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BOOKS I. AND II.

OF

MILTON'S PARADISE LOST,

JRoUs en ifct ^Inslgiif, anb on Ifce Srriptnnd anb Clawiml A GLOSSARY OF DIFFICULT WORDS.

AND A

LIFE OF MILTON.

BT

C. P. MASON, B.A., F.C.P.,

rmux)w or nifiYBBamr OOLLBOB, LONDOM.

FIFTH EDITION.

TORONTO : ADAM MILLER & CO.,

1878.

Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, by ADAM MILLER & Co., in the year 1878.

PREFACE.

T&B favourable reception which the first edition of this Jittle work met with has emboldened me to republish it for the use of candidates at the next Oxford Local Examina- tions. The alterations in the notes will not be found to be very numerous. They consist chiefly in corrections of the account given of adverbial sentences beginning with as, in accordance with the view of the matter set forth in the last edition of my English Grammar, and in my " Analysis of Sentences applied to Latin."

The first book of Milton's " Paradise Lost " is long and difficult The style is intricate, and it is crowded with allusions to the Scriptures and to classical mythology. It is not a subject that can be hurried over, and those who have to prepare for examination in it will find the advantage of the longer notice of the subjects for ex- amination which has been given by the Oxford Delegacy,

0. P. MASON. DKNMARK Hnx, July, 1870.

LIFE OF MILTON.

JOHN MILTON waa the son of John and Sarah Milton, and was born Deo. 9, 1608, in Bread-street, where hia father carried on the profes- sion of a scrivener. The latter was a man of good family, the son of a yeoman of Oxfordshire, but had been disinherited on account of hia Protestantism. He had been educated at Christchurch, Oxford, and was besides a man of groat musical taste and acquirements. From him Milton inherited that musical taste which in Utter life provided him with a solace for many weary hours. Milton's early years were passed amid the influences of an orderly and pious Puritan household. first teacher was a Scotchman, named Thomas Young. While Mill under his care he was sent to St. Paul's School, the head-master < >f which was Alexander Gill, who was assisted by his son of the same name. While here, Milton was a hard student, and already jegan to exert his poetical powers. His versions of the lllth ami 136th Psalms were composed in his sixteenth year. On the 12th of iary, 1624,* Milton was admitted as a lesser pensioner at Christ's College, Cambridge. With his first tutor, William Chappell, Milton had some variance, which led to the interference of the college autho- rities, in consequence of which Milton was rusticated for a short . but soon returned, and was transferred to the tutorship of the Rev. Nathaniel Tovey. There is a statement (the authenticity of which, however, is disputed) that Milton's quarrel with his tutor brought on him the indignity of a whipping. There is nothing, how- ever, to show that this was anything more than a private fracat. Milton's rather haughty and fastidious manners at first made him the object of some dislike; but long before he left college he had won til-- favour and respect of his college, and of the whole univeruicy. He took his B.A. degree in January, 1628 (1629), and hia M.A.

• Brfore 1762 the y*ar WM reckoned to begin on the 2Mb of March. Aecozding to our preaent mod* of reckoninf UM above date would be Feb. IS, 1625.

VI LIFE OF MILTON.

degree in July, 1632. He was at first designed for the Church, and went through the usual course of theological study; but he also pursued with great assiduity an independent course of his own. He was especially noted for the excellence of his Latin versification. WTiile at college he wrote, in Latin, the first four of his Familiar Epistles; seven college themes, published in 1674, under the title of Prolusiones quadam Oratories; the Elegiarum Liber; and part of the Sylvantm Liber. In English he wrote various minor poems : — 1. " On the Death of a Fair Infant." 2. " Part of a Vacation Exer- cise." 3. "On Time." 4. "On the Circumcision." 5. "At a Solemn Music." 6. "On May Morning." 7. "On Shakspere." 8. " On the University Carrier." 9. " Epitaph on the Marchioness of "Winchester." 10. " Sonnet on my Twenty-third Birthday." The epitaph on Shakspere was the only one of these compositions which was published during his stay at college. It appeared anonymously among the laudatory verses prefixed to the second folio edition of Shakspere in 1632, and was the first of Milton's productions which appeared in print.

On leaving college Milton declined both the Church and the Bar, and spent the ensuing five years at Horton, in Buckinghamshire, at the residence of his father, who had retired from business with a competent fortune. These years were spent in fruitful study, and occasional literary labours. It was during this period that he wrote " L' Allegro " and " H Penseroso," " Arcades," " Comus," and " Lyci- das," a monody on the death of Mr. Edward King, who had been his companion at college.

Milton's mother died in 1637, and soon after he obtained leave and means from his father to make a continental tour, in the course of which he visited Paris and most of the chief cities in Italy, and made acquaintance with Grotius, Galileo, and Manso, the friend and patron of Tasso. He had intended continuing his journey to Greece, but the news which reached him of impending civil commotions in England induced him to return. This Italian journey, and the reputation and praise which he gained in literary circles, greatly stimulated his literary ambition. But his purpose of writing some great English poem was interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war, which diverted his energies into a totally new channel. Milton was heart and soul a Republican and an Independent, and devoted his genius and energy to the cause of the revolution. For the next twenty years his poetical efforts were relinquished, and we see him only as the most masterly polemical prose writer of his age.

LIF1 OF MILTON. Yli

On his return to England, Milton found the household at Horton broken up, and went (in 1640) to reside in St. Bride's Churchyard4, Fleet-street ; whence he removed (in 1641) to a house in Aldersgate- street, where he took some pupils to educate, with his nephews, Edward and John Phillips. In 1641 he began his political career by a vigorous attack on prelacy, in a treatise entitled, " Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England, and the Causes that hitherto have hindered it." A reply to this was published by Bishop Hall, who, in his turn, was answered in a work which was the joint pro- duction of five Puritan ministers — Stephen Marshall, Edward Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newoomen, and William Spurstow, whose joint initial* made up the name " Smeotymnuus." This work called forth a reply from Archbishop Usher, upon which Milton came to the rescue 'with his pamphlets entitled, •• Of Prelatical Episcopacy," and ** The Reason of Church Government urged against Prelacy." Other publications of Milton's in this controversy were, " Animadversions upon the Remonstrant's Defence," and "The Apology against a Pamphlet called, * A Modest Confutation of the Animadversions upon the Remonstrant against Smectymnuus.' "

In 1643 Milton took a short journey into the country, in the course of which he married Mary, the eldest daughter of Mr. Richard Powell, of Forest Hill, near Shotover, in Oxfordshire. Mrs. Milton, however, whose mind and tastes were utterly uncongenial to those of her husband, found or fancied her married life unbearable, and having gone home for a visit, refused to return. Milton accordingly re- pudiated her, and the quarrel led to the publication of his four treatises on divorce, in which he maintained that moral incompati- bility is as good a ground for divorce as conjugal infidelity. In 1646, however, his wife's family brought about a reconciliation, and she returned to her husband, who had now taken a house in Barbican, where his aged father was residing with him. It was in 1644 that Milton wrote his "Tractate on Education," and his noble " Areopa- gitica ; or, Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing," in defence of the freedom of the press. In 1646 he published, in a small volume, the first edition of his minor poems.

On the capture of Oxford by the Parliamentary army, in 1646, Mrs. Milton's father and his family were driven from home, and took refuge in Milton's house, whore, not long after, Mr. Powell died. Milton's eldest daughter, Anne, was born in 1646, and his aged father died soon after. In 1647, the Powells having returned to Oxfordshire, and the number of his pupils having fallen off, Milton

vlil LIFE OF MILTON.

removed to a smaller house in Holborn, where he employed himself in study and writing-. About this time he produced a portion of his " History of England."

On the execution of Charles I. (Jan. 30, 1648-9), Milton published, in justification of the act, a short pamphlet, " On the Tenure of Bangs and Magistrates." This led to his receiving from the Government the oifer of the post of Latin or Foreign Secretary, which he accepted, with a salary of £290 per annum. He now removed to an official residence in the neighbourhood of Whitehall. In the early part of this year he also published " Animadversions on the Articles of Peace between the Earl of Ormond and the Irish Rebels." His next im- portant work was the " Eikonoklastes," written in 1649, in answer to the celebrated " Eikon Basilike." This had scarcely been completed, when Salmasius (Claude de Saumaise), at the instigation of Charles II., then a refugee in Holland, published his " Defensio Regia pro Carolo Primo ad Carolum Secundum." At the request of the English Council of State, Milton wrote in reply his famous "Pefensio pro Populo Anglicano contra Claudii anonymi alias Salmasii Defensionem .Begiam," which was published in 1650, by order of the Council. The preparation of this work was believed by Milton himself to have hastened the calamitous failure of his sight, of which symptoms had appeared in 1644, and which, by the year 1653, resulted in total blindness, from the affection termed gutta serena. Notwithstanding his blindness, he continued to fulfil the duties of his office nearly up to the time of the Restoration. During the latter part of this period he was assisted by his friend Andrew Marvell. In 1664, he published his " Defensio Secunda pro Populo Anglicano," in reply to a scurrilous production by Peter Dumoulin, the reputed author of which at the time was Alexander More. This was followed up by his "Authoris pro se Defensio contra Alexandrum Morum Ecclesiastem " (1655), and "Authoris ad Alexandra Mori Supple- mentum Defensio" (1655). In addition to these worke he produced in hie official capacity between seventy and eighty Latin letters, and a Latin State Paper on the differences of the Protector with the Spanish Court. His last official letter is dated May 15, 1659. In this year he wrote two tracts addressed to the Parliament, " A Treatise of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes," and " Considerations touch- ing the likeliest means to remove Hirelings out of the Church," and also a '* Letter to a Friend, concerning the Ruptures of the Common' wealth," ani " The Ready and Easy Way to establish a Free Com. moii wealth." These treatises were all intended to stem the reaction

LITE OF MILTOW. fal

In farour of royalty and high-church principles. On the restoration of Charles II. (1660) Milton was for some time in considerable danger. His most obnoxious writings were burnt by the hangman. He waa in custody, after the passing of the Act of Indemnity, and is said to have owed his safety to the intercession of Sir William Davcnant, who at an earlier period had been beholden to Milton for his good offices when taken prisoner at sea.

In November, 1656, Milton had married his second wife, Catherine Woodcock, who died in childbirth, about a year afterwards. In the early part of 1663 he married his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull. The relations of his daughters towards their step-mother wore not of the happiest kind, and the two elder in particular were also unkind and undutiful to their father, whom they cheated and robbed. He employed his two younger daughters in writing at his dictation, and reading to him in several languages, without understanding their meaning, a kind of work with which they appear to have become utterly disgusted. All three were at last sent from home to gain their own livelihood. Though no longer in affluent circumstances, Milton still retained enough of the property bequeathed to him by hi* father to enable him to live, in his frugal way, in tolerable ease and comfort During the latter part of his life he resided in Artillery Walk. The following are the prose works which belong to the later period of his life. 1. " Accidence commenced Grammar." 2. " Tho History of Britain." ». " Artis Logicae plenior Institutio." 4. " Of True Religion, Heresie, Schism, and Toleration." 5. "Epistolarum Familiarum liber onus, quibus accesserunt Prolusiones quiedam Ora- tori»." 6. "A Brief History of Mosoovia." 7. "A Treatise (in Latin) on Christian Doctrine." The publication of this work, in which Milton's Arian creed was developed, was given up by his frimd", on prudential grounds. The manuscript of it was discovered in 1823, in the State Paper Office. In the reading and writing which his literary labours involved, Milton had the help of various voluntary aimistnntn, besides his daughters, particularly that of a young Quaker, named Ell wood.

It was in these later years of blindness, poverty, and affliction, that the genius of Milton reverted to its original bent. With a mind stored with learning, and strengthened and refined by the vast ex- perience of twenty years of active participation in the noble struggle by which freedom was won ; with a fancy chastened by age and purified by suffering; and with an imagination mi-ur]>.t^sed in the sublimity of its range, and intensified by tho very affliction which

X LIFE OF MILTON.

cut it off from all sources of inspiration but those which it created foi itself, Milton addressed himself to the composition of his immortal poem, "Paradise Lost," This work was finished by 1665, in which year it was shown to Ellwood ; but it was not till April 27th, 1667 that it was sold to Samuel Simmons, the publisher, for £5 dowt. with a promise of £5 more when 1,300 copies of the first edition should have been sold, £5 more when 1,300 copies of the second edition should have been sold, and so on ; each edition to consist of 1,500 copies. It was two years before Milton received the second £5. The second edition was not published till 1674, the year of Milton's death. A third edition was published in 1678, and in 1680 Milton's widow sold her interest in the book for £8. In the second edition the original ten books were made into twelve, by a division of the seventh and tenth books.

The poem, "Paradise Regained," was suggested to Milton by a question put to him one day by Ellwood. It was published in 1671, together with " Samson Agonistes."

Milton died November 8th, 1674, and was buried in the chancel of St. Giles, Cripplegate. In stature he was somewhat below the average. In his youth he was singularly handsome, with an appearance of almost feminine grace and delicacy. In his old age, in addition to his blindness, he suffered from gout and other infirmities. His wife survived him for forty-five years, and died, at a great age, at Nant- wich. Hie brother Christopher adhered steadily to the royalist party. He was knighted by James II., and became a judge.

EXAMPLES OF THE ANALYSIS OP SENTENCES.

Lf analysing nentences proceed in the following manner : —

1. Set down the subject of the sentence, which may consist (1) of a single substantive, or (2) of two or more substantives united by co-ordinative conjunctions, or (3) of an infinitive mood, or (4) of a quotation, or (6) of a subordinate substantive clause.

2. Set down the attributive adjuncts of the subject. These may consist (1) of an adjective or participle (with or without adjuncts of

own), or (2) of a noun (or a substantive clause) in apposition to the subject, or (3) of a substantive (noun or pronoun) in the possessive case, or (4) of a substantive preceded by a preposition (including under this head an infinitive mood preceded by to), or (5) of an adjective clause.

3. Set down the predicate-verb. If the verb is one of incomplete predication, set down the complement of the predicate, and indicate that the verb and its complement make up the entire predicate.

4. If the predicate be a transitive verb, set down the object of the verb. The object of a verb admits of the same varieties as the subject. If the predicate be a verb of incomplete predication, followed by an infinitive mood, set down the object of the dependent infinitive.

5. Set down those words, phrases, or adjective clauses, which are in the attributive relation to the object of the predicate, or to the object of the complement of the predicate, if the hitter be a verb in the infinitive mood.

6. Set down those words, phrases, or adverbial clauses which are in the adverbial relation to the predicate. These adverbial adjuncts may consists (1) of an adverb ; or (2) of a substantive (or verb in the infinitive mood) preceded by a preposition ; or (3) of a noun qualified by an attributive word ; or (4) of a substantive (noun or pronoun) in the objective case, before which to or for may be understood ; or (6) of a nominative absolute ; or (6) of an adverbial clause.

TU EXAMPLES.

7. Set down the adverbial adjuncts of the complement of the pre- dicate.

8. Analyse the subordinate clauses which enter into the construc- tion of the principal sentence.

A. " What man that lives, and that knows how to live, would fail to exhibit at the public shows a form as splendid as the proudest there."

Analysis of A. Subject, ' man.'

, 1. 'What/

\ 2. Adjective clause, ' that lives.' (B.) Attrib. adjuncts of subject, ( ^ Adject.ve ^^ <that knowg how ^

live.' (C.)

Predicate (incomplete}, ' would fail.' Complement of predicate, l to exhibit.' Object of the complement, 'form.'

/I. 'a.'

Attrib. adjuncts of object, I 2. ' splendid,' qualified by (1) • as (2)

as the proudest there. ' (D. ) Adverbial adjunct of complement of predicate, ' at the public shows.'

Analysis of B. Subject, * that.' Predicate, ' lives.'

Analysis of C. Subject, ' that.' Predicate, ' knows.' Object, ' to live.' Adverbial adjunct of object, ' how.'

Analysis of D.

In full: 'As [the form is splendid which] the proudest there [exhibit].' Subject, * form.'

(1. Article, 'the.' Attrib. adjuncts of subject, \ 2. Adjective clause, ' which the proudest

there exhibit.' (E.) ( Verb of incomplete predication, ' is.' \ Complement of predicate, ' splendid.' Adverbial adjunct of the complement of the predicate, ' as-'

KXAJCFLIS.

Analytic of E.

Subject, • person? * (understood).

< 1. Article, « the/ ,4ttri&. orf'unc/* o/ mbjict, \ 2. Adjective, • proudest*

( 3. -4<fr«ri, « there ' (0r. 362»). PretUeaU,' exhibit.* which.'

\

M Our habit*, costlier than Luculltu wore, And by caprice aa multiplied aa his, Just please us while the fashion is at full."

L. 'Our/ Attrib. adjunctt tf utbjeel, ^ 2. « costlier than Lucullus wore/ (B.)

3. ' by caprice as multiplied as his.' (C.) Predicate, ' please/ Object, • us.'

Adverbial adjunct, <(fpre- \ „* *"*'' I full.' (D.)

Analyii, of B.

An adverbial clause, qualifying cottlier. In full : ' Than the habits were costly which Lucullus wore.' r,' habits.'

L. 'the/ dttrib. adjunct, of eubject,l2. Adjective clause, 'which Lucullns wore.

(

jectt) I

t Verb of incomplete predication, ' were.' Jfreaieate, | Complement of predicate, • ooatlw-'

Adverbial adjunct of complement «f predicate, ' than.'

Analyiit oj £. Predicate, " wore.'

X1T EXAMPLES.

Analysis of 0.

An elliptical adverbial clause co-ordinate with as which qualifies multiplied. In full : ' As his habits were multiplied.' Subject, < habits/

Attributive adjunct of subject, ' his.' _ ( Verb of incomplete predication, 'were.'

\ Complement, 'multiplied. Adverbial adjunct of complement, ' as.'

Analysis of D.

« While the fashion is at full.' Subject, 'fashion.' Attributive adjunct of subject, * the.' Predicate, ' is.'

Adverbial adjuncts of pre- ( 1. ' while.' dicate, \ 2. 'at fuU.'

" Too well I see, and rue the dire event, That with sad overthrow, and foul'defeat, Hath lost us heaven, and all this mighty host In horrible destruction laid thus low, As far as gods and heavenly essences Can perish."

At full length : A. " Too well I see the dire event that heaven,

and that all this low, as far as gods and heavenly essences can

perish [far]." B. "And I rue the dire event," &c.

Analysis of A. Subject, < I.' Predicate, ' see.' Object, 'event.'

rl. «the.f 2. 'dire.' -

_. , 3. Adjective clause : ' That with sad — — Attributive adjunct* of object, ( ieaven.» (C<)

4. Adjective clause : * That all this mighty

can perish,' (D.)

Adverbial adjunct of predicate, 'too well.'

Analysis of 0. Subject, « that.' Predicate,' hath lost Object, 'heaven.'

ItT AlfPT/EM XV

11. ' with sad overthrow.' 2. 'with foul defeat.' 8. • us ' (i.e., ' for us ').

Analysit of D. £«*>««*,« that/

i V$rb °f inoomP^t9 predication, « hath bud,' \ Complement of predicate, • low.'

/I. 'all/

Attributi«adju«cttofobject, \ 2. 'this/

I 3. * mighty.'

/ 1. « In horrible destruction/

****** «*"""« 'ft"- 2. • A* far as gods and heavenly

can perish/ (E.)

Adverbial adjunct of the complement of the predicate, * thus.'

Analytis of £.

" AB gods and heavenly essences can perish [far]." An adverbial clause, co-ordinate with at which qualifies far. Subject (compound), ' gods and essences.' Attributive adjunct of part of lubjtet, « heavenly.'

\ ^^ °f ^nco1nP^te predication, ' can/ \ Complement,' perish.' Adverbial adjunct of predicate, 'far* (understood), which is itself qualified by the relative adverb at.

The analysis of B is step for step the same as that of A, with tha substitution of rue for tee.

44 Blest he, though undistinguished from the crowd By wealth or dignity, who dwells secure, Where man, by nature fierce, has laid aside His fierceness, having learnt, though slow to learn, The manners and the arts of civil life." At full length : A. " Blest is he, though he be undistinguished

from the crowd by wealth, who dwells, &c. life." B. " Blest is

he, though he be undistinguished from the crowd by dignity, who dwells life."

Analytit of A. Subject, *\*.9

A tt A. * V *• M*/ *»/ A**A«V*4 / A.QJtCmC Ct&mtf ^rDO QWCllfl ^((r 1C* MVOTVM Cy 9WQj€C\) \

\

XTl EXAMPLES.

Predicate (incomplete), * is.' Complement of predicate, ' blest.'

Adverbial adjunct of pre- i Clause, ' though he be undistinguished — — dicate, \ wealth.' (D.)

Analysis of C. Subject, « who/ Predicate, ' dwells.' Complement of predicate, ' secure.'

Adverbial adjunct of pre- f Adverbial clause, * where man by - life.' dicate, \ (E.)

Analysis of E. Subject, ' man.*

/ 1. Adjective phrase, 'by nature fierce.' Attrib. adjunctt of subject, J 2. Participial p hrase, 'having learnt, though

+ ( he is slow to learn - life.' (F.)

Predicate, « has laid.' #£/<?<# of verb, ' fierceness.' Attributive adjunct of object, l his.' Adverbial adjuncts of pre- ( 1. ' aside.'

(2. 'where.'

x Analysis of F.

' [Though] he is slow to learn.' Subject, « he.'

Predicate (incomplete], 'is.' Complement of predicate, ' slow.' Adverbial adjunct of complement of predicate, * to learn.'

Analysis of D. £«#«>*, ' he/ Predicate incomplete, ' be/ Complement of predicate, ' undistinguished/ Adverbial adjuncts of com- ( 1. ' from the crowd.' plement of 'predicate^ I 2. 'by wealth/

Analysis of B.

The analysis of B is step for step the same as that of A, with the substitution of dignity for wealth.

The parsing of a sentence takes cognizance of more minute parti- culars than the above kind of analysis. A specimen of the mode in which it is to be conducted is given in the Grammar, p. 143.

The following is the mode in which the preceding sentences would urkt-ted and marked, according to the method* set forth iu the author's English Grammar, $ 507.

