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BEING A

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF THE

MOST VALUABLE VARIETIES

OF THE

FEAR; A.FPZ.I:, PISA.CH, FZiXTSE & CHERRIT,

FOR

BT ROBERT MANNING.

TO 'WHICH 19 ADDED THE

GOOSEBERRY, CURRANT, RASPBERRY, STRAWBERRY,
AND THE GRAPE J

WITH MODES OP CULTURE.
ALSO,

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS.

WITH PliATBS.

First Series for 1838,

salem:
published by ives & jewett.

AND FOR SALE AT THE DIFFERENT BOOK-STORES AND SEID
ESTABLISHMENTS IN NEW-ENGLAND.

1838.

Entered according to Act of Congress in tlie year 1833,

Bt IVES & JEWETT,

In the Clerk's Office of tlie District Court of Massacliusetts.

SALEM OBSERYER PRESS.

TABZiZ: OF CONTENTS.

rage.

Desultory Remarks - - ltoI2

Root. — Soil. — Manures 13 to 15

Pruning 15 to 17

Transplanting.— Fire-blight, &c. -.-... 17 to 20

Experiment in Spring and Fall Transplanting ... - 21

Diseases.— Injurious Insects, &c. 22 to 24

Grafting.— Season for cutting them, &c. 24 to 26

Inoculation, or Budding 28 to 27

Cultivation of the Apple and Pear 27 to 30

Cultivation of the Peach 31 to 32

Cultivation of the Plum 32 to 33

Cultivation of the Cherry 34

Cultivation of the Currant and Gooseberry - - - - *- 34 to 36

Cultivation of the Isabella Grape 36 to 38

Cultivation of the Raspberry 38 to 39

Cultivation of the Strawberry 39 to 45

50 varieties of the Apple (See Index) 45 to 63

81 " " Pear " 64 to 96

15 " « Peach « . .... 97 to 101

20 « « Plum " ----- 101 to 107

14 « " Cherry " 108 to 112

Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs 113 to 114

List of Scotch Gooseberries 115 to 116

Lindley, on the production of new varieties of Fruit - - 116 to 118

6f^<7

[nF The directions for cuhure, 4*c- and the articles on the Strawberrj',
Currant, Raspberry, Gooseberry and Grape, together with the plates,
were furnished by Mr. John M. Ives.

DBSUIiTORY RBMARE:!

The Pomological Garden was commenced in 1823, with the de-
sign of forming- a large collection of specimen trees of such varieties of
foreign and native fruits, as were hardy enough to endure ihe inclemency
of a northern winter. After a strict examination of the produce of these
trees, carefully comparing the wood, the leaf and the fruit, with the fig-
ures and descriptions in the most popular works on Pomology, it was in-
tended to select for permanent cultivation, those varieties which were at
once fitted to the climate of New England, and of high merit in them-
selves. In furtherance of this purpose, we have assiduously culled
from American catalogues all that we judged worthy of trial, and im-
ported from the first European establishments, the fruits most in repute
with the writers of their respective countries. We have never limited
ourselves to one specimen, but have in every instance, procured trees of
each name from many different sources, in order the more surely to ar-
rive at correct conclusions respecting their identity, as well as to multi-
ply our means of estimating their comparative value.

For donations of scions we are indebted to the liberality of many gen-
tlemen of our own country, who have imported choice fruits from Europe
for their own gardens 5 to the London Horticultural Society, and to the
learned Doctor Van Mons, of Brussels, from whom we have received
most of those new and admirable Pears which he has, for many years,
produced on his own grounds, or obtained from the horticulturists of
Belgium and Germany. We have also annually collected scions of all
the new fruits of American origin, and propose to continue the collection

A*

t) DESULTORr REMARKS.

both of these and of trees from the best foreig'ii and native sources. W^
shall subject their produce to the same rigid scrutiny with the contents
of the present volume ; and shall offer those which prove most valuable
and hardy to nursery-men and amateurs, who will thus be enabled to
obtain varieties of tried merit, without danger of the necessity of a re-
r.ewal, at a future period, after waiting many years for the appearance
of fruit.

A supplement to this work will be published at the close of every
fruit season, describing each desirable kind which has been proved dur-
ing the season. With the exception of Peaches, we recommend no
fruit that will not ripen in any part of New England or New York, and
in the southern part of Canada. Our selections have been made from
nearly four hundred kinds, which we have raised yearly. Experience
has taught us that many fruits, highly extolled by European writers, and
doubtless of great excellence in their native soil, either perish or degen-
era.te in our colder regions ; and of these and all others which we have
found in any respect improper for cultivation, we design hereafter to
publish a catalogue.

We do not claim for all the varieties herein enumerated, the distinc-
tion of first rate fruits j some are second rale, admitted in consideration
of their size, beauty and abundant bearing, though their flavour is not
the most delicious. The essential characteristics of a first rate tree are,
health, vigor, and fertility ; those of a first rate fruit are, magnitude of
size, beauty of shape and colour, and richness of flavour. But a small
number of fruits, uniting all these qualities, is known to horticultural
science throughout the world. Besides, in regard to the taste of a fruit,
the judgment of individuals greatly varies 3 what one person would pro-
nounce exquisite, might to another seem merely tolerable. In commen-
dation, however, of the kinds described in this manual, we confidently
declare our conviction, that no possessor of any or all of them would
willingly relinquish their culture for the purpose of regrafiing his trees
with any other varieties.

There is one circumstance to which we venture to call the attention of
our readers— that while some recent works on Pomology are compiled
from earlier authors, or from information derived at second-hand, the
writers themselves seldom having the means of observation in their
power, we have in these pages described no specimen which we have
not actually identified, beyond a reasonable doubt of its genuineness.'

DESULTORY REMARKS. 7

Wc offer these notices merely as matters of fact, without embellishments.
Recording nothing that we have not ourselves witnessed, we have quoted
no synonims, and referred to the authority of preceding writers no far-
ther than to adopt the names by which the fruits are known in the cata-
logue of the London Horticultural Society, the most complete work on
this subject hitherto offered to the public. *:'

The innumerable errors in the names of fruits, and the perplexity and
disappointment arising from this cause, are inconceivable to any but a
collector. It is very desisable that there should he some acknowledged
standard, to whose authority, in doubtful cases of this nature, we might
appeal. Nurserymen and cultivators have generally deemed it a point
too trifling for consideration. If a fruit was good, the name was sup-
posed to be of no consequence. A better stale of things is, however,
beginning to prevail, especially in the United Stales, where a knowledge
of the subject is widely diffused, and a laudable solicitude is felt Ihat
catalogues should contain no varieties but what are actually cultivated,
and ascertained to be identically the kinds which their titles proclaim
them to be. |

The invoices of trees from France frequently furnish instances of un-
parallaled ignorance, or even fraud. We have received from what were
considered the best establishments, laige numbers yearly — on one occa-
sion several hundred — all bearing new and high-sounding names, and
the greater part of which were suffered to arrive at maturity 5 but, with
very few exceptions, the fruit was entirely worthless.

There is a peculiar difficulty in making a selection of choice Apples,
because, in addition to the very numerous varieties already made known
by the different Horticultural societies, and included in the nursery cata-
logues, we are constantly receiving accessions from cultivators and col-
lectors 5 and, in travelling through New England, we find in almost ev-
ery town, and, indeed, on most farms, some valuable fruits, of local
origin, which have never been introduced to general notice. Still, we
do not despair of success in our endeavors to collect the most desirable
kinds, both native and foreign.

A very large number of new pears has been introduced, and was ren-
dered necessary by the degeneracy of most of those fine old varieties,
for a long course of years so successfully cultivated in this section of
the country. Some of these old kinds still continue to be favorite fruiti

8 DESULTORY RE3IARKS.

for the dessert, but in general thej have become worthless, and are no
longer raised on standards, or in the open ground. We are more than
compensated for their loss by the new Flemish pears, introduced into
the United States by the liberality of the London Horticultural Society,
and of Doctor J. B. Van Mons. These new fruits have in most instan-
ces fulfilled our highest expectations.

There has also been a large accession to the number of fine Plums
cultivated in New England, both by introductions from Europe, and by
new varieties of local origin.

From our collection of Plums, not yet proved, we have much to an-
ticipate ; we earnestl3' hope to find among them fruits not only of great
beauty and delicious flavour, but free from those fatal diseases which
HOW disfigure and destroy the finest trees of this species.

We have obtained fewer additions to the catalogue of Cherries than
to that of any other fruit ; partly because the season for them is so short,
that a few varieties suffice for the interval from tl>e first to the latest
ripening j and because we already possessed a few fine sorts, which
neither in their growth nor fruit partook in the smallest degree of the de-
generacy of the old pears, and some other species j but principally, at
least this was our own case, from the difficulty of protecting them from
the birds. The last season we had but few perfect specimens, except
the Bigarreau. We expected to prove and bring into notice many new
and valuable sorts, and our disappointment may be imagined at finding
ourselves in every instance anticipated by these innocent depredators.
Such has been the security tliey have felt in our grounds, and so great
their increase, that not only Cherries, Gooseberries and Currants, but
Apples, Pears and Plums have shared in their ravages, and given proof
of their good taste, which invariably leads them to the finest fruit j and
it may become a matter for serious consideration, whether in continuing
our protection to them, we do not risk the total loss of some of the most
desirable appendages to the dessert.

It will be observed, that but few Peaches are included among our
descriptions. We had collected from Europe many fine varieties, and
from New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, a very large number
of the most celebrated in those States, where the climate is so favoura-
ble to their cultivation ; these trees were planted out as specimens, and
for many years produced an abundance of delicious fruit j but they have

DESULTORY REMARKS. 9

■&I1, even the young trees from which we had hoped a future supply,
fallen victims to the severity of our winters, and the recent short and un-
propitious summers 5 and we believe the destruction has extended over
the whole of New England. We still trust, however, upon hardy stocks,
and with the influence of more genial suns, to be able at some future
lime to exhibit a larger number of specimens than we have ever yet
done, of this fruit, the most exquisite product of the temperate regions.

As a source of income, it is believed that no pursuit could more safe-
ly be relied upon than the cultivation of fruit for the markets of the prin-
cipal cities of the United Slates. Many fearful predictions have been
uttered by those over prudent people who foresee loss and disappoint-
ment in every undertaking j but still we find the demand for this luxury
increasing, while the prices obtained for the finest sorts have not dimin-
ished, but rather advanced. It is true that the taste of the public has
grown fastidious, but to provide for this the grower has only to become
more scrupulously nice in his choice of varieties, of which the different
Horticultural societies have made known a multitude sufficiently excel-
lent to gratify the most refined palate.

Owners of land would find it for their interest to raise, in orchards, on
an extended scale, the finest large winter baking pears, cither for the
supply of our own markets, or for exportation to the South, where the}'
meet a ready sale at a price which will amply repay the cost and trouble
of cultivation.

We well remember the discouraging advice that we frequently received
at the beginning of our course as a cultivator. We were too old, it was
said, to expect to reap, in our own person, the fruits of our labours;
yet in spite of these and manj' other prophecies of the same nature, we
persevered, and have not only had the satisfaction of raising a great va-
riety and abundance of fine fruit, but of producing, from the seed, the
Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Nectarine and Currant. At one
time we planted a peck of the Siberian Crab Apple, and part of the
plants oeing suffered to bear, the countless varieties in the size, shape,
and colour of the fruit were well worthy the attention of the curious ; we
believe not one specimen of all that we noticed precisely resembled that
from which it originated. At another lime we collected in the market at
Boston, a large quantity of peach-stones ; these were planted in close
rows in poor laiid, which caused many of them to bear the fouith year.
We tasted of die fruit from more than six hundred trees; they were of every

10 DESULTORY REMARKS.

degree of merit} some of high excellence, so valuable thai we regretted
they should share the fate of our whole collection of peaches, which, as
we before observed, were destroyed by the late unfavorable seasons.

We mention these seminal productions only to show that our labours
meet a speedy reward, and that a person is seldom so advanced in life
that he may not reasonably look for both requital and gratification in so
laudable a pursuit. But to a young man with the advantages of fortune
and a familiarity with the modern languages, researches of this nature
would open an inexhaustible source of enjoyment. He could scarcely
be more honorably and usefully occupied than in collecting and identify-
ing fruits, and introducing them to the notice of his countrymen ; nor
better rewarded than in witnessing his anticipations, from year to year,
continually realized and continually renewed. The same ardour which
characterises the collectors of shells, birds and insects, would produce,
in Horticulture, far more delightful and more noble results.

A division of ibe piirsuit) SO that the attention of one person could be
fcxciusively ciirecled to one species of fruit, would probably greatly fa-
cilitate the progress of investigation, and lead to many satisfactory con-
clusions respecting the varieties most worth}' of cultivation. If France
has produced her Duhamel, Belgium her Van Mons, and England her
Thompson, is it unreasonable to seek among gentlemen of leisure and
education in the United States, for one, who following in the footsteps of
these illustrious men, with the advantage of the light derived from their
researches, shall compensate for the long delay of the experimental gar-
den, promised by our own Horticultural Society.

In speaking as we have, of the annoyances sustained from birds, we
are still fully persuaded that these plunderers, as they are sometimes
called, more than compensate for their occasional inroads upon our or-
chards by their services in the spring, and also during their incubation,
in destroying insects. We too often, perhaps, notice the former, while
the latter are remote, or not obtrusive.

In early spring and during the breeding season, we see them every
minute of the day in continual progress, flying from the nest for a sup-
ply, and returning on rapid wing with a grub, a catterpillar, or a small
reptile. The numbers captured by them in the course of these travels
are incredibly numerous, keeping under ihe increase of these races. We
have seen the Ampelis^ or Cherry Bird, that remarkably silent and dove-

bESULTORY REMARKS. li

like species, in great numbers early in the spring, and also during the
time of nidification upon our apple trees, when the canker worm was
about half grown, destroying them in great numbers. It is also known
to every observer of nature how extremely fond our common and famil-
iar robin is of grubs, those insidious enemies to our garden crops, as
well as the slimy slug which often infest our young pear trees 5 and any
individual who may have had the robin as a cage bird, is aware of
the quantities of insects, or worms, he will devour in a day 3 and when
we take into view the circumstance of these birds having usually two
broods in a season of four each, it will give us at least some idea of the
quantity of this peculiar food required for at least four months in each
year. And although called plunderers, they are in fact benefactors like-
wise, seeming to be appointed by nature as agents for keeping under the
increase of these races. Nearly all our hard-billed or granivorous
birds, are in spring and the early part of our summer decidedly insec-
tivorous. " Public economy and utility," says one, " no less than hu-
manity, plead for the protection of the feathered race ; and the wanton
destruction of birds, so useful, beautiful, and amusing, if not treated as
such by law, ought to be considered as a crime by every moral, feeling,
and reflecting mind.''

BOOK OF FRUITIS.

ROOT. MANURE S .

The root being the commencement and
foundation of Trees, its office is to collect and
apply the food which forms and determines its
growth ; hence if the roots grow luxuriantly,
the branches will also, — and the reverse. "It
often happens," says Miller, " that the roots of
trees are buried too deep in the ground, which
in a cold or moist soil is one of the greatest dis-
advantages that can attend Fruits ; — for the
sap in the branches being by the warmth of
the air put strongly into motion early in the
spring, is exhausted in nourishing the blos-
soms, and a part of it is perspired through the
wood branches, so that its strength is lost be-
fore the warmth can reach the shoots to put
them into an equal motion in search of fresh
nourishment, to supply the expenses of the
branches, for want of which the blossoms fall

B

14 BOOK OF FRUITS.

off and decay." Most trees will thrive if they
have two feet in depth of good earth, espe-
cially when their roots spread near the sur-
face ; for whether that which supplies food for
the Tree be a black, yellow or brown loam, it
can only be furnished within a certain depth
from the surface, or within the influence of
the sun and air. Large roots, running deep
and spreading wide, may be necessary to pro-
duce large Timber Trees, but not Fruit Trees,
for these are more prolific When their roots are
much divided or fibrous, and kept near the
surface of the soil. With regard to the man-
ure for Fruit Trees, Bradley, Hitt and Miller,
"consider the food of plants to be salts, which
every species of earth contains within itself,
and that according to the proportion of salts
contained in each kind of soil or manure, will
its prolificacy be." We are of opinion from
the use which we have made of the sea marl
or muscle bed, that it is on the whole the best
manure, either for top dressing or shallow
ploughing, of any substance in use among us,
particularly when applied to light soils. It is
said by some, that salt is valuable only as a
chemical agent, by destroying and hastening

BOOK OF FRUITS. 15

the decomposition of animal and vegetable
substances, and by its deliquescence in many
instances increasing the fertility of soils. It is
undoubtedly true, as said by Sir Humphrey
Davy, that the great object in the application
of manures shoiald be, "to make it afford as
much soluble matter as possible to the roots of
the plant, and that in a slow and gradual man-
ner, so that it may be entirely consumed in
forming its sap and organized parts." Vege-
table manures in ^^eneral contain fibrous and
insoluble matter, which must, says the same
writer, "undergo chemical changes before they
become the food of plants."

If the situation or soil in which Fruit Trees
sre placed, retains stagnant water, destructive
to their healthy growth, drains must be made
to carry it off, or means taken to prevent the
roots from running into it.

PRUNING.

it is rather difficult to give upon paper very
explicit directions in this department of cul-
ture, as many varieties of Fruit Trees require
different management : Peaches, cherries, and
plums are always in the greatest vigor when

16 BOOK OF FRUITS.

they are the least maimed by the knife, for
when these trees have large amputations, they
are very subject to gum, and decay ; so that
it is certainly the most prudent method care-
fully to rub off all useless buds, when they
are first produced, and pinch others where
new shoots are wanted ^o supply vacancies.
Fruit Trees in this latitude should not be
pruned in the Fall or Winter, or before the
sap is in motion, as they are at those times
exceedingly apt to crack or canker. The
proper season for pruning we consider, is im-
mediately upon the swelling of the buds, or
expanding of the leaves, as at this time the
sap being in vigorous motion, the wounds soOn
heal over. Every limb should be cut close to
the main stem, and if sawed off, should be
then finished smoothly with a sharp knife. If
the limb is large, a composition of red ochre
and tar should be spread upon the end to keep
out moisture, &c., or the composition here-
after named. From the strong and vigorous
growth of Fruit Trees in our country, close
pruning is less necessary here than in England,
from whence we have derived most of our in-
structions ; excessive pruning with us is apt

BOOK OF FRUITS. 17

to generate suckers from the limbs. Judicious
pruning, however, will promote health and
early fruitfulness. Trees differing, as they
do in form, require very different treat-,
ment in pruning. Coxe, of New Jersey, says,
'' those who can conveniently do it will find a
benefit from forming the heads of their trees
in the Nursery, the year before they remove
them — when transplanted, they will thrive
more rapidly from not having been pruned at
the time of removal."

Every limb which crosses another should be
taken off. In pruning apple and pear trees,
the external branches should be every where
rendered thin and pervious to the sun.

TRANSPLANTING.

In the removal of trees, care is necessary ta
obtain as much of the roots as possible, and in
re-setting, that none are doubled back and dis-
torted. Cutting off smoothly the end of each
root that may be broken or cut by the spade,
is indispensable, and all fibrous roots that are
injured should also be cut close to the root
upon which they are attached ; the root or
stem should be pressed close down on the

18 BOOK OF FRUITS.

soil, SO as to place the roots in a horizontal
direction, and all of them drawn out straight
like a fan, or rays verging from a centre to a
semicircle, and the soil thrown evenly over ;
the tree should not be shaken after the earth
is placed upon the roots, as is too generally
practised ; for when a tree is thus raised up,
the small roots or fibres will be drawn out of
their places, and when the stem is thrust down
again, the roots being too weak to force their
way back into the soil, will be doubled up,
which often causes knobs, and throws out
suckers ; neither will the earth require to be
trodden down hard^ but gently ; or if it be a
dry or loose loamy soil, setting in puddle^
which is to water as you set it ; — this
last method is undoubtedly the best, when
au individual has time to attend to it, — it is
a slower process. Copious watering after a
tree is set, is often very prejudicial, by wash-
ing the soil from the roots.

Fruit Trees should rarely be placed deeper
in the ground than they originally stood in the
Nursery. Pear trees bear their fruit on short
buds, or spurs of one, two, three or more years
growth, from the strongest branches ; and the

BOOK OF FRUITS. 19

same spurs will continue to produce fruit for
a great length of time ; but they do not often
produce fruit until they have a surface of
branches very large in proportion to the sap
supplied by the roots. Thus we find that
when pear trees are planted in a deep, rich
soil, they grow rapidly, and therefore require
a number of years to bring them to a bearing
state ; on the contrary, when growing in a
light or dry shallow soil, they collect but a
small quantity of sap, and require but a confin-
ed surface which is produced in a short time,
and they are consequently brought to a bear-
ing state in a few years. Wherever canker
or gum appears, the decayed or infected part
must be cut entirely out, and some soot mois-
tened and rubbed over the wound, or the com-
position hereafter named. This will generally
prevent its spreading further, and save the
branch.

With regard to what is called Fire-blight,
which occasionally effects the pear tree, during
the months of June and July, causing the
branch to turn black and its leaves to wither,
and which may sometimes be caused by forcing
or high manuring, or to the duration of the van-

20 BOOK OF FRUITS.

ety (as natural trees are seldom if ever attack-
ed by it) we know of no better course than
that which we should pursue in the case of
the black warts, or excresences upon the
plum, which is, to cut off at once the limb
just below the affected part.

If trees are found to grow too luxuriantly,
and to form only wood for years, even afte
they are of sufficient size and age for the pro-
duction of fruit, the earth should be removed,
just before the frost sets in, and a propor-
tion of the deepest growing roots cut off, thus
checking its luxuriousness, and rendering it
more fruitful. This question is often asked,
which is the best season for removing trees,
Spring or Fall ? Horticulturalists are about
equally divided, some preferring one and some
the other. We think in ordinary seasons, pro-
vided it can he done early, that Spring is pref-
erable, particularly for stone fruit and pears up-
on quinces. Lindly, a popular English writer,
says that " Trees cannot be removed from the
Nursery too soon after the wood has become
ripe, and the leaves fallen off; for between
this time and the Winter many of them will
make fresh roots, and be prepared to push
forth their young shoots with much more vig-

BOOK OF FRUITS. 21

or ill the Spring." This will not apply to
New England ; cold weather sets in too early
after the fall of the leaf for this ever to take
place, and we think it extremely doubtful that
this can ever occur in the climate of England.
The impression that fibres will form in the
Autumn from newly set trees is common, but
we have never witnessed it. The following
experiments in Spring and Fall planting have
been made at our Nurseries, viz : We receiv-
ed from Albany in November, 1 836, two hun-
dred pear trees, grafted on free stocks, whicii
were immediately set out ; and on the follow-
ing night the ground was completely frozen.
They all, with the exception of ten, leaved out
the following Summer,

In March of the next year, 1837, we re-
ceived from France the same number of pears
grafted upon quinces. When they arrived at
Boston, the frost prevented our setting them,
and they were immediately taken to Newton,
and placed in Mr Kenrick's Moss House. In
the course of three or four weeks they were
received at our grounds in North Salem, and
set out. We lost but eight of these trees ; six
of them bore fruit the same season.

28 BOOK OF FRUITS.

DISEASES — INJURIOUS INSECTS, &C.

The injuries and diseases to which fruit trees
are subject, are often difficult to be accounted
for, and the various methods devised for their
correction so abundant, that the space allotted
in this small treatise will allow us to select
but a few of those which we think on the
whole best.

The following remedy is found to be the
most effective in preventing further decay, and
restoring a healthy veg:etatioii, answering n^
double purpose, being also an excellent graft-
ing composition. It is given thus : —

Take one pound of pitch, one pound of
rosin, half pound beesw ax, quarter pound lard,
quarter pound turpentine, melted and mixed ;
spread evenly and thin, w ith a brush upon soft
kcntish cap paper or strips of cotton cloth.
This compound will resist the force of w ashing
rains, frost, drying w inds, and the influence of
a changeable atmosphere.

Now prepare the tree properly for its appli-
cation, by cutting away all the dead, decayed,
and injured parts, till you come to sound
wood, leaving the surface very smooth, and

BOOK OF FRUITS. 2S

rounding off the edges of the bark with a
sharp drawing knife ; then laj the plaster over
the part cut away. In hollows of trees, you
must scoop out all the rotten, loose, and dead
parts, till you come to the sound wood, and
then apply the composition as above. With
regard to the destruction of blighting insects,
the i^ractice of burning weeds, wet straw, hay,
Slc. to the windward of trees, particulariy
when sulphur is added, is probably as good a
method as can be adopted. Wood ashes
sprinkled upon the leaves of pear trees, infest-
ed by the slimy slug, particularly if it is done
during wet and drizzly weather, we have
found very effective in destroying them. The
canker which destroys many of our fruit trees,
is said by Scotch gardeners, to be owing to a
stintiness that takes place in the trees from a
bad sub-soil. With regard to the insects that
infest trees, we consider the borer the most
destructive. The Philadelphia Horticultural
Society awarded to a Mr Snyder, the premi-
um for the best assortment of fruits exhibited
at their show. This man had been in the
habit of placing ashes of cmthracite coal about
the roots of his fruit trees, and to this circum-

24 BOOK OF FRUITS.

Stance he attributed their preservation from
the attacks of insects. We know not, howev-
er, a more effectual way of destroying this in-
sidious insect, than by cutting them out.

GRAFTING.

Grafting is the taking of a shoot from one
tree and inserting it into another, in such a
manner, that both may unite closely and be-
come one tree. These shoots are called sci-
ons or grafts, and in the choice of them we
observe the following directions. 1st. That
they are shoots of the former year. 2d. Al-
ways cut them from healthy, fruitful trees.
3d. Those are preferable which are taken
from the lateral or horizontcd, rather than from
the strong perpendicular shoots.

Grafts may be cut from the trees before the
buds begin to swell, in February or March, or
late in the Fall. They should be buried hcdt
their length in the ground, or in a cool and
dry cellar. The season for grafting must be
regulated by the weather, which is so un-
certain in our climate, that we think it better
to defer the operation till the circulation of the
sap is brisk, and the buds of the stocks are

BOOK OF FRCITS. 25

putting forth their leaves. In a long contin-
uance of dry weather, grafts frequently fail of
taking. This operation is generally more suc-
cessful, if performed in a moist or cloudy day.
Among the various methods of engrafting,
the following we consider as successful as any
described, viz : cleft or slit-grafting. It is
performed on stocks from one to two inches
in diameter. The head of the stock bein^
carefully cut off in a sloping direction, a per-
pendicular cleft or slit is to be made, about
two inches deep towards the back of the
slope, into which a wedge is to be driven, in
order to keep it open for the admission of the
scion ; the latter must now be cut in a per-
pendicular direction, and in the form of a
wedge, so as to fit the incision in the stock,
in such a manner that the inner bark of both
the stock and scion may meet exactly. It is
then covered over with grafting clay, compos-
ed of half cow-dung, free from litter, and fresh
loam well incorporated, or the following com-
position, which is made of equal parts of rosin,
beeswax and tallow, or lard, melted and spread
upon strips of brown paper or cloth. We
have practised grafting under the bark in
Spring, in the manner of budding with good
c

26 BOOK OF pRurrs.

success, applying in everj case the composi^
tion in preference to the claj*

BUDDING, &c.

Inoculation or budding, is commonly prac-
tised upon stone fruits, such as peaches, cher-
ries, plums, Sic, and we think it preferable to
grafting for nearly all kinds of fruit.

The object in budding is the same as in
grafting, and depends on the same principle ;
all the difference between a bud and a scion
being, that a bud is a shoot or scion in embryo.
When grafting has been omitted, or has failed
in Spring, budding comes in as an auxiliary
in Summer. The season for budding is from
the beginning of July to the middle of Au-
gust, the criterion being the formation of buds
in the axillse of the leaf of the present year.
The best buds are those on the middle of a
young shoot, not those at the lower end ; stocks
for budding may in general be much smaller
than for grafting, as the operation may be per-
formed on the same year's shoot. The French
enumerate twenty-three varieties of budding;
but the variety in general use with us is the
following, called shield or T budding. It is
thus perfonned : Select a smooth part of the
stock, rather from, than towards, the sun,;

BOOK OF FRUITS. 27

thien with the budding-knife make a horizon-
tal cut across the bark, quite through to the
firm wood ; from the middle of this transverse
cut, make a sUt downward, an inch or more
long, going also quite through to the wood.
This done, proceed to cut out from the scion
the bud, cutting nearly halfway into the wood,
then with thtj thumb nail or point of the knife
take out the wood, observing that the eye or
germ of the bud remains perfect ; if not, and
a little hole appears in that part, it is imper-
fect, or as gardeners express it, the bud has lost
its root and another must be prepared. Many
gardeners do not take out the wood, consider-
ing it unnecessary, but insert the bud with
the wood attached. With regard to the fu-
ture treatment, see the article on the cultiva-
tion of the Pear.

APPLES.

With regard to the transplanting, pruning,
&c. of Apple Trees, the directions hereafter
given in the article "Cultivation of the Pear,"
will generally apply to this fruit.

CULTIVATION OF THE PEAR.

Pears are propagated by grafting in the
Spring, or budding late in Summer, either

28 BOOK OF FRUITS.

upon the common pear stock, or upon tbe
quince. The pear-stock is undoubtedly the
best for those intended for open standards or
orchard planting, but the quince stocks (which
have for a long time been used by the French
for dwarfs or half-standards) occupy but lit-
tle space in a garden, are productive, and
the fruit they produce is frequendy of a larg-
er size than the same grown on pear stocks.
Dubreiul recommends the quince stock ior
clayey and light soils, and the free stock pear,
for chalky and silecious soils. Grafting or
budding pears upon the white thorn is some-
times practised with success. The quince
stock should be budded at or helow the sur-
face of the ground, when the bark will sepa-
rate entirely from the wood, which in this lat-
itude takes place about the last of July or early
in August.

The following Spring, when the bud com-
mences pushing, cut the stock off to witlim
three inches of the bud, and in the next seas-
on finish or cut off the snag smoothly to the
bud or shoot. In the third season, when the
trees are removed to the situation in which
they are to remain for fruiting, be careful to

BOOK OF FRUITS.

29

re-set them at least one inch below the inser-
tion of the hud, as shown in the following cut
of a trained tree.

This cut of a dwarf tree is placed to show the position of the quinre
«tock, when grafted or budded with the pear one inch below the surface of
the soil.

30 BOOK OF FRUITS.

Setting the stock one inch below the bud
or scion, will preserve it from the cold in
Winter and the insidious borer in Spring. In
order to produce fruit early, the side shoots or
spurs should be suffered to remain upon the
whole extent of the tree, as thej will then
generally form fruit buds upon each spur.
These trees are admirably adapted for small
gardens, occupying but little space, less ex-
posed to high winds, affording greater security
to heavy fruit. One of our best new Euro-
pean Pears, the "Duchess of Angouleme,"
when grown as a dwarf produces a fine large
fruit, but small and greatly inferior w^hen
grown upon a standard. " When pears are
grafted or budded on the wild species, apples
upon crabs,and peaches upon peaches, the scion
is,in regard to fertility, exactly in the same state
as if it had not been grafted at all ; while on
the other hand, a great increase of fertility is
the result of grafting pears upon quinces,
peaches upon plums, apples upon the thorn,
and the like. In these cases the food absorb-
ed from the earth by the root of the stock is
communicated slowly to the scion." No other
influence have we ever noticed exercised by
the scion upon the stock.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 31

PEACHES,

All the varieties of peaches are generally
continued by budding, and new ones obtain-
ed by planting the stones, which should be
done as soon after they are separated from
the pulp as possible. The plum is a good
stock to engraft this fruit upon, particularly
if wanted for dwarfs or trained to espaliers.
Among the casualties to which these trees are
subject, the worm, or grub, as we call it,
is the most destructive. Its attacks ordinari-
ly begin in the stem, near the surface of the
earth ; and if not arrested, will soon reach
the root, causing gum to exude from the
wound. The following are some of the rem-
edies resorted to for their destruction. 1st.
The application of boiling water to the roots :
2d. A similar application of unslacked lime^
about one quart to a tree of ordinary size. 3d.
Removing the surface of the soil and substi-
tuting tanner's bark. Removing the earth in
the month of November and exposing the
roots to the action of frost during the Winter,
as has been sometimes done, we should not
recommend, as it would often prove fatal to

3^ BOOK OF FRUITS.

the tree. In the state of New Jersey, where
this fruit is raised in great quantities, they
adopt the following practice to destroy this in-
sect. In the Spring, when the blossoms are
out, they clear away the soil, so as to expose
the root of the tree, to the depth of three
inches ; then surround it with straw about
three feet long, applied lengthwise, so that it
may have a covering one inch thick, which
extends to the bottom of the hole, the butt-
ends of the straw resting on the ground at the
bottom; binding this round the tree with three
bands, one near the top, one at the middle, and
the third at the surface of the earth ; they then
fill up the hole at the root with earth, and press
it closely round the straw. By this process it
is said that the fly is prevented from depositing
its egg within three feet of the root ; and al-
though it may place the egg above that dis-
tance, the worm travels so slow that it cannot
reach the ground before frost, and therefore is
killed before it is able to injure the tree. For
Budding, &c. see the article under that head.

PLUMS.

The plum tree flourishes best in a rich,
sandy loam, neither too dry nor too moist.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 33

A cold, wet, clayey soil, or a dry sandy situ-
ation is not considered so favorable. They
thrive best in our neighborhood near the bor-
ders of the sea, which we think is owing to
their being in such situations not so subject to
the insect called Curculio, which perforates
and destroys the fruit; these insects are not
so abundant here as in the vicinity of Bos-
ton ; they are said to avoid the salt air.

Salem, which may almost be called a pen-
insula, being nearly surrounded by the sea,
has been for many years known to produce
annually more fruit of this kind than any
other city or town in the State. Plum trees
are also liable to be attacked by an insect
which causes large black bunches or warts to
be formed on the limbs, but as there are sev-
eral varieties which are said to be exempted
from this disease, we hope to find among up-
wards of one hundred kinds we have receiv-
ed from different sources, a desirable variety
which may be always free from this destruc-
tive insect, and which we may describe here-
after.

34 BOOK OF FKUIT3.

CHERRIES.

Cherries, like stone fruit in general, are
usually produced by budding, seldom by graft-
ing ; if by the latter process, we think it should
be done early in the Spring, particularly if by
split grafting. Grafting under the bark can
be done later and with more certainty of tak-
ing. Budding in July or August, we should
decidedly prefer. With regard to this fruit,
as is the case with strawberries, various opin-
ions exist as to the most desirable sorts for
culture. The black Tartarian and the Grid-
ley Bigarreau or apple cherry, are highly
prized as Black Hearts. The white Bigar-
reau and the Napoleon as white hearts, are
probably as productive, and desirable, as any
we have as yet seen.

CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY.

These are easily raised from cuttings!, pro-
vided you have moist soil, by putting them
into the ground irpmediately upon the falling
of the leaf, when the shoots of the Summer
are well ripened, or very early in the follow-

BOOK OF FRUITS. 35

ing spring ; the part inserted into the ground
should be cut across a bud, and then set from
three to five inches deep, according to the na-
ture of the soil and situation, being careful to
rub off all the buds below the surface ; they
should not be suffered to push near the ground,
but as buds appear they must also be taken
off, training them as dwarfs or half standards.
Both currants and gooseberries bear their
fruit on the last year's shoots, and on short
natural studs or spurs. The gooseberry will
continue to bear on the same buds or spurs
ibr many years, particularly if the branches
are kept open and free for the admission of
the sun and air. To have large and fine fruit
from the currant and gooseberry, they should
be trained to resemble a well formed tree in
miniature ; the ground near the bushes should
be well manured, particularly the last named
fruit. The gooseberry requires a rich loam,
free from weeds. Early in the Spring, spade
carefully around the roots, turning the soil
well over ; prune them by cutting out every
worn out, decayed or irregular branch ; let
none be permitted to grow across each other ;
cut out all the superabundant, lateral shoots

36 BOOK OF FRUITS.

of the last summer, on the old wood near the
ground, only retaining here and there one in
vacant parts, to form successional bearers, and
to supply the places of unfruitful branches.
Gosseberries are liable to mildew, if placed
in a confined situation ; thej want a free,
open exposure.

The varieties of this fruit are very exten-
sive, and of various colors, white, green, yel-
low, red, and dark purple. Tiiey differ much
in quality ; some of the largest fruited kinds
having a thick skin, are fit only for cooking,
while others are fine for the table. In select-
ing from the catalogues, we should send for
those, ivithout regard to names, which have
been tested by the nursery-man, and proved
to be the best flavored.

GRAPE.

The ripening of foreign grapes in the open
air, in the climate of New England, is very
uncertain ; and the necessity of covering them
in Winter will undoubtedly prevent their gen-
eral culture. The editor of the Magazine of
Horticulture, Mr. Hovey, justly says, "that
the cultivation of foreign grapes in the open

BOOK OF FRUITS. 37

air, must, we think, except in cities, be gen-
erally given up. For three or four years past
scarcely a crop has ripened." Among the
varieties of native grapes, we should not
recommend the Catawba, although consider-
ed by Mr. Adlum, " to be worth all others as
a wine grape ;" still its lateness is a great ob-
jection, it never having ripened with us. We
should decidedly prefer the Isabella. This
fine native grape was introduced into New
York about sixteen years since, by Mrs. Isa-
bella Gibbs, from South Carolina, and was
named Isabella by William Prince, Esq., of
Flushing, L. I. The vine is extraordina-
ry for the vigor of its growth and great
productiveness. A single vine, in 1820,
produced eight bushels. It is a late fruit,
and in a shady situation or upon an open
trellis rarely if ever ripens its berries. It should
be trained to a wall, fence, or out-building,
where it can receive the sun's rays nearly the
whole day, at least from its rising till three in
the afternoon. This vine wants no protec-
tion in Winter, and the best season for prun-
ing, we consider early in April. They may
be increased by layers or cuttings.

D

5B BOOK OF FRUITS.

Although grape vines are generally pruned
in the Fall, which may be the best season for
the foreign grape, we still, from our own ex-
perience with the Isabella, decidedly prefer the
Spring for this variety. Pruning vines in the
Spring is often objected to from fear of their
bleeding. This, however, rarely takes place,pro-
vided it is performed early in April,and the sec-
tion which is laid bare be presented to the sun's
rays, which will almost invariably close up
the sap vessels ; they should, therefore, be cut
from the outside, inward, in an oblique direc-
tion.

RASPBERRIES.

The white and red Antwerp are the two most
desirable sorts for cultivation ; they should
never be grown together in masses ; as the
red, being more inclined to wood, will event-
ually choke or injure the growth of the white.
The time to plant young sucker shoots, of last
summer, is early in Spring ; choose them
strong, about three or four feet growth, de-
tached with good roots, and prune the weak
top part ; plant them in rows four feet and a
half or five feet asunder by three feet, in the
rows ; prune old plantations, cutting out the

BOOK OF FRUITS. 39

dead steins, or the last Summer's bearers, /or /Ae
same shoots or stems never bear but once, be-
ing succeeded by young ones produced from
the root every summer, which become barren
next year, and perish the following Winter,
and should now be cut out as above, close to
the ground ; and then thin the young shoots
to three, four, or five of the strongest on each
stock, and prune them at the top. A cultivator
near Boston says — " The Raspberry should
always be cut about five feet high ; it increas-
es the quantity and size of the fruit, as well
as encourages the growth of the suckers, for
the following year. It should, however, not
be done until all chance of severe frost is over;
yet before the buds shoot, the stems ought af-
terwards to be lightly tied together at the top,
or to stakes placed in the ground,"

STRAWBERRY.

There are several varieties of this most de-
licious fruit, and many opinions relative to the
best flavored and most prolific sort. At Al-
bany they commend the Methven Castle as
the most profitable and productive ; at Rox-
bury the royal scarlet and pine apple. A cul^

40 BOOK OF FRUITS.

tivator at Dorchester highly approves of the
early Virginia scarlet, which last is probably
as productive as any for general culture. The
Down ton Red Alpine, (without runners,) and
Keen's Seedling, are also desirable varieties.

Propagation. — With the exception of the
bush Alpine, which is only increased by di-
visions of the root, all the varieties multiply
spontaneously every season, by numerous run-
ners from the parent plant, which, rooting and
forming a plant at every joint, only require,
for the production of fruit in abundance, re-
moval to a bed where they may have room to
flourish. Such plants will bear the Summer
succeeding the planting, and in the second
year will be in full perfection. The best way
is to supply a new plantation, with plants
which have been taken from runners and set
out in nursery beds the previous season. But
where such cannot be had, those of the pres-
ent season will answer.

Soil and situation, — Strawberries will grow
and produce fruit on almost any soil of mode-
rate fertility; but they are most productive on
a deep rich loam. They should be in an open
situation, exposed to th^ 3un and air, and not

BOOK OF FRUITS. 41

under trees. The Alpine strawberries, how-
ever, admit of being placed in a more shady
situation, as it is during the hot and dry sea-
son of the year that they are intended for
bearing ; which they will not do if allowed to
suffer from drought ; few are willing to take
the pains to water them as much as they
would require.

Transplanting, — The best time for doing
this is in the Spring ; but if performed with
proper care, they succeed nearly or quite as
well when transplanted early in Autumn, say
in the early part of September. The ground
should be well manured and dug, a month be-
fore transplanting. The chief care required
when the work is done in Autumn, is to guard
against the plants being thrown out by frost,
which is best effected by treading the soil
closely about the roots.

Culture. — The distance of the plants asun-
der, where the soil is rendered sufficiently fer-
tile, should be, for the larger varieties (such as
Methven and Keen's seedling,) twenty inches
from row to row and fifteen inches in the row ;
the smaller varieties may be a little nearer to-
gether. This distance may seem too great,

42 BOOK OF FRUITS.

but it is much better than crowding the plants
too closely, which is the more common error.
It is only by affording sufficient room for the
plants to receive the benefit of sun, air, and
of culture, that the fruit will ripen early, and
acquire a good size and agreeable flavor. Keen,
of Isleworth in England, a most successful
cultivator of this fruit and who raised the cel-
ebrated Keen's seedling, says, in speaking of
the large distances he adopted in planting, —
" these distances I find necessary, for the
trusses of fruit in my garden ground are fre-
quently a foot lung.'^^ The following is his
method of culture, in his own words : " After
the beds are planted, I always keep them as
clear of weeds as possible, and on no account
allow any crop to be planted between the
rows. Upon the growing of the runners, I
have them cut when necessary ; this is usually
three times in each season. In Autumn I al-
ways have the rows dug between ; for I find
it refreshes the plants materially ; and I re-
commend to those persons to whom it may be
convenient, to scatter in the Spring, very light-
ly, some loose straw or long dung between
the rows. It serves to keep the ground moist,

BOOK OF FRUITS. 43

enriches the strawberry, and forms a clean
bed for the trusses of fruit to lie on ; and thus
bj a little extra trouble and cost, a more abun-
dant crop may be obtained. A short time be-
fore the fruit ripens, I always cut off the run-
ners, to strengthen the root ; and after the
fruit is gathered, I have what fresh runners
have been made,taken off with a reaping-hook,
together with the outside leaves around the
main plant, after which I rake the beds, then
hoe them, and rake them again. In the Au-
tumn, unless the plants appear very strong, I
have some dung dug in, between the rows, but
if they are very luxuriant the dung is not re-
quired ; for in some rich soils it would cause
the plants to turn nearly all to leaf I also
have to remark, that the dung used for manure
should not be too far spent ; fresh dung from
the stable door, is prefererable to spit-dung,
which many persons are so fond of"

In thus recommending a thorough method
of culture, we would by no means wish to
discourage those who have not yet attempted
raising this excellent fruit, and who tliink they
cannot afford to adopt such culture, from at-
tempting it altogether ; indeed if proper va-

44 BOOK OF FRUITS.

rieties are obtained, good crops may be had
with little or no care after transplanting ; we
have known beds almost untouched for years
to yield plentifully. Nevertheless, we consid-
er the cheapest method, ultimately, of raising
this fruit, is by thorough culture ; that the
greatest amount of fruit is obtained in this
way for the care and labor expended, and that
the quality is so much superior to that obtain-
ed from slight culture, as to give the former
practice very decided advantages. When the
beds have much diminished in their product,
new plantations must be made to supply their
place. This generally takes place in four or
five years.

A grower of this fruit in New York subjoins
his method of cultivating, thus — " In the Fall,
cover the beds slightly with straw, and burn
all down ; then dig in between the hills with
a trowel or deep hoe, rake smooth, and re-
place with a fresh dressing two inches thick,
for winter protection, &:c. The hills ought to
be no more than twelve inches apart, and two
or three stems in a hill. While the fruit is
setting, water morning and evening, with a
table spoonful of salt to each pail of rain or

BOOK OF FRUITS. 45

river water ; if well water, it should be ex-
posed to the sun some time. A bed planted
from any good variety in full hearings will,
thus treated, always insure a good crop. Ear-
ly in September is the best time to plant,
choosing the first made runner plants, or some
offsets for immediate bearing. The runners
will come in, the second and third season."

No. 1. Early Harvest.

This is the earliest apple worthy of culti-
vation : the form is flat, of medium size ; the
skin w^hen perfectly ripe, is of a beautifully
bright straw color; the flesh tender and spright-
ly ; if gathered before they are fully ripe, it has
too much acidity. The finest fruits are those
which drop ripe from the tree ; the branches
make very acute angles, by which it is readily
distinguished from most other trees in the
orchard ; it bears young — ripe in July aii(l
August.

46 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 2. Early Bough.
This is a large handsome apple, the form
sometimes oblong, the skin a pale yellow, of-
ten with a bright red tinge, the flesh sweet
and tender ; it is a good bearer, and deserves
extensive cultivation. Ripe in August.

No. 3. American Red Juneaiing.
This apple is of medium size, oblong ; the
skin is a beautiful red, slightly streaked and
mixed with yellow ; the flesh is rich, spright-
ly and good ; the tree is of upright growth ;
it bears well and ripens in August. Although
it bears the name of American Red Juneating,
we have strong doubts of its having origina-
ted in this country ; we think it may be the
striped Juneating of Ronald.

No. 4. Summer Queen,

A large oblong apple, striped with red on a
yellow ground ; the flesh is yellow, very high
flavored, and excellent. The tree is of vigor-
ous growth, a great bearer. Ripe in August.

No. 6. Early Red Margaret.
A middle sized apple ; the shape round,
somewhat flat ; the skin a greenish yellow.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 47

Striped with dark red ; the flesh white, juicy,
and agreeable ; it bears early and abundantly.
Ripe the middle of August.

No. 6. Summer Rose.

A very beautiful and excellent fruit ; the
size is moderate ; the form round ; the skin
yellow, striped, and mottled with red ; the
flesh is sweet, juicy, and fine. Ripe in Au-
gust. A great bearer.

No. 7. Summer Pearmain.

This apple is of medium size, the form ob-
long and very regular ; the skin a dark red,
striped with a small proportion of yellow t, the
flesh very tender and good, juice not abun-
dant. It is one of our finest Summer apples ;
bears abundantly ; and ripens in August and
September.

No. 8. Rambour (Pete.

This apple is of large size and flat form ;
the skin light red, striped with yellow ; the
flesh is firm, rich and sprightly ; the trees as-
sume a spreading form of vigorous growth and
great productiveness. Ripe in September.

48 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 9. Fall Harvey.
This is a large and handsome fruit, the
shape flat with broad ribs extending from the
stem to the eye ; the skin sometimes a clear
bright yellow, but mostly a light yellow, occa-
sionally with a bright red cheek ; the flesh
yellow, firm, rich and high flavored ; it is
much cultivated in Essex county, Mass., where
it may have originated. It is without ques-
tion the finest Fall and early Winter apple. A
good bearer, and deserving extensive cultiva-
tion.

No. 10. Drap d^or.
A large flat apple, of a bright, but pale yel-
low color, covered all over wdth small black
pips, (never with a red cheek;) the flesh is ten-
der, very light and pleasant ; the growth of
the tree is large and spreading ; it bears well
and should be found in every good collection.
Ripe in September and October. This is the
Drap d'or of Cox and Ronald, but not of Du-
hamel.

No. 11. Haivthorndean,

This fruit is of medium size ; of a flat
and very regular form, and remarkably hand-

BOOK OF FRUITS. 49

some ; skin of a pale yellow, nearly white,
with a brilliant red on the side exposed to the
sun ; the flesh white, very juicy, but not high
flavored. It bears very young and most abun-
dantly every year ; it is one of the best mar-
ket fruits in the fall 'and early winter months.

No. 12. Williams^ Favourite Red,

This apple originated in Roxbury, Mass. :
it is of medium size, oblong form ; the skin a
bright and deep red ; the flavour pleasant and
agreeable. It is a good bearer and a most
beautiful fruit — ripening in August.

No. 13. Benoni.

This fine and beautiful apple was introduc-
ed to notice by E. M. Richards, Esq. of Ded-
ham. It is of medium size, form round and
regular ; the flesh yellow, high flavoured and
excellent ; — it bears well ; ripens in July and
August ; and should be found in every good
collection.

No. 14. Red Doctor Apple.

A large and handsome fruit, of a flat form ;
striped and clouded with red on a yellow

£

50 BOOK OF FRUITS.

ground ; the flesh is tender, breaking and
high flavoured. It bears well, and ripens from
October to December.

No. 15. B oxford.

This apple was first cultivated in Boxford,
Essex County, where it may have originated.
The size is middling, form round, skin striped
with red and yellow ; the flesh yellow, rich
and good. Ripens in the fall months, and is
thought to be a fine apple.

No. 16. Red Astracan.

This beautiful apple is of medium size, of a
round and rather flat form ; the skin is dark
red covered with a thick bloom like a plum ;
the flesh is white, tender and good, some-
what acid ; it keeps but a short time after
being gathered, but the beauty of the fruit
and its early and great bearing render it de-
sirable in every collection, especially if intend-
ed for the market. Ripe in August.

No. 17. Oslin.

This apple is of medium size, the form flat
and regular, the skin a bright yellow with

BOOK OF FRUITS. 51

some dark clouded spots ; the flesh firm, of a
brisk and high flavour. It bears young and
most abundantly, and ripens in September.

No. 18. KilhamHilL
Originated on the farm of Doctor Kilham,
in Wenham, Essex county, Mass. ; the size is
sometimes large, the form round, a little oblong ;
the skin yellow, striped with red ; the flesh is
yellow and high flavored, but soon becomes
dry ; it bears young and constantly, and ripens
from September to November. The tree is
of a spreading but not regular form, and may
be known by small warts or protuberances on
the bark.

No. 19. Ly scorn.
This apple originated in Southborough,
Mass. ; it is of medium size, rather oblong,
and very regular ; the skin dull red with
greenish yellow. The flesh is not high fla-
vored, but of a peculiarly mild and agreeable
taste. It bears well ; ripens in October, and
will sometimes keep till January.

No. 20. Porter.
Originated on the farm of the Rev. Samuel

52 BOOK OF FRUITS.

Porter, in Sherburne, Mass. The fruit is
sometimes large, the shape oblong, pointed at
the blossom end ; the skin of a bright yellow ;
often with a blush of red on the sunny side ;
the flesh fine, sprightly and agreeable. It
bears well, ripens in September and October,
and is a most beautiful fruit, either for the
market or private garden.

No. 21. Duchess of Oldenburg,
A valuable and handsome apple, said to be
of Russian origin. The size is middling, form
round and rather flat ; skin of a beautiful yel-
low, striped with red ; flavour very pleasant
and good. It bears well, and ripens in Sep-
tember and October.

No. 22. Yellow Ingestrie.

A beautiful apple, raised by Mr. Knight,
President of the London Horticultural Society.
The size is small, form round and regular;
the skin of a golden yellow, with some black
spots ; the flesh yellow, firm and delicate. It
is an abundant bearer, and ripens in October.

No. 23. Red Ingestrie,
This apple is of medium size, of a round

BOOK OF FRUITS. 53

form ; the skin bright yellow, tinged and strip-
ed with red on the side exposed to the sun ;
the flesh very rich, high flavoured and juicy.
It bears well and ripens in October.

No. 24. Franklin Golden Pippen,

This apple is supposed to be of American
origin ; it is of middle size, the form oval and
very regular; the skin of rather a dark yellow,
without a blush, but sprinkled with dark col-
ored specks ; the flesh yellow, tender and
very agreeable to the taste. The tree grows
well, is of an upright form, and the fruit is
!:ipe in October and November.

No. 25. Kerry Pippin.

Fruit of medium size ; the form oblong, flat-
tened at the eye and stalk ; the skin a bright
yellow, striped and marbled with red ; the
flesh tender and high flavored. This is a
most beautiful variety ; it bears well; and rip-
ens in September and October.

No. 26. Gravenstein,

Fruit large ; the form for the most part ob-
long, sometimes flat ; the skin of a light y.eU

54 BOOK OF FRUITS.

low, Striped and beautifully mottled with red ;
flesh very fine, with a brisk high flavoured juice.
This is one of the most valuable apples, ripen-
ing in October, and keeping good several
months. The tree is of a strong and healthy
growth and upright form.

No. 27. Ribstone Pippin,

Fruit sometimes large, of a flat form ; the
skin is a mixture of russet and yellow, with
dull red on the side exposed to the sun ; the
flesh very yellow and firm, with a sharp, rich
flavour ; the tree is of a spreading but not very
regular form ; it bears well, and ripens in the
fall and early winter months.

No. 28. Golden Russet.
The origin of this apple is unknown ; it ap-
pears to have been first cultivated in Essex
County, Mass. ; the fruit is of medium size,
round, rather oblong, and of a regular form ;
the skin is a smooth yellow russet ; flesh re-
markably tender, spicy and high flavoured.
The tree is very upright and handsome in its
growth ; bears abundantly ; and is a valuable
fruit, ripening in October, November and
De cember.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 66

No. 29. Blue Pearmain.

This fruit is large, the form round, the skin
red, striped and mottled with darker red, and
covered with a bloom like a plum ; the flesh
mild and agreeable. This is a most excellent
variety. Ripe in October, and keeping till
February.

No. 30. Red Quarenden.

Fruit of medium size, of a flat form ; skin a
very dark red ; flesh white, juicy and of a
pleasant flavour. Ripe in October and No-^
vember.

No. 31. Wine Apple,

Fruit large, round, sometimes oblong ; the
skin a bright red, striped with a little yellow,
with russet round the stock ; the flesh rich
and pleasant ; the form of the tree is spread-
ing ; it bears young and abundantly, and rip-
ens in the autumn and early winter months.

No. 32. Fameuse,
Fruit middle size ; of a flat form, skin light,
yellow and green, mixt with pale red and dark
red blotches on the side exposed to the sun ;

56 BOOK OF FRUITS.

flesh remarkably white, tender, juicy and good.
This is a very handsome apple. The tree bears
well, and the fruit ripens from October to De-
cember.

No. 33. Menagere,

This apple is said to be of German origin ;
it is the largest apple we have seen ; the form
flat in shape like a large English turnip ; the
skin of a light yellow ; the flesh pleasant, but
more adapted to the kitchen than the dessert.
It bears well trained as a dwarf, and ripens
from October to February.

No. 34. Rhode hland Greening,

This is a well known and favourite apple ;
the size is large, the shape round, flat at the
end ; the color, when ripe, a greenish yellow ;^ ,
the flesh yellow, tender, juicy and rich. The
growth of the tree is vigorous and spreading.
It bears well, and ripens from November to
February.

No. S6, Loveit Sweet

This apple originated on the farm of Mr.
Lovett, of Beverly, Essex County, Mass. ; it

BOOK OF FRUITS. 67

is of medium size, the form round ; the skin,

when ripe, a light yellow ; the flesh rich,

sweet and good. It is highly prized as a
winter fruit.

No. 36, Murphy.

This apple in appearance resembles the
Blue Pearmain ; the shape is more obfong, the
size not so large ; the skin light red, streaked
and mottled with blotches of darker red ; the
flesh white, tender and good. It is in use
from November to February. Raised from seed
by Mr David Murphy, of Salem, Mass.

No. 37. Oriley Fippen,

The size sometimes large ; the form,
oblong ; the skin, when ripe, a bright yellow,
with a little red on the side next the sun ;
the flesh yellow, breaking and high flavoured,
in this respect, approaching to the taste of the
Newton pippen more than any other apple.
The tree assumes a handsome, spreading
form, bears well, and the fruit ripens from
December to March.

58 BOOK OF FRUITS,

No. 38. Newtown Spitzenburg.
The) size is large ; the form round and
regular ; the skin a dark red, striped, streaked
with shades of dull red ; the flesh yellow, rich
and high flavoured. A most beautiful and
valuable apple ; in perfection from October
till February.

No. 39. White Winter Calville.
This is one of the most celebrated French
dessert apples ; the size is large, the form
flat, with ribs extending from the stem to the
eye ; the skin, when ripe, of a bright yellow,
sometimes with a blush of pale red ; the flesh
white, tender and pleasant, without being
high flavored. It is an abundant bearer, and
the fruit ripens from November to March.

No. 40. Pe7i nocks.
This is a large apple ; the form round, rather
oblong ; the skin a dull red, slightly streaked
with yellow ; the flesh yellow, sweet and ten-
der ; good for the table and excellent for bak-
ing. The tree grows to a large size, and
forms an open spreading head. It bears well
every year, and is in use during the winter
months.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 59

No. 41. Baldioin,

This fine apple, so well known in New
England, hardlj needs a description. It is of
medium size ; the form round, the skin mostly
of a brilliant red, with some indistinct yellow
streaks ; in some- situations a large proportion
of yellow ; the flesh is very fine, crisp, juicy
and rich ; it bears abundantly every other
year ; keeps well through the winter, and
although so common, it will bear comparison
with the finest of the new varieties.

No. 42. Lady Apple.

The size is small, the form flat, the skin at
maturity is a bright yellow, with a brilliant
red cheek, and very smooth ; the flesh white,
breaking, mild and agreeable, but not high
flavoured. The beautiful appearance of this
little apple renders it worthy of cultivation.
The tree is of more upright growth than any
other apple tree in the orchard ; it grows to a
large size before it produces fruit; it then
bears well, and is in use from January till
March.

60 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 43. Bell/lower,
This is a large and beautiful apple ; the
form is very oblong, tapering to the eye ; the
skin a bright yellow, sometimes without any
red, but for the most part the side exposed to
the sun has a bright red cheek ; the flesh is
rich, tender and sprightly ; before perfectly
ripe it has too much acidity. It bears well,
though not abundantly, every year, and ripens
in October, and keeps till February ; it is a
valuable market fruit. The growth of the
tree is large and spreading, and if not trained
high, the branches will reach the ground when
loaded with fruit.

No. 44. Swaar,

This is a large apple, the form round,
somewhat flat ; the skin is very smooth,
of a light yellowish green, without any red ;
the flesh is juicy and well flavoured, but not
rich. The tree is of spreading and vigourous
growth ; bears great crops. The fruit ripens
from December to March.

No. 45, Danvers Winter Stveet,
This apple is of medium size, the form a

BOOK OF FRUITS. 61

little oblong, tapering to the eye ; the skin
smooth, of a light jellow, sometimes with a
tinge of red ; the tiesh firm, juicy and sweet.
The tree is a great bearer, of rapid growth,
and is worthy of extensive cultivation. It is
in use during the whole winter.

No. 46. Pickman Pippen.

This apple is sometimes large, the form
round, the skin a light yellow, spotted with
black points ; the flesh hard, juicy and good
for the table, and excellent for the kitchen,
having, when cooked, a most agreeable acid.
The tree is of an upright growth, bears abun-
dant crops, and the fruit ripens from Decem-
ber to March.

No. 47. Mela Carla.

This apple is of medium size and round
form, the skin is of a light yellow, with a
bright red cheek next the sun ; the flesh white,
tender and good, but not rich. It is a good
bearer, and ripens from October to March. In
our climate this apple is not so good as in its
native country^ (Italy.) It is, notwithstand-
ing, worthy of cultivation.

F

62 BOOK OF FRUITS,

No. 48. Roxbury Russet,

This apple is well known, and extensively
cultivated in New England ; it is of medium
size, round, and flat at the ends ; the skin of
a fine yellow russet, often mixed with dull red ;
the flesh white, rich and juicy, with a very
pleasant acid. It bears well, and can be
brought to market later in the spring than any
other good table apple.

No. 49. Huhbardston Nonsuch,

This apple is large, the form round, some-
what oblong ; the skin is red mixed with a
small portion of yellow, streaked and blotched
with dark red ; the flesh yellow, juicy, and
of excellent flavour. The tree is of vigorous
growth, a great bearer, and worthy of exten-
sive cultivation. In use from January to
March.

No. 50. Minister,

This fine apple originated in Rowley, Mass.
The size is large, the form oblong like the
Bellflower, tapering to ahe eye, with broad
ridges the whole length Iff the fruit ; the skin
a light greenish yellow, striped with bright

BOOK OF FRUITS. 63

red, but the red seldom extends to the eye ;
flesh yellow, light, high flavoured and excel-
\en{. This is one of the very finest apples
w^hich New England has produced. It ripens
from November to February, and deserves a
place in every collection of fruits, however
small. This apple received its present name
from the circumstance of the late Rev. Dr.
Spring, of Newburyport, having purchased the
first fruit brought to market.

No. 51. Green Sweet.

This apple is of small size, round, and
rather flat ; the skin at maturity is a dull"
green, approaching to yellow ; the flesh very
sweet and good. It is in use during the win-
ter months, and can be brought to market la-
ter in the spring than any other sweet apple.
Much cultivated in the north part of Essex
county, Mass.

64 BOOK OF FRUITS,

PEAAS.

No. 1. Amire Joannet,

This fruit is small, form oblong ; the skin,
when ripe, is light yellow, with a small portion
of red ; the flesh white, and when not overripe,
juicy and good. It ripens in July, about ten
days before the Petit Muscat, to which it is
superior in size and flavor. The head of the
tree is open, with a few long and hanging
branches.

No. 2. Petit Muscat.

This pear ripens immediately after the a-
bove ; the size is small ; the form round, a
little oblong ; the skin mostly of a clear yel-
low, with a little dull red ; the flesh pleasant
and musky, without being high flavoured.
The tree grows to a large size, with long and
hanging limbs, producing its fruit in clusters
and most abundantly.

No. 3. Madeleine,

This is the first good pear, which ripens; imme-
diately following the Petit Muscat ; the size is

BOOK OF FRUITS. 65

rather small ; in rich land they grow large ;
the skin, when ripe, is light green approach-
ing to a yellow, sometimes a tinge of dull red
on the side exposed to the sun; the flesh
white, juicy and pleasant with a most agreea-
ble acid. Ripe the end of July and first part
of August ; it bears well every year, and from
its open head requires but little pruning.

No. 4. Bloodgood.

This pear was first brought into notice by
the late James Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long
Island ; the size is large, the form nearly oval,
the skin a dull yellow, covered with dark rus-
set spots ; the flesh tender, melting and pleas-
ant. It comes very early into bearing, and
produces abundant crops every year. Ripe in
August.

No. 5. Rousselette Hatif.

This is a small pear, with a long curved
neck ; the stem is long and fleshy, in most
cases appearing to be a continuation of the fruit;
the skin yellow with brownish russet on the
side next the sun ; the flesh very fine, rich
and high flavoured when eaten ripe from the

66 BOOK OF FRUITS.

tree ; the branches are long, the head of the
tree very open, and the produce most extraor-
dinary, It ripens about the middle of August.

No. 6. Skinless,
This pear is of small size, of a long shape,
round at the blossom end, tapering to an ob-
tuse point at the stem ; the skin is smooth and
very thin ; the color when ripe is a light yel-
low, with a slight tinge of red ; the flesh juicy,
crisp, sweet and very good. The tree produ-
ces well, and the fruit ripens in August.

No. 7. Summer Rose,
A pear of medium size ; the form flat, re-
sembling an apple, with a long stem inserted
in a roundish hollow ; the skin is dull yellow,
spotted with russet, and mixed with a large
proportion of brownish red ; the flesh, white,
juicy and sweet, with a high and very pecu-
liar flavor. The appearance of the tree is that
of a large spreading apple tree ; it grows to a
large size before producing fruit ; it is then
very productive. Ripe in August.

No. 8. Summer FrankreaL
This very fine pear is of medium size, the

BOOK OF FRUITS. 67

shape oblong, thickest about one third from
the eye, sometimes flat like a Bergamot.
The skin when fully ripe a light yellow ; flesh
melting, rich and excellent. It is a great and
early bearer, ripening in September.

No. 9, Williams^ Bon Chretien,

[See plate No. 1.]

This fruit is very large ; the shape long,
round and full, both at the eye and stem,
which is short and large ; the skin when fully
ripe yellow, with faint red next the sun ; flesh
white, melting and good. The character
of this pear is very high ; the tree is of a
strong and vigorous growth, bears very young,
and yields most extraordinary crops every year.
Ripe in August and September.

No. 10. Julienne,
This pear resembles the St. Michael's, but
is much smaller, except on very rich land ;
the size is generally small ; the skin light yel-
low, sometimes with bright red next the sun ;
the flesh rich, juicy and melting. The tree
comes early into bearing, produces abundantly,
and is in use from the middle of August to the
middle of September ; ripening gradually in

68 BOOK OF FRUITS.

the house, which renders it very desirable lor
a market fruit.

No. 11. Dearhornh Seedling.

This fine and beautiful pear originated at
Brinley Place, Roxbury, the seat of the Hon.
H. A. S. Dearborn. The fruit is of medium
size, round at the crown, diminishing to the
stem, around which is a circle of bright rus-
set ; the skin is smooth, of a light yellow col-
our ; the flesh delicate, melting and fine fla-
voured, equal to any other pear of the same
season. The growth of the tree is healthy
and vigorous. It bears well, and the fruit
ripens in August.

No. 12. Crawford,

This pear is very extensively cultivated in
Scotland ; it is of middle size, round at the
eye, diminishing to the stem, and very regular
and uniform in its appearance ; the skin is en-
tirely of a light yellow ; the flesh juicy, tender
and good. It bears young, and ripens in Au-
gust.

No. 13. Honey,

This tree was procured from Messrs. Wm.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 69

Prince & Sons, of Flashing ; but as there are
two pears bearing this name, one European,
the other American, it is uncertain to which
the specimen belonged ; in size and shape it
resembles the Seckle ; the skin is yellow, with
a large portion of dull red ; the flesh sweet,
juicy and good. The tree bears young, and
when more advanced promises to be a great
bearer. Ripe in September.

No. 14. Citron de Sirentz,

This tree was procured from Messrs. Bau-
mans, of BoUwiller ; in size, shape, colour,
taste and time of ripening, it resembles the
Crawford.

No. 15. Rousseleiie de Rheims.

This pear is of medium size, the form is
oval, blunt at the stem ; the skin yellow, with
much dull red on the side next the sun ; the
flesh is breaking and fine, with a very high musk
flavour ; it is best when eaten ripe from the
tree. The tree attains a large size before
bearing ; but when more advanced produces
an abundant crop. Ripe in September.

70 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 16. Summer Thorn.
This pear is oblong, of medium size, the
skin'smooth, and when ripe of a light green ;
the flesh melting, juicy and of a very peculiarly
pleasant flavour. It bears well, and ripens in
September.

No. 17. Williams' Eccrly,

This new pear originated on the farm of
Mr. Williams, in Roxbury, Mass. It is of
middle size, turbinate form, the skin light yel-
low with a red cheek next the sun ; the flesh
melting, sugary and fine. The tree promises
to be a great bearer. Ripe in September.

No. 18. Valee Franche,
This pear in good ground is sometimes
large, the form almost flat, a liitle extended ;
the skin dull, greenish yellow and dull red ;
the flesh juicy, rich and pleasant. The tree
bears young, is very productive, and the fruit
ripens in September.

No. 19. Chair a' Dame.

This pear is of medium size, obovate, the
stem is short and fleshy, obliquely inserted un-

BOOK OF FRUITS. 71

der some irregular bunches or protuberances ;
the skin is a dull yellow, mixed with russet
and a small portion of red ; the flesh is crisp,
coarse grained, and sugary. The tree is of
vigorous growth, and appears to be a good
bearer. Ripe in September.

No. 20. Ureen Pear of Yair.

This pear is of medium size ; the form full
at the crown, diminishing gradually to the stem;
the skin is smooth, and when fully ripe of a
light green ; the flesh melting, very juicy and
good. A great bearer. Ripening in Sep-
tember.

No. 21. St. Ghislain.

This superior pear is one of the new Flem-
ish varieties ; it is of medium size ? the shape
rather oblong ; the skin at maturity is a pale
yellow ; the flesh juicy, melting and very de-
licious. The tree is vigorous, and bears
good crops every year. One of the finest of
pears, anad should be found in every good col-
lection. Ripening in September and October.

No. 22. Cushing.
A native fruit from Hingham, Mass. The

72 BOOK OF FRUITS.

size in rich ground is large ; the form oblong,
diminishing from the eye to an obtuse point
at the stem ; the skin when ripe smooth, of a
light yellow, sometimes with dull red on the
side exposed to the sun ; the flesh white,
melting, sprightly and good. It comes early
into bearing, produces well, and the fruit rip-
ens the last of September.

No. 23. Rostiezer,

This tree was received from the Messrs.
Baumans, of Bollwiller. Th<i fruit is of me-
dium size, oblong and pointed at the stem,
the skin covered with light yellow russet ; the
flesh melting, high flavoured and delicious. It
ripens about the first of October, and so far
as we could judge from the first specimens, is
decidedly a first rate fruit.

No. 24*. Jachnan^s Melting,

This tre^ was received from the Messrs.
Youngs, of Epsom, England ; it produced its
first fruit in 1837 ; the name is no doubt er-
roneous, as it is not noticed in the catalogue
of the London Hort. Society, or in any other
work of authority. The fruit is large and

BOOK OF FRUITS. 73

very long, the stem short, the skin entirely of
a dark red ; the flesh juicy and good, but not
rich ; it is remarkable for its beauty, promises
to bear well, and ripens the last of September.

No. 25. Seckle.

This well known and excellent pear is of
small size on poor land ; the form is regular,
round at the blossom end, diminishing gradu-
ally to an obtuse point at the stem ; the skin
often yellow with a brownish red cheek,
sometimes entirely covered with greenish rus-
set ; the flesh melting and of most exquisite
flavour ; the growth of the tree is slow, with
great and unusual symmetry. It produces
al)undant crops ; but in order to obtain fruit
of large size, the ground should be rich and
the tree pruned with a more open head, than
is generally thought necessary. Ripens grad-
ually in the house from the middle of Septem-
ber to the last of October.

No. 26. Jalousie,

This pear is rather above the mediqm size ;
the form round and large at the blossom end,
diminishing rapidly to a point at the stem ;

74 SOOK OF FRUITS.

the skin is smooth, and entirely covered vv ith
a cinnamon russet ; the flesh white and melt-
ing, very pleasant and good. The tree
bears well, and the fruit is in use during the
w^hole month of October*

No. 27. Johonnot.

Originated in the garden of the late George
S. Johonnot, Esq. of Salem. The fruit is of
medium size, of a roundish and very unequal
form ; a little extended, the skin thin, the
colour a dull yellow, with a large portion of
dull brown and indistinct russet ; the flesh is
very fine, melting and delicious. The tree is-
not vigorous ; it bears well, and is in perfec-
tion from the middle of September to the
middle of October.

No. 28. Andrews*

This fruit sometimes attains a large size, the
form is oblong, tapering gently from the blos-
som end to the stem ; the skin when at maturity
is a yellowish green, often with a dull red cheek;
the flesh melting, juicy and high flavoured ; it
is a most valuable pear, producing its fruit
early and abundantly. The tree is not of vei^

BOOK OF FRUITS. 76

Vigorous growth. Ripe in September and
October.

No. 29. Autumn Superb.

This is a large pear, full and round at the
eje, diminishing to a point at the stem ; the
skin is jellow mixed with dull red ; the flesh
melting and good, but not very high flavoured.
It bears young and the fruit ripens in October.
It was originally introduced from France, and
received its present name in this country.

No. 30. Belle Lucrative.

The tree which produces this fine fruit, was
received from the Messrs. Young, of Epsom,
England. The size is large, the form round
at the blossom end, tapering gradually to the
stem ; the skin, when ripe, is a pale yellow,
sometimes with a little dull red next the sun ;
the flesh is melting, sweet, juicy and fine fla-
voured. It bears well. Ripens in Septem-
ber and October, and is worthy of a place
among the choicest selections.

No. 31. Belle et Bonne.
These trees have been received from vari-

76 BOOK OF FRUITS.

ous sources, as the Belle de Bruxelles ; the
fruit is large and round, the skin yellow, some-
times with a little blush on the side exposed
to the sun ; the flesh very sweet, rich and
good. The tree is very vigorous in its growth ;
does not bear till it has attained a large size ;
it is then very fruitful. Kipe in October.

No. 32. Long Green.

This is one of the best of the old varieties ;
its form is very long ; skin at maturity a light
green ; the flesh is white, melting and fine fla-
voured. The tree is of vigorous growth, bears
well, and the fruit ripens in September and
October.

No. 33. Benry Fourth,

This pear is of small size, the form very ir-
regular, oblong ; the skin of a dull yellow,
mixed with brown and green ; flesh yellow,
gritty, juicy and melting, with a high and
somewhat remarkable flavor. It bears young
and abundantly, and ripens in September.

No. 34. Beurre Van Marum,
This is one of the new Flemish pears ; it is

BOOK OF FRUITS. 77

of medium size, the form oblong, the skin of
a bright yellow, sometimes with a tinge of
red ; the flesh melting, juicy and fine. It is
an early and great bearer, and in perfection
about the last of September.

No, 35. Capsheaf.

The origin of this pear is unknown ; it is
much cultivated near Providence, R. I., where
it may have originated. The size is small ;
the form almost round ; the skin a light cin-
namon russet ; the flesh white, melting and
juicy, with a pleasant but not high flavour.
It bears well, and the fruit ripens in October.

No. SQ, Surpass Vergalieu,

This tree was received from the late Mr.
Parmentier, of Brooklyn, L. I. ; as we do not
find the name in any European author, it was
probably adopted in this country. The fruit
is large, form oblong, some specimens nearly
round ; the skin smooth, of a light yellow with
a little red on the side next the sun ; the flesh
rich, juicy and high flavoured. It appears to
require a warm sun to have it in its greatest
perfection ; it bears young, yields large crops

78 BOOK OF FRUITS.

of fair fruit every year, and is worthy of ex-
tensive cultivation. Ripe in October.

No. 37. Heathcote.

This native pear is large on rich land ; the
form is long, round at the blossom end, and
full at the stalk ; the skin almost always of a
light yellow, seldom a tinge of red ; the flesh
melting, rich and well flavored. The growth
of the tree is handsome and vigorous. It pro-
duces abundant crops, and ripens in Septem-
ber and October.

No. 38. Harvard.

This pear originated in Cambridge, Mass. ;
the size is large, the form oblong, contracted
in the middle, diminishing to an obtuse point
to the stem, which is inserted in a small cav-
ity ; the skin is of a dull russety yellow, some-
times nearly covered with brownish red ; the
flesh white, juicy and fine, but subject to rot
at the core, which is its only defect. The
tree is uncommonly strong and upright in its
growth ; it attains a large size before produc-
ing fruit ; it is then a great bearer. Ripe in
September and October?

BOOK OF FRUITS. 79

No. 39. Naumkeag.

This is a seedling from the garden of the
late G. S. Johonnot, Esq., of Salem ; the
wood and leaf of the tree resemble those of
the Brown Beurre. The fruit is large, form oval,
rather oblong, full and round both at the blos-
som end and at the stem ; the skin a yellow
russet, with much dull brown mixed with
russet ; flesh juicy, melting and good, with
rather too much astringency. A great bear-
er,— ripening in October.

No. 40. Raymond.
A new fruit, which originated on the farm
of Doctor Joseph Wight, of Raymond, Me.
It is sometimes large, but generally of a me-
dium size, the shape of the St. Michael's ; the
skin yellow wjth some dull red and russet on
the side exposed to the sun ; the flesh melt-
ing, rich and high flavoured, equal to any pear
of the same season. The tree is slow and
crooked in its growth, but produces well, and
the fruit ripens in September and October.

No. 41. Bifffum.
This pear originated in Rhode Island ; the

80 BOOK OF FRUITS.

size is large, the form nearly oval, the skin
yellow mixed with russet and brownish red
next the sun ; the flesh melting and good, but
not first rate. The tree is very upright and
strong in its growth ; a great bearer, and an
excellent market fruit. Ripe in September.

No. 42. Beurre Bosc.

One of the new Flemish pears ; the form is
very long, the skin of a light cinnamon russet;
the flesh white, juicy, melting and good. It
bears abundantly, and ripens in October and
November.

No. 43. Golden Buerre of Bilboa,
This tree was imported from Bilboa, by
Mr. Hooper, of Marblehead ; the original
name is unknown ; in size and shape it re-
sembles the Doyenne Gris, but the skin is of
a lighter russet ; the flesh is melting, rich and
of fine flavour ; it promises to be a good bear-
er. Ripens in October.

No, 44. Washington,
A native fruit from New Jersey, of medi-
um size ; the form is oval, the skin of a light

BOOK OF FRUITS. 81

yellow, covered with small brown spots, some-
times a slight tinge of red ; the flesh melting
and excellent, with an unusual flavour. The
tree grows vigorously, bears well, and the
fruit ripens in September. A beautiful and
good pear, worthy of cultivation.

No. 45. Gansels Bergamot.

This has been placed among the old pears ;
it is only comparatively so, having been raised
in 1768 ; as yet it shows no indication of de-
cay, such as we see in many of the finest old
pears. It has the reputation of being a bad
bearer, but in the gardens in Salem it pro-
duces good crops. The fruit is of medium
size, the form nearly round, the colour a dull
brown ; flesh white, melting and fine flavour-
ed. Ripe in October.

No. 46. Cabot

This pear was produced from seed by Jos-
eph S. Cabot, Esq., of Salem ; the original
tree, after producing the first specimen of
fruit, was destroyed by the cold winter of
1 831 ; we were so fortunate as to preserve a
scion, from which we obtained fruit the last

82 BOOK OF FRUITS.

season, 1837. It is of medium size, of a
round form, a little extended ; the skin a light
yellow russet, with a small portion of brown-
ish red ; the flesh white, melting and fine fla-
vored. It is decidedly a first rate fruit, and
worthy of extensive cultivation ; the tree is of
a strong and healthy growth, bears well, and
is in perfection during the whole month of
October.

No. 47. Pope^s Quaker,

The origin of this pear is uncertain ; it ap-
pears to have been first cultivated by a Mr.
Pope, a nurseryman near New York ; the fruit
is of medium size, oblong pear shaped, the
skin entirely covered with yellow russet ; the
flesh white, melting and good, but not high
flavoured ; the tree is productive. The fruit
ripens in October.

No. 48, Bon Chretien Fondanie,

This is one of the new Flemish pears ; fruit
rather large, form regular, oval ; the skin a
yellowish green, mixed with brown and yel-
low specks ; the flesh yellow, rich and melt-
ing ; the tree produced fruit the first time, the

BOOK OF FRUITS. 83

last season, 1837, and promises to be a first
rate fruit. Ripe in October.

No. 49, Princess of Orange,
One of the new Flemish pears. In size
and form this fruit resembles the St. Micha-
el's ; the skin is an orange russet, mixed with
dull red ; the flesh white, melting and good,
but not first rate. Ripe in October. The
scions of this pear were originally received
from the London Horticultural Society, but a
distinguished cultivator of fruit from Belgium,
thinks it cannot be the Princess of Orange of
Van Mons.

No. 50. Cumberland.
A native fruit from Cumberland, R. I. ; the
size is large, the form oblong, round and large
at the blossom end, tapering to an obtuse
point at the stem ; the skin of an orange col-
our, with bright red next the sun ; the flesh
melting, juicy and good, nearly first rate.
Ripe in October and November. The tree is
of vigorous growth, and bears abundantly.

No. 51. Louise Bonne de Jersey.
Fruit large oblong, pear shape ; skin yel-

B4 BOOK OF FRUITS*

lowish green, mixed with brovvnisli red next
the sun ; the flesh melting, rich and good. It
produced its first fruit the last season, and
gives every indication of being a first rate
pear, and good bearer. Ripe in September
and October.

No. 52. Reine des Poires,

This is a large pear ; the form obtusely py-
ramidal ; the skin a dull yellow mixed with
red, and red on the side exposed to the sun ;
the flesh crisp, pleasant and good, but not
high flavoured , it bears young, and is very
productive. Ripe in October. The tree has
a great resemblance to that of the Easter
Beurre.

No. bS. Petre,

This tree was presented to me by Mr. Carr,
of the Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila-
delphia, where the fruit originated. The first
specimens were produced the last season,
1837. The size is large, the form long, round
at the eye, and tapering to an obtuse point at
the stem ; the skin is a dull yellow, mixed
with greenish russet ; the flesh melting, juicy,

BOOK OF FRUITS. 85

and very delicious. Ripe in October and No-
vember. It is a pear of the very first rank,
and should be extensively cultivated.

No. 54. Frederic of Wurtemherg.

This is one of the nevr Flemish pears, and
has been cultivated under the erroneous name
of the Capiaumont. The size is large, round
and full at the blossom end, tapering rapidly to
a point at the stem, which is short and placed
on the summit ; the skin a bright yellow,
with a brilliant red cheek next the sun ; the
flesh yellow, melting, rich and excellent. The
tree grows vigorously, bears young and abun-
dantly, and the appearance of the fruit is beau-
tiful. Ripe in September and October.

No. bb. Urhaniste.

One of the new Flemish pears, the size and
form is somewhat like the St. Michael's, round
and full at the eye, diminishing gradually to
an obtuse point at the sEii^ which is inserted
in a shallow round cavity ; skin light green,
nearly yellow, with small spots of dull russet ;
flesh white, melting and fine. The tree is of
handsome form and grows vigorously ; does

86 BOOK OF FRUITS.

not bear young, but is productive after it has
attained a proper size. Of all the new Euro-
pean pears, this is the best substitute for the
old favorite, St. Michael's. Ripe in October
and November*

No. 56^ Wilkinson.

A native pear from Cumberland, R. I. ; the
size in rich ground is large, the form oblong,
round at the blossom end, and at the stem ;
the skin yellow, seldom (on pear stocks) any
red ; the flesh white, juicy and melting, with
a fine and delicious flavour. The tree bears
young, is very fruitful, and in perfection dur*
ing the months of October and November. If
grafted on the quince it is smaller, more pro-
lific, higher flavoured, and a brighter red cheek,
than if grafted on the pear stock.

No. 57. Bergamotte d^Jutomne. ^

This pear is of medium size, the form round,
a little lengthened towards the stem, which is
short and inserted in a small cavity ; the skin
when ripe is a dusky yellow, thickly sprinkled
with greyish spots ; the flesh breaking, ten-
der, juicy and sweet. It is a good fruit, an

BOOK OF FRUITS. 87

early and great bearer, ripening gradually in
October ; distinct from the Autumn Bei:ga-
niot described by Cox, and figured in the Po-
niological Magazine.

No. 58. Napoleon,

One of the new Flemish pears ; the size is
large, the form long, round at the blossom end,
contracted in the middle, obtuse at the stem
which is short ; the skin at maturity is a yel-
lowish green ; flesh melting and fine, with an
unusual quantity of juice ; in some soils a lit-
tle too astringent ; tree healthy and strong,
bears well, and the fruit ripens in October.

No. 59. Marie Louise.

This is also one of the new Flemish pears ;
the size is large, the form long, tapering from
the middle to the eye and stem ; the skin is a
dusky yellow, sometimes with a large portion
of cinamon russet ; the flesh white, melting,
juicy and very delicious ; the tree grows crook-
ed, and the leaves are small and generally
hollowed like the bowl of a spoon ; it is equal
to any other pear of the season, European or
An>erican- Ripe in October and November*

88 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 60. Fulton,
This pear originated on the farm of Mrs.
Fulton, Topsham, Me. ; the size is small, the
form nearly round, a little lengthened, the skin
entirely covered with dark russet ; the flesh
white, melting, juicy and well flavoured ; the
tree bears well, and the fruit ripens gradually
in the house, in October and November.

No. 61. Bleekerh Meadoio.
A native fruit from New York ; the size is
small, the form round, somewhat flat ; the
skin, when fully ripe, is yellow ; the flesh yel-
low, melting, juicy and very high flavoured.
The growth of the tree is vigorous ; it does
not bear young, but as it increases in size it
bears well. A fine delicious pear, ripening in
October and November.

No. 62. Dix.

This fine pear originated in the garden of
Mrs. Dix, in Boston ; the size is large, oblong,
tapering gently from the blossom end to the
stem, which is short ; the skin, when ripe, is
yellow, sometimes with a blush of red on the
side exposed to the sun ; the flesh melting,

BOOK OF FRUITS. 89

juicj and very rich, with a high and most
agreeable flavour ; in perfection during the
months of October and November ; the tree
is of slow growth, the wood small and thorny ;
it grows to a large size before bearing; it
then produces plentifully.

No. 63, Duchesse d^Angouleme,
One of the new European pears ; the size
is very large, oblong, round at the blossom
ends, tapering gradually to an obtuse point at
the stem with a knobby and uneven surface ;
the skin greenish yellow, spotted with small
russet points ; the flesh very rich, melting and
high flavoured. It is a good pear on stand-
ards in rich ground, larger and better on the
quince, trained low ; it is very productive.
Ripe in October and November,

No. 64. MoorfowVs Egg^ of Boston.

A pear of medium size, oval form ; the skin
light green, mixed with russet and brown
next the sun ; the flesh tender, juicy and
good ; tree of vigorous growth, and ripens in
November. This we think cannot be the
pear of the same name cultivated in England
and Scotland.^ Av ,

90 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 66. Beurre DieL
One of the best of the new Flemish pears ;
the size is verj large, tapering gradually from
the middle to both the eye and stem, where it is
full and thick ; the skin when ripe of an orange
colour, with small russet spots ; the flesh white,
sugary, rich and delicious ; the tree is of a
1 crooked, but strong and healthy growth ; it
bears wxll, and the fruit ripens in November
and December.

No. QQ, Sylvanche Verte,

The pear which we cultivate by this name
resembles the Beurre Diel, in size, shape, col-
our, flavour, and time of ripening ; the growth
t/iJ q/^^ the tree is also similar, at least we can per-
j ceive no difference. We see by the 2d Edi-
tion of the London Hort. Society's Catalogue,
that this pear had not then been proved in
their garden.

No. 67. Bourgmestre, of Boston,

A pear of large size, very long, round at the

blossom end, tapering gently to a point at the

stem, which is short and fleshy at its junction

with the fruit; the skin greenish yellow, (on

BOOK OF FRUITS. 91

a quince stock it has a bright red cheek ;) the
flesh juicy and pretty good, but not rich. Ripe
from November to January. This is not the
Bourgmestre of the London Hort. Society's
Catalogue. We were inclined to discontinue
its cultivation, but its abundant bearing, great
size, and beautiful appearance, the two last
seasons, have induced us to continue it for
further investigation.

No. 68. Newtown Vergalieu,
We should judge by the name that this pear
originated on Long Island ; it is of large size,
round at the blossom end, tapering to a point
at the stem, which is short ; the skin of a pale
yellow, seldom with a tinge of red ; the flesh
is sweet, rather dry, not highly prized as a ta-
ble fruit, but excellent for baking. It ripens
in the early winter months, and its produc-
tiveness renders it desirable in an orchard.
The tree is crooked and strong in its growth,
forming a large spreading head like that of an
apple tree.

No. 69. Fi^ Pear of Naples,
The scions of this pear were received from

92 BOOK OF FRUITS*

the London Horticultural Society. In their
catalogue it is described as first rate ; the
fruit is of large size, form oval, skin a dark
brown, with a mixture of red; flesh melting,
juicy and good ; it is very productive, and
bears young. Ripe in November and Decem-
ber.

No. 70. fVinter Nelia.

One of the new Flemish pears ; the size
and form is somewhat like the Seckle ; the
skin a greenish yellow, covered with dark
spots ; in some seasons they have a large por-
tion of dull russet ; the flesh yellow, melting,
sweet, and very high flavoured ; a very fine
pear, ripening during the months of December,
January and February.

No. 71. Passe Col mar.

This is also one of the new Flemish pears ;
the size is large,^ the form round and full at
the blossom end, contracting suddenly to the
stem, which is about an inch long, and plant-
ed in a small and oblique* cavity ; the flesh is
yellow, melting, sweet and excellent. The
growth of the tr^e is vigorous, without any

BOOK OF FRUITS. 93

symmetry ; its produce very great ; it is a fa-
vourite, and deserves to be so. We have had
them ill eating from October to February.

No. 72. Siirpasse St, Germain,
Introduced into England from Flanders, by
the late John Braddick, Esq. It is of medi-
um size, round at the crown, tapering to the
stem, which is obliquely planted ; it is of very
irregular form ; the skin is rough, yellow mix-
ed with dull brown ; the flesh coarse grained,
sugary and high flavoured ; it produces abun-
dantly, and the fruit ripens in December and
January.

No. 73. Lewis.
This pear originated on the farm of Mr.
John Lewis, Roxbury, Mass. The size is
small, the form round, a little oblong ; the
skin, when ripe, a greenish yellow ; the flesh
white, melting, juicy and good. The tree is
of the most rapid growth ; a great and con-
stant bearer. The fruit ripens from Novem-
ber to February.

No. 74. Princess St, Germain,
Produced from seed at the Nursery of W,

94 BOOK OF FRUITS.

Prince & Sons, at Flushing, L. I. The fruit
is of medium size; in form sometimes like
the old St. Germain ; the skin yellow, with
patches of russet, and a dull red cheek on the
side exposed to the sun ; the flesh is melting
and good, but not esteemed a first rate fruit ;
its abundant bearing, and its ripening gradu-
ally in the house during the winter, renders it
a very valuable market fruit.

No. 75. Glout Morceau.

A new Flemish pear ; the size is sometimes
large, the form rather oblong, round at the
crown, diminishing suddenly to the stalk,
which is inserted in an oblique cavity; the
skin is a dull green, nearly yellow when ripe,
mixed with russet blotches ; the flesh white,
juicy and excellent ; the growth pf the tree is
crooked and bending ; it produces well, and
the fruit ripens gradually from December to
February. The French nurserymen still con-
tinue the cultivation of this pear under the
name of the Beurre d'Aremberg,

No. 76. Echasserie.
This is one of the old French table pears ;

,;^.,v/-/V.«//?-^/'

lUister BpurreE Pear

feOOK OF FRUITS. '95

the size is small, of oval form ; the skin, at
maturity, a greenish yellow ; the flesh melt-
ing, juicy and sugary. It is a good bearer,
and a favourite winter pear, ripening from
December to March.

No. 77. Beurre (PAremherg,
A new Flemish pear ; in good ground it is
usually "of a large size ; the form oblong, thick
at the crown and stalk ; the skin when ripe a
dark yellow mixed with russet specks ; the
flesh white, melting, rich and sweet. It is in
eating during the winter months, and has the
reputation of being one of the most valuable
table pears.

No. 78. Easter Beurre,

[See plate No. 2.]

The size of this pear is large ; of an oval
form ; the skin, when ripe, is dark yellow,
covered with russet spots ; the flesh yellow,
melting and high flavoured. It bears abun-
dant crops, grafted either on the pear or
quince ; keeps till May, and is the most valu-
able late winter pear yet known.

No. 79. Catillm,
This is one of the old French baking pears ;

96 BOOK OF FRUITS.

it is very large, flat and round at the crown,
diminishing rapidly to the stalk, which is an
inch in length, obliquely inserted ; the skin of
a light green, nearly yellow when ripe ; the
flesh hard and suitable for baking from No-
vember till April ; — -very productive.

No. 80. Black Pear of Worcester.
Fruit large, oblong ; skin rough, covered
with dull russet ; the flesh hard and coarse,
suitable for baking during the winter and
spring ; it produces abundantly ; the branches
of the tree, when loaded with fruit, bend to
the ground like the weeping willow.

No. 81. Pound Pear,
This is one of the largest pears ; its origin
unknown, but supposed to be European ; the
form oblong ; some of the pears are thickest in
the middle, tapering to the crown and stem ;
the flesh coarse and astringent. It is a great
bearer, and the best winter baking pear, being
one of the most profitable fruits for the mar-
ket. The extensive cultivation of Nos. 79,
80, and 81, in large orchards, would produce
greater and surer income, for the capital em-
ployed, than any other investment.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 97

PSACHES.

No. 1. Early Ann,

This is a small round fruit, with a greenish
white skin; flesh melting and good. The
tree does not attain a large size ; a freestone,
ripe in August*

No. 2. Early Rotjal George.

The size is large, the form round, the skin
of a bright yellow, with a large portion of
deep red on the side exposed to the sun , the
flesh melting and delicious ; it is a great bear-
er, and one of the most superior peaches we
have ever raised ; a freestone, ripe in August.

No. 3. Red Rareripe,

This is a large freestone peach ; form near-
ly round ; the skin of a very bright yellow,
with a light red cheek ; the flesh very rich
and excellent. Ripe in August.

No. 4. White Rareripe,

This peach is of large size, the form some-
what oblong, the skin a pale yellow, nearly

98 BOOK OF FRUITS.

white; flesh white, juicy and of fine flavour.
Ripe in August.

No. 5. Red and Yellow Rareripe.

A large round freestone peach ; the skin of
a deep orange yellow, with a dark red cheek ;
the flesh deep yellow, rich, sweet and luscious.
The tree is an abundant bearer ; and a most
valuable peach — ripening in August.

No. 6. Grosse Mignonne.

This a large, round and most beautiful free-
stone peach ; the skin deep yellow, with a
brownish red cheek next the sun ; flesh light
yellow, fine and delicious. ^ A peach of the
highest character. Ripe in August.

No. 7. Red Cheek Melacoton,

A large freestone peach, of an oblong shape,
the skin of an orange yellow, with a dark red
cheek ; flesh yellow, melting and rich. Ripe
in September.

No. 8. Malta.

This peach is of a large size ; form round,
rather flat at the stem ; the skin a light green.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 99

mottled and blotched on the sunny side with
dull red ; the flesh greenish yellow, red next
the stone, with 'a most superior flavour; a
freestone peach. Ripe in September.

No. 9. President,

A large and most superior freestone peach ;
the form roundish oblong ; the skin pale yel-
low with a bright red cheek ; the surface cov-
ered with small red spots, which give it a rich
and beautiful aj)pearance ; the flesh white and
high flavoured ; one of the best of peaches.
Ripe in September.

No. 10. Belle de Vltry,

This peach is of large size ; the form round,
a little oblong ; the skin a dull yellow and
red ; the flesh melting, juicy and excellent ;
between a freestone and clingstone. Ripe in
September.

No. 11. White Blossom,

Of medium size, oblong ; the skin a very
light yellow, nearly white ; the flesh white,
melting and extremely juicy, with a most
agreeable acidity. Ripe in September. We

100 BOOK OF FRUITS.

have found this a hardy peach, and most
certain bearer in our climate. We have
for several years reproduced them from the
stone. The blossoms are clear white, and the
young wood resembles that of the willow tree.

No. 12. Orange Freestone,

This peach is of medium size ; the form
round ; the skin a deep orange yellow ; flesh
yellow and sweet, but rather dry ; a beautiful
and good fruit. Ripe in September.

No. 13. Congress Clingstone.

The size is large, form round ; skin yellow
and bright red ; flesh rich and excellent. Ripe
in September.

No. 14. Otdmiaon Clingstone.

Large, round and rather flat ; skin whitish yel-
low, with a bright red cheek, beautifully spot-
ted with red dots. Of all the clingstone
peaches this is the most delicious ; a great
bearer, ripening its fruit gradually in Septem-
ber. We have cultivated this peach, and the
Catharine and old Newington, and could never
perceive any difference in the fruit or trees.

Moo-res Lith. Boston.

Cop's Golden :Br op Tlnm

BOOK OF FRUITS. 101

No. 15. Heath Clingstone.

Fruit large, oblong ; skin of a delicate cream
colour, sometimes with a faint blush on the
sunny side ; flesh rich, very juicy and fine fla-
voured. Ripe in October, and we have eaten
them produced in our own orchard in the
highest perfection, on Thanksgiving Day,
November 30th,

The Nectarine and the Apricot, so nearly
allied to the Peach, we should not recommend
for cultivation upon standards, but inoculated
upon the plum stock, and trained as Espaliers
upon walls or fences, they often produce fine
fruit, particularly the Apricot.

No. 1. Italian Damask.

Fruit of medium size, round ; skin dark
blue, nearly black ; stem half an inch long, in-
serted in a small round cavity ; flesh yellow,
juicy and high flavoured. A freestone, a great
bearer, and one of the best early plums. Ripe
in Augtist.

102 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 2. Morocco.

A fine and very productive variety ; the size
is rather small, nearly round ; the skin a
dark purple, covered with a blue bloom ;
flesh greenish yellow, juicy and good. A
clingstone — ripening in August.

No. 3. Princess Imperial Gage,

Originated at the Nursery of Wm. Prince
&L Sons, Flushing, N. Y. Fruit nearly as
large as the yellow egg plum ; of an oval form ;
when fully ripe the skin is yellow, with streaks
of bright yellow and green indistinctly seen ;
the flesh rich and sweet. The most produc-
tive and profitable of all the plums. Ripe in
August.

No. 4. Brevoorfs Purple Washington.

Produced from the stone of Bolmar's Wash-
ington, by Mr. Brevoort, of New York. Fruit
of large size ; form round, and nearly oval ;
skin dark blue, covered with a blue bloom ;
the flesh sweet and good. A freestone, ripen-
ing in September. The tree is of vigorous
growth and very productive.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 103

No. 5. Orleans,
This is a well known and productive plum ;
the fruit is sometimes large ; the form round ;
the skin dark, approaching to a purple, with a
thin blue bloom ; the flesh yellow, firm and
good, with some astringencj near the stone,
from which the flesh separates. Ripe in Au-
gust.

No. 6. Kirk's Plum.

Fruit large, round ; skin dark purple, cov-
ered with a dense bloom, which adheres firm-
ly to the skin ; flesh yellow, juicy and rich.
A very productive freestone plum — ripening in
Aui2:ust.

No. 7. Purple Gage,

Fruit of medium size, nearly round, a little
flattened at the ends ; skin of a violet colour,
with a light blue bloom ; the flesh greenish,
rich and high flavoured. A first rate freestone
plum ; a great bearer. Ripe in August.

No. 8. Large Long Blue,

The origin of this fine plum is uncertain ;
the tree which produced the specimens was

104 BOOK OF FRUITS.

procured from the Nursery of the Messrs.
Landreth, Philadelphia. The size is large ;
the form oval, very long ; the skin blue, near-
ly black, covered with a thick bloom ; the flesh
yellow, rich and excellent ; it hangs a long
time on the tree, ripening gradually, and is
well adapted to the market, bearing carriage
better than most other plums. It is a great
bearer ; a freestone. Ripe in September.

No. 9. Green Gage.

The finest of all plums ; of medium size,
round ; the skin a greenish yellow, when very
ripe nearly yellow, mottled with red near the
stem ; flesh sugary and of delicious flavour.
In our own exposed grounds, and in grass, it
bears abundant crops, not being subject to rot
like many fine plums. A freestone, ripening
in August and September.

No. 10. Bleeker^s Gage.

Produced from seed by the Rev. Mr. Bleek-
er, of Albany, N. Y. The form oval, nearly
round; skin a dark yellow, with dark red
spots and blotches ; the flesh is rich and ex-
cellent. A great bearer. Ripe in September.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 105

No. 11. Cooperh Plum,
Produced from a stone of the Orleans, by
Mr. Joseph Cooper, of New-Jersey ; the size
is very large, round, a little oblong ; the skin
a dark purple ; flesh greenish yellow, rich
and good. It ripens in September ; produces
abundant crops ; but is very subject to rot at
the period of ripening.

No. 12. Elfreij.

This is a plum of small size and oval form ;
the skin dark blue ; the flesh dry, firm and of
fine flavour. The trees produce abundantly.
A freestone — ripening in September.

No. 13. Gennan Prune.
Fruit of medium size ; form oval, dimin-
ishing towards the stem ; the skin purple with
a blue bloom ; the flesh rich, sweet and
delicious. It produces abundantly ; it begins
to ripen in August, and can be eaten from the
tree for a month or more.

No. 14. Duane^s Purple.

This is a plum of an extraordinary size ;
the form round ; the skin a dark purple ;

J

106 BOOK OF FRUITS.

llesli sweet and good. The Origin of this
phiin is uncertain ; it ripens in September,
and has the reputation of being a fine fruit.

No. 15. Bingham,

Fruit large ; the form oval ; skin a bright
yellow, spotted and blotched vvith red ; the
flesh yellow, rich and delicious. A cling-
stone— ripening in September.

No. 16. Washington.

This very superior Plum originated in New-
York ; the size is very large ; form oval ;
skio an orange yellow, speckled with red ;
the flesh yeilo'.v, sweet and excellent; highly
esteemed as a first rate plum. Bipe in ^Jcp-
tember.

I\o, 17. Italian Prune,

The size is large ; form oblong ; the skin
dark purple, covered with a bloom ; flesh
greenish yellow, firm, dry and fine. It bears
well, and the fruit ripens in S(»ptember and
October.

No. 18. Diamond,

This new^ plum originated in England ; it

BOOK OF FRUITS. 107

is of the largest size, oblong ; the skin purple,
nearly black, covered with a thick bloom ;
the flesh firm and good, but not rich ; the
tree is of rapid growth — an extraordinary
bearer. The fruit ripens in September.

No. 19. Blue Imperairke,
Fruit of medium size ; shape oblong, tap-
ering to the stem ; the skin a dark purple,
covered with a light bluish bloom ; the flesh
yellowish green, firm, rich and sweet. A
clingstone. A great bearer. It hangs on
the tree a long time, and is in use in October
and November.

No. 20. Coeh Golden Drop,

[See plfite No. 3. J

This beautiful new plum is of large size ;
the form is oval, with unequal sides ; the
skin a golden yellow, spotted with rich red
points and sniall blotches, on the sunny side ;
the flesh yellow, sweet and delicious. A
clingstone — an abundant bearer. Ripening
gradually in September, October and Novem-
ber. Of all the late plums this is decidedly
the best and the most profitable which can be
cultivated. /

108 BOOK OF FRUITS.

CHERRIES

No. 1. Mayduke.

— Fruit of medium size, round ; the skin when
fully ripe very dark red ; the flesh tender,
juicy and good. It is very productive, and
the fruit ripens the last of June.

No. 2. DavenporVs,
This fine cherry originated on the farm of
Mr. Davenport, in Dorchester, Mass. ; the
fruit is large, skin bright red ; the flesh firm
and of excellent flavour. It is an early and
most extraordinary bearer. Fruit ripe early
in July.

No. 3. Black Tartarian.

[See plate No. 4.]

One of the finest and most productive cher-
ries ; the size is large, heart shaped, the col-
our when fully ripe is black ; flesh dark red,
tender and of superior flavour. Ripe early in
July.

No. 4. Napoleon Bigarreau.
The tree of this variety is remarkable for

Ml'Pif-^ l.ith.ii.

ftUir/' 'I'ttrt/iriiai Ciwriy .

BOOK OF FRUITS. 109

the vigor and beauty of its growth ; the leaves
are large and smooth. It is a fine large white
cherry, ripening in July. As they have just
come into bearing upon small trees, we cannot
as yet say how productive they may be.

No. 5. Black Heart,

A well known and favourite cherry, of me-
dium size, the skin when at maturity is black ;
flesh dark red, tender and of fine flavour.
Ripe in July. Very productive. We seldom
see this cherry brought to market perfectly
ripe ; when suflered to remain on the tree till
they have acquired their proper colour, they
are very superior.

No. 6. Florence.

This cherry resembles the white Bigarreau ;
but is a little more oblong ; the flesh more
tender, and ripens a few days earlier ; very
fine and productive.

No. 7. Elton.

A new and very fine cherry, raised by Mr.
Knight, President of the London Horticultur-
al Society ; it is of medium size, long heart
J

110 feOOK OF FRUITS.

shape ; of a beautiful cream colour, marbled
with bright red next the sun ; flesh rich and
excellent. It is ripe about the first of July,
and promises when the tree has attained a
proper size, to be a great bearer.

No. 8. White Bigarreau.

One of the largest and finest cherries ; the
form obtuse, heart shaped ; skin pale yellow,
with a bright red cheek ; flesh very firm, juicy,
sweet and fine flavoured. Ripe in July. This
cherry has the reputation of being a bad bear-
er. In our orchard it bears abundantly, and
owing to the hardness of its flesh, is not liable
to injury from birds ; on this account it is
highly deserving of cultivation.

No. 9. Black Eagle,

This is a new cherry ; the size is sometimes
large, shape nearly that of the black heart ;
skin a very dark purple ; flesh tender, of su-
perior flavour; the young trees bear well.
Ripe in July.

No. 10. Gridley.
Originated on the farm of Mr. Gridley, in

BOOK OF FRUITS. Ill

Roxbury, Mass. Fruit of medium size, nearly
round ; skin black ; flesh firm, rather dry, of
good flavour, and a most abundant bearer.
Ripe in July.

No. 11. Downer.

This flne cherry originated in the garden of
Samuel Downer, Esq. in Dorchester ; it is a
large, round cherry, of a light red colour ; flesh
firm and of a fine sprightly flavour. It ripens
in July, and is very productive.

No. 12. Late Duke,

The size is large ; heart shape, rather flat ;
the skin a shining dark red ; flesh tender,
juicy and good. It is a great bearer. Ripe
late in July.

No. 13. White Mazzard.

A new fruit, which originated in the Po-
moloo:ical Garden, from a stone of the White
Bigarreau ; it is of the size, form and colour
of the Elton ; the tree is of a handsome and
upright growth, and bears well. Ripe in
August .

112 BOOK OF FRUITS.

No. 14. Plumstone Morello.

This is the largest and finest of the acid
cherries ; the skin is very dark red, when ful-
ly ripe it is nearly black ; flesh dark red and
of a sharp, rich and agreeable flavour. A
great bearer ; it remains late on the tree in a
sound state.

BOOK OF FRUITS. 113

fiA&D7 ORKiLMZSKTAZi TBEES & SHBUBS.

The Catalogues sent out from the different
Nurseries in our country contain many Trees
and Shrubs which are in fact not suitable for
New-England culture, as our winters are
so severe that they are often killed to the
ground ; — such are the Rhus cotinus or Veni-
tian Sumache, the Ailanthus or Tree of Hea-
ven, Osage Orange and frequently the Catal-
pa ; — we have therefore selected the following
list, of those which can be recommended as
hardy and will stand our winters unprotected,
commencing with

Large Ornamental Trees — Class 1.

Abele, or Silver Leaf — White Ash — Button
Wood — Horse Chesnut — Weeping Willow —
Butternut — Scotch Larch — Do. Elm — Lime,
or Linden — American Larch — Common Lo-
cust— Honey do. or 3 thorn 'd Acacia — Scarlet
maple — Sugar do. — Black and Red Spruce?
Silver or Balsam Fir — (both Evergreens) — Li-
riodendron, or Tulip Tree — European Syca-v
more — Striped leaved Sycaniore.

114 BOOK OF FRUITS.

Small Ornamental Trees — Class 2.

Siberian Red and Yellow Crab — Curled
Mountain Ash — Weeping do. — Double Flow-
ering Cherry — Snow Drop or Fringe Tree —
Franklinia — Kentucky Coffee Tree — Labur-
num— Double Flowering Peach — Shepardia,
or Buffalo Berry.

Shrubs, Vines and Trees of Low Growth —
Class 3.

Rose Acacia — Double Flowering Almond —
Altheas, (the Double White excepted) — Caly-
canthus (Carolina Alspice) — Caucassian Ho-
neysuckle— Missouri Fragrant Currant — Cor-
nelian Cherry, (Cornus) — Tartarian Honey-
suckle— English Fly do. (Vine) — Fragrant
Monthly do. (Vine) — Scarled Trumpet do.
(Vine) — Privit or Prim — Persian Lilac — Japan
Quince or Pyrus Japonica — Snow Ball or
Guelder Rose — Tree Paeonias, various kinds —
Japan Globe Flower (blossoms twice in the

season) — Snowberry : and nearly all the

varieties of Rose, with the exception of the
Chinese Monthly Roses, (so called,) which
require protection during the winter.

BOOK OF FRUITS. Il5

GOOSZSBERRIES.

Ill the article already given upon this fruit
we recommended sending for those (without
regard to names) "which have been tested by
the Nurseryman and proved to be the best
flavoured." The following list of good kinds
of the Scotch and Lancanshire varieties, from
a grower of this fruit, we subjoin on his au-
thority.

Red Fruit.

Small Sorts, Red Champagne — Rough
Red — Scotch Best Jam.

Larger Sorts. Boardman's — Keen's Seed-
ling— Leigh's Rifleman — Farrow's Roaring
Lion — Red Warrington.

White Fruit.

Small Sorts. White Crystal — White Cham-
pagne— Early White — White Honey.

Larger Sorts. Woodward's Whitesmith —
Wellington's Glory — Taylor's Bright Venus —
Coleworth's White Lion — Saunders' Chesh-
ire Lass.

Yellow Fruit.

Small Sorts. Yellow Champagne — Early
Sulphur— Rumbullion-Hepburn Yellow Aston-
Large Sorts, Dixon's Golden Yellow.

116 BOOK OF FRUITS.

Green Fruit.

Sinall Sorts, Early Green Hairy — Hep-
burn Green Prolific — Glenten Green — Pit-
jiiaston Green Gage.

Larger Sorts. Collier's Jolly Angler —
Edwards' Jolly Tar.

In closing this first manual, we here subjoin
an extract from Lindley, one of the most cel-
ebrated modern writers on Pomology, on the
method of producing new varieties of fruit.
He says, —

" The power of procuring intermediate va-
rieties by the intermixture of the pollen and
stigma of two different parents is, however,
that which most deserves consideration. We
all know that hybrid plants are constantly pro-
duced in every garden, and that improvements
of the most remarkable kind are yearly occur-
ring in consequence. Experiments are, how-
ever, it may be supposed, sometimes made
without the operator being exactly aware of
either of the precise nature of the action to
which he is trusting for success, or of the lim-
its within which his experiments should be
confined.

moic or rRtJiT9. 117

** Cross fertilization is effected, as every
one knows, by the action of the pollen of one
plant upon the stigma of another. The na-
ture of this action is highly curious. Pollen
consists of extremely minute hollow balls or
bodies; their cavity is filled with fluid, in
which swim particles of a figure varying from
spherical to oblong, and having an apparently
spontaneous motion* The stigma is compos-
ed of very lax tissue, the intercellular passages
of which have a greater diameter than the
moving particles of the pollen.

" When a grain of pollen comes in contact
with the stigma, it bursts and discharges its
contents among the lax tissue upon which it
has fallen. The moving particles descend
through the tissue of the style, until one, or
sometimes more, of them finds its way, by
routes specially destined by nature for this
service, into a little opening in the integu-
ments of the ovuhim or young seed. Once
deposited there, the particle swells, increases
gradually in size, separates into radicle and
cotyledons, and finally becomes the embryo, —
that part which is to give birth, w^hen the
seed is sown, to a new individual.

118 BOOK OF FRUITS.

" Such being the mode in which the pollen
influences the stigma and subsequently the
seed, a practical consequence of great impor-
tance necessarily follows, viz. that in all cases
of cross fertilization the new variety will take
chiefly after its polliniferous or male parent ;
and that at the same time it will acquire some
of the constitutional peculiarities of its mother.

*' ThuSp the male parent of the Downton

Strawberry was the Old Black, the female a
kiiid of Scarlet ; in Coe's Golden Drop Plum,
the father was the Yellow Magnum Bonum,
the mother the Green Gage ; and in the
Elton Cherry the White Heart was the male
parent, and the Graffion the female.

" The limits within which experiments of this
kind must be confined are, however, narrow.
It seems that cross fertilization will not take
place at all, or very rarely, between different
species, unless these species are nearly related
to each other ; and that the offspring of the
two distinct species is itself sterile, or if it
possesses the power of multiplying itself by
seed, its progeny returns back to the state of
one or other of its parents,"

American Red Juneating

Boxford

Baldwin

Blue Permain

Bellflower

Benoni

Drap D'Or

Duchess of Oldenburg

Danvers Winter Sweet

Early Harvest

Early Bough

Early Red Margaret

Fall Harvey

Franklin Golden Pippen

Fameuse

Gravenstein

GoldenlRusset

Green Sweet

Hawthorndean

Hubbardston Nonsuch

Kilham Hill

Kerry Pippen

Lady Apple

Lyscom

J-iovett Sweet

Mela Carla

Autumn Superb
Andrews
^i\mire Joannet

Beurre D'Aremberg
'\Beurre Bosc
-^eurre, Easter
JBeurre, Golden of Bilboa
-oBeurre Van Marum
-'' yBeurre Diel

^ourgmestre, of Boston
Bergamotte D'Automn^
Bloodgood
-^on Chretien Fondante
.'^elle Lucrative
'\Se\\e et Bonne
^^uffum
,,Bleeker's Meadow
/ Black Pear of Worcester
Chair A'Dame
^Capsheaf

INDEX.

APPLES.

Page.

Pag«.

46

Menagere
Mdrpfiy

56

60

57

59

Minister

62

55

Newtown Spitzenlmrg

58

60

Oslin

50

49

Ortley Pippen

67

48

Porter

51

59

Perinocks

58

60

Pickman Pippen

61

45

Red Ingestrie

52

46

Rambour D'Ete

47

46

Red Astracan

50

48

Rhode Island Greening

56

53

Ribstone Pippen

54

55

Red duarenden

55

53

Red Doctor Apple

49

54

Roxbury Russet

62

63

Summer Queen

46

48

Summer Rose

47

49

Summer Pearmain

47

51

Swaar

60

53

White Winter Calvillfe

58

59

Wine Apple

55

51

Williams' Favourite Red

49

56
61

Yellow Ingestrie

53

PEARS.

75

>Cabot
^■Cumberland

81

74

83

64

Crawford

68

95

Citron de Sirfentz

69

80

>Cushing

71

95

^Catillac

95

80

I)earborn's Seedling

68

76

>Duchesse D'Angouleme

88

90

89

90

Echasserie

94

86 , --Easter Beurre

95

65; Fig Pear of Naples
8a^ Frederic of Wurtemberg
75/ J'ulton

91

83

88

75

Green Pear of Yair

71

79

^ Gansels Bergamot

. 81

88

.Glout Morceau

94

go-'jGolden Beurre of Bilboa

80

70

Olarvard

78

7T<^eathcote

78

120

INDEX.

Honey

Jiemy Fourth
^Xfalouise

^'''^'ack man's Melting

Jjouise Bonne de Jersey
.y-'yA'Ong Green
Jjevvis
•^ladaleine
-^\Ji/la.Tie Louise
^'^Moorfowl's Egg, of Boston
Naumiveag
^^apoleon
^ Newtown Vergalieu
Petit Muscat
Pope's duaker
Petre

Princess of Orange
•-Passe Coimar
,/ Prince's St. Germain
Pound Pear

PEARS.

Page.

ti8,,--ilaymond

76 Reine de-: Poires

73 Roiisselette Hatiff

74 Rousselette de Kheims
CT^Rostiezer

75 Surpass "Vergalieu
83x-6eckle

76 Surpass St. Germain
93 Skinless

<>4 Summer Ro^e
87 .'Summer Franc Real
69\^ummer Thorn
790t. Ghislain

Page.
79
84
15
69
79
77
73
93
68
66
66
70
71
90

^J/^Sylvanche Verte

91 Lfrbaniste »3
64XVValee Tranche 70
82 'Washington 80
84<^niliams' Bon Chretien (Bartlett) '67
83'^ Williams' Early 70

92 Wilkinson 86

93 JVinter Nelis 92
93X

Belle de Vitry

Congress Clingstone

Early Ann

Early Royal George

Grosse Mignonne

Heath Clingstone

Malta

Orange Freestone

Blue Imperatrice

Brevoort's Purple Washington

Bleeker's Gage

Bingham

Coe's Golden Drop

Cooper's Plum

Duane's Purple

Diamond

Elfrey

Green Gage

Black Tartarian

Black Heart

Black Eagle

Davenport's Early

Downer

Elton

Florence

Ornamental Trees, Class 1
Oinaraental Trees, Class 2

PEACHES.

99 Oldmixon Clingstone
100 President

100

97

Red Rareripe

97

97

Red Cheek Melacoton

98

98

Red and Yellow Rareripe

98

101

White Blossom

99

98
IflO

White Rareripe

97

PLUMS,

107

German Prune

105

102

Italian Damask

101

104

Italian Prune

106

106

Kirk's Plum

103

107

Large Long Blue

103

105

Morocco

102

105

Orleans

103

103

Purple Gage

103

105

Prince's Imperial Gage

102

104

Washington

106

CHERRIES.

108

Gridley

110

109

Late Duke

111

110

Napoleon Bigarreau

108

108

Plumstone Morello

112

111

White Bigarreau

110

109

White Mazzard

111

109
MENT

AL TREES.

113

Ornamental Shrubs, Vines, &e.

114

Class 3

114

ADVERTISING SHEET

TO THE

BOOK OF FRUITS;

FOE

1838.

POI^OZiOGZCAZi GAXIDENS,

OJV DE£RBORX STREET— SJLEM.

FRUIT TREES, VINES, SHRUBS, AND

ORNAMENTAL TREES.

Warranted conrect, constantly fot sale al ROBERT MANNING'S Pomologkal

Garden, and at JOHN M. IVES' adjoining JVarscry— packed for

transportation, and at Nursery prices.

SCIONS OF FRUIT TREES, &c. &c.
SOOIC, STATZOnmi? AND SSED STORE.
IVES & JEWETT,

193 ESSEX STREET, HAVE CONSTANTLY FOR SALE,

OF THE BEST VARIETIES, DONE UP IN A NEAT MANNER,
WITH DIRECTIONS FOR CULTURE, &C. &e.

ALSO,

SCHOOL BOOKS AND STATIONERY,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

^f All the standard works on AGRICULTURE AJVD GjIRDEJVLVO

together with a complete assortment of CUTLERY— Pruning

and Budding Knives, Shears, &.c> &.C.

NEW-ENGLAND
AGRZCUZiTURAZ. WAREHOUSB,

SEED STORE,

AND OFFICE OF THE NEW-ENGLAND FARMER,
No. SI «> 59 North Karket Street, BOSTON.

JOSEPH BRECK & CO.

(Cj' The Proprietors of lliis Eslablishment would inform their
friends and the public, that they keep coustaiilly on hand and for
sale, the greatest variety of Agricultural Implements, Grass Seeds,
Garden and Flower Seeds, Bulbous Roots, Double Dahlias, &c. &.C. to
be found in the country ; — among which are the following • —

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

C. Howard's Cast Iron Ploughs,
Tice's do. do.

Side Hill do. do.

Double Mould Board do.
Wrought Iron and Wooden Ploughs,
Scott Keith, & other Plough Castings,
Willis' improved Cultivator,
Green's Patent Straw Cutter,
Willis' do. do.

Common hand do.

Manure and Hay Forks,
Scythes of all kinds,
Patent and other Snaif lis,
Hall'B and other Hay Rakes,
Grindstones on Rollers,
Corn Shellers, Grain Cradles,
Chains of all kinds,

Willis' improved Seed Sower

Gault's Patent Churns,

Self Operating Qheese Press,

Horse Power and Threshing Machine,

Davis' Road Scrapers,

Hale's Rotary Pump, Lead Pipe,

Force Pumps, Copper do. Iron do.

Underhill's Cast Steel Axe,

Bark Mills, Corn and Cobb Mills,

Harris' Paint do. Winnowing do.

Grater Cider do.

Cast Iron Cider Screws,

Yokes of all kinds ;

With a great variety of Agriculturil
and Horticultural Tools, too numer-
ous to mention.

FIELD SEEDS.

Northern Clover, Southern do.
White Honeysuckle Clover,
Lucerne, Herds Grass, or Timothy,
Red Top, Southern Seed,

do. Northern do.
Fowl Meadow, do.

Orchard Grass, do.

Ruta Baga, Mangel Wurtzel,

Sugar Beet, &c.

Wijjter and Summer Wheat,

do. do. liye,

Bailey, English Oats,
Corn of various sorts, Millet,
Hemp, Flax Seed, Potatoes.

GARDEN SEEDS,

Of every desirable variety will be furnished, wholesale and retaUj by the
pound, box, or package.

SEEDS IN BOXES,

For retailing, done up in the neatest manner in packao^es, with the name

and directions printed on each parcel. Retailers

supplied on most favorable terms, with

boxes from ^1 to ^ 100.

FOR THE FLOWER GARDEN.

We have a very extensive collection of choice Flower Seeds, em-
bracing all the Annuals, Biennials and Perennials worthy of cultivation.
Packages of twenty-five sorts for one dollar.

Dutch Bulbous Roots. — We import of these annually from Hol-
land, a splendid collection, consisting of double and single Hyacinths,
double a:id single Tulips, Crown Imperials, Narcissus, Iris, Crocus,
Gladiolus, Amaryllis, Ixias, &c. &c.

Double Dahlia Roots. — Of this beautiful and popular flower, we
have more than two hundred fine varieties, embracing all that were
shown at the exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Roots can be furnished from the first of October to the first of July, safe-
ly packed in Moss, and sent to any part of the country.

Fruit and ornamental Trees and Shrubs furnished to order at Nursery
prices.

Large plants of the MoRUS Multicaulis, and cuttings of the same,
can be furnished by the hundred or thousand at moderate prices.

We would call the attention of the public to the New-England
Farmer; one of the oldest and best agricultural newspapers in the
country, containing a gieai amount of interesting and useful matter for
the practical farmer and gardener. It is issued at our office weekly, on
Wednesdays, at the moderate price of ^2 50 per year in advance, or ^3
at the close of the year.

We also publish the Horticultural Register, and Garden-
er's Magazine, issued monthly, at ^2 per annum in advance, or $2 60
at the expiration of six months. This work is devoted principally to the
cultivation of Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers. New subscribers can be
supplied with the back volumes at $2 50 per vol. bound.

Among our agricultural Books we keep for sale, The Complete Farm-
er ; Kenrick's Orchardist; American Gardener; Brid^man's Gardener's
Assistant; Moubray on Poultrv ; Silk Grower's Guide; Cobb's Silk
Manual ; Loudon's Works, together with a great variety of useful and
interesting works in this line.

to* We hope by unremitting attention, to sustain the credit of this
Establishment, and realize the anticipations of our predecessors, New-
ell, Russell, fa Barrett, in making it one of the most complete
depositories for every thing in (he Agricultural and Horticultural line iu
tke country.

JOSEPH BRXSCK & CO.

BOSTON SEED STORE.

ELLIS ifc BOSSON,

At their Agricultural Establishment, No. 34, NORTH MARKET STREET,
BOSTON, Mass. (up stairs) nearly opposite the centre of the Market, keep
constantly on hand, a very great variety of G-arden, Grass and.
FloTver SeedSj comprising every kind of vegetable seeds and sweet pot
herbs.

GRjQlSS UNI} FIEZiB SEEDS,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

Timothy or Herds Grass,
Northern and Southern Red Top,
Northern Clover, Southern do.
White Dutch do.
Lueerne, or French Clover,
Orchard Grass, or English Cochfoot,
(good for early and late pasturage,)
Millet, White and Brown Mustard^
Potatoe Oats, Skinless Oats,
Buck Wheat,

Early white Potatoe, best variety,
St Helena do

Yellow Locust Seed, for timber trees,
Long Blood Beet,
Mangel Wurtzel, for stock,

Ruta Baga,

Long Orange and Altringhara Carrot,

White Silesia Sugar Heet,

Black Sea, Gilman, Tea, and Italian
Spring Wheat,

Tuscany Wheat, winter, new and
fine variety.

Red Chaff, winter.

White Bushy do

Spring and winter Rye,

Broom Corn.

And every kind of seed, early and
late, the new as well as the old va-
rieties, on terms very accommoda-
ting.

FZ.O'WER SEEDS.

Two hundred very handsome varieties, put up in small papers. Packages
containing beautiful Annuals, Biennials and Perennials, at $1.

Dutcli Bulbous Roots, in great variety.

GARDEN SEEDS will be supplied to traders at wholesale, or at a large
discount from retail prices, either by the pound or in boxes, containing a com-
plete assortment, neatly papered and labelled, with printed directions for their
culture. These seeds are warranted not only fresh, but of superior qucdity.
Boxes of seeds containing a good assortment for a family garden, at $3 per
box.

Books upon Agrtculture and Rural Economy, wholesale and retail.

TREES, Grape vines, Herbacious, Green House and other Plants in any
quantities

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,

MACHINES, &C.

Of every kind, and most approved patterns, comprising every thing tliat is
wanted on a FARM, GARDEN, or ORCHARD.

YANKEE FARMER;

VOLUME FOURTH: EDITED BY S. JF. COLE, ESQ. ASSISTED BY
THE COJVTRIBUTIOjXS OF PRACTiaiL FARMERS, A.XD EXPERI-
EJVCED AGRICULTURISTS.

Office, No. 3^, Nortli Market Street, Boston, Mass.

The YANKEE FARMER is a weekly publication, of eight
pages, devoted to Agriculture, on a large quarto sheet. The
price is two dollars per annum, payable v/itliin sixty days
from the time of subscribing; and every sixth copy will be allow-
ed to gentlemen who procure us five subscribers, and remit the
money tn advance. A volume will contain 41G pages quarto, and
be furnished with a copious index and title page. It is the cheap-
est agricultural paper in New England, containing more reading
than 2500 pages duidecimo.

Almost every man cultivates a spot ©f earth, and whether it
be a large or small one, he should learn the best productions, the
best methods of culture, and the latest improvement in tools and
machines. These who are not cultivators will find much in the
Farmer that will be interesting and useful.

Articles on Rural and Domestic Economy, Arts, Trades, &c.
w^ill frequently come home to the business and promote the inter-
est of every reflecting person.

The Price Current of Country Produce, and a weekly report of
the sales at Brighton Market, will be published in the Farmer.

O" Subscriptions must be sent by mail to

CHiLRZiES F. BOSSOZr, PubliBher,

34) J^orth Market Street, Boston, Ma$0.

AaRICUZiTUXlAX. AND GARDBXr SEED

NO. 9, merchants' row boston.

SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS,

Offer at wholesale and retail, one of the most extensive as-
Bortments of GARDEN, GRASS, FIELD, and FLOWER
SEED, to be found in New England. Having long been en-
gaged in the cultivation of plants and the raising of seed, they
can warrant every article, true to its name and of the best quality.

AaRICUIiTUAAI. SEEDS.

Such as Spring Wheat, Spring Rye, Barley, Buckwheat,
Mangel Wurtzel, Ruta Baga, Sugar Beet, Mulberry Seed, Dut-
ton Corn, &c. &c. In the selection of these articles, H, & Co.
give the most particular attention, and purchasers may rely upon
procuring the most approved kinds, and of genuine quality.

G&A.SS SEEDS.

Herds Grass, Red Top, Northern and Southern Clover, White
Dutch Clover, Lucerne, Orchard, Rye, and Dew Grass, Millet,
&c. at wholesale and retail.

GARDEIT SEEDS.

The great variety of vegetable seeds renders it impossible to
enumerate them in an advertisement. In addition to all the old
and approved kinds, they annually receive from tha first seeds-
men in Europe, every thing that is new or rare. The following
are among thoce ot more recent introduction :—

Cedo Nulli Peas ( eai ]y )
Groone'i Superb Dwarf Blue
£atly Warwick Pea«

Bailey's Giant S«d Celery

do do White do
Early Vanack Cabbage

FZiOVTBR SZSfiDS.

400 kinds of Annual and Perennial FLOWER SEEDS,
embracing all the most choice and beautiful;

12 varieties of Superb Double German Asters;

10 dp. of double dwarf Larkspurs ;

G do. of Zumias, &c. &c. all raised by themselves, and
warranted to be the most beautiful in cultivation.

Packages of 20 kinds handsomely put up for $1.

100 elegant varieties in one package, $4.

Including 2 00 varieties of Camellias; 40 of Erica's or
Heaths, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Geraniums, &c. ; Hardy Pe-
rennial Flowering Plants, ^'C.

A large collection ot the most splendid DAHLIAS, Bulbous
Flower Roots, 4 c. <^c.

FRUIT JA.KD OTmrATaHHfTAJM TREES,

Grape Vines, Gogseberries, Strawberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb
Roots, 4 0-

BOOKS on Gardening, Botany, Agriculture, ^c,

[CT DEALERS and others supplied on accommodating terms,
with every variety of Garden Seeds, by the pound, bushel, or
ounce ; or if required, in boxes, neatly put up in papers, and
labelled with the name and all the particulars of cultivation.

0=' A liberal discount made from the retail prices.

H. & CO. publish the MAGAZINE OF HORTICUL-
TURE, volume IV of which commenced on Jan. 1, 1838. —
Monthly, at $3 per year.

Catalogues may be had on application.

*^* Orders for any kind of Seeds, Plants, or Trees, directed to
HOVEY <^' Co. jYo. 9, Merchants' Roio, Boston, will meet witU
prompt attention, and be faithfully executed. — Plants packed so
as to go safely to any part of the country.

©0 So c^AiBmm^eosa'^s

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

FLUSHING L. I. NEW YORK.

ALWAYS ON HAND, A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL, KITCHEN GARDEN AND FLOWER
of the greatest variety, and at reduced prices.

ALSO,

A large collection of the most superb varieties of Dahlias.
Morus MuUicavlis Plants can be supplied in any quantities, & at moderate rates.

In fact every thing appertaining to the Seed or Nursery busi-
ness can be supplied ; and to those who purchase to sell again,
a liberal deduction will be made.

A MOST EXTENSIVE VARIETY OF THE FINEST SORTS, INCLUDING
THE CELEBRATED

Nm'W FliEx^lI^H FEARS.

Also— Apples, Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Nectarines, Apricots,
Almonds, Quinces, Grape Vines, Currants, Raspberries, Fine
imported Lancashire Gooseberries.

MULBERRIES FOR SILK, at a liberal discount, by the
hundred or thousand, including the Chinese, or Morus Multi-
caulis.

03= All orders left with IVES i^ JEWETT, at their Book
AND Seed Store, 193 Essex Street, will be duly attended to.

{O" CATALOGUES gratis, on application.

SALEM
AORICUIiTURAIi WAREHOUSE.

WILLIAM H. CHASE,

AT THE CHAMBERS OVER HIS HARD-WARE STORE, 186 ESSEX
OPPOSITE CEXTRAL STREET,

HAS CONSTANTLY ON HAND,

AN ASSORTMENT OF

C Howard's Cast Iron Ploughs

J. & J. Sylvester's do do

Plough Castings,

Corn Shellers

Willis' Improved Seed Sower,

Green's Patent Straw Cutter,

Willis' do do

Common hand do

Lead Pipe,

Cast Iron Pumps,

Copper do

Wood do

Gault's Patent Churns,

Shaker and common Churns,

Manure and Hay Forks,

Farwell's Scythes

Colby's do

Patent and common Snaiths,

Wilder and Eddy's Rakes,

Grindstone Rollers

Corn Mills,

Paint do

Cast Steel Shovels,

Iron do

Garden Tools of all kinds.

Cast Iron Boilers,

Cast Steel Hoes,

THRESHZITG jyi^OHZITIiS.

Together with a great variety of other Agricultural and Horti-
cultural TOOLS, which will be sold on the most favorable terms.

Any description of AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS that
may be wanted, will bo procured at short notice from the manu-
facturers.

Saleh, 3d MONTH, 5th, 1833.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BRANCH OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE !
STAMPED BELOW !

5m-8'26

Manniiig, Ilobert

4^9-

3ook of

fruits.

LIBRARY, BRANCH OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE