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REFERENCE USE ONLY

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The^'Birds

OF

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

PART II.

LAND BIRDS

KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND SPECIES

BY

CHiARLES B. CORY

Curator of Department of Ornithology in the Field Columbian Museum

SF>BOmL. EDITION

PBINTED FOR THE

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM

CHICAGO, ILL.

1899

Under Primer ^ ^Cowrts c' \ J*. J|

"^Under Tail Coverts or Crisst'.m

Nasal Tubo J
Ungnis \

cr Nuil

Bill of Fulmar Petrel.

Middle 7

Black- breast Plover,

Mind 7'o«

TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD.

THE BIRDS

u-v^^

OF

Eastern North America

KNOWN TO OCCUR EAST OF THE NINETIETH MERIDIAN

PART II ^a-\o\Ci

a.
LAND BIRDS -vv^\o

KEY TO THE FAIWILIES AND SPECIES

BY

CHARLES B. CORY

Curator of ihe Department of Ornithology in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; Vice-President of

the American Ornithologists' Union ; Fellow of the Linntsan and Zoological Societies of London :

Member of the British Ornithologies' Union ; Honorary Member of the California

Academy of Sciences ; Cor. Member A^ew York Academy of Sciences, etc., etc.

Author ok '-Thk Beautiful and Curious Birds of the World," "The Birds of the Bahama

Islands," "The Bikds of Haiti and San Domingo," " The Birds of the West Indies,"

" A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands," " Hunting and Fishing

IN Florida," " Key to the Water Birds of Florida," " How to

KNOW the Shore Birds of North America," " How to

KNOW the Ducks, Geese, and Swans," etc., etc.

special edition printed for the
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, CHICAGO, ILL.

1899

vi. ^

• t c •

Copyrighted,

CHARLES B. CORT

BOSTON,

1899.

ALFRED MUDGK & SON, PRINTERS,
24 FRANKLIN STKKET.

flef.

A-'aG\0

._. M^

TO

VICE-I'RESIDE\T OK THE FIELD COLUMP.r.VN ."MUSELM

AND

I'RESIDEXT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

OF THE

LNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

IX KEOOGMTION OF HIS MAXV SERVICES- TO SCIEXCE

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED

CONTENTS.

TiTLEPAGK ......

Dkdicatiox .....

Contexts ......

How TO Measure a Bikd .
IxDEX TO Key to Families
Key to Families op Land Kiuds
Groui" 1. Uiids having wings less than 1.75 iuches loug ; measured beiul o
wing (carpus) to tip of longest feather ....

Groip 2. Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches loug

Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third
Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook or
notch ........

Part 2. Upper mandible without notch or hook at tip
Section 2. First primary more than half as long as third
Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook o
notch ........

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked
Grolp 3. Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 iuches long
Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third
Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of uppe
mandible .......

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked
Section 2. First primary, not short, always more than half a:
long as third . . . . . . •

Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook or
notch .......

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked

(V)

PAGE

i
iii

V

viil
131
183

133
133
133

133
134
135

135

135
136
13(3

136
137

137

137
138

VI

BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Groip 4. Birds having wings from 3.25 to 9.50 inches long

Section 1 . Bill with strong hook claws armed with talons
Section 2. Upper mandible with distinct hook or notch at tip

but feet not armed with talons .
Section 3. Upper mandible not notched or hooked at tip
Part 1 . First primary less than half as long as third .
Part 2. First primary more than half as long as third

Group 5. Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long

Key to the srEciES of Land Birds of Eastern North A.aierica

Family Tetraonid.e. Grouse, Quail, etc

Family Phasianid.e. Turkeys, etc.
Subfamily. Meleagrin.e

Family Columbid^. Pigeons and Doves

Family Cathartid^.. American Vultures

Family Falconidje. Hawks, Falcons, E.'

Family Strigid.^:. Owls .

Family Psittacidte. Parrots .

Family Cuculid^. Cuckoos

Family Alcedinid^. Kingfishers
; Family Picidte. Woodpeckers .

Family Caprimulgid^. Night-hawks, Whip-poor-avills, etc.

Family Micropodidje. Swifts .

Family Trociiilid.i-:. Humming-birds

Family Tyrannid^e. Flycatchers

Family Alaudid/e. Larks

F'amily Corvid^

Subfamily Garrulin^e. Jays and Ma(
Subfamily CoRviNiE. Crows and Ravens

F'amily Icteridte. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks, etc

Family FuiNGiLLiDi*:. Sparrows, Finches, Crossbills, Buntings, etc

Family Tanagrida:. Tanagers

Family Hirundinid^e. Swallows

Family Ampelid^k. Waxwings and Cedar Birds

Family Laniid^e. Shrikes ....

Family Vireonid.e. Vireos ....

CONTENTS.

Family Cikrebid/e. Honky Crkepers
Family Mniotiltid.k. Wakblkks
Family Motacillid.*:. Pipits anu Wagtails
Family Thoclodytid.k. Wuens and Thrashers
SiiiFA.MiLY TRO(;Lor)YTiN.i-:. Wrens
Subfamily Mimix.e. Thrashers, Cat-birds,
P\\Mii.Y Ceutiiiiim:, Ckeepers ....
Fa:mii.y Pauid.e. Nuthatches, Titmice, etc.

SU15FAMILY SiTTINvE. NuTHATCHES .

Subfamily ParinvK. Titmice and Chickadees
Family Sylviid.e. Kinglets and Gnatcatchers
Family Turdid^. Thrushes, Blue-birds, etc.
A List of the Birds of Eastern North America

VI 1

PAGE

o

274

.

275

311

312

312

MOCKING-B-IRDS, ETC.

315

31G

317

317

Z8 . . . ,

318

320

321

•

325

BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD.

Wing. — Distance from carpal joint C (bend of wing) to the tip of tlie longest
primary D. See cut on page 8.

Length. — Distance in a straight line from the end of the bill to the tip of the
longest tail feather. (Occasionally the middle feathers are much elong-
ated, as in the Old Squaw and Pintail Duck, and in other families of
birds, such as Phitthon and Stercorarius. In such cases it is well to
give tlie length from bill to longest tail feather, and also to end of
outer tail foatlier.)

Tail. — Distance from the tip of tlie longest tail feather to its base (the point where
it enters the body) .

Bill. — The distance in a straight line from where the bill (upper mtuulible) joins
the skin of the forehead (A) to the tip (B). (There are a fcAv excep-
tions to this rule, in other families, such as birds with frontal plate, etc.
Some curved bills are measured along the curve of the culmcu, and ai.
times it is advisable to measure from the nostril to the tip of the bill,
but in such cases it should always be so stated.)

Tarsus. — Distance in front of the leg from what appear>i to be the knee joint (end
of tibia) to the root of the middle toe. All measurements are given
in inches and fractions of an inch.

now TO MKASUUE A lURD.

IX

HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD.

Length

Wing

Bin

INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES.

LAND BIRDS.

PAGE

Group I. Birds having wings less than 1.75 inches long 133

Group 2. Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long . 133

Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third . . 133

Part 1. Tip of upper maudible with small but

distinct hoolv or notch . . . 133

Part 2. Upper mandible without notch or hook

at tip 134

Section 2. First primar}' more than half as long as third . 135

Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but

distinct hook or notch . . . 135

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched <n-

hooked 135

Group 3. Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 inches

long ........... 136

Section 1. First primar}^ less than half as long as third . 136

Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip

of upper mandible . . . .136

Part 2. Tip of upper mandilile not notched or

hooked . . . . • .137

Section 2. First primary not short, always more tlian half as

long as third . . . . . • .137

Part 1 . Tip of upper mandible with small but

distinct hook or notch . . .137

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or

hooked ...... 138

(131)

132

INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES.

Group 4. Birds having wings measuring from 3,25 to 9.50 inches
long

Section 1. Bill with strong hook, toes armed with talons
Section 2. Upper mandible with more or less hook, but toes

not armed with talons ....
Section 3. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked

Part 1. First primary less than half as long as

third, sometimes very small .
Part 2. First primary more than half as long as

third

Group 5. Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long

139

139

140
141

141

143
147

KEY TO FAMILIES.

LAND BIRDS.

GROUP 1.

Birds having wings less than 1.75 inches long.*

( 1 . ) Smallest of our birds ; bill, very sleuder ;
primaries, 10; rectices, 10; feet, very small aud
weak.

Family TROCHILID/E. Humming Birds.

See page 199.

(2.) Tail, rounded; the outer feathers, shorter thau mid-
lUe ones; first primary, less thau two tliirds as loug as third;
■second primar)', mucli sliorter thau third; tarsus, scutellate. ^^°

Family TROQLODYTID/E. Wrens, Thrashers, etc.
Subfamily TROGLODYTIN/E. Wrens.

See page .312.

GROUP 2.

Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long.*
Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third.

Part I. Tip of upper mandible, witli small but distinct hook or notch.

(1.) Toes, joined at base. Plain colored birds, usually greenish or giayish, but often
show a faiut wash of yellow on underparts; tail, always without wliite spots.

Family VIREONID/E. Vireos.

See page 171.

For directions for measurement, see page viii.
(133)

134

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

557

Part 2. Upper mandible without notch or hook at tip.

(1.) Bill, as illustrated; back, gray or bluish gray;
bill, over .50 ; nostrils, coucoaled by bristly tufts ; tarsus,
scutellate; tail feathers, not stiff or pointed.
Family PARID.C
Subfamily SITTIN/E. Nuthatches.
See page 317.

(2.) Bill, as illustrated; back, bluish gray; bill, less
than .50 ; size, small; length, less than 5.50; first prini;ir\ ,
very short. Family SYLVIID^.

Subfamily POLIOPTILIN/E. Gnatcatchers.

See j)ag e 32<>

(4.)
pointed ;

(3.) Bill, as illustrated; throat, black ; nostrils, coiu'enlpd
by tufts of bristlj' feathers.

Family PARID/E. Chickadees, Titmice. 552

See p;ig(; 31 S

Bill, as illustrated; back, brown or brown streaked; tail feathers, not sharp

outer tail feathers, shortest ; tarsus, scutellate; lirst primary, short.

638

Wren. Hill of Wreu.

Family TROGLODYTID.^. Wrens.

See page 312.

(5.) Bill, iis illustrated; baek, streaked; tail
feathers, stiffened and sharply pointed.

Creeper.

Family CERTHIID/C. Creepers.

See page 316.

KF'^Y TO FAMILIKS. LAND HtROS.

135

(6.) Bill, !is illustrated; back, olive green; l>ill, los.'^ than
.50 iuclies lonj;. Two species: both males and one of tlie females '^:^^)i
liave brilliant red or yellow crown patch; the other female has ^^.g.
t-rowu, dull j;reeu, like back.

Family SYLVIID/E. Subfamily REGULIN/E. Kinglets.

See page 320.

Section 2. First primary, more than half as long as third.

Part I. Tip of upper mandible, with small but distinct hook or notch.

;1) Bill, flattened, wide at base; tip, with small hook; numerous black bristles at
base of l>ill : Itack of tarsus, rounded; wings, longer than tail; first primary, never very short.

'O-^

Top of bil

.>iilc of l)il

Family TYRANNID/E. Flycatchers.

See page 2UU.

(2.) Bill, very slightly hooked; not
wide and flat at base, as in the Flycatch-
ers; toes, joined together at base. Pbiiu
colored birds, usually greenish or grayish,
but often show a faint wash of yellow
on iinderparts; tail, always without white
spots ; first primary, variable, very short in
some species, in others nearly as long as
second.

Bill of Viieo.

Family VIREONID/C. Vireos.

See page 271.

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible, not notched or hooked.

(1.) Bill curved; back, slaty black ; rump, bright yellow. West Indian
family: Numerous species, one common in Bahama Islands, accidental in
Florida; not recorded elsewhere in United States.

Family CGEREBID/E. Honey Creepers.
See page 274.

136

THE BIRDS OF EASTKKN NORTH AMERICA.

(2.) First primary, not .short, nevei- less tliau two thirds as long as sooond or third; bill,
Stout and conical ; nostrils, high uear the culuiea; primaries, 9; tarsus, llutteued heliiud.

'S:

^^^?''

LJi-^

" '^* .-

Side of bill

■

i J^^

ti*^

1 „ ■ :^r.

•.S#

Family FRINQILLID/C. Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, etc.

See page 22G.

First primary, not short, never less tlian two tliirds as long
as third, and often nearly the same leugtli ; bill, slender and
pointed ; back of tarsus, tliin and sharp, not rounded as in front;
liiud toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw.

622 ^ 625 ^**- 528

Family MNIOTILTID/C. Warblers.

See page 275.

GROUP 3.

Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25

inches long.*

Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third.

Part I. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of upper mandible.

l>il), very slightly hooked ; primaries,
10, the first often very short; toes, joined
together at base. Plain colored birds,
usually greenish or grayish, but often show
a faint wash of j'ellow on underparts; tail,
always without white spot'^.

Family VIREONID^. Vireos.

See page 271.

* For directions for measurement, see imye viii.

KEY TO 1 AIMILIKS. — LAND HIKDS.

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible, not notched or hooked.

Hill, as illustrated-, back, brown; luinp, with
concealed white spots; outer tail feathers, shortest;
tarsus, scutellate.

Family TROQLODYTID^. Wrens.

See page 312.

137

Ilill, as illustrated; back, gray or bluish gray; nos-
trils, coucealed by tufts of bristly featiiers.

Family PARID/C.

Subfamily SITTIN/E. Nuthatches.

See page 317.

Bill, as illustrated ; throat, black ; crown, black
aud uo rufous browu ou sides (Chicl^adee), or forehead,
black; sides, with rufous browu (ritniouse).

Family PARID/E. Chickadees and Titmice. 552

See page 318.

Section 2. First primary, not short, always more than

half as long as third.

Part 1. Tip of upper mandible, with small but distinct hook or notch.

Bill, flattened and wide at
base ; numerous black bristles at
base of bill; back of tarsus, rouuded;
wing, longer than tail.

Top of bill.

353

Side of bill.

Family TYRANNID^. Flycatchers.

See page 200.

V68

THK HIRDS OF EASTERN XORTH AMERICA.

times, with wash of yellow ou uuderparts; no white on tail.

Bill, verj- slightly
hooked or notched at tip ;
not flattened at base, as
in the Flycatchers ; toes,
joined at base. Plain
colored birds, usually
greenish or grayish, at

Family VIREONID/E. Vireos.

S('(» i)agi' 271.

Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked.

(1.) Toes, 4; nostrils, opening into a soft,
fleshy membrane; tarsus, usually shorter than
toes.

Family COLUMBID/E. Pigeons and Doves.

255

See page 155

(■2.) liill, pointed; flrst primary, not short; base of bill,
extending upon and dividing the feathers of the forehead ;

nostrils, exposed; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle leathers.

Family ICTERID/E. Orioles.

See page 213.

r^?.?^?^---

{'.i.) First primary, not short,
never less than two thii'ds as long as
second or third; bill, stout and coni=
cal ; nosti'ils, near the oidmen ; i)rim-
aries. 0; tarsus, flattened ])ehin(l.

Family FRINQILLID/E. Finches, Sparrows, Crossbills, and Buntings.

:iU-e 22(i

r

525 '^''^ 515 \ 522

(^4.) First primary, never less tlian two tliirds as long as
third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and pointed;
hack of tarsus, tliin and sharp, not rounded, as in front: hind toe
and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw.

Family MNIOTILTID/E. Warblers.
See page 275.

KKY TO FAMILIES. — LAND BIRDS.

139

Bill, slondtM-; first priinaiy, uot short, tlin first, second and third, being about equal in
length; hind toe and claw, longer than middle toe and claw; hind toe nail, long, in this
somewhat re.senil)ling larks, l)ut no tufts of hair-like feathers over nostrils.

^

530

Family MOTACILLID/E. Pipits, Titlarks, etc.

See page 311.

GROUP 4.

Birds having wings from 3.25 to 9.50 inches long.*
Section 1. Bill, with strong hook; toes, armed with talons.

Eyes, uot surrounded liy radial disk of feathers, as in the Owls ; toes, armed with talon- ;
head, not bare. Family FALCONID/E. Hawks, Falcons, Kites, etc.

See pag(,' 1G2.

Eyes, surrounded by radiated disk of feathers; plumage, soft; bill, hooked; toes, armed
with talons.

Family BUBONID/E. Hoot Owls, Horned Owls.

See page 186.

* For directions for measurement, see page viii.

M<»

THE lUnDS OF KASTKKX NORTH AMERICA.

Section 2. Upper mandible, with distinct notch and hook
at tip, but feet, not armed with talons.

Tofs, four, zyjrodai'tyle (two in front.
two iM'liiuil ) ; bill, with cere (skiu-like oov-
eriug over base of l)ill).

Family PSITTACID/E.
Parrots and Paroquets.
See pufje 187.

Bill, Ptronjr, notolied near the end, and decidedly hooked ; t:irsn«i, seutel-
hite ; tail, nmiided. But two speciest oceur with us, both grayish birds with
blackish wings and tail, aud a dark stripe throuuh the eye.

Family LANIID/E. Shrikes.

See page 270.

Bill llatii'ueil, wide at base; tip, with small hook; numerous black bristles at base of
bill: back of tarsus, rounded; wings, longer than tail; first primary, not very short, usually
looger than the sixth.

Family TYRANNID/E. Flycatchers.

See pagei'OO.

KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS.

Ul

Section 3. Upper mandible, not notched and hooked at tip.

Part 1. First primary less than one half as long as third.

Toes, four, two iu trout uud two behiud; or toes, three, two iu front and one behind; tail
feathers, stiff (ind pointed. (If tail feathers are not stiff and pointed, see Nuthatches, next
family.) Order PICI. Woodpeckers. Family PICID/E. Woodpeckers.

See page 100.

Bill, as ilhistrated; nostrils, concealed b_v bristly tufts;
tarsus, scnteliate ; first primary, very short; tail feathers,
not stiff and pointed. (If tail feathers are stitTand pointed,
look for the bird under Family Picidii?.)
Family PARID/E.
Subfamily SITTIN/E. Nuthatches.
See page 317.

Bill, as illustrated; nostrils, concealed by bristly tufts of hair-like
feathers; first primary, short; forehead, black; back, gray: head, with
more or less crest ; sides of liody, washed with brown (Tufted Titmou-ie^ .

Family PARID.-E. Titmice.
See page 818.

First primary, about one half as long as
-: third; feet, zygodactyle (toes, two in front.
U two behiud) ; outer tail feathers, very much
B shorter than middle feathers.

Family CUCULID/E. Cuckoos.

See page ISS.

142

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Bill, stout and strong; the nostrils concealed by coarse hair-
like featliers ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers ;
lirst primary, decidedly less than half as long as third; tail, over
seven inches long (Magpies) ; first primary, about half as long as
third; tail, less tliaii seven iMches long (Jays).
Family CORVID/E.

Subfamily QARRULIN/E. Magpies and Jays.

See page 209.

Tail, rounded ; the outer feathers, shorter than middle ones ; first primary, less than two
thirds as long as third ; second primary, much shorter than third ; tarsus, scutellate.

Family TROQLODYTID/E.

Subfamily MIMIN/E. Thrashers, Cat-birds, Mocking=birds, etc.

See page 315.

First primary, very short; tarsus, booted (no scales showing, except near tlie toes)
bill, shoiter tlian head; wing, over 3.50 inches long.

<

M'

%

Family TURDID/E, Thrushes, Robins, Bluebirds.

See page 321.

KEY TO FAMILIES. — LAND BIRDS.

Hli

Part 2. First primary, more than half as long as third.

Toes, four, hiiul toe; not elevated above the rest; nostril, oi)euin.i;- into a soft fleshy inoin-
braue; tarsus, usually shorter than the toes.

Family COLUflBID/E. Pigeons and Doves.
See page 155.

Toes, four, the hind toe elevated al)Ove the rest; hill, rather short and stout; wing, short
and somewhat rounded, the outer primaries curved.

Family TETRAONID/C. Grouse and Quail.

(a) Tarsus feathered; wing, over 5.50 inches long.

Subfamily TETRAONIN/E. Grouse.

(6) Tarsus, bare ; wing, less than 5.50 inches long.

Subfamily PERDICIN/C. Partridges. Quail.

See iiagel4".l.

Feet, small and weak ; front toes, sometimes webbed at base ; primaries, ten ; mouth, large ;
bill, very >;mall, in comparison with size of bird; middle toe nail, with comWike edge.

Family CAPRIMULQID/E. Whippoorwills, Night=hawks, etc.

See page I'.iS.

144

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH A:\IEKICA.

Rill, small, flattened, and soinewliat trianj^ular in shape, the gape very wide; wings, very

long, usually extending beyond the tail. (Cliim-
ney Swifts, which belong to a very different
family, are often mistaken for Swallows when
seen flying about; they are smoky black and
the shafts of the tail feathers extend in spines
bej'oud the webs. See next Family.)

Swallow.

Swallow.

^fartin.

Family HIRUNDINID/E. Swallows and Martin? .

See page 265.

Plumage, smoky black; shafts of tail feathers, extending beyond the web in sharp spines.
Sometimes mistaken for Swallows bj' persons unfamiliar with birds.

Family MICROPODID/E. Swifts.

See page 199.

First i)rimary, about half as long as third;
Toet, zygodac-tyle (toes, two in front, two be-
hind) ; outer tail feathers, very much shorter
1 linii middle fcatlicrs.

Family CUCULID/E. Cuckoos.

320

Seepage 188.

KEY TO FAMILIKS. — LAND HIWDS.

14o

Feet, syndaotylc; t()o>:, four, tlu' middle niid oiitrr om-s joined, hejtij; f:mteiird toi^i-tlMT lor
more than halt' tlioir leuirth.

Family ALCEDINID/E. Kingfishers.

See pai^e 189.

First primary, much shorter than second, always less than three fourths as long
as third ; I'ouith. <)r lil'tli i)riniary, loniiest ; bill, stout and stroiii;- : tlu,' nostrils, i-oncealed liy
coarse, hair-iil^e leathers; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.

360 ^S^

Family CORVID/E. Subfamily UARRULIN/E. Jays.

See page 20!).

First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third; Iiase of I)ill, extend-
ing l)aek\vard, formiuu; a point, dividing the feat/iers of the forehead; nostrils, exjjosed ; outer
tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.

Family ICTERID/E. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks.

.See page 213.

146

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or third ; bill, stout
and conical; nostrils, high, near the culoieu; i)riinaries, nine; tarsus, flattened hehiud.

454

Family FRINQILLID/E. Sparrows, Crossbills, Finches, Buntings, etc.

See page 226.

, Bill, somewhat fringilline, but having a small " tootli," near the middle of
the edge of upper mandible ; primaries, nine ; tarsus, scutellate. But two species
^^. (a third accidental) : Males, bright red, one with black wings; one female is
«*^'' olive green above, and yellowish green below; the other is olive green above,
vi,^ and the underparts, dull orange yellow or bull' yellow. (If bird does not agree

Family TANAGRID/E. Tanagers.
See page 2G3.

with above description, see Fringillidae.)

Bill, without notch; bead, with crest ; primaries, ten ; tarsus, sliorter
than middle toe and claw ; a black stripe from forehead through the
eye ; inner primaries and tail feathers, often tipped with little hard red
bits, like minute drops of sealing wax ; general plumage, venaceus gray
brown; tail, tipped with yellow.

Family AnPEUD/E. Waxwings, Cedar Birds.

See page 139.

Bill, pointed, and somewhat rounded; back of tarsus,
rounded ; hind toe nail, elongated, equal or longer than the
toe; nostrils, nearly or quite concealed by tufts of hair-
like feathers ; wing, over 4 inclies long.

Family ALAUDID/E. Larks.
See page 20s.

KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS,

147

IVilI, slender; first, primary,
not short, the tirst, seooiul, and
third, being ahont eiiual in
length; hind toe nail, long,
in this somewhat resembling
the larks, l»ut no tufts of hair=
like feathers over nostrils ;
wing, less than 4 inches long.

Family nOTACILLID/E. Wagtails, Pipits, Titlarks, etc.

S(M' i)age;{ll.

:?mall birds, wing, less ilian '3.7^} inches long; llrst i)rimary, not short, never less than
two thirds as long as third, and often nearly the same length ; hill, slender and pointed ; bael<

of tarsns, thin and sliarp, uot ronnded as in tront; hind toe and

claw, not longer than middle toe and claw.

525 ~" ""' 515 \

Family MNIOTILTID/E. Warblers.

See page 275.

GROUP 5.

Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long.*

Wing, over 12 Inches long; toes, four; hind toe,
elevated above the rest; bill, stont; wing, ronnded.
tlie outer primaries curved.

Family TETRAONID/C. Grouse.

See page l-l".i.

Toes, four, the hind
toe elevated above the

rest; bill, rather short I

and stout; wing, short
and somewhat n)nnded,
the outer prima ries

curved.

Family

PHASIANID>E.
Subfamily
HELEAGRIN/E.
Turkeys.
See page 154. i

Grouse.

Turkey.

* For directions for measurement, see page viii.

148

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Eyes not surrounded by radiated disk of
featliers ; plumage, black or dark Ijrowu ;
hiud toe, short; claws, not sharp; head,
l)are in adult.

Family CATHARTID/E. Vultures.

See page 158.

Eyes not surrounded by radiated disk of feathers, as in tlie Owls : toes, armed with talons ;
liead, not ban .

Family FALCONID/E. Hawks, Eagles, etc.

See page 161.

Ej-es, surrounded by
radiated disk of feathers;
plumage, soft; b i 1 1,
liooked; toes, armed with
talons.

{(i) Middle toe nail witli coinh-lilcc edge.

Family STRIQID/E. Barn Owls.

See page 181.

{b) Middle toe without comb-like edge.

Family BUBONID/E. Horned Owls, Hoot Owls.

See page 186.

Toes, four, two in front and two l)ehind (zygodactyle) ; tail
feathers, stiff and pointed. Family PICID/E. Woodpeckers.

See page lUl.

Plumage, glossy black ; first primary, much shorter than

second, not exceeding half as long as third; fourth, or fifth primary,

longest; l)ill, stout and strong; the nostrils, concealed by coarse,

hair-like feathers; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers.

Family CORVID/E. Crows and Ravens.

See page 201.

FA.MILV TETRAONID^. — GKOUSE, rAKTItlDGEy, (QUAILS, ETC.

149

LAND BIRDS.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

FAMILY TETRAONID^.
Grouse, Partridges, Quails, etc.

Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest; bill,
rather short and stout; wing, short and somewhat rounded,
the outer primaries curved ; wing, less than 12 inches long.

Group 1. Wing, less than 5 inches long.

UudeiiKiits, while, black, uud rufous; throat, white (male); throat, biilV l)rowu

i^^^-^'^^)- Quail. Bob White.

Colinns vinjinianus, and races.
See No. 235.

The Southern race (C. v. floridanm) has much more black ou the breast aud the
underparts more heavily banded than the Xortheru bird.

150

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH A31ERICA.

Group 2. Wing, more than 5 inches long.

Section 1. The following species do not have the greater
portion of the primaries white.

A tuft of blai'k feathers on sides of the ueck; tarsus not enth-ely feathered;
axillary plumes, white barred with brown.

Ruffed Grouse "Partridge."

Bonasd nmbeUiis, and races.
See Ko. 238.

Tarsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, entirely white; no elongated

tufts of feathers ou sides of ueck ; tail, pointed.

Prairie Sharp=tailed Grouse.

Pediuattcs phadiiDu lUix campcstris.

See No. 247.

Tarsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, white; sometimes with faint bars

near tip ; a luftof ten or more elongated feathers on each side of tlie ueck;

tail, not pointed; the ends of the ueck plumes are uot pointed, and the axillary

plumes are very rarely barred on the whole feather, as in the Martha's Viueyard

species.

Prairie Hen. Pinnated Grouse.

Tijinpanuchnt^ amcrinoiKs.

See No. 245.

FAMILY TETIiAONID.E. — GliOUSE, PARTRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC.

l')!

Tarsus, entirely feathered: axillary plumes, usually strongly barred with
slate brown ; a tuft of less than ten elouirated fcntlier^i on each side of the
neck; scapulars, tipped with buff; tail, not pointed. Contiued to the island
of Martha's Vineyard, Mass.

Heath Hen.

TijriijKinnrli ug ciipidi.
bee No. 24G

152

KEY TO THE HIUDS OF EASTERN XORTH AMERICA.

s^

m

Tarsu?, entirely feathered;
axillary plumes, smoky
gray with white shafts,
and tipped with white;
the male has the breast
black ; the female has the
breast tawny brown, blaek,
and white.

Canada Grouse.

Spruce Partridge.

Dendraifapiis canadensis
See No. 237.

Section 2. The following species have the greater portion
of the primaries white.

:.^^^^;»^fa^^

Depth of bill at base, .40 or more ; no black on lores ; shafts of secondaries, not
black.

Willow Ptarmigan.

Lagopns layopus.
See No. 240.

FAMILY TKTUAOMD.E. (iUOlSK, I'AKTin IMJKS, (^TAILS, ETC. \ oA

Depth of hill at base, .40 or more; no black on Ions; shafts of secondaries,
black. Newfoundland.

Allen's Ptarmigan.

Lar/opiis Uifjapus allrni.
See No. 241 .

Deptli of bill at base, h'ss than .40.
In unmmer : back, gray, mixed
with black, or tawnj' buff, or
graj- and wliite. . In winter:
plumage, white; lores, usually
(not always) black.

Rock Ptarmigan.

Lfif/opus riipeslris^ and races.
See No. 242.

birallar to Laijopns rupestrts, but in summer, back, n\ore heavily b.urrd. ( Ontined
to Northern Labrador and Greenland.

Reinhardt's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus rujiestris reinhanlti
See No. 243.

Depth of bill at base, less than .40; shafts of secondaries, not black, (ontined
to island of Newfoundland.

Welch's Ptarmigan.

Lagopus welchi.
See No. 244.

154

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NOKUl AMERICA.

FAMILY PHA5IANID/E.

Pheasants, Turkeys, etc.

SUBFAMILY MELEAQRIN/E.

Turkeys.

Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest ; bill, rather short and
stout; wing, short and somewhat rounded, the outer primaries curved;
wing, over 12 inches long.

Resembles dornestii; Turkey, but legs usually piuk red; primaries, broadly
barred with white.

Wild Turkey.

3felea(/riK gallopavo.
See No. 248.

Similar; l)ut primaries witii irregular white marking. Does not ortur iiortli of
Florida.

Florida Wild Turkey.

Meleagris gallopavo osceola.
' See No. 249.

FAMILY COLUMBID.K. — PIGEONS AND DOVES.

1 ').'

FAHILY COLUMBID^.
Pigeons and Doves.

Toes, four, hind toe not elevated above the rest ; nostril, opening into
a soft fleshy membrane; tarsus, usually shorter than the toes; wings,
rather long and flat.

Group 1. Wing, less than 5.50 inches long.

FVimaries, heavily marked with rufous brown; underparts, piukish brown or
viuaceous. sometime.^ grayish, witli more or less black dots on breast: wing
coverts, with metallic steel-blue spots.

Ground Dove.

ColumhUjaUina passerina terrestris.
See No. 255.

15()

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, from 5.50 to 7.50 inches long.
Section 1. Primaries, dark slaty brown or blackish.

Lpper parts, grayish olive; crown, tinged with slate color; sides of neck, with
purplish metallic reflections ; a lilnish black spot on lower edge of ear coverts ;
vv'ing coverts, not broadly tipped with white; tail, pointed; middle tail
feathers, much longer than outer feathers.

riourning Dove.
Zenaidura macroura.
See No. 252.

Wing coverts, broadly tipped with white; crown, and back of the neck, drab
color; tail, square not pointed; outer feathers, but slightly shorter than mid-
dle ones; tcrmiual fourtli of tail feather«, ashy, or ash gray.

White-winged Dove.

Melopelia leucopteiut.
See No. 254.

FAiMILY COLr:MBn).E. — riOEONS AND DOVES.

157

Willi;, over fi. 50 iucht'S lonj; ; no white on wirif^g; jreneral plnniajj^o, slaty blue,
varying in sliade; tail, square; adnit Ijirds have top of lieail, white.

White Crowned Pigeon.

Columba loucoa'})hal(i.
See No. 254.

Crown, bluish l)orclered by black; a white stripe from back of head, under eye to
ehin; throat and upper breast, black; the feathers, more or less marked witJi
l)lue. Cuban species accidental on Florida Keys?

Blue-headed Dove.
StarnoetKts ojdnoajihaln.
See No. 253.

Section 2. Greater portion of primaries, rufous brown.

Belly and line l)eiow eye, whitish. West Indian species accidental on Florida

Keys.

Key West Quail Dove.

(ieotrygon chrysen.

See No. 256.

Belly, cinnamon or vinaceous buff; spot of blue black beneath eye. West Indian
species accidental in Southern Florida.

Zenaida Dove.

Zi^naidn zeiiaidn.
See No. 253.

Belly and line below eye, tawny butl". West Indian species accidental on Florida

Keys.

Ruddy Quail Dove.

riountain Dove.

Geotrygon montana.
See No. 257.

158

KEY TO THE BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 3. Wing, over 7.50 inches long.

Tail, pointed .-iikI rather long; under tail coverts, white.

Tail, square; under tail coverts, gray or hluish gray.

Passenger Pigeon.

Ect.opistes mlyratoriits.
See \o. 251.

White-crowned Pigeon.

Col ti mint !('itciict'ph(ih(.
See No. 250.

FAMILY CATHARTID/E.
American Vultures.

Plumage, black or dark brown ; hind toe, short ; claws, not sharp ;
head, bare in adult.

Group 1. Wing from 14 to 21 inches long.
Section 1. Wing, less than 17 inches long.

Head and foreueck, bare; skin of head, l)lackish; general plumage, black;
primaries, hoary wliite beneatli.

Black Vulture.

Carrion Crow.

Cnthariitta iinihii.

See No. 260.

(•apvMRBm

FAMILY CATHAKTIDii':. AMKHICAN VULTUHES.

!')!•

Section 2. Wing, over 17 inches long.

General plumage, brownisli l)l;ick or dark l)rown : hill, wliitish; the adult ha«!
the head without feathers, the skin beiug red; iniuiature l)ird3 have the head
feathered.

Turkey Buzzard.
Turkey Vulture.
Cathartis <utf<i.
See No. -im.

^^iv^«aB«iiPva«a

160 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN KORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY FALCO:N^rD^.

HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC.

Okoup 1. Wing, less than S.50 inches long. See page 162.
Guoup 2. AViug, 8.50 to 9.50 inches long. See page 163.
Group 3. "Wing, 9.50 to 13 inches long. See page 164.

Section 1. Species having second primary longest. See page 165.

Section 2. Species having third primary longest. See page 166.

Section 3. Species having fourth primary longest. See page 166.
Group 4. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long. See page 167.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; first and second primaries, emarginate or notched.
See page 167.

Section 2. Third primary, longest ; face, bare. See page 167.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest ; upper tail coverts, white. See page 168.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest ; upper tail coverts, not white. See page 168.
Group 5. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long. See page 170.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; only first primary, notched. See page 171.

Section 2. Second primary, longest; first and second primary, notched. See page 171.

Section 3. Third primary, longest. See page 171.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail
coverts, white. See page 173.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail
coverts, not white ; no feathers on the tarsus. See page 173.

Section 6. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail
coverts, not white; tarsus, partly feathered. See page 173.

Section 7. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; tarsus,
entirely feathered. See page 174.

Section 8. Fourth primary, longest ; three outer primaries, notched. See page 174.
GiJOUP 6. Wing, 17 to 21 inches long. See page 174.

Section 1. Third primary, longest; tarsus, wholly feathered. See page 174.

Section 2. Third primary, longest ; tarsus, not wholly feathered. See page 177.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, without feathers. See page 178.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, partlj-^ feathered. See page 178.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, entirely feathered. See page 178.
Group 7. Wing, over 21 inches long. See page 179.

Mai

FAMILY FALCONID^. — HAWKS, FALCOxNS, EAGLKS, ETC. lUl

First primary, emarginate or ootcbed.

First two primaries, eiuarglnaie.
Swallow-tailed Kite

First three primaries, emarginate
Swainson's Hawk

First four primaries, emarginate
Roughlegged Hawk

First live priiuaried, emarginate.
Bal<i Eagle.

162

KEY TO THE lilRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAHILY FALCONID/E.

Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc.

Toes, four, three in front, one behind ; toes, with strong, curved talons
or claws; bill, with cere (skin-like covering at the base); bill, strongly
hooked.

Group 1. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long.

Male. ' ' " '■ FfiiKik'.

Puini) aud upper tail coverts, rufous brown ; tail, more or less markotl with
rufous brown; tarsus, less tlian l.r)0; second primary, longest.

Sparrow Hawk.

Falco sparverinx.
See No. 295.

Huini) aud upper tail coverts, slaty In-owu ; tarsus, over 1.50; fourth primary,
longest.

Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Acripiter velox.
See Xo. 266.

FAMILY FALCONID.I-:. — HAWKS, FALCONS, KACI.KS, KTC. K).')

Rump and upper tail coverts, dark l.mvva; brea.t, streaked with dark l.r..u„ : no
rufous brown on tail; second primary, longest.
iui«/ui> Pigeon Hawk.

Falco colnmhnrina,
bee No. 29-2.

Group 2. Wing, 8.50 to 9.50 inches long.

Second primary. lou<:;est. Pigeon Hawk.

Fnh-o rvliihihiiriiis.
See No. 202.

Fourtliprimarv, longest; outer tail feather, thre. .,uarter. inch or n.-.n- sh,.rt.M-

than middle feather; tail, usually .n-.r. than 7.2.. long. ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^

Ai'i'ipilir I'oujirri.
See No. 267.

164

KEY TO THE HIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH A3IEKICA.

Fourth primary, longest ; outer tail
feather, less thau three (quarter
iuch shorter than middle feather ;
tail, usually less than 7.25 long.

5harp°shinned Hawk.

Accipiter velo.r.

See No. 266.

Group 3. Wing, 9.50 to 13 inches long.

Section 1. The following species have the second primary

longest.

Upper surface of inner web of first
primary, without bars; l)reast
and belly, white.

White-taiied Kite.

Elanns fmrurus.
See No. 262.

FAMILY FALCONIOJ:. HAWKS, FALCONS, KAGLES, ETC.

165

Uitpcr surface of iiiuer wi-b of first primary, barred with white; breast ami
belly, streaked.

Prairie Falcon.

Falci) mrxirnnus.
See No. 290.

Tpper surface of iuuer wel) of first primary, barred with pale rufous brown ;
breast and belly, strealied.

Duck Hawk.
Peregrine Falcon.

Fdlco prrifjriniis mniliim.
See No. 201 .

Section 2. The following species have the third primary

longest.

Belly, slaty gray (adult i, or buffy streaked more or less with pale Drown (imma-
ture) ; upper tail coverts, not white.

nississippi Kite.
Ictinia niiiisissippiensi.'-
See No. 26.3.

■\

166

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Section 3. The following species have the fourth primary

longest.

Upper tail c-overts, white: tarsus, less than 2.25. liarc uortli of Florida,
where it is a permaaeut resident.

Everglade Kite.

Hostrhamns t^ocialu'lis.
See No. 264.

Marah Hawk.
Upper tail coverts, wliite; tarsus, over 2.25.

Harsh Hawk.

Circus hwl'^'iniu.-
See No. 20.5.

Fourth outer primary, not decidedly notched ; under surface of ])riinaries, not

barred with dark browu aud white; tail, less thau 9.50; upper tail coverts, not

white.

Broad°winged Hawk.

Buteo latisshnus.

See No. 278.

Fourth otUer i»rimaries, decidedly notched ; under surface of outer primaries,

not heavily barred with dark brown and white; tail, 9. .50, or over; wing,

over 11. .50.

American Goshawk.

Accipiter atricapilhis.

See No. 268.

FAMILY FALf'ONlD.K. MAWKS, FALCONS, KA(ilJ:s, KT('. 11)7

Fourth outer i)iini.ir\ . decidedly notched; uimIit siiif;ic(! of outt^r priniiirics, not
heavily barred with dark brown and white; tail, less tliau '.».">(); upprr
surface of tail, with distinct white bars. Red-shouldered Hawk.

