T/I B RAR.Y

OF THE

UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS

590.5
FI

v. 35
cop. 3

HATURAL HISfORY
SURVEY

I

3

BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU

MELVIN A. TRAYLOR

1 n .,.,-,

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY
VOLUME 35, NUMBER 6

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
JUNE 30, 1958

•w

HISTORY SURVEY

BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU

MELVIN A. TRAYLOR
Assistant Curator, Division of Birds

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY
VOLUME 35, NUMBER 5

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
JUNE 30, 1958

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 5 8-1 SI 04

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

Birds of Northeastern Peru1

The present report is an annotated list of birds collected by
Jos4 M. Schunke in northern Peru, from 1945 to 1947. The majority
of the specimens are from localities along the Ucayali River in the
Department of Loreto; the remainder are from the divide between
the Ucayali and Huallaga Rivers in the Department of Huanuco.

The localities along the Ucayali, all of which are well within the
humid tropical zone, are:

Contamana: a town on the right bank of the Ucayali, at about 7° 16' S. Lat.

Cerro Azul: about fifteen miles east of Contamana at 500 meters elevation;
this is not the Cerro Azul of the millionth map (American Geographic Society),
a locality which is northwest of Contamana and much higher.

Pucallpa: a town on the left bank of the river at about 8° 25' S. Lat.

Yarinacocha: a small laguna about fifteen miles north by west of Pucallpa.

Rio Pachutia: probably the Rio Pachitea, a river flowing into the Ucayali
about thirty miles south of Pucallpa.

Previsto and Quistacocha: unidentified localities which must be near Pucallpa,
to judge from the collecting dates. Only one specimen was collected at each of the
last three localities.

The two localities on the divide between the Ucayali and the Hua-
llaga— Divisoria and Fundo Sinchona — for practical purposes may
be considered the same. They are on the crest of the ridge where
the road from Pucallpa to Tingo Maria, a small town on the Hua-
llaga River, crosses the divide. The altitude at the crest is about
1,600 meters, and Schunke collected from about 1,300 meters to the
top. These localities are in the subtropical zone, and only a very
few of the tropical forms from the Ucayali were found.

The collection as a whole numbers 807 specimens, of which 689
are from the Ucayali and 118 from the divide. The total species
from the Ucayali are 236 and from the divide 69. The total number
of forms, however, is 301, which leaves only four forms common to
both zones. Two of these are hawks, Harpagus bidentatus and Buteo
magnirostris, the third is the wide-ranging squirrel cuckoo, Piaya
cayana, and the fourth is Cercomacra nigrescens. This almost com-

1 Manuscript submitted October, 1956.

87

88 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

plete separation between the species in these two collections from
humid forests less than a hundred miles apart further demonstrates
the reality of the Andean life zones.

The only previous report on the birds of northeastern Peru was
that published by Sclater and Salvin (1873), which summarized the
collections of Bartlett, Hauxwell and Bates. The recent papers on
Peruvian birds by Zimmer have added many new forms to the list
of species known from the region, and have been of great aid in the
identification of forms in the families which he has covered. Gylden-
stolpe's recent paper on the birds of the Rio Jurua of western Brazil
(1945) has been particularly valuable since in most cases the same
forms are found on the Ucayali and the upper Jurua.

During the preparation of this report comparative material was
borrowed from the American Museum of Natural History and from
the United States National Museum, and I wish to thank the au-
thorities of these two institutions for their generous help. I would
also like to thank Dr. Austin L. Rand and Mr. Emmet R. Blake of
Chicago Natural History Museum for their constant help through-
out the preparation of this paper.

All measurements are in millimeters. The wings were measured
flat, and the culmen was measured from the base unless otherwise
stated.

Systematic List

Family TINAMIDAE

Tinamus tao kleei Tschudi

Cerro Azul, 1 9 .

This specimen is almost as gray above as typical tao from the
Rio Tapajoz, but below it has the brownish wash characteristic of
kleei. Bond and de Schauensee (1943, p. 168) concluded that wed-
delli Bonaparte of Bolivia is separable from kleei on the basis of
greater size. They based their conclusions on a comparison of a
male and female from Palmar, Cochabamba, with a male and female
from La Pampa, Sandia, in southern Peru. The comparative meas-
urements were:

Exp.
Species Sex Wing Culmen Tarsus

weddelli (Palmar) d" 270 36 86

9 268 36 87

kleei (Sandia) cf 244 31.5 69

9 230 30 64

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 89

Specimens in the Conover collection, however, fail to show these
differences. Two males from Bolivia are in substantial agreement
with Bond and de Schauensee's birds: wing 291, 269; exposed cul-
men 35, 36; tarsus 85, 74. A female and an unsexed specimen from
Cerro Azul and the Rio Urubamba, Peru, are closely similar: wing
263, 288; exposed culmen 37, 37; tarsus 79, 81. A male and a female
from Cututcu, eastern Ecuador, also agree: wing 271, 290; exposed
culmen 34, 33.5; tarsus 81, 88. From Bolivia to eastern Ecuador,
therefore, there is no significant difference in size or color, and this
whole population should bear the name kleei, with weddelli as a syn-
onym. The much smaller size of the birds from Sandia is due to
immaturity, according to Conover, who has examined them critically.

In a more recent paper (1955b, p. 207) Bond has reached the
same conclusion, and he makes weddelli a synonym of kleei.

Tinamus major ruficeps Sclater and Salvin
Yarinacocha, 1 d" ; Pucallpa, 2 downy 9 .

Blake (1955, p. 10) and Bond (1955b, p. 208) have both come
to the conclusion that peruvianus cannot be maintained as a valid
race.

Tinamus guttatus Pelzeln

Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 2 9.

Crypturellus cinereus cinereus Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 2 d", 3 9 .

Crypturellus soui inconspicuus Carriker
Yarinacocha, 1 c? , 3 9 , 1 d" imm., 1 9 juv.

One female shows rufescent coloration approaching that of nigri-
ceps of eastern Ecuador, but the other adult females and the adult
male are similar to a series of inconspicuus from Bolivia.

Crypturellus undulatus yapura Spix
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Crypturellus variegatus salvini Salvador!
Cerro Azul, 1 9 .

This specimen agrees with a series of four birds from eastern
Ecuador.

90 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Crypturellus brevirostris bartletti Sclater and Salvin
Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 1 9,2 9 imm.

Family ANHINGIDAE
Anhinga anhinga anhinga Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9 imm.

Family ARDEIDAE
Butorides striatus striatus Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 4 cf , all imm.

Tigrisoma lineatum lineatum Boddaert
Yarinacocha, 1 cf ; Contamana, 1 cf imm.

Family ANHIMIDAE

Anhima cornuta Linnaeus

Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 1 9.

Family ACCIPITRIDAE
Elanoides forficata yetapa Vieillot
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Leptodon cayanensis Latham
Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus Latham

Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 2 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 9 ; Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

Birds from upper Amazonia (eastern Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, and the upper Rio Jurua, Brazil) are larger than those from
eastern South America. The wing measurements for adults and im-
matures are given separately below, since the immature birds average
smaller than adults.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 91

Adults

9 9
Upper Amazonia .................. (6) 214-222 (217.5) (4) 218-232 (224)

Eastern South America ............ (1) 205 (3) 204-213 (210)

Immatures
Upper Amazonia .................. (2)192-203(200) (1)213

Eastern South America ............ (2) 199-215 (207) (7) 193-215 (204)

Although these differences seem consistent except among the im-
matures, the sample is too small to provide a basis for a new race.

Accipiter bicolor bicolor Vieillot
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Accipiter superciliosus superciliosus Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 d", 1 9 ; Cerro Azul, 1 d".

This is apparently a rare bird in Peru. The only previous record
was of a female from Moyabamba and a male from Rioja, both speci-
mens in Chicago Natural History Museum and both listed by Hell-
mayr and Conover (1949, p. 64).

Buteo albonotatus Kaup
Yarinacocha, 3 d", 1 9 .

Hellmayr and Conover (1949, p. 154) do not recognize the race
abbreviatus of South America, pointing out that many "abbreviatus"
were probably winter migrants from North America, and that the
species is not known certainly to breed east of the Andes. The
three males from Yarinacocha were collected in December and Jan-
uary and could well be migrants; the female was collected Septem-
ber 17, which would be early. South American specimens do average
smaller in wing length. Combining Hellmayr and Conover's (1949,
p. 157) measurements with my own, I have:

Wing

North and Central America ................... 12 cf d" 384-411 (av. 395)

699 410-431

South America .............................. 7 d" d" 367-386 (av. 381)

299 398, 460(!)

Despite the exceptional Bolivian female with a wing of 460, the
South American birds show a consistent enough reduction in wing
length to at least keep open the question of the validity of abbrevi-
atus.

92 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Buteo magnirostris occiduus Bangs

Yarinacocha, 3 d", 3 9 ; Fundo Sinchona, 1 d*.

Busarellus nigricollis nigricollis Latham
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Spizastur melanoleucus Vieillot

Yarinacocha, 1 d* , 1 9.

This is the first record of this species for Peru, and a considerable
extension of range for the form. Previously, its known range in
South America included the Guianas, eastern Brazil, Paraguay and
northern Argentina.

Spizaetus ornatus ornatus Daudin
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Geranospiza caerulescens caerulescens Vieillot

Contamana, 1 9 .

This is apparently the first record of this race from Peru. The
Geranospiza caerulescens of Taczanowski (1884, p. 168) from Lech-
ugal in extreme northwestern Peru belongs to the race balzarensis
W. L. Sclater of western Ecuador. The latter is a much larger bird,
the wing of the female, from Taczanowski, being 322, while in the
present specimen of caerulescens it is only 268.

Family PANDIONIDAE
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 2 d".

Family FALGONIDAE

Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans Linnaeus

Yarinacocha, 4 cf , 1 9 .

Although Peru has been considered to be within the range of the
pale southern race queribundus, these specimens are as dark as a
series of cachinnans from the Guianas. A comparison of birds from
Paraguay and Bolivia with those from Venezuela and the Guianas
indicates that queribundus is at best a weakly distinguished race.
Hellmayr and Conover have synonymized it with cachinnans (1949,
p. 237).

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 93

Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus Vieillot
Yarinacocha, 2 cf .

