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OF

VETERINARY DOSES

THERAPEGVTIC. “TERMS .

AND

PRESCRIPTION WRITING

BY PIERRE A, FISH, D.Sc., D.V.M.

il Professor of Veterinary Physiology New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University

FOURTH EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED

CARPENTER & CO. ITHACA, N. Y. 1912

COPYRIGHTS 61912

CARPENTER & CO.

‘ 8B

€ c.4312272

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.

The desire of the writer to place before the veterinary students and profession a convenient and ready reference to information concerned with dosage, prescription writing, incompati- bility and antidotes for poisons, etc., has ap- parently been fulfilled by the call for a fourth edition.

In the present edition a few tables and points of physiologic interest have been added, which, it is hoped, will increase the value of the work.

Care has been taken to minimize errors as far as possible. Wherever they have crept in, — the writer would be grateful for any informa- tion to that effect and furthermore would wel- come any suggestions for improvement.

Jan. 1912. as Abe Oe

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page DosaterOrveesolroey. as se. sa ec-s eo bee ee 5 Pharmacepocial* Changes . << i ac~ ahs ectakas wtece if Veterinary (DOSES. ii...» 2 Goubenaein a, meee vi 14 Therapeutic TETIMS . anes See ee ek ee al Termination, of -Medieab Perms. -”.. ...2-.,. 64 PresenriprioOne Sy TIGiN Bee eerie. ss «abe ee ee 68 Weiehts “alte Weasumesmre cee ot... skeet yes 83 The Principles of Combining Drugs in a PYEGCRPR PIES fos7) ., Se nels ete ee as wanes 86 Examples of Prescriptions da cae ican i 90 Thermometric FWiquivalents: «2.2. 6.0) fore us 99 Deliquescent and Efflorescent Salts....... 101 Latin Words and Phrases with Abbrevia- tions and English Equivalents.......... 102 LD COM PAT ha ts aed ase wl ate. oa eay See 110 Examples of Incompatibility in Prescrip- TONG oxo, Se 3 Sc tert WTA a © algae Sys a ane, 136 Poisons and their ANPigOteske 6 fei es 144 Classification of Medicines according to their Physiolezic “AcCHORB2 mince sce & oe ee 164 Physiological Points for Practitioners..... 181

Pages for Selected Prescriptions........... 186

DOSAGE OR POSOLOGY

The most accurate system of dosage is to administer a given weight of medicine per kilo- gram or pound weight of the animal. Although this is frequently done in experimental work, the practice is attended with so much incon- venience when applied to the routine of the practitioner that the system is, for ordinary purposes, regarded as impracticable. A more or less arbitrary method is adopted by fixing the amount to be given to the different animals. Except, perhaps, in the case of powerful medi- cines or poisons, there is considerable latitude allowed in the amount of the doses. In veteri- nary practice the dose for the horse is com- monly taken as the standard and the doses of the other domestic animals may be reckoned from this. As for example:

If the dose for the horse is 1 (Say 2 ounces)

the dose fer the cow would be 14 ( “ 3 eaters Sheep and goat SS et eae Maree LES ) Swine yi Rad LEO asses <a) Dog Sea rl ane Cat ay Relea 2

In general the dose for the dog is about the same as the human dose, but the size of the dog must be considered. Reckoning from the dose for the dog or man as the standard; the pig would take twice as much, the sheep and goat three times as much, the horse sixteen times as much and the cow twenty-four times as much. The dose for the cat is usually one-half as much as for the dog. In many cases the dose for the horse and cow would be the same; the higher dose for the cow is usually recommended on the

6

ground of a slower rate of absorption because of the compound stomach and a larger mass of food with which the medicines mix before ab- sorption may occur.

In the list of doses which follows, the horse and cow have been placed in the same group, and the sheep and the swine have been placed in a group by themselves. The dose given in either case is the average dose, but from the explanation just given, the dose, in most in- stances, may be increased somewhat for either the cow or the sheep.

In a general way che doses of different prepa- rations of drugs for the horse may be given upon the following basis. If there is error in this classification, it is upon the safe and con- servative side of too little rather than too much. Poisons and powerful medicines are, of course, an exception.

GN Ge xtra GhSt.. eer etic eet one fluidram Powders: (not alkaloids) .....<.%. one dram BUSHEL CGE STs brscte ek TN a? eee one fiuid ounce

Hypodermics of alkaloids are given usually at one-half the dose by mouth. Intravenous doses one-half or two-thirds of the hypodermic dose. Rectal doses should be the same as those given by the mouth. In the following tables the doses are intended for administration by mouth unless otherwise stated.

On account of idiosyncrasy or individual sus- ceptibility, it is safer in the case of new or powerful drugs, to try the minimum doses first and if the physiologic effects are not produced, gradually lead up to the maximum doses.

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THERAPEUTIC TERMS

50 THERAPEUTIC TERMS.

ABLUENT. A Cleansing agent. (Soap and water.)

ABORTIFACIENT. An agent causing premature birth of young. (Ergot.)

ABSORBENT. An agent causing absorption of exudates or diseased tissues. (Iodine. Chalk.)

Acrip. A sharp, biting substance. (Pepper.)

ADJUVANT. A medicine that assists the action of another. (Calomel with Aloes.)

ALIMENT. A material which nourishes. (Food.)

ALKALOID. A term derived from the Arabic “Alkali” for Potash. The ending oid is from the Greek which means like, hence “Alkaloid” is a substance which reacts with litmus like an alkali and forms a salt with an acid. The prefix in “Alkali” is the Arabic “al” which is the definite article, ‘the,’ hence “alkali” literally means “the Potash.” The modern use of the term alkaloid, however, has no reference to pot- ash, but is used to designate a certain class of active principles obtained from plants. They are organic bases containing nitrogen and form salts with acids. (Atropine.)

ALTERATIVE. A medicine used to modily nu- trition so as to evercome morbid processes. (Po- tassium Iodide.)

ANALGESIC. A medicine used to alleviate pain. (Opium. )

ANAPHRODISIAC. A medicine used to allay sexual excitement. (Potassium Bromide.)

ANESTHETIC. An agent used to produce insen- sibility to pain. (Chloroform. )

a i

ANHIpROTIC. An agent which lessens the se- cretion of sweat. (Belladonna.)

ANODYNE. An agent which diminishes sensi- bility to pain. (Compound Spirit of Ether.)

AnTacip. A medicine used to neutralize acids in the stomach and intestines. (Liquor Po- tassae. )

ANTAGONIST. A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine in the system. (Po- tassium Bromide and Strychnine. )

ANTHELMINTIC. A remedy for destroying or expelling worms or to prevent their develop- ment. (Santonin.)

ANTIDOTE. A substance to counteract poisons. (Sulphates in Carbolic Acid poisoning. )

ANTI-EMETIC. An agent which allays vomit- ing. (Bismuth Subnitrate.)

ANTIFEBRILE. An agent for the reduction of fever. (Acetanilid.)

ANTILITHIC. An agent tending to dissolve or cure stone or gravel. (Potassium Citrate.)

ANTIPARASITIC. A substance that destroys or drives away insects. (mssential Oils.)

ANTIPERIODIC. A medicine which tends to prevent the periodic recurrence of disease. (Quinine. )

ANTIPHLOGISTIC. Any medicine or treatment which tends to check inflammation. (Aconite.)

ANTIPYRETIC. A medicine to reduce body temperature in fevers. (Salicylic Acid.)

_ ANTISEPTIC. An agent antagonizing sepsis or putrefaction. (Carbolic Acid.)

ANTISPASMODIC. A medicine for preventing or relieving spasms. (Vaterian.)

52

ANTITHERMIcC. An agent for the reduction of high temperature. .(Antipyrin.)

ANTIzyMotTic. A substance preventing fer- mentation. (Salicylic Acid.) :

APERIENT. A mild agent for opening the bow- els. (Rochelle Salts.)

ApHropisiac. An agent for stimulating sexual power. (Damiana. )

Aromatic. A medicine possessing a spicy or pungent taste and odor, and more or less stimu- lating to the mucosa of the alimentary tract. (Cardamom. )

ASTRINGENT. A medicine causing contraction or constriction of tissues. (Tannin.)

AUXILIARY. A medicine that assists another. (Chloral with Potassium Bromide.)

Bitter. A medicine with a bitter taste stimu- lating the gastro-intestinal mucosa without ma- terially affecting the general system. (Gentian.)

BLENORRHAGIC. A remedy for increasing the secretion of mucus. (Balsam Tolu.)

BLISTER. An agent, which when applied to the skin, causes a local inflammatory exudation of serum under the epidermis. (Cantharides. )

CACHEXIA. A term used to designate any mor- bid tendency, dyscrasia, or depraved condition of general nutrition, etc., used particularly in connection with scrofula, syphilis, cancer, etc.

CALEFACIENT. A medicine applied externally to produce a sensation of warmth to the part to which it is applied. (Mustard.)

CALMANT. A medicine which lowers func- tional activity. (Aconite.)

CALMATIVE. A medicine which quiets. (Mor- . phine.) :

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CALORIFACIENT. A substance which has the power of developing heat in the system. (Fats, Cod Liver Oil.)

CALORIFIC. Same as Calorifacient.

CARDIAC DEPRESSANT. A medicine to reduce the heart’s action. (Veratrine.)

CARDIAC STIMULANT. A medicine used to in- crease the heart’s action. (Digitalis. )

CARMINATIVE. A remedy which allays pain by causing the expulsion of flatus from the alimen- tary canal. (Asafetida. )

CATALEPTIC. An agent causing animals to lose power over their muscles. (Cannabis.)

CaTALyTic. A medicine counter-acting or de- stroying morbid agencies in the blood. (Calo- mel. )

CATHARTIC. A medicine which quickens or increases evacuations from the intestines. (Cas- tor Oil.)

CATHARTIC, CHOLAGOGUE. An agent stimulat- ing the stool and flow of bile at the same time. (Podophyllin. )

CATHARTIC, Drastic. A medicine producing violent action of the bowels with griping pain. ( Jalap.)

CATHARTIC, Hypracgoagur. A remedy which causes copious watery stools. (EHElaterium.)

CATHARTIC, SALINE. Neutral salts of metals of the alkalies or alkaline earths which increase the stools. (Magnesium Sulphate.)

CATHARTIC, SIMPLE. A substance which causes one or two actions of the bowels. (Senna.)

Caustic. An agent used to destroy living tissue. (Silver Nitrate.)

54

CautTery. A substance used to corrode or de- stroy living tissues. (Nitric Acid.)

Cautery, ActuaL. A heated metal or fire em- ployed to destroy living flesh.

CAUTERY, PoTENTIAL. A chemical used to de- stroy flesh. (Nitric Acid.)

CHALYBEATE. A tonic containing iron. (Tinct- ure of Chloride of Iron.)

CHoLacocur. A drug provoking the flow of bile. (Podophyllum.)

CoNDIMENT. A substance used to improve the savor of food. (Salt, Pepper.)

CONSERVATIVE. A substance used for the pres- ervation of others. (Honey.)

CONSTRINGENT. An agent producing constric- tion of organic tissue. (Oak Bark.)

ConvuLsAantT. A medicine causing convulsions. (Strychnine. )

CorpIAL. A medicine which increases the strength and raises the spirits when depressed. ( Alcohol.)

CoRRECTIVE. An agent used to correct or ren- der more pleasant the action of other remedies, especially purgatives. (Coriander.)

Corrosive. A substance which disorganizes or destroys living tissue. (Nitric Acid.)

CouNTER IRRITANT. A remedy used to pro- duce an irritation in one part to relieve a pain in another part. (Blister.)

CUMULATIVE Porson. A poison which finally acts with violence after several successive doses have been taken with little or no apparent effect. (Strychnine. )

DEBILITANT. An agent which diminishes the energy of organs. (Lobelia.)

Se

DEFERVESCENT. An agent to reduce fever. (Aconite. )

DELIRIANT. A substance which produces de- lirium. (Stramonium.)

DELIRIFACIENT, (like deliriant). Tending to cause delirium. (Alcohol.) ;

DEMULCENT. A mucilaginous or oily sub- stance to soothe and protect irritated mucous membranes. (Ulmus.)

DEOBSTRUENT. A medicine to remove func- tional obstructions in the system. (Aloes.)

DeopoRANT. A substance to conceal or de- stroy foul odors. (Phenol. )

DeEoporizErR (like deodorant) to hide or de- stroy foul odors. (Chlorine.)

DEPILATORY. A substance to remove hair. (Barium Sulphide.)

DEPLETIVE. A substance to reduce the vital power of the system. (Aconite.)

DepLeTorRY. An agent to diminish the quan- tity of liquid in the body. (Potassium Nitrate.)

DEPRESSANT. An agent to lower the vital power. (Aconite.)

Depresso-Motor. A medicine to lessen motor activity. (Bromides.)

Depurant. An agent to cleanse foul sores, etc. (Hydrogen Dioxide.)

DEPURATIVE. A medicine to act upon the emunctories so as to cause excretion and thereby purify the system. (Hot Drinks.)

DepurRAToRY. An agent to purify the blood, ete. (Sulphur.)

DERMATIC. A remedy used in skin diseases. (Resorcin. )

56

DerMic. A medicine acting through the skin. | (Liniments. )

DERIVATIVE. An agent to draw the fluids from one part of the body to another to lessen or relieve a morbid process. (Mustard.)

DesiccanTt. A medicine or application for drying up sores. (Boric Acid.)

DesiccaTiveE. An applicatson for drying up secretions. (Zinc Oxide.)

Desiccatory. A remedy applied externally to dry up the moisture or fluids from a wound. (Starch. )

DesquaMatTic. A remedy to remove scales from the skin or bones. (Potassium Iodide.)

DETERGENT. An agent to cleanse wounds and ulcers. (Soap and Water.)

DIAPHORETIC. A medicine to produce sweat- ing. (Pilocarpine.)

DIARRHETIC. A remedy producing profuse stools. (Mandrake.)

Dietetic. A nutritious remedy. (Arrow- Root.)

DIGESTANT. A substance to aid the solution of food in the mouth, stomach, or intestines. (Pep- sin, Pancreatin.)

DicEstive. A tonic which promotes digestive processes. (Quassia.)

DILUENT. A medicine to dilute secretions and excretions. (Gamboge.)

DISCUTIENT. A remedy to effect the absorp- tion of tumors.

DISINFECTANT. A substance with the power of destroying disease germs or the noxious prop- erties of decaying organic matter. (Formalde- hyde. )

57 DISSOLVENT. A remedy promoting solution of tissue. (lIodides.) Diuretic. A drug to increase the secretion of urine. (Buchu.) Drastic. An agent to cause violent action of

the bowels. (Croton Oil.) g Ecsortic. A drug to produce abortion. (Ergot. )

ELecTuAry. A composition of soft consistence taken internally to allay irritation or alleviate disease. (Honey, Molasses.)

ELIMINATIVE. An agent to remove material from the body. (Magnesium Sulphate. )

Emetic. A medicine to produce vomiting. (Ipecac. )

EMMENAGOGUE. A drug to stimulate menstru- ation. (Potassium Permanganate. ) .

EMOLLIENT. A substance used externally to mechanically soften and protect tissues. (Flax- seed Poultice, Oils.)

HEpispastic. An agent to produce a blister. (Strong Ammonia.)

ERRHINE. An agent to increase the nasal se- eretions. (Formalin.)

EscHaAroTic. A substance to destroy tissue. (Chromic Acid.)

EvacuanTt. A medicine to expel substances

3 from the body—chiefly with reference to the in- testines. (Aloes.)

ExciTant. An agent to arouse vital activity, or to produce increased action in an organism or any of its tissues. (Nux Vomica.)

EXHILARANT. An agent to stimulate the mind. (Alcohol.)

58

EXPECTORANT. A medicine to act upon the pulmonary mucous membrane to increase or alter its secretions. (Ammonium Chloride.)

FEBRIFUGE. An agent to decrease _ fever. (Aconite.) «=

GALACTAGOGUE. A medicine to increase the secretion of milk. (Pilocarpine.)

GERMICIDE. An agent to destroy parasites. (Carbolic Acid.) :

HemMatTinic. A tonic for the blood. (Hemo- globin. Iron Preparations.)

HemouytTic. An agent which impoverishes the blood. (Mineral acids.)

Hemostatic. A remedy to check bleeding. (Iron Subsulphate. Monsell’s Powder.)

Hepatic DEPRESSANT or Sedative. A medi- cine to decrease the functions of the liver. (Opium. )

Hepatic STIMULANT. A drug to increase the liver’s functions. (Nitrohydrochloric Acid.)

Hypracocur. An agent causing full watery discharges from the bowels. (Gamboge.)

Hyprotic or Hiprotic. An agent to produce perspiration. (Spirit Nitrous Ether.)

HYPERESTHETIC. Increasing the sensitiveness of the skin.

Hypnotic. A drug producing sleep. (Chloral.)

HypostHenic. A debilitating medicine. (Lo-e belia. )

INcITANT. A remedy to excite functional ac- tivity. (Strychnine. )

INSECTICIDE. A remedy to destroy insects. (Benzine. )

INTOXICANT. An agent to excite or stupefy. ( Alcohol.)

59

IRRITANT. A substance causing irritation, pain, inflammation and tension, either by me- chanical or chemical action. (Heat, Mustard.)

LACTAGOGUE. An agent to increase the secre- tion of milk. (Malt.)

LAXATIVE. A medicine acting mildly in open- ing or loosening the bowels. (Sulphur.)

LENITIvVE. An agent having the quality of easing pain or protecting tissues from the action of irritants. (Oils.)

LIQUEFACIENT. An agent promoting the liqui- fying processes of the system. (lodine.)

LITHAGOGUE. An agent to expel calculi from bladder or kidney. (Benzoic Acid or Benzoates. )

LirHoLyTic. An agent to dissolve gravel. (Ammonium Benzoate. )

LITHONTRIPTIC. An agent to dissoive gravel. (Potassium Carbonate. )

LocaL ANESTHETIC. A medicine to destroy sensation, when applied locally. (Cocaine Hy- drochloride. )

LocaL ASTRINGENT. An agent to contract the tissues with which it comes in contact. (Lead Acetate. )

LupricaAntT. An agent to soothe irritation in the throat, fauces, etc. (Olive Oil. Honey.)

MECHANICAL. An agent acting on a physical basis. (Slippery Elm.)

. MEDICAMENT. Any agent used for curing dis- eases or wounds. (Belladonna. )

MepIcINE. A substance administered in the treatment of disease. (Arsenic.)

Mypriatic. An agent causing dilatation of the pupil. (Atropine. Cocaine.)

60

Myotic. A drug causing contraction of the pupil. (Morphine.) .

Narcotic. A powerful remedy causing stupor. (Opium. )

NAUSEANT. A substance causing sickness in the stomach. (Ipecac.)

NepHritic. Medicine used in renal diseases. (Uva Ursi.)

NERVINE. Medicine to calm the nervous sys- tem. (Bromides.)

Neurotic. A medicine acting upon the nerv- ous system. (Camphor Monobromide. )

NUTRIENT. A substance to build up the wasted tissues of the system. (Cod Liver Oil.)

NUTRIMENT. Any substance which promotes growth and repairs the waste of the tissues. (Food. )

OBTUNDENT. An agent which relieves irrita- tion or reduces sensibility. (Opium.)

OponTaLeic. An agent for the relief of tooth-— ache. (Oil of Cloves.)

OpoRANT. A substance with a pronounced odor. (Musk.)

OpiaATE. A medicine causing sleep. (Opium, Chloral. ) -

OxytTocic. An agent to aid or produce parturi- tion. (Ergot. Cotton Root.)

OxYURICIDE. An agent destructive to parasi- tic (Oxyuris) worms. (Santonin.)

PABULUM. Any material which affords nour- ishment to the tissues. (Food.)

PALLIATIVE. A remedy for the relief but not necessarily the cure of a disease. (Morphine.)

PANACEA. A remedy pretending to cure all diseases. (Some Patent Medicines.) ]

61

PARASITICIDE. A remedy for the destruction of parasites. (Calcium Sulphide.)

PARTURIENT or Parturifacient. A medicine to aid in the birth of the young. (Ustilago.)

PERISTALTIC. A drug increasing the move- ment or contraction of the intestines. (Strych- nine. )

PLacEBo. An inert substance given to satisfy a patient. (Sugar of Milk, Bread Pill.)

Porson. A substance which in _ sufficient amount is destructive to life. (Prussic Acid.)

POTENTIAL. A remedy which though power- ful, is somewhat delayed in its action. (Ar- senic.)

PRESERVATIVE. An agent to prevent deteriora- « tion of another substance. (Boric Acid.)

PREVENTIVE. Any measure or agent which re- tards or prevents disease. (Hygiene. Quinine as a preventive of malaria.)

PrRopHyLactTic. _.A medicine to prevent the taking or development of disease. (Vaccine. )

PROTECTIVE. An agent to protect the part to which it is applied. (Collodion.)

PUNGENT. An agent sharp and stimulating in its action. (Ammonia.)

PurRGATIVE. A medicine to produce increased discharges from the bowels. (Aloes.)

PUSTULANT. An agent which, wnen applied externally, causes the formation of pus. (Croton Oil.)

RECUPERATIVE. A medicine to restore strength. (Cod Liver Oil.)

REFRIGERANT. An agent which produces the sensation of coolness. (Alcohol externally.)

62

RELAXANT. An agent that relieves contracted tissues, muscles, ete. (Chloroform.)

ReMEDYy. An agent used in the treatment of disease. (Medicine.)

REPARATIVE. A substance to restore debili- tated tissues. (Food. Tonics.)

RESOLVENT. A remedy for the removal of hard tumors. (lIodine.)

RESTORATIVE. A medicine for causing a re- turn of bodily vigor. (Arsenic. Strychnine.)

REVULSANT or Revulsive. An agent that by irritation, draws fiuid from a distant diseased part. (Cantharides.)

RUBEFACIENT. An agent ‘causing irritation and redness of the skin. (Mustard. }

SALINE. A cooling salt. (Magnesium Sul- phate. )

SEDATIVE. A medicine to decrease functional activity. (Potassium Bromide.)

Septic. An agent that promotes putrefaction. (Bacteria. )

SIALAGOGUE. A medicine that promotes the flow of saliva. (Pyretnrum. Pilocarpus.)

SIMPLE Bitter. A drug with a bitter taste and tonic action. (Calumba. Quassia.)

SOMNIFACIENT. An agent to induce sleep. (Morphine. )

Soporiric. A drug causing drowsiness and sleep. (Morphine.)

SoRBEFACIENT. A medicine causing abortion. (Ergot. )

Spreciric. A remedy supposed to exert a spe- cial action in the prevention or cure of certain diseases. (Quinine in Malaria, Potassium Iodide in Actinomycosis.)

63

STERNUTATORY. An agent causing sneezing. (White Hellebore.)

STIMULANT. A medicine to increase or quick- en functional activity. (Ammonium Carbonate.)

StomacHic. A drug to stimulate functional activity of the stomach. (Gentian.)

StomatTic. A medicine used for diseases of the mouth. (Potassium Chlorate. Borax.)

STUPEFACIENT. A drug causing stupefaction. (Opium. )

Styptic. Agents causing contraction of blood vessels to check bleeding. (Alum.)

SUCCEDANEUM. A medicine that may be sub- stituted for others possessing similar properties. (Chloral for Potassium Bromide.)

Suporiric. A medicine or agent causing in-~ creased sweating. (Jaborandi.)

SUPPURANT. A substance causing the forma- tion of pus. (Croton Oil.)

SYNERGIST. A drug which cooperates or as- sists the action of another. (Chloral with Bro- mides. )

TaENicIDE. A remedy for destroying tape worms. (Male Fern.)

TAENIFUGE. An agent to expel tape worms. (Areca Nut.)

TreTanic. A drug which increases the irrita- bility of the cord or muscles producing spasms. (Strychnine.)

Tonic. A medicine promoting nutrition and giving tone to the system. (Arsenic.)

Topic or Topical. An external local remedy. (Liniment. )

Toxic. A poisonous’ substance. (Phos- phorus. )

64

TrICOPHYIA. Remedies promoting the growth of the hair. (Pilocarpine.)

UTERINE. An agent acting upon the uterus. (Ustilage. )

VEHICLE. A substance used as a medium for the administration of medicines. (Syrups.)

VERMICIDE. An agent to destroy parasitic worms. (Creosote.)

VERMIFUGE. An agent to expel parasitic worms. (Arecoline Hydrobromide. Purgatives.)

VESICANT. A blistering agent. (Cantharides.)

Virus. A poison causing a morbid process or disease; a pathogenic organism. (Cowpox. Virus of Rabies.)

VULNERARY. Any remedy or agent for healing wounds. (Ointments, etc.)

ZOIATRICA. Veterinary Medicines.

TERMINATION OF MEDICAL TERMS *

AE-RE-SIS (airesis, a taking of anything). Ex- ample (dia, throughout, Di-x-re-sis, a breach of continuity.

A-GOGUE (agogos, one who leads), denoting substances which expel others. Example, chola- gogues (chole, bile), purgatives expelling bile.

AG-RA (agra, seizure), denoting seizure or pain, generally applied to gout. Ex., Cheir- ag-ra (cheir) gout in the hand. Ment-ag-ra (mentum, chin), eruption on the chin.

At-GI-A (algos, pain). Ex., Ceph-al-al-gi-a (kephale, the head). Neu-ral-gi-a, pain in a nerve.

CELE (kKele, a tumor). Ex. (bvbonbon, the groin), Bu-bon-o-cele, a tumor in the groin.

» Adapted from Hoblyn’s Medical Dictionary.

65

CEPH-A-LUS (kephale, the head), denoting some affection of the head. Ex., A-ceph-a-lus, without a head.

CrA-NI-UM (kKranion, the skull), denoting the head of anything; (olene, the ulna). O-le-cra- non, the head of the ulna.

Dem-iIc, (demos, a people). En-dem-ic, dis- eases in or among, or peculiar to a people.

EN-TER-Y (entera, the bowels), denoting affec- tions of the bowels. Ex. (dus, with difficulty). Dys-en-ter-y, inflammation of mucous mem- brane of large intestines.

Fa-cI-ENT (fa-ci-o, to make), denoting the production of any particular effect. Ex., Ru-be- fa-ci-ent, a substance which makes the body red.

Form (forma, likeness), denoting resem- lance, Ex., A-e-ri-form, like air.

Fuce (fugo, I expel), denoting that which ex- pels. Ex., Feb-ri-fuge, a substance which expels fever.

GEN—GEN-E-SIS—GEN-OUS (genesis, genera- tion), denoting production or generation. Ex., Oxygen (oxvus, acid), generating acid, aS was supposed, Ex-o-ge-nous, outside growing, applied to plants growing by external increase.

GNo-sIs (gnosis, Knowledge). Ex. (dia, through-out). Di-ag-no-sis, distinction of dis- eases.

GRAPH-Y (graphe, writing), a description of anything. Ex., Ad-e-no-graph-y, (aden, a gland), a description of the glands.

HEx-I-A (exis, a habit), denoting an habitual state. Cac-hex-i-a (kakos, bad), bad state of the pody.

66

LeEp-sy (lepsis, a taking), denoting the act of taking). Cat-a-lep-sy (kata, thoroughly), a spasmodic attack of the limbs retaining them in one position.

Lo-cy (logos, an account), denoting a treatise on or description of anything. Ex., Os-te-ol-o-gy (osteos, a bone), a description of the bones.

Ly-sIs (lusis, a loosening). Ex., A-nal-y-sis, the resolution of a compound body into its con- stituent parts.

Ma-NI-A (mania, madness). Ex., Mo-no-ma- ni-a (monos, alone), madness on one subject.

ME-TER (metron, a measure). Ex., Ther-mom- e-ter (therme, heat), a measurer of heat.

O-DYNE—O-DYN-I-A (odune pain). Ex., An-o- dyne, without pain.

O1p (eidos, likeness). Ex., Ad-en-oid (aden- gland), like a gland.

OPpH-THAL-MOoS (opthalmos, the eye). Xer-oph- thal-mi-a (veros, dry), dryness of the eye.

O-REX-I-A (orexis, appetite or desire.) Ex., An-o-rex-i-a, want of appetite.

PATH-I-A—PATHY (pathos, affection). Ex., Ho-moe-o-path-y (omoios, similar), the art of curing by inducing a similar disease.

PEpP-SI-A (pepsis, digestion). Dys-pep-si-a (dus with difficulty), difficult digestion.

PHA-GI-A (phago, to eat). Ex., Dys-pha-gi-a, difficulty of swallowing.

Puo-BI-A (phobos, fear). Ex., Hy-dro-pho- bi-a, (udor, water), dread of water.

PHO-NI-A (phone, voice). Ex., A-pho-ni-a, loss of voice.

PHo-RUS (phero, I convey). Ex., Phos-phor-us (phos, light). conveying light.

67

Puy-sis (phusis, nature), denoting production or existence. Ex., Sym-phy-sis (swm, with), the growing together of bones, as of ossa pubis.

PLE-GI-A (plege, a_ stroke). He-mi-ple-gi-a (Hemisus, half), a paralysis of one side of the body.

PNOEA (pnoia, breathing). Ex., Dys-pnea, difficulty of breathing.

Pro-sis (ptosis, a falling dewn).

Pry-sis (ptusis, a spitting). Ex., He-mo-pty- sis (Haima, blood), a spitting of blood.

RuaA-Gi-a (vago, I burst forth). Ex., Hem-or- rha-gi-a, a bursting forth of blood.

-RAPH-E (raphe, a seam). Ex., Staph-y-lor- rapn-y,a sewing up of fissures of the palate.

RuHora (reo, I flow). Ex., Leu-cor-rhea (Leukos, white), a white discharge.

SAR-CA- Or SaAR-CI-A (Sara, flesh). Ex., Poly- sar-ci-a (polus, much), excess of fiesh.

ScopE—Sco-py (skopos, an inspection. Oph- thal-mo-scope, an instrument to inspect the eye.

Srasis (istemi, I stand), denoting a standing or position in a place. Ex., Met-a-sta-sis (meta, a preposition denoting change frcem_ one place to another), transference to another part.

Sto-ma (stoma, the mouth). Di-sto-ma (dis, twice), two-mouthed.

TuEsis (thesis, a position). Di-ath-e-sis, (dia, throughout.) The condition throughout, con- stitutional condition.

ToME—To-my (tome, a section). An-at-o-my, cutting up a aissection. Ker-a-tome, a knife for dividing the cornea.

To-nI-A—To-nos (toncs, tension). Ex.

68 A-to-nia A-ton-ic Tro-pHy (trophe, nourishment). A-tro-phy, defective nutrition. U-RE-SIS—U-RI-A (ouresis, the act of discharg- ing urine). Ex., Dys-ur-i-a, difficulty of dis- charging the urine.

without tone.

PRESCRIPTION WRITING.

A prescription may be defined as a written order or formula of ingredients, with directions to the compounder and instructions for the guidance of the patient. The term is derived . from the Latin prae “before” and scriptum “written.”

It is generally conceded that Latin is the best language for. prescriptions. It is a dead lan- guage and therefore not subject to the varia- tions which modern languages are continually undergoing. It is unchangeable the world over and a prescription written in this country may be put up in a foreign country with equal fa- cility. The Latin name of a drug is distinctive and as a rule means only a given drug and am- biguity is therefore avoided; in some of the modern languages a given drug may have a va- riety of names, and in some cases the same name is applied to different drugs. Finally there is an element of secrecy which is often desirable to prevent the patient or general pub- lic from knowing what has been prescribed and there is less likelihood of “self doctoring” or using the prescription for some disorder for which it is not applicable.

69

A true principle of a prescription as based upon a maxim of Asclepiades, curare cito, tuto et jucunde, is to cure quickly, safely and pleas- antly. According to this rule the typical pre- scription should contain, in the first place, an ingredient which is expected to relieve or cure the patient and is therefore called the basis; second, an ingredient designed to assist the action of the basis so that it may do its work more quickly, designated as the adjuvant; third, a substance intended to correct or modify any undesirable or injurious effect of the basis or adjuvant, or to cause it to act more safely than if used alone, and on this account is re- ferred to as a corrective; and fourth, a_ sub- stance may be added, which will give such form and consistence to the preparation as to make it pleasant and at the same time dilute the whole preparation to the proper proportion for meas- uring out~- the intended doses, termed the vehicle. The following table will express the idea in a concrete form:

Curare (Cure) with the (Basis).

Cito (Quickly ) f ‘“ (Adjuvant).

Tuto (Safely ) ee. > (Correetive): -et

Jucunde (Pleasantly) “ nA. 3 ( Vehpele)y:

In Veterinary practice jucunde is generally ignored as the patients do not take to the idea of medicines pleasantly as a rule, and the prin- cipal use of the vehicle is to dilute the ingredi- ents to the proper dosage.

In addition to the ingredients other data are given, such as the date, name of patient, direc-

70

tions to the compounder and to the patient, and the signature of the physician. Taking the pre- scription in its entirety it may be divided as fol- lows:

Superseription or heading includes the symbol

(Recipe) the first direction, “take.” Inscription, the ingredients, or basis, adjuvant, corrective and vehicle.

Subscription, the directions to the compounder. Transcription or Signature, the directions to the patient and the signature of the prescriber with the date.

In a simple prescription the basis may be the only ingredient. In a compound prescription (with two or more ingredients), the agents added may be neither adjuvant nor corrective and yet be a good prescription. It is desirable, however, to keep the consideration of a “typical” prescription in mind.

Unusual doses of a powerful drug may be re- fused by the pharmacist unless some indication is made that the dose is intended. This is usu- ally done by underscoring the dose, or better yet writing after it the abbreviation q. R. (Quan- tum Rectum.)

Practice makes proficiency in prescription writing. The prescription needs study as much as any other subject and the student should practise the writing of it, independently of any demand, simply for the experience.

To the beginner the following general hints from Sollman should be of benefit: ‘““When writ- ing a prescription for a given condition, put down, first, the name of the best remedy. Ask

71

yourself whether there is any other drug which may be employed to aid this. Put this down alsc. Then consider in which form the medi- cine should be administered, whether as liquid, powder, salve, etc. This will usually determine which preparation of the ingredient is to be employed. Put this down also. Then ask your- self what may be added to render the mixture agreeable to the patient. When this is written down, all the ingredients will be represented. Now look over this carefully and see that there are no incompatibilities and that the constitu- ents are soluble if the mixture is to be a liquid. Next insert the endings. Write the directions to the dispenser. Now consider the doses of the mixture, teaspoonful, tablespoonful, etc., the approximate number of doses, and from these calculate the size of the mixture. It should be considered how many doses are to be taken each day (on the basis of sixteen hours a day); this, multiplied by the number of days, gives approximately the size of the mixture. Then write the directions to the patient. Now ' consider how much of each ingredient is to be given at each dose, multiply by the number of doses, and write down the quantity. This fin- ishes the prescription. Look over the result carefully in the same order.”

72 A tonic prescription for the horse illustrating the points referred to may be given as follows: Mr. G——. Bay Mare, Daisy. Superscription, R Inscription,

Apoth. Met. (Basis ) Nucis Vomice pulv., Duy 24 (Adjuvant) Ferri Sulphatis pulv., Ivy 4

(Corrective) Aloes Barbadensis pulv., a 12

(Vehicle) Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. Subscription. Misce et fiant boli sex. Transcription or signature.

Give one ball morning and night.

RICHARD Rog, D.V.M.,

JAN. 2, 1905. 148 Second Street.

The metric system is coming more and more into use so that a knowledge of it will in a few years be indispensable. The beginner should learn to write his prescriptions in both the apothecary and metric systems.

The ingredients- of a prescription are _ fre- quently abbreviated and although writing out in full is better there is no special objection to the former practice if there is no ambiguity in the abbreviations. Grievous errors have oc- curred in this way and too much caution cannot be exercised in making the meaning clear, So that the most ignorant drug clerk may avoid error.

Numerous examples of ambiguous abbrevia- tions might be given, but a few mentioned be- low will serve as examples:

73

Acid hyd. may mean either hydrobromic, hydro- chloric, hydriodic, or hydrocyanic acid. Chlor. may mean chlorine, chloroform, chloral

hydrate, chlorate or chloride.

Hydr. Chior. may mean calomel, corrosive sub- limate, hydrate of chloral, or hydrastin hydrochloride.

The context may often assist in crriving at the correct meaning of the abbreviation but it is not safe in all cases to depend upon this.

A limited knowledge of Latin will serve to en- able one to write prescriptions properly. The student becomes familiar with the Latin names of drugs if he has studied his Materia Medica faithfully. The principal difficulty that he en- counters is in making the changes necessary for the correct grammatical wording to the dis- penser and the grammatical ending of the in- gredients and their quantities.

The following simple rules taken from Mann, will, it is believed, enable one not previously ac- quainted with Latin, to write proper prescrip- tions with correct endings.

Rute I. The noun expressing the name of the medicine is put in the genitive case, when the quantity of it to be used is expressed.

Rute II. If no quantity is expressed, but only a numeral adjective follows, the noun is put in the accusative.

Rute III. The quantity is put in the accusa- tive case governed by the imperative Recipe.

Rute IV. Adjectives agree with these nouns in gender, number and case.

For every day practice the accusative of the

74

quantity is seldom written out but is usually ex- pressed by the more convenient symbols. The principal difficulty is the formation of the geni- tive case. The following rules (Mann) will as- sist in overcoming the difficulty. They apply only to pharmacopeial nouns.

RULES FOR FORMATION OF GENITIVE CASE.

I. All nouns ending in a form the genitive in @ as quinina, quinine. Exception.—Physostig- ma, Physostigmatis, Coca is unchanged. Folia is plural, Genitive Foliorum.

II. All nouns ending in ws, um, os, on, form the genitive in i as Conium, Conii. Exceptions —Rhus, gen. Rhois, Flos, gen. Floris, Erigeron, gen. Hrigerontis, Fructus, Cornus, Quercus, Spiritus, do not change.

III. All other nouns of whatever termination make the genitive in s, or is, chloral, gen. chlor- alis. Some lengthen the termination thus:

as genitive atis as Acetas, Acetatis. is i idis as anthemis, Anthemidis. O a onis as Pepo, - Peponis. x i cis as Cortex, Corticis.

There are a few exceptions. Asclepias, gen. Asclepiadis; Mas, gen. Maris; Phosphis, Sul- phis, etc. gen. itis; Mucilago, gen. Mucilaginis ; Solidago, gen. Solidaginis, ete.

The following words do not change in their genitive.* Amyl, Azedarach, Berberis, Buchu,

fourth declension; the others are of the third. Apiol and Sumbul are given as indeclinable by some authorities, Dunglison gives Apiolum, 1; Sumbul,i; Amyl, Amylis is also given.

75

nus, Curare, Fructus, Digitalis, Hydrastis, Ja- borandi, Kino, Matico, Quercus, Sassafras, Sago, Sinapis, Spiritus.

It is seldom necessary to use the accusative of the nouns expressing the ingredients, only when the quantity is omitted, and a numeral ad- jective takes its place.

As before stated, the use of the Jaatoricinte symbols renders it unnecessary, as a rule, to write out in the accusative the words express- ing quantity. Sometimes, however, it is desir- able to do so, and the following simple rules for the formation of the accusative of these words are appended:

I. Nouns expressing quantity ending in a, are feminine and make the accusative singular in am and the plural in as. Example, Drachma, acc. sing. Drachmam, pl. Drachmas.

II. Those ending in wm or ws make the accu- sative singular in um. The accusative plural of those in ws is os, and of those in um is a. Those in ws are masculine, those in wm are neuter.

Congius, acc. sing. Congium, acc. pl. Congios. Granun, “ _ Granum, "ace: °** Grana:

The adjectives are declined like the nouns. The numeral cardinal adjectives are indeclin- able except unus, duo and tres.

They are thus declined.

Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Nom. unus, una, unum. Gen. unius, unius, unius. Ace. unum, unam, unum.

Masculine. Feminine.

Nom. Gen. Ace. Nom. Gen.

Ace.

76

duo, duorum, duos, tres, ‘rium, tres,

Neuter. duae, duo. duarum, duorum. duas, duo.

tres, trie. trium, trium. tres, tria.

The following is a list of some of the more frequently used numeral adjectives: CARDINALS

oOo On nun FW ND

» Nw He ee en | SESS 82 8S OY an kann io

70

ie.) °

5. 85

x xT XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX xX XXI XXII XXX XL 1 Lx LXX L XxX XC c

Unus

Duo

Tres

Quatuor Quinque

Sex

Septem

Octo

Novem Decem Undecim Duodecim Tredecim Quatuordecim Quindecim Sexdecim Septendecim Octodecim Noveudecim Vigenti Vigenti unum Vigenti duo Triginta Quadraginta Quinquaginta Sexaginta Septuaginta Octaginta Nonaginta Centum

I st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th &th gth Ioth 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th igth 2oth 2tist 22nd 30th 4oth soth 6oth 7oth 80th goth tooth

ORDINALS

Primus

Secundus

Tertius

Quartus

Quintus

Sextus

Septimus Octavus

Nonus

Decimus Undecimus Duodecimus Tertius decimus Quartus decimus Quintus decimus Sextus decimus Septimus decimus Octavus decimus Nonus decimus Vicesimus Vicesimus primus Vicesimus secundus Tricesimus Quadragesimus Quinquagesimus Sexagesimus Septuagesimus Octogesimus Nonagesimus Centesimus

77

The verbs are nearly all used in the impera- tive mood; being addressed to the compounder. The following are some of the more common ‘ex- amples: Recipe, take; Misce, mix; Signa, mark; Divide, divide; Mitte, send; Pone, put; Hxtende, spread.

A few verbs are, however, in the subjunctive mood of mild command, taking the subject re- ferred to in the nominative case. e.g., fiat, plu- ral fiant, let be made. Detur, plural dentur, let be given. Sufficiat, may suffice. Repetatur, let it be repeated.

Only a few prepositions are commonly used; they are ad, to; ana (Greek), abbrev. a 4a, of each; cum, with; in, into; ad and in govern the accusative, cum, the ablative and ana the geni- tive cases.

The following phrases are used: Fiat lotio. Let a lotion be made. Dividatur in partes equales. Let it be divided into equal parts. Dentur tales doses. Let such doses be given. Quantum sufficiat, abbrev. qd. s., aS much as may suffice. Ne repetatur. Do not repeat.

‘The following abbreviated prescription may be used, when written out in full and rendered into Latin, to illustrate many of the points al- ready referred to:

R Powd. Scammony, *) Ss e Jalap, erv Calomel, era ITj

M. Fiat pulvis purgans.- The prescription is taken from Pereira and . Griffiths and when put into Latin would appear and be explained as follows:

78

‘aTqeRulyo ‘oatpalpy anbuind®

-apuy (94y)

‘a9seo pure Jap -U98 ‘ioqminu Ut aATJUBYSqNS aq} YIM voise sunoU -oid pure satdion -led ‘saanoelpy

TOY

‘MUNIN GNAIS uM SsuULIsIsy

un “Do Ssnipiuig

oly ‘oulpnosem lejnsuis ‘sales -nooe ‘aarpolpy “(Fley) wanipruarg

——

“1 DIIUN $1]0-4]L7 LLPOS SB

‘2AOqe SB a[NYy ‘adiaay &q poursaos ‘2 ‘winu -DAG MOI {19}Nou ‘reintd ‘aAryesno ‘QATVURYSquS (sulvis) euein

-OB

"QAT}

-esnooe otf} SUte

-Aos AjtAljoe Sut -AjLUBIS QI9A VY

‘MC IOAY

‘aGlII kq pauiaaos 7 ‘sngngus9G wor ‘IB[USUIsS ‘QAT} -esnooe ‘dAT}UeyS -qus *(apdnios ve) winjndniss

—9se Ur SUIY} avs ay} SILAS OEM

‘2Aoqe se a[ny "S1492]Nq Aq pauisaoy *& ‘pdvjv{ WMO1y :1PT -nsuis ‘aAtWes aatqueysqns ‘(de -[ef jo) aedeyef

y SUL} JUITAYIp ve SULAJIUDIS I9T[}O -ue uiasos Avul peuisA0s 9008}s

-qus 93} puy TOT

‘SULIQ NG Aq pauisaoy) ‘2 ‘PLUOMULVIC WOAF epnsuis = ‘SATII -uas ‘aAljue}sqnS ‘(AUOMWMBIS JO) seIUOWWIeOS

‘QAOCGe SB I[Ny DUDAD Sq pouriaaorxy ‘aaoqe se(1apMmod JO) SIIDA[N,

‘QAIPLUIS 9}

UT SUIT} JUSIIYIp

eB BSULAJIUSIS 19}

-OUB SUIDAOS AT} -ueysqns os31O

“HTINY

‘mn -ndna7, kq pauis "AOS S149 ‘$12]Nq

woiy {avpnsuts dATIIMAS ‘9AT}URIS -qug = ‘(aapMod

JO) StI9A[Ngd .

IOYIOUL YIM SoBe SATPUB}SGNS SO x

(pooysiapug) x

‘dos ied pue Joqmnu ul dATJBULMIOU SIE JIM s9015e

qiaa [euosied VY “A TONY ‘ahd ‘OUGLIIN woiy {pooystapun NJ YIM Suise1se ‘yejn8urs wosisd puooes ‘poom aAtyeiodmt ‘qioa aay (eAB 1)

adis9y— FY

aD ~

‘QAoge SB o[Ny ‘DUDAS YIM BUL -a018Y ‘V147 ‘S347 ‘satf, Wor -nau ‘teintd est} -esnooe = ‘aAlqoal

SLO)

YEA

‘sratnd

Su1sd19 VY

‘gui[NoseMm ‘epns

-UIS

‘apdiopsed

-Sind)

‘OAT }BUIMIOU

( SUL suedindg

‘QA0qB SE

-py (‘9914}) BIL ‘(sulvis) BUBID

‘OUl| -nosem ‘repnsuts ‘SATPEULMION. ‘SAT} -UBISquSG ( Iep -mod B) = StA[nd

‘sta]Nq UM Sursoise J9}MeN thay tnJo ‘jer “uns ‘sngovf ‘sf ‘01g Wo1f :poom

aatyounfqns ‘qiaA ss‘ (ape aqiyvT) el

‘puvig kq poauia -Aos soy3n pue SOY ‘SVjJAULOIV) moiy ‘IB[NSUIS dAI}IMAS ‘9A1I}UE}E “ane 0)

*( TauLoTeBo SOUR[IUIO[eD

"949 ‘ODISTUM

Woy +pooysiep -un 2 YM Bul -9018e ‘1e[nsuls uosiod puooses ‘poour odaAr}yeied -Ml qidA dAT}0B

(XI) S0stAI—W

(pooyssopan) xy

80

A few drugs in a prescription are usually better than many. It is irrational to combine a number of agents (shot gun _ prescription) without especial attention to the specific action of each.

In constructing a prescription, it is first neces- sary to decide upon the proper remedial agents; then upon the size of the aose and lastly the number of doses to be given. The prescription on p. 72 written out to show these details would be as follows:

Rk : Nucis Vomice, (single dose Xj Xx6=) Yvj Ferri Sulphatis,( « “ Sj x6=) Ov; does Bar brs tics eee 3s x62) S1j-

Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s.

Mix and make into six balls.

In practice the multiplication of single doses is carried out mentally and the product only is written down.

The Roman numerals should always be used to designate the quantities; thus: i, ij, iij, iv, V; vj, vij, viij, ix, etc. Always dot each i to avoid mistakes; the last i is usually made in the form of a j to show that it is the last of a series.

AN EASY METHOD OF WRITING PRESCRIPTIONS IN THE METRIC SYSTEM (AFTER LEONARD).

In a two ounce prescription a single dose, in grains or minims, is given in the same figures as

81

the total amount of the drug in the prescription expressed in grams or cubic centimeters, as for example:

R Fluidextracti Belladonne Radicis

(2 minims dose) = 2ce. Potassi Bromidi (8 grains dose) — 8 grams Aque q.s.._.-2° nid’ ounces = 60 cc.

In a two ounce prescription there would be fifteen doses. In a gram or 1 cc. there are ap- proximately 15 grains ‘or minims; the basis is therefore 15 to 1. In a one ounce mixture there would be one half the above amounts; in a four ounce prescription there would be twice the above amounts. Or the same amounts of the drugs may be used in a four, six or eight ounce mixture as for the two ounce mixture and the dose correspondingly doubled, trebled or quad- rupled.

COLEMAN’S EASY METHOD OF WRITING PRESCRIPTIONS.

“It may be assumed for the purpose of writ- ing prescriptions, that there are fifteen doses of a teaspoonful each in a 2 ounce mixture; 30 in a 4 ounce mixture; 60 in an 8 ounce mixture. Only in the case of dangerous drugs is a more accurate estimation necessary.

In a 4 ounce mixture, then, with a teaspoonful dose, each dose will contain 1-30 of the total amount of any drug which may be in solution or uniform suspension.

- In the case of drugs with a usual dose of about 5 gr. or m., 1 dram may be taken as the _ basis of calculation.

\ If 1 dram oi a drug be added to a four ounce

§2

mixture, each teaspoonful wiil contain 1-30 of a dram, or 2 grains or minims.

Taking 2, then, as a unit, it is only necessary to find the multiple of 2 which will give the de- sired dose and tnis will represent the number of drams to be put into the prescription.

To take an example,

Tincture Opii Camphorate, (dose 15 m.) ¥

2xX14= Iviy ss

Salol, (dose 5 gr.) 2x24 = 47 ss Misture Crete, q. Ss. ads aire M. et Sig.

In a 2 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will contain 1-15 of a dram, or 4 gr.-or m.

In an 8 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will contain 1-60 of a gr. or m.

From the above statements the following rule may be formulated:

Divide 60 (one dram) by the number of doses in the prescription and multiply the result by the numeral necessary to give the desired dose. This numeral will represent the number of drams to be used.

In the case of drugs with a maximum dose of less than a grain, 1 grain instead of 1 dram may be taken as the basis of calculation. Thus, if one grain be added to a 4 ounce mixture with a teaspoonful dose, each dose will contain 1-30 of a grain.”

The above methods are applicable especially- in human and canine practice.

83

LEONARD'S QUICK WAY OF REDUCING PERCENTAGES.

Rute I. Call the numerator of the fraction one grain.

Rute II. Double the first figure of the de- nominator and call this ounces. This will then give almost mathematically correct reductions.

Thos: > -)-1.01.000 (would be =1.grain’ to 2 ounces; 1 to 2,000 would be one grain to 4 ounces; 1 to 3,000 would be 1 grain to 6 ounces; 1 to 4,000 would be 1 grain to 8 ounces; 1 to 5,000 would be 1 grain to 10 ounces and so on. If you want 1 to 500, this would be 1 grain to 1 ounce—there being 480 (approximately 500) grains or minims to the ounce. One to 100 would be 5 grains to 1 ounce.

By committing these two simple rules to memory, an instantaneous reduction for any percentage mixture can be made to the apothe- cary’s basis.”

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Those most generally used by the physicians and pharmacists in the United States are the Troy or Apothecaries’ Weights, and the Wine or Apothecaries’ Measures. The Metric System, however, has been recognized to such a great extent that it has become a necessity for physi- cians to become familiar with it.

TROY OR APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHTS.

Pound Ounce Drachm Scruple Grain (Libra) (Uncta) (Drachma) (Scrupulum) (Granum) RU SI i Ee as con, (OO 1 2a 5760

ZL = 8. = BA 480 3l cs == 60

3 yr = gr. 20

84

WINE OB APOTHECARIES MEASURES.

Gallon Pint Fluidounce Fluidrachm Minim ( Congius)(Octarius) (Fluiduncia) (Fluidrachma) (Minimum) Cane: f= .8.55)) 28s Se 1924° >, = 61440 O11 16... = 198 4/5 7680

{Zr = 480

ee ae M 60

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS.

Pound Ouuce Grain

(Libra) (Uncia) (Granum)

Ibs —— 16 = 7000 oz. I == STA Ag 7s

To avoid misapprehension in the use of the apothecary and avoirdupois systems, the sym- bols ib., 2 Zep, should be consistently used for the apothecary and the abbreviation lb., oz., gr., for the avoirdupois. The abbreviation for the Troy pound is characterized by the cross line drawn through the letters ib and should always mean twelve ounces, while the avoirdu- pois pound (lb.) stands for sixteen ounces. The symbol % means an apotnecaries’ ounce of 480 grains, while “oz.’”’ means an avoirdupois ounce * of 437% grains. The grain weight is the same for both systems and the abbreviation gr. will cause no confusion. The grain is therefore the unit in both systems and the term is derived from the old system of weighing, which re- quired that there should be used a “grain of wheat, well dried and gathered out of the mid- dle of the ear.” The abbreviation gr., for grain, should be consistently used in the apothecary system, gm. for gram, in the metric system.

85 In using the metric system of weights the gram is ordinarily used as the standard and the other subdivisions are reckoned from it. METRIC WEIGHTS. 10 milligrams (mg.) make 1 centigram (czg.)

10 centigrams make ldecigram (dg.) 10 decigrams make 1 gram (gm.) 1000 grams makeil kilogram (kilo.)

METRIC MEASURES. 1000 Cubic centimeters (cc.) (Milliliters) make 1 liter (L.) 1 Gram equals the weight of 1 cc. of distilled water at a temperature of 4°C.

TABLE OF APPROXIMATELY EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS.

1 milligram .001 = 1-64 grain 1 centigram .01 = 1-6 grain 1decigram .1 = 1% grains 1 gram =15% grains AeA (to) ao Se), =) dram a0 crams eG ol bems)) = 1 ounce s0r-zrams -<(455.02m.) = 1 pound. (av.)

1 kilogram 21-5 pounds (av.) 1-64 grain —1 milligram = .001 gram 1-6 grain —1 centigram = .01 gram 1 grain = .065 gram 15.43 grains ede gram 1 dram (apoth.) = 3.90 grams 1 ounce (apoth.) — pb) 2tams | 1 minim = .061 cc. 16 minims id ee 1 fluidram =o to EC

1 fiuidounce =o: ce.

86

tee. =—16 minims Avec! 43.42 Ces) ==-1 ‘figidram 30 ce. = 1 fluidounce

To convert grains into centigrams, multiply by 6.5. Thus 3 grains multiplied by 6.5 equals 19.5 centigrams, or 10 grains equals 65 centi- grams or .65 gram. To convert centigrams into grains divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams di- vided by 6.5 equals 4 grains.

DOMESTIC MEASURES.

A drop, gutta, (gtt.) is usually reckoned at about one minim.

A tea-spoonful is about one fluidram.

A table-spoonful is about one-half fluidounce.

A wine-glassful is about two fluidounces.

A tea-cupful is about five fluidounces.

A breakfast-cupful is about eight filuidounces.

A tumblerful is about eight fluidounces.

Domestic measures vary considerably. There may be from 50 to 150 drops in a fluidram, a tea- spoon generally holds more than one dram, even as much as 2 drams or more. Cups and glasses also vary widely.

THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBINING DRUGS IN A PRESCRIPTION.

Although the tendency in modern therapeutics is toward simplicity rather than complexity in prescriptions, one may go to the extreme even in this direction. There is no doubt but that in very many cases a judicious combination of drugs will produce effects of a beneficial charac- ter which might be sought in vain from the use of a single remedy. A “shot gun” prescription, |

87

containing a great number of remedies intro- duced with the idea that by some lucky chance one or more of the ingredients may hit the dis- order, is thoroughly unscientific and not to be encouraged.

The rational combination of drugs was, per- haps first discussed fully by Dr. John Ayrton Paris (Paris Pharmacologia, 1822). His treat- ment of the question has been so clear and ex- haustive, that there has been but little room for improvement. The following paragraphs are based principally upon his work:

1. THe AcTION oF A MEDICINE MAy BE AuUG- MENTED (ADJUVANT ACTION).

(a) By combining different forms of the same substance. An infusion is strengthened by the addition of the fluid extract or tincture of the same drug, in cases where all the active prin- ciples are not soluble in the same vehicle. Digi- talis may be taken as an example, all of its ac- tive principles are not soluble in water.

(b) By combining the medicine with others which. produce similar effects. A rule enunci- ated by Dr. Fordyce is to the effect that com- bination of similar remedies will produce a more certain, speedy, and considerable effect ‘than an equivalent dose of any single one. A combination of chloral and bromide potassium is more certain for hypnotic effects than either one alone. From the standpoint of purgation the same would be true of a combination of aloes and calomel, or as an emetic a mixture of ipecac and tartar emetic is more reliahe for its effects than either drug singly.

88

(c) By combining with the basis substances of @ different nature which can, in some un- known manner enhance its action. The diuretic effect of squill is increased by calomel, and ipecac assists in the purgative action of jalap.

II. THe ActTION oF A MEDICINE May BE MoptI- FIED (CORRECTIVE ACTION) IN ORDER TO OVERCOME UNPLEASANT Errects. The griping tendency of purgatives may be corrected by combination with aromatics or essential oils. Acrid sub- stances may be more or less overcome by tri- turating with mucilage. The constipating effect of iron may be overcome by the addition of aloes. See prescription p. 72.

III. To OBTAIN THE COMBINED oR JOINT Ac- TION OF Two oR More MEDICINES.

(a) Upon the same tissue. Purgative medi- cines will serve as an illustration. Some act by increasing peristalsis, others by augmenting the secretion of the. intestines, as in the case of eserine and pilocarpine. The combination of podophyllum with calomel, for their joint action upon the liver, may be cited as another ex- ample.

(b) Upon different tissues or to combat dif- ferent symptoms. Probably the greatest num-

ber of prescriptions will come under this head.

The desire to combat a number of different symptoms shoulda not, lead to excess in the com- bination of drugs. A well directed rifle ball will have a greater effect than a charge from

a shot gun where only a few of the shot hit the

mark. Some prescriptions have been reported which contained aS many as 400 ingredients.

89

The more complicated a prescription, the great- er are the chances for failure.

The symptoms of fever with cough may be treated with small doses of ipecac as a sedative expectorant, tincture of aconite to quiet the cir- culation and allay the fever, with potassium bromide to alleviate excessive coughing. Other cases will readily suggest themselves. It may be desirable, in a given instance to stimulate the heart with one drug and the kidney or bow- els with others.

IV. To Form New CoMPouNDS THE EFFECTS oF WHICH DIFFER FROM ANY OF THE INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENTS. Dover’s Powder is a good illus- tration. This preparation has marked diaphor- etic properties, while neither of its constituents, opium or ipecac, when taken separately exert any powerful action upon the skin. ‘White Lotion’” made by dissolving lead acetate and zine sulphate in water; “Black Lotion” by add- ing calomel to a solution of lime and “Yellow Lotion” by adding corrosive sublimate to a solu- tion of lime, are also examples.

V. To AFFORD A CONVENIENT AND AGREEABLE ForM OF ADMINISTRATION. Solids, such as pills, capsules and powders are oftentimes to be pre- ferred. Liquid preparations are sometimes more desirable and they have the advantage of being more readily absorbed. The main thing, of course, is that the patient should get the proper remedy indicated by the symptoms; but, at the same time, it is the duty of the prescriber to see that it is no more obnoxious than need be. This fact is sometimes lost sight of in vet-

90

erinary practice, where the animal may be com- pelled to take the medicine, but nothing is lost to the patient or prescriber, if the medicine is prepared in as palatable a form as_ possible without sacrificing anything of its pharma- cologic action.

Due care should be exercised in selecting a vehicle which has little or no medicinal action of its own, or if it has that it will assist or cor- rect the action of the medicines prescribed, and, if practicable, one in which the other in- gredients are soluble.

The taste of many bitter substances like qui- nine, and salty drugs like ammonium chloride, may be made more agreeable by the addition of any of the preparations of glycyrrhiza. Caustic or irritating medicines, whether liquid or solid, must be well diluted before being swallowed.

EXAMPLES OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

The following graded scheme for the begin- ner in prescription writing may be employed; 1st, a prescription written out in Latin is trans- lated into English with the quantities of the ingredients expressed in both the apothecaries and metric systems. 2d. An abbreviated pre- scription is written out in English, apothe- caries and metric. 3d. An abbreviated prescrip- tion is written out in Latin; apothecaries and metric. 4th. After a student has studied thera- peutics a card is given .im bearing the name of a disease, with the basis or principal remedy indicated from which he is to construct a com- pound prescription suitable for the disease mentioned.

91

The following prescriptions are given as illus- trations of the scheme and serve merely as an outline of the way in which the work may be carried on. The instructor can prepare any number of prescriptions pes each grade for the student’s exercises.

The various symbols, unusual endings and combinations may be included in such prescrip- tions for purposes of instruction.

LATIN INTO ENLISH.

Plumbi Acetatis, unciam Zinci Sulphatis, drachmas sex Aquae, ad Octarium. Misce. : Signa. Fiat lotio alba.

Take of Lead Acetate, . one ounce 30 of Zinc Sulphate, six drachms 24 of Water, to one pint 480 Mix Signature. Let a white lotion be made.

(For horse)

Aloes, drachmas quatuor Fluidextracti Bella- donne Radicis, semidrachmam,

Zingiberis pulveris, drachmam cum semisse. Theriace, quantum sufficit.

Misce. Signa. Fiat Bolus. Take of Aloes, four drachms as) of Fluidextract of Bel- ‘ ladonna Root, half dram 2

of Powdered Ginger, one and a half drams 6

92 (Take)

of Molasses, as much as suffices (sufficient quantity) Mix.

Signature. Let a bo.us be made.

R (For dog)

O.ei Terebinthine Olei Ricini, Ovum,

Aquae Ferventis,

uncie# semissem unciam cum semisse unum

uncias quatuordecim

Misce et fiat enema.

Take

of Oil of Turpentine, half of one ounce

of Castor Oil, one anda half ounces 45 One Egg, of hot water, _fourteen ounces

Mix and let be made into an enema.

R

Vitellum Ovi, Olei Morrhuae, Spiritus Frumenti, Acidi Phosphorici Di- luti, drachmas tres Syrupi, drachmas quinque Aquae Cinnamoni, quan- tum sufficiat ad Misce et fiat emulsio.

unius uncias duas unciam cum semisse

uncias octo.

Take Yolk of one egg.

93

(Take)

of Cod Liver Oil, two ounces 60 of Whisky, one and a half ounces 45 of Dilute Phosphoric

Acid, three drams 12 of Syrup, five drams 20 of Cinnamon Water, as much as may suffice

to (make) eight ounces 240 Mix and let an emulsion be made.

(For Dog)

Morphinae Sulphatis, granum Camphorae,

Pulveris Glycyrrhizae,

Sacchari Lactis, ana grana decem

Misce. Divide in chartulas sex. Take

of Morphine Sulphate, one grain 065 of Camphor,

of Powdered Liquorice Root,

of Sugar of Milk, of each ten grains 6 Mix. Divide into six powders.

Pepsinae, drachmas duas Vini albi, uncias septem Syrupi, unciam dimidiam Fluidextracti Zingi- beris, — guttas octo Misce. Fiat Elixir. Take

of Pepsin, two drams 8 of White Wine, seven ounces 210 of Syrup, half an ounce 15 of Fluidextract of

Ginger, eight drops 5

Mix. Let an Elixir be made.

94

R

Extracti Nucis Vomi-

cae, grani semissem Pulveris Scammonii, granum Pulveris Aloes,

Pulveris Rhei, ana grani tres quartas partes

Alcoholis, quantum sufficit. Misce. Fac pilulas tales duodecim. Take

of Extract of Nux

Vomica, half of a grain of Powdered Scam- mony, one grain

of Powdered Aloes, of Powdered Rhubarb, of each three-fourths parts of a grain of Alcohol, as much as suffices. Mix. Make twelve such pills.

Jo48

EXAMPLES OF ABBREVIATED PRESCRIPTIONS WRITTEN OUT IN ENGLISH IN THE APOTHECARY

AND METRIC SYSTEMS. °

Ae. Carbol., Liq. Iodi. Comp., aa mt XV: Aq. Chloroformi, are! Bia M.

Take

Carbolic Acid, Compound Solution of

Iodine, of, cach 15 mimims Chloroform Water, suffi-

cient quantity to (make) 2 ounces Mix.

if

60

95

Ac. Sulph, Arom., Ar. Onin,

Spts. Camph.,

M.

pall

1 ROT? | a

Take

Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, Tincture of Opium,

Spirits of Camphor, of each 6 ounces 180 Mix. .

RK Quin. Sulph.,

Pulv. Belladon. Fol., Sod. Salicyl.,

Pulv. Cimicif., a M. Pe pity: Nor Xi.

1

Take

Quinine Sulphate, 1 ounce 30 Powdered Belladonna Leaves, 2 ounces 60 Sodium Salicylate,

Powdered Cimicifuga, of each 3 ounces 90 Mix. Make into 12 powders.

EXAMPLES OF ABBREVIATED PRESCRIPTIONS WRITTEN OUT IN LATIN IN THE APOTHECARY AND MeEtTRIC SYSTEMS.

96

R

Quin. Sulph., ae F. E. Nuc. Vom., ay. Tr. .Capsic., aan Ac. Muriat. Dil., Esa M. Quininae Sulphatis, unciam 30 Fluidextracti Nucis Vomicae, unciam 30 Tincturae Capsici, uncias tres 90

Acidi Muriatici Diluti, uncias quatuor cum semisse 139

Misce.

Pot. Acet., Sry"

Tr. Digital., ae

Spts. Ether. Nit., ue

Aquae, a. 5: Og

M.

Potassii Acetatis, uncias duas 60

Tincturae Digitalis, drachmas decem 40 Spiritus Etheris Nitrosi, uncias quinque 150 Aquae, quantum sufficit Octarium 480

97

R

Quin. Sulph., ee

aT Pulv. Opii, oy Pulv. Ammon. Carb., a Pulv. Camph., ae

M. Make 12 powders.

R

Quininae Sulphatis, unciam 30 Pulveris Opii, drachmas duas 8 Pulveris Ammonii Car-

bonatis, uncias duas 60 Pulveris Camphorae, unciam 30

Misce. Fiant pulveres numero duodecim.

The next step in the series is the construction of the prescription according to its indication for a given disorder, the basis being mentioned and allowing the student to fill in the other in- gredients. The writer has found the following list serviceable in this connection, due regard being given to incompatibility, form, case end- ings, etc. The prescriptions may be written out in the ordinary abbreviated form or in Latin in the Apothecary or Metric systems. Any variety of subjects or combinations are available and excellent drill is furnished to the student.

INDICATION.

Gastric Tonic. Diuretic.

Cardiac Tonic. Influenza. Irritable Stomach. Skin Disease. Blister.

Hepatic Congestion.

Purgative. Diaphoresis. Sedative. Cathartie.

Anodyne Liniment.

Round Worms. Fever.

Mange.

Cough.

Rickets. Purgative.

Flat Worms. Indigestion. Diarrhoea. Anemia. Rheumatism. Edema.

Diabetes Insipidus. Catarrhal Fever. General Tonic. Counter Irritant.

Intestinal Antiseptic.

Chorea.

98 BasIs.

Gentian. Potassium Nitrate. Digitalis.

Tr, oNux. Voeniea, Bismuth. Fowler’s Solution. Cantharides. Sodium Sulphate. Barium Chloride. Tr. Arnica Root. Chloral.

Eserine Sulphate. Tr. Aconite. Santonin. Acetanilid. Sulphur. Belladonna.

Oleum Phosphoratum.

Aloes.

Male Fern. Pepsin.

Tr. Opium.

Iron Sulphate. Sodium Salicylate. Potassium Acetate. Todine.

Quinine.

Nux Vomica. Aqua Ammonia. Salol.

Arsenic.

99

TABLE OF THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS

FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE SCALES

To reduce Centigrade degrees to those of Fahrenheit

Multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32

To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to those of Centigrade scale

Subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9 TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS

OFahren- | °Centi: °Fahren-

°Centi-

grade. heit. grade. —25 —13. Os —24 —11.2 E —23 —9.4 2 —22 1.0 3 —21 —5.8 4 —20 —4, 3) —19 —2.2 6 —18 —0.4 7 Ai, 1.4 8 —16 3.2 9 —I15 D. 10 —14 GS. | Lt —13 8.6 | 12 —12 10.4 | 13 —I11 a2;2-\ 14 —10 14. 15 —9 15.8 | 16 —8 £76: | 17 ——f 19.4 | 18 —6 21.2 | 19 —5 23. 20 -—4 24.8 | 21 —3 26.6 | 22 —2 28.4 | 23 —1 30.2 | 24

82:

heit.

33.8 35.6 37.4 39.2 41.

42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 AD:

51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 Bee

60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2 68.

69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2

| °Centi- °Fahren-

grade. heit.

"25 Siig 26 78.8 27 80.6 28 82.4 29 84.2 30 86. 31 87.8 BY 89.6 33 91.4 34 93.2 35 95. 36 96.8 37 98.6 38 100.4 39 102.2 40 104. 41 105.8 42 107.6 43 109.4 44 5 45 113. 46 114.8 47 116.6 48 118.4 49 120.2

100

°Centi- °Fahren. | °Centi- pea hase Seen °Fahren- ©

g rade. heit. | grade. heit. | grade. heit. 50 Too 73 163.4 | 96 204.8 51 1238 0/" U4 LER 2 987 206.6 52 125.6 | 75 167. 98 208.4 53 127.4 | 76 168.8 | 99 210.2 54 AO Ty 170.6 | 100 212 55 131. 78 179.4. OL 213.8 56 132:3 1. 79 174.2 1102 215.6 57 134.6 | 80 1762-108 217.4 58 ie A. 81 177287%|,104 219.2 59 138.2." 82 179.6 | 105 221: 60 140. | 83 181.4 106 222.8 61 144.8; |. 84 133521 OF 224.6 62 143.6051 4,85 185.41) 108 226.4 63 145.4 |. 86 186.8 | 109 2289 64 IAD 87 188.6 | 110 230. 65 149. 88 190.4 | 111 231.8 66 150.8 | 89 199.7; 2 233.6

67 152.6 90 - 194.) 1413 235.4 68 154.4 | 91 195.8 | 114 237.2 69 156.2 | 92 197.6 | 115 239. 70 158. 93 199.4 | 116 240.8 71 159.8 94 201.2 117 242.6

72 161.6 95 203. 118 244.4

101

The following is a list of official deliquescent

and efflorescent salts: DELIQUESCENT SALTS

Ammonii Iodidum Nitras Valerianas

Auri Chloridum

Calcii Chloridum

Lithii Citras Bromidum Salicylas

Magnesia Citras

Potassa (caustic) Cum Calce

Potassii Acetas Carbonas Citras Cyanidum Hypophosphis Sulphis Tartras

Quinolin salts (except the Tartrate)

Sodii Hypophosphis Iodidum

Zinci Bromidum Chloridum Iodidum

EFFLORESCENT SALTS Alumen (slightly) Ammonii Carbonas Phosphas Antim. et Potass. Tar- tras (slightly). Cupri Acetas Sulphas Magnesii Sulphas (slightly ) Potassii et Sodii tras (slightly). Ferrocyanidum (slightly ) Quininae Bisulphas Sulphas (after time) Soda (caustic) Sodii Acetas Arsenas (slightly) Benzoas Boras (slightly) Carbonas Hyposulphis Phosphas Santoninas (slightly ) Sulphas Sulphis Strychninae Sulphas Zinci Acetas Sulphas

Tar-

a

For the various symbols, Latin words and phrases with their abbreviations see the follow-

ing pages.

102

LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES W

ITH THEIR ABBRE-.

VIATIONS AND ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS.

WORDS OR PHRASES

CONTRACTIONS

ENG. EQUIVALENTS

ACA OWCIY 4.5 <m's state AGS coer ae The belly. NG MA ine Reps, Ss neiayeny Tse 0c ne aura ae To; or Up. ta: OC ee 5 cine eae caves Vo tr eines eo Add. ACOGNEUT. Caroicte ches Cite Ane a: Let(them)be added ACLEnNGUS* 25 else PELE «ones Taos To be added. AGGCENEG™ vim Moeteer PATE Mag ctot ese TAS By adding. Adhibendus ..... 5) oth ager To be administer- ed. Adjacens’ > 3s .2. 03 Adjac . Adjacent. AV TUDTEAUN iis ehctave 02.05 08 3 eae At pleasure. ACMOUVE ewes. y's Admov. ....Apply. Admoveatur .....Admov . Let(it)be applied. AGVCTSUM a6. 6 cs es i ee Against. AT QUOE” crt wees SATIO tof eee aic Some. SELECT. Seek ae eee PANCME RG Tas nee The other. Alternis horis ...Alt. hor. ...Every other hour. AEDT IES) 3 ort aise & _. Amp. PO Large. PRU UTIs new ans Big PADI ATT Sh rae A large bottle. TAIUG Serio eae, Le ice Aor 22:..\. Of back: LEU ne, OU a he te AG: aise Water. Aqua bulliens ...Aq. bull. ...Boiling water. Aqua communis .Aq. com. Aqua fervens ....Aq. ferv Aqua fluviatilis ..Aq. fluv. Aqua fontalis ....Aq. font. Aqua marina ....Aq. mar. Aqua nivalis ....Aq. niv. Aqua pluvialis ...Aq. pluv WARE re he ed TTS 5. cane Balneum vaporis.B. V. ...... Balsamum ..... si Bales ate BeRe. ae Skee BLS Shale ae is BOOP ied siete ou ee Be aon. e ves Bid 2a ee SESTURS t9F5 2. 5 as Bis eos oe ee ee LS oigsiaty sree

Bis in die, or dies.3is. die .. Bolus

eeeeeeveevecece a) Ss) Oe eo) 26

OnE eee a ae a ae

...-Common water. ...Hot water. ..River water spring water. ...9ea water. ...snow water. ..Rain water.

Vapor bath. Balsam.

Drink (thou). Two days. Twice.

.Twice a day.

A large pill. Let boil.

BUT UM: bw ccace 151) 1 heen Butter.

WCF ULCUS) ose or<ia' Omer IRE a os, > Blue. WOTESACTUS: s s5'e 088 AEB ES yc cark Warmed. OBIE si Auer gels be. Reka trays Sia. tte Take (thou). COME hia th tee SADE tans aie a Let him take. COD S ULE eis lads Capsul. ....A capsule. WOULe “alte meds CAMILG tie, F2 Cautiously. CROECE oo :henc dite veld CHAT sere Paper.

SOT LUG) 4 -aaittee Chartul. ...A small paper. CLOUS. 2. oi Festa (2) enema eee Fooa. Cochlear or Coch-

(ott id a ee Coch, ......A4:.. spoonful. Cochleare am-

WUHAN tors oes ak ors SE Coch. amp...A dessertspoonful. Cochleare mag-

PTE wis hese arn Coch. mag...A tablespoonful. Cochlear parvun.Coch. parv..A teaspoonful. OG rer leo cai oe Cokes we Strain.

ET CHAD pate ep By) ep Strained.

Collutorium ..... Collut. ....A mouth wash.

Collyrium |... ss Collyr. .....Anm eye wash.

MRP EVUTO xen crs Ae ea Let it be colored. - Compositus ...... Comps... Compounded.

CONCISUS: oo esse Coneis:! i. osu:

OeNIUS vsttaee.. Cane cso. A Gallon.

Oonserud. 22-25. <. Wome .at ae A conserve, also.

Keep (thou).

PORUUESUS. = con wad 6 Contus. ....Bruised.

Cor, Cordis ...... Corns vats The heart.

Gontes; corticis . (Cort. ..6... The bark.

Carey i SO Ree, Cows 48. 4i. The hip.

Pras, crastinus ..Crast. ...-.. To-morrow.

Cujus, cujus-libet. Say. Me Se Of which, of any.

Ot: ga ee ree (od erst 6 With

Cyathus, vel Cya- thus vinarius ..Cyath, C.vin A wine-glass.

ar Pathe haben Yes D., det. ...,Give, let be given. Pee Pee A BOTA ee | Dea Sy 34 783 Of or from. Mepiius- 2 Veard. 107: aes 's Due, proper. Pecintes ood. 2%. Dec. heat Pour om Decem, decimus..Decem. ....Ten, the tenth. Decoctum ..:..... Decoct. ....A decoction.

Decubitus ....... Decub. ....Lying down,

104 De die in diem ..De d. in d..From day to day.

Dein vel Deinde .Dein. ...:.. Thereupon. DegiuHatur: ss. 3 Deglut. ... Let be swallowed. Dentur tales dos- Let 4 such doses CSUNO Us eo 5 wre D.t.d. No. iv. be given. DCLECT: TICLUTG SMI OR en ice oe oe The right. Diebis alternis ...Dieb. alt. ..Every otner day. DIliLe, Dias oie ee eos Dilute (thou), Di- luted. DIMNAUS: eRe OTe aia a One-half. Dividatur in par- Let it be divided tes equales ...D. in p.aeq. into equal parts. Dividendus-a-wm..Divid. ..... To be divided. VOLT vee ae en Dolor oes Pain TIOIMWEE ore ee ores Donec! ss. 2: Until DOSUS Se een aoe ne se Sr at A dose. Draecnmoane ere Fos Dr.0r 2 ..A dram (60grains) Hadem atom.) ic. sae sarees The same. EUS CCE Se aves ote Hjusd. .....0f the same. FLCCUUATIUAIN +... aeuLeGta |: oe 2 An electuary. VFR IWUCS ER rst enc el stede Emesis ....Vomiting. ELNCNUG “Sates ecco CaS Oh estes A clyster or enema 1D a rk Co Tage ted | Dy ba atte Rae And. PLEEOT OG tino aie s ae | hp: @ bak, eee een Spread. ELUTE CUICM cas, sein Pits, cine An extract. CUE C., Pie iallbnteiee Extrahe ...Extract thou. TUCK cies Ritiat eels iS 2c See reeeee Make. Fac pilulas duo- DECI Ee Rania eee KF. pil. XII..Make twelve pills. OED IUD Nits re Ld Uy foes War oe (ak Raed co Flour. PEDTIS Ce sea Oe Wepre: sete Fever. POM CRUG sca: steele eee MORVi hake’ A: Boiling. OR Bet Negee wrase oath ree Biba i tence Let be made (sing) AGM BL Siac eee | i PRP SE en, Let be made (plu. ) AUER Ae teloese Bittra Sy.-4- Filter (thou). UUOUST eee trite Pluidiehls. Liquid: OT TUS PO oe ER Sk Ge eee Re A prescription. Gargarysma@ ..... Gare: ae A garegle. GrodatinnAhe eee Gradients. By degrees, gradu- ally. Grantn, Grane 21GTs Sees Grain, Grains. GAUSS Ce ea ee Gra. cage es. Pleasant.

Gutta; ‘Guite 2%. Gitte oe: A drop. Drops.

105

RE EOEUUe t,o yas i Croctat: 25.1. By: drops: TEOUSTUS: HO Se oes bce ICS eas ie A draught. iHebvdomada...:..-. Hebdom. ..A week. Herbarum recen- LE ee Oe UPR Herb.recent.Of fresh herbs. Hic, Haec, Hoc ..Hic,hec,hoc This. SERETUCO: © has oe ae we Hirudo .~...A:- leech; POR ret ae ee a Th cae ee An hour. TER NEI NR se RS 13 (Cag ae aa The same. MEDTUNLUS ah loliee | 153) ee ae First. RICE: LILCUSUS Ne SENG: | oie, cus Cut (thou), Being Cut. TIRES ho Xe a kc PIMIGT 2 oof d Daily: > .or- fren day to day. DURE... cc cs UP TL See Pour in. PEP USU oo ee a ig) eS An infusion. PIICCTION, soca s OR einae's ..-An injection. PPE WIMECUTON: Seite ceo ots bes In gruel. DAT REGL YS Otis On hod POSTAL So As big as, the size of. Je AE She es PM RES fk oe Between. PHCETHUS,-C-UNt ANT. © nies os Inner or internal. WEIL Ss ctr k eee ee BEATS bereits aoe Inwardly. TAR ES Bele ein ee PRED ETAL Ot Bester ae Now LL | GEESE SERRA DR PURER nate aie Near to. Wwe: Facies 3 as |e Cea ye Milk, of Milk. Page 2X6. Oe Os ee 1G Nee ie A flask or bottle. PANTUOT LN ie | is Fane ae ee Faintness. WUT re 2s Lb., or Ib. ..A pound. Linimentum ....Linim. ....A liniment. Lintewum ......6- LY 8 setts amt. 4 MTIOOT IN. 230k ale aT Yo a rcies A solution. PGE BO AS Ihe Wa we we | 01 ae eae os A lotion. Macera.. 25. pee MAG ates. 2 Macerate. WIGONUS 6 sd oo RAR eer. fered & Large. WIPO PAS Ss tat Mane: 22732: In the morning. Manipulus ...... M. or Man..A handful. TIGRUS OSC OT 2 Manus .....The hand. Massa, massa LAAT ONSET 2 GARR nae Sa ERS A mass,a pill-mass Be APILULINIS. 1). oes. PMatut |... 2. In the morning. ECO TILIN obit ris. SiS 02 Ae. Middle. MeCRSUTG, veo Kone Mensu. ....By Measure.

Mica Panis ...... Mic. pan. ..Crumb of bread.

106

Minimum .h00 6 ss M. or min...A minim. MiNWUUI » ea nm nn Pe yy eee A minute. Magne! oo Us eas | ae ee rere Mix. VETSTAUTIL ce oe 4 ME) ee as Be A mixture. RCH: Mecca ettetet a ore (es Milbes bei nee we Send. : Modo prescripto .Mod. preseJn the manner pre- : scribed. More dictu...... -Mor. dictu .In the manner di- © rected. More solito ...... Mor. sol. ..In the usual man- ner. MOTUOTIWVM A ef. lOF Le (one sis A mortar. NECRON eos Gi INCHES <:) cots Also. Ne trades sine Ne.tr.s num Do not deliver TULLE care en ee without the money ING SOF OS Se Bet Be ee ‘Nisi 1 es! Unless. WME TOS iets tate. «rae Lk a a Macpac ee Not. Non repetatur ...Non repetat.Let it not be re- peated. NOE NOCUSS > 5 Six. Noe. noct. ..The night, of the night. SNOUT ices en os ae ASN sl Sodan The nape of the neck. GT CNG) erick’ & cree INO. Mins ties In number. OGEORUUS ee hate OX AGEL Johoee A pint (ZXvj) CEOEDIES Poti ne a De eee eae ele os Hight. OCEON Ws Se ; “Octo. Le See Hight. Onint NOTEsH eee -Omn. hor. ..Every hour. Opus: JOSS ee MODUS se Need, or occasion. Orin 2: Sete: GRY eke ne An egg. Pars, Paris... t.ebare ee A, part, of acparis Partes cquales ..Pt. xq. _... Equal parts. PORRUlUs Ree: Parvul. <... + An vintant. A sai vule. POTRUUS ood SORE Se oe eee Little. PASTHHMUS URES Pastil. .....A pastille. PEAR Biss PS eee A foot-bath. Penicillum cam- Pencil. cam.A camel’s hair pen CLITAL TN nein oes ss cil or brush. PBT ish O Re Sead er Perit eiek ee Through, By. Phidhe Ts VORr ae. £ 1 ed oh t Bape tr 5 A vial or bottle. Phiala prius agi- The bottle having

LOPE 85 wns eee P.P.-Aw>?s.. been ‘first shaken.

PRU. so ORE we | 2 1 GE re A pill. POCUVLNE | Ree Poel... . A. little; eup. POCUlMMN. Sneed 2 POET: asus A cup. POW LET 6 io ease Ee Paeticcs conte: By weight. PONUUS CLUHGE Too EA CIV ea e. Civil weight (av- oirdupois). Pondus medicin- Medicinal (apotae 14 2 EE Tin eT? te ENG De aie aa caries ) Weight POSCCCTUBY Ko ak Post cib. ..After eating. (POGUE Cas aa 3s ciate Pave Sic Drink. PROEDATAUG oa icce od 6 Eds) Mee PA Prepared TOUS AE: ic rset 8a ee gerimnus::o...che- first: TG oe chil water PVG at ok For. POs TC) ROLGr ici. Bo Be Dione OeCastiong ll y.2y. .ae- cording to cir- cumstances. BIRT rie eee e% UU kee ieee A powder. Quadrans-antis ..Quad. ..... A quart. Ouantum Wboet..Q? lib... :.. As much as you please. Quantum suficiatQ. Ss. ...... As much as may suffice. OPEQUE. ».. 2-5 Godese! Gets. ces Each, or Every. CHEK UUS ol OTS oe Cuart: vs sMourth: CHUL WLON alesee ee ck Guat sto late. Four. CPO US) -o0itoed Sate ote Quibus ....From which. TINO UWE oc ch ielae Owings? es fs Five. OUPBEWS: 2.0 ax cede Ouint. 3. i.Pheefifth: OUOWwe i. oo wee EN 2 ik hve Also. GUERIN ic aos eS ake Crore hs oe Of which. QUGht Ie i... eee Quotid. .... Daily. UM ECS oS eet acres een LC ne A Proportion. (IRE CEH S:-CNEIS:: eo AReGS) oi bah Fresh. PECCUNE. Vtetartiayili le Ries. y.Pake. Reductus in pul- Red.in pulv.Let it be reduced (ELST 20 | naan 4 St Lo age ee to powder. RCbOUUT YE. Reliq: 240 Remaining. IRODCLOCUT RS os: Rept. ok) 3GH Let it be repeated. FRETIILCTe. aye MOCELe@tLE, <2 ih. To keep. Ruber, rubra, ru- BLUM. ci Ware Pe UD neces Red, ruddy.

OMEN ». Froese Saltem ....At least.

108

LEE HE 46 oink toe -saltim .....By leaps. Saturatus-a-um ..Sat. ....... Saturated. SGGtUiG (5.5 eae Eps) oe: ] Meee ce A box. HESMGEE~.. aces AEN) cl Ce ae Namely. SCrupuUlwum oe. oes Scrup.. or pA scruple (20 gers) SCGunden. Grlem SoA ok. ss According to art BECHITIES 22 calen are Secund. ...Second. SR ETIVEN cca ic sak Sn ete oA oes dd 1 Rate Once. SeWAS OT ‘SEMISSISDS. | FP the: A half. EPEC NE: soaks Deere 3) 2) 0] Balaeilaea et Seven. Septimana ..... .Septim. ....A week. BS CSCUNCIE © DEPRES Oa aes US An ounce and a half. SCSUUANOTOR He se ees acta An hour and a half SED eh Re wlan tis ahs SRE Sls tS) See eS SS PEST cee If. MOTEL Sect d are eat Ses 75 Single he Write, or Mark (thou). Signatur nomine Let it be written DT ODIO ree Se oe Sig.nom. pro with its proper name. SR INGET NS = so) a nate Sint as: Together. EME ek eae Sim. Bsns Without. Singulorum ..... Sines); se eee Of each. St..0PUs Sits ots Si op. sit ..1f necessary. SUE Ty hic chi ee ett ae Sitetr sees Let it be. SOUS Oe aaa is ae SOL ai. SEAS Alone SOLVE Do. outer SOV! Gee Dissolve. DOMBUS Hie cee Somnus. ...Sleep. Spiritus vini rec- Rectified spirit of (iicCOlus ne .Spt.vin.rect. wine (alcohol). Spiritus vini te- WANTS eT 22 eee Spt. vin. ten.Proofspirit. RQET I tie cho eek ES (ich ae ae Immediately. Stet fares tents:. Stree See he Let it (or them) stand. SUbiNGe sess See Subind. ....Frequently. Sumat talem ....Sum. tal. ..Let him take one like this. Sume noone eee SUM Sse... Take. S607 0. 20 See ae SiUpras a.atn Above. Pabewiat!. tees Tab: .. vaste A lozenge.

UAT Th a ep err ok Patan geese Such a one.

OBC rN en tocar Se Pa Or. POET Oita cf ada ahha shake desis Ra Pere SIMU. ee Tere sim PERlIUS ARs MOR eis LaNCLULE te ae Tne: or cr. DOSS 28s Sa erase wares GES, “Sak ores DTTC UWWIR oe a oe Cas Ns ieee PTGCONE oh kt cies RRR eet Troschiscus, Tro-

CRASUB Sa lea EP TOCH sie we TER EER? ne cic ae SIRES tetas hes:

Ultimo (or Ulti- ma) prescriptusUlt. prese Una U

Se @) Ba ONO <a Oe (Oe Pee jie evs) ays 8 4

WIDOUD: Neo Reg ceca ate Une. or e RET OLCOUNE ass «ae 1B Rc i 5) ee Vas viireum '.. <..Vas vit Vehiculum ...... Velie: 225 3) 2 ee a Aa n= a ee a WCSTICT-CTTS vas x ce Vesp

MTCES eS ane cnet NA NGh ae one a oter TILES Ss Sts SS Vin

MBO SAGs als ped slow Melee Vig dace & PECTS, oat, siege Vitel

Vitreum, Vitrum..Vitr. Volatilis, is, Vola- tile

Volat.

“ee ee

Thrice, or Three times.

I rub.

Three days. Triturate. A lozenge troche.

A cough.

or

.The last ordered.

Together.

..An ounce.

..As directed. ..A glass vessel.

A vehicle or men- struum. Or.

: rae The evening.

Turns.

.. Wine.

Strength.

io Cok:

Volatile.

110 INCOMPATIBILITY.

In prescription writing, incompatibility may be defined as an interference, with each other, of the constituents of a mixture in a way not intended by the prescriber. Sometimes there is intentional incompatibility by the prescriber as in the case of white lotion, p. 89.

There are three types of incompatibility: Chemic, Pharmaceutic and Physiologic.

Chemic Incompatibility occurs when a new chemic compound results. In general it may be recognized in one of three ways: 1. By precip- itation—the formation of an insoluble com- pound. 2. By effervescence or explosion—evo- lution of gas. 3. By a change in color. An- other form may be referred to, because it is not easy to recognize any change and therefore more dangerous. A new product may be formed, possibly of a poisonous nature and remain in solution without in the least chang- ing the appearance of the mixture. The avoid- ance of this form of incompatibility rests upon a knowledge of the ordinary chemic reactions, and the knowledge cannot be too greatly ¢m- phasized. Chemic incompatibility is not always evident immediately, some little time may elapse before changes occur. A general rule is that substances are incompatible if they are used in testing for each other or if they form antidotes.

Pharmaceutic Incompatibility results in the production of an unsightly appearance due to physical changes. It is, therefore, largely a question of solvents and solubility, and often

111

occurs when solids or liquids are added to solu- tions, thereby changing their densities. It occurs when there is a combination of such sub- stances as are physically incapable of mixing; - thus, if spirit of nitrous ether be added to tincture of guaicum a gelatinous mass will re- sult, or if resinous tinctures be added to aqueous solutions the resins will separate.

Physiologic or Therapeutic Incompatibility depends upon the antagonistic or opposite physiologic or therapeutic actions of the drugs, so that one drug may weaken or neutralize the action of another with regard to its effects upon the tissues. Atropine and pilocarpine are ex- amples of antagonists therapeutically. No two drugs, however, are exactly opposed to each other, throughout their whole range of action, and more or less latitude in this respect may be permitted in prescribing.

Incompatibility must always be kept in mind in writing a prescription. It is best avoided, as a rule, by not attempting to combine too many drugs. Some general principles which it is well to keep in mind may be formulated as follows:

Acids should not be added to alkalies, alka- line salts or vegetable acids on account of de- composition and chemic change.

Solutions of alkaloids are incompatible with tannic acid, alkalies, alkaline salts, iodides and bromides on account of precipitation.

Glucosides (Digitalin, Salicin, etc.) are de- composed by acids.

A mixture of salts in solution will decom-

112

pose if either an insoluble compound or double salt can be formed.

Chloral is incompatible with alkaline solu- tions, chloroform is produced.

Potassium chlorate, nitrate or permanganate liberate oxygen and should not be mixed with readily oxidizable substances, such as charcoal, sugar, Sulphur, glycerin, carbolic acid, iodine, turpentine, and organic materials, lest explosive compounds be formed.

Lime water precipitates mercury salts. Calo- mel and prussic acid form the poisonous mer- curic cyanide.

Calomel should not be combined with nitro- hydrochloric acid as corrosive sublimate may be produced. Both calomel and antipyrin are incompatible with sweet spirit of nitre.

Liquid iron preparations are incompatible with fluid preparations of the vegetable bitters (except calumba and quassia), because the tannic acid in them forms a precipitate.

Considerable quantities of acid are incom- patible with tinctures, because ethers are formed.

Water causes precipitates with tinctures con- taining resins.

Gum arabic is incompatible with lead and iron salts and mineral acids.

Solutions of potassium chlorate and iodide unite to form a poisonous compound.

For convenient reference, the following list of the more important incompatibles, taken from Merck’s Report Ready Reference, is given.

Acacta—mineral acids; alcohol; ammonia;

ts

antimony and potassium tartrate; borax (unless syrup or glycerin is present); ether; ferric salts (not if excess of acid present); lead sub- acetate (not acetate); lead-water; mercuric chloride (concent. sol.); potassium bitartrate and tartrate; silicates; syrup squill;_ tinct. guaiac (blue color), tinctures (alcoholic and ethereal).

ACETANILID—amyl nitrite; bromine and bro- mides of alkalies; carbolic acid; chloral hy- drate; iodides of alkalies; nitrites; piperazine; potassium hydroxide; pyrocatechin; resorcin; sodium hydroxide; spirit nitrous ether; thymol.

Acips—alcohol (with strong acids); alkalies; alkaloids; benzoates and borates (with strong acids); bismuth and ammonium citrate; bicar- bonates; bromides (of weak acids); carbon- ates; chlorides (of weak acids); iodides (of weak bases);. metallic salts (with organic acids); pancreatin; potassium and sodium tar- trate; potassium tartrate; salicylates; silicates.

Acip, ARSENoUS—copper sulphate; decoction cinchona; dialyzed iron; ferric hydrate; lime water; salts of aluminium, antimony, barium, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, magnesium, mercury, silver, zinc; potassium iodide; tannic acid; vegetable astringent decoctions and in- ‘fusions.

Acip, Brenzoic—free bromine or chlorine; ferric salts; hydrogen dioxide with sulphuric acid; urethane.

Actip, Boric—alkaline hydrates; alkaline earths (hydrates); carbonates. See also Borates.

114

Actp, CaRBoLIic—acetanilid; albumin; anti- pyrin; antisepsin; bromal hydrate; bromine water; butyl chloral hydrate; camphor; cam- phor monobromated; chloral hydrate; collodion; diuretin; exalgin; ferric salts; gelatin (in di- lute solution); hydrogen dioxide; lead acetate; mé@nthol; naphtalin; najphtol; nitric acid; phenacetin; potassium permanganate; pyro- gallol; resorcin; salol; sodium phosphate; thymol; urethane; terpin hydrate.

Acip, CHromic—alcohol; bromides; chlorides; ether; glycerin; hypophosphites; iodides; oxal- ates; sulphides; sulphites; tartrates. See also chromates.

Acip, Cirric—acetates; acids (mineral); car- bonates; potassium tartrate; sulphides. See also citrates.

Acip, GALLIc—arsenic acid; carbonates; cop- per salts; ferric salts (if excess of acid absent) ; gold salts; lead acetate; iodine; lime water; nitric acid; opium in solution; potassium per- manganate; silver salts; sodium bicarbonate; tartar emetic.

Acip, HyprocHLoric—alkalies; bromates; carbonates; chlorates; chromates; lead salts; mercurous salts; oxides; permanganates; silver salts; tartar emetic. See also chlorides.

Activ, HyprocyaNnic, DinuTE—acids (mineral) ; antimony oxide; copper and iron salts; mer- cury oxide; silver nitrate; sulphides. See also cyanides. :

Actip, LActic—albumin; milks; oxidizers gen- erally.

Acip, Nitric—alcohol, alkalies; carbonates;

115

ferrous sulphate; lead acetate; oils (essential) ; sulphides.

Acid, Osmic—all organic or oxidizable sub- stances; iodides.

Acip, OxaLic—arsenates; gold salts; metallic salts generally (all but those of aluminium, chromium and magnesium).

Acip, PxHospHoric, Mrra—albumin; ferric chloride; gelatin; lead acetate; silver nitrate.

Actp, PHosPpHoRIC, OrtTHo—chlorides of bari- um, calcium and magnesium (in ammoniacal solutions); lead acetate; silver nitrate; soluble iron phosphate; and pyrophosphate.

Acip, Picric—albumin; alkaloids; gelatin; oxidizable substances; piperazine.

Acip, SaLticyLtic—Ferric salts; exalgin; lead acetate; lime water; potassium iodide; quinine salts; sodium phosphate; spirit- nitrous ether; urethane.

Acip, SuLPpHURIC—alcohol; barium and cal- cium salts; carbonates; hypophosphorous acid; metals; oils (essential); lead, mercurous, silver and strontium salts; organic substances; sul- phides; vegetable astringent infusions.

Acip, TANNIc—albumin; alkaloids; amyl nitrite; antipyrin; arsenic acid; bromine; cal- cium chloride (concent. solution); chlorine; chromic acid; ferric salts; gelatin; glucosides; gluten; hydrochloric acid; iodine; iodoform; lime water; nitric acid; permanganate; pipera- zine; salts of antimony, bismuth, chromium, copper, gold, lead, mercury and silver; spirit nitrous ether; potassium chlorate or other oxidi- zers; sulphuric acid; potassium bichromate.

116

Acip, TArRTARIC—alkalies; calcium salts; car- bonates; lead salts; lime water; mercury salts; vegetable astringents.

ACONITINE—hot acids, alkalies or water. An- tagonists; atropine; digitalis; morphine; sco- parin; strychnine. See also alkaloids.

ALBUMIN—acetic acid (with heat); alcohol; alum; ammonium sulphate; camphor; carbolic acid; coniine; collodion; copper sulphate; ether; ferric chloride; heat; hydrogen peroxide; lactic acid; mercuric chloride; metallic salts; meta- phosphoric acid; mineral acids; picric acid; tan- nic acid; thymol; volatile oils.

ALcoHoL—acacia; albumin; bromine; chlor- ine; chromic acid; inorganic salts; mercuric chloride; mineral acids; potassium permanga- nate. Antagonists: Cocaine; strychnine.

ALKALOIDS—alkalies; alkali carbonates and bicarbonates; ammonium chloride; benzoates; bichromates; bromides; borax; cyanides; gold chloride; ichthyol; iodides; mercuric chloride; oxalic acid; picric acid; piperazine; potassio- mercuric iodide (not if acacia present); oxidiz- ers; sodium phosphate; tannic acid; salicylates.

Ators—mercury nitrate; silver nitrate.

Atoin—Alkali hydrates; bromine water; fer- ric chloride; lead acetate, basic (not neutral) ; tannic acid.

AtumM—alkali hydrates; borax; carbonates; galls; kino; lead acetate; lime water; magnesia and magnesium carbonate; mercury salts; phosphates; tartaric acid; potassium chlorate.

AMMONIUM CARBONATE—acid salts; alkalies; alum; calomel; copper, iron, lead and silver

AIS af

salts; magnesia; magnesium sulphate; mer- curic chloride; potassium bitartrate and bisul- phate; tartar emetic; zinc sulphate. See also carbonates.

AMYL NitTritE—alcohol; antipyrin; caustic potassa. Antagonists: chloroform, cocaine; morphine; strychnine.

ANGUSTURA—acids (mineral; cinchona infu- sion; copper sulphate; galls infusion; ferrous sulphate; lead acetate; mercuric chloride; sil- ver nitrate; catechu infusion; zine sulphate.

ANTHEMIS—cinchona infusion; gelatin; iron salts; lead salts; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate.

ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE—acacia; acids (mineral); albumin; alcohol; alkalies; ammonia; ammonium carbonate; antipyrin; bicarbonates; calcium chloride; carbonates; gelatin; lead salts; lime water; mercuric chlo- ride; metallic salts; sulphides; tannic acid; vegetable decoctions and infusions.

ANTIMONY SwvuLPpHiIpE—chlorates and _ other oxidizers; nitric acid.

ANTIPYRIN—alum; ammonia water; amyl nitrite; benzoates; beta naphtol; bromine; car- bolic acid; calomel; chloral hydrate; copper sulphate; chromic acid; cinchona alkaloids; euphorin; ferric chloride; ferrous sulphate; hydrocyanic acid; iodides; iodine; lead subacet- ate; mercuric chloride; potassium permanga- nate; pyrocatechin;, pyrogallol; resorcin; sodi- um bicarbonate; sodium salicylate; solution arsenic and mercury iodide; spirit nitrous ether; syrup ferrous iodide; tartar emetic;

118

tannic acid; thymol; urethane; infusions’ of catechu, cinchona, rose leaves and uva_ ursi; tinctures of catechu, cinchona, hamamelis, io- dine and rhubarb; orthoform.

APOMORPHINE HyprocHLORIDE—alkali_ hy- drates and carbonates; alkaloidal reagents gen- erally; ferric chloride; iodides; lime water; permanganates; picric acid; silver nitrate; tan- nic acid. Antagonists: chloral hydrate; chloro- form; strychnine. :

Aristot—Water; substances having affinity for iodine.

ARNIcA—acids (mineral); ferrous sulphate, lead acetate; zinc sulphate.

ARSENATES—hypophosphites; iodides and sulphides in acid solutions; salts of aluminium, antimony, barium, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc in neutral solu- tions; tannic acid; iron salts.

ARSENIC—See acid arsenous.

ARSENIC lIopipE—alkaloids generally.

ARSENITES—dialyzed iron; ferric hydrate; hy- pophosphorous acid and hypophosphites (in acid solution); salts of heavy metals; tannic acid; copper sulphate; potassium iodide; silver nitrate; sulphides; vegetable astringent decoc- tions and infusions.

ATROPINE—See belladonna.

BaLsSAM Preru—ferric salts; iodoform; hydro- gen peroxide.

Barium Sautrs—carbonates; chromates; ox- alic acid or oxalates; phosphoric acid or phosphates; sulphuric acid or sulphates; tannic acid; tartaric acid or tartrates. ;

19

BrELLADONNA—alkaloidal precipitants; alkali hydrates or acids with heat; tannic acid; vege- table decoctions or infusions. Antagonists: Aconitine; bromal hydrate; chloral hydrate; hydrocyanic acid; jaborandi; morphine; mus- carine; physostigmine; phytolacca; pilocarpine; quinine.

BENZALDEHYDE—ammonia water; caustic po- tassa; phenol, resorcin or pyrocatechin in ab- sence of hydrochloric acid; sodium bisulphite.

BENZOATES—acids; ferric salts.

BENZOIN—acids; alkalies; water.

BERBERINE SALTS—alkaloidal precipitants, sol- uble tartrates.

BICARBONATES—like carbonates.

BISMUTH AND AMMONIUM CITRATE—acids.

BISMUTH SUBGALLATE—Aacids.

BISMUTH SUBNITRATE—alkali carbonates and hydrates; calomel; hypophosphites; gallic acid; iodides; salicylic acid; sulphur, tannic acid.

BorAtEes—acids (mineral); alkaloidal salts; metallic salts.

BromMaLt Hyprate—acetamide; borneol; car- bolic acid; exalgin; menthol; pyrocatechin; urea; urethrane. Antagonist.. Atropine.

BroMipes—acids; alkaloids; antimony salts; bismuth salts; chlorine water; chlorates (in acid solution); chromates (in acid solution) ; copper, lead, mercurous, and silver salts; spirit nitrous ether (if acid); nitric acid.

BROMINE WaAtTER—alkali hydrates; arsenites; ferrous salts; hypophosphites; hydriodic acid; mercurous salts.

120

BroMororM—caustic alkalies; aqueous liquids.

Bucnu—ferrous sulphate; infusion galls.

BUTYL-CHLORAL HypraTe Croton-chloral Hy- drate)—acetamide; alkalies; camphor; carbolic acid; exalgin; menthol; piperazine; pyroca- techin; thymol; urethane.

CADMIUM Satts (Soluble)—alkalies, carbon- ates; chromates; phosphates; sulphides.

CAFFEINE—like alkaloids in general. Antag- onists: chloral hydrate; cocaine; morphine; physostigmine.

CALCIUM CARBONATE—acids; alum; ammo- nium chloride.

Catcium Sats (Soluble)—alkalies; carbon- ates; citrates (with heat); oxalates; phos- phates; tartrates.

CALOMEL—See mercurous chloride.

CALUMBA—acids (mineral); ammonia; cin- chona infusion; galls infusion; ferric salts; lead acetate; lime water; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic.

Campuor—butyl-chloral hydrate; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; chromic acid; dichlor- acetic acid; euphorin; hydrochloric acid; men- thol; monochloracetic acid; naphthol; potas- sium permanganate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; salol; salicylic acid; thymol; ureth- ane; water.

CaMPHOR, MoNoBROMATED—Carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; euphorin; pyrocatechin; salol; thymol.

CANTHARIDIN—copper sulphate; lead acetate; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate.

CapstcumM—alum; ammonia; carbonates (alka-

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line); copper sulphate; ferrous sulphate; galls infusion; lead acetate; ‘mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; zinc sulphate.

CARBONATES—acids; acid salts; alkaloidal salts; bismuth subnitrate; salts of aluminium, antimony, barium, bismuta, cadium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, (ic and ous), lead, manganese, mercury (ic and ous), nickel, silver, strontium and zinc; urethane.

CarDAMOM—acids; ferrous sulphate; mercuric chloride.

CaTecHu—acids (mineral); albumin; alka- lies; calcium salts; cinchona infusion; ferric and ferrous salts; gelatin; lime water; mer- curic chloride; zinc sulphate.

CHARCOAL—all oxidizers (potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate, etc.).

CHLORAL. HyprAtEe—acetanilid; alcohol; al- kalies; ammonium salts; borax; borneol; cam- phor; camphor monobromated; carbolic acid; diuretin; euphorin; exalgin; glycerin (with heat); lead acetate; menthol; mercuric oxide and nitrate; phenacetin; piperazine; potassium cyanide; potassium permangante; potassium iodide; pyrocatechin; quinine sulphate; salol; sodium phosphate; thymol; urea; urethane. Antagonists: ammonium chloride; atropine; brucine; carbolic acid; caffeine; cocaine; co- deine; digitalis; physostigmine; | picrotoxin; ‘strychnine; thebaine.

CHLORATES—ammonium picrate; arsenites or bromides (in acid solution); carbolic acid; charcoal; cyanides; ferrous salts (in acid solu- tion); gallic acid; glycerin; honey; hydro-

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chloric acid; hypophosphites; hyposulphites; iodides (in acid solution) ; iodine; iron (re- duced); lycopodium; mercurous salts (in acid solution); oxalic acid; phosphorus (amor- phous); sulphides in acid solution; sulphuric acid; salicylic acid; shellac; starch; sugar; sulphides; sulphites.

CHLORIDES—hydrogen peroxide; lead, mer- curous, and silver salts; nitric and sulphuric acids.

CHLORINATED LimE—fats; glycerine; iodides; oils.

CHLORINE WATER—alkalies; ammonium salts; arsenous salts; bromides; ferrous salts; hypo- phosphites; iodides; lead salts; lime water; mercurous salts; oxalic acid; silver salts.

CHLOROFORM—Ccaustic alkalies; aqueous fluids. Antagonists: amyl nitrite.

CHROMATES—bDarium, bismuth, lead, mangan- ese, mercury, silver, and strontium salts.

CINcHONA—acids (mineral); alkalies; car- bonates; alkaloidal precipitants; ferric and ferrous salts; lead acetate; lime water; mag- nesia; mercuric chloride; rhubarb infusion; sil- ver nitrate; tartar emetic; zinc sulphate.

CirraAtes—alecohol; lead acetate; potassium permanganate (in acid solution); silver nitrate.

CocAINE—acids (concent.); alkaloidal precip- itants;. alkalies; caustic alkalies; hot water. Cocaine hydrochloride is incompatible with calomel, chloroform water, mercuric oxide and Silver nitrate. Antagonists: alcohol; amyl ni- trite; caffeine; chloral hydrate; digitalis; morphine.

123

CoprINE—alkalies; alkaloidal precipitants; ammonium bromide or chloride; ammonium valerianate; copper, iron, and lead salts. An- tagonist: chloral hydrate.

CoLcHiIcINe—acids; alkalies; alkaloidal pre- cipitants.

CoLLopIon—carbolic acid; aqueous fluids.

CoLocyntH—alkalies; ferrous sulphate; lead sulphate; lime water; mercuric chloride; sil- ver nitrate.

ConrIInE—albumin; aluminium salts; alkaloid- al precipitants; chromic acid; copper, iron, manganese, and zinc salts.

ContumM—acids (vegetable); alkalies; tannic acid.

CopaAIBA—acids (mineral); caustic alkalies; both calcium hydrate and magnesia solidify it; water.

CoprpeR AMMONIATED—acids; alkalies; lime water.

CoPpPER SULPHATE—alkalies; ammonium ace- tate; arsenites; arsenous acid; calcium chlo- ride; carbonates; ferric acetate; glucose (in alk. sol.); iodides; lead acetate; lime water; mercuric chloride; potassium tartrate; phos- phates; silver nitrate; sodium borate; vege- table astringent infusions and tinctures.

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE—See mercuric chloride.

CREOSOTE (BEECHWOoOoD)—acacia; albumin; cupric, ferric, gold, and silver salts; nitric acid; oxidizers.

CyYANIDES—acids; alkaloids; chloral hydrate; iodine, lead, mercurous, and silver salts; per-

124

manganates; potassium chlorate; potassium nitrate. Antagonist: atropine.

DeEcoctions—like infusions.

DieiTaLis—acids; alkalies; alkaloidal precipi- tants; cinchona infusion; ferrous sulphate; lead acetate; tannic acid and other vegetable astrin- gents. Antagonists: aconite; chloral hydrate; cocaine; glonoin; muscarine; saponin; sco- parin; strychnine.

DIURETIN—acids; bicarbonates; borates; car- bolic acid; chloral hydrate; ferric chloride; phosphates; phosphoric acid. Also those of salicylates.

Ereot—alkaloidal precipitants; tannic acid.

ETHER—bromine; chromic acid. ;

ETHER AceETIC—alkalies; chlorine water; chromic acid; water. ;

ETHYL BroMipE—alkalies; ammonia water.

EKUCALYPTOL—potassium permanganate.

ExAaLGin—bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hy- drate; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; euphorin; menthol; naphtol; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; salicylic acid; salol; thymol; ureth- ane.

FORMALDEHYDE—albumin; alkalies; ammonia; bisulphites; gelatin; copper, gold and _ silver salts; phenylhydrazine; iron and tannin prepa- rations.

GELATIN—alcohol; alumnol; chlorine water; ferric salts; formaldehyde; mercuric chloride; metaphosphoric acid; picric acid; platinum chloride; potassium ferrocyanide; tannic acid; tartar emetic.

125

GENTIAN—ferric and ferrous salts; lead ace- tate.

GLonoIn—alkalies; carbonates; hydrochloric acid; hydriodic acid. GLUCOSIDES—acids; alkalies; ferments; lead acetate and subacetate; hot water; tannic acid.

GLYCERIN—Cchromic acid; hot acids; lead ox- ide; potassium permanganate; silver nitrate.

GLYCYRRHIZIN, AMMONIATED—acids (min- eral); alkalies; metallic salts.

GOLD AND SopiuM CHLOoRIDE—alkalies; alka- loids; arsenites; hypophosphorous acid; ferrous and mercurous salts; organic substances; oxalic acid; potassium iodide; sulphurous acid; thy- mol; vegetable infusions.

GuAIAC Restn—acids (mineral); acacia; chlo- rine water; chromic acid; ferric and gold chlo- rides; metallic salts; potassium permanganate; spirit nitrous ether.

GuaAtIAcoLt—like creosote.

HoMATROPINE—like belladonna.

Hyprastis—alkaloidal precipitants.

HypRoGEN Dt1oxiprE—alkalies; albumin; am- monia; arsenous salts; balsam Peru; carbolic acid; charcoal; chlorides; chlorine water; citrates of alkalies; ferric salts; glycerin; gold salts; hydrocyanic acid; hypophosphites; iodides; lime water; manganese dioxide; mer- curous salts; nitrates; potassium bromide; po- tassium permanganate; sulphates; solution of chlorinated soda; tartrates; tinctures gener- ally.

HyoscyaMus—acids; alkaloidal precipitants;

126 ferrous sulphate; lead acetate; silver nitrate; vegetable astringents.

HyYPpoPpHosPHITES—arsenic salts; bromine and bromates; chlorine and chlorates; chromates; cupric salts; ferric salts; iodine and iodates; nitric acid; permanganates; sulphuric acid; sulphurous acid.

IcHTHyYOoL—acids; alcohol; alkaloids; carbon- ates; iron salts.

INFUSIONS—alkaloidal salts; aluminium-hy- drate solution; lead acetate and _ subacetate; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic.

IopIbDES—alkaloids; arsenic salts (in acid sol.); bromine; chlorine; bismuth, cupric, fer- ric, leads mercury.) (ic and ous), and silver salts; hydrogen peroxide (in acid sol.); nitric acid; nitrites (in acid sol.).

IopINE—alkalies; alkaline earths; chloral hy- drate; alkaloids; ferrous salts; hypophosphites; hyposulphites; meicurous salts, metals; oils; turpentine; starch, tannic acid.

IopororM—alkalies (with heat); balsam Peru; calomel; mercuric oxide; oils (in the light); silver nitrate; tannic acid.

IpecAc—lead acetate; vegetable astringents.

Iron (FrERRouS) Satts—alkalies; carbonates; chromates; chlorates (in acid sol.); ferricyan- ides; gold salts; hydrogen dioxide; mercuric salts; phosphates; permanganates; sulphides; tannic acid; silver salts.

Iron (FERRIC) SALTS—acacia; albumin; alka- lies; apomorphine; aloin; benzoates; carbon- ates; creosote; balsam Peru; benzoin (in alcohol sol.); diuretin; gallic acid; gelatin; guaiac;

127

guaiacol; hydriodic acid; hypophosphites; hy- posulphites; iodides; morphine; oils of bay, cloves, cinnamon, pimento, thyme, and winter- green; pyrogallol; resorcin; salol; sulphides; sulphites; salicylates; tannic acid; vegetable infusions and decoctions.

IRON CHLORIDE (FERRIC)—acacia; albumin; alkalies; carbonates; gelatin; lime water; mag- nesium carbonate; piperazine; vegetable decoc- tions, infusions and tinctures.

IRON SULPHATE (FrERROUS)—alkalies; am- monium, barium, and calcium chlorides; car- bonates; gold and silver salts; lead acetate; lime water; potassium iodide; piperazine; potassium nitrate; Rochelle salt; sodium _ bo- rate; tannin; vegetable astringent infusions.

Leap AcreTATE—acids; aikalies; bromides; carbolic acid; carbonates; chloral hydrate; chlorides; chromates; cyanides; glucosides; gums; hydrochloric acid; iodides; opium; pyro- catec.in; pyrogallol; resorcin; salicylic acid; sodium phosphate; sodium _ salicylate; sul- phates; sulphides; sulphites; tannic acid; urea; urethane; vegetable decoctions, infusions, and tinctures. :

LEAD SUBACETATE—See Sol. lead subacetate.

LupuLin—salts of iron, mercury, platinum and tin.

MaGNESIA—acids; with copaiba forms solid mass; with little water. becomes hydrated.

MAGNESIUM Sautrs—alkalies; arsenates; car- bonates; lead acetate; lime water; oxalates; phosphates; silver nitrate; sulphites;: tartrates.

MANGANESE SaLts—alkalies; carbonates; bro-

128

mine; chlorine, and iodine (in alk. sol.); cyan- ides; phosphates.

MENTHOL—bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hy- drate; camphor; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; chromic acid; exalgin; naphtol; potassium per- manganate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; thymol; urethane.

MERCURIC CHLORIDE (CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE) —albumin; alkalies; alkaloids; ammonia; anti- monous and arsenous salts; bromides; borax; carbonates; copper salts; ferrous salts; formic acid; glucosides; honey; hypophosphites or hypophosphorous acid; iodides; infusions of cinchona, columbo, oak bark, and senna; lead salts; lime water; milk; phosphates; pipera- zine; silver nitrate; soap; sulphates of potas- sium or sodium; sulphides; syrup sarsaparilla compound; tannic acid; tartar emetic; vegetable astringents; zinc salts.

MERCUROUS CHLORIDE (CALOMEL)—acacia; acids (mineral); alkalies; ammonia; antimony sulphide, golden; arsenites (in alk. mixtures) ; bromides; carbonates; chlorides; citric acid; cocaine; cyanides; copper salts; hydrocyanic acid; hydrogen peroxide; hypophosphorous acid; iodides; iodine; iodoform; lead salts; lime water; mercuric oxides; pilocarpine; so- dium bicarbonate; sugar (cane and milk; silver salts; soaps; sulphides; tragacanth.

Mercury AMMONIATEP (WHITE PRECIPITATE) —acids; alkalies; bromine; chlorine; iodine; lime water.

Mercury Iopipr, Rep—like mercuric chloride.

-— Se” 2

129

MERCURY IopIDE, YELLOW—like mercurous chloride.

‘

MeErRcuRY OxiIpDE—mineral acids; chloral hy- drate; mercuric chloride.

MERCURY SUBSULPHATE (TURPETH MINERAL) —acids; caustic alkalies.

METHYLELNE BLuE—caustic potassa; potas- sium bichromate; potassium iodide; reducing agents; sulphuric acid.

MoreHtIne—alkaloidal precipitants; borax; chlorates; ferric chloride; iodates; iodides; iodine; lead acetate and subacetate; magnesia; spirit nitrous ether; silver nitrate. See also alkaloids. Antagonists: atropine; caffeine; chloroform; cocaine; daturine; gelsemium; hyoscyamine; nicotine; paraldehyde; physos- tigmine; picrotoxin; veratrum viride.

Musk—acids (mineral); cinchona infusion; ferrous sulphate; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate.

NAPHTALIN—Carbolic acid; chromic acid; pyrocatechin; salol.

NAPHTOL Bera—antipyrin; camphor; carbolic acid; chlorinated lime; exalgin; ferric chloride; menthol; potassium permanganate; pyrocate- chin; urethane.

Nitrtres—Acetanilid; antipyrin; chlorates; - chromates; gold chloride; hypophosphites; io- dates; iodides; mercury salts (ic and ous); per- manganates; sulphites; tannic acid; vegetable astringent decoctions; infusions or tinctures.

NITROGLYCERIN—See glonoin.

Nux Vomica—see strychnine.

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Or TURPENTINE—bromine; chlorine; iodine; water.

Om WINTERGREEN—like acid salicylic.

OptuM—alkalies; alkaloidal precipitants; car- bonates; catechu; cinchona; copper salts; galls; iron salts; kino; lead acetate and subacetate; lime water; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; zinc sulphate. Antagonists: see morphine.

OXxALATES—See oxalic acid.

PANCREATIN—acids; alcohol; sodium chloride (in excess). '

PARALDEHYDE—alkalies; hydrocyanic acid; iodides; oxidizers.

Prepsin—alcohol; alkalies; tannic acid; vege- table decoctions and infusions.

PHENACETIN—acids (strong; alkalies (strong); carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; _ io- dine; oxidizers; piperazine; pyrocatechin; sali- cylic acid.

PHENOCOLL HybDROCHLORIDE—acids (nitric or nitro-hydrochloric); alum; benzoates; chloral hydrate; cinchona; compound tincture or decoc- tion; mercuric chloride; piperazine; potassium acetate, bicarbonate, bromide, citrate or sul- phate.

PHOSPHATES—Ssee acid phosphoric.

PHOSPHORUS—all oxidizers.

PHYSOSTIGMINE—See alkaloids. Antagonists: atropine; caffeine; chloral hydrate; morphine; strychnine.

PicroToxiIn—acids. Antagonists: chloral hy- drate; morphine.

PILOCARPINE HyprocHLoripe—alkaloidal pre-

131

cipitants; calomel; potassium permanganate. Antagonists: atropine.

PIPERAZINE—acetanilid; alkaloidal salts; alum; butyl-chloral hydrate; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; copper sulphate; ferric chlor- ide; ferrous sulphate; mercuric chloride; phen- acetin; phenocoll hydrochloride; picric. acid; potassium permanganate; quinine; silver ni- trate; solution arsenic and mercury iodide; so- dium salicylate; spirit nitrous ether; tannic acid.

Porassa, SULPHURATED—acids; acid salts.

POTASSIUM AND SopiuM TARTRATE—acids; ammonium chloride; barium salts; calcium salts; lead salts; magnesium sulphate; silver nitrate; sodium sulphate.

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE—acids (mineral) ; alcohol; ammonia; arsenites; bromides; car- bolic acid; chlorides; charcoal; fats; ferrous salts; glycerine; gums; hydrogen dioxide; hy- pophosphites; hyposulphites; mercurous salts; oils; organic substances; oxalic acid; oxalates; picrie acid; piperazine; sulphites; tannic acid; tartaric acid.

PyYoKTANIN—alkalies; mercuric chloride.

PyROcATECHIN—acetanilid; alkalies; antipy- rin; ammonium carbonate; bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hydrate; camphor; camphor mono- bromated; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; diu- retin; euphorin; exalgin; ferric cnloride; leau acetate; menthol; naphtalin; napntol; nitric acid; phenacetin; pyrogallcl; resorcin; salol; sodium phosphate; thymol; urea; urethane.

PyroGALLot—alkalies; ammonia; antipyrine;

132

camphor; carbolic acid; diuretin; exalgin; fer- ric acetate or chloride; ferrous sulphate; gold salts; iodine; lead acetate; lime water; men- thol; mercury salts; potassium permanganate; pyrocatechin; sodium phosphate; urea; ure- thane.

QUININE AND Saxtts—like alkaloids.

Resin—carbolic acid; caustic alkalies; men- thol; salol; thymol; urethane.

Resorcin—acetanilid; albumin; alkalies; an- tipyrin; camphor; exalgin; ferric chloride; menthol; potassium iodide (in alk. sol.); spirit nitrous ether; urethane.

RiuvuUBARB—acids (mineral); ferrous sulphate; infusion of catechu; cinchona or galls; lead acetate; lime water; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic; zinc sulphate.

SALICYLATES—Ssee acid, salicylic.

SaLoLt—alkalies (with heat); bromine water; camphor; camphor monobromated; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; exalgin; ferric chloride; naphtalin; pyrocatechin; resin; thymol; ure- thane.

SARSAPARILLA—-galls infusion; leaa acetate; lime water; mercuric chloride (with comp. syr. of).

SENNA—acids (mineral); carbonates; cin- chona infusion; lead acetate; lime water; mer- curic chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic.

SILVER NiItTrRATE—acetates; alcohol; alkalies; antimony salts; arsenites; bromides; carbon- ates; chlorides; chromates; creosote; cyanides; copper salts; ferrous sulphate; glucose; hypo- phosphites; iodides; morphine salts; oils;

|

133

manganous salts; organic substances; phos- phates; sulphides; sulphates; tartrates; vege- table astringent infusions and decoctions.

SILVER OxipE—antimony and arsenic. sul- phides; bismuth; copper, iron and mercury salts; creosote; iodine; organic substances; phosphorus; tannic acid.

SopIUM HyYPOSULPHITE ( THIOSULPHATE ) — acids; barium, lead, mercuroxs, and silver salts; arsenic and ferric salts, and chromates and per- manganates (all in acid solution); chlorates; iodine; nitrates; oxidizers.

SopiIuM :PHosPHATE—alkaloids; antipyrine; carbolic acid; choral hydrate; lead acetate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; salicylic acid; sodium salicylate. See also acid, phos- phorie.

SOLUTION ARSENIC AND Mercury IODIDE (DoNOVAN’S SOLUTION )—alkaloids; caustic alka- lies; piperazine. See also acid arsenous and

iodides.

SOLUTION. LEAD SUBACETATE—acacia; acids (organic); albumin; alkaloids; antipyrine; glu- cosides. Otherwise like lead acetate.

SOLUTION SODIUM SILICATE—acacia; acids; al- cohol.

Sprrir AMMONIA, AROMATIC lime water; aqueous fiuids.

Spirit CAMPHOR—acacia; aqueous fluids; gelatin.

Spirit LEMon—acacia, aqueous fluids; gelatin.

Spirit Nirrous HrHEer—acacia; ~~ acetanilid; alkalies; antipyrin; carbonates; ferrous sul- phate; gelatin; guaiac tincture; iodides; mor-

acids; acid salts;

134

phine; tannic acid; piperazine; preparations of uva ursi: thymol. See also nitrites.

SPIRIT PEPPERMINT—acacia; aqueous fiuids; gelatin.

STARCH (IN SOLUTION)—acids; alcohol; alka- - lies; diastase; iodine; lead subacetate; lime water; tannic acid.

STRAMONIUM—acids (mineral) salts of iron, lead, mercury and silver. Otherwise like bella- donna.

STRONTIUM SALTS—alkalies; carbonates; chro- mates; oxalates; phosphates; sulphates.

STRYCHNINE—all alkaloidal precipitants. An- tagonists: aconite; alcohol; amyl nitrite; atro- pine; chloral hydrate; chloroform; curarine; digitalis; hydrocyanic acid; morphine; nico- tine; paraldehyde; physostigmine; potassium bromide; urethane.

SULPHATES—see acid sulphuric.

SuLPHUR—potassium chlorate; potassium per- manganate.

TARAXACUM—g8alls infusion, iron, lead, mer- cury and silver salts.

TARTAR EMETIC—See antimony and potassium tartrate.

TEREBENE—Chlorine; bromine; iodine; water.

THEOBROMINE SALTs—gold, mercury and sil- ver salts; water. See also diuretin.

Tuymot—Acetanilid; antipyrin; butyl-chloral hydrate; camphor; camphor monobramated; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; exalgin; gold salts; menthol; pyrocatechin; quinine sulphate; resin; salol; spirit nitrous ether; urethane.

135

TRAGACANTH—alcohol; copper sulphate; fer- rous sulphate; lead acetate (basic and neutral).

UrEA—bromal hydrate; chloral hydrate; lead acetate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol.

UreETHANE—aldehydes; alkalies; antipyrin; benzoic acid; bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hydrate; camphor; carbonates; carbolic acid; exalgin; menthol; naphtol; pyrocatechin; pyro- gallol; resin; resorcin; salicylic acid; salol; thymol.

Uva Ursi—alkalies; gelatin; cinchona infu- sion; iron and lead salts; opium; silver nitrate; spirit nitrous ether; tartar emetic.

VALERIAN—Cinchona infusion; iron and silver salts.

VEGETABLE PREPARATIONS—iron and lead salts.

WatrerR—alcoholic extracts and_ tinctures; alkaloids generally; collodion; fats; oils; gum resins; resins; resinous extracts and tinctures.

ZINC SALTS—acacia; alkalies; arsenates; car- bonates; cyanides; lime water; milk; oxalates; phosphates; sulphates; sulphides; vegetable as- tringent decoctions and infusions.

EXAMPLES OF INCOMPATIBILITY IN PRESCRIPTIONS *

Sodii Boratis, er Zinci Sulphatis, ors ot Il Aquae Camphorae, fan Aquae Rosae, qs. ad., acre

M. Sig. Put one drop in each eye night and morning. ,

The zinc is entirely precipitated by the borax, producing a white flocculent precipitate of zinc borate or hydrate. If dispensed, the precipitate should be filtered out.

Iodine, Sr. AEE

Spirit of Camphor, £Z :

Soap Liniment, i

Mix and label. Apply as directed.

This makes a clear brownish-red solution, w...cu on standing two or three days loses much of its color, becoming light brown. On applying the starch test for free iodine no blue color was obtained. According to Muir and Morley, iodine with camphor forms a hydrocarbon and other substances.

R

Liquor Ferri Chloridi,

{5 Ij Potassii Chloratis, 24 23, @.6 Glycerini, {25

*From Ruddiman's ‘“‘Incompatibilities in Prescriptions.” John Wiley & Sons, Publishers.

137

M. Sig. Teaspoonful twice a day.

There is considerable danger of having an explosion in attempting to fill this. If the potas- sium chlorate is rubbed with the glycerin, ex- ; plosion is liable to take place or if the chlorate be added to the solution of ferric chloride, which always contains some free hydrochloric acid, chlorine will be formed, and this will act upon the glycerin, converting it into oxalic and carbonic acids. In filling this the temperature should not go above 70°F., and then the bottle should be loosely stoppered for a time before giving out.

R

lodoform, an Mix and label. Dust over abraided surface. No change is noticed in the appearance of this mixture on standing. The odor of the iodoform slowly diminishes, and, according to the U. S. Dispensatory (17th Ed.), this is due to the de- composition of the iodoform by the tannic acid.

R

Sodii Salicylatis,

Pannic. acid. . aa

31y ss

Syrupi Limonis, eae

M. Sig. Teaspoonful three times a day.

On standing, the citric acid in the: syrup com- bines with the sodium, liberating salicylic acid, which, being only sparingly soluble in water, is precipitated in needle-shaped crystals. This can be dispensed as a shake mixture. The precipi-

138

tation is rather tardy and it would be well to give notice of the change which will take place.

Re

Liquoris Potass. Arsenitis, ieee Hydrargyri Chloridi Cor., Sti Aquae, fs ee

Misce et fiat sol. Sig. Dessert spoonful three times a day.

Fowler’s solution is alkaline, due to the excess of potassium bicarbonate used in making the solution. Boiling with water con- verts the bicarbonate into the normal carbonate of potassium to some extent. Either the bicar- bonate or the normal carbonate precipitates mercuric chloride in solution as the red-brown mercuric oxychloride. If the solution of arsen- ous acid be used, instead of Fowler’s solution it will not give a precipitate with corrosive sublimate.

R

Quininae Sulph., fat whe. ¢ Potassi Acetatis, oT Kx Acidi Sulphurici Dil., gtt Iv

Aquae, q.-s. ad,

M.S. Teaspoonful after meals.

On dissolving the quinine sulphate in part of the cinnamon water with the aid of the _sul-

139

phuric acid, then adding the potassium acetate previously dissolved in the remainder of the water, a voluminous precipitate of quinine ace- tate is obtained. Quinine acetate is only spar- ingly soluble in water, and the amount here formed is so large and bulky that it is difficult to pour out an even dose.

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Acidi Carbolici, Ziss

Aquae, q. Ss. ad, M. S. Use with camel-hair brush.

Water can be added to carbolic acid, until the proportion is about 3 parts of acid to 1 part of water, forming a clear solution. (Allen). On adding more water the acid separates as an oily liquid, going to the bottom. When water has been added so that the proportion is about 1 part of acid to 15 parts of water, a clear solu- tion again results. In this prescription there will be a layer of liquefied acid in the bottom of the bottle. If the brush should remain in the bottle between the periods of using it there is danger that it will become saturated with the strong acid and that it will be applied in this condition. By the use of some glycerin in place of part of the water a clear solution can be made and this is what should be done.

R

Syrupi Acidi Hydriodici,

ih

Bismuthi Subnit, eas

140 M. S. Teaspoonful three times a day.

The bismuth subnitrate is. insoluble in the syrup, but a chemical reaction takes place be- tween it and the hydrioaic acid, as is evidenced by the change in color. Bismuth subnitrate is white; on mixing it with the syrup the color becomes yellow, and within a few minutes it turns to a dark brown and then grayish black. On allowing the precipitate to settle it appears to be a mixture of two compounds, one yellow and the other dark gray. According to Watts’ Dictionary, the oxyiodide of bismuth is copper- colored and the bismuth iodide is a brilliant gray.

ag Alcohol, - 30 ce: Iodine, 10 gm. Turpentine, 200-ce:

Mix. To be used as a spray.

If the turpentine is poured upon the iodine violent chemical reaction results, with the for- mation of violet fumes of vaporized iodine, caused by the heat generated. While there is not enough of alcohol to dissolve all of the iodine, it is best to dissolve as much as pos- sible before adding the turpentine, which should be added in small portions, cooling the mixture if necessary. Upon standing the liquid sepa- rates into two layers. The lower one, being much smaller in amount and very dark colored, is probably the alcohol holding most of the

141

iodine in solution; the upper stratum is very much lighter in color and is probably the tur- pentine. Turpentine and alcohol are not misci- ble in all proportions.

R

Bismuth Subnit., -—

Oo Ai

Sodii Bicarbonatis, Srx xe

Reo Riane pil. Now 2x

In mixing these two substances chemical re- action takes place, with the liberation of carbon dioxide, which causes the mass to swell to sev- eral times its original size. This reaction goes on slowly requiring several hours for its com- pletion, and the mass should not be made into pills until the reaction has been completed. If the subcarbonate had been substituted for the subnitrate incompatibility would have been avoided and the same physiologic effects ob- tained.

R

Potassii Bromidi, grxv Hydrargyri Chlor. Mitis, 2rxv Misce et fiat pulvis: Mitte tales No. XII.

If the ingredients are powdered separately and are perfectly dry when mixed no chemical reaction takes place. But upon addition or wa- ter or in the presence of moisture the powder becomes dark gray in color. The darkening is due to the formation of metallic mercury. At

142

the same time some of the calomel is converted into a mercuric salt, rendering the prescription dangerous. It should not be dispensed.

RK

Morphinae Sulph., grrr Sp. Aetheris Nitrosi, Aquae, aa f

Misce. Signa: Capiat cochleare unum par- vum quoties requiritur.

The nitrous ether acts upon the morphine giv- ing a yellowish green solution. Morphine is undoubtedly oxidized by the nitrous acid, but the products have not been determined.

R

Lig. Plumbi Subacet. Dil.,

Tinctural Opii, a a. 2 ts 6 Aquae, t3 : M. S. Lotion.

This is a very common combination. Lead subacetate forms compounds with nearly all alkaloids, and these are insoluble in water. The opium alkaloids are no exceptions. The alcohol of the tincture undoubtedly tends to prevent the precipitation to some extent, though there is still quite a heavy one. The mixture should not be filtered.

143

Cocainae Hydrochlor., grv Sodae Boratis, ae Aquae Dest., oF

M.S. Drop one drop in right eye at night.

Borax is alkaline in reaction and. precipitates nearly all alkaloids from solutions of their salts. It precipitates the cocaine in this pre- scription, but the difficulty can be prevented by the use of a little glycerin. The glycerin acts chemically on the borax, breaking it up and forming sodium metaborate and boric acid. If boric acid were used instead of borax no pre- cipitation would occur.

R

Sp. Ammoniae Arom., fa: Liquoris Calcis, fee

M. S. Dessertspoonful as needed.

On mixing these two ingredients together a white precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed, the spirit containing ammonium car- bonate. The lime water also throws out of so- lution the oils of the aromatic spirit. Whether the precipitate should be filtered out or not must depend upon the conditions for which the medicine is prescribed.

144. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES *

In treating cases of poisoning, four indica- tions must be kept in mind: (A) How to most quickly get the bulk of the poison out of the stomach by forcibly emptying it; (B) how to antidote the residual poison after evacuating the stomach; (C) how to eliminate from the system the poison that has entered the blood or gone on into the intestines; (D) how to treat the dangerous symptoms as they arise from the effects of the poison.

ACETANILID, ANTIFEBRIN, ANTIPYRIN.—Place patient in a recumbent position, allow plenty of fresh air; give stimulants (brandy, whiskey, aromatic spirits of ammonia, etc.) Apply heat externally; use atropine or belladonna to main- tain blood pressure; strychnine to aid respira- tion; oxygen inhalations if there is excessive cyanosis.

Acip AceTic.—mAdminister magnesia freely; soap and water; lime water; chalk; milk, oils and thick gruel may be given.

Acip Carpotic.—Unless great destruction of mucous membrane has occurred, produce vomit- ing by means of warm water containing some sodium bicarbonate or zinc sulphate; mustard; apomorphine. Demulcent drinks, flaxseed or ‘elm tea, and white of egg beaten up with water, protect mucous surfaces. Do not give oils or glycerin. As stimulants use whiskey, alcohol, ammonia, etc., hypodermically if need _ be,

*From Merck's Report Ready Reference. (Adapted to veterinary practice. When vomiting is mentioned it is. understood to refer to the smaller animals as the pig, dog - and cat; not to the herbivora).

145

warmth; friction. Opium relieves pain. Excite counter irritation over the abdomen. Give digi- talis and strychnine if needed. Recently whis- key and brandy have been warmly recom- mended, followed in a few minutes by a hypo- dermic injection of apomorphine to produce vomiting. A Dublin veterinarian, Allen, has lately recommended turpentine for carbolic acid poisoning.

AcIpD, CARBONIC AND Coan GaAs.—Bring the patient at once into the open air. If the respira- tory movements have ceased, cold water should be dashed on the face and chest, to awaken them to reflex action. If no effect is thereby produced resort to artificial respiration which should be continued for at least an hour. A series of quick sharp blows over the- cardiac region will sometimes start the heart into ac- tion after it has stopped. Inhalation of oxygen or ammonia vapor, or an enema of black coffee, and venesection, may be of service.

AcIp, CHROMIC, POTASSIUM CHROMATE AND BICHROMATE.—Evacuate the stomach with % oz. of mustard stirred to a cream with 1 oz. of water; (man or dog), or with zinc sulphate, apomorphine; ipecac or pump. Follow with magnesium oxide or carbonate, sodium bicar- bonate, or chalk, in water; as demulcent drinks give barley, elm or fiaxseed water.

‘Acip, HYDROCYANIC, CYANIDES, CHERRY-LAUREL Water, Or Bitter ALMonpD.—Fifteen minims of official acid, or 1 grain of anhydrous acid, usu- ally kills (man or dog) in 10 to 15 minutes. Place in recumbent position, allow plenty of

146

fresh air; empty the stomach by mustard, zinc sulphate, or pump; keep the body warm. If breathing ceases, use artificial respiration, mild faradic current to the heart, alternate cold and warm affusion to head chest and spine; admin- ister ammonia by inhalation or give it by mouth or veins; inject atropine solution 2 to 4 drops every half hour, to assist the heart’s ac- tion. Ferrous sulphate with ferric sulphate, followed by potassium carbonate, yields inert Prussian blue. Ferrous sulphate alone or with calcined magnesia renders the acid insoluble, but the action of the acid is so quick that there is scarcely time for the applications of many remedies. Brandy by the mouth, skin, or rec- tum has been found valuable.

AcID, OXALIC AND OXALATES.—Half to one ounce usually proves fatal (man or dog). If not already vomited by the poison, empty the stom- ach at once with mustard, zinc sulphate, pump or tube, then neutralize with chalk, whiting, or wall plaster in water, or lime water itself, never with sodium, potassium or ammonia salts, as these form soluble oxalates; apply hot fomenta- tions to the loins. Give en enema to empty the bowels. Give much water to facilitate elimina- tion by the kidneys.

Acips, MINERAL: HybpRocHLORIC, Nitric, NITRO- HYDROCHLORIC, SULPHURIC, PHOSPHORIC.—One to four drams of the stronger acids usually proves fatal (man and dog). Neutralize with sodium bicarbonate, calcined magnesia, lime, chalk, or wall plaster mixed with water; if none of these are accessible, dilute and wash out the stomach

147

with considerable water. One may use with ad- vantage any of the following—soap, milk, gruel, olive and almond oil, eggs beaten up. Avoid the stomach pump as it might perforate the soft- ened cesophagus.

ACONITE AND ACONITINE.—Thirty to sixty drops of tincture or one-twentieth grain of alka- loid generally prove fatal (man or dog). Evacu- ate the stomach at once with zinc sulphate; apomorphine, mustard, or pump; place in a recumbent position, the head the lowest; apply warmth to the extremities; give solution, four drops hypodermically or, give tincture of bella- donna twenty drops by the mouth, repeated. If heart syncope presents, give tincture of digitalis fifteen drops hypodermically or thirty drops by the mouth. As stimulants, use ammonia, brandy, strychnine, mustard plasters to the chest. Aid vomiting and elimination of the poison by abundant water, to which may be added brandy or alcohol in any form. Inhale amyl nitrite, or oxygen, and if breathing stops use artificial res- piration. Animal charcoal and tannin are of service.

(The doses of the antidotes mentioned above are for man and dog; for larger animals the dosage should be in proportion to size).

ALconoL.—Inebriation somewhat resembles opium poisoning and concussion of the brain. Empty the stomach, wash out well with warm coffee, keep the body very warm, but apply cold douche to the head; allow plenty of fresh air; apply interrupted current to the respiratory muscles; ammonia water or amyl nitrite to the

148

nostrils; keep the patient awake mechanically by shaking, shouting, etc.

ALKALIES, POTASSA, SODA AND AMMONIA.— They usually cause vomiting, but if they do not, accomplish this by plenty of luke-warm water, to be followed by vinegar (dilute acetic acid, lemon or orange juice, tartaric or citric acid solution, 2 drams to a pint of water); olive oil (1 to 4 drams for man and dog); egg white, milk, demulcent drinks (arrowroot, elm, bar- ley, or flaxseed water) to protect the mucous membranes and ‘sustain vital powers. May al- ways give plenty of water and relieve pain with laudanum or hypodermics of morphine.

ALKALOIDS IN GENERAL.—Tannin generally forms comparatively insoluble tannates: albu- min; iodine and charcoal also of service; use emetics and cathartics later. ‘

AMMONIA. —Administer vinegar, iesran juice, orange juice, or any vegetable acid, followed by demulcents to protect the mucous’ surfaces. When inhaled, give vapor of acetic or hydro- chloric acid or chlorine water by inhalation.

Amyt Nitrite.—Atropine, ergotin, or strych- nine hypodermically are the best antidotes; stimulants, alternate hot and cold douches, with cold to the head, and artificial respiration are also useful measures.

ANTIMONY CoMPpouNDS, TARTAR EMETIC.—In man, 2 to 5 grains have occasioned death, while several drams have failed to produce more than great vomiting and alarming general symptoms. Should these fail to cause the patient to vomit one must create this by mustard, zine sulphate,

149

apomorphine or pump; follow with strong tea or coffee, solution of tannic or gallic acid, to form an insoluble compound. Give demulcent drinks (flaxseed, slippery elm, egg white, milk); opium and stimulants in small but fre- quent doses. If the body be cold, apply blan- kets; faradic current over the heart if neces- sary. Instead of tannin, freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide can be used, following with opium or morphine for the pain.

ANTIPYRIN.—See Acetanilid.

ApocyNiIn.—Like Digitalis.

ARSENIC CompouNpDs.—Unless the poison itself vomits, accomplish this with mustard, zinc sul- phate, apomorphine, pump, or tube. WHither wash out the stomach with a large quantity of water or give freshly precipitated hydrated oxide of iron, made by double decomposition be- tween any ferric solution and a _ solution of either diluted ammonia water, sodium carbon- ate, or magnesium oxide, the object being to form insoluble ferric arsenite or arsenate. The ammonia acts as a stimulant, the calcined mag- nesia aS an aperient. One may give with ad- vantage, oil, mucilaginous drinks, egg white, and in case of faintness, stimulants. If the skin be cold, apply hot blankets, and relieve the pain by opium or morphine; one may conclude with a dose of castor oil.

ATROPINE.—See Belladonna.

BariuM Compounpbs.—See Lead compounds.

BELLADONNA OR ATROPINE, HYOSCYAMUS OB HYOSCYAMINE, STRAMONIUM OR DATURINE, DUL- CAMARA OR SOLANINE, DUBOISIA OR DUBOISINE.— Empty the stomach by mustard, zinc sulphate

150

apomorphine, pump or tube; give strong infu- sion of coffee, or tea by the mouth or rectum; also pilocarpine nitrate; or instead, use mor- phine, opium, or physostigmine to antagonize the nervous disturbances of the poison. Apply hot water to the feet; alternate douches of hot and cold water are useful. Give stimulants (whiskey or brandy), ammonia to the nostrils; also practise artificial respiration.

BENZENE.—Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump). Give abundant fresh air; hypodermic of atropine, or tincture of belladonna. Apply alternately hot and cold water douches to the chest; practise artificial respiration, and apply a mild inter- rupted current over the heart.

Buur STonE.—See copper, under mercury com- pounds.

BroMIDES.—Give strong coffee, caffeine citrate, digitalis; morphine is antagonistic to mental symptoms; ergot and belladonna are sometimes used.

BroMINE.—Give albumin, starch, gelatin, so- dium or potassium carbonate or bicarbonate. Against the irritant vapor, inhalations of steam and ammonia vapor may be employed.

BrucIne.—See strychnine.

CALABAR BrEAN.—See Physostigma.

CampHuor.—Empty the stomach (by mustard, zine sulphate, pump, etc.); give alcohol or brandy in small and frequent doses( best hypo- dermically) ether inhalations; alternate hot and cold douches; warmth to the extremities by hot blankets, ete.

151

CANNABIS INDICA.—Treat as in opium, but also in the first stages use lemon juice.

CANTHARIDES OR CANTHARIDIN.—In man or dog a half dram of powder or one ounce of the tincture usually proves fatal. Empty the stom- ach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump); allay pain with morphine hypo- dermically or tincture of opium (through the mouth or rectum). Give plenty of demulcent drinks (barley, elm, flaxseed tea, gruel or pure water) but no oils or oily emulsion, in which catharidin is very soluble; opium, stimulants, warm baths, cataplasms to the abdomen.

CARBON DISULPHIDE.—Quiet the nervous ex- citement with potassium bromide and chloral; support the circulation with stimulants; may vomit with mustard at first; ammonia to nos- trils, warmth to the body, cold douche to the head; artificial respiration.

Castor Breans.—In man three seeds in one case, and twenty in another, have caused death in two and five days respectively. As soon as they have been swallowed give an emetic (mus- tard, etc.); later give demulcent drinks, opium to quiet violent symptoms which resemble those of cholera.

Cat BitrEes.—See Dog Bites.

CHERRY-LAUREL WatTER.—See Acid Hydro- cyanic.

CHLoRAL.—One-half to one dram may prove fatal (small animals); empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump). When the stomach is empty introduce coffee by tube (mouth or rectum); keep limbs

152

warm (friction, mustard plasters, water bags). Administer hypodermically, fresh 2% solution of sirychnine nitrate every fifteen minutes. Picrotoxin may be substituted for strychnine. Arouse the patient and keep him awake by cof- fee, caffeine, flagellation, shaking, shouting; ap- ply ammonia to the nostrils, cold to the head; amyl nitrite inhalation to stimulate the heart; practise artificial respiration if necessary.

CHLORATES (and Nitrates—potassium, sodium, ete.)—Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sul- phate, amorphine). Give plenty of water and mucilaginous drinks to dilute the poison, opium to relieve the pain; amyl nitrite inhalations; avoid stimulants that would increase kidney congestion, keep warm by hot fomentations to the loins.

CHLOROFORM or Ether, Nitrous Oxide Gas. —Withdraw the inhalation at once, lower well the head; pull the tongue forward so as to ad- mit plenty of fresh air. Use artificial respira- tion and heat; weak current—one pole at the larynx, the other on the pit of the stomach (not far from the diaphragm). Apply hot and cold douche; inhale amyl nitrite. If the heart has stopped, give several taps over that region, in- hale ammonia, give brandy, atropine, strych- nine. If swallowed evacuate the stomach (mus- tard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump); enema of hot coffee, large draughts of water, containing sodium carbonate or bicarbonate, and proceed as if inhaled.

CHLORINATED Lime.—Administer albumin, mu- cilaginous drinks, oils, milk, or flour and water;

153

avoid acids. Opium and alcohol are used for the vital depression.

CHLORINE.—Against chlorine preparations in the stomach employ albumin or ammonia water in small quantity and well diluted; emesis with warm water, then white of egg, or milk, flour, or lime water. Ammonia vapor is used against inhaled chlorine.

Coat Gas.—Carbon monoxide is the poisonous agent. See also Acid, Carbonic.

CoBALT.—See Arsenic.

CocAINE.—Resembles closely atropine in its general action as to pulse, pupils, respiration, sweat glands and bowels. Give one of the usual emetics, then tannin. Morphine is probably the best all round antagonist; then in sequence, chloral, chloroform, and ether. Give amyl nitrite to counteract heart depression; alcohol and opium to stimulate the heart; should these fail, use artificial respiration. One may em- ploy ammonia inhalations and caffeine.

CoccuLus Inpicus.—See Strychnine.

CoDEINE.—See Opium.

CoLcHIcUM. (wine or tincture; Colocynth, Elaterium ).—If vomiting and purging have not occurred, accomplish the former by one of the usual emetics (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, apomorphine, or pump); follow with tannic or gallic acid, or strong tea or coffee; plenty of water and demulcent drinks; opium or mor- phine to allay the pain in the stomach, purging, and to antagonize heart depression, stimulants (alcohol, whiskey, etc.). Keep the extremities warm and apply hot fomentations to the ab- domen.

154

CoLOcYNTH.—See Colchicum.

Contum (or Coniiney.—Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; apply external warmth (hot wraps, bags or bot- tles), give strong tea, coffee, tannic, or gallic acid, or any solution containing tannin; stimu- lants, artificial respiration; strychnine, picro- toxin, active exercise; castor oil.

CoONVALLARIA.—See Digitalis.

CopPpeER CoMPOUNDS.—See Mercury Compounds.

CoRROSIVE SUBLIMATE.—See Mercury Com- pounds.

CREOSOTE.—Practically the same as with Car- bolic Acid.

Croton O1r.—Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate apomorphine, pump); give tinc- ture of opium or morphine hypodermically, un- til pain and purging are abated. Give demul- cent drinks (elm, flaxseed water, mucilage, milk, olive oil, albumin, soup); spirit of cam- phor in milk; stimuiants (brandy, alcohol, whiskey, ammonia), warm baths are also used.

CURARINE (or Curare).—If introduced in a wound, and all is not removed apply ligature, suck the injured part, washing it out with slightly alkaline solution of potassium per- manganate; apply warmth to the loins, plenty of water internally, artificial respiration; spirit of nitrous ether rapidly eliminates the poison through the urine. The great difficulty is in sustaining life by artificial respiration until elimination begins.

CYANIDES.—See Acid Hydrocyanic.

O1L BrirteR ALMoND.—See Acid Hydrocyanic.

155

CYTISINE (or Laburnum Seeds) .—Induce vom- iting and wasu out the stomach with strong tea or coffee; follow wicu enema or quick purgative; stimulant; rouse the patient by hot and cold douche.

DATURINE.—See Belladonna.

DieiTaLis (or Digitalin) ; Scillain [Scillitin], (Strophanthus, Strophanthin, Convallaria, Sco- parius).—Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zine sulphate, apomorphine, pump). Follow with strong tea or coffee or tannic or gallic acid in water. Hypodermic solution of aconitine ni- trate may be given, or tincture of aconite by mouth; if this has given good results repeat in thirty minutes, keep the patient quiet and do not allow an erect position, as that may cause fainting to death. Give stimulants frequently by the mouth, or if vomiting occurs, by the rec- tum. When the drug has been in continuous use, opium is the best antidote. Saponin and Senegin are the best physiologic antagonists.

Doc Bites (and Cat Bites).—Suck out the wound well with the mouth, wash with a weak alkaline solution (ammonia, caustic potash, etc.), tnen cauterize with lunar caustic.

DueorisiA (and Duboisine).—See Belladonna.

DuLcAMARA (and Solanin.)—See Belladonna.

ELATERIUM.—See Colchicum.

Ercot.—Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump). Give pur- gative (Croton Oil) and assist the action by plenty of warm drinks. Tannic or gallic acid may be useful; after vomiting and purging, ad- minister small doses of opium at intervals.

156

Nitroglycerin every 15 minutes has been effect- ive. Allow a_ recumbent’ position. Apply warmth and friction to maintain the circula- tion; stimulants; amyl nitrite.

ESERINE.—See Physostigma.

ETHER.—See Chloroform.

._Fisu Poison.—Administer emetics and cathar- tics; potassium chlorate; solution ammonium acetate; opium; capsicum or chloroform.

FOWLER'S SOLUTION.—See Arsenic.

Funci.—See Mushrooms.

GELSEMIUM (and Gelsemine).—Empty the stomach (mustard or pump); give atropine hy- podermically or tincture of belladonna by mouth; apply external heat by rubbing; stimu- lants (digitalis, ammonia, coffee, alcohol, arti- ficial respiration, electricity); rouse the patient by hot and cold douches.

GLONOIN.—Like Amy] Nitrite.

GoLp Sauts.—Like Mercury compounds.

Hyoscine.—Similar to Belladonna, but chlo- ral is used here with great advantage.

HyoscyamMus (and Hyoscyamine).—See Bella- donna.

IGNATIA.—See Strychnine.

IopDINE.—Empty the stomach (mustard, zine sulphate, apomorphine, pump); follow with starch diffused in hot water or as a paste, or flour in warm water; farinaceous. substances (arrow-root, boiled rice, thin gruel); demulcent drinks; may inhale amyl nitrite and relieve the pain by opium and morphine.

LABURNUM SrEDS.—See Cytisine.

LACTUCARIUM.—See Opium.

157

LAUDANUM.—See Opium.

LEAD ComMpouNnDsS (Lead Chromate and Ace- tate; Barium Compounds) .—If acute, empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump); follow with sulphate of magnesium or sodium, or dilute sulphuric acid; milk, demul- cent drinks. For the pain give opium or mor- phine; for lead colic, apply hot fomentations. If it be chronic lead poisoning, recognized by a blue line (sulphide) along the margin of the gums, paralyzed extensors, constipation, etc., give iodides to saturation (sodium and calcium - iodides being best); sulphurated potassa baths.

LoBeLIA.—If the patient has failed to vomit, use emetics; follow with tannin, stimulants, strycnnine, opiates.

LuNAR CaustTic.—See Silver Compounds.

Matcues.—See Phosphorus.

Mercury Compounps (also Copper Com- pounds).—Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump); follow with albumin (white of one egg to every 4 grains of corrosive sublimate. Too much must not be given lest the precipitate formed by the mercuric salt and albumin be _ redissolved. Now give an emetic—warm water with sodium bicarbonate, zinc sulphate, or mustard, and wash out the stomach with demulcent drinks (flaxseed or elm). If egg white is not conven- ient, one may use for mercury salts, gluten, wheat flour in paste form, milk, or chop and - diffuse in water fresh meat and administer the broth. Morphine for pain. For copper com- pounds also use stimulants; relieve the pain

158

with opium or give reduced iron or weak solu- tion of potassium ferrocyanide; then potassium iodide until the system is saturated to promote elimination. MorRPHINE SALTS.—See Opium. MUSCARINE.—See Mushrooms.

MUSHROOMS (and Poisonous Fungi; also Mus- carine).—Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc, sulphate, apomorphine, pump); inject at once solution of atropine, or after emesis give tinc- ture of belladonna every half hour; castor oil and enema to remove fungi from lower bowel; stimulants; the body should also be kept warm.

NICOTINE.—See Tobacco.

NITRATES.—See Chlorates.

NITROBENZENE.— (Oil Mirbane).—Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, pump), wash- ing it out with plenty of warm water if possible. Give stimulants by the mouth, the rectum or hypodermically; artificial respiration which must be maintained by weak, interrupted cur- rents to the chest wall. Rouse the patient by the douche; hypodermic atropine may be use- ful.

NITROGLYCERIN—Like Amy] Nitrite.

NiTrRous OxIDE Gas.—See Chloroform.

Nux Vomica.—See Strychnine.

O1L BiTreR ALMOND.—See Acid Hydrocyanic.

Om MIBRANE.—See Nitrobenzene.

Opium (also Laudanum, Morphine, Codeine Lactucarium, Cannabis Indica)—When the poi. son has been taken by the mouth give at once a solution of. potassium permanganate, then empty the stomach, which may be difficult, by

159

pump, apomorphine, mustard or zinc sulphate. Wash the stomach out well with hot coffee, leav- ing there a pint or more; keep the body warm with hot wraps, but use alternate hot and cold douches to the head. Use hypodermic solution of atropine every 15 minutes for three doses; tannin and strychnine are also valuable. Apply electricity to chest muscles and artificial res- piration. Keep the patient awake by shaking, flicking with a towel, applying cold water over the face and chest, keep patient moving; give inhalation of amyl nitrite. Evacuate the blad- der often to prevent reabsorption. PHENACETIN.—Like Acetanilid.

PHOSPHORUS (as well as Rat Poison and Matches).—Empty the stomach (copper sul- phate, until the patient has vomited sufficiently ; zinc sulphate, mustard, pump—the copper form- ing insoluble black phosphide). Follow this with old (oxygenated, acid, French) oil of tur- pentine in mucilage or floating on water; may ‘also inhale diluted turpentine vapor; give char- coal or lime water to prevent action on tissues; also magnesium sulphate as a cathartic. Po- tassium permanganate, opium, and egg white may be of service, but never use fats or fatty oils, as these dissolve phosphorus, thus aiding in its absorption. It is mostly eliminated by the urine, hence the bladder should be fre- quently evacuated.

PHYSOSTIGMA (and Physostigmine) .—EHvacu- ate the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, apomorphine, pump); hypodermic of atropine until pupils dilate. Should this fail, give

160 chloral, or hypodermic of strychnine. Diffusi- ble stimulants, coffee, alcohal, etc., are used and artificial respiration should be induced if neces- sary; empty the bladder often.

PHYTOLACCA—It acts per se aS an emeto-ca- thartic, hence after the vomiting give stimu- / lants, alcohol, ether, opium, digitalis.

PICROTOXIN.—See Strychnine.

Pinocarpus (and Pilocarpine).—Evacuate the stomach, follow with hypodermic of atropine, or tincture of belladonna, until pupils are dilated; may give tannin.

PorTassa.—See Alkalies.

POTASSIUM BICHROMATE and CHROMATE.—See Chromic Acid.

PoTASSIUM CYANIDE.—See Acid Hydrocyanic.

PoTASSIUM NITRATE.—See Chlorates.

Prussic Acip.—See Acid Hydrocyanic.

PULSATILLA.—Give tannic acid and follow with an emetic; alcohol, opium, or digitalis may also be indicated.

Rat Paste.—See Phosphorus; also Arsenic.

Ruvus ToOXICODENDRON.—Rub in a_ saturated solution of lead acetate in diluted alcohol, and repeat for several days; 5% solution or 10% oleate of cocaine is also effective; a solution of 2 drams of lead acetate and 4 drams of ammon- ium chloride in 8 fl. oz. of water has also been recommended. Internally, opium or coffee may be used to relieve the nervous irritability.

SABADILLA.—See Veratrum Viride.

SavinE (oil and tops; also Tansy).—If not vomited and the throat not inflamed, evacuate the stomach with mustard, zine suiphate, ipeeac,

he De ee ee

ee re

i61

pump. If the bowels have not moved freely, give either castor oil or epsom salt; allay pain with morphine and demulcents. ScILLAIN (Scillitin).—See Digitalis. Scoparius.—See Digitalis.

SILVER COMPOUNDS.—Give common salt dis- solved in warm water, to form insoluble silver chloride; or use egg white or milk; (follow with an emetic (mustard), and large draughts of warm water; give demulcent drinks (arrow- root, elm, flaxseed, gruel).

SNAKE Bitres.—Suck the wound and apply to it an alkaline solution of potassium permanga- nate (may inject this under the skin). In se- vere cobra poisoning, with:death threatening, bleed at one limb and transfuse blood by the other; give artificial respiration and weak in- terrupted galvanic shocks to the walls of the chest; inhale and give ammonia by the mouth.

Sopa.—See alkalies.

SoOLANIN.—See Belladonna.

STAPHISAGRIA (Stavesacre).—Evacuate the stomach (emetics, pump, draughts of warm water; give tannin, charcoal, diffusible stimu- lants. Keep the patient quiet and the extremi- ties warm. Give chloral hydrate, or potassium

_ bromide; or better inhale chloroform for the

spasms. Use all haste as death is usually caused by asphyxia.

Stines (Bees, Hornets, Wasps) .—Apply am- monia water or some alkaline solution to the part stung; extract the sting; use stimulants, if necessary. One may apply an onion to the part, but this is not as good as ammonia.

162

STRAMONIUM.—See Belladonna.

STROPHANTHUS (or. strophanthin).—See Digi- talis.

STRYCHNINE SALTS (or Brucine, Ignatia, Nux Vomica, Picrotoxin, Cocculus Indicus).—Re- move the patient from all noise, quickly empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomor- phine hypodermically); give tannin, charcoal, iodide of starch. Place the patient under chloroform, ether, or chloral and potassium bromide, thus keeping up gentle narcosis sey- eral hours if necessary: inhale amyl nitrite. If spasms threaten respiration, induce it arti- ficially; empty the bladder often.

SULFONAL AND TRIONAL.—Give diuretics and saline cathartics; sodium bicarbonate and wa- ter freely.

SULPHURETTED HybrocEN.—Resort to artificial respiration and inhalation of chlorine diluted with air; or give chlorine water or chlorinated lime.

TANSY.—See Savine.

TARTAR EmetTic.mSee Antimony Compounds.

Tin Compounbs.—Hvacuate the stomach (mus- tard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, etc.). Give milk of calcined magnesia; demulcent drinks (elm, flaxseed, etc.); laudanum if there is much pain. _

Tospacco (or Nicotine).—Concentrated ene- mas and large quantities of powder kill in a very few hours. If the patient has not already vomited the drug, empty the stomach by mus- tard, zinc sulphate or pump; give plenty of water; let the patient lie down; inject a solu- tion of strychnine nitrate or give tincture of

163

nux vomica by the mouth; stimulants, brandy, whiskey, chloric ether, etc.; keep the body warm but apply cold douche to the head; tannin and astringent solutions may be given.

TURPENTINE.—Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, apomorphine, pump, tube). If there is no purging give enema, plenty of water and demulcent drinks to eliminate it by the kidneys. Apply hot fomentations to the loins. Allay the pain with opium.

TYROTOXICON (in milk, cheese, ice cream, etc.). —Give emetics and rinse out stomach; follow with purgative enema.

VERATRUM VIRIDE (also Veratrine, Sabadilla, Veratrum Album ).—Evacuate the stomach (un- less the veratroidine constituent has ejected itself by causing vomiting), by mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac or pump. Give recumbent po- sition, head lowest; dry warmth to the body, wraps, blankets, etc.; give hot coffee by the mouth or rectum; tannin, diffusible stimulants, alcohol, brandy, whiskey, ammonia, morphine, electricity, artificial respiration; atropine an- tagonizes the cardiac depression.

WHITE PRECIPITATE.—See Mercury Com- pounds.

ZInc ComMpounps.—Should the patient not vomit, use plenty of warm water containing car- bonate or bicarbonate of sodium, or mustard; follow this with white of egg and milk; solution of tannin or strong tea to form insoluble tan- nate; allay the abdominal pain by hot fomenta- tions, morphine or tincture of opium.

CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES

ACCORDING TO

THEIR PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS.

ALTERATIVES.

Acid, Arsenous.

Acid, Hydriodic.

Ammonium Benzoate.

Antimony Salts.

Arsenic and Mercury Iodide Solution.

Arsenites andArsenates.

Calcium Chloride.

Colchicum.

Copper Salts.

Creosote and its compounds.

Gold Salts.

Guaiacol and its compounds.

Ichthyol.

Iodides.

Iodipin.

Todoform.

Manganese Dioxide.

Mercurials.

Potassium Bichromate.

Potassium Chlorate.

Pulsatilla.

Sanguinaria.

Silver Salts. Stillingia.

Sulphur. : Suprarenal Capsule. Xanthoxylum.

Zinc Salts.

See General.

ANALGESICS. Anodynes,

ANAPHRODISIACS. Belladonna. Bromides. Bromipin. Camphor. Cocaine. Conium. Digitalis. Gelsemium. Hyoscyamus. Opium. Stramonium.

ANESTHETICS, GENERAL.

Chloroform. Ether.

Ethyl Bromide. (Nitrous Oxide).

—

165

ANESTHETICS LOCAL.

Chloretone.

Cocaine Hydrochloride. Ether Spray.

Ethyl Chloride. Eucaine.

Holocaine.

Menthol.

Tropacocaine.

ANODYNES, GENERAL.

Acetanilid.

Acid, Salicylic. Aconitine. Antipyrine.

Aspirin.

Atropine.

Bromides. Butyl-chloral Hydrate. Caffeine. : Camphor Monobrom. Chloroform. Codeine. Gelseminine. Methylene Blue. Morphine Salts.

Oil Gaultheria. Phenacetin.

ANODYNES, LOCAL.

Acid, Carbolic. Aconite, Tincture.

Aconitine. Ammonia water. Atropine. Belladonna. Chloroform. Chloral Hydrate. Guaiacol. Ichthyol.

ANTACIDS oR ALKALINES.

Calcium Carbonate. Lime Water.

Lithium Carbonate. Magnesia.

Magnesium Carbonate. Potassium Bicarbonate. Potassium Carbonate. Potassium Hydrate. Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodium Carbonate. Sodium Hydrate.

ANTHELMINTICS.

Aloes. (Enema.) Aspidium. Chenopodium. Koussein.

Naphtalin.

Oil Turpentine. Extract Male Fern. Pelletierine Tannate. Pumpkin Seed. Quassia Infusion.

166

Santonin with Calomel.Atropine.

Sodium Chloride. Sodium Santoninate. Spigelia.

‘Thymol.

ANTI-EMETICS.

Acid, Hydrocyanic.

Lead Acetate. Picrotoxin. Quinine. Salicin.

ANTILITHICS.

Acid, Benzoic.

Bismuth Subcarbonate. Alkalies.

Bismuth Subnitrate. Bromides.

Cerium Oxalate. Chloroform. Codeine.

Ether.

Menthol.

Morphine.

Orexine Tannate.

ANTIGALACTAGOGUES.

Agaricin. Belladonna. Camphor; topically. Conium.

Hrgot.

Iodides.

Saline Purgatives.

ANTIHYDROTICS.

Acid, Camphoric. Acid, Gallic. Acid, Tannic. Agaricin.

Benzoates.

Lithium Salts. Magnesium Citrate. Magnesium Oxide. Piperazine.

Potassium Bicarbonate.

Potassium Carbonate. Potassium Citrate. Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodium Phosphate. Sodium Salicylate.

ANTIPARASITICS. See Parasiticides. ANTIPERIODICS.

Acid, Arsenous.

Acid? Pieric.

Arsenites.

Berberine Carbonate.

Cinchona and alkaloids.

Methylene Blue.

Quinine.

Salicin.

ANTIPHLOGISTICS. See also Antipyretics.

Aconite, Tincture.

Antimony-Potassium Tartrate.

Gelsemium.

Ichthyol; internally.

Lead Salts.

Opium.

ANTIPYRETICS.

Acetanilid.

Acid, Benzoic.

Acid, Carbolic.

Acid, Salicylic.

Aconite, Tincture.

Ammonium Acetate: Solution.

Ammonium Benzoate.

Aspirin.

Phenacetin.

Quinine and Salts.

Resorcin.

Veratrum Viride, Tincture.

ANTISEPTICS. Disinfectants. Acetanilid.

Acid, Benzoic; and Benzoates.

167

Aristol.

Bismuth, Benzoate.

Bismuth, Oxyiodide.

Bismuth, Subgallate.

Borolyptol.

Chlorine Water.

Creolin.

Creosote and its com- pounds.

Eucalyptol.

Formaldehyde.

Glycozone.

Hydrogen Peroxide.

Hydrozone.

Ichthyol.

Iodoform.

Todole.

Listerine.

Magnesium Salicylate.

Magnesium Sulphite.

Mercury Bichloride.

Mercury Chloride.

Mercury Cyanide.

Mercury Oxycyanide.

Naphtalin.

Naphtol.

See also Oil Cade.

Oil Eucalyptus. Oil Gaultheria. Oil Pinus Sylvestris. Oil Turpentine.

Acid, Boric;andBorates.Potassium Chlorate.

Acid, Carbolic. Acid, Picric.

Ey Permanganate. Pyoktanin.

168

Quinine.

Resorcin.

Salol.

Silver Citrate.

Silver Nitrate. Sodium Biborate. Sodium Bisulphite. Sodium Salicylate. SodiumSulphocarbolate. Sodium Thiosulphate. Tannoform. Terebene.

Thymol.

Xeroform.

Zinc Carbolate.

Zinc Permanganate. Zine Sulphocarbolate.

ANTISIALAGOGUES.

Atropine.

Belladonna.

Cocaine Hydrochloride. Myrrh.

Opium.

Potassium Chlorate. Sodium Borate.

ANTISPASMODICS.

Acid, Camphoric.

Ammonium Valerianate.

Amyl Nitrite. Atropine. Bromides. Bromoform.

Camphor.

Camphor Monobrom.

Chloral Hydrate.

Chloroform.

Coniine Hydrobromide.

Eserine.

Ether.

Ethyl Bromide.

Ethyl Iodide.

Hyoscine Hydrobro- mide.

Hyoscyamus. Lactucarium. Lobelia. Lupulin. Morphine. Musk.

Nitrites. Nitroglycerine. Opium. Paraldehyde. Pulsatilla: tincture. Stramonium.

Zine Valerianate.

ANTITUBERCULARS.

Acid, Cinnamic. Acid, Sulphurous. Arsenical Compounds.., Cantharidin. Cod-Liver Oil. Creosote and its compounds. Guaiacol and Salts.

169

Glycerinophosphates. Ichthyol. lodoform, topically. Menthol. Methylene Blue. Sodium Cacodylate. Sodium Cinnamate. Sodium Formate: Sub- cutaneously.

ANTIZYMOTICS, See An- tiseptics and Disin- fectants.

APERIENTS. See Cath-

artics.

APHRODISIACS.

Cantharides. Damiana. ‘Glycerinophosphates. Gold.

Nux Vomica. Phosphorus. Strychnine.

ASTRINGENTS.

Acid, Acid, Acid, Acid, Alum. Aluminum Acetate: Solution. Aluminum Chloride.

Chromic. Gallic. Lactic. Tannic.

Aluminum Sulphate.

Bismuth Salts.

Copper Acetate.

Copper Sulphate.

Hydrastine Hydro- chloride.

Hydrastis.

Ichthyol.

Iron Sulphate, and other iron salts.

Lead Acetate, and other lead salts.

Potassium Bichromate.

Silver Citrate.

Silver Nitrate.

Zine Acetate.

Zine Sulphate.

ASTRINGENTS, INTES- TINAL.

Acid Lactic. Acid Tannic. Bismuth Salts. Catechu. Geranium. Kino. Krameria. Lead Acetate. Silver Nitrate. Tannalbin.

CARDIAC SEDATIVES.

Acid, Hydrocyanic. Aconite.

170

Antimony preparations.Nutmeg.

Chloroform. Digitalis. Gelsemium. Pilocarpine. Veratrine. Veratrum Viride.

CARDIAC STIMULANTS.

Ammonia.

Ammonium Carbonate.

Atropine.

Caffeine.

Digitalis.

Ether. Nitroglycerin. (Oxygen.)

Sparteine Sulphate. Strophanthus. Strychnine. (Tonic)

CARMINATIVES.

Anise. Calumba. Capsicum. Cardamom. Caraway. Cascarilla. Chamomile. Cinchona. Cinnamon. Cloves. Gentian. Ginger.

Nux Vomica.

Oil Cajuput.

Oil Mustard. Orange Peel. Orexine Tannate. Pepper.

Pimenta. Quassia. Sassafras. Serpentaria.

CATHARTICS. Laxatives:

Cascara Sagrada.

Figs.

Glycerin.

Magnesium Carbonate. Magnesium Oxide. Manna.

Oil Almond, Expressed. Olive Oil.

Rahmnus Cathart. Rhamnus Frang. Sulphur.

Saline Purgatives:

Magnesium Citrate.

Magnesium Sulphate.

Potassium Bitartrate.

Potassium Taritrate.

Potassium and Sodium. Tartrate.

Sodium Phosphate.

Sodium Sulphate. Sodium Tartrate.

Simple Purgatives:

Aloes. Calomel. Castor Oil. Rhubarb. Senna.

Drastic Cathartics:

Colocynth. Elaterium. EKuonynim. Gamboge. Jalap.

Oil, Croton. Podophyllin. Scammony.

Hydragogues:

Drastic Cathartiecs in large doses. Saline Purgatives.

Cholagogues:

Aloin. Euonynim. Leptandrin. Mercurials. Ox-Gall. Podophyllum.

CAUSTICS. See Escharotics.

71

CEREBRAL DEPRES- SANTS. See also Narcotics.

Anesthetics, general. Antispasmodics: several. Hypnotics.

Narcotics.

CEREBRAL STIMULANTS.

Alcohol.

Amyl Nitrite. Atropine. Belladonna. Caffeine. Cannabis. Coca.

Cocaine. Coffee.

Ether. Nitroglycerin. Strychnine.

CHOLAGOGUES. See Cathartics: also Hepatic Stimulants. CONSTRUCTIVES. See Tonics. COUNTER-IRRITANTS. See Irritants. DEMULCENTS.

Acacia. Albumin. Althea.

172

Cetraria. Opium. Chondrus. ; Pilocarpine Hydro- Elm. chloride. Flaxseed. Potassium Citrate. Gelatin. Potassium Nitrite. Glycerin. Sodium Nitrite. Oil Almond Expressed. Spirit Nitrous Ether. Oil Olive. Veratrum Viride. Starch. DIGESTIVES. DEOXIDIZERS. (Reduc- Acid, Hydrochloric. ing Agents.) Acid, Lactic. Acid, Pyrogallic. Ingluvin. : Ichthyol. Lactopeptine. Resorcin. ua Orexin .Tannate. DEPILATORIES. Pancreatin. Barium Sulphide. aoe Pepsin.

Calcium Oxide. (Calcium Sulphydrate).DISINFECTANTS. See

Cautery. also Deodorants. Sodium Ethylate. Acid, Boric. Sodium Sulphide. Acid, Carbolic.

Acid, Sulphurous. Aluminum Chloride.

DIAPHORETICS AND

SUDORINICS. Ammonium Persul-

Acid, Salicylic and phate.

Salicylates. Borates. Aconite. . Calcium Permanganate. Ammonium Acetate. Chlorine Water. Camphor. Creolin. Dover’s Powder. Eucalyptol. Ether. Formaldehyde.

Guaiac. Glycozone.

a oe ee i

173

Hydrogen Peroxide. Hydrozone. ' Iron Sulphate.

Lime, Chlorinated.

Mercury, Bichloride.

Naphtol.

Oil Eucalyptus.

Potassium Permanga- nate.

Solution Chlorinated Soda.

Thymol.

Zinch Chloride.

DIURETICS.

Adonis Vernalis. Ammonium Acetate. Apocynum. Atropine. Belladonna.

Cactus Grandiflorus. Caffeine. Convallamarin.

Copaiba.

Cubebs.

Digitalis preparations. Diuretin.

Juniper.

Kava Kava.

Lithium Salts. Matico.

Nitrites.

Oil Juniper

Oil Santal. Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.

Piperazine. Potassium Acetate. Potassium Bitartrate. Potassium Citrate. Potassium Nitrate. Sodium Acetate. Sodium Nitrate. . Sparteine Sulphate. Spirit Nitrous Ether. Squill. Strophanthus. Theobromine.

EcsBo.tics. See Oxytocics.

E)METICS.

Antimony and Potassi- um Tartrate.

Apomorphine Hydro- chloride.

Copper Sulphate.

Emetine.

Ipecac.

Mercury Subsulphate.

Mustard with tepid wa- ter.

Zinc Sulphate.

EMMENAGOGUES. Aloes. Cantharides. Ergot. Guaias. Iron Chloride and other salts of iron.

74

Manganese Dioxide. Myrrh. Pennyroyal.

_ Ammoniac.

Ammonium Carbonate. Ammonium Chloride.

Potassium Permangan. Ammonium Salicylate.

Rue. Savine. Tansy.

ERRHINES, (Sternuta tories).

Cubebs. Sanguinarine. Veratrine.

White Hellebore.

EXSCHAROTICS. Caustics.

Acid, Acetic Glacial. Acid, Arsenous. Acid, Carbolic. Acid, Carbolic, Iodized. Acid, Chromic. Acid, Lactic.

Acid, Nitric.

Alum Burnt. Copper Sulphate. Iodine. Potassa.

Silver Nitrate. Soda.

Sodium Ethylate. Zine Chloride.

EXXPECTORANTS.

Acid, Benzoic.

Antimony and Potassi- um Tartrate.

Antimony Salts in general.

Apomorphine Hydro- chloride.

Balsam Tolu.

Benzoates.

Emetine in small doses.

Glycyrrhizin, Ammoni- ated.

Ipecac.

Lobelia.

Oil Turpentine.

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.

Potassium Iodide.

Sanguinarine.

Saponin.

Senegin.

Squill.

Par.

Terebene.

GALACTAGOGUES.

Acid, Lactic.

Alcohol.

Ammonium Chloride. Castor Oil: topically. Extract Malt. Jaborandi.

175

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. Opium. Quinine. GASTRIC TONICS.

, Lessening Urea: (Stomachics. )

Alkalies: before meals. Cat f Morphine. Aromatics. Opi Berberine Carbonate. eoane Quinine.

Bismuth Salts.

See Lessening Glycogen: Carminatives. Hydrastis. Arsenic. Ichthalbin. Antimony. Nux Vomica. Codeine. Orexine Tannate. Dionin. Quassin. Morphine. Opium. HEMATINICS. Phosphorus. Arsenical Compounds. Ext. Bone Marrow. HEPATIC STIMULANTS. poe eatlol, Acid, Benzoic. Se ete Acid, Nitric. psy omboun de: Acid, Nitrohydrochlor.

Manganese Compounds. jAloes

Sodium Cacodylate. Ammonium Chloride.

Hemostatics. See Aly! Nitrite. Styptics and Hemo- Antimony. statics. Arsenic. Benzoates. HEPATIC DEPRESSANTS. Gatlomel: Lessening Bile. Colocynth. Lead Acetate. Euonynim. Purgatives: Many of Podophyllin. them. Resin Jalap.

Morphine. : Sanguinarine.

176

Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodium Phosphate. Sodium Salicylate. Sodium Sulphate.

Hypwnortics (Soporifics).

Acetanilid.

Apomorphine Hydro- chloride.

Bromides.

Cannabin Tannate.

Chloral Hydrate.

Chloralose.

Chloretone.

Codeine.

Dionin.

Duboisine Sulphate.

Hyoscine Hydrobrom.

Hyoscyamine.

- Morphine. -

Paraldehyde.

Sulfonal.

Trional.

Urethane.

INTESTINAL ASTRING-.

ENTS.

See Astringents.

IRRITANTS.

Rubefacients:

Ammonia. Arnica. Capsicum. Iodine.

Menthol. : Mustard.

Oil Turpentine. Oleoresin Capsicum.

Pustulants: Antimony and Potas- sium Tartrate. Oil Croton. Silver Nitrate. Vesicants: Acid, Acetic, Glacial Cantharides. Chrysarobin. Oil Mustard.

LAXATIVES. Cathartics:

See

Motor DEPRESSANTS.

' Acid Hydrocyanic.

Aconite.

Amyl Nitrite.

Apomorphine Hydro- chloride.

Bromides.

Bromipin.

Bromoform.

Chloral Hydrate.

Chloroform (large doses).

Coniine Hydrobromide. -

Gelsemium.

Gold Bromide.

Lobelia.

Muscarine.

—_—---~-”

a i

Nitrites.

Nitroglycerin.

Physostigmine (EHser- ine).

Quinine (large doses).

Sparteine Sulphate.

Veratrum Viride.

Motor EXciITANTs.

Alcohol. Atropine. Belladonna. Brucine. Camphor. Chloroform. Nux Vomica. Picrotoxin.

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor.

Pyridine. Strychnine.

MYDRIATICS.

Atropine.

Homatropine Hydro- bromide.

Hyoscine Hydrobrom.

Scopolamine Hydro- bromide.

Myortics.

Arecoline Hydrobrom. Physostigmine. (Eserine.) |

Narcotics. See also Hypnotics.

Chloroform. Chloral Hydrate. Conium. Hyoscine. Hyoscyamine. Morphine. Opium. Stramonium.

Oxytocics (Hcbolics).

Cotton Root Bark.

Ergot.

Hydrastine.

Hydrastinine chloride.

Pennyroyal.

Quinine.

Rue.

Savine.

Hydro-

PARASITICIDES.

See Antiseptics and Disinfectants.

PuRGATIVES. See Ca-

thartics.

REFRIGEEANTS. Acid, Citric. Acid, Phosphoric, Dil. Acid, Tartaric. Ammonium Acetate.

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. Magnesium Citrate,

Magnesium Sulphate. Potassium Bitartrate. Potassium Citrate. Potassium Nitrate. Potassium Tartrate. Sodium Nitrate. Sodium Tartrate.

RESOLVENTS (Dis- cutients). Arsenic. Ichthyol. lodides. Iodine. ~ Todipin. Todole. Mercurials. Thiosinamine.

RESPIRATORY DEPRES- SANTS. Acid, Hydrocyanic. Aconite. Chloral. Chloroform. Conium. Gelsemium. Muscarine. Opium. Physostigma. Veratrum Viride.

RESPIRATORY STIMU- LANTS.

Aspiodiosperma. (Quebracho).

RESTORATIVES. .

178

Aspidiospermine. Atropine. Caffeine.

Cocaine. Strychnine.

See Hematinics, Tonics. RUBEFACIENTS. See

Trritants.

SEDATIVES (NERVE). See also Depressants.

Acetanilid.

Acid, Hydrobromic.

Amyl Nitrite.

Antipyrin.

Bromides.

- Bromipin.

Bromoform. Butyl-Chloral Hydrate. Camphor.

Camphor, Monobrom. Cardamom.

Chloral Hydrate. Chloroform.

Cocaine.

Codeine.

Conium.

Ethyl Bromide. Hyoscine Hydrobrom. Hyoscyamine. Hyoscyamus. Lactucarium.

Se el .

179

Lavender. Picrotoxin.

Lobelia. Strychnine.

Morphine. STERNUTATORIES. See

Paraldehyde. ire higes

Scopolamine Hydro- : bromide. STOMACHICS.

Stramonium; tincture. See Gastric Tonics.

Sulfonal. STYPTICS AND HEMO-

Urethane. erie Valerian and Valerian- ates. Acid, Gallic. Acid, Tannic. SIALAGOGUES. Adrenalin. (Ptyalagogues). Alum. eed Atcalies ne Antimony Compounds. Copper Sulphate. @apsicum. Extract Suprarenal Paneer. Capsule. Iodine Compounds. Hamamelis. Miereuriale: siydrastinine Hydro- Muscarine. ehlovide: Mustard: Iron Chloride, Ferric. -

Iron Subsulphate.

Pilocarpine Hydrchlor. Iron Sulphate.

Pyrethrum. Lead Acetate. Soporirics. See Manganese Sulphate. Hypnotics. Oil Turpentine. SPINAL STIMULANTS. Scaled Eg See also Motor Eacit- ©\YPUC™- Terpinol. ants. Alcohol. Rea eee See Atropine. taphore 4CS. Camphor: small doses. TENIAFUGES. See Nux Vomica. Anthelmintics.

180

ToNICS, GENERAL. Ichthyol. See also Hematinics. Iron Compounds. Manganese Compounds.

y cherie PORICS © Phosphorus. Bitters. Berberine Carbonate. VASO-CONSTRICTORS. Cinchona Alkaloids and : Adrenalin. Salts. Heeot Cod-Liver Oil. ite Extract Suprarenal Eucalyptus. ety ere Capsule. y es = Hydrastinine Hydro- eee chloride. ae Stypticin.

Mineral Tonics: VaASo-DILATORS. Acids, Mineral.

Acid, Arsenous and itsAmy! Nitrite,

salts. ae 1 : Acid, Hypophosphorous.N!ostycerin. : Acid. Lactic. . Potassium Nitrite.

Sodium Nitrite.

Bismuth Salts. Shere * Calcium Glycerinophos. Spirit Nitrous ther.

Copper Salts; small ypriIcrvEs. See doses. Anthelmintics.

Gold Salts.

Glycerinophosphates. VESICANTS. See Irri-

Hypophosphites. tants.

PHYSIOLOGICAL POINTS FOR PRACTI- TIONERS.

FREQUENCY OF HEART Brat. Per Minute

Horse 30—45 Ox 40—50 Ass 45—52 Pig, Sheep, Goat 70—80 Dog 70—120 Cat 120—140 Man 60—S80 Horse, after trotting 60—80 Horse, after galloping 80—100 Calf, 2 weeks, about 70 Calf, 6 weeks, about 65 Calf, 6 mos.-12 mos., about 55—65 Elephant 25—28 Camel 30 Lion 40—50 Rabbit 140—160 Birds 120—140 Frog 60 Fish 20—25

(Ellenberger and Scheunert.)

RESPIRATORY FREQUENCE. Per Minute Horse 8—16 Cattle 10—30 Sheep and Goat 12—20 Swine 8—18 Dog 15—20 Cat 24 Man 15—20 Tiger 6

Lion 10

Monkey 19 Rabbit 55 Guinea pig and rat 100—150 Hen 40—50 Pigeon 50—70

Bopy TEMPERATURE.

(Average Rectal Temperature).

Horse 100.°2

Ass S875

Cow 101.°5

Sheep 104.° —105.°

Goat LOSF?

Pig 101.°7—103.°3

Dog 101.° —102.°

Cat 10d Y

Rabbit LOTT S025

Guinea-pig 101.°7—102.°6

Fowl 106.°9—109.°

Duck 107.°8—110.°5 DURATION OF PREGNANCY.

Mare 330—340 days

Ass 348—377 days

Cow 270—285 days

Sheep and Goat 145—155 days

Sow 115—120 days

Bitch 58— 65 days

Cat 54— 62 days

183

RED CORPUSCLES PER CUBIC MILLIMETER OF BLOOD.

Horse Colt Cow Calves Sheep Lambs Goat Swine Dog Cat Rabbit Guinea Pig Fowl

7,431,200 9,390,000 6,022,700 8,523,000

10,439,000

11,032,000

14,507,000 7,407,640 6,240,625 7,828,000 5,668,320 4,983,250 3,064,500

(average from 10 investigators) (Storch)

(average from 7 investigators) (Storch)

(average from 5 investigators) (Storch)

(average from 6 investigators) (average from 5 investizators) (average from 16 investigators) (average from 4 investigators) (average from 10 investigators) (average from 6 investigators) (average from 9 investigators)

LEUCOCYTES PER CUBIC MILLIMETER OF BLOOD.

Horse Colts Cow Calves Sheep Lambs Goat Swine Dog Ca. Rabbit Guinea Pig Fowl

9,473 © 14,034 8,133 15,739 7,140 10,198 9,750 13,420 11,370 12,410 9,161 9,145 26,723

(average from 11 investigators) (Storch)

(average from 5 investigators) (Storch)

(average from 4 investigators) (Storch )

(average from 3 investigators) (average from 2 investigators) (average from 15 investigators) (average from 5 investigators) (average from 12 investigators) (average from 5 investigators) (average from 7 investigators)

Horse

Cow

Sheep Goat

Swine

Dog

Cat

Rabbit Guinea Pig

Fowl 12.6244 lo

Water %

Woman 87.58 Cow 87.27 Mare 90.26 Ass 90.12 Sheep 83.57 Goat - 86.88 Swine 82.37 Bitch 77.00 Cat 81.63 Rabbit 69.50

SIZE OF

5. 60/4 5.85 4.90/¢ 3.96 6.19/¢ 7.20L 6 O3/t 6.801 7.52

184

ReD CoORPUSCLES.

(average from 5 investigators) (average from 4 luvestigators) — (average from 4 investigators) _ (agerage from 5 investigators) ~ (average from 3 investigators) — (average-from 6 investigators) (average from 5 investigators)

(average from 5 investigators) © (average from 4 investigators)

7-254 wide(average from 7 investigators)

COMPOSITION OF MILK.

(Ellenberger

Solids Proteid Fat Sugar Salts Sp. Gr. oatihae DG. te eat eeminedeae 142 2.008 Bk Gal De 0s) 1 023m D243 .o.09 ., Ol00. e404) 0a wy Gees 9:74 1.86 . 1.06~- 6:50, 0.82. 1.0348 G38 >sc1.80.- L310 U6) 04s Lose wTh43 Coto G15->4T 0.038 ison 13.12 3.76 4.07 4.44 0.85 1.0329 16:73. 6.09". 96.44 - 4204 £06 25-00; ~ Digene a Ope Om eaeeha od 13:31 >) 3.08.92 Se SO 2s 30.50" 15:54 ~ 10:45) 195 22-56

and Scheunert.)

185

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The Pathology and Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Dis- eases of Animals

By Veranus Alva Moore, B. S., M. D., Professor of Comparative Pathology, Bacteriology and Meat Inspection, of New York State Véterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. With an introduction by Daniel Elmer Salmon, D. V. M., Former Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agricul- ture.

The Profession will gladly welcome this new book, which brings the subject right up to the present state of the wonderful progress made in the study of infectious diseases * * The book deals with the important infectious diseases of animals that occur in this country. “Am. Vet. Review.”

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Third Edition Revised and Enlarged $4.00

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A full list of drugs with their doses for the different domestic animals based upon the eighth (1905) revision of tne U. S. Pharmacopoeia. Therapeutic terms and a list of terminations of medical terms applicable to Veterinary medi- cine. Prescription writing is discussed in some detail, with illustrative prescriptions. Thermo- metric equivalents. Weights and measures. Latin words and phrases used in prescription writing. Incompatibility. Poisons and their antidotes. Classification of medicines according to their physiologic actions. Pages for selected prescriptions.

Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Red Leather Flexible Covers. 184 pages. $1.50 net. * * * A small volume which will be of indis- pensable value to the practitioners and students. * * * Tt will return the investment with inter-

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Examination of the Urine of the Horse and Man By. Pierre. Ay Bish, D. Se, D: VW. M:

Simple directions are given for performing the tests necessary to determine the normal or ab- normal conditions of the urine.

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Elementary Exercises in Materia Medica and Pharmacy

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A laboratory manual treating of the more com- monly used inorganic and organic drugs. Charts are included, upon which are to be plotted the physiologic action of many of the drugs. The pharmaceutical section includes examples of the different preparations in the U. S. Pharmaco- poeia.

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General Surgery BY DR. MED. EUGEN FROHNER

Professor in the Royal Veterinary High School in Berlin. Authorized Translation from The Third Revised Edition, by D. Hammond Udall, B. S. A., D. V. M., Professor of Veterinary Medicine, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

The translation of Frohners General Surgery has been undertaken to meet the need of an English text-book on the subject. This text- book is Vol. If. of a hand book on seven vol- umes written by various authors and edited by the late Prof. Joseph Bayer, of Vienna, and Prof. Eugen Frohner of the Berlin Veterinary School. One other volume of this hand-book, DeBruin’s Obstetrics, is already well known to English speaking veterinarians.

The reputation of Prof. Frohner as a writer of text-books is too well known to require ex- planation. This translation is from the 1905 edition; the subject is presented in a scientific manner; is both concise and complete, and based on the experience of many years of care- fully prepared statistics from the largest clinic of its kind in the world.

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Pure Milk and the Public Health

A Manual of Milk and Dairy Inspection by A. R. Ward, B. S. A., D. V. M., Assistant Pro- fessor of Bacteriology and Director of the State Hygienic Laboratory, University of Cali- fornia, with two chapters by M. E. Jaffa, M. S., Professor of Nutrition and Director of the State Food and Drug Laboratory, University of California. Carpenter & Co., Publishers, Ithaca, INGAY:

Dr. Ward treats the subject in a comprehen- sive manner, taking up in detail the following subjects: The Contamination of Milk; Changes in Milk Caused by Bacteria; Epidemic of Dis- eases Transmitted by Milk; Bovine Tubercu- losis and Other Cattle Diseases; Municipal San- itary Control of Milk; Pasteurization of Milk; Microscopic Tests of Milk; Bacteriological Ex- amination of Milk; Certified Milk; -Chemical Analysis of Milk; Adulteration of Milk.

Dr. Ward’s wide experience renders him especially capable to edit a work of this charac- ter and he has accomplished the task in a most efficient manner. Such a work widely circu- lated will be of great value in improving gen- eral dairy conditions and in establishing uni- formity of technique in the various laboratory tests. Its low price, $2.00 net, postpaid, places it within the reach of everyone.

FRANCIS H. SLACK, M. D., Director Boston Board of Health Laboratory.

240 Pages. 17 Illustrations $2.00 Net Postpaid

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