NOAA TR EDS 10

A UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE
PUBLICATION

NOAA Technical Report EDS 10

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Environmental Data Service

BOMEX Temporary Archive
Description of Available Data

TERRY DE LA MORINIERE

SILVER SPRING, MD.
January 1972

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS
Environmental Data Service Series

The Environmental Data Service (EDS) archives and disseminates a broad
spectrum of environmental data gathered by the various components of NOAA and
by the various cooperating agencies and activities throughout the world. EDS is a
"bank" of worldwide environmental data upon which the researcher may draw to study
and analyze environmental phenomena and their impact upon commerce, agriculture,
industry, aviation, and other activities of man. EDS also conducts studies to
put environmental phenomena and relations into proper historical and statistical
perspective and to provide a basis for assessing changes in the natural environ-
ment brought about by man's activities.

EDS series of NOAA Technical Reports is a continuation of the former series,
ESSA Technical Report, EDS.

Reports in the series are available from the National Technical Information
Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sills Bldg., 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Va. 22151. Price: $3.00 paper copy; $0.95 microfiche. Order by accession number
shown in parentheses at end of each entry.

ESSA Technical Reports

EDS 1 Upper Wind Statistics of the Northern Western Hemisphere. Harold L.
Crutcher and Don K. Halligan. April 1967. (PB-174 921)

EDS 2 Direct and Inverse Tables of the Gamma Distribution. H. C. S. Thorn,
April 1968. (PB-178 320)

EDS 3 Standard Deviation of Monthly Average Temperature. H. C. S. Thorn,
April 1968. (PB-178 309)

EDS 4 Prediction of Movement and Intensity of Tropical Storms Over the

Indian Seas During the October to December Season. P. Jagannathan
and H. L. Crutcher. May 1968. (PB-178 497)

EDS 5 An Application of the Gamma Distribution Function to Indian Rainfall.
D. A. Mooley and H. L. Crutcher. August 1968. (PB-180 056)

EDS 6 Quantiles of Monthly Precipitation for Selected Stations in the

Contiguous United States. H. C. S. Thorn and Ida B. Vestal. August
1968. (PB-180 057)

EDS 7 A Comparison of Radiosonde Temperatures at the 100- , 80-, 50-, and
30-mb Levels. H. L. Crutcher and F. T. Quinlan. August 1968.
(PB-180 058)

EDS 8 Characteristics and Probabilities of Precipitation in China. Augustine
Y. M. Yao. September 1969. (PB-188 420)

EDS 9 Markov Chain Models for Probabilities of Hot and Cool Days Sequences and
Hot Spells in Nevada. Clarence M. Sakamoto. March 1970. (PB-193 221)

dpATMOSft^

r^ENT Of

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Maurice H. Stans, Secretary

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Robert M. White, Administrator

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE
Thomas S. Austin, Director

NOAA Technical Report EDS 10

BOMEX Temporary Archive
Description of Available Data

TERRY DE LA MORINIERE

Office of the Associate Administrator for Science and Technology
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

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SILVER SPRING, MD.

January 1972

UDC 551.506.2:551.46.065(263.5) (083.8)M1969.05/07MBOMEX

551.46 Oceanography

.46.065 Ocean expedition data

551.5 Meteorology

.506.2 Complex expedition data

(083.8) Inventories

(263.5) Western Tropical Atlantic

"1969.05/07" May-July, 1969

BOMEX BOMEX

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration does not approve,
recommend, or endorse any product except for its own use, and naming of a
product or a manufacturer is solely for purposes of identification. The
evaluation and test results shall not be used in advertising, sales pro-
motion, or to indicate in any manner, either implicitly or explicitly,
endorsement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price $2.25.

11

CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii

ABSTRACT 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.0.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP DATA ACQUISITION . 7

1.1.0 FIXED-SHIP RAWINSONDE DATA (INCLUDING RADIOMETERSONDE

DATA BOTH FROM THE SHIPS AND FROM ISLAND LOCATIONS) ... 17

1.1.1 Rawlnsonde and Radiometersonde Instrumentation

and Observation Procedures 17

1.1.2 Rawinsonde Data Processing 21

1.1.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization 21

1.1.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and
Procedures (Including Examples

of 35-mm Microfilm Output) 24

1.1.2.3 Computations Used in the "A0"

Rawinsonde Data Processing 30

1.1. 2. A Manual Inputs and Preparation for Use

in "Aq" Rawinsonde Data Processing .... 45

1.1.2.5 Characteristics of the "A0" Rawinsonde
Data To Be Considered Before Use in
Analysis 47

1.1.2.6 "Aq" Rawinsonde Data Archive

Magnetic Tape Format 50

1.1.3 Radiometersonde Data Processing and

Archive Magnetic Tape Format 51

1.1.3.1 Processing Procedures 51

1.1.3.2 Radiometersonde Data Archive

Magnetic Tape Format 52

1.2.0 BOOM SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 53

1.2.1 Instrumentation and Observation Procedure 53

1.2.2 Boom Data Processing 55

1.2.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization 55

1.2.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures . . 56

1.2.2.3 Characteristics of the "A0" Boom
Surface Meteorological Measurements To

Be Considered Before Use in Analysis ... 57

1.2.2.4 "A0" Boom Surface Meteorological Data
Archive Magnetic Tape Format 67

iii

CONTENTS (continued)

Page

1.3.0 BOMEX MARINE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND

SURFACE-PRESSURE - MARINE MICROBAROGRAM DATA 68

1.3.1 Observation Procedures and Parameters Measured ... 68

1.3.2 Processing Procedure and Archive Magnetic

Tape Format 89

1.3.2.1 Processing Procedure 89

1.3.2.2 BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observa-
tions Archive Magnetic Tape Format .... 89

1.4.0 FIXED- SHIP OPERATIONS DATA 91

1.4.1 Parameters Recorded 91

1.4.2 Fixed-Ship On-Station and

Underway Operations . 93

1.4.2.1 USC&GSS Oceanographer

Ship Operations and Navigation 94

1.4.2.2 USC&GSS Mt. Mitchell

Ship Operations and Navigation 95

1.4.2.3 USC&GSS Rainier

Ship Operations and Navigation 96

1.4.2.4 USC&GSS Discoverer

Ship Operations and Navigation 96

1.4.2.5 USCGC Rockaway

Ship Operations and Navigation 97

1.4.3 Fixed-Ship Operations Data Processing 99

1.4.4 Fixed-Ship Operations Data

Archive Magnetic Tape Format 99

1.5.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP EVENT LOG 102

1.5.1 Contents of the Event Log 102

1.5.2 BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log Archive Format 102

1.6.0 DISCOVERER WEATHER RADAR PHOTOGRAPHS AND RADAR LOG .... 104

1.6.1 Radar Photographic Data 104

1.6.2 Discoverer Weather Radar Log 105

1.6.3 Discoverer Weather Radar Photograph

and Radar Log Archive Formats 105

IV

CONTENTS (continued)

Page

1.7.0 STD (SALINITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH) SENSOR

DATA AND' SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATA 106

1.7.1 STD Observation Procedures 106

1.7.2 STD 8-sps Data Reduction and Processing 108

1.7.2.1 Digitization 109

1.7.2.2 Conversion and Processing 114

1.7.2.3 STD 8-sps Data Archive

Magnetic Tape Format 117

1.7.3 STD Support Data and Archive Format 121

1.7.4" Radio Transmission Log for STD

Observations and Archive Format 126

1.7.5 Naval Oceanographic Office "C"

Temperature Log and Archive Format 128

2.0.0 BOMEX AIRCRAFT-ACQUIRED DATA 129

2.1.0 RFF AIRCRAFT DATA 146

2.1.1 Original Data 146

2.1.2 CONVERT Tape and Original Tape Listing 147

2.1.3 NHRL Processing of RFF Data . . 151

2.1.3.1 AUTO Listing and NNV Data Cards 152

2.1.3.2 NNV BCD Tape Record 155

2.1.3.3 NNV Binary Tape Record 165

2.1.6 RFF Aircraft Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format . . . 169

2.1.7 RFF Photographic and Radar

Data and Archive Format 177

2.1.8 RFF Flight Folder 177

2.1.9 RFF Photographic Quality Review Log 179

2.2.0 NAVY AND AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT DATA 180

2.2.1 RECCO Data 180

2.2.1.1 RECCO Data Processing 191

2.2.1.2 Characteristics of Navy and
Air Force Data To Be Considered

Before Use in Analysis 192

2.2.1.3 Navy and Air Force RECCO Data

Archive Magnetic Tape Format 192

CONTENTS (continued)

Page

2.2.2 Navy WC-121 Aircraft Radar

Photographs and Archive Format 193

2.2.3 Air Force WB-47 Aircraft Radar

Photographs and Archive Format 211

2.2.4 Air Force WC-130 Aircraft Dropsonde

Data and Archive Magnetic Tape Format 214

3.0.0 ISLAND DATA ACQUISITION 220

3.1.0 ISLAND RADAR DATA 220

3.2.0 ISLAND RAWINSONDE DATA 223

3.3.0 ATS-3 DATA 224

4.0.0 DATA ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS AND COSTS 225

TABLES
No. Page

1-0 Contents of the BOMEX Temporary Archive 3

1-1 Geographic positions of BOMEX fixed ships 8

1-2 Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX 11

1-3 Fixed-ship basic observation system 15

1-4 BOMEX rawinsonde instrumentation 18

1-5 Calibration correction for rawinsonde temperature 35

1-6 Calibration corrections for rawinsonde relative humidity .... 38

1-7 Measurements from boom sensors 54

1-8 Transfer equations and constants for conversion

of measured voltage to scientific units 58

1-9 Ship's barometer and Rosemount heights above sea surface .... 66

1-10 Barometer change characteristics in the last 3 hours 71

Vi

TABLES (continued)
No. Page

1-11 Dew-point temperature 72

1-12 Relative humidity 73

1-13 Wave or swell heights in half-meters 75

1-14 Code table for clouds of types Stratocumulus,

Stratus, Cumulus, and Cumulonimbus 76

1-15 Code table for low cloud height; height of

base of lowest cloud (Cl or C^) above sea 77

1-16 Code table for clouds of types Altocumulus,

Altostratus, and Nimbostratus 78

1-17 Code table for clouds of types Cirrus,

Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus 80

1-18 Code table for visibility 82

1-19 Code table for present weather 83

1-20 Code table for past weather 87

1-21 Code table for orientation of cloud band

axis with respect to true north 88

1-22 BOMEX STD sensor characteristics 107

1-23 Digitizing resolution 114

2-1 Call signs and other identifiers for BOMEX aircraft 130

2-2 Fixed reporting points used in BOMEX 131

2-3 BOMEX line integral aircraft missions 132

2-4 RFF airborne instrumentation systems supporting BOMEX 133

2-5 RFF airborne recording systems 138

2-6 Navy WC-121 aircraft basic observation system 139

2-7 Navy WC-121 aircraft meteorological instrumentation 140

2-8 Special synoptic aircraft missions 141

vii

TABLES (continued)
No. Page

2-9 Air Weather Service WB-47 basic meteorological

instrumentation 144

2-10 Air Weather Service WC-130 basic meteorological

instrumentation 145

2-11 Air Weather Service RB-57 basic meteorological

instrumentation 145

2-12 RFF original tape calibration constants 149

2-13 Abbreviations of parameters used with AUT, SMT,

CQN, or REP cards for NNV Program 154

2-14 NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape Record format 166

2-15 Logical record of NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape 167

2-16 Variables in data record 171

2-17 RECCO data archive format 195

2-18 Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file 198

2-19 Characteristics of APS-20 radar 210

2-20 Characteristics of AN/APN-59B radar 213

2-21 Code table for tenths and sign indicator 218

2-22 Code table for dew-point depression 219

3-1 Characteristics of AN/MPS-34 radar (long pulse) 221

4-1 Reference information to aid in preparation

of data request 229

4-2 Fixed-ship observed data availability

Ship: Oceanographer 235

4-3 Fixed-ship observed data availability

Ship: Rainier 238

4-4 Fixed-ship observed data availability

Ship: Mt. Mitchell 241

viii

TABLES (continued)
No. Page

4-5 Fixed-ship observed data availability

Ship: Discoverer 244

4-6 Fixed-ship observed data availability

Ship: Rockaway 247

4-7 RFF aircraft observed data availability 250

4-8 Navy and Air Force aircraft observed

data availability 252

4-9 Island observed data availability 255

4-10 Support data inventory 258

4-11 Fixed-Ship Rawinsonde Data inventory 259

4-12 Radiometersonde Data inventory 261

4-13 Boom Surface Meteorological Measurements inventory 262

4-14 BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations and Surface

Pressure - Marine Microbarogram Data inventory 264

4-15 Fixed-Ship Salinity/Temperature/Depth and

Sea Surface Temperature Data inventory 265

4-16 RFF Meteorological and Renavigated Flight Track

Data inventory. 267

4-17 Island, Discoverer, Air Force WB-47, Navy WC-121,
RFF DC-6 39C, RFF DC-6 40C, and RFF DC-4 82E
Radar Data inventory 273

4-18 RFF Aircraft Cloud Photograh Data inventory 285

4-19 Navy and Air Force RECCO Data and

Air Force WC-130 Dropsonde Data inventory 291

4-20 Island Rawinsonde Data inventory 293

4-21 ATS-3 Data inventory 298

xx

FIGURES
No. Page

1-1 Fixed-ship array during Periods I, II, and III 9

1-2 Fixed-ship array during Period IV • 10

1-3 Example of" 35-mm microfilm tabulation

of 5-sec rawinsonde data 27

1-4 Five-second temperature and humidity data versus pressure

1 - temperature; 2 - relative humidity 28

1-5 U and V components of measured wind versus pressure

1 - W/E; 2 - S/N; 3 - height 29

1-6 Diagram relating the terms used in wind computations 43

1-7 Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of

boom 30-sec data 62

1-8 Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of

boom 10-min averages 63

1-9 Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of

boom 30-min averages 65

1-10 Surface Observations Form 69

1-11 Ship Operations Form 92

1-12 BOMEX Event Log 103

1-13 Separation and signal conditioning of the

recorded signal prior to input for digitization 110

1-14 Flow counter hardware arrangement Ill

1-15 Input waveforms and system timing during a

typical counting operation 112

1-16 First record for STD cast 118

1-17 Format of STD first card image 120

1-18 STD data record , 122

1-19 STD Observation Form 123

1-20 Radio Transmission Log for Salinity, Temperature,

Depth, and Sound Velocity Data 127

FIGURES (continued)
No. Page

2-1 NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record 157

2-2 Header information that precedes each RFF mission 170

2-3 RECCO Code form 181

2-4 Tables referred to on RECCO Code form

that were used in encoding 185

2-5 WB-47 aircraft flight track for radar photography 212

2-6 BOMEX Dropsonde Recording Form 215

4-1 Sample data request 228

xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Establishment of the BOMEX Temporary Archive would not have been possible
without the invaluable help of the many organizations and individuals who
played an important role in the processing of BOMEX data and who continue to
take part in the still ongoing data reduction.

For overall support, the author is grateful to R.E. Hallgren, Associate
Administrator for Environmental Monitoring and Prediction, NOAA; Jackson Balch,
Director of NASA's Mississippi Test Facility; Thomas S. Austin, Director,
Environmental Data Service, NOAA; William H. Haggard, Director, National Cli-
matic Center, NOAA; R.V. Ochinero, Director, National Oceanographic Data Center,
NOAA; H. Stewart, Jr., Director, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological
Laboratories, NOAA; and R.C. Gentry, Director, National Hurricane Research
Laboratory, NOAA. Deeply appreciated is the management assistance and guidance
provided by Joshua Z. Holland, Director, and Arnold H. Glaser, of the BOMAP
Office (now Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis) , NOAA.

For major contributions to the description of the data contained in the
BOMEX Temporary Archive, the author's thanks go to the following: Lee Nybo,
C.R. Ramsey, Elwyn Graham, Kenneth Savistano, Raymond L. Joiner, Melvin H.
Craddock, Frank T. Quinlan, Mortimer Buckwald, John Sheldon, Warren Wisner,
Willard W. Shinners, Feodor Ostapoff, Orville E. Scribner, Scott Williams,
and Calvin E. Anderson, who played a major role in the reduction of the ship
data; Loran A. Weaver, Harry F. Hawkins, Billy M. Lewis, Eugene M. Page,
Howard A. Friedman, Marshall G. Hatch, Harlan W. Davis, Gerald Conrad, Robert
H. Sourbeer, and Richard Rutkowski, who made substantive contributions in
processing and quality control of the data collected by NOAA's Research Flight
Facility and who provided the documentation for these data; John McHugh and
Lt. Victor E. Delnore (NOAA Corps), who were responsible for the reduction and
archiving of STD data; Lt. Cdr. Charles Waldron (U.S. Navy), Eugene M. Rasmusson,
Robert W. Reeves, and Leslie D. Sanders, who provided descriptions and quality
control of the Navy and Air Force aircraft data, with Robert W. Reeves and
Leslie D. Sanders being responsible for the dropsonde data; Michael D. Hudlow
and Wolfgang Scherer, who processed the radar data; and Vance A. Myers, who
scrutinized the photographs taken by high-altitude aircraft and by satellites.

Acknowledgment is also due Frances Burkholder for tabulating the data
placed in the archive, May Laughrun for editing the text, and Patricia Mentzer
and James Knox for typing the manuscript.

XII

BOMEX TEMPORARY ARCHIVE
DESCRIPTION OF AVAILABLE DATA

Terry C. de la Moriniere*
Office of the Associate Administrator
for Science and Technology
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Rockville, Md . 20852

ABSTRACT

This report describes the data available from the BOMEX Temporary
Archive, a depository for data collected during the Barbados Oceano-
graphic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) during May, June, and
July 1969. Procedures used in processing these data, inventories
of the archived data, and ordering instructions and costs are given.

INTRODUCTION

Effective February 1, 1971, a temporary archive was established to ser-
vice requests for processed data products resulting from the Barbados Oceano-
graphic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) , conducted in the summer of
1969. Not all BOMEX data have been assembled. The temporary archive repre-
sents data selected by the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Analysis
Project (BOMAP) Office** that were acquired from the fixed-ship, aircraft,
and island-based acquisition systems under the operational control of the
BOMEX Field Headquarters. Various BOMEX principal investigators (responsible
for experiments other than the BOMEX Core Experiment) acquired data during
BOMEX, but these data will not be placed in the temporary archive since most
are still in the possession of the investigators for processing and analysis.

The temporary archive is defined as such since it contains preliminary,
unvalidated data that are being made available at an early stage in the BOMAP
processing activity. It will be replaced by a permanent archive when the
data-processing cycle is finished (late 1972). Validated data are defined as
processed data for which the quality has been effectively demonstrated, and
limitations as to space resolution, time resolution, and accuracy have been

*Formerly a staff member in the BOMAP Office and now affiliated with the Office
of the Associate Administrator for Environmental Monitoring and Prediction, NOAA.

**Now Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) .

clearly documented. Such conclusive information is not available at this
time because of continuing BOMAP efforts in data-processing software develop-
ment, scientific test computations, calibration studies, and intercomparison
studies of data obtained from the various types of BOMEX acquisition plat-
forms . Those requesting BOMEX data from the temporary archive should there-
fore be prepared to perform such quality and accuracy tests as may be required
prior to use for scientific research. The BOMAP Office staff stands ready
to assist in answering users' questions concerning the processing or quality
of the temporary archive data products (telephone (301) 496-8871) .

Table 1.0 lists the data products available through the temporary
archive. This table defines the acquisition platforms or locations where
the data were obtained, specifies the archive product as observed data or
support documents for use in evaluating the observed data, and the form in
which these data products can be obtained from the temporary archive. The
various archived data types are discussed in the text that follows in the
order in which they are listed in table 1-0.

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1.0.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP DATA ACQUISITION

Five ships occupied fixed positions during the four BOMEX Observation
Periods (table 1-1). For the Core Experiment, which covered Period I (May 1
through 15), Period II (May 24 through June 10), and Period III (June 19
through July 2), the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey* ships Rainier, Oceano-
grapher, Mt. Mitchell, and Discoverer occupied positions ALFA, BRAVO, DELTA,
and ECHO, respectively, at the corners of the BOMEX square, and the U.S.
Coast Guard cutter Ro ckaway occupied position CHARLIE at the center of the
fixed-ship array (fig. 1-1). For the Tropical Convection Program during
Period IV (July 11 through 28), the five ships were stationed in a staggered
pattern of fixed positions (fig. 1-2). Because some of the ships departed
designated positions a day or two early and others occupied positions a day
or two late owing to operational problems, the dates given above do not coin-
cide exactly with the operations of each ship. A chronological listing of
operations is given in table 1-2.

During all four periods, the fixed ships made sea-surface and oceanogra-
phic measurements and surface and upper air observations. Special instrumen-
tation included: the signal conditioning and recording device (SCARD) ; rawin-
sondes to measure temperature, humidity, and pressure during their ascent and
to provide tracking targets for wind direction and speed; radiometersondes to
measure upward and downward radiation; a special boom extending from the bow
of each ship and carrying instruments to measure dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and
sea-surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and
radiometers to measure incident, reflected, and total radiation; salinity/
temperature/depth (STD) sensors; the boundary layer instrument package (BLIP),
released from all ships except the Ro ckaway , suspended below a tethered
balloon or parafoil kite, and carrying sensors to measure temperature,
humidity, and horizontal and vertical wind speed. Basic observation systems
aboard each fixed ship are identified in table 1-3.

Each ship was equipped with a free-fall, deep-sea mooring system to
raaintain its position. However, the Rainier 's mooring system failed on May 1,
the Mt. Mitchell's on May 3, the Ro ckaway 's on May 25, and the Discoverer's
and Oceanographer ' s on June 21. All wind speed and direction data acquired
after mooring failure — during periods of steaming and periods of drift —
must therefore be corrected for ship motion.

Observation systems were standardized for the fixed ships, with some
variation in special instrumentation for the program to be served. Data were
acquired in the form of analog magnetic-tape, strip-chart, punched paper-tape,
manually logged, and photographic or filmed records.

*

Now the National Ocean Survey.

-7-

Table 1-1. Geographic positions of BOMEX fixed ships

Ship

Position

Latitude

Longitude

Periods I, II, and III (square array)

Rainier
Oceanographer
Rockaway
Mt. Mitchell
Discoverer

ALFA (A)
BRAVO (B)
CHARLIE (C)
DELTA (D)
ECHO (E)

16°50 'N
17°36'N
15°00'N
12°23'N
13°08'N

59°12*W
54°34'W
56°30'W
58°23'W
53°51'W

Period IV (staggered array)

Rainier
Rockaway
Discoverer
Mt. Mitchell
Oceanographer

BRAVO (B)
CHARLIE (C)
ECHO (E)
LIMA (L)
GOLF (G)

17°30'N
15°00 'N
13°00'N
10°30'N
7°30'N

54°00»W

56°30'W

54°00'W
56°30'W
52°42'W

Figure 1-1. Fixed-ship array during Periods I, II, and III.

Figure 1-2. Fixed-ship array during Period IV.

10

Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX

Date

Ship

activity*

1969

Oceano-

Disco-

Mt.

grapher

verer

Mitchell

Rainier

Rock aw ay

April

30

In port at

In port at

In port at

Arrived at

En route to

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Station "A"

Station "C"

May

1

En route to

ii

Arrived at

Deep sea;

Arrived at

Station "B"

Station "D"

moor, failed

Station "C"

2

Arrived at

it

Moored on

On Station

Moored on

Station "B"

Station "D"

"A"

Station "C"

3

Moored on
Station "B"

ii

Deep sea;
moor, failed

n

ti

Arrived at
Station "E"
and moored

Moored on
Station "E"

Medical eva-
cuation to
Bridgetown

On Station

llT.ll

Moored on
Station "B";
M&C Day

Moored on
Station "E";
M&C Day

On Station
"D";M&C Day

On Station Moored on
"A"; M&C Day Station "C";
M&C Day

9-14

Moored on
Station "B"

Moored on
Station "E"

On Station
"D"

On Station Moored on
"A" Station "C"

15 Departed Departed Departed Departed Departed

for Bridge- for Bridge- for Bridge- for Bridge- for Bridge-
town town town town town

-11-

Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX

(continued)

Date

Ship activity*

1969

Ocean o-

Disco-

Mt.

grapher

verer

Mitchell

Rainier

Rock aw ay

May

16

Arrived in

Arrived in

Arrived in

Arrived in

Arrived in

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

17-21

In port at

In port at

In port at

In port at

In port at

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

Bridgetown

22

In port at

Departed

In port at

Departed

Departed

Bridgetown

Bridgetown
for Sta-
tion "E"

Bridgetown

Bridgetown
for Sta-
tion "A"

Bridgetown

23

Departed

Arrived and

Departed

Arrived at

Arrived and

Bridgetown

moored on
Station "E"

Bridgetown

Station "A"

moored on
Station "C"

24

Arrived and

Medical eva-

Arrived on

On Station

Moored on

moored on

cuation to

Station "D"

"A"

Station "C"

Station "B"

Bridgetown

25

Moored on

Arrived at

On Station

ii

Deep sea;

Station "B"

Bridgetown;
departed

"D"

moor, failed

26

ii

En route to
Station "E"

ii

ii

On Station
"C"

27

it

Arrived and
moored on
Station "E"

ii

ii

it

28

ii

Moored on
Station "E"

Departed for
Bridgetown;
returned to
Station "D"

it

ti

May

29

Moored on

Moored on

On Station

On Station

On Station

to

Station "B";

Station "E";

"E"; 5/29

"A"; 5/29

"C" 5/29

June

5/29 M&C

5/29 M&C

M&C Day

M&C Day

M&C Day

9

Day

Day

-12-

Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX

(continued)

Date
1969

Ship activity*

Ocean o-
grapher

Disco-
verer

Mt.
Mitchell

Rainier

Rockaway

June

10 Departed for
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

11

Arrived in
Bridgetown

Arrived in
Bridgetown

Arrived in
Bridgetown

Arrived in
Bridgetown

Arrived in
Bridgetown

12-18

In port at
Bridgetown

In port at
Bridgetown

In port at
Bridgetown

In port at
Bridgetown

In port at
Bridgetown

19

Departed
Bridgetown

Departed
Bridgetown

Departed
Bridgetown

Departed
Bridgetown

Departed
Bridgetown

20

Moored on
Station "B"

Moored on
Station "E"

On Station

On Station
"A"

On Station
"C"

21 Deep sea;

moor, failed

Deep sea;
moor, failed

22-25

On Station

On Station

tlT?H

26

Departed "D"
to recover
buoy, then
returned

27

On Station
"B"; M&C
Day

On Station
"E"; M&C
Day

On Station
"D"; M&C
Day

On Station
"A"; M&C
Day

On Station
"C"; M&C
Day

28

On Station

■ IT)!!

On Station

IIt-M

On Station
"D"

On Station
"A"

On Station

iir>M

29

Departed "D"
to recover
BLIP, then
returned

30 Departed "B"
for Bridge-
town

On Station

llr\ll

-13-

Departed "C"
for "B," ar-
rived at "B"

Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX

(continued)

Date

Ship activity*

1969

Oceano-
grapher

Disco-
verer

Mt.
Mitchell

Rainier

Rockaway

July

1

Arrived in
Bridgetown

On Station

On Station
iijjii

On Station
"A"

On Station

tig..

2

In port at
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

Departed for
Bridgetown

3

H

Arrived in
Bridgetown

Arrived in
Bridgetown

Arrived in
Bridgetown

Arrived in
Bridgetown

4-8

ii

In port at
Bridgetown

In port at
Bridgetown

In port at
Bridgetown

In port at
Bridgetown

9

Departed
Bridgetown
for "G"

Departed
Bridgetown
for "E"

Departed
Bridgetown
for "D"

Departed
Bridgetown
for "B"

Departed
Bridgetown
for "C"

10

En route to
Station "G"

Arrived at
Station "E"

Arrived at
Station "L"

En route to
Station "B"

Arrived at
Station "C"

11

M

On Station
"E"

Departed for
Bridgetown,
then returned

Arrived at
Station "B"

On Station
"C"

12

Arrived at

M

On Station

Mt II

On Station

llrjll

ii

13-15

On Station
H/-.U

16

On Station
"G"; M&C
Day

On Station
"E"; M&C
Day

On Station
ML"; M&C
Day

On Station
"B"; M&C
Day

On Station

M&C

Day

17-23

On Station

II /-ill

On Station

ll-pll

On Station

llT II

On Station
„B„

On Station
M/-.II

-14-

Table 1-2. Chronology of ship operations during BOMEX

(continued)

Date
1969

Oceano-

Ship activity5

Disco-

grapher verer

Mt.

Mitchell

Rainier

Rockaway

July
24

25-27

On Station On Station

"G"; M&C "E"; M&C

Day Day

On Station On Station

"G" "E"

On Station On Station On Station

"L"; M&C "B"; M&C "C"; M&C

Day Day Day

On Station On Station On Station

IIt II llTJ II lip II

28 Departed for Departed for
Bridgetown Bridgetown

Departed for Departed for Departed for
Bridgetown Bridgetown Bridgetown

* M&C Day — Maintenance and calibration day.

Table 1-3. Fixed-ship basic observation system

Ship

SCARD Rawinsonde* Boom** STD BLIP SITS

Oceanographer x

Scanwell
WFSS

x

x

Rainier

Scanwell
WFSS

(x)

Mt. Mitchell x

Scanwell
WFSS

Discoverer

x

Selenia
radar

Rockaway

x

AN/SPS 29
radar

(x)

*Wind direction and speed acquired as slant range and azimuth.
**Parentheses indicate inclusion of instrumentation for radiation

-15-

SCARP (Signal Conditioning and Recording Device) was the primary recording
unit aboard each of the fixed ships. Developed, operated, and maintained
in the field by NASA's Mississippi Test Facility, it recorded on analog mag-
netic tape the main body of data derived from the observations. Exceptions
were some manually recorded surface meteorological observations, punched
paper-tape records of the Selenia radar rawinsonde positions, photographs of
radar precipitation observations, STD strip charts, and analog strip-chart
records of rawinsonde data that served as quality control..

-16-

1.1.0 FIXED-SHIP RAWINSONDE DATA (INCLUDING RADIOMETERSONDE
DATA BOTH FROM THE SHIPS AND FROM ISLAND LOCATIONS)

1.1.1 Rawinsonde and Radiometersonde Instrumentation and Observation
Procedures

Instrumentation. Rawinsonde balloons carried two instrument pack-
ages aloft for each observation: a temperature sonde equipped with a thermis-
tor and a humidity sonde with a hygristor. All sondes and telemetry units
were of standard National Weather Service type with these exceptions:

(a) Temperature sondes were specially wired to yield only signals for
temperature, "low reference" (190 Hz), and a special midreference
value (95 Hz) which replaced every fifth "low reference" in the
sequence. This allowed more frequent reference signals and hence
more precise corrections for variations in sonde characteristics —
enhancing accuracy. Selected precalibrated thermistors were used.

(b) Pressure sensors for temperature sondes were specially selected and
precalibrated twice at the factory (once "up" and once "down," re-
jecting sensors that showed large differences) for better pressure
accuracies .

(c) Humidity sondes were modified to yield an almost continuous humidity
signal, interrupted only occasionally for a "low reference" signal.
Because the humidity data are much less sensitive to minor sonde/
battery variation than the temperature data, there was no need for
frequent reference checks. A more sensitive uncalib rated pressure
commutator was substituted for the usual baroswitch, to further
shorten the time occupied by reference signals. All pressure data
were taken from the temperature sonde and time-correlated to the
humidity data. The net result was extraordinarily fine vertical
resolution in the humidity profile.

Table 1-4 summarizes the instrumentation and sonde frequency used by each
fixed ship during the four BOMEX periods. Temperature sonde and humidity
sonde signal output was acquired by separate receivers aboard ship and re-
corded by SCARD, and on strip charts for quality control.

Two types of balloon-tracking systems were used: Scanwell Wind Finding
at Sea System (WFSS) and radar wind finding system.

The Oceanographer, Mt. Mitchell, and Rainier carried the Scanwell WFSS.
By means of rotary potentiometers mounted within the Scanwell balloon track-
ing instrumentation, continuous slant range and azimuth values of balloon
position were acquired for the purpose of computing upper air wind directions
and speeds. These data were recorded on SCARD and also on strip charts for
quality control.

-17-

The Discoverer was equipped with Selenia radar, METEOR 200-RMT-2S (3.2-cm
wavelength). Slant range and azimuth data, for computation of upper air winds,
were recorded on punched paper tape at 15-sec intervals, with a printed paper
tape for quality control.

Table 1-4. BOMEX rawinsonde instrumentation

Fixed ships

Period I

Period II Period III

Period IV

Oceanographer
Mt. Mitchell
Rainier*

Temperature Same as I
403/1680 MHz

Humidity
72.2 MHz

Same as I

Same as I

Discoverer*

Temperature
403 MHz

Humidity

403 MHz
low level**
FM sondes
high level***
pulsed sondes

Same as I

S ame as I

Same as I
except all
pulsed
sondes used

Rockaway*

Temperature
403 MHz

Humidity

403 MHz
low level**
FM sondes
high level***
pulsed sondes

Same as I

Same as I
except all
pulsed
sondes
used

Temperature
403 MHz

Humidity
72.2 MHz

*Suomi-Kuhn 403-MHz FM-FM (upward and downward IR) radiometersondes flown
at 0000 GMT daily.

**Planned termination at approximately 400 mb .
***From surface to burst.

18

The Rockavay used an AN/SPS-29 radar. Slant range and azimu
ments were obtained visually by the radar operator at 1-min inter
recorded manually for subsequent conversion to punched cards.

Radiometersonde observations were obtained at 0000 GMT each
the Discoverer, Rainier, and Rockaway during all four BOMEX perio
Suomi-Kuhn economical net radiometer to measure upward and downwa
radiation was attached to the rawinsonde.

Observation Procedures. The procedures for making rawinsond
tions were essentially the standard ones used by the National Wea
An exception was that the frequency of observations, i.e., observ
every 1 1/2 hours, required termination at 400 mb. The requireme
increased accuracy and nearly continuous resolution in humidity d
dictated the use during BOMEX of two sondes on the same balloon t
that measured temperature only, the other humidity only.

The temperature sonde was not baselined because individually
ted thermistors were used. Although there was no baseline check,
standard pref light check and inspection were performed. The sond
assembled in the normal fashion, except that no hygristor was ins
After external checks of the instrument had been completed, the t
sonde ground equipment was turned on and allowed to warm up and t
activated batteries were placed in the sonde for a 2- to 3-min wa
period. By alternate touching of the two test leads with a commo
the low reference and midscale reference respectively were transm
The low reference signal was maintained long enough to set the re
ordinate 95.0. After the reference had been tested and set on th
chart, the temperature singal was checked for proper or expected
The sonde transmitter was adjusted to the desired frequency; alte
flights were tuned to different frequencies to minimize possibili
abandoned flight interfering with preflight operations for the ne
tion. Under normal circumstances, the sonde transmitter was neve
the limits of the equipment frequency range, since some latitude
for post-release frequency drifts. With the external switching c
and the test leads clipped off, the temperature sonde baroswitch
to a position corresponding to the nearest 0.1 contact representi
ambient pressure read on the ship's precision aneroid barometer,
procedures used to set the baroswitch were those suggested in Fed
Meteorological Handbook 3.

The humidity sonde was inspected and reference-checked in th
way as the temperature sonde, and the transmitter was tuned to th
frequency. Following this, baseline measurements were made in th
baseline check box. The baseline wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatu
conditions were established to the nearest .1°C and the corespon
relative humidity was determined. With the humidity stabilized a
35 percent (normally around 33 percent) , the baseline conditions
recorded on a special Rawinsonde Observation Form (BOMEX Card #0)
in later data processing. The baseline measurements were conside
for only 30 min. If release did not occur within 30 min, a fresh
humidity element was installed and a new baseline check performed

-19-

the baseline check, the baroswitch was set. The humidity sonde baroswitch
was set to either contact number 3 or 8, whichever was closest to the original
pen arm position. Since the humidity sonde baroswitch was not used for pres-
sure measurement, setting the baroswitch according to ambient station pressure
was not required. Only the temperature sonde baroswitch was used for pressure
measurements . Setting the pen arm as indicated ensured that relative humidity
data were transmitted at release and a low reference shortly thereafter.

A 300-gm balloon was used for flights to 400 mb at the 1 1/2-hour re-
lease frequency. For all 0000 GMT observations and flights released at the
6-hour release frequency, a 600-gm balloon was used. With two instrumenta-
tion packages, the ascent rate was nominally 200 m/min for the 300-gm balloon
and 300 m/min for the 600-gm balloon. During BOMEX Observation Period I (May
3 to May 15), the two sondes were strapped together (back to back), but
signal interference between the two instruments occurred occasionally and
such flights were not processed. Therefore, the sondes were separated on the
train by 1 1/2 to 2 m, with the temperature sonde nearest the balloon. For
flight, the arrangement was balloon, train regulator (15 to 20 m of line
included), sondes spaced 1 1/2 to 2 m apart, 3 1/2 m of line, and target
(for the Discoverer and Rockaway only) .

Just before release, all ground equipment was rechecked and the SCARD
operators were notified to prepare for release. Immediately before release,
the humidity sonde external "low reference" wire was grounded to the sonde
for at least 5 sec, and this connection was broken as the balloon was re-
leased. The resulting shift in signal frequency was used in later data
reduction as indication of "lift-off."

After release, the usual procedures for monitoring rawinsonde ground
equipment were followed, and the observation was terminated as scheduled or
as soon as sonde failure occurred in flight.

The same preflight check and procedure used for the rawinsondes was used
for radiometersonde observations. The radiometer was attached according to
instructions given by Dr. P.M. Kuhn, Environmental Research Laboratories,
N0AA, Boulder, Colorado 80302. Detailes concerning the radiometer, attach-
ment to the sonde, and preflight check can be obtained from Dr. Kuhn.

-20-

1.1.2 Rawlnsonde Data Processing

The rawinsonde data were processed by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration's Mississippi Test Facility (NASA/MTF) and the Slidell
Computer Complex. After early review of the digitized SCARD analog data, it
became evident to the BOMAP Office that, because of inconsistencies in obser-
vational techniques, operational difficulties, and other problems (such as
digital noise), a comprehansive set of rawinsonde processing software could
not be constructed without some intermediate processing step that would pro-
duce sufficiently complete output for review and for design of final rawin-
sonde processing software. The BOMEX Temporary Archive rawinsonde data are
the output of this intermediate processing step and are called "A0 Rawinsonde
Output." These data include the processed rawinsonde observations for all
four BOMEX Observation Periods. The processing technique developed at MTF
made it possible to retrieve a considerable amount of data that would have
been judged unusable if one were to examine only the usual strip-chart re-
cordings. Much of the noise that occasionally hides data on the strip charts
was filtered out by the techniques described below.

The archive products consist of magnetic tapes and 35-mm microfilm, each
containing all processed rawinsonde observations for one ship observation
period, i.e., all rawinsonde data for one fixed ship for one BOMEX Observa-
tion Period. In either form, the data represent a time series of 5-sec data
points (averaged over a 5-sec period) from launch to termination of process-
ing. For the inventory of available data and instructions for ordering, see
section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and Costs.

The "A0" rawinsonde data processing is described in the sections that
follow: 1.1.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization; 1.1.2.2 Data Reduction Programs
and Procedures (Including Examples of 35-mm Microfilm Output) ; 1.1.2.3 Com-
putations Used in the "Ap" Rawinsonde Data Processing; 1.1.2.4 Manual Inputs
and Preparation for Use in "An" Rawinsonde Data Processing; 1.1.2.5 Charac-
teristics of the "An" Rawinsonde Data To Be Considered Before Use in Analysis;
and 1.1.2.6 "An" Rawinsonde Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format.

1.1.2.1 SCARD Analog Digitization

Temperature- and humidity-sonde signals for all ships were recorded
as frequency-modulated signals on SCARD. Slant range and azimuth from the
Scanwell WFSS balloon- tracking equipment installed on the Oceanographer, Mt .
Mitchell, and Rainier were also recorded on SCARD, but as amplitude-modulated
signals. All these parameters were frequency-multiplexed on one of the seven
SCARD recording channels. The temperature- and humidity-sonde input signals
from ground-station receivers aboard the fixed ships were designed to vary
between 10 and 200 Hz, but in many cases exceeded 200 Hz. The slant range
and azimuth input voltages from the Scanwell WFSS varied between 0 and 5 v D.C
The slant range was a ramped signal representing successive 2,000-m increments
of measured slant range. The azimuth input from Scanwell consisted of two
inputs, one voltage (0 - 5 v D.C. ramp) representing the range from 0 to 360°
(called AZ360) , the other (0 - 5 v D.C. ramp) representing successive 0 to 20°
ranges (called AZ20) . These two azimuth voltages, derived from precision

-21-

potentiometers mounted within the Scanwell antenna servo-drive train, were
necessary to achieve the appropriate resolution in measured azimuth. On the
Discoverer, slant range and azimuth were acquired by a Selenia radar, Model
METEOR 200 RMT-2S, at 15-sec intervals and recorded digitally on punched
paper tape and on a hard-copy printout. On the Rockaway , slant range and
azimuth were acquired by an AN/SPS-29 radar and recorded manually at 1-min
intervals .

Digitization of the above signals required a two-pass operation: a
first pass that converted the analog FM/FM (frequency modulated) and FM/PAM
(pulse amplitude modulated) signals to digital form at 16 times real-time
recording speed, resulting in 10 samples per second (10 sps) digital values
of frequency and D.C. voltages; and a second pass that edited, formatted,
scaled, and reduced the 10-sps digitized SCARD data to 2 sps and produced
as output one reel of magnetic tape containing all measured frequency values
and D.C. voltages gathered in one 24-hour period (0000 GMT through 2400 GMT)
for one fixed ship. The first pass was made by an SDS 930 Automatic Tele-
metry Reduction System — a program-controlled system in which an AMPEX
FR-1400 analog tape unit, time-code-generator decoder, 18 discriminators, two
cycle counters, input/output tie-in crossbar units, five levels of a priority
interrupt system, three digital tape units, and other peripheral input/output
devices were used. The second pass was made by an IBM 7094 program that
created SDS 930-compatible 2-sps tape from a 10-sps tape. This equipment and
the programs were operated and managed by the NASA Slidell Computer Complex,
Slidell, La.

Conversion of the rawinsonde data through the first pass and second pass
is described below.

First pass digitization method used for temperature- and humidity-sonde data

For each element, the demodulated output was input to a zero detection
unit. At each positive-going crossover, the following took place:

(a) The appropriate counter was updated by one.

(b) The contents of a 312.5-kHz clock (recorded on SCARD as 3.125 kHz,
then multiplied for system control) was transferred to the appro-
priate storage register. At the expiration of each 1/10 sec, the
output for each element (temperature/temperature references or
humidity /humidity references) was computed by V = t/c, where

V = recorded value, t = the time (in units of 312.5-kHz clock),
and (c) = the integral number of positive crossover. Thus, a time
series of 10-sps values (one 10-sps series for the temperature sonde
and one for the humidity sonde) were formed as input to the second
pass . Each 10-sps time series contained measured temperature or
humidity values and their respective reference values in the se-
quence of normal occurrences during the observation.

-22-

Second pass method used for temperature- and humidity-sonde data

The 10-sps samples were converted to Hz values for each 1/10 sec by
dividing the output (v above) of digitizing into 3,125,000. Following con-
version to Hz, a noise elimination averaging technique was applied to the
10-sps data within one 1/2-sec period (i.e., five 1/10-sec data points) to
form the 2-sps time series. Selective averaging was accomplished by compar-
ing the new arithmetic average of the input data set with the previously
averaged point for this variable. If the difference between these two values
exceeded the tolerance as specified on the noise tolerance manual input card
to the second pass program (+ .5 Hz for temperature-sonde data and + 1.0 Hz
for humidity-sonde data) , the point deviating most from the arithmetic mean
was discarded, and the previous average was replaced with a new arithmetic
mean of (n-1) 1/10-sec points. The process was then repeated until the cor-
rect tolerance was established or until only two points remained; the average
of these two points was then accepted as the average for one 2-sps data point.
Following averaging, the digitizing system calibrations were applied to the
2-sps data points.

First pass method used for slant range, azimuth 360, and azimuth 20

For each channel (one for slant range, one for azimuth 360, and one for
azimuth 20), the signals were demodulated through a discriminator giving a
D.C. voltage nominally in the range of + 7.5 v. At the beginning and end of
each SCARD tape, the calibration outputs were taken for each channel and re-
corded separately. Each 1/10 sec, the three discriminated voltage outputs
were multiplexed to an analog-to-digital converter at the rate of 50 ysec
per channel. The converter was capable of digitizing in the range of + 10 v
with significance to approximately 0.01 v. Thus, a slant range, azimuth 360,
and azimuth 20 10-sps time series was formed for each variable for input to
the second pass program.

Second pass method used for slant range, azimuth 360, and azimuth 20

The 1/10-sec values were scaled to 10,000 counts (where 0 - 5 v =
0 - 10,000 counts) as follows:

Counts = 10,000 (At - Lc) / (Hc - Lc) ,

where Lc and Hc are low reference calibration and high reference calibration,
respectively, as recorded on SCARD. The calibrations represented the average
of the beginning and ending calibrations on one SCARD tape, and At is the
variable sample. The 10-sps values were then reduced to 2-sps values by the
noise elimination averaging used for rawinsonde temperature and humidity, with
the tolerances for slant range and azimuth 360 being 60 counts and for azimuth
20 being 250 counts. At this point, the 2-sps time series of slant range,
azimuth 360, and azimuth 20 were ready for the next stage of processing.

-23-

1 . 1. 2 . 2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures (Including Examples of 35-mm
Microfilm Output)

The 2-sps digitized data base was used in processing and reduction
of rawinsonde observations from voltages and frequency 2-sps samples to 5-sec
averages of meteorological units. Only the steps involved in this processing
are described here; computational details and manual inputs are discussed in
sections 1.1.2.3 and 1.1.2.4, respectively.

The first step was to review the 2-sps tape for discrepancies in time
(time of day, GMT) caused by malfunctions in the time code generator input
recorded on SCARD analog tape or injected during the decoding and digitiza-
tion of the analog signal. Such errors normally represented read-write
errors as a shift of data within a record. This was done with a Tape Edit/
Tape Copy procedure according to the following specifications, by which parity
errors were also edited:

(1) When there were no parity errors during a read operation and time
progressed by consistent time differences (deltas), the end product
was a copy of the original tape.

(2) When a parity error was found, the record was skipped, "parity error"
was printed out, and a total kept of how many there were on each
2-sps tape.

(3) When a sync error occurred, the record was skipped, "sync error"
was printed out, and a record kept of how many sync errors occurred
on the tape. A "sync error" was defined as follows:

(a) millisecond in real time work greater than 999,

(b) seconds greater than 86,399, and

(c) any bit greater than 11 in the flag word.

(4) When there was a gap in time (i.e., difference between successive
time samples being different from the expected delta of .5 sec) -
whether this gap was on the original 2-sps tape, was due to skipped
record because of parity or sync error, or was deleted by the Tape
Edit/Tape Copy procedure - the times before and after the gap and
the time difference (delta) were printed out.

(5) Forward jumps in time (i.e., increasing time with a delta of more
than .5 sec) with consistent time differences of .5 sec or more
after the jump forward were kept. When followed by a backup in time
so that the time sample going back in time when compared with the
jump forward established a consistent delta from the sample preced-
ing the forward jump, a forward jump was deleted.

(6) Time samples and the associated variable samples that progressed with
inconsistent deltas were deleted by defining the time sample as a
dead word. Each deleted time sample was printed out.

-24-

(7) All time backups were deleted although time progressed by consis-
tent time differences from the sample that moved back in time.

Note; In "A0" outputs, TG ("time gap") in the tabulated data indi-
cates deletion of data by the Tape Edit/Tape Copy procedure.

From this point on in the processing of the "A0" rawinsonde data, the
"time-edited" 2-sps data and manually derived "processing" start time and
stop time were used in data reduction, as follows:

(1) Five-second averages of the humidity- and temperature-sonde data
were computed by a reference detection and noise elimination averag-
ing technique similar to the one used in averaging 10-sps data to

2 sps (see sec. 1.1.2.1).

Note: No attempt was made to distinguish the radiometer signals in
the 0000 GMT observations on the Discoverer, Rainier, or
Rockaway .

(2) Thirty-second averages of slant range and 60-sec averages of azimuth
each 30 sec were computed. Azimuth bias corrections were made at
this point.

(3) A reference pattern check for data consistency was performed as
follows :

(a) When four low references occurred between two midreferences, a
normal pattern was defined.

(b) When three low references occurred between two midreferences, an
additional low reference was inserted at the midpoint of the
longest time period between successive midreferences.

(c) When eight low references occurred between two midreferences, a
midreference was inserted between the fourth and fifth low
references.

(d) Any other reference pattern resulted in termination of processing
of this particular sounding.

The above steps resulted in a working tape that served as input to the next
series of tasks by which the averaged data were adjusted or corrected:

(1) The 5-sec averaged raw frequencies for temperature were adjusted for
midreference and low reference drift and converted to resistences.

(2) The 5-sec averaged raw frequencies for humidity were adjusted for
low reference drift.

-25-

(3) Continuous 5-sec samples of temperature and humidity frequencies
were obtained by linear interpolation over areas of data that were
missing because of time gaps or by loss during the "noise elimina-
tion" averaging routine or during times of midreferences or low
references .

At this point, the 5-sec temperature resistances (temperature in terms of
resistance), humidity frequencies, the 30-sec averages of slant range, and
two series of 60-sec azimuth averages were converted to scientific units of
temperature, humidity (relative and specific), pressure, height, and wind
components (U and V) at 5-sec intervals. Input calibration data required in
addition to the 5-sec, 30-sec, and 60-sec averages discussed above were:

(1) Baseline data for the humidity sonde, release pressure contact num-
ber, and balloon size (300 or 600 gm) taken from the BOMEX Rawinsonde
Observation Form (Card #0) .

(2) Surface temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind direction and speed
taken from the Surface Observation Form (Card #1) . The observation
selected for use as the surface condition was the observation closest
to 45 min after release.

(3) Latitude and longitude of the ship taken from the Ship Operations
Form (Card #4) .

(4) Pressure contact table taken from the temperature-sonde baroswitch
pressure-calibration chart.

(5) Azimuth and slant range data obtained by the Selenia radar on the
Discoverer (recorded on punch paper tape) and by the AN/SPS-29
radar on the Rockaway (recorded manually) .

Figure 1-3 is an example of the 35-km microfilm tabulation of the 5-sec
rawinsonde data. Figure 1-4 shows graphically the 5-sec temperature and
humidity data versus pressure, and figure 1-5 displays the U-component and
V-component of the measured wind versus pressure, including a pressure-
height curve.

-26-

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-27-

»HIF- OCEANOCRAPHER

TE»T BATE- 1T2

LAUNCH TINC - JJIS- 0

300

SOO

•00

TOO

•00

•00

1000

occs c

20

•0 «0

PER CENT

100

Figure 1-4. Five-second temperature and humidity data versus pressure,
1 - temperature; 2 - relative humidity.

-28-

SMIF- OCEAHOCRACHER

TE»T DATE- 172

LAUNCH TIME - 231 J' 0

JOO

IOOO

•000 5000

METERS

1000

Figure 1-5. U and V components of measured wind versus pressure.
1 - W/E; 2 - S/N; 3 - height.

-29-

1.1.2.3 Computations Used in the "An" Rawlnsonde Data Processing

The computations, signal detection techniques, and averaging tech-
niques are discussed here in the order in which they were mentioned in the
preceding section. The preparation of manual inputs will be discussed in
section 1.1.2.4.

"Noise elimination averaging" of temperature and humidity' 2-sps frequency
values to form 5-sec averages and detection technique for separating tempera-
ture or humidity frequencies from the associated low and midref erences

Inputs for this operation consisted of ten 2-sps samples of temperature-
or humidity-sonde values (containing both temperature or humidity frequencies
and reference frequencies) making up a 5-sec time period for the average and
the last available average for temperature or humidity, and the last average
reference (midref erence and low reference for temperature sonde; low reference
only for humidity sonde). The sequence followed is described below.

(1) Temperature or humidity frequencies were separated from the reference
values based on the following logic:

Let the absolute value of a 2-sps digital sample being considered
equal X; then

(a) the sample was placed in the low-reference array if X > 180.0,

(b) the sample was placed in the midref erence array if: *

during the first midref erence after launch 85.0 "^ X ^ 101.0,

during the second midref erence after launch (M^ - 4.0)^1 X ^.
(MX + 4.0),

during the third midref erence after launch (M2 - 2.0) ^- X <^
(M2 + 2.0),

during the fourth midref erence after launch (M3 - 1.0) <■ X ^-
(M3 + 1.0), or

during the itn midref erence after launch (M^_^ - 0.5)^ X^.
(M^_-^ + 0.5), where M = midref erence value, and i = 5, 6, 7,
. . . , n.

(c) If X met none of the above conditions, it was placed in temperair
ture or humidity array.

*This step was not used in processing the humidity 2-sps data since no mid-
reference occurred.

-30-

(2) When either the low reference or midreference arrays contained four
or more detected 2-sps reference samples, the reference arrays were
averaged first, then the temperature arrays. This was also the se-
quence for humidity data. Once an array had been selected for
averaging, the arithmetic mean of the array was computed.

(3) The new average — the one computed in step (2) above — was intended
to be compared with the previous average. However, because of the
way in which entry was made to this subroutine, the new average was
compared with either zero or a very large number, which forced the
following logic to be applied:

(a) The 2-sps sample farthest from the new 5-sec average was elimi-
nated. If this changed the value of the 5-sec average by less
than 0.3 Hz for temperature or 1.0 Hz for humidity, the result-
ing average was accepted as the average for the 5-sec period.
Otherwise the step was repeated.

(b) When all except one element were eliminated, a "dead word" (no
data indicator) was reported as the average. This constituted
a missing data point that was filled by linear interpolation
between adjacent 5-sec samples for which an average other than
dead words were reported.

Azimuth averaging and azimuth bias elimination

Azimuth measurements from the Scanwell WFSS on the Oceanographer , Mt.
Mitchell, and Rainier were recorded from two potentiometers, one for the
full range, 0 to 360°, and one for the 20° sector, constituting the coarse
and fine azimuths, respectively. These two ranges were used to achieve the
necessary resolution in azimuth for wind computations. The coarse azimuth
was used in determining for which 20° sector the fine azimuth was valid and
to estimate the azimuth bias error. The first step was to convert the azi-
muth 2-sps voltage values to degrees of azimuth, as follows:

CAZ = 0.36 Vc,

FAZ = 0.002 VF,
where

CAZ = coarse azimuth (deg.),

FAZ = fine azimuth (deg.),

Vq = coarse azimuth voltage in voltage counts
(0 - 10,000 counts = 0 - 5 v D.C.), and

Vp = fine azimuth voltage in voltage counts.

-31-

If at some time, t, either a coarse azimuth or fine azimuth did not exist,
there was no conversion to scientific units. In such instances, the 2-sps
values were replaced by "dead words" (no data indicator) and not considered
or used in any subsequent averaging. After conversion of CAZ and FAZ to
degrees, the bias correction was applied. In practice, it was impossible
to zero the two potentiometers measuring azimuth (CAZ and FAZ; FAZ = 0 or
20° when CAZ = 0 or multiple of 20°). Therefore, an adjustment for relative
bias was necessary before combining the two azimuth readings into a measured
azimuth value. The maximum relative bias tolerated was 10° and included an
allowance for backlash in the antenna drive gears to which the CAZ and FAZ
potentiometers were attached. The azimuth bias routine was based on the
assumption that the fine azimuth was correct and that the error was less than
10°. The following Fortran routine was used to compute the measured azimuth
from CAZ and FAZ and to apply bias correction:

A = CAZ - FAZ

IA = A/ 20

A = A - 20 * IA

IF (A-10) 2, 2, 1

1 IA = IA + 1

2 A = FAZ + 20 * IA
IF (A-360) 4, 3, 3

3 A = A - 360

4 CONTINUE

As one can see, this method fails when the relative bias reaches 10°. This
happened occasionally and caused faulty azimuth values in the "A0" wind com-
putations.

Following the above manipulation of the 2-sps azimuth values, the re-
sulting values were averaged to form two series of 60-sec averages of azimuth.
In one, 60-sec averages were centered on the minute, and the other on the
half-minute. These two series were used alternately in the wind computations.

Scanwell WFSS slant range processing technique

Slant range from the Scanwell WFSS on the Oceanographer , Rainier , and
Mt. Mitchell was recorded as a ramped voltage, where 0 m = 0 v D.C. and
2,000 m = 5 v D.C. Thus, during any one observation, slant range measurements
consisted of repeating voltages in the range of 0 to 5 v D.C. every 2,000 m
of slant range. This field of digital voltages was first converted from 2-sps
Voltage "counts" to 2-sps slant range values in meters as follows:

S = 0.2 v ,
-32-

where

S = slant range, in meters,
modulo 2,000 m, and

v = voltage in counts.

Following conversion, 30-sec averages were calculated by the method described
below.

(1) Five-second averages were formed from the 2-sps data and 30-sec
averages were formed from the 5-sec averages. Displacement between
each 5-sec average and the preceding 30-sec average was checked,
with an acceleration of 20 to 25 m/sec/min allowed.

(2) After a 30-sec average had been obtained, the 5-sec averages con-
tained in it were checked again, as in (1) above, but against the
30-sec average for these 5-sec data points rather than the preceding
30-sec average.

(3) Values were linearly interpolated for any missing 30-sec averages.
If data for more than 3 min were missing, wind computations were
terminated.

Adjustment of raw temperature 2-sps values for low-reference and midreference
drift

Thermistor resistances at 30°C were individually measured by the manu-
facturer (Viz Mfg. Co.) and furnished to BOMEX, eliminating the need for a
temperature baseline check. In addition, all thermistors were required to
conform to a standard calibration curve with an RMS error of less than 0.1°.
The low reference correction (a correction for nonstandard battery voltages)
to temperature, humidity, and temperature-sonde midreference 5-sec average
frequencies was as follows:

190

where

:LR

f = corrected temperature, humidity, or temperature-sonde
midreference 5-sec average frequency,

f^ = uncorrected temperature, or humidity, 5-sec average
frequency, or temperature-sonde midreference 5-sec
average,

^LR = l°w reference, linearly interpolated in time between
low-reference frequencies on either side of the f^,
and

* = multiplication.

-33-

The internal resistances of the temperature sondes were computed from the
midreference frequency obtained by switching a precision 50,000-ohm resistor
into the circuit (every fifth reference contact being a midreference, the
other four low reference) . The internal resistance in ohms was calculated
from

fms * 50,000
190 - fms fms>

where

B = internal resistance in ohms,

fms = midreference (midscale) frequency corrected
for low-reference drift, as described above,
and

* =

multiplication.

With the above midreference correction, sensor frequency representing tempera-
ture in terms of resistance in ohms was calculated from

R = 19° * <B + f) - (B + f) ,

where

R = sensor resistance in ohms representing
measured temperature,

B = internal resistance in ohms,

f = temperature frequency corrected for
low-reference drift, and

* = multiplication.

Calculations required to compute temperature (°C), humidity (relative and
specific), pressure, height, and wind computations (U and V) at 5-sec inter-
vals from temperature resistances (temperature in terms of resistance),
humidity frequency, 60-sec azimuth values, and 30-sec slant range averages,

Conversion of thermistor resistance to temperature in degrees Celsius;

The temperature and thermistor resistances are related by the equation
(furnished by Viz Mfg. Co.):

i _JL /o-7 ^m 16,949.6 _ ,„-,.„
1Og10 R3Q = p-3710 + t+'273.00 - 9.12742,

-34-

where

R = thermistor resistance,
Roq = resistance of thermistor at 30°C, and
t = temperature in °C.

Solving for t, we have

t- 16>949-6 2 273.0 .

(9.12742 + login —-) - 27.3710
±u R3Q

Following this solution for t, a calibration correction was applied as shown
in table 1-5.

Table 1-5 Calibration corrections for rawinsonde temperature
(the manufacturer supplied the corrections based on actual
tests with thermistor and hygristor used in the experiment)

Indicated temperature, t Correction, C

(°C) (°C)

30.00 +0.00

20.18 - .18

10.21 - .21

.18 - .18

- 19.92 - 0.08 (used as +0.08

"a "\

for AQ)

-40.14 +0.14

- 60.07 + 0.07

- 70.04 + 0.04

Note: tc = t + C, where tc = corrected temperature 5-sec average (°C) ,
t = uncorrected temperature, and C = correction. For values of t
not shown in the table, a correction was linearly interpolated.

Conversion of humidity 5-sec average frequencies to 5-sec humidity
(relative and specific) :

The first step was to convert the corrected humidity 5-sec average fre-
quencies to humidity resistance values, as follows:

R = 190 * <g + f) - (B + f) ,

-35-

where

R = sensor resistance in ohms,

B = 47,680 ohms (nominal internal resistance of
the sonde) ,

f = 5-sec average frequency corrected for low-
reference drift, and

* =

multiplication.

The resistance R as computed above is that of the hygristor and a 1.2 x
10°-ohm resistor in parallel. Therefore, the hygristor resistance was
calculated from

Ru =

1.2 x 106 * R

H "' 1.2 x 106 - R
where R^ = hygristor resistance.

The resistance at 33 percent relative humidity, R33, was determined by a
baseline check prior to launch of the sonde. In the baseline check box, Ht
was measured independently of the sonde from the wet-bulb and dry-bulb tem-
peratures. If conditions were different from the standard 33 percent and
25°C, a correction was made by the equation (developed jointly by Viz Mfg. Co,
and the BOMAP staff)

C (Ht-33) (t-25)
H25 - Ht

Ht

where

Ht = relative humidity determined from
dry- and wet-bulb readings ,

H25 = Ht corrected to 25°C,

t = dry-bulb temperature in baseline
box, °C, and

C = constant = 0.25 if Hfc > 33 percent
and 0.03 if Hfc < 33 percent.

If the correction term was less than 0.5 percent (the usual case)i,H25 was
assumed equal to Ht . Then H25 was substituted in the following equations
(developed by the BOMAP staff):

A = log10 |2- = 4.733 - 2.500 log10 (110 - H25) ,
R33 = RH/10A ,

-36-

where

R„ = hygristor resistance, determined
as above from humidity-signal
baseline frequency, and

Roo = hygristor resistance at 33 per-
cent relative humidity.

Relative humidity for 5-sec average frequencies during the sounding was
computed by a three-step method;

Step_l / 4.733 - log10 -

where

H25 = 110 " antilog10\ 27500~

Ru = hygristor resistance at some tem-
perature t, computed as above,

R03 = hygristor resistance at 33 percent
(from baseline computation) , and

H25 = relative humidity at 25°C.

Step 2

The relative humidity at temperature t was calculated from

cl (H25 " 33> (t " 25)

where

Ht " H25 +" ~H^~

C^ = 0.25 for H25 33 percent,

C-l = 0.30 for H25 33 percent, and

Ht = measured relative humidity at
ambient temperature t.

Step 3

Following this computation, a calibration correction was applied to Ht to
obtain the corrected relative humidity. The calibration corrections are
shown in table 1-6. Note that these particular corrections apply only for
the computation of relative humidity as described above; they include both
calibration corrections proper and corrections for errors in these simplified
equations. The procedures described above are expected to give an RMS error
of less than 3 percent relative humidity (not including errors due to hygris-
tor exposure and thermal lag) .

-37-

The procedure for computation of relative humidity was found to be un-
stable at low resistance values (i.e., low measured relative humidities).
Thus the solution was limited at H25 equal the larger of (a) H25 computed
as above or (b) 8.0-.lt, where t is the ambient temperature. Minimum values
of relative humidity obtained by this scheme ranged from 2.2 percent at
+20°C to 13.0 percent at -60°C. No insolation correction (due to radiation
effects on the hygristor) or lag correction was applied to the relative hu-
midity data.

Table 1-6. Calibration corrections for rawinsonde relative humidity
(to be used only with BOMEX hygristor and BOMEX humidity equations)

Indicated relative humidity, Ht
(percent)

Correction, C
(percent)

-

4.5

-

4.5

-

1.0

+

1.2

+

2.5

+

3.9

+

3.6

+

1.7

-

0.3

+

0.3

+

2.5

+

0.0

14.5
24.5
27.0
31*8
37.5
46.1
56.4
68.3
80.3
89.7
95.0
100.0

Note: H = Ht + C, where H = corrected humidity, Ht = calculated humidity,
and C = correction from above for a given H£. (If Ht differed from
the above, a correction was linearly interpolated.)

-38-

Computation of specific humidity was accomplished by
VP - 6.11 fjL * !0C3 ,

where

Then,

where

VP = vapor pressure 5-sec value,
RH = relative humidity 5-sec value,

r a * t

t = temperature 5-sec value, °C,

a = 7.5,

b = 237.3, and

* = multiplication.

q - .622

p - .378 * VP

q = 5-sec specific humidity,

VP = vapor pressure, and

p = ambient pressure at the 5-sec point
in question. (Pressure computation
is discussed below.)

Computation of ambient pressure from temperature-sonde reference pattern:

Location of pressure reading in time was specified by references through
the temperature-sonde baroswitch pressure-calibration table provided by the
manufacturer. During reference detection, the time of reference occurrence
was associated with the value of the reference. Baseline station pressure
was entered at time zero.

The selection of the initial pressure contact for relating the references
to the baroswitch pressure-calibration table was performed as follows.

(1) If the first reference encountered after launch was a midrefer-
ence, it was contact #5 on the pressure-calibration table.

(2) If the second reference was a midref erence, the first reference
was #4 .

(3) If the third reference was a low reference, the fourth a low
reference, and the fifth a midref erence, then the first contact
after launch was #6.

-39-

No other conditions were tolerated, based on a review of all baroswitch cali-
brations and the range of surface pressure in the BOMEX observation area.

After the pressure equivalent of the first temperature-sonde reference
after launch had been identified, the following edit was made by comparing
the station pressure at launch with the pressure found at the first contact:

(1) If the station pressure was greater, the flight was computed
normally.

(2) If the station pressure was equal to or less than the first
reference pressure, then the flight was not processed when the
difference was more than 2 mb or the time of recognition of the
first reference was more than 15 sec after release. Otherwise,
a new pressure was computed for the first contact by subtracting
from the first contact pressure a factor that equaled twice the
difference between the station pressure and the first contact
pressure. Pressures at the 5-sec points were obtained by linear
interpolation in this time-reference pressure field. No other
changes or corrections were made to pressures from the baroswitch
pressure-calibration table.

Computation of layer thicknesses for altitude computations:

The virtual temperature was calculated first; then the layer thickness
was computed in geopotential meters as follows:

where

where

TV = T (1 + 0.61 q),

TV = 5-sec virtual temperature (°R) ,
T = ambient 5-sec temperature (°K) , and
q = 5-sec specific humidity (gm/kg) ;

TV? + TVi Pi
DELH = 67.442 — -^ log10 ~ '

P-L, TV;l = pressure, virtual temperature
at one 5-sec point, and

?2* TV 2 = pressure, virtual temperature
at the next 5-sec point; and

ALTp = ALTp + DELH

-40-

where

ALTp„ = the altitude in geopotential
meters at P]^, TV2, and

ALTp. = the altitude at P]_, TV]_ in
geopotential meters.

Computation of upper air winds:

Inputs to rawinsonde wind computations were slant range (30-sec averages) ,
azimuth angle (two series of 60-sec averages, one for averages centered on the
minute, one centered on the half-minute), altitude (from thickness computation
and converted to geometric units), and surface wind (from Surface Observation
Form, Card #1) . These input parameters for the Oceanographer , Mt. Mitchell,
and Rainier were processed to this point as described in the preceding para-
graphs of this section.

The Discoverer used the selenia radar Model METEOR 200 RMT-2S for bal-
loon tracking, with output consisting of printed and punched paper tape con-
taining slant range, azimuth angle, and elevation angle at 15-sec intervals.
The punched paper tape was converted to magnetic tape and a printout of the
results prepared, which was scanned and compared with the printed paper tape.
Observers' comments on the printed paper tape were used to edit the data.
For instance, such a comment as "balloon lost" was used to delete bad data.
After deletion from the magnetic tape of records proven to be bad, a computer
edit of alternate 15-sec data points was performed as follows:

(1) The time difference between alternate samples was first edited
for consistent changes (30-sec apart). "Dead words" or missing
data indicators were inserted for unrecognizable or inconsistent
times and the associated slant ranges and azimuths.

(2) For i = 30, 60, 90, , , n sec, successive second dif-
ferences were computed for slant range or azimuth from
M = St.-2 (St.,, ) + St.+2, where St. = slant range or
azimuth at time t^.

(3) The following logic was used to edit the data:

(a) Until the first value of M less than 100, the value
of St. was replaced with a "dead word." After M of
100 was found, the value of St. remained unchanged.

(b) After the first value of M less than 100 and whenever
a value of M greater than 100 was detected, the value
of Sj-.+2 was replaced with a "dead word."

(c) Whenever a "dead word" was encountered in St-, S*.. , , ,
or St.,~, the value of M could not be computed

and was irrelevant. The dead word was left in the
table; condition 3(a) above was reverted to.

-41-

The results of this edit were values of slant range and azimuth sampled
at 30-sec intervals and, depending on the edit, containing periods of time
when no values existed for one or more 30-sec periods. No wind computations
were made unless two or more consecutive 30-sec values of slant range and
azimuth were found.

The Rockaway used an AN/SPS-29 radar for balloon tracking. Slant range
and azimuth measurements were usually made at 1-min intervals and recorded
manually on a BOMEX form. These data were then punched on cards directly
from the form and transferred to magnetic tape. Since the measurements were
made at 1-min, rather than 30-sec, intervals, linear interpolation was used
to supply the intermediate 30-sec values of slant range and azimuth.

The slant range, azimuth angle, and altitude values described above for
all fixed ships were used to compute horizontal distance out to the balloon
and the S-N and W-E coordinates of that distance for each 30-sec point. At
each 30-sec point, t, the 1-min movement from point t - 30 sec to t + 30 sec
along each coordinate (divided by 60, giving units in meters per second) gave
the zonal and meridional components at time t. Linear interpolation was used
to derive components at 5-sec intervals.

The terms used in the computations are listed below and shown in figure
1-6 as related to wind computations.

HDO = horizontal distance out.
SLR = slant range.

GH = height of balloon.
H = height of ship's deck (release point).

CR = earth's radius = 6,375,000 m.

R = 6337838 ) . _ , . _.

factors for relating geometric

SR -■ 6327368 and 8eoPotential height at 15°N.

AZ = azimuth angle.
WWE/t\ = W-E wind component.
WSN/t\ = S-N wind component.

-42-

HDO

Xc = HDO sin AZ
Zc = HDO cos AZ

Figure 1-6. Diagram relating the terms used in wind computations.

-43-

The following equations were then used:

CRH = CR + H,
YS = CR + GH,

FXX =

2 2 2
CRH + YS - SLR

2(CRH) (YS)
(Note: FXX = cos2e)

0 = tan 1/ FXX"

FXX)

(Note: Numerator = sin^9; fraction = tan^9)
HDO = YS (sin 0) ,
Xc = HDO (sin(AZ)) ,
Zc = HDO (cos(AZ)) ,

WWE

WSN

(t)

(t)

xCt+3Q-xCt-30 f
60

ZC- ■— -z

t+30 Ct-30 ,
60

The following ship deck heights, H, were used
Oceanographer
Rainier
Mt. Mitchell
Discoverer
Ro ckaway

8.230 m
9.144 m
9.144 m
6.706 m
7.010 m

-44-

1.1.2.4 Manual Inputs and Preparation for Use In "An" Rawinsonde Data
Processing

Rawinsonde calibration data were entered manually on preprinted forms
by shipboard personnel. The following titles and card numbers identify the
types of data entered:

Rawinsonde Observation Form Card code 0

Surface Observation Form Card code 1

Ship Operations Form Card code 4

These data sheets were punched on cards for use in machine reduction of
rawinsonde observations. Before processing began, a procedure was devised
that helped to verify the accuracy and consistency of the data. As a first
step, data for each ship observation period were machine listed. Simple
scanning of the columns on the listing dosclosed most of the punching errors,
omlssons, and duplications. Corrections to the cards were made and the data
relisted.

An effort was then made to verify the accuracy of the card code 0 entries .
A three-man team checked the data on the recorder strip charts, the card code
forms, and the card code 0 machine listing for inconsistencies in the following
entries :

Date/ time of release.

Rawinsonde serial number (temperature sonde) .

Thermistor serial number (resistance in ohms) .

Precision aneroid pressure (station pressure) .

Humidity baseline data — dry bulb, computed
relative humidity, and humidity ordinate.

The actual baseline humidity traces on the recorder strip charts were examined
at this time to ensure that the correct value had been read.

For reconciliation of any inconsistency noted, all other available entries
were used. For example, when station pressure entries for an observation were
inconsistent, the corresponding sea-level pressure entry on the Surface Obser-
vation Form and the preceding and following observations were checked to help
establish the most reasonable value. Questionable rawinsonde serial numbers
were corrected by examining the appropriate pressure-contact calibration chart,
where both instrument number and release date/time were entered.

-45-

Errors in humidity baseline entries were corrected by using the set of
values that resulted in the proper relationship between dry-bulb and wet-bulb
depression, and relative humidity. Discrepancies in thermistor resistance
entries were more difficult to correct as there was no other source to turn
to for corroborative evidence. Inconsistencies of about 100 ohms or less
were corrected by arbitrarily selecting the card code 0 entry as the proper
value. Many larger inconsistencies were easily resolved since one of the
entries was an obviously impossible value, beyond the limits of the "Table
for Ordinate Setting on W/B Temperature Evaluator for Radiosonde." Some
inconsistencies, however, could not be resolved because both values were
reasonable. In these instances, the card code 0 entry was used in the "A0"
process but the observation was noted for future attention.

In order for computer operations to begin for the "A" and future proc-
essing, it was necessary to select, as accurately as possible the start time
of each rawinsonde observation. Based on plots and listings of two-samples-
per-second (2-sps) data, times were selected in hours, minutes, seconds, and
milliseconds of what appeared to be the moment of release. Normally, the
start time could easily be determined from the 2-sps data when a clearly de-
fined transition from low reference to humidity at release was made. For
some releases a zero-to-humidity or a low reference-to-temperature procedure
was used. These also resulted in easily determined time data once a consis-
tent pattern for a ship had been established.

Unfortunately, instances were noted where the above procedure was not
followed or where noise or interference at release resulted in the loss of
some definition. On these occasions the start time was classified as "indef-
inite." The best possible time estimate was made from records available in
addition to the 2-sps plots and listings, such as 0 card entries of baroswitch
setting and release contact, appearance of traces on the rawinsonde strip
charts, time measurements of the interval between release contact and the
first reference, etc. Whenever possible, start times were selected for all
rawinsondes actually released regardless of whether usable data were recorded
aloft.

Temperature stop time, which signaled the actual end of the sounding,
was selected for each observation. Stop times were assigned only when there
was no possibility of recovering data for a given flight beyond that time.
Stop times for wind and/or humidity observations were assigned only if they
preceded the temperature stop time.

-46-

1.1.2.5 Characteristics of the "Ap" Rawinsonde Data To Be Considered Before
Use in Analysis

The following is to be noted regarding the "A0" rawinsonde data:

(1) No lag corrections have been applied to the recorded temperature and
humidity signals.

(2) Experiments have shown that, due to insolation and other effects,
daytime humidities are recorded too low. Efforts to determine appro-
priate corrections are underway. The characteristics of this error
are described in the following papers: Teweles, Sidney, "A Spurious
Diurnal Variation in Radiosonde Humidity Records," Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society, September 1970; Morrissey, James F.,
and Frederick T. Brousaides, "Temperature-Induced Errors in the
ML-476 Humidity Data," Journal of Applied Meteorology, October 1970;
and Harney, Patrick J., "Differing Moisture Profiles in Radiosondings
at Barbados," presented at the AGU/AMS meeting in Washington, D.C.,
in April 1970.

(3) Wind data were computed by a method analogous to that used for manual
computations accomplished by Weather Bureau * observing personnel.

(4) Ship motion has not been added to wind data (see sec. 1.4.2).

(5) Interpolation over reference and data gaps in the record are linear.

(6) "A0" programs could not detect radiometer data. When radiometers
were flown on either temperature sonde or humidity sonde, radiometer
signals were accepted as signals from the host sonde (0000 GMT sound-
ings , Rainier, Discoverer, and Rockaway) .

-

(7) No completely satisfactory procedure for unambiguously identifying
all references was developed prior to the "A0" processing. The great-
est difficulty occurred during that portion of each flight when the
temperature frequency curve passed through the point where a mid-
reference was expected — generally in the neighborhood of 400 mb .
While a majority of these cases were handled properly, the pressure,
and/or temperature continuity for some flights was adversely affected,

(8) A characteristic of the humidity equipment (72-Mc ground equipment)
was occasional "frequency doubling," for short periods of time, re-
sulting in humidities evaluated too low by a factor of exactly 2.

(9) On some occasions (mostly during Observation Periods I and II) inter-
ference between the temperature and humidity signals, or from some
other radio source, was observed, resulting in small shifts in one

or the other.

*Now National Weather Service.

-47-

(10) The baroswitch on the humidity sonde was designed to transmit ref-
erence signals only each fifth contact, and to transmit humidity
signals at all other times. Occasionally small shifts in the re-
ceived humidity signal were noted between those portions normally
transmitting humidity and those normally transmitting the other
four references.

(11) The pressure-contact relationship tables furnished to the computer
during "Aq" processing were terminated at the 75th contact (approx-
imately 300 mb) . On a few occasions the entire table was recomputed
because of a discrepancy in the contact-pressure relationship at
release. In these cases, the "A0" may have processed the flight to
normal termination.

(12) Manually recorded surface pressure, temperature, and humidity data
were used as the release data during the "A0" process. The "surface
pressure" used was station pressure at humidity-baseline time.

(13) The "A0" programs were not designed to output any data if humidity
signals (or humidity references) were missing.

(14) On some flights, the humidity reference signal was received below
the reference detection threshold and was accepted as recorded
humidity.

(15) On the Oceanographer during Periods I and II, portions of the
record are affected by a capacitor on the slant range input to
SCARD, resulting in nonlinear response. The slant range on the
Mt. Mitchell was also occasionally interrupted by slippage of the
gears, mostly during Period IV.

(16) The typical operator adjustment for reference drift to maintain the
pen at ordinate 95 (190 cycles) did not affect the recorded signal.
Occasionally, the true reference drifted above 200 cycles (ordinate
100), which was the cutoff for digitizing. These cases have been
redigitized, but not reprocessed to develop "A0" output.

(17) During processing, the proper sequence of four low references and
one midreference was tested. If only one reference of a set was
missed, it was inserted, but more than one caused termination of
processing. In a few cases exactly five consecutive references

(or six, causing one insertion) were lost, in which case processing
continued but resulted in erroneous pressures and displacement of
temperature and humidity data. (In case six references were lost,
one was inserted, and the same procedure followed.)

-48-

(18) Plotting of the Rainier Observation Periods III and IV upper air
wind data (U and V) has indicated a discrepancy of 30° to 40° when
compared with the other fixed ships on a synoptic grid and with air-
craft data. BOMAP is investigating the characteristics of this
discrepancy.

(19) The Rockaway upper air wind data suffered from several serious
deficiencies that compromised their resolution and accuracy.

(a) The balloon target could not be acquired before 6 to 10 min
after launch.

(b) There was a positive bias of approximately 5,000 yards in all
slant-range measurements. This was not discovered by BOMAP in
time to be included in the "A0" data-processing program with-
out delaying.it. Also the bias apparently increased (5,000
yards plus) as the experiment progressed.

(c) An automatic tracking aid was used by the radar observers in
following the balloon radar target on the PPI. This had the
effect of making the computed wind change at a uniform rate
for periods of time up to several minutes; then the rate would
abruptly switch to a new value. This completely masks any
small wind shifts and displaces the location of apparent shear
zones, generally upward. There is no way to correct this in
processing the data.

(d) Slant range was recorded to the nearest 100 yards and azimuth
to the nearest degree to conform to limits of resolution of the
PPI display. This coarse resolution adds some random fluctua-
tions to the apparent wind, which, however, do not mask the
effect of the automatic tracking aid.

(e) A gross error in the radar synchroreceiver was detected on
June 2, 1969, which affected all azimuth measurements from the
radar. Failure date/time and degree of error is not known due
to the nature of the failure.

-49-

1.1.2.6 "An" Rawlnsonde Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format

Data from one ship for one BOMEX Phase (or Period) are on one mag-
netic tape. The first file on each tape contains card image records describ-
ing the data. In this file, the first record is "BOMEX A-ZERO RAWINSONDE
DATA" (28 characters). The second record gives ship name, ship number, BOMEX
Phase, and inclusive dates of observations. Example: "OCEANOGRAPHER, SHIP
NUMBER 0, PHASE III, JUNE 20 - JULY 3, JULIAN DAYS 171-184." The ship number
is character 27; the Julian days are in characters 69-71 and 73-75. Additional
records give details on format of data files.

The second and successive files contain data for one sounding each. One
end-of-file mark separates adjacent files. There is a triple end-of-file
mark after the last data file on each tape. The first record in each data
file gives ship name and number, Julian day, nominal time of sounding in
hours and minutes, actual release time of sonde in hours, minutes, and seconds,
latitude in degrees and minutes, and longitude in degrees and minutes. The
format is: H20, 4110, 2F10.2. Exapp-le: OCEANOGRAPHER 0 172 1313 131015
. . . 17.36 . . . 54.34.

There are eight data words per scan and the format is: F10.0, F10.2,
6F10.1 (80 characters). Each record except the last contains 50 scans
(4,000 characters). The last record will normally contain less than 50 scans.

Data elements are:

Scan Word Data Format

1 elapsed time from launch, hours, minutes, seconds F10.0

2 temperature, degrees C F10.2

3 relative humidity, percent F10.1

4 pressure, millibars; pressure at time 0 is station F10.1
pressure at baseline time

5 height, meters; height at time 0 is barometer height F10.1

6 specific humidity, grams /kilogram F10 . 1

7 W-E wind component, meters per second F10.1

8 S-N wind component, meters per second F10.1

-9999. is used as a no-data indicator.

-50-

1.1.3 Radiometersonde Data Processing and Archive Magnetic Tape Format

Observations taken with Suomi-Kuhn 403-MHz, FM-FM, radiometers
attached to the rawinsondes at 0000 GMT daily aboard the Discoverer, Rainier,
and Rockaway were processed from strip-chart records by Dr. P. Kuhn, Environ-
mental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado. The user is encouraged
to contact Dr. Kuhn (telephone, FTS, 303-499-6208) concerning questions left
unanswered by the brief description presented here.

1.1.3.1 Processing Procedures

Standard procedures were used for processing the temperature and
humidity data from strip charts. The radiation values were used in two sets
of computations. The first set consisted of computations that were made di-
rectly from the values read from the strip-chart records without adjustments
and that included temperature readings from top and bottom plate sensors of
the radiometer as well as air temperature values from the rawinsonde thermis-
tor. The second set of computations consisted of a five-point polynomial fit
to the radiation and cooling values only. It included a warming profile for
the layer defined by the pressure preceding and following the cooling value,
which, in effect, was a warming value, negative denoting cooling and positive
denoting warming. Humidity values remained untouched since they were read
at one point.

The data included in the temporary archive are in the form of punched-
card images on magnetic tape and contain the following parameters:

Pressure, millibars.

Time from launch, minutes.

Ambient temperature, degrees C.

IR radiation upward, langleys/minute.

IR radiation downward, langleys/minute.

Net IR radiation, langleys/minute.

Warming, degrees C/day.

Mixing ratio, grams /kilogram.

Relative humidity, whole percent.

-51-

1.1.3.2 Radlometersonde Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format

The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which
the fifth one constitutes the radiometersonde data. When the radiometersonde
data on magnetic tape are requested, all six files will be sent, not only the
radiometersonde data. The six files of information on this tape are separated
from each other by an end-of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file.
All information is in binary-coded-decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits
per inch. The first file consists of 80-column card images, one card image
per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other five files
contain data that were either recorded manually or were read manually from
strip-chart recordings; the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000
characters) per record.

The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations (see
sec. 1.3.0); the third file contains Ship Operations Data (see sec. 1.4.0);
the fourth file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (see sec. 1.7.3);
the sixth file contains Dropsonde Data (see sec. 2.2.3).

The Radiometersonde Data, as noted above, constitute the fifth file.
Each sounding is preceded by a header card with 1 in column 1 indicating
beginning of the sounding. The header card gives ship's name and the date
of the sounding. The data cards, where column 1 is the left blank, follow
the header cards with data elements in the following order on each card:

Pressure, millibars.

Time from launch, minutes.

Temperature, degrees C.

IR radiation upward, langleys /minute.

IR radiation downward, langleys /minute.

Net IR radiation, langleys /minute.

Warming, degrees C/day.

Mixing ratio, grams /kilogram.

Relative humidity, whole percent.

The format is: 3F8.1, 3F8.4, F8.1, F8.3, 18.

-52-

1.2.0 BOOM SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

Surface meteorological observations included standard marine meteorolo-
gical observations and measurements from instruments mounted on a boom fixed
to and extending 10 m beyond the bow of each fixed ship; weather surveil-
lance was provided by radar aboard the Discoverer. Also part of surface
data acquisition, but not pertaining to meteorological parameters, were ship
navigation data: true heading, speed relative to the water, and position.
Included under the title Boom Surface Meteorological Measurements are the
data from the instruments mounted on the boom, surface pressure from a capa-
citive-type barometer, and ship's heading from the gyro.

1.2.1 Instrumentation and Observation Procedure

Meteorological data obtained from the instruments mounted on the
boom approximately 10 m above the sea surface were automatically recorded on
SCARD at 30-sec intervals. Dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature,
relative humidity, sea-surface temperature, wind speed, and wind direction
were measured aboard all ships. In addition, boom instrumentation on the
Discoverer, Rainier, and Rockaway included radiometers and pyranometers that
yielded data on incident, reflected, and net radiation. Table 1-7 lists all
parameters measured, identifies the sensors used for each measurement, and
gives the output range for each.

Barometric pressure was also recorded automatically on SCARD. For these
measurements, the Oceanographer, Rainier, Mt. Mitchell, and Rockaway used the
Rosemount Engineering Company's capacitive pressure sensing unit, Model 1101-
A33BADB (999.0 to 1,010 mb = 0 to 5 v D.C.). The Discoverer carried the NCAR
DPD barometer, developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research.

Ship's true heading was also recorded on SCARD from the output of a
precision potentiometer mounted to a repeater which was slaved to the master
gyro (0° to 360° =0to5vD.C.) on each of the fixed ships.

Since these boom, gyro, and barometric pressure measurements were
recorded automatically on SCARD, no observing procedure was followed other
than routine maintenance and calibration, which was usually performed daily
for the boom sensors and during two of the four in-port periods for the ship's
gyro and Rosemount barometer. The NCAR barometer was calibrated before the
BOMEX field operations and after the barometer had been returned to NCAR.
The calibration data derived from these tests have not been incorporated in
the "Ap" processing of boom data. Calibration and intercomparison studies
to provide final corrections to the boom, gyro, and barometric pressure
measurements are underway at the BOMAP Office.

-53-

Table 1-7. Measurements from boom sensors

Measurement

Sensor

Remarks

Air dry-bulb
temperature

Thermivolt thermometer,
Model #752-10, Yellow
Springs Instruments, Inc.

20°C to 35°C

Air wet-bulb
temperature

Thermivolt thermometer,
Model #752-10, Yellow
Springs Instruments, Inc,

20°C to 35°C

Sea-surface
temperature

Thermivolt thermometer,
Model #752-10, Yellow
Springs Instruments, Inc,

20°C to 35°C

Relative humidity

Wind speed rela-
tive to ship

Relative humidity transducer,
Model No. 15-7012,
Hydrodynamics, Inc.

Wind speed transmitter,
F420 series, U. S.
Weather Bureau

0.0% to 100%

0 mps to 30 mps

Incident solar
radiation

Pyranometer, Model 15,
Eppley Laboratory

Spectral range
up to 2.5 y

Incident terres-
trial radiation

Net total radiation

Pyranometer, Model 15,
Eppley Laboratory

Suomi-Fransilla-Izlitser
ventilated net radiometer

Spectral range
up to 2.5 y

Spectral range
0.5 to 40 y

Precipitation

Rain gage

Manually recorded

-54-

1.2.2 Boom Data Processing

The boom, gyro, and barometer data were processed by NASA/MTF, the
products representing the output of an intermediate, "A0," processing step
(see discussion of rawinsonde data, sec. 1.1.2). These data, processed for
all four BOMEX Observation Periods, are included in the BOMEX Temporary Archive.

The archive products consist of magnetic tapes or 35-mm microfilms con-
taining daily tabulations of the boom parameters, ship's true heading, and
barometric pressure for one ship observation period (i.e., all processed data
for one fixed ship for one BOMEX Observation Period) . In either form, the
data represent 30-sec time series, 10-min averages, and 30-min averages
(10-min and 30-min averages on microfilm only) for each BOMEX observation day.
The inventory of available archive data products and instructions for ordering
are contained in section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and Costs.

The documentation for "A0" boom, gyro, and barometer data processing will
be presented in the sections that follow: 1.2.2.1 SCARP Analog Digitization;
1.2.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures (including examples of 35-mm
microfilm output); 1.2.2.3 Characteristics of the "An" Boom Surface Meteoro-
logical Measurements To Be Considered Before Use in Analysis; and 1.2.2.4 "Ap"
Boom Surface Meteorological Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format.

1.2.2.1 SCARP Analog Digitization

The boom measurements, gyro heading, and barometric pressure were re-
corded on SCARD as voltage-modulated frequencies. The boom and gyro measure-
ments were recorded as 30 commutated samples on one SCARD channel, i.e., each
of these measurements were sampled for approximately 1 sec every 30 sec.
Thus, two samples 750-800 msec in duration per minute were recorded on one of
the seven SCARD channels. During BOMEX Observation Period I, barometric
pressure was recorded the same way. After the first observation period, the
barometer output was assigned a separate SCARD channel and recorded continuously
because of multiplexer loading of the barometer. Digitization of the boom
surface data required a two-pass processing procedure. A general description
of the two-pass operation is given in section 1.1.2. The boom surface data
digitization is discussed in detail below.

First-pass digitization method used for boom, ship's gyro, and barometer data.
For each channel (one for all boom parameters, including gyro, and one for
barometer), the signals were demodulated through a discriminator giving a D.C.
voltage nominally in the range of ±7.5 v. At the beginning and end of each
SCARD analog tape, the recorder channel calibrations were recorded separately.
Each 1/10 sec, the two discriminated voltage outputs were multiplexed to an
analog-to-digital converter at a rate of 50 ysec per channel. The converter
was capable of digitizing in the range of ±10 v, with significance to approx-
imately 0.01 v. Thus, a time series of 10-sps digital values for the boom
parameters, gyro heading, and barometric pressure formed the input to the
second-pass program.

-55-

Second-pass method used for boom parameters and gyro heading. Since the boom
parameters and gyro heading were serially recorded as approximately 1-sec
samples of each of the seven parameters (10 including radiation) , and the
sampling sequence was repeated every 30 sec, the first step was to separate
the 10-sps samples for each parameter. Each parameter was recognized by the
preassigned position of that parameter in relation to the reference pulse
that initiated the start of a 30-sec sampling sequence. The position was
defined as a change in voltage from a zero or base level,. The number of
changes in level defined a particular position. The sample time for each
parameter was defined as the time at which the reference pulse occurred.
Thus, individual parameters were actually acquired from 2 to 13 sec after
the reference pulse.

Following separation, the 1/10-sec samples were scaled to voltage
counts (where 0-5vD.C. = 0 - 10,000 voltage counts) . After calibra-
tion had been applied as described in section 1.1.2, the four to seven
1/10-sec samples were averaged by the noise elimination averaging technique
discussed in section 1.1.2 in connection with rawinsonde temperature and
humidity. The noise tolerance limit was + .05 v. The result of the 1/10-sec
sample average was to form a time series of 30-sec readings for each
parameter.

Second-pass method for Rosemount and NCAR DPP barometer. From the 1/10-sec
time series, data were selected at 1/2-sec intervals to form a 2-sps time
series of 1/10-sec samples. The 2-sps time series was scaled to counts
as described above. Following this, sixty 1/2-sec values were averaged by
the noise elimination averaging technique cited above; a tolerance of +0.05 v
was used.

1.2.2.2 Data Reduction Programs and Procedures

Following the Time Edit/Tape Copy procedure discussed in section
1.1.2, the 30-sec time series for each parameter was converted to scientific
units. The transfer equations and constants used in converting measured
voltages to scientific units for each fixed ship and BOMEX Observation
Period are shown in table 1-8. At this stage, the wind direction was
converted from measured relative wind direction to true wind direction by
the inclusion of ship's heading.

For ship's gyro (true) heading, it was necessary to add a further
correction because of voltage reduction at the sensing potentiometer by the
SCARD recording electronics (a loading effect) . This correction was applied
to the gyro voltage before conversion to engineering units. The following
equation* was used for the correction:

v = v± (1.00000 + 5.10204 x 10~10 [v± (10,000 - v±)])t

Thxs equation is an approximation. Its derivation will be given in a later
publication.

■56-

where

v = corrected voltage in counts, and

v^ = recorded voltage in counts.

As the last step, 10-min and 30-min averages of the parameters were
computed. Note that all 30-sec samples were processed, regardless of the
operational status of the instrumentation, which means that data were
processed from instruments that failed. No restrictive edit was performed
on "Ao" boom data.

Figures 1-7, 1-8, and 1-9 show examples of the 35-mm microfilm listing
of the boom 30-sec data, 10-min averages, and 30-min averages, respectively.
In figures 1-8 and 1-9, the column entitled "Number 30-sec samples" shows
the number of 30-sec samples used to form the 10-min and 30-min averages.
All 10- and 30-min averages of wind direction and speed were formed as
vector averages of the 30-sec wind speeds and directions.

1.2.2.3 Characteristics of the "Ao" Boom Surface Meteorological Measurements
To Be Considered Before Use in Analysis .

For the fixed ship Discoverer, the transfer equation for the NCAR
barometer used in "A0" processing was wrong. The correct equation is as
follows :

V = 0.149 (P - 1000.5) ,
or P = 6.72 V + 1000.5,

P = 2000.75 - 0.968 ^ ,

where

V = NCAR barometer output in volts,
P = station pressure in millibars, and
Pw = incorrectly calculated pressure for
processed "Aq" BOMEX NCAR DPD baro-
meter data.

Other aspects of the Boom Surface Meteorological Measurements to be noted
by the user are:

(1) All barometric pressures represent station pressures
calculated at the barometers' heights shown in table 1-9.

(2) As noted previously, the "A0" processing included all data.
Periods of equipment failure and/or inoperative conditions
are not indicated. For instance, Rockaway 's Rosemount
barometer failed early in the first period and was not
repaired until Period II.

-57-

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■58-

Table 1-8. Transfer equations and constants for conversion of
measured voltage to scientific units (continued)

Ship

WS

k1(cts)/2000+k2

WD = k1(cts)/2000+k2 G = kj (cts)/2000+k2

PERIOD I

Oceanographer WS = . 002522 (cts)+l . 03m/s

Rainier WS = . 002510(cts)+l . 03m/s

Mt. Mitchell WS = . 002466(cts)+l . 03m/s

Discoverer WS = . 002476(cts)+l . 03m/s

Rockaway (did not work)

WD = -.036(cts)+167° G

WD = -.036(cts)+162° G

WD = -,036(cts)+162° G

WD = -.036(cts)+179° G

(did not work) G

.036(cts)+0°

.036(cts)+0°

.036(cts)+280(

,036(cts)+0°

.036(cts)+0°

PERIOD II

Oceanographer WS = . 02522 (cts)+l . 03m/s WD

Rainier WS = . 002510(cts)+l . 03m/s WD

Mt. Mitchell WS = . 002466 (cts) + l . 03m/s WD

Discoverer WS = .002476(cts)+l .03m/s WD

Rockaway (did not work) WD

036(cts)+167° G =

036(cts)+167° G =

036(cts)+162° G =

036(cts)+179° G =

036(cts)+167° G =

.036(cts)+5°

.035(cts)+0°

.036(cts)+290°

.036(cts)+0°

.036(cts)+0°

PERIOD III

Oceanographer WS =

Rainier WS =

Mt . Mitchell WS =

Discoverer WS =

Rockaway WS =

002522(cts)+1.03m/s WD

002510(cts)+1.03m/s WD

002466(cts)+1.03m/s WD

002476(cts)+1.03m/s WD

,004375(cts)+2.00kts WD

,036(cts)+167° G =

,036(cts)+167° G =

,036(cts)+162° G =

,036(cts)+179° G =

,036(cts)+167° G =

.036(cts)+5°

.036(cts)+0°

.036(cts)+290°

.036(cts)+0°

.036(cts)+0°

PERIOD IV

All ships same as in Period III

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43
13

SHIP Q
RECORDED

TIME
HH MM SS
23 00 43
23 01
23 01
23 02
23 02 43
23 03 13
23 03 43
23 04 13
23 04 43
23 OS 13
23 OS 43
23 06 13
23 06 43
23 07 13
23 07 43
23 08 13
,23 06 43
23 09 13
23 09 43
23 10 13
23 10 43
23 11 13
23 11 43
23 12 13
23 12 43
23 13 13
23 13 43
23 14 13
23 14 43
23 IS 13
23 IS 43
23 16 13
23 16 43
23 17 13
23 17 43
23 16 13
23 16 43
23 19 13
23 19 43
23 20 13
23 20 43
23 21
23 21
23 22
23 22 43
23 23 13
23 23 43
23 24 13
23 24 43
23 2S 13
23 25 43
23 26 13
23 26 43
23 27 13
23 27 43
23 26 13

13
43

13

OAT
DRY
BULB
DEO C
27.03
27.02
27.04
27.03
27.06
27.02
26.67
26. 95
26.95
26.94
27.04
26.99
26.96
27.11
26.99
26.96
27.00
27.01
27.02
26.99
26.95
26.93
26.96
27.01
27.05
27.02
27.04
27.04
27.04
27.04
27.02
27.10
27.15
27.10
27.06
27.06
27.06
27.06
27.20
27.06
27.13
27.19
27.07
27.13
27.26
27.24
27.27
27.15
27.23
27.27
27.21
27.24
27.24
27.25
27.15
27.16

172

WET

BULB

DEC C

24.93

25.01

25.07

25.04

25.13

25.11

25.13

24.96

24.98

24.86

25.12

24.97

24.86

25.17

25.06

25.03

25.22

25.17

25.17

25.15

25.11

25.00

24.99

24.97

24.95

25.06

25.04

25.04

24.98

24.98

24.95

25.06

25.20

25.22

25.06

25.18

24.99

25.09

25.24

2S.10

25.09

25.27

25.06

24.94

25.10

25.16

25.14

25.07

25.00

25.00

25.10

25.07

23.20

25.23

25.23

25.07

BOOM
SEA

TEMF

DEC C

26.93

26.96

26.96

26.99

26.99

26.96

26.91

26.92

26.88

26.86

26.91

26.90

26.90

26.96

26.96

26.95

26.99

27.01

26.96

26.99

26.94

26.69

26.95

26.98

27.03

27.02

27.05

27.05

26.95

27.06

27.07

27.08,

27.10

27.04

26.96

27.06

27.04

27.05

27.10

27.06

27.09

27.20

27.10

27.06

27.14

27,
27.

16
18

27.11
27.13
27.23
27.20
27.17
27.21
27.22
27.17
27.14

30 -SECOND
WIND
SFD
M/S
7.73
7.55
7.64
7.01
6.99
7.43
8.54
7.78
8.78
8.22
8.39
8.17
7.95
7.20
8.04
7.67
8.54
8.32
7.69
7.43
7.54
6.16
7.97
8.23
9.05
7.44
8.53
8.46
6.87
8.69
6.89
7.89
6.94
6.54
8.69
7.86
8.24
7.91
6.86
8.17
7.95
7.99
7.71
8.88
7.89
8.71
7.94
9.34
9.32
6.96
9.71
7.85
8.S0
7.66
6.21
9.93

DATA
WIND
DIR
DEC
87.4
86.7

102.2
65.6
89.3
82.6
75.4
79.6
86.9
80. 5
76.2
71.2
74.4
74.0
73.3
80.7
83.4
79.2
76.8
76.0
71.4
82.3
83.4
77.9
76.5
70.0
71.8
71.6
70.8
73.2
76.0
72.1

101.9
78.5
75.9
88.9
91.6
65.2
65.3
81. 5
93.6
90.7
82.2
89.1
94.0
93.8
91.7
90.7
93.6

100.6
88.6
91.4
73.6
66.1
77.4
66.7

PROCESS DATE 071770

SHIP

CYR0

DEC

88.2

82.2

81.2

79.4

81.1

79.

74.

74.

75.

76,

81,

66.

96.9

104.6

105.2

104.5

99.1

93.3

91.9

91.2

94.3

97.1

100.6

103.6

105.1

106.8

110.1

110.8

109.9

107.2

104.0

98.7

93.7

83.9

61.2

78.4

80.5

79.8

77.6

73.5

72.2

69.4

66.5

67.4

65.4

63.6

66.1

70.3

78.0

85.7

67.4

63.8

78.5

71.7

64.1

56. 5

REL
HUM
FCT
81.5
81.7
81.8
81.7
82.7
82.2
82.4
81.5
81.6
81.5
82.0
81.4
60.9
82.2
82.4
82.2
82.5
82.7
82.8
83.3
83.3
81.9
81.4
81.7
81.8
62.5
81.9
81.4
81.4
81.5
81.2
61.8
82.7
82.4
82.2
81.8
81.3
81.5
82.6

81
81
62
61

eo

81

61

61.2

80.7

80.4

80.5

60.6

80.5

61.5

61.6

61.5

60.3

AMB
PRESS
MBARS
1018.07
1016.07
1016.07
1018.07
1018.07
1018.09
1018.09
1018.09
1018.09
1018.11
1018.11
1018.09
1018.07
1018.05
1018.07
1018.07
1016.07
1016.09
1018.09
1016.07
1016.07
1016.07
1016.05
1016.02
1016.02
1018.02
1018.00
1018.02
1018.05
1018.05
1018.09
1018.11
1018.16
1018.18
1018.16
1018.16
1016.16
1018.18
1018.16
1016.16
1018.16
1018.16
1018.16
1018.16
1018.18
1018.16
1018.20
1016.22
1016.22
1016.24
1016.27
1016.27
101*. 27
1016.24
1016.24
1016.18

Figure 1-7. Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of boom 30-sec data.

62

SH1F 0

DAY 173

BOOM

10-MINUTE

AVERAGES

PROCESS DATE

071770

END INC

DRY

WET

SEA

WIND

WINO

SHIP

REL

A MB

NUMBER

TINE

BULB

BULB

TEMP

SFD

DIR

GYRO

HUM

PRESS

30-SEC

HH MM SS

DEO C

DEC C

DEC C

M/S

DEO

DEG

PCT

MBARS

SAMPLES

00 09 4 3

27.18

25.02

27.15

9.57

85.5

102.7

80.0

1018.26

20

00 19 43

26.96

24.84

26.90

9.84

92.6

73.6

80.1

1018.33

20

00 29 43

27.04

24.73

27.01

6.56

90.4

91.6

78.9

1018.37

20

00 39 43

27.05

24.90

27.02

9.12

94.0

92.2

79.7

1018.37

20

00 49 43

26.99

24.97

26.96

9.26

91.8

92.9

81.1

1018.46

20

00 59 4 3

26.96'

24.91

26.94

8.73

83.8

93.4

81.1

1018.45

20

01 09 43

26.92

24.77

27.54

8.92

88.5

92.5

80.0

1018.47

20

01 19 43

26.77

24.81

27.61

9.12

89.7

93.2

81.2

1016.51

20

01 29 43

26.73

25.03

27.58

8.27

84.4

89.8

84.4

1016.52

20

01 39 43

26.93

24.95

27.56

8.69

91.4

92.2

82.3

1018.55

20

01 49 43

27.13

24.91

27.56

9.80

84.5

92.4

79.9

1018.65

20

01 39 43

27.13

24.90

27.54

9.60

88.0

93.0

79.5

1018.69

20

*« «* ««

- TIME GAP -

02 39 43

26.94

24.70

27.53

10.23

80.8

82.2

79.8

1018.44

5

02 49 43

26.95

24.61

27.50

10.18

85.6

78.7

78.4

1018.41

20

02 59 43

26.90

24.62

27.44

10.53

81.2

81.5

78.6

1018.30

20

03 09 43

26.94

24.72

27.46

9.88

83.0

85.4

79.5

1018.24

20

03 19 43

26.92

24.64

27.47

9.96

81.6

87.6

78.7

1018.24

20

03 29 43

26.92

24.73

27.49

9.81

79.1

87.2

79.6

1018.12

20

03 39 43

26.91

24.55

27.51

10.12

80.3

94.4

78.4

1017.93

2D

03 49 43

26.96

24.62

27.49

10.44

71.2

134.0

78^2

1017.66

20

03 59 43

26.96

24.52

27.43

10.03

84.5

87.3

77.6

1017.73

20

04 09 43

26.88

24.67

27.50

9.40

8i.l

69.0

79.2

1017.61

20

04 19 43

26.69

24.57

27.48

10.06

82.5

86.8

78.8

1017.49

20

04 29 43

26.88

24.59

27.47

9.73

77.1

95.1

78.7

1017.37

20

04 39 43

26.85

24.41

27.44

9.31

79.7

97.1

77.5

1017.26

20

04 49 43

26.83

24.57

27.48

8.84

82.3

87.9

78.7

1017.18

20

04 59 43

26.61

24.54

27.48

8.82

72.5

92.7

78.6

1017.10

20

05 09 43

26.76

24.45

27.47

9.24

73.2

89.7

78.3

1017.07

20

05 19 43

26.75

24.62

27.47

9.04

74.2

90.1

79.8

1016.97

20

OS 29 43

26.83

24.80

27.48

8.71

80.3

89.5

81.0

1016.88

20

05 39 43

26.88

24.75

27.45

9.25

80.4

87.6

80.3

1016.77

20

05 49 43

26.86

24.39

27.46

9.00

78 .€

89.5

77.0

1016.69

20

05 59 43

26.82

24.63

27.48

8.40

72.3

91.3

79.4

1016.63

20

06 09 43

26.78

24.67

27.47

8.59

73.3

88.7

80.2

1016.64

20

06 19 43

26.77

24.59

27.46

8.83

71.3

86.9

79.7

1016.66

20

06 29 43

26.76

24.64

27.46

9.35

69.5

90.3

79.9

1016.65

20

06 39 43

26.76

24.60

27.45

9.33

76.3

91.7

79.8

1016.59

20

06 49 43

26.72

24.53

27.42

9.19

80.7

88.6

79.5

1016.53

20

06 59 43

26.68

24.57

27.46

8.89

73.2

90.5

80.2

1016.48

20

07 09 43

26.69

24.53

27.44

9.46

77.4

88.4

79.9

1016.41

20

07 19 43

26.73

24.57

27.41

9.81

84.1

88.6

79.8

1016.47

20

07 29 43

26.71

24.53

27.45

9.58

74.0

99.9

79.7

1016.43

20

07 39 43

26.74

24.60

27.42

10.02

67.5

102.6

79.9

1016.45

20

07 49 43

26.77

24.57

27.43

9.93

77.3

89.5

79.6

1016.62

20

07 59 4 3

26.84

24.57

27.39

10.08

83.7

88.8

78.7

1016.67

20

08 09 4 3

26.87

24.66

27.42

9.72

80.1

90.4

79.4

1016.66

20

08 19 43

26.80

24.75

27.40

9.72

73.9

90.1

80.6

1016.67

20

08 29 4 3

26.80

24.64

27.42

9.34

79.4

89.7

79.8

1016.72

20

08 39 43

26.85

24.56

27.40

9.15

84.1

86.2

78.8

1016.82

20

08 49 43

26.83

24.55

27.33

9.75

90.8

79.4

78.7

1016.83

20

06 39 43

26.83

24.61

27.43

9.52

85.3

92.7

79.2

1016.94

20

09 09 43

26.87

24.50

27.40

9.22

86.4

93.7

78.2

1016.97

20

09 19 43

26.87

24.31

27.40

9.80

83.3

111.5

76.5

1016.99

20

09 29 43

26.65

24.33

27.38

9.76

84.5

110.1

76.7

1017.17

20

09 39 43

26.66

24.28

27.30

9.69

81 .2

114.3

76.0

1017.27

20

Figure 1-8

Exan

iple of

35-mm

microfilm listing

of boom

10-min

average

-63-

SHIF Q

CAY 172

BOOM

10-MINUTE

AVERAGES

PROCESS DATE

071770

END 1 NO

DRY

WET

SEA

WINC

WIND

SHIF

REL

AMB

NUMBER

TIME

BULB

BULB

TEMP

SPD

DIR

CYRO

HUM

PRESS

30- SEC

HH MM SS

DEC C

CEO C

DEC C

M/S

DEO

DEO

FCT

MBARS

SAMPLES

21 01 4 3

27.44

24.80

27.11

10.18

80.6

172.3

75.7

1016.77

20

21 11 43

27.46

24.68

27.36

9.95

01.2

175.6

74.9

1016.02

20

21 21 43

27.40

24.82

27.32

9.69

77.6

169.7

76.3

1016.09

18

21 31 43

27.35

24.83

27.22

8.30

09.7

90.2

76.6

1017.24

20

21 41 43

27.33

24.86

27.24

8.94

01.0

91.4

77.3

1017.30

20

21 51 43

27.16

24.81

26.99

9.37

76.5

105.3

77.6

1017.39

20

22 01 43

27.03

24.93

27.01

9.53

09.0

11.1

79.9

1017.64

20

22 11 43

27.11

24.99

27.01

9.92

09.5

34.1

79.7

1017.81

20

22 21" 43

26.65

24.67

26.60

8.37

70.3

139.2

01.4

1017.87

20

22 31 43

26.99

24.85

26.93

9.41

04.7

139.0

00.7

1017.81

20

22 41 43

27.01

24.89

26.93

9.26

03.4

111.0

00.1

1017.94

20

22 51 43

26.96

25.03

26.92

8.74

77.1

149.4

02.0

1017.87

20

23 01 43

26.90

24.97

26.93

8.25

70.4

103.9

01.6

1018.00

19

23 11 43

26.99

25.06

26.94

7.86

79.1

09.5

02.1

1010.00

20

23 21 43

27.08

25.08

27.06

8.06

00.4

90.9

01.0

1010.11

20

23 31 43

27.24

25.01

27.17

9.32

90.0

68.2

80.1

1018.20

20

23 41 43

27.34

25.03

27.31

9.12

04.1

107.6

70.7

1018.17

20

23 51 43

27.25

25.05

27.24

9.52

77.7

116. 5

79.7

1010.11

20

00 01 43

27.22

25.02

27.22

10.03

74.1

126.7

79.6

1010.03

17

Figure 1-8. Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of boom 10-min averages

(continued)

64

SHIF

G

DAY 172

BOOM

30-MINUTE

AVERAGES

PROCESS DATE

071770

END INC

DRV

WET

SEA

WIND

WIND

SHIP

REL

AMB

NUMBER

TIME

BULB

BULB

TEMP

SPD

OIR

CTRO

HUM

FRESS

30-SEC

HH MM

ss

OEG C

DEC C

DEC C

M/S

0E6

DEC

PCT

MBARS

SAMFLES

23 30

00

27.08

25.05

27.67

7.67

90.5

128.8

79.6

1016.22

16

GO 00

00

27.13

24.95

27.67

7.56

98.8

92.2

78.1

1018.44

60

00 30

00

26.96

24.99

27.65

7.36

89.8

110.8

79.8

1018.63

60

01 00

00

26.93

25.08

27.66

7.64

90.5

10*. 2

61.8

1018.83

60

01 30

00

27.01

25.04

27.65

7.87

95.8

101.6

80.1

1019.01

59

02 00

00

26.93

25.06

27.64

8.44

100.6

109.8

81.2

1019.03

60

«* *«

**

- TIME GAP -

03 00

00

26.98

25.04

27.61

8.34

98.6

108.8

80.5

1018.52

42

03 30

00

26.98

25.04

27.60

8.41

97.4

116. 3

80.5

1016.32

60

04 00

00

26.95

25.06

27.60

8.35

95.3

117.3

81.1

1018.00

60

04 30

00

26.90

25.12

27.58

8.65

103.2

90.3

82.1

1017.62

60

03 00

00

26.87

25.13

27.57

8.72

102.5

95.9

82.3

1017.28

60

OS 30

00

26.62

25.17

27.58

7.85

101.4

113.0

83.6

1016.83

60

06 00

00

26.04

24.66

27.56

9.57

97.2

130.8

84.9

1016.47

60

oe so

00

24.76

24.31

27.53

11.07

114.7

90.1

93.8

1016.47

60

07 00

00

23.66

24.73

27.52

7.92

104.4

104.5

94.1

1016.53

60

07 30

00

25.04

24.46

27.51

9.13

101.7

90.3

93.2

1016.61

SO

OS 00

00

26.55

24.84

27.51

9.15

101 . 1

120.1

86.2

1016.42

60

06 30

00

27.06

24.97

27.51

9.94

101.5

110.0

81.6

1016.49

60

09 00

00

26.89

24.95

27.52

10.21

9f.4

115.4

82.4

1016.75

60

09 30

00

26.92

24.74

27.49

10.91

101.5

103.0

80.6

1017.42

60

10 00

00

27.17

24.69

27.49

10.67

106.8

109.3

77.2

1017.82

60

10 30*00

27.27

24.60

27.47

10.59

107.4

108.2

75.6

1018.01

59

11 00

00

27.36

24.65

27.51

10.36

1H6.6

118.0

74.7

1018.17

60

11 30

00

27.31

24.65

27.53

10.41

100.9

120.9

74.9

1018.52

60

12 00

00

27.20

24.77

27.52

9.63

96.9

115.9

76.9

1018.81

60

12 30

00

27.25

24.67

27.52

9.13

101.2

113.1

75.9

1018.99

58

13 00

00

27.36

24.59

27.51

8.99

102.9

115.8

74.2

1019.03

60

13 30

00

27.36

24.61

27.53

8.62

99.7

119.0

74.2

1019.15

60

14 00

00

27.39

24.67

27.53

8,74

91.9

124.9

74.5

1019.05

30

** **

**

- TIME CAP -

16 00

00

27.56

25.34

30.40

9.57

81.0

175.3

76.4

1017.54

4

16 30

00

27.63

25.19

30.40

10.28

81.7

177.8

75.3

1017.57

2

17 00

00

27.72

25.16

29.85

9.55

95.7

134.1

73.6

1017.70

15

17 30

00

27.84

25.12

30.20

8.96

99.5

125.0

72.3

1017.. 77

IS

16 00

00

27.61

25.16

29.64

9.31

82.6

139.0

78.9

1017.32

16

16 30

00

27.66

25.39

30.52

9.50

76.0

134.6

76.3

1017.23

42

19 00

00

26.26

25.64

28.59

10.52

81.4

75.6

78.5

1017.04

SO

19 30

00

26.62

25.77

30.00

9.39

82.1

138.7

76.7

1016.82

SO

20 00

00

27.93

25.35

27.74

9.66

79.7

122.9

77.4

1016.72

59

20 30

00

27.40

24*87

27.71

10.05

77.2

126.6

77.2

1016.63

60

21 00

00

27.42

24.78

27.54

10.20

81.1

152.0

76.1

1016.78

60

21 30

00

27.41

24.77

27.31

9.38

61.5

152.8

75.8

1016.94

58

22 00

00

27.19

24.67

27.09

9.10

82.1

73.5

78.2

1017.41

60

22 30

00

26.92

24.64

26.64

9.12

62.6

96.6

80.5

1017.83

60

23 00

00

26.99

24.95

26.93

8.92

79.8

125.2

81.1

1017.92

59

23 30

00

27.06

25.06

27.04

8.16

83.3

84.4

81.6

1016.12

60

00 00

00

27.26

25.02

27.25

9.57

79.9

112.5

79.2

1018.11

60

00 30

00

27.20

25.07

27.21

10.34

75.5

138.6

80.0

1018.02

1

Figure 1-9. Example of 35-mm microfilm listing of boom 30-min averages

65

(3) The 10- and 30-min averages are arithmetic means; no attempt
was made to eliminate occasional discrepancies in the data.
The time assigned to these averages is the time at the end of
the average period.

(4) Time breaks - periods for which the time-code generator signal
could not be deciphered (see discussion of Time Edit/Time Copy
procedure in sec. 1.1.2) - of less than 10 min or 30 min will not
appear on the microfilm tabulations of the Boom Surface Meteor-
ological Data. The 30-sec samples during a time break were not
included in the averages.

(5) Boom wind speeds were not corrected for ship motion (see sec.
1.4.2).

(6) All processed Boom Surface Meteorological Data have not been
corrected for instrumental bias.

(7) The wet-bulb sensor was apparently affected by heating or drying
of the water reservoir.

(8) Periods during which the sea-surface temperature probe was re-
moved from the sea while the ship was underway are not indicated

. in the output.

(9) The wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperature circuits were adjusted
during the day (usually around 1400 to 1600 GMT) but calibra-
tion data of this type were not used for correction during "A0"
processing.

Table 1-9. Ship's barometer and Rosemount heights above sea surface

Ship

Height above sea surface

Barometer

Qceanographer

27
30

ft

Rainier

ft

Mt. Mitchell

30

ft

Discoverer

22

ft

12

ft

Rock aw ay

23

ft

8.230 m Rosemount and aneroid

9.144 m Rosemount and aneroid

9.144 m Rosemount and aneroid

6.706 m Aneroid only

3.658 m NCAR barometer only

7.010 m Rosemount and aneroid

-66-

(10) All net radiation values must be adjusted by a factor of (200/
120). This is the first estimate for the correction. Additional
information about the nature of this correction can be obtained
from Dr. P. Kuhn, Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA,
Boulder, Colorado 80302.

(11) Rockaway wind directions during Observation Periods I and II
should be disregarded. These data are in error.

(12) From Mt . Mitchell 30-sec gyro values that exceed 360°, 360°
should be subtracted.

(13) Rockaway wind speeds are in knots, not meters per second.

1.2.2.4 "Ap" Boom Surface Meteorological Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format

Data for one ship for one BOMEX Phase (or Period) are on one magnetic
tape. The first file on each tape contains card image records describing the
data. In this file, the first record is "BOMEX A-ZERO SURFACE DATA" (25 char-
acters) . The second record gives ship name, ship number, BOMEX phase, and
inclusive dates of observations. Example: "OCEANOGRAPHER, SHIP NUMBER 0,
PHASE III, JUNE 20 - JULY 3, JULIAN DAYS 171-184." The ship number is char-
acter 27; the Julian days are in characters 69-71 and 73-75. Additional
records give details on the format of the data files .

The second and successive files contain data for one day each. One end-
of-file mark separates adjacent files. There is a triple end-of-file mark
after the last data file on each tape.

There are 12 data words per scan and the format is: F10.0, 4F10.2, 3F10J3,
F10.1, 3F10.3. Each record, except the last, contains 33 scans (3,960 char-
acters). The last record will generally have less than 33 scans. Data ele-
ments are:

Scan Word Data Format

1 time, day, hours, minutes, and seconds

2 dry-bulb temperature, degrees C

3 wet-bulb temperature, degrees C

4 sea-surface temperature, degrees C

5 wind speed, meters per second

6 wind direction, degrees true

7 ship's heading (gyro), degrees true

8 relative humidity, percent (from boom sensor)

9 surface pressure, millibars

10 incident radiation, langleys /minute

11 reflected radiation, langleys /minute

12 net radiation, langleys /minute

-9999. is used as a no-data indicator.

-67-

F10.

0

F10

2

F10

2

F10

2

F10

.2

.F10

.0

F10

.0

F10

.0

F10

.1

F10

.3

F10

.3

F10

.3

1.3.0 BOMEX MARINE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND
SURFACE-PRESSURE - MARINE MICROBAROGRAM DATA

In additon to the surface observations recorded automatically by the
boom instrumentation on the five fixed ships (see preceding section) ,
conventional manual observations were made from the ships' decks and/or by
permanently installed shipboard instruments. These data should be used with
the same caution one would apply to routine marine observations, because
data were obtained by crewmen or technicians with varying degrees of skill
and dedication, the exposure of the sensors was usually not optimum, and
the observations were influenced by the usual perturbations caused by the
mass of the ship, while the boom arrangement discussed in the preceding
section was designed to minimize such deficiencies. These surface meteoro-
logical observations, which were not recorded automatically on SCARD, were
entered on the Surface Observations Form shown in figure 1-10. The parameters
involved and the method of entering the data on the form are discussed in the
section that follows; section 1.3.2 deals with the procedures for processing
the data and with the archive magnetic tape format. For the inventory of
the data products available in the archive and ordering instructions, see
section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instrutions and Costs.

1.3.1 Observation Procedures and Parameters Measured.

Each parameter is discussed here in the order in which it was
entered by the observer on the Surface Observations Form (see fig. 1-10) ,
an 80-column punch ed-card format.

NOTE; As the sample form in figure 1-10 shows, the columns were
misnumbered, i.e., column 46 is not indicated and two
columns are numbered 58. In recording, this deficiency
was taken into account, and the parameters were recorded
in the order in which they are described below.

Card Code - Column 1. Code 1 was used on each form to identify it as being
a surface meteorological observation.

Card Code - Column 2. The following codes identify the ship from which
observations were made: 0, Oceanographer ; 1, Rainier; 2, Mt. Mitchell;
3, Discoverer; 4, Rockaway .

Date and Time - Columns 3 through 9. Julian day and time of observation in
GMT to the nearest minute, not exceeding 5 min before or after the beginning
or end of the surface observation sequence.

-68-

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Sea-Level Atmospheric Pressure - Columns 10 through 17. Pressure was deter-
mined from a precision aneroid barometer and read to the nearest 0.1 mb,
estimating for values between scale graduations and applying correction
recorded on the face of the instrument, and then entered in columns 10
through 14 to the nearest 0 . 1 mb . Values less than 1,000.0 mb are preceded
by a zero, i.e., 998.2 mb is recorded as 09982.

Pressure tendency was determined from a marine microbarograph by
finding the net amount of pressure change over a 3-hour period through
determination to the nearest 0.1 mb of the difference in pressure
between the beginning and the end of the period. The appropriate code was
entered in column 15 on the form in accordance with the codes shown in
table 1-10. The amount of 3-hour change in pressure was entered in millibars
and tenths in columns 16 and 17.

Temperature - Columns 18 through 25. Dry-bulb temperature as measured by an
ordinary thermometer exposed to the free air on the windward side of the
ship, under conditions that eliminated as completely as possible the effects
of extraneous sources of heat, was entered in columns 18, 19, and 20 in
degrees and tenths. Wet-bulb temperature, representing the lowest temperature
secured by evaporating water from a muslin-covered bulb of a thermometer
at a specified rate of ventilation, was entered in columns 21, 22, and 23
in degrees and tenths . When the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures were
known, the dew point was determined from table 1-11. By subtracting the
wet-bulb temperature from the dry bulb, the wet-bulb depression was obtained.
The nearest depression across the top of the table and the nearest wet-bulb
temperature along the side were then located, and the value at the inter-
section of the two was entered in columns 24 and 25 in whole °C.

Relative Humidity - Columns 26 and 27. Relative humidity to the nearest
whole percent as determined from table 1-12, which was used in the same
manner as table 1-11.

True Wind - Columns 28 through 32. Aboard the fixed ships, the true wind
could not be read directly from the anemometer: indicator. Since "north"
on the indicator represents the ship's bow or heading, a reading of 320°
would indicate an apparent wind of 040° off the port bow. The apparent
wind relative to the bow of the ship was converted to a true compass bearing
by adding the apparent wind direction to the ship's heading if the wind
was off the starboard bow and by subtracting the apparent wind direction if
the wind was off the port bow. Wind speed was read directly from the
anemometer indicator and entered in knots.

Aboard the roving ships, the computation of true wind direction and
speed was somewhat more complicated and was done by use of a shipboard wind
plotter.

-70-

Table 1-10. Barometer change characteristics in the last 3 hours

DESCRIPTION OF CHARACTERISTIC

NOMINAL GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION

Code
Figure

PRIMARY

UNQUALIFIED
REQUIREMENT

ADDITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS

(For Coding Purposes)

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

HIGHER

Atmospheric pres-
sure now higher
than 3 hours ago.

Increasing, then
decreasing.

A

\£\

r

r^

Zi

/^

J±

0

\J

Increasing, then
steady; or

increasing, then
increasing more
slowly.

r

/~

/-

rst

/sA»

n.

1

zl

r

S

J

Increas

Steadily

/

*L

j/

f

2

Uns

teadily

^

\S v

\1

\s

Decreasing or
steady, then in-
creasing, or _

increasing, then
increasing more
rapidly.

V

_/

y

V

jj

A '

A A /

3

J__

y

yJ

\r v

U

\f\fv

v \f

THE SAME

Atmospheric pres-
sure now same as
3 hours ago.

Increasing, then
decreasing.

A

z\

iA

r^\

JS

0

\/

Steady or un-
steady

4

Decreasing, then
increasing.

V

r\

r\

5

V

^j

w

V

LOWER

Atmospheric pres-
sure now lower
than 3 hours ago.

Decreasing, then
increasing.

V

r\

r\

5

"\7

X

^v

V

V

w

Decreasing, then
steady; or

decreasing, then
decreasing more
slowly.

\_

/"\

f\

<-\

_ .

A

6

v_

V

WV

H/w

\yv\*

V

V

K

V

V

Decreat

\

r\

*"\

7

Ste
ling

aany

Unsteadily

A,

"\

V

w>

Steady or increas-
ing, then decreas-
ing; or

A

*\ O

r\

*\ V\

8

Z>.

S

u\

A

\J \

decreae

rapidly

"•6-

ing

more

"A

^

^

71

Table 1-11. Dew-point temperature?

Wet-

Wet-bulb dep

>ression, ° C

bulb

o

m

o

m

o

m

o

m

o

m

o

m

0

m

0

0

in

0

temp.
°C

•"•

rt

CM

CM

CO

CO

^r

•<*<

m

m

CD

<r>

c-

r-

CO

00

o>

10

10

10

09

09

08

08

07

07

06

06

05

05

04

04

03

02

02

01

00

11

11

11

10

10

09

09

09

08

08

07

07

06

06

05

04

04

03

03

02

12

12

12

11

11

11

10

10

09

09

08

08

07

07

06

06

05

05

04

04

13

13

13

12

12

12

11

11

10

10

10

09

09

08

08

07

07

06

06

05

14

14

14

13

13

13

12

12

12

11

11

10

10

10

09

09

08

08

07

07

15

15

15

14

14

14

13

13

13

12

12

12

1 1

1 1

10

10

10

09

09

08

16

16

16

15

15

15

15

14

14

14

13

13

13

12

12

11

11

11

10

10

17

17

17

16

16

16

16

15

15

15

14

14

14

13

13

13

12

12

12

11

18

18

18

18

17

17

17

16

16

16

16

15

15

15

14

14

14

13

13

13

19

19

19

19

18

18

18

17

17

17

17

16

16

16

15.

15

15

15

14

14

20

20

20

20

19

19

19

19

18

18

18

18

17

17

17

16

16

16

16

15

21

21

21

21

20

20

20

20

19

19

19

19

,18

18

18

18

17

17

17

17

22

22

22

22

21

21

21

21

21

20

20

20

'20

19

19

19

19

18

18

18

23

23

23

23

22

22

22

22

22

21

21

21

21

20

20

20

20

20

19

19

24

24

24

24

23

23

23

23

23

22

22

22

22

22

21

21

21

21

20

20

25

25

25

25

24

24

24

24

24

24

23

23

23

23

23

22

22

22

22

21

26

26

26

26

26

25

25

25

-25

25

24

24

24

24

24

23

23

23

23

23

27

27

27

27

27

26

26

26

26

26

26

25

25

25

25

25

24

24

24

24

28

28

28

28-

28

27

27

27

27

27

27

26

26

26

26

26

26

25

25

25

29 29

29

29

29

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

27

27

27

27

27

27

26

26

30

30

30

30

30

29

29

29

29

29

29

29

29

28

28

28

28

28

27

27

31

31

31

31

31

31

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

29

29

29

29

29

29

28

32 32

32

32

32

32

31

31

31

31

31

31

31

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

33 1 33

33

33

33

33

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

31

31

31

31

31

31

34 |34

34

34

34

34

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

32

32

32 32

32

32

35

35

35

35

35

I

35

L— . -.

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

33

33

33

33

33

-72-

Table 1-12. Relative humidity

Dry-

bulb

Wet-bulb

depression,

>C

temp.

C

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

10

98

95

93

90

88

86

83

81

79

77

74

72

70

68

66

63

61

59

11

98

95

93

91

89

86

84

82

80

78

75

73

71

69

67

65

62

60

12

98

96

93

91

89

87

85

82

80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

13

98

96

93

91

89

87

85

83

81

79

77

75

73

71

69

67

65

63

14

98

96

94

92

90

88

86

84

82

79

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

15

98

96

94

92

90

88

86

84

82

80

78

76

74

73

71

69

67

65

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

16

95

90

85

81

76

71

67

63

58

54

50

46

42

38

34

30

26

23

19

17

95

90

86

81

76

72

68

64

60

55

51

47

43

40

36

32

28

25

21

18

95

91

86

82

77

73

69

65

61

57

53

49

45

41

38

34

30

27

23

19

95

91

87

82

78

74

70

65

62

58

54

50

46

4 5

39

36

32

29

26

20

96

91

87

83

78

74

70

66

63

59

55

51

48

44

41

37

34

31

28

21

96

91

87

83

79

75

71

67

64

60

56

53

49

46

42

59

36

32

29

22

96

92

87

33

80

76

72

68

64

61

57

54

5 0

47

44

40

37

34

31

23

96

92

88

84

80

76

72

69

65

62

58

55

52

48

45

42

39

36

33

24

96

92

88

84

80

77

73

69

66

62

59

56

53

49

46

4 3

40

37

34

25

96

92

88

84

81

77

74

70

67

63

60

57

54

50

47

44

41

39

36

26

96

92

88

85

81

78

74

71

67

64

61

58

54

51

49

46

43

40

37

27

96

92

89

85

82

78

75

71

68

65

62

58

56

52

50

47

44

41

38

28

96

93

89

85

82

78

75

72

69

65

62

59

56

53

51

48

45

42

40

29

96

93

89

86

82

79

76

72

69

66

63

60

57

54

52

49

46

43

41

30

96

93

89

86

83

79

76

73

70

67

64

61

58

55

52

50

47

44

42

31

96

93

90

86

83

80

77

73

70

67

64

61

59

56

53

51

48

45

43

32

96

93

90

86

83

80

77

74

71

68

65

62

60

57

54

51

49

46

44

33

97

93

90

87

83

80

77

74

71

68

66

63

60

57

55

52

50

47

45

34

97

93

90

87

84

81

78

75

72

69

66

63

61

58

56

53

51

48

46

35

97

94

90

87

84

81

78

75

72

69

67

64

61

59

56

54

51

49

47

36

97

94

90

87

84

81

78

75

73

70

67

64

62

59

57

54

52

50

48

37

97

94

91

87

84

82

79

76

73

70

68

65

63

60

58

55

53

51

48

38

97

94

91

88

84

82

79

76

74

71

68

66

63

61

58

56

54

51

49

39

97

94

91

88

85

82

79

77

74

71

69

66

64

61

59

57

54

52

50

40

97

94

91

88

85

82

80

77

74

72

69

67

64

62

59

57

54

53

51

-73-

Waves - Columns 33 through 46. The wave data, as entered on the Surface
Observations Form consist of the direction, height, and period of wind waves
and swells. Wind waves, or "sea," are those raised by the local wind blowing
at the time of observation; waves due either to winds blowing at a distance
or to winds that have ceased to blow are known as swells.

The direction from which the waves were coming was determined visually
or, more accurately, by sighting from a compass along the wave crests and
adding or subtracting 90°. Ship's heading was also used as a guide. The
averages of several observations were recorded to the nearest degree in col-
umns 33, 34, 35 for wind waves and in columns 40, 41, 42 for swells. When no
wind waves were present, three zeros were entered. If the waves were from
directly north, 360 was used, and if the sea was confused and direction could
not be determined, 9's were used.

Wave height as recorded on the form is an average of the estimated
heights of the larger well-formed waves. Estimates were made by an observer
from the best available point on the ship that permitted the height of the
waves to be compared with the height of the ship. Heights in feet were con-
verted to half-meter codes in accordance with table 1-13 and entered in
columns 26, 27, and 43, 44, respectively.

Wave period, the interval in seconds between passage of two successive
wave crests of well-formed waves past a fixed point, was determined through
observation of at least 15 well-formed waves, by (a) selecting a distinctive
patch of foam or a small floating object at some distance from the ship, (b)
noting the elapsed time to the nearest second between the moments when the
object was on the crest of the first and the last wave in the group and noting
also the number of crests that passed under the object during the interval,
and (c) adding the elapsed times of the various groups together and dividing
the total by the number of waves to obtain the average period. The wave
period thus obtained was entered in columns 38, 39, and 45, 46 to the nearest
second. A calm sea or the absence of either wind or swell is indicated by 00;
99 was used for confused sea.

Clouds - Columns 47 through 52. Total cloud amount, or "sky cover," was
estimated in terms of eighths of sky covered by clouds. A few clouds or frag-
ments of clouds were entered as 1 in column 47; if the sky was completely
overcast, the amount entered is 8; 7 indicates a few patches of blue sky
visible; when blue sky or stars were seen through fog or analogous phenomena,
total cloud amount is reported as 0; and when clouds were observed through
fog or similar phenomena, their amount is reported as though these phenomena
had not been present; 9 indicates that the sky was obscured by fog, rain, or
other phenomena, not clouds.

Low cloud amount, recorded in eighths of sky in column 48 was estimated
in the same way as total cloud amount.

Low cloud type is indicated in column 49 by the appropriate code chosen
from table 1-14. When several types were present in equal amounts, the code
entered is that for the type whose base is at the greatest height above the
sea, except (a) when types coded 1 and 2 only were present, code 2 was entered,

-74-

Table 1-13. Wave or swell heights in half-meters

Half-

Half-

Half-

Half-

meters
code

Feet

meters
code

Feet

meters
code

Feet

meters
code

Feet

figure

figure

f i gure

figure

01

2

21

34

41

67

61

100

02

3

22

36

42

69

62

102

03

5

23

38

43

71

63

103

04

7

24

39

44

72

64

105

05

8

25

41

45

74

65

107

06

10

26

43

46

76

66

108

07

12

27

44

47

77

67

110

08

13

28

46

48

79

68

112

09

15

29

48

49

80

69

113

10

16

30

49

50

82

70

115

11

18

31

51

51

84

71

117

12

20

32

52

52

85

72

118

13

21

33

54

53

87

73

120

14

23

34

56

54

89

74

121

15

25

35

57

55

90

75

123

16

26

36

59

56

92

76

125

17

28

37

61

57

94

77

126

18

30

38

62

58

95

78

128

19

31

39

64

59

97

79

130

20

33

40

66

60

98

80

131

regardless of amount, and (b) when types coded 3 or 9 were present, 3 or 9
was chosen, as appropriate, regardless of the amount of low cloud.

Height of the bases of the low clouds was determined relatively closely
by taking the elapsed time between release and disappearance of the rawinsonde
balloon times the ascent rate. The height thus obtained is indicated in col-
umn 50 by the appropriate code taken from table 1-15.

Type of middle cloud is indicated in column 51 by the appropriate code
from table 1-16, except (a) when altocumulus were present in a chaotic sky,
regardless of amount, code 9 was used; (b) when the sky was not chaotic but
tufted or turreted altocumulus were present, code 8 was used; (c) clouds
observed when the sky was visible through fog or analogous phenomena were
recorded as though these phenomena had not been present; and (d) when conden-
sation trails caused by high-flying aircraft persisted and/or cloud masses
that had obviously developed from such trails (but not rapidly dissipating
trails) were observed, they were reported as middle clouds when they resembled
such clouds.

Type of high cloud is indicated in column 52 by the appropriate code
taken from table 1-17 for the predominant type present. When several types
were present in equal amounts, the code for the type whose base was at the

75

Table 1-14. Code table for clouds of types Stratocumulus,
Stratus, Cumulus, and Cumulonimbus

Code

fig-
ures

Technical language
specifications

Plain language
specifications

0 No CL clouds.

1 Cumulus humilis, or Cumulus

fractus other than of bad
weather, or both.

2 Cumulus mediocris or congestus,

with or without Cumulus of
species fractus or humilis,
or Stratocumulus; all having
their bases at the same level.

Cumulonimbus calvus , with or
without Cumulus, Stratocumulus
or Stratus.

Stratocumulus cumulogenitus,

5 Stratocumulus other than

Stratocumulus cumulogenitus.

6 Stratus nebulosis or Stratus

fractus other than of bad
weather, or both.

7 Stratus fractus or Cumulus

fractus of bad weather or
both (pannus) usually below
Altostratus or Nimbostratus.

8 Cumulus and Stratocumulus,

other than Stratocumulus
cumulogenitus, with bases at
different levels.

No Cumulus, Cumulonimbus, Strato-
cumulus or Stratus.

Cumulus with little vertical extent
and seemingly flattened, or ragged
Cumulus other than of bad weather,
or both.

Cumulus of moderate or strong vertical
extent generally with protuberances
in the form of domes or towers,
either accompanied or not by other
Cumulus or by Stratocumulus; all
having their bases at the same level.

Cumulonimbus the summits of which, at
least partially, lack sharp outlines,
but are neither clearly fibrous
(cirrif orm) , nor in the form of an
anvil; Cumulus, Stratocumulus or
Stratus may be present.

Stratocumulus formed by the spreading
out of Cumulus; Cumulus may also be
present.

Stratocumulus not resulting from the
spreading out of Cumulus.

Stratus in a more or less continuous
sheet or layer, or in ragged shreds
or both, but no Stratus fractus of
bad weather.

Stratus fractus of bad weather or
Cumulus fractus of bad weather or
both (pannus) usually below Alto-
stratus or Nimbostratus.

Cumulus and Stratocumulus, other than
those formed from the spreading out
of Cumulus ; the base of Cumulus is
at a different level than that of
the Stratocumulus.

-76-

Table 1-14. Code table for clouds of types Stratocumulus,
Stratus, Cumulus, and Cumulonimbus (continued)

Code

fig-
ures

Technical language
specifications

Plain language
specifications

8 Cumulus and Stratocumulus,

other than Stratocumulus
cumulogenitus, with bases
at different levels.

9 Cumulonimbus capillatus

(often with an anvil) , with
or without Cumulonimbus
calvus, Cumulus, Strato-
cumulus, Stratus or p annus .

Clouds Ql not visible owing
to darkness, fog, blowing
dust or sand, or other
similar phenomena.

Cumulus and Stratocumulus, other than
those formed from the spreading out
of Cumulus ; the base of Cumulus is at
a different level than that of the
Stratocumulus .

Cumulonimbus, the upper part of which
is clearly fibrous (cirriform) often
in the form of an anvil; either
accompanied or not by Cumulonimbus
without anvil or fibrous upper part,
by Cumulus, Stratocumulus, Stratus,
or pannus .

No Cumulus, Cumulonimbus, Strato-
cumulus or Stratus visible owing to
darkness, fog, blowing dust or sand,
or other similar phenomena.

Note: "Bad Weather" denotes the conditions which generally exist during
precipitation and a short time before and after.

Table 1-15. Code table for low cloud height; height of
base of lowest cloud (Cl or C^) above sea

Code

fig-
ure

Height

in

feet

0

_

149

150

-

299

300

-

599

600

-

999

1

,000

-

1

,999

2

,000

-

3

,499

3

,500

-

4

,999

5

,000

-

6

,499

6

,500

-

7

,999

8

,000

or higher

or no

clouds

Height
in meters

0 - 49
50 - 99
100 - 199
200 - 299
300 - 599
600 - 999
1,000 - 1,499
1,500 - 1,999
2,000 - 2,500
2,500 or higher
or no clouds
Height cannot be reported owing to darkness or other reason

-77-

Table 1-16. Code table for clouds of types Altocumulus,
Altostratus, and Nimbostratus

Code
fig-
ures

Technical language
specifications

Plain language
specifications

No C,. clouds

M

No Altocumulus, Altostratus or
Nimbostratus .

Altostratus translucidus

Altostratus opacus or
Nimbostratus.

Altostratus, the greater part of
which is semi transparent; through
this part the sun or moon may be
weakly visible as through ground
glass .

Altostratus, the greater part of
which is sufficiently dense to
hide the sun (or moon) , or Nimbo-
stratus .

Altocumuls translucidus at
a single level.

Patches of Altocumulus
translucidus (often lenti-
cular) , continuously
changing and occurring at
one or more levels.

Altocumulus translucidus
in bands, or one or more
layers of Altocumulus
translucidus or opacus
progressively invading the
sky; these Altocumulus
clouds generally thicken
as a whole.

Altocumulus, the greater part of
which is semi transparent ; the
various elements of the cloud
change only slowly and are all
at a single level.

Patches (often in the form of
almonds or fishes) of Altocumulus,
the greater part of which is
semi transparent; the clouds occur
at one or more levels and the
elements are continually changing
in appearance.

Semi transparent Altocumulus in
bands or Altocumulus in one or
more fairly continuous layers
(semi transparent or opaque)
progressively invading the sky;
these Altocumulus clouds generally
thicken as a whole.

-78-

Table 1-16. Code table for clouds of types Altocumulus
Altostratus, and Nimbostratus (continued)

Code
fig-
ures

Technical language
specifications

Plain language
specifications

Altocumulus cumulogenitus
(or cumulonimbogenitus) .

Altocumulus resulting from the
spreading out of Cumulus (or
Cumulonimbus) .

Altocumulus trans lucidus
in two or more layers, or
Altocumulus opacus in a
single layer, not progress-
ively invading the sky, or
Altocumulus with Altostratus
or Nimbostratus.

Altocumulus in two or more layers
usually opaque in places and not
progressively invading the sky; or
opaque layer of Altocumulus not
progressively invading the sky; or
Altocumulus together with Altostra-
tus or Nimbostratus.

Altocumulus castellanus or
f loccus .

Altocumulus with sproutings in the
form of small towers or battle-
ments, or Altocumulus having the
appearance of cumuliform tufts.

Altocumulus of a chaotic sky,
generally at several levels.

Altocumulus of a chaotic sky,
•generally at several levels.

Clouds CM not visible owing
to darkness, fog, blowing
dust or sand, or other
phenomena, or because of a
continuous layer of lower
clouds .

No Altocumulus, Altostratus or
or Nimbostratus visible owing to
darkness, fog, blowing dust or sand,
or other similar phenomena, or more
often because of the presence of a
continuous layer of lower clouds.

-79-

Table 1-17. Code table for clouds of types Cirrus,
Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus

Code

fig-

ures

Technical language
specifications

Plain language
specifications

No Cfl clouds

No Cirrus, Cirrostratus, or
Cirrocumulus .

Cirrus fibratus, sometimes
uncinus, not progressively
invading the sky.

Cirrus spissatus, in patches
or entangled sheaves, which
usually do not increase and
sometimes seem .to be the
remains of the upper part
of a Cumulonimbus ; or Cirrus
castellanus or floccus.

Cirrus in the form of filiments,
strands or hooks, not progressively
invading the sky.

Dense Cirrus in patches or entangled
sheaves which usually do not
increase and sometimes seem to be
the remains of the upper parts
of Cumulonimbus; or Cirrus with
sproutings in the form of small
turrets or battlements or Cirrus
having the appearance of cumuli-
form tufts.

Cirrus spissatus cumulonim-
bogenitus .

Dense Cirrus often in the form of an
anvil, being the remains of the
upper parts of Cumulonimbus.

Cirrus uncinus, or fibratus, Cirrus in the form of hooks or

or both, progressively
invading the sky; they
generally thicken as a
whole.

filaments or both, progressively
invading the sky; they generally
become denser as a whole.

Cirrus, often in bands, and Cirrus, often in bands converging
and Cirrostratus, or Cirro- towards one point or two opposite
stratus alone, progressively points of the horizon and Cirro-
invading the sky; they stratus, or Cirrostratus alone;
generally thicken as a whole, in either case they are progressive-
but the continuous veil does ly invading the sky, and generally
not reach 45° above the growing denser as a whole, but the
horizon. continuous veil does not reach 45°

above the horizon.

-80-

Table 1-17. .Code table for clouds of types Cirrus,

Cirrostratus , and Cirrocumulus (continued)

Code
fig-
ures

Technical language
specifications

Plain language
specifications

Cirrus, often in bands, and
Cirrostratus, or Cirrostra-
tus alone, progressively
invading the sky; they
generally thicken as a whole,
but the continuous veil
extends more than 45° above
the horizon, without the sky
being totally covered.

Cirrostratus covering the
whole sky .

Cirrus, often in bands converging
towards one point or two opposite
points of the horizon, and Cirro-
stratus, or Cirrostratus alone; in
, either case they are progressively
invading the sky, and generally
growing denser as a whole; the
continuous veil extends more than
45° above the horizon, without the
sky being completely covered.

Veil of Cirrostratus covering the
celestial dome.

Cirrostratus not progressive- Cirrostratus not progressively invad-
ly invading the sky, and not ing the sky, and not completely
entirely covering it. covering the celestial dome.

Cirrocumulus alone, or Cirro- Cirrocumulus alone, or Cirrocumulus
cumulus predominant among accompanied by Cirrus or Cirrostra-
the cirriform clouds. tus or both, but Cirrocumulus is

predominant.

Clouds Cu not visible owing to No Cirrus, Cirrostratus or Cirrocu-

'H
darkness, fog, blowing dust

or sand or other similar

phenomena, or because of a

continuous layer of lower

clouds .

mulus visible owing to darkness, fog,
blowing dust or sand, or other
similar phenomena, or more often
because of the presence of a continuous
layer of lower clouds.

-81-

greatest height above the sea was used, except (a) clouds observed when the
sky was visible through fog or analogous phenomena were reported as though
these phenomena had not been present, and (b) persistent condensation trails
caused by high-flying aircraft and/or cloud masses obviously developed from
such trails were reported as high clouds when they resembled such clouds.

Visibility - Columns 53 and 54. Visibility, or the greatest distance from an
observer that an object of known characteristics can be seen and identified
was determined, whenever possible, based upon objects whose distance from the
observer was known (the horizon or other ships). Appropriate codes from table
1-18 were entered in columns 53 and 54. When the visibility was not the same
in all directions, the highest value common to one-half or more of the horizon
circle was used; when the visibility was between two of the distances listed
in table 1-18, the code for the lesser distance was used.

Table 1-18. Code table for visibility

Code figures

Visibility range

90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

Less than 50 yards (50 meters)

50 yards (50 meters)

200 yards (200 meters)

1/4 nautical mile (500 meters)

1/2 nautical mile (1,000 meters)

1 nautical mile (2,000 meters)

2 nautical miles (4,000 meters)
5 nautical miles (10 kilometers)

10 nautical miles (20 kilometers)
25 nautical miles (50 kilometers)
or more

^Present Weather - Columns 55 and 56. "Present weather" refers to the state
of weather at the time of, or within 1 hour before, the observation. The
appropriate codes listed in table 1-19 were entered in columns 55 and 56.
When more than one code appeared to be required, the highest was entered.

Past Weather - Column 57. "Past weather" refers to the state of weather
since the last scheduled observation (either 1 1/2 hours or 3 hours before
observation time) . The appropriate codes from table 1-20 were used. When
two or more codes appeared to be required, the highest code was used.

-82-

Table 1-19. Code table for present weather

00-49 No Precipitation at the Station at the Time of Observation,

00-19: No Precipitation, Fog, Ice Fog, Duststorm, Sandstorm, Drifting or
Blowing Snow at the Station (or Ship) at the Time of Observation,
Except for 09 and 17, or During the Preceding Hour.

00
01

02
03
04

05
06

T3

§ -(07

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&
o
6
in

u

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CO

3
Q

CO

08

09

10
11
12

13

14

15

16

17
18
19

Characteristic change of
the state of sky during
the past hour.

Cloud development not observed.

Clouds generally dissolving or becoming
less developed.

State of sky on the whole unchanged.

Clouds generally forming or developing.

Visibility reduced by smoke, e.g., from veldt or forest fires, indus-
trial smoke, or volcanic ashes.

Haze.

Widespread dust in suspension in the air, not raised by wind at or
near the station (or ship) at the time of observation.

Dust or sand raised by wind at or near the station (or ship) at the
time of observation, but no well developed dust whirl (s) or sand
whirl (s) and no duststorm or sandstorm seen.

Well developed dust whirl (s) or sand whirl (s) seen at or near the
station (or ship) within last hour, but no duststorm or sandstorm.

Duststorm or sandstorm within sight of station (or ship) or at sta-
tion (or ship) at time of observation or during the last hour.

Light fog, visibility 1,000 meters (1,100 yards) or more.

Patches of .

More or less

continuous

Shallow fog or ice fog at the station (or ship) not
deeper than about 2 meters (6 1/2 feet) on land or
10 meters (33 feet) at sea [visibility less than
) 1,000 meters (1,100 yards)].
Lightning visible, no thunder heard.
Precipitation within sight, but not reaching ground or surface of the

sea.
Precipitation within sight, reaching ground or surface of the sea,
but distant [i.e., estimated to be more than 5 kilometers (3 miles)
from station (or ship)].
Precipitation within sight, reaching ground or surface of the sea,

near to but not at the station (or ship) .
Thunderstorm, but no precipitation at the time of observation.
Squall (s) ) within sight during

Funnel cloud (s)* (tornado or waterspout) J the past hour.

-83-

Table 1-19. Code table for present weather (continued)

20-29: Precipitation, Fog or Ice Fog or Thunderstorm at the Station (or Ship)
During the Preceding Hour But Not at the Time of Observation.

not falling as showers.

20 Drizzle (not freezing) or snow grains

21 Rain (not freezing)

22 Snow

23 Rain and snow or ice pellets

24 Freezing drizzle or freezing rain

25 Shower (s) of rain

26 Shower(s) of snow, or of rain and snow.

27 Shower(s) of hail, or of hail and rain.

28 Fog or ice fog [visibility less than 1,000 meters (1,100 yards)].

29 Thunderstorm (with or without precipitation).

30-39: Duststorm, Sandstorm or Drifting or Blowing Snow.

30 Slight or moderate duststorm } has decreased during the preceding

or sandstorm J hour.

31 Slight or moderate duststorm ] no appreciable change during the

or sandstorm / preceding hour.

32 Slight or moderate duststorm 1 has begun or increased during the

or sandstorm J preceding hour.

33 Severe duststorm I , . , . ,

, r has decreased durxng the preceding hour,

or sandstorm J ore

34 Severe duststorm | .-,-,, ,

, r no appreciable change during the preceding hour,

or sandstorm I rr e & r »

35 Severe duststorm ( , , . , , . . ,. ,

V has begun or increased during the preceding hour,
or sandstorm J

36 Slight or moderate drifting snow. ) Drifting snow 10 meters (33 feet)

37 Heavy drifting snow. / or below at sea.

38 Slight or moderate blowing snow. ] Blowing snow above 10 meters

39 Heavy blowing snow. J (33 feet) at sea.

40-49: Fog or Ice Fog at the Time of Observation [visibility less than 1,000
meters (1,100 yards)].

40 Fog or ice fog at a distance at the time of observation, but not at

the station (or ship) during the last hour, the fog extending to a
level above that of the observer.

41 Fog or ice fog in patches.

42 Fog or ice fog, sky discernible ] has become thinner during the

43 Fog or ice fog, sky not discernible J preceding hour.

44 Fog or ice fog, sky discernible j no appreciable change during

45 Fog or ice fog, sky not discernible J the preceding hour.

46 Fog or ice fog, sky discernible 1 has begun or has become thicker

47 Fog or ice fog, sky not discernible J during the preceding hour.

48 Fog, depositing rime, sky discernible.

49 Fog, depositing rime, sky not discernible.

-84-

Table 1-19. Code table for present weather (continued)

50-99 Precipitation at the Station (or Ship) at the Time of Observation.
50-59: Drizzle at Time of Observation.

50 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent

51 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous

52 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent

53 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous

54 Drizzle, not freezing, intermittent

55 Drizzle, not freezing, continuous

56 Drizzle, freezing, slight.

57 Drizzle, freezing, moderate or heavy (dense)

58 Drizzle and rain, slight.

59 Drizzle and rain, moderate or heavy.

slight at time of observation.

moderate at time of observation,

heavy (dense) at time of
observation.

60-69: Rain at Time of Observation,

60 Rain, not freezing, intermittent

61 Rain, not freezing, continuous

62 Rain, not freezing, intermittent

63 Rain, not freezing, continuous

64 Rain, not freezing, intermittent

65 Rain, not freezing, continuous

66 Rain, freezing, slight.

67 Rain, freezing, moderate or heavy.

68 Rain or drizzle and snow, slight.

69 Rain or drizzle and snow, moderate or heavy.

70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

80-99:

slight at time of observation,
moderate at time of observation,
heavy at time of observation.

70-79: Solid Precipitation Not in Showers at Time of Observation.

slight at time of observation,
moderate at time of observation,
heavy at time of observation.

Intermittent fall of snowflakes
Continuous fall of snowflakes
Intermittent fall of snowflakes
Continuous fall of snowflakes
Intermittent fall of snowflakes
Continuous fall of snowflakes
Ice prisms (with or without fog).
Snow grains (with or without fog).

Isolated starlike snow crystals (with or without fog) .
Ice pellets (i.e., frozen raindrops or largely melted and refrozen
snowflakes) .

Showery Precipitation, or Precipitation With Current or Recent
Thunderstorm.

80 Rain shower (s), slight.

81 Rain shower(s), moderate or heavy.

82 Rain shower (s), violent.

83 Shower (s) of rain and snow, mixed, slight.

84 Shower (s) of rain and snow mixed, moderate or heavy

85 Snow shower(s), slight.

86 Snow shower (s), moderate or heavy.

-85-

Table 1-19. Code table for present weather (continued)

87 Shower (s) of snow pellets or ice pellets* with or without

rain or rain and snow mixed

88 Shower(s) of snow pellets or ice pellets* with or without

rain or rain and snow mixed

89 Shower (s) of hail, with or without rain or rain and ' snow

mixed, not associated with thunder

90 Shower (s) of hail, with or without rain or rain and snow

mixed, not associated with thunder

91 Slight rain at time of observation

92 Moderate or heavy rain at time of observation

93 Slight snow or rain and snow mixed or hail* at

time of observation

94 Moderate or heavy snow, or rain and snow mixed

or hail* at time of observation

95 Thunderstorm, slight or moderate, without hail*

but with rain and/or snow at time of observation

96 Thunderstorm, slight or moderate, with hail* at

time of observation

97 Thunderstorm, heavy, without hail* but with rain

and/or snow at time of observation
**98 Thunderstorm combined with duststorm or sandstorm —
at time of observation.
99 Thunderstorm, heavy, with hail* at time of observation, j

slight.

moderate

or heavy.

slight.

moderate
or heavy.

thunderstorm during
the preceding hour
but not at time of
observation.

thunderstorm
at time of
observation.

Hail, ice pellets, i.e.
snow pellets.

pellets of snow encased in a thin layer of ice,

**

In reporting code figure 98, the observer is allowed considerable latitude
in the presumption that precipitation is or is not occurring if it is not
actually visible.

-86-

Precipitation - Columns 58 through 68. The amount of precipitation was
recorded by a Weather Bureau shielded precipitation gage //D101 mounted on
the boom of each fixed ship and graduated in millimeters. With care taken
to allow for ship movement, the amount of precipitation during, or 1 1/2 or
3 hours before, the observation was read to the nearest millimeter and
entered in columns 58, 59, and 60. If precipitation fell, but was too small
to be measured, 001 was entered. If no precipitation was observed, 000
was used.

The times of beginning and ending of precipitation were recorded in GMT
to the nearest minute in columns 61 through 64 and 65 through 68, respective-
ly. If precipitation began or ended more than once during the observation
period, the time of the first beginning and last ending was entered, and
the appropriate codes for showery or intermittent activity were entered
in the present- and past-weather columns.

Table 1-20. Code table for past weather

Code figure Past weather

0 Clouds covering 1/2 or less of the sky

throughout period

1 Clouds covering more than 1/2 of the

sky during part of period, and
less than 1/2 during part of period

2 Clouds covering more than 1/2 of the sky

throughout period

3 Sandstorm, duststorm, or drifting or

blowing snow

4 Fog, or ice fog, or thick haze

5 Drizzle

6 Rain

7 Snow, rain and snow mixed, or ice

pellets

8 Shower(s)

9 Thunders torm(s) , with or without

precipitation

-87-

Orientiatlon of Low Clouds - Columns 69 through 71. When cumulus clouds
arranged in bands or several bands separated by clear spaces (streets) were
observed, their presence was recorded by entering code 1 in column 69 of
the form; 0 was used if they were not present. The orientation of the cloud
street axis with respect to true north is indicated in columns 70 and 71 in
accordance with table 1-21. (This information was not reliably reported.
If columns 69 through 71 are blank, no observations of this type were made.)

Remarks - Columns 72 through 80. These colums were left open for the
observer to record any information he considered pertinent to the observa-
tion not allowed for in the form, such as wind shifts, gusting wind,
waterspouts, hail, second swell group at least 30° different from the one
reported, reasons for missing data or unreliability of some data, and whether
the observation was transmitted to the Barbados Control Center, indicated
by TRANS. The GMT for all such entries in the remarks column is given.
The observer's initials appear in the last column of the Surface Observations
Form.

Table 1-21. Code table for orientation of cloud band
axis with respect to true north

Code figure

Orientation of band axis with
respect to true north along a line

00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

From

0° 1

:o 180°

10°

' 190°

20°

1 200°

30°

1 210°

40°

' 220°

50° *

1 230°

60°

240°

70°

250°

80°

' 260°

90°

270°

100°

1 280°

110° '

' 290°

120° '

1 300°

130°

1 310°

140°

1 320°

150° '

330°

160°

340°

170° •

350°

-88-

1.3.2 Processing Procedure and Archive Magnetic Tape Format

1.3.2.1 Processing Procedure

The data logged on the Surface Observations Form (fig. 1-10, sec.
1.3.1) were punched on cards and edited for punching errors. No corrections
to these data were attempted during the edit for punching errors nor when the
punched cards Were written onto magnetic tape for the archive. Time-series
plots of the thermodynamic parameters by the BOMAP Office have revealed the
usual inconsistencies expected in manually recorded observations and some
indications (though not conclusively proven) that heating effects of the ship
influenced temperature measurements. This suspected influence became evident
when the rawinsonde dry-bulb (150-m sample), boom dry-bulb, and surface ob-
servation dry-bulb temperatures were compared in a time-series format.

1.3.2.2 BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations Archive Magnetic Tape Format

The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which
the second one constitutes the BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations. When
these data are requested, all six files will be sent, not the marine meteoro-
logical observations alone. The six files of information on this tape are
separated from each other by end-of-file mark and followed by a double end-
of-file. All information is in binary-coded-decimal (BCD) format, even pari-
ty, 800 bits per inch. The first file consists of 80-column card images, one
card image per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other
five files contain data that were either recorded manually or were read
manually from strip-chart recordings; the data are BCD card images, 50 cards
(4,000 characters) per record.

The third file contains Ship Operations Data (sec. 1.4.0); the fourth
file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (sec. 1.7.3); the fifth file
contains Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3.2); the sixth file contains Drop-
sonde Data (sec. 2.2.3).

As noted above, the second file contains the BOMEX Marine Meteorological
Observations. The format is as follows:

Character Element

1 Card code, should always be 1

2 Ship code

0 - Oceanographer

1 - Rainier

2 - Mt . Mitchell

3 - Discoverer

4 - Rockaway

3-5 Modified Julian day (day of year)

-89-

6-7 Hour, GMT

8-9 Minute

10-14 Station pressure, millibars and tenths

15 Three-hour pressure tendency (see table 1-10,
sec. 1.3.1)

16-17 Three-hour pressure change, millibars and tenths

18-20 Dry-bulb temperature, degrees and tenths Celsius

21-23 Wet-bulb temperature, degrees and tenths Celsius

24-25 Dew-point temperature, degrees Celsius

26-27 Relative humidity, percent

28-30 Wind direction, degrees true

31-32 Wind speed, knots

33-35 Direction from which wind waves come, degrees
true

36-37 Wind-wave height, half-meters

38-39 Wind-wave period, seconds

40-42 Direction from which swell comes, degrees true

43-44 Swell height, half-meters

45-46 Swell period, seconds

47 Total cloud amount, eighths

48 Low cloud amount, eighths

49 Low cloud type (see table 1-14, sec. 1.3.1)

50 Low cloud height (see table 1-15, sec. 1.3.1)

51 Middle cloud type (see table 1-16, sec. 1.3.1)

52 High cloud type (see table 1-17, sec. 1.3.1)
53-54 Visibility (see table 1-18, sec. 1.3.1)
55-56 Present weather (see table 1-19, sec. 1.3.1)

57 Past weather (see table 1-20, sec. 1.3.1)

58-60 Precipitation amount, millimeters

61-62 Hour precipitation began, GMT

63-64 Minute precipitation began

65-66 Hour precipitation ended, GMT

67-68 Minute precipitation ended,

69-80 Remarks

-90-

1.4.0 FIXED-SHIP OPERATIONS DATA

Ship operations and navigation data were recorded manually on the Ship
Operations Form shown in figure 1-11. The method of entering the data is
discussed in the section that follows; section 1.4.2 deals with ship opera-
tions, section 1.4.3 with data processing, and section 1.4.4 with the archive
magnetic tape format. For the inventory of data products available in the
temporary archive and instructions for ordering, see section 4.0.0, Data
Ordering Instructions and Costs.

1.4.1 Parameters Recorded

On the Ship Operations Form (fig. 1-11), observations were re-
corded as follows:

Card Code - Column 1. Code 4 was used on each form to identify it as per-
taining to ship operations and navigation data.

Ship Code - Column 2. The following codes were used to designate the ship
from which observations were made: 0, Oceanographer; 1, Rainier; 2, Mt .
Mitchell; 3, Discoverer; 4, Rock away.

Date and Time - Columns 3 through 9. Julian day and time of observation in
GMT was entered to the nearest minute.

Latitude - Columns 10 through 14. The actual latitude in degrees and minutes
for the ship's position at the time of observation was entered in columns 10
through 13. Code 1 for north and code 2 for south were used in column 14.

Longitude - Columns 15 through 20. Actual longitude in degrees and minutes
for the ship's position at the time of observation was entered in columns 15
through 19. Code 3 was used for east and code 4 for west in column 20.

Means of Navigation - Column 21. The method used for determining the ship's
latitude and longitude at the time of observation was indicated by choosing
the appropriate code from the following: 1, Dead reckoning (DR) ; 2, Astro;
3, Omega; 4, Loran A; 5, Loran C; 6, Satellite; 7, Radar; 8, Visual.

True Speed - Columns 22, 23, and 24. As determined from the navigational
plot, the ship's true speed was recorded in knots and tenths. If the speed
had changed during the preceding hour, the speed at the time of observation
was used.

-91-

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-92-

True Course - Columns 25 through 28. The ship's heading was recorded to the
nearest degree and tenth of a degree. This was done at the actual time of
the observation.

Indicated Speed - Columns 29, 30, and 31. The ship's speed as indicated by
the pit log or other device at the time of the observation was entered in
knots and tenths.

System Status - Columns 32 through 43. These entries indicate the status of
the following ship observation systems: rawinsonde; Scanwell WFSS; radar
wind; meteorological boom instrumentation; surface observation system; BLIP;
STD; AEC air, rain, and water sampler; Niskin water sampler; Braincon current
meter; ship navigation system; and SCARD. For each of these, code 0 was
entered if the system was operational, code 1 if it was partly operational,
code 2 if it was nonoperational but reparable, and code 3 if it was nonopera-
tional and nonreparable.

Columns 44 and 45. Not used.

Ship's Gyro Correction - Columns 46 through 49. The ship's gyro correction
was indicated in column 46 by a plus or a minus sign and recorded in columns
47, 48, and 49 in degrees and tenths.

Final two columns of the form. Observer's initials.

1.4.2 Fixed- Ship On-Station and Underway Operations

For a chronological listing of ship operations, refer to table
1-2, section 1.0.0. As mentioned in that section, each fixed ship was
equipped with a free-fall, deep-sea mooring system to maintain its position.
However, the Rainier 's mooring system failed on May 1, the Mt_. Mitchell's on
May 3, the Rockaway's on May 25, and the Discoverer's and Oceanographer ' s on
June 21. All wind speed and wind direction data acquired after mooring
failure — during "steam and drift" periods — must be corrected for ship
motion. Renavigation studies are underway, but no corrections for ship
motion have been applied to wind data acquired from the fixed ships after
mooring failure. A user who needs to develop such corrections should check
not only the Fixed-Ship Operations Data (latitude, longitude, and speed),
but also the ship's gyro heading from the Boom Surface Meteorological
Measurements described in section 1.2.0, and the BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log
described in section 1.5.0.

As expected, the Fixed-Ship Operations Data contain discrepancies attri-
butable to manually logged data and navigation errors normally associated
with the conventional navigation systems used. To aid the user in assessing
the quality of the navigation data and procedures used aboard the fixed ships,
summaries of each ship's operation follow. These summaries were extracted
from reports submitted by the commanding officers of the BOMEX fixed ships
at the end of the experiment .

-93-

1.4.2.1 USC&GSS Oceanographer Ship Operations and Navigation

The Oceanographer occupied two BOMEX array positions — station BRAVO
for Observation Periods I through III and station GOLF during Period IV. The
ship arrived on station and deployed its mooring system on May 3. On June 21,
approximately 24 hours after the ship had moored upon arrival on station, the
anchor cable failed and the ship, still made fast to the buoy, started to
drift. Divers sent out to disconnect the mooring cable reported that the
cable had broken about 7 ft below the Miller swivel. Wind at the time of
failure was from the east and tension was 6,000 lbs. It is believed that
the failure was gradual from strain of previous moorings.

Navigation can be divided by two distinct methods — that required for
running track line to and from the stations (at the beginning and end of each
Observation Period) and that used for "drift and steam" operation after loss
of the mooring on June 21 and while the ship was on station GOLF, where no
mooring was available.

During the first three Observation Periods, when the ship occupied
station BRAVO, Omega navigational control was not only adequate, but was the
only control available except celestial. It is estimated that during periods
other than sunrise and sunset the accuracy was within 1/2 mi. At sunrise and
sunset the fixes would be off about 3 mi. At station GOLF, Omega was com-
pletely worthless and the ship relied on satellite fixes, which were accurate
within 1/2 mi or less at all times. The main limitations on satellite fixes
are having the pass angle of orbit within the prescribed limits and a minimum
number of Doppler returns. At least 80 percent of the fixes are usable and
the others close enough for general location.

During Periods I and II, the Oceanographer was tied to the anchored
mooring system, which minimized on-station movement, although there was move-
ment of as much as 4 mi during a day as the wind and current changed. The
effect of this movement on recording instruments was considered minimal.
After loss of the mooring on station BRAVO, and on station GOLF, the ship had
to go into a "steam and drift" mode of operation in order to remain within
the prescribed distance from the station. The best procedure was found to
be drifting for 1 hour and steaming for 1/2 hour. A fix was taken at the
beginning and end of the run period, producing control sufficiently accurate
to take out both the drift and steam components of recorded data.

On station GOLF it was somewhat difficult to take fixes at the preferred
times, particularly when the schedule required rawinsonde observations to
last 110 min every 3 hours. The satellite navigation system was available at
varying times and during some of these times the fixes were not accurate due
to low or high pass angles. The best solution was to try to hold within 4 mi
of the station by taking satellite fixes whenever possible and steaming back
to position between rawinsonde observations. Fortunately, winds on station
GOLF were of less force, which required far less steaming than found necessary
on BRAVO. Even though the fixes could not be taken at the beginning and end
of the steaming times it is believed that the increased accuracy of the
satellite fixes during drift periods minimized errors introduced by using
dead-reckoning positions.

-94-

Navigation presented no problem during BOMEX except for the lack of
Omega control on GOLF, which was compensated for by the satellite equipment.

1.4.2.2 USC&GSS Mt. Mitchell Ship Operations and Navigation

The Mt. Mitchell occupied two BOMEX array positions during the four
Observation Periods — station DELTA (12°23'N, 58°23!W) during Periods I, II,
and III, and station LIMA (10°30'N, 56°30'W) during Period IV. The ship
arrived on station DELTA on May 1. The free-fall mooring system was deployed
that day but failed on May 3. The ship then began to operate in a mode con-
sisting of steaming at steerageway speeds and of drifting with engines
secured. This mode of operation was maintained not only at DELTA but was
also used at station LIMA.

On May 1, the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Laurel established a current sta-
tion within a few yards of position DELTA, consisting of a "plank-on edge"
mooring buoy that was lighted and fitted with a radar reflector. A series
of several dozen celestial observations fixed the position of the buoy at
12°21'N and 58°23'W with a high level of confidence. During Periods I, II,
and III, with the buoy as a reference, the Mt_. Mitchell obtained visual
bearings and/or radar bearings and radar ranges to position the ship relative
to the buoy. The position of the buoy was checked daily by Omega fixes and
when possible by celestial observations.

During BOMEX Period IV, at station LIMA, 10°30'N and 56°30'W, no buoy
was planted and the ship had to rely on Omega for hourly positions with
celestial verification mornings and evenings. A general plan of drifting
3 to 4 hours and then returning to station was contemplated, but because of
the slow drift and the inaccuracy of Omega this drifting period was extended
in some cases and a celestial fix was taken before steaming toward the station,

At both stations the ship would bracket the station position either by
steaming very slowly "up current" or by securing the engines and drifting
"down current," the current being the result of both ocean current and wind
effects on the ship. The distance in this "steam and drift" mode of opera-
tion was held within 3 n mi when possible.

Omega rates A-D, A-C, and B-D picked on the basis of available Omega
tables for the BOMEX area were used and were found to have mediocre inter-
sections. This had the effect of increasing Omega error. The rate B-D
(Trinidad - New York) was inaccurate due to ground-wave mixing from Trinidad.
This problem was solved by generating on-the-spot sky-wave corrections.
These corrections, which are the heart of Omega navigation because they de-
termine position accuracy, were generated by the USC&GSS Rainier during each
in-port period between BOMEX Observation Periods for rates A-D and A-C. The
Mt. Mitchell generated its own corrections for B-D at station DELTA, but due
to the distance between station LIMA and Bridgetown these, corrections were
found to be below standard. The combination of unreliable sky-wave correc-
tions and weak intersection of the Omega rates increased unadjusted position
error from approximately 2 mi (minimum) to 6 mi (maximum) in some cases.

-95-

1.4.2.3 USC&GSS Rainier Ship Operations and Navigation

The Rainier was operated in a "drift and steam" mode throughout the
four BOMEX Observation Periods. The ship occupied position ALFA (16°50'N,
59°12'W) during Observation Periods I through III and position BRAVO (17°30'N,
54°00'W) during Observation Period IV.

The initial plan for the fixed ships was to use deep-sea anchoring
systems to eliminate slow speed running to hold station* After failure of
its mooring, the Rainier adopted a slow speed steaming mode running generally
NE and SE, quartering the expected wind and currents. The intent to use just
enough power to remain stationary in one position did not always prove effec-
tive because of unexpected current velocities. This procedure was used for
Periods I and II; however, during Period III, the ship would shut down both
main engines and lay in the trough of the sea, a procedure that was largely
effective. Power was applied to the ship when necessary to change the ship's
heading for rawinsonde tracking or STD lowerings, or to return to station
ALFA. Before Period IV, a change in the Operations Plan established a "steam
and drift" mode for all ships, a procedure that was tried throughout Period
IV, when the Rainier was positioned at station BRAVO. Due to the requirement
to change ship's heading for rawinsonde tracking, the port main engine was
kept on the line throughout most of this period.

Omega receiving systems, Tracor Series 599, were furnished for all
fixed ships. The equipment functioned quite well during the entire BOMEX
project. Due to insufficient data on sky-wave corrections within the array,
serious jumps in position were experienced at sunrise and sunset. During
each in-port period, Omega stations A, B, C, and D were monitored and average
hourly corrections were provided to the other four ships. However, the
corrections did not prove usable over the entire 90,000 mi^ covered by the
BOMEX array. Because of fairly heavy cloud cover, celestial control was im-
possible to obtain. Some adjustment of Omega positions will be necessary
to smooth out spurious values obtained at sunrise and sunset.

1.4.2.4 USC&GSS Discoverer Ship Operations and Navigation

The Discoverer occupied position ECHO during all four BOMEX Observa-
tion Periods. The ship was moored from May 6 to June 20. On June 21, the
mooring failed, and the ship began a "steam and drift" mode of operation.

The mooring was established in approximately 2,800 fathoms of water.
It held the ship in winds to 25 kt during the first two Observation Periods.
During these periods, the wind and current were in different directions.
Tension in the anchor cable normally ran 2,500 lbs, 3,500-4,000 lbs, and
5,000-7,500 lbs with a wind speed of 15 kt , 20 kt, and 25 kt , respectively.
When the tension reached 7,000 lbs, the ship would steam ahead dead slow on
one engine to ease the strain down to 4,500 lbs. During this time the ship
lay at an angle of from 30° to 90° to the anchor cable. For one period of
approximately 20 hours it lay directly north of the buoy with less than 500
lbs of tension, despite an easterly wind of 15 kt, indicating a good current
setting to the east.

-96-

During Period III, the wind and current were in the same direction,
indicated by the fact that the ship headed directly toward the anchor cable
and tension built up to 7,500 lbs with wind less than 20 kt . Despite steam-
ing on the wire, the cable parted after approximately 18 hours. It parted
about 1,500 to 1,800 fathoms down from the buoy, judging by the depth of the
buoy at first launch and before and after failure. The cause of failure is
unknown, but is believed to be that the current drag on the cable and the
ship's tension on the buoy were in the same direction, as opposed to Periods
I and II, when the current and direction of ship's tension were in two dif-
ferent directions.

When the mooring failed, an attempt was made at first to keep the ship
directly on station by steaming slowly (20 to 55 turns on one shaft) into
the wind. If accurate control had been available, this would probably have
been the most desirable procedure, since the wind, current, and ship's
steaming would nullify one another, and the ship would be stationary. How-
ever, the only control available other than celestial was Omega, which did
not furnish control to the necessary accuracy. Jumps of as much as 8 to 10 mi
occurred from hour to hour. The Omega readings would plot in two or three
different positions within a 20-mi area without definite lane identification,
which the Discoverer's Omega did not have. Readings on different frequencies
did not resolve the ambiguity of position.

The direction and velocity of current on the station site were not
constant, adding to the difficulty of attempting to maintain station or
making good courses steered.

After 6 days, the ship abandoned the attempt to remain on station by
continuous steaming. A procedure was adopted of drifting for approximately 6
or 7 hours, and then steaming for 1 or 2 hours back to and past the station.
By this procedure enough time was allowed during drifting to obtain an approx-
imate drift rate and direction even with erratic fixes. The ship would then
proceed back at the maximum speed that would not disrupt the instrumented
boom extending from the ship's bow. Steaming times were selected that would
interfere least with the observations being made. By this procedure the ship
might have drifted as much as 15 mi off station, but relative movements could
be approximated by using the Omega readings only. Celestial fixes and lines
of position kept track of absolute position but could not be combined with
Omega for drift rates.

1.4.2.5 USCGC Rockaway Ship Operations and Navigation

The Rockaway occupied BOMEX array position CHARLIE throughout all
four BOMEX Observation Periods and was operated in two modes — one moored,
and the other steaming and drifting to maintain position on station.

The Rockaway 's deep-sea mooring system was deployed on May 2, 1969. The
launch position of the system was determined by Florida State University's
Triton buoy previously moored at position CHARLIE by the USCGC Laurel. Because
of a practical requirement for the Rockaway to be outside the radius of the
Triton's mooring, the ship's anchor was dropped 300 yards downwind from the
Triton. The ship was made fast to the buoy paying out a 350-ft catenary

97

through the bullnose. The ship was 400 ft from the mooring buoy, since the
350-ft nylon mooring line was attached to a 50-ft pendant at the mooring buoy.

While the ship was moored, its position was always known with a very high
degree of confidence. Triton's position was confirmed each day by celestial
fix, and once every 30 min the Rockaway confirmed its position with reference
to the Triton by a radar range and bearing. By means of a Universal Plotting
Sheet (UP-OS) , with a scale change so that 1 inch equalled 1 n mi, the ship's
position was reported once every hour on the BOMEX Ship Operations Form (fig.
1-11, sec. 1.4.1). The ship rode comfortably — even though stopped it did
not lie in the trough — during high seas and wind conditions with 8-ft swells
and 25-kt winds, which were the worst encountered during Period I. The moor-
ing was used from May 2 to May 14. On May 25, after returning to station
CHARLIE from the in-port period between BOMEX Observation Periods I and II,
the mooring system was remade, and mooring was tried after the ship had been
on station for 35 hours, during which rough seas discouraged small-boat
operations necessary for mooring to the buoy. During the first 4 hours after
mooring, the ship's drift rate remained constant (tension remaining steady at
approximately 1,350 lbs) and the range between the Rockaway and the Triton
buoy opened up from 5,400 yards to 10,600 yards. At first the ship's navi-
gator thought that the excessive range between the Triton and the ship was
attributable to the fact that the Triton's drift about the scope of its moor-
ing was the result only of ocean currents, while the Rockaway 's drift was a
result of both ocean currents and wind effects. However, the range continued
to open up, and eventually the Triton was lost on radar. A celestial fix 14
hours after the attempt to moor was made indicates the ship was 13 mi off
station (as defined relative to the Triton). In the next 24 hours, the ship
had drifted to a total of 30 mi off station. The mooring buoy was then sunk
and the ship proceeded back to station.

After the mooring failure during Period II, and during the subsequent
BOMEX Observation Periods, a continuous plot of the ship's position and
movement, whether underway or adrift, was kept. Except as modified by small-
boat operations, the daily routine during Periods II, III, and IV was to
drift downwind each day from 0830 to 1930 GMT and from 2100 to 0700 GMT.
(During Period I small-boat operations occurred every day except one. During
Periods II, III, and IV, small-boat operations occurred once every 4 days.)
During the remaining two periods of 1 1/2 hours, the ship would be underway,
proceeding upwind.

A revised plotting grid provided an accurate chart with a scale of 1 inch
to the nautical mile. The Triton was always placed at the center and the
coordinates of the chart and the ship's position were plotted relative to the
Triton. A geographic plot was maintained on this chart and accurate ship's
positions were always available. The true velocity and direction of the
ship's movements, whether underway or adrift, were determined by the navigator
from these plots on a locally prepared form titled Ship Motion and Position
Data. The position data were taken from this form and entered as required
on the Ship Operations Form (fig. 1-11, sec. 1.4.1).

98

The Omega navigation system did not serve a useful purpose. Celestial
fixes were usually available, and, when on station, the ship was either
moored or keeping station on the anchored Triton buoy.

During Period III, the ship relieved the Oceanographer on station BRAVO
for a few days (see table 1-2, sec. 1.0.0). The ship was not moored at BRAVO
and the Triton was left at station CHARLIE. Thus, Omega was the only source
of position data available for station keeping. The Omega lines for rates
A-D, B-C, A-C, and B-D were laid down on a locally prepared chart with a
scale of 1 inch equalling 1 n mi. Positions were plotted every 30 min.
While these positions, based on an updated lane count, were satisfactory for
off-shore trackline navigation, they proved useless for station keeping be-
cause of excessive variability in fix quality when compared with the suspected
dead-reckoning position.

1.4.3 Fixed-Ship Operations Data Processing

The Fixed-Ship Operations Data were manually logged on the Ship
Operations Form (see fig. 1-11, sec. 1.4.1). This form was converted to
punched cards, listed, and edited for punching errors. No other corrections
have been applied to the data.

1.4.4 Fixed-Ship Operations Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format

The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which
the third one constitutes the Ship Operations Data. When these data on mag-
netic tape are requested, all six files will be sent, not the Ship Operations
Data alone. The six files of information on this tape are separated from
each other by end-of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file. All
information is in binary coded decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits
per inch. The first file consists of 80-column card images, one card image
per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other five files
contain data that were either recorded manually or were read manually from
strip-chart recordings; the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000
characters) per record.

The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations (sec.
1.3.0); the fourth file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (sec. 1.7.3);
the fifth file contains Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3.2); the sixth file
contains Dropsonde Data (sec. 2.2.3).

As noted above, the third file contains Ship Operations Data. The for-
mat is as follows:

99

Character Element

1 Card code, should always be 4

2 Ship code

0 - Oceanographer

1 - Rainier

2 - Mt . Mitchell

3 - Discoverer

4 - Rockaway

3-5 Modified Julian day (day of year)

6-7 Hour, GMT

8-9 Minute

10-11 Latitude, degrees

12-13 Latitude, minutes

14 Should always be 1 for north

15-17 Longitude, degrees

18-19 Longitude, minutes

20 Should always be 4 for west

21 Means of navigation

1 DR

2 As t ro

3 Omega

4 Loran A

5 Loran C

6 Satellite

7 Radar

8 Visual

100

22-24 True speed, knots to tenths

25-28 True heading, degrees true to tenths

29-31 Indicated speed, knots to tenths

32-45 System status for the last hour

0 - operational

1 - partly operational

2 - nonoperational, reparable

3 - nonoperational, nonreparable

32

Rawinsonde

33

Scanwell

34

Radar wind

35

Boom

36

Surface

37

BLIP

38

STD

39

AEC

40

Niskin

41

Braincon

42

Ship navigation system

43

SCARD

44-45

Not used

46

Sign of ship's gyro co

plus or minus

47-49 Ship's gyro correction,
degrees to tenths

101

1.5.0 BOMEX FIXED-SHIP EVENT LOG

The BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log is a plain-language record kept by
the ships' personnel to document the chronology of a day's observational
and operational activity. For the inventory of the available data archive
products and instructions for ordering, see section 4.0.0, Data Ordering
Instructions and Costs.

1.5.1 Contents of the Event Log

The BOMEX Event Log was designed as an aid in verifying the
completeness of the data obtained, and all events, whether routine or
special, were recorded on it. A new Event Log sheet was begun with each
SCARD tape change, several sheets being required for one SCARD analog
tape recording period. As the sample in figure 1-12 shows, the Event Log
consists of the following:

Heading - Ship's name; day, month, year; and the SCARD magnetic tape number,

Time - Julian Day and hours and minutes in GMT.

Sequential No. - A sequential number assigned to each observation type,
starting with 1 and successive numbers thereafter until the end of the
BOMEX Observation Period.

Event - Hand-written description of event.

Summary - Checked (</) by person verifying that the event has been properly
entered. An X in this column means that a discrepancy has been found and
corrected; an 0 indicates that the discrepancy cannot be corrected, and the
problem is then described in the Event column.

Initials - Initials of the observer.

1.5.2 BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log Archive Format

The Event Logs are contained in the archive on 35-mm microfilm,
arranged by BOMEX Observation Period, i.e., Period I first, followed by
Periods II, III, and IV. Within each Observation Period, all the Event
Logs for the Oceanographer come first, followed by those for the Rainier,
Mt. Mitchell, Discoverer, and Rockaway .

102

DATE : 4l ffl^ y ^9
MAG. TAPE NO; /Z4o2-3^>

BOMEX EVENT LOG

b. TIME

c.

SEQ.NO.

LOG EACH EVENT AS IT OCCURS AND IS REPORTED

DAY

HOUR

MI^

d. EVENT

e.

SUM:

I .

INIT:

/2$

oz.

—
30

3

~75<=:c/aj Scrfgp /s?/*^

V"

y^

/2A-

03

00

3-Z-

X /^ tsJ/A/ '/z'ct- &?s <s/>

X

-w

\/24-

03

3o

3

6

TB

■

1

Figure 1-12. BOMEX Event Log.
103

1.6.0 DISCOVERER WEATHER RADAR PHOTOGRAPHS AND RADAR LOG

Weather radar data were obtained aboard the Discoverer from the
southeast corner of the BOMEX fixed-ship array by a Selenia radar, Model
METEOR 200 RMT-2S , whenever this radar was not being used for rawinsonde
balloon tracking.

During weather radar surveillance, 35-mm photographs were taken of
the PPI on a VD-2 repeater displaying maximum ranges of up to 200 n mi. The
photographs were taken every 12 sweeps for one-sweep exposures (12 sec) . In
addition, every 30 min, usually, an attenuation-elevation sequence was
taken, for which the camera mounted on the VD-2 repeater was set to take
one frame every other sweep (rotation of the radar antenna) . With the tilt
angle held at 0°, the receiver gain was attenuated in calibrated steps. The
first step was 15 dB ; the remaining steps were 6 dB . The antenna was tilted
in 1 or 2° steps at normal receiver gain until all echoes had disappeared.
At the conclusion of the altitude sequence the antenna was returned to 0°.
For the inventory of available data products and ordering instructions, see
section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and Costs.

1.6.1 Radar Photographic Data

On each roll of 35-mm film the following code is included:

"STC" means STC is on.
Gain attenuation:

dB
Light

3
3,4

6
1,2

9
1,2,3

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

1,3

1

1,4

2

2,3

3

2,4

33

4

If light #5 is on, add 33 dB .

The normal attenuation sequence begins with 15 dB and increases in 6-dB
steps until all echoes disappear.

Elevation: Lights 1,2,3,4 are on if elevation is not zero. The normal
elevation sequence consists of 1° steps from 0° until all echoes disappear.
Before 2230Z, 6/20/69 (Frame #9562), 2° elevation steps were used.

Range: Maximum up to 200 n mi.

On the average, one photograph of weather activity was taken every 144 sec
when, as noted earlier, the radar was not used for rawinsonde balloon
tracking.

104

1.6.2 Discoverer Weather Radar Lor

This log describes the daily weather radar operations. Each
page is labeled with date, data ID code, and page number. A new page
was usually begun at the start of each GMT day. Each entry is prefaced
by GMT time, frame number, and film roll number. The entries are:

(1) Camera on or off with indication of photograph frequency

(2) Start to finish of attenuation-elevation sequence.

(3) Change of photograph frequency.

(4) Winding and setting of data chamber clock.
(5)" Calibration sequences.

(6) Magazine changes .

(7) Start or stop of precipitation on station.

(8) Hourly synopsis of activity observed.

(9) Error or changes in normal operations procedure.

(10) Any other item the operator felt was significant to the
project.

These logs are available in 35-mm microfilm form.

1.6.3 Discoverer Weather Radar Photograph and Radar Log Archive Formats

The radar photographs are archived as registered copies of the
original radar film, and the radar logs are archived as microfilm copies
of the original hand-written logs. One reel of 35-mm radar photograph
film contains approximately 2 days of Discoverer radar photographs . The
radar logs are arranged in chronological order for Observation Periods II,
III, and IV; there are no logs sheets for Period I.

All dates, beginning times, and ending times for each reel of 35-mm
radar film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, are as read from the film by the
BOMAP staff. In some instances, these entries may not appear correct, e.g.,
the time period of radar data does not coincide with the ship operations
period. Such anomalies can usually be corrected by the remarks or notes
contained in the Discoverer Weather Radar Log, described in the preceding
section.

105

1.7.0 STD (SALINITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH) SENSOR DATA
AND SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATA

Bissett-Berman salinity-temperature-depth (STD) sensors, Models 9006
and 9040, were used during BOMEX for measuring salinity and temperature
of sea water and depth of sensor. The instrument's underwater signals
were frequency-multiplexed so that salinity, temperature, and depth
measurements were transmitted through the lowering cable as a single
composite wave form, which was direct-frequency recorded on SCARD aboard
ship. The incoming signal was also separated into salinity, temperature,
and depth frequencies, which were strip-chart recorded as a quality control
measure and to control operation of the underwater unit. A summary of STD
equipment aboard each of the five fixed ships is given in table 1-22.

The observed data archive products consist of processed salinity-
temperature-depth data (8-sps STD) and the Radio Transmission Logs for
Salinity, Temperature, Depth, and Sound Velocity. (No sound velocity
measurements were made.) The STD Support Data contain surface and '1,000-m
salinity and temperature information for comparison with the 8-sps data.
Two-hourly sea-surface temperature (bucket temperatures) observations are
included in the archive. For the inventory of available data products and
ordering instructions, see section 4.0.0, Data Ordering Instructions and
Costs .

1.7.1 STD Observation Procedures

STD observation procedures during BOMEX on each of the five
fixed ships were developed to (a) support the data recording and computer
processing of STD data from magnetic tape, (b) insure that all STD data were
collected by the same method, and (c) insure that the results from one ship
would be consistent with and could be correlated with those from the other
ships. These procedures included a two-bottle Nans en cast, physically
attached to the STD cable, twice daily (at 0000 and 1200 GMT) for quality
control; and reducing and logging sea-surface temperature and STD information
for radio transmission to Barbados in support of the oceanographic forecast
program on the island (see sec. 1.7.3).

Two basic types of STD observations were made: "Rainy Day" observa-
tions for investigation of the influence of rain water on ocean surface
water (0 to 15 m) and STD casts to a depth of 1,000 m.

106

Table 1-22. BOMEX STD sensor characteristics

Ship

STD model
number

Sensor
input

Range of mesurement

System 1 System 2

(primary) (backup)

Oceanographer 9006

Discoverer

9006

Rockaway

Rainier

Mt. Mitchell

9006

9040

9040

temperature
salinity
depth 1
depth 2

temperature
salinity
depth 1
depth 2

temperature
salinity
depth 2

temperature
salinity
depth 2

temperature
salinity
depth 2

-2 to +35°C
28 to 38°/oo

0 to 300 m

0 to 2,000 m

-2 to +35°C
28 to 38° /oo

0 to 300 m

0 to 4,000 m

-2 to +40°C
30 to 40°/oo

0 to 1,500 m

-2 to +39°C
30 to 40°/oo

0 to 3,000 m

-2 to +39°C
30 to 40°/oo

0 to 3,000 m

-2 to +35°C
30 to 40°/oo

0 to 300 m

0 to 2,000 m

-5 to +35°C
28 to 38°/oo

0 to 300 m

0 to 4,000 m

-2 to +39°C

30 to 40° /oo

0 to 3,000 m

-2 to +39°C

30 to 40° /oo

0 to 3,000 m

"Rainy Day" STD Observations. This routine began when confirmed precipita-
tion over an area greater than 2 n mi across approached the ship. "Rainy
Day" observations were interrupted for the scheduled 1,000-m casts and were
resumed after these casts had been completed. Time mark in Julian Day and
hours, minutes, and seconds in GMT for the start of the observation and
elapsed time since the time mark were recorded on a Rainfall/Salinity (R/S)
coding form. Salinity was recorded as an analog frequency on SCARD magnetic
tape. In summary, the "Rainy Day" routine consisted of the following
steps :

(1) Establishing a level below the surface from which the STD was to
be lowered to a depth of 15 m.

(2) Soaking at this starting level and recodinj surface salinity
on magnetic tape for 5 min.

(3) Taking bucket temperature and salinity, lowering the sensor

at a rate not exceeding 10 m/sec,and recording the elaps time to cover
15 m and wire angle during lowering.

107

(4) Establishing a salinity signature for 5 min at 15 m.

(5) Retrieving sensor to starting level and establishing surface salinity
signature for 5 rain; taking bucket sample every 30 min.

(6) Repeating steps 4, 3, and 5 and recording the beginning and ending
time of each step on the R/S form. (The R/S forms have not been placed in
the temporary archive. Copies of the original handwritten forms can be
obtained from the BOMAP Office upon request.)

1,000-m STD Observations. Deep STD observations were made from the Discoverer,
Oceanographer, and Rockaway eight times per day (0100, 0300, 0600, 0900, 1200,
1500, 1300, and 2100 GMT) and from the Mt. Mitchell and Rainier four times per
day (0100, 0600, 1200, and 1800 GMT), within + 30 min of the scheduled times.
For calibration purposes, two Nansen bottles were attached to the STD cable
10 and 15 m from the sensor package during the 0100 and 1200 GMT casts;
during all other casts, surface temperature and salinity were determined from
a bucket sample. The upper Nansen bottle was tripped at approximately
1,000 m after soaking for 12 min. After it had been brought aboard, the
lower bottle was tripped, having soaked for 5 min. The bottle thermometers
were read to the nearest hundredths °C, and salinities were determined
within + 0.003°/oo on successive readings by a calibrated salinometer. In
summary, the operational sequence was as follows:

(1) Systems check (leaking sensor and sensor connections; proper winch
and STD operation; information logged in on STD Observation Form described
in section 1.7.3).

(2) Preparing analog strip-chart recorder and SCARD.

(3) Placing the STD in the water; obtaining surface bucket sample.

(4) After a 2- to 5-min soak and logging the appropriate information and
timing marks, lowering the STD package at a rate of 20 m/min for the first
100 m and at a higher rate down to 1,000 m; annotating during lowering the
scale changes on the analog recorder, along with the wire angle and timing
and event marks that would assist in documenting the STD observation program.
(These lowering rates were not always adhered to and were often higher than
specified. )

(5) Terminating the cast at 1,000 m. When Nansen bottles were attached,
a messenger was sent down to trip the upper bottle.

(6) Retrieving the cast; tripping the lower Nansen bottle (if attached)
and bringing package aboard.

1.7.2 STD 8-sps Data Reduction and Processing

The STD output was recorded as mixed analog frequencies on one
channel of the seven-channel tape recorder contained in SCARD. The

108

frequencies of che signals varied from 1.5 kHz for the low-range depth sig-
nals to slightly over 10 kHz for the high-range depth signals. In addition,
a reference signal of 3.125 kHz was recorded on another channel for tape
speed control during playback.

1.7.2.1 Digitization

The SCARD analog tapes were digitized at NASA's Mississippi Test
Facility (NASA/MTF) . The analog tapes were played back at the nominal re-
cording speed of 1 7/8 ips (inches per second) on one of the SCARD decommu-
tation tape transports. The composite STD signal, the 3.125-kHz reference
signal, and the AMRB1 (Atlantic Missile Range B-l Time Code) time signal were
filtered and then inputed to a Beckman Model 420 computer via the Beckman
Model 210 data acquisition system for digitization. The tape speed on play-
back was controlled by a velocity servo that provided for relatively low tape
speed accelerations. Exact correction for instantaneous tape speed changes
was provided computationally (see sec. 1.7.2.2).

Figure 1-13 shows the signal conditioning, separation, and shaping
which was used between the SCARD unit and the Beckman 210 data acquisition
system. The bandpass filters are identical to those used in the Bissett-
Berman Model 9040 or 9006 deck unit. These have been augmented with SKL
(Spencer Kenedy Laboratories, Inc.) Model 308A (24 dB/octave), and Model 302
(18 dB/octave) active filters operated in the high-pass mode with cutoff
frequencies as shown. The filter outputs were passed to the Tektronix
oscilliscope amplifiers that also provided a visual indication of signal
level and noise content. The trigger outputs of these amplifiers, overdriving
the Dana Model 2200 D.C. amplifiers, provided a heavily clipped signal of
about 2 v PP to drive the period counters. The 3.125-kHz reference frequency
was amplified and clipped before being counted. The AMRBl time code was
converted to a bipolar signal by the 5.4-kHz discriminator and introduced
into the computer, where it was decoded by an analog-to-digital converter
that is part of the Beckman system.

STD signals from the amplifier outputs were counted in the so-called
"flow counters" in the Beckman Model 210 data acquisition system. A separate
counter was used for each signal. Figure 1-14 shows the counter hardware
arrangement. Figure 1-15 shows system timing during a typical counting
operation. The Schmidt trigger has a dead band of about 2 v PP around zero
volts, which gives some noise immunity without noticeably affecting sensiti-
vity, since the signal at this point is usually ^20 v PP. The trigger output
is synchronized with the system's 250-kHz clock so that a pulse one clock-
period long is produced for every negative-going zero crossing in the input
signal. This reduces the resolution of the system to 4 ysec despite the fact
that a 1-ysec clock is subsequently counted. This was unavoidable because
major rework in the system logic would have been required to substitute a
1-MHz clock.

109

5.4 kHz Discriminator

SCARD
PLAYBACK UNIT
(SPEED= I 7/8 IPS)

AMR B-

TO "REALTIME"

TO CYCLE COUNTERS FOR DIGITIZING

SKL 302
(2 SECTIONS USED)

CD

FILTERED AND £!

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DANA

MODEL 2200s
(over-driven by TEKTRONIX 555 amps)

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Figure 1-13. Separation and signal conditioning of the recorded
signal prior to input for digitization.

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112

The pulses generated by the synchronizer served two purposes. They
were counted in the zero crossing counter, which keeps track of the total
number of cycles of the signal being measured. This counter was not reset
and was allowed to overflow to zero as necessary. The pulse generated by
the synchronizer were also used to reset the clock period accumulated so
that it always contained the number of clock pulses that had occurred since
the last zero-crossing pulse. Both counters were strobed into the data
acquisition system's output buffer whenever an output pulse occurred, in
which case it occurred synchronously with one of the 250-kHz clock pulses
but asynchronously with the zero crossings of the input signal.

Defining the terms

T = the time between output pulses in microseconds,
Zn-l) = count in zero-crossing register at output pulse i-1,
Z(±) - count in zero-crossing register at output pulse i,

C ei_i ) = count in clock period accumulator at output pulse i-1,
representing the time in microseconds since the last
zero-crossing pulse, and

C(i) = count in clock period accumulator at output pulse i,

we obtain for the measured frequency F^, in hertz, of the signal during the
interval between output pulses i-1 and i:

zi ~ z(i-l) .

Fi " (Ts + (C^ - C±) x 1CT6

Because of the synchronism, C-^ = O^ODULUS 4*

Because of design constraints of the Beckman data acquisition system,
it was not possible to have the counting periods for all signals start and
stop simultaneously. The system imposed a minimum of 100-ysec separation
between adjacent channels and the nature of the counter adds a random vari-
ation that may be as much as one cycle of the signal. In the worst case as
much as 1 percent of the counting period may not be common to any two sig-
nals. From an oceanographic standpoint, this is not important and the meas-
urements may be considered simultaneous. However, it may affect the tape
speed correction (see sec. 1.7.2.2).

The above computation for frequency was made in the Beckman 420 computer,
which uses an 18-bit word. Because of this, the term (Ts+Ci-i-Ci) must be
less than 131071 (i.e., 2^'-l) . The fact that the unit of measure is micro-
seconds and the basic cycle of the acquisition program is 40 msec sets the
value of Ts at a maximum of 120 msec. This value was chosen because it
yields maximum resolution. The computation was carried out so that the least
significant bit in the frequency represented .1 Hz. (Dictated by the word
size of the machine.)

113

Table 1-23 shows the resolution of the system in terms of both
frequency and parameter at the maximum frequency for each measured STD
parameter, based on a change of 4 ysec in the quantity C^_j - C-^ (the
minimum detectable change). If AF is less than . 1 Hz , .1 Hz is used as the
effective resolution.

Table 1-23. Digitizing resolution

Measured STD
parameter

AF corresponding
Maximum frequency to a 4- ysec
(F) of measured change in C-j__]_

parameter (Hz)

- C, at F

(Hz)

Resulting A
parameter in
scientific units

Salinity

7,901

0.26

0.0009

PPT

Temperature

4,193

0.14

0.0025

°C

Depth 1

1,956

0.06

(0.1)

0.13

decibars

Depth 2 (1,500

m)

11,288

0.38

0.36

decibars

Depth 2 (2,000

m)

11,288

0.38

0.48

decibars

Depth 2 (3,000

m)

11,288

0.38

0.72

decibars

Depth 2 (4,000

m)

11,288

0.38

0.96

decibars

1.7.2.2 Conversion and Processing

The MTF digitized 8-sps magnetic tape data were sent to the BOMAP
Office for further processing. They total 134 tapes, containing frequencies
analogous to salinity, temperature, and pressure, and a time track and
tape-speed control track, with each tape covering 4 to 20 casts. These data
were processed through the following three-step data reduction sequence:

PASS 1 Program. At BOMAP, each MTF tape is read by the PASS 1 Program, a
Fortran program written for the CDC 6600 Computer, which does the following:

(1) reads and reproduces all header information;

(2) obtains sensor serial number and calibration data based on the
header information;

(3) unpacks the MTF records and converts the frequencies to salinity,
temperature, and pressure, compensating for tape-speed variations;

(4) identifies the beginning and end of each cast;

(5) filters the temperature and depth signals to remove the effects
of quantizing noise;

and

(6) inspects the data to flag unlikely rates of change in the parameters;

(7) provides an output tape for further processing.

114

The basic philosophy in designing the PASS 1 Program was to avoid any
operations on the data that could not be justified in terms of either the
physics of the STD instrument or the characteristics of the recording and
digitizing system. As a result, the final data should represent the true
ocean environment, modified only by the transfer function of the STD.

Several processes were used to compensate for deficiencies in the re-
cording and digitizing system. The first of these processes compensates for
variations in tape speed during playback. As mentioned in section 1.7.2.1,
a 3.125-kHz tone was recorded on the SCARD tape and included as an output
quantity of the digitization. Had the playback speed been exactly the same
as the original recording speed, all measurements of this signal would have
been exactly 3125.0 Hz. The. ratio between output value and 3.125 gives the
deviation in tape speed for a given sample; thus for all parameters,

3125.0
— i1^

true "" ^measured v . n . „ .

r control track

If the measurement periods were exactly synchronous, the correction would be
perfect. However, since exactly synchronous counting periods were not pos-
sible, it was necessary, as noted in section 1.7.2.1, to minimize tape
accelerations by the use of the velocity servo on the playback and avoid the
use of capstan phase lock.

The second process was the application of a digital filter to the depth
and temperature signals. As noted above, the resolution of the digitization
of Depth 2 varies between 0.36 and 0.96 decibars. Inspection of the depth
signals after the control track correction had been applied showed a scatter
band of about 2 decibars. Since the STD will move only 0.12 decibars in one
sample interval (at 60 m/min) , this is unsatisfactory. A double-running
mean filter was chosen that passes periods of 4 sec or more with a response
of 98 percent of more while reducing the scatter by a factor of 35. The
cutoff is thought to be high enough to pass all significant package motions
induced by ship or wave motion without attenuation. Inspection of the tem-
perature trace in isothermal regions also showed evidence of noise on the
order of 0.005°C that appeared to be inconsistent with the time constant of
the temperature probe ( ^ 300 msec) and a three-point running mean filter
was applied to the temperature signal. The effect of this filter is practi-
cally unnoticeable in areas of high temperature gradient.

Cast detection was incorporated into the PASS 1 Program to identify the
start and end of a cast. A cast is considered to have started when the STD
is in the water and the temperature and salinity values are as would be ex-
pected for 5 sec or more. A cast is terminated approximately 10 sec after
the 1,000-decibar point is crossed or when end-of-file occurs on the MTF
tape. Records of the salinity, temperature, and pressure values at the sur-
face and at 1,000 decibars are produced automatically for comparison with
the Nansen and bucket values.

115

The detection of noise in the data is one of the major functions of
the PASS 1 Program. To a large extent, it has proven possible to discrimin-
ate true noise (i.e., electrical interference, cable snaps, tape dropouts,
etc.) from ocean phenomena, such as sharp wave motion, step changes in
temperature, etc. The filter routine includes two checks for noise. For
each point filtered, Pp, a point is added to the filter series at a distance
ahead determined by the width of the filter. This point is tested against
the following criteria:

Pp_2 = the previous filtered point.

Pf = the point being tested.

a = the standard deviation of the unfiltered points in the

region of Pp (computed for the previous frame of 20 points
and used during this frame) ,

n^ = the number of points between Pj?_i and P^,

n2 = the number of consecutive points that have been
rejected, and

AP = the maximum variation considered reasonable between
PF and PF+1 .

If

then,

PF-1 " PT

< 4a + (n-L + n22) AP,

n2 = 0; compute P-p using P™,

otherwise,

add 1 to n2;

substitute Pt^-i for Prr.; and

plot frame containing error and surrounding frames .

The n2 term prevents lockup in the event of a long series of unexpected-
ly large changes in P . AP values of 0.4 decibars (200 m/min) for pressure
and 0.15°C for temperature have been used with good results. All substituted
points cause a page printer plot of at least 20 points on either side of the
substitution for inspection by BOMAP. The values of the rejected and sub-
stituted points are printed along with a message.

After filtering, a test is made to see if |Pp - Pp+]J<-AP. If not, a
message is printed and a plot is created. The salinity and time signals,
which are not filtered, are tested similarly. AP for salinity is about

116

0.15°/oo. These tests set a maximum limit for noise in the output that
will not be called to attention in the subsequent EDIT Process, discussed
below. Since electrical noise often affects all parameters, only one
parameter caught by the PASS 1 program leads to inspection of all parameters
during the EDIT Process.

EDIT Process. Plots and error messages produced by the PASS 1 Program
are inspected by editors who have the following options :

(1) delete the bad point or points from the cast:

(2) interpolate across the bad point or points;

(3) make a linear transformation on the entire cast;

(4) make a linear transformation on several points; or

(5) alter or add header information.

Steps (2) - (4) are applied to individual parameters. The usual procedure
is to delete only at the beginning or end of the cast. Interpolations are
visually restricted to one or two points, primarily pertaining to salinity,
since the corresponding points in temperature and pressure are substituted
by the filter routine in the PASS 1 Program. If there is strong evidence
of calibration shift, the calibrations may be altered. This is seldom
done except for pressure, which sometimes shows negative values during
the soak period at the beginning of a cast. When this occurs, the
pressure offset is adjusted to force the soak depth to approximately 2 m
and a comment is added to the header. Comments are also inserted to call
attention to inoperative or excessively noisy sensors or to any other
unusual feature noticed by the editor.

Further Processing. The output of the EDIT Process is considered a
final time-series tape, with all series noise removed and with headers
containing accurate time, position, and calibration information. No effort
has been made so far to compensate for salinity spikes or other sensor
transfer characteristics, although there are several programs at BOMAP that
will do this and produce either time or depth series. These routines will
be described in a separate publication. The EDIT output tapes are
reformated and converted to BCD to provide the 8-sps STD archive tapes.

1.7.2.3 STD 8-sps Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format

Tapes are written in binary coded decimal (BCD) notation, even
parity, 1,600 characters per record. Each file contains records for one
STD cast. A double end-of-file mark follows the last file on a tape. Tape
density is 556 bits per inch (7 track) .

The first record (see fig. 1-16) for each cast contains one card image
(80 characters) of fixed-format information about the cast and 19 card

117

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images of additional information. Some card images may be blank. The
format of the first card image is as follows (see fig. 1-17):

Position Data Format

1 Carriage control character II

2 "BOMEX STD" 10H
12 Ship name, left adjusted 14H
26 "YEAR" 4H
30 Year 15
35 "DAY" 4H
39 Modified Julian day, day of year (starting time) 14
43 "TIME" 5H
48 Hour of start of cast 13

51 IX

52 Minute of start of cast 12
54 "GMT" 4H
58 "LAT." 5H
63 Latitude, degees 12

65 IX

66 Latitude, minutes 12

68 Direction of latitude, always "N" 1H

69 "LON." 5H
74 Longitude, degrees 13

77 IX

78 Longitude, minutes 12
80 Longitude direction, always "W" 1H

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Remaining card images in the header records (there may be more than
one item per card) contain the following:

Description of data records.

Instrument model number.

Instrument serial number.

Transfer equation for sensors.

Serial numbers for sensors.

Transfer constants for sensors.

Units output by the transfer equation with constants as given.

The data records (see fig. 1-18) contain data for 100 scans each. The
format is 100 (16,215). The elements are: pressure in millibars, salinity
in parts per million, and temperature in thousandths °C. Zero-fill is used
in the final record of each cast.

The time of the first data scan is assumed to be at 0 sec of the hour
and minute given in the first card image of the header record. Successive
scans are 0.120 sec apart.

1.7.3 STD Support Data and Archive Format

An STD Observation Form (see fig. 1-19) was used for logging the
information necessary for identifying and reducing the STD data recorded
on SCARD.

The entries on this form are as follows :

Card Code - Column 1. Code 3.

Ship Code - Column 2. The following codes were entered to identify the ship
from which observations were made: Oceanographer - 0, Rainier - 1, Mt.
Mitchell - 2 , Discoverer - 3 , and Rock aw ay - 4 .

Descent Time - Columns 3 through 9. Julian Day, followed by GMT hour and
minute of the beginning of an STD observation.

STD Sensor Identification - Columns .10 through 19. 9006 (for Bisset-Berman
Model No. 9006) was entered in columns 10 through 13 if the platform used was
the Oceanographer or Discoverer; 9040 (for Bissett-Berman Model No. 9040) was
used for the Rock away, Mt. Mitchell, and Rainier. Sensor serial number on
the body of the mounting frame for the sensors was indicated in columns 14
through 19.

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Sensor Serial Numbers - Columns 20 through 49. Serial numbers of tempera-
ture and salinity sensors were recorded in columns 20 through 25 and 26
through 31, respectively. Columns 32 through 37 indicate serial number of
sensor cast to Depth 1 (0 to 300 m from the Oceanographer and Discoverer)
and Depth 2 (0 to 200 m from the Oceanographer, 0 to 4,000 m from the
Discoverer, 0 to 1,500 m from the Rockaway , and 0 to 3,000 m from the Rainier
and Mt . Mitchell) .

Sound Velocity - Columns 44 through 49. Not entered, since neither of the
STD models carried sound-velocity sensors.

Calibration Information - Columns 50 through 65. Temperature to a precision
of hundredths of °C was entered in colums 50 through 53; salinity in parts
per thousands to the hundredth part in columns 54 through 57; and depth in
meters and tenths in columns 58 through 62. To indicate the source of
sample (surface bucket sample, Nansen cast, or STD cast), 1 was entered in
the appropriate column (63, 64, or 65).

Observations Recorded on SCARP Magenetic Tape - Column 66. If at the
conclusion of the STD observation, the SCARD team had confirmed successful
magnetic-tape recording, 1 was entered in column 66.

Observer's Initials - Columns 62 through 69. The STD team leader's initials
after check of completeness of the observation.

The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which the
fourth one constitutes the STD Support Data. When these data on magnetic
tape are requested, all six files will be sent, not the STD Support Data
alone. The six files of information on this tape are separated from each
other by end-of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file. All
information is in binary-coded-decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits
per inch. The first file consists of 80-colum card images, one card image
per record, describing the formats of the data files. The other five contain
data that were either recorded manually or were read manually from
strip-chart recordings; the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000
characters) per record.

The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations
(sec. 1.3.0); the third file contains Ship Operations Data (sec. 1.4.0);
the fifth file contains the Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3.2); the sixth
file contains Dropsonde Data (sec. 2.2.3).

As noted above, the hand-tabulated STD Support Data constitute the
fourth file. The format is as follows:

124

Character

1 Card code, should always be 3

2 Ship code

0 - Oceanographer

1 - Rainier

2 - Mt . Mitchell

3 - Discoverer

4 - Rock aw ay

3-5 Modified Julian day (day of year)

6-7 Hour, GMT

8-9 Minute

10-13 STD model number

14-19 STD instrument package serial number

20-25 Temperature sensor serial number

26-31 Salinity sensor serial number

32-37 Depth 1 sensor serial number

38-43 Depth 2 sensor serial number

44-49 Sound velocity sensor serial number

50-53 Calibration temperature, degrees Celsius

to hundredths

54-57 Calibration salinity, parts per thousand

to hundredths

58-62 Calibration depth, meters to tenths

63-65 Indicators for type of calibration data

1 - used

0 - not used

63 Bucket sample

64 Nansen cast

65 STD cast

66 1 if observation recorded on magnetic tape

0 if observation not recorded on magnetic tape

125

1.7.4 Radio Transmission Log for STD Observations and Archive Format

A Radio Transmission Log for Salinity-Temperature-Depth (STD) and
Sound Velocity Data was used for transmission of STD data to Barbados twice
daily to support up-to-date forecasts for use in the BOMEX area. After the
0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 GMT observations had been logged and checked, the
data were transmitted to the island.

As the sample log in figure 1--20 shows, across the top the following was
entered: ship's name and code (Oceanographer - 0, Rainier - 1, Mt. Mitchell--
2, Discoverer - 3, Rockaway - 4); country (USA); institute (BOMEX); cruise
number (BOMEX Field Observation Period 1, 2, 3, or 4); station number (A -
ALFA, B - BRAVO, C - CHARLIE, D - DELTA, or E - ECHO); and sheet number
(sheet 1 representing the first STD observation and numbered sequentially
thereafter) .

Under Radio Message Information, the following is indicated: ship's
international radio call sign; a message indicator (in each case HISTD) ; day
represented by numerals 01-31; month represented by numerals 01-12; and year
represented by the last two digits (69 for 1969) ; the time at which observa-
tion began in GMT hour and minute; quadrant (7 for the BOMEX area); and
latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes. Depth to bottom was left
blank and no environmental information was carried.

Under Radio Message Data, the symbols 2, 3, 4, and 5 running vertically
were radio transmitted to identify each group. Sound velocity data were not
recorded. When observations were not made to the significant digit provided
for on the log, a zero was entered and transmitted. Depths were recorded at
0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 m.
Surface temperature was recorded to a precision of hundredths of °C. Salin-
ity was entered in parts per thousands to the nearest hundredth part.

The log sheets are reproduced on 35-mm microfilm for distribution from
the archive. These data (one sheet per STD cast) for four casts per day
during all BOMEX Observation Periods are being supplied in lieu of the miss-
ing BOMAP 8-sps STD data. The procedure for selecting the data points from
strip charts or STD plots was in accordance with standard National Oceano-
graphic Data Center (NODC) instructions for this log.

The log sheets are organized by BOMEX Observation Period, i.e., Period I
first, followed by the sheets for Periods II, III, and IV. Within each
period, all the sheets for the Oceanographer come first, followed by those
for the Rainier, Mt. Mitchell, Discoverer, and Rockaway.

126

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1.7.5 Naval Oceanographic Office "C" Temperature Log and Archive Format

A standard NAVOCEANO CTEM Sea-Surface Temperature Log designed
for radio transmission was used for manual recording of sea-surface tempera-
ture on a routine basis every 2 hours, based on bucket thermometer readings.
Two forms were required for the twice-daily radio transmissions, one for the
0100, 0300, 0500, 0700, 0900, and 1100 GMT observations, and the other for
the 1300, 1500, 1700, 1900, 2100, and 2300 GMT observations'. Code B was used
to indicate bucket thermometer reading, followed by date, quadrant (7 for the
BOMEX area), latitude and longitude, scheduled hour of observation (pre-
printed), and sea-surface temperature to the nearest tenth of °C. End of
each observation period was indicated by 19991.

The archive products consist of 35-mm microfilm reproductions of two
sheets of the original NAVOCEANO CTEM Log for each BOMEX observation day.
The sheets are organized by BOMEX Observation Period, i.e., all sheets for
Period I first, followed by those for Periods II, III, and IV. Within each
Observation Period, all sheets for the Oceanographer come first, followed by
those for the Rainier, Mt. Mitchell, Discoverer, and Rock aw ay.

128

2.0.0 BOMEX AIRCRAFT-ACQUIRED DATA

Data from the following aircraft have been processed for the temporary
archive: DC-6 and DC-4 aircraft of the Research Flight Facility (RFF) , ESSA
(now NOAA) ; WC-121 weather reconnaissance aircraft operated by the Navy VW-4
Squadron; and WB-47, RB-57, and WC-130 aircraft operated by the Air Weather
Service, U. S. Air Force. Special call signs and designators for the
aircraft, used in BOMEX data logs and in the archived data, are identified
in table 2-1. Table 2-2 lists the fixed reporting points used to facilitate
mission briefing, operational control, and reporting of aircraft position.

In support of the Sea-Air Interaction Program, or BOMEX Core Experiment,
line integral missions were flown by the RFF DC-6 and DC-4 and Navy WC-121
aircraft around the periphery of the BOMEX volume, delineated by the 500- by
500-km array formed by the five ships occupying fixed positions at the
corners and in the center of the square (see sec. 1.0.0, fig. 1-1). These
missions were flown to obtain data for evaluating the budgets of mass,
momentum, water vapor, and total energy for the BOMEX volume.

The line integral patterns can be grouped as follows:

Day line integral patterns (LID A and LID B)

Night line integral patterns (LIN, LIN MOD 1, and LIN MOD 2)

Multiple- level day and night line integral patterns
(LID C, D, E, F, and G; LIN C, D, and E)

Table 2-3 identifies the days on which these missions were flown. The various
tracks are illustrated in BOMEX Field Observations and Basic Data Inventory
(in press), issued by the BOMAP Office. The basic observation system carried
aboard each of the RFF aircraft is described in table 2-4, and the recording
systems are listed in table 2-5. Tables 2-6 and 2-7 provide information on
the basic observation systems and meteorological instrumentation aboard the
Navy WC-121 aircraft.

Also in support of the BOMEX Core Experiment during Periods I, II, and
III, Air Force WB-47 and WC-130 aircraft of the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance
Squadron, and RB-57 aircraft of the 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron flew
missions to obtain special synoptic data to describe conditions within the
BOMEX array. The flights are listed in table 2-8, and tables 2-9, 2-10, and
2-11 list the basic meteorological instrumentation carried aboard these
aircraft. The tracks flown are illustrated in BOMEX Field Observations and
Basic Data Inventory (in press) , issued by the BOMAP Office.

For the Tropical Convection Program during BOMEX Period IV, when the
fixed ships formed a staggered array at positions BRAVO, CHARLIE, ECHO, LIMA,
and GOLF (see sec. 1.0.0, fig. 1-2) , all aircraft were used to acquire data
on tropical disturbances, cloud bands, and the Intertropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) . The complex patterns flown during this period are illustrated in
BOMEX Field Observations and Basic Data Inventory, cited above.

129

Table 2-1. Call signs and other identifiers for BOMEX aircraft

Unit name and
type of aircraft

Voice
call sign

Abbreviated
call

Additional
designators

ESS A Research Flight
Facility

Line Integral Aircraft

DC- 6
DC- 6
DC- 4

Research Six ALFA
Research Six BRAVO
Research Four

RFF-6A
RFF-6B
RFF-4

39C (CHARLIE)
40C (CHARLIE)
82E

U. S. Navy VW-4 Squadron

WC-121*
WC-121*

Navy Twenty-One ALFA
Navy Twenty-One BRAVO

N21A
N21B

VW-4 21A
VW-4 21B

Special Synoptic Aircraft

USAF Air Weather
Service

53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron

WB-47*
WB-47*
WC-130*
WC-130*

Air Force Four Seven ALFA AF 47A

Air Force Four Seven BRAVO AF 47B

Air Force Three Zero ALFA AF 30A

Air Force Three Zero BRAVO AF 30B

58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron

RB-57*
RB-57*

Air Force Five Seven ALFA AF 57A
Air Force Five Seven BRAVO AF 57B

*The tail number designation differed due to rotation of these aircraft
during BOMEX.

130

Table 2-2. Fixed reporting points used in BOMEX

Designation
of point

Periods I, II, and III
May 1 to July 10

Period IV
July 11 to 28

ALFA

BRAVO

CHARLIE

DELTA

ECHO

FOXTROT

GOLF

HOTEL

INDIA

JULIET T

KILO

LIMA

MIKE

NOVEMBER

OSCAR

PAPA

XRAY

YANKEE

16°50*N

17°36'N

15°00'N

12°23'N

13°08'N

07°57*N

08°42'N

14°37'N

17°13'N

15°22'N

12°46'N

Not

Not

Not

Not

Not

16°29'N

14°15'N

59°12'W
54°34'W
56°30'W
58°23'W
53°51'W
57°36'W
53°03'W

58°48'W
56°53'W
54°12'W
56°07*W

used

used

used

used

used
54°23'W
54°01'W

17°30'N
17°30'N
15°00'N
13°00'N
13°00'N
09°00'N
07°30'N
15°15'N
17°30'N
15°15'N
13°00'N
10°30'N
09°00'N
09°20'N
11°00'N
11°00'N
Not
Not

59°00'W
54°00'W
56°30'W
59°00'W
54°00'W
59°00'W
52°42'W
59°00'W
56°30'W
54°00'W
56°30'W
56°30'W
57°00'W
54°00'W
59°00'W
54°00'W

used

used

131

Table 2-3. BOMEX line integral aircraft missions

Date

Aircraft and

flight patterns

Navy
WC-121 A

Navy
WC-121 B

RFF
DC-6 39C

RFF
DC-6 40C-

RFF
DC- 4 82E

May

3

LIN

-

-

-

-

4

-

LIN

-

LID A

LID B

9

Comparison

Comparison

-

Comparison

Comparison

10

-

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-

-

-

11

LIN MOD 2

-

-

LID A

LID B

12

LIN MOD 2

-

LID B

LID A

-

25

LIN MOD 2*

LIN MOD 2**

-

-

-

26

LIN MOD 2

-

-

LID A

LID B

27

LIN MOD 2

-

-

LID A

LID B

31

LIN MOD 2

-

-

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-

June

1

LIN MOD 2

-

-

LID A

LID B

2

LIN MOD 2

-

-

LID A

LID B

3

LIN MOD 2

-

-

LID A

LID B

7

LID E

LID F

LID C

LID G

LID D

9

LID E

LID F

LID C

LID G

LID D

22

LID E

LID F

LID C

LID G

LID D

23

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-

LIN C

LIN D

LIN E

25

LIN E

_

LIN C

LIN D

LIN F

29

LID E

LID F

-

LID C

LID D

30

LID E

LID F

LID D

LID C

-

*Aborted prior to H (HOTEL) .
**Direct to J (JULIETT) - I, J, H-I, and return,

132

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Table 2-6. Navy WC-121 aircraft basic observation system

Parameter measured

Sensor or method of recording

Temperature (total)
Temperature (ambient)
Dew point

Wind direction at
flight level

Wind speed at
flight level

Radar altitude

Ambient pressure

Cloud cover

Sea state

Sea-surface
temperature

Subsurface seawater
temperature

Radar precipitation
areas (horizontal)

Radar precipitation
areas (vertical)

Weather

Icing

Date

Time

Octant of globe

Lattidue and longitude

True airspeed
True heading
Ground speed

Drift angle
Compass

AMR-42 potentiometer

DY2861A

Cambridge systems
137-C3 dew pointer

APN-153 Doppler,
ASR-41 adapter

APN-153 Doppler,
ASR-41 adpter

APN-159 potentiometer

Rosemount transducer

Manually recorded

Manually recorded

Barnes PRT-4A

SSQ-36 bathythermograph

APS-20 CR-1A camera

APS -45 CR-1A camera

Manually recorded

Manually recorded

Manually recorded

Clock

ASN-41 adapter

ASN-41 adapter

AX-606 TAS computer
ASN-41 adapter
APN-153 Doppler

APN-153 Doppler
CGRS

139

Table 2-7. Navy WC-121 aircraft meteorological instrumentation

System

Description

Data acquisition logging
system (DALS)

Baththermograph system

Radiosonde system

Airborne radiation thermometer
system

SSQ-36 BT probe (0.5°F)

ARR-58 receivers (+ 1°F )

XN-1&3 Rustrack recorder (+0.275°C)

AMT-6 radiosonde (+ 0.2 mb)
AMR-3 radiosonde deceptor
MA-1 radiosonde dispenser
MH-1 radiosonde adapter sleeve

PRT-4A radiation thermometer (+0.2°C)
680 Mosely strip-chart recorder
(+0.55°C)

AMQ-17 aerograph set

AMA-2 indicator recorder
Pressure transducer (+ 0.2°C)
Temperature humidity probe
(+0.5°C, +3%)

Instruments dials at or near
Metro panel

Absolute altitude indicators

MA-1 Kollsman pressure altimeter

AMQ vortex thermometer

C-3 Cambridge dew pointer (+ 1°C)

True heading indicator

Ground speed indicator

True airspeed indicator

True wind speed indicator

Drift angle indicator

FA-112 barometer (+0.5 mb)

Clock

SCR-718 radio altimeter (+ 50 ft)
APN-159 radar altimeter (+ 10 ft)

Navigation aids

APN-70 Loran

APN-153 Doppler

ARN-21 TACAN

ARN-14 OMNI

ASN-41 navigation computer

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BDHI

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Table 2-9. Air Weather Service WB-47 basic meteorological instrumentation

Measurement

Instrument

Precipitation areas
Altitude

Wind speed and direc-
tion at flight level

Temperature (total)

D-value

Particulate air sampling

Cloud cover

Present weather

Past weather

Turbulence

Icing

AN/APS-64 search radar

AN/APN-42A radar altimeter
MA-1 pressure altimeter

AN/APN-102 Doppler

Rosemount probe
AN/APN-42, MA-1 altimeter

U-l foil

Visual observation
Visual observation
Visual observation
Subjectively manual
Visual observation

144

Table 2-10. Air Weather Service WC-130 basic meteorological instrumentation

Measurement

Sensor

Temperature (total)
Wind direction
Wind speed
Altitude

Radar precipitation

Dropsonde

temperature

pressure

humidity

Particulate air sampling

Rosemount probe

AN/APN-147 (V) Doppler

AN/APN-147 (V) Doppler

AN/APN-133A or SCR-718 radio altimeter
MA-1 STD AC aneroid

AN/APN-59 radar system

AN/AMT-6 system

ML-419/AMT-4 rod thermistor
aneroid cell
ML-476/AMT carbon strip

U-l foil

Table 2-11. Air Weather Service RB-57 basic meteorological instrumentation

Measurement

Sensor

Color photographs of cloud cover

Particulate air sampling

Temperature

Wind direction and speed at flight
level

Altitude

F-415P Fairchild camera system
U-l foil
Rosemount probe
Doppler, APN-102

MA-1 pressure altimeter

145

2.1.0 RFF AIRCRAFT DATA

Because of the importance for the user to fully understand the processing
of the data, a detailed description is given here of step-by-step procedures
followed in data reduction, from original recording to final archive product.

The original data obtained by the RFF aircraft were recorded at 200 bits
per inch (BPI) on magnetic tape in binary coded decimal (BCD) format at the
rate of one complete record per second, including all parameters. These BCD
records were edited by RFF for long, short, and noise records and for parity
and/or illegal characters. The tape was then rewritten minus the unreliable
records onto a higher density (556 BPI) IBM-compatible CONVERT Tape.

There are a number of optional programs designed by RFF and the National
Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) , NOAA, Miami, Fla. , which are tailored
to perform specific functions, i.e., analysis of calibration patterns for
true airspeed and drift angle correction and the application of computed cor-
rections to the original wind data. These optional programs were used by NHRL
in processing the CONVERT Tape to generate the NNV Tape, which was revised by
the BOMAP Office for the BOMEX Temporary Archive.

Before any attempt is made to use the NNV data, it is recommended that
the Flight Folder described in section 2.1.8 be reviewed thoroughly for an
understanding of the nature of the mission, or proposed patterns and deviations
from them and of the in-flight status of the equipment. Remarks in the Flight
Folder pertaining to instruments used in recording data of particular interest
to the user may be significant. A convenient published abstract of the Flight
Folder information, including a description of RFF participation in BOMEX,
instrumentation, types of missions, and abbreviated logs with route maps of
each aircraft flight, is contained in "The NOAA Research Flight Facility's
Airborne Data Collection Program in Support of the Barbados Oceanographic and
Meteorological Experiment," NOAA Technical Report ERL 198-RFF 4, October 1970.
A few refinements to the information contained in that report have been incor-
porated into the BOMEX Temporary Archive.

The BOMAP Office (now Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis,
NOAA, Rockville, Md. 20852; tel: 301-496-8871) is willing to assist in resolv-
ing any difficulties encountered by users of the NNV data.

Sections 2.1.1 through 2.1.5 should also be reviewed carefully for an
understanding of the methods used in collecting the data and the process through
which the NNV product was filtered into final form.

2.1.1 Original Data

The data collected by the RFF aircraft were assigned a flight
identification (ID) number for every mission flown. This number is made up
of the year, month, and day, and a letter designating a particular aircraft.

146

The letter "A" was used for the DC-6 39C; "B" for the DC-6 40C; and "E" for
the DC-4 82E. An extra digit at the end of the flight ID number indicates
the number of missions flown in one day, e.g., flight number 690526B1 means
that the DC-6 40C was flown on May 2.6, 1969.

Of primary interest to the user of BOMEX data are the RFF original flight
data recorded on magnetic tape, because it is essentially from these that the
data tapes in the BOMEX Temporary Archive were derived. These original data
were recorded aboard the aircraft at the rate of one record every second.
Each record consists of 150 characters (seven-track BCD) written on magnetic
tape at 200 BPI. There are approximately 10 to 12 hours of data, i.e., 36,000
to 44,000 records, per flight. No record counts are available, but each
observation is distinguished by time in hours, minutes, and seconds. Most of
the parameters contained in each record must be calibrated, based on constants
provided by RFF to convert counts to engineering units.

The DC-6 "A" and "B" aircraft use the APN-82 Doppler radar navigation
system as the primary source for basic navigational parameters. During BOMEX,
an APN-153 Doppler radar navigation system was included and used for the first
time on RFF aircraft because of its better response at altitudes below 1,000
ft. Normally, the "A" and "B" aircraft tape records are identical. When the
APN-153 was used, the PITCH and ROLL in the tape record were replaced by
GS-153 and DA-153. (See table 2-4, sec. 2.0.0, for parameter abbreviations.)

The DC-6 "A" aircraft operated with the APN-153 on all flights, but the
"B" aircraft did not use it until late in May 1969. The "E" aircraft used
the APN-153 only; it did not use its APN-82 to record data on tape. The "E"
tape record did not contain TAS , DDD, FFF, LONG, LAT , and MVAR; all these
elements were derived during subsequent data processing (see sec. 2.1.3).
PITCH, ROLL, LWC, TR, and TD were also missing and could not be derived.
Another parameter unavailable on the DC-4 "E" aircraft data tape is the memory
on/off indicator. On the DC-6 aircraft, the APN-82 system goes into a memory
mode when the return radar signal is too weak to compute a ground speed or
drift angle (usually the result of hitting very smooth sea surfaces or the
aircraft being in a tight turn). In such cases, the last reliable DDD and FFF
are stored in the memory and are combined with the TAS and MHDG + MVAR for
computation of GS and DA. When the memory is on, a switch on the DC-6 "A" and
"B" records indicates this. Because the "E" aircraft record has no memory
switch, the user must interpret a memory-on situation when GS-153 and DA-153
do not change over a short period of time.

2.1.2 CONVERT Tape and Original Tape Listing

As noted in section 2.1.0, RFF provides a parity error-free copy,
called the CONVERT Tape, of the original data tape. On the CONVERT Tape, all
records with parity errors, short lengths (records less than 150 characters),
or long lengths (records exceeding 150 characters) have been deleted. The
CONVERT Tape has the same format as the original tape, except for the inclu-
sion of two new parameters: the actual record count and the original record
count. These two counts are used to show when records have been deleted. An
error summary sheet is also provided to enable the user to decide for himself

147

the relative merit of each flight. A CONVERT Tape record is expanded to 162
characters on seven-track BCD at 556 BPI.

The RFF Original Tape Listing is an every 10-sec record printout in
engineering units from the CONVERT Tape. It is a valuable asset in pre-
processing the data and gives the user a first look at instances where data
are erroneous. It also indicates whether the APN is on memory or not.

The parameters recorded on the original magnetic tape aboard the RFF
aircraft are in "count" units; for their mnemonics, see table 2-4 in section
2.0.0. RFF provided the National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) with
the conversion constants listed in table 2-12, which were used in the NHRL
data processing program (see sec. 2.1.3) to convert the count units to
meteorological and engineering units, with the exception of the infrared
hygrometer (IRH) and liquid water count values.

For IRH and liquid water, RFF furnished NHRL with calibration curves
for the DC-4 aircraft. NHRL obtained equations by the method of least squares
to relate the IRH count values to absolute humidity at 1,015 mb for each of
the DC-6 aircraft. The equations are listed below.

DC-6 "A" aircraft

H = counts

IRH for 1015 mb = .119 x 10 » + H * (-.443 x 10-2 + H

* (.374 x 10"4 + H * (-.749 x 10~7 + H

* (.792 x 10~10 + H * (-.390 x 10~14 + H

* .739)))))

DC-6 "B" aircraft

H = counts

IRH for 1015 mb = .89 + H * (-.535 x 10~2 + H * (.336 x 10~4

+ H * (-.401 x 107 + H * (.230 x 10"10 + H

* -.448 x 10"14))))

148

Table 2-12. RFF original tape calibration constants

Parameter
mnemonics
(name)

Aircraft
"A" "B" "E"

Range

of
count

Conversion

Units

LAT (latitude) X X

LONG (longitude) X X

GS-153 (ground speed) XXX

DA-82 (drift angle) X X

DA-153 (drift angle) XXX

DDD (wind direction X X

FFF (wind speed) X X
DTC (distance travelled count) X X

PITCH (pitch) X X

ROLL (roll) X X

MHDG (magnetic heading) XXX

MVAR (magnetic variation) XXX

APRESS (ambient pressure) XXX
DPRESS (differential pressure) X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

TAS (true airspeed)
RA (radar altitude)
TEMP (vortex temperature)

TD (CS1 dew point tempt) X

TR (Rosemount temperature) X X

X

X

(COUNT-100000) *0.001
COUNT *0.001
COUNT *0.27 78
(COUNT-500) *0.1
(COUNT- 500) *0.1
COUNT *0.1
COUNT *027778
COUNT *0.001

(COUNT-500) *0.1
(COUNT-500) *0.1
COUNT *0.1

< 1000 -( COUNT) *0. 18

> 1000 (2000-COUNT) *0.18

(COUNT+1000) *0.05

COUNT *0. 01381
COUNT *0. 01379
COUNT *0.1376

COUNT *0.4

COUNT

(COUNT-1200) *0.05
(800-COUNT) *0.05

< 1005 (COUNT-1005) *0 . 05443

> 1005 (COUNT-1005) *0.0504

< 1010 (COUNT- 1010) *0.055

> 1010 (COUNT- 10 10) *0.05

( CO UNT*0 .05071-60 . 14)
0.0001319*TAS

deg
deg

kt

deg

deg

deg

kt

n mi

deg

deg

deg

deg
deg

mb

mb
mb
mb

kt

ft

deg
deg

deg
deg
deg
deg

deg

X = available • = unavailable

* =

multiply

blank = ignore

149

DC-4 "E" aircraft

The "E" aircraft conversion of IRH counts to absolute humidity at
1,015 mb was approximated by means of a series of straight line curves:

H = counts

IRH for 1015 mb = .0070*H - .70 (100 1 H< 450)

IRH for 1015 mb = .0084*H -1.33 (450 < H< 700)

IRH for 1015 mb - .010*H -2.52 (700 1 H< 1050)

IRH for 1015 mb = .0128*H -5.34 (1050 ± H < 1350)

IRH for 1015 mb = .0166*H -10.46 (1350 <_ H < 1600)

IRH for 1015 mb = .0280*H -28.70 (1600 <_ H < 1800)

IRH for 1015 mb = .0360*H -43.10 (1800 <H< 1950)

IRH for 1015 mb = .0500*H -70.40 (1950 <H< 2000)

The absolute humidity was then obtained from the expression

AHUM gm/m3 = IRH(ptM) * (pT2o) * (^) '

where P is ambient pressure and T is ambient air temperature in degrees
absolute .

liquid water counts from the DC-6 "A" and "B" aircraft data record
(the DC-4 "E" aircraft has none) were converted into liquid water measured
in gm/m3 by use of the latest set of RFF liquid water conversion graphs.
Each graph has two curves, one for a 0-2 range and the other for a 0-6 range,
The ranges are determined by the state of the two switches operated
aboard the DC-6 aircraft and recorded into the tape record. The curves
are essentially straight lines, and the linear equations that yield
liquid water are

"A" aircraft

(0-2) range LIQW = - .0120*(LIQcounts-120) + 1.025
(0-6) range LIQW = -,04411(LIQcounts-180) + .75

150

"B" aircraft

(0-2) range LIQW = -.0105 * (LlQcounts-164) + .5
(0-6) range LIQW = - 0.01429 * (LlQcounts-200) * 3

2.1.3 NHRL Processing of RFF Data

The National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) was assigned the
task of processing the RFF BOMEX data for the BOMAP Office. For this task,
NHRL modified its NNV computer program (NHRL Aircraft Data Processing Program)
- which is normally used in processing data obtained on RFF flights into hurri-
canes during the summer and fall of each year - to print out and record mean-
ingful data collected in the region of the BOMEX array. The program was
entered from a CDC User 200 Terminal in Miami into a CDC 6600 computer in
Suitland, Md., via a 201-B data set telephone line.

The CONVERT Tape was used as input to the NNV Program and had to be
calibrated as described in section 2.1.2.

The original clock time as recorded on the CONVERT Tape was generally
reliable for most flights and was accepted by the NNV Program as the most
nearly correct time available. For some flights, the original time was
corrected, with the original record count or the distance traveled count
(DTC) used as a guide in reconstructing the time. Jumps in time were in most
cases the result' of deletion of observations by the CONVERT Program, as
discussed in section 2.1.2, or of time loss when tape reels were changed in
flight. (This usually applies to the DC-4 "E" aircraft data because this
aircraft had only one tape drive aboard.) When the original time was corrected,
the ground speed (GS) was changed accordingly.

A bad original tape always poses a problem in terms of the proper
method to correct it, especially if it happens to contain navigational para-
meters, i.e., GS-82, GS-153, DA-82, DA-153, MHDG, APRESS, DP, or TEMP (see
table 2-12, sec. 2.1.2). Data cards were used in the NNV Program to inter-
polate, replace, smooth, delete, or add a correction to any parameter as
required. For every flight, the APRESS, MHDG, DA-82, DA-153, GS-82, GS-153,
TEMP, DPRESS, and IRH were automatically interpolated up to 11 observations
for missing data. Data values were interpolated when the absolute first
difference between one parameter and the immediately preceding noninterpolated
parameter exceeded a predetermined value derived from the NNV Program data
card. The MHDG, DA-82, DA-153, GS-82, GS-153, and calculated TAS values were
smoothed over 11 observations. Missing data, usually in the form of a series
of 9's, that could not be interpolated were not included in the smoothing
process. Corrections were applied to TEMP, IRH, pressure altitude, calculated
TAS, DA- 8 2j and DA-153. Usually these corrections were constant for the entire
flight, but in some cases different corrections were applied intermittently
throughout the flight.

151

The original MVAR, DDD, FFF, LAT, LONG, and TAS data were not used
since the aircraft positions were renavigated, and a calculated TAS (CTAS)
was derived from the corrected TEMP, DPRESS, and APRESS for the renavigated
flight track and wind computations. The pressure altitude (PA) was derived
from the corrected APRESS. A PA correction was applied when required, and
a new APRESS was then derived. For the DC-6 "A" and "B" aircraft, GS was
derived from DTC and the corrected time; for the DC-4 "E" aircraft, GS-153
was taken directly from the CONVERT Tape, since no DTC was available.

GS-153 and DA-153 were used from the "A" and "B" aircraft tape records
if, and only if, the APN-82 system was on memory (see sec. 2.1.1). Selec-
tion of the APN-82 system in an off-memory condition is based on the relia-
bility of the APN-82 Doppler navigation system, which has been in use for
many years. The" APN-153 was installed primarily for BOMEX. In processing
the data from the DC-4 "E" aircraft, the APN-82 information was not record-
ed on the original tape, and the GS-153 and DA-153 were used exclusively.
For one flight, the NNV Program forced the acceptance of APN-153 information
because the APN-82 was malfunctioning. Whether the APN-82 or the APN-153
was accepted for the renavigated flight track data is clearly indicated on
the NNV Tape (see fig. 2-1, sec. 2.1.3.2)

Geographical position on the NNV Tape for all BOMEX RFF flights was
derived from the fixed point 15°00'N, 56°30fW - position CHARLIE at the
center of the BOMEX array. In most cases, radar film and photopanel backup
information was not used, because land shown in the photographs was insuf-
ficient as a base for navigation correction.

The NNV Program had to be run twice to obtain reliable data on renavi-
gated flight tracks and positions of the aircraft. The first pass was
used in processing renavigated latitude and longitude from the corrected
original tape parameters. The second pass was necessary in order to apply
linear corrections to the processed renavigated latitude and longitude
increments to place the aircraft over known positions at times determined
from the navigator's log.

2.1.3.1 AUTO Listing and NNV Data Cards

The first part of the flight listing is a printout called the AUTO
Listing, which includes all the NNV Data Cards in time-sequence order, inter-
spersed with occasional printed messages from the programs, and a parameter
difference printout. When a card shows no time for start of observation, the
time indicated is that of the start of the flight. The "manufactured" time is
defined as the best corrected time, computed from the data on the CONVERT Tape
(Field 25A - 25C in the BCD Tape Record; see sec. 2.1.3.2) and from time
correction cards, described below. When the second difference of the manu-
factured time or the original time obtained from the CONVERT Tape is other
than zero, an asterisk is printed with the first difference on the AUTO Listing.
Checks are also made for the first difference ORGCOUNT, DPRESS, APRESS, PA,
RA, adjusted D-value (RA-PA adjusted to a standard reference level), MHDG, DA,
TEMP, and GS in engineering units and IRH count units when the absolute dif-
ference is greater than a predetermined value, which is usually entered by

152

an XXAUT card. The "XX" is the prefix for the variables shown in table 2-13.
COMPARE, TIME, and NOTIME cards are used to correct data times when unreliable
original times from the CONVERT Tape are encountered.

The FLIGHT card is the beginning NNV data card and contains the flight
ID number, the date of the input tape, the number of input tape reels, the
beginning time for constructing the manufactured time, the name of the input
reels, the name of the output reels, and the last name of the person process-
ing the data. The printed message INPUT TAPE LABEL is the first part of the
NNV "output" table label, and is constructed from data obtained from the
CONVERT Tape.

The BOMAP card instructs the NNV Program to produce a BOMAP data list
with the specified time rate punched on the card.

The LINK card indicates NHRL data list printout; there are three differ-
ent rates punched on the card for three combinations of this printout.

The AUT and SMT cards tell the NNV Program which elements (see table
2-13) are to be automatically interpolated or smoothed; the range; and the
number of observations to be included. If the absolute difference between
one parameter and the immediately preceding noninterpolated parameter exceeds
the range specified on the AUT card, the element is interpolated up the num-
ber of observations indicated on the AUT card.

HUMCAL and LIQCAL cards inform the NNV Program to calibrate the LQW and
IRH counts based on the latest RFF calibration information (see sec. 2.1.2).

WTASQ and/or WTAS53 cards are corrections to the TAS and DA-82 or DA-153.

A DELETE card is used for deleting observations on the CONVERT Tape from
the beginning of the flight up to the manufactured time specified on the card.

The START card enters an initial latitude and longitude location into the
NNV Program that is used to begin the process of renavigating the flight track
data.

DBAR cards supply the 90-sec average D-value (RA-PA) curve information
for correcting RA when a D-value falls outside a specified area above or below
this curve.

The INTERN card corrections are derived from the first-run renavigated
latitude and longitude, and the latitudes and longitudes obtained from the
navigator's log. The difference between the known position, which is usually
taken from the navigator's log, and the renavigated latitude and longitude at
specified times is punched into the INTERN card. A later time with the lati-
tude and longitude corrections is also punched into this card, a time correc-
tion adjustment linear curve is derived, and subsequent corrections computed
from this curve are applied to the renavigated position to give corrected
latitude and longitude (see sec. 2.1.3.2).

153

Table 2-13. Abbreviations of parameters used with AUT , SMT , CQN, or REP

cards for NNV Program

Abbreviation Element NNV Tape field No,

PR Pressure 27

PA Pressure altitude 28

RA Radar altitude 29

AS Calculated true airspeed 30

MH Magnetic heading 31

GS Ground speed 32

DR Drift 33

WD Wind direction 34

WS Wind speed 35

WU Wind U component 36

WV Wind V component 37

LA Processed (renavigated) latitude 38

LO Processed (renavigated) longitude 39

TU Track U component 40

TV Track V component 41

VT Vortex temperature 42

HY Infrared hygrometer 43

DP Differential pressure 44

PI Pitch 45

RO Roll 46

LW Liquid water 47

MV Magnetic variation 48

PT Rosemount temperatue 49

DA Adjusted D-value 77

G5 APN-153 ground speed 45

D5 APN-153 drift 46

154

Printed REFERENCE LEVEL messages indicate when the aircraft changes from
one National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) standard altitude to
another NACA standard altitude.

CQN cards are used to add TEMP, PA, and IRH corrections specifically
supplied by RFF for the BOMEX data as corrections to the parameters listed in
table 2-13.

REP cards indicate replacement of values for the parameters listed in
table 2-13. For example,

Tl GSREP 18399999

T2 GSREP 183 1

means replacing the GS values with 183 knots from time Tl until and including
time T2.

Time correction cards OCQN and MCQN are used in reconstructing the manu-
factured time that appears on all printed and tape output.

MISG cards call for suppression of the AUTO Listing for the parameter
indicated, i.e., the data in question are known not to exist. The combination
of cards

Tl

GSREP

MISG99999

Tl

GSMISG

1

T2

GSREP

MISG 1

T2

GSMISG

0

informs the NNV Program to set GS to a value of all 9's for printed and tape
output, and to suppress the AUTO Listing printout for GS until time T2.

A combination of cards, usually for the DC-4 "E" flights, consisting of

DRREP MISG99999

GSREP MISG99999

sets DA and GS from the APN-82 to missing and forces the NNV Program to accept
APN-153, DA-153, and GS-153 in processing this flight.

2.1.3.2 NNV BCD Tape Record

NHRL produced two types of NNV output tapes modified for BOMAP . The
first is a BCD Tape Record, the second a Binary Tape Record (see sec. 2.1.3.3)

155

The BCD Tape Record is generally divided into four distinct areas: (1)
the original data converted to engineering units with no corrections, (2) the
processed or corrected data, (3) the renavigation data, and (4) the corrected
navigation data and derived parameter data. An example of this record is shown
in figure 2-1.

On the NNV BCD Tape Record, fields 1 to 24 comprise the original data
from the CONVERT Tape, calibrated by means of the RFF calibration constants
(see sec. 2.1.2). The distance traveled is calibrated to show the distance
since the preceding observation. Otherwise, the data in these fields are as
follows :

FIELD 25A - 25C, manufactured time. Original time (FIELD 1), or time
from time correction cards, or comparison of DTC (FIELD 9), original count
(FIELD 2), and original rate (FIELD 4).

FIELD 26, manufactured time rate. Present time minus past time.

FIELD 27, pressure. Original pressure (FIELD 5), and/or pressure or
pressure altitude data cards, or pressure altitude (FIELD 28).

FIELD 28, pressure altitude. Original pressure (FIELD 5), and/or data
replace or correction cards.

FIELD 29, radar altitude. Original radar altitude (FIELD 6), and/or
data cards (in most cases DBAR cards).

FIELD 30, calculated true airspeed. Calculated from the expression
FIELD 30 = (((FIELD 42 (VT + 273.16) * 76.5878 ((FIELD 44 (DP)/ FIELD 27 (PR)
+1). 285714-1) 1/2) f or from the original TAS (FIELD 7). VT, DP, or PR have,
of course, been corrected before the above computation is performed.

FIELD 31, magnetic heading. Original heading (FIELD 8) and/or data cards.

FIELD 32, ground speed. DTC (FIELD 9) and manufactured time (FIELD 25A -
25C) for DC-6 "A" and "B" flights and GS-153 original data for DC-4 "E" flight,
and/or data cards, or calculated based on previous reliable parameter.

Mull

FIELD 33, drift angle. Drift angle 153 (FIELD 10) if DC-6 "A" or "B
and/or data cards. Drift angle 82 from FIELD 10 if DC-4 "E".

FIELD 42, vortex temperature. Original vortex temperature (FIELD 15)
and/or data cards.

FIELD 43, infrared hygrometer. Original hygrometer counts (FIELD 16)
and RFF calibration curves as explained in section 2.1.2, and/or data cards.

FIELD 44, differential pressure. Original differential pressure (FIELD
17), and/or data cards.

FIELD 45, pitch or GS-153. GS-153 from original tape record if the
APN-153 was operating; otherwise derived from pitch (FIELD 18) and/or data
cards.

156

*****************************************************

** *** N H R L NNV TAPE *** *

************************************************************************************

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

(AS OF 11/20/70, USED ON THE CDC 6600, IN SUITLAND, MD. , WITH BOMAP MODS)

TAPE MODE = BCD

TAPE DENSITY = 556 BPI

TRACKS = 7 CHANNEL

RECORD SIZE = 480 CHARACTERS (LOGICAL RECORD SIZE) *

BLOCK SIZE = 2400 CHARACTERS OR (480X5) BLOCK (PHYSICAL RECORD SIZE) *

REELS - MULTI OR SINGLE REEL TAPES *

ALL TAPES HAVE A 480 CHARACTER BEGINNING TAPE LABEL, RECORDS, AN EOF MARK, *

THEN A SINGLE 480 CHARACTER RECORD END OF REEL OR EOF FENCE, FOLLOWED *

BY A FINAL EOF MARK. *

*

************************************************************************************

* *** nnv TAPE LABEL FORMAT *** *

************************************************************************************

1ST RECORD OF TAPE REEL , 480 CHARACTERS

LABLE IDENTIFIER, ^BTL^

REEL NUMBER OF THIS REEL ...

FLIGHT NUMBER, YYMMDDAN

RUN DATE OF PROCESS ING,YYMMDD

TIME OF RUN DATE.HHMM

PGM MODIFICATION NO

UNUSED

FLIGHT CARD

UNUSED

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
************************************************************************************

( 1- 3)

A3 LITERAL

( 4- 4)

F1.0 1 OR 2

( 5- 12)

A8 LITERAL

( 13- 18)

F6.0 YEAR, MONTH, DAY

( 19- 22)

F4.0 HOUR, MINUTES

( 23- 28)

A6 LITERAL

( 29- 30)

2X

( 31-110)

8A10 BEG DATA CARD

(111-480)

37A10 BLANKS

Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record.
157

;************************************************************************************

*i NNV TAPE OBSERVATIONAL DATA RECORD FORMAT *

************************************************************************************

* *

FLD
1

2

3A

3B

3C

4

5

6

7

8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

TYPE ELEMENT

PRC EDITED RECORD COUNT ...

ORG RECORD COUNT . .

ORG TIME

ORG TIME

ORG TIME

ORG TIME RATE, FROM SWITCHES

ORG PRESSURE

ORG RADAR ALTITUDE

ORG TRUE AIR SPEED

ORG MAGNETIC HEADING

ORG DISTANCE INCREMENT ....

ORG DRIFT ANGLE

ORG WIND DIRECTION

ORG WIND SPEED

ORG LATITUDES IF NORTH) ..
ORG LONGITUDE(+ IF EAST) ..
ORG VORTEX TEMPERATURE ....
ORG INFRARED HYGROMETER ...
ORG DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE .
ORG PITCH OR GS(APN-153) ..
ORG ROLL OR DRIFT(APN-1 53)

ORG LIQUID WATER

ORG MAGNETIC VARIATION ....
ORG INDICATORS, 3 PER CHAR .

CHARACTERS SIGN FMT
F5.0
F5.0
F2.0
F2.0

( 1-

5)

( 6-

10)

( n-

12)

( 13-

14)

( 15-

17)

( 18-

20)

( 21-

26)

( 27-

31)

( 32-

35)

( 36-

39)

( 40-

44)

( 45-

48)

( 49-

52)

( 53-

56)

( 57-

62)

( 63-

69)

( 70-

74)

( 75-

78)

( 79-

83)

( 84-

87)

( 88-

91)

( 92-

95)

( 96-

100)

(101-

106)

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+•■
+,■

+,-

+
+

+,■

+ ,■

+
+

F3.1
F3.1
F6.2
F5.0
F4.1
F4.1
F5.4
F4.1
F4.1
F4.1
F6.3
F7.3
F5.2
F4.0
F5.2
F4.1
F4.1
F4.0
F5.1
6F1.0

UNITS
COUNT
COUNT
HOURS
MINUTES
SECS
SECS
MBS
FEET
KNOTS
DEGS
NMS
DEGS
DEGS
KNOTS
DEGS
DEGS
DEGS C.
COUNTS
MBS

DGS/KTS 153
DEGS
COUNTS
DEGS
BIN CODE

APN MISSING

82

82
82
82
82

153

999

0

0

9999

9999

99999

999

9999

9999

99999

999999

9999

9999

0

999

999

9999

9999

*******************************************************
*CHAR

101
102
103
104
105

106
*****

ADD 1 IF TRUE
FLIGHT EVENT 1
FLIGHT EVENT 4
NAVIG EVENT 1
VISITOR EVENT 1
APN-82 RUN
HYGROMETER RANGE

ADD 2 IF TRUE
FLIGHT EVENT 2
FLIGHT EVENT 5
NAVIG EVENT 2
VISITOR EVENT 2
APN-82 MEMORY
NUCLEI COUNTER

ADD 4 IF TRUE
FLIGHT EVENT 3
FLIGHT EVENT 6
RADAR EVENT 1
DIGITAL EVENT 1
ICE INDICATOR
HOT WIRE RANGE

******************************************************************

23A ORG CSI DEW POINT (107-110) +

23B ORG APN-153 MEMORY(0=ON MEM) (111-111) +

23C UNUSED (112-115)

24 ORG ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE (116-120) +,- F5.2 DEGS C

F4.0 COUNTS
F1.0 COUNT
BLANKS

153

4X

9999

9999

*** NOTES ABOUT THE DATA *** *

*

ALL DATA IS IN UNSCALED FORM AND SHOULD BE SCALED ACCORDING TO *

THE FORTRAN FORMAT USAGE LISTED UNDER COLUMN FMT, I.E. THERE ARE NO *

IMBEDDED DECIMAL POINTS IN THE TAPE RECORD DATA. EXAMPLES *

(B=BLANK) *

FIELD 27 (PRESSURE) =B98763 ON TAPE, MEANS 987.63 MBS USING FORTRAN *

SCALE FACTOR F6.2. *

*

THE DATA CONTAINED ON THIS TAPE IS CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS- *

*

ORG = ORIGINAL, PRC ■ PROCESSED, NAV = NAVIGATED, COR = WITH CORRECTIONS *

FIELD NUMBERS AGREE WITH THE NHRL FINAL TAPE FORMAT SHEET. *

*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued)

158

25A PRC MANUFACTURED TIME

25B PRC MANUFACTURED TIME

25C PRC MANUFACTURED TIME

26 PRC MANUFACTURED TIME RATE

27 PRC PRESSURE

28 PRC PRESSURE ALTITUDE

29 PRC RADAR ALTITUDE

30 PRC CALCULATED TRUE AIR SPEED . .

31 PRC MAGNETIC HEADING

32 PRC GROUND SPEED .. . ....

33 PRC DRIFT ANGLE

34 NAV WIND DIRECTION ..

35 NAV WIND SPEED

36 NAV WIND U-COMPONENT

37 NAV WIND V-COMPONENT

38 NAV LATITUDES IF NORTH) .......

39 NAV LONGITUDE(+ IF EAST) .......

40 NAV TRACK U-COMPONENT

41 NAV TRACK V-COMPONENT .. ....

42 PRC VORTEX TEMPERATURE

43 PRC INFRARED HYGROMETER

44 PRC DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

45 PRC PITCH OR GS(APN-153) .......

46 PRC ROLL OR DRIFT(APN-153)

47 PRC LIQUID WATER

48 PRC MAGNETIC VARIATION

49 PRC ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE

50 NAV INDICATORS, IF 153 WNDS USED
51-53 UNUSED

54 PRC TRUE HEADING

55 PRC TRACK ANGLE

56 WND CMP PAR TO TRK(+WITH TRK) . .

57 WND CMP PRP TO TRK(+L TO R) ....

58 COR CSI SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

59 COR SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

60-61 UNUSED

* 62 CSI MIXING RATIO

* 63-67 UNUSED

* 68 WND CMP PAR TO TRK(+WITH TRK) ..

* 69 WND CMP PRP TO TRK(+L TO R) ....

* 70 REFERENCE LEVEL HEIGHT

* 71 REFERENCE LEVEL TEMPERATURE ....

* 72 LAPSE RATE (PER 1000 FT)

* 73 ADJUSTED VORTEX TEMPERATURE ....

* 74 ADJUSTED ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE .

* 75 POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE

* 76 D-VALUE

* 77 ADJUSTED D-VALUE

-*_ 78 D£W POINT TEMPERATURE

* 79 MIXING RATIO

* 80 RELATIVE HUMIDITY

* 81 EQUIVALENT POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE

* 82 ADJUSTED DEW POINT(CONST MIX RAT;

* 83 COR LATITUDES IF NORTH)

* 84 COR L0N6ITUDE(+ IF EAST)

* 85 COR WIND DIRECTION

* 86 COR WIND SPEED .,

* 87 COR WIND U-COMPONENT

* 88 COR WIND V-COMPONENT ,

* 89 UNUSED ... , ,...,.,.,

121-122
123-124
125-127
128-130
131-136
137-141
142-146
147-150
151-154
155-158
159-162
163-166
167-170
171-175
176-180
181-186
187-193
194-198
199-203
204-208
209-212
213-217
218-221
222-225
226-229
230-234
235-239
240-240
241-257
258-261
262-265
266-271
272-278
279-282
283-286
287-296
297-301
302-324
325-329
330-334
335-339
340-344
345-350
351-355
356-360
361-365
366-371
372-377
378-382
383-386
387-390
391-395
396-400
401-406
407-413
414-417
418-421
422-426
427-431
432-432

+

F2.0

HOURS

*

+

F2.0

WINS

*

+

F3.1

SECS

*

+

F3.1

SECS

999

*

+

F6.2

MBS

0

*

+

F5.0

FEET

0

*

+

F5.0

FEET

0

*

+

F4.1

KNOTS

9999

*

+

F4.1

DEGS

9999

*

+

F4.1

KNOTS

9999

*

+,-

F4.1

DEGS

999

*

+

F4.1

DEGS

9999

+

+

F4.1

KNOTS

9999

-k

+,-

F5.1

KNOTS

9999

-k

+,-

F5.1

KNOTS

9999

•k

+,-

F6.3

DEGS

99999

*

+ ,-

F7.3

DEGS

999999

*

+.-

F5,l

KNOTS

9999

*

+,-

F5.1

KNOTS

9999

*

+,-

F5.2

DEGS C.

9999

*

+

F4.1

CNTS/GM/M3

9999

*

+

F5.2

MBS

0

*

+ ,-

F4.1

DEG OR KNTS

999

*

+,-

F4.1

DEGS

999

*

+

F4.1

CNTS/GM/M3

9999

*

+,-

F5.1

DEGS

*

+,-

F5.2

DEGS C.

9999

*

+

F1.0

COUNT

*

17X

GARBAGE

*

+

F4.1

DEGS

9999

*

+

F4.1

DEGS

9999

*

+,-

F6.1

KNOTS 153

9999

*

+,-

F7.1

KNOTS 1 53

9999

X

+

F4.1

GMS/KG

9999

*

+

F4.1

GMS/KG

9999

*

10X

GARBAGE

*

+

F5.2 GM/KG

9999

*

23X

GARBAGE

*

+ ,-

F5.1

KNOTS 82

9999

*

+ ,-

F5.1

KNOTS 82

9999

*

+

F5.0

FEET

0

*

+,-

F5.2

DEGS C.

9999

*

-

F6.4

DEGS C.

999999

*

+,-

F5.2

DEGS C.

9999

ir

+ ,-

F5.2

DEGS C.

9999

*

+

F5.2

DEGS A.

99999

*

+,-

F6.0

FEET

99999

*

+,-

F6.0

FEET

99999

*

+,-

F5.2

DEGS C.

9999

*

+

F4.2

GM/KG

9999

*

+

F4.1

PER CENT

9999

-V

+

F5.2

DEGS A.

99999

*

+.-

F5.2

DEGS C.

9999

*

+.-

F6.3

DEGS

99999

*

+,-

F7.3

DEGS

999999

*

+

F4.1

DEGS

9999

•,'r

+

F4.1

KNOTS

9999

*

+•-

F5.1

KNOTS

9999

*

+r

F5.1

KNOTS

9999

-v

IX

BLANK

•

Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued)

159

**********************************************************************

*EACH CHARACTER FROM FLD(90-1 07) ARE LETTER CODE FLAGS WHICH INDICATE*
*THAT WHICH HAS BEEN DONE TO 18 OF THE BASIC PROCESSED ELEMENTS. *
*DESCRIPTION OF THE CODE . *

MEANING *

A REPLACED VALUE. *

AN INTERPOLATED OR A SMOOTHED VALUE.

A SMOOTHED, REPLACED VALUE.

A SMOOTHED, INTERPOLATED VALUE.

AN ELEMENT EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD VALUE.

A MISSING ELEMENT.

A SMOOTHED ELEMENT WHICH EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD VALUE *

BEFORE THE ELEMENT WAS SMOOTHED. *

AN ELEMENT THAT HAS EXCEEDED THE STRING COUNT BUT WILL *

BE CARRIED ON TAPE AS EXCEEDING THE THRESHOLD VALUE. *
**********************************************************************

LETTER

R --

I =

A ■

S =

E •-

M =

90 FLAG 1-PRC PRESSURE (433-433

91 FLAG 2-PRC RADAR ALTITUDE (434-434

92 FLAG 3-PRC CALC. TRUE AIR SPEED (435-435

93 FLAG 4-PRC MAGNETIC HEADING ...(436-436

94 FLAG 5-PRC GROUND SPEED (437-437

95 FLAG 6-PRC DRIFT ANGLE (438-438

96 FLAG 7-NAV WIND DIRECTION (439-439

97 FLAG 8-NAV WIND SPEED (440-440

98 FLAG 9-NAV LATITUDE (441-441

99 FLAG 10-NAV LONGITUDE - (442-442

100 FLAG 1 1-PRC VORTEX TEMPERATURE .(443-443

101 FLAG 1 2-PRC HUMIDITY (444-444

102 FLAG 1 3-PRC DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE(445-445

103 FLAG 1 4-PRC PITCH (446-446

104 FLAG 1 5-PRC ROLL (447-447

105 FLAG 1 6-PRC LIQUID WATER (448-448

106 FLAG 17-PRC ROSEMOUNT TEMPERATURE(449-449

107 FLAG 18-D-VALUE (450-450

108 PRC CSI(CALIB) (451-455

109 ORG OMEGA (456-460

110 UNUSED (461-463

111 PRC WIND DIRECTI0N(APN-153) ....(464-467

112 PRC WIND SPEED(APN-153) (468-471

113 UNUSED (472-480

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

F5.2

F5.0

3X

F4.1

F4.1

9X

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

LETTER

CALIB

COUNTS

GARBAGE

DEGS

KNOTS

BLANKS

CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE
CODE

153 9999
153 9999

********************************************************************************

Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued)

160

********************************************************

* *** END 0F FILE 0R REEL record *** *
************************************************************************************

* *

* A SINGLE 480 CHARACTER RECORD WITH A LITERAL EOF OR EOR TO DETERMINE THE *

* ACTUAL END OF A SINGLE OR MULTI-REEL FILE *

* *

* IF END OF REEL WITH ANOTHER REEL TO FOLLOW. *

* 1 LITERAL = EOR (1-3) A3 EOR *

* 2 UNUSED ( 4-480) 477X BLANKS *

* IF END OF FILE WITH NO REELS TO FOLLOW. *

* 1 LITERAL = EOF (1-3) A3 EOF *

* 2 UNUSED ( 4-480) 477X BLANKS *

************************************************************************************

Figure 2-1. NHRL NNV BCD Tape Record (continued)

161

FIELD 46, roll or DA-153. DA-153 from original tape record if the
APN-153 was operating; otherwise derived from roll (FIELD 19), and/or data
cards.

FIELD 47, liquid water. Original liquid water counts (FIELD 20) and
RFF calibration information (see sec. 2.1.2), and/or data cards.

FIELD 48, magnetic variation. Derived from the NNV Program after
processing of latitude and longitude.

FIELD 49, Rosemount temperature. Original Rosemount temperature (FIELD
24), and/or data cards.

FIELD 54, true heading. FIELD 31 (MHDG) + FIELD 48 (MVAR) .

FIELD 55, track angle. FIELD 54 (THDG) + ((FIELD 33 (DA) or FIELD 46
(DA-153)).

Renavigated data consist of the following:

FIELD 34, wind direction. 270 - arctan (FIELD 37 (WV) /FIELD 36 (WU)).

FIELD 35, wind speed. (FIELD 36 (WU)2 + (FIELD (WV)2)1/2.

FIELD 36, wind U-component. FIELD 40 (TU) - sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)), or
data cards.

FIELD 37, wind V-component. FIELD 41 (TV) - cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)), or
data cards.

FIELD 38, processed latitude. Present FIELD 38 = past FIELD 38 +
(FIELD 41 (TV) * FIELD 26 (RATE) )/ 36000.

FIELD 39, processed longitude. Present FIELD 39 = past FIELD 39 -
(FIELD 40 (TU) * FIELD 26 (RATE) ) /36000 * cos (FIELD 38 (PLAT)/34377. 5) .

FIELD 40, track U-component.

(a) When APN-82 is used,

FIELD 32 (GS) * (sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 33
(DA)) + cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 33 (DA)).

(b) When APN-153 is used,

FIELD 45 (GS-153) * (sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 46
(DA-153)) + cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 46 (DA-153)).

(c) When a wind direction and wind speed are entered by data
card or the WU component (FIELD 26) is held constant for
a short time, TU is derived from sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) +
FIELD 36 (WU) .

162

FIELD 41, track V-component .

(a) When APN-82 Is used,

FIELD 32 (GS) * (cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 33
(DA)) - sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 33 (DA))).

(b) When APN-153 is used,

FIELD 45 (GS-153) * (cos (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * sin (FIELD 46
(DA-153)) - sin (FIELD 30 (CTAS)) * cos (FIELD 46 (DA-153))).

(c) When a wind direction and wind speed are entered by data
card or the WV component (FIELD 37) is held constant for

a short time, TV is derived from cos (CTAS) + FIELD 37 (WV) .

Corrected parameters are derived as follows:

FIELD 83, corrected latitude. FIELD 38 (PLAT) + correction from INTERN
card correction curve.

FIELD 84, corrected longitude. FIELD 39 (PLONG) + correction from INTERN
card correction curve.

FIELD 85, corrected wind direction. Modular 360 (270 - arctan (FIELD 88
(CWV) /FIELD 87 (CWU)).

FIELD 86, corrected wind speed. (FIELD 87 (CWU)2 + FIELD 88 (CWV)2)1/2.

FIELD 87, corrected wind U-component. Same as FIELD 36 (WU) , unless
corrections are applied.

FIELD 88, corrected wind V-component. Same as FIELD 37 (WV) , unless
corrections are applied.

Some final derived parameters are:

FIELD 56, parallel component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-153). From
sin (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WU component for APN-153 winds + cos (FIELD 55 (TRK))

* WV component for APN-153 winds.

FIELD 57, perpendicular component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-153).
From cos (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WV component for APN-153 winds - sin (FIELD 55
(TRK)) * WU component for APN-153 winds.

FIELD 68, parallel component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-82). From
sin (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WU component for APN-82 winds + cos (FIELD 55 (TRK))

* WV component for APN-82 winds.

FIELD 69, perpendicular component of wind to BOMEX array (APN-82). From
cos (FIELD 55 (TRK)) * WV component for APN-82 winds - sin (FIELD 55 (TRK)) *
WU component for APN-82 winds.

163

FIELD 58, corrected CSI specific humidity. FIELD 62 (CSI, MIXRATIO)/
(1000 + FIELD 62) * 100.

FIELD 59, corrected specific humidity. FIELD 79 (MIXRATIO)/ (1000 +
FIELD 79) * 100.

The following mixing ratio parameters were computed based on the
article "An Approximation Formula to Compute Relative Humidity From Dry
Bulb and Dew Point Temperature," by Julius F. Bosen, Monthly Weather
Review, December 1968.

If we let

TEMP = FIELD 42 (VT) ,

ABVT = FIELD 42 (VT) + 273.16°,

OCSI = FIELD 23A (CSI counts),

PRESS = FIELD 27 (pressure in mb) , and

HYGR = FIELD 43 (absolute humidity in gm/m) ,

then we can derive dew point (FIELD 78), relative humidity (FIELD 80), and
mixing ratio (FIELD 79) from

E = 461.5 x 10"6 * HYGR * ABVT, and
ES = 10(22.5518 - (2937.4/ABVT) - 4.9283 * Alog (ABVT)),

giving

FIELD 78, dew point = (E/ES) ,

FIELD 80, relative humidity = 100 * E/ES, and

FIELD 79, mixing ratio = (62200 * E)/((0.1 * PRESS) - E) .

FIELD 62, CSI mixing ratio, is derived from

ESI = ((OCSI + 112.111 - .1 * TEMP)/ (112. Ill + 9 *
* TEMP)^1/125) * ES,

from which

FIELD 62 = (62200 * ESl)/((.l * PRESS) - ESI) is obtained.
FIELD 70, reference level height. Determined by RA (FIELD 29).
FIELD 71, reference level temperature. Determined by RA (FIELD 29).
FIELD 72, lapse rate. Minus 1.7°C/1,000 ft for all flights.

164

FIELD 73, adjusted vortex temperature. FIELD 42 (VT) - FIELD 72 (lapse)

* (FIELD 28 (PA) - FIELD 70 (RHT) ) .

FIELD 74, adjusted Rosemount temperature. FIELD 49 (ROSE) + ((FIELD 42
(VT) - FIELD 73 (AVT)).

FIELD 75, potential temperature. (FIELD 42 (VT) + 273.16 * (1/FIELD 29
(PRESS) )-28674#

FIELD 76, D-value. FIELD 29 (RA) - FIELD 28 (PA).

FIELD 77, adjusted D-value. If we let

RA = FIELD 29,

PA = FIELD 28,

RH = FIELD 70,

VT - FIELD 42,

AVT = VT + 273.16,

RT = FIELD 71, and

LAPSE = FIELD 72,

then the adjusted D-value = RA - PA - (PA - RH) * ((VT + ( (RH - PA)/2)

* LAPSE) - RT)/PA.

FIELD 82, adjusted dew point. FIELD 78 (DEWP) + (FIELD 73 (AVT) -
FIELD 42 (VT)).

2.1.3.3 NNV Binary Tape Record

As stated in the preceding section, the second tape produced by NHRL
and modified for BOMAP is the NNV Binary Tape Record. Most of the elements
on this tape come directly from the NNV BCD Tape discussed in the preceding
section, with feet converted to meters and knots converted to meters per
second. The format for the NNV Binary Tape is given in table 2-14; the
logical record is described in table 2-15.

NOTE; A conversion error was made on the NNV Binary Tape. Multiply
RA, PA, and D-value by 0.9232.

The following parameters produced by the NNV Program not recorded
on the NNV BCD Tape Record were derived for and written on the NNV-BOMAP
Binary Tape:

For WORDS 34-37, the U and V wind components were generally derived in
the same way as FIELDS 36 and 37 on the BCD record (see preceding section).
When the APN-82 is used, the U and V components are derived from GS and DA.
When the APN-153 is used, these components are derived from GS-153 and
DA-153.

165

It A II tlTJ tl II,-, tl

WORD 40 by the letters "A," "B,

and "D," or a blank, indicates

the "corridor" in which the aircraft was flying. These corridors consisted
of paths 60 n mi long along each of the four sides of the BOMEX array. The
southern corridor was designated "A," the eastern "B," the northern "C," and
the western "D." When the aircraft was flying in one of these corridors,
the TRACK ANGLE (FIELD 55) on the NNV BCD Tape (see preceding section) is
the angle formed between any two adjacent corners of the BOMEX array with
reference to north. This constant TRACK ANGLE is used in deriving the in-
formation in WORDS 26-29. A blank for WORD 40 indicates that the aircraft
was not flying in a corridor.

WORDS 41-42 are the corrections applied to CTAS and DA-153 based on
the WTASQ card described in section 2.1.3.1.

WORDS 43-44 are the corrections applied to CTAS and DA-153 based on
the WTAS53 card, also described in section 2.1.3.1.

Table 2-14. NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape Record format

Characteristic

Description

Tape mode

Tape density

Tracks

Record size (logical)

Block size (physical)

Word size

Reels

Binary, floating point, written
by a 60-bit register from the
CDC 6600

800 BPI

Seven

440 characters (44 x 10)

14,400 characters (440 x 60)

10 characters

Always single

NOTE: The first record of the tape is a tape label with the following infor-
mation in the first 10 words:

WORD (1,1) = 'BOMAP
WORD (2,1) = BCD date

'literal

WORD (3,1) - WORD (10,1) = FLIGHT card information

(see sec. 2.1.3.1)

In the last record, WORD (1,1) = -1. is followed by an end-of-file mark.

166

Table 2-15. Logical record of NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape

Word

Contents

1 Manufactured time

2 Aircraft corrected latitude

3 Aircraft corrected longitude

4 True heading

5 Radar altitude

6 Pressure altitude

7 D-value

8 Pressure

9 Vortex temperature

10 Primary (Rosemount) temperature

11 Potential temperature

12 Specific humidity

13 Dew point

14 Relative humidity

15 Liquid water

16 Calculated true airspeed

17 Ground speed (APN-82)

18 Drift (APN-82)

19 APN-82 memory switch indicator

(l=off memory, 3=on memory)

20 Ground speed (APN-153)

21 Drift (APN-153)

22 APN-153 memory switch indicator

(0=on memory, l=off memory)

23 WU component of APN winds (APN-82 or APN-153)

Field No

from NNV

Units

BCD Tape

sec

25A-25C

deg

83

deg

84

deg

54

m

29

m

28

m

29,28

mb

27

°C

42

°C

49

°K

75

gm/kg

59

°C

58

%

80

gm/m 3

47

mps

30

mps

32

deg

33

count

22

mps

45

deg

33

count

23B

mps

87

167

Table 2-15. Logical record of NHRL NNV-BOMAP Binary Tape

(continued)

Word

Contents

Field No.
from NNV
Units BCD Tape

24 WV component of APN winds (APN-82 or APN-153) mps

25 Indicator of winds used for renavigation

(0=APN~-82) (1=APN-153)

26 APN-82 parrallel component to BOMEX array

27 APN-82 perpendicular component to BOMEX array

28 APN-153 parallel component to BOMEX array

29 APN-153 perpendicular component to BOMEX array

30 Corrected wind direction APN-82

31 Corrected wind speed APN-82

32 Corrected wind direction APN-153

33 Corrected wind speed APN-153

34 WU component for APN-82 winds

35 WV component for APN-82 winds

36 WU component for APN-153 winds

37 WV component for APN-153 winds

38 Absolute humidity

39 CSI original data

40 Letter indicator for the BOMEX array corridors

("A", "B", "C", or "D")

41 True airspeed correction for APN-82

42 Drfit correction for APN-82

43 True airspeed correction for APN-153

44 Drift correction for APN-153

88

count

—

m

68

m

69

m

56

m

57

deg

85

mps

86

deg

111

mps

112

mps

—

mps

—

mps

—

mps

—

gm/nW

43

count

23A

iteral

—

mps

—

deg

—

mps

—

deg

—

168

2.1.6 RFF Aircraft Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format

The RFF tapes are written in binary coded decimal (BCD) format at
800 bits per inch. Most tapes contain data for two flights, one flight per
file. The two files are separated by four physical end-of-file marks and
another four follow the second file. A few tapes contain data for only one
flight.

The first record in each file is a header record (see fig. 2-2) of
1,440 alpha numeric characters that describe the data records. The second
and subsequent records are data records, each of which contains data for 20
observations taken at 1-sec intervals. Each observation consists of 43 ele-
ments in the format shown in table 2-16. Missing data may be recorded as 99,
999, 9999, 99999, *9, *99, *999, or *9999.

Note that the header record format specifications, as comparison between
figure 2-2 and table 2-16 shows, are incorrect for several elements. Note also
that because the archived tapes were prepared from data on the NNV Binary
Tape, there is an error in elements 5 and 6 (radar altitude and pressure
altitude). As indicated in section 2.1.3.3, to correct this error, multiply
the value on the tape by 0.9232.

Characteristics of the RFF Aircraft Data To Be Considered Before Use in
Analysis .

The following notes were made by personnel of the National Hurricane Re-
search Laboratory (NHRL) while reviewing the processed RFF renavigated flight
track data. Note that when either the APN-153 or APN-82 Doppler navigation
system was on memory, the equipment was operating improperly due to either
altitude limits of the Doppler, flight characteristics of the aircraft, or
state of the sea surface. The winds derived from such data are therefore
suspect. The reference below to navigation error is defined as the error in
a manually derived correction to the Doppler navigated track from independent
navigation fixes reported by the RFF flight crew. (Sources of these fixes
were Omega, fixed-ship positions on station, known position from radar targets,
etc.). These errors were found. on recomputation of the navigation correction
by NHRL personnel. These notes and others are listed below in chronological
order and are by no means complete for any one mission, nor do they cover all
missions. The comments should be interpreted as typical characteristics to
be expected in the data and should be evaluated by the user before analysis.

690504B. A few winds from the APN-153 at 114230 GMT (hrs, min, sec) appear
suspect. A navigation error of 10 n mi at longitude 59°39,W while
all other corrections are within 1.8 n mi.

690504E. Navigation is good. WNW wind of over 5 mps found from 1708 to 1758
and 1952 to 2050. A 1-sec observation missing from tape every 20
to 30 sec.

690505A1. Navigation error within +2 n mi. APN-153 and APN-82 on memory
most of the time.

169

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170

Table 2-16. Variables in data record

No. Variable Format Field positions

1 Time into the day from

00 GMT, sec

2 Corrected latitude

3 Corrected longitude

4 Heading, degrees true

5 Radar altitude, whole meters

6 Pressure altitude, whole meters

7 Pressure altitude, mb and tenths

8 Vortex temperature, °C

9 Rosemount temperature, °C

10 Potential temperature, °K

11 Specific humidity (IRH) , gm/kg

12 Specific humdiity (CSI) , gm/kg

13 Relative humidity, %

14 Liquid water, counts

15 True airspeed, m/sec

16 Ground speed (APN-82) , m/sec

17 Drift angle (APN-82) , deg

18 Memory switch (APN-82) ,

1 - operating

0 - on memory

19 Ground speed (APN-153) , mps F4.1 77-80

20 Drift angle (APN-153), deg F4.1 81-84

21 Memory switch (APN-153), II 85

1 - operating
0 - on memory

171

F5.0

1-5

F4.2

6-9

F5.2

10 - 14

F5.2

15 - 19

F5.0

20 - 24

F5.0

25 - 29

F5.1

30 - 34

F5.1

35 - 39

F5.2

40 - 44

F5.2

45 - 49

F3.1

50 - 52

F3.1

53 - 55

F4.1

56 - 59

F4.1

60 - 63

F4.1

64 - 67

F4.1

68 - 71

F4.1

72 - 75

11

76

Table 2-16. Variables in data record (continued)

No. Variable

Format

Field

posit]

F5.1

86

- 90

F5.1

91

- 95

11

96

F5.1

97

- 101

F5.1

102

- 106

F5.1

107

- Ill

F5.1

112

- 116

F4.1

117

- 120

F4.1

121

- 124

F4.1

125

- 128

F4.1

129

- 132

F5.1

133

- 137

F5.1

138

- 142

F5.1

143

- 147

F5.1

148

- 152

F4.2

153

- 156

F5.2

157

- 161

A3

162

- 164

F4.1

165

- 168

F4.1

169

- 172

F4.1

173

- 176

F4.1

177

- 180

22 U wind component
(APN-82 or APN-153) , mps

23 V wind component
(APN-82 or APN-153), mps

24 Indicator for U and V components
(0 = APN-82, 1 = APN-153), mps

25 Wind parallel (APN-82) , mps

26 Wind perpendicular (APN-82) mps

27 Wind parallel (APN-153) , mps

28 Wind perpendicular (APN-153), mps

29 Wind direction (APN-82), deg

30 Wind speed (APN-82), mps

31 Wind direction (APN-153), deg

32 Wind speed (APN-153), mps

33 U wind component (APN-82), mps

34 V wind component (APN-82), mps

35 U wind component (APN-153), mps

36 V wind component (APN-153), mps

37 Absolute humidity (IRH)

38 Dew point (CSI)

39 Corridor indicator

40 True airspeed correction (APN-82)

41 Drift angle correction (APN-82)

42 True airspeed correction (APN-153)

43 Drift angle correction (APN-153)

172

690509B1. Navigation error within + 0.1 n mi. APN-82 short period on memory
around 1800.

690509E1. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Short period on memory between
1530 and 1533 and at end of flight. Occasional bad radar altitude
and D-values .

690510A1. Navigation error within + 3.2 n mi. Considerable APN-82 memory con-
ditions and occasional APN-153 memory conditions.

690511A. Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1161 to
1945 and APN-153 on memory short periods of time.

690511B. Eight navigation errors within + 2.0 to + 4.0 n mi, with maximum

differences of 5.6 n mi. Period of Doppler memory between 1234 and
1332.

690511E. Navigation errors within + 1 n mi. Data missing from 1319 to 1335.
Last navigation fix before missing data at 1236.

690512A. Navigation error of + 9.6 n mi at 171030. APN-82 on memory during
short periods of time during flight. APN-153 on memory near the
end of the flight.

690512B. Navigation error of + 6.2 n mi in latitude and +8.6 n mi in longi-
tude at 184340. Short periods of memory throughout the flight.

690514A. Navigation error of + 12.8 n mi in longitude at 140820. APN-82 on
memory from 1247 to 1320, 1501 to 1533, 1629 to 1645, and 1725 to
1742.

690517A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi except for longitude error of

+2.7 n mi at 172254. APN-82 on memory from 1631 to 1654 and 1740
to 1803.

690522A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 2236 to
2248.

690524A. Navigation error within + 1.6 n mi. Data on tape ends at 012330,
but navigation log indicates flight over at 014707. APN-82 on
memory from 1942 to 2105, 2159 to 2246, and 2346 to 0059, in addi-
tion to other short periods during flight. APN-153 on memory from
2007 to 2014, 2038 to 2046, and 2048 to 2056.

690526B. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi except for + 6.2-n-mi difference
at 121834. APN-153 on memory short periods of time during flight.
APN-153 no good until 140340.

690526E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Occasional memory conditions

on Dopplers. Pressure altitude shows erroneous values occasionally.

173

690527A. Navigation good. APN-82 on memory from 1341 to 1430, 1515 to 1533,
1600 to 1628, 1726, to 1804, 2019 to 2101, and 2127 to 2131.

690527B. Navigation within + 1.0 n mi except for an error of + 2.0 n mi at
201515. APN-82 on memory for short periods of time.

690527E. All navigation errors within + 1.5 n mi. No APN-153 winds after
1752.

690529A. Pressure malfunctioned throughout flight. Pressure shows a constant
value of 908.5 mb throughout flight.

690601A1. Navigation error within + 1.5 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1338 to
1500 and APN-153 from 1444 to 1452 and other shorter periods.

690601A2. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1805 to
1905, 2001 to 2106, and other short periods. APN-153 on memory
from 1827 to 1833, 1852 to 1904, 2023 to 2034, and 2057 to 2104.

690601B. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1506 to
1510, 1618 to 1630, 1638 to 1648, 1813 to 1824, and 1850 to 1855.
APN-153 shows no memory.

690601E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Occasional instances of Doppler
memory.

690602E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Occasional Doppler memory
periods .

690603A. Navigation error within + 1.8 n mi. APN-153 shows few memory condi-
tions, but APN-82 on memory from 1340 to 1356, 1411 to 1430, 1503
to 1520, 1555 to 1619, 1635 to 1652, 1720 to 1818, and 1845 to 1902.

690603E. Navigation error within + 1.6 n mi. Occasional Doppler memory
condition.

690607A. Navigation error within + 10.0 n mi. Sporadic Doppler memory con-
ditions throughout flight.

690607B. Navigation error within + 1.5 n mi, except at 194610, with a lati-
tude error of + 18.2 n mi and a longitude error of + 41.0 n mi.
APN-82 on memory for short periods of time; APN-153 on memory from
1124 to 1134, 1317 to 1337, 1346 to 1415, and 1429 to 1437. A
W to NW wind at beginning of flight.

690609A. No winds or navigation after 1400. Flight began at 1007 and ended
at 2153. Pressure maintained a constant value throughout flight.

690609B. Navigation error within + 2 n mi except for a + 10.6-n-mi longitude
error at 203730. Few short periods of Doppler memory.

174

69Q609E. Navigation error within + 1 n mi except for + 9.8-n-mi longitude
error on last position of flight.

690621A. Navigation error within + 1 n mi. APN-153 on memory only occasion-
ally; APN-82 on memory from 1904 to 2004 and 2012 to 2106.

690622A. Navigation error less than + 1 n mi except for + 9.8-n-mi error at
1412. APN-153 on memory only occasionally, but APN-82 on memory
from 1142 to 1223, 1409 to 1428, and 2025 to 2116.

690622B. Navigation error within + 2.2 n mi, with an error of + 5.2 n mi at
183850. Few Doppler memory conditions.

690622E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Very few Doppler memory condi-
tions .

690623A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-153 on memory very few times,
but APN-82 on memory from 2324 to 0010.

690623E. Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi with + 3.8-n-mi error at 002246.

690625B. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Very few Doppler memory condi-
tions.

690625E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. From 2353 to 0001, winds appear
to be above average velocity from the north. Few Doppler memory
conditions.

690628A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 winds appear bad from
1529 to 1825, but Doppler not on memory.

690628E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Data on tape end at 201330,

while flight ended at 2026. Time jump from 180820 to 183431 due to
in-flight tape change.

690629A. APN-82 and APN-153 equipment malfunctioned throughout flight. No
navigation data or winds available. Pressure at constant value
throughout flight.

690629B. Last longitude in error by + 4.0 n mi. Time 1330 should read 1230.

690629E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi except for longitude error of
+ 9.6 n mi at 1650. No periods of Doppler memory.

690630A. Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi except for + 9.4-n-mi error in
latitude and + 10.0-n-mi error in longitude at 2140. APN-82 on
memory from 1457 to 1508, 2058 to 2133, and other short periods.

690630B. Navigation error within + 1.6 n mi. A few short periods of Doppler
memory conditions.

175

690702A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi with a + 3.2-n-mi error in longi-
tude at 200930. APN-82 Doppler memory conditions from 1504 to 1623,
1639 to 1643, 1651 to 1721, and other shorter periods.

690713A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 memory conditions from

1541 to 1619, 1712 to 1726, and 1802 to 1811. APN-153 memory condi-
tions from 1700 to 1711, 1742 to 1754, 1854 to 1805, and 1938 to
2011. Bad winds from APN-82 from 2042 to 2114. ■

690713B. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1338 to
1437, 1508 to 1512, 1525 to 1532, 1652 to 1646, and 1659 to 1710.
APN-153 on memory from 1659 to 1713, 1744 to 1818, 1854 to 1906,
1930 to 2011, and other shorter periods.

690713E. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. All equipment shut down at 1551.

690714A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi.

690714B. Navigation error within + 2.0 n mi. APN-153 on memory from 1439 to
1448, 1510 to 1525, and 1851 to 1900. APN-82 winds bad last few
minutes of flight.

690720A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. Few Doppler memory conditions.
Flight data on tape begin at 154652.

690720B. Navigation error within + 1.2 n mi. APN-153 on memory from 1556 to
1613, 1707 to 1716, 1749 to 1804, 1941 to 1949, and 1958 to 2002.

690721E. Navigation error within + 0.6 n mi. Very few Doppler memory condi-
tions .

690723A. Navigation error within + 0.6 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1451 to
1554, 1702 to 1831, and 2040 to 2150. APN-153 on memory from 1733
to 1746.

690726A. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-82 on memory from 1336 to
1339, 1344 to 1350, and 1501 to 1509.

690726B. Navigation error within + 1.0 n mi. APN-153 on memory from beginn-
ing of flight to 1200, from 1228 to 1352, 1427 to 1445, and 1447 to
the end of the flight. APN-82 on memory from 1411 to 1423.

176

2.1.7 RFF Photographic and Radar Data and Archive Format

Radar scope photographs taken by RFF aircraft are available for
selected days in 35-mm black and white positive film with synchronized time
reference appearing on each frame. Data from the following radar scopes are
available:

APS-20E 10-cm radar PPI scope (RRR DC-6 39C and 40C only).
WP-101 5.6-cm radar PPI scope (RFF DC-6 39C and 40C only).
RDR-ID 3.2-cm radar RHI presentation (RFF DC-6 39C and 40C only).
APS-42A 3.2-cm radar PPI scope (RFF DC-4 82E only).

Cloud photographs of cloud systems along the flight tracks of the DC-6
39C and 40C were. taken by:

(a) One 16-mm forward-viewing camera time-lapsed to expose 1 frame
every 2 sec with time synchronized data chamber appearing on each
frame. Record is in Ektochrome color.

(b) Two 35-mm side-viewing time-lapsed cameras recording 90° each side
of the heading of the aircraft with wide-angle lenses exposing 1
frame every 5 sec. Record is in 35-mm black and white positive
film. Synchronized clocks appear on each frame.

The archived radar photographs are registered copies of the original
film. The original cloud photographs (forward and side-viewing) are stored
at the BOMAP Office. Registered copies of the originals will be made upon
request.

The date, beginning time, and ending time of each reel of 35-mm radar
film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, was read from the film by the BOMAP staff.
In some instances, these entries may not appear correct. For example, the
time period of the radar data does not coincide with the actual flight time
of the aircraft. Such anomalies can be corrected by the user through review
of the preceding sections, describing the procedures followed in processing
the RFF data, and of the RFF Flight Folder (sec. 2.1.8) and the RFF Photo-
graphic Quality Review Log (sec. 2.1.9).

2.1.8 RFF Flight Folder

A folder was prepared for each RFF flight, containing a complete
history of the day's operation. The following is included in the folder:

Detailed Flight Program - RFF-1 Work Form. Lists date and takeoff and landing
times; proposed flight patterns and actual flight patterns; takeoff data from
aircraft for comparison with meteorological ground observation; and remarks
pertinent to the mission.

Flight Information - RFF-2 Work Form. Contains navigation information and
Event Light assignments; and crew list.

177

Flight Data - RFF-3 Work Form. Equipment log for meteorological and photo-
graphic equipment; recorder operations log; and dropsonde data.

Digital Station Log - RFF-4 Work Form. Contains camera operation log; digi-
tal operation; inventory of data outputs; and remarks on interruptions, power
outages, etc.

Radar Station Log - RFF-5 Work Form. Log of the operation of all radar
equipment and operation, with pertinent remarks.

RFF Time Check Form. Log of data chamber and clock times from radar and
cloud cameras versus digital time from digital recorder with corrections for
synchronization with total data package.

Electronic Status and Meteorological Systems In-Flight Data Log. Lists
electronic outages and malfunctions at beginning, during, and at end of
flight.

Event Log. A chronological log kept by the flight meteorologist, reporting
mission progress and the time of significant events. (Useful in locating
specific information on the NNV tape for programming or special interest.)

Navigation Log. A record of the aircraft position with a Doppler correction
record for updating the Doppler to true position. (The corrections have
been incorporated into the NNV tape.)

The RFF Flight Folders are archived on 35-mm microfilm. It is important
for any user to review these folders when evaluating data from a mission.
Each sheet has a flight (mission) ID number somewhere near the top of the
page, as shown in the following example:

where

90502A,

9 - CY 1969

05 = May (06 for June; 07 for July)

02 = Day of month (May 2)

A = DC-6 39C (B for DC-6 40C; E for DC-4 82E)

178

2.1.9 RFF Photographic Quality Review Log

Following the field phase of BOMEX, RFF personnel reviewed all
cloud, photopanel, and radar film acquired aboard the RFF aircraft. These
log sheets indicate the quality of the processed film, any discrepancies
found, and corrections of discrepancies for each mission flown during May
and June.

The log sheets are archived on 35-mm microfilm and should be used in
conjunction with the appropriate RFF Flight Folder (see sec. 2.1.8). The
Quality Review Log sheets are arranged in chronological order. Each mis-
sion is identified in accordance with the following example:

where

90504APP,

9 = CY 1969

05 = May (06 for June; 07 for July)

04 = Day of month (May 4)

A = DC-6 39C (B for DC-6 40C; E for DC-4 82E)

PP = Photo panel (F for nose camera; R for right-
side camera; L for left-side camera).

179

2.2.0 NAVY AND AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT DATA

Weather reconnaissance data obtained by the Navy WC-121 and the Air Force
WB-47, RB-57, and WC-130 were recorded on the BOMEX RECCO Code (Aerial Meteor-
ological Reconnaissance Reporting Code) Form. Radar scope photographs were
taken by the Navy WC-121 aircraft and the Air Force WB-47 aircraft, and drop-
sonde data were obtained by the Air Force WC-130.

2.2.1 RECCO Data

The RECCO Code form, shown in figure 2-3, was hand-tabulated by
the flight crews aboard all the Navy and Air Force aircraft. These forms
were forwarded to the BOMAP Office, where they were transcribed on regular
coding forms, on which the original 71 columns from RECCO were preserved in-
tact, and only columns 72 through 80 were redesignated, as follows:

Columns 72, 73, and 74. Sea surface temperature (degrees, tenths of °C) .

Column 75. Pressure indicator. If columns 34 through 36 on RECCO showed
pressure in millibars, code 1 was entered in column 75 on the
transcription form.

Column 76. Altitude indicator. Group 9xxx9 at the top of the page indicated
the number to be entered. For example, 97779 was coded as 7 in
column 76 of the transcription form.

Column 77. Aircraft identifier: Code 3 for Navy A/C 141323; 6 for Navy A/C
137896; 8 for Navy A/C 143198; 1 for earlier or only Air Force
flight for that day; and 2 for second Air Force flight for that
day.

Columns 78, 79, and 80. Date, e.g., 522 for May 22.

The notes referred to by number at the bottom of the form, which served
as guides in encoding tha data are listed below. The tables referred to
just below the column head on the form, which were also used in the encoding,
are shown in figure 2-4.

Notes

9. GGgg and Y - The time the aircraft is on the vertical axis of the obser-
vation cylinder is reported for "GGgg." All elements are observed, inso-
far as practicable, when the aircraft is at the point of observation or
in proximity thereto. The actual time of observation is the time at
which the observing of all elements is completed. All times (GGgg) and
the day of the week (Y) are given in Greenwich Mean Time. The day report-
ed for Y is the day on which the observation is taken and NOT the day on
which it is transmitted.

180

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181

10. LaLaLa and L0L0L0 - The latitude and longitude of the point, at which
the flight level observation is made, are reported for "LaLaLa" and
"L0L0L0," respectively. Tenths of a degree are obtained by dividing
the number of minutes by 6, disregarding the remainder. The hundreds
digit is omitted from longitudes 100° to 180°, inclusive.

12. f ' - The average flight condition existing during the time required to
make the flight level observation is reported for "f^."

13. hhh - The true altitude of the aircraft at the time of the flight level
observation is reported to the nearest 100-ft or 30-m level (e.g., when
the aircraft is 50 ft or more above a 100-ft level, the next higher level
is reported for "hhh") .

14. dt - When code figure 9 is reported, the distance over which the wind is
averaged is added at the end of the message in plain language.

15. da and ddfff - When code figure 8 is reported for "da," five solidi
(i.e., /////) are reported for the "ddfff" group. The complete specifi-
cations for d (see table 8, fig. 2-4) are:

a.

0 90% to 100% reliable. Multiple drift with closed wind star,
or small open star when winds are 50 kt or greater. Short
radar wind runs.

75% to 100% reliable. Multiple drift with small open star or
double drift or single drift with average ground speed by
timing. Short radar run.

80% to 100% reliable. Fix-to-fix winds using the following
pin-point visual fixes, radar fixes or accurate Loran fixes
using good ground waves.

75% to 90% reliable. Fix-to-fix winds using two or three lines
of positions (LOPs), either Loran, celestial, radio or sight
bearings, or any combination of the above three when all lines
of position are considered reliable.

60% to 80% reliable. Winds obtained using single drift and
single LOP (speed line), air plot, etc.

50% to 75% reliable. Fix-to-fix winds using two or three lines
of position, either Loran, celestial, radio or sight bearings,
or any combination of the above three when one of the lines is
not considered reliable.

Less than 50% reliable. Winds obtained by any of the above
methods which the navigator believes to be inaccurate or of
questionable accuracy..

182

7 No reliability. Assumed or estimated winds.

8 No wind. Navigator unable to determine a wind.

9 Not used.

16. TT - Free-air temperature (corrected for calibration, installation, and
dynamic heating effects) at flight level (hhh) at the time of observa-
tion is reported for "TT" to the nearest whole degree Celsius.

When the temperature is below zero, 50 is added to the absolute value of
the temperature and the sum is reported for "TT." The hundreds figure,
if any, resulting from this addition is disregarded.

17. T^T^ - When the wet-bulb temperature is below -35°C, "//" is reported
for "TdTd." Dew point is used to indicate the moisture content of the
air in United States RECCO reports (see note 16) .

18. w - The specification most descriptive of the weather existing at the
time of observation is reported for "w." Code figure 2 is reported when
the total amount of cloud above or below the aircraft is 7/8 or more.

19. m - The information which best amplifies the present weather reported
for "w" is reported for "m."

20. lknNxN2N3 - If data on more than three layers of cloud are reported,
a second lknN]^N2N3 group plus the required number of ChhHH groups are
inserted in the message following the last of the first three ChhHH
groups. The additional number of layers (i.e., exclusive of the first
three layers) being reported is given for "kn" in the second lknN^N2N3
group. The coverage of the additional cloud layers is reported for

N]_, N2, and N3 in the second group, as required. When no clouds exist,
the lknNiN2N3 and ChhHH groups are omitted from the message.

21. kn - When clouds are present in indefinite layers (chaotic sky), code
figure 9 is reported for "k^." If it is impossible to determine that
clouds exist (due to darkness or for other reasons) a "/" is reported
for "kn." When a cloud layer is present but data on the type, the ex-
tent of coverage, and altitude can not be observed, "/'s" are reported
for N, C, hh, and HH, as appropriate; however, the layer will be in-
cluded in the number of layers reported for "kn" (see note 22) .

22. N]_, N2, N3 - The amount of cloud reported for N]_, N2, etc., is the
amount in the individual layer as though no other clouds were present;
i.e., the summation concept is not used. The cloud layers are reported
in the message in ascending order according to altitude of the base.
When code figure 9 is reported for "kn," the value reported for "N^" is
the total amount of cloud coverage present and "//" is reported for
"N2N3." When a "/" is reported for '%," "999" is reported for "N^N^"
(see note 21) .

183

23. ChhHH - This group is included in the message for each layer of clouds
reported by "k^1 and described by N]_, N2, etc.

24. C - The type of cloud predominating in the layer is reported as "C."

25. hh and HHH - The average altitude of both the base and top of the cloud
layer reported for "C" is reported for "hh" and "HH," respectively.

26. 4ddff and 5DFSD^ - Surface data are reported in this group. Surface
wind data are included in each low-level report. Either or both of the
groups may be included in the message if required.

27. dd - The estimated direction (true) from which the surface wind is
blowing is reported for "dd" (see note 28) .

28. ff - The estimated speed of the surface wind is reported for "ff." In
the range of 100-199 kt, inclusive, the hundreds figure is omitted and
the tens and the units values are reported for "ff" and 50 is added to
the value normally reported for "dd." For speeds in excess of 199 kt,
"//" is reported for "ff" and the actual speed is reported in plain
language at the end of the message.

29. D - The estimated direction (true) from which the surface wind is
blowing is reported for "D."

30. F - The estimated force of the surface wind is reported. When the speed
exceeds Force 9, code figure 9 is reported for "F" and a plain-language
remark is added at the end of the flight level portion of the message
giving the actual Beaufort Force as "GALE TEN," "STORM ELEVEN," or
"HURRICANE TWELVE."

31. Djr - The true direction FROM which the swell is moving is reported for
"Dk-" Code figure 0 is reported for "no swell" and code figure 9 is
reported to indicate "confused" swell. When the waves are from several
directions, the direction from which the wave of longest period is trav-
traveling is reported.

32. 6WSSSWCDW - Two 6-groups may be included in the message to report two
significant weather changes, and/or two weather phenomena off course, or
two combinations thereof.

33. Ws - Significant weather changes which have occurred since the last
observation, or in the preceding hour (whichever period is shorter)
along the track of the aircraft are reported for "Ws."

34. Ss - The distance from the present position back to the location of the

significant weather change (Wg) is reported for "Ss."

35. W_ - Any off-course weather condition of importance which is not included
or implied in the specification reported for present weather, will be
reported for "Wc." The information reported for "Wc" supplements the
present weather (w) (see notes 2, 18, 54, and 55).

184

Table 2

u

0

°C, No humidity report

1

°C, Relative humidity

2

°C. , Diff. between dry bulb and wet bulb temp.

3

°C. , Diff. between dry bulb and dew point temp.

4

°C. , Dew point

Table 3

1

Sunday

2

Monday !

3

Tuesday

4

Wednesday

5

Thursday

6

Friday

7

Saturday

Table 4

0

0° -

90°W~>

1

90° -

180°W /

North

2

180° -

90°E j

Lati-

3

90° -

0°E J

tude

4

5

0° -

90°W>

|

6

90° -

180°W /

South

7

180° -

90°E

Lati-

8

90° -

0°E J

tude

Table 6

f

c

0 Total amount of cloud less than 1/8

1 Total cloud amount at least 1/8, with either 1/8 - 4/8

above or 1/8 - 4/8 below, or combinations thereof

2 Cloud amount more than 4/8 above and 0-4/8 below

3 Cloud amount 0 - 4/8 above and more than 4/8 below

4 Cloud amount more than 4/8 above and more than 4/8 below

5 Chaotic sky - many undefined layers

6 In and out of clouds, on instruments 25% of time

7 In and out of clouds, on instruments 50% of time

8 In and out of clouds, on instruments 75% of time

9 In clouds all of the time, continuous instrument flight
/ Impossible to determine due to darkness

Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding.

185

Table 7

0 Spot wind

1 Winds averaged

2 Winds averaged

3 Winds averaged

4 Winds averaged

5 Winds averaged

6 Winds averaged

7 Winds averaged

8 Winds averaged

9 Winds averaged

over

100

naut .

over

200

naut .

over

300

naut.

over

400

naut.

over

100

naut .

over

200

naut.

over

300

naut .

over

400

naut.

over

more than

miles preceding last
miles preceding last
miles preceding last
miles preceding last
miles preceding last
miles preceding last
miles preceding last
miles preceding last
400 nautical miles

fix >

Last fix

fix (

25 naut.

miles

fix |

prior to

this

fix J

position

fix"^

Last fix

fix (

75 naut.

miles

fix f

prior to

this

fixj

position

Table 8: d

a

0

90%

to

100% reliable

1

75%

to

100% reliable

2

80%

to

100% reliable

3

75%

to

90% reliable

4

60%

to

80% reliable

5

50%

to

75% reliable

6

Less than 50% reliable

7

No reld

.ability

8

No wind

9

Not

use

:d

(see

note 15)

Table 9

0 Clear (no cloud at any level)

1 Partly cloudy (scattered or broken)

2 Continuous layer(s) of cloud(s)

3 Sandstorm, duststorm, or storm of

drifting snow

4 Fog, thick dust, or haze

5 Drizzle

6 Rain

7 Snow or rain and snow mixed

8 Shower(s)

9 Thunderstorm (s)

Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding

(continued) .

186

Table 10

m

0

No remarks

1

Light intermittent

2

Light continuous

3

Moderate intermittent

4

Moderate continuous

5

Heavy intermittent

6

Heavy continuous

7

With rain

8

With snow

9

With hail

Table 11

0

Surface pressure in whole millibars,

6

Altitude of 200 mb surface in

thousands figure omitted

decametres or tens of feet

1

Altitude

of 1,000 mb surface :

Ln deca-

7

Altitude of 100 mb surface in

metres

or tens of feet; if nega-

decametres or tens of feet

tive add 500

8

True altitude (radio altimeter or

2

Altitude

of 850 mb surface in

deca-

other method) minus pressure

metres

or tens of feet; if nega-

altitude (set at 1,013 mb) in

tive add 500

tens of feet; if negative add

3

Altitude

of 700 mb surface in

deca-

500 to absolute value (e.g. --

metres

or tens of feet

(minus) 100 is reported as 600)

4

Altitude

of 500 mb surface in

deca-

9

Altimeter sub-scale reading in

metres

or tens of feet

whole millibars, thousands

5

Altitude
metres

of 300 mb surface in
or tens of feet

deca-

figure omitted

Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on KECCO Code form that were used in encoding

(continued) .

187

Table 12: N, ,

N9, N.

Table 13: C

0

Zero

Zero

1

1/10 or less,
but not zero

1

Okta or less,
but not zero

2

2/10 and 3/10

2

Oktas

3

4/10

3

Oktas

4

5/10

4

Oktas

5

6/10

5

Oktas

6

7/10 and 8/10

6

Oktas

7

9/10 or more,
but not 10/10

7

Oktas or more,
but not 8 Oktas

8

10/10

8

Oktas

9

Sky obscured, or cloud amount
•oannot be estimated

0 Cirrus (Ci)

1 Cirrocumulus (Cc)

2 Cirrostratus (Cs)

3 Altocumulus (Ac)

4 Altostratus (As)

5 Nimbostratus (Ns)

6 Stratocumulus (Sc)

7 Stratus (St) or Fractostratus (Fs)

8 Cumulus (Cu) or Fractocumulus (Fc)

9 Cumulonimbus (Cb)

/ Cloud not visible owing to
darkness, fog, duststorm,
sandstorm, or other analogous
phenomena

Table 14: hh, HH, h^, H^

00

Less than 100 ft

: (30 m)

57

7,000 i

Et

(2,100 m)

01

100 ft (30 m)

etc

.

02

200 ft (60 m)

78

28,000

ft

(8.400 m)

03

300 ft (90 m)

79

29,000

ft

(8.700 m)

04

400 ft (120 m)

80

30,000

ft

(9,000 m)

05

500 ft (150 m)

81

35,000

ft

(10,500 m)

etc

•

82

40,000

ft

(12,000 m)

49

4,900 ft (1,470

m)

etc

.

50

5,000 ft (1,500

m)

87

65,000

ft

(19,500 m)

51

Not specified

88

70,000

ft

(21,000 m)

etc

•

89

Above

70,000 ft 1

55

Not specified

(21,000

m)

56

6,000 ft (1,800

m)

//

Unknown

Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding

(continued) .

188

Table 15: D, D„, D

r- K. W

Table 16

0

Calm or stationary (or

at the station)

1

NE

2

E

3

SE

4

S

5

SW

6

W

7

NW

8

N

9

All directions, no definite

direction, or unknown, or

no report

— — — — —
0

Calm

1

1

-

3

knots

2

4

-

6

knots

3

7

-

10

knots

4

11

-

16

knots

5

17

-

21

knots

6

22

-

27

knots

7

28

-

33

knots

8

34

-

40

knots

9

41

-

47

knots

or over*

*S

ee No1

:e 30

Table 17

Table 18: W

0

Calm (glassy)

1

Calm (rippled)

( o -

1 ft )

2

Smooth (wavelets

0(1-

2 ft )

3

Slight

( 2 -

4 ft )

4

Moderate

( 4 -

8 ft )

5

Rough

( 8 -

13 -ft )

6

Very rough

(13 -

20 ft )

7

High

(20 -

30 ft )

8

Very high

(30 -

45 ft )

9

Phenomenal*

(Over

45 ft )

*As might exist

at the

center

of a hurricane

s

0

No change

1

Marked wind shift

2

Marked turbulence begins

or ends

3

Marked temperature change

(not with altitude)

4

Precipitation begins or ends

5

Change in cloud forms

6

Fog bank begins or ends

7

Warm front

8

Cold front

9

Front, type not specified

Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding

(continued) .

189

Table 19: S , S, , S
s b e

0

No report

1

Reported at previous position

2

Occurring at present position

3

20 nautical miles

4

40 nautical miles

5

60 nautical miles

6

80 nautical miles

7

100 nautical miles

8

150 nautical miles

9

More than 150 nautical miles

Table 20

c

0

No report

1

Signs of hurricane

2

Ugly, threatening sky

3

Duststorm or sandstorm

4

Fog or ice fog

5

Waterspout

6

Cs cloud shield or bank

7

As or Ac cloud shield

or bank

8

Line of heavy cumulus

9

Cb heads or thunderstorms

Figure 2-4. Tables referred to on RECCO Code form that were used in encoding

(continued)

190

36. Dw - Code figure 9 indicates "in all directions."

44. 8drdrSr0e 8weaeceie - When radar data are observed, both the 8-groups

shall be included in the report. The 8-groups may be repeated as often
as necessary to report essential data.

54. Plain-language remarks may be added at the end of the message to supple-
ment the coded data or to supply additional information of importance
not provided for in the code. For example: Time of occurrence of sig-
nificant weather (W ), past weather, etc.

55. If information on past weather is added as a plain-language remark, the
most significant weather encountered since the last report, or in the
last hour, whichever period of time is shorter, shall be described by
the remark.

2.2.1.1 RECCO Data Processing

After the transcription sheets had been completed, cards were punched
and verified. The data were then checked for the following gross errors:

1. Missing time or date; time ± 2369 and date >^ 501, <_ 731.

2. Latitude must be between 0.0° and 20.0°, longitude between 45.0°
and 68.0°.

3. Flight condition must be from 0 through 9.

4. Wind directions between 00 through 36 and wind directions of 99 are
good; wind speed j< 100 kt.

5. Temperature and dew point were checked for positive values between
00.0 through 30.0 and for negative values >_ 50.0. Sea temperature
was checked for values between 20.0 through 35.0.

6. Altitude indicator must be 1, 2, 6, or 7; with an altitude indicator
= 2 or 7, the value of altitude must be 2 and 999 decameters, respec-
tively. With altitude indicator = 1 or 6 and aircraft indicator = 1
or 2, altitude must be between 0 to 60,000 ft; with an altitude indi-
cator = 1 or 6 and aircraft = 3, 5, 6, or 8, altitude must be between
0 to 10,500 ft.

7. Humidity indicator must be between 0 through 4.

8. Day of the week must be between 1 through 7.

9. Octant must equal 0 only.

10. Pressure field checked for the first 32 files on tape. If pressure
indicator = 1, pressure field must lie between >^ 700 and _< 999. If
pressure indicator = 2, pressure field is pressure altitude >^ 350.

191

11. Clouds were checked for continuity. Layers should ascend, i.e.,
no third layer unless second layer present, and no second layer
unless a first layer present. Height of the top of cloud should
be greater than height of bottom.

12. Surf ace- wind direction and force were checked against sea state
and direction of swell for inconsistencies.

>

Approximately 150 to 200 observations were corrected. When an error was
found, the original recording form was checked for error or data transposition
between columns. A correction was made only if the inserted data could be
proven correct by the BOMAP staff. If the correction could not be proven,
the standard "no report" or "missing data" descriptors were used.

2.2.1.2 Characteristics of Navy and Air Force Data To Be Considered Before
Use in Analysis

Although the RECCO data were checked for gross errors, as described
in the preceding section, many errors of various types may have been over-
looked. The user must be prepared to test the data quality thoroughly before
use in scientific analysis.

The user should also note the following:

1. The date (characters 78-90) on Navy WC-121-896 RECCO flight
from 1615 to 0030 GMT on 7/22/69 does not change to 7/23/69
at 0000 GMT.

2. The observations between 1452 and 1534 on Air Force WC-130-
495 RECCO flight from 1400 to 2230 on 7/17/69 were written
out of order.

3. The nominal frequencies of RECCO observations reported by
the Navy and Air Force flight crews were:

Navy WC-121 - Observations vary from one every 5 to 10 min

in flight.

Air Force WC-130 - Observations vary from one every 10 to 20

min in flight.

Air Force WB-47 - Observations vary from one every 10 to 25

min in flight.

Air Force RB-57 - Observations vary from one every 15 to 45

min in flight.

2.2.1.3 Navy and Air Force RECCO Data Archive Magnetic Tape Format

Approximately 6,000 RECCO data card images were written on the mag-
netic tape. The tape begins with a BCD (alpha numeric) tape identification,
"ORIGINAL Hand-Tabulated BOMEX RECCO Data, Phases 1-4," followed by a physical
end-of-file mark. Immediately following the end-of-file mark are 119 RECCO
data files. One or more RECCO missions by one aircraft type (WC-121, WC-130,

192

WB-47, or RB-57) can be found within one data fiie. Missions flown by dif-
ferent aircraft types are never mixed within one file. All Navy RECCO data
in chronological order by flight are first, followed by the Air Force WC-130,
WB-47, and RB-57, in that order. The files are separated by an end-of-file
mark, with two end-of-file marks following the last data file on tape. Con-
tained within one data file are a variable number of records. Each record
consists of 20 observations of 25 words per observation, with a 9999 written
in the time word for the last record of a file and 9998 written in the time
word for the last record in the last file on tape. Short records are filled
with blanks (-0) . Table 2-17 is an example of the archive format for one
observation. The tables referred to in the "Code reference" column are the
tables shown in figure 2-4, section 2.2.1. Table 2-18 describes the contents
of the archive magnetic tape.

2.2.2 Navy WC-121 Aircraft Radar Photographs and Archive Format

Radar photographs were taken from the NAVY WC-121 aircraft by an
APS-20 radar (frequency, 2,800 MHz) having the characteristics shown in table
2-19 .

Calibration readings at the beginning of each flight were: mean peak
power, 59.94 dB; sensitivity, 110.34 dBm. The scope had no range rings and
no azimuth scale. A variable ring existed, however, which was maintained at
50 n mi, except where otherwise stated. The black line on the tube face
pointed true north, while the electronic heading marker showed the bearing of
the aircraft and could be used as a variable azimuth marker by switching the
scope to "CURSOR" operation.

A radar camera with a magazine containing Plus X negative film was used.
The camera rate was every four scans throughout most of the flights, except
during "range series," explained below, which were taken at a rate of one
photograph every two scans. After 1710 local time, the rate was switched to
one every 12 scans, since little activity remained. The camera shutter opened
only for 1/500 of a second, which would make the photograph dependent on scope
persistence only.

In order to verify the scale of the presentation, a series of photographs
were taken periodically, in which the range ring was moved out progressively
from 25 n mi, at 25-n-mi intervals, to the maximum range of 200 n mi, at which
the marker should not appear on the photograph at all, because it was barely
visible at the edge of the scope. These "range series" were taken at the
following local times: 1255; 1335; 1410 (first on 100-n-mi range, then on
200-n-mi range; several frames taken between the two with the marker at
100 n mi); 1453; 1550; 1620 (after an irregular series at 50-n-mi range with
ring at 25, 35, 10, 20, 40, and again at 25 n mi); and 1900 (starting at
50 n mi because of sea clutter).*

*To convert local time to GMT, add 3 hours and 55 min.

193

To illustrate the manner in which the crew made observations for
taking radar photographs, the following single written description of one
mission (July 21, 1969) is cited.

"A band of small, disorganized echoes, about 100 n mi wide, extending
through radar scope S of Barbados, with an orientation of about 290° - 70°.
The aircraft crossed it southward after takeoff and flew along its southern
edge until about 1330.

"At 1241 a line of larger and more organized echoes was observed, at
150 to 200 n mi, SW, oriented 310° - 130° (over the coast of Venezuela).

"Towards 1300 a line of strong and large echoes is in view, located
between 11.0°N, 55.8°W, and 9.5°N, 55.4°W. Oriented 345° - 165°.

"Another echo area has an edge extending from 10°N, 56.5°W, to 6°N,
52.8°W. It consists mostly of small echoes, but contains a few 20-n-mi
echoes. Although some showers are visible through the window both from this
and the previous (more intense) line, none of them seems to contain large
visible clouds. Isolated echoes appear N of this line.

"After 1500, it is observed that the echo formations curve towards the
E. A line of moderately strong echoes is observed at 1526, centered at
6.5°N and 51.5°W, about 80 n mi long and oriented E-W.

"Another echo line, again oriented NW-SE, extends from 9.0°N, 52.0°W
southeastward, through 7.2°N, 48.8°W. It contains only small echoes and is
about 50 n mi wide. Aircraft crosses it between about 1620 and 1635.

"Widely scattered and small echoes still appear here and there, but or-
ganized activity no longer visible, until aircraft turns W towards Barbados.

"At about 1850, it is possible to define an edge, oriented N-S, lying at
53.3°W across our path, to an area of small echoes, which apparently extends
from about 12°N to about 15°N. As we fly home along 13°N, they seem to pre-
vail N of us, and are visible in all directions until arrival in Barbados."

The archived WC-121 aircraft radar photographs are registered copies
of the original film. All dates', beginning times, and ending times for
each reel of 35-mm film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, are as read from the
film by the BOMAP staff. In some instances, these entries may not appear
correct, e.g., the time period of radar data does not coincide with the in-
flight period of the aircraft. These anomalies can usually be corrected by
constraining the radar data to fit the appropriate flight period in the Navy
WC-121 RECCO data, described in section 2.2.0, and correlating with the
meteorological conditions encountered and reported in the RECCO data.

194

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197

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

Date

Aircraft

1969

tail No.

May

3-4

WC-121-896

4-5

" -323

9

" -198

9

" -896

10 - 11

" -198

11 - 12

" -896

12 - 13

" -198

26

" -896

26 - 27

" -896

27 - 28

" -896

31 - 6/1

" -896

June

1-2

" -896

3

" -896

3-4

" -896

7

" -896

7

" -198

9

" -896

9

" -198

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

2240

-

0710

1

2247

-

0853

2

1420

-

1935

3

1520

-

1925

4

2313

-

0811

5

2245

-

0914

6

2240

-

0758

7

0207

-

0835

8

2353

-

0846

9

2300

-

0708

10

2324

_

0820

11

2359 -

0831

0001 -

0856

2350 -

0806

1215 -

1910

1055 -

2045

1035 -

2030

1035 -

2025

12
13
14
15
16
17
18

198

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date

Aircraft

1969

tail No.

June

22

WC-121-323

22

" -198

23 - 24

" -198

25 - 26

" -323

29

" -323

29

" -198

30

" -198

30

" -323

July

14

" -323

17

11 -323

19 - 20

" -896

21

" -896

22 - 23

» -896

26

" -896

May

1

WC-130-496

3

" -492

3

" -496

4

" -493

4

M -496

Nominal

beginning

and end

times of

observation (GMT)

1055

- 2155

1056

- 2200

2250

- 0945

2237

- 0940

1032

- 2045

1040

- 2040

1145

- 2140

1145

- 2146

Physical data
file No.

1400 -

- 2300

1345 -

- 2300

1345 -

- 0000

1340 -

- 17 58

1615 -

- 0030

1015 ■

- 2025

1242 -

- 1410

1139 -

- 1827

0131 -

- 0544

1210 -

- 1917

0136 ■

- 0552

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

27
28

29
30
31
32

33

33
33
33
33

199

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

May
5

5

6

6

7

9

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

13

14

25

26

26

27

27

28

WC-130-495
-496
-494
-495
-496
-495
-494
-493
-495

-493
-494
-496
-493
-494

1245
0122
1138
1137
1217
1225
1136
0120
1131
0130
1139
0234
1134
1200
1211
1422
0122
1319
0119
1319
0118

1943
0542
1826
1530
1840
1833
1833
0528
1826
0539
1832
0638
1842
1530
1830
1820
0524
1721
0525
1714
0523

33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
35

200

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

May
28

28

31

June

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
7
8
8
9
9

WC-130

-496

-493

-492
-494
-495
-493
-495
-495

1200 - 1530
1328 - 1719
1325 - 1720

0133
1318
0116
1317
0122
1321
0115
1317
1315
0119
1327
0122
1313

0541
1723
0522
1724
0529
1725
0518
1640
1718
0525
1748
0530
1717

35
35
36

36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
37

201

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

0117

-

0526

1233

-

1853

0115

-

0521

1123

-

1826

0114

-

0600

1126

-

1215

0115

-

0551

1128

-

1825

0120

-

0555

1130

-

1824

0057

-

0555

1201

-

1530

1141

-

1223

1140

-

1858

0157

-

0643

1200

-

1904

0116

-

0557

1052

_

1828

Physical data
file No.

June
10

21

22

22

23

23

24

24

25

25

26

26

26

28

29

29

30

30

July

1

1
3

WC-130-494
-492
-493
-496

-496
-492
-496
-495
-494
-496
-495
-493
-496
-493
-496
-493
-496

-494

-493
-496

0144 - 0634

1125 - 1827
1921 - 2319

37
38
38
38
38
38
39
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
41
41

41

41
41

202

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

July
13

14

17

19

22

23

26

27

28

WC-

130-495

" -495

" -495

" -495

" -495

" -495

" -495

" -495

" -495

1415
1415
1400
1345
1400
1400
1145
1430
1500

2100
2100
2230
2300
2015
2015
1715
2015
1550

42
42
43
44
45
45
45
45
45

May
3
3

4

4
5
5
6
6
7
9

WB

-47-412
-021
-412

-058
-412

-021
-412
-218
-058
-412

1402 -

1726

1400 -

1654

1256 -

1619

1349 -

1647

1247 -

1608

1347 -

1650

1414 -

1741

1407 -

1656

1255 -

1628

1256 -

1631

46
46
46

46
46

46

47

47

47

47

203

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

May

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

13

14

14

24

25

27

28

30

31

June

1

2

3

4

WB-

47-

1341 -

1638

-058

1347 -

1641

-021

1253 -

1629

-412

1347 -

1644

-218

1254 -

1616

-021

1347 -

1647

-058

1255 -

1627

-021

1257 -

1626

-046

1259 -

1623

-412

1345 -

1638

-021

1243 -

1557

-058

1247 -

1612

-058

1303 -

1626

-046

1257 -

1626

-412

1249 -

1621

' -058

1300 -

1624

-412

1254 -

1626

-412

1253 -

1618

-412

1254 -

1626

' -021

1254 -

1620

47
48
48
48
48
48
48
49
49
49
50
50
50
50
51
51

52
52
52
52

204

Table 2-18. Contents, of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end time of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

June
6

7

8

9

10

21

21

22

22

23

23

24

24

25

25

26

26

28

28

29

29

WB-47-412
-058

-058
-021
-058

-046
-417
-417
-058
-427

-417
-412
-427

-046
-046
-412

1258
1305
1305
1307
1259
1300
1340
1247
1347
1407
1358
1255
1415
1257
1333
1256
1344
1304
1349
1259
1411

1648
1618
1520
1624
1623
1628
1630
1602
1638
1716
1640
1623
1717
1628
1617
1619
1646
1627
1645
1630
1648

53
53
53
53
53
54
54
54
54
54
54
55
55
55
55
55
55
56
56
56
56

205

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

June
30

30
July

1

1
2

2

13

14

15

17

19

20

22

23

26

27

28

May

3

4

5

WB-47-417
-427

-427
-427

-427

-417

-417

-427

-427
-412

-417
-417
-412

-412

RB-57-288
" -288
" -298

1247
1338

1257
1347

1248

1348

1351

1430

1428

1644

1531

1123

1525

1430

1538

1437

1305

1612
1630

1625
1645

1557

1637

1710

1708

1758

1856

1755

1455

1834

1656

1747

1755

1516

1425 - 1715
1423 - 1700
1310 - 1748

56
56

57
57

57

57

58
58
58
59
59
59
60
60
61
61
61

62
63

64

206

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

. . _. Nominal beginning _, . . , t

Date Aircraft , , _° ° Physical data

w<lue , , „ and end times of /jCJ1 „

1969 tail No. . . . /rniPPv file No.

observation (GMT)

May

6 RB-57-298 1429 - 1659 65

7 " -288 1413 - 1655 66

8 " -293 1416 - 1657 67

9 " -298 1421 - 1756 68

10 " -288 1418 - 1651 69

11 " -293 1420 - 1655 70

12 " -298 1423 - 1657 71

13 " -298 1421 - 1656 72

14 " -298 1428 - 1652 73

15 " -293 1419 - 1700 74

24 " -296 1414 - 1600 75

24 " -299 1442 - 1737 76

25 " -296 1415 - 1605 77

26 " -296 1424 - 1612 78

27 " -299 1428 - 1600 79

28 " -299 1447 - 1623 80

30 " -296 1442 - 1626 81

31 " -299 1454 - 1628 82
31 " -296 1439 - 1613 83

June

1429 -

1659

1413 -

1655

1416 -

1657

1421 -

1756

1418 -

1651

1420 -

1655

1423 -

1657

1421 -

1656

1428 -

1652

1419 -

1700

1414 -

1600

1442 -

1737

1415 -

1605

1424 -

1612

1428 -

1600

1447 -

1623

1442 -

1626

1454 -

1628

1439 -

1613

■296 1454 - 1628 84

207

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

June

2

3
4
6

7
8

July
21*
22*
26*
27*
28*

June
9
10
11
21
21
22
23
24

RB-57-299

" -299

11 -299

" -296

" -296

" -296

« -294

" -294

" -294

" -294

" -294

" -296

" -299

" _299

" -294

1440
1449
1442
1439
1446
1453

1615
1623
1612
1610
1725
1627

1350 -

1615

1723 -

1929

1505 -

1715

1525 -

1621

1422 -

1721

-298

1443
1447
1408
1412
1424
1425
1516
1424

1622
1620
1604
1643
1654
1702
1750
1702

85
86
87
88
89
90

91
92
93
94
95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

208

Table 2-18. Contents of RECCO data archive magnetic tape file

(continued)

Date
1969

Aircraft
tail No.

Nominal beginning
and end times of
observation (GMT)

Physical data
file No.

June

25

26

27

28

29

30
July

1
2
2
13
14
15
17
18
19
20

RB-57

-294

-298
-298
-298

-298
-294
-298
-294
-294
-294
-294
-294
-294
-294

1421
1427
1411
1413
1410
1415

1424
1424
1423
1305
1428
1447
1324
1426
1430
1703

1643
1658
1645
1650
1637
1651

1655
1653
1657
1815
1630
1715
1750
1710
1615
1938

104
105
106
107
108
109

110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119

Should have been at the end but appear on the tape in this order.

209

Table 2-19. Characteristics of APS-20 radar

Characteristic

Value

Transmitted power (peak)

Wavelength

Antenna shape

Horizontal beam width

Vertical beam width

Antenna gain

Antenna rotation rate

Minimum detectable signal

Linear RxR (IAGC nonlinear)

Dynamic range (RxR)

Linear RxR (IAGC nonlinear)

Pulse repetition rate frequency

Pulse width

Sensitivity time control (STC)

Range units

2 MW

10 cm

Truncated paraboloid

1.5°

6°

-30 dBm

6 rpm

-107 dBm

-80 dBm

300 pulses /sec

2 u sec

Varied (0 - 40%)

Nautical miles

210

2.2.3 Air Force WB-47 Aircraft Radar Photographs and Archive Format

During BOMEX, an Air Force WB-47 aircraft flying at an altitude
of approximately 30,000 ft collected radar photographs along the flight track
shown in figure 2-5. Stationed at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, the
aircraft normally passed over the island of Barbados en route to the BOMEX
area. On some photographs, the island is visible as a ground pattern.

The WB-47 carried an AN/APN-59B radar, a small, light-weight, X-band
airborne system designed to operate as a navigational and search radar, a
weather radar, or a racon (beacon) interrogator-receiver. The indicator
presentation is a 5-inch PPI display. Five range displays are available:
3 to 30 mi, with 1- and 5-mi range marks; 50 mi, with 10-mi range marks;
100 mi, with 20-mi range marks; and 240 mi, with 30-mi range marks. The start
of the 3- to 30-mi range display may be delayed any distance between 15 and
210 mi in order to expand any desired portion of the longer range presenta-
tion. Iso-echo circuits are provided, but were not used during BOMEX, in
order to locate the most intense portions of weather echoes. A sensitivity-
time-constant (STC) function reduces the receiver gain at short ranges and
increases the receiver gain as the range increases. The radar signal may be
radiated as either a fan or a pencil beam. Manufactured by the Sperry Gyro-
scope Company, the AN/APN-59B radar has the characteristics listed in table
2-20.

The following three guidelines were specified for collection of radar
photographs by the WB-47 aircraft during BOMEX:

1. One exposure every 12 scans when precipitation echoes were detected.

2. Adjusting the antenna tilt angle for maximum echo return.

3. Using 50-n-mi total range for scope setting.

A 50-n-mi display was not always used. On most frames two digits are visible
just outside the boundary of the cathode ray tube (CRT) and toward the top of
the CRT. These digits represent the interval of the range markers. For ex-
ample, 10 would represent a range marker interval of 10 n mi. Usually either
20-n-mi (with two or three markers visible) or 10-n-mi markers (with five
markers visible) are displayed. However, maximum ranges other than approxi-
mately 50 n mi and range marker intervals other than 10 or 20 n mi were used
occasionally. If the range settings are uncertain for a reel of film, they
can be verified in some instances from ground patterns, e.g., the island of
Barbados.

The camera clock displays Greenwich time (GMT) . The bearing marker ap-
pearing on the radar scope indicates the aircraft heading with respect to
true north, under the assumption that proper synchronization and calibration
were maintained.

The archived WB-47 aircraft radar photographs are registered copies
of the original film. All dates, beginning times, and ending times for
each reel of 35-mm film in table 4-17, section 4.0.0, are as read from
the film by the BOMAP staff. In some instances, these entries may not appear
correct, e.g., the time period of radar data does not coincide with the in-
flight period of the aircraft. Such anomalies can usually be corrected by

211

„«.---* 1

K * * *

\— -

A<

4L0NG^°30

BARBADOS T
U.S. ARMY \

RADAR »

,_ "\

<

* *

*k -t-

DISCOVERER

50 100 150

SCALE (MILES)

Figure 2-5. WB-47 aircraft flight track for radar photography,

212

Table 2-20. Characteristics of AN/APN-59B radar

Characteristic

Value

Peak power

Wavelength

Beam width
Vertical
Horizontal

Beam tilt

Pulse length

Pulse repetition frequency

Slant range

Scan

Left scan

Right scan

PPI scan

Sector scan for
antenna AS-653A

Sector scan for
antenna AS-1199

Antenna reflector stabilization
Pitch

Roll

Azimuth reference
Aircraft heading
Aircraft compass

Indicator azimuth accuracy

Indicator range mark accuracy
Range
Azimuth

50 kW

3 cm

Pencil

fan

5°

40°

3.5°

5°

From +10° (up) to -15° (down)

100 m or 1,350 m

180 pps (long pulse)
1,025 pps (short pulse)

From 80 yards to 240 n mi

360° counterclockwise rotation

at 11 to 16 rpm
360° clockwise rotation at

11 to 16 rpm
360° clockwise rotation at 11

to 16 or 49 + 7 rpm; speed

automatically determined by

range and function

81° + 10° , sector dead of air-
craft at 11- to 16-rpm rate

Continuously variable from 30°
to 180° in width, at 11 to 16
rpm; center of sector
selectable over any bearing

From 12° (nose down) to 15'

(nose up)
±30°

Relative
Stabilized

Indicator corresponds to antenna
position within +2°

+ 0.5% (la )
+ 0.3% (la)

213

constraining the radar data to fit the appropriate flight period in the
WB-47 RECCO data, described in section 2.2.0, and correlating with the meteor-
ological conditions encountered and reported in the RECCO data.

2.2.4 Air Force WC-130 Aircraft Dropsonde Data and Archive Magnetic Tape
Format

During each mission, the Air Force WC-130 aircraft released eight
dropsondes that had been baseline checked for temperature and humidity before
flight takeoff. During dropsonde descent, temperature and humidity variations
and pressure contacts were recorded on a strip chart. A pressure calibration
chart was provided so that actual pressure at the contact could be determined.
The strip chart was examined for significant levels, and the temperature and
humidity traces were converted by calculator to meteorological units. The
values, and the pressure contact, were entered on the data block of adiabatic
chart WBAN-31. The data were plotted from the data block to the adiabatic
chart, and thicknesses were determined so that heights of mandatory pressure
could be obtained. A coded message for transmission was entered on the chart
and on the BOMEX Dropsonde Recording Form, shown in figure 2-6. These forms,
which were designed for 1:1 correspondence with 80-column punched cards were
judged sufficiently legible for immediate key punch operation, and they pro-
vide the data set for the original processing.

Dropsonde data currently available from the BOMEX Temporary Archive
consist of unverified data evaluated in accordance with standard Air
Force tolerance and instructions (AWS Manual AWSM 105-1). As a result, these
data contain some uncorrected human, instrumental, and computational errors,
and may not represent the precision of evaluation desired for specific re-
search applications. Occasional errors of the types listed below have been
detected in the process of checking sample soundings. No reliable estimate
regarding error frequency is available.

Extraction of Data From Recorder Records:

(1) Incorrect determination of pressure contacts and/or evaluation of pressure
at significant levels .

(2) Incorrect temperature or humidity ordinate readings.

(3) Errors in evaluation of temperature and relative humidity, including
use of incorrect baseline settings on CP-22B/UM evaluator, and reading
error.

(4) In selection of significant levels, some changes in lapse rate were
ignored when departure from linearity was less than or equal to 1°C,
eliminating some minor isothermals or inversions.

214

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215

Baseline Calibration* and Baroswitch Setting:

(1) Occasional transposition of digits in baseline temperature and error in
baseline relative humidity computations.

(2) Suspected incorrect baroswitch setting, or failure to set baroswitch,
necessitating large contact corrections for evaluation of pressure from
the calibration chart.

Coding and Card-Punching Errors :

(1) Errors in coding algebraic sign of temperature and other incorrect
transcription, punching, and formating of coded data.

Apparent Instrumental Errors:

(1) Apparent anomalous behavior of the thermistor occasionally noted when
the dropsonde is falling through cloud or precipitation, with typical
examples displaying apparent cooling of thermistor below probable ambient
temperature while in cloud or precipitation, and abrupt recovery to
ambient temperature after emergence beneath cloud; result seen as a
decreased lapse rate in cloud, and a thin layer of superadiabatic lapse
rate beneath cloud.

(2) Discrepancies between the pressure corresponding to the splash contact
number and the sea-level pressure frequently 10 mb or greater and occa-
sionally as large as 30 mb, which casts some doubt on the validity of
response of the baroswitch assembly, since the baroswitch setting was
made near sea level. If a contact correction to offset the sea-level
pressure discrepancy is not applied to the sounding, the procedures used
in computing sea-level pressure for the sounding result in expansion or
contraction of the 1000 mb to sea-level pressure layer by the amount of
the discrepancy, with a corresponding alteration of the lapse rate.

(3) Occasional unrealistic lapse rates for the top layer as a result of use
of aircraft measurements of temperature and pressure at flight level as
the top level of the sounding, which suggests the possibility of
occasional errors in these measurements, or of flight 'altitude.

(4) The radio-altimeter reading at flight level used as the height of the
top level of the sounding is a geometric height measurement that is not
converted to geopotential, resulting in an error of +17 to +18 gpm at
the dropsonde release altitude (approximately 6500 m) at the latitude of
the BOMEX array; this error carried downward in the height computations
will cause a +2 mb error in computed sea-level pressure.

*

Comparative soundings made over the Mt. Mitchell in some cases show apparent
temperature bias (+ or -) that is relatively consistent for all soundings
from a given flight. This suggests a consistent error in temperature base-
lining of the dropsonde instruments for that flight. In the extreme case, a
bias of about +3°C of dropsonde relative to radiosonde temperature was found.

216

The magnetic tape format consists of six separate files, of which the
sixth one constitutes the dropsonde data. When these data are requested on
magnetic tape, all six files will be sent, not only the dropsonde data. The
six files of information on this tape are separated from each other by end-
of-file mark and followed by a double end-of-file. All information is in
binary coded decimal (BCD) format, even parity, 800 bits per inch. The first
file consists of 80-column card images, one card image per record, describing
the formats of the data files. The other five files contain data that were
either recorded manually or were read manually from strip-chart recordings;
the data are in BCD card images, 50 cards (4,000 characters) per record.

The second file contains BOMEX Marine Meteorological Observations (sec.
1.3.0); the third file contains Ship Operations Data (sec. 1.4.0); the fourth
file contains hand-tabulated STD Support Data (sec. 1.7.3); the fifth file
contains Radiometersonde Data (sec. 1.1.3). The dropsonde data, as noted
above, constitute the sixth file on the magnetic tape. Data for one sounding
are on one or more cards in the following format:

Character Information

1-22 General information, present on first card only, blank on

others

1 Should always be 8

2-6 Aircraft ID number

7-9 Modified Julian day (day of year)

10-11 Hour, GMT

12-13 Minute

14 Latitude indicator, should always be 1 for north

15-17 Latitude, degrees and tenths

18 Longitude indicator, should always be 4 for west

19-22 Longitude, degrees and tenths

23-31 Surface data on the first card; 1st, 8th, etc., significant

level for other cards

23-26 Pressure, millibars and tenths, thousands digit omitted

27-28 Temperature, whole degrees Celsius

29 Tenths and sign indicator for temperature (see table 2-21)

30-31 Dew-point depression code (see table 2-22)

32-67 Blank on first card, significant level data on other cards

68-76 Significant level 1 on first card; 7th, 13th, etc., signif-

icant level on other cards

77-78 Blank

79-80 Card sequence number within the sounding

The format is: II, 15, 13, 212, II, F3.1, II, F4.1, 6(F4.1, 12, II, 12), 2X, 12,

217

Table 2-21. Code table for tenths and sign indicator

Symbol T^ = Approximate tenths value and

sign of the air temperature at
the standard isobaric surfaces
and significant levels .

Symbol Tao = Approximate tenths value and

sign of the air temperature at
the surface.

Symbol Tat = Approximate tenths value and

sign of the air temperature at
the level of the tropopause.

Code figure

Si

temp

gn of
erature*

Temperature

0

+

0.0°

and

0.1°

1

-

0.0°

and

0.1°

2

+

0.2°

and

0.3°

3

-

0.2°

and

0.3°

4

+

0.4°

and

0.5°

5

-

0.4°

and

0.5°

6

+

0.6°

and

0.7°

7

-

0.6°

and

0.7°

8

+

0.8°

and

0.9°

9

-

0.8°

and

0.9°

*

+ means above zero.
- means below zero.

218

Table 2-22. Code

table for dew-

point

depression

Symbol DD = Depression of

the

dew

point

temp

erature

at th

a specified

pressure leve

L.

Symbol D D = Depression of

the

dew

point

temperature

at th

e surface

release point

•

Symbol D D = Depression of

the

dew

point

at the tropopause

•

Depression <

3f the

Depression of the

Code figure dew point :

Ln °C

Code fi

gure

dew

point in °C

00 0.0

38

3.8

01 0.1

39

3.9

02 0.2

40

4.0

03 0.3

41

4.1

04 0.4

42

4.2

05 0.5

43

4.3

06 0.6

44

4.4

07 0.7

45

4.5

08 0.8

46

4.6

09 0.9

47

4.7

10 1.0

48

4.8

11 1.1

49

4.9

12 1.2

50

5

13 1.3

51 '

14 1.4

52

15 1.5

53

'Not used

16 1.6

54

17 1.7

55 j

18 1.8

56

6

19 1.9

57

7

20 2.0

58

8

21 2.1

59

9

22 2.2

60

10

23 2.3

61

11

24 2.4

-

-

25 2.5

70

20

26 2.6

71

21

27 2.7

-

-

28 2.9

80

31

29 2.9

81

31

30 3.0

-

-

31 3.1

89

39

32 3.2

90

40

33 3.3

91

41

34 3.4

-

-

35 3.5

98

48

36 3.6

99

49

37 3.7

219

3.0.0 ISLAND DATA ACQUISITION

Data included in the BOMEX Temporary Archive from observations made at
various locations on the island of Barbados consist of radar data, rawin-
sonde data, and ATS-3 satellite data. For availability of island-acquired
data products and ordering instructions, see section 4.0.0, Data Ordering
Instructions and Costs.

3.1.0 ISLAND RADAR DATA

The U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (ASL) , Electronics
Command (EC0M) , Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, as directed by the Army Materiel
Command, provided a weather radar team on Barbados to obtain quantitative
estimates of precipitation and storm characteristics for mission planning
and time-lapse photography of the off-center scope to study the origin,
development, movement, size, and intensity of tropical weather disturbances
within the range of the radar. An AN/MPS-34 van-mounted weather radar,
two U.S. Army power generators, Model 4070, and auxiliary equipment were
used, located on Hackleton's Cliff near the east coast of the island
approximately 65 mi from the perimeter of the BOMEX square and 96 mi from
the Mt. Mitchell, which was positioned at the southwest corner of the
BOMEX fixed-ship array during Observation Periods I, II, and III. The
antenna elevation at approximately 950 ft above mean sea level extended the
radar horizon. With the antenna elevation angle at approximately zero
degrees, it was possible to detect many targets at ranges up to 200 n mi
or greater.

Characteristics of the AN/MPS-34 radar are listed in table 3-1. Only
long-pulse operation was used.

Fifty-eight 100-ft rolls of 35-mm film containing photographs of the
radar plan-position indicator (PPI) scope were obtained. A gain-step
system to reduce receiver gain was used to acquire quantitative information
about storm intensities. This system provided for five gain steps, cali-
brated to yield increments of 18 dB for step 1, 8 dB for step 2, step 3,
and step 4, and 6 dB for step 5. Gain-step increments were checked for
each new roll of 35-mm film and were recalibrated if any step had drifted
by more than 2 dB, and the observed gain settings were recorded in an equip-
ment log book. The procedure for calibrating both gain step and film pro-
vided a photographic record of minimum detectable signal on the film for
the gain settings.

The radar film is documented in "Weather Radar Investigations on the
BOMEX," a report by Dr. Michael D. Hudlow, who served as Project Scientist
for the weather radar team. The report contains a quality review of each
reel, describes operational and calibration procedures, and results of
gain-step and film calibration, automatic camera settings for each mode of

220

Table 3-1. Characteristics of AN/MPS-34 radar (long pulse)

Characteristic

Probable value

Transmitted power (peak)
Wavelength
Antenna shape
Horizontal beam width
Vertical beam width
Antenna gain

Antenna rotation rate

Minimum detectable signal
Linear receiver

Dynamic range (receiver)
Linear receiver

Pulse repetition frequency

Pulse width

Sensitivity time control

Range units

180 kW

3.2 cm

Parabolic

1°

1°

26,300
(dimensionless)

5 rev/min

-105 dBm

17 to 20 dB
186 pulses/sec
5 x 10~6 sec
Not used
Statute miles

221

operation, and provides other significant information for film interpretation,
Listed as Research and Development Technical Report ECOM-3329, "Weather Radar
Investigations on the BOMEX," the document should be ordered by users from
Federal agencies from:

Defense Documentation Center
ATTN : UNC-TCA
Cameron Station (Bldg. 5)
Alexandria, Virginia 22314,

and by users from non-Government groups from:

National Technical Information Service
Springfield, Virginia 22151.

222

3.2.0 ISLAND RAWINSONDE DATA

The U.S. Air Force Air Weather Service 6th Mobile Weather Squadron ob-
tained upper air soundings daily from May 14 to June 4 and from July 8 to
July 28 near BOMEX Field Headquarters using GMD-1A tracking and recording
equipment. Standard Air Weather Service procedures were used for the rawin-
sonde observations, which supplemented soundings made at Seawell Airport by
the Barbados Meteorological Service.

Acquired data included temperature and humidity strip charts, printouts
from the GMD-1A wind-finding equipment, winds-aloft computations, and
weather plotting charts. These data were evaluated and are available from
the temporary archive in the form of adiabatic charts and winds-aloft com-
putation sheets (WBAN-20) .

NOTE: To obtain correct azimuth from the winds-aloft compu-
tation sheets, subtract 18° from the values shown.

223

3.3.0 ATS-3 DATA

For BOMEX Observation Period IV, July 11 to 28, the Hughes Aircraft Com-
pany, Aerospace Group, Space Systems Division, moved the ATS satellite ground
station from Mojave, California, to Barbados for reception of ATS-3 satellite
pictures to support the investigation of tropical convective systems. The
Hughes Terminal, located near BOMEX Field Headquarters at Paragon House, pro-
vided continuous high-resolution satellite photographs on a real-time basis
for daily planning of aircraft missions.

Located above the equator at 73°W in May, the satellite was moved pro-
gressively eastward and retained its position at 46° to 47°W during the month
of July. Taken at intervals of approximately 20 min, the ATS-3 full-earth
disc photographs for BOMEX Observation Period IV are available in positive
transparency or print form from the temporary archive (see sec. 4.0.0).

A summary of the characteristics of the ATS-3 satellite and its two
camera systems is given in The User's Guide to ATS-III Meteorological Data,
published by Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771.

224

4.0.0 DATA ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS AND COSTS

As noted in the Introduction, the BOMEX Temporary Archive has one pur-
pose only: to distribute selected BOMEX data upon request in the form(s) in
which the data now exist. If the procedures outlined below are followed,
the material required to satisfy a data request will usually be shipped within
2 weeks after receipt of the order.

Various tables of information have been compiled to standardize requests
for BOMEX data. These tables also provide the user with information concern-
ing the approximate quantity of data available for each BOMEX Observation Day,
the contents of the archive products, and cost of duplication to be borne by
the user. A description of the tables and their use in preparing a data
reques t f ol lows .

Table 4-1. Reference Information to Aid in Preparation of a Data Request.
The BOMEX Temporary Archive consists of two types of data: Observed Data
and the Support Data required to interpret or evaluate a particular observed-
data product. Table 4-1 was compiled to insure that the user is aware of all
support data for an observed-data type. The user should keep in mind that
most of the temporary archive products are the results of initial processing
steps that are being used by BOMAP to produce the final data-processing
system design. Also shown in table 4-1 are the minimum quantities of an
observed-data type and the corresponding support data that can be supplied
by the archive. For each observed-data type and support-data type, the
appropriate columns in table 4-1 refer to the other tables to be used by
the requester in selecting desired observation periods or dates, and to
specify the desired archive product (s) and the appropriate support data on
the data request.

Tables 4-2 through 4-9. These tables provide information on the availability
of each observed-data type by BOMEX Observation Day. The tables are organized
by acquisition platform or location. The information shown is a summary of
the approximate observation frequency or quantity available. The tables are
the source from which the user will define the observation period or dates
for the data desired.

Tables 4-10 through 4-21. These tables provide the ordering specifications,
inventory of each available archive product, and duplication cost.

225

All costs shown in tables 4-10 through 4-21 for magnetic tapes, i.e.,
$60.00 per reel, are for a one-to-one duplication in the archive format. Any
other desired format must first be cost-estimated before ordering data.
Having reviewed the archive documentation and possibly consulted the BOMAP
Office with regard to particular questions the user whould proceed as follows:

(a) Using table 4-1, note the support data required for an
observed-data type and the minimum quantity of the
desired observed-data product (s) that can be supplied.

(b) Define the desired observation periods or dates for
which data are required for the research need at hand.
This can be done for each acquisition platform or
location from tables 4-2 through 4-9.

Having defined the desired data product (s) and time period from tables
4-2 through 4-9, specify from tables 4-10 through 4-21 the order number or
order designation found in the far left column of each table or in the foot-
notes to the appropriate table, along with the description of contents for
the data product (s) desired. To eliminate any possibly confusion in proces-
sing of a data request, the list of requested items should be organized in
the same order as they are found in tables 4-10 through 4-21, i.e., the data
products selected from table 4-10 should be listed first, then items selected
from table 4-11, and so forth. In some cases, a user may find that more data
must be ordered than is necessary. Do not specify less than the stated
minimum quantity (see table 4-1) since the retrieval cost and duplication
cost will be that of the minimum quantity.

Tables 4-10 through 4-21 include the duplication cost of one copy for
each selected data product. The cost to the user is the sum of the individual
costs for one copy of each of the data products selected. For multiple copies
of any data product, multiply the duplication cost for one copy by the number
Of desired copies.

Advance payment is required for all work done for non-Federal institu-
tions or agencies, private firms, universities, or individuals. All work done
for Federal agencies will be on a reimbursable basis. Requests from other
countries should be accompanied by a check drawn on a United States bank, if
practicable, or a United States branch of a foreign bank, and payable in United
States currency.

The minimum charge per order is $3.00. Prices include shipping cost by
usual "best way." Special shipping can be arranged upon request, at cost.

A few radar and microfilm reels contain less than 100 ft of film. This
has been considered in establishing the overall cost of the copies and the
full price is charged for each reel, regardless of its length.

226

Although the meteorological data are stored in the National Climatic
Center (NCC) , Environmental Data Service (EDS) , and the oceanographic data
in the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) , EDS, a procedure has been
developed within EDS that requires only a single request in response to
which the user will receive information or data from both archives , if
required.

Data requests or requests for information regarding data should be
directed to Mr. Arthur I. Cooperman, Chief, Data Information Group, Environ-
mental Data Service, NOAA, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Make checks payable
to ''Department of Commerce, NOAA."

A sample data request is shown in figure 4—1.

227

Mr. Arthur I. Cooperman
Chief , Data Information Group
Environmental Data Service, NOAA
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

Dear Mr. Cooperman:

Please send me the following from the BOMEX Temporary Archive:

1. Reels B0752, B0753, BO760, and B0754 of Boom Surface Meteorological
Measurements for the Discoverer for the period May 7 through July 28,
on magnetic tape, 7-channel, BCD, 800 BPI, and D0C.-1, containing

the following support data: BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log and tabulation
of all fixed-ship operations data.

2. Magnetic tape B3405, containing all RECCO Observations by the Navy
and Air Force aircraft during the four BOMEX Observation Periods, and
Listing of Dropsonde File from tape B9622 (computer printout) for
Air Force WC-130.

3. Reels 1 through 5, non-registered copy, of AN/MPS-34 Island Radar Data
on microfilm for the period May 3 - May 15. (Per your instructions,
will order the support data, "Weather Radar Investigations on the BOMEX,"
from the National Technical Information Service.)

Enclosed please find my check for $369.00 made out to "Department of Commerce,
NOAA.)

Thank you for your kind attention.
Sincerely,

Figure 4-1. Sample data request

228

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3

257

Table 4-10. Support data inventory

Order by
designation
tion in
this col-
umn

Contents

Dupli-
cation
cost

Availabi-
lity date
for dis-
tribution

D0C.-1*

BOMEX Fixed-Ship Event Log

Tabulation of all Fixed-Ship
Operations Data

$ 9.00

2/1/71

DOC. -2

RFF Photographic Quality
Review Log

RFF Flight Folders

$ 9.00

2/1/71

DOC. -3**

Discoverer Weather Radar Log

$ 9.00

2/1/71

STD Support All STD Support Data for all

Data in STD casts from all five fixed

punched- ships (one punched card per

card form cast)

$15.00

2/1/71

Listing
of STD
Support
Data

Computer tabulation of the STD
Support Data from the punched
cards of all STD casts from all
five fixed ships

$ 5.00

2/1/71

*Fixed-Ship Operations Data are also available on magnetic tape B9622 as one
of five data files on this tape. Specify tape B9622, and one of the
following: (a) 7 Channel; BCD; 200, 556, or 800 BPI; or (b) 9 Channel;
ERDIC; 800 BPI. Cost is $60.00 (includes cost of magnetic tape).

**This reel also includes the Surface Pressure - Marine Microbarograms and
the CTEM Logs (see tables 4-14 and 4-15) .

258

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04 04 04 04

►J J J J

260

Table 4-12. Radiometersonde Data inventory

Order by
designation
in this
column

Contents

Dupli-
cation
cost

Availabi-
lity date
for dis-
tribution

B9622 *

Magnetic tape containing
all observations from
fixed ships Pis cove rer,
Rainier, and Rock away,
and observations near
Paragon House, Barbados

$60.00
(includes
cost of
tape)

2/1/71

Printout
of Radio-
metersonde
File from
tape B9622

Listing of entire Radio-
metersonde File from tape
B9622

$15.00

2/1/71

Radiometersonde Data is only one of five files on this tape. When ordering
magnetic tape, specify (A) 7 channel; BCD; 200, 556, or 800 BPI; or (B) 9
channel; EBCDIC; 800 BPI.

261

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304

PENN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

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