Micrastur buckleyi Swarm
Yarinacocha, 1 d".

In a recent publication (1948, p. 199) I have discussed this form
more fully and shown why I consider it a full species. Its resem-
blance to semitorquatus in color is remarkable, but the differences
in size and proportions can only be accounted for on the basis of
two separate species.

Micrastur gilvicollis gilvicollis Vieillot
Contamana, 1 d".

Daptrius ater Vieillot

Yarinacocha, 2 cf, 1 9 imm.

Family CRACIDAE
Mitu mitu Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Chamaepetes goudotii tschudii Taczanowski
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

This specimen is definitely tschudii of northern Peru and Ecuador
and not rufiventris of central Peru. The latter has been taken at
Cushi Libertad in southern Huanuco, not far from Fundo Sinchona
but on the opposite side of the Huallaga.

Pipile cumanensis cumanensis Jacquin
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Aburria aburri Lesson

Fundo Sinchona, 2 d", 1 9 ; Divisoria, 1 9 .

Family PHASIANIDAE
Odontophorus speciosus speciosus Tschudi
Fundo Sinchona, 1 d".

94 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

The males of the nominate race are most easily separated from
soderstromii of eastern Ecuador by the heavy white streaking above,
and the dark auriculars.

Hellmayr and Conover (1942, p. 275) state that the female of
speciosus is unknown. There are at present two topotypical females
of this race from Chanchamayo in the Conover collection. Above,
they are like the males except that they lack the white shaft streak-
ing. Below, the throat is black, the black extending up the sides of
the head and including the auriculars, and the upper breast is bright
chestnut, this color extending up the sides of the neck. The rest of
the under parts are slate gray, many of the feathers being lightly
edged with chestnut.

The females of soderstromii (three specimens from eastern Ecua-
dor) are best separated from females of speciosus by the darker, more
reddish brown of the upper parts and by the reddish auriculars.
Hellmayr and Conover stated that the throat was black in the
females, but the present specimens show a range of variation sim-
ilar to that of the males, from pure black to auburn with only a
few black bars on the lower throat. The rest of the under parts
likewise vary from a clear brownish gray to a lighter gray tinged
with chestnut.

Odontophorus stellatus Gould

Yarinacocha, 5 d", 1 9, 1 d* imm.

The gray on the hind neck and upper back extends considerably
farther down the back in Peruvian specimens than in birds from
Ecuador and Brazil.

Family PSOPHIIDAE
Psophia leucoptera leucoptera Spix
Cerro Azul, 2 d", 1 9.

Family RALLIDAE
Aramides cajanea cajanea Miiller
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Laterallus fasciatus Sclater and Salvin

Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 1 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 cf, 1 9

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 95

Porphyrula martinica Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 9 imm.

Family HELIORNITHIDAE
Heliornis fulica Boddaert
Yarinacocha, 1 d" , 1 9 .

Family EURYPYGIDAE
Eurypyga helias helias Pallas
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Family JACANIDAE

Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer

Yarinacocha, 1 d" , 1 9, 2 o" imm., 1 9 imm.

The two adult birds agree well with the type of peruviana, dif-
fering only in being slightly darker below. They are much darker
than the neighboring race jacana but are poorly differentiated from
the more distant race intermedia of Colombia and Venezuela (cf.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, p. 9).

Family SCOLOPACIDAE
Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson
Pucallpa, 1 cf .

Tringa solitaria cinnamomea Brewster
Pucallpa, 1 9 imm.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot

Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Although the white band across the back is only partially formed,
the large amount of white on the head places this specimen nearer
to melanurus than to mexicanus of North America and northern
South America. The Ucayali valley seems to be the meeting ground

96 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

for these two races, since Zimmer (1930, p. 255) had an undoubted
specimen of mexicanus from Puerto Bermudez.

Family LARIDAE

Phaetusa simplex Gmelin

Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 2 9 .

See Hellmayr and Conover (1948, p. 296, footnote) for the use
of the binomial.

Family COLUMBIDAE

Columba cayennensis sylvestris Vieillot
Yarinacocha, 3 d" , 2 9 .

Columba subvinacea recondita Todd

Yarinacocha, 2 d", 2 9 .

Although the whole of Peru has previously been considered with-
in the range of ogilvie-granti, type locality Guayabamba, Peru, the
present series is inseparable from a series of recondita from the Rio
Tapajoz. This is also true of a pair from the lowlands of eastern
Ecuador. All previous records of ogilvie-granti from Ecuador and
Peru are from above 3,000 feet, and it appears to be a race of the
lower subtropical zone, whose place in the tropics is taken by recon-
dita of Amazonian Brazil. In 1945 Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 46) tenta-
tively assigned specimens from the upper Jurua to ogilvie-granti, but
more recently (1951, p. 58) he has reconsidered and placed them in
recondita. In Bolivia ogilvie-granti descends to the tropics in the
departments of Beni and Santa Cruz.

Columba plumbea subsp.

Yarinacocha, 2 cf .

One of these specimens is typical of pallescens of Amazonia, and
the other agrees with bogotensis of the eastern Andes. The former
has been reported from Puerto Indiana on the lower Ucayali and the
latter from Chanchamayo on the upper Ucayali drainage, so these
specimens are intermediate geographically and they also indicate a
mixed population morphologically.

Columba plumbea bogotensis Berlepsch and Leverkiihn
Fundo Sinchona, 1 d".

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 97

This specimen agrees well with birds from the Chanchamayo
valley; the separation between bogotensis and pallescens may prove
to be altitudinal in eastern Peru.

Columbigallina talpacoti talpacoti Temminck
Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 2 9 .

Claravis pretiosa Ferrari-Perez
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9 .

Leptotila verreauxi decipiens Salvadori
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9.

Leptotila rufaxilla dubusi Bonaparte
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Osculatia saphirina rothschildi Sztolcman

Cerro Azul, 1 cf .

The race rothschildi was separated from the nominate race of
eastern Ecuador on the basis of the following characters, shown by
a single female from Cadena, Marcapata Valley, Cuzco: lower back
and rump more bluish, less purplish; white spot on secondaries
larger; size smaller. The present specimen and a male from the
Marcapata Valley amply confirm the validity of this race.

The most constant character is the color of the back, which is
much more bluish-, less reddish-, purple in rothschildi than in saphi-
rina. The extent of the white spot on the secondaries is more vari-
able. In saphirina the spot is confined to one feather and measures
about 2x4 mm. In the topotype of rothschildi the spot is similar
to that in saphirina, but the Cerro Azul male has a white spot about
5x6 mm. on the innermost secondary, a 2x4 mm. spot on the ad-
joining feather, and white edgings on two of the others. In size,
rothschildi seems to average smaller; wing measurements of 2 males
are 134, 140; of five saphirina males from eastern Ecuador 138, 140,
141, 143, and 146.

The Cerro Azul specimen gives a large extension of range for this
form. Further intensive collecting in the tropical zone along the
foot of the Andes will be needed to determine if the range is really
as fragmented as it appears to be.

98 FIELDI ANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Geotrygon montana montana Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 2 cf, 1 9,1 9 imm.

Family PSITTACIDAE
Ara militaris militaris Linnaeus
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Ara macao Linnaeus
Contamana, 1 9 .

Ara manilata Boddaert
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Ara couloni Sclater
Fundo Sinchona, 2 d".

This species is apparently a representative of A. maracana, but
the differences are too striking to be considered only of subspecific
value.

Aratinga weddelli Deville

Yarinacocha, 3 d"1, 2 9 .

Forpus xanthopterygius crassirostris Taczanowski
Yarinacocha, 1 cT imm., 3 9 .

Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 52) shows that the races of the "passeri-
nus" group of parrots which have bright blue rumps should be con-
sidered a separate species to which the name xanthopterygius should
be applied.

Brotogeris versicolurus versicolurus Miiller
Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 2 9 .

Brotogeris gustavi cyanoptera Salvadori

Yarinacocha, 3 d", 7 9 .

Brotogeris g. cyanoptera is found throughout western Amazonia
from southern Colombia through eastern Ecuador and Peru and
western Brazil to northern and eastern Bolivia. Brotogeris g. gus-
tavi, which is characterized by yellow on the bend of the wing and

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 99

the carpal edge, has a very restricted range in the upper Huallaga
valley in northern Peru. Hitherto the two forms have been consid-
ered separate species. However, within a series of birds from Moyo-
bamba and Yurimaguas on the lower Huallaga, two specimens have
the bend of the wing and the carpal edge yellow, four show varying
amounts of yellow on the wings, and the rest have plain green wings.
Thus, the gap between gustavi and cyanoptera is fully bridged and
the two forms must be considered conspecific, the specific name
gustavi having priority. When the relationship between cyanoptera,
beniensis, and chrysosema in northern Bolivia and western Matto
Grosso is more fully explored it may be found that all three forms
are conspecific.

Pionites melanocephala pallida Berlepsch
Yarinacocha, 1 d" , 3 9 .

Compared with three males of P. m. melanocephala from British
Guiana, these birds are strikingly different, being paler buff on the
breast and abdomen and having the throat, lower flanks, and thighs
a pure clear yellow. In melanocephala the feathers of the latter parts
are a light orange brick color with narrow yellow tips, but in the
Peruvian specimens they are pure yellow down to the base. A pair
of birds from Sarayacu, Ecuador, however, is exactly intermediate
between melanocephala and Peruvian pallida. They are darker buff
below as in melanocephala, but have the flanks and thighs yellow
with only a faint tint of reddish. Close examination shows, how-
ever, that all the feathers are pinkish at the base, as opposed to the
pure yellow feathers of the Peruvian birds, so that the difference in
color is not due to varying degrees of wear. If larger series from
Ecuador and Peru should show that these differences are constant,
a third race would have to be separated. At present the type local-
ity of pallida is "eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador." To avoid
confusion in case it becomes necessary to describe a third race, I
suggest that the type locality of pallida be restricted to Yurimaguas,
Dept. San Martin, Peru, the only locality from which Berlepsch
listed a specimen (1889, p. 317).

Amazona festiva festiva Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 9 imm.

Amazona amazonica amazonica Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 d" , 1 9 .