Butcu liiiiiUit.s^ and races,
Scc! Xo. 275.

Uuder aurfare of priniaiics, heavily haired with dark hrowu and while; wiiij;,
under 11. 5U. Cooper's Hawk.

Ai'ci'piti')' roiijirri.
See No. 2(;7.

Belly, white, without -ireaks or hars. Short-tailed Hawk.

Buti'i) hntrlii/Knis.
See No. 2"!l.

Belly, black; j^cneial i)luiua>;e, hlack (l)lack pluise). Short-tailed Hawk.

Bulcit hrnc/iyiinis.
See Xo. 2711.

Group 4. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; first and second
primaries, emarginate, or notched.

Length, always under 19; primaries, lioary j^ray, without bauds

White-tailed Kite.

EJnnus lencnrus.
See Xo. 2G2.

First primary, pale brown, with uuinerous bauds ou inuer web; length, usually

under 19 (some females are longer). Prairie Falcon.

Falro inf'.n'ritni(s.
See Xo.200.
liCugth, always over lit; uuder tail coverts, spotted, or washed with dusky.

Gray Qyrfalcon.
Falco riislicolus, and races.
See Xo. 287.

Length, always over 11); uuder tail coverts, white, without spots. White Gyrfalcon.

Falco islandiis.
See No. 286.

Section 2. Third primary, longest ; face, bare.

Basal portiou of tail, white, barred with black, or brown; eud of tail, black.

Audubon's Caracara.
Foli/horns chiriiray.
See Xo. 297.

1(58 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Face, uot bare; upper surface of tail, grayisli brown, with numerous bars;
three outer primaries euiargiuate or notched. Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo sioainsoni.
See No. 277.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest ; upper tail coverts,

white.

Under surface of tail, wliitish at base ; one broad subtei-niinal band of dark brown,
tipped witli grayisli -wliite; upper inaudible elongated (see cut). Not recorded
north of Florida.

Everglade Kite.

Elanuidcs forjlcatus.
See No. 261.

Upper mandible, more hawk-like (see cut) ; under surface of tail, white or pale
rufous, with several bands of dark brown.

Harsh Hawk.

Circus hmlsonius.
See No. 265.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; upper tail coverts,

not white.

Upper surface of tail, bright rufous l)rown, with or without bauds (adult).

Red=tailed Hawk.

ButPO horcalis, and races.
•^ See No. 271 .

Upper surface of inner webs of outer tail feathers, barred with brown and white ;
tail feathers, more or less tinged with pale rufous ; primaries, not tinged with
rufous (immature). Red^tailed Hawk.

Bitten borealis.
See No. 271.

Upper surface of inner web of outer tail feathers, barred with ))rown and white ;

tail feathers, more or less tinged with pale rufous; primaries, more or less

tinged with rufous (immature).

Red°shouldered Hawk.

Buteo linedltis.

See No. 27.5.

Upper surface of tail, dark brown, 1 tarred with white (adult).

Red^shouldered Hawk.

Buteo li)ii-(ttus, cold races.
See No. 275.

Face, bare; basal portion of tail, white, barred witli black or d;irk brown; end
of tail black; thighs, black or dark brown. Audubon's Caracara.

Polyhorus cheritra>/.
See No. 297.

FAMILY I ALCOiNID.K. IIA^VKS, FALCONS, EACLES, FTC.

CIl

Adult.

Swainson's Ila

1 mature.

Throat, white; brea-'^t, ihiU brown: thigli.-;. barred nifous I>rowii and white;
three outer primaries emari^iuate or notched (adult) Swainson's Hawk.

Bnteo »irninsinii.
See No. 277.

Throat, hutlor bull" white; breast, heavily marked with dark brown; thijjhs, pale
rufous or buff with or without bars ; three outer primaries emargiuate or notelied
(immature). Swainson's Hawk.

BtltiiJ SW'liltStDli.

See No. 277.

Throat and uuderparts finely barred with gray and didl white, tlie leathers with
dark shafts; thighs, barred and mottled with gray and white; tail, 0.50 or over;
wing, over 11.50 (adult). Goshawk.

Accipiter alricapillus.
See No. 268.

Throat aud uuderparts aud thighs, white, or tawny white, streaked with dark
brown; tail, strongly barred (immature). Goshawk.

Accipiter alricdpill us.
See >'o. 2G8.

170

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF KASTEltN NOUTH AMERICA,

Group 5. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long.

Section 1. Second primary, longest; only first primary,

emarginate, or notched.

Duck HaM'k.

Leugth, under 19- priniurioj. tlurk brown, banded on inner sveb with pale rufous.

Duck Hawk.
Falco percgrinns (tnatum.
See No. 201.
Leugth, over 19; under tail coverts, wliite, without spots.

White Gyrfalcon.
Falco islamlus, and races.
See No. 286.
Leugth, over 19; under tail coverts, marked witli dusky or spotted.

Gray Qyrfalcon.
Falco rusticolns.
See No. 287.

MMiii

FAMILY FALCONID.E. HAWKS, I'ALCONS, KA(iLKs, I'/rO. 171

Section 2. Second primary, longest ; first and second
primaries, emarginate or notched.

Hack, eiilirely l»ro\vii; belly, white, without stroaks^ ; uiidcr tail c'i)vort>J, pun;
wliite; tarsus, nearly bare.

Fish Hawk.

Pnnilinn haliaftus rnroliutusix.
See No. 298.

Hack, brown; belly, bro»vii ; under tail coverts, >V)t white.

Black Gyrfalcon.

Fiilro nisti<-nlii!< iihsoletus.
See No. 2S9.

Back, slaty brown and white; under tail coverts, spotted or marked with dusky.

Gray Qyrfalcon.

Falco rustkoluti, <nid races.
See No. 287.

Back, wiiitc, or white streaked with slaty brown; under tail coverts, white.

White Qyrfalcon.

Fnlai islniidus.
See No. 286.

Section 3. Third primary, longest.

Four outer primaries, notched; basal portion of inner webs of primaries, largel}'
white, without bars ; tliighs, tawny or buff, more or less barred; tarsus,
thickly feathered.

American Rough-legged Hawk.

Airhihnk'O biynjiiis saiicti-jolKOinis.
See No. 281.

Four outer primaries, notched; basal portion of inner webs of primaries, largely
white, without bars; thighs, tinged witii deep rufous, heavily barred ; tarsus
thickly feathered.

Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.

Archibuteo ferrntjinens.

See No. 28£.

General plumage, entirely sooty brown, or black; four outer primaries, notched;
primaries and tad, witli more or less white, or gray ; tarsus, thickly feathered.

American Rough=legged Hawk (black plumage).

Archilnili'ii liKjojiiis sini<-li-J(>li(iniiis.
See No. 281.

m

172

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Caracara.

Four outer primaries, emargiiiate, Ijut not decidedly notched; a part of inner web
of outer primaries, white, sliowiug uuinerou^? imperfect bars; tliig-hs, black, or
dark brown ; face, bare.

"^ Audubon's Caracara.

Polyhorus cherhoay.
See No. 297

Tliree outer i)rimarles, notched; belly and thighs, not white.

Swainson's Hawk.

Buteo svminsoni.
See No. 277.

Three outer primaries, notched; a part of inner wel) of outer primaries, white,
showing num(M-ous imperfect Ixirs ; belly and thighs, pure white; )>aek, dark
brown.

Fish Hawk.

Pandion haliaetus.
See No. 29S.

Two outer primaries, notched; primaries, dark slaty Idue, sliowing greenisli
tinge when lield in tlie light; tail, long and forked; underparts and thighs,
white.

Swallow=tailed Kite.

Elanuides forficatus.
See No. 261.

FAMILY FALCONID.K. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EAOLKS, KTC. 173

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer
primaries, emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts,
white.

I'lulor surface of tail, whitish at l)asc ; one l)roa(l 3nht«M-miiial hand of dark hrowii,
tipped with f^rayi^h white; upper mandible, lon<;- and eurved (see cut). Not
recorded uortli of Florida.

Everglade Kite.
Iio!ytrliaiiiHs xuLinbilis.
See No. 264.

Upper mandible, hawk-like (see cut) ; under surface of tail, white or pale rufous
with several bands of dark brown.

Harsh Hawk.

Circus hudsfiuiiis.
See No. 2G5.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest, four or five outer
primaries emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts,
not white ; no feathers on tarsus.

Face, hare; back, brown; thighs, black or dark l)rowu. Audubon's Caracara.

Polijhorns che.rhfaij.
See No. 297.

Section 6. Fourth primary, longest, four or five outer
primaries, emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts,
not white; tarsus, partly (but not entirely) feathered.

Tail, l)right i ufous brown (adult) ; tail, whitisli or grayish, with numerous
l)rown bars (immature).

Red-tailed Hawk.

Buteo horealis, and 7rtcps.
See No. 271.

General plumage, dark sooty ])rown, sometimes with underparts pale, more or

less streaked and spotted.

Harlan's Hawk.

BuUii hnft'iilis harlnni.

See No. 274.

174 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA,

Section 7. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer
primaries, emarginate or notched ; tarsus, entirely
feathered ; upper tail coverts, not white.

Thighs, tawny, more or less streuket? o;. barred

American Rough°legged Hawk.

Archibxteo hif/ojnis sanrti-johaiinis.

See No. 281 .

General plumage, sooty brown or l)lack (black plumage).

American Rough^legged Hawic.

Ari'hihitteo Ingopus mncti-johannis.
See No. 281.

Thighs, tinged with deep rufous with numerous bars.

Ferruginous Rough^Iegged Hawlc.

Arcliihutpo fcmujineus.

See No. 282.

Section 8. Fourth primary, longest ; three outer primaries,

emarginate or notched.

Tarsus, partly feathered; throat, white (adult) ; throat, tawny or buff (immature).

Swainson's Hawk.

-C Bnteo sirai)isoni.

See No. 277.

Group 6. Wing, 17 to 21 inches long.

Section 1. Third primary, longest; tarsus, wholly

feathered.

Basal portion of inner wel) of primaries, largely white, without bars ; thighs,
tawny or buff, more or less barred ; tarsus, thickly feathered.

American Rough-legged Hawk.

Archilmteo lagopus sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

Basal portion of inner web of primaries, largely white, without bars ; thighs,
tinged with deep rufous heavily barred.

Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.

Archihitti'o fi'rrugincuit.

See No. 282.

FAMILY ^AIA•OXlUA,.~nA^VKS, FALV.OSS, KA(,LKS, ETC.

17.

Broad-winged Hawk.

Ospray.

Red-shouldered Hawk.

17(j

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Goshawk.

Gyrfalcon.

FAMILY FALCONID.K. — HAWKS, FALCONS, KAOLES, ETC.

1

Genoral pUunajjo, entirely sooty brown ov IiLu-k; iiriiiiarics and tail, witli more
or li'Srt white or gray.

American Rough-iegged Hawk (black plumage).

Archihuteo l<(i/njius sfDicti-johaii u is.
See No. 281,

Section 2. Third primary, longest; tarsus, not wholly

feathered.

Winjr, less than 10; a part of inner weh of outer primaries, white, sliowinj;
numerous imperfect bars; thiglis, Idaek or darlc brown; face, bare.

Audubon's Caracara.
Pofyhiinis rhrriirtiij.
See No. 21)7.

NViu'::^, from IG.OO to 21; apart of inner web of outer primaries, white, showing
numerous imperfect bars ; three outer primaries, notched ; belly and thighs,
pure white ; l)acli, dark browu. Fish Hawk.

Pnndian haliartns rttrolinPtisis.
See No. 285.

Wino;, less than T.) ; i>rimaries, dark slaty blue, showing greenish tinge when held
in the light; two outer primaries, notched ; tail, long and forked; underparts
and thighs, pure white. SwaIlow=tailed Kite.

EJnUnidi'?: fnrjh'atU!'.

See No. 2G1.

178 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Wiug, always over 18.50; belly and thighs, never white ; ouly adult 1)ird3 have
the hood and tail, white.

Bald Eagle.

ILiliaetiiA leucocepluilus.
See No. 2S5.

Section 3. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, witliout

featliers.

Back, l)rown ; face, hare.

Audubon's Caracara.

Pohjborus cheriway.
See No. 297.

Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, partly (not

entirely) feathered.

Tail, rufous hrown (adult) ; tail, whitish or grayish, with numerous lirown hars
(immature).

Red=tailed Hawk.

Bnteo borealis, and races.
See No. 271.

General plumage, dark sooty brown, sometimes with pale underparts, more or
less streaked and spotted.

Harlan's Hawk.
.r Butpo horealis harlani.

See No. 274.
Wing, alw.a}'S over IS. 50; only adults h.ive head and tail white.

Bald Eagle.
Haliaetns Icucocephalus.
See No. 285.

Section 5. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, entirely

feathered.

Thighs, tawny, more or less streaked or barred. American Rough=legged Hawk.

Archibuteo lugopns sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

General plumage, sooty brown or black (black plumage).

American Rough^legged Hawk.

Archibuteo hKjopns sancti-johannis.
See No. 281.

Thighs, tinged witli deep rufous with numerous bars.

Ferruginous Rough^Iegged Hawk.

Arch lb iiteo femifjineus.
See No. 282.

FAMILY JAU'ONID.K. — IIAVVKH, FALCONS, EA0LK8. ETC.

170

Group 7. Wing, over 21 inches long.

Golden Eagle.
Tarsus, entirely feathered ; head aud tail, never white.

Golden Eagle.

Anuila lUrijanitDK.
See No. 283.

180

KEY TO TliE BlivDS OiT EASTEK^' JS'OKTll AMEKICA.

Tarsus, not entirely feathered; head and tail, more or less white in old birds;

vounuer birds, have uo white ou head.

Bald Eagle.

Ualiaetns leucoccphalus.

See No. 285.

x-Jr^g —

FAMILY STRIGIDyK. — OWLS.

IHl

FAMILY 5TRIQID/E.

Owls.

Radiated disk of feathers surrounding the eye; plumage, soft; toes,
armed with strong curved talons.

Group 1. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long.
Section 1. Toes, thickly feathered.

Kicharrison's Owl.

Wing, less than 6.10; upper plumage, dark cinnamon brown, more or less
marked with white; uiiderparts, whitish, streaked witli brown; iuunaturo birds
have much white about tlie face.

Saw-whet Owl.
Acadian Owl.
Nyctnla ncadira.
See No. 306.

Wing, over 6.10; upper pUimage, darlc cinnamon brown, more or less marked
with wliite ; uuderi^arts, browu aud white.

Richardson's Owl.

Nyctala ten'jmalmi richardsoni.
See No. .'505.

182

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH A^iERICA.

Section 2. Toes, nearly bare, or but thinly featliered,

Screech Owl.

^ About one quarter natural size.

Tarsus, thickly feathered ; he.-id with two horu-like tufts of feathers; general
plumage, sometimes gray, sometimes rufous brown, more or less streaked and
spotted. Screech Owl.

Megascops asio^ and races.
See No. 307.

Tarsus, scantily feathered, usually nearly bare, especially on the lower part:
head, without horii'-like tufts of feathers. Occurs only in Florida.

Florida Burrowing Owl.

Speot'jto cunicularia floridana.
See No. 315.

Group 2. Wing, 8.50 to 1 1 inches long.

Primaries, dark brown, more or less marked with tawny brown.

Long=eared Owl.

Asio wilsonidHUs.
See No. 300.

Primaries, dark brown, more or less marked with pure white ; no liorn-like
tufts of feathers ou head. Hawk Owl.

Sitrnia ulula caparoch.
See No. 313.

FAMILY STKIOID.E. — OWLS.

1S3

Group 3. Wing, II to 13 inches long.

(Jeiicnil i)liimagc, l)ru\vti, luotlled, and siroakcd ; uiulerparls, streaked and
barred with brown : toes, feathered.

Barred Owl.

Syrninm uebnlosnm.

Sec No. 302.
Uuderparts, streaked and barred with browti; toes, nearly hare.

Florida Barred Owl.

SijrniiDu uiliiilnsina ullrni.
See 2s o. 3U3.

Barn Owl.
About one iierenth natural size.

Underparts, white, or tawny white, with more or less small spots of brown ; middle
toe uail, with comb-like edge.

Barn Owl.
Strix pratincnia.
See Xo. 299.

Group 4. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long.
Section I. Second primary, decidedly shorter than fourth.

Underparts, white, l)arred and streaked with brown; toes, more or less feathered.

Barred Owl.

Syrnium nebulosum.
See No. 302.

184

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Barred Owl.

Snowy Owl.

FAMILY STRIGIDyK. OWLS.

IS.*)

Underparts, white, barred and streaked with brown; toes, ncariv ban-. Owiirs
iu Florida and Gulf States only.

Florida Barred Owl.

SyrniiDn mhiilnsitm nUcni,
See No. :W3.

Section 2. Second primary, about equal in length to

fourth.

Two larj^e, ear-like tufts of feathers above the eyes.

Great Horned Owl.

Bilbo vinjtniaints. mul rnres.
See No. 309.

Section 3. Second primary, decidedly longer than fourth.

Short-eared Owl.
Underparts. streaked ; feet, thickly feathered.

Underparts, white or butt" white, more or less spotted ; feet, nearly bare

Short-eared Owl.

Asio acripitriu us.
See No. 301 .

Barn Owl.

Strixxiratinvolu.
See No. 299.

18(5

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 5. Wing, over 15 inches long.

Bill, l)lack; ijcueral plumage, tawny black and white; horn-like tufts of

feathers over the eyes.

Great Horned Owl.

Bubo ririjiiiiaiiKs^ and races.

See No. 309.

Bill, black; general plumage, white, usually more or less marked with slate
brown, or dark brown ; no horn-like tufts of feathers over the eyes.

Snowy Owl.

Nyctca mjctca.
See Xo. 312.

Bill, 3-ellowish; no horu-like tufts of feathers over eyes; general plumagr, gray
mixed with white and dark browu.

Great Gray Owl.

Scotiaptex cuicrca.
See Xo. 304.

(iicat Gray Owl.

Great Horned Owl.

FAMU-Y rSlTTACn>yK. I'AlUtOTS.

1N7

FAHILY PSITTACID/E.

Parrots.

Toes, four, two in front and two behind ; bill, with cere (a skin-like
covering over base of the bill).

<

.>^-

Geiienil pluinaj^e, greeu, more or less yrllow about the head.

Carolina Paroquet.

Conurus (((roUntiisia
See No. 31G.

Once common in Southern States; apparently now restrietea to Florida ami
Indian Territory.

]8H

KEY TO TIIK lilUDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY CUCULID^.

Cuckoos.

Feet, zygodactyle (two toes in front, two behind).

^.===^—

'^^^Cr^

P=S

Under mandible, yellow ; greater portion of primaries, rufous brown, tipped
wiLli ;,n:iyish olive; iiti(l(>ip;irts, dull wliite; outer tail feathers, black, tipped
with white.

Yellow^billed Cuckoo.

Coci'i/zus nmerkanns.
See No. 320.

Under mandible, yellow, tip, black; primaries, grayish olive, not rufous
brown; belly, tin^nxl witli pale rufous.

riangrove Cuckoo.

Coccijzus minoi% and races.
See No. 318.

Bill, black; no rufous Itrowu on primaries; underparts, dull white; outer tail,
like back in color.

Black-billed Cuckoo.

Cucajzus enjthrophthahnus.
See No. 321.

General plumage, black ; bill, black. West Indian species, recorded from Florida ;
accidental in tlie United States. Bill very different from that of true Cuckoo,
being thin and " Parrot like." Anl.

Crotophaga ani.
See No. 317.

FAMILY ALCKDINID.E.

K I N(» FISHERS.

18'.t

FAMILY ALCEDINID/E.

Kingfishers.

Feet, syndactyle ; toes, four, the middle and outer ones joined, beinj;
fastened together for more than half their length.

C^^ i'.ack, bluish gray ; throat uikI belly, white ; a
band of liluish gray on the breast (male) ;
underparts, without chestnut browu; sides
of the body and a baud on the belly, chestnut
(female).

Belted Kingfisher.

Cerijlo (ilryon.
See No. 3-22.

190 KEY TO TlIK BIRDS OF KASTEKN NORTH aMKKICA.

FAMILY PICID^.

WOODPECKERS.

Group 1. Wing, less tlian 4.25 inches loug. See page 1 'J 1.
Group 2. \\ing, 4.2;') to 5.50 inelies long. See page 101.

Section 1. Toes, three; no trace of red on crown or nape. See page 101.

Section 2. Toes, four; no trace of red on crown or nape. See page 102.

Section 3. Toes, four; more or less red on crown or nape. See page 10.?.
Group 3. Wing, 5..50 to S.OO inches long. See page 195.
Grou> 4. Wing, over 8.00 inches long. See page 19G.

FAMILY riCIDyK. — WOODl'KCKKHS.

nn

FAMILY PICID/E.

Woodpeckers.

Tail feathers, stiff and pointed ; bill, strong and sharp. Woodpeckers
are commonly seen climbing about on trunks of trees.

Group 1. Wing, less than 4.25 inches long.

^c:"'^.

liack, black, streaked witli white; crown,
with red nuchal patch (male) ; without
red nuchal i)atcli (female) ; tail feath=
ers, stiff and pointed; toes, four,
two in front, two liehiiul.

Downy Woodpecker.
Dnjohnli'S j^ulicurois.
Sec No. 82G.

Group 2. Wing, 4.25 to 5.50 inches long.

Section 1. The following species have three toes; no trace
of red on the crown or nape.

Toes, three: crown, yellow; hack, black, without white (male).

Arctic three-toed Woodpecker.

Picoide.f arcticns.

See No. 328.

192

KEY TO THE IJIUDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Toes, three; crown,
bliick ; back, black,
without ichite.

Arctic Three=toed Woodpecker.

Pkindcs arcticus (femah).
See No. 328.

Toes, three ; crown, j^el-
low; hark, black and
u'hite.

American Three=(oed W odpecker.
Banded=backed Woodpecker.

Picoides americamis (male).
See No. 329.

Toes, three; crown, black, iniirkt'd with white; hack^hlack and v)hit<\

American Three=toed Woodpecker.
Banded=backed Woodpecker.

Picoides amirivamiti {female).
See No. 329.

Section 2. The following species have four toes ; no trace
of red on crown or nape.

Ear coverts, black; no

white on inner web of two
middle tail feathers; mid-
dle of back, more or less
white, but not hoavih-
banded as in boreal is ;
lower rump and upper
tail coverts, black.

Hairy Woodpecker.

Dri/tihiiti s villosn.-i (female).
See No. 324.

FAMILY PICID.K. — WOODI'KCKEIIS.

1!);?

Ear coverts, white; no wliite on inner web of two middle! tail Icatlicrs ; back,
heavily banded with white and black; upper tail coverts, black.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Dryohdtes borculis (male).
See No. 327.

Rump and upper tail coverts, pure white; greater portion of tertials and
secondaries, white; the shafts, black ; inner webs of two middle tail featlier.s,
not marked witli white.

Red=headed Woodpecker.

Melanerpps crythroccjihalus (immature).
See No. 332.

Inner webs of two middle tail feathers, heavily marked with white; belly,
usually tinged with pale yellow.

Yellow=benied Woodpecker.

Sphyrajiicus rurius (irnmature).
See No. 330.

Section 3. The following species have four toes, and more
or less red on crown or nape.

Crown, black ; a patch of
red on the occiput (l)ack
of the head) ; ear cov=
erts, black ; no white
on inner webs of two
middle tail feathers ;
back, black, with white
patch in middle, but
not heavily banded
with black and white;
wings, with round
white spots ; upper
tail coverts, black.

Hairy Woodpecker.

Dii/obates villosus (male).
See No. 324.

Crown, black ; a narrow patch of red on either side of the occiput (back of

the head); ear coverts, white; no white on inner webs of two middle tail
feathers; back, banded black and white; upper tail coverts, black.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Dryobates horeaJis (male).
See No. 327.

1114

KKV TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, red; throat, red (male); crown, red; throat, white (female); belly,
tinged with yellow; two middle tail feathers, heavily maikod with white on
tlie inner webs; a patch of black on the breast, varyiiiu; in si/.e, according

to age and season.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

Sphyrapkus varius {adult).

See No. 330.

(1 \Vh\ —
Reil l)fllieii ^Voo(ll)C(•ker.
Crown, red (male); crown, ashy gray, nape, red (female); throat and under-
parts, pale ash gray, the belly tinged with red or hufl", artordinu to season.

Red^bellied Woodpecker.

Mdanerpcs cnmlin ns.
See No. .333.

Rump and upper tail coverts, pure white; greater part of secondaries and
tertials, white, with black shafts (sometimes with one l)rown band near
tij)) ; entire head and throat, red (adults); immatuni birds have the head
brownish gray, speckled and marked with dull black, but usually showing more
or less red in places.

Red-headed Woodpecker.

Mclanei'pes crijlhrorephalus.
See No. .332.

FAMILY nClD.l-:. — WOODPECKERS.

lilf)

Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 8.00.

GoMeii-Min.^ed Woodpecker.

Under Purface of \viii<;s and tail, yoUow ; a band of red on the nape, and a black
molar stripe (male) : similar l)ut witliom the Idack molar stripe (female).

Golden=winged Woodpecker.
Flicker.

Colaptes aurdhis.

See No. 334.

Kump and upper tail coverts, pure white;
greater portion of tertials, white, the shafts,
bhick; middle tail feathers, not marked with
white; belly, white.

Red=headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpps prjithrocephnhif.
See No. 333.

Red headed Wooduccker.

196

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTEKN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat, red or white, not j?raj'; helly, tin<i:(Ml with
yellow. Yellow=belIied Woodpecker.

Spyrapicus varius.

See No. 330.

Yellow bfllierl Woodpecker.

niddle tail feathers, marked with white ; uuderparts, ashy, tinged with red
or bufi oa the belly. Red-bellied Woodpecker,

Melanerpes caruUaus.
See No. 33:^.

Group 4. Wing, over 8.00.

Bill, dark slaty, or blackish; upper plumage, blackish; basal hnlf of wing
fc.illi.Ts, white; whole cro%vn, scarlet red (male); front of crown, not rod
(female). Pileated Woodpecker.

Ceophlmis pilcatus.
See No. 331.

FAMILY riCID.E. — WOODPECKEUS.

i:)7

Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

Bill, yellowish white; greater portion of plumage, black; greater portion of
secoudaries, aud tips of inner primaries, white; a wliite stripe extends down
sides of tlie neck to the back; crest, bright red (male) ; crest, black (female).
Occurs in Florida, and in a few localities along the Gulf coast. Rare.

Ivory-bllled Woodpecker.

Campephilns pri uripalis.
See No. 323.

1U8

KEY TO THE I5IKDS OF ?:ASTKliX .XOKTH AMEUICA,

FAMILY CAPRIMULQID^.

Night=hawks, Whip=poor=wills, etc.

Feet, small and weak; mouth, very large; bill, small; middle toe
nail, with fine comb-like edge; front toes, connected at base.

A l):ind of wliite on the wing; tnil feathers, not tipi>ed with wliite.

Night=hawk.

Chordp.iles viryinianus, and races.
See No. 337.

No wliilc on tliewing: primaries, banded with rufous brown ano black; wing.

over 7.50.

Chuck=will's= widow.

Antrostomun rarolinensis.
See No. 335.

Cliuck- will V- widow

Xo wliite on wing;
outer tail featli<>rs.
broadly tijyped
with wliitc ; wing,
under 7 .50.

Whip-poor-will.
Antrnatonius vncifcms.
See No. 336.

FAMILY TUOCIIILIDyK. HI MMINO-HIRDS.

lill

FAMILY niCROPODID^.
Swifts.

General plumage, sooty brown, showiug a faint greenish liiige on ihe upper

parts; throat, ashy wliite ; tail feathers, with sharp spines, or points formed

by the shafts of the featliers, extendino; beyond tiie webs. The Swifts are

widely separated geuerically from the Swallows; but persons unfamiliar with

birds might look for them under the same family.

Chimney Swift.

ChiCliira pdaijica.

See Xo. 340.

FAMILY TROCHILID/E.
Humming=birds.

Smallest of Birds. Wing less than 1.75 inches long

(carpus to tip).

■vT-A

Throat, ruby red; back, golden green
(male); no red on throat (female
and young male).

Ruby-throated Humming-bird.

Trochihtx C(>lnhi-i».

See Xo. :{41.

200 ^^^' ^O ^l*''^ lUHDS OF EA.STEKN iNOKTII A.MEUICA.

FAHILY TYRANNID^.

Flycatchers.
Group 1. Wing, from 2.13 to 2.37 inches long.

Bill, broad and flattened, with numerous small black bristles at base ;
tip, with small but distinct hook.

353

Top of bill. Side of bill.

Bill, with small liook at tip, flat and wide at
base; l>ack, olive green; belly, not yellow,
or only faintly tinged with yellow.

Least Flycatcher.

Empidonax minimna.
Sec No. ^oo.

liack, olive green; belly, clear yellow.

Yellow'bellied Flycatcher.

Empidonax JlacivoUris.
See No. 352.

Group 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

Under mandible, yellowish white; throat, whitish ; brea.st and belly, dull white,
tinged with pale yellow ; back, olive greeu.

Arcadian Flycatcher.
Green=crested Flycatcher.

Empidonax virescens.
See No. 353.

FAMILY TYUANMD.i:. — FI.YCATCIIKKS.

201

liiulcr in:mdibl(\ yellowish whiLo ; throat and unJerparts. ^rt'tinsli yflluw , Imck, oliv«!

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Empidonax Jliivivnitris.
See X.). :}.-):>.

'^

J

Flyc;it<'licr.

Under mandible, pale yellowish white, or Inuwnish white: back, tinged with

olive brown ; \vin<;-, over 2.()0.

Traill's Flycatcher.

Empidonax trailUi ahwrum.

See No. 354.

Under mandible, usually pale brown or brownish

white ; wiue:. uudcr 2.60.

Least Flycatcher

Empidonax minimus

See Xrt. 805.

'20-2

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

^ Bill, flat and wide, with small hook at tip» and
black bristles at base.

Winj;, under 3.05; under mandible, yellowisli white; throat and underparts,
pale greenish yellow ; l)ack, olive green.

Yellow=bellied Flycatcher.

Empidonax flaviventris.
See Xo. 352.

Wing, usually under 3.05; under mandible, 5n!llo\vish wliite ; throat, white ;
Itreast and Itclly, whitisli, faintly tinged with yellow: back, dull olive green.

Arcadean Flycatcher.

-E"*)); * idi >nax r iresce u n .
See No. 353.

Wing, nndrr 3.05; upper parts, tinged with olive brown ; Mir(»al, whit<'; under
niandildc, ytdlowish while; eye-ring and wing bars, pale tawny.

Traill's Flycatcher.

Empidonax trailli alnorum.
See No. 354.

- ■^■^--' ^ ,>r^

FAMILY TYRANNID.K. _ FI.VCATCIIF.RS

Group 4. Wing, 3.2S to 3.75 incl,es long.

•JO'.i

Both inaiulil.les, l.Inckish ; hack, brownish o

livo.

Phoebe Flycatcher.

Say or II in phu},, .
!^ee No. 348.

I'u.l.T .na..lihle, pale, usually yellouisl., or y,

ellowish brown , back, .bill oliv...

Wood Pewee.

Cuiifiijiiis fin IIS.
See No, 351.

•>{)

KKY TO Tin: lUIlDS OF EASTEKN XOKTII AMERICA.

Group 5. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long

Bill, with small hook at tip, and black bristles at base; back of
tarsus, rounded.

Flycatcher.

Throat, grayish; belly, yellow; back, dull
olive; more or less rufous hrowu ou the tail
feathers.

Crested Flycatcher.

Myiarchus crinitus.
See No. 347.

Throat, grayish olive; belly, pale rufous brown; upper parts, olive gray.

Say's Phoebe.

Sayornis saija.
See No. 349.

Throat, and middle of belly, white, sometimes tino^ed witli yellow; under
iii.iiHiiMc. pale at base; upper parts, hrowuisli olive; greater portion of breast,
:mil sidcsof the body, hrowuisli olive; upper mandible, blacl< ; a tuft of whitish
feathers on the flanks.

Olive=sided Flycatcher.
Contopus hurcnUs.
See No. 350.

Throat and underparts, white; a very lonj^ forked tail; crown, black, witli
yellow paleli in centre; back, gray.

Fork=tailed Flycatcher.

Milvulits ti/r<i)ini(s.
See No. 342.

FAMILY TYUANNII)^. FLYCATCHERS.

205

Group 6. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long.

Back, blackish ; a concealed
patch of fiery red on crown ;

tuil, tipped with white ; l)flly,

white.

King Bird.

Ttjrannus l>irai>nns.

See No. 344.

Back, dull ash gray; a concealed patch of orange red on crown: tail, not

tipped with white; bellv, white.

Gray King Bird.

Tyrannus dominicensis.

See No. 345.

Crown and back, dull olive ; throat, gray;
belly and under tail coverts, yellow ;

tail feathers, heavily marked witli i-ufous.

Crested Flycatcher.

Mijiinrlins crlnitu.t.
See No. 347.

Crown, dull olive gray; throat, olive gray;
belly, rufous brown; tail, black.

Say's Phoebe Flycatcher.

Saiioruis siii/ii.

See No. 349.

200

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Uppor plumage, brownish olive, or dull, grayish olive; throat and middle of

belly, wliite, sometimes tiuged with pale yellow; breast (except middle) and

sides of body, dull grayish olive; under niaudible, pale.

•" " -^ OIive=sided Flycatcher.

Cantopus borealis.

See No. 350.

Crown and back, ashy ; throat and breast, ashy white; sides of breast and
body, orange red ; tail, verj' long, rarely less than four and one half inches.

5cissor=tailed Flycatcher.

Milvulus forficahis.
See No. 343.

Crown, black, with cniiL-ealed patch of yellow ; back, gray ; uuderparts, white;
tail, very long, usually more than, four and one half inches.

Fork=tailed Flycatcher.

Milvulus tyranims.
See No. 342.

FAMILY TYRANNID^E. — FLYCATCHERS.

21)^

Group 7. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

Top of blU.

Back, blackish; a concealed patch of fiery red on the crown; tail, tipped
with white ; belly, white. King Bird.

Tijrnn nits ti/rnnnus.
See Xo. :U4.

Back, dull ash gray ; a concealed patch of orange red on the crown; tail, not
tipped with white ; belly, white. Gray King-bird.

Tyrannus duminicensis.
StM" No. 84.0.

Hack, olive gray; a concealed orange patch on the crown; throat, gray; belly,
yellow ; outer web of outer tail feather, white ; a western species which
has occa^^itinally been taken east of the Mississippi. Arkansas Flycatcher.

Tijrun n ns vertical is.
See Xo. .340.

Crown and back, ashy; throat and breast, ashy white; sides of breast and
body, orange red ; tail, very long, rarely less than four and one half
inches. A southwestern species, several examples of which have been taken in
Eastern North America, from Ontario to Florida. Scissor=tailed Flycatcher.

Milv hIus fo rjicat us.
See No. 343.

Crown, blacK, with concealed patch of yellow ; back, gray ; underparts, white;
tail, very long and forked, usually over four and one half inches. South
American species, stragglers, have been taken in Eastern North America.

Forked-tail Flycatcher.
Milculug lijrannu!).
See No. 342.

208

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTEKN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY ALAUDID/E.
Larks.

Bill, pointed, and somewhat rounded ; back of tarsus, rounded ; hind
toe nail, elongated, equal or longer than the toe; nostrils, more or less
concealed by tufts of hair=like feathers ; wing, 3.75 to 4.50.

-3f'^

4'

Horned Lark.

rppcr tlirti.it ami line ovoi- the eye, yellow, or j'ellowish wliit(! ; a stripe from bill
helow the ej'c, and a patch on breast, black, or blackish; belly, white ; upper
parts, brownish, more or leas streaked ; hind toe nail, lonp^, :nul nearly straight;
greater portion of outer web of outer tail feather, white. In immature and
winter birds, the horn-like tul't of feathers is bicking, or indistinc-t.

Horned Lark.
Shore Lark.

OliiciiriA aljirsfria, and rnres.
See No. 357.

caMa_MK_

JfAMILY COKVID/K. — JAYS, CUOWfS, ETC.

209

FAHILY CORVID^.

Jays, Crows, etc.

SUBFAMILY GARRULIN/E.

Jays and flagpies.

First primary, much shorter than second, always less than three fourths
as long as third; fourth or fifth primary, longest; bill, stout and strong;
the nostrils, concealed by coarse hair-like feathers ; outer tail feathers,
shorter than middle feathers.

Group 1. Wing, 3.75 to 4.75 inches long.

To]> iind sides of head, minors and tail, dull blue; back and belly, ash sray
Occurs ouly iu Florida.

Florida Jay.

Aphihu'dhia floridana.
See No. Mi.

210

KEY TO THE BinDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

Upper p.irts, pale blue or purplisli blue; tail, bright blue,
barred witli black and (except middle feathers), tipjtt'd with
white; wings, blue, marked with wlute; underparts, ashy
white; J)rea.st with black ])an(l.

Blue Jay.

Ci/cDioritta cristata, and races.
See No. 360.

No blue on plumage any-
where ; greater part of
crown, dusky ; breast and
belly, gray ; throat,
lisrhter.

Canada Jay.

Perisoretis ('a)iadpnsis^ and races.
See Nos. 403 and 464.

FAMILY COKVID.K. JAYS, (MJOWS, KTC

211

Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long.

Upi'or parts, pal»; blue, or purplish blue; tail, hriijht bluf, barred with lilat-k, and
(fxcopt mitldlt' feathers') tii)ped with white; wings, blue, marked with while;
uuderparts, ashy white; breast, with black biuid. Blue Jay.

Cijnniiiilid crislnla
See No. 360.

Forehead, throat, and sides of head, dull white; back of crown and nape, black-
ish; back, gray; uuderparts, ashy, palest ou the throat.

Canada Jay.

Perisorrus cmKtili'iisi.s^ uml races.
See No. 3fW.

Group 4. Wing, 6.50 to 8.50 inches long.

Head and breast, black; tail, loug, showing more or less greeu and purple reflee-
tious. American Hagpie.

Pirn jiicn Jiiclsoiiirn.
See No. 359.

SUBFAMILY CORVIN/E.

Crows and Ravens.

Group 5. Wing, 9.50 to 15 inches long.

Plumage, black; wing, over
11.50; tarsus, over 2.10;
bill, over l.SO.

Crow.

Corvtts aiucricaiius^ nu'l races.
See No. 366.

212 kp:v to tiik iurds of eastkkx north amp:rioa.

I'luiiiagc, black; wiug, umlt-r ll.oO; lar.sus, uuder 2.1U; bill, uuiler l.SO.

Fish Crow.

Core us usfiij'rafjita.
See No. 3(J8.

Group 6. Wing, over 15 inches long.

liaven.

G«'iu;ral plmnajie, black.

Raven.

Corous Cdi'nx principalis.
See No. 3<J5.

FAMILY ICTEllIDiE. I5LACKlilKDt<, OlilOLKS, MKAOuW L.VicK.^, lOlc. 2 L'6

FAMILY lOTERIDyE.

BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC.

(OUP 1. Wiug, less tliau ;J.75 inches long. See piige "iU.

Section I. I'uderparts, more or less marked with yellow, oraii;;c, or chest imi hrowii.
See page 214.

Section 2. I'liderparts, black or lieavily streaked with black or dark brown. Sec page bo.
(OUP 2. AVing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long. See page 210.

Section 1. Uuderparts, more or less yellow. See page 217.

Section 2. No yellow on underi)arts. See page 218.
iOUP 3. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. See page 219.
{OUP 4. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. See page 222.
iOUP 5. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long. See page 224.
iOUP 6. Wing, over 6.50 inches long. See page 225.

214

KEY TO THE BIRIJS OF EASTEHN NOHTil AMERICA.

FAMILY ICTERID^. ;

\

Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks, etc. j

First primary, not short; base of bill slightly dividing the feathers of i
the forehead ; nostrils, exposed ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle N^
feathers. *

Group 1. Wing, less than 3.75 inches long.

Section 1. The following species have the underparts
more or less marked with either yellow, orange, or chestnut
brown.

Head and throat, black; underparts, orange yellow ; l)ack, black.

Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus (jdUiuhi (male).
See No. 379.