A. " What man (a't. that lives) and (a',, that knows how to I would fail to exhibit at the public shows a form as sph-udj.l

. as the proudest there." ]

B. "Our habits costlier ja". thanf (a"bf. Luctillus wore) } , ami l>y

100 as multiplied j<^. ashis{, junt please us |tT. while the • urn is at full." )

C. " Too well I see, and rue the dire event (a\. that with sad

ihrow and foul defeat hath lost us heaven) and (a.,, [that] all this mighty host in horrible destruction [hath] laid thus low as far |a'26". as gods and heavenly essences can perish." j )

D. "Blest he, \m". though undistinguished from the crowd by wealth or dignity } [»'. who dwells secure ( n'o". where man, by nature tic: I aside his fierceness, having learnt (n'o"i>". though slow to learn) the manners and the arts of civil life." }J

The following examples will still further illustrate the method : —

E. fa'Y "Me though just right, and the fixed laws of heaven, did first create your leader, } Ja"2 next free choice, with (u"Jt what besides in counsel, or in tight, hath been achieved of merit) did create your leader, ] yet this loss, thus far at least recovered, hath much more established me in a safe unenvied throne, yu-Mf 1 with full consent"

P. " Who here will envy him (a\. whom the highest place exposes foremost to stand against the Thunderer's aim your bulwark), and (o'j. whom the highest place condemns to greatest share of endless pain ?) {&". Where there is then no good (b"cf. for which we need to strive, )) no strife can grow up there from faction; | </"}. for none sure will claim in hell precedence, } { d"t. for thert u none (d"^. whose portion is so small of present pain,) (d'\f. that with ambitious mind will covet more.")}

• The •iightly modified method adopted In the sixteenth edition la here referred to. 4 In full («". thin the h.-ii.it« (a"*', which LuciilUu wore) were oratlv }.

B

XTHl

EXAMPLES.

G. "Let such bethink them (a", if the sleepy drench of that for- getful lake benumb not still, J. [b^ that in our proper motion we ascend up to our native seat:] [&2. descent and fall to us ia adverse."] ^

H. "Who was there but (a', who felt of late [a'b'\. when the fierce foe hung on our broken rear insulting, j { a'b"2 and when the fierce foe pursued us through the deep, j [a'c. with what compulsion and laborious flight we sunk thus low ? "])

1. "What can be worse |a". than to dwell here, driven out from bliss, condemned in this abhorred deep to utter woe, (a"b'. where pain of unextinguishable fire must exercise us without hope of end, the vassals of his anger, [a"b'c". when the scoxirge inexorable and the torturing hour calls us to penance ? "]) J .

K. "I should be much for open war, 0 peers, {«". as / am not behind in hate, } { b'\. if (b"cf what was urged main reason to persuade immediate war) did not dissuade me most, j and { &"2. ij (&"3c'. wlwt was urged main reason to persuade immediate war) did not seem to cast ominous conjecture on the whole success, [bz"d". when he (b"zd"e'. who most excels in feats of arms) in (b"vd"f. what he counsels) and in that (b"zd"g'. in which he excels, ) mistrustful grounds his courage on despair and utter dissolution (b"2d"h". as lie would ground his courage on the scope of all his aim, after some dire revenge.")]]

In the following example, which contains several principal sen- tences, the subordinate clauses of each are distinguished from those of the others by having the signature of the complete sentence prefixed to that of each subordinate clause.

A. " There is a place {A a", if ancient and prophetic fame in heaven err not, j another world, the happy seat of some new race, called Man, about this time to be created, like to us, lAb". though less in power and excellence), but favoured more of him (Ac1, who rules above). B. So was his will pronounced among the gods ; (7. and by an oath (Car. that shook heaven's whole circum- ference) confirmed. D. Thither let us bend all our thoughts, to learn [Db\. what creatures there inhabit], [Db2. of what mould] or [Db3. substance,] [Z>&4. how endued] and [D6ft. what their power."]

PARADISE LOST.

BOOK I.

OH Man's first disobedience, and the fruit hat)forbidflen tree, whose moijtd taste Brought death into the world, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater man Restore us, and regain the blissful seat, 5

heavenly muse, that on the secret top Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire That Shepherd who Erst taught the chosen seed, In the beginning how the heavens and earth Rose out of chaos : or if Sion's hill 10

Delight thoe more, and Siloa's brook that flow'd Fast by the oracle of God, I thence Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song, That with no middle flight intends to soar

Above the Aonian mount, while it pursues 16

Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme. And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer Before all temples the upright heart and pure, Instruct me, for thou know'st; thou from tin- first Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread, 20

Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss, And madost it pregnant : what in me is dark, Illumine: what is low, raise and support ; That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal Providence, 26

18 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

And justify the ways of God to men.

Say first — for Heaven hides nothing from thy view, Nor the deep tract of hell — say first what cause Moved our grand parents, in that happy state, Favoured of Heaven so highly to fall off 30

From their Creator, and transgress his will For one restraint, lords of the world besides. Who first seduced them to that foul revolt ? The infernal serpent ; he it was, whose guile, Stirr'd up with envy and revenge, deceived S3

The mother of mankind, what time his pride Had cast him out from heaven, with all his host 9f rebel angels ; by whose aid aspiring To set himself in glory above his peers,

He trusted to have equalled the Most High, 40

If he opposed ; and with ambitious aim Against the throne and monarchy of God, Raised impious war in heaven, and battle proud, With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power Hurl'd headlong flaming from the ethereal sky, 45

With hideous ruin and combustion down To bottomless perdition, there to dwell In adamantine chains and penal fire, Who durst defy the Omnipotent to arms.

Nine times the space that measures day and night 50

To mortal men, he with his horrid crew Lay vanquish' d rolling in the fiery gulf, Confounded, though, immortal : but his doom Reserved him to more wrath ; for now the thought Both of lost happiness and lasting pain 65

Torments him : round he throws his baleful eyes, That witness' d huge affliction and dismay, Mix'd with obdurate pride and stedfast hate. At once as far as angels ken he views

The dismal situation waste and wild ; . 60

A dungeon horrible on all sides round

BOOK I.] PARADI8B LOST. 1*

As one great furnace flamed ; yet from those flames

No light ; but rather darkness visible

Served only to discover eights of woe,

Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace 66

And rest can never dwell, hope never comes,

That comes to all, but torture without end

Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed

With over-burning sulphur unconsumed.

Such place eternal Justice had prepared 70

For those rebellious : here their prison ordainM

In utter darkness, and their portion set

As far removed from God and light of heaven,

As from the centre thrice to the utmodt polo.

O, how unlike the place from whence they toll I 75

There the companions of his fall, o'erwhelmod

With floods and whirlwinds ot teini»w»tuou8 fire,

He soon discerns ; and weltering hy his side

One next himself in power, and next in crime,

Long after known in Palestine, and named 80

Beelzebub. To whom the arch-enemy,

And thence in heaven call'd Satan, with bold words

Breaking the horrid silence, thus began :

" If thou beest he ; but 0, how fall'n ! how changed From him who in the happy realms of light, 85

Clothed with transcendent brightness, didst outshine Myriacb though bright ! If he, whom mutual league, United thoughts and counsels, equal hope And hazard in the glorious enterprise,

Join'd with me once, now misery hath join'd 90

In equal ruin : into what pit thou seest, From what height fall'n, so much the stronger proved He with his thunder : and till then who knew The force of those dire arms ? Yet not for those, Nor what the potent Victor in his rage 95

Can else inflict, do I repent or change. Though changed in outward lustre, that fix'd mind,

$0 PAHADISE LOST. [BOOK L

And high disdain from sense of injured merit, That with the Mightiest raised me to contend, And to the fierce contention brought along 100

Innumerable force of spirits arm'd That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring, His utmost power with adverse power opposed In dubious battle on the plains of heaven, And shook his throne. What though the field be lost ? 105 All is not lost ; the unconquerable will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield, And what is else not to be overcome :

That glory never shall his wrath or might 110

Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace With suppliant knee, and deify his power Who from the terror of this arm so late Doubted his empire, that were low indeed,

That were an ignominy and shame beneath 115

This downfall : since by fate the strength of gods And this empyreal substance cannot fail, Since through experience of this great event In arms not worse-, in foresight much advanced, We may with more successful hope resolve 120

To wage by force or guile eternal war, Irreconcilable to our grand foe, Who now triumphs, and, in the excess of joy Sole reigning, holds the tyranny of heaven." So spake the apostate angel, though in pain, 12*^

Vaunting aloud, but rack'd with deep despair : And him thus answered soon his bold compeer : ' ' O prince, 0 chief of many throned powers, That led the embattled seraphim to war

Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds 130

Fearless endanger' d heaven's perpetual King, And put to proof his high supremacy, Whether upheld by strength, or chance, or fate ;

BOOK I.j PARADISE LOST. 21

Too well I see, and rue the dire event,

• with sad overthrow, and foul defeat, 135

Hath lost us heaven, and all this mighty host In horrible destruction laid thus low, As far as gods and heavenly essences Can perish : for the mind and spirit remain Invincible, and vigour soon returns, 140

Though all our glory extinct, and happy state Ilere swallowed up in endless misery. But what if he our Conqueror (whom I now Of force believe almighty, since no less

Than such could have o'erpower'd such force as ours,) 146

Have left us this our spirit and strength entire Strongly to suffer and support our pains, That we may so suffice his vengeful ire, Or do him mightier service as his thralls

I >y right of war, whatever his business be, 160

Ilere in the heart of hell to work in fire, Or do his errands in the gloomy deep P What can it then avail, though yet we feel Strength undiminish'd, or eternal 1»

To undergo eternal punishment P" 165

Whereto with speedy words the arch-fiend replied :

" FalTn cherub, to be weak is miserable Doing or suffering ; but of this be sure, To do aught good never will be our task,

But ever to -do ill our sole delight, 160

As being the contrary to his high will Whom we resist. If then his providence Out of our evil seek to bring forth good, Our labour must be to pervert that end,

And out of good still to find means of evil, 166

-Which ofttimes may succeed, so as perhaps 1 grieve him, if I fail not, and disturb His inmost counsels from their destined aim. But ace I the angry Victor hath recalled

22 *ABADISE LOST. [BOOK 1.

His ministers of vengeance and pursuit 1 70

Back to the gates of heaven : the sulphurous hail,

Shot after us in storm, Verblown, hath laid

The fiery surge, that from the precipice

Of heaven received us falling ; and the thunder,

Wing'd with red lightning and impetuous rage, 175

Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now

To bellow through the vast and boundless deep.

Let us not slip the occasion, whether scorn

Or satiate fury yield it from our foe.

Seest thou yon dreary plain, forlorn and wild, 180

The seat of desolation, void of light,

Save what the glimmering of these livid flames

Oasts pale and dreadful ? Thither let us tend

Prom off the tossing of these fiery waves ;

There rest, if any rest can harbour there ; 186

And, re-assembling our afflicted powers,

Consult how we may henceforth most offend

Our enemy ; our own loss how repair ;

How overcome this dire calamity ;

What reinforcement we may gain from hope ; 190

If not, what resolution from despair."

Thus Satan talking to his nearest mate, With head uplift above the wave, and eyes That sparkling blazed : his other parts besides, Prone on the flood extended, long and large, 195

Lay floating many a rood ; in bulk as huge As whom the fables name of monstrous size, Titanian, or Earth-born, that warr'd on Jove ; Briareus, or Typhon, whom the den

By ancient Tarsus held ; or that sea-beast 200

Leviathan, which God of all his works Created hugest that swim the ocean stream : Him, haply slumbering on the Norway foam, The, pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff Deeming some island, oft, as seamen tell, 205

AOOK I.] PABADI8B LOST. 23

With fixed anchor in his scaly rind

Moors by his side under the lee, while night

Invests the sea, and wished morn delays :

So stretch'd out huge in length the arch-fiend lay,

Chain'd on the burning lake : nor ever thence 210

Had risen or heaved his head, but that the will

And high permission of all-ruling Heaven

Left him at large to his own dark designs ;

That with reiterated crimes he might

Heap on himself damnation, while he sought 215

Evil to others ; and, enraged, might see

How all his malice served but to bring forth

Infinite goodness, grace, and mercy, shown

On man by him seduced ; but on himself

Treble confusion, wrath, and vengeance pour'd. 220

Forthwith upright he rears from off the pool

His mighty stature ; on each hand the flames,

Driven backward, slope their pointing spires, and rolTd

In billows, leave in the midst a horrid vale.

Then with expanded wings he steers his flight 225

Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air,

That felt unusual weight ; till on dry land

He lights, if it were land that ever btirn'd

With solid, as the lake with liquid fire :

And such appear' d in hue, as when the force 230

Of subterranean wind transports a hill

Torn from Pelorus, or the shatter' d side

Of thundering JEtna, whose combustible

And fuell'd entrails thence conceiving fire,

Sublimed with mineral fury, aid the winds, 235

And leave a singed bottom all involved

With stench and smoke : such resting found the sole

Of unblest feet. Him followed his next mate ;

Both glorying to have 'scaped the Stygian flood

As gods, and by their own recovered strength, 240

Not by the sufferance of supernal power.

24 frAfcAfctsE Lost. [BOOK I.

" Is this the region, this the soil, the clime," Said then the lost archangel, " this the seat That we must change for heaven ; this mournful gloom For that celestial light ? Be it so, since he, 245

Who now is Sovereign, can dispose and bid What shall be right ; farthest from him is best, Whom reason hath equall'd, force hath made Supreme Above his equals. Farewell, happy fields, Where joy for ever dwells ! Hail horrors ! hail 250

Infernal world ! and thou profoundest hell, Receive thy new possessor ; one who brings A mind not to be changed by place or time : The mind is its own place, and in itself

Can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. 255

What matter where, if I be still the same, And what I should be — all but less than he Whom thunder hath made greater ? Here at least We shall be free ; the Almighty hath not built Here for his envy, will not drive us hence : 260

Here we may reign secure, and, in my choice, To reign is worth ambition, though in hell : Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. But wherefore let we then our faithful friends, The associates and copartners of our loss, 266

Lie thus astonish'd in the oblivious pool, And call them not to share with us their part In this unhappy mansion ; or once more With rallied arms to try what may be yet Regain' d in heaven, or what more lost in hell ?" 270

So Satan spake, and him Beelzebub Thus answer'd : " Leader of those armies bright, Which but the Omnipotent none could have foil'd, If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge Of nope in fears and dangers, heard so oft 275

In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge Of battle when it raged, in all assaults

BOOK I.] PARADISE LOST. 25

Their surest signal, they will soon resume

New courage and revive ; though now they lie

Grovelling and prostrate on you lake of fire, 280

As we erewhile, astounded and amazed ;

No wonder, fall'n such a pernicious height."

Pie scarce had ceased when the superior fiend

Was moving towarjd the shore : his ponderous shield,

Ethereal temper, massy, large, and round, 28.5

!id him cast : the broad circumference . on his shoulders like the moon, whoso orb

Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views

At evening from the top of Fesole,

Or in Valdarno, to descry new lands, 290

Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe.

His spear, to equal which tho tallest pine

Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast

Of some great ammiral, were but a wand,

He walk'd with, to support uneasy steps f 93

Over the burning marie, not like those stops

On heaven's azure ; and the torrid clime

Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with fire :

Nathless he so endured, till on the beach

Of that inflamed sea he stood, and call'd 800

His legions, angel forms, who lay entrn ?

Thick as autumnal leaves that strewrthe brooks

In Vallombrosa, where the Etrurian shades,

High over-arch'd, embower ; or scatter'd sedge

Afloat, when with fierce winds O»on arm'd 305

Hath vex'd the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew s and his Memphian chivalry,

While with perfidious hatred they pursued

The sojourners of Goshen, who beheld

I the safe shore their floating carcases * 310

And broken chariot- wheels : so thick bostrewn,

Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood,

Uuder amazement of their hideous change.

26 f ABADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

He call'd so loud, tliat all the hollow deep

Of hell resounded. ' " Princes, potentates, 315

Warriors, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost,

If such astonishment as this can seize

Eternal spirits ; or have ye chosen this place

After the toil of battle to repose

Your wearied virtue, for the ease you find 320

To slumber here, as in the vales of heaven ?

Or in this abject posture have ye sworn

To adore the Conqueror, who now beholds

Cherub and seraph rolling in the flood

With scatter'd arms and ensigns, till anon 325

His swift pursuers from heaven-gates discern

The advantage, and descending, tread us down

Thus drooping, or with linked thunderbolts

Transfix \us to the bottom of this gulf ?

Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n." 330

They heard, and were abashed, and up they sprung Upon the wing ; as when men wont to watch On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread, Eouse and bestir themselves ere well awake. Nor did they not perceive the evil plight 335

In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel ; Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd, Innumerable. As when the potent rod Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day,

Waved round the coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud 340

Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind, That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung Like night, and darken' d all the land of Nile : So numberless were those bad angels seen Hovering on wing under the cope of hell. 345

'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding lires ; Till at a signal given, the uplifted spear Of their great sultan waving to direct Their course, in even balance down they light

BOOK I.] PARADISE LOST. 27

On the firm brimstone, and fill all the j»! 350

iltitudo like which the populous north : rom her frozen loins, to pass Rhone or the Danaw, when her barbarous sons like a deluge on the south, and spread ith Gibraltar to the Libyan sands. 3o5

hwith ii<mi every squadron and each ba heads and leaders thither haste whore stood throat commander ; godlike shapes and forms

.: human, princely dignities,

And powers that erst in heaven sat on throii SCO

Though of their names in heavenly records now Be no memorial, blotted out and rased By their rebellion from the books of life. Nor had they yet among the sons of Eve

Got them new names ; till, wandering o'er the earth, 365

Through God's high sufferance for the trial of man, By falsities and lies the greatest part Of mankind tney corrupted to forsake God their Creator, and the invisible

Glory of him that made them to transform 370

Oft to the image of a brute adorn'd With gay religions, full of pomp and gold,

vils to adore for deities :

Then were they known to men by various names, And various idols through the heathen world. :)7.3

Say, muse, their names then known, who first, who last Boused from the slumber on that fiery couch,

heir great emperor's call, as next in worth Came singly where he stood on the bare strand. While the promiscuous crowd stood yet aloof. 380

The chief were those who from the pit of hell, Roaming to seek their prey on earth, durst fix Their seats long after next the seat of God, r altars by his altar, gods adored ug the nations round, and durst abide 385

28 PABADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

Jehovah thundering out of Sion, throned

Between the cherubim ; yea, often placed

Within his sanctuary itself their shrines,

Abominations ; and with cursed things

His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned, 390

And with their darkness durst affront his light.

First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood

Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears ;

Though for the noise of drums and timbrels loud

Their children's cries unheard, that passed through fire 3^5

To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite

Worshipp'd in Rabba and her watery plain,

In Argob and in Bashan, to the stream

0f utmost Arnon. Nor content with such

Audacious neighbourhood, the wisest heart 400

Of Solomon he led by fraud to build

His temple right against the temple of God

On that opprobrious hill ; and made his grove

The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence

And black Gehenna call'd, the type of hell. 405

Next Chemos, the obscene dread of Moab's sons,

From Aroer to Nebo, and the wild

Of southmost Abarim ; in Hesebon

And Horonaim, Seon's realm, beyond

The flowery dale of Sibma clad with vines, 410

And Eleale to the asphaltic pool,

Peor his other name, when he enticed

Israel in Sittim, on their march from Nile,

To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe.

Yet thence his lustful orgies he enlarged 415

Even to that hill of scandal, by the grove

Of Moloch homicide ; lust hard by hate ;

Till good Josiah drove them thence to hell.

With these came they, who, from the bordering flood

Of old Euphrates to the brook that parts 420

Egypt from Syrian ground, had gewaral names

BOOK I.] PARADISE LOST. 29

Of Baalim and Ashtaroth ; those male,

These feminine : for spirits, when they please,

Can either sex assume, or both ; so soft

And uncompounded is their essence pure ; 425

Not tied or manacled with joint or limb,

Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones,

Like cumbrous flesh ; but, in what shape they choose,

Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure,

Can execute their aery purposes, 430

And works of love or enmity fulfil.

For those the race of Israel oft forsook

Their living strength, and unfrequented left

ighteous altar, bowing lowly down

To bestial gods ! for which their heads as low 435

Bow'd down in battle, sunk before the spear Of despicable foes. With these in troop Came Astoreth, whom the Phcenicians calTd Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns ; To whose bright image nightly by the moon 440

Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs ; In Sion also not unsung, where stood Her temple on the offensive mountain, built By that uxorious king, whose heart, though largo, Beguiled by fair idolatresses, fell 445

To idols foul. Thammuz came next behind, Whoso annual wound in Lebanon allured The Syrian damsels to lament his fate In amorous ditties all a summer's day ;

While smooth Adonis from his native rock 450

Han purple to the sea, supposed with blood Of Thammuz yearly wounded ; the love-tale Infected Siou's daughters with like heat ; Whose wanton passions in the sacred porch Ezekiel saw when, by the vision led, 456

His eye survey 'd the dark idolatries Of alienated Judah. Next came one

80 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

Who mourn'd in earnest, when the captive ark

Maim'd his brute image, head and hands lopp'd off

In his own temple, on the grunsel edge, 460

Where he fell flat, and shamed his worshippers :

Dagon his name, sea-monster, upward man

And downward fish : yet had his temple high

Rear'd in Azotus, dreaded through the coast

Of Palestine, in Oath and Ascalon, 465

And Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds.

Him followed Bimmon, whose delightful seat

Was fair Damascus, on the fertile banks

Of Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams.

He also against the house of God was bold : 470

A leper once he lost, and gain'd a king,

Ahaz his sottish conqueror, whom he drew

God's altar to disparage and displace

For one of Syrian mode, whereon to burn

His odious offerings, and adore the gods 475

Whom he had vanquish' d. After these appear'd

A crew, who under names of old renown,

Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train,

With monstrous shapes and sorceries abused

Fanatic' Egypt and her priests, to seek 480

Their wandering gods disguised in brutish forms

Rather than human. Nor did Israel 'scape

The infection, when their borrow'd gold composed

The calf in Oreb ; and the rebel king

Doubled that sin in Bethel and in Dan, 485

Likening his Maker to the grazed ox ;

Jehovah, who in one night, when he pass'd

From Egypt marching, equall'd with one stroke

Both her firstborn and all her bleating gods.

Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd 490

Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love

Vice for itself: to him no temple stood,

Or altar smoked; yet who more oft than hQ

BOOK I.] PARADISE LOST. 8.

iple* »jxd at altars, when the priest

:>s atheist, as did Eli's BODS, who fill'd 496

ust and violence the house of God : In courts and palaces he also reigns, And in luxurious cities, where the noise Of riot ascends above their loftiest towers,

And injury and outrage ; and when night 600

Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sous Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine. Witness the streets of Sodom, and that nighfc Ju Gibeah, when the hospitable door

Exposed a matron, to avoid worse rape. 605

These were the prime in order and in might : The rest were long to tell, though far renown'd The Ionian gods, of Javan's issue ; held Gods, yet confess'd later than heaven and earth,

boasted parents; Titan, heaven's firstborn, 610

i his enormous brood, and birthright seized

iru ; ho from mightier Jove, His own and Rhea's son, like measure found ; So Jove usurping reigned : these first in Crete And Ida known, thence on the snowy top 31 5

Of cold Olympus, ruled the middle air

;• highest heaven ; or on the Delphian cliff, Or in Dodona, and through all the bounds

•ric land : or who with Saturn old

Fled over Adria to the Hesperian fields, 520

And o'er the Celtic roum'd the utmost isles.