100 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

These specimens differ from birds from the rest of South America
in having a pale ashy blue wash to the plumage and in having the
black edges on the feathers of the hind neck more distinct. The bills
are also much larger: culmen from cere, d* 35, 9 34, as opposed to
9 d" cT 30-32, 899 27-31, for birds from Venezuela, the Guianas
and Brazil. However, of the birds available for comparison only one
female is from Amazonia, the restricted type locality of amazonica,
so that it is not possible to say what separation, if any, is warranted.

Griscom and Greenway's race, micro, (1937, p. 420) appears valid,
but with its range restricted to Dutch Guiana and possibly eastward.
A single male from Dutch Guiana has a wing of 198, within the range
of micro, as defined by the authors, but two males from British
Guiana have wings 212 and 219, well within the range of typical
amazonica.

Amazon a farinosa inornata Salvadori
Yarinacocha, 1 cf; Cerro Azul, 1 cf, 1 9 .

Wing lengths of 240-245 place these specimens in the subspecies
inornata, rather than in the larger race chapmani. At the time of the
original description of chapmani (Traylor, 1948, p. 195) I believed
that its range was divided into two widely separated parts, eastern
Ecuador and Bolivia respectively, with inornata being found in
Brazil and Peru. Recently, however, Bond (1955b, p. 232) has re-
corded a specimen of chapmani from El Tingo, on the Huallaga
River, Dept. San Martin, and suggests that populations of this form
will be found in Peru west of the eastern Andes.

Family CUCULIDAE
Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Wilson
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Coccyzus americanus subsp.

Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

The wing of this specimen is 147, halfway between the averages
of americanus and occidentalis.

Piaya cayana nigricrissa Cabanis

Yarinacocha, 2 d", 2 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 9 ; Fundo Sinchona, 1 o";
Divisoria, 1 9 .

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 101

Piaya minuta minuta Vieillot
Yarinacocha, 1 d" juv.

The juvenile plumage has been well described by Zimmer (1930,
p. 261).

Crotophaga major Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 2 9 .

Crotophaga ani Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 4 cf , 2 9 .

Tapera naevia naevia Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 2 d", 1 9 .

Since Bangs and Penard (1918, p. 50) resurrected the race chochi
for the birds of southern South America on rather meager material
there has been very little agreement among authors as to the validity
of the race, or the range it supposedly occupies. Peters (1940, p. 58)
gave its range as from Matto Grosso to northern Argentina. Bond,
however (1955b, p. 235), includes birds from western Peru, western
Ecuador, and Colombia within the race. He also questions whether
excelkns of Mexico and Central America can be separated from
chochi.

The characters separating chochi from naevia of the Guianas, as
given by Bangs and Penard, were greater size and more brownish
coloration above. With 31 adult males available, covering the whole
range of the species, it is evident that these differences are apparent
on the average, but not to a degree sufficient to maintain chochi as
a distinct subspecies.

Specimens from the Guianas and Venezuela have the edges of the
back feathers and the long upper tail coverts a pale grayish brown,
without much warmth. They also average the smallest of any popu-
lation (wing lengths of 8 cf <? : 101, 107, 108, 108, 109, 109, 111, 115;
av. 108.5). The two males from Yarinacocha approximate this
group both in color and size (wings 106 and 109). Birds from south-
ern Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, the chochi of Peters, have the
pale edgings to the back feathers and upper tail coverts, on the
average, a more buffy, less grayish brown. There is, however, so
much overlap in color between the two populations that only the
extremes of each series could be allocated to naevia or chochi without
reference to localities. In size the southern population averages

102 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

larger than the northern, although again there is wide overlap
(wing lengths of 11 rf cf : 109, 110, 111, 111, 112, 112, 112, 112, 114,
118, 119; av. 113).

Birds from Panama to western Ecuador and Peru are, as noted
by Bond, inseparable from the populations of southern South
America despite their wide separation geographically. They may
average slightly browner, less gray above, but it would not be possible
to determine the origin of any specimen on color alone. Size is
virtually identical (wing length of 6 d" cT : 107, 110, 111, 112, 115,
116; av. 112).

Specimens from Costa Rica to Mexico are quite distinct from the
other populations and merit separation as excellens. The pale mar-
gins of the feathers of the upper parts are a warm tawny, and all
seven of our specimens can be separated on this character alone.
They also average larger (wing lengths of 4 <? cf : 113, 120, 121, 122;
av. 119).

To summarize the variation within the species, populations from
northeastern South America and eastern Peru average smaller and
grayer than populations from southern and northwestern South
America, but the differences are not sufficient to separate two races.
All should bear the name naevia, with chochi as a synonym. The
population from Costa Rica to Mexico is much more tawny above,
and should be called excellens.

Neomorphus geoffroyi aequatorialis Chapman
Divisoria, 1 9 .

This bird definitely belongs to the salvini group of this species,
which is found from Ecuador to Nicaragua and is characterized
primarily by the plain unbarred forehead. Above, however, it shows
an approach to geoffroyi in being more greenish, less violet, particu-
larly on the upper back and secondaries. This is apparently the first
record of this form for Peru, although Carriker (1935, p. 316) records
a specimen of N. g. australis, a race of the geoffroyi group with
barred forehead, from Huacamayo, Puno, Peru. The Divisoria
bird is just completing its molt from juvenal directly to adult plu-
mage, as noted by Chapman (1926, p. 339).

Family STRIGIDAE
Otus choliba crucigerus Spix
Yarinacocha, 2 d" , 3 9 .

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 103

Lophostrix cristata amazonica Kelso

Yarinacocha, 1 9 , 1 d* imm.

Compared with three specimens of cristata from Lago do Bap-
tista, Amazonas, near the mouth of the Rio Madeira. The female
is more brown, less rufous than the Rio Madeira birds, one of the
characters used by Kelso (1940) in separating the race.

Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicillata Latham

Yarinacocha, 3 d", 1 9 , 1 c? imm.

The Yarinacocha birds are slightly deeper buff below and darker
brown on the back and scapulars than birds from Pard and Guiana.
The paler back of the Para specimens shows up in series in the
greater contrast between the back and dark head.

Pulsatrix melanonota Tschudi

Divisoria, 1 d".

Compared to two specimens from Colombia and Ecuador, this
bird and a female from Chanchamayo are more blackish, less rufous
brown, particularly on the breast and in the barring on the abdomen.

Glaucidium brasilianum ucayalae Chapman
Yarinacocha, 1 d".

Family NYCTIBIIDAE
Nyctibius grandis Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 1 d"1, 2 9 .

Nyctibius griseus griseus Gmelin

Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

This bird is small, with a wing length of only 250. Other speci-
mens from Peru show that the population from the lower slopes of
the Andes is referable to the larger panamensis. Zimmer (1930,
p. 267) had a male from Huachipa with a wing of 272, and Tac-
zanowski (1884, p. 207) lists a female from eastern Peru with a wing
length of 285. This large race apparently extends along the eastern
slope of the Andes all the way to Argentina, since a male and female
from the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, have wing lengths of
265 and 266, and two males from Tucuman, Argentina, have wing
lengths of 279 and 267. The small nominate race is found through-

104 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

out the lowlands of South America (see Wetmore, 1926, p. 202, and
Laubmann, 1940, p. 1).

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE
Nyctidromus albicollis albicollis Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 4 d" , 1 9 .

I agree with Zimmer (1930, p. 268) that obscurus Cory from
Yurimaguas was based on a particularly dark individual variant,
and that the Peruvian population belongs with the nominate race.

Gaprimulgus serico-caudatus serico-caudatus Cassin

Yarinacocha, 1 d".

This specimen closely resembles Cassin's description (1849,
p. 238) of the adult plumage except for the heavy spotting on the
abdomen and barred under tail coverts, which Cassin considered
juvenal characters. The unique tail pattern, in which the white
tips to the feathers make a perfect band when the tail is spread, is
beautifully demonstrated.

This specimen, however, is smaller than Cassin's (comparative
measurements: wings 165, 184; tails 125, 140).

Until recently there were no definite locality records for this
species, but Griscom and Green way (1941, p. 165) reported a female
from Santarem, and de Schauensee (1941, p. 316) reported another
female from Curytiba, southeastern Brazil. The present specimen
is the first record from Peru, and shows that the species is widely
if sparsely distributed.

Family TROCHILIDAE
Glaucis hirsuta affinis Lawrence
Yarinacocha, 1 d" ; Pucallpa, 2 9 .

Glaucis hirsuta insularum Hellmayr and Seilern
Pucallpa, 2 cf imm.

These males are much larger (wings 66 and 69) than the resident
race affinis (wing of males 58-62) and evidently are migrants of the
West Indian race insularum (wing of males 66-70). The latter form
is not noted by Bond (1950, p. 83) as being migratory. However,
Zimmer (1950a, p. 6) lists two dealer skins from H. Whitely, labeled

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 105

"Peru" and "Brazil" respectively, with wing lengths of 74 and 71.
He believed that the localities were incorrect, and referred both
specimens to insularum. Since we now have from eastern Peru two
accurately labeled specimens of this large form, taken February 28
and March 9, it appears that insularum is at least partially migra-
tory, and Zimmer's skins are probably correctly labeled. The al-
ternative is that the large form in Peru represents an undescribed
species.

Phaethornis hispidus Gould
Pucallpa, 1 9 .

Phaethornis philippi Bourcier

Yarinacocha, 1 d".

A rare species, previously recorded only from Orosa and Lagarto
in Peru (see Zimmer, 1950a, p. 31).

Phaethornis longuemareus atrimentalis Lawrence
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis Vieillot
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Chlorostilbon mellisugus napensis Gould

Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

This specimen exhibits the peculiar characters described by
Zimmer (1950b, p. 1) for the females of this race. The breast and
abdomen are heavily spotted with metallic green, and the under tail
coverts are green, with fine pale edgings. The throat, however, is
gray and the presence of new gray feathers coming in on the throat
gives further assurance that this is a female, and not a young male
assuming adult plumage.

Thalurania furcata jelskii Taczanowski
Fundo Sinchona, 1 o*.

Hylocharis cyanus rostra ta Boucard
Yarinacocha, 1 d" imm., 1 9 .

Amazilia lactea bartletti Gould
Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 3 9 .

106 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Adelomyia melanogenys melanogenys Fraser
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

I follow Zimmer (1951, p. 20) in the subspecific allocation of this
specimen.

