biological ¢ Ol | inventories V7 1 Rio Tahuamanu COSRAPIDOS CONSERVACION La meta de los es Catalizar una accion efectiva de conservacion en regiones con una alta riqueza y singularidad bioldgica. Debido a las amenazas inminentes a la diversidad bioldgica en las regiones objeto del programa, los inventarios. no buscan producir una lista completa de los organismos presentes. Mas bien, proveen evalua- ciones exactas y preliminares de la informacién requerida con mayor urgencia para tomar decisiones de conservacién. La pregunta clave que se esta planteando es si el sitio o regién contiene ejemplos sobresalientes de comunidades particulares o de conjuntos de comunidades. Estos inventarios bioldgicos identifican, de la forma mas rapida posible, las comunidades bioldgicas importantes en el sitio o regidn de interés, y evaldan su calidad y condicién. El tiempo y la exactitud bioldgica son primordiales. Los inventarios rapidos se basan en un-acercamiento intenso, efectivo en términos de tiempo, e integrado. Los equipos cientificos se enfocan principalmente en los grupos de organismos que sirven como buenos indicadores de evaluacién del tipo de habitat y condicién, que pueden ser inventariados rapidamente, a un nivel donde la importancia biolégica del sitio pueda ser evaluada dentro de un contexto regional y global. Asi, los inventarios biolégicos rapidos se concentran en las especies mas comunes que caracterizan a la comunidad y que consti- tuyen la mayoria de las plantas y animales que‘se veran protegidos con una accion apropiada de conservacién y manejo. Al mismo tiempo, los equipos recopilan informacion sobre la riqueza global de las especies, las especies indicativas de habitats y ecosistemas intactos, especies 0 habitats inusuales que se hallan presentes, y las caracteristicas y dinamicas de todo el paisaje. Los equipos de expertos bidlogos de campo de los Estados Unidos y del pais anfitrion, llevan a cabo estos inventarios biolégicos rapidos. Los cientificos en el pais son claves para el equipo de campo; la experiencia de estos expertos locales es particular- mente critica para entender las areas donde previamente ha habido poca o ninguna exploracion cientifica. La investigacién y proteccidn de las comunidades naturales a partir del viaje para el inventario, invariablemente dependen de las iniciativas de los cientificos y conservacionistas locales. Una vez completado un inventario biolégico rapido (tipicamente en el plazo de un mes), el equipo transmite la informacién del inventario a los responsables de las decisiones, locales e internacionales (y al plblico, a través de la Web), quienes pueden fijar las priori- dades y los lineamientos para las acciones de conservacién del pais anfitrién. La informacién recabada a través de cada inventario rapido completa los vacios de informaci6n sobre el terreno, dentro de estas regiones de alta prioridad y bajo un estatus de amenaza, permitién- ‘doles a los conservacionistas evaluar y comparar los sitios en base a su importancia bioldégica .dentro de un marco regional y global. THE FIELD MUSEUM are biological : Ol inventories Bolivia: Pando, Rio Tahuamanu William S. Alverson, Debra K. Moskovits, and Jennifer M. Shopland, editors MARCH 2000 Participating institutions The Field Museum Chicago Zoological Society Universidad Amazonica de Pando Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Colecci6n Boliviana de Fauna — Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Armonia Collaborating Institutions Conservacion Internacional — Bolivia World Wildlife Fund — Bolivia Funding The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Chicago Zoological Society The Field Museum Rapid Biological Inventories Reports are published by: THE FIELD MUSEUM Environmental and Conservation Programs 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 USA 312.665.7430, 312.665.7433 fax www.fieldmuseum.org Editors: William S. Alverson, Debra K. Moskovits, and Jennifer M. Shopland Design: Costello Communications, Chicago Maps: William S. Alverson and Margaret Metz Cover photograph: Vincent Sodaro Translations: Julia K. Kurtz, Angela Padilla, and Tyana Wachter The Field Museum is a non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 0-914868-50-0 © 2000 by The Field Museum. All rights reserved. Any opinions expressed in the Rapid Biological Inventories Reports are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect those of The Field Museum. ry : &@ Printed on recycled paper This publication has been funded in part by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation SUGGESTED CITATION : Alverson, W.S., D.K. Moskovits, and J.M. Shopland (editors). 2000. Bolivia: Pando, Rio Tahuamanu. Rapid Biological Inventories Report 1. Chicago, Illinois: The Field Museum. 00:02 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 CONTENTS :04 :06 -10 ala LW, ale, eu) 220 all 721 oll 25 :24 720 a2 7. ‘28 :28 i725) :34 736 :40 :43 :45 Participants Organizational Profiles Acknowledgements Why Pando? Overview of Results Ecological Profile Inferred History of Human Impact Tree Species of Economic Importance Wild Fruit Resources Primates and other Large Mammals Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians Conservation Targets Threats Conservation Opportunities Recommendations Technical Report Overview of Sites Sampled Flora and Vegetation Reptiles and Amphibians Birds Primates Other Large Mammals Literature Cited :47 :48 : 66 :68 769 :77 :78 Appendices 1. Species of vascular plants recorded for the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve 2A. Species of amphibians and reptiles recorded for the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve 2B. Species of amphibians and reptiles in a collection made by Oscar Teran from the immediate vicinity of Cobija (Dept. Pando, Bolivia) 3. Species of birds encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve 4. Species of primates encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve 5. Species of large, non-primate mammals encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:03 PARTICIPANTS FIELD TEAM William S. Alverson (plants) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. John E. Cadle (amphibians and reptiles) Department of Herpetology Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, U.S.A. Stephanie Dammermann (primates) New York University, New York, NY, U.S.A. Robin B. Foster (plants) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. Leeann Haggerty (primates) New York University, New York, NY, U.S.A. Amy Hanson (primates) Department of Ecology and Evolution State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, U.S.A. Lois Jammes (birds; pilot, coordinator) Armonia Santa Cruz, Bolivia Debra Moskovits (coordinator) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. Edilio Nacimento (large mammals; coordinator) Cobija, Pando, Bolivia Narel Paniagua Z. (plants) Herbario Nacional de Bolivia La Paz, Bolivia Leila Porter (large mammals) Department of Ecology and Evolution State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, U.S.A. Carmen Quiroga O. (birds) Colecci6n Boliviana de Fauna Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, La Paz, Bolivia 00:04 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 Steffen Reichle (amphibians and reptiles) Colecci6n Boliviana de Fauna Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, La Paz, Bolivia Julio Rojas G. (plants; coordinator) Carrera de Biologia, Universidad Amazonica de Pando Centro de Investigacion y Preservacion de la Amazonia Cobija, Bolivia Thomas S. Schulenberg (birds) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. Vincent Sodaro (primates) Primate Department Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, U.S.A. Sandra Suarez (primates) Department of Anthropology New York University, New York, NY, U.S.A. Gualberto Torrico P. (plants) Carrera de Biologia, Universidad Amazénica de Pando Centro de Investigacion y Preservacién de la Amazonia Cobija, Bolivia COLLABORATORS Juan Pablo Arce S. (coordinator) Conservacion Internacional — Bolivia La Paz, Bolivia Chelsea Specht D. World Wildlife Fund — Bolivia Santa Cruz, Bolivia BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:05 ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILES The Field Museum The Field Museum is a collections-based research and educational institution devoted to natural and cultural diversity. Combining the fields of Anthropology, Botany, Geology, Zoology, and Conservation Biology, Museum scientists research issues in evolution, environmental biology, and cultural anthropology. Environmental and Conservation Programs (ECP) is the branch of the Museum dedicated to translating science into action that creates and supports lasting conservation. With losses of natural diversity world- wide and accelerating, ECP’s mission is to direct the Museum’s resources — scientific expertise, worldwide collections, innovative education programs — to the immediate needs of conservation at local, national, and international levels. The Field Museum 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605-2496 312.922.9410 www.fieldmuseum.org Chicago Zoological Society The mission of the Chicago Zoological Society is to help people develop a sustainable and harmonious relationship with nature. In so doing, the Society provides for the recreation and education of people, the conservation of wildlife, and the discovery of biological knowledge. The principal means of fulfilling this mission is through the operation of Brookfield Zoo — owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County — a zoological park near Chicago. The Society supports active research and field conservation programs, with formal research programs in genetics, behavior, ecology, nutrition, pathology, and veterinary medicine. The Society regularly supports field conservation projects in more than 20 countries around the world. Brookfield Zoo 3300 Golf Road Brookfield, IL 60513 708.485.0263 www.brookfieldzoo.org T 00:06 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 Universidad Amazonica de Pando — Centro de Investigaci6n y Preservacion de la Amazonia From two original departments at its founding in 1993, Biology and Nursing, the Universidad Amazonica de Pando (UAP) has grown to include Computer Sciences, Agroforestry, Law, Civil Engineering, and Aquaculture. The urgent need for an expert center in Pando to man- age the rich natural resources of the region led to UAP’s strong emphasis on Biology and to the development of the Center for Research and Preservation of the Amazon (CIPA). The University’s maxim — The preservation of Amazonia is essential for the survival of life and for the progress and development of Pando — reflects this focus on conservation. CIPA heads the research for fauna and flora in the region and guides policies and strategies for conservation of natural resources in Amazonia. Universidad Amazonica de Pando Centro de Investigacion y Preservacion de la Amazonia Cobija, Pando, Bolivia 591.8429710 Museo Nacional de Historia Natural — Coleccion Boliviana de Fauna The Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (MNHN), a research and educational institution funded by the National Academy of Sciences of Bolivia, undertakes investigation of the flora, fauna, and paleontology of Bolivia. In 1989, MNHN, with the Institute of Ecology of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, established the Bolivian Collection of Fauna (CBF). The principal objective of CBF is to contribute to the basic knowledge of the biodiversity and distribution of Bolivia’s fauna, and to promote the conservation and sustainable use of the fauna. CBF is the primary center for faunal collections in Bolivia. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Calle 26 s/n, Cota Cota; Casilla 8706 La Paz, Bolivia 591.2795364 BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:07 Herbario Nacional de Bolivia The Herbario Nacional de Bolivia in La Paz is Bolivia’s national center for botanical research. It is dedicated to the study of floristic composition and the conservation of plant species of Bolivia’s different ecosystems. The Herbario was consolidated in 1984 with the establishment of a scientific reference collection observ- ing international standards and a specialized library. The Herbario produces publications that advance the knowledge of Bolivia’s floristic richness. Resulting from an agreement between the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés and the Academia de Ciencias de Bolivia, the Herbario also contributes to the training of profes- sional botanists, as well as to the development of the La Paz Botanical Garden in Cota Cota. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia Calle 27 Cota Cota Correo Central Cajon Postal 10077 La Paz, Bolivia 5912792582 Armonia Founded in 1993, and the Bolivian Partner of BirdLife International, Armonia is a volunteer-based, non-profit association dedicated to the study and conservation of birds. The conservation projects of Armonia reflect its vision that humans and nature are one. Armonia’s main goals are (1) to conserve Bolivia’s birds and their habitats through scientific investigation, training courses, and working agreements with other institutions; and (2) to diffuse information relating to the conservation of nature — with special emphasis on birds — at a national level to strengthen ecological awareness in Bolivia. In response to the great richness of Bolivia’s biodiversity, Armonia is broadening its scope of interest to other areas of conservation and ecology, always with the aim of contributing directly to the conservation of natural resources. Armonia Casilla 3081 Santa Cruz, Bolivia 597,557 1005 armonia@scbbs-bo.com 00:08 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 Conservacion Internacional — Bolivia World Wildlife Fund — Bolivia Conservacion Internacional — Bolivia (CI-Bolivia), The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Bolivia Program based in La Paz, is a non-profit, non-governmental Office is based in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. organization focused on conservation and biodiversity The mission of WWF is to conserve nature, with special in Bolivia. CI -Bolivia’s programs concentrate on emphasis on 200 priority ecoregions that represent the (1) increase of scientific knowledge about biological biodiversity of the planet and that are uniquely threat- diversity; (2) sustainable use of forests, such as ened. Six of these priority ecoregions occur in Bolivia: ecotourism, non-timber forest products, sustainable Southwest Amazon, Yungas, High Andean Lakes, Beni agriculture, and others; (3) management of protected Grasslands, Pantanal, and Chiquitano Forest. WWF — areas and development of models for conservation Bolivia is developing and implementing ecoregional- politics; and (4) community participation that demon- based conservation programs with colleagues and strates how human societies can live harmoniously partners in Bolivia and in neighboring Peru and Brazil. with nature. Conservation strategies include strengthening of protected areas, promotion of sustainable resource CI - Bolivia management, environmental education, capacity build- Calle Macario Pinilla esquina 6 de Agosto ing and policy development. No. 291, segundo piso La Paz, Bolivia WWE -— Bolivia 591.2434058 Calle Giiemes #4, entre Av. San Martin y www.conservation.org Av. Enrique Finot Barrio Equipetrol, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 591.3.365326 and 325416 www.wwf.org BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:09 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The success of Rapid Biological Inventories depends on the efforts of a large group working tirelessly together before, during, and after the field expedition. We thank the many colleagues, partners, and friends who ensured that (1) the trip ran smoothly, (2) inventory participants were kept up to date on events in Pando, and (3) inven- tory results were put to immediate use. Leila Porter, Edilio Nacimento, Anita Christen, Sandra Suarez, Hannah Buchanan, and Teresa Tarifa are just a few of the workers who have been dedicated to biological issues in the Rio Tahuamanu region in recent years. Their efforts, along with those of Julio Rojas, Mario Baudoin, Robert Wallace, Damian Rumiz, Juan Pablo Arce, Chelsea Specht, and James Aparicio, among others, set the stage for the conservation activities in the region and for this rapid inventory. We are grateful to the many people who made possible a quick response to the inventory request. Monica Moscoso (CI-Bolivia) went beyond the call of duty to coordinate the complicated logistics. Tim Sullivan responded to the initial call for action from Bolivia; he organized the participation from the Chicago Zoological Society and remained central through the coordination of follow-up steps. Tyana Wachter and Sophia Twichell (The Field Museum) solved problems with magical efficiency and maintained the fast pace throughout the planning stage. Leila Porter and Edilio Nacimento took care of the details on the ground. Lois (Lucho) Jammes contributed his skills in the air (with excellent overflights) and also on the ground. Tim Killeen (Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado) provided satellite images. The people of Pando — from San Sebastian to Palmera to Pingo de Oro to Cobija — showed deep hospitality to our team. We sincerely thank the Governor of Pando, Honorable Roger Pinto, for spending hours with us discussing conservation opportunities, as well as for organizing meetings in Cobija. We thank the former Diputado (current Mayor of Cobija), Honorable Miguel Becerra, who responded quickly to our calls from the field and arranged meetings with government officials. We are grateful to the President of the Senate, Honorable Leopoldo Fernandez Ferreira, for his interest, focus, and encouragement. Julio Rojas was our primary spokesperson in Cobija. Juan Pablo Arce and Monica Moscoso (CI-Bolivia) arranged the meetings in La Paz. Mario Baudoin and Juan Pablo provided invaluable insights. Chelsea Specht (WWF-Bolivia) spearheaded subsequent negotiations with the logging company. We thank the owners and managers of Empresa Aserradero San Martin for their willingness to discuss the establish- ment of the Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve within their logging concession. For generous support of activities related to this Rapid Biological Inventory Report, we thank the John D.and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Chicago Zoological Society, and The Field Museum. 00:10 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 Why Pando? The Department of Pando, in northern Bolivia (Figure 1), is very diverse biologically. Pando encompasses excellent examples of both black-water and white-water-river floodplain communities (predominant in the east and west, respectively). Its upland forests, dominated by Brazil-nut trees, are characteristic of the sandy-clay terraces that form a narrow band across the southwestern Amazon drainage. Many species that occur in Pando are rare elsewhere in Amazonia or are endemic (unique) to Bolivia, or both. Furthermore, many of the species assemblages in Pando occur nowhere else in Bolivia. Several species reach the southern limit of their distribution at the Rio Madre de Dios; northeastern Pando marks the western limit for many species from the Brazilian Shield (flora and fauna that are being devastated to the east). Rapidly expanding logging and ranching activities seriously threaten Pando’s biological riches. Logging concessions now cover much of the Department, and cattle ranches — with their ecologically devastating practices — multiply apace as soon as areas have been logged for the more valuable timber. The need for effective conservation in the region has become critical, not only to establish, but also to manage protected areas. Differences in natural commu- nities and species composition throughout Pando highlight the importance of protecting sites in all ecologically distinct regions of the Department. ] BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARzO 2000 | 00:11 Interest in the specific sites for this rapid inventory in western Pando began in 1997, when Leila Porter and Edilio Nacimento established a field station for a two-year study of the endangered Goeldi’s monkey, Callimico goeldii, near the Rio Tahuamanu (Figure 1). Inspired by their success in habituating and observing this little-known primate, Porter and Nacimento pro- moted long-term studies of the 13 other species of nonhuman primates in the area. The unusual richness in primate species around the Rio Tahuamanu and the Rio Muyumanu, a tributary to the southwest, further prompted Porter and Nacimento to coordinate efforts with Julio Rojas, of the Universidad Amazonica de Pando, Cobija, to develop a preliminary proposal for designation of the area as an Ecological Reserve (Rojas et al. 1998). Investigation revealed that the area proposed for the reserve falls within two forestry concessions owned by a large Bolivian logging company, Empresa Aserradero San Martin. During initial contacts, the logging company demonstrated interest in negotiations for conservation if the area were shown to be of high biological value. However, the company revised its schedule for logging the area from the year 2005 to early 2000, marked thousands of individual trees, and cut a 10-km logging road through old-growth forest to begin removing timber at the beginning of the dry season (April 2000). In response to the urgent need and the high potential for conservation, The Field Museum and the Chicago Zoological Society, in collaboration with Conservacion Internacional-Bolivia and the Universidad Amazonica de Pando, organized a rapid biological inventory of the area. With circumstances dictating that the inventory be unusually fast, the fieldwork took place from 17 to 25 October 1999. We targeted two primary sites within the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve (north and south of the Rio Tahuamanu, Figure 1) and focused on large mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, and plants. We sampled five sites (see Overview of Sites Sampled, in the Technical Report) and flew over the entire region. Meetings with government officials immediately following the fieldwork generated much enthusiasm and support for conservation from the current Mayor of Cobija, the Governor of Pando, and the President of the Bolivian National Senate. Led by World Wildlife Fund- Bolivia, discussions have resumed with San Martin, with participation of Conservacion Internacional-Bolivia, Universidad Amazonica de Pando, and several organiza- tions in the United States and Bolivia. The current goal is to convert a portion of the logging concession into a protected core area with a biological field station, surrounded by an area managed for the sustainable production of nontimber forest products. The negotia- tions also have generated enthusiasm for development of a conservation and management plan for the whole western portion of the Department of Pando. 00:12 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 Bolivia: Pando, Rio Tahuamanu Figure 1 — AREA SAMPLED BY THE RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY TEAM (AREA DEL INVENTARIO) ALONG THE Rio TAHUAMANU IN WESTERN PANDO, BOLIVIA, IN OCTOBER 1999. THE STATE OF PANDO BORDERS ON PERU TO THE WEST, BRAZIL TO THE NORTH AND EAST, AND THE Rios BENI AND MADRE DE DIOS TO THE SOUTH. THE INSET SHOWS THE LOCATION OF THE MAIN MAP WITHIN SouTH America. / Figura 1 — AREA MUESTREADA POR EL EQUIPO DEL INVEN- TARIO BIOLOGICO RAPIDO (AREA DEL INVENTARIO) A LO LARGO DEL RIO TAHUAMANU EN LA PARTE OCCIDENTAL DE PANDO, BOLIVIA, EN OCTUBRE DE 1999. EL DEPARTAMENTO DE PANDO TIENE SUS LiMITES CON PERU AL OESTE, BRASIL AL NORTE Y AL ESTE, Y LOS R{OS BENI Y MADRE DE DIOS AL SUR. EL RECUADRO MUESTRA LA UBICACION DEL MAPA PRINCIPAL DENTRO DEL CONTEXTO DE AMERICA DEL SUR. BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:13 Figures 2A-B CORRESPOND TO THE AREA DEL INVENTARIO OF FIGURE I AND DEPICT WILD AND HUMAN COMMUNI- TIES IN THE SURVEYED TAHUAMANU REGION. PERU LIES SOUTHWEST OF THE OBLIQUE BLACK LINE IN THE LOWER LEFT CORNER OF THE PHOTO. / Figuras 2A-B CORRESPONDEN AL AREA DEL INVENTARIO DE FIGURA I Y REPRESENTAN LAS COMUNIDADES NATURALES Y HUMANAS EN LA REGION MUESTREADA. LA FRONTERA CON PERU SE MUESTRA CON UNA LINEA NEGRA OBLIQUA EN LA PARTE IZQUIERDA BAJA DE LA FOTO. (LANDSAT TM IMAGE 002-068, 1992, CORTES{A DE NASA y DEL Museo NOEL KEMPFF MERCADO.) Figure 2A — Small clearings made by rubber-tappers and Brazil-nut gather- ers are scattered across the forested landscape. The road from Cobija to Puerto Heath (both off the map) runs along the east (right) side of the photo; fields and pastures along this road appear as pale blue patches. / Figura 2A — Chacos pequenos creados por los seringueros y castaneros estan esparcidos a través del paisaje. El camino de Cobija a Puerto Heath (los dos fuera del mapa) corre a lo largo de la parte este (derecha) de la foto; campos abiertos y pastizales a lo largo del camino aparecen como manchas azules. Figure 2B — Major habitat types: green = upland forest (terra firme); blue = floodplain forest (Ilanura del rio); yellow = old alluvial terraces (sartenejal). The new logging road between Rutina and Palmera runs parallel to the southeast bank of the Rio Muyumanu. / Figura 2B — Habitats de mayor importancia: verde = tierra firme; azul = llanura del rio (bosque de planicie aluvial); amarillo = sartenejal (terrazas antiguas aluviales). El nuevo camino de extraccion maderera que va de Rutina a Palmera corre a lo largo de la orilla sudeste del rio Muyumanu. Places/Lugares: Fl = Filadelfia; PA = Palmera; PO = Pingo de Oro; RU = Rutina; SS = San Sebastian. 