All these and more came flocking : but with looks Downcast and damp ; yet such wherein appear' d Obscure some glimpse of joy, to have found their chief

Q despair, to have found themselves not lost 626

In loss itself: which on his countenance cast Like doubtful hue : but he, his wonted pride Soon recollecting, with high words, that bore Semblance of worth, not substance, gently raised

32 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

Their fainting courage, and dispelPd their fears. 530

Then straight commands, that at the warlike sound Oi trumpets loud and clarions be uprear'd His mighty standard : that proud honour claim'd Azazel. as his right, a cherub tall ;

Who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurl'd 535

The imperial ensign ; which, full high advanced, Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind, With gems and golden lustre rich emblazed, Seraphic arms and trophies ; all the while

Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds ; 640

At which the universal host upsent A shout, that tore hell's concave, and beyond Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night. All in a moment through the gloom were seen Ten thousand banners rise into the air 545

"With orient colours waving : with them rose A forest huge of spears ; and thronging helms Appear'd, and serried shields in thick array Of depth immeasurable : anon they move

In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood 650

Of flutes and soft recorders ; such as raised To height of noblest temper heroes old Arming to battle ; and instead of rage, ' Deliberate valour breathed, firm and unmoved With dread of death to flight or foul retreat : t 55

'Nor wanting power to mitigate and 'suage With solemn touches troubled thoughts, and chase Anguish, and doubt, and fear, and sorrow, and pain From mortal or immortal minds. Thus they, Breathing united force, with fixed thought, 560

Moved on in silence to soft pipes, that charm' d Their painful steps o'er the burnt soil : and now Advanced in view they stand ; a horrid front Of dreadful length and dazzling arms, in guise Of warriors old with ordered spear and shield! 565

HOOK T.1 PAr'-pTSF T.O«T. 8J

what command their mighty ohief i pose: he through the armed files

• , and soon traverse whole battalion views, their order duo, : r visagt >s and stature as of gods ; 570

number last he sums. And now his heart Jj intends with pride, and hardening in his strength

ios : for never since created man Met such embodied force, as named with these

<1 merit more than that small infantry 575

M on by cranes : though all the giant braxl ilegra with the heroic race were join'd That fought at Thebes and Ilium, on each side with auxiliar gods ; and what resounds

I u fable or romance of Uther's son, 580

•irt with British and Armoric knights;

;ill who since, baptized or infidel, Joust* -d in Aspramont or Montalban, Damasco, or Marocoo, or Trebisond,

Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore, 585

Wh. !i ( 'Inrli-main with all his peerage fell By Fontarabia. Thus far these beyond Compare of mortal prowess, yet observed Their dread commander : he, above the rest In shape and gesture proudly eminent, 590

Stood like a tower ; his form had yet not lost All her original brightness; nor appear'd Less than archangel ruin'd, and the excess Of glory obscured ; as when the sun, new risen, Looks through the horizontal misty air 593

Shorn of his beams ; or from behind the moon, In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds On half the nations, and with fear of change Perplexes monarchs. Darken'd so, yet shone Above tfcem all the archangel ; but his face W)0

Deep scars of thunder had intrench'd ; and care

34 PABADISE LOST. [BOOK I,

Sat on his -faded cheek, but under brows

Of dauntless courage, and considerate pride

Waiting revenge ; cruel his eye, but cast

Signs of remorse and passion, to behold 605

The fellows of his crime, the followers rather

(Far other once beheld in bliss), condemn'd

For ever now to have their lot in pain :

Millions of spirits for his fault amerced

Of heaven, and from eternal splendours flung 610

For his revolt, yet faithful how they stood,

Their glory wither'd : as when heaven's fire

Hath scathed the forest oaks, or mountain pines,

With singed top their stately growth, though bare,

Stands on the blasted heath. He now prepared 615

To speak ; whereat their doubled ranks thev bend

From wing to wing, and half enclose him round

With all his peers • attention held them mute.

Thrice he assay'd, and thrice, in spite of scorn,

Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth ; at last 620

Words, interwove with sighs, found out their way.

" 0 myriads of immortal spirits ! 0 powers Matchless, but with the Almighty ; and that strife Was not inglorious, though the event was dire. As this place testifies, and this dire change, 625

Hateful to utter ! but what power of mind, Foreseeing or presaging, from the depth Of knowledge, past or present, could have fear'd, How such united force of gods, how such

As stood like these, could ever know repulse ? 630

For who can yet believe, though after loss, That all these puissant legions, whose exile Hath emptied heaven, shall fail to reascend Solf- raised, and repossess their native seat ? For me, be witness all the host of heaven, 635

If counsels different, or danger shunn'd ]5y me. have lost our hopes. But he who reigns

BOOK I.} *A*ADISB LOOT. 85

Monarch in heaven, till then as one secure

Sat on his throne upheld by old repute,

Consent or custom ; and his regal state 840

Put forth at full, but still his strength conceal'd

Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall.

Henceforth his might we know, and know our own,

So as not either to provoke, or dread

New war, provoked ; our better part remains 645

To work in close design, by fraud or guile,

What force effected not ; that he no less

At length from us may find, who overcomes

By force hath overcome but half his foe.

Space may produce new worlds ; whereof so rife 650

There went a fame in heaven that he ere long

Intended to create, and therein plant

A generation, whom his choice regard

Should favour, equal to the sons of heaven :

Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps 655

Our first eruption ; thither or elsewhere ;

For this infernal pit shall never hold

Celestial spirits in bondage, nor the abyss

Long under darkness cover. But these thoughts

Full counsel must mature : peace is despair'd ; 660

For who can think submission ? War, then, war,

Open or understood, must be resolved."

He spake ; and, to confirm his words, outflow Millions of naming swords, drawn from the thighs Of mighty cherubim ; the sudden blaze 605

Far round illumined hell ; highly they raged Against the Highest, and fierce with grasped arms

.I <>n thfir sounding shields the din of war, Hurling defiance toward the vault of heaven.

ro stood a hill not far, whose grisly 670

1 fire and rolling smoke ; the rest entire • • with a glossy scurf; undoubted sign

u his womb was hid metallic ore,

86 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

The work of sulphur. Thither, wing'd with speed,

A numerous brigade hasten'd : as when bands 675

Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe arm'd,

Forerun the royal camp, to trench a field,

Or cast a rampart. Mammon led them on :

Mammon, the least erected spirit that fell

From heaven ; for e'en in heaven his looks and thoughts 68C

Were always downward bent, admiring more

The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold,

Than aught, divine or holy, else enjoy' d

In vision beatific : by him first

Men also, and by his suggestion taught, 685

Kansack'd the centre, and .with impious hands

Rifled the bowels of their mother earth

For treasures, better hid. Soon had his crew

Open'd into the hill a spacious wound,

And digg'd out ribs of gold. Let none admire 690

That riches grow in hell ; that soil may best

Deserve the precious bane. And here let those

Who boast in mortal things, and wondering tell

Of Babel, and the works of Memphian kings,

Learn how their greatest monuments of fame 695

And strength and art, are easily outdone

By spirits reprobate, and in an hour

What in an age they with incessant toil

And hands innumerable scarce perform.

Nigh on the plain, in many cells prepared, 700

That underneath had veins of liquid fire,

Sluiced from the lake, a second multitude

With wondrous art founded the massy ore,

Severing each kind, and scumm'd the bullion dross ;

A third as soon had form'd within the ground 705

A various mould, and from the boiling cells,

By strange conveyance, fill'd each hollow nook :

As in an organ, from one blast of wind,

To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes.

BOOK I.] PARADISE LOST. 37

Anon, out of the earth a fabric huge 710

Rose like an exhalation, with the sound

.loot symphonies and voices sweet, Built like a temple, where pilasters round Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid

With golden architrave ; nor did there want 715

Cornice or frieze, with bossy sculptures graven : The roof was fretted gold. Not Babylon, Nor great Alcairo, such magnificence EqualTd in all their glories, to enshrine

Bolus or Serapis their gods, or seat 720

Their kings, when Egypt with Assyria strove In wealth and luxury. The ascending pile Stood fix'd her stately height ; and straight the doors, Opening their brazen folds, discover, wide

Within, her ample spaces o'er the smooth 725

And level pavement ; from the arched roof, Perfdant by subtle magic, many a row Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded ligkt As from a sky. The hasty multitude 730

Admiring enter'd ; and the work some praise, And some the architect : his hand was known .In heaven by many a tower' d structure high,

: o sceptred angels held their residence, And sat as princes ; whom the supreme King 736

d to such power, and gave to rule, Each in his hierarchy, the orders bi Nor was his name unheard or unador. <1 In ancient Greece, and in Ausonian land

call'd him Mulciber ; and how he fV 11 740

From heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove Sheer o'er the crystal battlements : from morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, A summer' H day ; and with the setting sun

t.\i ironi the zenith, like a falling star, 746

38 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I,

On Lemnos th' JEgean isle : thus they relate,

Erring ; for he with his rebellious rout

Fell long before ; nor aught avail' d him now

To have built in heaven high towers ; nor did he 'scape

By all his engines, but was headlong sent 750

With his industrious crew to build in hell.

Meanwhile, the winged heralds, by command Of sovereign power, with awful ceremony And trumpets' sound, throughout the host proclaim A solemn council, forthwith to be held 755

At Pandemonium, the high capital Of Satan and his peers : their summons call'd From every band and squared regiment By place or choice the worthiest ; they anon, With hundreds and with thousands trooping came, 760

Attended ; all access was thronged : the gates And porches wide, but chief the spacious hall (Though like a cover'd field, where champions bold Wont ride in arm'd, and at the soldan's chair Defied the best of Panim chivalry 765

To mortal combat, or career with lance), Thick swarm'd both on the ground and in the air Brush'd with the hiss of rustling wings. As beee In spring-time, when the sun with Taurus rides, Pour forth their populous youth about the hive 770

In clusters ; they among fresh dews and flowers Fly to and fro, or on the smoothed plank, The suburb of their straw-built citadel, New rubb'd with balm, expatiate and confer Their state affairs : so thick the aery crowd 775

Swarm'd and were straiten'd ; till, the signal given, Behold a wonder I They but now who seem'd In bigness to surpass earth's giant sons, Now less than smallest dwarfs, in narrow room Throng numberless, like that Pygmean race 780

Beyond the Indian mount ; or faery elves,

BOOK I.] PARADISE LOST. 80

Whoso midnight revels, by a forest side

Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,

Or dreams he sees, while over head the moon

Sits arbitress, and nearer to the earth 785

Wheels her pale course ; they on their mirth

Intent, with jocund music charm his ear :

At once with joy and fear his heart rebounds ;

Thus incorporeal spirits to smallest forms

Reduced their shapes immense, and were at large, 790

Though without number still, amidst the hall

Of that infernal court. But far within,

And in their own dimensions, like themselves,

The great seraphic lords and cherubim

In close recess and secret conclave sat ; 795

A thousand demigods on golden seats

Frequent and full. After short silence then,

And summons read, the groat consult began*

NOTES.

/. 1. Of man's first disobedience, And [of] the fruit — blissful seat. Two adverbial adjuncts of the predicate sing. (Gr. 396, note.}

1. 2. Whose — seat. An adjective clause, qualifying" tree. (Gr. 408.)

i. 4. With loss of Eden. An adverbial adjunct of brought.

Till — seat. A compound adverbial clause. Before regain insert till one greater man. These clauses are in a sort of quasi-attributive relation to the noun fa™ (see Gr. 362*) , or they may be taken as adverbial clauses qualifying some such word as lasting (understood), which would agree with loss. "With this passage compare 1 Corinth. xv. 21, 22.

I. 6. That on, &c. After Horeb, supply didst inspire — chaos; and I of ore of Sinai, supply that on the secret top. We thus get two adjec- tive clauses qualifying muse. The name Sinai properly belongs to the entire gro^p of mountains which has given its name to the whole peninsula which it characterises in so remarkable a manner. In a narrower sense Sinai is the name of one lofty ridge of this group, the most northerly peak of which is Horeb ; the most southerly (by a still narrower application of the name), Mount Sinai. There is little doubt that Horeb was the mountain on which the Law was actually delivered (see Deut. i. 6 ; iv. 18, &c.) ; but as this peak is a part of the Sinaitic ridge, the Law is also said to have been delivered on Sinai. (Levit. vii. 38.)

1. 8. That Shepherd. (See Exod. iii. 1 ; Psalm Ixxvii. 20.)

I. 9. In the beginning. A-n adverbial adjunct of rose.

Sow the heavens — chaos. A substantive clause which may be taken either as the object of taught (in which case the chosen seed must be taken as in the adverbial relation to taught ; see Gr. 373, 4), or as a substantive clause attached adverbially to taught (Gr. 407), in which case seed will be the object of taught.

L 11. Before Siloa's insert if, and afte* oracle of God insert delight

BOOK I.} KOTB8. 41

the* more. Two adverbial clauses of condition, qualifying invoke

127). The fountain of Siloam is at the entrance of the valley of

Tyropoeon. Its waters have an irregular flow. They are first collected

iii a pool or reservoir, the overflow of which forma a small stream

6 ; John i*

/. 12. fast = cio».

I. 14. That with — rhyme. An adjective clause qualifying song. To soar, Ac. A verb in the infinitive mood, in the objective relation to intend*. (Or. 366, 368.) The Aonian Mount. Parnassus. Aonia was Anciently the name of that part of Bceotia which lay at the foot of Parnassus and H-

/. 15. While it pursue*, Ac. An adverbial clause of time, qualifying the verb «x»r. (Or. 416.)

/. 16. Before rhyme we must supply while it pursues things un-

•fed yet in. The conjunction or implies an alternative, so that the

words or phrases which it connects cannot be attached conjointly tc

words in the sentence. Hence or always involve* two separate

clauses (which must be obtained by filling up the ellipse when there is

one) co-ordinate with each other, but which may be either principal

or subordinate clause* as respects the entire sentence. (Or. 443.)

/. 17. That dost prefer — pure. An adjective clause which may be !.ed indifferently to thou or to spirit. Consult 1 Corinth, iii. 16, 17; vi

/. 19. Bead0«wwL 2.

/. 20. With mighty wings outspread. An adverbial adjunct of tat'st.

I. 21. Brooding mutt be taken grammatically as qualifying the subject thou (understood) ; in sense it forms a kind of complement to • •dicato sat1 st. (Or. 392.)

/. -l-l . Pregnant. Complement of the predicate mad'tt. (Or. 392, 396.)

What in me is dark. This is frequently called a substantive clause.

It is really an adjective clause used substantively, that is, qualifying

•ome demonstrative word understood ; for what, being a relative pro-

Or. 153), properly introduces an adjective clause. (Or. 408, 409).

/. 23. In full : What it low, raise [thou] and [what is low] support

l. That to the height— to men. A compound adverbial clause, i must be repeated with each of the preceding predicate** inntruet, >u, raise, and support. Between and and justify insert thut U the hti.jht of this yreat aryttmevt I may.

42 PARADISE LOSt. [BOOK t

/. 27. For heaven, &o. An adverbial clause of condition, attached to say.

I. 28. Nor the deep tract of hell, that is, and the deep tract of hell hides nothing from thy view. What cause — besides. What is here an interrogative word, and introduces a substantive clause (Or. 403, 406), the object of say.

1. 29. In that happy state. An attributive adjunct of parents. (Gr. 362, 4.)

I. 30. To fall off— to tramgress. Adverbial adjuncts of the predicate moved. (Gr. 190, 373, 2.)

I. 34. He. Complement of the predicate was, qualified by the com- plex adjective clause whose guile — vain attempt.

1. 36. 'What time — vain attempt. An adverbial clause of time attached to the predicate deceived.

1. 37. With all his host — vain attempt, is an adverbial adjunct of manner or circumstance attached to the verb cast, and consisting of a preposition followed by a noun, which has several complex attributive adjuncts.

I. 41. If he opposed. An adverbial clause qualifying to have equalled Before with ambitious aim, supply by whose aid aspiring to set himself in glory above his peers he.

I. 42. Against the throne, &c. An attributive adjunct of aim. (Gr. 362, 4.)

I. 47. There to dwell, &c. An adverbial adjunct of hurled. See note on I. 30.

I. 49. Who durst, &o. An adjective clause qualifying the object him.

1. 50. Nine times the space, &c. An adverbial adjunct of lay. (Gr. 373, 3.)

I. 53. Though [he was~\ immortal. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying the adjective or participle confounded.

I. 54. For now, &c. An adverbial clause attached to reserved.

I. 58. With pride and hate. An adverbial adjunct of mixed.

I. 59. As angels ken, i.e., know or descry. An adverbial clause co- ordinate with a& which qualifies far. In full the clause is, as angels ken far. See Gr. 547, &c.

I. 62. As one great furnace. An elliptical adverbial clause attached inflamed. Supply after furnace the verbjlames.

I. 63. No light. Supply came or shone.

». 64. To discover — unconsumed. A complex adverbial adjunct of served. See note on I. 30.

BOOK I.] NOTE*. 43

A 65. Where peace — uncontumed. An adjective clause qualifying shades. (Gr. 410.) It ia compound and elliptical. Repeat where before hope, before torture, and before a fiery deluge ; and after un- fonjtumed supply still urge*.

I. 67. ll',tl,o*t end. An attributive adjunct of torture. (Or. 362, 4.)

/. 71. With the verbs ordained and **, repeat the subject eternal justice.

I. 73. Removed, with its adverbial adjuncts as far, &c., qualifies the object portion.

A* far. At qualifies far, and is itself explained by the elliptical -bial clause, o-t thrice [tin' distance] from the centre to the utmott pole [i»far~\, wliich is co-ordinate with <u. (Or. 547, &c.)

Phrases like three times the distance, half the turn, a dozen men, &c., are rather anomalous combinations, in which the two substantives are in a sort of apposition to each other.

/. 74. From the centre and to the pole, form attributive adjuncts of the noun distance understood. (Gr. 362, 4). Comp. note on /. /">'.».

The utmost pole, that is, of the universe, not of the earth. Milton treats the earth as the centre of the mundane system. See Book IX. 103, X. 671.

/. 75. After fell, supply was this place. The place is an adverbial adjunct of unlike. The preposition to may be supplied.

/. 81. After Beelzebub, supply he soon discerns .

/. 82. And thence. And is superfluous. The clause to whom, &c., is an adjective elanse qualifying one. It goes on to /. 124.

/. 84. To establish a grammatical link <>f connection between this speech and the last sentence, we must understand some such phrase as fry saying, so as to constitute an adverbial adjunct to the predicate, in apposition to thus. The connection of the clauses in the early part of the speech is extremely obscure. The best way, perhaps, is to con- the elliptical clauses, 0 how fallen [thou art], how changed [thou art] from him — though bright, as parenthetical, and the words if he as an elliptical repetition of the earlier clause if thou bec&t In, which will form an adverbial clause of condition attar-lied to the predicate hath joined. Unless this be done, he is ungrammatiral, and should be altered to him ; for if the conjunction if belongs to the same clause as hath joined, he must be the antecedent of whom, and ought to be the object of the verb. Moreover, it will be very difficult then to find out wliich is the main clause of the sentence. But by taking if he a* a repetition of if thou bee.it A*, A* is in the right case, and hath joined

44 PARADISE L08T. * [BOOK I.

is the predicate of the main clause. The clauses 0 how fallen thou art, how changed thou art, &c., may possibly be regarded as principal clauses, to the predicates of each of which the adverbial clause, if thou beest he, is attached. In that case but is superfluous. If the clauses are treated as parenthetical, there is no way of making1 sense of the but except by understanding some such clause as "J think that thou art he " before it. The elliptical clause if he will still qualify the verb hath joined.

1. 86. Didst outshine. This is not strictly grammatical. The relative who must agree with its antecedent him in person, and him cannot possibly be of the second person. (Gr. 468.)

1. 87. Though [they wcre\ bright. An elliptical adverbial clause qualifying the predicate didst outshine.

Whom mutual league — once. An adjective clause qualifying an antecedent him understood, the object of hath joined. The subject of the relative clause is compound. (Or. 386.)

I. 90. After hath joined, repeat with me.

The meaning is : "The distance between the pit and the height measures his superiority in strength." The construction is very crabbed. What pit thou seest is an adjective clause used substantively (Gr. 409) after into. The what before height is interrogative. The sentence cannot be treated by strict grammatical rules.

/. 94. After for those, insert the compound clause do I repent — his throne. Nor implies an alternative. "We shall thus get four co- ordinate sentences : — 1. Not for those do I repent. 2. Not for those do I change — throne. 3. Not [/or] what the potent — inflict do I repent. 4. Not [for] what the potent — inflict do I change — throne.

1. 95. What the — inflict. An adjective clause used substantively. See note on I. 22. Supply for before what. Else should be taken as an attributive adjunct of what.

I. 97. Though [/ am changed], &c. An elliptical adverbial clause qualifying the predicate do change.

I. 98. From sense of injured merit. An attributive adjunct of disdain. (Gr. 362, 4.)

I. 99. That with — contend. An adjective clause qualifying disdain.

I. 100. Repeat the relative that which is the subject (understood) of the clause, which is co-ordinate with the last.

1. 102. Three adjective clauses qualify spirits. 1. That durst dis- like, &c. 2. That — opposed, &c. 3. That shook his throne.

I. 105. What. An elliptical interrogative clause. In full : what ear*

•<- I.] WOTFH. 45

^>rt, to the predicate of which the clause •* lott stands in the adverbial relation.

/. 106. I* not lost may be repeated with the several subject* n ill, itHdy, hate, courage, what el** ; or theee may be taken as forming a compound mibject (Or. 386) with the single predicate art not lott. I. los. To submit and to yield are attributive adjuncts of courage.

4.)

/. 110. H'ratli or might. Make a separate sentence for each subject.

/. 111. The compound subject to bow, to MM, and to deify, Ac., is

repeated in the word that (I. 114), which may be left out in the

analysis ; or else that may be taken as the subject, having the infini-

tive moods in apportion to it.

/. 113. Who from, &c. An adjective clause qualifying the sub-

>o pronoun hit. (Or. 141.)

/. lid. Since by faff, &c. ; since through, &c. Adverbial clauses

attached to the predicate of the preceding clause. There is no objeo-

to taking them with the predicate of each of the two preceding

/. 122. Irreconcilable is an attributive adjunct of the subject we.

I. 123. After and repeat who.

I. 1 •_'/». Though [he was] in pain. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying the predicate *pakc.

I. 128. See note on /. 84.

A vocative or nominative of appellation does not enter into the construction of a sent*

/. 130. Andtn dreadful deed* Ac. Repeat the relative that as the subject of this clause.

/. 133. Upheld qualifies the noun supremacy, and is itself qualified by the adverbial phrases by ttrength, by chance, by fate, which are united together by the conjunctions whether, or.

I. 134. The object event*, with all its adjuncts, must be repeated with each verb tet and rue.

I. 136. And all, Ac. Repeat the relative as the subject of the clause, and the auxiliary hath.

1. \'.\1. l.fw is a complement of the predicate laid. (Or. 395.)