Head, more or less marked with black; back, blackish; underparts, orange, paler

than the male. Baltimore Oriole.

Irtmts giiVnUfi (female).
See No. 870.

Crown and back, dull olive, faintly tinged with yellow on rump; underparts, pale
yellow, usually with faint orange tinge; wing, over 3.45. Baltimore Oriole.

^ Icterus r/albula (immature).

See No. 379.

Head and liack, black; rest of under-
parts, chestnut brown.

Orchard Oriole.

Icterus spurius (male).
See No. 378.

Crown and back, greenish, without
stripes; underparts, yellow (not
orange); wing, under 3.45.

Orchard Oriole.

Icterus sjiurius (female).
See No. 378.

Crown, with yellow buflf in centre,
boidered by black; back, streaked
with black; underparts, pale yel-
low, tinged with buft; tail feathers,

pointed.

Bobolink. Rice Bird.

Dulichowjx oryzivorus (female).
See No. 370.
Orchard Oriole.

FAMILY ICTKKID.K. HLACKlUUnS, ORIOLKS, MF.ADOW LAUKS, I:T(;. 2 1 ;"»

Section 2. The following species have the imderparts
black, or heavily streaked with black, or dark brown.

Underparts, black, often showing more or less whitish on tips of feathers; head,
blaek; l)acl< of neolv, tawny, or tawny white; l)acli, blaclc, sliadini; into o-niy
and white on rump and upper tail coverts.

Bobolink.
Rice Bird.

Dolkhotvjx. onjzivorus (mah).
See No. 870.

Underparts, whitish oj- l)ufly, streaked
with black.

Red^winged Blackbird.

Ayelaiu!< jiha'nicevs, (duI racs (frninlc).
See No. 373.

k

216

KEY TO TUP] BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long.

First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third.

Blackbird.

Gracklc, or Crow Blackbird. Oriole.

Meadow Lark.

FAMILY ICTERIDifi. — Rr-ArKnil;l>S, OKIOI.KS, MK \I)<)\V r,\l£KS, ETC. 217

Section I. The following species have underpants with

more or less yellow.

Head and back, black ; throat, black ; n>st of tiiulrrpnrts, orange.

Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus i/nlfnilii (male).
See No. 370.

Head and back, brownish black; throat, black; rest of uncleiparts, paler

than the inair.

Baltimore Oriole.

IcWrus i/njliiila {female).

See No. 379.

Upper plumage, dull brownish olive; rump, vfllnuish olivr; entire under-
parts, yellowish white or pale buffy yellow, faintly tinged with orange.

Baltimore Oriole.

Icterus gallnihi {immature').
See No. 37U.

Underparts, pale buff yellow or

tauiiv yi'llow ; wliili-li <>ii rhin;
sides, strcakod with black; crowu,
blackish, with tawny stripe in con-
trr; back, streaked ; tail feathers,
very pointed.

Bobolink.

VuUchonyx oryzitorim (^female).
See Ho. 370,

21.H

KEY TO THK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat and underparts, yellow; breast, with more or less black; crowu
l)ri>\vnisli hlack, wiili bull white stripe iu centre.

Meadow Lark.

Stuniilla tiiaf/nu.
See No. 370.

Section 2. The following species have no yellow on the

underparts.

Underparts, heavily streaked with ulack ; throat, tinged with tawny.

Red-winged Blackbird.

Ayelaitis jihu'iiiceii!^ QeDLule).
See No. 373.

Underparts, black, generally w ith more
or less feathers tipped with dull white;
crown, lilark; back of the neck,
tawny ; tail feathers, very pointed.

Bobolink.

Dolichonijx onjzivorus.
See No. 270.

(

Head and throat, brown ; rest of
plumage, glossy greenish black.

Cow Bird.

Jlolothrus atcr (inalc).
See No. 371.

Underparts, brownish gray ; upper
parts, pale grayisli brown.

Cow Bird.

Molothrus ater {female).
See Xo. 371.

FAMILY ICTERIDiE. BLACKHIUDS, OKIOLKS, MKADOW LAUKS, ETC. 219

Group 3. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long.

First primary, never less tlian three fourths as long as thi

rd.

Goii.ral plinii:io:»:, i.l:uk; a patch of scarlet on the shoulder.

Red=winged Blackbird.

Aijelains jiho'nircus (>««/»>), (in>1 rarcn.
See No. 373.

GeinT.il ])liiin,i>x<\ ])I.K'k ; no red
shoulder patch; licntl. nor
tiiiil^fd wilh purple.

Rusty Blackbird.

Scoler<>ii)in<iitg rnroUnns.
See No. 381.

220

KEY TO THK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

General plumage, black, glossed on the liead with purplish or violet black, and
back and uuderparts, tinged with metallic green ; no red on shoulder.

Brewer's Blackbird.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (^male).
See No. 382.

General plumage, black, tinged with brown on the crown and back ; the

le;itliers on tlit- underparts, tipped with lusty brown; underparts, not streaked;
no red on shoulder.

Rusty Blackbird.

Scolecophagus carolinva (immature),
' See No. 381.

General plumage, black, more or less streaked and marked with brown,
buff, and dull white; lesser wing coverts (shoulder), dull red.

Red= winged Blackbird.

A(jelaiiis phoiniri'Hs (jjimng male).
See No. 373.

Underparts, streaked with black; no

reil jtateh (jn slioulder.

Red'winged Blackbird.

Agelaius phwuireus (female)^ ami races.
See No. 373.

^^■-

Head and breast, chocolate brown; rest oi plumage, glossy black.

Cow Bird.

Molvtlirus nter (male
See No. 371.

FAMILY lOTEUIDJE. ML ACK III HDS, <)i:i(>r,F;S, MKAOoW LAUKS, KTC. 221

(ieneral plumage, gray; pnlfsi on tin- tliroMt.

Cow Bird.

MoUithruH attr (/rmnlr).
Se« No. nil.

Throat, yellow ; belly, black ; iulull niiilcs liav.' tlic <'nliVr lirad y<'ll<>u ; Irmah-s
ami iminatnif liinl^ liavf Ww »To\vn often bltii-kisli.

Yellow-headed Blackbird.

AiiiU/iiirijiliitlitx xiiiilliiii; j,/,,iliiH ( fimale).
Set- No. .i7±

Throat and belly, yellow; liroast, with iiion^ or lo^-< black.

Meadow Lark.

Sturnelln mntind.
Soe No. .375.

General pluinajic, dark slate or brownish slate color ; undt'iparts, incliiiini; to
plumbeous.

Rusty Blackbird.

ScohiuphaijnK camlinus (female) (adult hi sionmir)
SeeNo. .S81.

2n

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 4. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

First primary, not short; base of bill, dividing the feathers of the fore=
head ; nostrils, exposed ; outer tail feathers, shorser than middle feathers.

Genenil plumage, inetallie blue,
green, purple, and bronze.

Crow Blackbird.
Purple Grackle.

Quiacalns quiscAila^ and races.
See No. 3S3.

Upper plumage, dark brown, or l)l;i(kisb; crown, brown; underparts, brown=
Ish gray, sliadiug to brownish white or buHy white on the throat.

Boat=tailed Grackle.

(^ui^cdl'ts majiir ( fcnial i'') .
See No. 386.

General ]>lumage, black ; a
patch of scarlet red on
the shoulder.

Red=winged Blackbird.

AypJaius phu'niceits {mlaU male).
See No. 3^3.

^mm

FAMILY KTKUIDvi: HI.ACKHIKDS, OIMOLK.S, MKADOW T.AI.'KS. KTf. 22.'i

(tciit'ial i)lmn;i<;t', l)l:u'k, inon' or less strcikcd and marked with Inill, Itrown, ami
(lull wliitt'; traces of" more or less red on Mie slionlder (le-;-iei- \viii<; coverts).

Red-winged Blackbird.
A'jclaiua phu'tiireiis^ <ind runs {iinmntrtre).
See No. \M:i.

j^ Adult l)inlfl entirely dull black; no red shoulder |>atcli.
^ luiniature l)irds have the upjier i)arts more or less hruun,

and the feathers on the uuderparts. tipjxMl with rusty
brown. Rusty Blackbird.

SciiliciiitluKinx rurolinus {mitlr, mnl iiiinniinre).
See No. 381 .

tJeueral plumage, dark slate or brownish slate color ; underparts, plumbeous
slate color. Rusty Blackbird.

Sroh'cophagus rttroliiuis (fcmnh, in simwirr).
See No. :{S1.

General plumage, hlack, glossed on the head with purplish or violet black ;

the hack and underparts, tinged with mt'lailic grei-n; no red on siioulder.

Western species rare in Eastern United States.

Brewer's Blackbird.
Scolecophayus cijatiocfphalna (male).
See No. 382.

Throat, yellow; belly, black; .imount of yellow on head varies according to
age .in( >e.i>on. Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Xanthucrphaliis .•■iinlhix-i'phulu^ {female).
See No. 372.

224

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat and belly, yellow ; lirejist. wirli more or less l)lack.

Meadow Lark.
Marsh Quail.

Stumella rna{i)ia, and races.
See No. 375.

Group 5. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long.

General plumage, black, showins:
metallic,', refloctioiis of blue
green. |Hirplc and bronze, wlieu
held in the liirbt.

Purple Grackle.

Quiscahis (/idsnila, avd races.
See No. 38.3.

FAMILY ICTEKID.E. HLACKBIKDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ET(;. 225

r])pfr i)luinagt', dark l)rt)\vu or Ijlackish ; crown, brown ; umlfi-parts, Itrowni.sh
gray, shading to brownish wliite, or bufty white on the throat (female).

Boat-tailed Qrackle.

(^iiisrdlii.'i iitiijor.
See Xo. 380.

Throat, yellow; belly, black.

Throat, yellow ; belly, yellow.

Yellow'headed Blackbird.

XanthocpphalHs :rn)Ulior.i'phalus.
See Xo. 372.

ileadow Lark.

Sturnella mctf/un, ami raros
See No. 37n.

Group 6, Wing, over 6.50 inches long.

General plnmage, black.

Boat-tailed Uiackle.

Boat=tailed Crackle.

Qitisi-iiliis innjiir.
See Xo. 3S(J.

22() KEY TO THE lilllD.S OF EA8TE11N KORTU AMERICA.

FAISITLY FRI^N^GTLLTD^^.

SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, BUNTINGS, ETC.

GROUP I. AViiio-. i.7r, to 2.18 iih-Ik's louj^. See page 228.

GROUP 2. Wing, 2.1:5 to 2.;{7 iuclics long. See p;ige 230.

P;irt 1. TJreast, more or less streaked; carpal joint, edged with yellow. See page 2.'5n.

Part 2. Breast, more or less streaked; carpal joint, not yellow. See page 231.

Part 3. Breast, not streaked; carpal joint, edged with yellow. See page 231.

P.irt -I. Breast, not streaked; carpal joint, not edged with yellow. See page 232.

GROUP 3. Wing, 2.37 to 2.7.5 inches long. See page 233.

P;ul 1. Throat or underparts, more or less blue, red, dull green, or bright yellow.

See i)age 233.
Par^ 2. Throat or underparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green ; breast.

distinctly streaked; carpal joint, edged with yellow. See p;ige 234.
Part 3. I'nderparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; breiist, distinctly

stre:d<('d; carpal joint, not edged with yellow. See pnge 23().
T'.-irt 1. rnderpnrts, i\ot miirked with red, l)lue, yellow, or gn'en ; breast, not stre.-dced ;

bend of wing (carpal joint), edged with yellow. See page 237.
Part :"). I'nderparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; the breast, not

distinctly streaked, and no yellow on bend of wing. See page 238.

GROUP 4. Wing, 2.7."> to 3.2.5 inches long. See page 239.

I'art 1. Throat or underparts, more or less red, blue, green, or yellow. See p.ige 23'.t.
I'art 2. \o blue, red, green, or yellow on the un(l('ri):irt.s ; nioi-e or less of tbro:it, black

fsometimes only the chin); breast and sides, not distinctly streaked. See

page 243.
Part 3. No lilue, red, green, or yellow on the underpai-ts ; throat or chin, not black;

hre.ast or sides, not distinctly streaked; tail feathers, innrked with more or

less while. See page 244.

I'A.MILV l'KIN(;il.l,II>.K. Sl'AUllOUS, FINCIIIOS, CUOSSIU LI,S, lU NI'IN. iS. 227

I'arL I. Ni) blui', red, urccii, or yt'llow on llw. lualcrpMils ; tlir();it, or cliiii, not lil.-ick;

hroasL or sides, not disLiucLly streaki-d ; no whiti; on tail fratlnirs. Sec

paiji* 215.
Part r>. No red, Idiic, ^rci'ti, or yellow on the uudcrparts ; throat, more or less (somc-

linies only the ehin) liiaek; breast or sides, distinetly streaked. See

pajre 217.
Tai't (i. No led, liliie, j^reon, or yellow on tiie underparls; throal oi- eldii, not lilack;

hieast, distitu'tly streaked or spotted. See pa<^(! ^2i>'^.

GROUP 5. ^^ inj;, ;{.2.") to ;5.7r) inches lonj;. See pa.i^t; 251.

I'art ]. .More or less of either red, blue, jcUow, or i^reen on tht; nnderparfs. See

pai;e 251.
Tart 2. No red, blue, yellow, or green on the underpails. See pa>;e 254.

GROUP 6. Winj;, 3.75 to -1.25 inches long. See page 257.

Part 1. -More or less red on the uuderparts. See page 257.

I'art 2. 3Iore ov less yellow, orange, or green on tlu; nnderiiarts. See p.ige 25S.

Part ;}. Xo red, yellow, orange, or green on tlu; uuderparts. See page 259.

GROUP 7. Wing, 1.25 to 1.75 inches long. See page 201.

228

KEY TO TIIIC RIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY FRINGILLID^E.

Sparrows, Finches, Crossbills, etc.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second
or third ; bill, stout and conical ; nostrils, high, near the culmen ; pri-
maries, 9; tarsus, flattened behind.

Group 1. Wing, 1.75 to 2.13 inches long.

^^Vv rop of head, blackish, with tawny stripe in middle,

^"^ mid tuwuy stripe over each eye.

Leconte's Sparrow,

Ammodramus leconteii.
See No. 413.

Aiiiiiiu'l aiiiuri leconteii.

m-^

Ammodramus <';iiplacutu8.

(Coturniculus) henslowi.

FAMILY FKlNGILHI;iE. SrAKUOWS, FINCHES, CltOSSBILLM, ETC 229

Toi) of hratl ;iii(l ii.ipr, pale olive green, mixed
with black; no tawny stripe over eye.

Henslow's Sparrow.

Ammodram us tinidowii
See >io. 412.

\biS-

Top of head, brownish and slate color ; a
tawny stripe over eaeli eye; no tawny stripe
on middle of crown.

Sharp=tailed Sparrow.
Sharp-tailed Finch.

Ammodramnx caiidni'iilx.i and races.
See No. 414.

Phompara bk-olor.

Back and rump, olive green; throat or sides of neck,
l)Iaek (male), or ,i;ray (female). AVest Indian species,
accidental on Florida Keys.

Black°faced Finch or Cirassquit.

Eucthcia bkulor.

See No. 449.

Back and rump, olive green; sides of neck, yellow (male), or throat, chestnut
lirown (female). West Indian species accidental on Florida Keys.

Cuban Finch, or flelodious Grassguit.

Euetheia ranora.

See No. 450.

230

KEY TO THE HlKlKS OF EASTERN NORTH AMEKIOA.

Group 2. Wing, 2.13 to 2.37 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have the breast more or less streaked;
carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow: —

^

Bill, dark; sides of head, tawny buft" enclosing
a patch of jjray holiind the eye; heavy tawny
buff superciliary stiipe.

Sharp=tailed Sparrow.

Amiiioilrainus C(tii<l((cutus^ and varieties.
«ee No. 414.

Ammodramus maritimus.

Bill, dark; a small spot of yellow in front of the eye; no tawny superciliary
stripe.

Sea°side Sparrow.

Ammodramus maritimus^ and varieties.
See No. 417.

FAMILY FKINOILLin.K. — SI'AUKOWS, FINCHES, rUOSSUrf-IS, KTC

231

Bill, dark; back, black; uii.liTparts, white, slrcaked sli:iri>ly uiili black.
Ooi'urs in Kastorn Florida only.

Dusky Sea-side Sparrow.
Ammodram im nigri'itvnis.
Sei- No. 419.

>r^y^*?» Bill, pale horn color; side-, of head and nap.'. Iin<;fd
with oiivf ^rccn.
'*^'^~ i:-i>i>^ Henslow's Sparrow.

,^_,_. AiinHnilriinni.t hrnsloirii,

^^^^ See No. 412.

Part 2. The followmgf species have the breast more or less streaked ;
carpal joint (bend of wing), not yellow: —

Breast, very faintly streaked; middle tail featliers,

rufous brown, with black stripe in middle, includ-

infj the shaft; wing coverts and secondaries, edged

with rufous browu.

Swamp Sparrow.

Melospiza (iforrjinna.

See No. 438.
Melospiza jrcorgiaua.

Hn-ast, sharply streaked with hlacU; shafts
of tail feathers, not black.

Lincoln's Sparrow.
Melospiza Unrolnii.
See No. 437.

Melospiza lincoloii.

Part 3. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the
adult*); carpal joint ( bend of wing), edged with yellow: —

Top of head, black with tawny stripe in centre; an orange brown spot over, and

somewhat in front of, the eye.

Yellow-winged Sparrow.

Grasshopper Sparrow.

Ammndramns anrnnnannn passerinus.
See No. 411.

In several speclce, very youug birds In fli>t jiluningc have the brcaat streaked.

232

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AIMERICA.

Top of head and back, chestnut ana black;

sides, sometimes witli l)l:u"k spots. Occurs
only as far as kaowu iu Florida aud Southern
Georgia.

Pine-woods Sparrow.

Peucaoe cestivalis.
See No. 434.

Top (if head and back, rufous brown with more or less ^a:ray on feathers : sides,
without spots.

Bachman's Sparrow.

Peiicaoi Kstivalis bachmanii.
See No. 435.

Part 4. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the
adult); carpal Joint (bend of wing), not edged with yellow : —

Win<;- coverts aud secondaries, edged with rufous
brown ; flanks, brownish olive.

Swamp Sparrow.

MelospLva georgia » n .
See No. 438.

Wing coverts aud secondaries, edged with pale tawny
buft'; tail feathers, brown, narrowly edged with
brownish white ; flanks, i)ale buffy white.

Field Sparrow.

Spizella pallida.
See No. 426.

Spizella pallida.

FAMILY FRINGILLIDiE. — 8PAIIKOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 2'AS

Group 3. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

448

icoo \

Part 1. The following species have the throat or underparts more or
less marked with either blue, red, dull green, or bright yellow: —

Underparts, entirely yellow (male), or throat, yellow; underparts, dull olive
gra}' (female); wings and tail, black, marked with white; yellow on iiuder-
part3 varies much, according to age and season.

Yellowbird.
American Goldfinch.

Spiinis tristis.

See No. 400.

Underparts, bright red, or tinged with red; back, green; crowu. Iiluf.

Nonpareil Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris {male).
See No. 448.

Underparts, greenish ; back, green.

Painted Bunting.

Passerinii riris ( fimale).
See No. 448.

234

KEY TO THE BIliDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Uuderpnrts, blue; geueral plumage, blue; wings
and tail, black, edged with blue.

Underparts, more or less blotched with blue.

Indigo Bird.
Indigo Bunting.

Passeri)ia rii/nua {jnale).
See No. 446.

Indigo Bird.

Passerina cyaupa {immature).
See No. 446.

Part 2. The following species have the underparts not marked with
red, blue, yellow, or green; breast, distinctly streaked; carpal joint (bend
of wing), edged with yellow: —

Breast and flanks, tawny; a tawny stripe over the eye; outer tail feathers,

decidedly shorter thau middle ones.

Sharp-tailed Sparrow.

Ammodramtis raudnctits, and varieties.
See No. 414.

Breast, white, heavily streaked with black; back, black, the feathers
edged with olive and gray; outer tail feathers, shortest. Occurs only in
Florida.

Dusky Seaside Sparrow.

Ammodra m ii 8 nigrei^cons.
See No, 419.

FAMILY FIUNQILLID.E.

SPARROWS, FINCIIKS, OUOSSIULLS, ETC.

235

Breast aud flanks, grayish (sometimes faintly tiuged with buflT); a small yellow
spot in front of the eyi' : no tawny stripe over the eye; rump, grayish
olive; undertail coverts, not white; outer lull fratlnTs. sh(irt*>st.

Seaside Sparrow.

Aiiimndnnnus nmritimus^ and varieties.
See No. 417.

Seaside Sparrow.

Breast and flanks, white streaked with brown; a yellow spot in front of eye
(absent in some plumages) ; rump, pale Ijrown, marked with dark brown : outer
tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones: undertail coverts, white.

Savanna Sparrow.

Ammodramus sandwichetisi.s stnanna.
See Xo. 410.

23()

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 3. The following species have the underparts not marked with red,
blue, yellow, or green ; breast, distinctly streaked ; carpal joint (bend of
wing), not edged with yellow : —

Foreliead, reddish brown; crowu, browu,
with imperfect gray streak iu middle, and
bhickisli dots; no yellow in front of eye;
breast, white, heavily streaked with dark
brown ; outer tail feathers, shortest.

Song Sparrow.

Melospiza fasciata.
See No. 436.

( rown, l)rown, streaked with black ; breast,
buff, streaked with black; back,

streaked ; outer tail feathers, shortest.

Lincoln's Sparrow.

Melospiza Uncolnii.
See No. 437.

Crown, Mack, streaked with pale brown ; a yellow spot iu front of eye (want-
ing in some plumages) ; breast, white, streaked with dark brown ; back,
streaked; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones.

Savanna Sparrow.

Ainmodramus sandicichensis saratina.
See No. 410.

Wings and tail, dark brown, more or
less margined with yellow ; the bases
of tlie leathers, pale yellow; under-
parts, heavily streaked with brownish

l)lack ; crown and back, brownish olive,
heavily streaked with black.

Pine Finch.

iSpinns fijnnin^
See No. 402.

fAMILY FKINGILLID.4:. — SPARIIOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, I.TC. 237

Crown and back, brown without streaks; uiKkM-parts. pale hntr hiowii. faintly
streaked on hroast and sides.

Indigo Bunting.

Pnssprina cynnea (female).
See No. 446.

Part 4. The following species have the underparts not marked with red,
blue, yellow, or green, and the breast not distinctly streaked, but have the
carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow : —

Crown, black, with pale tawny buff stripe on middle; ear coverts, tawny bnff;
middle hack. l)laekish; feathers, edged with bnlT: tail feathers, very pointed;
tail, less than 2.25 long.

Grasshopper Sparrow.
Yellow-winged Sparrow.

Ammodrmmis savannnrnm passerinus.
See No. 411.

Crown, grayish, without tawuj' stripe in
middle ; ear coverts, gray ; back, olive and
gray; a distinct snpereiliary stripe of bnl! or
yellowish.

Sharp-tailed Sparrow.

Ammoilramus caudncutus. and races.
See No. 414.

Crown and back, rufous brown, the feathers,
more or less marked with l)lack. and edged
with gray; not tawny stripe on middle of
crown; tail feathers, not pointed : tail, over
2.25 long.

Pine= woods Sparrow.

Peuc<ea activalia., and 7-ocps
See No. 434.

238

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 5. The following species have the underparts not marked with red,
blue, yellow, or green ; the breast, not distinctly streaked, and no yellow on
the carpus (bend of the wing): —

Crown and back, the same color, brown without streaks.

Crown and back, bright olive green, without streaks.

Indigo Bunting.

Passerina cyanea {female).
See No. 446.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris {female).
See Xo. 448.

Back, streaked with black: rump, olive browu, streaked with bhiek: wiug coverts
aud secondaries, broadly ed<>:ed with rufous browu; sides of body, clear olive
brown ; middle of bellv. whitisli.

Swamp Sparrow.

Melospiza gcorgiana.

^<

Bill, black or dark brown; back, streaked with
black ; rump, slate gray ; adult birds have the
crown rufous.

Chipping Sparrow.

Spizella sociaUs.
See No. 425.

Bill, reddish brown; crown and back, rufous
brown; back, streaked with black; rump, pale
grayish brown.

Field Sparrow.

Spizella ptisilhi .
See No. 428.

Bill, pale brown (not reddish browu) ; underparts,
dull white (not grayish on sides as in socialis) ;
crown and back, pale grayish brown, streaked
with black ; rump, grayish brown (not slate gray
as in socialis).

Clay-colored Sparrow.

Spizella pallida.
See No. 426.

FAMILY FRINGILLID.'E. SPARKOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ?:TC. 231)

Group 4. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

410

£

389

Part 1. The following species have the throat, or underparts, more or
less red, blue, green or yellow : —

riandibles, crossed ; gcuenil plumage, dull red; wings, brownish : no white on
wings (male).

American Crossbill.

Loxia curvi rostra inhior.
See No. 392.

240 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Mandibles, crosf?ed ; no white on wings; uuderparts, greeuish.

American Crossbill.

Loxia cnrvirostra minor (female).
See Xo. 392.

Mandibles, crossed; more or less red on underparts, head, and back; wing bars,

white.

White=winged Crossbill.

Loxia le^icoptera (male) .

See No. 393.

Mandibles, crossed ; wing bars, white ; uuderparts, greeuish.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera (female).
See No. 393.

Mandibles, not crossed ; breast and crown,
rose red; back, brown, tinged with red;
chin, not black.

Purple Finch.

Carpodacus purpureus ^male).
See No. 389.

Mandibles, not crossed ; chin, blackish ; breast, rose red ; front crown, metallic
red; rump, streaked.

Red-poll.

Acanthis linaria, and races.
See No. 396.

Mandibles, not crossed ; chin, blackish ; underpart, whitish, with faint tinge of
pink on breast; rump, white, without streaks, sometimes tinged with rose
color.

Greenland Red-poll.

Acanthis hornemannii. ana races.
See No. 394.

FAMILY bRINGILLlD^.-sPARKOWS, FINCHES, CKOSSBILLS, ETC. 241

Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, yellow; back, yellow; win^^s and tail,
black, marked with white. " '

American Goldfinch
Yellowbird.

iSpi)ins tristis (male).
See Xo. 400.

Mandibles, not crossed; throat, yellow; rest of underparts, oravi^h olive- tail

and WlUffS. black. m:nhaA ,..if», .....!.^ ' ' ^ ' ^'^^' ^'"^

'lugs, black, mai-ked with wliite

American Goldfinch.
Yellowbird.

Spimis tristis (female).
See No. 400.

Mandibles, not crossed; chin, white; throat, black: breast, yellow; belly, white;
back, streaked with black; shoulder, chestnut.

Dickcissel.
Black=throated Bunting.

•Spiza (imericaiia.
See No. 451.

42 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

andibles, not crossed; underparts, red; crovvu ai-d sides of liead, blue; back,
green.

Nonpareil.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina clris (male) .
See No. 448.

[andibles, not crossed; underparts, tinged with red; upper parts, bright olive
green; no white on wings or tail.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (young male).
See No. 448.

andibles, not crossed; underparts, greenish yellow; upper plumage, bright
olive green ; no white on wings or tail.

Painted Bunting.

Passerina ciris (female).
See No. 448.

Mandibles, not crossed ; general plumage, blue,

with black wings and tail, edged with bine.

Indigo Bunting.
Indigo Bird.

Passerina cyanea (adult male).
See No. 446.

andibles, not crossed ; general plumage, brownish, blotched with blue.

Indigo Bunting.
Indigo Bird.

Passerina cynanea (yonny male).
See No. 446.

FAMILY FRINGILLIDiE. — SPARROWS, FINCHKS, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 24.i

Part 2. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts ; more or less of the throat, black (sometimes only the
chin); breast and sides, not distinctly streaked: —

Head, back, throat, and upper breast,
black ; sides of body, rufous brown ;

wings and tail, black, marked with
white ; bill, dark.

Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo e)'ythrophthal»iit.-< {male), and races!
See No. 440.

Throat, black; crown, gray; malar region, white; occiput, chestnut
brown; rump, olive gray ; bill, black.

English Sparrow.

Passer domesticus (male).
See Xo. 390.

Chin, black; throat, white, slightly tinged with tawny; rest of under-
parts, white ; crown, fiery red ; rump, white, uot streaked.

Greenland Red-poll.

Acanthis hornemannii.
See No. 394.

244

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Throat, smoky gfuy; belly, white; back and
rump, grayish brown; bill, pale; outer tail
feather, entirely white.

Snow Bird.
Junco.

Junco hyemalis.
See No. 430.

Part 3. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow, on
the underparts ; throat or chin, not black ; and the breast or sides, not
distinctly streaked; tail feathers, marked with more or less white: —

Throat, grayish brown ; sides of body, deep rufous brown ; back, not
streaked ; boUy, white ; bill, black.

Towhee.
Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus.
See No. 440.

Throat, gray ; belly, white ; back and rump,
grayish brown ; back, not streaked.

Snow Bird.
Junco.

Junco hijemalis, and races.
See No. 430.

FAMILY FRIN(;iIJ,M).K. SPAHi:OWS, FI\CHF'>, CROSSBILLS. KTC. 245

Throat, white; crown, brown, with whitish stripe tlin)ti-;li iiiidill.-: back,
streaked; tail feathers, broadly tiijped with white.

->^^^^

Lark Finch.

Chonde.stea ijrtun nianis
See No. 420.

Throat, ashy white ; l>elly. wiiite, tinged with jwle buff on sides : crown, bright
rufous ; tail featliers. very narrowly edged with white; upper mandible, black-
ish; lower mandible, pale yellowish white, with dark tip; back, streaked.

Tree Sparrow.

Spizella monticola.
See Xo. 424.

Throat and underparts, pale buffy white or ashy white; crown and back,
dull brown: back, streaked with blackish; tail, very narrowly edged with
buffy white ; bill, reddish brown ; rump, brownish.

Field Sparrow.

Spizella pusiUa.
See No. 428.

Throat, white ; crown, rufous ; a white stripe over the eye ; outer tail feather,
very narrowly edged with whitish on inner web; bill, black; back, streaked:
rump, slaty gray.

Chipping Sparrow.

Spizella socialis.
See No. 425.

Part 4. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts ; throat or chin, not black, and the breast or sides, not
distinctly streaked ; no white on the tail feathers : —

Crown, green, like back; throat and underi)arls, pale liull': back, green,
without streaks.

Nonpareil.
Painted Bunting.

Fasseritia ciris {immature^.
See No. 448.

24(>

KKY TO THE HIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, brown, like back; throat and underparts, pale brown; whitish on
bellj-; breast, usually with indistinct streaks; back, brown, without streaks.

Indigo Bird,
indigo Bunting.

Passerina cyanea (ffmnlr).
See No. 44fi.

Crown, black, with white stripe in centre; stripe over eye, wliite; usually

inore or less yellow iu frout of eye; throat, white; breast, grayish; carpal

joint (bend of win<?), pale yellow ; back, streaked.

White=throated Sparrow.

Zonotrichia aJhiroUix.

See No. 423.

Crown, black, with white stripe in centre; no distinct white patch on throat;
carpal Joint (bend of wing), not yellow ; back, streaked.

White=crowned Sparrow

Znnotrichia leiicophrys.
See No. 422.

Crown, brown, with grayish brown centre ; nape, gray; bill, reddish brown;

back, streaked,- wing coverts, tipped with white.

White-crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia leticophnjs {immature]

See No. 422.

Crown, light chestnut brown (streaked with black in youug birds); rump,

slaty gray; bill, black; back, streaked. Young birds in fall liave the bill

brownish.

Chipping Sparrow

SpizcUa sociaUs.

See No. 425.

Crown, rufous brown ; rump, pale olive brown ; upper mandible, black ;

under mandible, pale, with dark tip ; back, streaked.

Tree Sparrow.

Spizella m,onticohx.

See No. 424.

FAMILY Fi;iN(iILI.II),K. — SI' AKKOWS, I'lNCIIKS, CKOSSI'.ILLS, KTC.

•J\

Crown, pale chestnut brown ; rump, olive brown ;
bill, reddish brown ; Icick, stn-akcd.

Field Sparrow.

SpizcUa ]iusilla, ami rnrts.
See No. 428.

Part 5. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts; throat, more or less (sometimes only chin) black, and the
breast or sides distinctly streaked: —

•\v>^

N--*

A black .spot on the chiu ; crown, witli more or less metallic red ; rump, streaked ;
bill, yellowish, with dark tip. Common on Atlantic coast.

Red-poll.

Acanthi's linarin, and inres.
See No. 3nG.

A black spoi on the chin; crown, with mon^ or less jnetallic red ; rump, white,
usnally without streaks; bill, yellowish, with dark tip; plumage, much whiter
than linaria. IJarely occurs south of Labrador.

Greenland Red-poll.

Acanthis hornctnnnnii, and races.
See No. 394.

248

KEY TO THE IJIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 6. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on
the underparts ; throat or chin, not black, and the breast, distinctly streaked
or spotted : —

Crown feathers, blackish, narrowly edged with light brown ; au imperfect
buff white line through centre of crowu; tuil, usually under 2.20; wing,
usuallj' under 2.90 (more or less yellow over and in front of e3'e in some
plumages) ; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones ; a black streak
on sides of upper throat; back, streaked ; breast, streaked with dark brown ;
outer web of outer tail feather, edged with dull white.

Savanna Sparrow.

Ainmudravins saiKhrirhrnsis
See No. 410.

Rump and upper surface of tail feathers, rufous brown.

Fox Sparrow.

Fasserclla iUacn.
See No. 439.

Wing, usuall}' over 2.90; tail, usually over 2.20; breast, streaked with pale
brown ; crown feathers, with small black centres edged with buff and
gray; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle cues; no black streak on
sides of upper throat; back, pale brown, tinged with gray and more or less
streaked; very little or no white on outer tail feathers.

Ipswich Sparrow.
Ammoilrdm us jmncvps.
See No. 409.

J

"iL,L.S, KTC.

'^^ ^•^"^•^J' of ,„„„,' ••; '-'N ••""..a ,.„,,,
brownish olive strl'i. J " ^"^ back,

j^ \ •'•'-^-t,-o.,..;;,:r^'::i^7'^b5,ackish

outer tail feathers n, ""' ""^ '"•'H-k ;

^'N not shor.er tJ,,-.,. ,„i,,j,,:

Purple Finch.

^«e Xo. 3SQ

241)

brown, «,.o,fo.r,!m '?"■"• ''"" '■'"»'"
l'art.s white- X, '■™'"; ■"">«'-

ftl'o lirc.-i.t .„„, ".',•""<■'■'. "ot h;ilf ,vl,ite
"■■»«•"): Lack, Zai 7 " '"' '"*'-'»

Song Sparrow.

^<^lo,pari fasriata.
See Xo. 436.

250

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTEKN NORTH AMERICA.

Shoulder (lesser wing coverts), rufous brown; at least half of outer tail

feathers, white ; back, streaked.

Vesper Sparrow.

Pooccates gramineus.

See No. 408.

Back, tinged with rufous brown, and
streaked with black ; carpal joint (beud
of wing), edged with pale yellow; tail,
over 2.50; usually au indication of yellow
in front of tlie eye; uo white on tail
featliers.

White=throated Sparrow.
Zonotrichia albicollis.
See Xo. 423.

Bill, sharji; tail, under 2 inches; entire
upper plumage, olive buff, streaked
with black ; under plumage, buffy
white, or ashy white, heavily streaked
with black; more or less yellow on
edge and base of wing feathers, and
base of tail feathers.

Pine Siskin. Pine Finch.

Spintis pinns.

See No. 402.

Crown and back, dull brown, without
streaks ; underparts, brownish, whitish
on belly; l)reast streaks, not very pro-
nounced, often indistinct (female).

Indigo Bird. Indigo Bunting.
Passerina cyatiea.

See No. 446.

Piue Finch.

FAMILY FlilNGILLlD.K. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSIilLLS, ETC. 2')!

Group 5. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have more or less of either red, blue,
yellow, or green on the underparts* : —

Oeiu-ral plumage, red; crown and underparts, bright red; crown, with crest;

throat, black ; wings, not black Cniale).

Cardinal Grosbeak.

Canliudlis CKiiiinalis.

See No. 442.

General plumage, red; back, streaked; belly, whitish (male).

Purple Finch.

Cnrjuxldnix ])7irp>ireiis.
See No. 389.

* If bird is red or olive green, witli w ing measuriiijj between 3.35 and 4 Inches long (carpus to tip), and rannot
be finiml lu this section, see Family Tun:igiia:u. Tlie bill of a Tana^er somewhat resembles that of a Finch.

252

KEY TO THE BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

C'rowii, rump, and underparts, rose red ; more or less white on wing ; man-

dibles, crossed.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera (male).
See No. 393.

Crown, rump, and greater part of under plu-
uia;,H'. dull red: no white on the wing;
mandibles, crossed.

American Crossbill.

Loxia curvirostra minor {male).
See No. 392.

Wings, with more or less white; general plumage, grajish olive, or olive
greeu, more or less strongly tinged with yellowish green on rump; mandi-
bles, crossed.

White=winged Crossbill.

Ldxia lencoptera (female).
See No. 392.

I'nderparts, tinged witli green, or olive green; yellowi'ih green on rump; no
white on wings: mandibles, crossed.

American Crossbill.
Loxia curvirostra minor (female).
See No. 392.

A

FAMILY FEtlXGlLLID.E. SPARKOAVS, FINCHKS, CROSSBILLS, ETC.

Crown, olive ^ray ; chin, white; throat,
black; breast, yellow; belly, white;
slioukler (wing coverts), chestnut
brown; back, streaked with black;
more or less yellow over the eye.

Black=throated Bunting.
Dickcissel.

Spiza americana.

See Xo. 4.51.

Undcrparts, dull huffy yellow ; more or less black streaks on sides ; crown, black-
ish, with tawny buff stripe through centre; back, heavily streaked with black;
tail feathers, very pointed. (This bird belongs in Section 8, as it is not a
Taaa^er or a Finch, but the bill might appear Friugilline to beginners.)

Bobolink.

Dolichomjx oryzivorus (female).
See No. 370.

General j)luiiiage, more or less blue.

Blue Grosbeak.

Guiraca cccruha.
See No. 445.

L'nderparts, brownish white, tinged with blue on the breast; head, rump,
and lesser wing coverts, usually tinged with blue.

Blue Grosbeak.

Ouiraca cccmlea {female).
See No. 445.

254

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 2. The following species have no red, blue, yellow, or green on
the underparts : —

Luderparts, Ijiowiiish white; crown and back, brownish gray, usually tinged
with more or less blue on tlie lioad, i-mnp, and Icss.t win-;- coverts; middle
wing coverts, edged with rufous brown.

Blue Grosbeak.

Gniraca aerulea {immntun) .
See No. 445.

Towhce Bunting.

Crown and back, black ; throat, black ; sides of body, rufous brown ; l)elly,

white. ,

^ Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo erythrophthahmis (male).
See No. 440.

Head and entire underparts, black; a
tawny white patch on the back of the
neck; back, bhick; rump, whitish.
(This species belongs in the family
Ictorida5 (see Section 8), but to tlie
uninitiated tlie l)ill has a slight re-
semblance to birds in this class.)

Bobolink.

Dolichonyx oryzivurns.
See No. 370.

Crown, black, mixed witli bufTy white; a nuchal collar (back of mn-k), chestnut :
back, streaked ; breast, more or less marked witli black; belly, white; hind

toe nail, long.

Lapland Longspur.

Calcarius lapponicus.
See No. 404.

jJk

FAMILY FltlKGILLID^E. — SPARROWS, FINCllKS, CROSSBILLS, KT(; 2'»'>

Top nnd sides of the head, hlack; ear covorta ami
siil)oiH'iliarv stripe, white; back, streaked ; un-
derparts, buff ; liiud toe nail, long.

Smith's Longspur.
Calcarius j)i<tns.
See No. 405.

Top of head, Mack ; winsf coverts, heavily marked
with chestnut; throat and belly, white; a

large patch of black on the breast; most of
the tail feathers, white, tipped with dark l)rown.

McCown's Longspur.