69°14'W 68°50'W 68°44'W | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 1120'S 1126'S 1132'S 1138'S Figures 3A-D DEPICT THE MAJOR NATURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE PROPOSED TAHUAMANU ECOLOGICAL RESERVE. UNIQUE WETLANDS ELSEWHERE IN THE REGION (FIGS. 3E, F) RECEIVE CRITICAL PROTECTION IN THE MANURIPI-HEATH NATIONAL Park / Figuras 3A-D REPRESENTAN LAS COMUNIDADES NATURALES PRINCIPALES EN LA RESERVA ECOLOGICA TAHUAMANU PROPUESTA. HUMEDALES UNICOS (FIGS. 3E, F) EN LA REGION RECIBEN PROTECCION CRITICA EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL MANURIPI-HEATH Fig. 3A - Canopy of upland forest (terra firme) at San Sebastian/ Dosel del bosque de tierra firme en San Sebastian Fig. 3B - Floodplain forest (Ilanura del rio) along the Rio Tahuamanu/ Bosque de la llanura del rio (planicie aluvial) a lo largo del rio Tahauamanu Fig. 3C - Sartenejal forest on poorly- drained, old alluvial terraces along the Rio Tahuamanu (with Vochysia in flower) / Bosque de sartenejal sobre terrazas aluviales antiguas mal drenadas a lo largo del rio Tahuamanu (con Vochysia floreando) Fig. 3D - Nearly pure stands of Mauritia flexuosa palm in the Tahuamanu floodplain/Casi grupos enteros de la palmera Mauritia flexuosa en la |lanura del rio del Tahuamanu. Fig. 3E - Black-water lagoon, Lago Bay, In the Manuripi-Heath National Park/ Laguna de aguas negras, Lago Bay, en el Parque Nacional Manuripi-Heath Fig. 3F - Wetland north of Chive in the Manuripi-Heath National Park / Humedal al norte de Chive en el Parque Nacional Manuripi-Heath BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:15 Figures 4A, C, E— FRIENDS OF THE FOREST: THE FIRST COLUMN OF PHOTOGRAPHS PORTRAYS HUMAN ACTIVITIES HIGHLY COMPATIBLE WITH THE DIVERSE PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE IN THE TAHUAMANU FOREST/Figuras 4A, C, E- AMIGOS DEL BOSQUE: LA PRIMERA COLUMNA DE FOTOGRAFIAS REPRESENTA LAS ACTIVIDADES HUMANAS ALTAMENTE COMPATIBLES CON LA DIVERSIDAD DE VIDA DE LAS PLANTAS Y ANIMALES EN EL BOSQUE TAHUAMANU / Figures 4B, D, F — FOES OF THE FOREST: THE SECOND COLUMN DEPICTS ACTIVITIES THAT LEAD TO THE ULTIMATE DESTRUCTION OF RICH FOREST COMMUNITIES / Figuras 4B, D, F - ENEMIGOS DEL BOSQUE: LA SEGUNDA COLUMNA REPRESENTA LAS ACTIVIDADES QUE CONDUJERON A LA DESTRUCCION FINAL DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE BOSQUES DE ALTA RIQUEZA Fig. 4A - Trunk of a rubber tree (siringa), incised to extract sap/ Tronco del arbol de Siringa, con incisiones para extraer el latex Fig. 4B - Forest conversion in the Tahuamanu region; Brazil-nut trees left standing are killed by subsequent fires./ Bosque de conversion en la region de Tahuamanu; arboles de castanas aun vivos moriran a causa de incendios subsequentes. Fig. 4C - Homemade, natural-rubber boots at Pingo de Oro, the seringueros’ camp/ Botas de caucho natural, hechas en casa en Pingo de Oro Fig. 4D - Cattle on the road to Cobija/ Ganado sobre el camino a Cobija Fig. 4E - Oxen used seasonally to transport Brazil nuts from forest camps to riverside depots / Bueyes usados durante la temporada para transportar las castafias de los campamentos del bosque a los depéositos del rio Fig. 4F - Tree felled for new logging road/ Arbol tumbado para el nuevo camino maderero Photo credits: Figures 3A - 3F, R. Foster; 4A, 4B, 4D, V. Sodaro; 4C, 4E, T. Schulenberg; 4F, W. Alverson. ] | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 Contributors/Authors: Robin Foster, Leila Porter, Thomas S. Schulenberg, John E. Cadle, Steffen Reichle, Julio Rojas G., and Edilio Nacimento OVERVIEW OF RESULTS ECOLOGICAL PROFILE The Rio Tahuamanu region of northwestern Pando (Figures 1, 2) provides an excellent and typical sample of both white-water floodplain communities and the sandy-clay terraces of southern and southwestern Amazonia, characterized by a great abundance of Brazil-nut (castana, Bertholletia excelsa) and rubber trees (siringa, Hevea brasiliensis). The primate fauna in the region is extremely rich, with 14 nonhuman species recorded — equaling the highest number reported from any area surveyed in the Neotropics and among the world’s highest concen- trations of primates in a single area. The composition of the flora indicates a relatively rich soil — unusual for Amazonian terra firme (upland forests) — and high productivity in the vegetation. These sandy-clay terraces are especially rich in tree species important to animals (such as figs and palms), including extractive resources for humans. In Bolivia, many of the species assemblages encountered occur only in the Department of Pando. The rapid biological survey also revealed many new records for the country. Of the 615 species of vascular plants registered in the areas inventoried, approximately 50 are new records for Bolivia. The estimated number of plant species in the area of the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, based on this survey, is 2,000. In addition to primates, the other large mammals in the region (37 species, with 1 new record for Bolivia, and 1 potentially new species or subspecies of deer), the birds (319 species, 1 new for Bolivia), and the amphibians and reptiles (55 species, 6 new for Bolivia) constitute a fauna characteristic of southern and southwestern Amazonia. We estimate the herpetological fauna (which needs to be re-inventoried during the more favorable, wet season) at 120 to 150 species. The richness of bird fauna at the selectively logged site (San Sebastian) was significantly lower (15-20%) than at the unlogged site (Pingo de Oro), both for the total number of species recorded at each site (163 versus 192) and for the forest-dwelling species only (151 versus 182). We estimate the number of bird species at each site to be over 300, with a regional total closer to 500. BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:17 UPLAND FORESTS (TERRA FIRME, FIGURES 2, 3A) Dissected, sandy-clay terraces of Tertiary age, which rise 50 to 100 m above river level, characterize this region. These upland terraces, presumably derived from deposits in the giant lakebed that once covered much of the Amazon Basin, extend from southeastern Peru (near the rivers Heath and Tambopata), eastward in a band into Brazil, south of the Rio Amazonas but north of the Brazilian Shield. The terraces range from high, flat-topped hills interrupted by steep-sloped ridges and ravines, down to low, flat hills and terraces barely above the floodplain. Most erosion is gradual, creating relatively gentle slopes. The streams have primarily sandy bottoms, with occasional hard rock exposed. Nearly half of the old-growth upland forest is covered with high (40 m), continuous canopy that creates a shaded, open understory. On the highest ridges and hills the forest is drier and more subject to the effects of wind and occasionally severe droughts. Much of this drier forest has an open, discontinuous canopy (probably because of higher frequencies of treefalls) with a high density of lianas. In the western half of the terra firme between the Rio Tahuamanu and the Rio Muyumanu, much more open, tangled canopy was apparent from our overflights, even in the valleys. However, we do not know how soil characteristics, human activity, or other variables may reduce the amount of intact high canopy in that area. The upland forest of this region seems fairly typical of terra firme throughout central and western Pando but differs in community and landscape charac- teristics from adjoining regions. For example, the terra firme of the Manuripi-Heath park in southern Pando has far fewer Brazil-nut and rubber trees and more species of canopy trees (judging from the canopy seen in the overflight), as well as spectacular palisades, cliffs, and steep ravine habitats along the Rio Madre de Dios. The northeast section of Pando (east of 66° E longitude) is considerably different than central or western Pando. This area, especially the lower drainage of the Rio Negro and land further east, is on rock that is part of the ancient Brazilian Shield formation to the east. It has tall upland forest that is different in composition from that of western Pando; large stretches of dwarf, poorly drained upland hummock forest; and diverse black-water riverine forest. The soils are much sandier and more acidic than in the rest of Pando, with few Brazil-nut or rubber trees and few human settlements. Much of the flora and fauna in the northeast is absent in western Pando and is being eliminated to the east (on the other side of the Rio Madeira, in Brazil), with the relentless, rapid destruction of the few remaining moist forests of the Brazilian Shield. The eastern boundary also includes the picturesque rapids of the Rio Madeira, which played such an important role in the history of the region. This area of Pando is clearly appropriate for one or more strictly protected areas, in contrast to the upper Tahuamanu area discussed in this report, which is much more appropriate as an extractive reserve. FLOODPLAIN FORESTS (LLANURA DEL RIO, FIGURES 2, 3B) Vegetation on the meanders of the Rio Tahuamanu is typical of white-water rivers, with five recognizable successional stages: (1) annual herbs on the beach; (2) Tessaria-Gynerium thickets; (3) Cecropia stands; (4) Ficus-Cedrela forest, up to 150 years old and usually with high (>35m), closed canopy on the higher levees near the river; and (5) old forest (older than 150 years but still occasionally inundated). Much of the older forest in the Tahuamanu floodplain is extremely open and swampy, appearing lower and more poorly drained than the younger stages on more recent river levees. In the backwater areas with the least drainage, at least three recognizable vegetation types, or some combination of them, cover large expanses: (1) floating or emergent herbs and shrubs; (2) “ghost forests” (recently dead, widely separated trees covered with vines); and (3) stands of Mauritia flexuosa palms (Figures 2, 3d). These plant communities are typical of the floodplains of the Tahuamanu, Manuripi, and Orthon rivers; understanding the condi- tions that give rise to these communities is critical to 00:18 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 any management plan for the floodplains of Pando. In the area of the Rio Tahuamanu proposed as a reserve, the backwater floodplain communities are small and relatively poorly developed, in contrast to the spectacular diversity and extent of comparable communities on the Rio Manuripi in the Manuripi- Heath National Park (Figures 3e, 3f). Along the Manuripi are extensive arroyos such as Lago Bay with its chains of blackwater lagoons, huge areas of Mauritia palm swamp, herbaceous meadows, and ghost forest; in the areas just southwest of Puerto Rico are extensive seasonal swamps dominated by Macrolobium acactifolium trees. The Manuripi-Heath National Park is the only place in Bolivia and the southwestern Amazon Basin where such important communities can be protected. The floodplain of the upper Rio Tahuamanu, though small, is nevertheless an important ecological complement to the terra firme forest, because many animal species (especially large mammals) make use of both habitats seasonally. Above the current floodplain and parallel to it, however, are extensive stretches of unusual, seasonally flooded forests (Figures 2, 3c). These flat “frying-pan” forests (sartenejales) are not flooded by the river; rather, they grow on impermeable clay and apparently are the remnants of a much older and higher floodplain. The sartenejales are dwarf forests, usually less than 10 m tall, with an abundance of Vochysia and a palm that appears to be Oenocarpus batahua (noticeable from the overflights). A narrow band of low, sandy terra firme forest separates most of the older sartenejales from the current floodplains. Although this poorly studied vegetation type appears rare elsewhere in Pando (as well as throughout the Amazon Basin), at least one large expanse of sartenejal and several smaller ones lie in the proposed reserve. The floodplain of the smaller Rio Muyumanu — with its steep-banked, slow-moving river channel and its highly irregular, short levees and depressions — is very different from the floodplain of the Tahuamanu. When enclosed by terra firme, these small tributaries have a slow-moving meander system with few beaches (lined with Alchornea castaneifolia on the expanding banks, and with a mixture of Inga species and liana tangles on the eroding banks). When these smaller tributaries cut across the current floodplain of the Tahuamanu, they create small levees frequently lined with Xylopia cuspidata and Virola cf. surinamensis. A very similar vegetation occurs along the Rio Nareuda, the principal tributary of the Tahuamanu north of the proposed reserve. BAMBOO FORESTS (GUADUALES, FIGURE 2) In our records, dense clumps of bamboo (Guadua cf. weberbaueri) are relatively infrequent in the eastern part of the proposed reserve and usually are associated with second growth from recent human clearings. In the western part, however, along the border with Peru, bamboo dominates the understory and canopy openings in large expanses of many square kilometers. This is the southeastern edge of the greatest bamboo patch in South America, extending from western Pando up to 500 km north and west into Peru and Brazil. In the northwestern corner of Pando, settlements in the proposed Yaminahua-Machineri Indigenous Reserve also are surrounded by extensive stands of bamboo, suggesting at least an indirect relationship to human activity for hundreds of years. INFERRED HISTORY OF HUMAN IMPACT: OLD, SUSTAINABLY MANAGED FORESTS? Even without archeological data, we can infer the human interactions with the vegetation of this area, at least for the terra firme. Two features, in particular, stand out. First is the most conspicuous characteristic of the vegeta- tion of this region: the predominance of giant floodplain trees (e.g., Dipteryx micrantha and Ceiba pentandra) all over the terra firme. To become established and grow large, these species require large areas of exposed soil and many years of low competition for light and soil resources (Foster et al. 1986; Foster 1990; Foster and Hubbell 1990). These giants normally get their start on BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 the levees formed from the beaches on river meanders, under the thin shade and weak root development of the earliest successional species. The only other natural situations where these conditions are met come from large landslides, which are infrequent in this area. Human clearing and burning of terra firme forests, however, also create such conditions. These emergent trees in the Tahuamanu area are of approximately the same size as 500-year-old trees in human-modified forests elsewhere in Latin America. Our findings strongly support the idea that the area’s terra firme is covered by first-generation forest that has grown back from what must have been patchy but widespread human clearings until shortly after European colonization, when the spread of disease, massacres, and enslavement drastically reduced the indigenous populations. The second noticeable feature is the high frequency of species of potential value to indigenous communities. The composition of the emergent trees in the Tahuamanu is reminiscent of the forests around the Maya ruins of the Petén in Guatemala, which are considered cultivated forests of economically important species. Like the forests of the Petén, the forests of Pando have an abundance of trees with nutritious seeds (Bertholletia, Dipteryx, Brosimum); latex (Hevea, Manilkara); cotton-producing seeds (Ceiba pentandra, C. samauma, and Ceiba [Chorisia] insignis); easily workable, rot-resistant wood (such as Cedrela); and edible, sweet fruits (Pouteria). Also encountered on the hills were huge individuals of Chrysophyllum caimito, considered native to the Caribbean Islands and intro- duced into South America as a cultivated fruit tree. The area between the Muyumanu and Tahuamanu Rivers has patches of secondary forest of various ages, although most patches appear to be less than 30 years old. These secondary forests apparently are the result of small-scale agriculture associated with the recent camps of the Brazil-nut gatherers (castafieros) and rubber tappers (seringueros). This continuing practice of clearing widely separated plots of 2 ha every few years is not by itself a threat to the forest in the region. The most recent disturbance in the region occurred in August and September, 1999, the two months preceding our survey, with the cutting of timber inventory lines northwest of the Rio Muyumanu. These 2 m-wide lines in the understory are not trivial: hundreds of kilometers of them were cut every 100 m east-to-west, and every 500 m north-to-south, thus destroying more than 2% of the forest understory. TREE SPECIES OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The most important economic trees in the region are Brazil nut (castana, Bertholletia), rubber tree (siringa, Hevea), cedro (Cedrela), and roble (Amburana). Although the techniques used in the collection of Brazil nuts have minor direct impact on the parent trees themselves, the potentially serious effect of seed collection on the recruitment of Brazil-nut seedlings and saplings is under investigation in Peru (Enrique Ortiz, Alton Jones Foundation). Juvenile trees are extremely rare in the forests around the Tahuamanu. During the overflights, we noticed that many of the larger, presum- ably older trees are gradually dying; they exhibited a dieback pattern typical of old or stressed trees, i.e., missing branches and many, leafless, dead branchlets in their crowns. Some intervention and active management (e.g., planting of seeds or seedlings in the small agricul- tural clearings found throughout the forests) probably will be necessary to maintain future populations. Rubber tappers in the area currently manage their Hevea trees very well. The trees are healthy and reproductive, and the population of rubber trees appears to be self-sustaining. In contrast, in areas with denser populations of rubber trees (seringales), such as at Ingavi, downriver on the Rio Orthon, the trees have been overexploited and most are fungus-infected and not reproductive. Densities of mahogany (mara, Swietenia macrophylla) and roble (Amburana cearensis) are not significant in this region. The density of mahogany seems low compared to densities in the other forestry 0.0::20 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 concessions of lowland Bolivia that we have visited (e.g., Santa Cruz, the Chimanes forest in Beni, and northern La Paz). In contrast, the density of cedro appears average or even high for terra firme forests, with populations of both the floodplain species (Cedrela odorata) and the terra firme species (Cedrela fissilis). All the juveniles seen were of the latter species, though C. odorata is likely colonizing patches of second growth. Brosimum alicastrum apparently has been overlooked in terms of its potential as a sustainable source of food and fodder for local populations and as a possible export crop (for its seeds). WILD FRUIT RESOURCES In addition to other large Moraceae, many species of fig (Ficus) — often with huge individual trees — occur at greater densities in the terra firme forests surveyed than we have seen anywhere else in the Neotropics. This key group of plants provides fruit for animals throughout the year. Palms (Arecaceae) also are a major food resource for vertebrates in these forests. PRIMATES AND OTHER LARGE MAMMALS Pando has an extremely rich primate fauna. We detect- ed a total of 14 nonhuman species in the areas sur- veyed, equal to the highest concentration of primate species known anywhere in the Neotropics. The Rio Tahuamanu acts as a natural barrier to the distribution of some primates; protecting sites on both sides of the river is crucial. Populations of the larger primates suffer from hunting pressure in the region, which appears to differ in intensity between our survey sites (see below). In addition to primates, we recorded 37 species of large mammals in the region, nearly all of the megafauna known for this part of the Amazon Basin. Of these, only the giant river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), reported by one resident interviewed, seems to be locally endangered or nearly extirpated; the Palmera site along the Rio Muyumanu may contain some of the last Bolivian populations of this species. Green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti), a first record for Bolivia, appears to occur in high densities throughout the region. We observed one deer that resembles the gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) but has yellow and black lines below its eyes; it may be a new species or subspecies of Cervidae. Most of the mammal species observed appear to be relatively common in the region, except for white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), which is rare to the north of the Rio Tahuamanu; jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarundi), which was observed only once in two years (S. Suarez, pers. obs.); and short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis), which was seen only once, at San Sebastian, and seems to be rare throughout the region. BIRDS, REPTILES, AND AMPHIBIANS The avifauna and the herpetofauna of the sites surveyed are typical of southwestern Amazonia. During this rapid biological survey, we recorded 319 bird species throughout the region (exclusive of Cobija). This total includes species in different types of forests, along rivers and oxbow lakes (cochas), and in large clearings and pastures. Most (254 species, or 80%) were species associated primarily with forests and dependent on forests for their survival. At the historically unlogged site (Pingo de Oro) the bird fauna was notably richer in species and more intact than at the selectively logged site (San Sebastian); equivalent sampling effort yielded 15-20% more species at the unlogged site. We recorded the following reptile and amphibian species: 7 snakes, 11 lizards, 32 frogs, 3 crocodilians, and 2 turtles. The species composition we found is similar to that of several well-known sites in southwestern Amazonia, particularly in southern Peru. However, in Bolivia this fauna is probably restricted to parts of the departments of Pando and La Paz, north and west of the Rio Beni. Six species of frogs that we encountered are new records for Bolivia: Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 (unistrigatus group), BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 O0R2 T Eleutherodactylus sp. 2 (unistrigatus group), Epipedobates femoralis, E. trivittatus, Ischnocnema quixensis, and Phrynobyas resinifictrix. All 6 are common in southern Peru, and most elements of this southwestern Amazonia fauna probably extend at least to the Rio Beni, in Bolivia. The discovery of 6 species new to the country during poor conditions for herpeto- faunal surveys (see below) is significant; it suggests that many more species new to the Bolivian herpetofauna remain to be discovered in the region. Because of the dry sampling conditions, our results are low estimates for the richness of the herpetofauna in the area of the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve. Based on similar but better-known sites in southern Peru (Manu, Tambopata, and Cuzco Amazonico), which are further north, less seasonal, and somewhat moister, we predict that amphibian and reptile species richness of the Tahuamanu area is approximately 120 to 150 (since latitude, seasonality, and humidity all influence overall species diversity or composition). A more complete survey of these assemblages (from rainy season to early dry season, approximately January to June) would raise the accuracy of this estimate. 00:22 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 CONSERVATION TARGETS Because of (1) their global or regional rarity, (2) their ecosystem functions, the following species and commu- influence on community structure or dynamics, or (3) nities should be the primary foci for conservation in their indication of relatively intact habitats or significant the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve. Organism Group Conservation Targets Plant communities Old-growth forest on terra firme All successional stages of major and minor floodplains _—- Tree species Brazil-nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Figs (Ficus spp.), palms (Arecaceae), and other primate foods Reptile and amphibian communities Southwestern Amazonian herpetofaunal community Bird communities, species assemblages, Southwestern Amazonian bird community and individual species Bamboo specialists (especially Lophotriccus eulophotes) Large raptors (Harpia harpyja, Leucopternis kubli) Large gamebirds (Penelope) Range-restricted species (Nonnula sclateri, Formicarius rufifrons) Primates IUCN Red List (vulnerable) species: Callimico goeldii (rare, patchy distribution; also CITES J), Lagothrix lagothricha (critically endangered locally) Alouatta sara (endemic to Bolivia) All other co-occurring primates Other large mammals CITES I species: Herpailurus yaguarundi, Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, Lontra longicaudis, Panthera onca, Priodontes maximus, Pteronura brasiliensis, Puma concolor, Speothus venaticus CITES II species: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari, T. tajacu BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:23 THREATS The primary threat to the natural riches of the region is large-scale conversion of forest to cattle ranching, agriculture, and human settlement. The secondary threats are timber cutting and overharvesting, burning, and elimination of fruit and seed dispersers. CLEARING OF FOREST Patches of secondary forest exist throughout this area, though less frequently than in much of Pando, a condition appropriate for the establishment of an extractive reserve with Ecological Reserve protection status in the region. Most of the clearings (chacos) are made by Brazil-nut gatherers and rubber tappers and are not a problem for forest regeneration. Because most chacos are less than 200 m wide, plant and animal recolonization is possible through natural dispersal from the surrounding forest. However, if crop agriculture becomes an end for commercial trade, rather than a means to provide for the local needs of the Brazil-nut gatherers and rubber tappers, it will pose a serious threat to the plant and animal communities. In contrast, some large areas of northwestern Pando outside the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve already have been cleared for pasture or for contiguous-crop farms. Even if these large, cleared areas are allowed to regenerate, biological diversity will be devastated for a century or more. Local and regional clearing of land also affects the microclimates and microhabitats for amphibians and reptiles, resulting in a decrease of overall species richness. LOGGING Selective logging operations, as traditionally managed in Bolivia, cause soil erosion from the roads and accelerate breakup of the forest canopy. The opening of thousands of small holes in the canopy increases the dominance of lianas and bamboo on a large scale. Once lianas and bamboos become well established, the forest gradually loses much of its structural diversity and the canopy may not close again for several hundred to a thousand years. Other methods of logging, such as strip cutting, are better at protecting the plant and animal communities, but we see no indication that these alternative techniques will be adopted soon in Bolivia. Logging already has begun around San Sebastian and Rutina; we predict serious impact (20% decrease) on the species richness of the bird fauna. Potentially intensive logging at the other sites is imminent. Logging south of the Rio Tahuamanu would destroy a large tract of old-growth forest, with major impact on the animal populations and species assem- blages. Because of concomitant effects on microclimates and moisture regimes, intensive harvesting of timber (including trails cut for surveying timber resources) is detrimental to the herpetofauna, even to species and populations remote from the center of timber harvest. Logging roads themselves become a threat, primarily because of greater accessibility of the forest to ranchers, colonists, and hunters. Reserves or other pro- tected areas set aside must be large enough to prevent insular effects from perturbing the herpetofaunal assem- blage, as well as other sensitive animals and plants. HUNTING Subsistence hunting poses a threat to many of the animal conservation targets, especially the larger primates, other large mammals, gamebirds, and at least a few reptiles. Hunting is the most likely cause for the absence of the large spider and woolly monkeys (Ateles and Lagothrix), for the low abundance of howler monkeys (Alouatta) in the area around San Sebastian, and for the rarity of Ateles and Lagothrix around Pingo de Oro. We saw hunters returning with freshly killed guans (Penelope), although this commonly hunted species remains fairly common at both San Sebastian and Pingo de Oro, where it was recorded daily in small numbers during this survey. We have no records from either site of curassows (Crax), which are much more vulnerable to hunting pressure. Although we have no certain records of curassows from these sites prior to recent human occupation, they are widely distributed in southwestern Amazonia. 00:24 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 We identified overhunting as a specific threat for two species of turtles: Podocnemis unifilis (tericayo or charapa) and Geochelone denticulata (motelo). For Podocnemis, the primary threat is harvesting of eggs and nesting females, which are consumed locally and also sold to restaurants in Cobija and perhaps other towns. Geochelone is consumed locally by Brazil-nut gatherers; a longtime resident of San Sebastian told us that this species was once very common in the area but has been nearly extirpated locally as the human population density increases in the region. : We suspect that either hunting or wanton killing has reduced populations of Caiman in the area, but more survey data are needed. We saw few individ- uals during day surveys of the rivers, and none during night surveys at Rutina (in both the Rio Tahuamanu and the large oxbow lake) and at Palmera (Rio Muyumanu). We observed single individuals of Paleosuchus trigonatus at San Sebastian and in the oxbow lake at Rutina. These small crocodilians are more secretive and nocturnal than the larger species of Caiman and may escape detection for longer periods. However, populations of Paleosuchus appear small in this region. The prevalence of game hunting associated with the Brazil-nut gatherers and rubber tappers is certain to influence both availability of dispersal agents for some plant species and herbivory on other species. Hunting pressure increases with the temporary influx of people during logging activities and during collection of Brazil nuts from December through March each year. PET TRADE Although primate and parrot pets are frequent in the area, current pressure from the pet trade does not seem intense. However, if the pet trade increases, it will become a threat for primates and parrots, and poten- tially for other animals. Populations of macaws and other large parrots seemed low throughout the area, compared to those in southern Madre de Dios, Peru, but we do not know if this scarcity reflects a prior history of bird trapping or results from other causes. PROXIMITY TO COBIJA San Sebastian is near Cobija, the capital of Pando, and is accessible by road throughout the year. The likeli- hood of increased settlement and ranching, with the associated increase in habitat destruction and hunting, threatens the area unless protected status for the region converts the proximity to Cobija into an opportunity for ecotourism and education. BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 OOEZ5 CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES The proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve would protect an excellent example of the Brazil-nut-dominated, sandy-clay terraces and white-water floodplain forests and wetlands of Bolivia. Immediate action will advance significantly the conservation of an unlogged portion of the old-growth forest south of the Rio Tahuamanu. The location of the proposed reserve provides a sound basis for protection: the Rio Muyumanu forms a natural boundary to the east and south, and the border with Peru forms an artificial but significant boundary to the west. Interest in the area already is high among scientists because of the continuing research focused on primates. This interest will grow considerably with protected status of the area, with further development of a research station, and with creation of associated educational and scientific resources, such as trail guides and pictorial field guides. Because the site is so easily accessible from Pando’s capital city of Cobija (a three-hour drive from the international airport), it offers tremendous potential both for activity in the research station — with engagement of students and faculty from the Universidad Amazonica de Pando — and for careful development of an ecotourism initiative. The proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve is a critical site for the conservation of Amazonian primates: the number of species that occurs in the area Is remarkably high, surpassing the total for the long-term research site in Manu, Peru. San Sebastian is partic- ularly important for the conservation of Ca/limico goeldii. Callimico have a patchy and Sparse distribution throughout their range and are difficult to observe where they occur. In San Sebastian, not only have Callimico been documented more consistently than they have been recorded elsewhere in their historical range, but also individuals have been habituated to human observers. The Pingo de Oro site may be particularly important for conservation of the woolly monkey (Lagothrix) in Bolivia. This rapid inventory’s sighting of the species is the first in Bolivia in perhaps 50 years. The proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve also will protect populations of nearly all large mammals known for this part of Amazonia, including several species listed as CITES | and II (see Conservation Targets). Populations of several of these species are relatively high at the unlogged site of Pingo de Oro, and Palmera (on the Rio Muyumanu) may contain remnant populations of the giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. The departments of Pando and La Paz are the only areas in Bolivia where the bird and herpetofaunal species assemblages that we recorded occur. If Bolivia is to maintain its full national heritage, portions of the forests in this region must be protected from high-impact use. The proposed reserve also harbors populations of Podocnemis unifilis and Caiman croc- odylus, species whose populations have been reduced in many areas throughout Amazonia. 00:26 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 RECOMMENDATIONS Participants in this rapid biological survey, and their conservation partners, already have made plans to derive recommended goals and strategies through a process of conservation design. The rapid survey has laid the groundwork through identifying the region’s ecological context, biological values, threats, and conserva- tion opportunities. Our inventory results also suggest some preliminary recommendations, the most urgent of which concern the protection and management of this biologically rich but endangered landscape. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT e Establish a large core reserve, the Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, including a buffer strip along the eastern shore of the Rio Muyumanu so that river fauna receive protection on both sides of the river. e Promote research on management techniques for the ecologically sensitive harvest of nontimber forest resources. For generations — possibly for hundreds of years — local residents have been managing many nontimber forest resources in ways that seem compatible with the native biodiversity of the region. e Prohibit timber harvest, and hunting of some species, within the Reserve. e Ensure participatory management of the Reserve and its buffer zone by local communities. Residents, including Brazil-nut gatherers and rubber tappers, will contribute valuable expertise in the design and implementation of a con- servation and management plan, with elements of research, monitoring, inventory, training, and public involvement. RESEARCH e Establish a research center in the Reserve, with facilities for Bolivian university students and professional scientists, as well as for international researchers. e Determine the effects of hunting on several target species, especially primates, other large mammals, gamebirds, and several reptiles; develop reliable population data, e.g., life tables, for these species. e Investigate the potential of Brosimum alicastrum for local subsistence (food and forage) and for export. e Initiate a long-term study of fruiting phenology to monitor variation in fruit production, and develop a fruit- and seed- collection program and reference collection. The results of these studies would lay the foundation for management of food resources for animal conservation targets and for com- patible uses of fruits and seeds by human residents. ¢ Diagnose the potential for local and international ecotourism in the Reserve and buffer zone. e Promote further research on the ecology and behavior of primates in the Reserve, particularly Callimico goeldii and Lagothrix lagothricha. e Encourage detailed studies of bird distribution at the local scale, in different habitat types and structures. Given the intricate patchwork of forest types within the region (in part because of the many regenerating clearings), the site would be excellent for these studies, of which very few exist for South American birds. Such studies will play an important role in advancing our understanding of bird distribution in Amazonia at a local scale and will be critical in development of effective conservation plans in the Tahuamanu region and throughout Amazonia. FURTHER INVENTORY e Map the distribution of secondary forests in the area. e Produce rapid, simple guidebooks to the plants and ani- mals of the proposed reserve. e Inventory the small-mammal fauna. ¢ Conduct a more intensive and complete survey of the herpetofauna during the rainy to early dry season, to provide better information on species richness and to compare local richness with that of other areas of Amazonia. e Inventory the flora more completely. e Investigate and identify the tracks of an unknown mammal, discovered southwest of Rutina (see Other Large Mammals, below). e Verify the status of the giant otter in the region. e Conduct further inventory of the Cervidae in the area to determine if a new species or subspecies is present, aS was suggested by this survey (see below). MONITORING e Periodically census the demography of Brazil-nut trees and rubber trees to be sure that they are reproducing success- fully in the region. BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:27 TECHNICAL REPORT OVERVIEW OF SITES SAMPLED We targeted two sites for intensive surveys: San Sebastian and Pingo de Oro, both on upland terraces several kilometers inland from the nearest river (Rio Tahuamanu and Rio Muyumanu, respectively), and drained by several streams or small rivers (Figures 1, 2). We also inventoried three other, nearby sites along the Rios Tahuamanu and Muyumanu: Rutina, the Rutina-Palmera logging road, and Palmera. San Sebastian (11° 24' S, 69° 01' W, ca. 280 m elevation; surveyed 16-18 October 1999) has an extensive trail system that extends in virtually all directions from camp and that includes Brazil-nut-gatherer trails and a grid cut at 100 m intervals over a 150-ha study area established by primatologists. Areas to the north, west, and south of camp are on well-drained terrace and ridge; areas to the southeast are lower and wetter. Bamboo occurs in small patches to the northwest and in more extensive areas just to the south of camp. We surveyed all habitats and made supplemental observations (1) at the edges of the two clearings in San Sebastian and (2) at the larger clearing of Casa Callimico about 1 km to the south (at the end of the road from Cobija). During the last decade, the area was logged for cedro (Cedrela odorata), mahogany (mara, Swietenia macrophylla), and assai (Euterpe precatoria). Pingo de Oro (11° 31' S, 69° 06' W, ca. 280 m elevation; 20-23 October 1999) also has an extensive trail system, developed and maintained by local rubber tappers. Pingo de Oro is a rubber-tapper camp in old-growth forest, with scattered, regenerating clearings of various sizes and ages. Rubber tappers and Brazil-nut gatherers have used the forest for centuries (see Inferred History of Human Impact, above), and the area has not been logged. Until late 1999, with the construction of a major logging road, Pingo de Oro had been accessible only by river. A recent (September 1999) network of forestry-survey trails was cut in a grid of 100 m east-to-west and 500 m north-to-south; we rarely used those trails. We made supplemental observations at the edge of the clearing at the rubber-tappers’ camp. We found no patches of bamboo at the site. ] 00:28 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 Rutina (11° 25'S, 69° 00' W; 19, 24-25 October 1999) is the site of a sawmill of Empresa San Martin, currently inactive, on the north bank of the Rio Tahuamanu. It consists of a large clearing with some second growth near the river. An oxbow lake (cocha), bordered by forest, lies just to the west of the compound. We spent a few hours walking a trail along this cocha on 19 October, and part of the team made additional observations late on 24 and early on 25 October. Rutina-Palmera logging road was constructed between August and September 1999 by the Empresa San Martin. It connects the sawmill at Rutina with the forests at Palmera/Pingo de Oro. The road ends at the Rio Muyumanu, directly opposite Palmera. Several mem- bers of the team walked the road on the afternoon of 23 October and from midmorning to evening on 24 October 1999. The road crosses seasonally flooded floodplain forest, an old clearing, and extensive terra firme. Palmera (11° 30' S, 69° 03' W; 19, 23-24 October 1999) is a clearing along the Rio Muyumanu. River-edge forest contains thickets of bamboo. Incidental observations were made on the evening of 19 October. A few members of the rapid survey team also took a brief trip by small boat (peque peque) for about an hour up the Rio Muyumanu from Palmera on the afternoon of 23 October. We had a few hours there on the morning of 24 October. FLORA AND VEGETATION Participants/Authors: Robin Foster, Julio Rojas G., Narel Paniagua Z., William S. Alverson, Gualberto Torrico P. Conservation targets: (1) Old-growth forest on terra firme; (2) all successional stages and habitats of major and minor floodplains; (3) Brazil-nut and rubber trees, and other species with fruits edible to birds, humans, and other primates. METHODS FLORA SAMPLING Collections: We made ad hoc collections of flowering and fruiting plants along existing trail systems, using 12 m pruning poles and occasional tree climbers, with emphasis on plants not immediately known to species. We also took vouchers (mostly leaf collections of adults or juveniles) along transects. We collected 314 species on this trip; another 17 species were added from earlier collections by Leila Porter. Duplicates of the specimens are deposited in the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB, La Paz), The Field Museum (F, Chicago), and the Universidad Amazonica de Pando (UAP, Cobija) under the collection numbers of Narel Paniagua Z. Photographs: We photographed species likely to be identified by the picture alone, as well as those that could be used for creating color guides to the species of the area. We took approximately 400 photos of 300 species. Species notes: In the field and during over- flights, we noted easily recognizable species or species not accessible for collection or photograph. VEGETATION SAMPLING Transects: We used variable transects (Foster et al. ms.) to sample composition and relative abundance of different classes of plants. Variable transects provide a quick, quantitative description that supplements anecdotal description of the vegetation. These transects are not standardized to a specific area or width; rather, they sample the number of individual plants that can be inventoried in the limited time available to a rapid field survey team. With large enough samples, these variable transects allow accurate comparisons of diversity between study sites (Condit et al. 1998). They are not specifically designed to be revisited for future monitoring, but they are suited ideally for very rapid inventories (such as our seven days of fieldwork in five different sites during this trip) or for inventories of very large areas. For emergent trees (>60 cm DBH/DAP) and canopy trees (>30 cm DBH) we checked all the individuals encountered along 20 m-wide strips. For medium-sized, subcanopy trees (10-30 cm DBH), we used 5 m-wide strips; for shrubs (<10 cm DBH), we used 1 m-wide strips; and for herbs, we used 1 x 5 m segments, with each species represented only once per segment (in recognition of cloning by most herbaceous forest plants). BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:29 Data from these transects are summarized here. At San Sebastian, we sampled 248 individual plants in two transects. One transect had 20 canopy trees (>30 cm DBH), 20 medium trees (10-30 cm DBH), 20 shrubs (1-10 cm DBH, including juvenile trees), and 43 herbs in 20 5 m segments. The second transect included 25 emergent trees (>60 cm DBH) and 120 shrubs in 6 seg- ments over the same distance. Because of our limited time, we sampled only emergent trees and shrubs in the other sites, given the importance of the former and the ease of sampling of the latter. At Pingo de Oro, we sampled 385 individuals in two transects, totaling 207 emergent trees and 178 shrubs in 7 segments over approximately the same distance. Likewise, at Palmera we sampled 140 individuals in a single transect of 40 emergent trees, and 100 shrubs in 5 segments over the same distance. Vegetation Notes: We took anecdotal observa- tions during overflights and in the field, focusing on (1) differences in species composition between hills and ravines, canopy and understory, and young and old-growth forests; (2) frequency of open versus closed canopy; (3) patchiness of targeted species; and (4) forest dynamics, including regeneration from windthrow, land- slide, fire, and clearings for small-scale agricultural plots. FLORISTIC RICHNESS, COMPOSITION, AND DOMINANCE GENERAL We provide descriptions of the upland (terra firme) and floodplain (llanura del rio) habitats above, in the Overview of Results section. Our sample of the flora of the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve is biased in favor of freestanding woody plants. We recorded 615 different plant species in 97 families in the area during the seven days of this rapid survey (Appendix 1). An estimated 50 of these species never before have been registered in Bolivia. We estimate that the vascular plant flora of the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve is probably in the vicinity of 2,000 species. In sum, 296 species are in botanical collections (46 from San Sebastian, 188 from Pingo de Oro, and 62 from the floodplains in Rutina and Palmera); 249 species were represented by the 774 individuals sampled in transects; 150 species were sampled only by photograph; and 134 species were registered only from notes. In the 615 species we recorded for the area, 5 of the families stand out: Fabaceae (with 71 species), Moraceae (47), Rubiaceae (27), Arecaceae (26), and Euphorbiaceae (24). The genera with most species represented are Ficus (24), Inga (17), Piper (13), and Pouteria (11). The species with the greatest number of individuals are almost inevitably those of small stature and occurring at high densities, such as Rinorea, Siparuna, and Geonoma, but by far the most abundant plant is the common Adiantum fern, which occurs on almost every square meter of mature forest in the terra firme. This Adiantum might be a candidate for the species with the largest, essentially contiguous popula- tion in tropical forests of the world. The diversity of plant species in the area is high, particularly for emergent trees (>60 cm DBH) in the terra firme. The diversity is probably typical of most of the Amazon Basin, and, as expected, is not as high as in the moister areas closer to the Andes. In small samples of the same size on the upper slopes at San Sebastian, the emergent trees (18 species in a sample of 20 individuals) and shrubs (16 species per 20 individuals) appear to be more diverse than the canopy-level trees (14 species per 20) and medium understory trees (15 species per 20). The lowest diver- sity appears to be in the herbaceous plants. However, herbaceous plants were, from observation, much more diverse and abundant in the moist areas near stream bottoms, which were not sampled. In the terra firme of Pingo de Oro, the sample of emergent trees (76 species per 207 individuals) are less diverse than the shrubs (77 species per 178), prob- ably because sampling in all habitats — valley bottoms as well as hilltops — increases the number of small species that are more concentrated in the moister areas. In the high, older floodplain of Palmera, both the sample of emergent trees (23 species per 40 individuals) and the 00:30 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 sample of shrubs (30 species per 100) appear to be lower in diversity than in the terra firme. UPLAND FORESTS (TERRA FIRME) The differences between terra firme forest at San Sebastian and at Pingo de Oro seem so slight that we have combined the data of the two in our results and discussion. The flora of these unflooded areas is, in general, typical of rich soil. The presence of large numbers of Moraceae, especially Ficus, and the high density of lianas are characteristic, as are the conspicu- ously low densities of Chrysobalanaceae and Protium trees, Melastomataceae shrubs, Monotagma herbs, etc. The floristic composition is somewhat different between the high ridges and slopes but not dramatically so. The most conspicuous difference of the vegetation covering the ridges and hilltops is the greater abundance of Tetragastris altissima and Celtis schippii in the canopy, and greater density of Geonoma palms and Piper spp. in the shrub layer. Species diversity is greater in the valley bottoms, especially those surrounded by steep ridges. The ravines and lower slopes are much richer in epiphytes, ferns, and other monocotyledonous herbs such as Marantaceae, Heliconia, Costus, and Renealmia. This floristic composition is typical of all but the wettest areas of Amazonia because the juveniles of many species cannot survive the periodic severe droughts on the ridge- tops. Epiphytes are relatively scarce, both in the canopy (bromeliads and orchids) and on tree trunks (aroids and ferns), though they are somewhat more common in the ravines. This scarcity indicates that sparse condensation overnight and long periods of low humidity exacerbate the effects of soil desiccation during dry spells. The composition of the flora and the high productivity in the vegetation are unusual for terra firme. Productivity is surely not as high as on well- drained floodplain soils but is probably orders of mag- nitude higher than on the widespread acidic, sandy soils on the north side of the Amazon. The clay here is relatively rich in nutrients and the sandiness of the soil provides a much better structure (for root aeration and penetrability) than the deep, pure clays of terra firme. We sampled 232 emergent trees in the terra firme transects, representing 86 species. Of these, rubber (Hevea brasiliensis, with 24 individuals) was by far the most abundant, but only because of sampling bias: several of the trails we used as transects were trails used by the rubber tappers collecting the latex. Hevea is nevertheless very abundant, especially on the lower hills; it certainly ranks in the top 10 most abundant trees in the area. Excluding this species, the most abundant emergents are Brosimum alicastrum, arbol de vaca (14 individuals); Ceiba |Chorisia] insignis, toboroche (14); Pterygota amazonica (13); Tachigali vasquezii, palo santo (11); Bertholletia excelsa, castania (10); Dipteryx micrantha, almendrillo (7); Clarisia racemosa, murure (7); Tetragastris altissima, isigo colorado (6); Apuleia leiocarpa, almendrillo amarillo (5); and Alseis cf. peru- viana, gabetillo blanco (5). Most striking is that throughout the Amazon basin, 7 of these 11 most common emergent trees are more characteristic of floodplain forests than they are of terra firme. The presence of a few enormous individuals of Ficus insipida on top of the hills also was surprising, given that it is usually the first high-canopy tree in the river meander succession of the floodplain (see History of Human Use, below). Another surprise was the abundance of Pterygota amazonica, a species with only one specimen in the Bolivian National Herbarium and with no common name in the Arboles de Bolivia (Killeen et al. 1993). The abundance of the monocarpic Tachigali vasquezii (which flowers once, then dies) and the pres- ence of four other Tachigali species suggest that these trees will continue to play an important role in the dynamics of these forests. Tachigali trees appear to be one of the key species in disrupting continuous-canopy forests: the trees usually die at a younger age than their surrounding canopy and emergent cohorts of similar size, and the resulting gaps initiate a domino effect over many years, contributing to the erosion of continuous canopy. Tachigali do not tend to accumulate many lianas because of their fast growth, and the gaps they form are usually “clean” of dense vine tangles. Recent! y g yj BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 + | 00:31 dead Tachigali accounted for many of the recent treefalls along the trails that we walked. We sampled 318 shrubs, representing 122 species, in all terra firme transects combined. Of these, Rinorea “lf”* (with 38 individuals) and Geonoma deversa (29) were by far the most abundant, followed by Siparuna cervicornis (13), Siparuna decipiens (12), and “rutac longlf”* (12). Almost all of the shrubs and juvenile trees sampled were species characteristic of terra firme, not floodplain. Approximately 44% of the individuals in these samples were juveniles of medium and large trees, not shrubs per se. This result is not unusual. The true shrubs accounted for more than 168 individuals, representing more than 45 species. The frequency of patches of explosively dispersed species in the shrub layer is typical of almost all terra firme in the Amazon Basin. These are mainly species in the following groups: Violaceae, e.g., Rinorea; all lowland genera of Rutaceae, except Zanthoxylum; Euphorbiaceae, e.g., Acalypha, Aparisthmium, Croton, Mabea, and Pausandra; and Annonaceae, e.g., Anaxagorea. In particular, patches of Rutaceae and Violaceae can be extremely dense and crowd out other species, significantly lowering the understory diversity of areas from 10 m to hundreds of meters in diameter. Phenakospermum, the giant (10 m) banana/ bird of paradise relative, occurs in dense understory clumps all over but is most frequent on the slopes rather than the hilltops or ravine bottoms. The 15 m-tall bamboo Guadua cf. weberbaueri occurs in dense but less frequent clumps. The bamboo clumps are much more abundant in the areas of recent second growth. Our overflights in Bolivia and in Peru indicated that the bamboo understory is much more frequent to the west and north, in Peru and in Brazil. FLOODPLAIN FORESTS (LLANURA DEL R{fo) The Tahuamanu floodplain was sampled along a single transect, on the new road from Rutina to Palmera. The floodplain’s species composition of trees, lianas, shrubs, and herbs is very similar to that of other white- water-river floodplains of the upper Amazon. Only in the extensive backwater swamps and sartenejales did we see aquatic species uncommon in or absent from most of the rich floodplains to the north and west. In our very limited sample of 40 emergent trees from the high levees of the narrow Muyumanu floodplain, Pouteria “med” (6 individuals), Hevea brasiliensis (4), and Gallesia integrifolia (palo de ajo, 4 individuals) were common. More striking is that we also found 13 of these same 23 species of emergents (including Bertholletia) in the terra firme, even though they are species characteristic of the floodplain. Of the 100 shrubs sampled in floodplain habitat, nearly half were Rinorea lindeniana (48 indi- viduals); Rinorea “lf” (9) and Bactris concinna (5). were occasional. Rinorea lindeniana showed the strongest dominance by a single species in the region, other than the Adiantum in the terra firme herb layer and the several dominant species of young successional stages of the Tahuamanu floodplain. WILD FRUIT RESOURCES Many of the forest animals depend on fruit directly, or indirectly, by feeding on frugivores. We found dramatic differences in the kinds of fruit and seeds produced at different heights in the forest. Most of the emergent trees (84%) produce seeds that are dispersed by wind or by mammals. Among the shrubs, most disperse seeds explosively or via birds. Among the subcanopy and midstory trees, the large majority (more than 90%) disperse seeds through mammals or birds. This pattern, which seems common in the Amazon Basin, is much less pronounced in the wetter, less seasonal areas. * These names represent morphospecies that as of the date of this report have not been identified fully to species (e.g., Rinorea “If”) or genus (e.g., “rutac longlf”). Current identifications for specimens collected on rapid biological inventories will be posted periodi- cally to our Web pages at www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. 00:32 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 A few conspicuous exceptions we observed include, among the emergents, the giant Hura crepitans, which disperses explosively, and, among the shrubs, the Piper species, which are bat-dispersed, and the treeferns, the spores of which are wind-dispersed. Successional forests on meanders of the Rio Tahuamanu have species similar to those along river meanders in adjacent southeastern Peru. Canopy trees in these forests in Peru are wind- or bat-dispersed, with increasing amounts of bird fruits and mammal fruits in the understory as the forest ages (Foster et al. 1986). Food is available for animals at all levels in the forest, at least some of the year. But nearly 40% of the emergents are wind-dispersed, as are nearly all the canopy lianas. These species provide food only for animals that destroy the seeds and that can tolerate the toxins associated with them. Seeds of 30% of the shrubs disperse explosively and rarely are consumed by birds or mammals. Although the midstory has the highest concentration of species with animal-dispersed seeds, the higher production of fruit from the larger crowns of the emergents and canopy trees probably make that the primary layer for fruit consumption in large quantities. The tremendously abundant figs (at least 24 species of Ficus recorded) and other large Moraceae (at least 10 species) are a primary source of food for animals in the terra firme forests. The abun- dant palms (Arecaceae, 26 species recorded) also are a major source of food in these forests. The importance of the stratification to various animals depends to a large extent on the seasonal availability of the fruit. HISTORY OF HUMAN USE The most conspicuous feature of the vegetation is the predominance of the giant floodplain trees all over the terra firme. Second is the frequency of species of high potential value to indigenous communities. Giant floodplain trees — starting with Ficus insipida and Cedrela odorata (representing the fourth stage of ecological succession) and continuing with Ceiba pentandra, Luehea cymulosa, Dipteryx micrantha, Apuleia leiocarpa, Hura crepitans, Clarisia racemosa, Brosimum alicastrum, Manilkara inundata, Pterygota amazonica, etc. (of the fifth stage of succession) — normally get their start on the levees formed from the beaches on river meanders, under the thin shade and weak root development of the earliest successional species. Clearing and burning on the terra firme by humans also create such conditions. Studies in Panama (Foster and Brokaw 1982) and Peru (Foster et al. 1986) indicate that many floodplain species identical or closely related to those of the Tahuamanu thrive as emergents on the terra firme even 500 years after human clearing. Our findings in the Tahuamanu area, where the emer- gent trees are approximately the same size as those in Panama, strongly support the idea that the terra firme is a first-generation forest, growing back from what must have been considerable, patchy human clearing until shortly after the European colonization. The composition of the emergent trees is very reminiscent of the forests around the Maya ruins of the Petén in Guatemala, which are considered forests of economic plants. The dominant tree in the Petén, Brosimum alicastrum, is also apparently the most abundant large tree in the Tahuamanu area. Although a different subspecies, the Brosimum in the Petén is considered a cornucopia plant, i.e., the fresh leaves can be fed directly to domestic animals, the milky latex is palatable, the fresh fruits are sweet and edible, and the seeds when roasted are as delicious as cashews. Other trees concentrated in the Petén forests provide latex and wood of high quality, oils, spices, and edible fruits. Although all tropical forests have a spectrum of species that are useful to indigenous people, the Petén forests seem to have undergone human selection and management to promote the most useful species. The forests of Pando seem similar. The importance of abundant trees such as Pterygota and Apuleia is not immediately obvious, although we cannot rule out possible uses as important medicines, resins, or fish poisons (e.g., Hura). The extreme rarity of juveniles of such an abundant tree as Bertholletia suggests that it may have been planted or otherwise promoted by humans hundreds of years ago. Alternatively, the current rarity of BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 OOS juvenile Bertholletia could be explained by overharvest of seeds in recent decades (or centuries), or by other phenomena antagonistic to reproduction, or to some combination of these mechanisms. When combined with animal resources from the forest and rivers, as well as small shifting food plots with maize and manioc, this terra firme forest seems to have been an excellent place — in terms of food production — to support relatively large indigenous populations. The arrival of Fitzcarraldo and the rubber boom more than a century ago probably brought the next big disturbance to the area. We do not know whether the intense rubber tapping during this period had any major effect on the forest, or whether hunting by rubber tappers then was any more intense than it is now. Nor do we know the extent of Brazil-nut gathering before the current export industry developed. The area between the Rios Muyumanu and Tahuamanu has patches of secondary forest of various ages, but most appear to be less than 30 years old and the result of small-scale agriculture associated with the recent camps of the Brazil-nut gatherers and rubber tappers. This continuing practice probably has the effect of maintaining more species in the area than would have been there prior to the arrival of human settlements. In the terra firme forest near San Sebastian, we saw only very recent patches of secondary vegetation. The apparently more homogeneous mosaic of forest ages at this site, compared to that at Pingo de Oro, likely affects animal populations. This forest has suffered some logging of Swietenia, Cedrela, and Amburana; however, the logging was apparently not very thorough, since we encountered on our transects individuals of the latter two species with diameters greater than 60 cm. The near absence of Cedrela odorata along the river-meander succession suggests that this species already has been thoroughly logged from the Tahuamanu floodplain. Terra firme in the Pingo de Oro area apparently has not been logged. We encountered one large-diameter mahogany (Swietenia) with a very short bole and another average-sized individual. Several other individuals, which at first appeared to be Swietenia, later proved to be Cabralea canjerana (cedro macho). Cabralea produces timber of lesser value. Given the area that we covered on trails, the density of Swietenia seems low compared to the other forestry-concession areas of lowland Bolivia (e.g., in Santa Cruz, Beni, and northern La Paz). The density of cedro appears to be average or even high for terra firme, apparently because of the presence of the flood- plain species, Cedrela odorata, along with the normal terra firme species, Cedrela fissilis. The most recent disturbance in the region has been in the last year (1999), with the cutting of timber inventory lines north of the Rio Muyumanu. More than 2% of the forest understory already has been chopped down during this recent inventory process. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Participants/Authors: John E. Cadle and Steffen Reichle Conservation targets: Reptile and amphibian communities of southwestern Amazonia. METHODS Because of the short duration of sampling at each site, we used only transect sampling for amphibians and reptiles; we did not attempt to use any trapping methods. We noted species occurrences based on visual encounters, voice recognition for frogs (some calls were tape-recorded for later verification), and specimen collection. We sampled old-growth forests on upland terraces, seasonally flooded and floodplain forests, secondary forests and clearings, riparian forests and river edge, rivers, and swamps. We used the following types of transects: (1) trails through old-growth and secondary forests; (2) stream edges; and (3) rivers (visually sampled by boat). We targeted specific habitats where particular species were likely to occur. These included swamps, small forest streams, and lake and river edges where aquatic species or breeding frogs tend to aggregate. 00:34 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 We sampled transects by walking slowly and attentively, surveying most habitats both by day and at night. We did not attempt a quantitative assessment of species abundance because we were sampling during a very dry spell at the end of the dry season (see comments below). Our results are only a qualitative indication of the composition of species in the communities of amphibians and reptiles in the region. Our sampling events, from 16 to 24 October 1999, included 12 morning transects, 11 afternoon transects, 11 night transects, and 2 river transects. Each transect consisted of 2 to 3 person-hours. The survey at San Sebastian took place from 16 to 18 October and included 4 morning, 3 afternoon, and 6 night transects. The survey at Pingo de Oro occurred from 20 to 23 October and included 8 morning, 8 afternoon, and 5 night transects. RESULTS OF THE HERPETOLOGICAL SURVEY We recorded 7 species of snakes, 11 species of lizards, 32 species of frogs, 3 species of crocodilians, and 2 species of turtles (not including those recorded from a previous collection from the vicinity of Cobija; see below). We collected 3 snakes, 4 lizards, and 37 frogs, which are deposited in the Coleccién Boliviana Nacional de Fauna, in La Paz, under the collection numbers of S. Reichle. In Tahuamanu we found that the composition of the species assemblage of amphibians and reptiles (Appendix 2) was similar to that of several other, well- known sites in southwestern Amazonia, particularly in southern Peru (e.g., Cuzco Amazonico, Tambopata Reserve, and lowland Manu National Park, all in Madre de Dios Department, Peru). However, in Bolivia this fauna probably is found only in parts of Pando and La Paz Departments north and west of the Rio Beni. Because few herpetofaunal collections have been made in this part of Bolivia, we are as yet unsure if this assemblage extends through a broader area of these two departments or has a more restricted distribution in the region. This similarity between our Pando collections and others from southern Peru is substantiated by a small collection of reptiles (examined by J. Cadle) from the immediate vicinity of Cobija, which had been assembled by Oscar Teran, a student at the Universidad Amazonica de Pando (Appendix 2B). This Cobija collection again shows a strong regional relationship to other sites in southwestern Amazonia. One species in particular, the anguid lizard Diploglossus fasciatus, of which we had only a sight record, has a known distri- bution that encompasses extreme southeastern Peru, adjacent parts of Bolivia, and part of the Rio Mamoré drainage in adjacent Brazil. The sampling period for this inventory (16-24 October) was not optimal for sampling the herpetofau- na in this part of Amazonia. Our survey coincided with the late dry season, which is probably the least oppor- tune time to obtain a representative sampling of amphibians and reptiles. Activity patterns of reptiles, and especially amphibians, are strongly tied to rainfall patterns; the dry season in this part of Bolivia normally lasts from approximately June to November (with some year-to-year variation). According to the prima- tology research group at San Sebastian, no steady rain of even short duration had fallen since the end of September. Rains for several weeks prior to this were sporadic and of low intensity. We encountered few breeding species of frogs in our survey, although we did hear several species calling (Appendix 2). Tadpoles were present only in a small pool within a tree hollow on the ground (probably a dendrobatid frog). We discovered no new species or species endemic to this region. However, 6 of the frog species that we observed are new country records for Bolivia. These include Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 and sp. 2 (both of the unistrigatus group), Epipedobates femoralis, E. trivittatus, Ischnocnema quixensis, and Phrynohyas resinifictrix. All of these are common species of herpetofaunas of southern Peru. Their occurrence in Pando could be expected because most elements of this fauna probably are distributed at least to the Rio Beni in Bolivia. However, the discovery of 6 species new to the Bolivian fauna (17% of the frog species we encountered), especially considering the poor conditions for herpeto- BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:35 faunal surveys, is significant. This discovery suggests that many more species new to the Bolivian herpeto- fauna probably remain to be registered in this area. Our impression is that both Caiman crocodylus and Podocnemis unifilis — species whose populations have been reduced in many areas — are now uncommon in parts of the Rio Tahuamanu and Rio Muyumanu: we saw only three C. crocodylus and five P. unifilis along these rivers during approximately four hours of river travel. However, aside from the 3 species that probably have suffered significant losses from subsistence hunting pressure (the 2 above, plus Geochelone denticulata), current impact on the region’s herpetofauna seems low. SAN SEBASTIAN We collected specimens of 3 lizards and 27 frogs at this site. Several of the species we recorded are new country records for Bolivia, including Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 and sp. 2 (unistrigatus group), Epipedobates femoralis, E. trivittatus, Ischnocnema quixensis, and Phrynohyas resinifictrix. PINGO DE ORO We collected specimens of 2 snakes, 1 lizard, and 10 frogs at this site, including 4 of the 6 new country records for Bolivia first seen at San Sebastian. THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The population status of locally exploited species should be ascertained more precisely. These include the turtles Podocnemis unifilis and Geochelone denticulata and the three species of crocodilians known from the area (Caiman crocodylus, C. niger, and Paleosuchus trigonatus). Surveys should include not only counts of individuals, but also estimates of the age structure (and, thus, of potential future reproduction and ability to recover from decline) of all populations. We suspect that one of the locally exploited turtles, Podocnemis unifilis, has the potential for sustainable use as local food. A strong caveat is that present populations along the sections of the Rio Tahuamanu and Rio Muyumanu that we surveyed cannot withstand the pressure of harvesting, and we question whether the current level of exploitation is sustainable over the long term. After a thorough population study, we encourage the investigation of potential long-term, sustainable harvesting of eggs, adults, or both, using a population modeling approach. Any program of harvesting must be initiated only after present population levels are sufficient to sustain it. A pilot program should be conducted to field-test any results from modeling approaches. Of course, any sustainable harvest program depends on the population density of people to whom the fruits of harvest are being distributed. We strongly suspect that neither Podocnemis nor other species of reptiles in this region can sustain commercialization of harvesting for export to major population centers, such as Cobija. Any harvesting program must have in place strict controls. We suspect that the other locally exploited turtle, Geochelone denticulata, cannot be harvested sustainably. Its reproductive potential is very low, and population densities are unlikely to reach sustainable levels, even with mild exploitation. In sum, the forests we surveyed in the area of the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve are still relatively undisturbed and probably harbor intact assemblages of reptiles and amphibians. This fauna is probably restricted to parts of Pando and La Paz Departments in Bolivia, and extends north into southern Peru. BIRDS Participants/Authors: Thomas S. Schulenberg, Carmen Quiroga O., Lois Jammes, and Debra Moskovits Conservation targets: Bird communities of southwestern Amazonia, large raptors, gamebirds, bamboo specialists, range-restricted species. METHODS The basic protocol for the survey involved walking trails through the forest to locate and identify bird 00:36 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 species. Each observer was in the field from first light (or very shortly thereafter). Observers did not always return to the camp for lunch because some of the trail systems at this site were very long; those who did were in the field again from early to midafternoon until dusk. We made an effort to survey all habitats in the area. Each ornithologist walked the trails separately from the other observers and walked different trails on different days. T. Schulenberg, C. Quiroga, and L. Jammes carried portable cassette tape recorders and directional microphones to record the songs and calls of bird species encountered. We did not conduct transects or point counts, but Schulenberg daily tallied the number of individuals he observed for each bird species, to aid in the assessment of relative abundances. RESULTS OF THE BIRD SURVEY We recorded 319 bird species throughout the region (exclusive of Cobija, Appendix 3). At the two sites most intensively surveyed, San Sebastian and Pingo de Oro, we recorded 163 and 192 species, respectively. These lists include not only forest bird species, but also species associated primarily with large clearings or the borders of forest. Consequently, the forest bird community (including species associated with treefalls, stream edges, and other small, natural clearings) recorded at San Sebastian and Pingo de Oro were 151 and 182 species, respectively, equivalent to 93% and 95% of the bird species recorded. Similarly, the total number of species recorded during the survey includes not only species of large clearings or pastures but also species primarily associated with rivers, oxbow lakes (cochas), and other habitats. Overall, about 254 species, equiva- lent to 80% of the total, were associated primarily with forests (of all types). The bird fauna at Pingo de Oro was more intact and notably richer than the one at San Sebastian, with 15-20% more bird species encountered with equivalent sampling effort. Of the dominant families of birds in the forest (the suboscines), Pingo de Oro again showed higher species diversity, e.g., Furnariidae (7 species recorded at San Sebastian versus 12 at Pingo de Oro), Thamnophilidae and Formicariidae (24 versus 28), and Tyrannidae (24 versus 28). Also, the populations of some species present at both sites clearly were greater at Pingo de Oro. We rarely heard a Columba at San Sebastian, whereas we heard both species of forest Columba commonly throughout the Pingo de Oro area. Perhaps the single most notable bird species recorded during the survey was Harpia harpyja. We made two separate sightings of this huge raptor, one at Pingo de Oro and the other along the logging road south of Rutina. This low-density species requires a large home range, as well as ample populations of monkeys and other large arboreal mammals for food; its presence indicates a forest with excellent conserva- tion potential. A feather we found in Pingo de Oro probably came from Leucopternis kubli, another raptor with a low population density, but we did not directly observe this species. Myrmotherula iheringi was a common member of the understory, Thamnomanes-dominated mixed- species flocks at Pingo de Oro. Ours appears to be the first record for this species in Bolivia. At Rutina (on both banks of the Rio Tahuamanu), we recorded Formicarius rufifrons, a species previously known in Bolivia only from a single record from the Rio Nareuda. This species otherwise is known only from Madre de Dios, Peru, and had been considered globally threatened because of its extremely restricted distribution. A sing- ing Nonnula sclateri, at the edge of the San Sebastian clearing, was another unusual record. This species is known from no more than 10 localities in a restricted area between the upper Purus and Madre de Dios Rivers in southeastern Peru (Ucayali and Madre de Dios), northern Bolivia (Pando), and southwestern Brazil (Acre). The only Nonnula recorded on the south bank of the Rio Tahuamanu was the widespread species N. ruficapilla, which we found at Pingo de Oro and at Palmera. We found another species with a distribution very similar to that of Nonnula sclateri — the small fly- catcher Lophotriccus eulophotes — in bamboo at San Sebastian, at forest edge and near treefalls at Pingo de Oro, and at forest edge near Rutina. We are not aware BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 ] | | 00:37 of any records for either of these two range-restricted species from any protected area, although both may tolerate forest with a fair amount of disturbance. The bamboo at San Sebastian contained several of the species expected in this microhabitat: Simoxenops ucayalae, Drymophila devillei, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda, Ramphotrigon megacephala, and Hemitriccus flammulatus. The bamboo at Palmera had most of these species, along with several others also commonly associated with bamboo: Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae, Percnostola lophotes, and Myrmeciza goeldii. Penelope, a large gamebird, occurred both at San Sebastian and at Pingo de Oro, even very near human settlements. No macaws were seen at San Sebastian, and only a few at Pingo de Oro. Based on this rapid survey, the region contains a rich Amazonian avifauna, with examples of species that indicate relatively low levels of human disturbance (e.g., Harpia harpyja) or that are range-restricted and potentially threatened (e.g., Nonnula sclateri, Formicarius rufifrons, Lophotriccus eulophotes). The forests surveyed revealed a good representation of the forest bird community of Pando, which is typical of southwestern Amazonia. SAN SEBASTIAN We arrived in the early afternoon on 16 October, with time only for incidental observations on that date. We were in the field all of 17-18 October and left early on 18 October, with about an hour at Casa Callimico on that date. Schulenberg also spent about 1.5 hours on the trail from Casa Callimico to San Sebastian on the morning of 25 October. We recorded 163 bird species during the survey at San Sebastian. Of these, about 12 species are associated primarily with large clearings or the borders of forest. We registered 151 species of forest birds (including species associated with treefalls, stream edges, and other small, natural clearings). Penelope was present in the forest. Large parrots, especially macaws, were very few. Large pigeons (Columba) were scarce (or not vocal), with only one or two detections per day. The number of mixed- species flocks (both of the understory and the canopy) was low. In general, the species diversity of the site seemed low for an Amazonian forest. Of the ovenbirds (Furnariidae), one of the dominant bird families in Amazonia, we found only 7 species. The foliage-gleaners (Philydor, Automolus) were especially scarce, with only a few of the expected species present and apparently none common. Several species of antbirds expected (e.g., Thamnophilus aethiops) also were absent. Although we had very few observations of army ants (Eciton) at this site, we found two species of regular army-ant followers (Gymnopithys salvini and Rhegmatorhina melanosticta). The bamboo contained several of the species expected in this microhabitat, such as Simoxenops ucayalae, Drymophila devillei, Hemitriccus flammulatus, Ramphotrigon fuscicauda, and R. megacephala. Although the bird community at San Sebastian seemed depauperate relative to those at other sites in southwestern Amazonia, we detected some notable species, including Nonnula sclateri and Lophotriccus eulophotes. PINGO DE Oro We arrived at midday on 20 October, with a few hours in the afternoon to begin making observations. We were in the field all of 21-22 October. Quiroga and Jammes remained for all of 23 October as well. Schulenberg and Moskovits were present only for the morning of that day. We registered 192 bird species during the survey at Pingo de Oro. Of these, about 10 species are associated primarily with large clearings or borders of forest, so the assemblage of forest birds (including species associated with treefalls, stream edges, and other small, natural clearings) was 182 species. Penelope was present in the forest, even near the rubber tappers’ house at Pingo de Oro. A few macaws were present, but the populations of these birds seemed very low. In contrast to San Sebastian, large pigeons (Columba) were common and vocal throughout 00:38 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 the forest. As expected, among the most diverse families were the suboscines, such as the ovenbirds (Furnariidae: 12 species), antbirds (Thamnophilidae and Formicariidae: 28 species), and tyrant flycatchers (28 species). In contrast to San Sebastian, we regularly saw army ants (Eciton) at this site but have no records of any species of regular army-ant-following birds. We found several areas of bamboo near the Rio Muyumanu at Palmera and along the trail between Palmera and Pingo de Oro. The avifauna in the bamboo was somewhat richer than in the same habitat at San Sebastian, containing all of the “bamboo specialist” species found there, as well as additional species such as Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae and Percnostola lophotes. The species richness at Pingo de Oro is high, but lower than the richest sites in southwestern Amazonia, such as Cocha Cashu, or along the Rio Tambopata (both in Peru). It is probably comparable to that of forests along the Rios Palma Real and Heath (Peru), or elsewhere in Pando. THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We did not record all species present at the site; a more comprehensive survey of the avifauna would be valuable. However, we know that the bird community at San Sebastian is less diverse than that at Pingo de Oro. We know, as well, that the forest at San Sebastian has been logged in the last decade. Given the extensive scale of logging that is expected to occur throughout Pando, the effects of this activity on the fauna must be researched. We cannot confirm that the differences in the bird community structure between San Sebastian and Pingo de Oro are due to the effects of logging, because no avifaunal inventories existed before logging took place. To measure the possible impacts of past logging and to establish a baseline, we recommend a comprehensive bird survey as soon as possible. A monitoring program for bird populations could then document changes in the bird community as the forest regenerates. With so little information about birds in Pando, the forest at Pingo de Oro offers an excellent opportunity for a more complete inventory of the avifauna of the region. Future studies also should focus on the impact of subsistence hunting on the populations of gamebirds, like Penelope, to determine sustainable levels. Research on the impact of the pet trade and hunting on the parrot population will suggest adequate management measures. BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:39 PRIMATES Participants/Authors: Sandra Suarez, Amy Hanson, Vincent Sodaro, Stephanie Dammermann, and Leeann Haggerty Conservation targets: All nonhuman primate species, but primarily the IUCN Red List vulnerable species (Ca/limico goeldii [also CITES Appendix |] and Lagothrix lagothricha [critically endangered if not locally extirpated]), and A/ouatta sara (endemic to Bolivia). METHODS Extensive research on several primate species has been conducted at San Sebastian for more than two years, through the combined efforts of the team members listed above, Edilio Nacimento, and Leila Porter. Although our general knowledge of the primate species at the San Sebastian field site is enough to estimate primate densities, we spent two days conducting formal transect surveys at the site, both to confirm our impressions and to collect data for comparisons with our surveys at Pingo de Oro. At both locations, we walked singly along established trails, at a rate of approximately 1 km/hr, and recorded all primate groups seen or heard. We conducted formal transect surveys between 0630 and 1030, and between 1400 and 1700. We also noted primates that we, or other members of the rapid survey team, saw or heard at other times of the day. Each team member selected a trail that transected an area not likely to overlap with that of other surveyors; the group sampled five trails simultaneously. At Pingo de Oro we surveyed each trail twice daily for three consecutive days. During surveys we recorded the following data for each primate group seen or heard: (1) time; (2) location of observer along the transect when the group was detected; (3) species, and number of individuals in the group; (4) distance from the observer to the center of the group; (5) angle from the center of the group to the transect line; (6) height of the group in the canopy; (7) diameter of the group when detected; (8) activity of the group at first sighting; (9) forest type; (10) substrate type; and (11) mode of detection. We divided the number of groups of each species detected (by sight or sound) during formal transect walks by the number of person-hours (see chart, below) for each site surveyed. We also assigned relative abundance categories (abundant, common, uncommon, rare) for each species at the two sites. We derived relative abundance categories from formal and informal species encounters, our personal knowledge of the primate communities, and interviews with local people. We assigned the categories primarily by relative frequency of encounters among species at the same site, and secondarily by frequency of encounters of the same species at different sites. Between 17 and 23 October 1999 we sampled old-growth forest (see Flora and Vegetation, above), secondary forest, recent secondary forest (with Cecropia or successional growth of bamboo), and forest along stream edges. Of 133 hours of observation, we devoted 38 to the surveys at San Sebastian (ca. 200 ha, 17-18 October) and 95 to the surveys at Pingo de Oro (ca. 150 ha, 21-23 October). During a study of other mammals in the area, L. Porter and E. Nacimento walked portions of logging roads between Rutina and Palmera from midmorning to midafternoon on 24 October 1999 and recorded the species of primates observed. RESULTS OF THE PRIMATE SURVEY We detected 14 species of nonhuman primates in the two areas surveyed: 11 species at San Sebastian and 12 at Pingo de Oro. Twelve of the 14 species were observed definitively. One species, Ateles chamek, was not seen by our team but was determined to be in the area based on interviews with local residents. Lagothrix lagothricha was glimpsed only briefly, and its status in the area needs to be confirmed (see below). Our sighting of Pithecia irrorata at Pingo de Oro is the first documen- tation south of the Rio Tahuamanu in Bolivia and may indicate a range extension. L. Porter and E. Nacimento also observed 6 species during their mammal survey along the logging road between Rutina and Palmera, including Callicebus cf. brunneus, Cebuella pygamea, Cebus apella, Saguinus fuscicollis, Saguinus imperator, and Saimiri boliviensis. Interviews with local people conducted in the 1970s indicate that Callimico occur 00:40 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 south of the Rio Tahuamanu (Izawa 1979). However, no actual sightings of the species in the region have been published, and our rapid survey found no evidence that Callimico occur in the vicinity of Pingo de Oro. Below we list the species of primates recorded during this rapid inventory, numbers of groups encountered during our formal transect surveys, and supplementary information from local residents and our own experience (see Appendix 4 for common names). The distribution of Callicebus spp. throughout South America is not yet clearly known, and more research is needed to determine which species occur in the region. Names follow Buchanan-Smith et al. (in press). Species San Sebastian: San Sebastian: Pingo de Oro: Pingo de Oro: # groups seen Informal obs. # groups seen Informal obs. per hour and interviews per hour and interviews Alouatta sara 0.026 — 0.095 heard frequently Aotus nigriceps 0 seen, heard 0.01 seen, heard Ateles chamek 0 — 0 sighted within last 6 months Callicebus cf. brunneus 0.089 — 0295 — Callimico goeldii 0 seen 0 — Cebuella pygmaea 0 seen 0 seen |_ Cebus albifrons 0 seen 0 seen C. apella 0.026 — 0.053 — | Lagothrix lagothricha 0 — 0 possible sighting Pithecia irrorata 0.079 — 0 seen Saguinus fuscicollis 0.158 —_ 0.116 — S. imperator 0 do not occur 0.021 —_— S. labiatus 0.184 — 0 do not occur Saimiri boliviensis 0.026 — 0.021 —— BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:41 Below we list the species of primates encoun- tered during this rapid survey, our estimates of relative Species San Sebastian Alouatta sara Pingo de Oro abundance at each site, and notes on status. Special Status rare common endemic to Bolivia Aotus nigriceps common common — Ateles chamek none rare locally endangered Callicebus cf. brunneus common abundant endemic to Bolivia Callimico goeldii uncommon undocumented vulnerable, edge of range Cebuella pygmaea uncommon uncommon edge of range, restricted to Pando in Bolivia | Cebus albifrons uncommon uncommon — C. apella common common — Lagothrix lagothricha none rare locally critically endangered or extirpated Pithecia irrorata uncommon rare edge of range, likely restricted to Pando Saguinus fuscicollis abundant common edge of range S. imperator none uncommon edge of range S. labiatus abundant none edge of range, restricted to Pando in Bolivia Saimiri boliviensis uncommon uncommon — The complement and relative abundance of primate species differ between the San Sebastian and Pingo de Oro sites, underscoring the importance of protecting sites on both sides of the Rio Tahuamanu. The river itself acts as a natural barrier to the distribu- tion of some primate species (Saguinus imperator, S. labiatus, and possibly Callimico). The more frequent occurrence of the larger primates (Alouatta, Ateles, and Cebus apella) at Pingo de Oro may result from less hunting pressure at that site than at San Sebastian. The higher densities of some of the smaller primates (Saguinus fuscicollis, S. labiatus, and Callimico) at San Sebastian likely reflects the ability of these species to thrive in younger, secondary forest habitats, which are more common at that site. We had one possible sighting of Lagothrix lagothricha, the common woolly monkey, which has not been reported from Bolivia for as many as 50 years. The species had been considered extirpated from Bolivia by hunting and habitat disturbance. However, the sighting at Pingo de Oro suggests potential for recovery of the species with adequate conservation measures. Woolly monkeys are highly sensitive to habitat degradation, and protection of the old-growth forests will be critical for re-establishment of the species in Bolivia. 00:42 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 THREATS AND PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATIONS Wholesale conversion of forest to pasture is the most devastating threat to the primates in the region. Imminent logging poses an immediate threat to primates at Pingo de Oro. Subsistence hunting affects several species and is likely the cause for the near extirpation of Lagothrix as well as the low abundance of the other two large primates, Ateles and Alouatta. Another potential risk is the capturing of primates for the pet trade, although it does not yet pose a serious problem. We recommend that widespread timber harvest, removal of forest canopy, and hunting of primates be excluded from the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve and its buffer zone. However, ecotourism and the sustainable extraction of nontimber forest products, such as Brazil nuts and natural rubber, are likely to be compatible with conservation of the primate populations. OTHER LARGE MAMMALS Participants/Authors: Leila Porter and Edilio Nacimento Conservation targets: Mammals classified as CITES | (threatened with extinction) and CITES II (potentially endangered if no action is taken). CITES | animals include Herpai/urus yaguarundi, Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, Lontra longicaudis, Panthera onca, Priodontes maximus, Puma concolor, and Speothus venaticus; the giant otter (Pteroneura brasiliensis) is also reported as present in the region. CITES II animals include Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari, and T. tajacu. (Names follow Emmons 1997.) METHODS We used two methods to evaluate species richness at the sites sampled. One consisted of a long-term survey: we noted all mammals observed during the course of a two-year study on primates at San Sebastian (150-ha study area; October 1997-October 1999). We believe the list for San Sebastian (Appendix 5) portrays a full representation of the large mammals at the site. The second method was rapid: we surveyed Pingo de Oro, Palmera, and the Rutina-Palmera road between 20 and 24 October 1999. We searched during daytime and nighttime hours for mammals and mammal tracks along existing trails, riverbanks, and logging roads. We sampled old-growth forests, selectively logged forests, secondary forests adjacent to current and abandoned houses and their agricultural plots, and seasonally flooded forests along the Rios Muyumanu and Tahuamanu. We paid particular attention to mud banks, where animals are known to eat soil, and to river edges and wet forests, where tracks were easier to distinguish and identify. We also recorded species from skulls and other hunting remains, and interviewed local residents better to estimate species composition at these sites. RESULTS OF THE LARGE-MAMMAL SURVEY We recorded 37 large nonprimate species of mammals in this area (Appendix 5). The giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), a species nearly extirpated in the region, was reported by one local resident interviewed. The identification of the green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti) is the first record for Bolivia; it occurs at high densities throughout the area. In addition, we observed one deer resembling Mazama gouazoubira (at San Sebastian), but with yellow and black lines below its eyes, which may represent a unique species or subspecies of Cervidae. SAN SEBASTIAN We found 35 species of large mammals during the two years at the site (Appendix 5). Mammals such as tapir (Tapirus terrestris) that provide preferred meat appear to be at low densities. A disease epidemic in the 1970s, combined with hunting pressure, also may have elimi- nated white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), a species historically present in the area. However, the area continues to maintain a high species richness of large mammals, including a number of carnivores. San Sebastian contains 8 of the CITES I species and the 4 CITES II species listed above as conservation targets. PINGO DE ORO A skull found outside a rubber-tapper’s home confirmed the presence of Tayassu pecari at Pingo de Oro. Although BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:43 we recorded only 14 species during our three-day survey (Appendix 5), interviews with local residents suggest that all of the megafauna observed in San Sebastian also occurs at this site. We found evidence of 3 large mammals classified as CITES I (Leopardus pardalis, Priodontes maximus, and Puma concolor) and 2 species classified as CITES II (Tayassu pecari and T. tajacu). The presence of Tayassu pecari, and the many tracks of Tapirus terrestris, indicate that the site is likely to have a greater abundance of large mammals than the forests to the north, near San Sebastian. This region has fewer human inhabitants and has undergone less hunting pressure and habitat destruction than has the area north of the Rio Tahuamanu. PALMERA We sampled old-growth and secondary forest habitats adjacent to Palmera (on foot), and riverine forest along the banks of the Rio Muyumanu (by boat), on the afternoon of 23 October 1999. Species observed include Agouti paca, Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, Mazama americana, and Tapirus terrestris. Hydrochaeris appears to be abundant along the Rio Muyumanu. Large num- bers of tracks along the banks of the Rio Muyumanu suggest that this is an important area for the protection of Tapirus terrestris. Pteronura brasiliensis was thought extinct in this area because of hunting for fur (in the 1950s), but local residents reported that they had seen this species more recently along the Rio Muyumanu. RUTINA-PALMERA LOGGING ROAD We walked portions of the recently opened logging road between Rutina and Palmera on 24 October 1999, from midmorning to midafternoon. We also walked sections of the older logging road. In addition to 6 species of primates (reported above), we identified 4 mammal species including Agouti paca, Dasyprocta variegata, Mazama americana, and Priodontes maximus. We also encountered tracks of one large mammal that need further investigation for identification. THREATS AND PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATIONS Further research in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve should include investigation and identification of the unknown mammal tracks discovered southwest of Rutina (above), as well as further study of the Cervidae in the area. Studies of the effects of hunting on popula- tions of large mammals are critical for the development of appropriate management plans. Hunting regulations will have to be coordinated with local residents and seasonal workers (many enter during the season of Brazil-nut harvest) to protect threatened species, such as peccaries and tapirs, from overhunting. An inventory of small mammals also is lacking for the region. 00:44 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 LITERATURA CITADA/LITERATURE CITED Buchanan-Smith, H. M., S. M. Hardie, C. Caceres, and Condit, R., R. B. Foster, S. P. Hubbell, R. Sukumar, E. G. Leigh, M. J. Prescott. In press. Distribution and forest utilization of Saguinus and other primates of the Pando Department, northern Bolivia. International Journal of Primatology. N. Manokaran, S. Loo de Lao, J. V. LaFrankie, and P. S. Ashton. 1998. Assessing forest diversity on small plots: calibration using species-individual curves from 50 ha plots. Pp. 247-268 in F. Dallmeier and J. A. Comiskey (eds.), Forest Biodiversity Research, Monitoring and Modeling, MAB Series Volume 20. Paris: UNESCO. Emmons, L. H. 1997. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: Foster, R. Foster, R. a field guide. Second edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. B. 1990. Long-term change in the successional forest community of the Rio Manu floodplain. Pp. 565- 572 in A. H. Gentry (ed.), Four Neotropical Rain Forests. New Haven: Yale University Press. B., J. Arce B., and T. Wachter. 1986. Dispersal and the sequential plant communities in Amazonian Peru floodplain. Pp. 357-370 in A. Estrada and T. H. Fleming (eds.), Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Dordrecht, Netherlands: W. Junk Publishers. Foster, R. B. and N. Brokaw. 1982. Structure and history of the vegetation of Barro Colorado Island. Pp. 67-81 in E. G. Leigh, A. S. Rand, and D. M. Windsor (eds.), The Ecology of a Tropical Forest. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press. Foster, R. B. and S. P. Hubbell. 1990. Floristic composition Izawa, K. of the Barro Colorado forest. Pp. 85-98 in A. H. Gentry (ed.), Four Neotropical Rain Forests. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1979. Studies on peculiar distribution patterns of Callimico. Reports of New World Monkeys (1979): 1-19. Kyoto University Primate Research Institute. Killeen, T. J., E. Garcia E., and S. G. Beck. 1993. Guia de Arboles de Bolivia. La Paz and St. Louis: Herbario Nacional de Bolivia and the Missouri Botanical Garden. Rojas G., J. A., L. M. Porter, and E. Nacimento B. 1998. Propuesta de creacion y desarrollo de la Reserva Natural de Vida Silvestre Tahuamanu — Pando, Bolivia: fase de evaluacion. Unpublished 9 pp. document. Cobija: Carrera de Biologia, Universidad Amazonica de Pando. BOLIVIA : PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:45 APENDICES / APPENDICES APENDICE 1 Las especies de plantas vasculares registradas para la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999 APENDICE 2A Las especies de anfibios y reptiles registrados para la Reserva Ecolégica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999 APENDICE 2B Especies de reptiles y anfibios recolectados por Oscar Teran (Universidad Amazénica de Pando) en los alrededores de Cobija (Dpto. Pando, Bolivia) APENDICE 3 Las especies de aves que se encontraron en la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999 APENDICE 4 Las especies de primates que se encontraron en la Reserva Ecolégica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999 APENDICE 5 Las especies de mamiferos non-primates que se encontraron en la Reserva Ecoldgica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia APPENDIX 1 Species of vascular plants recorded for the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, from 17 to 24 October, 1999 APPENDIX 2A Species of amphibians and reptiles recorded for the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, from 17 to 24 October, 1999 APPENDIX 2B Species of amphibians and reptiles in a collec- tion made by Oscar Teran (Universidad Amazonica de Pando) from the immediate vicinity of Cobija (Dpto. Pando, Bolivia) APPENDIX 3 Species of birds encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, from 17 to 24 October, 1999 APPENDIX 4 Species of primates encountered in the pro- posed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, from 17 to 24 October, 1999 APPENDIX 5 Species of large, non-primate mammals encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, as of October, 1999 BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:47 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Especies de plantas vasculares registradas para la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia, del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999. Miembros del equipo: R. Foster, J. Rojas G., N. Paniagua Z., W. S. Alverson y G. Torrico P. Datos adicionales de los transectos e identificaciones mds actualizadas seran puestas en la pagina del Web en www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor/Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Acanthaceae Aphelandra sp. 1 ~ Ss S TF T,P Acanthaceae Aphelandra sp. 2 - PO S TF P Acanthaceae Aphelandra sp. 3 - PO H TF CNP,P Acanthaceae Fittonia sp. - PO H TF RBF Acanthaceae Mendoncia lindavii Rusby Ss V TF CLP Acanthaceae sp. - - PO H TF P Alismataceae Echinodorus sp. ~ RT H LR RBF Anacardiaceae Astronium graveolens Jacq. PO T TF P Anacardiaceae Spondias mombin i PO T TF, LR T,P Anacardiaceae Tapirira guianensis Aubl. SS T TF CLP,T Annonaceae Anaxagorea sp. 1 - Ss T TF T,P Annonaceae Anaxagorea sp. 2 _ ss TS TF CNP,P Annonaceae Annona hypoglauca C. Martius RM T LR RBF Annonaceae Crematosperma sp. - PO S it CNP,P Annonaceae Duguetia sp. 1 - Ss li Annonaceae Duguetia sp. 2 _ RU T CNP,P Annonaceae Duguetia sp. 3 - RT Sai LR CNP,P Annonaceae Guatteria sp. - ss T TF i,P. Annonaceae Oxandra mediocris Diels Ss T TF T Annonaceae Rollinia sp. _ ss T TF CLP,RBF Annonaceae Unonopsis floribunda Diels PA I: LR RBF Annonaceae Xylopia cuspidata Diels ss S TF T Annonaceae Xylopia ligustrifolia Humb. & Bonpl. RU Ap LR RBF ex Dunal Annonaceae Xylopia sp. - PO T TF P Apiaceae Eryngium foetidum i SSS) H TF P Apocynaceae Aspidosperma macrocarpon C. Martius PO iL TF T,P Apocynaceae Aspidosperma sp. 1 - PO it TF T | _Apocynaceae Aspidosperma sp. 2 - SS il TF T,P Apocynaceae Himatanthus sucuuba (Muell.Arg.) Woods PO T TF RBF Apocynaceae Manaevilla sp. - Ss V TF CNP,P Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana siphilitica (L.f.) Leeuwenb. PA S LR T Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana sp. l - SS al TF T Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana sp. 2 - SS T TF P Araceae Anthurium clavigerum Poepp. PO E TF CNP Araceae Anthurium sp. - PO H We CNP,P Araceae Dieffenbachia sp. 1 - PO H TF E LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacion: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = coleccion de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = Ilanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = coleccién de del rio Muyumanu T = Arbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos 00:48 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Species of vascular plants recorded for the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, from 17-24 October, 1999. Team members: R. Foster, J. Rojas G., N. Paniagua Z., W. S. Alverson, and G. Torrico P. Additional data from transects and updated identifications will be posted at www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Familia /Family Género /Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Araceae Dieffenbachia sp. 2 ~ PO H WE RBF Araceae Heteropsis sp. 1 - PO E TF CNP,P Araceae Heteropsis sp. 2 - PO E TF CNP,P Araceae Monstera sp. 1 - Ss E TF P Araceae Monstera sp. 2 - PO E TF CNP,P Araceae Philodendron ernestii Engl. SS E TF B Araceae Philodendron tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott PO E TF RBF Araceae Philodendron sp. - PO E TF P Araceae Pistia stratiotes RT H LR RBF Araceae Rhodospatha sp. - PO E We P Araceae Syngonium podophyllum Schott SS E TF CLP Araliaceae Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. PO lj TF RBF Araliaceae Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, PO uf TF RBF Steyerm. & Frodin Pane ; ; | Arecaceae Aiphanes aculeata Willd. PO Ss TF RBF Arecaceae Astrocaryum acaule C. Martius PO S TF RBF Arecaceae Astrocaryum murumuru C. Martius Ss il TF,LR OT Arecaceae Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) SS V LR RBF Wess. Boer Arecaceae Attalea maripa (Aubl.) C. Martius Ss T We uly Arecaceae Attalea phalerata C. Martius ex Spreng. PO i iia Ree Arecaceae Bactris concinna C. Martius PA S LR ili Arecaceae Bactris gasipaes H.B.K. PO T TF P | Arecaceae Bactris hirta C. Martius PO S TF P Arecaceae Bactris major Jacq. Ss S) Mr CLP Arecaceae Bactris maraja C. Martius PO S We ip Arecaceae Bactris riparia C. Martius RU S LR P Arecaceae Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oerst. Ss S lie RBF = Euterpe precatoria C. Martius PO il TF,LR OT Arecaceae Geonoma deversa (Poit.) Kunth Ss S) We T,P Arecaceae Geonoma stricta (Poit.) Kunth SS S lle CNP Arecaceae Geonoma sp. 1 - SS S UF P Arecaceae Geonoma sp. 2 - PO S Ait RBF Arecaceae Geonoma sp. 3 - PO H ik RP Arecaceae Hyospathe elegans C. Martius Ss S TF RBF Arecaceae Iriartea deltoidea R. & P. SS T Wi Re Arecaceae Iriartella setigera (C. Martius) Ss S TF CLP H. Wendl. eee eee eee ee ee SS SS SS SS LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA = Palmera E = epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO = Pingo de Oro H = = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S = shrub 1-—10cmDBH _ roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats along the T = tree >10 cm DBH P= photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster SS = San Sebastian T = sterile specimen or road = along road between sight record from San Sebastian transects and Cobija BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:49 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Arecaceae Mauritia flexuosa oie RU Ti LR RBF Arecaceae Oenocarpus bataua C. Martius ss ilj TF, LR RBF Arecaceae Oenocarpus mapora Karsten Ss T TF BP Arecaceae Socratea exorrhiza (C. Martius) Ss T TF, LR T,P H. Wendl. J | Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia sp. - PO V TF P Asteraceae Adenostemma sp. - ss H LR P Asteraceae Tessaria integrifolia R. & P. RT S,T LR RBF Asteraceae Vernonia patens H.B.K. PO S,T TF RBF Asteraceae Wulffia baccata (L.f.) Kuntze RU V LR P Bignoniaceae Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don SS T TF T Bignoniaceae Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. Gentry PO V TF RBF Bignoniaceae Mussatia sp. - SS V TF P Bignoniaceae Tabebuia sp. - ss T TF T,P Bignoniaceae sp. 1 - - PO V TF P Bignoniaceae sp. 2 - _ PO V TF P Bignoniaceae sp. 3 - - PO V TF P Bignoniaceae sp. 4 - - PO V TF P Bignoniaceae sp. 5 - - RT V LR P Bignoniaceae sp. 6 - ~ road V TF CNP,P Bixaceae Bixa orellana L. Ss S) TF RBF Bixaceae Bixa urucurana Willd. RM Sak TEER RBF Bombacaceae Cavanillesia hylogeiton aff. Ulbr. PO T We eRe IP Bombacaceae Ceiba [Chorisia] insignis H.B.K. SS T TF T,P Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra (L.) P. Gaertn. PA 1 TF ER ae Bombacaceae Ceiba samauma (C. Martius) PO 71 Ws eRe ar K. Schum. Bombacaceae Matisia bicolor Ducke PO T TF Bi Bombacaceae Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam.) Urb. RT T LR CLP Bombacaceae Pachira sp. - ss ily TF 1 Bombacaceae Pseudobombax septenatum (Jacg.) Dugand PO ity TF P Bombacaceae Quararibea amazonica Ulbr. RU ili LR CNP,P Bombacaceae Quararibea wittil K. Schum. & Ulbr. PA T LR CNP,T Boraginaceae Cordia alliodora (R. & P.) Oken RU T LR RBF Boraginaceae Cordia bicolor cf. A. DC. PO Ti TF P Boraginaceae Cordia nodosa Lam. PO S TF CLP,T Boraginaceae Cordia sp. 1 - PA a LR ap LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacion: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = coleccién de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = coleccién de del rio Muyumanu T = arbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos 00:50 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author Loc F/H HAB DOC Boraginaceae Cordia sp. 2 ~ RT S,T LR CNP,P Bromeliaceae Aechmea sp. - PO H TF RBF Bromeliaceae Tillandsia sp. ~ RM E ik CNP,P Bromeliaceae sp. - - PO E TF RBF Burseraceae Protium sagotianum March. Ss aT) TF CLP,P Burseraceae Protium sp. 1 - Ss Tl Mr iT - Burseraceae Protium sp. 2 - PO T TF P Burseraceae Tetragastris altissima (Aubl.) Swart. SS T ie CURA Burseraceae Tetragastris panamensis (Engl.) Kuntze PO T TF li Cactaceae Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw. PO E TF RBF Cactaceae Rhipsalis sp. - PO E liz RBF Capparidaceae Capparis nitida R. & P. ex DC. Ss T TF T Capparidaceae Capparis sp. - PA S LR TP Capparidaceae Cleome spinosa Jacq. PA H LR RBF Caricaceae Carica microcarpa Jacq. ss S TF RBF Caricaceae Jacaratia digitata (P.& E.) Solms-Laub. PO T TF, LR RBF Cecropiaceae Cecropia engleriana cf. Snethl. RT Ti LR RBF Cecropiaceae Cecropia ficifolia cf. Warb.ex Snethl. RT ly LR RBF Cecropiaceae Cecropia latiloba Mig. RM T LR RBF Cecropiaceae Cecropia membranacea Trécul RM il LR RBF Cecropiaceae Cecropia polystachya Trécul PA ili LR RBF Cecropiaceae Cecropia sciadophylla C. Martius Ss il TF GEP | _Cecropiaceae Cecropia sp. 1 - Ss T TF 1 Cecropiaceae Cecropia sp. 2 - PO T ir P Cecropiaceae Pourouma cecropiifolia C. Martius Ss T UF GP Cecropiaceae Pourouma minor Benoist PO T TF CLPT Cecropiaceae Pourouma sp. 1 - PO T TF RBF Cecropiaceae Pourouma sp. 2 ~ PO ily We P Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella racemosa Lam Ss S,T slit iP Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella triandra Sw. Ss T TF RBF a Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella sp. l - PA S Dip ERS ee Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella sp. 2 - PO S ili P Chrysobalanaceae Licania britteniana Fritsch PA lj LR il Chrysobalanaceae Licania sp. 1 - Ss al lle T,P | _Chrysobalanaceae Licania sp. 2 - SS T TF Tl Chrysobalanaceae Licania sp. 3 ~ SS T ike P Clusiaceae Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. PA T LR Tl LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA Palmera E = epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO Pingo de Oro H = = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S = shrub 1-10cmDBH roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT habitats along the T = tree >10 cm DBH P = photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster Ss San Sebastian T = sterile specimen or road = along road between sight record from San Sebastian transects and Cobija BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:51 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS 00:52 Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor/Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Clusiaceae Chrysochlamys Clusiaceae Chrysochlamys sp. - Clusiaceae Clusiaceaea sp. - PO TF CNP,P Clusiaceae Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel TF, LR ~~ CLP,T,P Clusiaceae Garcinia Clusiaceae Symphonia globulifera Efe Clusiaceae Vismia baccifera (L.) Triana & RM Planchon Clusiaceae Vismia sp. - PO S, Combretaceae Buchenavia cf. sp. - PO T Combretaceae Combretum laxum Jacq. PA V Combretaceae Terminalia amazonia (J. F. Gmel.) Exell PO IE Combretaceae Terminalia oblonga (R. & P.) Steudel PO T Comellinaceae Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Standl. PO V Comellinaceae Geogenanthus poeppigii (Miq.) Faden PO H Comellinaceae Tradescantia zanonia (L.) Sw. PO H Connaraceae Connarus sp. - RT Vv Convolvulaceae Ipomoea sp. - Ss V Costaceae Costus arabicus L. RT H Costaceae Costus scaber R. & P. PA H Costaceae Costus sp. 1 - PO H Costaceae Costus sp. 2 - PO H Costaceae Dimerocostus strobilaceus Kuntze Ss H TF RBF Cucurbitaceae Fevillea cordifolia L. Ss V TF, LR RBF Cucurbitaceae Gurania sp. - PO V Ue CNP,P Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. Ss V TF CNP Cucurbitaceae sp. - - ss V TF P Cycadaceae Zamia sp. - Ss H TF P jie Sa Cyclanthaceae Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. & A. Rich. Ss H TF RBF | _Cyperaceae Scleria secans (L.) Urb. PO V TF RBF Dichapetalaceae Tapura juruana (Ule) Rizz Ss Tf TF 1 Dilleniaceae Davilla nitida cf. (Vahl.) Kubitzki PO V TF CNP,P Dioscoriaceae Dioscorea sp. - PO V TF P tia Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. - ss T TF P Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea guianensis (Aubl.) Benth RT lt LR RBF Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea terniflora (Moc. & Sessé ex PA a LR T DC.) Stand. LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacion: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = colecci6n de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = colecci6n de del rio Muyumanu T = arbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS road = along road between San Sebastian and Cobija Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea sp. 1 - Ss T TF ili Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea sp. 2 - PO ily TF v Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea sp. 3 - PO T TF 1 Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea sp. 4 - PO ili TF T Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum sp. ~ SS li lie P Euphorbiaceae Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. PO S Wr aly Euphorbiaceae Alchornea castaneifolia (Willd.) A. Juss. RM Si LR RBF Euphorbiaceae Alchornea glandulosa Poepp. & Endl. SS T TF P mo Euphorbiaceae Alchornea triplinerva (Spreng.) Mull. Arg. SS T TF P Euphorbiaceae Alchornea sp. - PA S LR T Euphorbiaceae Aparisthmium cordatum (A. Juss.) Baill. PO al} TF a Euphorbiaceae Croton lechleri Mdall.Arg. RM T LR RBF Euphorbiaceae Croton matourensis Aubl. PO L TF REE | Euphorbiaceae Drypetes gentryi Grandez & Vasquez PO T TF T Euphorbiaceae Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Juss.) PA AP TF, LR T Muell.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Hura crepitans L. PO T Wr, RE Euphorbiaceae Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao SS li TF RBF Euphorbiaceae Mabea sp. 1 ~ Ss T TF Euphorbiaceae Mabea sp. 2 - PO i) TF Euphorbiaceae Manihot sp. - PO V TF Euphorbiaceae Margaritaria nobilis Lie PO T TF RBF Euphorbiaceae Omphalea diandra ky PO V TF RBF Euphorbiaceae Pausandra trianae (Mall. Arg.) Baill. PO A TF RBF Euphorbiaceae Plukenetia sp. - SS V lity P Euphorbiaceae Sapium marmieri Huber PO il TF,LR OT Euphorbiaceae Sapium sp. l - RM T LR RBF | Euphorbiaceae Sapium sp. 2 - PO li We P Euphorbiaceae sp. l - ~ SS S TF Euphorbiaceae sp. 2 - - SS T TF P Fabaceae Acacia loretensis J.F. Macbr. RU T LR RBF Fabaceae Acacia polyphylia cf. DC. PO V We B Fabaceae Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A.C.Smith SS T lr T,P Fabaceae Apuleia leiocarpa (J. Vogel) J.F. Macbr. PO a EV ERS ae Fabaceae Bauhinia guianensis Aubl. SS V TF RBF Fabaceae Bauhinia sp. - PA 1 LR RBF Fabaceae Copaifera reticulata Ducke PA ¥ LR iP LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA = Palmera E epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO = Pingo de Oro H = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S = shrub 1-—10cmDBH roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats along the T tree >10 cm DBH P= = photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster SS = San Sebastian T = sterile specimen or sight record from transects BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 OOESS APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS 00:54 Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor/Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Fabaceae Dalbergia sp. - RU iS) LR CNP,P Fabaceae Desmodium axillare (Sw.) DC. PO H Fabaceae Desmodium sp. - PA S Fabaceae Dialium guianense (Aubl.) Sandw. T TF,LR = CLP,T Fabaceae Diimorphandra sp. - PA T LR RBF Fabaceae Dipteryx micrantha Harms Ss T TF ERO oaKe Fabaceae Dussia sp. 1 - PO T TF V Fabaceae Dussia sp. 2 - PO ali TF T Fabaceae Enterolobium cyclocarpum cf. __ (Jacq.) Griseb. PO T TELERO Se Fabaceae Erythrina sp. - PO T TF P Fabaceae Hymenaea courbaril L. Ss T TF RBF Fabaceae Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber PA T LR T,P Fabaceae Inga acreana Harms PO af TF T Fabaceae Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. Ss T Fabaceae Inga capitata Desv. PA T Fabaceae Inga marginata Willd. PA T LR il Fabaceae Inga nobilis Willd. RM ili LR RBF Fabaceae Inga oerstediana Benth. ex Seem. PO T TF P Fabaceae Inga ruiziana G. Don RM T LR RBF Fabaceae Inga stipulacea G. Don PO al TF P Fabaceae Inga tenuistipula Ducke PO T TF i Fabaceae Inga thibaudiana DC. PO T TF CLP,T,P Fabaceae Inga sp. 1 - PO S TF T Fabaceae Inga sp. 2 - PO T TF if Fabaceae Inga sp. 3 - Ss i TF T a Fabaceae Inga sp. 4 - PO T TF T Fabaceae Inga sp. 5 ~ PO T TF T Fabaceae Inga sp. 6 = RM T LR RBF Fabaceae Inga sp. 7 - PO T TF P Fabaceae Lonchocarpus cf. sp. - PO ili TF IAP Fabaceae Machaerium kegelii Meisn. PO V TF P Fabaceae Macrolobium acaciifolium (Benth.) Benth. PA Uf LR T,P Fabaceae Myrocarpus frondosus Allemao PO T TF T Fabaceae Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms PO T TTR T Fabaceae Parkia multijuga cf. Benth. PO T TF il Fabaceae Parkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ss T TF Wr ex Walp. LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacién: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = coleccién de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = coleccién de del rio Muyumanu T = €rbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Familia /Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Fabaceae Piptadenia sp. - SS V Fabaceae Platymiscium sp. = PO li Fabaceae Platypodium elegans J. Vogel PO T Fabaceae Pseudopiptadenia cf. sp. - PO T Fabaceae Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl PO T le 1 Fabaceae Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake PO lf Ur T,P Fabaceae Senna reticulata (Willd.) Irwin & Barn. RM S LR RBF Fabaceae Senna silvestris (Vell.) Irwin & Blake PO T TF P Fabaceae Senna sp. - Ss S lis P Fabaceae Swartzia cf. sp. - PO T TF le Fabaceae Tachigali vasquezii Pipoly PO T Th ERs iP Fabaceae Tachigali sp. l - Ss T TF T Fabaceae Tachigali sp. 2 - PO nf TF IW Fabaceae Tachigali sp. 3 - PO i We P Fabaceae Tachigali sp. 4 ~ PO ili TF P Fabaceae Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke PO Ti TF RBF Fabaceae Zygia latifolia cf. (L.) Fawc. & Rendle PA Sl LR T,P Fabaceae sp. 1 - - PO T TF T Fabaceae sp. 2 = = PO T TF ili — Fabaceae sp. 3 - - SS T TF ils Fabaceae sp. 4 - - PO li TF i Fabaceae sp. 5 - - SS V ili P Fabaceae sp. 6 - - Ss V ie i Fabaceae sp. 7 - - Ss lj TF P Fabaceae sp. 8 - - SS S We P Fabaceae sp. 9 - - PO il ili P Fabaceae sp. 10 - - RM if TF P Fabaceae sp. 11 - - RT V LR RB Flacourtiaceae Casearia aculeata Jacq. PA Sill LR T Ke Flacourtiaceae Casearia pitumba Sleumer Ss Syl Ti CLP Flacourtiaceae Casearia sp. 1 - PO i TF T Flacourtiaceae Casearia sp. 2 ~ PO T ality T Flacourtiaceae Lacistema aggregatum (Berg.) Rusby PO S31 lita T,P |__Flacourtiaceae Lacistema sp. - Ss S TF CNP,T,P Flacourtiaceae Laetia procera (Poeppig) Eichl. SS T iE Pp Flacourtiaceae Lunania parviflora Spruce ex Benth. Ss Ti ik CNP,P Flacourtiaceae Mayna odorata Aubl. SS S) LR CLP San Sebastian and Cobija LOC = Locality: F/H = PA = Palmera Ea PO = Pingo de Oro H = RM = habitats along the Rio Muyumanu 3S 6S RT = habitats along the Vy = Rio Tahuamanu Vi RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian road = along road between Habit (life form): epiphyte or parasite terrestrial or aquatic herb shrub 1 —- 10 cm DBH tree >10 cm DBH vine or liana HAB = Habitat: TF = terra firme (uplands) LR = llanura del rio (floodplain) roadside = along road Documentation: collection by Leila Porter collection by Narel Paniagua Z. photo by Robin Foster sight record by Robin Foster sterile specimen or sight record from transects BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:55 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Flacourtiaceae Prockia crucis P. Browne ex L. PO S,T TF CNP,P Flacourtiaceae sp. - - PO ll TF P Gesneriaceae Drymonia semicordata (Poepp.) Wiehl. PO TF CNP Gesneriaceae sp. - PO H TF P Heliconiaceae Heliconia episcopalis Vell. RT H LR RBF Heliconiaceae Heliconia marginata (Griggs) Pittier RT H LR RBF Heliconiaceae Heliconia metallica Planch & Linden RT H LR RBF ex Hook. Heliconiaceae Heliconia rostrata cf. R.& P. SSS) H TF P Heliconiaceae Heliconia sp. l - ss H TF P Heliconiaceae Heliconia sp. 2 - PO H TF CNP,P Heliconiaceae Heliconia sp. 3 - RT H LR CNP,P Hernandiaceae Sparattanthelium sp. _ PO V TF CNP,P Hippocratiaceae Anthodon decussatum R. & P. Ss V TF RBF Hippocratiaceae Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C. Smith PO T i T Hippocratiaceae Salacia sp. - Ss V TF P Lauraceae Aniba sp. - Ss T TF T Lauraceae Cinnamomum cf. sp. - PO T TF T Lauraceae Nectandra sp. - Ss i TF P Lauraceae Ocotea guianensis Aubl. PO li TF P Lauraceae Ocotea sp. - PO T TF AT Lauraceae sp. 1 - - Ss T TF T Lauraceae sp. 2 - - PO T TF T Lauraceae sp. 3 - - SS ili TF T Lauraceae sp. 4 - - Ss A TF P Lauraceae sp. 5 - - PO. T TF P Lauraceae sp. 6 - - PO S) TF CNP,P Lecythidaceae Bertholletia excelsa H. & B. PA T LR T,P Lecythidaceae Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze RT T LR RBF Lecythidaceae Cariniana sp. - road T TF CNP,P Lecythidaceae Couratari guianensis Aubl. PO a TF T Lecythidaceae Couratari macrosperma A.C. Smith PO T TF ie Lecythidaceae Couroupita guianensis - RU T LR RBF Lecythidaceae Eschweilera sp. - PA T LR nF Lecythidaceae Gustavia hexapetala (Aubl.) A.C. Smith PA T LR T Limnocharitaceae Hydrocleys sp. - RT H LR CNP,P | Linaceae Roucheria sp. - SS oli TF P LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacion: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = colecci6n de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = colecci6n de del rio Muyumanu T = 4rbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos 00:56 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS!/ PLANTS San Sebastian and Cobija Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Loganiaceae Strychnos sp. - PO V TF 2 Lythraceae Adenaria floribunda H.B.K. RM S LR RBF Lythraceae Lafoensia sp. - RT aT LR P Lythraceae Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl Ss i TF T Malpighiaceae Bunchosia sp. - PO S) TF CNP,P Malpighiaceae Mascagnia sp. - RM V TF CNP,P Malpighiaceae sp. 1 - - Ss V TF P Malpighiaceae sp. 2 - - SS V TF P Malvaceae Gossypium barbadense L. SS S TF P Malvaceae Pavonia oxyphyllaria Donn. Sm. RU H LR CNP Marantaceae Calathea micans (Mathieu) Koern. PO H TF RBF Marantaceae Calathea veitchiana cf. J.H. Veitch SS H TF P ex Hook f. | Marantaceae Calathea sp. 1 - PO H TF P Marantaceae Calathea sp. 2 ~ PO H TF P Marantaceae Calathea sp. 3 - PO H TF P Marantaceae Calathea sp. 4 PO H TF P Marantaceae Ischnosiphon sp. 1 - Ss H Miz P Marantaceae Ischnosiphon sp. 2 - PO H dz P Marantaceae Monotagma sp. - PO H TF P Melastomataceae Bellucia sp. - Ss T TF CLP Melastomataceae Leandra sp. - PO S TF RBF Melastomataceae Miconia bubalina (D. Don) Naudin PO S TF T Melastomataceae Miconia nervosa (Sm.) Triana SS S TF CLP Melastomataceae Miconia tomentosa (Rich.) D.Don ex DC. SS S i P Melastomataceae Miconia sp. l - Ss S TF RB Melastomataceae Miconia sp. 2 - Ss T TF P Melastomataceae Mouriri myrtilloides (Sw.) Poir. Ss S,T TF Melastomataceae Mouriri sp. = Ss S,T TF RBF Melastomataceae Tococa guianensis cf. Aubl. Ss S TF RBF Melastomataceae Tococa quadrialata (Naud.) J.F. Macbr. SS S TF P | _Meliaceae Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) C. Martius PO T TF ie Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Vell. Ss li TF RBF Meliaceae Cedrela odorata L. SS lj Ue eRe Meliaceae Guarea gomma Pulle SS T TF TP Meliaceae Guarea grandifolia DC. Ss T TF Tf Meliaceae Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer PA T LR T LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA = Palmera E = epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO = Pingo de Oro H = = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S = shrub 1-—10cmDBH _ roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats along the T = tree >10 cm DBH P = photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster SS = San Sebastian T = sterile specimen or road = along road between sight record from transects BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:57 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS 00:58 Familia / Family Género /Genus Especie/Species Autor/Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Meliaceae Guarea kunthiana A. Juss. PO T TF RBF Meliaceae Guarea sp. 1 - Ss T TF T Meliaceae Guarea sp. 2 - Ss S) TF T,P Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla King PO T TF T,P Meliaceae Trichilia pallida Sw. ss U TF T Meliaceae Trichilia pleeana (Adr. Juss.) C. DC. SS T TF, LR RBF Meliaceae Trichilia poeppigii cf. C. DC. ss T TF T,P Meliaceae Trichilia quadrijuga H.B.K. ss T LR T,P Meliaceae Trichilia septentrionalis C. DC. Ss T TF RBF Meliaceae Trichilia sp. 1 - PO T TF T Meliaceae Trichilia sp. 2 - Ss i TF Meliaceae Trichilia sp. 3 - Ss Ss TF P Menispermaceae Abuta grandifolia (C. Martius) Sandw. SS S) TF CLP Menispermaceae Cissampelos sp. - RU V LR CNP,P Menispermaceae Curarea toxicofera (Wedd.) Barneby PO V TF CLP,P & Krukoff Menispermaceae Odontocarya arifolia Barneby PA V LR T Monimiaceae Mollinedia killipii cf. J.F. Macbr. PO S) TF P Monimiaceae Mollinedia sp. - PA S) LR T Monimiaceae Siparuna cervicornis Perkins PO S TF CNP,T,P Monimiaceae Siparuna decipiens (Tul.) A. DC. PO T TF CLP,T,P Monimiaceae Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) PO S) TF T A. DC. Monimiaceae Siparuna sp. 1 - Ss S) we T,P Monimiaceae Siparuna sp. 2 - PO S TF CNP,P Moraceae Batocarpus amazonicus (Ducke) Fosb. Ss T TF RBF Moraceae Brosimum alicastrum Sw. PA T Tipe Moraceae Brosimum guianense (Aubl.) Huber PO al) TERS Moraceae Brosimum lactescens (S. Moore) Berg PO T THE ER seals al Moraceae Castilla ulei Warb. PO is TF T,P Moraceae Clarisia biflora R. &P. PA T LR ali Moraceae Clarisia racemosa R. & P. SS T TF, LR CLP,T,P Moraceae Ficus aripuanensis C.C. Berg & Kooy RT if LR P Moraceae Ficus brevibracteata W.C. Burger Ss T Ue RBF Moraceae Ficus caballina Stand. RU E LR P Moraceae Ficus dugandii cf. Standl. PO T TF T Moraceae Ficus gomelleira Kunth & Bouché PO T TF ali SSS SSS SSS SS LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacion: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = colecci6n de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = colecci6n de del rio Muyumanu T = 4arbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Familia / Family Género /Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Moraceae Ficus insipida Willd. PO T TF ili | Moraceae Ficus juruensis Warburg ex Dugand PA Ea LR RBF Moraceae Ficus killipii Standl. PA T LR T Moraceae Ficus maxima Miller ss ili TF,LR P Moraceae Ficus nymphaeifolia Miller ss ili TF RBF Moraceae Ficus paraensis (Miq.) Miq. RT Ew TF, LR = RBF Moraceae Ficus pertusa Leite PA TE TF,LR OT Moraceae Ficus piresiana Vazquez Avila & PO T TF RBF C.C. Berg Moraceae Ficus popenoei cf. Standl. PO T TF T Moraceae Ficus schultesii Dugand SS T TF RBF Moraceae Ficus trigona Lae PA a) LR ill Moraceae Ficus trigonata ie PO T TF T Moraceae Ficus ypsilophlebia Dugand PO tr TF T Moraceae Ficus sp. 1 - PA li LR lj Moraceae Ficus sp. 2 - PO T TF ili Moraceae Ficus sp. 3 - PO T TF T Moraceae Ficus sp. 4 - Ss Tl TF CNP,P Moraceae Ficus sp. 5 - SS ili TF B Moraceae Ficus sp. 6 - Ss T TF P Moraceae Helicostylis tomentosa (P. & E.) Rusby Ss T ik CLP,P | Moraceae Maclura tinctoria (L.) Don ex Steud. PO T ik Be Moraceae Maquira guianensis Aubl. PO T TF I Moraceae Naucleopsis glabra Spruce ex Pitt. PA T LR lj Moraceae Naucleopsis sp. l - SS Ti TF RP Moraceae Naucleopsis sp. 2 - PA il LR T Moraceae Perebea xanthochyma cf. __H. Karst PO T TF P Moraceae Perebea sp. 1 - Ss T TF T Moraceae Perebea sp. 2 - PO T AF P Moraceae Pseudolmedia laevigata Trécul Ss T TF EP Moraceae Pseudolmedia laevis (R. & P.) J.F. Macbr. PO ili TF CNP,T,P Moraceae Pseudolmedia macrophylla Trécul PO Tl TF CNP,T,P Moraceae Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich. PO il} TF T,P Moraceae Sorocea pileata cf. W.C. Burger PO ili TF, LR T,P | Moraceae Sorocea steinbachii cf. C.C. Berg PA S LR T Moraceae Sorocea sp. - RU S) LR CNP,P Myristicaceae Iryanthera juruensis Warb. Ss T Ti CER TREP LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA = Palmera E = epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO = Pingo de Oro H = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S = shrub1-—10cmDBH _ roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats along the T = tree >10 cm DBH P = photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster SS = San Sebastian T = sterile specimen or road = along road between sight record from San Sebastian transects and Cobija BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 O59 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Familia /Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor/Author LOC Myristicaceae Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb. Myristicaceae Virola flexuosa A.C. Smith Myristicaceae Virola mollissima cf. (A.DC.) Warb. PO Myristicaceae Virola sebifera Aubl. RM Myristicaceae Virola surinamensis (Roland.) Warb. RM Myristicaceae Virola sp. 1 - PA Myristicaceae Virola sp. 2 - SS Myrsinaceae Ardisia sp. - PO Myrsinaceae Stylogyne sp. - PO Myrtaceae Calyptranthes densiflora Poepp. ex O. Berg PO Myrtaceae Calyptranthes sp. - Ss Myrtaceae Campomanesia sp - Ss Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. 1 - Ss Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. 2 - PO Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. 3 - RU Myrtaceae Myrcia sp. 1 - Ss Myrtaceae Myrcia sp. 2 - SS Myrtaceae Myrciaria sp ~ PO Myrtaceae sp. 1 - - PO Myrtaceae sp. 2 - - SS Nyctaginaceae Neea sp. 1 - PO Nyctaginaceae Neea sp. 2 - SS Nyctaginaceae Neea sp. 3 - SS Nyctaginaceae Neea sp. 4 - RU Ochnaceae Ouratea sp. 1 - RT Ochnaceae Ouratea sp. 2 - ss Ochnaceae Ouratea sp. 3 - RT Olacaceae Heisteria acuminata (H. & B.) Engler RU Olacaceae Minquartia guianensis Aubl. SS Onagraceae Ludwigia erecta (L.) H. Hara RT Passifloraceae Passiflora auriculata H.B.K. PO Passifloraceae Passiflora sp. 1 - PO Passifloraceae Passiflora sp. 2 - PO Passifloraceae Passiflora sp. 3 - PO |__Passifloraceae Passiflora sp. 4 - PO Phytolaccaceae Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms Ss TF, LR T,P Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouché RM LR RBF LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacion: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = colecci6n de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = colecci6n de del rio Muyumanu T = arbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos 00:60 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS!/ PLANTS Familia /Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Piperaceae Peperomia sp. 1 - Ss E TF P Piperaceae Peperomia sp. 2 _ Ss H Tir P Piperaceae Peperomia sp. 3 - PO H TF CNP,P Piperaceae Piper arboreum Aubl. PO S TF lee Piperaceae Piper callosum R. & P. Ss S TF CNP,P Piperaceae Piper crassinervium H.B.K. PO S TF T Piperaceae Piper laevigatum H.B.K. PO S We he Piperaceae Piper obliquum R. & P. Ss S TF CNPP | Piperaceae Piper reticulatum L. PO S TF CNP,P Piperaceae Piper sp. l - PO S) TF Ti Piperaceae Piper sp. 2 - ss S) TF P Piperaceae Piper sp. 3 - Ss HS TF T,P Piperaceae Piper sp. 4 - Ss S ik T,P Piperaceae Piper sp. 5 - Ss S TF P me. Piper sp. 6 - Ss ss) TF P Piperaceae Piper sp. 7 - PO S TF CNP,P Poaceae Guadua weberbaueri Pilger $s T TF, LR ~~ CNP,T,P Poaceae Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. RT S LR RBF Poaceae Olyra sp. - SS H TF P Poaceae Orthoclada laxa (Rich.) P. Beauv. Ss H TF RBF Poaceae Pharus latifolius L. PO H TF RBF Polygalaceae Moutabea sp. ~ Ss V alt CLP,T Polygalaceae Polygala gigantea Chodat SS H ait CNP,P Polygonaceae Coccoloba densifrons C. Martius RU yp roadside RBF ex Meisn. Polygonaceae Coccoloba mollis Casar. PO T TF RBF Polygonaceae Coccoloba sp. - RM ah LR P ie Polygonaceae Triplaris americana L. RT il LR RBF | _Portulacaceae Talinum sp. - SS H TF iP Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. PO T TF CNP Quiinaceae Lacunaria sp. - SS Tj TF RBF Quiinaceae Quiina sp. - PO T TF P Rhamnaceae Colubrina glandulosa cf. Perkins PO ¥ TF P Rhamnaceae Gouania sp. 1 - PO V TF P Rhamnaceae Gouania sp. 2 - PO V TF P Rubiaceae Alseis peruviana cf. Standl. PO T ip T Rubiaceae Amaioua sp. - SS al Tie P LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA = Palmera E epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO = Pingo de Oro H = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S) shrub 1- 10cm DBH _ roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats along the T tree >10 cm DBH P = photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster SS = San Sebastian T = Sterile specimen or road = along road between sight record from San Sebastian transects and Cobija BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:61 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor/Author Loc F/H HAB DOC Rubiaceae Calycophyllum megistocaulum (K. Krause) ss T TF RBF C.M. Taylor = Rubiaceae Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook f. RT - LR RBF | ex K. Schum. | Rubiaceae Capirona decorticans Spruce Ss T TF CLP,P Rubiaceae Chomelia Sp. - PO S TF R Rubiaceae Coussarea sp. l - PA S LR i Rubiaceae Coussarea sp. 2 - RU S LR CNP,P Rubiaceae Faramea multiflora cf. A. Rich. ex DC. PA S) LR T Rubiaceae Genipa americana L. PO T TF RBF Rubiaceae Macrocnemum roseum (R. & P) Wedd. Ss T TF RBF Rubiaceae Oldenlandia sp. - RU H TF RBF Rubiaceae Palicourea guianensis Aubl. PO s TF ali Rubiaceae Palicourea punicea (R. & P.) DC. PO S TF P Rubiaceae Palicourea sp. 1 = SS Ss TF P Rubiaceae Palicourea sp. 2 = Ss s TF CNP,P Rubiaceae Palicourea sp. 3 = PO s TF CNP,P Rubiaceae Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. RT T LR RBF & Schult. Rubiaceae Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. Ss S LR P Rubiaceae Psychotria poeppigiana Muell. Arg. Ss S TF P : L Rubiaceae Psychotria viridis R. & P. PA S LR RBF Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. 1 - Ss S TF T Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. 2 ~ Ss S TF T a Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. 3 - PA S LR T,P Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. 4 - PO S TF CNP,P Rubiaceae Randia sp. - SS S TF CNP Rubiaceae Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel. Ss V TF RBF Rutaceae Dictyoloma peruvianum Planch. RU S roadside RBF Rutaceae Esenbeckia almawillia Kaastra PO S TF CNP,T,P Rutaceae Galipea sp. - Ss S TF T,P Rutaceae Metrodorea flavida K. Krause ss T TF Tete Rutaceae Zanthoxylum ekmanii (Urb.) Alain PO ily TF P Rutaceae sp. - - PO S TF T,P Salicaceae Salix humboldtiana Willd. RT T LR RBF Sapindaceae Allophylus sp. - PO S,T TF CNP,P Sapindaceae Matayba sp. - Ss T TF T Sapindaceae Paullinia bracteosa Radlk. PA V LR RBF LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentaci6n: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = coleccién de PO = Pingo de Oro H hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo ss) arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = colecci6n de del rio Muyumanu T arbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos 00:62 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS!/ PLANTS Familia / Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Sapindaceae Paullinia sp. - PO V TF P Sapindaceae sp. 1 - ~ SS T TF T Sapindaceae sp. 2 - - PO T le P Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum cainito ie PO ali TF TP. Sapotaceae Manilkara inundata (Ducke) Ducke PA ili LR lj Sapotaceae Manilkara sp. - PO T TF ali Sapotaceae Micropholis venulosa cf. (Mart. & Eichl.) PO T TF I Pierre Sapotaceae Micropholis sp. — PO lj TF T Sapotaceae Pouteria caimito (R. & P.) Radlk. RU i LR P Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 1 - PA T LR i Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 2 - PO T TF T Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 3 - PA T LR ali Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 4 - PO Li TF T Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 5 - Ss T TF T Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 6 - So ali ie il Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 7 - PO T TF li Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 8 - Ss T Tk ill Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 9 - SS ill TF CNP,P Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. 10 - PA S LR CNP,P Scrophulariaceae Basistemon sp. 1 - SS H,S TF CNP,P Solanaceae Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal PO S) TF RBF Solanaceae Markea sp. - SS V TF CNP,P Solanaceae Solanum sp. 1 - Ss H TF P | Solanaceae Solanum sp. 2 - RM Sal TF CNP,P Staphyleaceae Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don PO iT TF A Sterculiaceae Byttneria pescapraeifolia Britton RM V LR RBF Sterculiaceae Guazuma crinita C. Martius RU T LR RBF Sterculiaceae Herrania sp. 1 - RU S LR CNP,P Sterculiaceae Herrania sp. 2 - Ss S) TF CLP Sterculiaceae Pterygota amazonica C. Williams ex Dorr PO T TF iP. Sterculiaceae Sterculia apeibophylla Ducke SS T TE CLP Sterculiaceae Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst. PA T LR T Sterculiaceae Sterculia sp. 1 - SS ili TF li Sterculiaceae Sterculia sp. 2 - PO i TF P Sterculiaceae Theobroma cacao Le PO ili TF,LR OT Sterculiaceae Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Spreng. SS T TF CNP,T,P a | LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA = Palmera E = epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO = Pingo de Oro H ~~ = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S = shrub 1-—-10cmDBH _ roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats along the T = tree >10 cm DBH P = photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V— = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster SS = San Sebastian T = sterile specimen or road = along road between sight record from San Sebastian transects and Cobija BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:63 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS 00:64 Familia /Family Género/Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC Strelitziaceae Phenakospermum guianensis Theophrastaceae Clavija = Tiliaceae Apeiba aspera Aubl. PO T TF T Tiliaceae Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Ss T TF RBF Tiliaceae Luehea cymulosa Spruce ex Benth. le Tiliaceae Luehea sp. - ss T TF P Tiliaceae Mollia? sp. T Tiliaceae Muntingia calabura Tf Ulmaceae Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. SS V TF CLP,P Ulmaceae Celtis schippii Standl. T Ulmaceae Trema micrantha (L.) Blume T Urticaceae Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. PO S TF RBF ex Wedd. Urticaceae Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb. PO S TF RBF Verbenaceae Aegiphila sp. - PO S TF P Verbenaceae Lantana sp. - SS S) TF P Verbenaceae Vitex triflora Vahl PA T LR RBF Verbenaceae Vitex sp. 1 - Ss T ik li Verbenaceae Vitex sp. 2 - Ss i Ue P Violaceae Leonia crassa L.B. Smith & PA ily LR ER A. Fernandez Violaceae Leonia glycycarpa R. & P. PO T TF T Violaceae Rinorea lindeniana (Tul.) Kuhtze PA S Violaceae Rinorea sp. l - Ss S) Violaceae Rinorea sp. 2 - Ss Ss Vitaceae Cissus sp. - PA V LR RBF Vochysiaceae Erisma uncinatum Warm. PO T TF Ine | Vochysiaceae Vochysia sp. - RT T LR RBF | Zingiberaceae Renealmia sp. - PO H TF RBF | Unknown sp. 1 - - Ss T TF T Unknown sp. 2 - - PO U ie ils Unknown sp. 3 - - ss T TF T Unknown sp. 4 - - PO T TF iy PTERIDOPHYTA Adiantum sp. - SS H TF T,P | PTERIDOPHYTA Cyathea sp. - Ss S TF T,P PTERIDOPHYTA Cyclopeltis semicordata (Sw.) J. Sm. ss H TF RBF PTERIDOPHYTA Danaea sp. - PO H TF P LOC = Localidad: F/H = Forma de Vida: HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentacion: PA = Palmera E = epifita o parasito TF = tierra firme CLP = coleccién de PO = Pingo de Oro H = hierba LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats a lo largo S = arbusto roadside = a lo largo CNP = colecci6n de del rio Muyumanu T = arbol de una carretera Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats a lo largo V = enredadera o liana P = fotografia de del rio Tahuamanu Robin Foster RU = Rutina RBF = registro visual SS = San Sebastian de Robin Foster road = a lo largo del camino T = muestra estéril o entre San Sebastian registro visual y Cobija de los transectos RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 1 PLANTAS/ PLANTS road = along road between San Sebastian and Cobija Familia / Family Género /Genus Especie/Species Autor /Author LOC F/H HAB DOC PTERIDOPHYTA Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link RU H roadside RBF PTERIDOPHYTA Lomariopsis japurensis (Mart.) J. Smith So V Ur RBF PTERIDOPHYTA Polybotrya sp. - Ss E We P PTERIDOPHYTA Selaginella exaltata (Kunze) Spring ss V TF CNP PTERIDOPHYTA Thelyptris macrophylla cf. (Kunze) C.V. Morton PO H ie P PTERIDOPHYTA Trichomanes sp. - PO H We RBF LOC = Locality: F/H = Habit (life form): HAB = Habitat: DOC = Documentation: PA = Palmera E = epiphyte or parasite TF = terra firme (uplands) CLP = collection by PO = Pingo de Oro H = terrestrial or LR = llanura del rio Leila Porter RM = habitats along the aquatic herb (floodplain) CNP = collection by Rio Muyumanu S = shrub1—10cmDBH roadside = along road Narel Paniagua Z. RT = habitats along the T = tree >10 cm DBH P = photo by Robin Foster Rio Tahuamanu V = vine or liana RBF = sight record by RU = Rutina Robin Foster SS = San Sebastian T = sterile specimen or sight record from transects BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:65 APENDICE/APPENDIX 2A ANFIBIOS ¥Y REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 00:66 Especie/Species PO Rio RU SS ANURA Bufonidae Bufo marinus pho - - vis | Bufo sp. (typhonius group) col - - Dendrobatidae Colostethus cf. trilineatus - - - col Epipedobates femoralis col - - hea Epipedobates hahneli hea - - col Epipedobates trivittatus rec, ViS_— = inf Hylidae Hyla bifurca - - hea - Hyla calcarata col = - - Hyla geographica ~ - ~ col Hyla granosa hea - - col Hyla lanciformis hea - - hea Osteocephalus sp. - - - col Phrynohyas resinifictrix rec - - hea [ Phrynohyas venulosa hea - - hea Phyllomedusa bicolor col - - ~ Phyllomedusa vaillanti col - - col Scinax sp. hea - hea - Leptodactylidae Adenomera cf. andreae rec - - col Adenomera cf. hylaedactyla - - - hea Ceratophyrs cornuta - - - inf Eleutherodactylus sp. 1 (unistrigatus group) - = - col Eleutherodactylus sp. 2 (unistrigatus group) — - - col Eleutherodactylus danae - - - rec Eleutherodactylus fenestratus hea - - col Eleutherodactylus peruvianus hea - - col Ischnocnema quixensis - - - col Leptodactylus bolivianus - - col - Leptodactylus cf. didymus - - - col Leptodactylus rhodomystax - - - col Leptodactylus cf. rhodonotus - - - vis | Physalaemus petersi - - col - Vanzolinius discodactylus - - - col CROCODYLIA Alligatoridae Caiman crocodylus - vis - - Caiman niger - inf - - Paleosuchus trigonatus - - - vis TESTUDINES Pelomedusidae Podocnemis unifilis - vis - - 1 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES Especies de anfibios y reptiles registrados para la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia, del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999. Miembros del equipo: J. Cadle y S. Reichle. Datos adicionales de las colecciones e identificaciones mas actualizadas seran puestas en la pagina del Web en www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Localidad: PO = Pingo de Oro Rio a lo largo del rio Muyumanu o el rio Tahuamanu entre Rutina y Palmera RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Documentacion: col = muestra colectada hea = se escucho su canto inf = informante local describié que la especie estaba presente pho = documentado fotografica- mente o encuentro visual rec = canto grabado vis = encuentro visual REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 2A Species of amphibians and reptiles recorded for the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, from 17 to 24 October, 1999. Team members: J. Cadle and S. Reichle. Additional collection data and updated identifications will be posted at www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Locality: PO Pingo de Oro Rio = along the Rio Muyumanu or Rio Tahuamanu between Rutina and Palmera RU = Rutina Ss San Sebastian Documentation: col = collected specimen hea = heard call inf = local informant described species as present pho = photographic documenta- tion of visual encounter rec = tape-recorded call vis = visual encounter ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Especie/Species PO RU ss a a a ee aa ee a ap aa Neh ee ee Testudinidae Geochelone denticulata pho - inf SQUAMATA Anguidae Diploglossus fasciatus ~ = inf Gekkonidae Gonatodes humeralis - ~ col Iguanidae Anolis chrysolepis pho - - Anolis cf. fuscoauratus col - - Anolis punctatus vis - _ Plica plica vis - - le Scincidae Mabuya bistriata vis - vis Teiidae Ameiva ameiva vis - vis Kentropyx sp. vis - vis Pantodactylus schreibersii - - col Tupinambis nigropunctatus vis - - Boidae Corallus hortulanus - - pho Eunectes murinus - - pho Colubridae Chironius sp. vis ~ inf Chironius scurrulus pho - - Helicops angulatus col _ - Rhinobothryum lentiginosum - col - Tantilla melanocephala col - ~ Viperidae Lachesis muta pho - - BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 | 00:67 APENDICE/APPENDIX 2B ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Especie/Species GYMNOPHIONA Caeciliidae Siphonops annulatus ANURA Bufonidae Bufo marinus Hylidae Phyllomedusa cf. tarsius Scinax cf. rubra Leptodactylidae Adenomera sp. Pelomedusidae Podocnemis unifilis SQUAMATA Anguidae Diploglossus fasciatus Gekkonidae Hemidactylus cf. frenatus Teiidae Ameiva ameiva ——— Colubridae Chironius scurrulus Clelia clelia Helicops angulatus Helicops cf. leopardinus Leptophis ahaetulla Oxybelis fulgidus Oxyrhopus formosus Xenoxybelis (argenteus or boulengeri ) Elapidae Micrurus lemniscatus Micrurus surinamensis Viperidae Bothrops atrox Especies de reptiles y anfibios recolectados por Oscar Teran (Universidad Amazonica de Pando) en los alrededores de Cobija (Dpto. Pando, Bolivia). Estas especies probablemente son elementos en las comunidades que muestreamos dentro de la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto. Species of reptiles and amphibians in a collection made by Oscar Teran (Universidad Amazonica de Pando) from the immediate vicinity of Cobija (Dpto. Pando, Bolivia). These species probably represent elements common to the communities we surveyed within the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve. 00:68 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 Especies de aves que se encontraron en la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia, del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999. Miembros del equipo: T. S. Schulenberg, C. Quiroga, L. Jammes, y D. Moskovits. Datos actualizados seran puestos en la pagina del Web en www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi Localidad: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundancia: C = comtn F = bastante comun U = = poco comun R raro X = especie presente HAB = Habitats: B = bambt Fe = orillas de bosque Fh = bosque de tierra firme Fsm = margenes de arroyos de bosque Ft = bosque de transicion (estacional de seco a humedo) Lm = margenes de los lagos O = enalto P = pradera R= enel aire sobre el rio Rm = margenes del rio S = playas Z = zabolo (bosque a la orilla del rio de Cecropia- Ochroma) Género/Genus Especie/Species Ss PO PA HAB Tinamidae (9) Tinamus guttatus R R - Fh Tinamus major - - - Ft Crypturellus bartletti F F X Ft, Fh Crypturellus cinereus - - = Ft Crypturellus obsoletus U — - Fh Crypturellus soui F F - Ft Crypturellus strigulosus F F - Fh Crypturellus undulatus - = X Z, Ft Crypturellus variegatus R R - Fh Anhingidae (1) Anhinga anhinga - - - L | Ardeidae (4) Nycticorax pileatus - - X Rm Ardeola ibis Xx P Egretta thula - - X Rm Ardea coco! = - - L Cathartidae (3) Cathartes melambrotus F U X Ft, Eh Coragyps atratus U - X Rm, Ft. P Sarcoramphus papa U - - Fh i] Accipitridae (9) Leptodon Cayanensis - - X Ft Chondrohierax uncinatus - - - Ft Elanoides forficatus - R - Fh Harpagus bidentatus - U - Fh Ictinia plumbea R R X Let Leucopternis kuhli - R - Fh Buteo magnirostris X Rm Buteo nitidus - - - Fe Harpia harpyja - R - Fh Falconidae (6) Daptrius americanus R U - Ft, Fh Daptrius ater _ - X Rm, Z Herpetotheres cachinnans R ~ - Fh Micrastur gilvicollis R - - Fh Micrastur ruficollis - R - Fh Falco rufigularis - - X Rm Cracidae (2) Ortalis guttata - - X Ft. Re Penelope jJacquacu R U - Fh Phasianidae (1) Odontophorus stellatus U = _ Ft, Fh |__Psophiidae (1) Psophia leucoptera - U - Fh Rallidae (2) Aramides cajanea U U X Rm, Fsm BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:69 APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 Género/Genus Especie/Species Ss PO RU PA HAB Anurolimnas castaneiceps - F - ~ Fe Heliornithidae (1) Heliornis fulica - X X ~ Lm, Fsm Eurypygidae (1) Eurypyga helias - X - X Rm, Fsm Charadriidae (2) Vanellus Cayanus - - X X S) Charadrius collaris - - X - S Scolopacidae (3) Tringa solitaria - - - X S) Actitis macularia - - - X S Calidris melanotos - - X Columbidae (6) Columba cayennensis - - X - Z Columba plumbea U F X X Ft, Fh Columba subvinacea - C - X Ft, Fh Columbina talpacoti - - - X P Leptotila rufaxilla R - - X Z, Fe Geotrygon montana R (c - X Ft, Fh Psittacidae (11) Ara chloroptera - U - - Ft, Fh Ara severa - U - X Ft Aratinga leucophthalmus - U - - Fh Aratinga weddellii U F X X Ft, Fh Pyrrhura rupicola F F X X Ft, Fh Forpus sclateri U U ~ - Fh Brotogeris cyanoptera C C X X Ft, Z, Fh Pionites leucogaster F F X X Ft, Fh Pionopsitta barrabandi - U - X Ft, Fh Pionus menstruus F X X Ft, Fh Amazona farinosa F - X Ft, Fh Cuculidae (6) Piaya cayana R F X X Fh Piaya melanogaster - U ~ Fh Piaya minuta - - X Zs Crotophaga ani - U X X Fe, P Crotophaga major - - X X Lm, Rm Dromococcyx Pavoninus ~ - X X Ft Opisthocomidae (1) Opisthocomus hoazin - - - Lm Strigidae (6) Otus choliba - - X - Z Otus watsonii Ei F X X Ft, Fh Pulsatrix perspicillata U U X X Ft, Fh Glaucidium brasilianum R - - X Ft, Fe Glaucidium hardyi F F X X Ft, Fh Ciccaba sp. U U - - Fh Especies de aves que se encontraron en la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia, del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999. Miembros del equipo: T. S. Schulenberg, C. Quiroga, L. Jammes, y D. Moskovits. Datos actualizados seran puestos en la pagina del Web en www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi Localidad: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundancia: C = comin F = bastante comin U = = poco comin R X raro = especie presente HAB = Habitats: B = bambd Fe = orillas de bosque Fh = bosque de tierra firme Fsm = margenes de arroyos de bosque Ft = bosque de transici6on (estacional de seco a hdmedo) Lm = margenes de los lagos O = enalto P = pradera R= = enel aire sobre el rio Rm = margenes del rio S. = playas Z = zabolo (bosque a Ia orilla del rio de Cecropia- Ochroma) 00:70 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 Species of birds encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, Pando, Bolivia, from 17 to 24 October, 1999. Team members: T. S. Schulenberg, C. Quiroga, L. Jammes, and D. Moskovits. Updates will be posted to: www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Localities: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundance: C = common F = fairly common U = = uncommon R= rare X = species present HAB = Habitats: B = bamboo Fe = forest edges Fh = upland forest (terra firme) Fsm = forest stream margins Ft = transitional forest (seasonally flooded or wet) Lm = lake margins QO = overhead P = pasture R = open air over river Rm = river margins S = shores, sandbars Z = zabolo (Cecropia-Ochroma riverbank forest) BOLIVIA: PANDO Género/Genus Especie/ Species ss PO RU PA HAB Nyctibiidae (2) Nyctibius grandis - U - - Fh Nyctibius griseus - - X - Ft Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis - i X X Fe Nyctiphrynus ocellatus U - - - Fh Apodidae (3) Chaetura brachyura - - X - (0) Chaetura cinereiventris U F X X O Tachornis squamata - - xX - O Trochilidae (11) Glaucis hirsuta - U - X Za Threnetes leucurus - U - - Ft Phaethornis hispidus - U - X Zouk Phaethornis philippii F iF X X Fh, Ft Zz Phaethornis ruber U F X x Ft, Fh Florisuga mellivora U - - - Fh Anthracothorax nigricollis ~ - - X Z Popelairia langsdorfii - - X ~ Fh Thalurania furcata U iF - X Ft, Fh Hylocharis cyanus F F - - Ft Polyplancta aurescens - U - - Ft Trogonidae (6) |__ Pharomachrus Pavoninus F IF ~ - Fh Trogon collaris F F X = Fh Trogon curucul ~ U ~ = Fh Trogon melanurus C Cc X X Ft, Fh Trogon violaceus U - - - Ft Trogon viridis U U - - BGcEn Alcedinidae (3) Ceryle torquata - - - X Rm |___Chloroceryle amazona - - X X Rm, Lm Chloroceryle americana - - X X Rm, Lm Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum C C X - Ft, Fh Baryphthengus martii (c C - - Fh Galbulidae (3) Galbalcyrhynchus —_ purusianus - X - Ft Galbula cyanescens R X X Ft, Fo Galbula dea R - - Fh Bucconidae (8) Notharchus macrorhynchos U U - — Fh | Nystalus striolatus U U ~ - Fh | __ Malacoptila semicincta - U - - Fh Nonnula ruficapilla - U ~ X Ft Nonnula sclateri ~ - - Ft Monasa morphoeus iB F - X Fh |e MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:71 AVES/BIRDS APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 Género/Genus Especie/ Species ss PO RU PA HAB Monasa nigrifrons - - X - Ft Chelidoptera tenebrosa F - X X Rm, Z Capitonidae (2) Capito niger U F X X Fh Eubucco richardsoni - U - - Fh Ramphastidae (7) Pteroglossus azara U - X - Ft Pteroglossus beauharnaesii - U - - Fh Pteroglossus castanotis U X - Ft, Fh Pteroglossus inscriptus - - = X Ft Selenidera reinwardtii F F - - Fh |___ Ramphastos tucanus C C X X Ft, Fh Ramphastos vitellinus C; Cc X = Rtn Picidae (11) Picumnus aurifrons U ~ - - Fh Melanerpes cruentatus C € X X Ft, Fh, Z —_ Veniliornis affinis ~ iF - Fh Veniliornis passerinus - - X - Ft | Piculus chrysochloros ~ U = X Ft, Fh Colaptes punctigula ~ - - X 7h Celeus flavus U U - - Ft Celeus grammicus F U - Xx Ft, Fh Dryocopus lineatus U — - X Ft, Z Campephilus melanoleucos - - X - Ft Campephilus rubricollis U U - X Ft, Fh Dendrocolaptidae (10) Dendrocincla fuliginosa U - - - Ft Deconychura longicauda - U - - Fh pag Sittasomus griseicapillus F C X X Ft, Fh Glyphorynchus spirurus U U - - Ft, Fh Nasica longirostris - - X - Ft Dendrexetastes rufigula U U X - Ft, Fh Xiphorhynchus guttatus (Cc; Cc X X Ft, Fh Xiphorhynchus picus - - X - Ft on Xiphorhynchus SpIxil U - X Ft, Fh |___ Lepidocolaptes albolineatus - - - Fh Furnariidae (17) Furnarius leucopus - - X X Rm, Z Synallaxis gujanensis - - X X Ft, Z Synallaxis rutilans - U - - Fh Hyloctistes subulatus - U - - Fh om Ancistrops strigilatus U F - - Fh Simoxenops ucayalae U = - X B Philydor erythropterus U = - - Fh Philydor pyrrhodes - U - - Ft Philydor ruficaudatus U F - - Ft, Fh Automolus infuscatus ~ iF - - Fh RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES Localidad: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundancia: C = comtn F = bastante comun U = poco comin R= raro X = especie presente HAB = Habitats: B = bambt Fe = orillas de bosque Fh = bosque de tierra firme Fsm = margenes de arroyos de bosque Ft = bosque de transici6n (estacional de seco a humedo) Lm = margenes de los lagos O = enalto P = pradera R= enel aire sobre el rio Rm = margenes del rio S = playas Z = zabolo (bosque a la orilla del rio de Cecropia- Ochroma) REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 favesipinps | Localities: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundance: = common F = fairly common U = = uncommon R = rare X = species present HAB = Habitats: B = bamboo Fe = forest edges Fh = upland forest (terra firme) Fsm = forest stream margins Ft = transitional forest (seasonally flooded or wet) Lm = lake margins O = overhead P = pasture R = open air over river Rm = river margins S = shores, sandbars Z = zabolo (Cecropia-Ochroma riverbank forest ) BOLIVIA: PANDO Género/Genus Especie/Species ss PO RU PA HAB Automolus melanopezus - F ~ - Ft Automolus ochrolaemus U F - X Ft, Fh Automolus rubiginosus - R ~ - fat Automolus rufipileatus - - - X Ft Xenops minutus R F - - Ft, Fh Xenops rutilans R R - - Ft, Fh Sclerurus caudacutus - R - - Fh Thamnophilidae (40) Cymbilaimus lineatus - Fe - X Fh Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae ~ — - X B Taraba major - R X X Fsm, Z Thamnophilus aethiops - U - - Fh Thamnophilus doliatus ~ - X - Z, Fe Thamnophilus schistaceus E F _ X Ft, Fh Pygiptila stellaris U U - - Ft, Fh Thamnomanes ardesiacus F F = X Ft, Fh Thamnomanes schistogynus U F X - Ft, Fh Myrmotherula axillaris F c - X Ft, Fh Myrmotherula brachyura E F - = Fh Myrmotherula haematonota U U - - Fh Myrmotherula hauxwelli - U - - Fh Myrmotherula iheringi ~ U - - Ft, Fh Myrmotherula leucophthalma ~ U - X Fh Myrmotherula longipennis F F - - Fh Myrmotherula menetriesii F F ~ X Fh Myrmotherula ornata - R = - Ft Myrmotherula sclateri U U - ~ Fh Myrmotherula surinamensis - - X - Lm Dichrozona cincta U - - - Fh Microrhopias quixensis F iF - X B Drymophila devillei U - - X B Terenura humeralis ~ U = - Fh i Cercomacra cinerascens U F X X Ft, Fh _| Cercomacra nigrescens - X X Z, Fe Myrmoborus leucophrys F F X X Ft Myrmoborus myotherinus F F X X Fh Hypocnemis cantator U Cc - X it,Bh Sclateria naevia U — - - Fsm Percnostola leucostigma U - - - Ft Percnostola lophotes X BZ Myrmeciza atrothorax U - X - Fe, Ft Myrmeciza goeldii X B Myrmeciza hemimelaena F Gc X X Ft, Fh Myrmeciza hyperythra - ~ - X Ft Gymnopithys salvini U ~ ~ - Fh Rhegmatorhina melanosticta U ~ - - Fh Hylophylax naevia - U - = Fh MARCH/MARZO 2000 OOE73 APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 AVES/BIRDS Género/Genus Especie/Species Ss PO RU PA HAB Hylophylax poecilinota - U - - Fh Formicariidae (4) Formicarius analis F F X X Ft, Fh Formicarius colma - U - - Fh Formicarius rufifrons - - X - Ft Hylopezus berlepschi - - - X FLZ Tyrannidae (42) Zimmerius gracilipes F E - X Fh Tyrannulus elatus - - - X Ft, Fh Myiopagis caniceps - U - - Fh Myiopagis gaimardii F F - X Ft, Fh Mionectes oleagineus U U - Fh Leptopogon amaurocephalus U U - - Fh |___ Corythopis torquata U i - - Fh Myiornis ecaudatus - U - X Fh Lophotriccus eulophotes U F X X Ft, Fh, B ies Hemitriccus flammulatus E E - - Bt Hemitriccus Zosterops F F - - Ft, Fh Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum F F X - Ft, Fh Ramphotrigon fuscicauda U - - X B Ramphotrigon megacephala F - = X B Ramphotrigon ruficauda - U - - Fh Tolmomyias assimilis - Ri - - Fh Tolmomyias viridiceps F - X X Z, Fe Tolmomyias poliocephalus - E X X Ft, Fh Platyrinchus coronatus - U - - Fh Terenotriccus erythrurus U U - - Ft, Fh Contopus virens U U - - Fh Pyrocephalus rubinus - - - X P Ochthoeca littoralis - - - X Rm Attila spadiceus P F - - Ft, Fh Rhytipterna simplex R F - - Ft, Fh Myiarchus ferox - - X X Ft Myiarchus swainsoni - U - - Fh Pitangus sulphuratus - - X X Z, Lm, Rm |___Megarynchus pitangua - - X - Z, Fe Myiozetetes cayanensis - - X - Lm Myiozetetes granadensis R U X X Z, Fe Myiozetetes luteiventris U - - - Ft Myiozetetes similis - - - X Fe, Rm Myiodynastes maculatus - U X - Fh Legatus leucophaius F F X X Fe, Z Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus F F X X Ft, Fh Empidonomus varius U - - - Fh Tyrannus melancholicus - - X X Fe, Z Tyrannus tyrannus F U X X Fh. Ft Pachyramphus minor R - - Ft, Fh Localidad: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundancia: C = comtn F = bastante comin U = = poco comun R= = raro X = especie presente HAB = Habitats: B = bambi Fe = orillas de bosque Fh = bosque de tierra firme Fsm = margenes de arroyos de bosque Ft = bosque de transici6n (estacional de seco a humedo) Lm = margenes de los lagos O = enalto P = pradera R= enel aire sobre el rio Rm = margenes del rio S = playas Z = zabolo (bosque a la orilla 00:74 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES del rio de Cecropia- Ochroma) REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 Localities: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundance: C = common F = fairly common U)= = = uncommon R= rare X = species present HAB = Habitats: B = bamboo Fe = forest edges Fh = upland forest (terra firme) Fsm = forest stream margins Ft = transitional forest (seasonally flooded or wet) Lm = lake margins O = overhead P = pasture R= open air over river Rm = river margins S = shores, sandbars Z = = zabolo (Cecropia-Ochroma riverbank forest) AVES/BIRDS Género/Genus Especie/Species ss PO RU PA HAB Pachyramphus polychopterus - F - - Fh Tityra semifasciata iF F - X Fateateh Pipridae (9) Schiffornis turdinus U U - - ie ele Piprites chloris U F - X Ft, Fh Tyranneutes stolzmanni iF F - ~ Fh Manacus manacus E U - - Fe Chiroxiphia pareola F F - X Ft, Fh Pipra chloromeros - F - - Fh Pipra coronota U F - - Fh Pipra fasclicauda - iF - ~ Ft, Fh Pipra rubrocapilla U - - - Fh Sara | Cotingidae (3) Lipaugus vociferans (c - X Ft, Fh Gymnoderus foetidus U - X X Ft, Fh Querula purpurata U ii - - Ft, Fh Hirundinidae (6) Tachycineta albiventer - - X X R Progne chalybea U ~ - X R, Fe Progne tapera - - X X R Atticora fasciata X R Neochelidon tibialis U - - - Ft Stelgidopteryx ruficollis - - X X Fe Troglodytidae (4) Donacobius atricapillus - - X - Lm Thryothorus genibarbis IP U xX X Fsm, Z Troglodytes aedon U = X - Fe Microcerculus marginatus U F — - tah Turdidae (3) Turdus albicollis U i - - Fh Turdus ignobilis R R X X mee4 Turdus lawrencii ~ F - - Fh |_Polioptilidae (1) Ramphocaenus melanurus - - - X Ft Emberizidae (9) a eS ere Ammodramus aurifrons - - X X Fe, Rm Volatinia jacarina - - X X Fe, P Sporophila caerulescens - - X - Fe, P Sporophila castaneiventris ~ - X - Fe, P Arremon taciturnus F F - - Ft, Fh Paroaria gularis - - X X Lm, Rm Pitylus grossus - - X ~ Ft Saltator maximus F le X X FitentatineZ: Passerina cyanoides - ~ R X Ft, Fh Thraupidae (23) Cissopis leveriana _ U X X Fe, Z Hemithraupis flavicollis - U - - Fh BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 OOE779 APENDICE/APPENDIX 3 Género/Genus Especie/Species Ss PO RU PA HAB Hemithraupis guira - - X - Ft Lanio versicolor U U - - Ft, Fh Tachyphonus cristatus U F - - Fh Habia rubica F F - Ft, Fh Ramphocelus carbo - - X X Fe, Rm Ramphocelus nigrogularis - - - X Rm Thraupis episcopus - R X X Fe, Z Thraupis palmarum F U X X Fe, Z Euphonia chrysopasta U F X X Ft, Fh Euphonia rufiventris - - X - Ft Euphonia xanthogaster - - X - Ft Tangara callophrys - R - - Fh Tangara chilensis F F - X Ft, Fh Tangara mexicana F U - - Ft, Fh Tangara schrankii U U - - Ft, Fh Tangara xanthogastra - U - - Fh Dacnis cayana - - X ~ Ft | __ Dacnis lineata U - — - Fh Chlorophanes spiza U - - - Fh Cyanerpes caeruleus U U - - Fh Tersina viridis U - X - Ft Parulidae (1) Phaeothlypis fulvicauda U U - - Fsm Vireonidae (4) Vireolanius leucotis - U - - Fh ae olivaceus U F - X Fh Hylophilus hypoxanthus U F X - Ft, Fh Hylophilus ochraceiceps - U - - Fh Icteridae (9) Icterus cayanensis U U - - Fh Icterus icterus - - X Fe Psarocolius angustifrons - - - X Ft, Z Psarocolius bifasciatus U F - - Ft, Fh Psarocolius decumanus F U ~ - Ft, Fh Cacicus cela C C X X Ft, Fh Cacicus haemorrhous F U - - Ft Sturnella militaris - - - X P Scaphidura oryzivora - - - X Ft, Rm Corvidae (1) Cyanocorax violaceus U - X - Ft, Fh Localidad: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Abundancia: C = comin F = bastante comun U == poco comun R= raro X = especie presente HAB = Habitats: B = bambi Fe = orillas de bosque Fh = bosque de tierra firme Fsm = margenes de arroyos de bosque Ft = bosque de transicién (estacional de seco a humedo) Lm = margenes de los lagos O = enalto P = pradera R= enel aire sobre el rio Rm = margenes del rio S = playas Z = zabolo (bosque a la orilla del rio de Cecropia- Ochroma) 00:76 | RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES REPORT/INFORME NO.1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 4 Especies de primates que se encontraron en la Reserva Ecologica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia, del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999. Miembros del equipo: S. Suarez, A. Hanson, V. Sodaro, S. Dammermann, L. Haggerty, E. Nacimento, y L. Porter. Informacién mds actualizada sera puesta en la pagina del Web en www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Species of primates encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve from 17 to 24 October, 1999. Team members: S. Suarez, A. Hanson, V. Sodaro, S. Dammermann, L. Haggerty, E. Nacimento, and L. Porter. Updated information will be made available at www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Localidades: PO = Pingo de Oro RP = a lo largo del camino de los madereros que va de Rutina a Palmera SS = San Sebastian Localities: PO = Pingo de Oro RP = along the logging road linking Rutina and Palmera SS = San Sebastian Especie/Species Family Callitrichidae Nombre Comtin/Common Name Ss PO RP Callimico goeldii Goeldi’s monkey, callimico X - - Cebuella pygmaea pygmy marmoset X X X Saguinus fuscicollis saddleback tamarin X X X Saguinus imperator emperor tamarin - X xX Saguinus labiatus red-chested mustached tamarin X - - Family Cebidae Alouatta sara Bolivian red howler monkey X X - Aotus nigriceps night monkey X X - Ateles belzebuth chamek white-bellied spider monkey - X - Callicebus cf. brunneus titi monkey X X Xx Cebus albifrons white-fronted capuchin X X et Cebus apella brown capuchin X X Xx Lagothrix lagothricha Common woolly monkey - X - Pithecia irrorata saki monkey X X - Saimiri boliviensis Bolivian squirrel monkey X X X BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 NO)a 7/7 APENDICE/APPENDIX 5 MAMIFEROS NON-PRIMATES/INON-PRIMATE MAMMALS 00:78 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES Especie/Species Nombre Comiin/Common Name SS PO PA RU ORDER MARSUPIALIA | Family Didelphidae Didelphis marsupialis common opossum O - - an Chironectes minimus water opossum (@) - - caed Philander opossum common gray four-eyed opossum (@) - - - ORDER XENARTHRA Family Myrmecophagidae Cyclopes didactylus silky or pygmy anteater O R - - Myrmecophaga tridactyla giant anteater O R - - Tamandua tetradactyla southern tamandua O - - Family Bradypodidae Choloepus hoffmanni Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth O R - - Family Dasypodidae Cabassous unicinctus southern naked-tailed armadillo O R - - Dasypus kappleri great long-nosed armadillo O R - - Dasypus novemcinctus nine-banded long-nosed armadillo O R - - Priodontes maximus giant armadillo (0) O - O ORDER CARNIVORA Family Canidae Atelocynus microtis short-eared dog O - - Speothos venaticus bush dog O R - - Family Procyonidae Bassaricyon sp. olingo (@) - ~ - Nasua nasua South American coati O R - - Potos flavus kinkajou O O - - | Family Mustelidae Eira barbara tayra O 0 - - Galictis vittata grison O - — - |___Lontra longicaudis Neotropical otter O R - - Pteronura brasiliensis giant otter - R - Family Felidae Herpailurus yagouaroundi jaguarundi O R - - Leopardus pardalis ocelot O R - - Leopardus wiedii margay O R = ~ Panthera onca jaguar O R - - Puma concolor puma (0) (0) - - ORDER PERISSODACTYLA Family Tapiridae (a Tapirus terrestris Brazilian tapir O (0) (0) - ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Family Tayasuidae Tayassu pecari white-lipped peccary - (0) - - Tayassu tajacu collared peccary O (0) - - Family Cervidae Mazama americana red brocket deer O O O O Mazama cf. gouazoubira _ (new?) brocket deer O O - al Especies de mamiferos non-primates grandes que se encontraron en la Reserva Ecol6ogica Tahuamanu que se ha propuesto, Pando, Bolivia, del 17 al 24 de octubre de 1999 vistos por E. Nacimento, L. Porter, y residentes locales de la region. Se actualizara la informacion y sera puesta en la pagina del Web en www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Localidad: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro Rutina SS = San Sebastian es) (S I Documentacion: OQ = observado por el equipo del inventario biolégico rapido, 17-24 octubre de 1999 R = reportado por los residentes locales pero no observado por el equipo de reconocimiento REPORT/INFORME NO. 1 APENDICE/APPENDIX 5 Species of large, non-primate mammals encountered in the proposed Tahuamanu Ecological Reserve, as of October, 1999 by E. Nacimento, L. Porter, and local residents of the region. Updates will be posted to www.fieldmuseum.org/rbi. Localities: PA = Palmera PO = Pingo de Oro RU = Rutina SS = San Sebastian Documentation: O = observed by the rapid biological inventory team, 17-24 October, 1999 R= reported by local resident but not observed by the survey team MAMIFEROS NON-PRIMATES/NON-PRIMATE MAMMALS Especie/Species Nombre Comun/Common Name SS PO PA- RU ORDER RODENTIA Family Erethizontidae Coendu bicolor Bicolor-spined porcupine O R ~ ~ Coendu prehensilis Brazilian porcupine O - - - Family Hydrochaeridae Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris capybara O - (0) - Family Dinomyidae Dinomys branickii pacarana O R - - Family Agoutidae Agouti paca paca (0) O - O Family Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta variegata brown agouti (0) O - O Myoprocta pratti green acouchy O ~ - - BOLIVIA: PANDO MARCH/MARZO 2000 00:79 RAPID BIOLOGICAL INVENTORIES ~ FOR CONSERVATION ACTION The goal of is to catalyze effective action for a conservation in regions of high biological richness.and, uniqueness. Because of imminent ig threats to the biological diversity in regions targeted by the program, the inventories do not attempt to produce-an exhaustive list of organisms present. Rather, they provide accurate, preliminary assessments of the information most urgently needed for conservation decisions. The key question being asked is whether the site or region contains outstanding examples of particular communities or assemblages of communities. These biological surveys identify, as quickly as possible, the important biological communities in the site or region of interest and assess their quality and condition. Time and biological accuracy are at.a premium. The rapid surveys use an intense, : time-effective, integrated approach. The scientific teams focus primarily on groups of organisms that serve as good assessment indicators of habitat type and condition, and that may be surveyed quickly'to a level where the biological importance of the site can be evaluated in a regional and global context. Thus, rapid biological inventories concentrate on ‘the more common species that characterize the community and that make up the majority of the plants and animals that will be protected with appropriate conservation and manage- ment action. At the same time, the teams collect information about overall Species richness, species indicative of intact habitats and ecosystems, unusual species or habitats present, and the characteristics and dynamics of the entire landscape. Teams of expert field biologists, from the United States and the host country, carry out these rapid biological surveys. In-country scientists are central to the field team; the experience of these local experts is especially critical for understanding areas where little or no previous scientific exploration has been done. Research and protection of natural communities following the inventory trip invariably rely on initiatives from local scientists and conservationists. Once a rapid biological survey has been completed (typically within a month), the team relays the survey information to local and international decision makers (and to the public, via the Web), who can set priorities and guide conservation action in the host country. The information provided by each rapid survey fills on-the-ground information gaps within . these regions of high priority and threat status, allowing conservationists to evaluate and compare sites based on their biological importance within a regional and global framework. THE FIELD MUSEUM Rapid Biological Inventories WLU i 00934 9432 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago Tel: 312-665-7430 Fax: 312-665-74 www. fieldmuseum.org/rbi