/. i:u . /•-/;• qualifies hath laid, and is itself qualified by the deraon-

vo -ad verb ax, which in its turn is explained by tno co-ordinate

liial clause at God's — can perish, in which the word far is again

understood, being qualified by the relative adverb a* at the beginning

of the clause. (On the analysis of all such clauses, see Or. 548. 564.)

46 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

I. 139. For the mind, &c. This adverbial clause qualifies the pre- dicate of a sentence understood, / say as far, or something of the sort.

L 140. Invincible is the complement of the predicate remains. (Gr. 392.)

/. 141. The elliptical adverbial clauses though all our glory [be~\ extinct, and [though] our happy state [be] here swallowed, &c., may be attached to the predicate of each of the foregoing clauses, remains and return.

I. 143. After but what supply are we to say, or something equivalent. Whom I now believe [to be~\ of almighty force. The infinitive to be, with its subject whom forms a complex object of believe. (Gr. 397.) Of almighty force is an adverbial adjunct of be.

I. 144. No less than such ; that is, in full, no force less than such force is great, where the adverbial clause of degree than such, &c., qualifies less. See Gr. 547, 559, 422.

I. 145. As ours [was~\. An adjective clause co-ordinate with such. On the construction of such clauses see Gr. 412, and the note on 267, and 523.

I. 147. Suffice here means satisfy.

1. 148. That we may — ire. An adverbial clause of purpose, qualify- ?ng have left.

I. 149. [That we may~\ do him mightier service, &c. The whole of the preceding sentence what if he our conqueror — support our pains must *>e repeated with this adverbial clause, which is attached to its pre- dicate have left.

As his thralls, &c. In full : As his thralls by right of war do him mighty service. An adverbial clause of manner, qualifying may do. ~By right of war is an attributive adjunct of thralls. (Gr. 362, 4.)

I. 150. Whatever is the complement of the verb of incomplete pre- dication be. (Gr. 392.) The clause is an adverbial clause of condition attached to the predicate may do. (Gr. 427.)

1. 151. Here in the heart — deep. These elliptical clauses form an expansion of the preceding clause. In full they are : If his business be here in the heart of hell to work in fire, or if his business be to do his errands in the gloomy deep. The whole sentence what if he our conqueror — our pains, that we may do — of war, should be repeated with each clause, since each of them qualifies the verb may do, and the conjunction or implies that we have alternatives, which can only "be taken separately.

I. 154. Before eternal being supply what can it then avail though yet we feel.

BOOK I.] WOTKS. 4/

/. 155. To undergo eternal punishment. This must be taken as an .Live adjunct (Gr. 362, 4) both of strength and of bring.

I. 157. The whole of this speech forms the object of the verb r<; Fallen cherub, being a vocative, or nominative of appellation, does not enter into the construction of the clause.

To be weak, fto. In full : To be weak doing is miserable ; or to be weak suffering is miserable. This is one of those instances in which the association of ideas conveyed by the language is d. finite « nou-h, though the hitter is not easily rr<lu< il>l>- within the limits of irranm; i- rulee. How are the participles doing and suffering constructed ? What do they agree with ? The origin of the idiom is to be sought in the fact that a verb, even in the infinitive or substantive mood, never entirely loses its attributive character, and consequently pre- supposes some subject to which the attributive idea is attached ; and • tributive participle is used on much the same principle as the attributive infinitive mood. The idiom may be reduced to a gram- matical form by supplying if we are, or when we are, before doiny and suffering ; we then get adverbial clauses of condition or time qualify- ing the verb is.

1. 159. To do, &c. These are two substantive clauses in apj>o- D to this. The conjunction that may be supplied at the beginning

/. 160. After ill supply will be.

T. 161. As being, &c. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying the predicate (understood) will be, of the previous clause. The ellipse may be filled up thus : — As [an act] being the contrary to his high will whom we resist [would be our sob delight}.

I. 162. Whom we resist. An adjective clause, qualifying the sub- stantive pronoun Aw. See note on /. 113.

/. 163. To bring forth good. This may be taken either as the object, or as an adverbial adjunct to the verb xrek. (Or. 190, 368.)

/. 164. To pervert evil — compound complement of the verb of incom- plete predication be. (Grr. 392.)

/. 166. Which is here continuative (Gr. 413), being equivalent to and

this. It introduces a principal sentence. As does duty for a relative

in. (Gr. 412.) The words a« perhaps shall must bo repeated

. •• disturb. We thus get two adjective clauses co-ordinate with »o,

just as they would be with such, if in such a way were substituted

1. 167. If I fail not. That is, if I am not mistaken. An adverbial flause of condition qualifying shall grieve*

48 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

/. 177. To bellow. Object of the verb ceases. (Gr. 368.)

I. l7S.\I,et us slip. It maybe necessary to remind some that this phrase is not a first person plural of an imperative mood. .Let is in the second person plural, having its subject you or ye understood, and us is the object of let. Slip is a verb in the infinitive mood, forming the complement of the verb of incomplete predication let, and itself having occasion for its object.

Whether scorn, &c. Expand this for analytical purposes, thus : — Either if scorn yield it from our foe, or if satiate fury yield it from our foe. This gives us two adverbial clauses of condition, attached to the predicate let.

1. 182. Save what, &c. Save (Fr. sauf) is in reality an adjective, qualifying the noun or the noun-sentence which follows it, and so forming a nominative absolute (see Gr. 283). Here save qualifies the antecedent (understood) of the adjective clause what — dreadful. (See note on /. 22.) The whole phrase save what, &c., forms an adver- bial adjunct to the adjective void.

I. 183. Let us tend. See note on I. 178.

I. 184. From off, &c. As a preposition cannot govern anything but a substantive (Gr. 279), it is not easy to provide from with anything to govern. We must supply some sucli word as the space or the region between from and off; when the phrase off the tossing, &c., will become an attributive adjunct of the noun supplied. "We must adopt a similar method with all such phrases. Thus he appeared from under the table, must be taken as he appeared from the space, or position, under the table.

1. 185, 187. Rest — consult. It will be better to treat these as elliptical, and read let us rest, let us consult. Re-assembling will then agree with the object «*^ understood, and our will have a pronoun in the first person, to which it may relate.

1. 187. Sow we may, &c. A substantive clause, the object of consult.

I. 188. Fill up the ellipse thus : — There let us consult *how our own lost we may repair; there let us consult how we may overcome this dire calamity; there let us consult what reinforcement we may gain from hope ; if we may not gain reinforcement from hope, there let us consult what resolution we may gain from despair.

I. 190. What, being interrogative, introduces a substantive cl» use. (Gr. 406.)

I. 192. After thus Satan, supply spoke.

I, 193. With head, &c. An adverbial adjunct of spoke.

I. 194. The adverb besides qualifies the verb lay.

BOOK I.] WOTE8. 49

/. 196. In bulk. An adverbial adjunct of huge. 1. 197. At whom, &« il adverbial clause, co-ordinate with

:.-ige. In full: as [they] whom the fables name of monstrous size [were huge]. The construction of the whole of this passage is •bscure. Perhaps the best way to take it is to consider the • of monstrous fixe as an attributive adjunct of they understood; ie word Titanian (which in adjective in its form) as the c< •• predicate name, as though the sentence ran thus: tu they of 1 >iat warred on Jove, whom the fables name Titanian. Kurth-bom :i be treated like Titanian. Those acquai

• 'fry will not need to be told that the Titans and arth-born are not the same, though both warred

liareos, or .&gax>n, is by some ancient writers

classed among the Gigantes. All the mythological personages hero

i >ned were the offspring of Earth (Ge or Gtea). According to

ommon version, Briareos and his two brothers, Gyges ami

Cottus, were hundred-handed monsters — the offspring of Uranus and

Gsea. The Titans were another group of the offspring of Uranus

and Gaca. The Titans, headed by Cronus, deposed Uranus; and

Zeus, the son of Cronus, in his turn, with the aid of Briareos and his

>rothere, deposed Cronus and the Titans, and imprisoned th< in

in Tartarus, placing the Hundred-handed to guard them. The

attempt of the Gigantes to overthrow Zeus, or Jupiter, and the

:;ir attempt of Typhon or Typhoeus, are separate incidents in the

mythology. Virgil, however, amongst others, reckons Briaroos

among the Gigantes. The use of the conjunction or obliges us to

amplify this passage for analysis as follows: 1. Hie other part"—

tan, that warred on Jove. 2. The same repeated, with the

substitution of Earth-bom for Titanian. 3. Hit other parts — huge,

a* [he"] of monstrous site [wot huge], whom the fables name Br\

4. The same as the last, with the substitution of Typhon, whom the

den — held for Jiriareos. 6. Hie other parts — huge as that sea-beast, &c.

/ ancient Tarsus. An attributive adjunct of den. I. 202. Hngest. Complement of the predicate created. (Or. 395.) That twim the ocean stream. An adjective clause qualifying works. The cosmology of Homer represented the earth as a circular nut 1 the outer edge of which ran a river or stream called Oc« Heaven (Uranus] was a hemispherical vault above the flat earth ; and Tartarus a corresponding inverted vault beneath it. /. 203. Jfim, object of deeming.

i /, eompl. -:u. -lit of the participle deeming. (Or. 395.)

60 PARADISE LOS?. [BOOK L

/. 206. In his scaly rind. Adverbial adjunct of fixed.

I. 208. Insert while before wished. The clauses, as seamen tell, while night invests the sea, and while wished morn delays, are adverbial clauses attached to the predicate moors.

L 210. Chained may be taken as the complement of lay. In analysis nor ever may be treated as equivalent to and never.

I. 211. First leave out or heaved his head, and take all that remains from nor ever thence to vengeance poured, as one compound sentence. Next repeat this sentence* substituting1 had raised his head for had rif< en.

There are certain constructions in which but is a preposition. (Or. 282, note.} It is so used here, governing the substantive clause that the will — vengeance poured, the preposition and substantive clause together forming an adverbial adjunct, attached to the predicates had risen and had heaved. (Gr. 403.)

I. 214. That with, &c. An adverbial clause of purpose, qualif ying left. (On the adverbial force of the so-called conjunction that in such clauses, see Gr. 528.)

I. 216. Insert that and the subject he in this sentence, which is constructed like the last.

1. 217. How all— poured, &c. A substantive clause (Gr. 403), the object of see.

1. 217. Respecting this use of but, see Gr. 505.

To bring forth, &c. An adverbial adjunct of served. (Gr. 190.)

/. 219. But is here a co-ordinative conjunction (Gr. 287, 288), and unites confusion, wrath, and vengeance to the preceding objects of bring, namely, goodness, grace, and mercy.

On himself is, an adverbial adjunct of poured.

L 221. Upright. Complement of the predicate rears. (Gr. 396.)

I. 221. From of. See note on I. 184.

/. 223. Before rolled, insert on each hand the flames.

1. 227. Till — lights. An adverbial clause of time, attached to steers.

I. 228. If it were, &c. An adverbial clause of condition, qualifying the predicate of a sentence which must be supplied, I say land, or something of that kind.

That ever burned— fire. An adjective clause qualifying it. After solid insert fire, and after lake insert burned.

L 230. Such. Complement of the predicate appeared. (Gr. 392.) Before such insert that or which. The passage from and [that] such appeared to smoke, is another adjective clause attached to it.

After as insert land appears. From as when (I. 230) to smoke (I. 237)

BOOK I.] NOTES. 61

IB a compound adverbial clause, co-ordinate with the adjective *uth •vken to tmnke makes a subordinate adv»-rl>i;il « I.IUMO of appear* understood. It mubt be sub-divided int others. First leave out or the shattered side of thunder in the sentence so obtained, for from Peloru*, substitute from the thattered *ide of thtmderiny ^Etna. Both the adverbial clauses thus formed qualify appears.

1. 236. Before leave repeat whose combustible— fury.

.39. Both glorying, &c. A nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct of followed

I. 240. A* yod*. That is, *» god* [would have escaped the Stygian flood]. This adverbial clause, and the two succeeding adverbial phrases, are attached to the infinitive mood to have escaped. , /. 242. After region, soil, and clime, supply the adjective clause that we mu*t change for heaven. Before this the soil put in M; before the- climr put in is MM; before thin the teat put in is; and before thie mournful gloom supply must we change. The whole passage, down to /. 270, is the object of the verb taid.

I. •.!»•'>. Since he, Ac. A compound adverbial clause attached to the predicate he. The clause consists of two co-ordinate clauses. 1. Since he who now ie sovran can dispose what shall be right. 2. Since lie — sgfiwi can bid what — right.

I. 2 1 7. H'i.,11 *hall be right. See note on /. 22.

/. 247. far -thett. That is, the place farthest. From him whom, Ac,, .ulverl'iul adjunct of him.

1. 248. Before force repeat whom. Supreme is the complement of made. (Gr. 396.)

/. 249. farewell. That in, fare ye well. (Compare Gr. 532.)

Happy flelda. Vocatives are of the nature of interjections, and do not enter into the construction of the sentences in which they are j.l.i. >•<!.

/. 252. One. In apposition to, and therefore an attributive adjunct at possessor.

1. 254. And in itself, &c. Expand thus : [the mind] in itself eon make a heaven of hell ; [the mind in itself eon make] a hell of heaven.

1. 255. Can make a heaven of hell. Here heaven is the direct object of make, of hell being an adverbial adjunct of make. If we were to say can make hell a heaven, then hell would be the object of the verb, and heaven would be the complement of the predicate. (Compare J. 248.)

1. 2/»«. In full : what matter [it it] where [I be], if I be still th*

62 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK L

and [if~\ what I should be {be} all but less than he — greater. Observe that in a question such as what matter is it, it is the subject, and what matter is the complement of the verb of incomplete predication is. The construction of interrogative clauses is always to be tested by that of corresponding assertive clauses. What matter is it ? answers to it is this matter, or it is no matter. The clause where I be is an adjective clause qualifying the subject it, just as in such a sentence as it was John who told me, the construction is : It (i.e., the person) who told me was John. (Or. 611, 513).

/. 257. What I should be. (See note on I. 22.)

I. 257. Than he, &c. In full, than he whom thunder has made greater is great. An adverbial clause, qualifying less. (Gr. 548—558.) But is here a preposition (see I. 211, note], and the whole phrase but less — greater, forms an adverbial adjunct to all.

I. 260. Envy in Milton commonly has the sense of the Latin invidia and invidere, implying grudging.

I. 262. Before in hell supply one reign, or something equivalent.

I. 263. In full. To reign in hell [is~\ better than to serve in heaven [is good']. The adverbial clause than to serve, «fec., qualifies better, show- ing the degree of better that is meant.

I. 266. Lie is the complement of the verb of incomplete predication let, and astonished is the complement of lie.

I. 267. And call. In full : and wherefore call we.

To share — mansion. An adverbial phrase attached to call. (Or. 190, 373, 2.)

I. 268. After or supply wherefore call we them not.

1. 269. What may — heaven. A substantive clause. What is inter- rogative. (Gr. 403. Compare note on I. 22.) Be regained is the complement of the verb of incomplete predication may.

I. 270. Before what supply wherefore call we them not once more with rallied arms to try. After more insert may be.

I. 272. See note on I. 83, 84.

I. 273. But is here a preposition. But the omnipotent forms an adverbial phrase (Gr. 373, 2) qualifying none.

I. 274. If once. Some writers very absurdly affect the omission of if and when in phrases of this kind. The blunder is frequent in modern periodical writing.

I. 274. Pledge with its complicated adjuncts, and signal, are in apposition to voice.

I. 276. Repeat heard before on. The adverbial clause when it raged, will then qualify the participle so supplied.

BOOK I.] NOTES. 63

/. 277. In all assaults forma an attributive adjunct to signal. (Gr. 362, 4.)

/. 279. Before [they will soon] revive, repeat the whole sentence if one*— signal; and the clause though now — amazed, must be taken with each of the sentences BO formed, qualifying the predicates will return* and win revive.

I. 280. Grovelling and prostrate are complements of the predicate lie.

I. 281. After erewhile supply lay.

I. 282. In full : it was no wonder that we, fallen such a pernicious height, lay astounded and amazed. The clause that we, &c., is a sub- stantive clause in apposition to it. (Gr. 511.)

Such a height forms an adverbial phrase qualifying fallen. (Or. 373, 3.)

/. 284. Hit shield cast : a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct of was moving. (Or. 373, 6.)

/. 285. [Of] ethereal temper : an attributive adjunct of shield. (Gr. 362, 4.)

/. 287. The phrase [to] the moon is adverbial in its force, and qu&li- fies like, which agrees with the subject circumference.

I. 288. The Tuscan artist. Galileo.

1. 290. Before in Valdarno we must repeat whose orbs — at evening. The adverbial phrase to descry, &c. (Or. 190), belongs to both sentences, and must therefore be inserted after Fexolc, as weU as after Valdarno. It must, however, be separated into three separate phrases: — 1. To descry new lands in her spotty globe. 2. To descry new rivers, &c. 3. To descry new mountains, &c.

/. 292. Take he walked with before hi* spear.

To equal — wand. A complex adjective phrase qualifying spear. To equal which is an adverbial phrase attached to were.

I. 293. To be the mast, &o. An adverbial phrase qualifying hewn.

I. 297. The word clime (clima) in ancient writers, means much tho same as tone, and is loosely applied both to the terrestrial zones and to analogous divisions of the (supposed) vault of heaven, as Virgil says (Georg. I. 233) : Quinque tenent caslum tome. It is obvious that Milton has this latter application of the word in mind.

/. 299. Nathless. That is, na (or not) the less.

I. 300. Before called supply till he. This clause and the hut are adverbial clauses of time, qualifying endured.

1. 301. The compound olaum who lay— chariot-wheels, is an adjective clause qualifying legions.

54 , PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

/. 302. Thick, &c., had better be taken as an attributive adjunct of who.

jls autumnal leaves that — imbower [are thick]. An adverbial clause of degree (Gr. 421) attached to thick. The adverb as at the beginning of the clause qualifies thick, understood.

I. 303. Where — imbower. An adjective clause qualifying Vallom- brosa. (Gr. 410.)

I. 304. Before scattered introduce as, and after afloat supply is thick. This clause (which goes on to l.~Z 11), like the last, qualifies thick in L 302. The clause from when to chariot-wheels is an adverbial clause of time attached to is, supplied in L 304.

/. 306. The Red Sea coast, whose, &c. This is a harsh construction, as the combination of words Red Sea coast forms in fact a single com- pound noun, whereas whose is intended to refer to Red Sea only. For analytical purposes it may be altered to the coast of the Red Sea. The adjective clause, whose waves, &c., goes on to the word chariot- wheels.

I. 307. To give the name Busiris to the Pharaoh of the Exodus is a mere poetic licence. The Busiris of» the Greek writers was a merely mythical personage. No king of that name occurs even in the dynasties of Manetho.

L 308. While — chariot-wheels. A compound adverbial sentence qualifying overthrew.

I. 309. Who beheld, &c. An adjective claifse qualifying the object sojourners.

L 311. Take bestrown, abject, and lost as complements of lay.

I. 313. Under amazement, &c. An adverbial adjunct of lay.

L 314. That all — resounded. An adverbial clause co-ordinate with so. (Gr. 518.)

I. 317. If such, &o. An adverbial clause of condition qualifying the adjective lost.

L 317. As this [astonishment is]. An adjective clause co-ordinate with such. See Gr. 412.

1. 31S. Or have ye, &c. There is no grammatical connection between this sentence and the preceding words, which merely form a complex vocative. Or must either be left out, or treated as equivalent to whether.

I. 319. After the toil of battle. An adverbial adjunct of repose.

I. 320. Virtue = virtus (valour). For the ease — heaven. An ad- rerbial adjunct of have chosen. Before you find supply which.

L 321. To slumber heret &c. An attributive adjunct of ease. (Gr,

BOOK I.] HOTBS. M

t.) A* [ye »lHmbere<f] in the vales of hearen IB an adverbial clause qualifying to tlumber.

/ ith arm» mud ensigns. An adverbial adjunct of the parti- lling.

Till anon— gulf. A compound adverbial clause of time qualifying rolling. It might almost equally well be attached to the verb txhohl*. In full : till anon — advantage, and [till his swift pursuer*] descending — drooping, or [till AM swift pursuer*] — gulf.

I. 332. Before when insert men spring up.

The old meaning of watch is keep awake.

I. 333. Supply Aim before whom.

I. 334. First leave out and bt*tir, and then repeat the whole sentence up they sprang — awake, substituting bestir for route. After ere put in they are. We thus got an adverbial clause of time qualifying route and bestir.

1. 335. [And] they did not not perceive, &c. Take the first not with did, and the second with its complement perceive.

/. 336. In analysis, for or substitute [and] they did not.

1. 337. To, &c. The old-fashioned construction. See Rom. vi. 10. llit servants ye art to whom ye obey.

I. 338. After as put in the locusts were numberless : to the verb were, thus supplied, the compound adverbial clause when — Nile is attached. The whole adverbial sentence is co-ordinate with so in /. 344.

/. 339. Amrams ton. Moses. (See Exodus vi. 20.)

/. 340. Waved, a participle agreeing with wand.

I. 341. To warp is to move forward with a zigzag or unsteady motion.

/. 343. Like night. (See note on /. 287.) Before darkened repeat that.

I. 344. Take numberless as an attributive adjunct of angels, and hovering as the complement (Or. 392, 323) of the verb were seen.

1. 347. Till at — brimstone. An adverbial clause, qualifying were tarn. The uplifted spear waving, is a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct to light. (Or. 373, 6.)

;»0. Before fill repeat till at a— their course, they. Another adverbial clause co-ordinate with the last.

. .1. Multitude, with its adjuncts, is in apposition to they, and muxt be taken in each of the preceding adverbial clauses.

.51. Like which — sand*. An adjective clause qualifying multi- tude.

1. 362. After loins supply a multitude; the adjective like will then

56 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK X.

agree with this noun ; which being in the adverbial relation to lik*. (See note on I. 287.)

I. 353. Eirst leave out or the Danaw, and take all that remains as one sentence ; then repeat the whole, substituting the Danaw for Rhene. Rhene is an affected imitation of the Latin form Rhenust while Danaw is a rather clumsy approximation to the German Donau.

L 354. Before spread repeat when her barbarous sons. Both these adverbial clauses of time qualify poured.

I. 357. Where stood, &c. This is an adjective clause, denning the idea of place involved in the word thither. For analysis, to that place had better be substituted for thither (Gr. 410). The nouns shapes, forms, dignities, and powers, are in apposition to heads and leaders.

I. 360. Erst is the superlative (Germ, erst], answering to the com- parative ere (Germ. eher).

L 361. Though — life. An adverbial clause of condition, qualifying sat. Blotted and rased must be taken to agree with names. The only way of making the participles refer to memorial (which is in some respects the most natural), would be to supply the words the memorial being before blotted. We should then get a nominative absolute form- ing an adverbial adjunct to be. (Gr. 373, 6.)

/. 365. Them is in the adverbial relation to got. (Gr. 373, 4.)

Till — deities. A compound adverbial clause of time, qualifying the predicate got.

L 368. To forsake, &c. ; to transform, &c. ; and to adore, &e., form adverbial adjuncts of corrupted. (Gr. 190, 373, 2.)

I. 372. Religions = Lat. religiones (religious ceremonies).

I. 376. Say — aloof. Make two co-ordinate sentences of this, by first leaving out who last, and then substituting who last for whojlrst. The construction is : Say the then known names of those who, &o. Their is a substantive pronoun in the possessive case. (Gr. 141).

I. 378. As next in worth. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying came. In full : As [potentates'] next in worth [would come'].

L 381. From the pit of hell. An adverbial adjunct of roaming.

I. 382. Fix, complement of the verb of incomplete predication durst.

1. 383. [To] the seat of God is in the adverbial relation to the adjec- tive next, which is the complement of the verb^/fo.

/. 384. Repeat who from the pit of hell roaming to seek their prey on earth durst fix, before their altar ; and who from the pit — on earth before durst abide, before often placed (I. 387), before with cursed

HOOK I.] FOTE8. 67

* (/. 389), and before with their darkneu (I. 391). We then get -ies of adjective clauses qualifying tho*. Gods (I. 384) is in apposition to who,

I. 387. Yea is in reality an interjection. /. 392. Supply the predicate cam* in this sentence. /. 393. Put in with before parents'.

/. 394. Though, Ac. This adverbial clause must be attached to besmeared. The force of the conjunction though is not very evident. !y wer$ before unheard. (Compare Levit. xviii. 21 ; Jer. vii. 31 ; ".15.)

1. 3%. Him th* AmmomU worshipped. See 1 Kings xi. 5, 7. It appears from these passages that Miloom was another name for Moloch or Molech.

/. 397. Rabba. See 2 Samuel xii. 26, 27. f. 398. Argob. See Numbers xxi. 13—16 ; Deut. iii. 10—16. /. 399. Take nor as equivalent to and not.

I. 401. To build, &c. An adverbial adjunct of ltd. (Or. 190, 373, 2.)

/. 403. That opprobrious hiU. A portion of the Mount of Olives, wliirh lay before, i.e., to the east of Jerunalom.

Grove is the complement of the predicate made, the object of which is valley.

I. 404. The origin of the name Tophet is disputed. One derivation is from Toph, a drum (see /. 394). The valley of Hinnom, or Gehenna, was on the south-east of Jerusalem. /. 406. Supply the predicate came.

I. 407. From Aroer to — Abarim. An attributive adjunct of dread. The- construction is very crabbed. The passage means, Chemos, who

ireaded (or worshipped) by MoaVs sons from Aroer, &p. /. 407. Aroer. There were four towns of this name. The one meant was situated on the river Arnon. Abarim was a ridge of mountains to the east of the Dead Sea. It appears that Nebo was the name of one mountain in the ridge, and Pixyah the name of the highest peak of that mountain. (Deut. xxxii. 49 ; xxxiv. 1.)

,08. Hesebon or Heshbon. See Numbers xxi. 26. /. 410. Compare I*aiah xvi. 8, 9.

1.411. A*phaltic pool. Josephus calls the Dead Sea tho Limtu

Anphaltites. The bed of the lake contains large quantities of bitumen,

•* of which are frequently detached, and rise to the surface.

xoessive saltness of its waters, it is called (Genesis xiv. 3)

the Salt Sra. At th« south- -rn end the lake appears to have broken

58 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

through its original boundary, and submerged the cities of the plain (Sodom, Gromorrah, &c.)

L 412. Atter Peor, supply being or was, either of which will be qualified by the adverbial clause when he enticed — woe.

I. 416. By the grove. An attributive adjunct of hill.

I. 41'7. After lust, supply being. The adverbial phrase thus formed (see Gr. 373, 5) may be attached to enlarged.

I. 418. Till, &c. An adverbial clause qualifying enlarged.

I. 419. The bordering flood. See Genesis xv. 18.

I. 420. The brook. Frequently called, in our version, " The river of Egypt," an epithet which ought properly to be applied only to the Nile. This confusion of names does not exist in the original. The brook meant is now called the Wady-el-Arish, running past the town of El-Arish, which is called by Greek writers Rhinocorura. The phrases from the bordering Euphrates, and to the brook — -ground, form adverbial adjuncts of had.

I. 422. Baalim and Ashtaroth are plurals. Baal and Ashtoreth are singular. After those and these supply being. We thus get two nominatives absolute, forming adverbial adjuncts, qualifying had, and denoting an attendant circumstance. The participle being, in each, is qualified by the compound adverbial clause for spirits — or both, which is separable into two co-ordinate clauses. 1. For spirits, when they please, can either sex assume. 2. For spirits, when they please, can both sexes assume.

1. 426. We get here five attributive adjuncts of essence. \. Not tied with joint. 2. Not manacled with joint. 3. Not tied with limb, 4. Not manacled with limb. 5. Not founded on the brittle strength of bones. The participle in each of these is qualified by the adverbial phrase like cumbrous flesh, which must be repeated in each.

I, 428. In what shape they choose. An adverbial adjunct, consisting of a preposition governing an adjective clause used substantively, attached to each of the infinitives execute, and. fulfil.

I. 429. We have in this sentence three co-ordinate principal clauses. 1. In what shape they choose they can execute their aery purposes. 2. In what shape they choose they eon fulfil works of love. 3. In what shape they choose they can fulfil works of enmity. If the adjectives in I. 429 qualify they, all the above clauses must be repeated with each of these adjectives introduced into it, so that we shall get twelve sentences altogether. If dilated, &c., refer to shape, each of these adjectives must be expanded into an adverbial clause : [if they choose a~\ dilated [shape], &c., then all the three principal clauses must be repeated

BOOK t] HOTES. 59

with each of these adverbial clausoa attached to the predicates, giving us twelve in all, as before.

/. 433. Before unfrequented, repeat for these the race of Israel oft.

I. 435. For which. Take these words as equivalent to and for this. Which does not refer to any particular word. Take bowed as the predicate, and nmk as an attributive adjunct of heads. At is used as a simple adverb, in the sense of equally.

I. 439. Queen — homt. Attributive adjunct of Athtortth.

1. 442. Whrre rtood— idols foul. An adjective clause, qualifying Sion. (Compare line 403, and 1 Etna* xi. 6.)

/. 444. Though [it wag] large. An adverbial clause attached to fell.

The idolatry of the Syrians, Phoenicians, and other Eastern nations embodied one feature, which, under various modifications, was essen- tially the same,— that is, the worship of the fecundating and productive powers of nature, personified in a male and a female divinity, called Baal (or Bel) and AHhtoreth (or Astarte) ; the former being commonly symbolized by, or identified with, the sun, the latter with the earth, or (more oommonly) the moon. There was naturally a good deal of confusion between the sun and the moon in the above-mentioned symbolical aspect, and the sun and the moon simply as heavenly bodies. Hence we find all the host of heaven associated with Baal and Ashtoreth (2 Kings xxiii. 4, where the word rendered grove is a name for Ashtoreth, or at least for her image.) In Babylon the astro- il aspect of the religion prevailed; and sometimes Baal and Ashtoreth were identified with the planets Jupiter and Venus. The \H naturally found a great deal of resemblance between Astarte and their own Aphrodite. As the supreme female divinity, she was also confounded with Hera, or Juno. As identified with the moon, the sometimes bean the name Diana. The Diana of the Ephesians won identical with Ashtoreth. Among the Tyrians Baal was called irth. whom the Greeks spoke of as the Tynan Hercules.

/. 446. Thammuz was the same as the mythological personage whom

the Greeks called Adonis. He was represented as a beautiful youth,

beloved by Aphrodite, who was killed by a boar, but was allowed by

; .kit of every year with his beloved Aphrodite in the

world. The Grecian myth was of Syrian or Phoenician origin.

Thammuz appears to have been a per- i of the tender verdure

of spring wounded and destroyed by the parching heats of summer,

and during the wint.-r buried, as it were, in the lower world, but

re-appearing again with the return of spring. A little Syrian river

;u* called Adonis. Ito waters are in fact tinged

60 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

red after heavy rains by the soil through which it flows. The con- nection between the name of the youth and that of the river is not clearly made out.

/. 451. Purple is the complement of ran. Supposed must be am- plified into an adverbial clause (as it was supposed} , which, like the adverbial phrase with blood — wounded, is attached to the adjective purple.

L 455. See Ezekiel viii. 13.

1. 459. Head and hands lopped off. A nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct of maimed.

I. 460. Grunsel= groundsill, i.e., threshold.

1. 461. Before shamed repeat where he. See 1 Sam. v. 4.

1. 462. A very crabbed construction. Perhaps Dagon {being"] his name had better be taken as a nominative absolute, forming an ad- verbial adjunct (Gr. 373, 5) to came; and sea-monster, man, and Jish, as attributive adjuncts of one. Man and fish, being in fact adjectives in force, are qualified by adverbs.

L 463. After yet supply he.

1. 464. Azotus is the same as Ashdod.

Dreaded agrees with he understood (I. 463).

L 465. See 1 Samuel vi. 17. Gen. x. 19.

/. 470. See 2 Kings v.

I. 472. Ahaz is in apposition to king and conqueror, and the adjective clause whom he drew — vanquished is in the attributive relation to Ahaz.

1. 474. The phrases whereon to burn, &c., and [whereon to~] adore, &c., are attributive adjuncts of altar (understood) in " for one altar."

1. 477. Under names, &c. An adverbial adjunct of abused.

L 480. To seek— forms. An adverbial adjunct of abused. The ad- verb rather qualifies seek, and is itself qualified and defined by the adverbial clause than [they sought their wandering gods soon] in human [forms]. (See Gr. 547, 555, 556.) Osiris and Isis were to the Egyptians much the same as Baal and Ashtoreth to the Syrian nations.

I. 481. Brutish forms. The bull Apis was usually represented as a symbol or incarnation of Osiris. Anubis was represented as a dog, or with a dog's head ; Horua with the head of a hawk ; Ammon as a ram, or with the head of a ram; Mendes as a goat. Numerous animals, also, as the dog, cat, goat, crocodile, ichneumon, monkey, ibis, hawk, &o., were objects of religious worship.

i. 482. Nor did Israel escape, i.e., And Israel did not escape, &a

BOOK I.] WOTES. 61

onhip of the golden calf was of course borrowed from that of the!

/. 484. The rebel king. Jeroboam. See 1 Kings xii.

/. 488. Equalled. That is, levelled, laid low.

I. 490. Than whom a spirit — kaaven, and [than whom a spirit] more froM to love vie* for itself [fell not from heaven], are two adjective clauses qualifying Belial. The construction of the elliptical adverbial clause than whom is quite anomalous. No explanation can be jrivcn of the objective case in which the relative is used. If a personal pronoun were used, the clause would run : A spirit more lewd than he [woe lewd] fell not from heaven; and there is no reason why the relative pronoun should have a different construction. (See /. 493.) Under these circumstances, it is useless to attempt to fill up the ellipsis. The clause qualifies more. To love, &c.t is an adverbial adjunct of gross.

1. 493. In analysis leave out or, and put in to him no, before altar. - who put in wot. Than he [wot oft], an elliptical adverbial clause qualifying more. The connective adverb than, at the beginning of it, qualifies oft, understood. (Or. p. 85 ; note 556, 559.)

/. 498. After and, insert he reigns.

1. 499. Of riot, of injury, and of outrage, form three attributive adjuncts of noise.

1. 502. This use at flown is not easy of explanation. It seems to be used in the sense of inflated.

I. 503. In full : Let the streets of Sodom witness, and let that night in Oibeah wittiest. Genesis xix. 1 — 11 ; Judges xix. 22.

/. 507. Long is the complement of the predicate were, and to tell is in the adverbial relation to long. The rest is the subject of the sentence. To tell is used in its original sense of to count. So tale means a number, as when we read of the tale of bricks, we spend our year* ae a tale that it told, i.e., as a number which is counted off, one, two, three, &o. After though, insert they were.

I. 508. Javan was the son of Japheth (Gen. x. 2), and the ancestor of the Ionian race. Of Javan' e issue forms an attributive adjunct of god*, and yod* is in apposition to the rest. After parents supply were late. The clause, Than parents [were late], qualifies the adverb later.

I. 510. Properly speaking, Titan was not the name of any one divinity. (See note on /. 197.) It is not easy to see how Titan is to be constructed, unless we supply after it was far renowned.

I. 615. Ida is the Cretan mountain. Zeus was said to have boot

62 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

born and reared in the Dicteean cave, which was in the Cretan range of mountains. On the snowy top of cold Olympus may be taken as an adverbial adjunct of ruled, of which these is the subject.

I. 517. After cliff, Dodona, and land, supply these ruled the middle air. Apollo was specially worshipped at Delphi, Zeus at Dodona in Epirus.

1. -519. Who with — isles. A compound adjective clause qualifying an antecedent understood, the construction of which, if expressed, is not very obvious. The whole passage is excessively harsh and irre- gular.

I. 520. The Italian agricultural divinity Saturnus had nothing whatever to do with the Grecian Cronus. The only reason why they were subsequently identified seems to have been that they were both very ancient divinities. Saturnus was properly the god of plenty. The name is derived from satur — full. Ops (abundance] was his wife.

I. 521. The Celtic probably means the Celtic ocean.

I. 522. After all these supply came flocking. After but put in they came flocking '.

I. 523. Such wherein. There is no way of making these words hang together, except by expanding such into with such looks. The clause wherein — loss itself will then be an adjective clause qualifying looks, and co-ordinate with such. (Gr. 412.)

I. 524. The two phrases beginning with to have found, form attribu- tive adjuncts of joy. (Gr. 362, 4.)

I. 526. Which seems to relate not to any particular word, but to the general idea suggested by the previous passage. For analysis it may be replaced by and these conflicting feelings, or something of the kind.

I. 529. Not substance. In full : that did not bear substance of worth.

1. 530. Before dispelled insert he his wonted — substance.

I. 534. As his right. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying claimed. In full : as [he would claim] his right.

I. 537. Like may be taken either as an adjective qualifying which (as though equivalent to resembling], or as an adverb (similiter], quali- fying shone. In either case it is itself qualified by the adverbial phrase [to] a meteor, &c.

I. 538. Rich is here used adverbially. [WitK\ seraphic arms and [with seraphic] trophies, are adverbial adjuncts of emblazed.

I. 640. Metal blowing, &c. A nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct of unfurled.

BOOK I.] HOTE8. 63

/. 541. At which — tiight. A compound adjective clause, not qualify- ing any substantive in particular, but referring generally to the am _r passage. For analysis substitute and at Keiyn is used in the sense of realm (Lat. r*ynum).

I. 544. All. An adverb qualifying the adverbial phrase in * moment.

1. 545. Milton uses rite (without to) after the passive verb, just aa it is used after the active ; as, / saw him rite. It forms the comple- ment of the predicate were teen.

I. 549. After innumerable repeat appeared.

I. '>•'>(). The Dorian mood was a particular key or scale adopted by the Dorians for their melodies, and depending partly upon the pitch or key-note of the scale, and partly upon the musical intervals between the successive notea of it.

/. 551. Such agrees with mood, and is co-ordinate with the elliptical adjective sentence, as [the mood wot which] raited— battle and which inttead— retreat. (Or. 412.)

/. 555. To flight and to foul retreat, form adverbial adjuncts of unmoved.

1. 550. Wanting agrees with mood. To mitigate, to swage, to chase, &c., form attributive adjuncts of power. Swage (commonly assuage) is derived from the Latin *uavi». So diluvium gives rise to deluge.

I. 562. O'er the burnt toil is an attributive adjunct of steps.

I. 563. front is in apposition to they.

I. 566. It is, perhaps, beat to take what as an interrogative pronoun. The clause what — impote will then be a substantive clause, the object of awaiting.

I. 568. Traverse; that is, trantvertely. With each of the objects, order, visages, and stature, repeat he views.

I. 570. As of gods.

1. 573. For never, &c. This sentence goes on to /. 587. It should be attached to the predicate of each of the preceding sentences, distends taid glories.

ce created man. That is, since man was created. An imitation of the Latin idiom pott urbem conditam, ante me contulem, &c.

/. 574. The elliptical adjective clause as named — cranes explains such. In full it is: at [the force would be which] named with these could merit more than that email infantry warred on by cranes [could merit much]. The subordinate adverbial clause than — cranes qualifies more. (Gr. 547, 553.)

1. 575. Miltou here refers to the Pygmaei, a fabulous race of tin

64 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK L

dwarfs, a cubit high, mentioned by Homer (77. iii. 5) as dwelling on the shores of Oceanus, where they had yearly to carry on a fight with the cranes. Other writers located them on the banks of the Nile, in the extreme north, or to the east of the Ganges.

/. 576. Though all — gods. An adverbial clause of concession, qualifying met.

L 577. The Gigantes, or Earth-born (see note on I. 197) were fabled to have been born in the plains of Phlegra. The name indicates a volcanic district of some kind. Conflicting accounts fix this region in Sicily, Macedonia, and Campania.

L 579. Mixed agrees with that, the subject of the verb fought. The reader of Greek mythology will remember that various gods took different sides in the Trojan war, and the war of the Seven against Thebes.

Before what insert with. The clause what resounds — knights, is an adjective clause used substantively, and governed by with. The whole phrase [with] what — knights, forms another adverbial adjunct of were joined. The construction of the passage is more definite than its sense.

L 580. JJther's son. King Arthur. Armorica obtained its name of Bretagne or Brittany from the British tribes, who retreated thither before the Saxons, and carried with them the legends of King Arthur, who is quite as much an Armorican as a British hero.

I. 582. Before all insert with. With all, &c., forms another ad- verbial adjunct of were joined. Who since, &c., subdivides itself into the following clauses : — 1. Who since, baptized, jousted in Aspramont. 2, 3, 4, 5. The same clause repeated, with the substitution (stic- cessively) of Montalban, Damasco, Marocco, and Trebizond, for Aspra- mont. Then all these five clauses must be repeated, with the substitution of infidel for baptized. "We thus get ten adjective clauses qualifying all. Aspramont was a town in the Netherlands. Montal- ban was on the borders of Languedoc. Trebizond (the ancient Trapezus) is connected with the exploits of St. George.

L 585. Before whom supply though all the giant brood of Phlegra were joined with those. Fontarabia was a town in Biscay. The Saracens crossed into Spain from Biserta in Africa. This account of the death of Charlemagne rests on Spanish authority only. French writers represent him as victorious.

L 587. These is the subject of the sentence. The phrase beyond compare of (i.e., comparison with] mortal prowess forms an attributive adjunct of these, and is itself qualified by tJvusfar.

I'l

/'/.-« a tow*. See note on /. 537. \or appeared. That is, and hit form appeared not. it-lit of appeared, and is qualified by the ell: clause* <A«* Archangel ruined [would appear great], and •A* e»cett of glory obtcurcd [would appear great]. 1. 591. Before a* supply AM form appeared; and after at supply <//>;><?ar«.

\ fter or supply hit form appeared at the tun appeart when he.

•i when he. > cd. Thftt is, furrowed. French, trancher.

it car* M/.

r <rrwe/ put in teas, and re]>cat hit eye before cast. 1. COS. To &?AoW — in pain. An adverbial adjunct of catt. To

•it to at beholding.

I'he followert rather. This had better be taken a* an uilip- . thesis [they thoitld be called] the followers rather. I. «iO'.». Milliont, &c. This may be taken as a noun in apposition >wt, or we may repeat before it, hit eye catt tigns of remor* •t to behold.

1. 611. It would be as well to repeat to behold before how. We thus get another adverbial adjunct of catt (I. 604). The clause hou &c., will then be a substantive clause, the object of behold.

/. 6 1 2. Their glory withered. A nominative absolute, in the advoi 1 . i : 1 1

'i to ttood.

At — heath. A compound adverbial clause qualifying ttood. The Kuliji-rt of it IB growth, the predicate ttandt. To fill up '

leave out or mountain pinct, and next repeat the whole, -ul.--i- : mountain pinet for forest oakt. 1. 014. Fkough {they be] bare. An adverbial clause qualifying

1. 616. Whtreat must be taken as equivalent to and at tfiis. I. 620. At [<eart are which] angel* weep. An elliptical adjective clause co-ordinate with tuth. (See Gr. 412.)

_'3. But wit.1 the Almighty. An adverbial phrase qimlii;

: > it»*»lf made up of a u but (see Or. 501),

ruing (apparently^ anotljer adverbial phrase, as i i ere but here, ana »o forth. The adverb or advn-biul ]• l.ould be expano^^ into some kind of tttbtta> 1 ;« peat at after ana, vid tcttifet after utter.

1. 629. After gods supply could ever know repulte. Th* m \t < lause, how tueh [being*] at [bftngt were te.V° «^W /ii* M«M — repulte, will form

66 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK 1.

another object of feared : or the whole sentence may be repeated with each clause.

/. 631. Supply it be after though.

I. 633. To re-ascend, &c., may be taken as the object of fail.

I. 635. Be need not be taken as an imperative. It is a subjunctive, with the force of the Greek optative.

I. 636. After different insert have lost our hopes ; and after or repeat if.

I. 638. Till then. See note on L 623. After secure supply sits. Re- peat he who reigns — upheld by before consent, and custom.

L 641. Repeat he who — till then before put and before still.

I. 642. Which does not relate to any one word in the preceding sentence. Treat it as equivalent to and this.

I. 643. In full: 1. Henceforth his might we know so as [we should know his might} not to (that is, in order that we may not] provoke new war. 2. Henceforth [we] know our own [might} so as [we should know our own might] not to dread new war [if we be] provoked.

I. 647. That he, &c. An abverbial clause qualifying to work. On the construction of the connective adverb that, see Gfr. 528.

I. 648. Before who supply that he. The clause introduced by this conjunction is a substantive clause, the object of may find.

I. 650. Space here means lapse of time. (Compare /. 50.) The clause whereof — heaven had better be taken as an adjective clause qualifying worlds. Whereof should be taken as an attributive adjunct of the (understood) object of create, the import of the sentence being " that he intended to create some worlds of which sort, and therein plant

heaven, there went so rife a fame in heaven." The structure

of the sentence is very obscure. Rife is the complement of the pre- dicate went. The clause that he ere long — heaven is a substantive clause in apposition to fame. An object (some worlds) must be supplied after create. Equal had better be taken as the complement of should favour.

I. 655. If but to pry. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying shall be. In full : If our eruption be bttt (i.e., only) to pry. Repeat the whole sentence with elsewhere instead of thither, and in each sen- tence insert the adverbial clauses : for this infernal — in bondage, and for the abyss shall not long under darkness cover celestial spirits.

I. 661. Two co-ordinate sentences: 1. War then open must be resolved. 2. War then understood must be resolved.

I. 673. Before undoubted siipply this was an. The clause that in his —sulphur is a substantive clause in apposition to sign.

BOOK I.] 7TOTB8. «7

/. 674. In the infancy of chemistry and mineralogy it was ima- gined that the various metals were produced by the action of sulphur ;;,"!i mercury, which was regarded as the basis of all

/. 675. A» [men hasten] v>h*n, &c. An elliptical adverbial clause qualifying hastened.

7 H. Before etui repeat when bands of— the royal camp to. I. 679. Leave out the second Mammon in the analysis. Spirit t with its attributive adjective clause, that fell from heaven, is in apposition toJfammon.

/. 680. For Jen, &c. Before this adverbial clause supply some such sentence as J My bait erected, to the predicate of which it will be attached.

S3. Than [he enjoyed much'] any/it, &c. An elliptical adverbial

The use of or necessitates the division of

' > two separate clauses, with each of which the whole of the root

of the sentence has to be taken. First leave out or holy, and then

it for e'en in heaven — beatifte, substituting holy for divine. (Or.

551, 553.)

/. Gl»0. Atlmirf,tiu& is, wonder, which is the proper meaning of the word. /. 692. Let (ye) is a verb in the imperative mood ; those is its object, and learn its complement. Before wondering repeat who.

1. 694. Of Babel and of the works, &c., are adverbial adjuncts of tell (Or. p. 101, note).

I. 695. How, Ac. A substantive clause, the object of learn. (Or. 403.) /. 697. After and repeat how, and after perform repeat is easily out' done by spirits rrprobatc.

rm. An adjective clause (Or. 408. Note on & 22), used substantively, as the subject of is outdone.

1. 703. Founded ; i.e., melted. The two meanings of found are

»d respectively tromfundere &ndfundare. 1. "04. Before scummed repeat nigh on — with wondrous art. I. 705. As soon. As is here a demonstrative adverb. /. 706. Before from repeat a third [multitude']. I. 711. Like, Ac. See note on /. 537. / .71:!. ll'fi<-r.-, Ac. Ann- nine (Or. 410) qualifying temple.

pillars form a compound subject to were art. D full : There did not want eomiee ; there did not H — ora> ' isintransit

/iafybm, &c. Separate this into three sentences: lf frtbt/lon equalled not mtch maanijicenos in all its glories to enshrine Belus,

68 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK I.

its god. 2. Great Alcairo equalled not — to enshrine Serapis, its god. 3. Babylon and Alcairo equalled not such magnificence in all their glories to seat — luxury. Milton speaks of Alcairo (a city of Arabian origin) as though it were the capital of the Pharaohs.

I. 723. Her stately height. An adverbial phrase. (Or. 373, 3.) (Compare /. 282.) It qualifies fixed.

I. 724. Discover here is to disclose or uncover. Wide and within had better be taken as adverbs, qualifying discover.

I. 728. Cressets. From the French croisette.

1. 730. As {they would have yielded light] from a sky. An adverbial clause attached to the predicate yielded.

I. 735. Before sat repeat ivhere sceptred angels. After princes insert sit, or would have sat. The clauses beginning with where are adjective clauses (Gr. 410) qualifying structure.

I. 736. And [to whom the supreme king} gave, &c. This adjective clause, like the one that precedes it, qualifies angels. To rule — bright will be the objective adjunct of gave. If gave be used in the sense of placed or appointed, then omit the to before whom. The phrase to rule, &c., will then be an adverbial adjunct of gave.

I. 737. Each in his hierarchy. An elliptical expression. In full : giving each to rule in his hierarchy the orders bright.

1. 738. Subdivide this contracted sentence into two. 1. His name was not unheard in ancient Greece. 2. His name was not unadored in ancient Greece.

I. 747. For he, &c. An adverbial clause qualifying erring.

L 748. Aught is in the adverbial relation to availed, the subject of w"hich is to have built in heaven high towers.

I. 755. To be held, &c. An attributive adjunct of council. (Gr. 362, 4.)

I. 757. A contracted sentence — divide it thus : 1. Their summons called from — regiment the spirits worthiest by place. 2. Their summons called from — regiment the spirits worthiest by cJioice.

I. 752. After wide insert thick swarmed.

1. 763. Though [it was'] like — lance. An adverbial clause, qualifying the predicate swarmed. [To] a covered field is in the adverbial relation to like. Covered here means listed, enclosed for combat.

I. 764. Wont is here a verb in the indicative mood. Ride is its complement.

Before at repeat where champions bold.

I. 766. Before career supply where champions bold at the Soldan'i thair defied tJie best of Panim chivalry to. Career is here a noun. With lance is an attributive adjunct of career.

BOOK T."} FOTE8. «9

.'•IS. At beet — affair*. A contracted compound advrrlual < lause. qualifying both twarmed and were ttraitcned, for the second of which it must be repeated.

71. Before they insert at. The grammatical connection between tliis turn twice and what precedes is not as close as would be convenient.

/. 772. Insert <u they before on the tmoothed plank.

L 774. Before confer repeat at they on the tmoothed plank — with balm.

I. 770. IVfore were ttraitened repeat the whole clause at beet — affair*.

1. 776. Till behold a wonder. This of course is not a legitimate con- xrammatically speaking. For analysis substitute a wonder mtufdj or something of the kind. The clause is in the adverbial rela- tion to were straitened.

:. But now. But here has the sense of only.

I. 778. To *nrpa**, See., is the complement of the predicate teemed.

1. 779. Than smallest dwarf* [are little]. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying Ift*. (Or. »r>3.)

f. 780. Like had better be taken an an adjective, qualifying H<*y. (See /. 576.)

/. 781. Before/*?ry repeat they but now— numberless, likf.

1. 782. A compound contracted adjective clause. First leave out or fountain and or dreamt he teet. NextTepcat the sentence so formed, with the substitution of fountain for forett-tide. Thirdly, repeat each of these t»en traces with the substitution of dreamt he see* for teet.

I. 784. [That] he teet, &c. A substantive clause, the object of dream*. Revel*, with its adjuncts, will now belong to this substantive clause.

/. 785. Before nearer repeat while over head the moon.

I. 791. After though insert they were.

1. 793. In th*ir own dimentiont. An attributive adjunct of lord* and therubim.

I. 796. On golden teat* may be taken either as an attributive adjunct of demigodt, or as an adverbial adjunct of fitting, understood.

A LIST OF DIFFICULT WORDS,

ESPECIALLY SUCH AS ARE USED IN OBSOLETE OB UNUSUAL SENSES.

Abject (abjicio, anjeclwt), cast aside. (I. 312.)

Abuse (abutor, abiigvs mm), to misuse, to deal with wrongly or

unfairly. Hence, to delude or deceive. (/. 479.) Abyss (&Bvff<ro*\ a bottomless pit. Access (acrcdo, accessiu), way of approach, (I 761.) Admire (admiror), to wonder. (/. 690.)

Advanced (French, arancvr ; Latin, ab ante), improved. (L 119.) Afflicted (affligo), dashed down. (/. 186.) Affront (ad, front), to meet face to face. (/. 391.) Aim (aestimo), object intended. (L 168.) Amerce ( Krench, d merci ; Latin, ad mutericordiam), to impose a

fine at the discretion, or mercy, of the court,— not a fine fixed

bylaw. (J.609.) Ammiral (Arabic, amir, 'a lord'). A chief of any kind A

commander of a fleet ; hence the commander's ship. (L 294.)

'Admiral' is a corruption of the word. Arch (if>X^). leading or governing. Arrh&uge\, arcA-fiend, &c.

(/. 156.) Architrave (if»x<f», trahg), the lower division of an entablature, the

part resting on the column. The entablature is made up of , architrave, frieze, and cornice. (/. 715.)

Argument (arguo, arf/umfnf.rm), subject for discussion. (/. 24.) Astonished (attonUw), thunderstruck. (I. 307. )

Balance (bi-latix). 'In even balance,' i.e., • poising themselves evenly on their wings.' (/. 349.) Compare U., I. 1046.

Beatific (bfatus, facto), making happy. (I. 684 )

Beneath, still lower than— still more degrading than— (/. 115.) Also • to the South of.' (L 355.)

(bestia, bcstiali*), in the/orm of beasts. (I. 435).

72 LIST OP DIFFICULT OB UNUSUAL WORDS.

Bordering-, forming a border or boundary. (I. 419.) Bossy, projecting; from 'boss,' a 'knob or protuberance.' (I. 716.) Bullion (bnlla, ' a seal or stamp'), anciently signified the mint, where gold and silver were reduced to stamped money. Afterwards it signified the alloy which was permitted by the Bullion or Mint, and so it came to mean all gold and silver designed for coinage, or coined. (£704.)

Camp, army. (I. 677.)

Chivalry (caballus), cavalry, a body of knights. (I, 307.)

Choice (used actively), distinguishing. (I. 653. )

Clime (K\lfjM, 'aslope'), properly 'the slope of the earth from the

equator towards the poles.' Hence ' a zone or belt of the earth.'

(I. 242. Comp. I. 297.)

Combustible (comburo), capable of burning. (I. 233. ) Combustion, destruction by fire. (L 46. ) Conceive (concipio), to catch. ' I conceive your meaning ' means ' I

catch your meaning thoroughly.' (I. 234. ) Conclave (conclave; con clavis), a locked apartment, a close or

private meeting. (I. 795. ) Conduct (conduco), guidance. (I. 130.) Confer (confero), to bring together for discussion. (I. 774.) Considerate (considero), reflecting, contemplative, not rash or hasty.

Used actively. (£603.)

Consult used as a noun (consultum), consultation. (L 798.) Contention (contendo, contentio], struggle. (L 100.) Cope (cupa, 'a bowl'), an arched covering. (I. 345.) Cornice (icopuvis), a summit or finish ; the uppermost part of an

entablature. (I 716.) Crew, a band of comrades. (I. 61.)

Damp, chilled, depressed. (I. 523.) 'Damped 'is more commonly

used in this sense.

Deify (deus,facio), to worship or reverence as divine. (I. 112.) Different (difero), differing, divided, at variance with each other.

(L 636.)

Dilated (differo, dttatw), expanded. (I 429.)

Discover (dis, co-operire), to uncover, to reveal to sight. (U. 64, 724.) Dispose (dispono), to arrange. (L 246.) Double (duplicare), to repeat. (I. 485.) Doubt (dubitare), to think insecure. (I. 114.) Doubtful hue, a mixed expression, partly of one kind, partly of

another. (I 527.) Dread, an object of fear. (I 406.) Dreadful, inspiring terror. (I. 130.)

Dubious (dubius), doubtful, not instantly decided. (1. 104) Dulcet (dulcis), sweet-sounding. (I. 712.)

LKT OF DIFFICULT OR UKtWAI. WORDS. 73

Emblaze, to adorn with bright or flaming colours. (/. 539.) The

form emblazon \

Bmperor . K-r. (1. ,'J78.)

Empyreal ((ft-rvpot), dwelling in the region of fire, (t 117.) See

real.

Endure (twfarore), to harden one's self, to hold out (L 299.) Enlarge, to cause to spread. (L 415.)

Envy (invidia), • re to have for .-n^elf. (/. 260.)

his envy ;' i.e., hath not built here a .litiij th.it he would strongly desire for hi:..

Equal (cn/r/a/wr), to place on the same level with. (I. 284.) 'To

. which' (1. ±>'J) menu* 'in compirison with which,' placed

le with it, to see if it is of equal length. Also, to lay

aU equally low. (/. 488.) Erst, formerly ; the superlative answering to the comparative ere.

#.360.)

Eruption (eru-ptlo), a breaking forth, a sally. (L 656.) Essences (*«<% modern Latin evcn/aa), natures, beings. (L 138.) Ethereal (acthtreu$ ; alfrhp, ' bin/ing heat '), belonging to th- i vgion

of the ether, ».«., heavenly (U. 45, 285.) By nether the an.-u -nts

understood the upper, pure, glowing air, beyond the region of

mist* and clouds (which they called afy>) ; a rare and fiery

medium in which the heavenly bodies nu>vi-<l. Event (eventtu), the result of a course of action. (/. 118.) Expatiate («c, spatior), to strut about. (I. 774.)

Fail, to lose strength, to perish ; to be mistaken, (tt. 117, 167. )

Fame (fama), report, (f. (Jfi 1 . )

Fanatic ( fanatictu, fanwn), inspired or possessed by a divinity,

furious, mad. (L 480.) Faat, close. (1. 12.)

Flown, elated, puffed up, flushed. (I. 502.) Flown is properly the participle oljly, but it is difficult to trace the meaning, as derived from this verb. If Milton connected itwith/ot0,/ou>» may have much the same sense as flooded. Finn*, banished. (I. 610.) Found (fafuRrf), to melt, to pour. (I. 703.) Founded (fundare), established, fixed firmly. 0. 427.) Foundered— ' Some small right-foundered skiff. It is very difficult ice the exact sense of this phrase. Lentley even suggested ;<rrd, i.e., almost sinking. Founder ('to sink') is de- i from the old I > afundrer (ad, fvndus), 'to sink

From the Lntin fundere we get a verb foundtt of very similar meaning, implying to mrlt, tint, '.lire tcay. fall h «e fondrt). Ir ' h it is apj-Jifd to a horse

• •nary we find founder in the seme of to fell, to knock down, to give a ft mining blow.

74 LIST Of DIFFICULT OR UNUSUAL WORDS.

Frequent (frequens), crowded. (I. 797.)

Fretted, divided into squares or lozenges by interlacing or inter-

secting bars (laqueatus). It appears to be derived from ferrum,

through the Italian ferrata, ' an iron grating.' Frieze, the embossed or ornamented border running beneath the

cornice of an entablature. (I. 716.)

Fuelled (focus, focale), charged or loaded with fuel. (I. 234. ) Fury (furor), violent action. 'Mineral fury,' the violent action

with which sulphur, nitre, and such mineral products burn, or

act and react on each other. (I. 235. ) See Mineral.

Graze, to feed* or supply with grass. (I. 486. ) The verb is now commonly applied to the pasture (to eat off the grass), not to the cattle that feed upon it. ' To graze' (in Milton's sense) is now commonly expressed by 'to pasture.'

Q-runsel, i.e., ground-sill, the threshold. (I. 460.)

Heat, passionate or burning love. (I. 453.)

Homicide (homicida ; homo caedo), used adjectively. 'manslaying.' (L 417.)

Incumbent (incumbo), resting his weight upon. (I. 226. )

Infernal (inferi), belonging to Hell. (I. 34.)

Inflamed (inflammatus), blazing, set on fire. (L 300.)

Injured (injuria), treated with injustice, meeting with less than

justice. (I 98.) Intrench. (French trancher ; Latin truncare, 'to lop off'), to cut

trenches or furrows in anything.

Invest (in, vettis), to throw a robe or cloak over. (I. 208.) Involved (involvere), enveloped, wrapped up. (I. 236. )

Ken, to know, to perceive. (I. 59. )

Light, to alight. (L 228.)

Lucid (lux, lucidus), bright, letting light pass through. (L 469.)

Mansion (mansio, manere), a dwelling-place, not necessarily a build- ing of any kind.

Measure (mensura, metior), treatment, what is meted out to a person. (L 513.)

Middle (medius), between two extremes, not reaching the highest point. (I 14.)

Mineral, found in mines, or under the earth. ' Mineral fury (I. 235) perhaps means merely 'violent subterranean action.'

Mortal (mors, mortalis), deadly, causing death. (I. 2). Also employed in the sense of ' exposed to death. '

Myriad (nvpfas), properly, a body of ten thousand. (I. 87.)

LIST 0V DIFFICULT OB UNUSUAL WORDS. 76

NTathless (•.«., aa^-few), nevertheless (L 299.)

Obdurate (06, durvs), hardened against everything. (/. 58. )

Oblivious (oblivionu), causing forgetfuluesa. (/. 266.)

Offend <>ftndo), to assail or attack. (L 187.)

Offensive, causing disgrace. The ' offensive mountain ' *]l. 443)

is the same as the ' opprobrious hill ' (L 403), called also the

• hill of scandal.' (I. 416.)

Orgies (orgia), wild, frenzied ceremonies. (/. 415.) Orient (oiior), connected with sunrise. 'Orient colours' are the

bright colours of sunrise. (L 540. )

Part (part}, share or portion. (L 267.)

Passion (patior, pauuo), suffering. (/. 605.)

Penal (pccnd), endured by way of punishment. (/. 48.)

Perdition (;*r</o), utter ruin. • Bottomless perdition ' (/. 47), the bottomless pit of ruin.

Pernicious ( pernicies, perniciosus), deadly, destructive. (L 282.)

Pilaster ( pila), a square pillar, usually let into a wall, so as to pro- t only by a portion of its thickness. (/. 713.)

Precipice ( pracccp*), the extreme verge, from which one can fall headlong. (/. 173.)

Presage (pro*, «a/no), to know beforehand. (L 627.)

Prime (primus), foremost. (L 506.)

Profane (pro, fanvm), to treat as not being sacred. A thing is pro- fane which is pro fano, in front of, or outside the sacred •sure. (L 390.)

Prone (pronus), headlong, lying 6at (/. 195.)

Providence (providire), foresight. (L 162.)

Puissant (French je puts), powerful. (/. 632.)

Pursue ( y^ro, Sfquor), to follow out, to go along with, to treat of con- tinuously. (L 15.) •

Recollect (rn-olliijo), to gather up again. (/. 528.) ' Becorder, a kind of wind instrument. (/. 551.) Reiffn (regnum\ kingdom, realm. (/. 543.) Reinforcement, renewal of strength. (L 190.) Religion* (religion**), religious rites. (L 372.) Re-possess (re-po*ridere), to re-occupy. (/. 634.) Rife, prevalent, abundant (/. 650.T Rout, a gang or crowd. (I 747.) Probably not of the same origin

as rout, applied to an army. The latter is connected with

rvptu*, * broken.' Ruin (ruina), sudden downfall. (/. 46.)

.*), satisfied, satiated. (/. 179.)

' ... » i » If

H-),

4IG.) See

, ,

Scandal f^icrfreaAo»). ft stumbling-block, an offence or disgrace.

76 LIST 01- DIFFICULT OR T7NUSUAL WORDS.

Scum (verb), to skim. (I. 704.)

Secret (secretvs), retired, withdrawn from public gaze. (I. 6.)

Secure (securus). free from anxiety. (I 261.)

Serried (French, serrer), locked together. (I. 548.)

Shrine (scrinium), a box or chest enclosing something sacred, like

the Ark in the Jewish temple. (I. 388.) Slip, to let slip. (I. 178.) Sluiced, poured through sluices. (I. 702.) Sluice (derived from

exclusa), implies a floodgate, by which the water is shut off. Space (spatium), period of time. (I. 50.) Spires (o-irefpa), tapering jets. (L 223.) The word properly implies

something twisted.

Straiten (strictus), to crowd into a narrow space. (I. 776. ) Sublimed (sullimis), driven off in vapour. A chemical phrase.

(I. 235).

Successful, involving better auguries of success. (/. 120.) Suffice (sufficio], to satisfy. (I. 148. ) Supernal (supermis), belonging to the supreme (or, at least, some

exalted) being. (I. 241. ) %

Suppliant (supplicari), bending low. (L 112.) Sure (securus), inspiring confidence. (I. 278.) Symphony (ffvr, tywi]), a union of notes or voices. (/. 712.)

Temper (temperare), the mode in which the ingredients of a compound

are proportioned to each other. (I. 285.) Tend (tendo), to direct one's course. (I. 183.) Thrall, slave. (I. 149.) Torrid (torridus), scorching. (I. 297.) Transcendent (transcendere), climbing beyond, surpassing ordinary

limits. (I. 86.) Traverse (transverstts), transversely. (L 568.)

Unfrequented (frequens). * To frequent ' means ' to visit in crowds.' Frequens senatus is, * a crowded meeting of the senate.' (I. 433.) Unsung-, not celebrated in song, or poetry. (I. 442.) Urge (urgeo), to press upon, or afflict. (I. 68.) Utter, outer. (I. 72.) Uxorious (uxor), passionately devoted to his wives. (/. 444. )

Vex (vexare), to harass or assail. (I. 306.)

Warping, moving forward with an oblique or zigzag motion. (7. 341.)

Watch, to keep awake. (/. 332.)

Welter (A.-S. waeltan), to roll or tumble, especially in any thing foul

or unclean. (I. 78. ) Wont (verb), were accustomed, (J. 764.)

PARADISE LOST.

BOOK H.

HIGH on a throne of royal state, which far

Outshone the wealth of Ormus or of Ind,

Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand

Show'rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold,

Satan exalted sat, by merit raised 6

To that bad eminence ; and from despair

Thus high uplifted beyond hope aspires

'iid thus high, insatiate to pursue Vain war with heav'n, and by success untaught

roud imaginations thus displayed. 10

• 1'ow'rs and dominions, deities of heaven,

ice no deep within her gulf can hold Immortal vigour, though oppress'd and fall'n not heav'n for lost. From this descent

Celestial virtues rising, will appear 10

More glorious and more dread than from no fall, And trust themselves to fear no second fate. Me though just right, and the tix'd laws of heaven,

your leader, iiext free choice,

A hat besides, in counsel, or in fight, 20

Hath been achieved of merit, yet this loss Thus far at least recovered, hath much more Establish'd in a sail throne,

h full consent. The happier state

11 follows dignity, nii^ht draw 2fi

but who i. :. vy whom the highest place expose*

8 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK It

Foremost to stand against the Thund'rer's aim

Your bulwark, and condemns to greatest share

Of endless pain ? where there is then no good 30

For which to strive, no strife can grow up there

From faction ; for none sure will claim in hell

Precedence, none, whose portion is so small

Of present pain, that with ambitious mind

Will covet more. With this advantage then 35

To union, and firm faith, and firm accord,

More than can be in heav'n, we now return

To claim our just inheritance of old,

Surer to prosper than prosperity

Could have assur'd us ; and by what best way, 40

Whether of open war or covert guile,

We now debate ; who can advise, may speak.'

He ceas'd, and next him Moloch, sceptred king, Stood up, the strongest and the fiercest Spirit That fought in heav'n, now fiercer by despair. 45

His trust was with th' Eternal to be deemM Equal in strength, and rather than be less Car'd not to be at all ; with that care lost Went all his fear : of God, or hell, or worse He reck'd not, and these words thereafter spake. 50

' My sentence is for open war : of wiles, More unexpert, I boast not : them let those Contrive who need, or when they need, not now. For while they sit contriving, shall the rest, Millions that stand in arms, and longing wait 55

The signal to ascend, sit ling'ring here Heav'n's fugitives, and for the?.v dwelling-place Accept this dark opprobrious den of shame, The prison of his tyranny who reigns

By our delay ? No, let us rather choose, 60

Arm'd with hell flames and fury, all at once, O'er heaven's high towers to force resistless way, Turning our tortures into horrid arms Against the torturer ; when to meet the noise Of his almighty engine he shall hear 66

)K 11. J PA1 'ST.

i under; and for lightning, see Black fire and horror shot with equal rage

-angels; and ) itself

Mix'd with Tartarean sulphur, and strange tire) His own invented torments. But perhaps 70

The way seems difficult and steep to scale With upright wing against a higher foe. Let such bethink them, if the sleepy drench Of that forgetful lake benumb not still,

That in our proper motion we ascend 76

Up to our native seat : descent and fall To us is adverse. Who but felt of late, When the tierce foe hung on our broken rear Insulting, and pursued us through the deep, With what compulsion and laborious flight SO

Wo sunk thus low ? The ascent is easy tin n ; The event is fear'd ; should we again provoke Our stronger, some worse way his wrath may find To our destruction ; if there be in hell

Fear to be worse destroy'd. What can be worse 85

Than to dwell here, driven out from bliss, condemned In this abhorred deep to utter woe ; pain of unextingnishable fire Must exercise us without hope of end,

The vassals of his anger, when the scourge 90

Inexorable, tod the torturing hour, Calls us to penance ? More destroyed than thus

mid be quite abolish'd, and expire.

fear we then ? what doubt we to in

most ire ? which, to the height enraged, 95

ither quite consume us, and reduce To nothing this essential ; happier far Than miserable to have eternal being : ;f our substance be indeed divine. And cannot cease to be, we are at worst 100

his side nothing; and by proof we feel Our power sufficient to disturb his heaven, .al inroads to alarm,

8 PARADISE LOST. BOOK IL

Though inaccessible, his fatal throne :

Which, if not victory, is yet revenge.' . 105

He ended frowning, and his look denounced Desperate revenge, and battle dangerous To less than gods. Oi. the other side up rose Belial, in act more graceful and humane :

A fairer person lost not heaven ; he seem'd 110

For dignity composed, and high exploit : But all was false and hollow : though his tongue Dropt manna, and could make the worse appear The better reason, to perplex and dash

Maturer counsels; : for his thoughts were low, 115

To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds Timorous and slothful ; yet he pleased the ear, And with persuasive accent thus began :

' I should be much for open war, O peers, As not behind in hate ; if what was urged 120

Main reason to persuade immediate war, Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast Ominous conjecture on the whole success ; When he, who most excels in fact of arms, In what he counsels, and in what excels ; 125

Mistrustful grounds his courage on despair And utter dissolution, as the scope Of all his aim, after some dire revenge. First, what revenge ? The towers of heaven ard filPd With armed walfcch, that render all access 130

Impregnable : oft on the bordering deep Encamp their legions ; or, with obscure wing, Scout far and wide into the realm of night, Scorning surprise. Or could we break our way By force, and at our heels all hell should rise 135

With blackest insurrection, to confound Heaven's purest light ; yet our great enemy, All incorruptible, would on his throne Sit unpolluted : and the ethereal mould,

Incapable of stain, would soon expel 140

Her mischief, and purge off the baser fire,

II.] PARADISE L08T. 0

ious. Thus repulsed, our final hope .l.-sjuiir : we HUM exasperate

rtor to spend all his rage,

And that must end us ; that must be our < 146

To be no more. Sad cure ! for who would lose, Though full of pain, this intellectual being, Those thoughts that wander through eternity, To perish rather, swallow'd up and lost

In the wide womb of uncreated night, 150

Devoid of sense and motion ? And who knows, Let this be good, whether our angry foe Can give it, or will ever ? How he can, Is doubtful ; that he never will, is sure.

Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire, 155

He like through impotence, or unaware, To give his enemies their wish, and end

Them in his anger, whom his anger wives ^

To punish endless? Wherefore cease we then ? Say they who counsel war, We are decreed, 160

Reserved, and destined, to eternal woe ;

\er doing, what can we suffer more, What can we suffer worse ? Is this then worst, Thus sitting, thus consulting, thus in arms?

.t, when we fled amain, pursued, and struck 165

With heaven's afflicting thunder, and besought

;( ep to shelter us ? this hell then seem'd A refuge from those wounds f or when we lay Chain'd on the burning lake ? that .sure was worse. What if the breath, that kindled those grim tires, 70

d, should blow them into sevenfold rage, And plunge us in the flames ? or, from above,

I inri nnittcd vengeance arm again

red right hand to plague us ? What if all 1 1. r stop, s \\ , re opcn'd, and this firmament 176

II should spout her cataracts of fire,

I m pendent horrors, threatening hideous fall •lay upon our heads; while we perhaps, •^ or exhorting glorious war,

1(1 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

Caught in a fiery tempest shall be hurPd 180

Each on his rock transfix'd, the sport and prey

Of wracking whirlwinds ; or for ever sunk

Under yon boiling ocean, wrapt in chains ;

There to converse with everlasting groans,

Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved, 185

Ages of hopeless end ? Thjs would be worse.

War therefore, open or conceal'd, alike

My voice dissuades ; for what can force or guile

With him, or who deceive his mind, whose eye

Views all things at one view ? He from heaven's height 190

All these our motions vain, sees, and derides :

Not more almighty to resist our might,

Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles.

Shall we then live thus vile, the race of heaven

Thus trampled, thus expell'd to suffer here 195

Chains and these torments ? Better these than worse,

By my advice ; since fate inevitable

Subdues us, and omnipotent decree,

The victor's will. To suffer, as to do,

Our strength is equal, nor the law unjust 200

That so ordains : this was at first resolved,

If we were wise, against so great a foe

Contending, and so doubtful what might fall.

1 laugh, when those who at the spear are bold

And venturous, if that fail them, shrink and fear 205

What yet they know must follow, to endure

Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain,

The sentence of their conqueror. This is now

Our doom ; which if we can sustain and bear,

Our supreme foe in time may much remit 210

His auger ; and perhaps, thus far removed,

Not mind us not offending, satisfied

With what is punish'd ; whence these raging tires

Will slacken, if his breath stir not their flames :

Our purer essence then will overcome 215

Their noxious vapour, or, inured, not feel ;

Or, changed at length, and to the place conform'd

BOOK n."| PARADISE LOST. It

In temper and in nature, will receive

liiiur the lit ice heat, and void of pain ;

ill grow mild, this darkness light ; 220

\\ hat hope the never-ending flight Of future days may bring, what chance, what change \Vorth waiting ; since our present lot appears

happy though but ill, for ill not woi If we procure not to ourselves more woe.' ^ 225

Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason's garb. Counsell'd ignoble ease, and peaceful >loth, Not peace ; and after him thus Mammon >; .ike :

.ther to disenthrone the King of hea

We war, if war be best, or to r. 230

Our own right lost : ,him to unthrone we then

\ hope, when everlasting fate shall yield To fickle chance, and Chaos judge the strife ; The former, vain to hope, argues as vain

The latter : for what place can be for us 235

Within heaven's bound, unless heaven's Lord supreme

verpower ? Suppose he should relent, And publish grace to all, on promise made Of new subjection ; with what eyes could we Stand in his presence humble, and n 240

•t laws imposed, to celebrate his throne With warbled hymns, and to his Godhead sing Forced hallelujahs; while he lordly sits Our envied sovereign, and his altar breathes Ambrosial odours and ambrosial flowers, 246

Our servile offerings ? This must be our task In heaven, this our delight; how wearisome ity so spent, in worship paid horn we hate ! Let us not then pursue

possible, by leave obtain'd 250

ile, tnoH-h in heaven, our state . id vassalage ; but rather seek i^ood from ourselves, and from our own

in this vaM recco, i- accountable, pn-frrring ',455

11 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK TL

Hard liberty, before the easy yoke

Of servile pomp. Our greatness will appear

Tjhen most conspicuous, when great things of small,

Useful of hurtful, prosperous of adverse,

We can create ; and in what place soe'er 260

Thrive under evil, and work ease out of pain,

Through labour and endurance. This deep world

Of darkness do we dread ? How oft amidst

Thick clouds and dark doth heaven's all-ruling Sire

Choose to reside, his glory unobscured, 265

And with the niajesty of darkness round

Covers his throne ; from whence deep thunders roar

Mustering their rage, and heaven resembles hell.

As he our darkness, cannot we his light

Imitate when we please ? This desert soil 270

Wants not her hidden lustre, gems and gold ;

Nor want we skill or art, from whence to raise

Magnificence; and what can heaven show more?

Our torments also may in length of time

Become our elements : these piercing fires 275

As soft as now severe, our temper changed

Into their temper ; which must needs remove

The sensible of pain. All things invite

To peaceful counsels, and the settled state

Of crder, how in safety best we may 280

Compose our present evils, with regard

Of what we are, and were ; dismissing quite

All thoughts of war. Ye have what I advise.'

He scarce had finish'd, when such murmur fill'd The assembly, as when hollow rocks retain 285

The sound of blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull Seafaring men o'er-watch'd, whose barque by chance Or pinnace anchors in a craggy bay

After the tempest : such applause was heard 290

As Mammon ended, and his sentence pleased Advising peace : for such another field They dreaded worse than hell : so much the fear

BOOK II.'J PARADISE LOST. IS

Of thunder and the sword of Michael

._rht still within them, and no less desire 295

:id this nether empire, which might rise By policy, und long process of time, In emulation opposite to heaven. Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom Satan except, none higher sat, with grave 300

> t he rose, and in his rising seem'd A pillar of state ; deep on his front engraven

ion sat, and public care; And princely counsel in his face yet shone,

•tic, though in ruin : sage he stood 805

With Allan lean shoulders fit to bear

eight of mightiest monarchies ; his look audience and attention still as night Or Mimmer's noontide air, while thus he spake :

• Thrones and imperial powers, offspring of heaven, 310

; or these titles now ounce, and changing style, be call'd 1'rinces of hell? for so the popular vote Inclines here to continue, and build up here A growing empire ? doubtless, while we dream 315

And know not that the King ot heaven hath doom'd This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat

ml his potent arm, to live exempt From heaven's high jurisdiction, in new league Banded against his throne, but to remain 320

In strictest bondage, though thus far removed, Undec Ihe inevitable curb, rest i

aptive multitude ! for he, be sure, In height or depth, still first and last will reign Sole king, and of his kingdom lose no part 325

By our revolt ; but over hell extend

j-ire rule

Us here, as with his golden those in heaven, sit we then projecting peace and \varP nth determined us, and foil'd with low 330

Irreparable : terras of peace yet none

14 PABADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

Vouchsafed or sought ; for what peace will be given

To us enslaved, but custody severe,

And stripes, and arbitrary punishment,

Inflicted ? and what peace can we return, 335

But to our power hostility and hate,

Untamed reluctance, and revenge, though slow

Yet ever plotting how the Conqueror least

May reap his conquest, and may least rejoice

In doing what we most in suffering feel ? 340

Nor will occasion want, nor shall we need

With dangerous expedition to invade

Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege,

Or ambush from the deep. What if we find

Some easier enterprise? There is a place 345

(If ancient and prophetic fame in heaven

Err not), another world, the happy seat

Of some new race, call'd Man, about this time

To be created like to us, though less

In power and excellence, but favour'd more 350

Of him who rules above ; so was his will

Pronounced among the Gods ; and by an oath,

That shook heaven's whole circumference, confirm'd

Thither let us bend all our thoughts, to learn

What creatures there inhabit, of what mould 355

Or substance, how endued, and what their power,

And where their weakness, how attempted be^t

By force or subtlety. Though heaven be shut,

And heaven's high Arbitrator sit secure

In his own strength, this place may lie exposed, -360

The utmost border of his kingdom, left

To their defence who hold it : here perhaps

Some advantageous act may be achieved

By sudden onset : either with hell fire

To waste his whole creation, or possess 365

All as our own, and drive as we were driven,

The puny habitants, or, if not drive,

Seduce them to our party, that their God

May prove their foe, and with repenting hand

BOOK II. J PARADISE LOST. 16

Abolish his own works. This would surpass 370

:ion revenge, and int. joy

In our confusion, and our joy upraise In his disturbance ; when his darling sons, Ilurl'd headlong to partake with us, shall curse

frail original, and faded bliss, 375

: so soou. Advise, if this be worth Attempting, or to sit in darkness here Hatching vain empires.' Thus Beelzebub Pleaded hi* di \ilish counsel, first devised

Mtan, and in part proposed; for whence 38C

But from the author of all ill, could spring So deep a malice, to confound the race Of mankind in one root, und earth with hell To mingle and involve, done all to spite

The great Creator ? But their spite still serves 385

His glory to augment. The bold design Pleased highly those infernal states, and joy

:kled in all their eyes: with full assent They vote : whereat his speech he thus renews :

4 Well have ye judged, well ended long debate, 390

Synod of gods, and, like to what ye are, Great things resolved, which, from the lowest deep, Will once more lift us up, in spite of fate, Nearer our ancient seat : perhaps in view

ose bright confines, whence, with neighbouring arms 395 And opportune excursion, we may chance Re-enter heaven ; or else in some mild zone Dwell not unvisited of heaven's fair light,

re ; and at the brightening orient beam

Purge off this gloom : the soft delicious air, 400

To heal the scar of these corrosive fires, Shall breathe her balm. But first, whom shall we send In search of this new world f whom shall we find Sufficient? who shall tempt with wandering feet

! irk, unbottom'd, infinite a^yss, 406

through the palpable obscure find out ah way, or spread his aery flight

16 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

Upborne with indefatigable wings,

Over the vast abrupt, ere he arrive

The happy isle ? What strength, what art can then 410

Suffice, or what evasion bear him safe

Through the strict senteries and stations thick

Of angels watching round ? Here he had need

All circumspection, and we now no less

Choice in our suffrage ? for, on whom we send, 415

The weight of all and our last hope relies.'

This said, he sat ; and expectation held His look suspense, awaiting who appear'd To second or oppose, or undertake,

The perilous attempt : but all sat mute, 420

Pondering the danger with deep thoughts j and each In other's countenance read his own dismay, Astonish'd : none among the choice and prime Of those heaven- warring champions could be found So hardy, as to proffer or accept 425

Alone, the dreadful voyage ; till at last Satan, whom now transcendent glory raised Above his fellows, with monarchal pride, Conscious of highest worth, unmoved thus spake :

' O progeny of heaven, empyreal thrones, 430

With reason hath deep silence and demur Seized us, though undismay'd. Long is the way And hard, that out of hell leads up to light ; Our prison strong ; this huge convex of fire, Outrageous to devour, immures us round 435

Ninefold ; and gates of burning adamant, Barr'd over us, prohibit all egress. These pass'd, if any pass, the void profound Of unessential night receives him next

Wide-gaping, and with utter loss of being 440

Threatens him, plunged in that abortive gulf. If thence he 'scape into whatever world, Or unknown region, what remains him legs Than unknown dangers, and as hard escape ? But I should ill become this throne, O peers 445

m

II.] PARADISE LOST. 17

And this imperial sovereignty adorn'd

With splendour, arm'd with power, if aught proposed

And judged of public moment, in the shape

Of difficulty or danger, could deter

m attempting. Wherefore do I assume 460

These royalties, and not refuse to reign, Refusing to accept as great a share Of hazard as of honour, due alike To him who reigns, and so much to him due

/ard more, as he above the rest 465

High honour'd sits? Go, therefore, mighty powers,

••II, though fallen ; intend at home, While here shall be our home, what best may ease The present misery, and render hell

More tolerable ; if there be cure or charm 460

To respite, or deceive, or slack the pain Of this ill mansion : intermit no watch Against a wakeful foe, while I abroad Through all the coasts of dark destruction seek 1 >r live ranee for us all : this enterprise 466

None shall partake but me.' Thus saying, rose

nonarch, and prevented all reply ; Prudent, lest, from his resolution raised Others among the chief might offer now

(Certain to be refused) what erst they feared ; 470

And, so refused, mi^ht in opinion stand

ivala; winning cheap the high repute, Which he through hazard huge must earn. But they Dreaded not more the adventure, than his voice Forbidding ; and at once with him they rose : 475

rising all at once, was as the sound Of thunder heard remote. Towards him they bend With awfui reverence prone : and as a god Extol him equal to -t in heu\en :

lil'd they to express how much they praised, 480

despised

r do the spirits duinu'd LUMC all their vutuc; lest bad men should boast

18 PARADISE LOST. tfiOOK

Their specious deeds on earth which glory excites,

Or close ambition, varnish'd o'er with zeal. ^ 485

Thus they their doubtful consultations dark

Ended, rejoicing in their matchless chief.

As when from mountain-tops the dusky clouds

Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o'erspread

Heaven's cheerful face, the louring element 490

Scowls o'er the darken'd landskip snow, or shower ;

If chance the radiant sun with farewell sweet

Extend his evening beam, the fields revive,

The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds

Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings. 495

O shame to men ! devil with devil damn'd

Firm concord holds, men only disagree

Of creatures rational, though under hope

Of heavenly grace ! and, God proclaiming peace,

Yet live in hatred, enmity, and strife, 600

Among themselves, and levy cruel wars,

Wasting the earth, each other to destroy j

As if (which might induce us to accord)

Man had not hellish foes enow besides,

That, day and night, for his destruction wait. 60fi

The Stygian council thus dissolved : and forth In order came the grand infernal peers : Midst came their mighty paramount, and seem'd Alone the antagonist of heaven, nor less

Than hell's dread emperor, with pomp supreme, 510

And god-like imitated state : him round A globe of fiery seraphim enclosed With bright imbla/onry, and horrent arms. Then of their session ended they bid cry

With trumpets' regal sound the great result : 515

Toward the four winds four speedy cherubim Put to their mouths the sounding alchymy, By herald's voice explained ; the hollow abyss Heard far and wide, and all the host of hell With deafening shout return'd them loud acclaim. 520

Thence more at ease their minds, and somewhat raised

BOOK II.] PARADISE LOST 19

y false j-'rcMiinptuous hope, the ranged powers

i do ring, each hi- as inclination or sad choice

Leads him perplex'd where he may likeliest find 525

Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain The irksome hours, till his great chief return. Part on the plain, or in the air sublime, tipon the wing, or in swift race contend, As at the Olympian games or Pythian fields ; 630

Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal With rapid wheels, or fronted brigades form. Aa when to warn proud cities, war appears Waged in the troubled sky, and armies rush To battle in the clouds, before each van 633

Prick forth the ae'ry knights, and couoh their spears, Till thickest legions close ; with feats of arms From either end of heaven the welkin burns. Others, with vast Typhccan rage more fell, Rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air 640

In whirlwind ; hell scarce holds the wild uproar, As when Alcides, from (Echalia crown'd With conquest, felt the envenom'd robe, and tore Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines, And Lichas from the top of (Eta threw 645

Into the Euboic sea. Others more mild, Retreated in a silent valley, sing With notes angelical to many a harp Their own heroic deeds, and hapless fall By doom of battle; and complain that fate 650

\ irtue should inthrai to force or chance.

Their song was partial ; but the harmony <

(What could it less when spirits immortal sing?) Suspended hell, and took with ravishment The thronging audience. In discourse more sweet 655

(For eloquence the soul, song charms the sense),

rs apart sat on a hill retired, In thoughts more elevate, and reason'd high Of providence, foreknowledge, will, and i

20 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK. II.

Fix'd fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute, 560

And found no end, in wandering mazes lost. Of good and evil much they argued then, Of happiness and final misery, Passion and apathy, and glory and shame ; Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy : 665

Yet, with a pleasing sorcery could charm Pain for a while, or anguish, and excite Fallacious hope, or arm the obdured breast With stubborn patience, as with triple steel. Another part, in squadrons and gross bands, 670

On bold adventure to discover wide That dismal world, if any clime perhaps Might yield them easier habitation, bend Four ways their flying march, along the banks Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge 675

Into the burning lake their baleful streams : Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep ; Cocytus, named of lamentation loud

Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon, 580

Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Far off" from these, a slow and silent stream, Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks, Forthwith his former state and being forgets, 585

Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain. Beyond this flood a frozen continent Lies dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land •Thaws not, but gathers heap, and ruin seems 590

Of ancient pile : or else deep snow and ice, A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog Betwixt Damiata and mount Casius old, Where armies whole have sunk : the parching air Burns frore, and cold performs the effects of fire. 595

Thither by harpy-footed Furies haled. At certain revolutions, all the damn'd

BOOK IT.! PARADISE LOST. fl

lit ; and feel by turns the bitter change Of fierce extremes, extremes by change more fierce:

of raging fire, to starve in ice 600

Tin ir soft t th« real warmth, and there to pine Iinmoveable, infix'd, and fro/en round,

ds of time, thence hurried back to fire.

Lethean sound

Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment, 605

And wish and struggle, as they pass, to reach The tempting stream, with one small drop to lose In sweet forget fuln-s all pain and woe, All in one moment, and so near the brink ; But fate withstands, and to oppose the attempt 610

isa with Oorgonian terror guards The ford, and of itself the water flies AH taste of living wight, as once it fled The lip of Tantalus. Thus roving on

In confused march forlorn, the adventurous bands 615

With shuddering horror pale, and eyes aghast, View'd first their lamentable lot, and found No rest. Through many a dark and dreary vale They pass'd, and many a region dolorous,

many a frozen, many a fiery Alp, 620

Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and shades of deatU A universe of death ; which God by curse Created evil, for evil only good ;

: e all life dies, death lives, and nature breeds, Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things, 625

Abominable, inutterable, and worse Than fables yet have feign'd, or fear conceived, Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire.

Meanwhile, the adversary of God and man, Satan, with thoughts inflamed of highest design, 630

Puts on swift wings, and toward the gates of hell Explores his solitary flight : sometimes He scours the right hand coast, sometimes the left) Now shaves with level wing the deep, then soars Up to the fiery concave towering high. 535

22 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

As when far off at sea a fleet descried

Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds

Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles

Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring

Their spicy drugs ; they, on the trading flood. 640

Through the wide Ethiopian to the Cape,

Ply stemming nightly toward the pole : so seem'd

Far off the flying fiend. At last appear

Hell bounds, high reaching to the horrid roof,

And thrice threefold the gates ; three folds were brass, 645

Three iron, three of adamantine rock

Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire,

Yet unconsumed. Before the gates there sat

On either side a formidable shape ;

The one seem'd woman to the waist, and fair ; 650

But ended foul in many a scaly fold

Voluminous and vast ; a serpent arm'd

With mortal sting ; about her middle round

A cry of hell-hounds never-ceasing bark'd

With wide Cerberean mouths full loud, and rung 655

A hideous peal ; yet, when they list, would creep,

If aught disturbed their noise, into her womb,

And kennel there ; yet there still bask'd and howl'd

Within unseen. Far less abhorr'd than these

Vex'd Scylla, bathing in the sea that parts 660

Calabria from the hoarse Trinacrian shore ;

Nor uglier follow the night-hag, when, call'd

In secret, riding through the air she comes,

Lured with the smell of infant blood, to dance

With Lapland witches, while the labouring moon 665

Eclipses at their charms. The other shape,

If shape it might be call'd that shape had none,

Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb ;

Or substance might be call'd that shadow seem'd,

For each seem'd either ; black it stood as night, 670

Fierce as ten Furies, terrible as hell,

And shook a dreadful dart; what seem'd his head,

The likeness of a kingly crown had on

BOOK II/J PARADUE LOST. &

Satan was now at hand, and from his seat

The monster moving onward came as fast 675

.! trembled as he strode.