Jihynchoplinncs mrnncnii
See Xo. 407.

Crown, chestnut, with stripe of white in centre (male), or dull olive, streaked

with blackisli (female) ; back, streaked ; underparts, white (pale brownish olive

on sides of bodj') ; a short streak of dark l)rown or black on each side of white

throat; tail feathers, tipped with white.

Lark Sparrow.

L.ark Finch.

Chomhstes yrainmacus.
See Xo. 420.

2') (5

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

^m-^R

Crown, black, with white stripe iu middle; underparts, ashy, shading to pale buff
on the flanks ; no white on tail feathers.

White=crowned Sparrow.

Zonotrichia Icucophrjjs,
See No. 422.

Crown and back, grayish or huffy, streaked with l)lack ; slioulder (lesser wing
coverts), rufous l)rown ; breast, streaked; greater part of outer tail feather,
including outer web, white.

Vesper Sparrow.
Bay=winged Bunting.
Grass Pinch.
rooaetes r/raminrits.
See" No. 408.

Crown and back, slaty brown, or dull
rufous brown ; rump, and upper sur-
face of tail feathers, light rufous
brown; underpai-ts, wliite, heavily
streaked and spotted on breast and sides

with rufous brown.

Fox Sparrow.

Passerplla Uiara.
See No. 439.

FAMILY FUINGILLID^E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 2o7

Crown and back, dark brown, witb iiidistiiu-t streaks; no white on tail ; uinlcr-
parts, white, with numerous brown spots or streaks (feuialc). Purple Finch.

Carpodacns pwpurens.

Crown, with crest of red feathers; back, olive; underparts, tawny, slmdiiii,^
to olive on tiie sides; under surface of wing, red (female). Cardinal Grosbeak.

Cardinalis cardinal is.
See Xo. 442.

Crown, with fiery red patch ; a black spot on the diiii; belly, white; rump,
white. Greenland Redpoll.

Acanthis hDnnhunuiii,
See No. 304.

Group 6. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have more or less red on the under-
parts * : —

General plumage, rose red, usually
mixed with more or less gray ;

wiui; coverts, edged with pinkish

wliite. Pine Grosbeak.

Pinicohi niurh'o/nr.
See Xo. 388.

Throat and base of bill,
black ; general plumage,
rod; crown, with more
or less of a crest; wings
and tail, not black (male).

Cardinal Grosbeak.

Cardinalis cardinalis.
See No. 442.

\ \'

* If bird is red or olive green, with wing between ^M and 4 inches long (bend of wing to Up), Bee Family
Tanagrida;. The Ijill of a Tauager somewhat resembles that of a Finch.

258

KEY TO TIIK HIUDS OF EASTERX NORTH AMERICA.

Head ami back, black ; breast and
under wing coverts, rose red ;
belly, wbite (male).

Rose=breasted Grosbeak.

Ilahia ludovicinna.
See No. 44.3.

Part 2. The following species have more or less yellow, orange, or
green on the underparts : —

Forehead, yellow; crown, black;

rump, greenish yellow; tertials,
heavily marked with white ; under-
parts, dark olive yellow on belly (male) .

Evening Grosbeak.

Coccothrmiiites respcrtimis.
See No. .S87.

Underparts, gray, faintly tinged with
greenish yellow ; back, gray, more
or l(^ss tinged with green ; wings and
tail, black, marked with white.

Crown and sides of head and chin, black; underparts, orange brown, or

pale or.ingc chestnut; middle ol' belly and under wing eovoris, bright yellow ;
wings and tail, black, marked with white (male).

Black°headed Grosbeak.

Ilahin mclanocephaht.
See Xo. 444.

I'nderparts, pale tawnj' yellow, more or less streaked with black on sides of
body; crown, Itlack, witli brownish hnfi strip*; in centre; tail feathers, sharp
pointed. [Tliis species l)elougs in Family Icterida', but niigiit be looked for
• indrr this section (female).]

Bobolink.

Dolochonyx orijzivurus.
See No. 370.

._. . 1 J

FAMILY FKINun.L.I>.K.-.PAKKOU-S, K.x.;,n.:S. CUOSSiULLS, .on:. ,,.,

Part 3. Ihe following species hai
on the underparts:

ive

no red, yellow, orange, or green

I'ndoiparts, -ray; ui>prr parts. ^May.
tiiigod with jrr«!en; winj^s and tail,
black, heavily marked with
white; bill, yellowish.

Evening Grosbeak.

CocrothrnmU-s vespcHinns {female).
See No. 387.

General plumage, gray; crown and
rump, tinged with yellowish green :
'>'ll, (lark ; no white on tail feathers ;

wing coverts and terlials, edged with
white.

Pine Grosbeak.

Pinecola enncleator (female).
See No. 388.

Crown, brownish black, with
whitish streak in centre ; un-
der wing coverts, orange
yellow ; breast, streaked
with dark brown.

Rose=breasted Grosbeak.

Habia Indoviciana {female).
See No. 443.

wil hnff "^^^'-P-'^^^-.^'^^^k^ f^-^k of neck, tawny buff; back, bhu-k. mixed

Famdy Ictenda^ (bection 9), but might be looked for under tliis section )

Bobolink.

Dolichonyx onjzivorus {male).
See No. 370.

k

2(30

KKY TO THE HIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

lli-ad ;iiul lliioiit, dull chocolate brown; rest of plumage, greCuisli ]»lack; no
wliite on wings or tail. (See Section 9, Fau)ily Icterid;e, where it belongs.)

Cow Bird.

Moloihrns atcr (niaie).
See No. 371.

General plumage, brownisli gray ; no white on wing coverts or tail feathers.

(This .species belongs in Family Ieteri<la', l)ut the bill is somewhat Finch-like
in appearance, and the bird might be looked for under this section.)

Cow Bird.

Molothrus atcr (fcmnle).
See No. 371.

Head, with crest ; breast, grayish bufl or light tawny ; back, olive gray, without
streaks; ruiDj) ami upi)er surface of tail, not rufous brown.

Cardinal.

Canlinales cardinalis (female).
See No. 442.

Crown, brown, with white stripe in middle; a Ijlack stripe on each side of
tliroat : underparts, soiled white; tail feathers, broadly tipped with white; rump
and upper surface of tail, not rufous l)rown.

Lark Sparrow.
Lark Finch.
Chondestcs (jrammicus.
See No. 420.

Rump and upper surface of tail feathers, rufous brown; underparts, white,
more or less sp<Hted or streaked with brown.

Fox Sparrow.

Passerclla iliaca.
See No. 430.

Entire bead ami l)ack, l)rowu or black; belly, Avhite ; sides of body, bright,
rufous brown.

Towhee Bunting.

Pipilo erythrophtlKdmus.
See No. 440.

vViA'J-;.?

^^V^^xsS5>^-^^ .^_

Underparts, white, often
tinged with liglit brown on
tlie l)reast; greater part of
outer tail feathers, white.

Snow Bunting.
Snow Flake.

Plrctrophcnax 7iivalis.
See No. 403.

Snow Bunting.

lA.MlLV IKINtJlIJ.lD.L. — Sl'AKlJOWS, FINCIIK.S, CliOSSlJlLLS, ETC;.

■Jill

Group 7. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long.

First primary, not sliort, never less tlian two thirds as long as second or
third; blH, stout and conical; nostrils, high, near the culmen ; primaries,
nine ; tarsus, flattened behind.

Throat, brownish olive, shading to
yellowish green on the belly ; wiiij^,
black, with patch of white; bill, yel-
lowish ; forehead, yellow ; crown, black
(male) ; forehead and crown. <?rayish
(female).

Evening Grosbeak.
Coccothra ustes vc-'pertinus.
See No. 387.

■ ^^^^ <~:^ \"^

General plumage of body, rose red,

more or less mixed witli gray; tail,
dark brown; Avings, brown, the cov-
erts and tertials, edged with white.

Pine Grosbeak.

Pinicola enuclcator (uialr).
See No. 388.

General plumage, gray; the crown and rnnip, tinged with yellowish olive;
wings, dark brown; the coverts and secondaries, edged with white.

Pine Grosbeak.

Finicola enudeator (female).
See No. 388.

k

262

KKY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NOKTII A.MERICA.

Underpants, white; lire;ist, usually more or less tinged with piile lirowii in
winter.

Snow Bunting.
Snowflake.

Tlcciro'phvmu; nivalis.
See No. 403.

Head, chocolate brown; rest of plu-
niaii'c, greenish black (male) ; general
plumage, gray, palest on the throat;
no ^\•hite on wing coverts ; crown and
rump, like hack (female) , This species
belongs in Section 10, under Familj'
Icterida>, but might be looked for
under this family by mistake.

Cow Bird.

Molothrus ater.
See No. 371 .

^-^^^^3^a.

'i&^

-'*:v

Cow Binl. >*(,: lamily Icterida.

FAMILY TANAGRIDii-:. — TANAOERS.

263

FAMILY TANAQRID/E.

Tanagers.

Bill, somewhat fringilline, but having a small "tooth"
^ near the middle of the edge of upper mandible ; primaries, 9;
Tr7~~"^^ tarsus, scutellate ; males, bright colored.

Group 1. Wing, 3.25 to 4.25 inches long.

Part I. The following species have more or less of either red, blue,
yellow, or green on the underparts : —

L/Ouisiana Tanager,

Head ami throat, orauge red; bright red on crowu; rest of underparts. bright
j'ellow; back, wiugs, and tail, black; rump, yellow (male).

Louisiana Tanager.

PirntKia ludovicinmi.

See No. 453.

2(54 KEir TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

GeiHMiil pluinagf. scarlet red: wings and tail,
black; throat, not black (male).

Scarlet Tanager.

Pira lu/a ('ruthromclua
See No. 454.

•&••

Cieu.'ral plumage, red; no black on throat; wings and tail, not black; back,
not streaked ; belly, not whitish (male).

Summer Tanager.

Piramin rubra.
See No. 455.

Uuderparts, yellowish fjreen, or greenish yellow: back, grayish ; greater wing
coverts and tertials, edged with dull white, or yellowish white; mandibles,

not crossed (female).

Louisiana Tanager.

Piranija I udnvician a .
See No. 453.

Underparts, yellowish green, or greenish yellow; back, light olive green ; no

white on wing coverts; wings and tail, fuscons brown (female); wings and
tail, black (young male) ; inner webs of inner primaries and secondaries, edged
with white ; mandibles, not crossed (female) .

Scarlet Tanager.

Pirangn enjthromelas.
See No. 454.

No white on wing coverts; underparts, pale orange yellow; upper parts,
olive green, with faint tinge of orange; mandibles, not crossed (female).

Summer Tanager.

Piranga rubra.
See No. 455.

Underparts, bright yellow ; throat, reddish orange; crown and sides of head,
orange red; back, wings, and tail, black; rump, yellow (male).

Louisiana Tanager.

Piranga liidoviciaiin.
See No. 4.53.

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDiE. — SWALLOWS.

2G5

FAHILY HIRUNDINID/E.

Swallows.

Bill, small and flattened, somewhat triangular in shape; gape, very
wide ; wings, long, usually extending beyond the tail.

Group 1. Wing, 3 25 to 4.75 inches long.

"^f v^. r *'

VS ^> 1 ,

Bank Swallow.

•rhroat aud belly, white: a band of grayish brown on the breast; upper

plumage, brownish gray. ^^^^ Swallow.

Clnricola riparia-
See No. 463.

W.i''

1 nderparts, brownish gray, shading into whit-
ish ou the belly ; upper jKirts. grayi.-:h brown :

no distinct breast band.

Rough=winged Swallow.

StelgulopCe rijx so. rripe n n is .

See No. 464.

2G{j

KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Tree Swallow.

Entire underparts, white ; upper plumage, metallic steel blue ; youug birds
have the upper plumage browuish gray, but the under i)Uiinage is pure white.

White-bellied Swallow.
Tree .Swallow.

Tachyciup.ta bicolor.
See No. 462.

Upper throat and sides of the head, chestnut
brown; belly, whitish; forehead, whitish;
crown and b;K'l<. dark steel l)lue; upper tail
coverts, pale rufous brown.

Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon lunifrons
See No. 458.

Throat, chestnut; belly, pale brown; eutire
upper pluinag*', steel IjIuc; tail, forked ; upper
tail coverts, steel blue.

Barn Swallow.

Chel ido n e rythror/astra .
See page 461.

FAMILY IIIRUNDINID.T:. — SWALLOWS.

207

Group 2, Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

Male: General plumage (^iucluding belly), bluish black, or dark steel blue.

Female: Back, like male; underparts, grayish brown, shading into dull
white on tlie hellj-. Immature birds have the upper plun)a<;e, l)rowni>;h: under-
parts, brownish on tlie breast; dull white on the belly.

Purple Martin.

Proyne suhis.
See Xo. 456.

Back, steel blue; belly, white.

Tree Swallow.
White=beilied Swallow.

Tachycineta bicolur.
See Xo. 462.

_. . V

268

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Back, steel blue: underparts, ciuuamon brown; tail, very deeply forked.

Barn Swallow.

Chelidon er>/throgastra.
866^0.461.

General plumage, sooty brown ; showing
a faint greenish tinge on the upper parts ;
throat, ashj^ wliite; tail feathers, with
sharp spines, or points formed bj'^ the
shafts of the feathers, extending beyond
the webs. The swifts belong to the
Famil}' Micropodidie and are widely sepa-
rated generically from tlie swallows ; but
persons unfamiliar witli birds miglit look
for them under the same family.

Chimney Swift.

GluKtura pelayicn.

See No. 340.

/

FAMILY AMPELIDJE. — WAXWINGS AND CF:i>AK iJIKDtJ.

2C)'.t

FAMILY AMPELID/E.

Waxwings and Cedar Birds.

Bill, without notch ; head, with crest ; primaries, ten ; tarsus, shorter
than middle toe and claw; a black stripe from forehead through the eye;
inner primaries and tail feathers, often tipped with little hard red bits, like
minute drops of sealing wax.

Tpper parts, grayish
brown ; crown and
breast, pale choco-
late brown ; a black
streak in front of
ej'e ; tail, tipped
with yellow ; belly,
yellowish; wing,
less than 4.20
inches long.

Cedar Waxwing.
Cedar Bird.
Cherry Bird.

Ampclis redorum.
See No. 40fi.

Cedar Bird.

Gene.'*al plumage, pale chocolate
brown; forehead, tinned witli rufous;
chin, black; under tail coverts, rufous;
tail, tipped with yellow ; wing, over
4.20 inches long.

Bohemian Waxwing.
Ampelis (jarruhis.
See No. 465.

270

KEY- TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY LANIID^.

Shrikes.

Bill, strong, notched near the end, and decidedly hooked; tarsus,
scutellate; tail, rounded. But two species occur with us, both grayish
birds with blackish wings and tail and a stripe through the eye.

Crown and back, gray ; underparts,
white; a patch of black on the side?:
of the head; wing less than 4.15
inches long.

Loggerhead Shrike.
Lanms ludovicianns.
See 2<Io. 468.

Upper plum-
age, ash gray

(H" gray tinged
\vitlibuff;un=
d er parts,
ashy white, tlie feathers show-
ing numerous faint narrow
black bars ; a bhick streak from
l)ill through the eye; wing,
more than 4.15 inches long.

Northern Shrike

Lanius hvrealis.
See No. 467.

FAMILY VIKEOJSID^. VIKEOS.

271

FAMILY VIREONID/G.

Vireos.

Upper mandible, with very smalt hook at tip ; first primary, very short
in some species, in others nearly as long as second; toes, joined at base.
Plain colored birds, usually greenish or grayish, but often showing a faint
wash of yellow on underparts; tail, always without white spots.

Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long.

f'rowQ, grayish; orbital ring and lores, dull white. Rarely occurs east of
Illinois.

Bell's Vireo.

Vireo hellii.
See No. 480.

Crovvu, grayish, often tinged with olive; orbital ring and lores,
yellow.

White=eyed Vireo.

Vireo noveborarensis, and races.
See No. 478.

272

KEY TO THE BlUDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Group 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

First primary, very short; lores and eye ring, whitish; tliioiit, whitish :
hreast and sides, faintly tinged with yellow ; no wing bars.

Warbling Vireo.

Vireo gilvus.
See No. 473.

First primary, short, but longer than in V.
gilvus ; lores and eye ring, yellow ; back,
olive ; wing coverts, edged with white.

White=eyed Vireo.

Vireo novehnraconsh^ and races.
See No. 478.

First primary, not short ; lores and eye ring, dull white ; uiid('n)arts, washed

with vcrv pah' greenish vellow; no wing bars.

Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireo philadelphicns.

See No. 472.

FAMILY VIKKONID^E. VIKEOS.

27;]

Group 3. Wing, from 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

Bi41, with small but distinct liool< ; no streaks on back or breast ;
breast or throat, never spotted.

First pnmaiy, longer than fourth ; back aud rump, olive; crown, pluml.eous
gray, or bluish gray; no dusky streak from base of bill on sides of throat :
underparts, white, tinged with pale yellowish green on sides of body.

Red-eyed Vireo.

Vireo oliraccns.
See No. 470.

Similar to Vireo oUvacens^ but having a
tlusky streak or line extending from
base of lower mandible on side of
throat.

Black^whiskered Vireo.

Vireo calidris barhatiilns.
See Xo. 469,

^'lttTZ7:r7:'Z\ "' "y ' ''■^^" ^"^ back, grayish olive; under-
wCbars. ' ^ ^ '^"^'^ ^''^ olive, or yellowish on sides; no white

Warbling Vireo.

Vireo gilviis.
See No. 473.

\

274

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

First primar}-, short ; crown, gray ; back, olive ;
rump, olive green; throat and belly, white;
sides of body, greenish yellow ; lores, white ;
sides of head, gray; wing bars, white.

Solitary Vireo,

Virfio soUtariiis, and rares.
See No. 475

First primary, not sliort; lores and eye ring, yellow; throat arid breast, yel-
low; belly, white; wing bars, white.

Yellow-throated Vireo.

Vireo flavifrons.

See No. 474.

First primary, equal to fifth; lores and orbital ring, dull white; upper plu-
mage, light olive, tinged with ashy on the crown; underparts, washed with
very pale yellow ; no white wing bars.

Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireo philadelph icns.
See No. 472.

FAMILY CCEREBID/E.

Honey Creepers.

Bill, curved; wing, about 2.50; length, about 4.50.

Throat, white; lower breast, yellow;
rump, yellow ; crown and back, slaty
black. A Bahama Island species of rare and
accidental occurrence in Florida, not re-
corded elsewhere in the United States.

Bahama Honey Creeper.

Cwrehn halt amensis.
See No. 481.

/

FAMILY MNIOTILTID.i:. — WAKliLERS. 275

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E.

AYARBLERS.

GROUP 1. "\Viu<^, les3 than 2.37 inches long. See page 277.

Part 1 . Tliroat, breast, and bell\', yellow ; breast, more or less streaked : some tail feathers,

marked with white. See page 278.
Part 2. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; l)reast, more or less streaked; no white on tail

feathers. See page 278.
Part 3. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, witliout streaks; some tail feathers, marked

with white. See page 279.
Part 4. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks ; no white on tail feathers. See

page 279.
Part 5. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white.

See page 280.
Part 6. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 281.
Part 7. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 281.
Part 8. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow: more or less white on tail feathers. See

page 281.
Part 9. Xo yellow on throat or belly; no white on tail feathers. See page 282.
Part 10. No yellow on throat or belly; more or less white on tail feathers. See page 2^2.
GROUP 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. See page 284.

Part 1. Throat, l)reast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail

feathers marked with more or less white. See page 284.
Part 2. Throiit, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; no white on tail

feathers. See page 286.
Part 3. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; some tail feathers marked

with more or less white. See page 287.
Part 4. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers..

See page 289.
Part 5. T'hroat, yellow; belly, not yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white.

See page 290.
Part 6. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 292.
Part 7. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers. See

page 292.
Part 8. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast,
streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 294.

276 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9. Throat, uot yellow ; belly, not yellow ; no white on the tail feathers •, breast, not

streaked or spotted with black or dark 1)rowii. See page 294.
Part 10. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers;

sides of breast and body, with distinct black or blackish streaks. See

page 295.
Part 11. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers;

sides of breast and body, not marked with numerous distinct l)lack streaks.

See page 297.
GROUP 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.2.T inches long. See page 300.

Part 1. Throat, breast, and belly, j'ellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail

feathers, marked with white. See page 300.
I 'art 2. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; no white on the

tail feathers. See page 303.
Part 3. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; more or less white on the tail

feathers. See page 303.
Part 4. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers.

See page 303.
Part 5. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white.

See page 304.
Part 6. Throat, not yellow ; belly, yellow ; no white on the tail feathers. See page 305.
Part 7. Throat, not yellow ; lielly, yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers. See

page 306.
Part 8. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast, not

streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 306.
Part 9. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast,

streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 307.
Part 10. Throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers ;

sides of breast and body, marked with numerous distinct black or blackish

streaks. See page 307.
Part 11. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers;

breast and sides of the body, not marked with distinct black streaks. See

page 308.
QROUP 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. See page 310.

FAMILY MNIOTlLTIDit:. — WAKliLERS.

277

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E

Warblers.

First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as third,
and often nearly the same length ; bill, slender and pointed ; back of tarsus,
thin and sharp, not rounded as in front ; hind toe and claw, not longer
than middle toe and claw.

Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long.

Setophaga.

278

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow;
breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers, marked with white: —

Wing coverts, broadly bordered with yellow; under surface of win<>\ yellow;
white on tail feathers, extending to tip of inner web ; crown, not chestnut brown.

Prairie Warbler.

Demlroica discolor.
See No. 514.

Wiug coverts, not l)ordered witli yellow ;
undertail coverts, yellow.

Dendroica palmarnm.
Palm Warbler.

See No. 512.

Wing' coverts, showing much white; under

surface of wing, white; tail, with band

/ of white, no white at tip: rump, yellow.

Black and Yellow Warb'er.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Dendroica maculosu.

Part 2. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow;
breast, with more or less streaks; no white on tail feathers: —

More or less yellow, on inner webs of primaries and tail feathers.

Summer Warbler.

Dendroica fcstiva.
See No. 496.

FAMILY MNIOTILTIDi*:. — WARBLERS. 27S

Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow
without streaks ; some tail feathers marked with white : —

Crown ami sides of head, grayish or slate color; no yellow on forehead; adult
hirds have patch of chestnut on crown; some tail feathers very narrowly
edged with white; under wing coverts, yellow; no black streaks on sides of
body.

Nashville Warbler.
Ilelminthn^ihila rnficapilla
. See No. 491.

'Ving bars, white; under wing coverts, white; some tail feathers with much
white on inner webs; adult birds have forehead and more or less of crown yel-
low ; immature birds have crown yellowish green.

Blue-winged Warbler.

Uelminthophila pinus.
See No. 487.

No wing bars; under wing coverts, yellow; tail feathers, showing considerable
white; throat, more or less black, according to age and season; crown, slaty
gray; adult birds have yellow forehead and gray crown, marked with black.

Bachman's Warbler.

HelminthophUa bachmani
See No. 486.

Wing bars, yellowish ; sides of body, more or less streaked with black.

Prairie Warblei

Dendroica discolor
See No. 514.

Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellov
without streaks ; no white on tail feathers : —

Crown and back, greenish yellow ; more or less yellow on inner webs of pri-
maries and tail feathers ; crown, yellowish green.

Summer Warbler.

Dendroica ccsliva {female or immature]
See No. 496.

Crown, slate color with patch of chestnut in some plumages ; sides of head, slate
color ; wing, longer than tail ; lower belly, tinged with white : rump and
upper tail coverts, bright yellowish green.

Nashville Warbler.

HelminthophUa rudcapilk
See No. 491.

mmmm

280

KEY TO THK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crowu, dull olive; throat, bright yellow; belly, much paler, often whitish;
tail, brownish olive, without yi'llow: wing, not longer than tail ; males havs
black patch on face (forehead and sides ot head) which is lacking in females.

Maryland Yellowthroat.

Geothhjpis trichas.
See Xo. 522.

Throat and belly, nearly the same color: crown, glossy black (male), or olive

green like back (female) ; tail feathers, slaty brown

faintly washed with olive on outer webs; numerous

small black bristles at base of bill.
^ Wilson's Warbler.

Wilson's Blackcap.

Sylvania pusilla.
See No. 526.

Entire underparts, yellow: brightest on the belly; wing, longer than tail;

crown, o-rayish; back and rump, dull olive; tail feathers, not marked with

' ' Mourning Warbler.

Geothlypis Philadelphia {young female).
See No. 521.

Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yel-
low ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : —

Back, black or dark; tail, black, with broad
band of white; rump, yellow.

Black and Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Back, slaty blue, often showing yellowish olive; rump, slate color; sides of

head, grayish or slaty blue.

Parula Warbler.

Blue, Yellowbacked Warbler.

Corapsothlypis america na .
See No. 494.

Back, (lull gri'cii; tliroat, faintly wash<;d with greenish yellow: rump, green;

sides, not streaked.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina.

See No. 493.

Hack, greenish; rump, greenish; cheeks, yellowish; sides, showing more or

less dark streaks.

Black-throated Green Warbler.

, Dendroica virens.

FAMILY MMOTILTID^:. — WARBLERS. 281

Part 6. The following species have the throat yellow ; belly, not yel-
low ; no white on tail feathers : —

Throat, hriirht yellow; shading to whitish or
olive oil lu'lly; forehead and sides of head,
black (male); in) hlaek on head (female);
wing, not longer than tail.

Maryland Yellowthroat.
Geuthlypis Iridium.
See No. 522.

Throat, showing faint tinge of greenish yellow: throat and sides of body, nearly

same color; wing, considerably longer than tail.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrino.

See No. 40.3.

Part 7. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly,
yellow ; and no white on the tail feathers : —

Legs, dark ; throat, whitish ; belly, faintly tinged with yellow ; under tail cov=

erts, whitish ; tail feathers, slaty brown.

Bachman's Warbler.

Helminthophila bachmanii {immature in fall).

See No. 486.

Head, grayish; back, olive green ; belly, bright yellow ; tnroat, blackish (male) ;

throat, grayish (female); legs, pale; tail feathers, olive green; under tail

coverts, yellow.

Mourning Warbler.

Geothhjpis Philadelphia.

See No. 521.

Back, grayish brown; belly, faintly tinged with yellow; under tail coverts,

yellow.

Palm Warbler.

Dendroica palmarum.

Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly,
yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : —

Throat, usually with more or less black (sometimes without trace of black), ac-
cording to age and season; forehead, yellow; top of head, grayish, showing

more or less black ; back, greeu. „, ^.

Bachman's Warbler.

Helminthoph Ha harh manii.

See No. 486.

k

IMMI

282

KEY TO TIIK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9. The following species have no yellow on throat or belly, and
no white on the tail feathers : —

Winj:, lesi th:iii 2.25 ; iimicrparts. whitish, tiiiired with olive on sides ; throat, with

faint wasli of yellowish buff, almost white; crown, dull olive: tail, entirely

olive greeu.

Maryland Yellowthroat.

Geothlypis trichas {youny bird in fall).

See No. 522.

Winjc, over 2.25: entire underparts, whitish or slightly olive; crown, slaty; back,

green; no yellow or orange on tail feathers.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina .

See No. 493.

Fliitire underparts, dull olive or olive green; crown, with partially concealed
patc'lt of orange brown (soinetin)e.s wanting) ; no yellow or orange on tail
feathers.

Orange-crowned Warbler.

Ilehninthopliila celata.
See No. 462.

End of tail, brown; basal portion of tail

feathers, reddish orange (male), or pale

yellow (female) ; more or less black bristles

at base of l)ill.

Redstart.

Setophaga rusticilhi.

See No. 528.

Part l(K The following species have no yellow on the throat or belly,
and more or less white on the tail feathers: —

Wing coverts, broadly edged with yellow; crown, greenish yellow; back,
tingfil with Hlatc color: tail feathers, marked with white to the tij)? of inner
webs.

Qolden-winged Warbler.

Ilelminthophila chrysoptera.
See No. 488.

Wing coverts, not yellow; ciown. grayi><h or greenish; back, yellowish
grrcii : «i>inc tail feathers, narrowly edged with white near tips of inner webs.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina.
See No. 493.

i

FAMILY MNlOTlLTIIivK. — WAUULKUS.

•2h:]

linchiiian'B W.ii l.lcr 0""lc). Moumlnp AVarblcr fnialo).

Cnnaillan WarMcr (male).

Yellow Warbler (male).

Palm Warbler (male).

Chestnut-sldetl Warbler (male).

Hooded Warbler (male).

Black-poll Warbler (male)-

284 KEY TO THE BIKD.S OF EASTERN NORTH AMEKICA.

Group 2. Wing, from 2.37 to 2.75 inches long.

Helmintliophila.

Part 1. The following spedef have the throat, breast, and bell^',
yellow ; breast, more or less streaked ; some tail feathers, marked with
more or less white : —

l.'iuleiparts, yellow; breast, streaked with brown; under tail coverts, yeU
low; crowij, chestnut; back, dull olive; rump, olive greeir-

Yellow Palm Warbler.
Yehow Redpoll Warbler.

Dendroicii pa'ina>'uin h'lp'-fhrijspa
See Xe 51'^.

I'mlei parts. p;il.' ye'low; sides of breast, streaked with black; under tail
coverts, white; crown, grayish: back and rump, ashy, streaked with
black. Kirtland's Warbler.

DendrniiK J.irHioidi.
See Xo. 510.

/

FAMILY WNIOTILTIDiE. — WARBLERS.

285

Underpai-ts, yellow; sides of breast, streaked with olive; under tail coverts,
a^hv: erowu, back, Mud lump, Olive green. wo-w^r

' Pine-creeping Warbler.

Dendroica viyorsii.
See No. 511.

Head ami tail, Rl;i<k and Yellow Warbler.

Uuderparts, brii?ht yellow; breast, heavily streaked with black; under tail
coverts, white; crowu, slaty; baek, bhu-k ; rump, yellow.

Black and Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Underparts, very pale yellowish, almost yellowish white, faintly streaked with
black; under' tail coverts, white ; crown, back, and rump, olive, streaked

with black.

Black=poll Warbler.

Dpudroica striata {female).

See No. 504.

Head aud tail, Blackburnian Warbler.

Throat and breast, orange; belly, pale yellow; sides of breast streaked with
black; crowu, black, streaked with dull white; rump, black; uudertail
coverts, white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnian.
See No. 505.

i

I ■ m irii ii~i mm

28G

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Underparts, yellow ; throat, sometimes marked
with rufous brown; breast, streaked with
black ; crown, black or olive gray ; back, olive
green, marked with black; rump, yellow;
undertail coverts, yellowish white.

Cape May Warbler.
Dendroica tigrina.
See No. 495.

Underparts, very pale yellow, streaked with
dark ])rown; undertail coverts, yellowish
white: crown, back, and rump, dark olive.

Water Thrush.
Water Warbler.

Semnis novehoracensis.
See No. 516.

Part 2. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow
breast, more or less streaked ; no white on tail feathers : —

Breast, streaked with rufous l)rowu ; major portion of inner webs of tail feathers,
yellow.

Summer Warbler.
Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica ivstica.
See No. 496.

Breast, with black or dusky streaks ; tail feath-
ers, entirely dull brown.

Canadian Warbler.

Sylvania canadensis.
See No. 527.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^. WARBLERS.

287

Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow,
without streaks ; some tail feathers marked with more or less white : —

Throat ami underparts, yellow; lower tlivoat,
tiuged with black; forehead, yellowish;
crown, gray ; back and rump, olive green ;
more or less yellow about eyes ; tail feath-
ers, showing; considerable white.

Bachman's Warbler.

Helm i n th oph ila bachmanii.
See No. 486.

Throat and underparts, j-ellow ; under tail covert?,
yellow ; crown, gray ; no yellow about eyes ;
sides of head, gray ; back and rump, olive green ;
outer tail feathers, very narrowly edged with
white (male has a chestnut biown patch on
crown).

Nashville Warbler.
Helminthophiln rnfirajnUa.
See No. 491.

Head and tail, Black and Yellow Warbler.

Crown, dull gray; back, olive green; rump and belly, yellow; tail feathers
with white spots in the middle.

Black and Yellow Warbler.

Dendroica maculosa.
See No. 500.

Inderparts, bright yellow; crown, yellow; back and rump, bright olive
green ; a narrow black streak from bill to eye.

Blue=winged Warbler.

Helminthophila pinus (male).
See No. 487.

288

KEY TO. THE BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, olive green (.<uiiK'tini('s witli foi-eheml
j'ellow) ; underparts, greenish yellow; back and
nmip, olive i^reeii : terminal third of inner webs
of outer tail feathers, white.

Blue=winged Warbler.

Hchninthophiln pinna {female and. immature).
See Xo. 487.

Inderpaiis. tinged with greenish yellow; imdertail coverts, white; crown, back,
and rump, olive green ; outer tail feathers very narrowly edged with white

'(•ntireiy al)sent in some specimens).

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila pi're(jri)ia {female in fall and immahire).
See No. 493.

l'nderi)arts, yellow, washed with olive on sides; sides of head and lores,
yellow; crown, olive green; l)ack and rumi), olive green; undertail coverts,
pale yellow.

Hooded Warbler.

Sylvania mitrata (female and immature in fall).
See No. 525.

ElrUand's Warbler.

Tnderparts, yellow; sides, streaked with black; crown, slaty gray ; bnc'^v and
rump, asliy, streaked with l)hick; lores, black.

Kirtland's Warbler.

Dendroica kirtlandii.
See No. 510.

i

FAMILY MNIOTILTID.K. WARBLERS.

281)

Crown, greenish blue ; wing coverts, edged witli wliite ; back, gieenisli blue,
without streaks; under tail coverts, whitish; uuderiKirts, tinged with pale

yellow .

Cerulean Warbler.

Deudroica ccerulfn (female and immature).

See No. 501.

Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow,
without streaks, and no white on the tail feathers : —

Crown, slate color, with patch of chestnut (male),
or crown, olive gray (female) ; ruinp and upper
tail coverts, yellowish green; auricular region
(sides of head), grayish; under tail coverts,

yellow.

Nashville Warbler.

Helminthophila ruficapHla.

See No. 491.

Underparts, faintly washed with yellow, or yellowish white; crown, grayish
olive; back and rump, olive green; under tail coverts, white; no yellow
on tail feathers.

Tennessee Warbler.

Helminthophila peregrina {female in fall).
See No. 493.

Crown, back, and rump, yellowish green; major part of inner webs of tail

feathers, yellow.

Summer Warbler.

Yellow Warbler.

Deudroica a'Stiva (female).
See No. 496.

Sides of head, yellowish ; crown, glossy black
(male) ; crown, bright olive green, like back
(female): back and rump, bright olive green;
under tail coverts, yellow.

Wilson's Warbler.

Sylvania pusilla.
See No. 526.

Crown, grayish ; back and rump, dull olive green ; entire underparts, yel-
low, palest on throat; no yellow on tad feathers; chin, not whitish; no buff-
white stripe over eye.

Mourning Warbler.

Geothlypis Philadelphia {young female).
See No. 521.

290

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown, grayisli; back and rump, greeu; uuderparts, pale yellow; chiu, whitish;
a l)urt'-wliite stripe ov«'r the eye. (This bird belongs in Section 4, but might be
mistaken for a warbler by the novice.)

Philadelphia Vireo.

Vireo ph iladelphhtit.
See No. 472.

Crown and sides of head, with more or
less black ; a yellow superciliary stripe ;

back and rump, olive green.

Kentucky Warbler.

Gpothlypis furmosa.
See No. 619.

Underparts, yellowish olive; crown, with partly concealed orange brown

spot ; unilt-r tail coverts, greenish yellow.

Orange=crowned Warbler.

Helm inlhoph ila celata .
See Xo. 492.

Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yellow ;
tail feathers, marked with more or less white : —

Back, green,'streaked with black ; outer web of outer tail feather, not edged with
white; no yellow stripe over eye; chiu, whitish; sides of breast and body,
streaked.

Black=poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata {female).
See No. 504.

Crown, black, with patch of orange yellow in centre; back and rump, black,
with nuire or less white; throat, orange; sides, streaked with black.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica hlarkbuniiiv (adult male).
See No. 505.

FAMILY MNIOTILTII)^:.

WAKBLERS.

2d I

Throjit, yellow; sides of hreast, streaked with blackish; crown, olive, dotted

with blackish; back and rump, olive gray, streaked with black; usually

a trace of yellow iu inidillc of crown; basal portion of narrow outer web of

outer tail feather, edged with white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackburnicn {female, and immature).

See No. 505.

Crown, ash gray ; forehead, blackish ;

throat, yellow; honlered hyblaek; sides
of breast, streaked with black ; back
and rump, slaty gray, not streaked ;
uo white on outer web of outer tail
feather.

Yellow=throated Warbler.

Dendroica dominica, and races.
See No. 506.

Crown, slaty blue ; back, tinged with greenish
yellow ; rump, like crown ; no black streaks
on sides of thro;it, back, or uuderparts.

Blue YeIlow=backed Warbler.
Parula Warbler.

Compsothlypis americana.
See Xo. 494.

Crown, back, and rump, green (tinged with gray), without streaks; two
outer tail feathers with oblique white spots; lores, yellow.

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica rii/orsii.
See No. 511.

Crown, back, and rump, green; sides of head, j-ellowish; outer web of tail
feather, eilged with white ; sides more or less faintly streaked ; rump, same
color as back.

Black=throated Qreen Warbler.

Dendroica virens {female and fall plnmaye).
See No. 508.

Crown, olive; more or less speckled with black; back, olive: rump, yellow
or greenish yellow; breast with numerous streaks; no white on outer web
of outer tail feathers ; sides of head and neck, more or less tinged with yellow.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tiyrina {female and immature at some seasons).
See No. 495.

2M2

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 6. The following species have the throat not yellow; belly,
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers : —

Throat, grayisli or brownish ; eye ring,
white ; back, olive green.

Connecticut Warbler.

ireothhjpis ar/ilis.
See No. 520.

X

.^

V.-;

Throat, grayisli or ashy, changing to black
in adult male birds; no white eye ring.

Mourning Warbler.

Geolhhjpis 2)hilndelp)ii<i.
See No. 521.

Part 7. The following species have the throat not yellow; belly
yellow, and more or less white on tail feathers : —

Upper throat, chestnut ; breast, streaked
with black; itack, greenish; ruinp, yellow;
much white on wing coverts.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrimi {adi.lt male) .
See No. 495.

FA.MILV MNIOTILTID.E. — WARBLERS.

298

Cliiii, yellow; throat and upper breast, black;

lorclK'nti, yellow, honh'red by hlaek ; rest of
crown and nape, gray.

Bachman's Warbler.

Ilehninthnphila hnchmanii {n<lnU mali).
See No. 486.

Throat, black ; forehead and sides of liead,
yellow ; crown, black.

Hooded Warbler.

Sylvania mitraui.
See No. 525.

Throat, dull white; l)iea?t, faintly streaked; under tail coverts, yellow;

wing eoverts, tipped with brownish; crown, often marked witli more or less
rufous brown.

Palm Warbler.

Red=poll Warbler.

Dendro'ica palmamm.
See No. 512.

Crown, bluish green ; wing coverts, tipped with white ; under tail cov=
erts, whitish ; underparts, pale yellowish white.

Cerulean Warbler,

Dendroica cccntlcc ( female or immature).
See No. 501.

2 '.•4

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers; breast, streaked, or spotted with
black, or dark brown : —

Crown, brownish orange

bill, p:ilt'.

back, olive greeu;

Oven Bird.
Qolden=crowned Thrush.

Seiiirus aurocapillus.
See No. 516.

Crown and back, olive brown; ))ill, dark.

Water Thrush.

Seiurus noreborncensis, and races.
See No. .516.

Part 9. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, not streaked, or spotted
with black, or dark brown : —

Crown, with stripe of tawny buff, bor-
(k'red by black Btripcs; a black stripe
tliroui;b the eye; uiiderparts, bufty white;
oUve ou sides.

Worm=eating Warbler.
Uelmithenis vermivorus.
See No. 485.

Crown and back, black; throat, black;
:i i)atch of oraiif^e on sides of breast.

Redstart.

Setophmja ruticilla (male).
See No. 628.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID.E. WARBLERS.

■2()5

Crown, slaty olive ; back, dull olive; uiKlrrpmis, whitf; a i)aicli <>l' yollow
ou sides of breast; outer tail feathers, yellow, tipped with brown.

Redstart.

Hetophaga ruticilla {female).
See No. 528.

Crown, grayish olive, usually with partly concealed orange brown spot;

iio yellow ou tail feathers; uiulerparts. yellowish ijrecii.

Orange=crowned Warbler.

Helminthophihi crhdti.
See No. 492.

Part lO. The following species have the throat not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and more or less white on tail feathers ; sides of breast and body
with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks: —

Throat, bright orauge; crown, black, streaked with white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dcndroii-a blnckhurnia' (adult male).
See No. .505.

Crown, back, and rump, bright olive green; sides of head, yellowish;

throat, usually with more oi' less iudieatious of black in most specimeus; inner
wel)s of two outer tail feathers, white.

Black=throated Qreen Warbler.
Dendroicn rireim (fall and ininuitnre).
See No. 508.

Crown, black; back, grayish olive, streakeil
with black; rump, like back.

Black-poll Warbler.

Dcndro icn xl rinta .
See No. 504.

200

KEY TO TJIE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown and back, blue ; tlie back, streaked with black : rump, slaty blue.

Cerulean Warbler.

Demlroica ccerulea.
See No. 501.

Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black; hack, orniyisli olive, streaked
with lilack: rump, like back.

Demlroica striata (fall andimiiiatiire ) .
See No. 504.

Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the
breast, with more or less yellow.

Myrtle Warbler.
Yellow=rumped Warbler.

Dendroim coruiiata.
See No. 498.

Crown, black, with white stripe in middle; entire plumage, black and white.

Black and White Warbler.
Black and White Creeper.

MniotiUa varia.

See No. 482.

Crown and hack, j^rayisli olive; rump, yellowish ; a patch of white near the
tips of outer tail feathers on tlie inner wchs.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tiijrina {immature female).
See No. 495.

TAMILY MNIOTILTID^. WARBLERS.

297

Part II. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not
yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers ; the sides of breast
and body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks: —

Throat, black ; crown, olive green; sides of head, yellow; wing bands, white.

Black=throated Green Warbler.

Dendroica virens (adult male).
See No. 508.

Throat, black; ear coverts, black; crown, yellowish ; wing bands, yellow.

Qolden=winged Warbler.

Helminthophila chrysoptera (male).
See No. 488.

Throat, black ; crown, dull blue ; sides of
breast, bluish black: a patch of white at
base of primaries.

Black=throated Blue Warbler.

Dendroica aendesccns (adult male).
See No. 497.

298

KEY TO THE BIKUS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Tliront aiul sides, chestnut ; crown, chestnut.

Bay=breasted Warbler.

Dendroka cutitaiwd {adnU),
See No. 503.

Throat and sides, more or less marked with chestnut; crown, oHve green,
streaked with black; back, grayish olive, streaked witli black; (crown, with
indications of chestnut ;) Ijelly, cream white.

Bay=breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castani^a (female).
See No. 503.

Throat and underparts, cream white, sliadiug into pale buft"; wliite on flanks;
crown and back, green, indistinctly streaked with black ; win<^ bars, white.

Bay=breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea {immature) .
See No. 503.

Throat and underparts, pale yellowish white ; crown and back, green, indis-
tinctly streaked ; wing l)ars, white; often verj' ditlicult to distinguish from
immature specimen of D. castanea.

Black-poll Warbler.

Dendroica striata {immature^.
See No. 504.

Throat and underparts, white ; ashy on the
sides ; crown, slaty gray ; back, green ;
under tail coverts. wliit<'.

Tennessee Warbler,

Helminthophila piregrina {adult male).
See No. 493.

Throat and underparts, white ; wing bars, yellow ; crown and back, bright
green.

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Dendroica pennsylvanicn {ir.imature) .
See No. 502.

3FAMILV MNIOTILTII)^:. — WARBLEKS.

299

Throat and underparts, white; sides, more
or less marked with chestnut; crown,
greenish yellow: bjiek, jireeiiisli, streaked
with black ; wing bars, yellowish.

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

DcH'Iwica jionisiilranira.
See No. 502.

Throat and underparts, cream white; crown and back, greenish blue;

rump, like back; wing coverts, edged with white: under tail coverts, whitish.

Cerulean Warbler.

Dendroica aeriilfa (female).
See No. 501.

Throat and underparts, dull white; crown and back, gr.ayish olive; wing
bars, white; an obhque wliite spot on inner webs of two outer tail feathers;

rest of tail feathers, witliout white; under tail coverts, whitish.

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica vigorsii {fall and immature).
See No. 511.

Throat and underparts, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; breast, with
rather indistinct dusky streaks ; crown, grayish olive, usually with at least
an indication of diestnut: back, grayish olive; rump, olive green; under
tail coverts, yellow.

Palm Warbler.
Red=po!l Warbler.
Dendroica palraarnm.
See No. 512.

300

KKY TO THE HIKUS OF EASTERN NOli III AMERICA.

Throat and underparts, dull yellowish green; crown, greeu, with partly
concealed orange brown patch in centre i wanting in young birds) ; outer
tail feathers, narrowly edged with white on inner web; rest of tail
feathers, witliout white; no white spot at base of primaries.

Orange=crowned Warbler.

Hi'Imintliopliila celuta.
See No. 492.

Throat and underparts, huffy white; crown and back, olive green : bases of
piiniaries. \\liitf, forming a small spot on wing (f«'male).

Black=throated Blue Warbler.

Di'inlroirn cwriilrsrcns.
See Xo. 497.

Throat, gray; belly, white (breast, often wasbed with yellow); crown, yel-
lowish green ; wing coverts, broadly tipped with yellow (female).

Qolden^winged Warbler.

HelminthophUn chrysoptord.
See No. 4SS.

Group 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.

^5 '^ 52r~''^^ ""' ' 615 ST

Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yel-

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^F:. — WAHULERS.

801

low ; the breast, more or less streaked ; some tail feathers, marked with
white : —

Underparts, pale yellow; sides of breast, more or less streaked with black; uuder
tall coverts, white; crown, grayish; back aud rump, ashy gray, streaked with
black.

Kirtland's Warbler.

Dendroica kirtlandi.
See No. 510.

TaiL

Throat and breast, orange ; belly, pale yellow ; sides of breast, streaked with
black; crown, lilack, with orange spot in centre; back, black, streaked with
whitish ; rump, black ; under tail coverts, white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendro tea bhickb u rn ia .
See No. 505.

'M)i

KKV TO THK BIRDS OK EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

rndfn»»rt*. very pale yellowish, jiiino>.l yellowish wliit.-. faintly streaked with
black; iiutU'r tull oovert*, whiU*: crowu. back, aiul rump, olivi- trn'fii. stn-akcil

Milh liittck.

Black-poll Warbler.

Di ndrtiiia stridln ( f'fuinle).

See No. 504.

Tail.

UD4lcrpart!i, \cllow ; sides of breast, streaked with olive; iindt'i' rail cov-
ert*, «*hy : iTowii, liafk. ami iiiiii|i. olive ^rccii i iKit ■^treak*'*!).

Pine Warbler.

Dpiidroica vigorsii.
See No. 511.

Underparts, yellow; breast, streaked with brown; crown, chestnut;

l»ack. dull olivr : riiiii|i. olive ;rn'«!i ; under tail coverts, yellow.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler.

Dendmird pabtKiriiiii Iii/pncfirnscd.
S.'o No. ol.S.

t\\../

rii(l»>iparts, yellow; ear coverts, rufous;

lueast, .streaked with black; crown, black,
or olive gray: back, olive ^re'>n, marked
with black ; rump, yellow; under tail coverts,
yellow i<ii while: a patch of white on wing
coverts.

Cape May Warbler.

Dt'iulroica tiyrhvx.
See Xo. 495.

Underparts, very jiale yellow, streaked with
^I^^S. dark brown; under l.iil coverts, yellowish
white; crown, back, and rump, dark
olive.

Water Thrush.

Seiurns novcboracensis.
See No. 516.

FAMILY 'MNI<)Tir,TII),E.

wakhm:ks.

m:\

Part 2. The followin}>: species has the throat, breast, and belly, yel-
low ; breast, more or less streaked, and no white on the tail feathers: —

Hn'iist, with l>l;ifk or dusky streaks; tail, dull Inowu.

Canadian Warbler.

Sijlvauiii raiiiKleuKis.
Sue No. 't'27 .

Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yel-
low, without streaks, and more or less white on the tail feathers: —

Head, neck, and underparts, bright orange yellow; palest <iti the belly:
back, olive green; ruini), jrray.

Prothonotary Warbler.

PriitiitHil'irui rttrcii .
See Xo. 4s:i.

Crown, brownish ; underparts, white,

faintly tin<;i'(l with pale yellow: sides,
iiiayish ; l)ack and ruuij), olive hrown
or grayish hrowii ; a white stripe over
the eye.

Swainson's Warbler.

Helinaia swainsonii.
See Xo. 484.

Underparts, yellow; sides, streaked with black; crown, slaty gray; back

and rump, ashy, streaked with black; lores, black.

Kirtland's Warbler.

Dcndriiira kirthuuli.

See Xo. .510.

liiderparts, yellow. washe<l with oliv<' on the sides; sides of head and lores,

yellow; crown, olive green; bark and rump, olive green: under tail

coverts, pale yellow.

Hooded Warbler.

Sylvania mitnitn.

See No. 52n.

Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow,
without streaks; no white on the tail feathers: —

Crown and sides of head, with more or less
black; a yellow stripe over the eye; baek
and rump, olive green.

Kentucky Warbler.

Geothhjpis fonaosa.
See X'o. 519.

304

KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not
yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white: —

I5ac'k, <rreeu, streaked with black; oiiUm- wel) of outer tail feather, not edged
with white; no yellow stripe over eye; cliiii, wliiti^h; sides of hn^ist aud
body, streaked.

Black=poll Warbler.

Dendroira striata {immatwp).
See No. 504.

Crown, black, witli patch of orange yellow
in centre ; back aud ruuip, black, with more
or less white; throat, orange; sides, streaked
with l)lack.

Blackburnian Warbler.
Doidroica blackbnrniir (ndnlt male).
See No. 50.5.

'ITiroat, yellow ; sides of breast, streaked with blackish ; crown, olive, dotted
with ihill black, aud usually showing a trace of yellow in centre: back and
rump, olive gray, streaked witli lilack: basal portion of narrow outer web
of outer tail feather, edged with white.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Demlroira hfackhurniic (female <t)id immature) .
See No. 505.

Crown, ash gray; forehead, blackish ; throat, yellow, bordered by black: sides
of breast, streaked with black; back and rump, slaty gray, not streaked;
no white on outer web of outer t.iil feather.

Yellow-throated Warbler.

Dendroica dnminica.
See No. .506.

<'rowii. back, and rump, giecn f tinged with gray), without streaks:
tail feathers, with oblique white spots; lores, yellow.

two outer

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica vi<jorsii.
See No. 511.

Crown, olive, more or less speckled with black; back, olive; rump, yellow, or
greenish yellow; l)re.ist, with numerous streaks; no white on outer web of
outer tail featlier: sides of head aud neck, more or less tinged with yellow.

Cape May Warbler.

Dendroica tigrina (immature).
See No. 495.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID.E. — WARBLERS.

^iO.")

Tlu-oat and breast, brisjht j^ellow ; lower belly, white ; crown and back, olive
green ; lores and eye ring, white ; tail, over 2.50 inches long.

Yellow-breasted Chat.

Icteria virens.

See No. 524.

Upperparts, gray, streaked with black on the back; crown, rump, upper
throat, and sides of breast, yellow; breast, grayish, or blackish. Western
species are twice recorded from eastern United States.

Audubon's Warbler.

Dendroica audnhnni.
See No. 499.

Part 6. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly,
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers : —

riuoat. grayish or brownish ; eye ring, white ; back, olive green.

Connecticut Warbler.

Q-eothlypis agilis.
See No. 520.

:;ot;

KKV TO THE HIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Part 7. The followinjj species have the throat, not yellow; belly,
yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers : —

Tlimat, Mack; forehead and sides of head,
yt'llow; crown, l)lack.

Hooded Warbler.

Hi/lvania laitratn.
See No. 525.

Upper throat, chestnut; breast, streaked with black; l)ack, greenish : rump,
yt'llow; wing coverts, showing mucli wliitc.

Cape May Warbler.

Doidroica ti(jrin<i (adult male).
See No. 495.

Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, not streaked or spotted
with black or dark brown : —

S^ff^^'d^N^.,^.^

\;.

Crown, with stripe of tawny buff, bor-
dered liy i)iack strii)t'; a hlack stripe
tluough the eye.

Worm Eating Warbler.

Uelmitherus vermivorxis.
See No. 485.

Crown, dull cinnamon brown ; a white
stripe over the eye ; underparts, white,
taintly tinged willi yellow; sides, tinged
with grayish olive.

5wainson's Warbler.
Jlelina id swainsunii.
See No. 484.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID.E.

WAKBLKRS.

307

Part 9. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, streaked or spotted with
black or dark brown : —

Crown and back, olive brown; l)ill, dnrk; imdeiparts. niiitt', tinged with
yellow, iiiul streaked with black (iiicludiut;,' throat).

Water Thrush.

Seiitrns nurihorareitsis, duil races.
See No. 51 G.

Crowu aud back, olive brown; uiidei|)aits, whit*-, tinged with buff, and streaked
with black; throat, not streaked.

Louisiana Water Thrush.

Seiuriiif motarilht.

See No. .ils.

Crown, brownish orange; liack, olive green; bill, pale.

Oven Bird.
Golden=crowned Thrush.

Seiurus mirorapillu!<-
See No. .51Ji.

Part 10. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not
yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers ; sides of breast, and body,
marked with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks.

Crown, black, with white stripe in the middle ; entire plumage, black and
white.

Black and White Warbler.

Mniotilta vnria.

See No. 482.

308 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Crown and back, f^rayish olive : rump, yellowish ; ;i patch of wliite uear tlie tip?

of outer tail feathers on the inner webs.

Cape May Warbler.

Demlroica ti(jrina {immature female) .

See No. 495.

Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the breast, more or less yellow.

Myrtle Warbler.
Yellow=rumped Warbler,

Dciidroicn coronal a.
See No. 498.

Crown, back, and riunp, dull olive or brownish olive; underparts, bully or ijraj-
ish, streaked with l)ro\vii on breast and sides: outer tail feathers, mostly
white, including the outer web ; hind toe nail, as long as the toe. (This
species is not a Warbler, and belongs in Family 8, but it might be mistaken for
one by the uninitiated.)

American Pipit.
Titlark.

Anthus pensiilranicus.
See No. 530.

Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black ; back, grayish olive, streaked
w illi l)iack ; rump, like back ; outer tail feather, with patch of white on inner
webs.

Black°-poII Warbler.

Dendroica striata (female) .
See No. 504.

Throat, bright orange ; a patch of orange on
the crown.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Dendroica blackbnrnifc (adult male).
See No. 505.

Part 11. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not
yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; breast and sides of body,
not marked with numerous distinct black streaks: —

Throat and sides, chestnut; crown, chestnut.

Bay-breasted Warbler.

Dendroica castanea.

See No. 503.

FAMILY iMNIOTILTID.E. WAKBLEKS.

309

Throat and sides, more or less chestnut ; crown, olive, streaked with
black (usually with trace of chestnut) ; hack, grayish olive, streaked with
black.

Bay-breasted Warbler.

Dpudroica castanea (ff'i"<ilc).
See Xo. 50:^.

Throat and underparts, cream white, sliading to pale butt' white ou flauks;
crowu aud back, green, indistinctly streaked with black; wiug bars, white.
(Ofteu ditticult to distiuguish from female of Black-poll Warbler, Z>. striata,
which resembles it very closely iu immature plmiiage, but has the uuderi>irts,
usually yellowish.)

Bay=breasted Warbler.

Dendroica cnstanod {immatnre).
See No. 503.

Throat and underparts, dull white ; crowu and back, grayisli olive ; wing
bars, white; au oblique white spot ou inner webs of two outer tail feathers,
rest of tail feathers, without white ; under tail coverts, whitish.

Pine Warbler.

Dendroica vigorsii {fall, auil immature}-
See No 511,

Throat and ^underparts, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; breast, with rather
indistinctly dusky streaks; crown, grayish olive, usually with an indication of
chestnut; back, grayish olive; rump, olive green; under tail coverts,
yellow.

Palm Warbler.
Red poll Warbler.

Dendroica palmarum.
See No. 512.

310

KKY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTKRN NOKTH AMERICA.

Group 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long.

Underpants, white, faintly yellowish,
streaked, with lnownisli Mack; throat,
showing more or less dots or streaks ;

no white ou tail feathers.

^

Grinnell's Water=Thrush,

Sciurus tiovehoraceitsis not((hnif^
See No. 517.

\

'I'hroat. wl
of body,
featliers.

lite: iindeipaits, white, faiutly tiuged with tawuy; breasit and sides
strealied witii dark brown; throat, not streaked; no white on tail

Louisiana Water=Thrush.

Seinnis hiutorilla.

See No. 518.

rndi-rparls. iriayish wliitf or bulVy white, nion^ or less streaked with dafk i)rowu;
greater portion of outer tail feathers, white; hind toe, witli elaw longer
tlian middle toe, with elaw. lielongs in Family Motaeillida', and is very ditter-
ent from a \\'arblfr, but might be mistaken for one by the novice.

American Pipit.
Titlark.

Anthus i^eiiiiilvanicuis.
See No. 530.

Throat, faintly yellow ; underparts, not streaked ; more or less blaek on cheeks
and l)r(!ast ; hind toe nail, straight and long. This species belongs in Family
Aiandiihe, iMit is included lien^ as well as in its proper place for th»> benetit of
persons unfamiliar with binls, who might look for it under this section.

Prairie Shore Lark.
Otocoris pratiucola.
See No. 358.

FAMILY MOTACILLID^. — PIPITS AND WAGTAILS.

311

FAMILY MOTACILLID^.
Pipits and Wagtails.

Bill, slender ; first primary, not short, tlie first, second, and third,
being about equal in length; hind toe and claw, longer than middle toe
and claw ; hind toe nail, long, in this somewhat resembling larks, but
no tufts of hair-like feathers over nostrils.

Crown, back, and rump, dull olive, or
brownish olive ; uudei-parts, butty, or
grayish, streaked \\\lh brown on throat
and sides; outer tail feather, mostly
white, including the outer web ;
much less white on second feather;
hind toe nail, usually as long as the
toe.

American Pipit.

Titlark.

Anthns poi^ilrcuiicus.
See No. 530.

312

KKY TO TllK IJIKIXS OF EASTEKN XOHTIl AAIKRICA.

FAMILY TROGLODYTID/E.
Wrens and Thrashers.

First primary, less than two thirds as long as third ; outer tail
feathers, decidedly shorter than middle ones, varying from one eighth
to one half inch or more shorter in different species.

Group 1. Wing, less than 3.25 inches long.

SUBFAMILY TROQLODYTIN/E.
Wrens.

Small, brownish, plain colored birds.

Part I. The following species have the crown or back without white
streaks or dots : —

Tliryiitlioni-! licwickil.

Outer t;iil fciithors, tii)p('(l ami marked
with grayish white; primaries, not
barred. Bewick's Wren.

TU ryothorus bcioickii.
See No. 538.

Underparts, grayish ; belly, grayish, not
speckled ; outer tail feathers, not broadly
tipped with grayish white; tail, over 1.25
inches long; primaries, showing narrow bars.

House Wren.

Troglodytes aednn, and races.
See No. 539.

FAMILY TROGLODYTIDiE. WRENS AND THRASHERS.

31,

L'luierparts, distiuctly browuisli. dotted niid speckled witli brown on flanks and
abdomen; tail, 1.25 or less; primaries, with narrow bars.

Winter Wren.
Troglodytes hiemalis.
See No. 541.

Part 2. The following species have the crown or back showing more
or less white streaks or dots : —

Hump and upper tiiil coverts, barred with black ;
bill, shorter than middle toe (without claw).

Short-billed Harsh Wren.

Cistothorus steUaiis.
See No. 542.

Rump and tail coverts, without black bars;

bill, longer than middle toe (without
claws).

Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Cistothvi'us 2yihi!<tris and varieties.
See No. 543.

314

KEY TO THE BIllDS OF EASTERN KOKTH AMEKICA.

Mack, c'liestimt Itrown; concealed white
spots oil ruiiii).

Carolina Wren.

Thryothorus ludovicianus, ami races.

FAMILY TKOGLODYTIDiE. — WRENS AND THRASHERS.

315

Group 2. Wing, from 3.25 to 5.50 inches long.

SUBFAMILY MIMING.

Thrashers, Cat-birds, Mocking-birds, etc.

Cat-bird.

Mocking-bird.

General plumage, dark slaty gray ; underparts, slaty gray; under tail coverts,
dark chestnut brown ; crovvu, blackish; first primary, short.

Cat-bird.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis.
See Xo. 534.

31(1

KF.V TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Upper plumap:e, ashy gray ; l):i-<iil portion of priiii:irii'-i. white, foiniin;; a
white wing; patch ; umlerparts, asliy white, witliout streaks.

Mocking°bird.

Mimiis pohjiihAtos.
See No. 533.

Entire upper plumage, rufous brown ;

iiuderparts, l)uffy white, streaked with
(lark brown ; w iiiij coverts, tipped witli
more than four inches

white: tail,
long.

Brown Thrush.
Brown Thrasher.

Uarpiirhijnch us rufous
See No. 535.

ISrowii Tliruhl

FAMILY CERTHIID^E.

Creepers.

Bill, slender and decurved ; tail feathers, stiff and pointed; nostrils,
exposed; tarsus, scutellate ; first primary, very short. But one species
occurs in Eastern North America — a small bird; wing, less than three
inches; length, less than six inches.

Tall feathers, stiff and pointed ; bill, curved ; upper parts, streaked ; uiidcr-
paris, wliite; niiiip, dull rulou.s l)ruwn. Brown Creeper.

Certhia famiUaris a)ni'ricnna.
See No. 540.

FAMILY PAIilD^E. — NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC

317

FAMILY PARID^.

Nuthatches, Titmice, etc.

SUBFAMILY SITTING.

Nuthatches.

Bill, as illustrated ; nostrils, concealed by
bristly tufts ; tarsus, scutellate ; first primary,
very short; tail feathers, not stiff and pointed.
The white=bellied Nuthatch is sometimes mis-
taken by the novice for a small Woodpecker.
If tail feathers are stiff and pointed, look for
the bird under Family Picidae.

Crowu, black; back, gray, without white;
wings, uot lieavily spotted with white;
tail feathers, not stiff or pointed ; toes,
four, three ia front, oue behind; wing,
.S.dO to 3.75 inches long.

White=breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta rarolinensiii, and races.
See Xo. 547.

Bill, more than three eighths ineli long;
underparts, pale rufous brown ; crown,
black (male) ; crown, bhiish gray (fe-
male) ; wing, 2.60 to 2.85 inclies long.

Red^breasted Nuthatch.

Sitta canadensis.

See No. 549.

-^^

: rV'^-^^^^N^^^^

Bill, more than three eighths inch long;
crown, grayish brown ; underparts,
dull grayish white; wing, 2.40 to 2.70
inches long.

Brown^headed Nuthatch.
Sitta jmsilla.

See No. 550.

318

KEV TO THE J5IHIJS OF EASTERN NOKTII AMERICA.

SUBFAHILY PARIN/E.
Titmice and Chickadees.

3mall bird5, less than 6.50 inches long; wing, less than 3.50 in the
largest; first primary, very short and small ; bill, short and stout
(as illustrated); nostrils, concealed by bristly feathers; throat,
B52 ^ black ; crown, black ; wing, less than 3 inches long (Chickadee),
or forehead, black ; sides, with rufous brown ; wing, over 3 inches long
(Titmouse),

Group 1. Wing, less than 3 inches long.

\

^'

\y

Hill, \i'A^ than ihroo «'i;,'litliH iiuh long; crown and throat, black; greater
wing coverts, edged with white ; bn-ast, wliite; beliy and sides, pale buft'.

Chickadee.
Black-capped Titmouse.

Parus atricapillus.
See No. 552.

FAMILY PARIDiK. NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC.

311)

Bill, less th;in tliree oli^htlis iiu-h long; crown and throat, black ; greater wing
coverts, not edged with white; breast, white; belly and sides, pale bull'.

Throat, ithiek; sides of body, chestnut i)rown.

Carolina Chickadee.

Pwns caroUnensis.
Se<> No. 558.

Hudsonian Chickadee.

Pants hndtionicus.
See No. 554.

Group 2. Wing over 3 inches long.

Throat and underparts, dull white ; sides
of bod_v, tinii'ed wiMi rufous brown : crown,
gray, with more or less of a crest ;

forehead, black, in adults.

Tufted Titmouse.

Parns bicolor.
See No. 551.

;i2U KKV TO THE HIUDS OF EASTEHN \OUTH AMKHICA.

FAMILY SYLVIID/E.
Kinglets and Gnatcatchers.

Size, small ; lenjjth, less than 4.75 inches; wing, less than 2.50 inches;
first primary, very short.

(.iKit.;iIclici.

Kin^U't.

I>:u-k, Iduish <jr:iy: imtcr t.iil fV.Mtlicrs, mostly
white.

Blue=gray Gnatcatcher.

Folioptila cwrulea.
See No. 557.

Ilji.k, olivi-: no whiif jciuli on tail; i-iowii, with \KiH-h of hrijjht red (innlo;:
frown, nlivi' ( female).

Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

Jif'ffulits calciiduhi.
See No. 550.

H:ic'k, olive; no wliite patch on tail; crown, with
_ jtateli of oiann'e ed^cd with yellow and black (male) ;

sl^;. I'o" n, with yellow patc-li edited with black (female).

Qolden=crowned Kinglet.

Jicf/ulns satrapK.

See jS'o. 555.

■?^

FAMILY TURDIDiE. THllUSHES AND BLUK-BIRDS.

321

FAHILY TURDID^.
Thrushes and Blue=birds.

First primary, very short; tarsus, booted (no scales showing, except
near the toes); bill, shorter than head.

Group 1. Wing, from 3.25 to 4.75 inches long.

Part 1. The following species have the underparts more or less streaked
or spotted : —

Tlinish.

Back, rump, and upper tail coverts, olive, about the same color; eye ring,
cheeks, aud lores, pale buff; no wliite on wiug coverts.

Olive=backed Thrush.

Turdtis ustulatus strainsoni.
See No. 564.

322

KF.Y TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

I pper plumage, brownish olive; ends of

upper tail c-(»vcit^! ami tail, rufous hrowu,
much more rufous than the back ; uo

wliitf! on tail; first primaiy, very small

and narrow,

Hermit Thrush.

Turdus aonalaschkce pallasii.
See No. 5G5.

Back, rump, and upper tail coverts,

olive, about the .same color ; eye ring
and lores, white, sometimes faintly
tin>:o(l with huiV, but the eye riug never
(U'L'itlt'clly huff, as in srmiiisotii ; no white
on wiug coverts.

Qray-cheeked Thrush.

Turdits alicke, and races.
See No. 562.

Trown and hack, dull cinnamon
brown, shadinj^ to brownish olive
on tlic ui)i)cr tail t-overts; hreast
and belly, marked with round
brownish black spots ; no white
on wing coverts.

Wood Thrush.
Turdus imtstelinus.
See No. 559.

FAMILY TLTRDID^. THRUSHES AND BLUE-BIRDS.

323

Crown, back, and upper tail coverts,
pale cinnamon brown, nearly uni-
form in color; hrciist mid sides of
throat, tawny brown, marked with
small cinnamon biown spots and
streaks; belly, whitish, without
spots; no white ou wing coverts.

Wings and tail, tinged more or less with blue (immature).

Wilson's Thrush.

Turdns fKucc.'imis.
See No. 560.

Blue^bird.

Sialia sidli's.
See No. 570.

Part 2. The following species have no streaks or spots on the under=
parts : —

Blue bird.

Upper plumage, blue; breast and sides of body, cinnamon rufous; belh', white
(male).

Blue=bird.

Sialia sialis.
See No. 570.

Upper plumage, ashy gray, with bluish tinge, shading to blue on rump, tail,
and wings; breast and sides, pale cinnamon brown ; belly, white (female).

Blue=bird.

Sialia sialis
See No. 570.

.S24

KKY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Wlieatear.

rppfi- i.hima^'c, -xniyisli ImtV: umltMparts, pale bull; basal two thirds of tail
feathers, except niiildlc pair, white; the n-nt, Idack; upper tail i-overts, white;
tail, wwV'X three inches long. Tiie Wiieatear is an Old World species which
occurs in Greenland and LaJ)rador. Stragglers have been taken in Nova Scotia,
Maine, and Long Island.

Wheatear.
^ Stone Chat.

m Savicola nnxoitho.

See Xo. 509.

Group 2. Wing, from 4.75 to 5.50 inches long.

f'pper pliiniagi", ^'ravish olive;
throat, white, streaked with
biacic ; rest of underparts (ex-
cept lower belly), pale chestnut
rufous ; young birds have the
underparts spotted.

Robin.

American Robin.

MrniJd hi i</riiluria.
See Xo. 567.

A LIST

OK 1IIK

BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

WATER BIRDS-

ORDER PYQ0P0DE5.
Diving Birds.

Suborder PODICIPIDES. Grebes.

Genus COLYMBUS. Lixn.

1 C^) COLYMBUS HOLBOELLII. (reinh.) Holboell's Qrebe.

General, North America ; breeds north of the United States.

SiiwiKXus DYTES. Kaui'.

2 ( i) COLYMBUS AURITUS. (Link.) Horned Qrebe.

'* Northern Hemisphere; breeds from northern United States northward."
(A. O. U.)

3 (4) COLYMBUS NIQRICOLLIS CALIFORNICUS. (IIiekm.) American Eared

Qrebe.

Ranges from Mississippi Valley, westward. Does not occur in thf
Atlantic States. (Illinois, Ridgway.)

Gems PODILYMBUS. Less.

4 (<J ) PODILYMBUS PODICEPS. (Linn.) Pied^biired Qrebe.

General, North America ; West Indies in winter ; In-ceds tiirough(jut range.

Suborder CEPPHI. Loons and Auks.

FAMILY QAVIID/E. Loons.

Genus GAVFA. Fokster.

5 (7) QAVIA IMBER. (Guxn.) Loon.

Northeiii part of Northern Hemisphere ; soutli in winter to Gulf of Mexico.

(325J

326 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. J

A. o. i;. \

NO.

6 (It) QAVIA ARCTICA. (Linn.) Black-throated Loon.

Nortliern spocii's riuv, or casual on noithern Atlantic coast of United
States in Avintcr.

7 (11) (iAVIA LUMME. (^Gunn.) Red-throated Loon.

North America; south, in winter, to Gulf of Mexico.

FAMILY ALCID/E. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

Subfamily FRATERCULIN/G. Puffins.

Gknls LUNDA. Pallas.

8 (1:^) LUNDA CIRRATA. Pali.. Tufted Puffin.

Pacific species, claimed by Audubon to have once been taken on coast of
Maine ; no other record.

Gkms FRATERCULA. Bkiss.

9 (l.i) FRATERCULA ARCTICA. Puffin.

Xortli Atlantic coast, breeding from Hay of P^ind^' northward ; casual to
Long Island, in winter.

10 ( l.".'() FiaU'i'cnla arclka (jlaciaUs. (Tk.mm.) Large-billed Putlin.

A race of the common Putlin, which occurs in the Arctic Ocean, Spitz-
bergen to Greenland. It is larger, ])ut otherwise similar.

Gknls CEPPHU5. Pallas.

11 (-^7) CEPPHUS QRYLLE. (Lixx.) Black Guillemot.

Coast of Maine, Labrador, and Xewfouudland ; south, in winter, to
Long Island.

12 (2.S) CEPPHUS MANDTII. LiciiT. Mandt's Guillemot.

Arctic regions ; south in winter to Massachusetts.

Subfamily ALCIN/E.
Genus URIA. Huiss.

13 (;{<)) URIA TROILE. (Linn.) Murre.

Xortiiern North America; south in winter to New England.

14 (.51) URIA LOMVIA. (LiSN.) Brunnich's Murre.

North Atlantic coast to Arctic Ocean ; south in w^inter to New .Jersey.

Gknls ALCA. I^inn.

15 ^;i2j ALCA TORDA. Linn. Razor-billed Auk.

North Atlantic coast; in winter to Long Island ; accidental as far south as
North Carolina.

(Jkm-s PLAUTUS. BiiiiNN.

16 (;{;j) PLAUTUS LVIPENNIS. Great Auk.

Formerly North Atlantic coast, now extant.

LIM OF THK HIKDS OF KASTKKX XOIiTll A.MFiKICA. 327

Subfamily ALLIN/E. Dovekies.

A. o. r. Genus ALLE. Link.

NU.

17 (34) ALLE ALLE. (Linn.) Dovekie. Little Auk.

Coast of North Atlantic from eastern Arctic Ocean ; south in winter to
Long Island,

ORDER LONQIPENNES.

Long-winged Swimmers.

FA/VIILY STERCORARIID/E. Skuas and Jaegers.

Gems MEQALESTRIS. Bonai-.

18 (3.)) MEQALESTRIS SKUA. (Brunn.) Skua.

North Atlantic ; south to Carolina ; rare on Atlantic coast of United States.

Genus STERCORARIUS. Buiss.

19 (36) STERCORARIUS POMARINUS. (Temm.) Pomarine Jjeger.

North America.

20 (37) STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS. (Linn.) Parasitic J»ger.

North America ; ranges in winter to South America.

21 (38) STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUS. (\ ieill.) Long-tailed Jaeger.

North America ; south in winter to Gulf of Mexico.

FAMILY LARID/E. QuUs and Terns.

Subfamily LARIN/E. Qulls.

Genus PAQOPHILA. Kaup.

22 (3.t) PAQOPHILA ALBA. (Gunn.) Ivory Gull.

Rare winter visitant to New Brunswick and probably northern New England.

Genus RIS5A. Steph.

23 (4(1) RISSA TRIDACTYLA. (Linn.) Kittiwake QulL

Arctic regions ; south in winter to ^Middle States.

Genus LARU5. Linn.

24 (42) LARUS GLAUCUS. J'.runn. Glaucous QuII.

Arctic regions ; south to Long Island in winter.

25 (43) LARUS LEUCOPTERUS. Fap.er. Iceland Gull.

Arctic Regions ; south to soutliern New England in winter.

26 (4;")) LARUS KUMLIENI. Brewst. Kumlien's Gull.

Northern species ; south in winter to New England and casually to Middle
States.

i^'2S LIST OF THK BIKIXS OF FASTKIIN NORTH AMKKIOA.

A. <). U.
NO.

31

(54)

32

(56)

33

(58)

27 (47) LARUS MARINUS. Linn. Great Black-backed ttull.

Nortli Atlantic Ocean ; south in winter to Middle States ; accidental in
Florida.

28 (50) LARUS UFFINUS. Kkimi. Siberian Gull.

Old world species; recorded from (Ireenland,

29 (51) LARUS ARGENTATUS. Biiuxx. Herring Gull.

European species ; accidental on Atlantic coast of North America.

30 (51a) Lams argentatus smithsonianus. Couks. American Herring Gull. North

America ; generally south to Cuba in winter ; the common species of

our ba^'s and coast; breeds from Maine northward.
LARUS DELAWARENSIS. Oud. Ring=billed Gull.
General, North America ; south to Gulf of Mexico in winter.
LARUS CANUS. Linn. Mew Gull.
European s[)ecies recorded from Labrador (one record).
LARUS ATRICILLA. Linn. Laughing Gull.
Atlantic coast of United States ; north in summer to Maine and Nova

Scotia ; in Avinter, southern United States, West Indies, and northern

South America.

34 (59) LARUS FRANKLlNll. Sw. and IJicii. Franklin s Gull.

Not common east of the Mississippi River ; not found on the Atlantic
coast.

35 (GO) LARUS PHILADELPHIA. (Ord.) Bonaparte's Gull.

North America ; generally breeds north of United States.

36 (00a) LARUS MINUTUS. Pall. Little Gull.

European species ; only once taken on our coast.

Genus RHODOSTETHIA. Macgil.

37 (<;i) RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA. (Macgil.) Ross's Gull.

Arctic species ; recorded from Alaska and Greenland.

Geni;s XEMA. Leach.

38 (62) XEMA SABlNll. (yAU.) Sabine's Gull.

Arctic regions ; soutli in winter to Long Island ; rare.

Subfamily STERNIN/E. Terns.

Genus QELOCHELIDON. Bijeiim.

39 (6.3) GELOCHELIDON NILOTICA. (Hasselq.) GulUbilled Tern.

Througliout North America; summer, north to southern New England,
winter, south to Brazil.

Genus STERNA. Linn.
Subgenus THALASSEUS. Boie.

40 (64) STERNA CASPIA. Pallas. Caspian Tern.

Whole of North America; cosmopolitan species; breeds on middle Atlantic
coast ; also Pacific coast and interior.

41

A. O. V.

NO.

(65)

42

(»;7)

43

(OS)

44

(•>'••)

45

(70)

46

("D

47

('2)

LIST OF THE BIKUS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 329

Si BCxENUs ACTOCHELIDON. Kaup.

STERNA MAXIMA. Bodd. Royal Tern.

Soutlicru Atlantic coast, Grcorgia, Florida, and the Gulf States; casual in
siinmier, north to IMassacluisetts.

STERNA SANDVICENSIS ACUFLAVIDA. (Cabot.) Cabot's Tern.

Southern coast of United States, "West Indies, and Central America, north
to North Carolina in summer; accidental in New En<>;lan(l.

STERNA TRUDEAUI. Auu. Trudeau's Tern.

South American species ; stragglers have been taken on the Atlantic coast
of United States.

STERNA FORSTERI. Xltt. Forster's Tern.

North America, in general; in winter to West Indies and South America;
breeds from Virginia to Manitoba.

STERNA HIRUNDO. Linn. Common Tern. " Mackerel Gull."

Throughout eastern North America; breeds nearly throughout its range,
from Arctic Ocean to Florida ; winters from Virginia southward.

STERNA PARADIS/EA. BituNN. Arctic Tern.

North America from Arctic Ocean to North Carolina ; breeds from Massa-
chusetts northward.

STERNA DOUGALLI. Montag. Roseate Tern.

Southern coast of United States ; north in summer to New England ; acci-
dental iu Nova Scotia.

Subgenus STERNULA. Boie.

48 (74) STERNA ANTILLARUM. (Less.) Least Tern.

Southern coast of United States and northern South America ; in summer
north to New England ; accidental in Labrador ; breeds throughout
its range.

Subgenus ONICHOPRION. Wagler.

49 (75) STERNA FULIQINOSA. Gmel. Sooty Tern.

Semi-tropical species, common in the West Indies ; in summer north to
North Carolina ; accidental in New England.

50 (76) STERNA AN/ETHETUS. Scop. Bridled Tern.

Tropical species, accidental on Florida coast ; South Carolina, one record.

Genus HYDROCHELIDON. Boie.

51 (77) HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA SURINAMENSIS. (Gmel.) Black Tern.

North America ; breeds from Middle States iu the interior northward to
the fur countries.

52 (78) HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA. (Meisn. and Sciiinz.) White-winged

Black Tern.
European species, of accidental occurrence in the United States ; Wis-
consin, one record.

330 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTF>RN NORTH AMERICA.

■^- "• L- Genus AN0U5. Stephens.

NO.

53 (71)) ANGUS STOLIDUS. (Linn.) Noddy.

South Atlantic States of United States ; common in the "West Indies.

FAMILY RHYNCHOPID/E. Skimmers.

Genus RHYNCHOPS. Linn.

54 (80) RHYNCHOPS NIGRA. Linn. Black Skimmer.

Coasts of the United States south of Virginia ; casual to New England.

ORDER TUBINARE5.

Tube=nosed Swimmers.
FAMILY DIOMEDEID/E. Albatrosses.

Genus DIO/VIEDEA. Linn.

55 (81) DIOMEDEA EXULANS. Linn. Wandering Albatross.

Species common to southern seas ; claimed to have been seen at Tamp
Bay, Florida.

Genus THALASSOQERON. (Gould)

56 (83) THALASSOQERON CULMINATUS. (Gould) Yellow-nosed Albatross.

South Pacific species, accidental in eastern North America. St. Lawrenc
Rivev, one record.

FAMILY PROCELLARHD^. Fulmars and Shearwaters.

Subfamily FULMARIN/E. Coles.

Genus FULMARUS. Steph.

57 (Sfi) FULMARUS QLACIALIS. (Linn.) Fulmar.

North Atlantic Ocean, south on coast of United States to Long Island.

58 (HGa) Ftdmarus (jlacialis minor. K.I/Kubcelling. Lesser Fulmar.

A small race differing from Glacialis only in size ; range about the same.

Subfamily PUFFININyG.

Genus PUFFINU5. Buisson.

59 (88) PUFFINUS BOREALIS. Coin. Cory's Shearwater.

Known to occur only on coast of Massachusetts and Long Island ; winter
and l)reeding range unknown.*

60 (89) PUFFINUS MAJOR. Faber. Greater Shearwater.

Atlantic Ocean, coasts of both North and South America.

* Hy some authors supposed to be similar to I', kiihtii, hut borealis is larger and tlic 1'ect in lilc ditferently
colored.

LIST OF THE HIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 331

. o. u.

NO.

61 (.10) PUFFINUS PUFFINUS. (Brunx.) Manx Shearwater.

European speeios ; accidental on the Atlantic coast.

62 (.12) PUFFINUS AUDUBONI. Finsch. Audubon's Shearwater.

Tropical species ; couiinou in West Indies ; casual on Florida coast ; acci-
dental as far north as New Jersey.

63 (94) PUFFINUS FULIGINOSUS. Strick. Sooty Shearwater. Haglet.

South Atlantic species ; ranging in summer north to coast of United States ;
New England ; common.

Genls ^STRELATA. Bonai-.

64 (!»8) yCSTRELATA HASITATA. (Kuhl.) BIack=capped Petrel.

Tropical and semi-tropical portions of the Atlantic Ocean ; accidental in
the United States ; numerous records.

65 (99) /ESTRELATA SCALARIS Brewst. Scaled Petrel.

Rare straggler; habitat unknown; one specimen known, taken in western
New York.

Genus BULWERIA. Bonap.

66 (101) BULWERIA BULWERI. (Jard. and Selby.) Bulwer's Petrel.

Old world species; accidental in Greenland.

Subfamily PROCELLARIIN^E. Coues.

Genus PROCELLARIA. Linn.

67 (101) PROCELLARIA PELAQICA. Linn. Stormy Petrel.

Atlantic ocean ; Newfoundland banks not uncommon, but rarely seen near
land.

Genus OCEANODROMA. Reichenbach.
67tt (lOG^) OCEANODROMA CRYPTOLEUCA. (RidCxW.) Hawaiian Petrel.

Pacific species ; accidental in United States ; Washington, D.C., one record.

68 (106) OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA. (Vieill.) Leach's Petrel.

Northern portions of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ; breeding on Atlantic
coast from Maine northward ; in winter, south to Virginia.

Subfamily OCEANITIN/C Coues.

Genus 0CEANITE5. Keys, and Blasius.

69 (109) OCEANITES OCEANICUS. (KuHi.) Wilson's Petrel.

Atlantic Ocean ; common oft" coast of United States in summer.

Genus CYMODROMA. Rnxav.

70 (110) CYMODROMA QRALLARIA. (Vieill.) White=bellied Petrel.

Tropical species ; once taken near St. Marks, Florida.

Genus PELAGODROMA. Reich.

71 (111) PELAGODROMA MARINA. (Lath.) White=faced Petrel.

South Atlantic species ; accidental oft" coast of Massachusetts.

332 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ORDER 5TEQAN0P0DE5.

Totopalmate Swimmers.

FAMILY PHAETHONTID^. Tropic Birds.

A";^ Gends PHAETHON. Linn.

riv).

72 (112) PHAKTHON AMERICANUS. Grant. Yellow^billed Tropic Bird.

Commou iu West Indies, where it breeds off Florida coast in summer ;
accidental in New York (one record).

73 (113) PHAETHON /CTHEREUS. Linn. Red=bined Tropic Bird.

Accidental on NcM-foundland Banks.

FAMILY SULID/C. Qannets.

Genus SULA. Briss.

74 (114) SULA CYANOPS. Sund. BIue=faced Booby.

Accideiital on Florida coast ; not uncommon in West Indies.

75 (11')) SULA SULA. (Linn.) Booby.

Tropical species ; common in West Indies ; coast of Florida, in summer ;
accidental, north to Long Island.

76 (110) SULA PISCATOR. (Linn.) Red-footed Booby.

Tropical species ; accidental on Florida coast.

SuiiGENUS DYSPORUS. Illiger.

77 (117) SULA BASSANA. (Linn.) Qannet.

Coasts of North Atlantic Ocean ; south, in winter, to Florida and Gulf of
Mexico ; breeds from shores of Nova Scotia and Gulf of St. Lawrence,
northward.

FAMILY ANHINQID/G. Darters.

Genus ANHINQA. Briss.

78 (IIH) ANHINQA ANHINQA. (Linn.) Anhinga.

Tropical America ; common in Florida ; casual, north to South Carolina ;
accidental in Illinois.

FAMILY PHALACROCORACID/E. Cormorants.

Genus PHALACROCORAX. Briss.

79 (119) PHALACROCORAX CARBO. (Linn.) Cormorant.

North Atlantic ; south to Carolinas, in winter ; at one time bred from
INIassachusetts, northward ; now becoming much less numerous, and
breeding: range restricted to few localities.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 333

A. O. D.

NO.

80 (120) PHALACROCORAX DILOPHUS. (Sw. and Rich.) Double-crested Cormorant.

Eastern North America ; soiitli, in winter, to Georgia and northern Florida ;
breeds from Ba^ of Fiindy, nortiiward.

81 (120a) Phalao'ocorax dilophus floridanus. (Aud.) Florida Cormorant.

A small race of the preceding species, inhabiting Southern States ; common
in FW-ida and Gulf States ; north in Mississippi Valley to Illinois.

82 (121) PHALACROCORAX MEXICANUS. (Braxdt.) Mexican Cormorant.

Southern species ; casual in Mississippi Valley to Illinois ; not uncommon
in Cuba, and is claimed to occur on west coast of Florida.

FAMILY PELECANID^e. Pelicans.

Genus PELECANUS. Linn.

83 (125) PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS, Gmel. American White Pelican.

Gulf coast of United States ; breeds in the interior from Minnesota, north-
ward ; rare on Atlantic coast, except Florida, where it still occurs in
some numbers ; accidental in New England.

84 (12G) PELECANUS FUSCUS. Linn. Brown Pelican.

Abundant in Florida and portions of Gulf coast ; north in summer to the
Caroliuas ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

FAMILY FREQATID/E. Man=o'=War Birds.

Genus FREQATA. Briss.

85 (128) FREQATA AQUILA. (Linn.) Man=o'=War Bird.

Tropical and sub-tropical seas ; common on coast of Florida ; accidental
north to New England ; Nova Scotia (one record) .

ORDER ANSERES.

Lamellirostral Swimmers.
FAMILY ANATID/G. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

Subfamily MERGIN>E. Mergansers.
Genus MERGANSER. Briss.

86 (129) MERGANSER AMERICANUS. (Cass.) American Merganser. Sheldrake.

General North America ; breeds south to Pennsylvania ; casual in Florida
in winter.
87(130) MERGANSER SERRATOR. (Linn.) Red=breasted Merganser. Sheldrake.

General, North America ; south in winter to the Gulf States and Cuba.

334 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. V.

NO.

Gknls LOPHODYTES. Rkicii.
88(131) LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS. (Lixx.) Hooded Merganser.

General, North America; south iu winter to (iiilf .States and Cuba; breeds
throughout its range.

Subfamily ANATIN/E. River Ducks.

Genis anas. Linn.
89 (132) ANAS BOSCHAS. Linn. Mallard Duck.

Northern North America; south in winter to Gulf Coast, Florida, and Cuba.
90(133) ANAS OBSCURA. Gmki.. Black Duck.

Eastern North America, from Mississippi Valley to Labrador ; breeds from
northern border of United States northward ; south in winter to Florida
and Gulf coast.
91 (134) ANAS FULViaULA. Kidgw. Florida Duck. Florida Black Duck.
Florida and Gulf coast, west to Louisiana.

Subgenus CHAULELASMUS. Bonap.
92(135) ANAS STREPERA. Linn. Qadwall.

Widely distributed species occurring in Europe and Africa ; throughout
North America ; breeds in interior of United States.

Subgenus MARECCA. Steimi.

93 (136) ANAS PENELOPE. Linn. Widgeon. European Widgeon.

P^uropean species ; often taken on our coast.

94 (137) ANAS AMERICANA. Gmel. American Widgeon. Baldpate.

Throughout North America, from Arctic Ocean to Gulf coast ; breeds north
of United States.

Subgenus NETTION. Kaup.

95 (138) ANAS CRECCA. Linn. European Teal.

Accidental in eastern North America; New England, several records.

96 (13i}) ANAS CAROLINENSIS. Gmel. Green=winged Teal.

North America ; south in winter to Central America and Cuba ; breeds
north of United States.

Subgenus QUERQUEDULA. Steph.

97 (140) ANAS DISCORS. Linn. Blue-winged Teal.

Throughout eastern North America ; West Indies and South America in
winter; 1)roeds as a rule in interior from Illinois northward.
98(141) ANAS CYANOPTERA. Vieill. Cinnamon Teal.

Western species, which occasionally occurs in Mississippi Valley and
Western Florida.

Genus SPATULA. Boie.
99 (142) SPATULA CLYPEATA. (Linn.) Shoveller Duck. Broad-bill.

North America ; abundant in winter in Southern States.

LIST OF THK BIUDS OF EASTKKN NOltTir AMKKICA. 33o

A. o. u. Genus DAFILA. Stki'ii.

NO.

KX) (143) DAFILA ACUTA. Linn. Pintail Duck. Sprigtaii.

North America; breediug fiom nortlieru portions of nortberu States
northward ; south in winter to Cuba.

Genus AIX. Boik.

101 (144) AIX SPONSA. (Linn.) Wood Duck. Summer Duck.

Temperate North America ; south iu winter to Cuba ; breeds throughout
its range.
Subfamily FULIQULIN/e. Sea Ducks.

Genus NETTA. Kaut.

102 (145) NETTA RUFINA. (Pall.) Rufous=crested Duck.

European species; New York, one record.

Genus AYTHYA. Boie.

103 (146) AYTHYA AMERICANA. (Eyt.) Red=head Duck.

North America iu general ; breeds from uortliern portions of United
States northward.

104 (147) AYTHYA VALLISNERIA. (Wils.) Canvas=back Duck.

North America in general ; breeds from Minnesota north and west to
Alaska ; not common on New England coast, but abundant aboui
Chesapeake Bay and Carolina coasts ; casual, south in winter to
Florida and Cuba.

SunoENUS FULIQULA. Steimi.

105 (148) AYTHYA MARILA. (Linn.) American Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black-

head.

Throughout North America; breeds north of United States.

106 (149) AYTHYA AFFINIS. (Eyt.) Lesser Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black-head.

Ranges throughout North America ; south in winter to "West Indies ;
abundant in Florida.

107 (ir)0) AYTHYA COLLARIS. (DoNOV.) Ring-necked Duck.

Throughout North America ; in winter south to West Indies ; breeds
far north.

Genus QLAUCIONETPA. Stejn.

108 (lol) QLAUCiONETTACLANQULA AMERICANA. (BoNAP.) American Golden-

eye Duck. Whistler.
North America ; breediug from northern New Englaud northward ; south
in winter to the Gulf coast and Cuba.

109 (152) QLAUCIONETTA ISLANDICA. (Gmel.) Barrow's Qolden=eye Duck.

Northern North America ; breeding from Gulf of St. Lawrence north-
ward ; south in winter to New York ; not common on New England
coast.

336 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

A. o. u. Genus CHARITONETTA. Stejn.

NO.

110 (153) CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA. (Linn.) Buffle=head Duck. Dipper.

North America ; south iu winter to Florida aud Cuba ; breeds from
Maine northward.

Genus CLANGULA. Leach.

111 (154) CLANQULA HYEMALIS. (Linn.) Old Squaw. Long-tailed Duck.

Northern portion of North America ; breeding far north ; south in wiuter
to Middle States ; casual in Florida.

Genus HISTRIONICUS. Less.

112 a55) HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS. (Linn.) Harlequin Duck.

Northern North America ; breeds from Newfoundland, northward ; in
winter, south to Middle States ; accidental in Florida.

Genus CAMPTOL^MUS. Gray.

113 (156) CAMPTOL/EMUS LABRADORIUS. (Gmel.) Labrador Duck.

Probably extinct ; formerly. North Atlantic coast, breeding from Lab-
rador, northward.

Genus ENICONETTA. Gray.

114 (157) ENICONETTA STELLERI. (Pall.) Steller's Duck.

Arctic species, which occurs in Greenland.,

Genus SOMATERIA. Leach.

115 (159) SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA BOREALIS. (Brehm.) Northern Eider

Duck.

Northeastern North America ; south, in winter, to Massachusetts.

116 (160) SOMATERIA DRESSERI. Sharie. American Eider Duck.

Atlantic coast of North America ; south, in winter, to Delaware ; breedo
from Maine, northward.

Subgenus ERIONETTA. Coues.

117 (162) SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS. (Linn.) King Eider Duck.

Northern species ; in winter, south to New England ; accidental as far
south as Georgia ; breeds in the far north.

Genus OIDEMIA. Fleming.

118 (163) OIDEMIA AMERICANA. Sw. and Rich. American Scoter Duck. Velvet

Scoter. Butter-bill Coot.

Breeds from Labrador, northward ; occurs both on coast aud inland
lakes ; south to Florida, in winter. One of the Coots of New
England gunners.

119 (164) OIDEMIA FUSCA. (Linn.) Black Scoter.

European species, recorded from Greenland.

LIST OF THR BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 337

*jj»,,^- JSui'.GENUs MELANITTA. IJoik.

120 (1(35) OIDEMIA DEGLANDI. Bonap. White=winged Scoter Duck. White-

winged Coot.

Northern North America, breediug from Labrador, northward ; south,
in winter, to North Carolina ; common on New England coast
during migrations.

121 (166) OIDEMIA PERSPiCILLATA. (Lixx.) Surf Scoter Duck. Skunk-head

Coot.
Northern North America, on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and
interior lakes ; breeds far north ; south, in winter, to Florida ;
accidental in Cuba and Jamaica ; a common Coot of New England
gunners.

Genus ERISMATURA. Bonap.

122 (167) ERISMATURA JAMAICENSIS. (Gmel.) Ruddy Duck.

Ranges throughout North America, breeding nearly throughout its
range ; winters in the Southern States and along Gulf ; common in
Florida ; also in West Indies, and northern South America.

Genus NOMONYX. Ridgw.

123 (16«) NOMONYX DOMINICUS. (Linn.) Masked Duck.

Tropical species ; accidental in eastern United States ; specimens have
been taken in New York, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts.

Subfamily AN5ERIN/E. Qeese.
Genus CHEN. Boie.

124 (169) CHEN HYPERBOREA. (Pall.) Lesser Snow Goose.

Rare in eastern United States ; accidental on New England coast ;
occurs in Illinois ; common on Pacific coast ; breeds in Alaska.

125 (160a) Chen hyperhorea nivalis. (Forst.) Greater Snow Goose.

Eastern race of preceding species, the principal difference being in size ;
exact breeding range unknown ; w'inters on Atlantic coast from
Virginia to Cuba.

126 (169') CHEN CCERULESCENS. (Linn.) Blue Goose.

Little known species, breeding about Hudson Bay, migrating south
in winter, through Mississippi Valley to Gulf coast ; apparently not
common anywhere.

Genus ANSER. Briss.

127 (171) ANSER ALBIFRONS. (Gmel.) White-fronted Goose-

European species ; recorded from Greenland.

128 (171a) Anser alhifrons gambelL (Hartl.) American White-fronted G<x)se.

Larger than European species ; occurs throughout North America ;
breeding far north and ranging, winter, south to Mexico and Cuba.

338 LIST OF THK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u. Genus BRANTA. Scopoli.

NO.

129 (172) BRANTA CANADENSIS. Linn. Canada Goose.

Temperate North America; breeding iu Northern United States and
British Provinces ; ranges in winter as far soutli as Mexico and
Jamaica ; winters in great numbers on Atlantic coast, south of
Virginia.

130 (172a) Branta canadensis hutchinsii. (Sw. and Rich.) Hutchins's Goose.

Similar to the Canada Goose, but smaller; wing usually less than 16
inches long (carpus to tip) ; western species rare, east of Missis-
sippi Valley.

131 (172c) Branta canadensis minima. Kidgw. Cackling Goose.

A still smaller race ; wing, rarely over 14.50 ; uuderparts darker, having
the breast and upper belly tinged with brownish ; Pacific species
casual as far east as Wisconsin ; not recorded fai'ther east than
Illinois.

132 (173) BRANTA BERNICLA. (Linn.) Brant.

From Arctic Circle where it breeds ; south in eastern North America to
Georgia ; accidental in Florida.

133 (174) BRANTA NIGRICANS. (Lawr.) Black Brant.

AVestern species, occasionally taken on Atlantic coast.

134 (175) BRANTA LEUCOPSIS. (Bixhst.) Barnacle Goose.

The European Barnacle (ioose occurs in Greenland ; it is rare on Atlantic
coast of United States. The white on forehead and sides of head
and chin will always distinguish it from American species.

Subfamily CYGNIN^E. Swans.

Genus OLOR. Wagleh.

135 (17;)) OLOR CYQNUS. (Linn.) Whooping Swan.

Old world species which occurs in Greenland, but not elsewhere iu North
America. It has the base of the mandible and bare loral skin
yellow.

136 (180) OLOR COLUMBIANUS. (Oud.) Whistling Swan.

Whole of North America ; breeding far nortli ; common on coast of Vir-
ginia and Carolinas iu winter.

137 (181) OLOR BUCCINATOR. (Rich.) Trumpeter Swan.

Western species; rare on Atlantic coast of United States ; Illinois.

LIST OF TIIH UIUDS OF FASTKKN NORTH AMERICA. 331)

ORDER ODONTOGLOSS^.

Lamellirostral Grallatores.
FAMILY PHCENICOPTERID^. Flamingoes.

A. o I (U.M s PHCENICOPTERUS. Linn.

NO.

138 (1S2) PHCENICOPTERUS RUBER. (LixN.) American Flamingo.

Tropical species ; a small colony exists in sontheru Florida.

ORDER HERODIONES.

Herons, Ibises, Spoonbills, etc.

Suborder IBIDE5. Spoonbills and Ibises.

FAMILY PLATALEID/E. Spoonbills.

Gexis AJAJA. Reich.

139 (1S:3) AJAJA AJAJA. (Linn.) Roseate Spoonbill.

Tropical species : ranges throughout South America ; resident in Gulf
States and Florida.

FAMILY IBIDID^E. Ibises.

Gexus QUARA. Reich.

140 (184) QUARA ALBA. (LiXN.) White Ibis.

South Atlantic and Gulf States; south throughout West Indies to
northern South America ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

141 (185) QUARA RUBRA. (Lixx.) Scarlet Ibis.

A tropical species ; no evidence of its recent occurrence in North
America.

Gexls PLEQADIS. Kaup.

142 (186) PLEQADIS AUTUMNALIS. (IIasselq.) Glossy Ibis.

Tropical species ; casual in United States ; New England, Illinois.

143 (187) PLEQADIS QUARAUNA. (Lixx.) White=faced Qlossy Ibis.

^Vestern species ; once recorded from Florida.

Suborder CICONI/E. Storks, etc.

FAMILY CICONIID/E. Storks and Wood Ibises.

Subfamily TANTALIN/E. Wood ibises.
Genis tantalus. Lixx.

144 (188) TANTALUS LOCULATOR. T-iNX. Wood Ibis.

Southwestern species common and resident in Florida, where it breeds
in colonies ; accidental north to New York.

340 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Suborder HERODII. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, etc.

FAMILY ARDEID^E. Herons, Bitterns, etc.

Subfamily BOTAURIN/E. Bitterns.

A. o. V. Genls BOTAURUS. Hermann.

NO.

145 (100) BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS. (Montac.) American Bittern.

Temperate North America ; common in eastern United States ; soutli in
winter to Cuba.

Genus ARDETTA. Gray.

146 (li)l) ARDETTA EXILIS. (Gmel.) Least Bittern.

"Temperate Nortli America; north to the British Provinces and south
to the West Indies and Brazil " (A. O. U.) ; breeds nearly throughout
its range.

147 (101l^ ARDETTA NEOXENA. ( ory. Cory's Least Bittern.

Southern Florida ; stragglers have been taken in various widely sepa-
rated localties ; Ontario, Michigan .

Subfamily ARDEIN/E. Herons and Egrets.
Genus ARDEA. Linn.

148 (192) ARDEA OCCIDENTALIS. Aud. Great White Heron.

Resident in Florida ; breeds in December on the keys ; has been taken
in Illinois.

149 ARDEA WUERDEMANNI. Baird. Wuerdemann's Heron.
Southern Florida ; probably a colored phase of ^1. occidentalism or an

aljuoruially colored specimen of Ardea tvardi.

150 (193) ARDEA WARDI. Ridgw. Ward's Heron.

Florida.

151 (194) ARDEA HERODIAS. Linn. Great Blue Heron.

The common large Heron of the Atlantic coast (except Florida) ; ranges
from Arctic regions to northern South America.

152 (19,5) ARDEA CINEREA. Linn. European Blue Heron.

Pvuropean species, recorded from Greenland.

Subgenus HERODIAS. Boie.

153 (19f5) ARDEA EGRETTA. Gmel. American Egret.

Southern United States to South America; casual north to New Eng-
land ; accidental in Nova Scotia ; breeds in colonies in Southern
States in February ; abundant in parts of Florida.

Subgenus GARZETTA. Kauu.

154 (197) ARDEA CANDIDISSIMA. (iMKU. Snowy Heron.

Tropical and semi-tropical species, not unconnnon on Gulf coast ;
breeds in Florida in May ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

LIST OF THE BIKJ)S OF EASTERN NORTH AMKUICA. 341

A- '^. I'- SuB(iExr.s DICROMANASSA. Uidcw.

NO.

155 (r.>8) ARDEA RUFESCENS. (iMi.L. Reddish Egret.

Gulf States; apparently not abundant anywhere in United States;
casual north to Illinois ; breeds in southern Florida, West Indies,
and Mexico.

Subgenus HYDRANASSA. Haiud.

156 (199) ARDEA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS. (Gossi .) Louisiana Heron.

Gulf States ; coniuion in Florida ; breeds occasionally north to New
England and Illinois.

Subgenus FLORIDA. Linn.

157 (200) ARDEA C(ERULEA. Linn. Little Blue Heron.

Eastern United States; common on Gulf coast and Florida, where it
breeds in summer ; casual to New England and Illinois.
SuiKiKM s BUTORIDES. Blyth.

158 (201) ARDEA VIRESCENS. Linn. Green Heron.

Temperate Nortli America ; Canada to Gulf States, and West Indies ;
breeds nearly throughout its range.

Genus NYCTICORAX. Steph.

159 (202) NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX N/CVIUS. (Bodd.) BIack=crowned Night

Heron.
North and South America; breeds in West Indies; common in New
England.

160 (203) NYCTICORAX VIOLACEUS. (Linn.) YeUow=crowned Night Heron.

Warmer portions of North America ; Gulf States to Carolinas ; casual
in New England and Illinois ; common in Florida.

ORDER PALUDICOL^.
Cranes, Rails, etc.

Suborder QRUES. Cranes.

FAMILY QRUID>e. Cranes.

Genus QRUS. Pallas.

161 (204) QRUS AMERICANA. (Linn.) Whooping Crane.

Interior of North America ; rare on Atlantic coast ; accidental in New
England ; casual in Florida.

162 (20.-.) GRUS CANADENSIS. (Linn.) Little Brown Crane.

Western si)eeies ; two records east of Mississippi River.

163 (200) QRUS MEXICANA. (Mull.) Sandhill Crane.

Warmer parts of North America; common in parts of Georgia and
Florida, where it breeds ; accidental in New England and Illinois.

342 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Suborder RALLI. Rails, Qallinules, Coots, etc,

FAMILY ARAMID/E. Courlans.

Genus ARAMUS. Vieill.

A. O. V.
NO.

164 (207) ARAMUS GIQANTEUS. (Bonap.) Limpkin.

Tropiciil species ; resideut aud breeds in Florida.

FAMILY RALLID/E. Rails, Qallinules, and Coots.

Subfamily RALLIN/G. Rails.

Genus RALLUS. Linn.

165 (208) RALLUS ELEGANS. Aud. King Rail.

Fresh-water marshes of eastern United States; casual north of North
Carolina, New England, aud Illinois ; recorded as far north as
Ontario.

166 (211) RALLUS CREPITANS. Gmel. Clapper Rail.

Salt-water marshes ; New England to Gulf States.

167 (211a) liallns crepitans saturatus. (Kidgav.) Louisiana Clapper Rail.

A dark race of R. crepitans, which occurs in the salt-water marshes of
Louisiana.
167rt ( — ) Rallus cvjntans wayyiei. Brewster. Wayne's Clapper Rail.

This race is described as differing from true crepitans in being darker,
" the underparts with more ashy, the under tail coverts with fewer
markings." (Brewster Auk, p. .50, 1899.) Habitat, coast of
Georgia to middle Florida (head of Indian River).

168 (211/j) RALLUS SCOTTIl. (Senn.) Scott's Rail- Florida Clapper Rail.

Florida.

169 (212) RALLUS VIRQINIANUS. Linn. Virginia Rail.

North America, Canada to Cuba ; often occurring in large numbers on
New England marshes during migrations.

Genus PORZANA. Vieill.

170 (213) PORZANA PORZANA. (Linn.) Spotted Crake.

European species ; recorded from Greenland.

171 (214) PORZANA CAROLINA. (Linn.) Sora. Carolina Rail.

North vViuerica ; common on Atlantic coast, Florida, aud Gulf States;
"West Indies and Soutii America in winter.

Sui'.GKXus COTURNICOPOS. P.onap.

172 (21;')) PORZANA NOVEBORACENSIS. ((Jmel.) Yellow Rail.

Hudson Bay to Florida and Cuba ; apparently not oounnou anywhere.

LIST OF THE BIROS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 343

, o. V

NO.

SUBGENUS CRACISCUS. (Al'.AN.

173 (210) PORZANA JAMAICENSIS. (Gmel.) Black Rail.

From Massachusetts aud Illinois to West luilies ; apparently nowhere
common ; breeds throughout its range.

Genus CREX. Bechs.

174 (217) CREX CRCX. (Linn.) Corn Crake.

European species ; accidental in eastern North America.

Subfamily GALLINULIN^E. Qallinules.
Genus IONORNIS. Keicii.

175 (218) IONORNIS MARTINICA. (Linn.) Purple Qallinule.

Gulf States ; casually north to New England and Illinois ; breeds from
southern Illinois and Carolinas southward.

Genus QALLINULA. liuiss.

176 (219) QALLINULA QALEATA. (Lk ht.) Florida Qallinule.

Warmer parts of America, from Canada to Chili ; breeds from New
England southward ; common in Southern States.

Subfamily FULICIN/E. Coots.
Genus FULICA. Linn.

177 (220) FULICA ATRA. Linn. European Coot.

European species; recorded from Greenland.

178 (221) FULICA AMERICANA. Gmel. American Coot.

Common in warmer portions of United States ; but casual from Canada
(and even Greenland) to West Indies ; abundant in Georgia,
Florida, and Gulf States.

ORDER LIMICOL^.

Shore Birds. Marsh Birds.

FAMILY PHALAROPODID^. PhaJaropes.

Genus CRYMOPHILUS. Vieill.

179 (222) CRYMOPHILUS FULICARIUS. (Linn.) Red Phalaropes.

Bre"eds in Arctic regions ; south in winter to Middle States ; accidental
on Florida coast; New England, Illinois.

Genus PHALAROPUS. Bias?.

180 (223) PHALAROPUS LOBATUS. (Linn.) Northern Phalarope.

•' Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere; breeding in Arctic lati-
tudes ; south in winter to the tropics." (A. O. U.) New England,
Illinois.

844 LIST OF THE IJIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

NO.

181 (224) PHALAROPUS TRICOLOR. (V ieill.) Wilson's Phalarope.

Chiefly interior of >.'ortli America ; breeds from uortheru Illinois north-
ward ; in winter, south to South America ; common in Mississippi
Valley ; casual on Atlantic coast.

FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID/E. Avocets and Stilts.

Genus RECURVIROSTRA. Linn.

182 (22.)) RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA. Gmel. American Avocet.

Temperate North America ; breeds from Illinois to the Saskatchewan
and Great Slave Lake ; in winter, Central America and "West
Indies ; rare on Atlantic coast except Florida, where it is casual ;
accidental in New England.

(iENLS HIMANTOPUS. Briss.

183 (22G) HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS. (Mi li .) BIack=necked Stilt.

Temperate North America, from the uortheru ITuited States southward
to the West Indies, northern Brazil, aud Peru ; rare in eastern
United States, except Florida ; breeds in some numbers iu Florida
in May.

FAMILY SCOLOPACID^. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.

Genus SCOLOPAX. Linn.

184 (227) SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA. Linn. European Woodcock.

European species, accidental iu eastern North America ; several records.

Genus PHILOMELA. Gray.

!85 (22H) PHILOMELA MINOR. (Gmel.) American Woodcock.

Eastern North America from British Provinces to Gulf States; breeds
throughout its range, but by far the greater number breed north;
very numerous in Gulf States in winter.

Genus GALLINAQO. Leach.

186 (22.1) GALLINAQO GALLINAQO. (Linn.) European Snipe.

European sixH'ies ; occurs in Greenland.
I86'« (2;'.(>i) GALLINAQO MAJOR. (Gmel.) Greater Snipe.

Old world species accidental in North America, recorded from Hudson
Bay.

187 (2;i<)) GALLINAQO DELICATA. (Ord.) Wilson's Snipe. Jack Snipe.

Breeds from northern I'uited States, northward ; south iu winter to "West
Indies and South America.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTEKX NOUTII AMERICA. 345

A o. V. Genls MACRORHAMPHUS. Lkach.

NO.

188 (281) MACRORHAMPHUS CjRlSEUS. (Gmel.) Dowltcher. Red=breasted

Snipe.

Breeds in the Arctic regions ; in winter to West Indies and South
Americti ; abundant on Athintic coast durino; iiiio;iations ; Illinois.

189 (282) MACRORHAMPHUS SCOLOPACEUS. (Say.) Long=biired Dowitcher.

Western Red=breasted Snipe.

Western species which occasionally occurs on Atlantic coast ; connnon
in Florida, in winter.

Genus MICRO PAL AM A. Baird.

190 (233) MICROPALAMA HIMANTOPUS. (BoxAi.) Stilt. Sandpiper.

Eastern North America ; in winter to West Indies ; breeds north of
United States ; common in Florida, during migrations ; Illinois.

Genus TRINQA. Linn.
Subgenus TRINGA.

191 (2oi) TRINQA CANUTUS. Linn. Knot.

Breeds in high latitudes ; south in winter to South America ; common
on Atlantic coast during migrations ; called Robin Snipe by New
England gunners.

Subgenus ARQUATELLA. Baird.

192 (235) TRINGA MARITIMA. Brunn. Purple Sandpiper.

Breeds far north ; south in winter to New England and Middle States ;
accidental in Florida ; sometimes observed in midwinter on New
England coast ; feeding on alg.^e on rocks, exposed at low water.

Subgenus ACTODROMAS. Kaui>.

193 (239) TRINGA MACULATA. Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. Grass=bird.

Both North and South America ; breeds in the far north ; very common
on Atlantic coast during migrations; New England, Horida, and

, Illinois.

194 (240) TRINGA FUSCICOLLIS. Vieill. White=rumped Sandpiper. Bona=

parte's Sandpiper.

Eastern North America ; breeds in high latitudes ; south in winter to
West Indies and Central America ; New England and Illinois.

195 (241) TRINGA BAIRDII. (COUES.) Baird's Sandpiper.

Common in interior of North America; breeds in Alaska; south in
winter to South America ; rare on Atlantic coast ; New England
and Illinois.

196 (242) TRINQA MINUTILLA. Vieill. Least Sandpiper.

Common through the Americas ; breeds north of United States ; abun-
dant during migrations on Atlantic coast; New England and
Illinois.

34(5 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. '>. 1-. SUliGKNLS PELIDNA. CUVIEU.

NO.

197 (2 IS) TRINGA ALPINA. Linn. Dunlin.

European species, accidental iu North America.

198 {'2A'^a) Tnnga alpina padfica. (Coues.) Red-backed Sandpiper. American

Dunlin.
North America ; breeds in high latitudes ; winters from Florida and
Gulf States southward ; New England and Illinois during migrations.

Subgenus ANCYLOCHILUS. Kaup.

199 (244) TRINGA FERRUGINEA. Euunn. Curlew Sandpiper.

European species; of rare occurrence in eastern North America ; New
England.

Genus EREUNETE5. Illiger.

200 (246) EREUNETES PUSILLUS. (Linn.) Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Breeds north of United States ; winters in West Indies and South
America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; Illinois.

201 (247) EREUNETES OCCIDENTALIS. Lawr. Western Sandpiper.

Western species ; breeding in high latitudes and ranging in winter
to South America ; not uncommon on Atlantic coast during
migrations.

Genus CALIDRIS. Cuvier.

202 (248) CALIDRIS ARENARIA. (Linn.) Sanderling. Sandpiper. Bull Peep.

Cosmopolitan species; breeds in far north; south in wintn* to South
America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; New
England, Florida, Illinois.

Genus LIMOSA. Briss.

203 (249) LIMOSA FEDOA. (Linn.) Marbled Godwit.

North America, chiefly west; breeds from Nebraska northward, migrat-
ing in winter to Central America; not common on Atlantic coast;
New England, casual; Florida, Illinois.

204 (2.')1) LAMOSA H/EMASTICA. (Linn) Hudsonian Godwit. Goose Bird.

Eastern North America ; south in winter to South America ; breeds far
north ; at one time abundant on Atlantic coast during migrations,
now less connnon ; New England, Florida, Illinois.

205 (2.>2) LIMOSA LIMOSA. (Linn.) Black=tailed Godwit.

European species, which occurs in Greenland.

Genus TOTANUS. Bech.

206 (2.53) TOTANUS NEBULARIUS. (Gi nn.) Green-shank.

Old world species ; accidental in Florida ; no recent records.

LIST OF THE lUUDS OF EASTERN NOKTII AMERICA. 347

^- "• u. Sii'.cKNis GLOTTIS. Koch.

NO.

207 {i')l) TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS. (Omkl.) Greater Yellow-legs. Winter

Yellow=legs.

North America ; breeding from northern IlHnois northward ; in winter,
soutii to vSouth America (Chili) ; common during migrations on
Atlantic coast.

208 (-2:).')) TOTANUS FLAVIPES. (Gmkl.) Yellow=legs. Summer YeIlow=legs.

North America ; breeding from northern Illinois northward ; south in
winter to South America ; abundant during migrations on Atlantic
coast.

Genus HELODROMUS. Kaup.

209 Cl'^C)) HELODROMUS SOLITARIUS. (Wils.) Solitary Sandpiper.

North America ; breeding from northern United States northward ; in
winter, south to South America; New England, Florida, Illinois.

210 (ioT) HELODROMUS OCHROPUS. (Linn.) Green Sandpiper.

European species ; once recorded from Nova Scotia.

Gexls SYMPHEMIA. Rafinesque.

211 (2r).s) SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA. (Gmel.) Willit.

Eastern North America, from Florida to New England; breeding occa-
sionally as far north as Maine ; south in winter to South America.

212 (2.58a) Si/mphemia semipahnata inornata. Brewst. Western Willet.

A western race of the Willet, which occurs in Florida and on Gulf coast
iuwinter, and perhaps occasionally farther north ; its true habitat is
from Mexico to Manitoba ; it differs from the eastern Willet in
being larger, and in summer the middle tail feathers lack the black
bars and the back marking is less pronounced ; in winter the two
forms differ little, except in size.

Genus PAVONCELLA. Leach.

213 (2(;0) PAVONCELLA PUQNAX. (LiXN.) Ruff.

European species ; accidental in United States ; several New England
records.

Genus BARTRAMIA. Lesson.

214 (2(U) BARTRAMIA LONQICAUDA. (Bechst.) Bartramian Sandpiper. Up-

land Plover.

North America ; in winter to South America ; breeds nearly throughout
its range ; once abundant on Atlantic coast, now less common ;
Illinois common.

348 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

. o. u.

NO.

Gkm8 TRYNGITE5. Caban.

215 (262) TRYNQITES SUBRUFICOLLIS. (Vieill.) Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

North America ; more commonly in interior ; breeds north of United
States ; south in winter to South America ; not common on
Atlantic coast.

Genus ACTITIS. Illiger.

216 (20.3) ACTITIS MACULARIA. (Linn.) Spotted Sandpiper.

The common Sandpiper of our ponds and streams occurs in North and
South America ; breeds throughout temperate North America.

Genus NUMENIUS. Briss.

217 (204) NUMENIUS LONQIROSTRIS. Wils. Long-billed Curlew. Siclcle-bill

Curlew.

Temperate North America ; south to Central America and the West
Indies ; breeds in southern Atlantic States, and in interior to
Canada ; not common on Atlantic coast.

218 (20.5) NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS. Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. Jack Curlew.

Throughout North America ; breeding in Arctic regions ; in winter to
Gulf States and South America ; common on Atlantic coast during
migrations.

219 (200) NUMENIUS BOREALIS. (Forst.) Eskimo Curlew. Dough Bird.

Ranges from the Arctic regions where it breeds to South America ; in
winter more common in the interior than on the coast ; prefers the
fields to the beaches, being often found in company with Golden
Plover.

220 (207) NUMENIUS PH/EOPUS. (Linn.) Whimbrel.

Not recorded from United States ; it has been taken in Greenland.

FAMILY CHARADRHD/E. Plovers.

Genus VANELLUS. Briss.

221 (20.)) VANELLUS VANELLUS. (Linn.) Lapwing.

European species ; occurs in Greenland ; one record for eastern United
States.

Genus CHARADRIUS. Linn.

.Subgenus SQUATAROLA. Cuvier.

222 (270) CHARADRIUS SQUATAROLA. (Linn.) Black=beined Plover. Be-^tle

Head.

Kangos from Arctic regions to South America ; breeds in the far north ;
common on Atlantic coast during migrations.

Subgenus CHARADRIUS. Linn.

223 (271) CHARADRIUS APRICARIUS. Linn. Golden Plover.

European species, which occurs in Greenland.

LIST OK TIIK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 349

A. (>. U.
NO.

224 i'll-I) CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS. Mull: American Golden Plover. Green

Plover.

Ranges from Arctic regions, wliere it breeds, to South America ; common
on Atlantic coast during migrations ; prefers the fields to the
marshes.

Genus /EQIALITIS. Boie.

225 (273) /EGIALITIS VOCIFERA. (Linn.) Kildeer Plover.

Ranges from Newfoundland and jManitoba, breeding throughout its
range ; common in winter from Gulf States and Carolinas to the
West Indies and South America ; as a rule not common on New
England coast, but in November, 1888, a great flight occurred on
shores of Massachusetts, and hundreds were killed and offered for
sale in the Boston markets.

226 (274) /EQIALITIS SEMIPALMATA. Bonap. Semipalmated Plover.

Ranges from Arctic regions to South America ; breeding from Labrador
northward ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations.

227 (275) /EQIALITIS HIATICULA. (Lmx.) Ring Plover.

Old world species ; not recorded from United States ; it occurs in Green-
laud.

228 (277) /EQIALITIS MELODA. (Ord.) Piping Plover.

From Labrador to the West Indies and South America, being a familiar
bird on our shores ; breeds from Virginia to Labrador and New-
foundland.

229 (277o) ^-Egkditis meloda circumcincta. Ridgw. Belted Piping Plover.

Is similar to a meloda but differs in having an unbroken black band on
the neck forming a complete collar ; breeds from northern Illinois
northward ; migrates in winter to Gulf of Mexico.
229a (278) EQIALITIS NIVOSA. Cass. Snowy Plover.

Western species ; not uncommon in winter ou the northwest coast of
Florida.

Subgenus OCHTHODROMUS. Reich.

230 (280) /EQIALITIS WILSONIA. (Ord.) Wilson's Plover.

Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America ; on the Atlantic side from
Long Island to the West Indies and South America ; breeds from
Virginia ; southern stragglers have been taken as far north as
Nova Scotia.

Subgenus PODASOCYS. Coues.

231 (281) /EQIALITIS MONTANA. (Towns.) Mountain Plover.

Western species ; accidental or casual in Florida.

350 LIST OF THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY APHRIZID/C. Surf Birds and Turnstones.

Subfamily ARENARIIN^. Turnstones.

A. o. 1-. Genus ARENARIA. Briss.

NO.

232 {-is:]) ARENARIA INTERPRES. (Linn.) Turnstone.

Both coasts of North America, and in the iuterior on the larger lakes
aud rivers ; breeds in the Arctic regions ; in winter to South
America.

FAMILY H/EMATOPODID/E. Oyster Catchers.

Genus H/EMATOPUS. Linn.

233 (28.)) H/EMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS. Linn. Oyster Catcher.

iMtiopeau species, which occurs in Greenland.

234 (2.s»;) H/EMATOPUS PALLIATUS. Temm. American Oyster Catcher.

Coasts of the warmer portions of America, from New .Jersey to South
America ; accidental in New England ; common in Florida, and
breeds.

LAND BIRDS,

ORDER GALLIN/E.

Gallinaceous Birds.

Suborder PHASIANI. Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges, Quail, etc.

FAMILY TETRAONID/E. Grouse, Partridges, etc.

Subfamily PERDICIN/E. Partridges and Quail.

^- " ^'- Gents COLINUS. Lesson.

NO.

235 (28i)) COLINUS VIRGINIANUS. (Linn.) QuaiL Bob-white.

Eastern United States ; west to Kansas, Dakotah, and eastern Texas ;
breeds throughont range.

236 (280(^) Colinus virgin iayms floridanns. (Col'es.) Florida Quail.

A Florida race, smaller and darker than C. virginianns.

Subfamily TETRAONIN/E. Grouse, etc.
Gknis CANACHITES. Stejn.

237 (2i)8) CANACHITES CANADENSIS. (Lixn.) Canada Grouse. Spruce Par-

tridge.

Throughout British America ; occurs in United States in northern New
P^ugland, New York, Minnesota, and Michigan.
237a ( ) Caaachites canadensis lahradorins. Bangs. Labrador Spruce Grouse.

A Labrador race of the Canada Grouse ; the males differ but slightU',
but the females are described as being less buff}' above the back,
being nearly black and gray, and the underparts Avhiter.

Gems BONASA. vSteph.

238 (300) BONASA UMBELLUS. (Jas^.) Ruffed Grouse.

Eastern United States and southern Canada ; south to mountains of
northern (reorgia ; west to Minnesota and Michigan.

239 (300a) Bonasa unibellas togata. (Linn.) Canadian Ruft'ed Grouse.

The Canadian race of the Ruffed Grouse occurs throughout southern
British America as far north as James Bay ; it occurs in northern
New York and northern New P^ngland ; it is more gray on the
upper parts, and the underparts are more distinctly barred.

Genls LAQOPUS. Buiss.

240 (301) LAGOPUS LAGOPUS. (Linn.) Willow Ptarmigan.

Arctic species ; accidental in New England.

(361)

352 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

NO.

241 (301a) Lagopus lagopus cdleni. Stejn. Allen's Ptarmigau.

A race peculiar to Newfoundland; differs in having the shafts of the
secondaries black.

242 (302) LAGOPUS RUPESTRIS. (Gmkl.) Rock Ptarmigan.

Arctic America, from southern Labrador to Ahxska, Autieosti.

243 (302a) Lagopus rupestris reinhardti. (Bueiim.) Reinhardt's Ptarmigau.

A race inhabiting northern Labrador and Greenland ; the female has
the greater portion of the back, black, in summer ; the male has the
barring on the upper parts finer and more uneven.

244 (303) LAGOPUS WELCHI. Brews. Welch's Ptarmigan.

Peculiar to Newfoundland.

Gexls TYMPANUCHUS. Glogek.

245 (30r>) TYMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS. (Keich.) Prairie Hen.

Prairies of Mississippi Valley, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri ; north and west to Manitoba,
Dakotah, and Indian Territory ; south to southwestern Louisiana,
and Texas, where it is replaced by a paler and smaller race called
T. a. atdrateii.

246 (30^5) TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO. (Lixx.) Heath Hen.

Island of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. ; once abundant, now nearly
extinct ; resembles the Prairie Hen, but may be distinguished by
its barred axillars, scapulars broadly tipped with buff, and tufts of
feathers on the neck consisting of less than ten feathers.

Gexis PEDICECETES. Baird.

247 (308^) PEDICECETES PHASIANELLUS CAMPESTRIS. Ridgw. Prairie

Sharp=tailed Grouse.

Western species, which sometimes occurs in Wisconsin and Illinois.

FAMILY PHASIANID/E. Pheasants, Turkeys, etc.

Subfamily MELEAQRIN^. Turkeys.

Gexus MELEAQRIS. Linn.

248 (310) MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO. Linn. Wild Turkey.

Inited States, from Chesapeake Bay to the (Uilf coast, and west to the
plains along wooded river valleys. (A. O. U.)

249 (31()a) Mi'leagris gallopavo osceola. Scott. Florida Turkey.

Differs in having the white bands on the primaries broken and uneven,
and in being somewhat smaller ; also other slight differences in
color ; inhabits southern Florida, where the northern Turkey does
not occur.

9

LIST OF THE I'.IKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 353

ORDER COLUMB^.

Pigeons.

FAMILY COLUMBID/E. Pigeons.

A. o. V. Genus COLUMBA. Linn.

NO.

250 (314) COLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA. Linn. White=crowned Pigeon.

AVest. Indian species; casual in southern Florida.
250a ( — ) COLUMBA C0REN5IS. Gmkl. Wood Pigeon.

West Indian species ; accidental at Key West, Fla. (Atkins, Auk,
1899, p. 272.)

C4ENUS ECT0PISTE5. Swains.

251 (31'.) ECTOPISTES MIQRATORIUS. (Linn.) Passenger Pigeon.

Eastern North America ; north to Hudson Ba}' ; west to the plains ;
breeds in Canada and northern border of United States ; now rare
in localities where it was once very abundant.

Genus ZENAIDURA. Bonap.

252 (316) ZENAIDURA MACROURA. (Linn.) Mourning Dove.

Throughout United States and southern Canada, Central America, and
West Indies ; breeds throughout its range.

Genus ZENAIDA. Bonap.

253 (317) ZENAIDA ZENAIDA. (Bonap.) Zenaida Dove.

West Indies and Yucatan ; accidental on Florida Keys.

Genus MELOPELIA. Bonap.

254 (319) MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA. (Linn.) White-winged Dove.

Semi-tropical species ranging throughout southwestern United States,
Central America, and West Indies ; accidental in Florida.

Genus COLUMBIGALLINA. Boie.

255 (320) COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA TERRESTRIS. Chapman. Ground

Dove.

Southern States of United States; breeds from South Carolina to
Louisiana, West Indies, and northern South America.

Genus GEOTRYGON. Gosse.

256 (322) GEOTRYGON CHRYSEA. Gosse. Key West Quail-Dove.

West Indian species; recorded from Florida Keys,

257 (322') GEOTRYGON MONTANA. (Lixx.) Mountain Dove.

West Indian species ; once recorded from Key West, Fla,

354 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A- o. u. Genls STARNCENAS. Bon a p.

NO.

258 (323) STARNCENAS CYANOCEPHALA. (Linn.) Blue-headed Quail-Dove.

Cuban species ; accidental on Florida Keys.

ORDER RAPTORES.

Birds of Prey.

Suborder SARCORHAIVIPHI. American Vultures.

FAMILY CATHARTID^. American Vultures.

Genus CATHARTES. Illiger,

259 (32o) CATHARTES AURA. (Linn.) Turkey Vulture. Turkey Buzzard.

Greater part of North and vSouth America; in eastern United States
from New .Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico ; abundant and resident
in Southern States.

Gfnis CATHARISTA. \ ieiii.

260 (326) CATHARISTA URUBU. Vieill. Black Vulture. Carrion Crow.

Southern portion of North America, West Indies, and Central and
South America ; breeds in eastern United States from North Caro-
lina and Illinois to the Gulf ; accidental in New England

Suborder FALCONES. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc.

FAMILY FALCONID/E. Vultures. Falcons, Hawks,

Eagles, etc.

Subfamily ACCIPITRIN/E. Kites, Hawks, Eagles, etc.

Genus ELAN0IDE5. Vieill.

261 (327) ELANOIDES FORFICATUS. (Linn.) Swallow=tailed Kite.

Central and South America ; in United States south of Carolina and
Minnesota ; accidental in New England ; breeds commonly in some
of Southern States ; especially Florida.

Genu.s ELANUS. S.wignv.

262 (328) ELANUS LEUCURUS. (Vieill.) White-tailed Kite.

Southern United States ; from South Carolina and Southern Illinois.
Central and South America ; breeds in Southern States.

Genis ICTINIA. Vieill.

263 (329) ICTINIA MISSISSIPPIENSIS. (Wils.) Mississippi Kite.

Southern United States; from South Carolina, (iiilf States to Central
America.

List of the birds of eastern north America. 355

A-^f^/' Gknus ROSTRHAMUS. Lksson.

264 (.530) ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS. (Vieill.) Everglade Kite.

Central Americii aud eastern South Amerjca ; common in South Plorida
where it l)reeds.

(Jexus circus. LAC^rEDE.

265 (331) CIRCUS HUDSONIUS. (Linn.) Marsh Hawk.

North and Central America ; breeding throughout its range ; one of
the most common species in eastern United States ; frequenting
marshes.

Genus ACCIPITER. Briss.
Sui.GENus ACCIPITER.

266 (332) ACCIPITER VELOX. (Wils.) Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Nortb America ; breeding throughout its range ; in winter south to
3Iexico and Central America ; common in eastern United States.

267 (333) ACCIPITER COOPERI. (Bonap.) Cooper's Hawk.

North America and Mexico ; breeds throughout its range; common in
eastern United States.

SiHGEXus ASTUR. Lac^pede.

268 (334) ACCIPITER ATRICAPILLUS. (Wn.s.) American Goshawk.

Greater portion of North America, north of the Middle States ; breeds
from northern border of United States northward.

Genus PARABUFEO. Ridgw.

269 (335) PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS HARRISI. (Aud.) Harris's Hawk.

Western species, which occurs in Louisiana.

Gen-US BUTEO. Cuvier.

270 (336) BUTEO BUTEO. (Lixn.) European Buzzard.

European species ; once taken in I'uited States ; Michigan, one record.

271 (337) BUTEO BOREALIS. (Gmel.) Red=tailed Hawk.

Eastern North America and Canada ; south to Mexico ; breeds nearly
throughout its range.

272 (337a) Buleo borealis kriderii. Hoopes. Krider's Hawk.

Western race, which occasionally occurs as far east as Illinois ; differs
in being much paler; more white in the plumage; underparts,
faintly streaked.

273 (3376) Buteo borealis ccdunis. (Cass.) Western Red-tail.

This race has been recorded from Illinois ; its true range is west of the
Rocky Mountains ; it dilfcrs in being much darker than borealis^
and shows more dusky aud rufous brown in the plumage ; some
specimens are almost entirely black, with breast dark reddish
brown.

356 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMEKICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

274 (338) Bnteo horealis harlani. (Aud.) Harlan's Hawk.

Differs from borealis in being somewhat heavier ; the general plumage
is dark sooty or black, showing more or less white streaks, the
concealed portion of feathers being white ; uuderparts, more or less
white, with various markings ; it occurs in Georgia and Florida,
aud the Gulf States to the Mississippi Valley ; north to Illinois
and Iowa, and casually to Pennsylvania.

275 (33!)) BUTEO LINEATLS. (Gmkl.) Red=shouldered Hawk.

Throughout eastern North America; breeding throughout its range.

276 (339«) Bxteo Uneatua aUeni. Eidgw. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk.

Differs from lineatus in being smaller, and the adults have no rufous on
the head ; Gulf States, from Texas to the Caroliuas ; but most
common in Florida and along the southern coast.

Slhcknis TACHYTRIORCHIS. Kal i'.

277 (342) BUTEO SWAINSONI. Honap. Swainson's Hawk.

Western species ; occasionally occurring in eastern United States ;
casual in Florida ; recorded from Maine and Massachusetts.

278 (343) BUTEO LATISSIMUS. (Wils.) Broad=winged Hawk.

Throughout eastern North America ; from Canada to West Indies and
vSouth America ; breeds throughout its range.

Sub<;enus BUTEOLA. Bonap.

279 (344) BUTEO BRACHYURUS. Vieill. Short=tailed Hawk. Black Hawk.

Tropical species ; resident in Florida.

Genus ASTURINA. Vieill.

280 (346) ASTURINA PLAGIATA. Schlegel. Mexican Goshawk.

Western species ; once observed in Illinois ; no other record for eastern
North America.

Genus ARCHIBUTEO. Bkehm.

281 (347a) ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI=JOHANNIS. (Gmel.) American

Rough=legged Hawk.

New England and Illinois.

282 (34H) ARCHIBUTEO FERRUQINEUS. (Light.) Ferruginous Rough=Ieg.

North America ; from Gulf States northwartl ; breeds north of United
States.

(iKNis AQUILA. Briss.

283 (34J)) AQUILA CHRYSAETOS. (Linn.) Golden Eagle.

North America ; breeding in mountains in unsettled localities through,
out its range; much less common than the Bald Eagle on the
Atlantic coast.

LIST OF TllK mUDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 357

A-^<^;U. (iEMs HALIAETUS. Savk;.

284 (.1)1) HALIAETUS ALBICILLA. (Linn.) Gray Sea Eagle.

Occurs iu Greeuhind, but has not been taken in the United States.

285 (:552) HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS. (Linn.) Bald Eagle.

'rhroughout North America to northern Mexico ; breeding throughout its
range.

Mr. C. II. Townsend has hitely separated the northern and southern birds,
giving tlie range of Ilnlinetus leucoccplmlus as pnu'tically restricted to tlie
United States. To tlie bird which occurs in the British possessions west
to Alaska, which is larger, he has given the name of Ilalia'itus leucocepha-
lus alascanus^ Northern Bald Etigle.

Subfamily FALCONIN^E. Falcons.
Genus FALCO. Linx.

286 (353) FALCO ISLANDUS. Buunx. White Gyrfalcon.

Arctic America ; south in winter to Labrador and northern Maine.

287 (354) FALCO RUSTICOLUS. Lynn. Gray Gyrfalcon.

Arctic America ; accidental in winter as far south as Maine.

288 (354a) Falco msticolus gyrfalco. (Linn.) Gyrfalcon.

A grayish race with faintly barred back ; occurs in Arctic America ;
accidental in winter in New England (Massachusetts and Rhode
Island).

289 (3546) Falco ritsticolus obsoletus. (Gmel.) Black Gyrfalcon.

A dark race with back dark slate ; sometimes almost black and not
barred ; underparts dark ; it occurs in Labrador ; accidental in
winter as far south as Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, and New
York.

290 (355) FALCO MEXICANUS. Schleg. Prairie Falcon.

AVestern species ; casual iu Illinois ; breeds throughout its range.

Subgenus RHYNCHODON. Nitzsch.

291 (356) FALCO PEREGRINUS ANATUM. (Bonap.) Duck Hawk. Peregrine

Falcon.

North America and northern South America ; breeds throughout its

range.

Subgenus /ESALON. Kaup.

292 (357) FALCO COLUMBARIUS. Linn. Pigeon Hawk.

North America, West Indies, and northern South America; breeds from
northern border of United States, northward.

293 (3581) FALCO REGULUS. Pall. Merlin.

European species ; recorded from Greenland.

Subgenus TINNUNCULUS. Linn.

294 (3591) FALCO TINNUNCULUS. Linn. Kestrel.

European species ; once taken in Massachusetts.

358 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. <). U.
NO.

295 (300) FALCO SPARVERIUS. LmN. American Sparrow Hawk.

'' North America ; east of the Rocky Mouutaius and from Great Slave
Lake, south to northern South America." (A. O. U.)

296 (3(;i) FALCO SPARVERIOIDES. Vig. Cuban Sparrow Hawk.

Cuban species ; accidental in Florida.

Genus POLYBORUS. Vieii.l.

297 (3f;2) POLYBORUS CHERIWAY. (Jacq.) Audubon's Caracara. Mexican

Buzzard.

Texas and Arizona to South America ; occurs in eastern United States
only in southern Florida where it breeds.

Genus PANDION. Savig.

298 (364) PANDION HALIAETUS CAROLINENSIS. (Gmel.) American Osprey.

Fish Hawk.

Greater portion of North America, the West Indies, and northern South
America; common in many parts of eastern United States; breeds
throughout its range.

Suborder STRIGES. Owls.

FAMILY STRIQID/E. Barn Owls.

Genus STRIX. Linn.

299 (36.-)) STRIX PRATINCOLA. Bonai'. American Barn Owl.

'I'hroughout United States, INIexico, and northern West Indies ; more
common in the Southern States ; breeds rarely as far north as lati-
tude 40°.

FAMILY BUBONID/E. Horned Owls.

Genus ASIO. Briss,

300 (3»5G) ASIO WILSONIANUS. (Les^.) American Long=eared Owl.

'i'emperate North America to Mexico ; breeds throughout its range.

301 (307) ASIO ACCIPITRINUS. (Pall.) Short=eared Owl.

North America ; breeds north of latitude 39°.

Genus SYRNIUM. Savig.

302 (iOS) SYRNILIM NEBULOSUM. (Forst.j Barred Owl.

Southeril and eastern United States ; north to Nova Scotia ; breeds
throughout its range.

303 (3»)Ha) S;/niiu7n nebulosum aUeni. Ridgw. Florida Barred Owl.

A southern race of the Barred Owl, averaging somewhat smaller and
darker, having the toes nearly bare of feathers ; Gulf States ; com-
• men in Florida,

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 359

^- ;^-,;- Genus SCOTIAPTEX. Swains.

304 (370) SCOTIAPTEX CINEREA. ((^mkl.) Great Gray Owl.

Arctic species, wliicli occurs in winter as far south as New England and
Illinois ; numerous records for Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, etc.
Genus NYCTALA. Brehm.

305 (371) NYCTALA TENGMALMl RICHARDSONI. (BoNAi.) Richardson's Owl.

Arctic species ; casual in winter in northern United States ; New Eng-
land, Illinois, etc. ; breeds north of United States.

306 (372) NYCTALA ACADICA. (Gmel.) Saw=whet Owl. Acadian Owl.

North America ; breeds from middle United States northward.

307 (373) MEQASCOPS ASIO. (Linn.) Screech Owl.

Eastern North America ; Canada to Georgia ; breeds nearly throughout
its range.

308 (373tt) Megascops asio Jloridanus. (Riugw.) Florida Screech Owl.

A rather small southern race of the Screech Owl, somewhat darker and
the markings heavier; occurs in Gulf States from South Carolina
to Louisiana.

Genus BUBO. Dumeril.

309 (37.)) BUBO VIRQINIANUS. (Gmel ) Great Horned Owl.

Eastern North America ; north to Labrador ; breeds throughout its range.

310 (375a) Biibo virgmianus ardicus. Swaixs. Arctic Horned Owl.

Pale birds have occasionally been taken in northeastern North America
which may be referable to this race.

311 (375'') Bubo virginianus saturalus. Ridgav. Dusky Horned Owl.

A dark race ; ranging from Labrador and Hudson Bay westward to
Alaska ; south to Louisiana and Arizona ; some Louisiana speci-
mens are very dark.

Genus NVCTEA. Steph.

312 (376) NYCTEA NYCTEA. (Linn) Snowy Owl.

Northern North America ; in winter, south to Middle States ; breeds
north of United States.

Genus SYRNIA. Dumeril.

313 (377a) SURNIA ULULA CAPAROCH. (Mull.) American Hawk Owl.

Arctic North America; south in winter to borders of Ignited States ;
New England and Illinois ; breeds from New England northward.

Genus 5PE0TYT0. Gloger.

314 (378) SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HYPOQ^A. (Bonap.) Burrowing Owl.

Western species ; one record from Massachusetts.

315 (378a) Speotyto cunicularia floridana. Ridgw. Florida Burrowing Owl.

Resident in southern Florida ; a rather dark form, having the feet and legs
(tarsus) almost without feathers ; breeds in (i hole in the ground.

360 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ORDER PSITTACI.

Parrots, Paroquets, etc.
FAMILY PSITTACID/E.

A. o. IT. Genus CONURUS. Kuml.

NO.

316 (3«2) CONURUS CAROLINENSIS. (Linn.) Carolina Paroquet.

At one time not uncommon in many of onr Southern States ; at present
occnrs only in Florida, Arkansas, and Indian Territory ; breeds in
holes in trees.

ORDER COCCYGES.

Cuckoos.

FAJVIILY CUCULID/E. Cuckoos, Anis, etc.

Subfamily CROTOPHAQIN^E. Anis.
Genls CROTOPHAQA. Linn.

317 (;«s;5) CROTOPHAGA ANI. Linn. AnI.

AVest Indian species ; recorded from Florida, Louisiana, and Pennsyl-
vania ; the l)ird is entirely black ; the l)ill is not like that of a
Cuckoo, being very thin and somewhat Parrot-like in shape.

Subfamily COCCYZIN/E. Cuckoos.

Genus COCCYZUS. Vieill.

318 (.^RG) COCCYZUS MINOR. (Gmel.) Mangrove Cuckoo.

West Indian species ; casual in southern Florida.

319 (/xSGa) Cocc'/zas minor maynarcU. Ridgw. Maynard's Cuckoo.

A Bahama race of C. minor; casual in southern Florida ; it is much
l)aler on the underparts, lacking the strong Inwny buff ou the
belly; the l)ill is slightly smaller.

320 (:;h7) COCCYZUS AMERICANUS. (Linn.) Yenow=billed Cuckoo.

Eastern North Anierica ; from the plains to the coast and Canada to
Gulf of Mexico ; breeding throughout its range ; in winter to
West Indies and Central America.

321 (.5.S.S) COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (Wils.) Black=billed Cuckoo.

Eastern North America ; from Rocky iNIountains to the coast ; breeds
United States to Labrador ; south, in winter to West Indies and
northern South America.

LIST OF THE HIRDS OF F ASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 361

Suborder ALCYONES. Kingfishers.

FAMILY ALCEDINID/E. Kingfishers.

A. <». r. Genus CERYLE. Boie.

NO.

322 (31)0) CERYLE ALCYON. (Lixx.) Belted Kingfisher.

North America ; at large from Arctic regions to tlic Gulf of Mexico ;
in winter, extends its range to West Indies and Central America ;
breeds from Gulf States throughout its northern range.

ORDER PICK

Woodpeckers, etc.

FAMILY PICIDyE. Woodpeckers.

Genus CAMPEPHILUS. Gray.

323 (392) CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS. (LinnO Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

Florida ; some of the Gulf States to Mississippi Valley ; now rare except
in parts of Florida.

Genus DRYOBATES. Boie.

324 (393) DRYOBATES VILLOSUS. (Linn.) Hairy Woodpecker.

Northern and middle portions of eastern United States.

325 (3936) Dnjohales viUosas audubonii. (Swains.) Southern Hairy Woodpecker.

Southern race ; ranging from eastern Texas to South Carolina ; it differs
in being smaller and perhaps slightly darker.

326 (39 1) DRYOBATES PUBESCENS. (Linn.) Downy Woodpecker.

Eastern North America ; in winter, south to t'he Gulf of Mexico.
Birds inhabiting the region north of North Carolioa are larger than southern

birds, and have been recognized as a race and named
.S-24a Dryohntes pnhrscrns medianns. Brewstek.

327 (395) DRYOBATES BOREALIS. (Vieill.) Red=cockaded Woodpecker.

Southeastern and southern United States from Carolina to Texas.

Genus PICOIDES. Lacep.

328 (400) PICOIDES ARCTICUS. (Swains.) Arctic Three=toed Woodpecker.

Northern North America ; south to northern United States, New England,

Michigan, etc.

329 (401) PICOIDES AMERICANUS. Brehm American Three=toed Woodpecker.

Northern North America ; south to northern border of United States ;
Maine and northern New York.

L

362 LIST OF THE HIRIXS OF EASTERX NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. n. r.KMs SPHYRAPICUS. Baikd.

NO.

330 (402) SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS. (Lixx.) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Yellow=

bellied Woodpecker.

Eastern North America ; south iu winter to AVest Indies and Mexico ;
breeds in Massachusetts northward.

Gems CEOPHLCEUS. Caban.

331 (40.")) CEOPHLCEUS PILEATUS. (Linn.) Pileated Woodpecker.

Southern United States; from North Carolina southward; replaced
fai-ther north by the northern race.
331a (405a) Geophhnns inleatus albieticola. Bangs. Northern Tileated Woodpecker.
A northern race ; differing mainly iu size.

Genus MELANERPES. Swains.
SuBGKNt s MELANERPES.

332 (40G) MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS. (Linn.) Red=headed Wood=

pecker.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to Florida, and north
to about latitude 50° ; casual east of Hudson River ; not uncom-
mon in fall in Massachusetts.

Subgenus CENTURUS. Swains.

333 (409) MELANERPES CAROLINUS. (Linn.) Red=bellied Woodpecker.

Eastern and southern United States; from New Yoi-k and 3Iichigan to
the Gulf States ; not numerous in northern part of its range.

Genus COLAPTES. Swains.

334 (412) COLAPTES AURATUS. (Linn.) Flicker. Qolden=winged Woodpecker.

Elastern North America; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic;
winters from latitude of Illinois southward ; one of our most
familiar birds, and known by many names, among which are High
Hole, Yellowhammer, Harrywicket, etc.

A. O. U.
NO.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 363

ORDER MACROCHIRES.
Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.

Suborder CAPRIMULGI. Goatsuckers.

FAMILY CAPRIMULGID/E. Goatsuckers.

Genus ANTROSTOMUS. Gould.

335 (41G) ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS. (Gmel.) Chuck=win's=widow.

Southern United States ; from Virginia to Mexico, and Cuba, Jamaica,
and Porto Rico ; casual to southern Illinois ; accidental in Massa-
chusetts.

336 (417) ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS. (Wils.) Whip=poor=win.

Eastern and southern North America ; from about latitude 50° to
Mexico and Porto Rico ; a common species in localities in New-
England, Illinois, etc.

Genus CHORDEILES. Swains.

337 (420) CHORDEILES VIRQINIANUS. (Gmel.) Nighthawk.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from
Labrador to the West Indies and South America ; breeds from
southern United States northward.

338 (420a) Chonleiles virginianus henry i. (Cass.) Western Nighthawk.

Western race ; once recorded from Illinois ; it is paler, and the back is
more gray and buff.

339 (420c) GhordeUes viir/inianus cliapmani. (Sennett.) Florida Nighthawk.

A small southern race ; resident in Florida and along the Gulf coast ;
it is somewhat paler iu coloration, and decidedly smaller.

Suborder CYPSELI. Swifts.

FAMILY MICROPODID^. Swifts.

Subfamily CH/CTURIN/E. Swifts.
Genus CH^TURA. Stkpii.

340 (423) CH/CTURA PELAQICA. (Linn.) Chtmney Swift.

Eastern North America; north to Labrador, and in winter south to
Mexico; breeds from the Gulf States northward.

364 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Suborder TROCHILI. Hummingbird.

FAMILY TROCHILID/E. Hummingbirds.

A. o. u. Genus TROCHILUS. Lixn.

NO.

341 (42.S) TROCHILUS COLUBRIS. Lixx. Ruby=throated Hummingbird.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Athintie, and from
Labrador, or about latitude 52°, to the Gulf of Mexico ; breediu<;-
throughout its range ; south in winter to Cuba, Porto Rico, and
Mexico.

ORDER PASSERE5.
Perching Birds.

Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Birds.

FAMILY TYRANNID/E. Tyrant Flycatchers.

Genus MILVULU5. Swains.

342 (442) MILVULUS TYRANNUS. (Linn.) Fork=tailed Flycatcher.

South American species; occasionally taken in the United States;
recorded from New Jersey and Mississippi.

343 (443) MILVULUS FORFICATUS. (Gmel.) Sclssor=tailed Flycatcher.

Western s[)ecies ; accidental in eastern United States, New England,
Florida, etc.

Gexus TYRANNUS. Cuvier.

344 (444) TYRANNUS TYRANNUS. (Lixx.) Kingbird.

Nearly tlie whole of North America ; south in winter to Cuba and South
America ; a familiar species known by various names such as
Bee INIartiu, Bee-bird, etc.

345 (445) TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS. (Gmel.) Gray Kingbird.

Semi-tropical species ; not uncommon in Florida ; accidental in Georgia,
South Carolina, and New England.

346 (447) TYRANNUS VERTICALIS. Say. Arkansas Kingbird.

Western species ; accidental east of the INIississippi ; it has been taken
in Maine, Massachusetts (Great Island), New York, New Jersey,
District of Columbia, and Iowa.

Gexus MYIARCHUS. Cabax.

347 (452) MYIARCHUS CRINITUS. (r>ixx.) Crested Flycatcher.

Eastern United States; fiom the plains to the Atlantic, and southern
Canada to the Gulf of Mexico; in winter Mexico and Central
America; breeds from the Gulf States northward.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 365

^■o^ p- Genus SAY0RNI5. Bonap.

348 (I ")(•)) SAYORNIS PHCEBE. (Lath.) Phoebe.

Rimges from Colorado and Texas to the Atlantic, and from Canada to
Cuba and Mexico; breeds from the Carolinas, northward.

349 (457) SAYORNIS SAYA. (Bonap.) Say's Phoebe.

Western species ; only once recorded from New England ; casual in
Illinois and Wisconsin.

Genus CONTOPU5. Caban.

350 (459) CONTOPUS BOREALIS. (Swains.) 01ive=sided Flycatcher.

North America ; breeding from Massachusetts, nortlnvard ; south in
winter to Central and South America.

351 (461) CONTOPUS VIRENS. (Linn.) Wood Pewee. Flycatcher.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and Canada
to Florida and Mexico ; breeds throughout eastern United States ;
north to Newfoundland.

Genus EMPIDONAX. Caban.

352 (463) EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS. Baird. Yellow=bellied Flycatcher.

Eastern North Amei-ica ; breeds from northern United States, north-
ward ; south in winter to Central America,

353 (465) EMPIDONAX YIRESCENS. (\ ieill.) Acadian Flycatcher.

Eastern United States ; from New York and Connecticut, southward,
breeding as far south as Florida ; winters in Mexico and Central
America.

354 EMPIDONAX TRAILLII ALNORUM. Brewster. Alder Flycatcher.
Eastern United States; from Illinois and JMichigau to Atlantic; breeds

from northern Illinois and northern New England, northward ;
winters south to Central America.

355 (467) EMPIDONAX MINIMUS. Baird. Least Flycatcher.

Eastern United States ; from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Gulf of Mexico ;
south in winter to Central America ; breeds from northern United
States, northward, usually north of latitude 42°.

Suborder OSCINES. Song Birds.

FAMILY ALAUDID/E. Larks.

Genus ALAUDA. Linn.

356 (473) ALAUDA ARVENSIS. Linn. European Skylark.

Accidental in Greenlaml.

36<3 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. u. Genus 0T0C0RI5. Bonap.

NO.

357 (474) OTOCORIS ALPESTRIS. (Linn.) Horned Lark. Shore Lark.

" Nortbeasteiu North America, Gi'eenliuid, aud uortheiu parts of tlie
old world ; in winter, south ; in eastern United States to the Caro-
linas, Illinois, etc." (A. O. U.;; breeds north of United States,
Labrador, Hudson Bay, etc.

358 (4746) Otocoris alpestris praticola. Hexsii. Prairie Horned Lark.

The Mississippi Valley form of the Horned Lark ; breeds as far east-
ward as Massachusetts aud New York ; it differs in having the
forehead and streak over the eye white instead of yellow ; it is also
somewhat smaller aud paler.

FAMILY CORVID^E. Crows, Jays, and Magpies.

Subfamily QARRULIN/E. Magpies and Jays.

Genus PICA. Briss.

359 (475) PICA PICA HUDSONICA. (Sab.) American Magpie.

A western species ; stragglers have been recorded from Illinois aud
Montreal, Canada.

Genus CYANOCITPA. Strick.

360 (477) CYANOCIITA CRISTATA. (Linn.) Blue Jay.

" Eastern North America to the plains and from the fur countries south
to Florida and eastern Texas " (A. O. U.) ; breeds nearly throughout
its range.

361 (477a) Cyavocitla cristata Jlorincola. Coues. Florida Blue Jay.

Southern race of the Blue Jay, which occurs in Florida aud along the
Gulf coast ; it is smaller and grayer than the northern Blue Jay,
but otherwise similar.

(iENus APHELOCOMA. Caban.

362 (47i)) APHELOCOMA CYANEA. (Vieili .) Florida Jay.

Florida.

Genus PERISOREUS. Bonai-.

363 (IKI) PERISOREUS CANADENSIS. (Linn.) Canada Jay.

" Northern New York, northern New England, aud northern Michigan;
north to Arctic America." (A. O. U.)

364 (lH4c) I'crisoreHfi Canada)! sis iiigricapillus. Kiixiw. Labrador Jay.

A Labrador race of the Canada Jay ; somewhat darker and having the
blat'k of the head often extending in front of the eye ; the breast
is deep slate gray.

A. <». r.

NO.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 3()7

Subfamily CORVIN/E. Crows.
Genus CORVUS. Linn.

365 (ISO,/) CORVUS CORAX PRINCIPALIS. Miuaw. Northern Raven.

Nortlierii North Aincrica ; fnjin Illinois, jVIiebigun, ALiiiit', rtc, iiortli-
ward ; accideutal as far south as North Carolina.

366 ( tSS) CORVUS AMERICANUS. Ald. American Crow.

North America ; from Iludsou Bay to Gulf of Mexico ; breeds nearly
throughout its range.

367 (488a) Corvxs americamis pa.sc;/«.s. Coues. Florida Crow.

Florida race of the Crow, which differs in having larger bill and feet.

368 (490) CORVUS OSSIFRAQUS. Wils. Fish Crow.

Eastern and southern United States ; from Connecticut to Louisiana ;
accidental in Massachusetts ; abundant in Georgia and Florida.

FAMILY STURNID/E. Starlings.

Genus STURNUS. Linn.

369 (493) STURNUS VULGARIS. Lixx. Starling.

An old world species ; accidental in Greenland ; some years ago it was
introduced in New York, and is now not uncommon in Central Park.

FAMLIY ICTERID/E, Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.

Genus DOLICHONYX. Swains.

370 (494) DOLICHONYX ORVZIVORUS. (Linn.) Bobolink.

Ranges in eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to the
Atlantic, and from Ontario to Gulf of Mexico; also occurs west of
the Rocky Mountains ; breeds north of Middle States ; in winter
West Indies and South America.

Genus MOLOTHRUS. Swains.

371 (495) MOLOTHRUS ATER. (Bodd.) Cowbird.

United States in general and part of Canada ; south in winter to Mexico ;
breeds throughout its summer range ; the female deposits her egg
in other birds' nests.

Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS. Bonap.

372 (497) XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS. (Bonap.) Yellow=headed

Blackbird.

Western North America; from Illinois and Wisconsin to Pacitk- coast;
accideutal in eastern United States, New England, Florida, etc.

368 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. o. Tj. Gexus AQELAIUS. Vieill.

NO.

373 (498) AQELAIUS PH(ENICEUS. (Lixn.) Red=winged Blackbird.

Common throughout North America ; from about hititude 52° to the
Gulf ; replaced in southern Florida aad Gulf coast of Louisiana by
the following race.

374 (498Z;) Agelaim phmnicens hryanti. Eidgw. Bahaman Red-winged Blackbird.

A small race, having a more slender bill, which inhabits tlie Bahaman

Islands, southern Florida, and portions of tlie Gulf coast to

Louisiana ; the females are not as heavily streaked on the under-

parts.

Genus STURNELLA. Vieill.

375 (oOl) STURNELLA MAGNA. (Linx.) Meadow=lark.

"Eastern United States and southern Canada to the plains; breeds
from the Gulf of Mexico northward." (A. O. U.)

376 (.')01&) Sturnella magna necjlecta. (Aud.) Western Meadow -lark.

Western race which occurs in Illinois aud Wisconsin ; it differs in having
the yellow of the throat extending upon the cheeks or malar region,
also in having the lower under tail coverts white, or nearly white,
not buff as in S. mcujna.

Genus ICTERU5. Briss.

377 (.002) ICTERUS ICTERUS. (Linn.) Troupial.

South American species; recorded by Audubon from South Carolina;
no subsequent records for eastern North America.
Subgenus PENDULINUS. Vieill.

378 (506) ICTERUS SPURIUS. (Linn.) Orchard Oriole.

Eastern United States; from uorthi-rn New England, Michigan, Illinois,
aud Dakota, to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeds througliout its summer
range ; winters as far south as nortliern South America.

SuiiGENUS YPHANTES. Vieill.

379 (507) ICTERUS QALBULA. (Linn.) Baltimore Oriole.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean,
and from Ontario to tlie Gulf of Mexico ; winters south to Mexico
and South America.

380 (50S) ICTERUS BULLOCKI. (Swains.) Bullock's Oriole.

Western species ; only once recorded from our Eastern States ; Bangor,
Me., one record.

Genus SCOLECOPHAQUS. Swains.

381 (5(l.») SCOLECOPHAQUS CAROLINUS. (Mull.) Rusty Blackbird.

Eastern and northern North America west to tlie plains ; breeds from
northern United States north to Labrador ; winters from Virginia
southward.

LIST OF THK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMElilCA. 369

A. O. V.

NO.

382 (.)10) SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS. (Wagl.) Brewer's Blackbird.

A western species, which sometimes occurs iu Illinois; stragglers hiive
beeu killed in South Carolina and Louisiana.

Genus QUISCALUS. Vieill.

383 (r>ll) QUISCALUS QUISCULA. (Linn.) Purple Grackle.

"Northern Alabama, eastern Tennessee, and east of the Alleghanies
from Georgia to Massachusetts " (A. O. U.) ; in winter south to the
Gulf.

384 (511a) Quiscalus quiscida aglceus. (Baird.) Florida Grackle.

A smaller southern race ; ranging from Virginia along the Atlantic
coast and Gulf States to Texas.

385 (51 li) QuiscaJus quiscida cjeneus. (Ridgav.) Bronzed Grackle.

Eastern North America ; west of the Alleghanies ; New E^ugland to
Labrador and Hudson Bay; west to Rocky Mountains, and south
to the lower Mississippi Valley ; this Grackle has the back a uni-
form bronze or golden-olive, but not the various tints of blue-
purple bronze, etc., as in true quiscula.

386 (513) QUISCALUS MAJOR. (Vieill.) Boat=tailed Grackle.

" Coast region of Atlantic and Gulf States ; from Virginia to Texas."
(A. O. r.)

FAMILY FRINQILLID^. Finches, Sparrows, etc.

Genls COCCOTHRAUSTES. Briss.

387 (514) COCCOTHRAUSTES VESPERTINA. (Coop.) Evening Grosbeak.

Western species ; casual iu eastern United States ; Illinois, Michigan,
New England, etc.

Gencs PINICOLA. Vieill.

388 (515) PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR. (Linn.) Pine Grosbeak.

Northern North America ; breeds from northern New England north-
ward.

Genus CARPODACUS. Kaup.

389 (517) CARPODACUS PURPUREUS. (Gmel.) Purple Finch.

"Eastern North America; from the Atlantic coast to the plains;
breeds from the Middle States northward." (A. O. U.)

Genus PASSER. Linn.

390 ( — ) PASSER DOMESTICUS. (Linn.) English Sparrow.

European species ; introduced into United States.

391 ( — ) PASSER MONTANUS. European Tree Sparrow.

Eui'opean species ; introduced into United States.

L

370 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTEK'N NOIJTII AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

Genus LOXIA. Linn.

392 (r)-21) LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR. (Breiim.) American Crossbill.

Northern North America ; mainly north of United States ; occurs
irregularly in eastern United States, as far south as Maryland ;
accidental to South Carolina.

393 (r)22) LOXIA LEUCOPTERA. Gmel. White=winged Crossbill.

"Northern parts of North America; south into the United States in
winter ; breeds from northern New England northward." (A. O. U.)

Genls ACANTHIS. Bechst.

394 (527) ACANTHIS HORNEMANNII. (Holb.) Greenland Redpoll.

Northern Greenland; breeding from 69° to 73° north latitude, and
eastern Arctic America ; south to Labrador in winter." (Riugw.)

395 (527«) Acanthis hornemannii exilipes. (Coues.) Hoary Redpoll.

A race differing in smaller size ; length, less than 5.35 ; wing, less than
5.30 ; it inhabits the far north, but occurs in winter in the northern
United States ; casual in New England and Illinois.

396 (528) ACANTHIS LINARIA. (Linn.) Redpoll. Redpoll Linnet.

Northern species, which occurs in winter as far south as Virginia and
Illinois ; casual in New England.

397 (528a) Acanthis linaria lioJhd'llU. (Breiim.) Ilolboell's Redpoll.

A somewliat larger bird than A. linaiia, with somewhat longer bill ;
wing, less tlian 3.15; northern portion of both continents; casual
in eastern North America ; south in winter to New York and
Massachusetts.

398 (528^ Acanthis linnria rostrafa. (Coues.) Greater Redpoll.

Similar to linaria, but slightly larger, and the bill stouter; wing, over
3.L'); southern Greenland and Labrador; south to New England
and Illinois in winter.

399 CARDUELIS CARDUEHS. Linn. European Goldfinch.
Introcbiced in Massachusetts and New York.

Genus ASTRAQALINUS. Cab.

400 (52!)) ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS. (Linn.) American Goldfinch. Yellow Bird.

North America ; south of about latitude 54° to the Gulf States ;
breeding from about latitude 38° northward.

401 (532) ASTRAGALINUS NOTATUS. (DuBus) Black=headed Goldfinch.

.\Ii'xican spccifs ; recorded by Audul)()n from Kentuck}'.

402 (5;5 3) ASTRAGALINUS PINUS. (Wii.s.) Pine Siskin. Pine Finch.

North America; breeds from northern border of United States, north-
ward ; winters south to Gulf of Mexico.

A O U.
NO.

litst of the birds of eastern north america. 371

Genus PASSERINA. Vieill.

403 (5.31) PASSERINA NIVALIS. (Linn.) Snowflake. Snow Bunting.

Noi'tlioru North America; breeds in lii<ili latitiidi'S ; south in winter to
New England, lUiuois, etc. ; accidental as far south as Florida.

Genus CALCARIUS. Bechs.

404 (530)) CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS. (Linn.) Lapland Longspur.

Northern North America ; breeding in the far north ; soutli in winter to
Middle States ; common in the interior to Kansas and Colorado.

405 (537) CALCARIUS PICTUS. (Swains.) Smith's Longspur.

"Interior of North America; from the Arctic coast to llUnois and
Texas ; breeding far north." (A. O. U.)

406 (538) CALCARIUS ORNATUS. (Towns.) Chestnut=colIared Longspur.

Western species ; accidental in Massachusetts and New York.

Genus RHYNCHOPHANES. Baird.

407 (539) RHYNCHOPHANES MCCOWNII. (Lawk) McCown's Longspur.

Western species; casual in Illinois.

Genus POOCyCTES. Baird.

408 (540) POOC/ETES GRAMINEUS. (Gmki..) Vesper Sparrow. Bay-winged

Bunting.

Eastern North America; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean ; breeds
from Virginia to Ontario.

Genus AMMODRAMUS. Swains.

4[)9 (541) AMMODRAMUS PRINCEPS. (Mayn.) Ipswich Sparrow.

" Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia ; south in winter to Georgia ; breeds
on Sable Island, Nova Scotia." (A. O. U.)

410 (542a) AMMODRAMUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA. (Wils.) Savanna

Sparrow.
" p:astern North America; breeding from the northern United States to
Labrador and Hudson Bay Territory." (A. O. U.)

Subgenus COTURNICULUS. Bonap.

411 (54(;) AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM PASSERINUS. (WiLS.) Grasshop=

per Sparrow. YelIow=winged Sparrow.

'^ p:astern United States and soutliern Canada; west to the plains;
south in winter to Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Central America."

(A. O. U.)

412 (547) AMMODRAMUS HENSLOWIL (AUD.) Henslow's Sparrow.

''Eastern United States; west to the plains ; north to southern New
England and Ontario." (A. O. U.)

372 LIST OF THE BIRDS OK EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. (). v.
NO.

413 (.t4.S) aMMODRAMUS LECONTEII. (Auu.) Leconte's Sparrow.

Great plains and more western prairies; breeding from Dakota, Minne-
sota, etc., to Manitoba; migrating southward and eastward in
winter through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and
Gulf States to Florida and Texas.

414 (549) AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS. (Gmel ) Sharp=tailed Sparrow.

Sharp^tailed Finch.
Breast, pale buff with distinct dark streaks ; breeds on salt marshes of
the Atlantic coast from New England to Maryland ; south in winter
to the Gulf States.

415 (54;»r/) AMMODRAMUS NELSONI. Allen. Nelson's Sparrow.

''Fresh water marshes of the interior; from northern lUinoi-s, north-
ward to North Dakota and Manitoba ; south in winter to Texas ;
in migrations, visits Atlantic coast (New England and Lower
Hudson Valley) to Charleston, S. C." (A. O. U.)

416 {!)A'.)h) Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus. (Dwight.) Acadian Sharp-tailed

Sparrow.
Breast and sides, pale buff, not tawny or ochraceoua buff as in nelsom.
"Coast of southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (and

probably Nova Scotia), and southward in migration to South

Carolina." (A. O. F.)

417 (.").")()) AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS. (WiLS.) Seaside Sparrow. Seaside Finch.

"Salt nurshes of Atlantic coast; from Connecticut southward to
Georgia; accidental in Massachusetts." (A. O. U.)

418 (r).50a) Ammodramus maritimus peninsulm. Allex. Scott's Seaside Sparrow.

A dark race of maritimus which occurs from South Carolina to the
northeast and northwest coast of Florida.
418a Ammodramus maritimus Jisheri. Chapman. Louisiana Seaside Sparrow.

Coast of Louisiana to Texas.
4186 Ammodramus maritimus macgillivraii. (Aud.) Macgillivray's Seaside

Sparrow.
Coast of Soutli Carolina and Georgia.

419 (''">!) AMMODRAMUS NIGRESCENS. Ridgw. Dusky Seaside Sparrow.

Head of Indian River and Salt Lake ; eastern Florida.

Genus CHONDESTES. Swains.

420 {')')■>) CHONDESTES QRAMMACUS. (Say.) Lark Sparrow. Lark Finch.

From Illinois aud Michigan westward to the plains ; not common on
Atlantic coast.

Genls ZONOTRICHIA. Swains.

421 (r)53) ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA. (Nuxr.) Harris's Sparrow.

Middle United States ; Illinois to Kansas, and casually to Oregon ; no
New England record.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 373

NO.

422 ('>''l) ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS. (Foust.) White=crowned Sparrow.

''North Amerieii at huge; l)rt'eding cliiolly in the Rocky .Mouiit;iins,
the Sierra Nevada, and northeast to Labrador; soutli in winter to
the VaUoy of INIcxico." (A. O. U.)

423 (Tj-jH) ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS. (Gmel.) White-throated Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean ; north
to Labrador, and south to the Carolinas, and casually to Florida ;
breeds from northern New England and New York northward.

Genus SPIZELLA. Bonap.

424 (n59) SPIZELLA MONTICOLA. (Gmel.) Tree Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from Arctic Ocean to the Carolinas ; breeds
north of United States.

425 (oGO) SPIZELLA SOCIALIS. (Wils.) Chipping Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from Rocky ^Mountains north to fur countries,
and south to the Gulf ; breeds nearly throughout its range.

426 (5»n) SPIZELLA PALLIDA. (Swains.) CIay=coIored Sparrow.

Middle North America ; from Illinois to Rocky Mountains ; breeds
from Iowa northward ; accidental on Atlantic coast (North
Carolina).

427 (562) SPIZELLA BREWERI. Cass. Brewer's Sparrow.

Western species ; once taken in Massachusetts.

428 (563) SPIZELLA PUSILLA. (Wils.) Field Sparrow.

Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic ; breeds from
the Carolinas and Illinois north to Canada.

429 (563a) Spizella imsilla arenacea. Chadb. Western Field Sparrow.

This race is of accidental occurrence in southern Louisiana.

Gekus JUNCO. Wagl.

430 (567) JUNCO HYEMALIS. (Linn.) Slate=coIored Junco. Snowbird.

New England, Florida, and Illinois.

43 1 Junco hyemalis sliufeldU. Coale. Shufeldt's .Junco.

Western race ; accidental in Massachusetts, Illinois, and Maryland ; it
is browner on the back, and the sides are vinaceous brown.

432 (5671) Junco hyemalis carolinensis. Brewst. Carolina -Junco.

Rather larger than hyemalis; the back and breast slate color ; not tinged
with brown ; Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia to the Carolinas.

433 ( — ) JUNCO MONTANUS. Eidgav. Montana Junco.

Northwestern species ; ranging as far east as Illinois, and stragglers
reaching the Atlantic coast.

Genus PEUC/EA. Aid.

434 (575) PEUC/EA /CSTIVALIS. (Light.) Pine=woods Sparrow.

Southern Georgia and Florida.

374 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. U.
NO.

435 (o75a) Peuaea cestivalis bachmanii. (Auo.) Bachmau's Sparrow.

Coast States ; from tlie Carolinas to Texas ; north to Illinois in summer ;
it is a darker Inrd thau cestivcUis, the back being dark rufous brown,
not light chestnut.

Genus MELOSPIZA. Baiud.

436 (;j81) MELOSPIZA FASCIATA. (Gmel.) Song Sparrow.

" P^astern United States to the plains ; breeding from Virginia and the
southern portion of the Lake States northward to the fur countries."
(A. O. U.)

437 (5X3) MELOSPIZA LINCOLNI. (Aud.) Lincoln's Sparrow.

Throughout North America ; breeds from northern border of United
States northward ; south in winter to Central America.

438 (r.81) MELOSPIZA GEORGIANA. (Lath.) Swamp Sparrow.

AVhole of eastern North America; from Labi'ador aud Newfoundland to
the Gulf of Mexico; breeds from the northern States northward.

Genus PASSERELLA. Swains.

439 (585) PASSERELLA ILIACA. (Merr.) Fox Sparrow.

Eastern North America ; from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico, west
to the plains ; breeds north of the United States.

(Jenus PIPILO. Vieill.

440 (587) PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (Linn.) Towhee.

Eastern United States; from Canada to (ieoi'gia ; breeds from Georgia
northward ; coannoii in New England.

441 (587a) Pipilo erythrophtliolmns alleni. Coues. AVhite-eyed Towhee.

Florida race, which occurs as far north as South Carolina; it dilfers in
having the iris white or yellowish, and only the two outer tail feath-
ers are marked with white.

Genus CARDINALIS. Bonap.

442 (593) CARDINALIS CARDINALIS. (Linn.) Cardinal. Cardinal Grosbeak.

Eastern United States; from New England (casual) to the Gulf of
Mexico.
442a (593d) Cardinalis cardinalis Jloridanus. Ridgw. Florida Cardinal.
Local race ; resident in Florida.

(Jenis HABIA. Reich.

443 (595) HABIA LUDOVICIANA. (Linn.) Rose=breasted Grosbeak.

Eastern United States ; from tiie plains and from Canada to Central
America; breeding from Carolinas northward.

444 (596) HABIA MELANOCr:PHALA. (Swains.) Black=headed Grosbeak.

A western species, whicli has been taken in INIichigan^

LIST OF TliK BIRDS OF EASTERN NOUTII A.MFKICA.

375

o. u.

NO.

Genus QUIRACA. Swains.

445 (51)7) QUIRACA C/CRULEA. (Linn.) Blue Grosbeak.

Eastern ITnited States; from Illinois and New England (not common)
to the Gulf and Cuba.

Gknus CYANOSPIZA. Bairu.

446 (508) CYANOSPIZA CYANEA. (Linn.) Indigo Bunting.

Eastern United States ; from the Canadian border to the Gulf and
Central America.

447 (600) CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR. (Bonap.) Varied Bunting.

Western species, which has been taken in IMicliiiiau.

448 (601) CYANOSPIZA CIRIS. (Linn.) Painted Bunting.

Eastern United States ; from Illinois and North Carolina south to the
Gulf, and in winter to Central America.
Genus EUETHEIA. Reich.

449 (603) EUETHEIA BICOLOR. (Linn.) Grassquit. BIack=faced Finch.

West Indian species; recorded from Florida Keys.

450 (6031) EUETHEIA CANORA. (Gmel.) Melodious Grassquit. Cuban Finch.

Cuban species ; recorded from Florida Keys.
Genus SPIZA. Bonap.

451 (604) SPIZA AMERICANA. (Gmel.) Dickcissel. Black=throated Bunting.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the Alleghanies ; and
casual, or accidental to New England ; breeding from Texas to the
Canadian border ; south in winter to Central and South America.
Genus CALAMOSPIZA. Bonap.

452 (605) CALAMOSPIZA MELANOCORYS. Stejn. Lark Bunting.

Western species ; recorded from Massachusetts and Long Island.

FAMILY TANAGRID^. Tanagers.

Genus PIRANQA. Vieill.

453 (607) PIRANQA LUDOVICIANA. (Wils.) Louisiana Tanager.

Western species ; recorded from Massachusetts and New York.

454 (608) PIRANGA ERYTHROMELAS. Vieill. Scarlet Tanager.

Eastern United States; from the plains to the Atlantic, and Ontario to
the West Indies, and South America; breeds from Illinois and
Virginia northward.

455 (610) PIRANGA RUBRA. (Linn.) Summer Tanager.

Eastern United States; but more southerly in its range than the Scar-
let Tanager; rarely reaching southern New England, although
stragglers occur as far nortli as New Brunswick ; breeds in Virginia
(and occasionally still further north) to Florida.

3/6 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FAMILY HIRUNDINID/E. Swallows.

A. o. V. Gknds PROQNE. Boie.

NO.

456 (Gil) PROQNE SUBIS. (Linn.) Purple Martin.

Eastern North America ; from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico ; south in
winter to South America.

457 (i;il') PROQNE CRYPTOLEUCA. Baihd. Cuban Martin.

Cuban species ; casual in southern Florida.

Genus PETROCHELIDON. Caban.

458 (612) PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS. (Say.) Cliff Swallow.

North America ; from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and in
winter to South America.

459 ( — ) PETROCHELIDON FULVA. (Vieill.) Cuban Cliff Swallow.

West Indian species ; accidental at Dry Tortugas, Fla.

Genus CALLICHELIDON. Baird.

460 ( — ) CALLICHELIDON CYANEOVIRIDIS. (Bryant.) Bahaman Swallow.

Bahaman species ; accidental at Dry Tortugas, Fla.

Genus HIRUNDO. (Linn.)

461 (613) HIRUNDO ERYTHROQASTER. Boud. Barn Swallow.

North America ; breeding from the fur countries to the Gulf of Mexico ;
south in winter in the West Indies and South America.

Genus TACHYCINETA. Caban.

462 (614) TACHYCINETA BICOLOR. (Vieill.) Tree Swallow. White-bellied

Swallow.

Throughout North America ; from Labrador to the Gulf ; breeds nearly
throughout its range ; winters from Middle States to West Indies
and Central America.

Genus CLIVICOLA. Forster.

463 (616) CLIVICOLA RIPARIA. (Linn.) Bank Swallow.

North America in general ; ranges in the eastern portion, from Labra-
dor to the Gulf, and northern South America ; breeds from Middle
States northward.

Genus STELQIDOPTERYX. Baird.

464 (617) STELQIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS. (Aud.) Rough-winged Swallow.

United States ; from British Columbia to Mexico ; breeds in United
States throughout its range.

LIST OF TIIK I5IUUS OF EASTERN NOIHII AMElilCA. 377

FAMILY AMPELID/E. Waxwings.

A. o. c. Gknis AMPELIS. Linn.

NO.

465 (618) AMPELIS QARRULUS. T>inn. Bohemian Waxwing.

Northern North America ; breeding north of United States ; casual in
winter as far sonth as Illinois ; recorded from Pennsylvania.

466 (6iy) AMPELIS CEDRORUM. (Vikill.) Cedar Waxwing. Cedar Bird.

Cherry Bird.

Throughout North America ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf and "West
Indias in winter; breeds from about latitude of Alleghauies north-
ward ; a familiar New England bird, usually seen in flocks.

FAMILY LANDII/E. Shrikes.

Genus LANIUS. Linn.

467 (621) LANIUS BOREALIS. Vieill. Northern Shrike. Butcher Bird.

Northern North America ; ranging in winter south to ^'il•ginia, Illinois,
Kansas, etc. ; not uncommon in New England ; breeds north of
United States ; known as Butcher Bird on account of habit of
impaling small birds on thorns.

468 (622) LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS. Linn. Loggerhead Shrike.

Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from
Canada through the interior, including western New England, to
the Gulf of Mexico ; rare or casual north of Virginia on the coast.

FAMILY VIREONID^. Vireos.

Genus VIREO. Vieill.
Subgenus VIREOSVLVIA. Bonap.

469 (623) VIREO CALIDRIS BARBATULUS. (Cah.) Black-whiskered Vireo.

West Indian species ; accidental in southern Florida.

470 (624) VIREO OLIVACEUS. (Linn.) Red=eyed Vireo.

Eastern North America ; from the Eocky Mountains to the Atlantic ;
north to the Arctic regions, and south to northern South America ;
breeds nearly throughout its North American range ; common in
New England.

Subgenus LANIVIREO. Baird.

471 (625) VIREO FLAVOVIRIDIS. (Cass.) YeIIow=green Vireo.

Mexican species ; once recorded from Province of C^ueliec.

472 (626) VIREO PHILADELPHICUS. (Cass.) Philadelphia Vireo.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf ; breeds from
northern New England northward.

378 LIST OF THE BIUDS OF EASTEliN NOUTII AMERICA.

A. (>. U.
NO.

473 (027) VIREO GILVUS. (Vieill.) Warbling Vireo.

Throughout North America ; breeding nearly throughout its range.

474 (628) VIREO FLAVIFRONS. Vieill. Yellow^throated Vireo.

Eastern United States ; from the British Provinces to Florida ; breeds
throughout its range.

475 (629) VIREO SOLITARIUS. (Wils.) Blue-headed Vireo.

Eastern United States ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf and Central
America in winter; breeds from southern New England and
Illinois northward.

476 {G2^b) Vireo soUtarius plumheus. (Coues.) Plumbeous Vireo.

Western species ; one record in New York State ; its occurrence is
purely accidental east of the Mississippi.

477 (020c) Vireo soUtarius aliicola. Bkewst. Mountain Solitary Vireo.

Differs mainly in having a larger bill and slate-blue back ; ranges
from the Alleghanies in the Carolinas ; south in winter to Florida.

Subgenus VIREO. Vieill.

478 (631) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS. (Gmel.) White^eyed Vireo.

Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the coast, and from
southern New England and Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeds
throughout its United States range.

479 (631o 1 VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS MAYNARDI. Erewst. Key West Vireo.

A rather small, pale race, which is resident in southern Florida.

480 (633) VIREO BELLII. (Aud.) Bell's Vireo.

Western species which occurs in tlie northern Mississippi Valley, Illinois,
and Indiana, southwest to Mexico.

FAMILY CCEREBID^. Honey Creepers.

Genus CCEREBA. Vieill.

481 (0;35) CCEREBA BAHAMENSIS. (Reich.) Bahama Honey Creeper.

Bahaman species ; stragglers have been taken on the Florida Keys.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID^. Wood Warblers.

Genus MNIOTILTA. Vieill.

482 (OJO) MNIOTILTA VARIA. (Linn.) Black and White Warbler.

Eastern United States; south to West Indies and northern South
America ; breeds north of Virginia.

Genus PROTONOTARIA. Baikl.

483 (037) PROTONOTARIA CITREA. (Bodd.) Prothonotary Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from Illinois, Michigan, and New England to
the Gulf, and in winter to South America ; breeds throughout its
range.

T.IST OF THE 1?IRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

379

A. o. u. Genus HELINAIA. ArniRON.

484 (038) HELINAIA SWAINSONII. Ai i>. Swainson's Warbler.

Southeastern United States ; from Virginia to Texas ; accidental in
Illinois.

Genus HELMITHERUS. Rafinesque.

485 ((>39) HELMITHERUS VERMIVORUS. (Gmei .) Worm-eating Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf ; south
in winter to South America.

Genus HELMINTHOPHILA. Ridgw.

486 (610) HELMINTHOPHILA BACHMANI. (Aud.) Bachman's Warbler.

Cuba and Florida, north ; casually as far as Virginia, and west to
Louisiana.

487 (641) HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS. (Linn.) BIue=winged Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf ; south

in winter to Mexico.

488 (642) HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA. (Linn.) GoIden=winged Warbler.

Eastern United States ; IMinuesota and southwestern Ontario to South
America; breeds from New Jersey aud Indiana, northward, and in
the Alleghanies to South Carolina.

489 HELMINTHOPHILA LAWRENCEI. (Herrick.) Lawrence's Warbler.
New Jersey, Connecticut, etc. ; probably a hybrid between //. pinns

and //. chrysoptera.

490 HELMINTHOPHILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS. (Brewst.) Brewster's

Warbler.
Southern New England, Michigan, etc. ; probably a hybrid between H.
pinus and H. chnjsojitera.

491 (645) HELMINTHOPHILA RUFICAPILLA. (AVils.) Nashville Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean, and from
British North America to Mexico ; breeds from northern United
States, northward.

492 (646) HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA. (Say.) Orange=crowned Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from the sub-arctic regions to the Gulf of
Mexico; rare east of the Alleghany Mountains north of Virginia;
breeds north of the United States, except in the Rocky Mountains.

493 (647) HELMINTHOPHILA PEREGRINA. (Wils.) Tennessee Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson Bay to Central America ; breeds
from northern New England northward.

494 (648) COMPSOTHLVPIS AMERICANA. (Linn.) Parula Warbler.

" South Atlantic and Gulf States, east of Texas; northward, near the
Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia, and in tlie interior to
Mt. Carmel, 111." (Brewster.)

380

494a (G48a)

A. O. D.
N(».

495 (G50)

496 (Gr)2)

497 (654)
497a ( — )

498 (Oaf))

499 (GoC))

500 (G57)

501 (G58)

502 (659)

503 (660)

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Compsolldypis americana usnece. Brewst- Northern Paiula Warbler.

"Averaging slightly larger, but with a shorter bill; adult male, with
less yellow on the underparts and more black or blackish on the
lores and malar region ; the dark collar across the jugulum, black
or blackish, broad and conspicuous ; the chest mottled or spotted
with rich brownish chestnut ; breeding range, New England, New
York, and westward, along the northern tier of States, northward,
into the Maritime Proviuces and Canada." (Brewster.)

DENDROICA TIQRINA. (Gmel.) Cape May Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf .States and the
AVost Indies; breeds from northern New England northward.

DENDROICA /ESTIVA. (Gmel.) Yellow Warbler.

'J'hroughout North America, except southwestern portion, where it is
replaced by an allied form ; south in winter to northern South
America.

DENDROICA C/ERULESCENS. (Gmel.) Black-throated Blue Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Labrador to the West Indies and Central
America ; breeds from northern New England northward.

Dendroica ccBrulescens cairnsi. Coues. Cairn's Warbler.

A local race, resident in the Alleghany Mountains, but occurring in
southeastern Atlantic States ; differs in having the back darker,
sometimes almost wholly black, and more white on the outer tail
featliers.

DENDROICA CORONATA. (Linn) YeIIow=rumped Warbler. Myrtle
Warbler.

Eastern North America, and casual to the Pacific ; winters from south-
ern New England to Central America ; breeds from northern United
States northward.

DENDROICA AUDUBONI. (Towns.) Audubon's Warbler.

A western species ; stragglers have been taken in Massachusetts and
Penns3'lvania.

DENDROICA MACULOSA. (Gmel.) Magnolia Warbler. Black and
Yellow Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from British Columbia to the West Indies ;
breeds from northern New England northward.

DENDROICA RARA. (WiLS.) Cerulean Warbler.

Eastern United States; from Ontario to the Gulf; rare east of the
Alleghanies ; breeds from Virginia and Tennessee to Minnesota.

DENDROICA PENNSYLVANICA. (Linn.) Chestnut=sided Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from southern Ontario to Central America and
Bahamas ; breeds from Illinois and New York noi'thward.

DENDROICA CASTANEA. (Wils.) Bay=breasted Warbler.

Eastern North America ; breeding from Hudson Bay to New England ;
south in winter to Central America.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 381

NO.

504 (()()!) DENDROICA STRIATA. (FORST.) Black-poll Warbler.

Eastern NoitU America ; breeding from Labrador and Greenland to
northern New England ; south in winter to northern South America.

505 (002) DENDROICA BLACKBURN /E. (Gmel.) Blackburnian Warbler.

p]asteru North America ; breeding from Massachusetts to Labrador ;
south in winter to South America.

506 (663) DENDROICA DOMINICA. (Linn.) Yellow-throated Warbler.

Southeastern United States ; from Virginia to West Indies.

507 (663a) Dendroica dominica albilora. Baird. Sycamore "Warbler.

A western form which occurs in Mississippi Valley westward ; acci-
dental or casual to North Carolina ; differs in having the stripe in
front of the eye white instead of yellow.

508 (667) DENDROICA VIRENS. (Gmel.) Black-throated Green Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Hudson l>ay to the West Indies ; breeds
southern New England and Illinois northward.

509 (668) DENDROICA TOWNSENDI. (Nutt.) Townsend's Warbler.

A western species ; one record from Pennsylvania.

510 (670) DENDROICA KIRTLANDI. Bairu. Kirtland's Warbler.

Eastern United Slates and Bahamas ; little known as to its range ; speci-
mens have been taken in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Illinois,
Minnesota, etc. ; not uncommon in the Bahama Islands in winter.

511 (671) DENDROICA VIQORSII. (Auu.) Pine Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from Manitoba and Ontario to the Gulf and
West Indies ; breeds locally throughout its range.

512 (672) DENDROICA PALMARUM. (Gmel.) Palm Warbler. Redpoll Warbler.

British America to the Gulf States and West Indies ; mostly in the
interior, but casual in New England and Atlantic coast States.

513 (672a) Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea. Uidgw. Yellow Palm Warbler.

Atlantic States ; from Hudson Bay to Gulf ; common in Florida ; in
winter differs from palmanivi, in having the uuderparts yellow, not
white, or yellowish white.

514 (673) DENDROICA DISCOLOR. (Vieill.) Prairie Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from Michigan and New England to Florida
and West Indies ; breeds throughout its eastern United States range.

Genus SEIURUS. Swains.

515 (674) SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS. (Linn.) Oven-bird.

Eastern North America ; breeding from Virginia to Labrador ; winters
in Florida, West Indies, and Central America.

516 (67r>) SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS. (Gmel.) Waterthrush.

Great part of eastern North America ; breeds from northern New
England northward ; winters south to South America.

382 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

A. O. V.
NO.

5! 7 (675a) Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. (Grinn.) Gi'innell's Water-tbrush.

Illinois, westward ; occasionally east to Virginia and New Jersey ;
differs in being larger and the superciliary stripe whiter.

518 (676) SEIURUS MOTACILLA. (Vieill.) Louisiana Water-thrush.

Eastern United States ; from southern New England to West Indies
and Central America.

Genus QEOTHLYPIS. Caban.

519 (677) QEOTHLYPIS FORMOSA. (Wils.) Kentucky Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern New P^ngland to the Gulf States
and West Indies, and Central America in winter ; breeds nearly
throughout its United States range.

520 (678) QEOTHLYPIS AQILIS. (Wils.) Connecticut Warbler.

Eastern North America ; south in winter to South America ; breeds
north of United States.

521 (679) QEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA. (Wils.) Mourning Warbler.

Eastern North America ; breeding from New England and Michigan,
northward ; South and Central America in winter.

522 (681) QEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS. (Linn.) Maryland YeIlow=throat.

Eastern United States ; from Labrador to the Gulf States, West Indies,
and Central America in winter ; breeds from Georgia to Massa-
chusetts.

523 ( — ) Geolhhjpis trichas ignota. Chapman. Florida Yellow-thi-oat.

Southern race, whicli is resident in southern Georgia and Florida ; it
differs in being deeper yellow below, the black mask of the male
wider, and the upper parts browner.

Genus ICTERIA. Vieill.

524 (683) ICTERIA VIRENS. (Linn.) Yellow=breasted Chat.

Eastern United States ; from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, in winter ;
breeds from southern New England northward.

Genus WILSONIA. Bonap.

525 (684) SYLVANIA MITRATA. (Gmel.) Hooded Warbler.

Eastern United States ; from southern Ontario to the Gulf States, and
west to plains ; breeds nearly throughout its range ; West Indies
and Central America in winter.

526 (6H.5) WILSONIA PUSILLA. (Wils.) Wilson's Warbler.

Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Ocean and
Labrador, and Hudson Bay to Mexico; breeds from border of
United States northward.

LIST OF THE BIROS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 383

NO.

527 (GHG) WILSONIA CANADENSIS. (Linn.) Canadian Warbler.

p]astcru North Ainericii ; from the great pUiins to the Athuitic Ocean,
aud Labrador to Central America ; breeds from the mountaius of
southern New England and the Alleghanies northward.

Genus SETOPHAGA. Swains.

528 (G87) SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA. (Linn.) American Redstart.

North America ; breeds from about latitude of North Carolina north-
ward ; south in winter to southern South America.

FAMILY MOTACILLID/E. Wagtails.

Genus MOTACILLA. Linn.

529 (G94) MOTACILLA ALBA. (Linn.) White Wagtail.

Old world species ; accidental in Greenland.

Genus ANTHUS. Beciis.

530 (697) ANTHUS PENNSYLVANICUS. (Lath.) Titlark. American Pipit.

Whole of North America ; breeds from Labrador northward ; south in
winter to Gulf States and Central America.

531 (G98) ANTHUS PRATENSIS. (Linn.) Meadow Pipit.

European species ; accidental in Greenland.

532 (700) ANTHUS SPRAGUEII. (Aud.) Sprague's Pipit.

Western species; Charleston, S. C, one record.

FAMILY TROQLODYTID/E. Wrens, Thrashers, etc.

Subfamily MIMIN/E. Thrashers

Genus MIMUS. Boie.

533 (703) MIMUS POLYQLOTTOS. (Linn.) Mockingbird.

" United States ; south into Mexico ; rare aud of irregular distribution ;
from Maryland northward to Massachusetts." (A. O. U.)

Genus GALEOSCOPTES. Caban.

534 (704) GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS. (Lintj.) Catbird.

Eastern United States and British Provinces ; breeds nearly throughout
its North American range ; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and
Central America.

Genus HARPORHYNCHUS. Caban.

535 (705) HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS. (Linn.) Brown Thrasher. Brown Thrush.

p:astern United States and Ontario to the Gulf States ; breeds nearly
throughout its range

384 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Subfamily TROGLODYTIN^E. Wrens.

A. o. u. Gknis THRYOTHORUS. Vieill.

NO.

536 (718) THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS. (Lath.i Carolina Wren.

Eastorn United States ; from Illinois and Connecticut to the Guif of
Mexico ; breeds nearly tlirougliout its range.

537 (718a) Tliryothorus ludovicianus ^niamensis. (Ridgw.) Florida Wren.

A Florida race, differing in being larger and darker.

Genus THRYOMANES. Sclatek.

538 (719) THRYOMANES BEVVICKII. rAuu.) Bewiclc's Wren.

" Eastern United States; rare and local east of the Alleghanies, and
north of 40° ; west to the edge of great plains ; winters in more
southern districts." (Ridgway. )

Genus TROGLODYTES. Vieill.

539 (721) TROGLODYTES AEDON. Vieill. House Wren.

"Eastern United States and southern Ontario, west to Indiana and
Louisiana; resident from middle districts, southward." (A. O. U.)

540 (7216) Trocjlodytes aedon aztecns. (Baird.) Western House Wren.

Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois and Minnesota; it
is higher colored and the back shows more or less bars.

i

Genus ANORTHURA. Rennie.

541 (722) ANORTHURA HIEMALIS. Vieill. Winter Wren.

Eastern North America ; breeding in the Alleghany Mountains and from
the northern border of the United States, northward ; south in
winter to Florida and the Gulf States.

Genus CI5T0TH0RU5. Caban.

542 (724) CiSTOTHORUS STELLARIS. (Li< ht.) Short-billed Marsh Wren.

Eastfin North America; from Ontario to tlie Gulf States.

543 (72;')) CISTOTHORUS PALUSIRIS. (Wils.) Long=biUed Marsh Wren.

Eastern North America ; south from Ontario and Massachusetts to the
Gulf; breeds throughout its range.

544 (72.')/>) C'i.stothoriin 2>aliistris (jriseus. Buewst. Worthington's Marsh Wren.

Local race which occurs on coast of South Carolina and Georgia ; it
differs in having the sides grayish, not a decided brown, and the
black of the upper parts duller.

545 (72;")') Cistothorns palustris mariance. (Scott.) Marian's Marsh Wren.

(Julf coast of Florida; decidedly darker and having the under tail
coverts spotted or barred.

LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 385

FAMILY CERTHIID>e. Creepers.

A o " Genls CERTHIA. Linn.

NO.

546 (72(;) CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA. (Bonap.) Brown Creeper.

Whole of North Americii to the Ihiiit of large tiinlirr; hreods from
northern border of United States, northward.

FAMILY PARID/E. Nuthatches and Tits.

Subfamily SITTIN/G. Nuthatches.

Genls SITTA. Linn.

547 (727) SITTA CAROLINENSIS. Lath. White-breasted Nuthatch.

Eastern United States ; from Georgia north to the southern British
Provinces, and west to the Rocky Mountains.

548 (727a) Sitta caroUnensis atkinsi. (Scott.) Florida AVhite-breasted Nuthatch.

South Carolina to Florida ; differs in being somewhat smaller ; the wing
coverts usually not tipped with white.

549 (728) SITTA CANADENSIS. Linn. Red=breasted Nuthatch.

'■' Whole of North America; breeding chiefly north of the United States,
except in western mountainous districts ; eastern United States
chiefly in winter." Ridgway.

550 (729) SITTA PUSILLA. Lath. Brown=headed Nuthatch.

"South Atlantic and Gulf States; north to southern Maryland and
(casually) Ohio, INIissouri, etc." (A. O. U.)

Subfamily PARIN.^. Titmice.
Genus PARUS. Linn.

Subgenus LOPHOPHANES. Kaup.

551 (731) PASUS BICOLOR. (Linn.) Tufted Titmouse.

Eastern United States ; from New .Jersey and southern New England to
the Gulf.

Subgenus PARUS. Linn.

552 (730) PARUS ATRICAPILLUS. (Linn.) Chickadee.

" Eastern North America, north of the Potomac and Ohio Valley."
(A. O. U.)

553 (736) PARUS CAROLINENSIS. Ori>. Carolina Chickadee.

"Southeastern States; north to New Jersey and Illinois, west to
Missouri." (A. O. U.)

554 (740) PARUS HUDSONICUS. Forst. Hudsonian Chickadee.

Northern North America ; from Northern New England and Michigan,
northward.

a«6

LIST OF THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

555

A. O. U.

NO.

(71S)

FAMILY SYLVIID/E. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers,

Subfamily REQULIN^. Kinglets.

Genus REGULUS. Cuvier.
REGULUS SATRAPA. Light. Qolden=crowned Kinglet.

Eastern North America ; breeding from higher iiortheru boundary of
the United States northward ; winters as far south as Guatemala.

REGULUS CALENDULA. (LiNN.) Ruby=crowned Kinglet.

North America ; from the fur countries to Central America ; breeds
north of tiie United States, except on high mountain ranges.

Subfamily POLIOPTILIN/E. Gnatcatchers.

Genus POLIOPTILA. Sclatek.
POLIOPTILA C/ERULEA. (Linn.) BIue=gray Gnatcatcher.

Southern portion of the United States ; casual as far north as Massa-
chusetts ; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and Central America.

556 (Ti'.i)

557 (7r)l)

FAMILY TURDID/E. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats,

Bluebirds, etc.

Subfamily MYADESTIN^. Solitaires.

Genus MYADESTES. Swains.

558 (7rj4) MYADESTES TOWNSENDII. (Aud.) Townsend's Solitaire.

Western species ; accidental in Illinois ; one record.

Subfamily TURDIN^E. Thrushes.
Genus TURDUS. Linn.

Subgenus HYLOCICHLA. Baird.

559 (755) TURDUS MUSTELINUS. Gmel. Wood Thrush.

Eastern United States ; from Massachusetts south to the Gulf vStates
and Central America ; breeds from Virginia northward.

560 (750) TURDUS FUSCESCENS. Stepii. Wilson's Thrush.

Eastern North America ; from Anticosti to the Gulf of Mexico ; the
greater portion winters south of the United States.

561 (750^) Tardus fu^cescens salicicola. (Riik;w.) Willow Thrush.

Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois ; it differs but little
from fuacescens, the breast spots arc slightly wider and the back
somewhat darker.

562 (757) TURDUS ALICI^E. Baiuu. Gray-cheeked Thrush.

NcMtli America ; from Labrador and Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico and
Central America ; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north-
ward.

LIST OF TIIK I'.IRDS OF KASTKUX NOIiTII A.MKUK'A.

387

c) i;

NO

56.^ (757«) TnidnsahcKe bidaiellt. (ItiDGW.) Bickuell's Thrush.

'- Mountainous part of the northeastern States (CatskiUs, Wliite Moun-
tains, etc.) and Nova Scotia; migrating south in winter." (A. O. L.)

564 (758(0 TURDUS USTLLATUS SWAINSONII. (Cab.) Olive-backed Thrush.

P^astern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to the Athmtic; win-
ters in Central and South America and the West Indies , bieeds in
the Aileghanies and mountains of southern New Enghind, and
farther north in western United Slates.

565 {759b) TURDUS AONALASCHK^ PALLASII. (Cah.) Hermit Thrush.

Eastern North America ; breeds from Massachusetts northward ; winters
from Illinois and southern New York to the Gulf.

Subgenus TURDUS. I.ixx.

566 (760) TURDUS ILIACUS. Linn. Red=winged Thrush.

European species ; accidental in Greenland.
Genus MERULA. Leach.

567 (761) MERULA MIQRATORIA. (Linn.) American Robin.

"p:astern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including eastern
Mexico and Alaska ; breeds from Virginia and Kansas northward
to the Arctic coast ; winters from southern Canada and nortliern
United States southward " (A. O. U ) ; occurs in great tlocks at
times in soutiiern States during migrations.
Genus HESPEROCICHLA. Baiul.

568 (763) HESPEROCICHLA N^VIA. (Gmel.) Varied Thrush.

Pacitic coast species; stragglers have been taken in Massachusetts,
Long Island, and New Jersey.

Genus SAXICOLA. Bechs.

569 (765) SAXICOLA (ENANTHE. (LiNX) Wheatear.

Old-world species, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador ; stragglers
have been taken in Nova Scotia, Maine, and Long Island.
Genus SI ALIA. Swainson.

570 (766) SI ALIA SIALIS. (Linn.) Bluebird

Eastern United States; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic,
north to the British Provinces, and south to Gulf of Mexico and
Cuba ; breeds from the Gulf States, northward ; winters from
southern Illinois and New Jersey, southward.