.^■iJS.. .-■-,--;;t^ y y}Y:^1.'- A y. J /,.Y-/-A,/ii-/ r'„y./r4.,. BOOK OF MONSTERS HV DAVID AND MARIAN FAIRCHILD TTHSr DEC 1 4 I'OHTHAITS AM) Hl( K.liAl'HIES OF A FEW OF THE IXHAinTAXTS OF WdOUI.AM) AM) MEADOW WASHINGTON NATIONAL (ii:()(;RArHI(' SOCIETY 1914 Coi'YKIGlITED BY National Geographic Society 1914 CONTENTS I. THE SPIDF:!! W0R1,D. II. THE INSECT WORLD. Stuaigiit-Wixged Insects iOrtluiptcra). Order of the Bugs (Hciidptcra). The Beetles (Coleoptcra). Tw(i-WixGED Insects (Dipicra). Feathered Insects (Lepidoptcra). Nervk-Winged Ixsects {Xenmplera). The Stinging Insects {Hymenoptera). III. THE WORLD OF MYRIAFODS AND A SINGLE LAND CRFSTACEAN. ]J()()K OF MONSTERS TIr' picliirrs in tliis liduk :irc jxn-traits of creatures «liicli are as niiicli tlie real inliabitaiits of tlie \vlague of the midtlle ages, whic'h s])read like some mysterious sujier- natural curse over Europe and carried otf millions of peo])lc, the yellow fever that has haunteil the coa.sts of Soulh America, the malaria which has strewn the trollies of the world with millions of graves, have l)ecn cansetl by the activities of two of these monsters so imi^ersally present in our homes as to have become almost domesticated creatures, the tlea and the mosquito. During these last two decades these have come imder our control, and the Hies which leave a colony of germs at every footstej) will not much longer be tolerated, indeed, every creature that Ijites and sucks our blood or that crawls over our food and dishes has lieen [ilaced under sus])icion. ^lan struggles against these tiny monsters not only for his life and health i)ut for his food as well. Almost every culti\ated i)lant has its enemy, and some of them have many. The Imgs alone which stick their beaks into all sorts of plants to suck their juices would star\e man out in one or two brief seasons if they in turn were not held in check by enemies of their own. The chinch bug alone has demonstrated his power to deva.state the wheat fields. The bark beetles that girdle scjuare miles of forest trees, the moths that destroy their foliage, the creatures that burrow into the fruit and fruit trees, the gall-forming flies that form galls on the roots of the grajje vines aide to destroy the revenues of a whole country, the beetle which strips the ])otato of its leaves, the one which infects with its dirty jaws the melon vines of the South and turns the melon patches l)rown — these are a few of the vast array of our enemies. It would re(iuire a book much larger than this one just to enmnerate those well known. It should make every American ]iroud to know that it is the American economic entomologist who has, more than any other, ])ushed his way into this field and shown mankind how to fight these monsters which destroy his food, his animals and himself. But all these fascinating little creatures are not our enemies. We must not forget that man has domesticated certain of the insects and that gigantic industries de]jend ujion them for their existence. The honey-bee furnished mankind with .sweets during the generations [ ■■' I precedinu' the discovery of the sugar cane, and the silk worm furnislies still the most costly raiment with which we clothe ourselves. Th(^ friends we have in the insect world arc those which destroy tlic pests of our culti\ated cro]is like the Australian lady-bird beetle wliich has been sent from one country to the other to keep in check the fluted scale which is so injurious to the orange orchards, and the jjarasites of the gipsy-moth which, in Europe, helps to keej) under control this ])lague of oin' forest trees, must certainly Ijc counted as our friends. Also, they are our friends if. like the spiders, they kill such monsters as suck our blood or make our lives unsafe, or, like the great hortles of wasps and hornets, wage unending warfare against the flies but which, liecause they attack us ])ersonally if we come too near their nests, we kill on sight. Strangely enough, it is often these same stinging insects which liel]) us by fertilizing the Ijlossoms of our fruit trees. Indeed many ])lants are so de|)cnd- ent on these little creatures that they ha\e lost the jjower (jf self-fertilizing and thousands of spei-ies of trees and i)lants would become extinct in a gener- ation without their friendly aid. The ancestors of some of the creatures i)ictmed in this book were buried in the trans])arent amber of the Baltic many thousands of years ago and the fossil remains of others date back a million years or more, but while man has been develoiiing his surroundings from the primitive ones of savagery to the almost inconceivably complicated ones of civilized life, these creatures, most of them at least, seem to be leading essentially the same kind of lives that they led huudrc'ds of thousands of .vears ago. The.v have powers which neither uuxn nor any other mammal ever dreamed of having. Some have powers of flight which enable them to sail a thousand miles before the wind. Others can jnui]) a hundred times their own lengih. One of these monsters can manufacture a liquid rope as easil.v as mammals pro- duce milk and with it weave aerial nets to traj) their i)re.v or, b.v attaching it, can drop from the dizziest heights without danger, and when the rope has served its jjurpose they eat it u]). Their weapons of defense are comparable to the deadly ones that only poisonous serpents ha\e. If they were larger the.v would lie, in fact, what legend ])ictures the dragons to have been. The unthinkably old germ jjlasni of these species i)rotluces creatures which act with a precision of purpose and a degree of absolute self-sacrifice which cannot fail to stagger the most conscientious of the human race. They might e\en make one wonder whether the fulfillment of l)iological life does not consist in sacrifice of the iudi\'idual for the good of the sjiecies to which it belongs. Certain it is, that human thought is now drifting away from the considera- tion of the inilividual anarticulars. They are all either front views or side views of the creatures, whereas those in books on entomology are generally ^•iews from abo^'e. Imagine a book on the horse in which only top views were shown, or a guiile to a zoological garden ilhis- trated with the various wild lieasts photographed from above. It is true that, being so much larger, we generally look tlown at these monsters, l)nt a mouse also generally runs along the floor or under our feet and yet a zoologist pic- tures it from the same point of view that he does an elephant. Crows look down upon us, yet I imagine that no one will admit that the crow's impression of human beings is as correct or as interesting as that which we ha\e of our- selves. Every creature has a right to be ]wrtrayed from its own level, and the reason these photographs are unusual is because the>- carry out this princi])Ie and do each creature justice. Another i)articuhir in wliich these pictures are new is that, although they represent magnihcations of from five to twenty diameters, they are not en- largements from small photographs, but views taken directly from ox? ])hotogTai>hic negatives. Then too, these creatures ha\e l)eeu poseil with considerable care in order to give them a lifelike appearance, and this work was done immediately after they had been anesthetized, and in some cases while they were still alive. The whole art of taking these large |)hotographs of insects is so simjjle that thousands of amateurs ought to be able to take them. The outfit consists of the camera, which is just a long box, a long-focus lens, a jjiece of ground glass and a focusing glass, a flash light, a pair of ])incers, some needles mounted in handles or else some small dental tools, a few little blocks of wood, a candle, a piece of glass covered with tissue jiaper, and a long hollow cylinder made of stiff' black paper or cardboard. Add to these a great deal of i)atience and you lia\'e all that is needed. [7] I made my camera box out of thin tjuarter-inch wliitewood boards and pasted black pa])er over the joints to keep out the light. Into one end of this box I set the front board with the objective screwed into it. Sr|uaring off the other end of the Ijox, I carefully fitted to it a 5 x 7-inch ground glass holder, exactly the size of an ordinary .j x 7 \Aate holder. I framed this in with jjieces of wood so that I could slip out the ground glass holder and put a plate holder in its place. For jjurposes which will lie explained later, the ground gLass was not fastened into its holder, l)ut a narrow slit through one end of the frame was made just large enough so that it could be slid in or out without taking out the frame itself. The object to be taken, having liccn mounted on a little block of wood and fastened there with candle wax, is j)laced in front of the long focus lens Ijy an assistant, who stands ready to mo^•e it back and forth, or sideways, or up and down, according to directions. Getting to the far end of tli<' camera under the focusing cloth, I begin to hunt for the dim image on the ground glass, and, by directing the assistant to move the object in various ways, am quickly al)le to bring it into view, but not into sliarj) focus. In order to do this, I slip the ground glass itself half way out, take u|) the focusing glass, holding it against the edge of the ground glass in order to .steady it. I am thus able to see every detail distinctly with- out looking through the ground glass at all and can make sure that they are in focus. With the focusing lens, one is able to .see the image in the air very ])lainly, even when the dia])liragm is nearly closed and when only the faintest shadow could be .seen on the ground glass. Having made sure that the innvge covers the plate well and is in good focus, I put in my plate holder, my assistant i)laces the cap o\er the objective, I draw- the slide and walk down to the front of the long camera. Wills, my assistant, then prc])arcs a charge in the I'rosch flash lam|) and ])uts the tube of black |)a|)('r in front of the lens to protect it from the glare of the Bash. With one hand I hold u]) a pane of glass on which thin white jiaper has been fastened to protect the insect from the direct sunlight; with the other hand I remove the cap of the camera and ex])ose the ])late for from oO to 80 .seconds, depending upon the lightness of the object, the brilliancy of the sunlight and the stop employed, !(!, 3'i or 04. In the meantime. Wills blows otf a full charge of magnesium powder in the flash lamp, so holding the lami) that the rays from it will light up the shadows which are underneath the creature's body. The cap is then put on agai}i and the plate holder closed in the ordi- nary wa.\-. Only the freshest obtainable orthochromatic double-coated plates are used. The friends who visited us on holidays helped nuike the long camera, and it was made at three separate times, an eight-foot length at a time. When the creature is very small I use the twenty-four-foot length, but when it is large the twelve or eight-foot one. Each length fits into the one in front of it and is covered with black cloth to make it tight . Tlif taking of the plititograi)hs is not, Iiowover, tlie liardest work of monster ])hotoi;ra|)hint;, altiioiiuli jK-rhaps the liottest, for in summer it is no joke to swelter under a foeusiu" cloth for liaif an hour at a time, aiiii the focusinji- itself is hard on the eyes. It is the mounting' of tiie lieasts which wears upon one's nerves, and liere is where the woman's skill conies, for Mrs. Fainhiid learned the art of insect taxidermy and nuiity of tin- most lifelike ])hotographs in the hook were mounted hy her. It has been a source of keen satisfaction to find, upon showing the results to jirofessional entomologists, that many of them did not realize that the in- sects were not alive when jihotographed. Hut. although they were not alive, they had ju.st recently been put to sli'ep with ether, for we soon discovered that to get a lifelike |)hofograph one must ])liotograpli a monster at once, w itli- in half an hour after death, the sooner the better. Many ways of mounting were tried, but none were so succes.sful as the following; ro\er the toj> of a snudi block of wootl with a thin, even coating of ])arafKu or ordinary candle wax by letting the drii)])ings of the candle fall ni)on it. Pick a large leaf and turn its u])i)er surface down n|)on the wax. be- fore it cools, anil h't it stick there; this will gi\-e a natural looking ground for the insect to stand ui)on. Hold the insect over the block of wood and arrange the legs in as natural a iiosition as yon can with a long needle or fine dental tool. Then fasten each foot in place by heating the needle in the candle flame and jiricking a hole in the leaf just under each foot so that the wax will come U]) through the leaf and hold it fast. This niouutiug is not so simi)le as it seems, and. until one has actually ex- perienced it, he can have no idea of the ijerversity of these six-legged beasts. The way the contracting muscles of a grasshop|)er',s back legs will pull the other four legs loos<'. or the wa>- the hornet will refuse to hold its head uj), or the way long flexible antenna' will droop are exasperations which lead straight to i)rofanity. unless one is very careful. The whole thing is a game of (piickness, ingenuity and |)atient skill, for so many things must be watchetl at once. The wilting insect cannot wait, the sunlight shifts, clouds drift across the sun and then, just as everything is in readiness, a breeze springs up which stirs the creature's wings and the whole thing has to be given up. The pioneer in this field of photography is Dr. \. A. Cobii. for it is he who first showed what the face of a fly looks like. His suggestions are what hrst encouraged me to take up the work, although the method finally used l>y me is fpiite different from that which he em])loyed. I substituted the long hori- zontal camera and the long focus lens for his \ertical bellows ansrh nuigiiesium blow lamp, anil the insect is shaded from the direct rays of the sun by a large pane of glass covered with a thin sheet of tissue l)aper. Direct sunlight is reflected from the hairs and polished surfaces of the insects and makes spots on the negative. 10] ■ ■» . y. 7- : J . i^ t -J r. y. E 't =r •-• 'r. ^. I ■fl — f. 3 ■i'-.'s 11 ..■-^^.^. TIIK MOXSIKHS I'K TCRKn ON THE SUCCEEDIXC PAGES. AM) MAW MORE, IMPRIS- ONED IN ONE MUSEUM CASE They aiv all piiiiicil in the liii\ ami liavc ilrieil out and changerl almost beyonil rceo^iiition. Iiut the impressioD whicli tlicir portraits have innde will, I lio])e, he lasting. IU2 1 this hiiok which tliey have hfljifd tn inakc. Mr. and Mrs. .Vlt'xaii. (). Howard, for the s:-ientifie names of the monsters, which names liave given me access to what is [inhlisheil aliont them in the handbooks on entomology. Practically all of the negatives and joints have heen made ])y ISIr. Scott Clime of the Department of Agricultnre, who took a particular interest in their preparation. To Mr. Gilbert II. Grosvenor, Director and Editor of the Xati(inal Geo- grapliic Society, is due the credit of realizing the poi)nlar interest these pictures would have and who. in contrast with more timid ])ublishers, re- ])rodu:'ed thirty-nine of them in the National Geographic Magazine and urged the i)rei)aration of this book. [iM Chapter I THE SPIDER WORLD 161 TIIK Sril)i:i{ AVORLI) In cnlari^iiit;' the imaycs of these small spick'rs to many times their size, one is at once strmk \)y their similarity to cralis aTiil lohsters. I'heir jointed legs eneased in shells, which from time to time they shed, remind one strongly of the erahs. and they do in fact belong to the same great family, the family of arthropods, and they are not insects. The spider workl is the world of eight-legged creatnres just as the insect world is the world of the six-legged ones, and educated men antl wt)men should no more I'onfuse these great classes of heings than they confuse the hipetis with the ((uadrupeds. They (litter from the insects in other ways than in the numln'r of their leg.s — they Ikhc no feelers or antenna', those wonderful sense organs which all insects ha\e, l)ut here antl there, esjiecially on the legs, are strange hollow bristles or spines, which end in nerves. Their eyes also are not like insects' eyes. An insect's eyes, at least its large ])rominent ones, are composed of hutidreds of lenses i)r facets, while the s])ider, though he generally- boasts of eight, has only sini|)le ones with single lenses. 'I'heir life is very simi)le as com|)ai-cd with that of man\' of the insects. In the fall, the mother spiders lay their eggs in a bag of their own silk, often several hundred eggs Ix'ing laid in one sac. The sijiderlings hatch out in the sac. and. in the Xorth, they spend the lont; winter there. They do not have two stages of existence as beetles or butterflies do, but are hatcheil out mature and e<|ui])i)ed with the poison fangs which aid them in ihcir strictly carnixoi'ous, and oft<'n c\cn camiibalistic, existence. They grow and sheil their skins as do the baby grassho|)pers, but they do not change their form with each moult and none of them ha\e wings. They Inne inside their bodies, reservoirs of strange, sticky fluids which they can |)our out through spigots in many ditt'erent ways. This fluid, as it dries, iiuiy form drag lines which they trail Ijchind them and fasten as they go to use for safety lines; with some sjjiders it nniy e\'en be |)oured out in such fjuantities that it nnikes an aeroplane: with the majority, howe\fr, it is \ised to make their nests or their egg sacs or the mar\'clonsly beautiful orbs that prove the graveyards of so many careless insects. For the spiders are the enemies of the insect world; were they more discriminating, they would be perhaps the greatest friends of the human race, but, as they suck all kinds of insects" blood, all that we can be sure of is that those among them which we flnd in our houses arc a benefit, for there they kill the flies and other insects which we do not want indoors. (1(1 1 I'd llicir Soiit licrii iind (.■s|)0(i;illy tlicir li'ii|iic:il cinisiiis, \\hicli alhirk :inil suiiictiiiu's kill Imiiiaii heings, this i^roiip (if i'ascinatint;' rrfaturos (iwcs the dread in wliicli it is hold liy jioopk' in j^oneral. It is a pity, for thmiiuhdnt tlic Xdi'tlicru states, no danucrniis species is known to exist, and those which tre<|iienl dur hdiiscs will no irii.rc attack us than dd tli<' flies they I'atch aii ;-• _^ o "o-^ X: -d V- z H^ \. "— "" K v; ~E ^ •x r "^^ /< 7 :'- ill .k J: r W -2 - if. i 0—5. "7 .:il 5 = — -^ X E [-25] IN* /I [26] PS a Q I— < I O X ~ • /• ~ — - v. 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It is niueh the same with men, tliey try to put the things that are alike together, and in the bewildering multitude of shajies and forms and lialiits with which the inseet specialists have had to deal, they catch at any siniilaritx'. and i)nt together in one grou|) a lot of creatures which are only alike in a few i)articnlars. In the straight-winged order of ort]io|)tera they ha\e i)ut the creatures which ha\'e four wings, the front i>air licing leather-like and smaller than the other pair, which latter fold up like a fan. They are also all e(|ui])])ed with strong hiting jaws. Bugs often look like them, imt liug> ha\'c licaks and never jaws. It is in this order that are found nearly all of the true song-insects, at least so far as luunan ears can tell. The grassho])])ers, the katydids and crickets are the great nnisic makers of the insect world, although it is true that there is one, perhaps the loudest, shrillest singer of them all which is classifietl among the hugs, the lyreman, or cicada, one of the .species of which is known as the seventeen-year locust. AVlien we talk of the hum of insects we do not often sto]) to think that it is (juite a ditlerent thing in general from their song. Most insects in their Hight, providing that their wings mo\e fast enough, make some kind of a noise. The humming of the l)ee, the Inizzingof the house fly antl mos(puto and the whirring of the clumsy beetle's wings are finite a different thing from the con- scious song of the katydid to its mate, or the singing of the cricket on the hearth. Of course it i-. iin|io-,sil)le for u^ to be quite sure that there is not a host of insects who have means of making >omc kind of a noise wliich is so high u|) in the scale of noises as to be too faint for us to licar. 153] ^, ^ ^ GJ C - OJ X > ^ 1; Cj ^ 'TZ O ^ .£ ^ I "- ii - — ^' o K Ch Ph o K ,_^ rSl ci_ TSi - /" .- hH if. _ CC C3 -^ g o "ti ^ o 'oi. O -Z Cj 1^ o .S 2 ^ ~ -^ __ S /. ■ — it X N t. ^ = f. if. lo6] ~ -'■ — '^ -H * " -^ Z- T. ct — — jj; O O _ -^ :i 5 y x — J— . ?- ^ /- <. is ~ y= ^ . o o i: o it i, S 3 ■];; -1^: S' "- t ^ Sf 3 [57] y. ■f. ■/. - '. Ji ~ r. y. -^ it. ■I. -I. o y. St ^ ."" f '^ .vN-tSge-SSK- ^xAis \ S^*v-.^ Gl» I r o '^ ' ■ •^ -: ^ :i -3 o x - is 3 -= ^ ^ •" it r — 5 S 9i ~ i A - -t-^ - '- f i '— . f. ^^ J ^ -t^ ^ ;: o o 2 1^ 'F ^ ^ ' ?- x. - 5 ^ -M ~ if o ~ - - t^ :-^ s £. c /. - ■s. ;-' '-/". — " S C ~ X =^ 0^ -5 "2 V *;: * " ' — ' ~- - ~ ~ ' r^t 61 -c^- I .'.^ o o C £ o tXi P4 Q _5 £ X -1* i: ^ "ti •r X ■X 1^ U o X 5 "7 I. 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'5 '-, - ^ CO ~ ~- — '^ ^i -^ ~ - ^ - . ~ [69] '■>*t. ^"f fC-B: J-. ;:: Oj -H r* 1^ jj "^ O ^ rt ^-) ."2 ^ a: o a^ ■^ x. ^ 'o _^ :t - ■r. :^, o ^ - 1 , +J 's o Q "o ^ T. >< r'. ■fi "6 ^ o "S '^ '/: 'A o ?i. ."2 '^ -M O =o +^ ^. ^ c -2 -t-J 1 :| o :^ ^ _*;■ o x o .^ Pi Ph 1 ^^ •^ X it X t^ r .- o X X - :^ O — H^ 'Ij ^ r^ 0; n\ 7i] ^ _^' > 2 t: . ^ ;" i: ;_, Cj 2 «^ ^ ^ ^ o , o c X X -M o c^ <^-( o > :« o o X L- o x. o 0 ;/: -M E d s ^'j a OJ o o -t-* ~ -a -' Q H O o '{. il. E*" b" si "S J X /". ' - ^ _ "- ^ -^ ■-- ^ . z ■ — X - — — '^ x ^ r. -r i H' ~ X 1 7;!| .^ '3 - (^ -* -- • — T S O cj -2 = ••-, '' 3 ^ c! _ O = •— ^ '^ a ^ •■« O ic "5 -fi ^ i; ^ c o ?:; Ch o ^ .— -l. '-!- -, .5^ ,- ~ :^ = =^ J :a ^ s b as J O 3 U ?: -!' oj -r^ . — ajD ^ — ^ j^ ~ r. "— -I- X -^ _= .-= i 1) "3 a ^ --^ be • - iC ci a; o — ~d - -v, i> ■oo e -= — "■ ^-j ^ £ -3 *>< Ci if-* X ,^ •^ -E X -^ o i- ■4^ O -)-> x o •f— s ^ o o ^ O o .9" ■^ J2 = = -3 ^ X r. 5 •^ o -y. — z b 3 ■~. '-5 O n P ^ '/. '— — ,-' * :- u_ x ^ [7^1 I7iij f. '— ^ ~ ^ y- , _^ y. t c /- - [78] — /■ ^ "^ •r. 'Z, ZJ. ^■ X ■-"I J-*. i.' zi. A -— ■^ o 5 t-l 'A VI ^ ■A -M O o _fl -M ^ rn ct A "C ■3 o ^T" A ^ -£ -C c" ■f. ^ d r^H ^ "t; o (X s p = •^ ^ jtT -— "t: ^ C t" "1 »^ ^ r^ l: <^ c -• £ ^ - — ; U . r -T J^ 80 1 ^ .- 'f A ^ ^ ^ 1l !l! -J-_ — w -^ r. O « Ph .« ^ o c K' !i. ^^ o +2 « -=! «: w c c a. 0; :z = _d s jf - i S 2 ^ j£-^ H ^ ~ .^ 0) --J k" K -^ C . s 1 1^1 § ? 'J. O is S -f t^ 't E •/ >•• "^ _!. b E i 5 p g a; •:!; r ~ £ ~ 7 ''"' ^ "^ if- ^ -^^ ^ r=: y_ -^ ■, 'r" Z _^ -^- 5L x 1h iij it ■s i' X _o ^ "" *x ^ 1^ o ■X "^ X .X ^ ■^ 0; -r. s X X O X 5 o C4 5^ OJ 51 2 i; o o X O X O Si 3 OJ L^ o p 1 o c5 X ■s X 0) 5 s 0^ 0) .ti - X -w '3 fs S — 3 X :S ^ 'T^ ':p >, 0 ^ ^ U 0^ p-i ^ Ct C^ '-Z^' - y. — f rJl .^ — -• * p o ^~" C5 F / ^ al-l ty — [HI I :s-^j - • — '• :, 7^ zi ~ r ; 9- -z: i u - ._ 7. ^ y. £ .z. ^ ^ _:= bh z: "^ z -^ — — ^ tf. .— it ~ = r -E z(. -1^ ^ *i >-. z /Z tr. x 1 -, ? x <. r ^ ^ .— r. ~ ^ -i _:: :- ^ i Q i: ,~ — 0 ^ ~^ — - •-< o ,— V z > 0 CJ ^ ^. X ■^ A o " X ^ r. it V. :_ - A o ? =^ ' ~ -' — - H 2 [Si] •s. ' x. c 5 3 ■r. O 5 Z ■^ .= -4 X 2 t/j ■Jl § ;:; X ^ "^ 1 o r. ^ ^ • — -A '*^ — o '<■ -2 ci 3 0^ O •- 0> J£ a tf X 0^ o a- C X' .+^ C - K O o =C -s ^ ~ £ c .S ■" "> S "o ^ ~ o 9; -3 O y S rt ^- ^ ^ o u. t- -*-' o rt Cj ct ^ :C rt ct ce c rX v: +3 tx c/: -M 0; a^ ^- ^ 5 K X. — ^ -S X — O cS ^ --« O Oj 5 ii O ;:^ j; 7 =i o -3 X o q^ .. . — ' -^ ~S -•-' o Ct ^' 5 r. -/: o ZL s Q C5 ^ "^ C o Tl •^ 0^ •B i^' c '^ X CS a s - -^ ci X Oj 'cij ^ ^ x ct 0^ tt ^ o 'fi !:^ ^. g ci O >. ;-H o c: _r ^ ^—^ Gj C^ , ■7. ~ r. ff- r. ^ — '/. rt -ti -^ ._ r ?* =^ .i -^ tl! o •= Tt _c v. r. *+-! -*-' C Oj o ■r. >^ S x O X 5 -^^ 'ci .2 '^ O Li o -r 'ZL x ^ X ■^ 0 S 6 ,c [85 THE OKDER OF THE BT'f.S (Hciiii ptcra) How blind mankind innst seem to the insect world! To lonk at beetles with their massive jaws and armor-plated bodies, or Hies with their gauzy wings, or grasshoppers with their long jum])iiig legs and then class them all as bugs, must seem to them ineompreliensible, i'or to be a bug, an inseet must have a sharj) ])ointed beak, whatever else it has. It may or may not have wings, it may ha\e a lar\al stage or it may not, but if it hasn't a l>eak and can't suck then it can't he classed as a true bug. These sucking insects of many shapes, althdugli directly cnnnected with the welfare of the human race, have been, until recently, the least known of the great orders of insects. To this order belong the chinch bugs, the cause of an estimated loss to the grain growers of twenty million dollars a year; the great Phylloxera, which destroyed the vines on three million acres of French ^•ineyards, and the San Jose scale, which has s])reatl during the i)a,st ten years thmugh e\ery state and territory in the I'nitecl States and become a menace to the fruit-growing industry. It is of this order of the insect world that l)a^■id Sharp remarks "" . . . if any thing were to exterminate the enemies of Hemiptera we ourscKcs would probably be starved in a few months." It does seem strange in face of all these statements of authority that our best friends, the insect i\-orous birds, are being killed out for lack of forest refuge. Wc spend millions to tight the pests when once the.v get the upjier hand, but pay little or no attention to the comforts of those tireless workers, the birds, which would keep them down. I am ashamed of such a fragmentary i)icture showing of this most imijor- tant order, and hope someone will follo\\- on with a bug book whicii \\ ill do the subject justice. [87 1 *»::J»*FSif«5S». i^ 5 15 ~ L2 5? X X ~ - /- ^ X ~ -y. K .p y ^ w £ ^- c. 5 I I 5 <^ -^ "S -■£?■= s ^ ^ o s 5, -rf ,si) 1 Oj 0 =^-l rs ■^ f^ o ^ ~™ , o b£ be 9 r-^ X ,— 0; ^ 1 c3 ^ r^ *^ ^ ^-H c; X L^ r-:- X 2C 1> ,_^ .i; 0 M r/: r ■^ i^ o r 1; PLH ;^ >■ C ■• -<< 1^ c — pi '^ = ;, ~ H J^ — ;— ~ X ■^ "7 ~ ~ <; --i J ^ J^ _2 •- =„ [9i: -s ^ •M 1 -li: 112 'f. ; ^ '> _^ — T ^ ^ ^^ p ^ — ^ — — "• ~ .^ h2 "c X "^ .^ f ~ •~ E X E^ >■ q^ ■*"" .r r - ^ V — >. ?* -^ ■f _2 £f ^ 2 ^ cT ^ T .t; r ? r ; ^ c TL ;i; _::: -^ ■ ~ ~ :^ x .^ x i/. — X H E Cj _ — /: ■~ "^ "^ — — '^ r. o % ■y. ~- x: o ^ ^ ^ ^ i OJ y, it ' "2 ^ -=' ■'"■ j= ^ " = '5 J '? "i -^ > ^' ~ - 0^ " ^ 2 '" i; -■ "^ t- I '{■ r — Z -i. /- — 93 B!^ ^^,„.x««»<»«-«"*"'*'" ~ " ^^^■^ ,:*«'-^''' ['■'i[ -^* ^ jc' "S ? J' ?' S X 1/ -t-J Sf H-i- ^ .!r! -1-- d tt o o .^ t/. = J -= ij ^ -^ -1£ O * ^ — — — r w w ,^-, — c ^ — — _. • — o ^ T^ fcj: s ^ X = r: "^ a ^ 5 o X i^ ■ — A "5 T a .a. V u o = "T^ f. - 4 ^ _^ ■f_ _:r T" -li: - ""^ ^ n ~ — ':: ~r u X — , '" 7 |_E • ^ — 5 c_ tf. r. E ~ .r - ^ - / _- - ^ ^ ■S "^ -^ f J -^ X i^ X X :; r '^ r X I i-'^5 1 4 -i i '■ ', -a 2; i;, bfj t -^ HH X X it ^ S -y. ^ ^ 0 - — X :/; ^ X , x ^ ^ ^ — ',^ ^ .~ 7: X 7, tl. C - ■is" / / / / - -^-«rv [98] /^ ^ ~ y. t s. ■f. f. y. S_ 5_ — ^ W ■■/". _= "r. j; t: X ^ X "; 'X — x -f. — >- '• "^ - H— t: X I :i!i I [ 100] — tJD tl^ x' ^ -" -; 1 r "TT — ; ''^ j^ C ZL ZL — . X • C ■ — C ^ ■y. —, — '^ ^ ^- :-. ~ 5 5 ^ c '^ c3 r^ X -r ^. '-= ;t.:i OJ f"! >;, C "13 I> "^ - . -H- c -^ t: _aj _o o OJ OJ ■/: — 1 X 1) o O Ct S' 'SI C/] ^ ^ c/: O -s c b ^ - ^ o o o v-; X _i ^ „1Z ;^ ri y /^ ^ o _S z X ~ O 'X 0) -a C -a •2 &s ~x o ^ S X. ■J. X o 1. :S ■fi 0 • S U ' ."^ Cj i-~~i -M ' x ■^ — « o o -a X 0^ rf. C r. X o o "^ ' tr. .— .,"', -^ _ r X .^^ tx. X ^. ^ ^ ^-W ,-X ~~ — ;-^ X o '■^ ci -> o o X ? H ."; T? "3 a> 2 ;S -S bi) 2 :i^ - F — - bt c , T- i --:: o c ^ .- , — ; 9^ "-d J r- o -l-j 0) -— -^^ Q o ' '— ' _o -.-J , ^ ^ j^ o §" X _c3 >-• n, ^ "^ ■" S '^ ct; r" •- X .~ 3 "5 T^ o X I i ." X 3 ^ r ■-=• f- fee s — rs ^ ^ >i o aj i- " S i: ■" ' — ^xl^-^^.Oi^ J5 .i i ■== ti =^ c 5^ o X ::-::; ^ "p ^' ---. ^' 'S n _£ _; 2 X o ^ iXl rt p ti: W I^ fcc ■X X ^ ' ^~- o o c -a r^" , IK C -H-- X <^-i .+J cS c I f -. I -^ y: I I « -o ^ =2 F^ OJ n» "^ _ X - :- ^ 0 X 0 'rt bt ^ ^ 2 '"t:' 0 ■^ X X h X Ji ^ 0 .i 5 X ~ r — " O un I I Ul-> 1 -r. o ^ if. - - " /- rt •/■■' - ? I' ■-[ r a -r .,, -^ - ^ ?j -^ '-s ^ = S s >. _^ .= ^ — Kin 1(11 'Z. r-f, — - — .*^ C x a^ S" M . 3 -J, ^ J _C 2 -3 S "S '^, S -S aj c -f= i; =e "5 *-■ ^ i! •- -^ i 7 !i2 2 -. i •- , -^ X. •- ^ X O X --. — — = r = u ■? 2 t; i • - """ ■-^ c — ■7 N ? ^ H ;- r o o |C ^ rX •~ ^ /^ I H)5| .^ 1(1(1 it i, I— I Pi £ ^ ~ - — ;•'■■ -y. ■r ^ j; £ ^ ^- I -r ■• ■_ Z - -> > ■?: i, i ^ -w a> q^ . r. If- — — "i Li2 - -^ +_. '. =^ cS — 2 o : - as - — d I lOT KIK] ■^ ^ « -; "^ tr. . _ — X' .4-1 , 0 — , — •^ .— ^ =+- o 1 -S -1^ rt :^ O • S "S -M i -i „:i bC r^ OJ _^ '•n j5 -^-' ■r. M ^ = ?: J£ >-. ;^ ?>. 5 -/ — Pi c w £ ^ r-^-l s^ r. ^ rP 1j ■- ;; '-P "=i: ^ x; s ^ . >-' rH W ?* -a O O "^ _^ -*z; a^ "t; "S "S --^ 3^ ^ oj .S — . _ — X (—1 -a ~ 5 Oj 3^ :t ^ , p! " ^ v: v; 2 v; X 5P ~ br, :3^ - -'^ -^ >. 3: ■ -i£ ji -= ''^ +^ -T3 ni J^ n ^ . _ Cj P G ^ V X -J Jl r-'. ^ y- ".i. Z- IH'IM THE BEETLES (Ci>lc(ii>lrrii) HcL'tlfs arc (li^tini^uislll.■(l fruni the (ithcr orders of flying- creatures li\- ]ia\ iu^' tlie first i)air of wings changed into sliells under wliich tlie other ])air can be safely folded and laid away. Yon can usually recognize theni when they spreatl their wings to fly, for they have to raise their wing covers in order to do so. Also they generally Ikhc prouiiucnt jaws, as they are lilting crt'atnrt-s and do not suck the juices of plants and animals as the bugs do. Beetles are almost everywhere. ^ on cannot turn over a stone or hrt'ak down a stum]) or roll o^•er a log wilhoul distnrliing some of them, and yet perhaps less is known about the li\('s of beetles than al)ont those of any other of the great orders of insects. They lead two lives, distinct as two !i\cs can be; one in the form of a grub, the other as a full-grown beetle. To make tin' tran.sfonnation, they burrow into the ground or into the wood ot tn'cs and but rarely make for themselves silken cocoons such as the butterll.\- lar\a' spin. They do not lead so aerial an existence as .some other orders, l>ut, ne^er- theless, they are today, perhaps because of their closely fitting outer siiclis. the predominant order of insects of the ])resent epoch and aireail,\' there are known the bcAviUlering number of l.'j{),0()0 species. In North Ameri 7} s. 2- ^ ct p i ■^ X ^ ^ •^ CIh ;j C3 X Oj "^ ^ OJ 'i^. 0 0 C o 0^ o 4-' 5 O ■■/; -5 9 o Q^ -r; ~ ■/. "f" =f -•-' '" __ ^ y: K-, u< r. %-H ? -^ -X ^- 5 ;i o .X _^ K*. 0^ t- Oj " ■T" f. .— ^ -t-j -w [/:■ T^ .^_, — . ^ x X - ^ -— = " 3J £ :i 2 >^ " rt ic i; -E '^■ § S i^ ^ b£) ■2^ ' U t; o "^ ex 0; o H 3 ^^ X i*^ o "w 5 r^ C Qj -C^ bt """ c ~ x ^ ^ ^ w * ^ — . ^ . _ ^ " %_ ■r. o X -M 0^ " Ef. >. 3 *-5 m; H ^ X i' v. O L. >. ir. o X "2 "a; X zt) L. ■y: X O o Of p ^ J^ •-S ^ -TJ c5 /) i: r^ t;? '3". -g "i :5 o 1 b ■r. ■5 'X ^ ^ ^ X -t X ^ i ~ X _ -'*"xij^ ^ "*~,^'-^ o s aj ., ?^ '^ H i^ ^ = 3/ o Z O X 113 [Hi] •i ^^^ ■-£ — f. ^. . E ~ O • r jf ^ 2 if. _^ Pi w " ^ H -§ JS W -c - K '= i K ^ r- K .= ^ :z -? •- -1 - r ' • = X z. cr. r- •" ■r .k ii: ^ 5 /. if. 5 5 ■ci: o r. -3' ' vi ;^ 7 "r ii if. X. -^ ■^ o i '-£ *-5 _I — ■^ - — ::, ~ if J^ cS Ji - X X — f if - / - _r if, -7. ^ -: X. :i; .:: = if ^ a.) 11(1 1 JJ % hJ H ^. H — ;^ a A w !-E _V ca — .r r- .k /^ ^ ■r. ^ e: a o c^ >-. -— ^" p ^ Q^ H^ -^ — i^ 'X Cij cp! t=r ■~ ti: ^. -*-l 5 ^ ^ C5 !-| "EL r^. X. Xl O _j^ X ■f. -5 rt x p a> o IH 2 -(-' ^ ^ r^ 5 H^^ ."t^ Cj — ; ■:: -5 £ o ^ S 1-1 ■5— "x X % "^ rz^ X .■n; i )^ s p C ? -^ .1=: ^ p ^ "x '^ _, c ^^ o -^^ ^ ''. 7" tr. —J "C ■^ '■^ -^ "^ .,x "^ X — X ^ ■~ r^ r- £ ^ o o _^ <^ ^ ^ ce X 0^ ct %-t iX ^ X cc r*' Oj "-^. X X "z; ^ X (*, o ■ — ;_ -*-' "" ?-' -^ ■O X Oj c^ ^ ^ -^ c^ -r _s o ^Tr. ^ — • "o "5 "^ *-• •- i: "t! ^/: i/ •- - C — 5 "^ ^ ,3 O ^ — C ? „ 5 iS "S Eh' " c" ~ - is . -, -— o o ■ n c A i; -^ •- ■IP ■" '-^ ''^ •'■■ - •= , ^ — P c i: "^ '■^ L. " "^ H J £ s « 5 c :i -■'■■ S '- z, ~i. b ^ o = o E lis fe 1^^-= ^ ^1 I. - g - i e^ a .^ 7 ~' o S -P i ;- c '■''- Z -s ^ if. Hi) 120 -a o ^ 'S tJ X o « cc o ■ i 50 ^x b P '-C o w ;^ W' fc - c^^ s ; ^ c fcf o n tc r. " s. cc t: - - fcr. ?^ ^ -^ -- -^ c -^ £ S ■r, ;i ^ ."t^ Qh ^ O ' ^ , — I -r, ■'"■ o 2 O cS j; n ^ !^ 1; 5 it ce -T- W S -/l SHOW •J-. ^ O ^ s -» o i- ^ . -S +^ 0 ^^? 1> t; ^ Ct 0^ bij i^ 4; ^ O /- ^ ^ i "^ £ s _= -li! ■^ r^ P -- -- ^ -^ ~ C r I = r. I £ 5^ ~ •= 2 o S 9; = it O ct 'r. x Oj p^ — -S -t: o C. a. -« O « >, -c rt ^ o -ri ^ c- o " ^ __ .^ 5; ^ -^ Z i;' ■S 3 _^ ^ it £ 5 S I ]'il 1'2'2 ] — I f. c >< p +-; y^. :i . — 0 l; -J ^-^ ^ i' si — •4— ' .t: s -5 Qj ' r" l-H r. .2 0 ^—1 ^ "^ , ^. -^ '"\ '=£ T. 1- ^H 1; X ^-' y=: — ^ -r. ^ it • -< -£ — o iC ^ C i^ ^ r — .-H .^ i— C^ "^ "t; K' Bf -= .^ ^ — r* o -^ *§ rt K* s r3 " 'Eh = /I U r. vii: 3 O S C-i X o X X -^ ^ -h; "' ■^ Af> y: -M u _::^ ,, "' '"o O ^J rt -H-' X -^ • = :-H ■-^ -Z. X ■1j _^ ^ -tr ■1j -= X o X X X "^ -^ — o > X .s ^- k' o o .— ~ o "" ■;^ - O — '-/". — " _r: 3 — ' 3-* h^ -y: '^ — ':j; _i "-C if j;r. _o'2 Ji^'H^^"^ 5 0; a. r r; Oj X S K S /■. I'W Ui] £ |t - '5 ". -z ? il -C « ■' C; .v; - .= O (U iJ -r. Z. - s -t "Z. — s. — — — -M — • '-/: •"^ -^ X X •w x C-' ' ~ ^"" _c- i ^ "^ = rf ^. t: """ X o 2 .^ ^ ct ■^ ■^ "3£ :i-H o -t-j "C Cj O L. CC X ■^ ^ cti ^ X 5^ ■ -^ a ^ OJ rt rt X :£ en -M — 1 u t/. _ 5 0) 3^ — n .- e: '^ 1; 1^ x. 112 j; C^' ~ r. — — :, o = — - { ^ .- X ^ — VU I ' *^i ^ l-.'(i o ^ C p ; o cs _2 O o ^ £. C ='• -*-' '—< C/2 w * 7* H Tt — I-) ct — H £ 3 W X ^ w Oj *" m -f-J X Cfi S 0 W a -ti it " r2 ^ — cS o = — -w — r — ~ ^ ct — - • '^ X >. ■f. J. :_i 'zi. Ef — rt — ■ » ^ u ^ y. ^ 1^ C "c rt r. ■f. o 7" Ef. Ui O o " "C ^ « u -X r t. u — -*-- — 'f- y. h <-z ■^ " *S ."2 '— — ■ _- .^^ ^ ti: ~ ^ ^ ^ ^ o ^. tt 7" ■•^ ^ — -H- ^ f- ^ ■"" "■ ."^^ — '~^ "^ ("V" NH ^ ^^ 5 o — ■/". ti: iL] § 01 f2 -E r.' cE -^ ";r. ^ X o X ■^ "O; Qj -^ o X •^ ^ .^ O IJ i- w ' r. c .- — — V. o o *i •' ■= c 4_) ^ c -X _-2 ? 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' ■= ^ ^ j3 •^.- ~- y y -I- i " if. o 6C x; a) X o 0^ X o 'oil ^ ;5 >■ X If c; ri '-H o ■^ ^ "^ r. CC 0; , ^ .^ "^ cS ^ 5 1^ ii "c >. X X x O X — . 1^ X ~ X :,■ r: ~ 7" .— ^* - 11 X -X ~ 5 -^5 X l/ ch 112 ^ " X P ^ 'x ^_ X -^ ^ ^ c5 O X cC >". ' r" :^ 0 ■r -g 1 w o ;■ — ct ci "d ^ :S X X ^« Tj O ?» l! ■4-' X c^ X >. 'Cf- X -d ^-- Li X ■r .= 1^ ^ X "~ -^ f T 7. . = :; :i ~ =^ r it % -*-* s c >. T^ OJ ^ !:i -M x U 3j S o o r^. ■^ ;^^ g '^ "3 O -M 0; -o % U b O 2 bf X ^+-1 -X ^ s *d t X "~! V-i o ^ O "C 3^ ^ w = ~ u ~ C Q. C "r^ ^ 9 'x 4-) 3 1-. "H. 2 0; ■¥-' ■? X X o .-*■ ^ X o C _z .^ r * ■^ >, X _o ;_ .*-i — "-^ "-^ Cj ■::::' o ii X o 1 1;!'' ! 130] if. ^ L '" X c 7 if- 1 1:!7 ] TWO WIXdKl) I XSPXTS {Diptird) \vv\Ys a^i) ill Berlin. in>- (Iciiii.in liimlliHly called me in as an expert to tleeide a eontroversy hetween lier eliiidreii ami herself as to whether a frog had four legs or six. It seemed strange to me then that a grown-iip woman should not know the niiiiili<'r of a frog's legs. Yet there will lie many who read these |)ages who do not know li(n\ inaiix' wings a \\y has. And Hies are niiieh more ini])ortant than frogs. Ill fact the iiios(|uito and the house fl,\-. liotli in<-luded in the order of the Hies. i)rol)al)ly cause more deaths and are more dangerous to liiinian lile than any other creatures in the world. These ]iortraits are of a U-w onl>- of the \ast myriads of forms of two- winged insects which haunt the world. Were I to |)hotogra|)h jiisl one iii- di\ idual of each different species which inliahit the globe. I would liaxc to spend a lifetime doing it, and when it was linished it would make \\\v hundr<'d \()luiiics ahout the size of this one. There should never he the slightest - to he the lar\'a of a ^ J, •= -£ •- X. -;^ r. •— * < ~5 -3 S y;, c- ^ -= cl '-'"- -" T^ ^ — b '•'• ^ -, i£ O ^ O 141 ■'^'S .^*--,„ s z.'^- •m IVi I -^ - — i CS O =5 — " O ^ T. a o = /i! ; t' C -^ it •X 5 S ■£ ^ = ■r. X ■^ 'A •- -a.b " S ,o := -< r/ ^ ~ '1 i T s tf. - .S o ^ ~ s — f. r. I mil Ui OJ ^ - 5b ^ - ^ Oj P ^ if. o S ii - - se S :S i:- f ■ot ;, 0) •- -4- z ; i 7 ^ ^ — o ■; cc -a 5j o lio] VUj 1 1 U(l I X H O o tc o M * aj OJ Oj u ' -3 ? ii _i s on • .- ^ o o ^ ■^ St ^ ^ c K C cB 13 ^ X ~ |U7l [148] o aj / — :f- _= . 'M C '' ^ - = .= o 14!) l.lll 1 x Pi •M w ^•^ 1 ^ S .— o ":3 Pi * X r^'^ ffi .. . ii X _ o -3 i ^ [1.W] Cj w S = r ; r. Z f: =1 3 r .— f z[. r. 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X J2 X 1 £ 0 0 1 p •oi"X -^ ^ 0 0 :_ X -r "^ ?* ?: 2 107 1 FEATHERED INSECTS (Lepidoptera) These are ijeculiarly the feathered fliers of the insect world, for their wings and their bodies, too, are co\'ered with most remarkaljle one-celled feathers or scales of gorgeous colors which make of some of them the most brilliant of all living things. Just what these scales are for is not entirely clear, and will not be, jjerhaps, until we understand the i)urpo.se of the gorgeous coloring itself. There is a theory that these scales help to grip the air in flying. It is a curious coincidence that one of these gorgeously colored creatures should furnish mankind with the material for his own most gaily colored raiment. The silkworm is one of the very few domesticated insects, so to sjjeak, of all the hundreds of thou.sands of insect species in existence, and a hundred millions of dollars is jjaid every year for the delicate silk threads unraveled from countless millions of cocoons which the silkworm larvfe have laboriously' fashioned around themsehes. To many people, moths are known by what they leave behind — holes in the winter woolens; and butterflies are to them, somehow, things of the sunlight and the summertime. It is worth while to know that these great families of butterflies and moths are not by any means divided equally, that for every family of butterflies there are at least nine of the moths and that the butter- flies form but a small proportion of the gaily colored insects of the fields. Perhaps it makes but little difference to the public, who call them all alike, but it is as easy to tell a butterfly from a moth as it is to tell a lizard from a snake, for all the butterflies have club-shaped feelers, or antennie, whereas the moths do not, and any child of six can learn to tell the two a])art. No butterfly or moth in its winged .state can harm us or our ])lants. It has no jaws, but kee])s itself alive by sucking nectar from the flowers or juices from the fruits or other parts. Its other self, its larva, ho-never, can cause no end of damage. One inconspicuous, browni.sh form, the codling-moth, no larger than my thumb nail, costs ajijile growers about ten million dollars every year, while the cabbage moth, the clothes moth, the cutworm and the dreaded gi])sy-moth are only a few examples of a gigantic army of \ oracious larva* against which man has lieen struggling e\er sinc-e he first l)egan to plant seeds in the ground or set out trees for fruit. 169 I 17(1 — :{i it E = -^ ^ == & ri .^ X .£ 2 s ? -4^ 1. " "" ^ u? ~ O w 0 -^ Cj ^ tiC o = ~ 'cC ^ en ? -a o rt - 'h^ 0^ ^ V 1 0 0 ^1=; x X *!3 bJD 50 -<- 1 C3 Q X 0 0 0 X ■4-J ^0 1 0 0 ct IK 0 "7" 0 X ^4— 1 s: c. ,- ^ "w ./: 7: ^ ^ 1^ X ■^ 0 _£• '--'■ ?. ^ z •s. 0 0 3 X -I-' X 0^ X X p oh X X X "2 > tf 0 0 -t-' X rt x: ;: X 0 ^- £ "2 < ;:; 0 0 -1-' X >-. X ^4-> X £ 5 3 3 n ^ -^ Ct X ^~" :»< " ^ tc s OJ HH ? 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P Qj ZJ O ^ -P ^ ft cS o p^ "5 , S ~ ^^ ° OJ 1) ^ S *^ ■S _o p 2 = = ^ M- rt ^ »« '-■3 5« gi'^i o 3 i O O -a ^ P 5 2 ftjs — . "feb >^ be o <" -5 2 2 P I I ft p = o •- 178 E ^ *>< 5 X. w C' ri t " ^ ct r*" ;-. a. O tfi -t-r tr "J3 c5 a; X O o >. O g ^ Q _., O K 3; — 1 •t-' r- ct — 5 o '^ i, « T- ;i O w -^ ^ 'Sf ■I i 1 C o - K X < C ■r. = -l- ~ C 2 ^ -; ci u ^ •w ci it Cf. ^ r^ '^ sj: -^ x o o w) ^ rt .S X pi- •r ^ X ^ K • — "0 t- c = Cj *o 'v: "o ^^ i X X ST c -M ^ w' ■• o X *- -^ -2 s w o >^ r^ r; o X 1791 ISIP 1 -' ? ^ ^ ~ -3 > Oj -/ " ^~' o [IHl [ IS'-' I P O O o i£ IP S -?r-S O I ^ S g r" ^ '^ /ii o oj cS ?^ CO O 1> ^ " - ■ - ^ 'ci"Z ft J; .s "^ -w ^ -S cs ^ ^ 1 -i "i ^ =n - tj *- i X3 o ■=> '^' , o ■■■^^ ^ 2 ."5 1 K S S r- ^ aj "5 b ^ 2 o o 5 0) eg ^ '"^ t^ i o =* ^ ^ ■ — ' -^ ct ^ -a O 0 ^ cz en a- bC £-1 o ^-1 '5 1 '^ CJ S -^ ^^ ^ -*-> If c/: ^. • S a o ;-• c5 o C/J 'ac Sh •^ O ^ o cr — •3 o o 0^ ~ ^ o 5" 2 ? O " ■'. = "S ^ o a; ^ "^ '^ "^^ S O t^ CS O 3 I. '°^ O 2 :^ -I.- -^ _2 aj £ Si ■3J ,- , rt 03 4; '^ ^ 1; O O ."tn o :-= ^ SID -^ . ^ ^ ^ "S "3 o S c« '^ P '^ !- j; -o -a ti o ? *" 3 5 ^ ^ i; '"j 2 £ ^ "SP ^ 3 S "^ -S' ^ S -f- 3 7> ~ - .„ J j_, OJ _— C3 CS o o S J « 2 ^2 p ^ ^-> ;-> Cfl OJ ■1— ' ^-t :5 ij ^ t£ o rt ^ ^3 1; O .^ K- 0 CJ C/J 4-> rt A H- « 3 2 i "-^ 3 " "^ /^ 3 p o 3 t*j 0 ^ -7- .« ^ r- K^i 0 ^ -3 4i St o "5^ -4-1 .9 0 OJ ^ ^ '^ ^ ^ 5 = V 0 ^ 0 ■/: r/1 18^] •I 184 ': zi. — ^.^-t Jl X v: ^S ^ "t^ C — Oj ?= .H- i:; o "^ -'^ X -^ ^ -i- O l«.j / d \ \^M . ISO ! -H> ^ w "^ X — . — 0/ bf p X ^. ? ^ 2 "5 ?* r. £: ^ 9 '¥■ i M T: •^ 0 O ■r. ^ ZL H z^ ^ ^ s •^ .~ .2 s. 1^ _g ^ 53 o P ?* a .ce '■ O cS a; J3 3 ~^ P ^ c3 ^ -+-' fi • s 1; "X 0 .2 o ~ o Q^ ■^ — =; 5 (h aj . — ; ^ o ■— t- ^ ~ - K o _: Pi ^ v; — " * aj 3J — 2 _= H ; - -r ^ to -t-^ x 0 — -^ T^ _:: X t-; rt >. Oj 1 ? ^^'~' o C 1 3^ ^ X X =, 3J ■^ -t-J X '5^ if 15 i£ .s o ;i — O x 5 •^ z < i C -= X (V F ■^ r, £1 f. r- -^ *j _±; X ~ ^ , X o — OJ -^ M r- , — X W 3 "C — ^ OJ ^ S O ■ J= =-■ 3 C ? O i ^ ~ • - X - i^ P g 1S7 IISS! - -^ ■'"- { -'- - rz -'■ _ S i' ■/: r^ - " -- z X ^3 ~ — — ■ 'r^ ^ zf- — E s. ^ c H, .E ^ 1j '5 ~^ T ;r: ^^ ~ ■^ C iH^ x ■^ !<, Pi ^ ?| l-H 0 be 1 X C 1^ ;-i £- ^ E _:^ Gj o :*- tf 1^ 1^ -^ ^ C -lii > "' ~ 3 A , -.„ ^ _ ^ 3 "£ "3 "5 = i:^i^ ^ t r'^ - KS9 1 NERVE WINGED INSECTS I \cNrnp1cra) There was a time before all li\iii^ things were classified, when there were no groujis of plants or animals or insects. It is something to be proud of that man has grouped the likes together and formed, out of the chaos of living species, a system into which most of them can go like letters into pigeon- holes. Is it any wonder that with halt a million species in this insect world there should be some groups in which the species forming them seem to have very little likeness to each other? The ner\e-winged insects seem to form just such a group, for the principal things they have in common seem to he peculiar nerve-veined wings and blood-thirsty habits. If we could be quite sure that dragon-flies and scorpion-flies and caddis-flies preyed only upon our foes, we could say with more confidence than we do now, that they are our friends and not our enemies, and that men should find some means by which to help increase the number of them in the world. It is conceivable that, as we learn more about them, they may take a much more imjiortant place in public esteem, just as insectivorous birds are doing. Perhaps they will come to be protected and their breeding places guarded by the drainage engineers. 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I?ees, wasps, ants, gall Hies, saw flies, and ichnenmou flies are IIyinenoi)ter:i, the ants coming into this memhranons winged order because the males anee, or was]), or ant is (piite a dilferent kind of thing fidm reason. Since these creatures have sf 1 still in their development, or at least ha\e changed but little since tertiary times, it is quite possible that their i)resent state represents the highest type of evolution along the lines of instinct. The power to rea.son, to meet a new emergeney, are things which tame much later in the development of the world, and man, the creature hav- ing them in the highest degree, seems tlestined to control all other creatures in the entl. |ii:i| ■iH\ u rt -e S s- <^ CU I> ^ !5 ^" "S o -^^ O „ C ^ w 5-' S S c Q -^ • a; r' QJ o cj ^3 a; 5 ^ g^ Cu O ~ a '~ ■_ js — I M S.' -^ ■" P^ Ji ■ri 6 iS ^ 5-^. 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C - "it 249] 1 -'.50 1 •/■- _ S: *^ — ^ _= '0£ ^ -t^ O Cj -a X O p, CO X t-l p ^ >. « P5 0) s — o H O a ii' a -l-J ■ ^ u ci 7 X X X. - O ^ ■X •^ '^ X i£ '=£ X b£) ^^ "I 5 "^ iJ ?■•' -*;•=—■ — < o 4J c« O !-i - p 3 Q m 1^ Oj K ."2 o w 1— 1 Oj w ■M K H Tc o . i i; " ? "-^ ' — ~ ^ 2 o ■a a^ 4; "3 o - K o ;,. " - o _s — ■-" '- = ^, s ° ^ ^ ■^ S g J -o ^ ^ '--1.1 3 X O _^ -M- o E -/ t: 2 r i. a V ( *51 ] Chapter III THE WORLD OF MYKIAPODS AND A SINGLE LAND CRUSTACEAN [ ^y.i 1 THE WORLD OF :MYKIAP0DS AM) A LAND CRUSTACEAN Every one who has turiu'd over a rotten h)g lias seen these thousaud-leg>;e(l wornis, and yet I wonder if many ui us have known that these weird wandering things resemble, and are the direct living descendants of some of the first animals which crept up out oi the sea to live uiKin the land. Long ages before the warm-blooded, lung-breathing beasts came into existence, they worked their way up out of their water life among the corals, sponges, wornis, shellfish, and fishes, onto the dry land. This was in the great transition time when all sorts of anii)hibian monsters came into existence, monsters which have long since passed away. These myriapods deser\-e respect if for no other reason than because their forefathers cre])t across the fresh footprints and mud wallows of the prehistoric monsters. How comes it that these forms of life have changed so little in a million years.'' \ I i-,(i I a U S S UJ be 3 O -^ p- -r. , — , 0; cS p^ _> s ■/J Oj c -. Ci o — - ■^ c^ &H — , O OJ • ^ js *^ r^ o p-; r. o 's CO >H .- •*^ Vj 2 i>-. O 01 ^ s i/'- <; S "? 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Common Red, H-^- Gathering Xeetar, 'JUL .\pliis Lion, "-205. Hee-flies 1.57, IJil. Bee, Solitary Leaf-entling. '.'U. Stinger of the Leaf-cnlling. 24o. See l$imiljle-l)ee. Beetle, IH. Blister, 1-27. Chafer, Spotted Vine, \i'i. Cnenmber. Twelve-spotted. i:!"i. Ilippopotamns among llie Liserl>. I'2!l June, 113. '■J(me Bug," 117. June, Larva of, 10.5. Longieorn, I'Jl. Ma,v, 117. Predaeeous (inHind. l-.'l. Sawyer, 137. Scarab, An .\nieriran, i:i:l. Twig-pruner, 119. Weevil, Clover Leaf. 1'2:!. lings. The Order of. S7. Always Walking Aromnl. Ulj. Ambush, 103. .Assassin, 97. .\ssassination, 99. Cicada, 101. Lantern Fly, 109. MoTister, (juecr, Inworldly. 9;i. I'iU, '201. Squash, .S9. Strange Shape.!. :M . 'I'arnished Plant. 107. Thread Legged. 9J. Bnnilile-bee, at Work, '23J. Male, the Poor, 339. Pollen Plates. '233. Pollen, Telltale Milkweed, '237. Worker, '231 . Butterfly, — Baby of the Skipper, 177. Forepart of a Brown, 173. Swallow-tail of the Spice-bush, Larva of, 171. Butterfly —ds, "^oo. Spider Wc.rld, 1(!. .Spiilcr- liird-dropping. .'tl. ('rail, k). Daddy-long-legs or Harvcsliiian. HI. Spider — rniilinued. From a Fly's Point of \'iew, .'57. Grass, The Male, 43. Harvestnian, or Daddy-long-legs, i'.t. Jumping, 19, 21, 23. Male, a Mature, 47, Mother Spider and Nest, 39. Orb-weaver with Eggs, 35. Orb-weaving, 33. Spiny-bellied, 29. Vagabond, 41. Wolf-spider, 25. Wolf-spider, Skelelon of, 27. Terniile, Soldier, 211. Wasp— Cow Killer, 229. Fig Insect. 227. Food of a Mud Dauber's Maby, 225. Mud Dauber, 223. Social, 221. Vehel .Vnl or Cow Killer, 229. Wingless, 229. Yellow .lark.-l, 219. 204 INDEX TO LATIN NAMES Acrosoma gracile. Walck.. 'iO. Agi'lina iiicvia. Walok., 4:i. Aftrion maculatum, Roaiivois. 'iO.'i. AKrynnis cybele, Fal)., IT.'i. Alliirliiiia nitida, Linn.. 11.'!. 11.). Anasa tristis. De G., !SI>. Anopheles punctipenni.s. Say, lo.5. Apantesi.s nais attacked by Empiisa, sp,, Dm., 189. Areliytas aterrima, Des., UiS. .\rmaililliiliiim vulgare. Kab., ^■2C>^. I!last(ipliaga grossonun. (irav.. '2'i7. Hlalella germank-a, Linn.. SS. Honibus amei'ioanornin, Kab., '-':i:i, '2;il). sp., '237. vagans. Sm., iHl. Bnx-li.vniena arbcirca. Say, U>'>. CcntluiphiUis nhlcri, Seudcl., 7!». Clilienius ;e.stivus. Say. I'll. Chry.sopa sp., 205. Cicada sayi, Grcx-isb., 101. Coleoptera, 111. Colias pliilodice. Gdt., 17.). Copris Carolina. Linn., 1.'!.'!. Corynocoris distinctns. l)all.■l^. !•:!. ( 'ry]>tnroj>.sis sp., 'i.'A. ( 'nlcx ^p., 1.53. Dasyllis grossa, Fab., 1+."). 117. Deromyia, 151. Diabroliea dnodecini pnnct.-ita, Oliv., 135. Dieromorpha viiidis, Scniid., (>7. Dijjtera, 139. Dissosteira Carolina, Linn., ti3, (i5. Doloraedes tenebrosns, Hentz, 37. Elapliidion atoraaricuni. Diii.. lid. Eniesa longipes, De G., 95. Epeira domiciliorum, Hentz, 35. trivittata. Keys., 33. verrucosa, Hentz. 31 . Kpicanta marginata. Fab., 1'27. Erax a?stuans, Linn., 1+3. Euchietes egle, Dru., 1H5. Eudamus tityrus. Fab., 177. Enschistus tristigmus. Say, 91. Fonnic-a sp., '215. (iryllotalpa borealis, Burni., SI. Gryllns pennsylvanicus, Bnrni., 75. neli<-..pli-ra variegata. Van U., 109. Heniiptera, 87. Hippiscns sp., 55. Hynienuptcra, '213. L.icliniisterna ((uercns, Knucli, 117. L<'iobnnnni grande. Weed. 19. Lepidoplera. 1(19. Libcllulid. 197. 199, '201. Liinnobia S|).. 111. Lyco.sa carolinensis, Walik, i'y. pnnctnlata, Hentz, 27. Lygns pratensis. Linn., 107. M.irruniia s|i . 195. Mallo|)liora sp., 119. Megaehile brevis. Say, '211, 21.:i. Melesia virginiensis, 1)™., Kil. Monolianimns titilator. Fab., 137. Mntilla siniillinia, Sm., '229. Myriapcids, '255. Myrrnelcdn irnni.-u-\ilaliiv, Di- (I , '207 Neuropt.ra. 191. ()rtho|>tera, 53. Ortliosonia brnnnenni, Forsl., 131. l'ari..l|ia coiitiisa, Westw.. -209. Pajjilio troilns, Linn.. 171. I'aratenoilera sinensis, Sanss.. S5. Pardosa niilvina, Hentz, 11. IVlidnota punctata, Linn., 1'25. Phidipinis audax, Hentz, 19. togatus, Koch, 23. Phyniata pennsylvanica, Ilanrll.. 10.3, Phytononius pnnctatns. Fab., 12.3. Piilistes inetrica. Say, '2'21. Priunus, sp., 1'29. Pselliopus cinclus. Fab.. 97, 99. Seeliphron cciiientariuni. King, '223. Scoli>pendra sp., 259. 205 ScuddiM-ia sp.. fiO, 71, 73. Spariiopiiliiis fulviis, Wied.. 157. SpiiKDstylum simsDii, Kab., 1.")!). Talianus atratus, Forst., 165. puiK-tifer, O. S., 107. Tormt's flavipes, Kull., '211. \'espiila niaciilata. Limi.. ilH, ^i\7. Vespa cariilina, l)iu., '21l». X.vstioii.s KiilosiKs, Keys., ij. ica ] SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES ■IDflfl D01flfl?flE nhent QL467 F16 Book of monsters.