Phlogophilus harterti Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

This is apparently a rare species, the type and three specimens
reported by Zimmer (1951, p. 15) being the only recorded examples.
The present specimen is virtually identical with Zimmer's Pozuzo
male, which I have had the privilege of examining. Both differ
somewhat from the original description (1901, p. 717), being uni-
form buffy below, rather than darker on the throat and whitish on
the belly, and having the disk-like markings faint on the sides of
the throat and wanting on the flanks.

Polyplancta aurescens Gould

Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Ocreatus underwood! peruanus Gould
Fundo Sinchona, 2 d".

Heliothryx aurita phai'nolaema Gould
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

The bill length of this specimen is 17 mm., exactly between the
ranges of 14.5-17 for auriculata and 17-19.5 for phainolaema as
recorded by Zimmer (1953, p. 7). On geographical grounds, it be-
longs with phainolaema.

Family TROGONIDAE

Pharomachrus mocino antisianus d'Orbigny
Divisoria, 1 cf .

Trogon melanurus eumorphus Zimmer
Yarinacocha, 1 d".

This specimen shows the heavier black markings on the wing
coverts, one of the characters used by Zimmer (1948, p. 38) in
separating this race.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 107

Trogon collaris castaneus Spix
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Trogon curucui peruvianus Swainson

Yarinacocha, 1 d".

Zimmer (1948, p. 22) has shown that peruvianus Swainson is an
earlier name for the form commonly called bolivianus Ogilvie-Grant.

Family ALCEDINIDAE

Ceryle torquata torquata Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 2 d".

Chloroceryle amazona amazona Latham
Yarinacocha, 2 d" , 3 9 .

Chloroceryle americana americana Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 2 d"1, 1 9 .

Chloroceryle inda inda Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Family MOMOTIDAE

Baryphthengus ruficapillus martii Spix

Cerro Azul, 1 9 .

Comparison of this specimen with two specimens from Moyo-
bamba and Rioja, including the type of olivacea Cory, shows that
there is a surprising amount of individual variation in the color of
the upper parts in this species. Cory (1918, p. 108) separated
olivacea on the basis of the bright yellowish olive green of the back.
The Cerro Azul bird, however, is dark olive green above, even
darker than specimens from Colombia and Ecuador, and Cory's
type is only an extreme individual variant. Lletget's aequatorialis
(1942, p. 338) was based on two specimens from Avila, eastern
Ecuador, and was separated from olivacea on its darker green back
and shorter wing. Lletget did not compare aequatorialis with semi-
rufus, which he believed to be in the separate genus Urospatha. He
had no comparative material, working solely from published descrip-
tions, and aequatorialis must remain in the synonymy of martii unless
further collecting proves it valid.

108 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Momotus momota bartletti Sharpe

Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 1 9.

Although Chapman (1923, p. 42) considered bartletti a synonym
of ignobilis, these two birds and a male from Madre de Dios, south-
eastern Peru, agree closely with Sharpe's plate of bartletti (1892,
pi. 9) and do not agree at all with the original description of ignobilis
(Berlepsch, 1889, p. 307) or with Chapman's description of his
three examples of that race from Perene, near La Merced. The
latter had greenish breasts and "quite strongly contrasted cinnamon
abdomen." The Yarinacocha and Madre de Dios birds are uni-
formly rufous below, with only some green on the throat, and in this
respect are identical with a single specimen of simplex from San-
tarem. Above, they also resemble simplex, but the chest-nut nuchal
patch is evident and there is a tawny wash on the upper back. In
these last two characters they again differ from ignobilis.

Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 93) suggested that bartletti might have to
be revived for the birds of the upper Jurua and eastern Peru, but he
hesitated to do so because of lack of topotypical material. With the
three Yarinacocha and Madre de Dios birds at hand, agreeing with
the original description of bartletti, and with Gyldenstolpe's de-
scription of Jurua specimens, such a course appears justified. The
range of bartletti appears to be the tropical lowlands of eastern Peru
south of the Amazon and adjoining Brazil. In the upper tropical
and subtropical zones its place is taken by ignobilis in northern and
central Peru, and by the very distinct chlorolaemus Berlepsch and
Stolzmann of southern Peru.

Family GALBULIDAE
Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus Goeldi

Yarinacocha, 2 cf .

Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus and leucotis have been considered
conspecific by recent authors, the only difference between them
being the presence of a white auricular patch in leucotis. The bird
of northeastern Peru has always been considered leucotis since
Bartlett found it at "Sarayacu, Upper and Lower Ucayali and Yuri-
maguas, but not common (E. B.)" (Sclater and Salvin, 1873, p. 294).
However, Bartlett evidently collected both forms, since Sclater and
Salvin (1866, p. 192), in reporting on Bartlett's four specimens,
state: "One of them has not the white auricular spot, which is per-
haps characteristic of the male bird." It is now known that the

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 109

white spot is found in both sexes, so that the single unspotted bird
could not have been the female of leucolis. The two adult males of
purusianus from Yarinacocha are further proof that both forms are
found on the Ucayali, and in the absence of intergrades they must be
maintained as distinct species.

Galbula cyanescens Deville

Yarinacocha, 3 d" , 2 9 .

Todd (1943a, p. 7) and Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 96) have both
shown that G. tombacea and G. cyanescens are separate species.

Jacamerops aurea aurea P. L. S. Miiller
Yarinacocha, 1 d", 1 9.

I agree with Bond (1954, p. 46) that isidori Deville, type locality
Sarayacu, is inseparable from the nominate race of British Guiana.
Five males from British Guiana show every variant in the color of
the upper parts from plain green with only a trace of blue on the
pileum to one bird with a reddish-golden mantle and dark violet
blue pileum. The two Yarinacocha specimens, virtual topotypes of
isidori, fall within this range of variation and must be called aurea.

Family BUCCONIDAE

Notharchus macrorhynchos hyperrhynchus Sclater
Yarinacocha, 1 d", 1 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 d" .

Bucco macrodactylus Spix

Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

This specimen differs from two Colombia birds in being darker
brown, less rufous above.

Bucco capensis dugandi Gilliard

Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

This recently separated form (Gilliard, 1949, p. 1) ranges from
southwestern Venezuela to northeastern Peru. We do not have
sufficient material to examine it critically.

Monasa nigrifrons nigrifrons Spix

Yarinacocha, 5 cf, 2 9 ; Contamana, 1 9 .

110 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Chelidoptera tenebrosa tenebrosa Pallas

Yarinacocha, 3 cf , 1 9 ; Lous(?), Rio Pachutia(?), 1 cf .

Fifteen Peruvian specimens average somewhat larger than eight-
een typical specimens from the Guianas and central Brazil (wing
111.5 as against 105.3; tail 57.3 as against 51.7). There are no color
differences, however, and the size differences are not sufficient to
be separable.

Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 106) states that Cory's race pallida (1913,
p. 288) from northwestern Venezuela, if actually separable from
tenebrosa, will have to be known by Bonaparte's name albipennis
(1853, p. 47), which was based on a specimen from Cumana in east-
ern Venezuela and has many years priority. A re-examination of
Cory's series shows that pallida is, indeed, a well-marked race, being
paler below, particularly on the abdomen, and with a whitish band
separating the black breast from the rufous abdomen. These differ-
ences in no way agree with Bonaparte's description "kleiner und
schwarzer," and the race should be known by Cory's name. This
arrangement also fits better the geographical facts, since birds from
Cumana, in eastern Venezuela, would be expected to agree with
Guiana specimens, and birds from the Maracaibo basin, west of the
Cordillera Merida, could well be different. This accords with
Sclater's statement (1882, p. 165) that Bonaparte's type of albipen-
nis belonged with lenebrosa, and a single male from Amacuro in
eastern Venezuela is as dark as tenebrosa from British Guiana.

Family CAPITONIDAE

Capito aurovirens Cuvier

Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 1 9 ; Contamana, 1 cf.

Capito niger subsp.

Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Peters (1948, p. 25) recognizes neither macintyrei nor conjunctus
of Brodkorb (1939, p. 135), placing them both in the synonymy of
punctalus. Bond (1954, p. 49) recognizes macintyrei for the popula-
tion of eastern Ecuador and Peru, with conjunctus as a synonym.
Having no specimens of punctatus, and only one specimen from east-
ern Ecuador (macintyrei), I have not found it possible to form a
critical opinion on these races.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 111

Eubucco versicolor steerii Sclater
Divisoria, 1 d*.

Family RAMPHASTIDAE
Aulacorhynchus prasinus atrogularis Sturm
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

This specimen has been compared with three topotypes of atrogu-
laris from Chanchamayo with which it agrees exactly, although
Peters (1948, p. 73) suggests that birds from the Department of
Huanuco will be dimidialus Ridgway. Ridgway (1886, p. 93) de-
scribed dimidiatus from two skins found on an Indian belt and sug-
gested that they came from the Orinoco or upper Rio Negro; however,
it is now known that such is not the case. The author characterized
dimidiatus as "similar to A. atrogularis (Sturm) but with the bill
very much shorter, the gonys very little longer than the ramus of
the mandible, instead of nearly twice as long, and black stripe along
edge of mandible much broader."

The relationship between the lengths of the gonys and ramus
differs markedly between the two sexes in this species, the gonys in
the females being proportionately much shorter than in the males.
Through the courtesy of Dr. Herbert Friedmann of the National
Museum, I have been able to examine Ridgway's two specimens of
dimidiatus. They are both small females, and in the proportion of
gonys to ramus fall within the limits of atrogularis, as shown by the
comparative measurements.

Gonys/
Sex Wing Culmen Gonys Ramus Ramus

Chanchamayo 9 114 59 38 30 1 .27

Chanchamayo 9 116 60 36 34 1 .06

Chanchamayo 9 107 61 37 32 1.15

Fundo Sinchona 9 109 59 39 31 1.25

Marcapata 9 113 56 34 31 1.10

"dimidiatus" type (9) 120 57 37 30 1.23

"dimidiatus" ( 9 ) 55 33 31 1 .07

The proportion of gonys to ramus for atrogularis varies from 1.06
to 1.27 and for dimidiatus from 1.07 to 1.23, so that there is evidently
no difference in this character. In absolute size of culmen, however,
the two dimidiatus are at the small extreme of atrogularis. This size
difference does not appear to be due to age, since in all other respects
they seem to be adult. The pattern of the coloring of the culmen is

112 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

sharp and clean cut, instead of being blurred as in young birds; the
culmenal stripe, however, is not significantly wider than in atrogularis.
Bond (1954, p. 51) had a single specimen from "W. Peru" which
he assigned to dimidialus because of its wide culmenal stripe. In
size it agreed with atrogularis (culmen 75;= cf). As noted above,
the width of the culmenal stripe is not a good character when the
type series is compared to atrogularis; it is probable that Bond's
specimen is an aberrant atrogularis. Unless adequately labeled speci-
mens later show that a race exists with a notably small bill, dimidiatus
should be placed in the synonymy of atrogularis.

Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis Gould

Yarinacocha, 3 cf , 1 9 .

These birds have larger bills and lack the brown patch on the
crown characteristic of the southern race P. c. australis (see Traylor,
1952, p. 19, for the characters and ranges of these two forms).

Pteroglossus viridis humboldti Wagler

Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 1 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 9 .

These specimens, particularly the two females, have a dirty chest-
nut wash over the center of the abdomen. This is not in agreement
with the descriptions of Gould (1854, pi. 22) and Sclater (1891,
p. 146), who give the color of the under parts as pale yellow. How-
ever, these birds evidently agree with the specimens from which
Taczanowski (1886, p. 149) took his descriptions "jaune sulfureux en
dessous; milieu de I'abdomen largement colore" d'une nuance rouge-
atre sale et pale."

It appears possible that the population of northeastern Peru may
have to be separated from that of Brazil on the basis of the reddish
wash on the center of the abdomen. The earliest available name
would be didymus Sclater (1890, p. 403) from upper Amazonia.
This form is known only from the unique type, which differs
from humboldti (type locality Teffe", Rio Solimoes, as restricted by
Gyldenstolpe, 1951, p. 120) in the reddish wash on the abdomen
and the lack of black serrations on the edge of the upper mandible.
The latter character must be due to immaturity or be an individual
variant, since in all other characters didymus is identical with speci-
mens from Peru.

Pteroglossus mariae Gould

Yarinacocha, 1 cf ; Cerro Azul, 1 cf .

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 113

Todd (1943b, p. 161) has shown that the ranges of flavirostris and
mariae overlap and that they should be considered separate species.

Pteroglossus bauharnaesii Wagler
Yarinacocha, 1 d", 2 9,1 9 imm.

The feathers on the crown of the immature bird have black scaly,
uncurled tips about 4 to 5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide. The bill is
short and a uniform dirty orange, "pico naranjudo con matriz
negro." The plumage pattern is similar to the adult but duller, and
there are no scaly feathers on the throat.

Selenidera reinwardtii langsdorffi Wagler
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Bond (1954, p. 52) records an intermediate population between
reinwardtii and langsdorffi, from Moyobamba, demonstrating that
the two forms are conspecific.

Ramphastos culminatus Gould
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Ramphastos ambiguus ambiguus Swainson
Fundo Sinchona, 3 d", 1 9 ; Divisoria, 1 9 .

Ramphastos cuvieri cuvieri Wagler
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9.

Family PICIDAE

Picumnus cirratus jelskii Taczanowski
Fundo Sinchona, 1 d" .

Chrysoptilus punctigula speciosus Malherbe
Yarinacocha, 2 d", 1 9 ; Cerro Azul, 1 9 .

Piculus flavigula flavigula Boddaert

Pucallpa, 1 9 .

The wing length of this specimen (122) is slightly greater than
the wing lengths in a series of five females from British Guiana (114-
120). There are no color differences, however, and the small size

114 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

difference is not sufficient to place this bird in the race magnus of
western and southern Brazil.

Piculus chrysochloros laemostictus Todd

Cerro Azul, 1 d* .

This is, apparently, the first record of this species for Peru. Geo-
graphically it should belong in laemostictus, and in general fits the
original description. Todd failed to give any measurements, but
this must be one of the larger subspecies since this specimen has a
wing of 142 compared to a range of 117-127 for a series of eight
specimens of chrysochloros from Paraguay. In color it agrees quite
closely with the nominate race, except that it lacks the red mystacal
stripe, a character noted by Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 117), who also
called attention to the large size of Rio Jurua specimens.

Celeus spectabilis subsp.
Yarinacocha, 1 d".

Sclater and Salvin (1880, p. 161) described this species from a
single specimen from eastern Ecuador. In 1941, Bond and de Schau-
ensee (1941, p. 4) separated a race, exsul, from Bolivia. It was char-
acterized as being less heavily marked below, the flanks being almost
immaculate, and in having the red markings on the sides of the head
in the male extending over the eye. The Yarinacocha male shows
the former character, but not the latter. The black marks on the
mantle are chordate, rather than barred, in exsul, and the present
specimen is intermediate. Bond and de Schauensee had a pair from
Ecuador and a pair from Bolivia; they did not say to what extent
their specimens agreed with the plate of the type (Hargitt, 1890,
pi. 10). In the specimen from Yarinacocha the rufous of the head
is much darker than in the plate and is confined to the head instead
of extending over the neck. The neck is pale buff above, like the
ground color of the back, and is black below, like the breast. Except
for Bond and de Schauensee's four specimens, the only previous rec-
ord for this species is apparently the type.

Celeus jumana citreopygius Sclater and Salvin

Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

This specimen, as well as a male from Aramasso Island, Rio Soli-
moes, Brazil, agrees with the description of citreopygius in having
rufous upper tail coverts, but both birds have the inner webs of the

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 115

remiges barred with black at the basal half, a character of jumana.
The Yarinacocha bird is a dark sooty brown on the head and breast,
with very little rufous.

Celeus torquatus occidentalis Hargitt
Yarinacocha, 2 d", 1 9 .

Celeus flavus peruvianus Cory
Yarinacocha, 4 of, 1 9,1 9 imm.

There are apparently two color phases in this species, one bright
yellow and the other buff. Of five British Guiana specimens, two are
in the yellow phase, two are in the buff phase, and the last is inter-
mediate. Of eight Peruvian specimens, five are bright yellow, two
are dirty orange buff, the phase that Cory (1919, p. 457) used for his
type of peruvianus, and an immature female is pale buff. Although
Todd (1946, p. 306) considered that these differences in plumage were
solely due to wear, birds in equally fresh plumage may be found in
either phase. The differences are not, apparently, due to age, since
a buff-plumaged British Guiana male, presumably adult, is moulting,
and the new feathers are coming in buff. In both phases the Pe-
ruvian birds are much darker and certainly deserve separation from
the nominate race.

Dryocopus lineatus lineal us Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 2 cf .

Melanerpes cruentatus extensus Todd
Yarinacocha, 1 c? .

Veniliornis affinis hilaris Cabanis and Heine
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Phloeoceastes melanoleucus melanoleucus Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 1 9, 1 d" (= 9).

Phloeoceastes rubricollis trachelopyrus Malherbe

Yarinacocha, 1 9 ; Contamana, 1 d" , 1 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 9 .
Two females from Para and five from Bolivia average smaller
than six from Peru and warrant separation as olcdlae Gyldenstolpe
(1945, p. 127) : wing measurements of seven olallae females 175-183

116 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

(av. 180), of six trachelopyrus females 182-196 (av. 188.5). Birds
from the Yungas of Cochabamba (2100 meters) and Incachaca,
Cochabamba (2300 meters), are the same as specimens of olallae from
eastern Bolivia, but Gyldenstolpe lists a single specimen from 2400
meters in La Paz as trachelopyrus. Bond (1954, p. 61) records the
same distribution for his Bolivian specimens, trachelopyrus in La Paz
and olallae in Cochabamba.

Phloeoceastes haematogaster haematogaster Tschudi
Fundo Sinchona, 2 9 .

Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE

Dendrocolaptes picumnus validus Tschudi
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Xiphorhynchus picus peruvianus Zimmer

Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 1 9 .

Xiphorhynchus guttatus guttatoides Lafresnaye
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Xiphorhynchus triangularis triangularis Lafresnaye
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Xiphorhynchus ocellatus chunchotambo Tschudi

Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

Xiphorhynchus spixii insignis Hellmayr

Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Family FURNARIIDAE

Furnarius leucopus tricolor Giebel

Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 6 9 ; Contamana, 1 cf .

Synallaxis albigularis Sclater
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9 .

Synallaxis rutilans amazonica Hellmayr
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 117

Certhiaxis mustelina Sclater

Yarinacocha, 7 cf , 2 9 .

Granioleuca curtata cisandina Taczanowski
Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf , 1 imm. cf .

Cranioleuca vulpina vulpecula Sclater and Sal vin
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Metopothrix aurantiacus Sclater and Salvin
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Xenoctistes rufosuperciliatus cabanisi Taczanowski
Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

Family FORMICARIIDAE

Cymbilaimus lineatus intermedius Hartert and Goodson
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Taraba major melanurus Sclater

Yarinacocha, 5 cf , 2 9 ; Contamana, 1 cf .

Thamnophilus doliatus subradiatus Berlepsch
Yarinacocha, 2 cf .

Thamnophilus pallia t us similis Zimmer
Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf , 2 9 .

Thamnophilus aethiops kapouni Seilern

Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Dysithamnus mentalis tambillanus Taczanowski

Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

Pyfciptila stellaris maculipennis Sclater
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9.

Myrmotherula haematonota sororia Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

118 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Myrmotherula axillaris heterozyga Zimmer

Yarinacocha, 4 cT, 2 9 .

The males are markedly paler than two males of melaena from
Moyobamba and Rioja, and the females are more grayish, less red-
dish brown.

Cercomacra cinerascens sclateri Hellmayr
Yarinacocha, 1 d"; Pucallpa, 1 9, 1 d*(= 9).

Cercomacra nigrescens fuscicauda Zimmer

Yarinacocha, 2 9 ; Fundo Sinchona, 3 cf ; Contamana, 1 9 .

This is a particularly well-marked race in the female, the wings
and tail being so much darker than in notata of north-central Peru
as to appear a different species.

Pyriglena leuconota castanoptera Chubb

Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

This specimen is identical with Chubb's description (1916, p. 47)
of the type of castanoptera.

Myrmoborus myotherinus myotherinus Spix
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Hypocnemis cantator peruviana Taczanowski
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Sclateria naevia argentata Des Murs
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Myrmeciza melanoceps Spix

Yarinacocha, 2 cf, 2 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 d".

Formicarius colma nigrifrons Gould
Cerro Azul, 1 cf .

Formicarius analis analis d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye
Yarinacocha, 3 cf.

Formicarius rufipectus thoracicus Taczanowski and Berlepsch
Divisoria, 1 cf.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 119

Gymnopithys lunulata Sclater and Salvin
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

This is the fourth known specimen (all females) of this species,
the male of which either has not been collected or has not been rec-
ognized. This specimen differs from descriptions only in lacking the
white interscapular spot.

Rhegmatorhina melanosticta brunneiceps Chapman
Cerro Azul, 1 cf .

Hylophylax poecilonata lepidonata Sclater and Salvin
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Phlegopsis nigro-maculata nigro-maculata d'Orbigny and La-
fresnaye

Yarinacocha, 3 cf, 1 9.

Myrmothera campanisoma minor Taczanowski
Cerro Azul, 1 d" .

Family COTINGIDAE
Pipreola pulchra Hellmayr
Divisoria, 1 juv. d" .

Rhytipterna simplex frederici Bangs and Penard
Yarinacocha, 1 of, 1 9.

Lipaugus cryptolophus cryptolophus Sclater and Salvin
Divisoria, 1 d", 1 9 .

Pachyramphus castaneus saturatus Chapman
Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Pachyramphus polychopterus tenebrosus Zimmer

Yarinacocha, 1 o" .

Zimmer (1936b, p. 10) includes the Ucayali in the range of niger
of western Brazil, but the present specimen agrees exactly with the
diagnosis of tenebrosus, "even more decidedly black" than niger. It

120 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

is considerably darker than a specimen from Yurimaguas that Zim-
mer referred to tenebrosus, although it showed an approach to niger.

Platypsaris minor minor Lesson

Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

This specimen is identical in color with a male from British Gui-
ana. De Schauensee (1953, p. 42) has recently resurrected the name
roseicollis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny for a race in Bolivia, charac-
terized in the male by paler under parts, the pink of the throat
spreading over the breast, and greater size. We have no material
of this form, but the wing length of the Yarinacocha bird is 96 mm.,
the measurement given for de Schauensee's Bolivian male.

Tityra cayana cayana Linnaeus
Pucallpa, 1 d".

Querula purpurata Miiller
Yarinacocha, 3 cf.

Cephalopterus ornatus ornatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

Fundo Sinchona, 2 9 .

Gymnoderus foetidus Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Rupicola peruviana peruviana Latham
Fundo Sinchona, 3 imm. cf .

Family PIPRIDAE

Machaeropterus pyrocephalus pyrocephalus Sclater
Yarinacocha, 2 d", 1 9 .

Schiffornis major major Des Murs
Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Family TYRANNIDAE
Muscisaxicola fluviatilis Sclater and Salvin
Fundo Sinchona, 2 d".

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 121

Sayornis nigricans angustirostris Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Fundo Sinchona, 1 d" .

Colonia colonus niveiceps Zimmer

Divisoria, 1 d"; Fundo Sinchona, 19,1 imm. d\

Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus Boddaert

Yarinacocha, 3 d", 1 9 ; Contamana, 1 d".

Zimmer has shown (1941b, p. 16) that birds of this species from
the tropical zone of eastern Peru are winter migrants from Argen-
tina, belonging to the nominate race.

Muscivora tyrannus tyrannus Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 4 d", 2 9 (all immature).

Tyrannus tyrannus Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 4 d", 2 9 .
Inclusive dates are September 17 to April 3.

Tyrannus melancholicus melancholicus Vieillot
Yarinacocha, 3 cf .

Empidonomus aurantio-atro-cristatus aurantio-atro-cristatus

d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye
Yarinacocha, 2 9 imm.
Taken April 9 and 10.

Legatus leucophaius nevagans Chubb

Yarinacocha, 3 d", 2 9 .

Birds from Nicaragua to northern Peru have considerably more
yellow below than specimens from Guiana and Bolivia, so that their
separation from the nominate form is warranted. Cory and Hell-
mayr (1927, p. 177) either failed to recognize nevagans or were un-
aware of it, since they did not list it in the synonymy of leucophaius.
Zimmer, however (1930, p. 371), considered nevagans a valid form,
and assigned to it his specimens from northern Peru. More recently
Bond (1947, p. 136) and de Schauensee (1945, p. 42) list the nomi-
nate race, without comment, from Peru and Colombia respectively.

122 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Sirystes sibilator albocinereus Sclater and Salvin

Yarinacocha, 1 cf ; Pucallpa, 1 9 .

Peruvian examples of this species are apparently rare (cf . Zim-
mer, 1937a, p. 25). The male appears immature, with ochraceous
edgings on the wing coverts.

Myiodynastes maculatus solitarius Vieillot

Contamana, 2 9 .

These are May specimens and almost certainly winter visitants
(see Zimmer, 1937b, pp. 12-15).

Myiodynastes chrysocephalus chrysocephalus Tschudi
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Conopias trivirgata berlepschi Snethlage

Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

The first record for Peru and a considerable extension of range
for the species, the nearest recorded locality apparently being Teffe,
Rio Solimoes (cf. Zimmer, 1937b, p. 18). This specimen is virtually
identical with a male from Santarem.

Myiozetetes similis similis Spix

Yarinacocha, 3 cf , 1 9 .

Zimmer (1937b, p. 18) includes both banks of the Amazon from
the Rio Madeira west, eastern Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and north-
ern Bolivia in the range of similis. Recently Gyldenstolpe (1945,
p. 232) has resurrected connivens Berlepsch and Stolzmann, type
locality Santa Ana, Urubamba Valley, for birds from the Rio Purus,
Rio Jurua and eastern Peru, although he lacked material from the
latter country. We lack typical material of similis from the region
of the Rio Madeira with which to examine this problem critically.

Material is available, however, with which to examine the race
fiedleri Dunajewski (1939, p. 11, type locality Ucayali region, Cuma-
ria) . This form is described as more intensive yellow below, almost
reddish yellow on the flanks, than any other form, and paler above
than any race except columbianus. The four Yarinacocha birds,
when compared to a long series of similis (or connivens) from Hua-
nuco and San Martin, fail to show these characters, and fiedleri must
become a synonym of whichever form is finally determined as the
inhabitant of eastern Peru.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 123

Myiozetetes grenadensis obscurior Todd
Yarinacocha, 1 d", 1 9 .

Pitangus sulphuratus sulphuratus Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Dunajewski (1939, p. 10) has separated the birds of northern
Peru as hellmayri, the alleged character being smaller size than in
the nominate form of British Guiana. Wing measurements of mate-
rial in Chicago Natural History Museum fail to support this race,
although they show a surprising range of individual variation.

BRITISH GUIANA

Wing Tail

5 tftf 101, 106, 110, 111, 115 (av. 109) 76, 78, 78, 84, 85 (av. 80)

3 99 102, 109, 111 (av. 107) 74, 79, 81 (av. 78)

PERU

4 <?<? 104, 106, 108, 110 (av. 107) 78, 81, 82, 86 (av. 82)

3 99 93, 100, 101 (av. 98) 73, 75, 76 (av. 75)

Measurements of the males of the two populations are practically
the same. The Peruvian females are notably smaller than those of
British Guiana, but such small samples are not adequate to support
another race. Unless further collecting shows this difference to be
constant, hellmayri should be considered a race of sulfuratus.

Pitangus lictor lictor Lichtenstein
Yarinacocha, 2 d1.

These birds are equal in size (wing 89, 91) to a series from British
Guiana and should be referred to the nominate race. Birds from
Colombia and Panama, representing panamensis, are smaller.

Myiarchus ferox ferox Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 7 o", 1 9 .

Myiarchus cephalotes cephalotes Taczanowski
Divisoria, 1 d".

Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

124 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Empidonax traillii subsp.
Yarinacocha, 1 d" .
Collected March 26.

Myiotriccus ornatus aureiventris Sclater
Fundo Sinchona, 3 d".

As noted by Zimmer (1939, p. 1) there is an apparent gap in the
range of this species between the races phoenicurus of eastern Ecua-
dor and Peru, north of the Marafion, and aureiventris of southeastern
Peru. There are no records from the Huallaga drainage, the most
northerly record for aureiventris being from Pozuzo, Huanuco, on
the Ucayali side. The present specimens extend the range of this
form another seventy miles to the north, but still on the Ucayali
drainage.

The Fundo Sinchona birds average larger than aureiventris or
phoenicurus, although there is some overlap in measurements with
the latter. Comparative measurements are:

Wing Tail

Southeastern Peru 5 tfc? 61-66 (av. 64) 47-48 (av. 47)

(aureiventris)

Fundo Sinchona 3 0*0" 68-70 (av. 69) 52-53 (av. 52.5)

Northern Peru and

eastern Ecuador 7 <? d" 61-68 (av. 66) 46-50 (av. 48)

(phoenicurus)

In color the Fundo Sinchona birds seem to average closer to
aureiventris, although at best the distinction between the two races
is tenuous.

Pyrrhomyias cinnamomea pyrrhoptera Hartlaub
Divisoria, 2 cf ; Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

In color these specimens are intermediate between cinnamomea
of southern Peru and Bolivia and pyrrhoptera of Colombia and
Ecuador, but in size they are closer to the latter.

Tolmomyias poliocephalus poliocephalus Taczanowski

Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

Ramphotrigon ruficauda Spix
Cerro Azul, 1 d" .

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 125

This is apparently the second record for this species from Peru;
there are four specimens from Chamicuros in the British Museum
(Natural History).

Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum neglectum Carriker
Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

There is no suggestion of the white loral spot characteristic of the
nominate form.

Todirostrum maculatum signatum Sclater and Salvin
Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Euscarthmornis (striaticollis) iohannis Snethlage
Yarinacocha, 2 cf .

Lophotriccus vitiosus vitiosus Bangs and Penard
Yarinacocha, 1 cf ; Pucallpa, 1 9 .

Elaenia spectabilis spectabilis Pelzeln

Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 2 9 ; Contamana, 1 9 .

Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

In the museum collection from Cercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia,
there is a female which lacks the lipochrome pigment, a condition
that seems to occur fairly frequently in this species (cf. Cory and
Hellmayr, 1927, p. 415, footnote a).

Elaenia sp.

Pucallpa, 1 9 .

This specimen is nearest to albiceps in having a very small bill,
but is much more olive on the throat and breast and more yellow on
the abdomen. The tips of the wing coverts and narrow tips (1 mm.)
on the rectrices are rufous, probably a sign of immaturity. Three
wing bars are formed by the tips of the coverts. Size: wing 75,
tail 62, culmen 12.

Myiopagis gaimardii gaimardii d'Orbigny
Yarinacocha, 4 cf, 1 9 .

126 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

This series matches a male from Rioja and a female from Moyo-
bamba which Zimmer (1941a, p. 18) referred to the nominate race.

Phaeomyias murina wagae Taczanowski
Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Camptostoma obsoletum olivaceum Berlepsch
Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 1 9.

Tyrannulus elatus Latham
Yarinacocha, 3 cf , 2 9 .

Family HIRUNDINIDAE

Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert
Yarinacocha, 4 cf , 1 9 .

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ruficollis Vieillot

Yarinacocha, 4 cf , 1 9 .

These specimens and seven others from northern Peru have the
rump paler than the back and show an approach to uropygialis of
western Ecuador and northwestern Peru.

Pygochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleuca Vieillot
Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf , 1 imm. cf .

Iridoprocne albiventer Boddaert

Yarinacocha, 17 cf , 5 9 .

Progne chalybea chalybea Gmelin
Yarinacocha, 1 cf, 1 9 imm.

Phaeoprogne tapera tapera Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 2 cf .

Family CORVIDAE

Cyanocorax yncas yncas Boddaert

Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf , 1 9,1 imm. cf ; Divisoria, 1 cf.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 127

The three adults are deeper yellow below than other Peruvian
specimens, but on the color of the upper parts they cannot be sep-
arated.

Family TROGLODYTIDAE

Heleodytes turdinus hypostictus Gould
Yarinacocha, 1 9 , 1 9 imm.

Thryothorus leucotis peruanus Hellmayr
Yarinacocha, 2 d" , 4 9 .

Thryothorus genibarbis juruanus Ihering

Yarinacocha, 1 9 ; Pucallpa, 1 cf ; Contamana, 1 cf .
Apparently these birds are the first record of this species from
Peru. They have been compared to a pair of juruanus from Joao
Pessoa, Rio Jurua, with which they agree closely, except for the
Yarinacocha female, which has the mid-line of the belly very pale
buffy, almost as pale as the breast.

Troglodytes musculus albicans Berlepsch and Taczanowski

Yarinacocha, 3 cf , 4 9 .

I follow Chapman and Griscom (1924, p. 292) in considering albi-
cans and clarus synonyms. The other race to which Ucayali birds
might be expected to belong is carabayae of central and southeastern
Peru, but these specimens show no approach to that form.

Troglodytes musculus subsp.

Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf.

This specimen cannot be placed in any of the described races of
this species. Below it is about as dark as the specimens from Chin-
chao, Vista Alegre, and Huachipa which Zimmer (1930, p. 405)
placed with albicans, although they were considerably darker than
the average of that form. The Fundo Sinchona bird, however, has
a pale vinaceous tinge that is reminiscent of audax of the coastal
region. Above, on the head and back, it is a trifle darker than Zim-
mer's Huanuco birds, and the rump and upper tail coverts are much
darker. The tail, particularly, is strikingly different, not only from
neighboring populations in Peru, but from any specimens I have seen
from the whole range of the species. The tail is dark fuscous brown,
so dark that it is difficult to discern the black barring. The wings are

128 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

dark, too, particularly the inner secondaries and tertials, on which
the black barring is also obscured by the dark general color of the
feathers.

Taczanowski (1884, p. 522) gives as Juvenal characters for the
allied form tesselatus "wings and tail darker than the adult, equally
barred with black." However, the present specimen shows no evi-
dence of immaturity, either in the texture of the plumage or in any
suggestion of barring on the breast, an immature character in most
races of the species. The marked differences in the wings and tail
do not appear to be connected with age.

Microcerculus marginatus marginatus Sclater
Cerro Azul, 1 o* .

Family MIMIDAE

Donacobius atricapillus nigrodorsalis Traylor

Yarinacocha, 5 d" , 1 9 .

Although Schunke collected six specimens, the species is appar-
ently uncommon along the Ucayali, since this is only the second
record from that region. The characters and relationships of this
race were discussed in the original description (Traylor, 1948, p. 196).
Gyldenstolpe (1951, p. 279) notes that specimens from the Rio Jurua
are darker above than birds from farther east, possibly showing an
approach to this form.

Family TURDIDAE

Turdus hauxwelli hauxwelli Lawrence

Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 279) separates fumigatus and hauxwelli as
different species, since he has specimens of both forms from the same
localities in central Amazonia. The two forms replace each other,
however, over the major part of their range.

Turdus ignobilis debilis Hellmayr
Yarinacocha, 5 cf .

Family SYLVIIDAE

Ramphocaenus melanurus amazonum Hellmayr
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 129

Family VIREONIDAE

Vireo olivaceus chivi Vieillot

Yarinacocha, 6 d", 1 9 .

These are summer birds (June to September) and could not be
the northern migrant race.

Family COEREBIDAE

Cyanerpes cyaneus dispar Zimmer
Yarinacocha, 1 d*.

Dacnis cayana glaucogularis Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Yarinacocha, 2 d".

Dacnis flaviventer d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye
Yarinacocha, 1 cf ad., 2 d" imm., 2 9, !(?).

Hemidacnis albiventris Sclater

Yarinacocha, 1 d".

This bird does not differ in color from a single "Bogota" male, but
the bill is shorter and more slender (length 10.5 as against 9.5; cf.
Hellmayr, 1935, p. 283, footnote 1).

Coereba flaveola dispar Zimmer

Yarinacocha, 3 d".

These specimens agree well with a series from Huanuco, listed by
Zimmer (1942, p. 4) as dispar. None shows any trace of a white
speculum, which precludes the race intermedia of eastern Ecuador
and northern Peru.

Conirostrum speciosum amazonum Hellmayr
Yarinacocha, 6 d", 1 9 .

Family PARULIDAE

Myioborus minimus verticalis d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye
Divisoria, 1 d" ; Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Basileuterus tristriatus tristriatus Tschudi
Divisoria, 2 cf.

130 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Basileuterus rivularis fulvicauda Spix
Fundo Sinchona, 1 imm. d" .

Family ICTERIDAE

Clypicterus oseryi Deville

Previsto, 1 cf ; Quistacocha, !(?).

Psarocolius decumanus decurnanus Pallas
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

Hellmayr (1937, p. 14) lists Peruvian birds from south of the
Maranon as maculosus Chapman. These two specimens, however,
and three other northern Peruvian specimens are indistinguishable
from a series from British Guiana and should be referred to the nom-
inate form. None of them shows any of the scattered white or yellow
feathers that are characteristic of maculosus and are present in a
series from Bolivia.

Psarocolius angustifrons alfredi Des Murs
Yarinacocha, 2 9 .

The bills of both specimens are yellow without any trace of black-
ish, but in one the yellow patches on the sides of the forehead are
practically absent, and in the other they are smaller than in typical
alfredi, thus approaching the nominate form.

Cacicus cela cela Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 4 cf , 5 9 .

Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis Lafresnaye
Fundo Sinchona, 1 9 .

Archiplanus solit arius Vieillot
Contamana, 1 9 .

Scaphidura oryzivorus oryzivorus Gmelin

Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

For the use of Scaphidura instead of Psomocolax, see Parkes
(1954b).

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 131

Molothrus bonariensis nigricans Traylor
Yarinacocha, 5 d" , 2 9 .

During the study of this species, in preparing a description of the
present race (Traylor, 1948, p. 198), additional details were learned
concerning the sequence of molts and plumages.

Friedmann (1929, pp. 132-138) gives a thorough discussion of the
molts and plumages of the different races, but study of a large series
from Bolivia and Argentina shows that the change from juvenal to
adult plumage in the male is more complex than his description
shows. Friedmann lists post-natal and post-juvenal molts for the first
autumn, and during the latter the first winter plumage is assumed,
similar to the adult except for a few wing and tail feathers retained
from the juvenal plumage. Thereafter there is an annual post-nup-
tial molt, the first breeding plumage being acquired by wear and
differing very little from that of the first winter. A series of sixteen
Bolivian males demonstrates, however, that there is a well-marked
first winter plumage, different from that of the adult, and that there
is a partial pre-nuptial molt producing the first breeding plumage.

The first winter plumage, assumed at the post-juvenal molt, is
dark steel blue on the head and body and there is a greenish gloss
on the wings and tail, the latter, however, not as bright as in the
adult. There is sometimes a faint purplish gloss on the head, neck,
upper back and breast, but the color never approaches that of the
adult in intensity. The wing and tail lengths in this plumage usually
average 5 mm. less than in the adult. The first winter plumage is
assumed (in Bolivia) during April and May, and lasts through the
early winter.

Three April males from Cercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, illustrate
the assumption of this plumage. In the first, the sides of the abdo-
men and breast, scattered feathers of the throat, head, and upper
back and the whole of the rump are steel blue. The wing coverts
are metallic green and the six inner primaries and innermost second-
ary are fuscous black with a faint greenish gloss. The remaining
feathers are juvenal, gray buff below with indistinct fuscous shaft
streaks, and fuscous above; the wing and tail feathers are fuscous
with buff edgings. In the second, the molt is practically complete
except for two outer primaries, three outer secondaries, the lores,
and scattered feathers on the back and abdomen. In this specimen
the remaining juvenal feathers are fuscous, with no sign of buff.
The third specimen is similar, but the remaining primaries are being
renewed.

132 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

The first nuptial plumage is assumed by a partial pre-nuptial molt
in which the feathers of the head, neck, upper back, and breast come
in bright glossy purple as in the adult. These fresh feathers stand
out sharply against the blackish or fuscous body feathers of the worn
first winter plumage. The pre-nuptial molt takes place in late win-
ter, July to September, and is complete in all observed October speci-
mens. Birds that have retained some Juvenal body feathers during
the first winter present a peculiar appearance at this time, with pale
brown Juvenal feathers, fuscous black or blue black first winter
feathers and glossy purple adult feathers all intermingled.

This sequence of plumages holds throughout the range of the
nominate race and in minimus and nigricans also, but we lack suffi-
cient material of the other races to determine their plumages.

Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus Linnaeus
Yarinacocha, 5 cf, 4 9 .

Family THRAUPIDAE

Tanagra xanthogaster brevirostris Bonaparte
Fundo Sinchona, 1 d% 1 9 .

This pair agrees well in color with specimens of brevirostris from
Huanuco. They are also closer in size (wing, d" 63, 9 61) to this
race, rather than to the smaller dilutior Zimmer of the Ucayali valley.

Tanagra minuta minuta Cabanis
Yarinacocha, 1 cf.

Tanagra chlorotica taczanowskii Sclater
Yarinacocha, 4 cf , 1 9 .

Chlorochrysa calliparea bourcieri Bonaparte
Divisoria, 1 d"1.

This specimen agrees with birds from Huachipa, Huanuco, in
having a bluish wash on the belly with no hint of the violet found
in calliparea.

Tangara chilensis chilensis Vigors
Yarinacocha, 1 9 ; Contamana, 2 d*.

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 133

Tangara schrankii Spix
Fundo Sinchona, 2 d".

Tangara xanthocephala venusta Sclater

Divisoria, 1 cf, 1 9 .

In the intensity of yellow on the crown these birds do not differ
from birds from Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.

Tangara chrysotis Du Bus
Divisoria, 1 9 .

Tangara cyanotis lutleyi Hellmayr
Divisoria, 1 d".

Tangara cyanicollis cyanicollis d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye

Fundo Sinchona, 1 imm. cf , 2 9 .

One female has some violaceous on the throat, thus showing an
approach to the northern race, caeruleocephala, but the series as a
whole is nearer the nominate race.

Tangara ruficervix amabilis Zimmer

Divisoria, 1 9 .

This specimen has been compared with a topotypical male from
Uscho and a female from Chaupe. It varies from them only in hav-
ing the black bands adjacent to the orange occipital band somewhat
reduced. It is definitely amabilis, however, and not fulvicervix of
the Chanchamayo Valley south into Bolivia; in fulvicervix the black
bands are completely lacking and the orange nuchal band is darker
and reduced in size. Chapman (1926, p. 662) has called attention
to the striking sexual dimorphism in the latter. He considered that
this fact and the complete absence of the black nuchal bands served
to separate fulvicervix as a distinct species. While this may be true
biologically, it is virtually impossible to demonstrate, since the ranges
of the two forms do not overlap. There is no question that fulvicervix
is the southern representative of ruficervix and its allied races, and
in a genus like Tangara, with a plethora of forms, the use of a tri-
nomial for fulvicervix is preferable for showing the relationship of
the forms.

Tangara mexicana boliviana Bonaparte
Yarinacocha, 2 d", 2 9 .

134 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Tangara gyrola catharinae Hellmayr

Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

This specimen matches closely a series of eight males from Hua-
chipa and Vista Alegre, Huanuco, which Zimmer (1943, p. 7) con-
sidered to be catharinae. However, six males from the Yungas of
Cochabamba, Bolivia, differ considerably from the northern Peruvian
specimens. In the former the crown averages darker, less reddish
brown, and the size is significantly greater. Of the six Bolivian
birds, four have the crown markedly darker and are separable at a
glance; the other two can be matched by the darkest Peruvian speci-
mens. In wing measurements there is a similar amount of overlap:
six Bolivian males have wings 76, 77, 78, 79, 79, 79, and nine Peru-
vian males have wings 73, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 76, 76, 77. However,
two males from Marcapata in southeastern Peru are virtual topo-
types of catharinae and are intermediate in character. In length of
wing (77, 78) they are closer to Bolivian birds, but the color of the
crown is paler brown, as in birds from northern Peru. Although
there is a cline of increasing size and darkness of the crown from
north to south, it is not possible to separate a second race.

Compsocoma flavinucha somptuosa Lesson

Divisoria, 1 cf, 1 9 ; Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

These birds agree in intensity of coloring with two specimens from
Rio Mixiollo, and will belong with the race from northern Peru when
that is formally named (see Zimmer, 1944, p. 8).

Thraupis virens coelestis Spix

Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 2 9 .

These birds are intermediate between coelestis and caerulea, and
I follow Zimmer (1944, p. 12) in assigning them to the former.

Thraupis palmarum melanoptera Sclater
Yarinacocha, 1 cf .

Ramphocelus nigrogularis Spix
Contamana, 1 cf .

Ramphocelus carbo connectens Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Yarinacocha, 6 cf, 5 9, !(?).

Although Zimmer (1945, p. 1) tentatively assigns a female from
Yarinacocha to R. c. carbo, this series shows no approach to that

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 135

race and agrees closely with a series of connectens from Junin. In
only two specimens is there a faint reddish wash on the abdomen,
and in none is there a reddish wash on the back.

Calochaetes coccineus Sclater
Divisoria, 1 d", 1 9 .

This is the second record for this species from Peru, as Bond
(1955a, p. 55) recorded a specimen collected by Carriker at Enenas.
Through the kindness of Dr. Zimmer I have been able to compare
these birds with specimens from Colombia and Ecuador in the Amer-
ican Museum. They are identical in size and color.

Piranga leucoptera ardens Tschudi
Fundo Sinchona, 1 cT, 1 imm. d".

Nemosia pileata nana Berlepsch
Yarinacocha, 2 cf , 2 9 .

Hemithraupis flavicollis sororia Zimmer
Yarinacocha, 1 cf , 1 9 .

Thlypopsis sordida chrysopis Sclater
Yarinacocha, 1 9 imm.

Chlorospingus flavigularis flavigularis Sclater

Fundo Sinchona, 2 d", 3 9 .

Zimmer (1947, pp. 6-10) has recently resurrected parvirostris
Chapman as a separate species and has defined the characters sep-
arating parvirostris from flavigularis. The present specimens are
definitely flavigularis, agreeing in almost all particulars with Zim-
mer's diagnosis; particularly in size they belong with the larger
flavigularis (wing d" d" 82, 84; 9 9 74, 75, 75). Zimmer's measure-
ments for flavigularis are: wing c? d* 76-84 (80.3); 9 9 73.2-77
(75.8), and for parvirostris: wing cf cf 71-80 (75.6); 9 9 67-71.5
(69.6). The only character ascribed to flavigularis that is not well
shown in these specimens is the gray lore, which is wanting in two of
them, small in two others, and well developed in only one. The alti-
tudes at which these birds were collected varied from 1300 to 1550
meters, about the upper limit for flavigularis. A single male from
Pozuzo, Huanuco, is also flavigularis.

136 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 35

Family FRINGILLIDAE

Saltator coerulescens azarae d'Orbigny
Yarinacocha, 2 cf ; Contamana, 1 imm. 9 .

Paroaria gularis gularis Linnaeus

Yarinacocha, 12 cf, 5 9 .

Several specimens lack the black feathering behind the eye, and
in most it is reduced compared to Guiana specimens. However, in
none of the specimens is the black loral feathering lacking, as in
cervicalis from Bolivia, and the population as a whole is nearer the
nominate form.

Sporophila sp.

There are several specimens of Sporophila that I am unable to
allocate to species. One is a male from Pucallpa, in fresh immature
plumage, which is slightly olive brownish above, similar to Sporo-
phila americana, but dark uniform ochraceous buffy below, only
slightly paler on the belly. Even with extreme wear it probably
could not become as pale as americana, which it resembles in size as
well as color of the back.

There are also two females and two immature males from Pu-
callpa. They may be either S. luctuosa or S. nigricollis, but I am
unable to separate them satisfactorily either by comparison with
identified specimens or from printed descriptions.

Sporophila americana subsp.
Pucallpa, 1 cf .

This specimen is in worn immature plumage, with a few scattered
adult feathers on the head and wing coverts. It compares very
closely with a British Guiana male which is in worn immature plum-
age, but marked as breeding. This record of S. americana from Peru
marks a surprising extension of range for a species that hitherto has
been known only from northern and eastern South America.

Sporophila luctuosa Lafresnaye
Fundo Sinchona, 2 d".

Sporophila castaneiventris castaneiventris Cabanis
Yarinacocha, 1 9 ; Pucallpa, 2 9 .

TRAYLOR: BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN PERU 137

I agree with de Schauensee (1952, p. 194) that the race rostrata
Todd of Amazonia cannot be upheld. No constant color characters
can be seen when comparing a series from British Guiana with one
from Peru and the lower Amazon. The length of the culmen, on
which Gyldenstolpe (1945, p. 326) relied when recognizing rostrata,
shows an almost complete overlap (culmen of 5 males from British
Guiana 8.5-9, av. 8.9; of 8 males from Peru and the lower Amazon
9-10, av. 9.3).

Atlapetes brunnei-nucha frontalis Tschudi
Divisoria, 1 d" ; Fundo Sinchona, 1 cf .

Parkes (1954a, p. 135) has resurrected Tschudi's name for the
birds from Panama to northern and western Venezuela and southern
Peru. The characters separating this race from brunnei-nucha of
southern Mexico are given as "Similar in size, but bill averaging
longer. Similar also in color, but white of underparts much more
extensive. Yellow border of crown deeper in color, near Yellow
Ocher (Ridgway, 1912), rather than Primuline Yellow." There are
at hand a good series of fresh material from Marcapata, Cuzco, and
the two males from Huanuco, representing frontalis, and a long series
from Vera Cruz of brunnei-nucha. The one character that consist-
ently differentiates the two forms is the deeper, almost orange yel-
low border of the crown in frontalis. The extent of the white on the
under parts is variable individually and with the make of the skin,
but there are no geographical trends; neither are there any differences
in bill length. The color of the crown border, however, distinguishes
the population of Peru from that of Mexico, but material from the
rest of the range of frontalis is lacking.

Myiospiza aurifrons aurifrons Spix
Yarinacocha, 1 9 .

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Publication 844

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN*