and middle toes. Smmmer: Upper parts varied with blackish and ashy white; forehead, sides of the head above the eye, sides of neck, and forebreast, lining of wings, lower belly and under tail coverts white; sides of head below the eye, throat, joreneck, breast, belly and axtllars black; primaries blackish, central part of their shafts and bases of inner webs white; upper tail coverts mostly white; tail white barred with dusky; bill and legs blackish. Female similar, but duller. Wanter: Upper parts dusky, profusely speckled and edged with grayish white; under parts whitish streaked or spotted with grayish brown on the foreneck, breast and sides; primaries, axillars and tailasinsummer. Young: Similar, but spotted above with yellowish white. Length 1o.5—12.25 inches; extent 24-25; wing 7—7.5; tail 3; tarsus 2; middle toe and claw 1.33; tibia bare 1; bill 1-1.25. Migration. This holarctic species breeds in high latitudes and migrates southward in winter to nearly all parts of the globe; in America wintering from Florida to Argentina. On Long Island it is a common transient visitant, arriving in spring from the 5th to the 15th of May, passing north- ward from the rst to the 8th of June, and returning from the 12th to the 31st of July, leaves for the south from October 15th to November roth. Along the Great Lakes and other inland waters, it is less common than along the coast, but is a regular migrant in the fall, appearing from the 2oth of August to the 5th of September and disappearing from the rs5th to the 3oth 346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of October. There are few spring records for western New York, the flight passing rapidly over, about the last of May. On the first of June 1895, a large flock of these birds in company with turnstones, sanderlings and Semipalmated sandpipers, visited Canandaigua lake, and similar visitations are occasionally reported from Lakes Erie and Ontario. The Black-bellied, Whistling, or Gray plover is well known to the gunners of the Long Island coast, who also call it Beetle-head and Bull- head plover. Though larger than the Golden plover, its flesh is inferior, probably from the fact that it frequents the muddy shores and feeds on marine insects, while the Golden plover is more often found in the dry fields, feeding on berries and grasshoppers. The plaintive whistle of this plover is often heard high in the air in migration time when the birds themselves are quite beyond vision. It is a louder, shriller whistle than that of the Golden plover, consisting of several notes, the second prolonged and receiv- ing the greatest accent. They are shy birds, very difficult to approach, or to decoy within range. Their flight impresses one with the idea of strength and sufficiency. Time and distance seem of little account to this bird as he starts for fresh feeding grounds, or leaves the shores of Lake Ontario for his journey to Hudson bay. Charadrius dominicus Muller American Golden Plover Plate 39 Charadrius dominicus Miller. Syst. Nat. Sup. 1776. p. 116 Ola we Ciel ts Wwilipwalm nea tes IDel o- ~ ae > &: > Ah, . 5 te a. 7 io ¢ 7 ." \ x ¢ y ” ys 4 b> 4 4 } » . - i é , ; +) o _ } « 4 é - - € ain P| 2 von . 7 = z koe ; < "ei - ‘ 4S 4 | ik, £ v=. a ie * o> er A - a ark * o 4 * y 5 ad a” * - : , ; r tt : las t ° “Ey k te Te = + yer Age Vier tio;y + ‘ 7) i J t 7 Ay}. ‘ Oh Veils \ tH ge 7 ¥ ‘F > Pe é : * HOLBOELL GREBE : t PIED-BILLED GREBE Page 92 oP. re , sé Page 96 eITANL AG MOMMA raza ¢) Se Page o4 7 ~- on 4 ia > a P hee “, ‘ < we % 7 J a o ® HaWWNS YHALNIM (snevuury) sdaaypod snquilijpod (paeyurer) 190d10" snquiiqo) yawwns = 38949 G3a71iNs-dald 3934S 11309810H ar, 4aWAWNS HaLNIM snovuury snjieny snquijo) 3€83y49 GANHOH WNesNnW 9}e1S “A “N S| LOW BI] 1 ayeld MUOA MOAN AO SaCUNITA , ig , zr yh +4 . ; y 7 ; i : ATA PAGS iS 7 vir oe +0 Agar Tua = ect im cee pei 7 . RED-THROATED LOON BLACK-THROATED LOON Page 103 " i Page 102 COMMON LOON Page 90 azis “yeu Z IL\ y3aWWNS 1 [) aucun), DID) SNOBUUVT) 1912000 DADA) ‘ NOO7 Q3LVOY¥HL-HOV1S NOO7 NOWWOO NOO7 GaLVOYH1-034 . * 72 qo.uu ([) Oulu pra - 55a esas x ss0ll My S 9e\d wnasnwW 2381S ‘AN “el JIOW OW MMUOK MAN AO SAUIEH 7 in > Sa i = vemos — = f a BLACK GUILLEMOT Page 106 RAZOR-BILLED AUK Page 110 ei mas DOVEKIE Page 111 W BRUNNICH MURRE — Pagetoy PUFFIN Page 105 a ty BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 3 a biog heer ta BLACK GUILLEMOT BRUNNICH MURRE RAZOR-BILLED AUK Cepphus grylle (Linnaeus) Uria lomvia (Linnaeus {ica torda Linnaeus SINCE SUMMER SUMMER SUMMER er ’ PUFFIN Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus) All { nat. size DOVEKIE Alle alle (Linnaeus) AMER WINT hel” - ee) tk aa Wr . “ \ Sohn v~ " i + ‘ ‘ ; " ie , r Yoh in Y v7 rf aon . fe ae" . f « Plate 4 POMARINE JAEGER Page 114 o LONG-TAILED JAEGER Page 117 £ ait SKUA Page 113 BIRDS OF NEW YORE Memoir 12. N.Y. State Museum Plate 4 TE TE we - ¥ POMARINE JAEGER Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck ) PARASITIC JAEGER Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus) LONG-TAILED JAEGER Slercorarius longicaudus Vieillot ARK PHASE ADULT INTERMEDIATE 3HT PHASE IMMATURE S. parasiticus SKUA Megalestris skua (Briinnich All | nat. size , ae ere vv) @i8 * i Aa 7) 7) 5 rt? Gab. fa. ) ao ae ee y c ® = s RING-BILLED GULL ™%, GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL _ Page 130 ssel ’ ‘ Page 125 : HERRING GULL GLAUCOUS GULL Page 127 Page 122 ® e ge ve BIRDS OF NEW YORK RING-BILLED GULL HERRING GULL Larus delawarensis Ord Larus argentatus Briinnich ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE IMMATURE ADULT IN SUMMER GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL GLAUCOUS GULL Larus marinus Linnaeus Larus glaucus Briinnich IMMATURE ADULT IN SUMMER END OF SECOND YEAR ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE All } nat. size “a Plate 6 oy et SABINE GULL Page 136 LAUGHING GULL Page 132 \ pit. ont ne. «Se & ty z o etnrs KITTIWAKE Page 121 eo aa TS BIRDS OF Noy! Bs te Museum SABINE GULL ADULT IN SUMMER Xema sabini (Sabine) LAUGHING GULL ADULT IN SUMMER Larus atricilla Linnaeus KITTIWAKE _ } Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE IVORY GULL NEW YORK BONAPARTE GULL Larus philadelphia (Ord) ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE Pagophila alba Gunnerus IMMATURE All § nat. size ADULT IN SUMMER pads 70 Te oe > ( vin sain LEAST TERN Page 148 Y al FORSTER TERN a Page 142 COMMON TERN ’ ROSEATE TERN Page 143 Page 147 * an - oz1s “gnu 7 ILV narquoy, )pbnop DUI yaWWNS NI LINGV yua3wwns NI 11NGV NYSL 3Lv3asou snovuury Duby sdoowhy yy SYNLVYWHI Ly 1 S snovu Pyooyay NY3.L NOWWOO YAWWINS MOVIE BYUNLYWHI Y3WWNS NI Lindy NY3L 0397718-11NS TN 1.109840, DUMAIS, snonuury pypasnf DUI VIS NYaL Y31SHO4 baWWns NI Lindy NHZ1 ALOOS waWWnS NI 4INGY NHL OlLONY ee ae eS _ cs hao < EEE PRET OI a. cme — oo taee wnasn Wl ayes “K "'N ‘Sl AIO || MWMWIONKN MON TO SAUNA it ¥ 3 reat ter Tipe wbe ie Bigrh mur aan? 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State Museum ‘Mout Ugatire Bucer te; a a t | re — COMMON CORMORANT Phalacrocoras carbo (Linnaeus ) TURE ADULT IN BREEDING PLUMAGE DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT Phalacrocorax auritts IMMATURE T IN BREEDING PLUMAGE GANNET Sula bassana (Linnaeus) IMMATURE All } nat. size Sat nee ’ : } i Che ure ¢ ne} . j \ ¥ t Sint ane ca Apa aye as RED-BREASTED MERGANSER Page 170 RUDDY DUCK Page 225 _ oi oars BUFFLE-HEADED DUCK Page 21x ezis “yuu ¥ ITV avw34 s1VW a1vW sovwai (snonnury) ploaqy pyeUoywwY) WONG CAGWAH-3144N48 (uIssuD) snUDIIULD sna, YASNVOYAW NVOIAWNV 3 BIVWSad a1vW 31vw34 snavuury) 2oyD.0a8 snbiayy YWASNVOYSW GALSvayd-d3u se Soe ON CRI winasnW aes ‘AN “ZI 41owal MUOK MAN AO SQUAD nae Plate 1 oA TOOT é 23H % | mere VEahewste Fe oun: % ee * HOODED M: .NSER HOODED, Man” Page 181 7 ‘ ioe * Lam oo ae ee * é ie tt Ui gts oe ee ae hey ee | aR ie ee ah rai ols a Phy F chig edd azis “yuu * 31VW34 31VAN (snovaury) snypyynond sayipoydo'T YWaSNVOYAW G30G00H wnasn|A) 3teys “AON ‘S| LOW | 11 aed MUOK MUN FO SaAATA Sarte tad eed coe it i ‘ ‘ - = % “§ 3 = a : as be ze) pas! aZzIs "WU TLV 31vAW 30vw3d a1YW 371vWw34 a0vW u 80 SPU SnovuUly splosog spi (SnoRUULT) SNLadacjs SNUSD}ANDYO QuvTIVW VvAMGVS Mond Novi ea Pe. “Coaier 2 ve ren isa ey “unasn|j aYeIS “AN ‘ZI slowa|\| = MUON MUN LO SaAualTa AIS © a r ee <3 OZIS “WRU Y [LY (UL[OULS)) ASUAUTOMD) WOLPJON WWaAal GQ39SNIM-N33H9 31VWa4 31vVW S1VWa4 Diva (ULAUID) VDUDILLIWD DIDAD TT NO390IM NVOINSWY (st UT) edojaiiad naar SI ANOWA|A) eats Ss €1 ayelq TS ae 72s 5 I cee te aie i ™ winasnyy 21t1S h N MUOA MAN AO SAAT oe SHOVELER Page 196 ; pe seatt ‘BLUE-WINGED TEAL Page 194 i a}eldg (SHOBUUIT) 8 PERN Y sat, tt l 4 oOzIs "pV ft [Ly av pprupanbsane) val GS9NIM-3N18 IVAW J1VW3I4 (SHOeRUULT) DSLOds why YONd GOOM MUOA MUN LTO sSauala VIN J 1VW34 1) vywadlija v nyvds B313A0HS j if winasnw 2181S ‘A 'N ‘Sl JIOWD |] PINTAIL Peer | Page 197 BIRDS OF NEW YORK N Y. State Museum Memoir 12. case ee aS te oar y AAPG Hm Te San ae PINTAIL Dafila acuta (Linnaeus) MALE FEMALE 3 nat. size ; : pot ‘ J \ f i ng ft B . : , y vy . Dm) PROF eet vs a rv “gists ; i Pattie % vt ‘ a BAY 5 aa | ; 4 & ’ REDHEAD Page 202 Or watt att ; 4 a , ih i RS ie i Mea Lon sh iy, i , - ‘: we BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 16 — Sy ABve2 Fitna SL REDHEAD Aythya americana (Eyton) MALES CANVASBACK Authya vallisneria (Wilson) FEMALE MALES All } nat. size \ Sood Gaauaw-oee coe unt “1 RING-NECKED DUCK Page 207 er mld SCAUP Page 205 OZzIS “YU PLY W qvw34 JV iy uozyAgy) seu Dp Dihayylie dnvos 4¥3Ss31 a UBAOUO(T SLD snovuury) 7) Yond 03a Se i ve wnasnWw 2}e1S 5X "N cl JIOW 9 |] Li ayelg MMUOAK MOAN TO SAUTE ; ar be . » 4 " ~ ’ oat i + AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE it 938) Page 208 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir t2. N.Y. State Museum ene yon a rent nye le * Lame ihe x cee i hous Cyassre Guerves. AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE Clangula clangula americana Bonaparte) MALE se FEMALE nat. Size Atk HADI STA tre @5a4 ex aie HARLEQUIN DUCK Page 214 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 19 sit ? KING EIDER Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus) HARLEQUIN DUCK Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus) FEMALE MALE MALE FEMALE AMERICAN EIDER Somateria dresseri Sharpe FEMALE MALE All i nat. size \ ee AG 7 te we ‘% OLDSQUAW Page 213 im et AMERICAN SCOTER Page 221 azis “qn ITV a1VWW34 yds.tacd 31VW34 31VW wap) ayindruog, ipupjbap piuapip y3L00S JHNS 431008 GSONIM-SLIHM a1vw | ‘ Syl) ne av aivwaa ( YaWWnS BaLNiM | aivigd (snoRuuryq) s1ypUuahy vp/a.vyy Y31LOOS NVOINANY MY¥NOSAI0 O% 9}e uInasn| a1e}S "f° ‘Z| MOWA|Q ld W SAN W MMOA MON TO SAUL MOM 7s WOrs + Ut Shanes (oonen ret — Te _ es swf, toe a €a a BLUE GOOSE Page 228 re wal AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE Page 229 ozs "yuu § IW Linay BUN LYWHI (LOSAOyL) SIDA DaLoqsadhy WwayO 3S009 MONS 34 At Linay VT) SUa08a NADI WIND 3a3soo9) 3N18 aun LYWIT nay (QNBABH) Yequps suos fq Lasuy 3SOO9 G3LNOHS-3SLIHM NV : bs “OLS A fp sf — es, ‘iz aye\d WwNnesnyy a4e1S AN “SI AOW S| MUOA MOAN AO SAUTE 5 a a a WHISTLING SWAN Page 236 " eg inh BRANT Page 233 bel BLACK BRANT — Page 234 — ozs “yuu 4 ITV tsvb )B ppviisag YD LNVYd ]) SISWapYUDI YPUDAT 3asooD VAVNVO DAL (pag) snwmiquinjod 1010 NVMS ONITLSIHM a gerree 57 Stile 5 * é ee x . Z , 7 ZS QR q UINASN IA) B}LIS “A * ZI 4ioula | N SAN W MUOA MON TO SAUL ur 7 AS tp a. a a ® sl ® mn are GREEN HERON ‘Page 262 : £m ME ; LEAST BITTERN Page 250 ay BIRDS OF NEW YORIS Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum ed GREEN HERON Butorides virescens (Linnaeus LEAST BITTERN Ixobrychus evilis (Gmelin 3ITTERN Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu All | nat. size - me Oe vis hire | oe ee Ay ddd CARN hak Plate 24 « fe AMERICAN EGRET y BLACK-CRO Page 256 . : ps StsilS SANDHILL CRANE Page 269 Page 253 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12 N.Y State Museum Plate 24 tif ee - €L "e ik A AMERICAN EGRET BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Herodias eqretta (Gmelin) Nycticorax nycticoraxs naevius (Boddaert SANDHILL CRANE ADULT IMMATURE Grus mevicana (Miiller) GREAT BLUE HERON Ardea herodias Linnaeus All } nat. size ADULT IN SUMMER IMMAT re eh dete ty ee AM jae : Lie : ‘ . c aa - 7 a ~ i : i (SSARL ANE Sty Plate 25 : & : hte swt Cc ’ 7 < < ° Je , ‘ 1 A r » YY 4 4 ’ - 4 ' ¢ @ ‘ r % ; » nn ae CLAPPER RAIL Page 272 VIRGINIA RAIL Page 274 KING RAIL Page 271 OZ7IS “YR ITV SYUNLVYWAT Linay ONNOA ANMODG SNONUUIT SUD. sNyyDYT VY VINISHIA Gz aye\q UINGSN A) BYES “A "N ‘Sl JIOWD | MMOS MUN TO SQAUlLA os Ce a : ; Plate 26 . _ ~~ YELLOW RAIL | Page 280 APs - ‘ 4) lp rie a ‘ a ¢ (SnoRuUuly) a (UTpeuUrr)) “eyang xi1svb77 samy, WiNOSN |} Byes DS "N ‘Sl JIOW A! MUMOA MUN TO SAale Plate 27 Sy i ne ois i. £ nt PURPLE GALLINULE Page 283 erty “AMERICAN COOT Page 286 YZIS FV Linav UIPOULL) DUDIT DIDNT (utaysuaq ort) DpH YyNUYDY) ( 1) PoE srt 9 NVOINSNYV SAINNINIS valyols SINNI1 Bye mE 3 , Z ce =a ; - a LZ 2}eI\q wnasnyp e215 ‘AN “él 11oWeal| MUMIOA MOAN TO SAUTE Plate 28 7 RED PHALAROPE i ie ' YORK iW a BIRDS OF Plate 28 N. Y. State Museum Memoir 12. RED PHALAROPE Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus) AUTUMN AND WINTER PLUMAGE MALE FEMALE All } nat. size : n = 3 i b a - ‘ = ad ? | < = Spee sat ve © NORTHERN PHALAROPE Page 291 gt. cin OZzIS “RU 2 ITV 39VWN1d HSLNIM ONY NWOLNV 31VW34 (SnORUULT) snppqo) saNqo'T AdOYWIWHd NHYSHLYON a1 a Ziad 250 Bf) 6z ald WNOSNW 2321S “AN ‘SZ! 11oway MUOA MUN FLO SAatel OZI8 “gnu f TW TVW SivW3a4 JOVANId YSLNIM POTTIOLA .(0100}.47 SNdouwDaIS 3dONWIWHd NOSTIM oh of a}eI\d winasnf] 2}81S ‘A 'N “eI sloway MUOA MUN AO SCALA Pp iy > > . _~ fa 3 a ; < es 1% , ‘ i f i f f oy i - , ‘ : > 5 " ae 4 h ad: ‘ we has; y 5 R Fi y F hae : “4s Wat . : gy f \ 4 Z J ozs "yuu 8 (MITPOUTE)) LOW YIAYONYUT MOOOGOOM NVOINSWY a ee ai : BE 1€ ayelq WUNESN 9}2}S “AN ‘TZ! s1owWayy MMOA MAN AO SQANIA (aa aleiq MUOA ozs “yuu 4 (PAO) YPIDIIap ObP1N)]VH AdINS NOSTIM We Cet fy MON AO SGUIA uinasny aye4S ‘AN ‘Tl JOW ay; RUDDY TURNSTONE Page 357 RED-BACKED SANDPIPER Page 315 DOWITCHER Page 303 STILT SANDPIPER | Page 306 vy x7 UL ON ( LON YadIdGNVS LUWLS ONIIYSGNVS (uTjeury) sna snydiuny..o.cvyyr (JO] OLA) PIADYYyos DUI) MUN1}AT (SNARMUYT) DIU DILDUDLY Y3SHOLIMOG YadIdGNVS GQ3xXOvE-d3ay SNOLSNHAL synng znvky my ee z —- SiS ili nS = ———— CE aye] wnasnpw eB1S “AN ‘SI 41owoly\ MMOAK MOEN TO SMart Pag ON a re ah eS -% \ beg 228 Sy ee 3 = apy AB ct LAN Plate 34 See plate 33 ’ * ihe i mi A A bre / e & % ; See. 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Page 331 We SOM he % 4 ’ - ee 1% ag aa f a r4 ozs “yRu 2 pw CLOULOL A) StOOUNAgns sa NDUhay Y3dIdONVS G31Sv3yud8-44NA8 (Uaasqoogy) PpNYIUO) DIDI Y3SAO01d GNV1dN 4O YSdIdONVS NVINVULYVa Was snsoydosjdoywy LATIUIM BE ereIq uinasn | 8}e1S aN "N ‘Sl AIOW S| MUMOA MHN LO SaGUIEA fue ‘wel: pri epg ried Leh iw toe vw B2pyery . fle i “ x a an ” 35, S¥O3 “dani AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER ; BIACK-BELLIED PLO . 4 . Page 346 GS ots My ' KILLDEER PLOVER . SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Page 348 sa Page 352 OZIS “yuu 2 IW 7 TT) vjo1) Y3/ ayandeuog PyOUQHdiWaAS OF LLL Y3AO01d GALVWI1VdIN3aS 8 DIOLD) d Q311138-y0Vv14d ONINd v SNIVAUION SNIPY.ADUW) Y3AO1d N3G ) NVOINSNV (SnovuUry) sn1a/ a snyoolt Y3A01d 433077IM ‘seysarg xissolyy sungy LG OIG WNasNnW e}21S “AN “ZI slowayly MUWMOXA MUN AO SaAUNIA CANADA OR SPRUCE GROUSE Page 365 . * . re CoP lass = BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 41 D = — = 7 ~ ~ : ~~ CANADA OR SPRUCE GROUSE Canachites canadensis canace (Linnaeus) MALE AND FEMALE ; nat. size RUFFED GROUSE Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus) MALE, STRUTTING FEMALE i nat. size PASSENGER PIGEON Page 381 tp o eld BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 42 PASSENGER PIGEON LEctopistes miyratorius (Linnaeus) YOUNG MALE FEMALE i nat. size MOURNING DOVE Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus) FEMALE YOUNG MALE ; Dut. size IN BE 24 Page numbers referring to descriptions of species are printed in black face type. Accidental visitants, 17-18. Accipitriformes, 89, go. Actitis macularia, 335-38. Actodromas bairdi, 312. fuscicollis, 311. maculata, 311. minutilla, 313. acuflavida, Sterna, I40. acuta, Anas, 197. Dafila, 197-99. | albifrons, Anser, 229. Adirondacks, bird life, 42; preliminary | list of birds in, by C. Hart Merriam, 77; summer birds of, in county, by Theodore Roosevelt jr and | Ee Winok, 77 Aegialitis meloda, 354-55; figure, 354. semipalmata, 352-53. vocifera, 348. wilsonia, 350. Aestrelata hasitata, 160. scalaris, 160-62; figure, 161. affinis, Aythya, 206. Fuligula, 206. Marila, 206-7. Aix sponsa, 199-201, alba, Calidris, 319. Gavia, 120. Guara, 242. Ibis, 242. Pagophila, 120, Scolopax, 242. Albatross, 154. giant, 154. albeola, Anas, 21T. Charitonetta, 211-13. Fuligula, 211. Franklin 475 gambeli, Anser, 229-30. albus, Larus, 120. Alca alle, 111. arctica, 105. grylle, 106. lomvia, 107. torda, 110-11. Alcidae, 90, 105, 112. Alciformes, 89, go, 105-12. Alcyones, go. Alle alle, 111-12. alle, Alca, 111. Mergulus, I1t. Alleghanian faunal area, 19, 33, 34, 36. Allen, acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 220. alpina, Tringa, 314. alpina, Pelidna, 314-15. pacifica, Tringa, 3 sakhalina, Pelidna, 315-16. americana, Anas, Igo. Ardea, 268. Aythya, 202. Clangula, 208. Fulica, 286-88. Fuligula, 202, 221. Grus, 268, 269. Mareca, Igo-91. Marila, 202-3. Mycteria, 244-45. Oidemia, 221-22. Recurvirostra, 294-95. Sula, 160. 15. americanus, Cygnus, 236. Merganser, 177. Mereus, 177-79- 470 NEW americanus, Numenius, 338-39. Phaethon, 166-67. Ames, cited, 309, 376. Anas acuta, 197. albeola, 211. americana, 190. boschas, 183. caerulescens, 228. canadensts, 230. carclinensis, 192. clypeata, 196. collaris, 207. columbianus, 236. crecca, 191. cyanoptera, 195. discors, 194. histrionica, 214. hyemalis, 213. islandica, 210. jamaicensis, 225. labradoria, 216. leucopsis, 235. marila, 205. maxuna, 184. nivalis, 227. obscura, 185. rubripes, 185. penelope, 180. perspicillata, 224. platyrhynchos, 183-85. rubripes, 185-87. rufina, 202. spectabilis, 220. sponsa, 199. strepera, 187. vallisneria, 203. Anatidae, 177. Anatinae, 182-83, 202. anglica, Sterna, 137. Anhingidae, 165. Anser albifrons, 220. gambeli, 229-30. YORK STATE MUSEUM Anser bernicla, 233. hutchinsii, 232. hyperboreus, 226, 227. nigricans, 234. Anseres, 89, 90, 176-77. Anseriformes, 89, 90, 176. Anserinae, 177. antillarum, Sterna, 148. aquila, Fregata, 175, 176. aquilus, Pelecanus, 176. Arctic zone, 19. arctica, Alcea, 105. Fratercula, 105-6. Gavia, 102-3. Sterna, 146. arcticus, Colymbus, 102. Larus, 122. Mormon, 105. Urinator, 102. Ardea americana, 268. caerulea, 259. candidissima, 257. discors, 264. egretta, 256. exilis, 250. herodias, 253-56; eggs, 255- lentiginosa, 246. leuce, 256. ludoviciana, 258. (Grus) mexicana, minor, 240. naevia, 264. tricolor ruficollis, 258. violacea, 266. virescens, 262. Ardeidae, 245-46. Ardeiformes, 89, 90, 240. Ardetta exilis, 250. Arenaria interpres morinella, 357-58. arenaria, Calidris, 319. Tringa, 310. figure of nest and INDEX TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK 477 Arenariidae, 357. argentatus, Larus, 127-30. smithsonianus, Larus, 127. argentea, Sterna, 148. Arquatella maritima, 308-9. arquatus, Numenius, 342-44. Scolopax, 342. atricilla, Larus, 132-34. Audubon, cited, 142. auduboni, Puffinus, 158. Auk, 90, 105. razor-billed, 16, 110-11. auritus, Carbo, 171. Colymbus, 94-96. Phalacrocorax, 171-72. Ausable lakes, bird life, 42. Austral region, 19. autumnalis, Plegadis, 242-43. Tringa, 242. Avocet, 293-94. American, 18, 294-95; figure, 294. Aythya affinis, 206. americana, 202. collaris, 207. marila, 205. nearctica, 205. vallisneria, 203. Bacon, cited, 214. Badger, cited, 215. Bagg, Egbert, cited, 78, 117, 153, 160, 238, 257, 290, 203, 313, 322. 340, 356. bairdi, Actodromas, 312. Pisobia, 312-13. bairdii, Tringa, 312. Baldpate, 15, 188, 1g0-g1, 198, 199. Barnum, Morgan K., cited, 78, 342. Bartramia longicauda, 331-34. bartramius, Totanus, 331. bassana, Sula, 169. bassanus, Pelecanus, 169. Batty, J. H., cited, rar. Beach-bird, 354. Beach-flea, 354. Beal, cited, 174. Beebe, cited, 345. Beetle-head, 346. Bergtold, W. H., cited, 78, 114, 356. Berier, cited, 111, 309, 335. bernicla, Anser, 233. Branta, 233. bernicla glaucogastra, Branta, 233-34. Bicknell, Eugene Pintard, cited, 77. Birds, dangers threatening bird life, 51- 58; migration, 65-72; species added since De Kay’s publication, 6; number of species in New York, 11; and decrease of species, 50-58; sugges- tions to students, 57-64. 3ittern, 51. 53, 54, 55, 57, 62, 65, 245-46, 285. American, increase 3, 36, 43, 64, 246-50; fig- ures, 247, 249. Cory least, 253. least, 13, 36, 64, 250-53; figure, 251- Blackbird, 54, 68, 70. crow, 51, 53; 72: red-winged, 13, 39, 46, 51, 53, 54. 57, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 72. rusty, 14, 39. yellow-headed, 18. Blackhead, 206. Blackheart, 316. Blaine, cited, 94. Blue peter, 288. Bluebill, 200. big, 206. little, 207. marsh, 208. Bluebird, 12, 34, 42, 49, 51, 57, 60, 63, 64, 65; 67, 68; 70, 72: Bluestocking, 294. Boatswains, 113, 116. 478 NEW Bobolink, 13, Bobwhite, 12, 31, 361-64; figure ; 03; 64, 07; 68. 33, 37, 59; 57; of nest and eggs, 362. southern, 34. Bog-bull, 250. bonapartii, Larus, 134. Bonasa umbellus togata, 367, 373-74. umbellus, 366-73; figures, 368, 372; figure of nest and eggs, 370. Booby, 17, 168-69; figure, 168. Booby-coot, 226. Boreal region, 109. borealis, Numenius, 341-42. Puthnus, 155-56. Scolopax, 341. boschas, Anas, 183. Botaurus lentiginosus, 246-50; figures, 247, 240. Bowdish, cited, 325. Bowfin, 55. Braislin, William C., cited, 80, 106, 109, Hifi, WI, WZ, WAR, A, A Teo, say, {0}, iSO), UO, BAS, Bio, Bass, BEG. Der. AO, Ady, AX}, BOO, SUSY SCh B20, BOA 335- Brant, 233-34. black, 18, 234-35. hight-bellied, 233-34. white-bellied, 17. white-headed blue, 229. Brant-bird, 358. Branta bernicla, 233. glaucogastra, 233-34, 235. canadensis, 230-32. hutchinsi, 232-33. glaucogastra, 233. leucopsis, 235-36; figure, 235. nigricans, 234-35. Brass-eye, 200. Brewer, cited, 108, 137, 142, 282. Brewster, William, cited, 146, 161, 282, 285. 279, YORI STATE MUSEUM Bristle-tail, 226. Broadbill, 206. bastard, 208. buccinator, Cygnus, Olor, 236, 239-40. Buffalo and vicinity, Bergtold, 78. 3uffle-head, 17, 209, 21 buffoni, Lestris, 117, 11 Bunting, indigo, 39. lark, 18. painted, 17. Burgomaster, 123. Burroughs, cited, 386. Burtis, cited, 112. Butorides virescens, 262-64. 3utterball, 212, 213. spoon-billed, 226. 239. birds of, by W. H. Q. 3utterbox, 213. caerulea, Ardea, 250. Florida, 259-62. caerulescens, Anas, Chen, 228-29. Calico-back, 358. Calidris alba, 310. arenaria, 319. leucophaea, 319-20. 228. Camptolaimus labradorius, 216. Camptorhynchus — labradorius, figure, 217. Canachites canadensis canace, 365-66. canadensis, Anas, 230. sranta, 230-32. Dendragapus, 365. Tetrao, 365. canadensis canace, Canachites, 365-66. canadensis hutchinsi, Branta, 232-33. Canadian zone, 19, 35; fauna, 36-42. candidissima, Ardea, 257. | Egretta, 257-58. 216-18; cantiaca, Sterna, 140. INDEX canutus, Tringa, 307-8. Canvasback, 16, 202, 203-5. Capercaillie, 377. Carbo auritus, 171. carbo, Pelecanus, 170. Phalacrocorax, 170. Cardinal, 12, 32, 33, 39. Carinatae, 89-90, QI. carolina, Ortygometra, 276. Porzana, 276-80. carolinensis, Anas, 192. Columba, 386. Ectopistes, 386. Hydroka, 96. Nettion, 192-93. Carolinian faunal area, 19, 32; fauna, 36-42. carolinus, Rallus, 276. caspia, Sterna, 138-39. Cat, an enemy of birds, 52, 54. Catbird, 14, 34, 41, 48, 54, 63, 64, 68, 72. Catharacta skua, 113. Cathartidiformes, 89, go. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 328-29. inornatus, 330. Catskill mountains, summer birds of, by Eugene Pintard Bicknell, 77. cayana, Sterna, 138, 140. Cepphus erylle, 106. mandti, 106-7. Chadbourne, cited, 156. Chalk-line, 263. Chamberlain, cited, 142. Chapman, Frank M., acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 78, 109, 123, 142, 330, 353, 355, 385. Charadriidae, 343. Charadriiformes, 89, 90, 288. Charadrius dominicus, 346-48. melodus, 354. mexicanus, 295. semipalmatus, 352. TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK 479 Charadrius squatarola, 345. virginianus, 346. vociferus, 348. wilsonia, 356. Charitonetta albeola, 211-13. Chat, 31. yellow-breasted, 14, 32, 33, 41, 60; breeding range, 27. Chaulelasmus streperus, 187-89. Chautauqua county, birds of, by John M. Edson, 78. Chemung county, birds of, by William H. Gregg, 79. Chen caerulescens, 228-29. hyperborea, 226. hyperborea, 226-27. nivalis, 227-28. Chewink, 34, 47, 65. Chickadee, II, 41, 42, 49, 51, 60, 63. Carolina, 17, 76. Hudsonian, 11, 13, 41, 49, 50. Chimney swift, 13, 38, 44, 60, 62, 63, 64, 2 chloropygius, Totanus, 326. Ciconiidae, 244. Ciconiiformes, 89, 90. cinclus, Tringa, 315. cinerea, Perdix, 378. cinereus, Puffinus, 156. Clangula americana, 208. clangula americana, 208-10. hyemalis, 213. islandica, 210-11; figure, 211. clangula, Fuligula, 208. clangula americana, Clangula, 208-ro. Glaucionetta, 208. Clarke, John M., acknowledgments to, 6. Classification, 88-go. clypeata, Anas, 196. Spatula, 196-97. Coccyges, 89, 90. Cock, black, 364. 480 NEW YORK Coffin-carrier, 126. colchicus, Phasianus, 378. Colinus 361-64; nest and eggs, 362. collaris, Anas, 207. Aythya, 207. Marila, 207-8. Columba carolinensis, migratoria, 381. Columbae, 89, 90, 380. columbianus, Anas, 236. Olor, 236-39. Columbidae, 381. Columbiformes, 89, go. Columbigallina passerina terrestris, 389- go. Colymbidae, 91-92. Colymbiformes, 89, 90, 98-99. Colymbus arcticus, 102. auritus, 94-96. glacialis, 99. holboelli, 92-94. immer, 99. podiceps, 96. septentrionalis, stellatus, 103. Cooke, acknowledgments 226. virginianus, figure of 380. 103. LOM CIEeCe Cooper hawk, 53. cooperi, Pisobia, 312. Coot, 55, 270-71. American, 14, 36, nest and eggs, 287. black, 286-88; figure of bumblebee, 226. whistling, 222. white-winged, 22 yellow-billed, 222. Coraciiformes, 89, go. Cormorant, 15, 170. double-crested, 15, 171-72. cornutus, Podiceps, 94. | Coues, cited, STATE MUSEUM Coturnicops noveboracensis, 280-81. 133, 167, 192, County schedules, 80-87. Cowbird, 12, 38, 46, 54, 6 Coween, 214. Crake, corn, Crane, 90, sandhill, 1 white, 256. whooping, 18, 239, 268. crecca, Anas, IQI. Nettion, 191-92. Creciscus jamaicensis, 281-82. Creeper, brown, Al) 42), 48; 635 104s breeding range, 209. crepitans, Rallus, 272-73. Crex crex, 282-83; figure, galeata, 284. crex, Rallus, 282. cristatus, Podiceps, 92. Crossbill, 35, 46. American, 12, 39. white-winged, 12, 375- 2, 63, 64, 72. , 282-83; figure, 283. 18 74, 267-68. a 269. 12, 283. 39: Grows, 45, 535, 545 60;.62) 62% 64) 7 American, II, 38. fish, 12, 38. Crow bill, 288. Crow duck, 288. Cuckoo, 44, 54, 90 black-billed, 13, 37, 64. vellow-billed, 13, 37. | Cuculiformes, 89, go. cucullatus, Lophodytes, 181-82. Mergus, 181. cupido, Tetrao, 376. Tympanuchus, 376-77. Curlew, 322 big, 338. Eskimo, 15, 341-42. European, 18, 342-44; figure, 343. Hudsonian, 15, 339-40. jack, 330. INDEX TO Curlew, long-billed, 15, 338-39, 342. short-billed, 340. sickle-bill, 360. Cutwater, 153. cyanoptera, Anas, 195. Querquedula, 195-96. Cygninae, 177. Cygnus americanus, 236. buccinator, 230. Cymophilus fulicarius, 289. Dabchick, 90. Dafila acuta, 197-99. Darters, 165. Davison, James L., cited, 78, 126, 22S 2572 Day, cited, 164. Dean, cited, 330. deglandi, Oidemia, 222-23. De Kay, cited, 76, III, 141, 174, 293. delawarensis, Larus, 130-32. delicata, Gallinago, 300-3. Scolopax, 300. Dendragapus canadensis, 365. Dendroica tigrina, 59-60. De Vries, cited, 268, 377, 380, 382 Dexter cited, 235. Dickcissel, 14. Didapper, 96. Diedapper, 212. dilophus, Phalacrocorax, 171. Diomedeidae, 154. Dipper, 95, 96, 212. broad-billed, 226. discors, Anas, 194. Ardea, 264. Querquedula, 194-95. Diver, 100. black-throated, 102. great northern, 100. lobe-footed, 92. pink-eyed, 95. BIRDS OF 165, NEW YORK Diver, red-throated, 103. Diving birds, gr. dominicus, Charadrius, 346-48. dougalli, Sterna, 147. Dough-bird, 341. Dove, ground, 17, 381, 389-90. little ground, 381. 481 mourning, 13, 37, 62, 64, 381, 386-88; figure, 387; figure of nest and e 388. Dovekie, 16, 111-12. Dowitcher, 15, 303-5; figure, 304. long-billed, 15, 305-6; figure, 304. dresseri, Somateria, 218-19. Ducks 525553) (55; 6c.07On 77 American eider, 218-19. baldpate, 188, r1go-g1, 198, 199. bay, 201-2. black, 12, 36, 184, 185-87, 198, 199, 203, 205. buffle-headed, 211-13. butter, 226. canvasback, 202, chunk, 226. common wild, 184. deaf, 226. dumpling, 226. dusky, 186. gray, 188. green-head, 184. green-wing, 195. harlequin, 16, 214-16. king eider, 220-21. Labrador, 16, 216-18; figure, 217. long-tailed, 214. mallard, 183-85, 187, 193, 199. muscovy, 184. IOI, 203-5. pied, 216. pintail, 184, 188, 191, 193, 197-99, redhead, 202-3, 204, 205, 223. red-legged black, 16. ring-necked, 15, 207-8. vos 55>) 193, 213. 452 NEW Duck, river, 177, 182-83, 201, 202. ruddy, 15, 36, 212, 225-26. rufous-crested, 18, 202. sand-shoal, 218. scaup, 52, 205-6, 223. lesser, 206-7. Sea, 177, 182, 201-2. shoveler, 182, 188, 194, 196-97. skunk, 216, spirit, 212. stiff-tailed, 177. summer, 200. velvet, 223. wood, 13, 36. 43, 56, 177, 182, 199-201. Duckling, 55. Dunghunters, 113. Dunlin, 18, 314-15, 316, 318. Dutcher, William, acknowledgments to, 75 Cuca, 7, WO, WOES, wie, iii, 2, | Win, Ins, eu), IZ, WAG), Ae, Waa 1eK6) 1388130) LAO ESOm US Ouse lS oy LOA WOO), UZ, Aili, AUS, AUG, Ai, DUO, Bi, 2205 2275 22840220 0220220 287225) Ailes Zils, Ayn, Ags, Ade), A402, 2oy,, 27k 277, 283, 284, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296 BOG BOO} GOO, Sus Hie, AUG), sau, aay 329, 335,338: 339, 342, 345, 347, 355, 356, 300, 377. Dwight, Jonathan, acknowledgments to, Fo CMG, WAZ, 2s, 0277; Eagle, 43. bald, 11, 37, 44. golden, 16. Eaton, Elon Howard, cited. 79, 257. Ectopistes carolinensis, 386. migratorius, 381-86. Edson, John M., cited, 78. Egret, American, 17, 256-57. Eeretta candidissima, 257-58. ruficollis, 258. egretta, Ardea, 256. YORK STATE MUSEUM egretta, Herodias, 256-57. Eider, American, 16, 218-19, 220. king, 16, 219, 220-21. elegans, Rallus, 272-72. Pliormcitedsai23* Embody, G. C., cited, 79. Ereunetes mauri, 318-19. occidentalis, 318; figure of bill, 318. pusillus, 317-18; figure of bill, 318. Erismatura jamaicensis, 225-26. rubida, 225. Erismaturinae, 177, 2206. Erolia ferruginea, 316; figure, 317. erythrocephala, Fuligula, 202. erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 172-74. European species, 18. exilis, Ardea, 250. Ardetta, 250. Ixobrychus, 250-53. Explanation of plates, 391-474. Falconiiformes, &9, 9o. fedoa, Limosa, 320-21. Scolopax, 320. ferruginea, Erolia, 316, 317. Tringa, 316. Finch, 54. green, 18. purple, 12, 39, 46, 62, 63, 64, 68. Fish, 55. Fish-hawk, 130. Fisher, A. K., acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 79, 245, 256. Flahive, cited, 300. flavipes, Scolopax, 325. Totanus, 325-26. flavirostris, Phaéthon, 166. Fleming, J. H., cited, 103, 108, 109, 215, 230, 385. Flicker, 44, 276. Ein G4, Co, ©2, 8, Oi, 72 northern, 12, 38. INDEX TO Florida caerulea, 259-62; figures, 260, 261. Fly-up-the-creek, 263. Flycatcher, 50, 68. alder, 11, 14, 38, 45, 62, 64; breeding range, 20. crested, 13, 38, 44, 62, 63, 64, green-crested, 14, 38; breeding range, ZA least, 13, 38, 45, 60, 62, 63, 64. olive-sided, 14, 38, 45; breeding range, ai. yellow-bellied, 14, 38, 45, 64; breeding range, 21. forsteri, Sterna, 142-43. Hosters Ss, cited) 210, Fowler, Gilbert, cited, 77, 384. Fratercula arctica, 105-6. Fregata aquila, 176; figure, 175. Fregatidae, 175. Frigate-birds, 166. Fringillidae, 46. Frost bird, 348. Fuertes, L. A., cited, 243. Fulica americana, 286-88. martinica, 283. noveboracensis, 280. fulicaria, Tringa, 280. fulicarius, Cymophilus, 289. Phalaropus, 289-90. Fuligula affinis, 206. albeola, 211. on americana, 202, 221. clangula, 208. erythrocephala, 202. fusca, 222. glacialis, 213. histrionicus, 214. labradoria. 216. marila, 205. minor, 206. BIRDS OF | Gallinula NEW YORK Fuligula molissima, 218. perspicillata, 224. rubida, 225. rufitorques, 207. 220. 203. Fuligulinae, 177, 201-2. Fuller, cited, 384. Fulmar, 154. tropical, 76. spectabilis, vallisneria, Fulmarinae, 154. Fulmarus glacialis, 154. fusca, Fuligula, 222. fuscata, Sterna, 149. fuscicollis, Pisobia, 311, 312. Tringa, 311. | fuscus, Pelecanus, 174. Fute, 341. Gadwall, 15, 187-89. | galeata, Crex, 284. Gallinula, 284-86. Galliformes, 89, 90, 360. Gallinaceous birds, 360. Gallinae, 89, 90, 176, 360. Gallinago delicata, 300-3. galeata, 284-86. Gallinule, 270-71. American, 285. Florida, 14, 36, 64, 284-86. purple, 17, 283-84. gallopavo, Meleagris, 370. gallopavo silvestris, Meleagris, 379-80. gambeli, Anser, 220. Gannets, 16, 167-68, 169. Garrot, 200. Gavia alba, 120. arctica, 102-3. immer, 99-102. stellata, 103-4. Gaviidae, 98-99. I77 443 57, 62, 65, Geese, 90, 182. 484 NEW Gelochelidon, 119. nilotica, 137-38. Gilbert, John, cited, 282. Giraud) eer cited yw 75 nulinwie 7. i42her So; 2593) 299), 293: glacialis, Colymbus, go. Fuligula, 213. Fulmarus, 154. Procellaria, 154. Glaucionetta clangula americana, islandica, 210. glaucogastra, Branta, 233. glaucus, Larus, 122. Gleason, cited, 384. Gnatcatcher, 32. blue-gray, 14, 41. Godwit, Hudsonian, 15, 321-22. marbled, 15, 320-21, 322. Golden-eye, American, 12, 36, 208-10. barrow, 16, 210-11; figure, 211. YORK STATE Goldfinch, 55, 62, 63. American, II, 39, 46, 64. European, 12. Goosander, 178. Goose, American white-fronted, barnacle, 18, 235-36; figure, 235. blue, 15, 226, 228-29, 230. blue snow, 229. blue wavy, 220. blue-winged, 220. Canada, 17, 230-32, 233, 234. ember, 99, 100. greater snow, 15, 226, 227-28 Hutchins, 15, 232-33. lesser snow, 18, 226-27. mud, 233. Solan, 169. white-fronted, 15. white-headed, 22c¢ 229-30. wild, 231. Goshawk, 37, 43, 53, 363, 364, 373. American, 12. MUSEUM Grackle, 65. bronzed, 13, 39, 46, 62, 63, 64. purple, 14, 39. Grassfinch, 63. | gravis, Procellaria, 156. Puffinus, 156-57. Great-head, 209. Grebe, 53, G0, 91-92. crested, 75-76. Holboell, 16, 92-94. - horned, 16, 93, 94-96. pied-billed, 13, 36, 43, 62, 64, 96-98. western, 92. Green, Morris M., cited, 292, 313. Green-back, 348. Greenland dove, 111. Gregg, William H., cited, 79, 218. Grey-back, 307. Grinnell, cited, 153, 282. grisea, Procellaria, 158. Scolopax, 303. griseus, Macrorhamphus, 303-5. Puffinus, 158-59. scolopaceus, eriseus Macrorhamphus, > 304. | Grosbeak, blue, 17. evening, 16. pine, 16. rose-breasted, 13, 39, 46, 62, 64. Grouse, 51, 53, 56, 57, 299, 364. black, 377. Canada, 13, 37, 71, 365-65. Canadian ruffed, 13, 37, 42, 367, 373-74- cock, 55. pinnated, 376. red, 364. ruffed, II, 37, 50, 63, 364, 366-73; fig- ures, 368, 372; figure of nest and eggs, 370. spotted, 365. spruce, 35, 365-66. Grues, 267. INDEX Gruidae, 267-68. Gruiformes, 89, go, 267. Grus americana, 268, 269. mexicana, 269. grylle, Alca, 106. Cepphus, 106. Uria, 106. Guara alba, 242; figure, 241. guarauna, Plegadis, 243-44. Scolopax, 243. Guillemot, 105. black, 18, 106. mandt, 106-7. thick-billed, 107. Gulls, 90, 119-20. Arctic hawk, 116. black-headed, 133. black-toed, 116. Jonaparte, 16, 62, I19, 121, 131, 134- | 35- glaucous, 16, 122-23, 126. great black-backed, 16, 119, 125-26. hering,) 12,36, 43, 62; 27-30, 121, 132, 135. Hutchins, 76. MOS, WARE Iceland, 16, 123-24, 127. ivory, 18, 120. Kumlien, 16, 124-25, 127, 128. laughing, 14, 36, 132-34. little, 18, 135-36. ring-billed, 16, 62, 127, 128, 130-32. Sabine, 15, I19, 136-37. white-winged, 123. winter, 1209. Gyrfalcon, 16, 53. black, 16. white, 18. haemastica, Limosa, 321-22. Scolopax, 321. Haematopodidae, 358. TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK Haematopus palliatus, 359-60; 359- THagdon, black, 159. Hairy-head, 181. Hand-rail, 283. Hardy, cited, 330. Harelda hyemalis, 213-14. hasitata, Aestrelata, 160. Procellaria, 160. Hawk, 43, 50, 51, 53, 68, 70, 90. American rough-legged, 16. American sparrow, 12, 64. broad-winged, 13, 37, 43, 62, 64. cooper, 12, 37, 43, 363, 364, 373- duck, 13, 37, 43, 53. goshawk, 37, 43. marsh, 12, 37, 64. night, 13, 64. pigeon, 14, 37, 43, 64. red-shouldered, 12, 37, 43. red-tailed, 12, 37, 43, 62, 63, 68. 485 figure, sharp-shinned, 12, 37, 43, 53, 62, 64, 364. sparrow, 37, 43. Swainson, 18. Hawley, G., cited, 382. Heart-bird, 358. Heath hen, 12, 299, 376-77; 370. Hell-divers, 92, 95, 96. Helme, cited, 284. Helodromas ochropus, 327. solitarius, 326-28. | helvetica, Squatarola, 345. Hemipalma himantopus, 306. Hemipodes, 280. Hen bill, 288. Hens, 90. Henshaw, H. W., cited, 313. Herodias egretta, 256-57. herodias, Ardea, 253-56. Herodiones, 89, 90, 240. figure. 486 NEW Heron, 50, 53, 90, 182, 240, 245-46. black-crowned night, 13, 30, 264-65. great blue, 13, 36, 43, 253-56, 269; fig- ure of nest and eggs, 255. 30, 63, 262-64; figure of nest and eggs, 203; figure of young, 264. little blue, 17, 259-62; figures, 260, 261. Louisiana, 17, 258-59; figure, 259. snowy, 14, 257-58, 259. white, 250. green, 13, crowned night, 17, 265-67; fig- ure, 266. Heteropoda semipalmata, 317 Hickory-head, 226. Highlands, Hudson, Himantopodidae, 295. Himantopus mexicanus, 295-96; figure, 200. nigricollis, 295. himantopus, Hemipalma, 300. Micropalama, 306-7. Tringa, 300. hirundo, Sterna, yellow-c list of birds of, 77. 143-45. histrionica, Anas, 214. Histrionicus histrionicus, 214-16. Fuligula, 214. holboellii, Colymbus, 92-94. Podiceps, 92. Holopodius wilsoni, William, Hough, cited, 237. Howell, G. W., 7; cited, 293. Hudson Highlands, list of birds of, by Edgar A. Mearns, 77. Hudsonian zone, 10. histrionicus, 202. Hopkins, cited, 243, 256, 290. acknowledgements to, hudsonica, Limosa, 321. Numenius, 339-40. Hummingbird, 44, 56, 64, 72 ruby-throated, 13, 38, 63. hutchinsil, hudsonicus, INMGGR, 2B. 122. anusane2: YORK STATE MUSEUM Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 258-59; nae 259. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, FAS iS TeSys Hydroka carolinensis, 96. hyemalis, Anas, 213. Clangula, 213. Harelda, 213-14. hyperborea, Chen, 2206. hyperborea, Chen, 226-27. nivalis, Chen, 227-28. hyperboreus, Anser, 226, 227. Larus, I19, 122-23, 124, 127. Lobipes, 291. 149- Ibididae, 240. Ibis, 24 Sees 17, 242-43; figure, 243. white, 17, 242; figure, 241. white-faced glossy, 17, 234-44; figure, 244. wood, 17. 244-45; figure, 245. Ibis alba, 242. mexicanus, 2 Ice bird, rrr. imber, Urinator, 99. immer, Colymbus, 99. Gavia, 99-102. Indigo bird, 13, 46, 63. interpres Strepsilas, 357. Tringa, 357. interpres morinella, Arenaria, 357-58. Tonornis martinica, 283-84. islandica, Anas, 210. Clangula, 210-11. Glaucionetta, 210. 250-53; figure, 251. Ixobrychus exilis, neoxenus, 253. Jaeger, 113. Arctic, 118. buffon, 118. INDEX TO Jaeger, long-tailed, 15, 117-19. parasitic, 15, 76, 116-17, 118. pomarine, 15, 114-16. Richardson, 116. jamaicensis, Anas, 225. Creciscus, 281-82. Erismatura, 225-26. Porzana, 281. Rallus, 281. Jay, 51, 53, 54- blue, 11, 38, 42, 45, 63, 64, 68. Canada, 13, 35, 38, 45. | Johnson, cited, 126, 385. Judd, cited, 385, 386. Junco, 12, 39, 46, 47, 62, 64, 65; breeding range, 23. Carolina, 14. Kicker, 282. Killdeer, 13, 37, 51, 63, 348-52; figure, 349; figure of nest and eggs, 351. Kingbird, 13, 38, 44, 53, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72. Arkansas, 18. gray, 17. Kingfisher, 44, 62, 63, 68, 90, 130, 263. belted, 12, 38, 64. Kinglet, golden-crowned, 12, 41, 49, 63. ruby-crowned, 16, 41, 49, 50, 63, 64. Kirkover, cited, 243. Kite, swallow-tailed, 17. Kittiwake, 16, 121-22, 134. Knot, 15, 307-8. BIRDS OF Kobbe, cited, 322. Kreeker, 310. Krieker, 310. kumlieni, Larus, 124-25. labradoria, Anas, 216. Fuligula, 216. labradorius, Camptolaimus, 216. Camptorhynchus, 216-18. Lagopus lagopus, 375-76; figures, 374. 375. NEW YORK lagopus, Tetrao, 375. Lamellirostral swimmers, 176-77. Langdon, cited, 170. Langille, J. H., cited, 78, 293. Lapwing, 18, 344-45; figure, 344. Laridae, 119-20. Lariformes, 89, 90, 112. Lark, horned, 16, 63. Hoyt horned, 18. prairie horned, 11, 12, 38, 45, 62, 69. Larus albus, 120. arcticus, 122. argentatus, 127-30. smithsonianus, 127. atricilla, 132-34. bonapartil, 134. delawarensis, 130-32. glaucus, 122. hutchinsii, 122, 123. hyperboreus, 119, 122-24, kumlieni, 124-25. leucopterus, 123-24, 125. marinus, I19, 125-26. minutus, 135-36; figure, parasiticus, T16. philadelphia, 134-35. pomarinus, IT4. sabinii, 136. tridactylus, 121. zonorhynchus, 130. Lawrence, George N., cited, 76, 103, I41, 160, 236, 330. Lawrence, N. T., cited, 115, 116, 143, 189, 260, 291, 293, 306, 309, 312, 338. 342, 356 Lawrence, R. B., cited, 111, 282, 290, 360. | Lawyer, 296. leachi, Thalassidroma, 163. Lead-back, 318. Lee. cited, 160. lentiginosa, Ardea, 246. 488 NEW YORK lentiginosus, Botaurus, 246-50. Lestris buffoni, 117, 119. parasiticus, 76, 118. pomarinus, 114. richardsoni, 76, 116, 119. leuce, Ardea, 256. leucogaster, Pelecanus, 168. Sula, 168-69. leucophaea, Calidris, 319-20. leucopsis, Anas, 235. Branta, 235-36. leucopterus, Larus, 119, 123-24, 125. leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 163-64. Procellaria, 163. Lewis county birds, 77. lherminieri, Puffinus, 158. Lice, attacks of, on birds, 56. Life zones of New York State, 19-24. Limicolae, 89, 90, 112, 288-89. Limosa fedoa, 320-21. haemastica, 321-22. hudsonica, 321. scolopacea, 305. Linden, cited, 230. Linnet, European, 18. Linnett, cited, 221. Antlespeep wats: lobata, Tringa, 291. lobatus, Lobipes, 291-92. Phalaropus, 201. Lobipes hyperboreus, 291. lobatus, 4QI-92. Local lists, 75-80. loculator, Tantalus, 244. lomvia, Alca, 107. Uria, 107-8. longicaudus, Stercorarius, 117-19. Long Island, birds of, by J. P. Giraud jr, 75; by William C. Braislin, 80; by William Dutcher, 70. longicauda, Bartramia, 331-34. Tringa, 331. STATE MUSEUM Longipennes, 89, 90, 112. longirostris, Numenius, 338. Longshanks, 296. Longspur, 50. chestnut-collared, 18. Lapland, 16. Loon, 12, 36, 62, 64, 90, 98-99. big, 100. black-throated, 18, 99, 102-3. common, 99-102, 104. red-throated, 16, 99, 100, 103-4. sprat, 103. Lophodytes cucullatus, 181-82. Lower Austral zone, 109. ludoviciana, Ardea, 258. lumme, Urinator, 103. Lyrurus tetrix, 377. MclIlwraith, cited, 335. Mackay, cited, 308, 348. Macrochires, &9, 90. Macrorhamphus griseus, 303-53; figure, 304. scolopaceus, figure, 304. scolopaceus, 305-6. macroura, Zenaidura, 386. carolinensis, Zenaidura, 386-88. macularia, Actitis, 335-38. Totanus, 335. Tringa, 335- maculata, Actodromas, 311. Pisobia, 309-10, 312. Tringa, 300. Madison county, birds of, by George Charles Embody, 79. Magpie, 76. major, Puffinus, 156, 159. Mallard, 15, 36, 183-85, 187, 193, 199. green-backed, 76, 184. mandti, Cepphus, 106-7. Man-o’-war bird, 17, 175, 176; figure, 175- Mareca americana, 190-91. INDEX TO Mareca penelope, 189. Marila affinis, 206-7. americana, 202-3. collaris, 207-8. | marila, 205-6. vallisneria, 203-5. | marila, Anas, 205. | Aythya, 205. Fuligula, 205. marila nearctica, Aythya, 205. marinus, Larus, 119, 125-26. maritima, Arquatella, 308-9. Tringa, 308. Marlin, brown, 321. ring-tailed, 322. Marling-spike, 116. Marsh birds, 50, 55, 267. | Marsh hen, salt water, 273. Marshall, cited, 342. Marten, 55. Martin, 56, 65, 68. purple, 13, 39. martinica, Fulica, 283. Ionornis, 283-84. mauri, Ereunetes, 318-19. maxima, Anas, 184. Sterna, 139-40. Maxon, \Villiam R., cited, 80. Maynard, cited, 167. Meadow hen, 288. Meadowlark, 12, 39, 46, 51, 53, 55, 62, 63, 64, 65. Mearns, Edgar A., cited, 77, 123, Megalestris skua, 113-14. Megapolensis, J., cited, 377, 380. melanoleuca, Scolopax, 323. melanoleucus, Totanus, 323-24. Meleagridae, 379. Meleagris gallopavo, 379. silvestris, 379-80. silvestris, 370. meloda, Aegialitis, 354-55. BIRDS ) 459 OF NEW YORK melodus, Charadrius, Merganser, 177. American, 12, 36, 43, 177-79. hooded, 13, 36, 181-82, 212. red-breasted, 12, 36, 43, 62, 80. Merganser americanus, 177. 354- 178, 179- serrator, 179. merganser, Mergus, 177. Merginae, 177. Mergulus alle, rrr. Mergus americanus, 177-79. cucullatus, 181. mierganser, 177. serrator. 179-80. Merriam), |G: 6); (cited), LO} 34-35.) 778 Weay AON Loos 291, 376. Mershon, cited, 385, 386. mexicana, Ardea, 260. Grus, 269. mexicanus, Charadrius, 295. Himantopus, 295-96. Ibis, 242. Hart, acknowledgments to, Micropalama himantopus, 306-7. Migration, 65-72. migratoria, Columba, 381. migratorius, Ectopistes, 381-86. Miller, acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 109. Mink, 55. minor, Ardea, 246. Iuligula, 206. Philohela, 297-300. Rusticola, 297. Scolopax, 297. Minot, H. D., cited, 77. minuta, Sterna, 148. minutilla, Actodromas, 313. Pisobia, 313-14. Tringa, 313, 317. minutus, Larus, 135-36. 490 NEW Mockingbird, 12, 41. mollissima, Fuligula, 218. Moran, Daniel E., cited, 312. Mormon arcticus, 105. Mother Carey’s chickens, Mt Marcy re Mud hens, little, 274 Pecepiled! 285. white-billed, 288. Munsell, cited, 174. Murre, 107. Brunnich, 16, 107-8. common, 7 154, 165. s1i0n, 42-50. 272, 288. 270, 27 Mycteria americana, 244-45; figure, naevia, Ardea, 264. neoxenus, [xobrychus, Netta rufina, 202. Nettion carolinensis, 192-93. 191; figure, 192. New York city, and vicinity, by George N. 6; list of birds known to occur within fifty miles of, by Frank M. Chapman. 78. Niagara county, 253- crecca, Lawrence, birds of, by James L. Davison, Ls Nighthawk, 38, 44. nigra, Rynchops, 152-53. Sterna, 149, 152. nigra surinamensis, 52. nigricans, Anser, 234 Branta, 234-35. nigricollis, Himantopus, 295. 137-38. Hydrochelidon, 149- nilotica, Gelochelidon, Sterna, 137. nivalis, Anas, 227. Noddy: 154. Northern species, 18. Notebooks, 58. 245. birds of New York city YORK STATE MUSEUM noveboracensis, 280-81. Fulica, 280. Ortygometra, 280. Porzana, 280. Scolopax, 303. Numenius americanus, 338-39. arquatus, 342-44; figure, 343. borealis, 341-42. hudsonicus, 339-40. longirostris, 338. Nuthatch, brown-headed, 17. Coturnicops, red-bellied, 2, 40. red-breasted, 41, 63, 64; breeding range, 30. white-bellied, 40. white-breasted, I1, 41, 63, 64. Nyctanassa violacea, 266-67; figure, 2606. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius, 264-65. violaceus, 2606. Oberholser, acknowledgments to, 7. obscura, Anas, 185. obscura rubripes, Anas, obscurus, Puffinus, 158. Observers, list, 73-74, 80-86. Ereunetes, 318 164. 164-65. 164-65; 185. occidentalis, oceanica, Procellaria, Oceanites, Oceanites oceanicus, 162. Oceanodroma leucorhoa, 163. ochropus, Helodromas, 327. 356-57; figure, oceanicus, gure, 165. Oceanitinae, 163-64; figure, Ochthodromus wilsonius, 356. Odontophorinae, 361. Oidemia americana, 221-22. deglandi, 222-23. perspicillata, 224. Old-squaw, 16, 213-14, 220. Old wife, 21 Olor See 230, 239-40. INDEX Olor columbianus, 236-39. Oneida county, birds of, by William L. Ralph and Egbert Bagg, 78. Onondaga county, birds of, by K. Barnum, 78. Oriole, 46, 63, 68, 70. Baltimore, 13, 34, 39, 46, 62, 64, 67; spring migration, 60. bullock, 18. orchard, 14, 33, 39, 46, 69; breeding range, 22. Ortolans, 279. Ortygometra carolina, 276. noveboracensis, 280. Ortyx virginiana, 361. Osprey, 43. American, 13, 37. Ovenbird, 14, 41, 42, 48, 63, 64. Owl, 43, 50, 51, 53, 90. American barn, 12. American hawk, 16. American long-eared, 11, 37. barn, 37. barred), 11, 37, 43. burrowing, 18. great gray, 16. great horned, II, 37, 53, 373- Richardson, 16. saw-whet, 12, 37. Screech 37,62, 367: short-eared, II, 37. snowy, 16, 53. @Oxeyer 2025 318: meadow, 314, 318. sand, 318, 320. Oxyechus vociferus, 348-52; figure, 349; figure of nest and eggs, 351. Oyster-catcher, 358. American, 17, 359-60; figure, 359. Morgan pacifica, Pelidna, 315. Paddy-whack, 226. TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK 491 Pagophila alba, 120. palliatus, Haematopus, 359-60. Palmer, cited, 330. Paludicolae, 89, Go, 267. paradisaea, Sterna, 146, Parasites preying upon birds, 55. parasiticus, Larus, 116. Lestris, 76, 118. Stercorarius, 116-17, Park, cited, 164, 283. Paroquet, Carolina, 12, 76. Parrots, 90. Partridge, 367, 377. American, 361. European, 378. Hungarian, 378. spruce, 365. Passeres, 89, go. Passeriformes, 89, 90. passerina terrestris, Columbigallina, 389- go. Pavoncella pugnax, 330. Payne, G. E., cited), 290: pectoralis, Tringa, 309. Peep, 318. little, 313. pelagica, Thalassidroma, 162. Pelecanidae, 172. Pelecaniformes, 89, go, 165. Pelecanoididae, 154. Pelecanus aquilus, 176. bassanus, 160. carbo, 170. erythrorhynchos, 172-74; figure, 173. fuscus, 174. leucogaster, 168. Pelican, 90, 172. American white, 172-74; figure, 173. brown, 17, 174. white, 15, 230. Pelidna alpina alpina, 314-15. sakhalina, 315-16. 492 Pelidna pacifica, 315. penelope, Anas, 189. Mareca, 189. Perching birds, go. Perdix cinerea, 378. Peristeridae, 381. perspicillata, Anas, 224. Fuligula, 224. Oidemia, 224. Petrel, 90, 154. black-capped, 17, 160. diving, 154. forked-tail, 163. leach, 15, 163-64; figure, 163. least, 162. little stormy, 76. scaled, 17, NEW 160-62; figure, 161. YORK STATE stormy, 18, 154, 162, 165; figure, 162. Wilson, 17, 162, 164-65; figure, 165. Pewee, wood, 13, 38, 45, 63, 64, 68. Phaethon 167. flavirostris, 166. Phaéthontidae, 166. Phalacrocoracidae, 170. Phalacrocorax auritus, 171-72. carbo, 170. dilophus, 171. Phalarope, 289, 294. northern, 15, 291-92. red, 15, 289-90. red-necked, 291. Wilson, 15, 292-93. Phalaropidae, 289. Phalaropus fulicarius, 289-90. lobatus, 201. americanus, tricolor, 292. Phasianidae, 377. Phasianus colchicus, 378. torquatus, 378. Pheasant, 52, 63, 367, 377- English, 12, 378. 166-67 ; figure, MUSEUM | Pheasant, Mongolian, 378. ring-necked, 12, 64, 378. water, 181. philadelphia, Larus, 134-35. Sterna, 134. Philohela minor, 297-300; figure of nest and eggs, 299. Phoebe, 13, 38, 45, 55, 60, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72. Pici, 89, go. Picitormes, 89, 90. Pickerel, 55. Pigeon, 70, 90, 380. passenger, 13, 299, 381-86, 387. Pigeon hawk, 53. | Pike, 55. | Pintail, 15, 184, 188, I91, 193, 197-99, 213. Pipit, American, 16. Pisobia bairdi, 312-13. cooperi, 312. fuscicollis, 311, 312. maculata, 309-10, 312. minutilla, 313-14. Plates, explanation of, 391-474. platyrhynchos, Anas, 183-85. Plectropterinae, 177. Plegadis autumnalis, 242-43; figure, 243. guarauna, 243-44; figure, 244. Plover, 70, 90, 288-89, 322, 326, 343. American golden, 16, 346-48. beach, 358. black-bellied, 15, 345-46, 358. bull-head, 346. golden, 289, 341, 346. gray, 346. killdeer, 348-52; figure, 349; figure of nest and eggs, 351. piping, 14, 37, 354-55; figure, 354. semipalmated, 16, 352-53. upland, 289, 331, 332, 333, 341. whistling, 71, 346, 358. Wilson, 17, 356-57; figure, 356. INDEX Pochard, 203. Podiceps cornutus, 94. cristatus, 92. holboellii, g2. rubricollis, 92. podiceps, Colymbus, 96. Podilymbus, 96-98. Podicipedidiformes, 89, go, 91. Podilymbus podiceps, 96-98. pomarinus, Larus, 114. Lestris, 114. Stercorarius, 114-16. Porter, cited, 124, 125. Porzana carolina, 276-80; figure, 277; figure of nest and eggs, 278. jamaicensis, 281. noveboracensis, 280. Posson, Neil F., cited, 109, 139, 233, 243, 257, 313, 335, 340. Prairie hen, 364, 376. Procellaria glacialis, 154. gravis, 156. grisea, 158. hasitata, 160. leucorhoa, 163. oceanica, 164. puffinus, 157. Procellariidae, 162. Procellariitormes, 89, 90, 153. Psittaci, 89, go. Psittaciformes, 89, go. Ptarmigan, 364. willow, 18, 375-76; figure, 374, 375. Puffin, 16, 105-6. Cinereus, 157. Puffinidae, 154. Puffininae, 154. Puffinus auduboni, 158. borealis, 155-56; figure, 155. cinereus, 156. gravis, 156-57; figure, 157. griseus, 158-59; figure, 159. TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK 493 | Puffnus lherminieri, 158; figure, 158. major, 156, 159. obscurus, 158. puffinus, 157. stricklandi, 158. puffinus, Procellaria, 157. pugnax, Pavoncella, 330. Tringa, 330. Purre, 316. pusilla, Tringa, 313, 317. pusillus, Ereunetes, 317-18. Pygopodes, 89, 90, 91. Quail, 50, 361, 377. sea, 358. | Quawk, 265. Querquedula cyanoptera, 195-96; figure, 196. discors, 194-95. Rail, 51, 55, black, 17, clapper, 14, 36, 271, 272-73. king, 14, 36, 271-72, 274. little black, 281-82. Virginia, 13, 36, 64, 270, 271, 274-76; figure, 274; figure of nest and eggs, 275. yellow, 15, 280-81, 282. Ralli, 267. Rallidae, 270-71. Ralliformes, 89, 90, 267. | Rallus carolinus, 276. crepitans, 272-73. crex, 282. elegans, 271-72. jamaicensis, 281. virginianus, 274-76; figures, 274, 275. Ralph, William L., cited, 78, 117, 2 257, 293, 356. | Raptores, 89, go. 494 NEW YORK Rathbun, Frank R., cited, 77, 189, 238. Rathbun, Samuel F., cited, 77, 189, 238. Raven, 45. northern, 13, 38. Recurvirostra americana, 294-95; figure, 204. Recurvirostridae, 293-94. Red-head, 16, 202-3, 204, 205, 223. Redpoll, 16. greater, 16. hoary, 18. holboell, 16. Redstart, 41, 48, 63, 64. American, 14. Reffeix, cited, 382. Residents, 11-13. Rich, cited, 143. richardsonii, Lestris, 76, 116, 110. Richmond, acknowledgments to, 6. Ridgway, acknowledgments to, 6; cited, SOn a Ae 202522" Riley, acknowledgments to, 6. Ring-bill, 208. Ring-neck, American, 353. pale, 354. Rissa tridactyla, 121-22. NOD eniSs) ie Seciteds 56: Robin, 12, 42, 49, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, Fike, WE Roosevelt, Theodore jr, cited, 77. Rostratula, 280. rubida, Erismatura, 225. Fuligula, 225. rubricollis, Podiceps, 92. rubripes, Anas, 185-87. rufescens, Tringa, 334. Ruff, 18, 330. ruficollis, Egretta, 258. rufina, Anas, 202. Netta, 202. rufitorques, Fuligula, 207. Rusticola minor, 297. STATE MUSEUM rusticola, Scolopax, 296. Rynchopidae, 152. Rynchops nigra, 152-53. sabini, Nema, 136-37. sabinu, Larus, 136. Saddle-back, 126. Sanderling, 15, 319-20, 358. Sand-peep, 314. Sandpiper, 302, 358. baird, 15, 312-13. Bartramian, 13, 37, breeding range, 20. black-bellied, 316. 3onaparte, 311. buff-breasted, 15, 334-35. Cooper, 76, 312. curlew, 18, 316; figure, 317. green, 327. least, 15, 313-14, 318. pectoral, 15, 309-10, 314, 336. purple, 16, 308-9. red-backed, 15, 314, 315-16, 320. red-breasted, 307. rock, 309. Schinz, 311. semipalmated, 15, 313, 317-18. solitary, 14, 37, 63, 70, 326-28. Spousal, uz, an Ae (2, (oe, OA, (is, 72; 263, 327, 335-38, 350; figure of nest 337: stilt, 15, 306. western, 15, 318-19. white-rumped, 15, 311. acuflavida, 51, 331-34, 350; and eggs, oe sandvicensis Sterna, 140-41. Sapsucker, 44, 62, 68. yellow-bellied, 12, 38, 42, Sargood, C., cited, 282. Savage, James Hi, cited) 1235 126, 130; 174, 239, 243, 2900, 307. Sawhill, 43, 178, 180, 209. scalaris, Aestrelata, 160-62. INDEX Scape-grace, 103. Scaup, greater, 17, 206. leSSeT,uL7. schinzi, Tringa, 311. Scissor bill, 153. scolopacea, Limosa, 305. scolopaceus, Macrorhamphus, 305-6. Scolopacidae, 296. Scolopacinae, 206. Scolopax alba, 242. arquatus, 342. borealis, 341. delicata, 300. fedoa, 320. flavipes, 325. grisea, 303. guarauna, 243. haemastica, 321. melanoleuca, 323. minor, 297. noveboracensis, 303. rusticola, 296. semipalmata, 328. wilsoni, 300. Scoter, American, 17, 221-22. surf, 17, 221, 224. white-winged, 17, 222-23, 224. Sea dove, III. Sea-hawk, 113, 114. Sea parrot, 106. Sea pigeon, 106, ITT. Sea swallow, 144, 145. semipalmata, Aegialitis, 352-53. Heteropoda, 317. Scolopax, 328. Symphemia, 328. semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 328-30. Charadrius, 352. Totanus, 328. semipalmatus inornatus, Cetoptropho- TUS, 330. Sennett, cited, 139, 238. TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK 495 septentrionalis, Colymbus, 103. serrator, Merganser, 179. Mergus, 179-80. Seton, cited, 215. Shag, 170. Sharpe, cited, 80. Shattuck, cited, 109. 154. Audubon, 17, 157, 158; figure, 158. Cory, 17, 155-56, 159; figure, 155. dusky, 158. greater, 17, 156-57, 159; figure, 157- little, 158. Manx, 18, 76, 157- sooty, 17, 158-59; figure, 159. wandering, 157. Sheldrake, 178. Indian, 180. pied, 18o. swamp, 181. Shitepoke, 263. Shore birds, decrease of species, 50. Short, Ernest Hl. scitedai7on 26: Shot-pouch, 226. Shoveler, 15, 182, 188, 194, 196-97. Shrike, 53. migrant, IT, 13, 40, 48, 62, 64, 69. northern, 16. Sickle-bill, 338. silvestris, Meleagris, 379. Shearwater, 153, ef | Sing Sing, birds of, by A. K. Fisher, 79. | Siskin, pine, 12, 39, 46, 64. | Skimmer, 152. black, 17, 152-53. Skua, 18, 113-14. | skua, Catharacta, 113. Megalestris, 113-14. Skunk, 55. Skylark, 12. Sleepy-head, 226. | Snake, black, 55. Snake birds, 165. 496 NEW Snipe, 51, 70, 288-89, 296, 320, 333. brown-back, 305. Deutscher, 305. Dowitcher, 303-5. English, 302, 305. German, 305. gray-back, 305. horse-foot, 358. Jack, 302. painted, 289. quail, 305. red-breasted, 305. robin, 305, 307. surf, 320. Wilson, 14, 36, 300-3, 304, 305, 310. winter, 309, 316. Snowflake, 16. Solitaire, Townsend, 18. solitarius, Helodromas, 326-28. Tringa, 326. Somateria dresseri, 218-19. spectabilis, 220-21. Sora, 13, 62, 65, 273, 274, 276-80; figure, S, 278. 277; figure of nest and egg Sorees, 279. South-southerly, 214. Southern species, 17. Spanish curlew, 242. Sparrow, 42, 50, 52, 53, 70. Acadian sharp-tailed, 16. Baird, 18. chipping, 13, 39, 46, 62, 64, 72. English, 46, 57, 60, 63, 64. field, 13, 39, 46, 62. 64, 65. fox, 16) 70: Gambel, 18. grasshopper, 14, 33, 39, 63, 69: breed- ing range, 23. Henslow, 14, 39- house, II. Ipswich, 16. YORI STATE MUSEUM Sparrow, lark, 18. Leconte, 18. Lincoln, 14, 39, 47, 62, 64, 65, 70. Nelson, 106. Savanna, 13, 39, 46, 62, 64. seaside, 14, 39. sharp-tailed, 14, 39. song, 12, 39, 46, 60, 62, 64, 68, 72. swamp, 12, 39, 46, 57, 62, 64. tree, 16. vesper, 13, 39, 46, 51, 62, 64, 68. white-crowned, 16, 62, 64. white-throated, 12, 35, 39, 46, 47, 62, 64; breeding range, 22. Sparrow hawk, 63. Spatula clypeata, 196-97. spectabilis, Anas, 220. Fuligula, 220. Somateria, 220-21. Spelman, Henry M., cited, 313. sponsa, Aix, 199-201. Anas, 199. Spoon-bill, 197. Spring arrivals, 72-74. Squatarola helvetica, 345. squatarola, 345-46. squatarola, Charadrius, 345. Tringa, 345. Squirrel, red, an enemy of birds, 54. Stake-driver, 250. Starling, 12. Steganopodes, 89, 90, 165. Steganopus tricolor, 292-93. stellata, Gavia, 103-4. stellatus, Colymbus, 103. Stercorariidae, I13. Stercorarius longicaudus, 117-19; figure, 118. parasiticus, 116-17; figure, 118. pomarinus, 114-16. Sterling, cited, 221. Sterna acuflavida, 140. INDEX TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK Sterna anglica, 137. antillarum, 148. arctica, 146. argentea, 148. cantiaca, 140. Caspia, 138-39. cayana, 138, 140. dougalli, 147. forsteri, 142-43; figure, 141. fuscata, 149. hirundo, 143-45. Maxima, 139-40. minuta, 148. nigra, 149, 152. nilotica, 137. paradisaea, 146. philadelphia, 134. sandvicensis acuflavida, 140-41; fig- ure, 140. superciliaris, 148. surinamensis, 149. trudeaul, 141-42; figure, 141. tschegrava, 138. Stilt, 295. black-necked, 18, 295-96; figure, 206. Stint, 318. Stone, cited, 126. Stork, 244. American wood, 245. strepera, Anas, 187. streperus, Chaulelasmus, 187-89. Strepsilas interpres, 357. stricklandi, Puffinus, 158. Striges, go. Strigiformes, 80, go. subarquata, Tringa, 316. subruficollis, Tringa, 334. Tryngites, 334-35. Sula americana, 160. bassana, 169. leucogaster, 168-69; figure, 168. sula, 168. Sulidae, 167-68. 497 Summary of the New York State avi- fauna, 11-18. Summer residents, 13-15. Summer visitants, 17. superciliaris, Sterna, 148. surinamensis, Sterna, 149. Swallow, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 68, 70. bank, 13, 40, 47, 62, 64. barn, 13, 40) 47, 60s (62645 68ie72: spring migration, 66. cliff, 13, 40, 47, 63, 64. rough-winged, I1, 14, 33, 40, 47, 62, 64; breeding range, 24. tree, 13, 40, 47, 62, 64. white-bellied, 63. Swans, 174, 177. American, 236. trumpeter, 18, 236, 237, 239-40. whistling, 15, 236-39. Swift, 53. Swimmer, long-winged, 112. tube-nosed, 153. Symphemia semipalmata, 328. Tanager, 51. Louisiana, 18. Scarlet, 13) 30; 47; (o2NI642 summer, 17, 32. Tantalus loculator, 244. Tapeworms, 55. Tattler, semipalmated, 329. varied, 324. Taylor, He El. cited scm: Teal, blue-winged, 14, 36, 193, 194-95, 196. cinnamon, 18, 195-96; figure, 106. diving, 226. European, 18, 191; figure, 192. green-winged, 15, 184, 192-93. spoon-bill, 197. summer, 194. 495 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Measerwrisys iO: | Dhrush, 42; 49, 50; 53, 70, 71- Teeter-tail, 336. |e Bicknelliy ato, So: Tern, 119-20; first primaries, figure, 144; gray-cheeked, 11, 16. outer tail feathers, figure, 144. | Interfaith, 10, 2, 42, AO), C8, OL, GO, FOE Anglican, 138. breeding range, 30. Arctic, 15, 144, 145, 146. | olive-backed, 15, 35, 41, 42, 49, 63, 64. black, 14, 36, 119, 148, 149-52; figure, | varied, 18. 151. Wilson 14, 35, 41, 49, 57, 63, 64. Cabot, 17, 140-41; figure, 140. wood, 14, 34, 41, 49, 63, 64. Caspian, 15, 119, 138-39, 140. Thunder-pumper, 250. Cayenne, 140. | dirielkes, Sis, common, 14, 36, 142, 143-45, 146, 147. | tigrina, Dendroica, 59-60. Forster, 15, 142-43, 144, 145; figure, | Tinker, 106, Ito. 141. Tip-up, 336. gull-billed, 17, 137-38. Tit, tufted, 32; breeding range, 30. least, 14, 36, 148. Titmouse, Carolina, 76. McDougall, 147. tufted, 12, 33, 4I. marsh, 138. Todd, cited, 139, 281, 307, 311, 313, 329, Nuttall, 138. 385. roseate, 14, 36, 145, 147. togatus, Tetrao, 373. royal, 17, 139-40. torda, Alca, 110-11. Sandwich, 140. torquatus, Phasianus, 378. short-tailed, 150, 151. Totanus bartramius, 331. sooty, 17, 149. chloropygius, 326. Trudeau, 17, 141-42; figure, 141. flavipes, 325-26. white-headed, 142. macularia, 335. Wilson, 144. melanoleucus, 323-24. Tetrao canadensis, 365. semipalmatus, 328. cupido, 376. Totipalmate birds, 165-66. lagopus, 375. Towhee, 13, 39, 62. togatus, 373. Transients, 15-16. umbellus, 366. Transition zone, 10. urogallus, 377. tricolor, Phalaropus, 292. virginianus, 361. Steganopus, 292-93. Tetraonidae, 364. tricolor ruficollis, Ardea, 258. Weenb, IyAreiAwS, Sy/7 Hydranassa, 258-59. Thalassidroma leachi, 163. tridactyla, Rissa, 121-22. pelagica, 162; figure, 162. tridactylus, Larus, 121. wilsoni, 164. Tringa alpina, 314. Thrasher, 34, 65. pacifica, 315. brown, 14, 41, 48, 63, 64, 72. arenaria, 319. Threadworm, 56. | autumnalis, 242. INDEX TO BIRDS OF Tringa bairdii, 312. canutus, 307-8. cinclus, 315. ferruginea, 316. fulicaria, 289. fuscicollis, 311. himantopus, 306. interpres, 357. lobata, 201. longicauda, 331. macularia, 335. maculata, 309. maritima, 308. minutilla, 313, 317. pectoralis, 309. pugnax, 330. pusilla, 313, 317. rufescens, 334. schinzi, 311. solitarius, 326. squatarola, 345. subarquata, 316. subruficollis, 334. vanellus, 344. Tringae, 206. troile, Uria, 107. Tropic bird, 166. yellow-billed, 17, 166-67; figure, 167. Tropical region, 19. trudeaui, Sterna, 141-42. Tryngites subruficollis, 334-35. tschegrava, Sterna, 138. Tubinares, 89, 90, 153. Turkey, 379. wild, 12, 50, 299, 379-80. Turnicidae, 289. Turnstone, 16, 357. ruddy, 357-58. Turtle, snapping, 55. Tweezer, 178. Tympanuchus 376. cupido, 376-77; figure, NEW YORK 499 umbellus, Tetrao, 366. togata, Bonasa, 367, 373-74. umbellus, Bonasa, 366-73. Upper Austral zone, 19. Uria grylle, 106. lomvia, 107-8. troile, 107. Urinator arcticus, 102. imber, 99. lumme, 103. urogallus, Tetrao, 377. vallisneria, Anas, 203. Aythya, 203. Fuligula, 203. Marila, 203-5. Vanellus vanellus, 344-45; figure, 344. vanellus, Tringa, 344. Vaughan, cited, 313. violacea, Ardea, 266. Nyctanassa, 266-67. violaceus, Nycticorax, Wareo; 525) 545, 6870: blue-headed, 14, 40, ing range, 24. Philadelphia, 16, 63, 65. plumbeous, 18. red-eyed, 14, 40, 42, 47, 63, 64. solitary, 35. warbling, 14, 40, 47, 62, 64. white-eyed, 14, 33, 40; breeding range, 24. yellow-throated, 14, 40, 47, 62, 64. virescens, Ardea, 262. 2606. 47, 62, 64; breed- Butorides, 262-64. virginiana, Ortyx, 36T. virginianus, Charadrius, 346. Colinus, 361-64. Rallus, 274-76. Tetrao, 361. vocifera, Aegialitis, 348. | vociferus, Charadrius, 348. 500 NEW vociferus, Oxyechus, 348-52. Vulture, American, go. black, 17. turkey, 17. Wallace, cited, 216. Warbler, 42, 48, 50, 52, 54, 65, 68, 70, 71. bay-breasted, 16, 48, 64. black, 48. black and white, 14, 40, 62, Blackburnian, 15, 35, 40, 42, breeding range, 26. blackpoll, 15, 40, 47, 48, 52, 64, 68. black-throated blue, 15, 40, 42, 48, 62, 64; breeding range, 25. black-throated green, 14, 40, 42, 48, 62, 64. 64. 48, 63, 64; blue-winged, 14, 33, 40; breeding range, 25. srewster, 14, 40. Canada, 15, 41, 48, 63, 64; breeding range, 28. Cape May, 16, 48, 59-60, 64, 65. cerulean, 14, 40, 69; breeding range, 20. chestnut-sided, 14, 40, 48, 63, 64. Connecticut, 11, 16, 65. golden-winged, 14, 33, 40; breeding range, 25. hemlock, 76. hooded, 14, 33, 41, 64; breeding range, 28. Kentucky, range, 28. Kirtland, 65. Lawrence, 14, 40. magnolia, 15, 40, 48, 63, 64; breeding range, 26. mourning, 15, 41, 48, 64, 68; breeding range, 28. myrtle, 12, 40, 42, 47, 48, 62, 64; breed- ing range, 27. 14, 33, 41, 69; breeding YORK STATE MUSEUM Warbler, Nashville, 14, 40, 62, 64. northern parula, 14, 40. orange-crowned, 16. palm, 16, 73. parula, 48, 62, 64. pine, 14, 40. prairie, 14, 33, 40; breeding range, 26. prothonotary, 17. southern parula, 14. Tennessee, 15, 40, 48, 63. whistling, 76. white, 48. Wilson, 16, 48, 63. worm-eating, 14, 40; breeding range, 25. yellow, 14, 40, 48, 62, 64, 72. yellow palm, 16, 73. yellow-rumped, 35. yellow-throated, 17. Wassenaers, cited, 381. Water birds, 43. Water hen, 288. Waterfowl, 56, 176; decrease of species, 50. Water-thrush, 41, 48, 63, 64; breeding range, 27. Grinnell, 18. large-billed, 31. Wouisianayii T4235 wAlO sO SsmOO} breeding range, 27. northern, 15, 70. Water-witch, 95, 96. \Waxwing, Bohemian, 40, 47, 62, 16. cedar, II, 64. Weasel, 55. Webster, F. S., Wekas, 270. Wrest, S. H., cited, 174. \Vestern species, 18. \Vheatear, 18. Wheaton, cited, 103, 309, 335. Wheezer, 178. cited, 245. INDEX TO “Whimbrel, American, 339. Whip-poor-will, 13, 38, 44, 62, 70. Whistle-wing, 200. Whistler, 209. White-throat, 46, 65. Whitfield, cited, 382. Widgeon, 18, 199. American, Ig0-gI. European, 189. Widgeon-coot, 226. Willet, 15, 328-30. western, 330. wilsoni, Holopodius, 292. Scolopax, 300. Thalassidroma, 164. wilsonia, Aegialitis, 356. Charadrius, 3506. wilsonius, Ochthodromus, 356-57. Winter visitants, 16-17. Woodcock, 43, 52, 70, 289, 327, 333- American, 13, 36, 296, 297-300; and eggs, figure, 299. European, 76, 296. “Woodpecker, 44, 51, 55, 90. American three-toed, 13, 38, 44. Arctic three-toed, 13, 38. banded-backed, 71. black-backed, 71. black-backed three-toed, 44. Canadian, 76. downy, I1, 38, 44, 51, 62, 63, 64. hairy, 11, 38, 44, 51, 63. northern hairy, 76. northern pileated, 13, 38. pileated, 44, 51. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 5oI Woodpecker, red-bellied, 12, 38. red-cockaded, 76. red-headed, 11, 38, 44, 51, 62, 64. three-toed, 35. yellow-bellied, 64. Woodruff, cited, 313. Worthington, cited, 108, 137, 215. Wren, 51, 52, 54, 70. Carolina, 12, 31-32, 33, 41, 69; breed- ing range, 20. house, 14, 41, 48, 63, 64, 76. long-billed marsh, 14, 41, 64. marsh, 51, 55, 57, 6 short-billed range, winter, 12, 41, 42, 48, 49, 63; breeding range, 20. ce marsh, 14, 41; breeding 20. wood, 76. Wright, Frank S., cited, 77, 189, 238, 243. nest Xema sabini, 136-37. Yellow-legs, 15, 305, 313. greater, 15, 323-24. lesser, 324, 325-20. winter, 324. Yellowthroat, northern, 14, 41, 48, 63, 64. Young, cited, 315. Zenaidura macroura, 386. carolinensis, 386-88; nest and eggs, figure, 388. zonorhynchus, Larus, 130. figure, 387; re ’ ss : mak i ; * ve : ms * i F hs . 4 > < wy he a * . : “ . n \ “ 7 , ; ‘ ‘ . a . sj vie 4 ~ £ “ sy A v % ‘4 aoe, Mr ; ; yh ia . y pene i