The undaunted fiend what this might be admired, Admired, not fear*d ; God and his Son except, Created tiling naught valued he, nor shunn'd ; And with disdainful look thus first b< G80

* Whence, and what art thou, execrable shape, That darest, though grim and terrible, advance Thy miscreated front athwart my way

>nder gates ? Through them I mean to pass, That be assured, without leave ask'd of thee : 685

f, or taste thy folly, and learn by pi Hill-born, not to contend with spirits of heaven.

To whom the goblin full of wrath replied : 1 Art thou that traitor-angel, art thou he,

Whd first broke peace in heaven, and faith, till then 690

Unbroken ; and in proud, rebellious arms,

I iim the third part of heaven's sons Conjured against the Highest; for which both thou And they, outcast from God, are here condemned To waste eternal days in woe and pain ? 695

And reckon'st thou thyself with spirits of heaven, loomed, and breath'st defiance here and scorn, • • I reign king, and to enrage thee more, Thy king and lord? Back to thy punishment,

.-:itive, and to thy speed add wings, 700

Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue Thy lingering, or with one stroke of this dart

-e horror seize thee, and pangs unfelt before.' So spake the grisly terror, and in shape,

So speaking and so threatening, grew tenfold 705

More dreadful and deform. On the other side, -ed with indignation, Satan stood itied, and like a comet burn'd,

.liiii'-hus huge

. .UK! fr,,iii hi* b 710

Shakes pestilence and jiead

24 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II

Levell'd his deadly aim : their fatal hands

No second stroke intend ; and such a frown

Each cast at the other, as when two bjpck clouds,

With heaven's artillery fraught, come rattling on 715

Over the Caspian, then stand front to front,

Hovering a space, till winds the signal blow

To join their dark encounter in mid air :

So frown'd the mighty combatants, that hell

Grew darker at their frown ; so match'd they stood ; 720

For never but once more was either like

To meet so great a foe : and now great deeds

Had been achieved, whereof all hell had rung,

Had not the snaky sorceress, that sat

Fast by hell-gate, and kept the fatal key, 725

Risen, and with hideous outcry rush'd between.

' O father, what intends thy hand,' she cried, ' Against thy only son ? What fury, O son, Possesses thee to bend that mortal dart

Against thy father's head ? and know'st for whom ? 730

For him who sits above and laughs the while At thee ordain'd his drudge, to execute Whate'er his wrath, which he calls justice, bids ; His wrath, which one day will destroy ye both.'

She spake, and at her words the hellish pest 735

Forebore ; then these to her Satan return'd :

' So strange thy outcry, and thy words so strange, Thou interposest, that my sudden hand, Prevented, spares to tell thee yet by deeds What it intends ; till first I know of thee, 740

What thing thou art thus double-form'd ; and why In this infernal vale first met, thou call'st Me father, and that phantasm call'st my son. I know thee not, nor ever saw till now Sight more detestable than him and thee.' 745

To whom thus the portress of hell-gate replied: ' Hast thou forgot me then, and do I seem Now in thine eye «o foul ? once deem'd so fair In heaven, when at the assembly, and in sight

IT.] PABADISE L08T. 8*

>iiim with thee comb 750

King, •able i)ain

. dim thine eyes, and dizzy swum ikncss, while thy head flames thick and : »

, ; till on the left side opening wide, 766

<> thee iu s!i:ipe and countenance bright,

• -s aniiM.

Out of thy head I sprung; am:ix<>nu>nt sei/ed All the host of heaven ; back they recoil'd afraid At first, and cnll'd me Sin, and for a sign 760

Portentous held me; but familiar grown, • >ed, and with attractive graces won Tin- most averse, thee chiefly, who full oft Thyself in me thy perfect image viewing,

enamourM and such joy thou took'st ^ 765

With me in secret, that my womb conceived A growing burden. Meanwhile war arose, And fields were fought in heaven ; wherein remain' d ( 1 «>i what could else ?) to our Almighty Foe

victory; to our part loss and rout, 770

Through all the empyrean : down they fell, Driven headlong from the pitch of heaven, down Into this deep ; and in the general fall I also : at which time this powerful key

Into my hand was given, with charge to keep 776

These gates for ever shut, which none can pass Without my opening. Pensive here I sat Alone ; bat long I sat not, till my womb, Pregnant Dy thee, and now excessive grown. Prodigious motion felt, and rueful throes. 780

At last this odious offspring whom thou seest, Tli i ue own begotten, breaking violent way, Tore through my entrails, that, with fear and pain

ill my nether shape thus grew -form'd : but he my inbred enemy 786

i--:. <i. brandishing his fatal dart Made to destroy. I tied and cried out, Death I

26 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK U.

Hell trembled at the hideous name, and sigh'd

From all her caves, and back resounded, Death!

I fled ; but he pursued (though more, it seems," 790

Inflamed with lust than rage), and, swifter far

Me overtook his mother all dismay'd,

And in embraces forcible and foul

Ingendering with me, of that rape begot

These yelling monsters that with ceaseless cry 795

Surround me, as thou saw'st, hourly conceived

And hourly born, with sorrow infinite

To me ; for when they list, into the womb

That bred them they return, and howl and gnaw

My bowels, their repast ; then bursting forth 800

Afresh with conscious terrors vex me round,

That rest or intermission none I find.

Before mine eyes in opposition sits

Grim Death, my son and foe ; who sets them on,

And me his parent would full soon devour 805

For want of other prey, but that he knows

His end with mine involved ; and knows that I

Should prove a bitter morsel, and his bane,

Whenever that shall be ; so fate pronounced.

But thou, O father, I forewarn thee, shun 810

His deadly arrow ; neither vainly hope

To be invulnerable in those bright arms, «

Though temper'd heavenly ; for that mortal dint,

Save he who reigns above, none can resist.'

She finished ; and the subtle fiend his lore $15

Soon learn'd, now milder, and thus answer'd smooth :

' Dear daughter, since thou claim'st me for thy sire, And my fair son here show'st me, the dear pledge Of dalliance had with thee in heaven, and joys Then sweet, now sad to mention, through dire change 820 Befallen us, unforeseen, unthought of, know, I come no enemy, but to set free From out this dark and dismal house of pain Both him and thee, and all the heavenly host Of spirits, that, in our just pretences arm'd, 826

BOOK II.] PARADISE LOST. 37

with us from on high : from them I go

li errand sole ; and one for all Myself expose, with lonely steps to tread The unsounded deep, and through the void immense To search with wandering quest a place foretold 830

Should be, and, by concurring signs, ere now Created vast and round, a place of bliss In the purlieus of heaven, and therein placed A race of upstart creatures, to supply

Perhaps our vacant room ; though more removed, 83d

Lest heaven, surcharged with potent multitude,

• hap to move new broils. Be this or aught Than this more secret now designed, I haste To know ; and, this once known, shall soon return, And bring ye to the place where thou and Death 840

Shall dwell at ease, and up and down unseen

„' silently the buxom air embalm'd With odours ; there ye shall be fed and fill'd IinmcaMiniMy : all things shall be your prey.' He ceased, for both seem'd highly pleased, and Death H45 'Grinn'd horrible a ghastly smile, to hear

unine should be fill'd ; and bless'd his maw

ned to that good hour ; no less rejoiced Hi" mother bad, and thus bespako her sire:

' The key of this infernal pit by due, 850

And by command of heaven's all-powerful King, I keep, by him forbidden to unlock These adamantine gates ; against all force

i ready stands to interpose his dart,

Fearless to be o'ermatch'd by living might 855

But what owe I to his commands above Who hates me, and hath hither thrust me down

this gloom of Tartarus profound, in hnfpful office here confined,

rant of heaven, and heavenly-born, 880

in perpetual agony and pain, With terrors and with clamours composed round Of mine own brood, that on my bowels feed t

28 PARADISE LOST. (BOOK II.

Thou art my father, thou my author, thou

My being gavest me ; whom should I obey 865

But thee ? whom follow ? Thou wilt bring me soon

To that new world of light and bliss, among

The gods who live at ease, where I shall reign

At thy right hand voluptuous, as beseems

Thy daughter, and thy darling, without end.' 870

Thus saying, from her side the fatal key, Sad instrument of all our woe, she took ; And, towards the gate rolling her bestial train, Forthwith the huge portcullis high up-drew, Which, but herself, not all the Stygian powers 875

Could once have moved ; then in the key-hole turns The intricate wards, and every bolt and bar Of massy iron or solid rock with ease Unfastens. On a sudden open fly

With impetuous recoil and jarring sound 880

'The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook Of Erebus. She open'd, but to shut

Excelled her power ; the gates wide open stood, '

That with extended wings a banner'd host, 885

Under spread ensigns marching, might pass through With horse and chariots rank'd in loose array ; So wide they stood, and like a furnace-mouth Cast forth redounding smoke and ruddy flame. Before their eyes in sudden view appear 890

The secrets of the hoary deep ; a dark Illimitable ocean without bound,

Without dimension, where length, breadth, and height, And time, and place, are lost ; where eldest Night And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold 895

Eternal anarchy, amidst the noise Of endless wars, and by confusion stand. Fcr Hot, Cold, Moist, and. Dry, four champions fierce, Strive here for mastery, and to battle bring Their embryon atoms ; they around the flag 900

Of each his faction, in their several clans,

BOOK II.] PARADISE LOST. 29

Light-arm'd or heavy, sharp, smooth, swift, or slow.

Swarm populous, unnumber'd as the sands

Of Barca or Gyrene's torrid soil,

Levied to side with warring winds and poise, 905

Tlu-ir lighter wings. To whom these most adhere,

He rules a moment : Chaos umpire sits,

And by decision more embroils the fray

By which he reigns : next him high arbiter

Chance governs all. Into this wild abyss, 910

The womb of Nature, and perhaps her grave,

Of neither sea, nor shore, nor air, nor fire,

But all these in their pregnant causes mix'd

Confus'dly, and which thus must ever fight,

Unless the Almighty Maker them ordain 915

His dark materials to create more worlds :

Into this wild abyss the wary fiend

Stood on the brink of hell, and look'd awhile,

Pondering his voyage ; for no narrow frith

He had to cross. Nor was his ear less pcal'd 920

With noises loud and ruinous (to compare

Great things with small), than when Bellona storms,

With all her battering engines bent to rase

Some capital city ; or less than if this frame

Of heaven were falling, and these elements 925

In mutiny had from her axle torn

The stedfast earth. At last his sail-broad vans

He spreads for flight, and in the surging smoke

Uplifted spurns the ground ; thence many a league,

As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides 930

Audacious ; but, that seat soon failing, meets

A vast vacuity : all unawares

Fluttering his penons vain, plump down he drops

housand fathom deep ; and to this hour

Down had been falling, had not by ill chance 935

The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud, Instinct with fire and nitre, hurried him As many miles aloft ; that fury staid, Quench'd in a boggy syrtis, neither sea*

30 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

Nor good dry land : nigh founder'd on he fares, 940

Treading the crude consistence, half on foot,

Half flying ; behoves him now both oar and sail.

As when a gryphon through the wilderness

With winged course, o'er hill or moory dale,

Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth 945

Had from his wakeful custody purloin'd

The guarded gold : so eagerly the fiend

O'er bog, or steep, through straight, rough, dense, or rare,

With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way,

And swims or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies. 950

At length, a universal hubbub wild

Of stunning sounds, and voices all confused,

Borne through the hollow dark, assaults his ear

With loudest vehemence ; thither he plies,

Undaunted, to meet there whatever power 955

Or spirit of the nethermost abyss

Might in that noise reside, of whom to ask

Which way the nearest coast of darkness lies

Bordering on light ; when straight behold the throne

Of Chaos, and his dark pavilion spread 960

Wide on the wasteful deep ; with him enthroned,

Sat sable-vested Night, eldest of things,

The consort of his reign ; and by them stood

Orcus and Ades, and the dreaded name

Of Demogorgon ! Rumour next and Chance, 965

And Tumult and Confusion all embroil'd,

And Discord with a thousand various mouths.

To whom Satan turning boldly, thus : ' Ye powers

And spirits of this nethermost abyss,

Chaos and ancient Night, I come no spy, 970

With purpose to explore or to disturb

The secrets of your realm ; but, by constraint

Wandering this darksome desert, as my way

Lies through your spacious empire up to light,

Alone, and without guide, half lost, I seek 97$

What readiest path leads where your gloomy bounds

BOOK II.] PARADISE LOST 81

Confine with heaven ; or if some other place.

From your dominion won, tlu < tin real King

Possesses lately, thither to arrive

I travel this profound ; direct my course ; 980

Directed no mean recompense it brings

To your behoof, if I that region lost,

All usurpation thence expell'd, reduce

To her original darkness, and your sway

(Which is my present journey), and once more 985

Erect the standard there of ancient Night :

Yours be the advantage all, mine the revenge/

Thus Satan ; and him thus the Anarch old, With faltering speech and visage incomposed, Answer'd : ' I know thee stranger, who thou art, 990

That mighty leading angel, who of late Made head against heaven's King, though overthrown. I saw and heard ; for such a numerous host Fled not in silence through the frighted deep, With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, 995

Confusion worse confounded ; and heaven-gate Pour'd out by millions her victorious ban Pursuing. I upon my frontiers here Keep residence ; if all I can will serve

That little which is left so to defend, 1000

Encroach'd on still through your intestine broils Weakening the sceptre of old Night : first hell. Your dungeon, stretching far and wide beneath ; Now lately heaven and earth, another world, Hung o'er my realm, link'd in a golden chain 1005

To that side heaven from whence your legions fell : If that way be your walk, you have not far ; So much the nearer danger ; go, and speed, Havoc, and spoil, and ruin, are my gain.'

He ceased ; and Satan stay'd not to reply, 1010

But, glad that now his sea should find a shore, With fresh alacrity, and force renew'd, Springs upwaH like a pyramid of fire,

82 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

Into the wild expanse, and through the shock

Of fighting elements, on all sides round 1015

Environ'd, wins his ways; harder beset

And more endanger'd, than when Argo pass'd

Through Bosporus, betwixt the jutting rocks :

Or when Ulysses on the larboard shunn'd

Chary bdis, and by the other whirlpool steer'd, 1020

So he with difficulty and labour hard

Moved on, with difficulty and labour he ;

But, he once pass'd, soon after, when man fell,

Strange alteration ! Sin and Death amain

Following his track, such was the will of Heaven, 1025

Paved after him a broad and beaten way

Over the dark abyss, whose boiling gulf

Tamely endured a bridge of wondrous length,

From hell continued reaching the utmost orb

Of this frail world : by which the spirits perverse 1030

With easy intercourse pass to and fro

To tempt or punish mortals, except whom

God and good angels guard by special grace.

But now at last the sacred influence

Of light appears, and from the walls of heaven 1035

Shoots far into the bosom of dim Night,

A glimmering dawn : here nature first begins

Her farthest verge, and Chaos to retire,

As from her outmost works a broken foe,

With tumult less, and with less hostile din ; 1040

That Satan with less toil, and now with ease

Wafts on the calmer wave by dubious light,

And, like a weather-beaten vessel, holds

Gladly the port, though shrouds and tackle torn,

Or in the emptier waste, resembling air, 1045

Weighs his spread wings, at leisure to behold

Far off the empyreal heaven, extended wide

In circuit, undetermined square or round,

With opal towers and battlements adorn'd

Of living sapphire, once his native seat: 1050

I

BOOK II.] f ARADI8E LOST. 33

And fast by, hanging in a golden chain,

This pendent world, in bigness as a star

Of smallest magnitude, elose by the moon.

Thither, full fraught with mischievous revenge,

Accursed, and in a cursed hour, he hiea 1055

NOTES.

I. 2L Onntw or Hormuz is an island at the entrance of the Persian

Gulf. In the early part of the sixteenth century the Portuguese took possession of it, and in their hands it became the emporium for the trade between India and Persia and Mesopotamia. The popula- tion of the chief town at that time amounted to 40,000. It was wrested from the Portuguese in 1622 by Shah Abbas the Great. The population at present is only between 300 and 400, who subsist by fishing and trading in salt, of which the island contains considerable quantities.

L 3. Before where supply of the region. The clause where — gold is an adjective clause attached to region understood.

It is not necessary to repeat the entire sentence on account of the conjunction or, because, as thus used, it does not involve an alter- native, but»is pretty much the same in force as and. OfOrmus, of Ind, and of [tJie region] where, <fec., form attributive adjuncts of wealth. (Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)

I. 7. from is here equivalent to just after. Compare John xiii. 2, 4, " Supper being ended — he riseth from supper."

L 8. Beyond thus high must be treated as an adverbial expression equivalent to beyond this height.

L 12. The adverbial clause, for I give not heaven for lost (Gr. 423. An. 89), qualities the predicate of a clause understood, / call you deities of heaven, or something of that kind. The adverbial clause since no deep — vigor qualifies give, and the adverbial clause though [it be] oppressed and fallen qualifies can.

1. 14. From this descent. Either from must be regarded as equiva- lent to after, as it is in I, 16, or else descent means deptii to which w& have descended.

BOOK IT.] NOTES. 36

/. lii. 77,./», Ac. An elliptical adverbial clause qualifying more. In full, '/'<'/// th',, >r<, u'il I, 'n no fall.

construction of all such clauses see i .31— 172.

/. 17. To fear, Ac, An adverbial adjunct of trust (Or. 372, 2. An. :\\

I. 18. Take me as tne object of create in L 19. Leader forma the complement of the predicate did create. (Or. 391. An. 50.)

/. 19. Before next re]>eat though, and after merit repeat did create me your leader. Both clauses are in the adverbial relation to hath

Vierf.

/. 21. Of merit forma an attributive adjunct to w/iat, which is uaed as a substantive pronoun, the subject of hath been achieved. :<62, 4. An. 20. 4. Or. 147, 148.) /. '211 After established repeat me. L 25. In heaven, an attributive adjunct of state. L 27. Before whom supply Atm, the object (understood) of witt envy. (Or. 148.)

/. 28. Forenioxt constitutes a complement of the predicate expose*. (Or. 391. An. 50.) In like manner bulwark serves as compleim nt

Before condemns repeat whom the highest place. 1.31. For which [we need] to strive. An elliptical adjective clause qualifying good.

1. :i3. None, Ac. In full, for there is none in Jiell whose, Ac. /. 34, That, Ac. This clause is very awkward. Grammatically it is an adjective clause attached to none, that being a relative pronoun. But the sequence of ideas rather requires that we should have an adverbial clause beginning \vith the adverb t/uit, ami co-ordiuate with th. proceeding adverb no. (Or. 424, 528. An. 90, 133). In this case we should have to supply a subject he.

1. 36. To union. An attributive adjunct of advantage. (Or. I. An. 20, 4) [To] firm faith, and [to]Jirm accord, form similar adjuncts.

/. 37. More is an adjective qualifying advantage. It is itself v the elliptical adverbial clause than [it] can be [much] in heaven. See Or. 549, Ac. An. 151, Ac.

rcr to — us. An attributive adjunct of we. The adverbial clause than jrrosperity could have assured us, which qualifies the adjective

tical Assured is equivalent to made sure.

1. 40. In full, By what best way [we can claim our just inln-r.t.in.-* of vid] we now debate, Wltether [we can claim our just inheritance by way]

SB PARADISE LOST. [BOOK n

of open war, we now debate ; or [whether we can claim our just inherit- ance by way oj) covert guile, we now debate. The clauses beginning with whether are substantive clauses, objects of the verb debate. (Gr. 403, 406. An. 73, 76.) Before who apply he.

I. 43. The name Molech means king or ruler. Molech or Milcom was especially the national god of the Ammonites. To this god children were sacrificed by fire. The worship of Molech among the Israelites was at least as old as the time of Solomon (1 Kings xi. 7), if not older. Compare Jerem. vii. 31 ; Ezek. xvi 21, xxiii. 37 ; 2 Kings xxiii. 13.

1. 46, &c. To be deemed, &c. Complement of the verb of incom- plete predication was.

I. 47. Than be less. An elliptical adverbial clause attached to rather, the force of which it qualifies and explains. In full, than [he would soon] be less. See Gr. 560. An. 165. I. 53. After need repeat tJiem.

Or when, &c. In full : Let those who need them contrive them when they need them ; let them not contrive, them now.

1. 54. For slwdl the rest — sit, &c. The interrogative clause shall the rest, &c. must be taken as the rhetorical equivalent of the rest must not sit, &c., or something of that kind. If this were substituted, we should get an adverbial clause which might be attached to the predicate let [tfiose] contrive.

I 57. Before for repeat shall the rest.

I. 59. Who reigns, &c. , is an adjective clause attached to the sub' stantive pronoun his. See Gr. 141.

I. 61. Armed with hell flames and fury, all at once turning, &c. It is not by any means so easy as it may seem at first sight, to assign a definite grammatical construction for armed, all, and turning. It is clear that they are not simple attributives of us, as they must be attached closely in sense to the infinitive mood to force, and that has no subject connected with it with which they might agree. We must look upon cases of this sort as instances of those anomalous constructions which are to be found in all languages, in which the connection of the ideas is more exact than the grammatical concate- nation of the words. An infinitive mood retains a shade of the attributive nature of a verb ; hence it implies something of which it denotes an attribute, and so may be associated with other words whose attributive character is more strongly marked. I 64. When to meet — thunder ; [when] for lightning [he shaU\ see — •

BO»'K II.] NOTES. 37

I [when hie shaU «ee] Aw throne — torwntx, are adv. Attached to the participle turnimj. To meet — » / an attributive adjunct of thunder. (Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)

«j is an adverbial adjunct of the participle shot, I'o scale, &c. An adverbial adjunct of the adjectives diffi- and 4eep. (Gr. 372, 2. ^n. 31, 2).

Upright wing is a figurative expression for upward flight. I. 73. Verbs like bethink, remind, &c., have a rather peculiar force. They are equivalent to make think, make remember, Ac., and of the two objects which follow them, one is the object of the make, and the other of the complementary infinitive which follows. Them may be called the direct object of bethink, and the substantive clause that—Mat the secondary object.

I. 73. Sleepy drench. An allusion to the Grecian fable of the effects »f the stream Lethe.

Drench is a collateral form of drink. Compare stench said stink, i 75. Persons may still be met with who are not aware that those ' bodies which rise in water and air, do so, in fact, through the in- direct action of forces which pull downwards. Such bodies do not rue up, they are puxhtd up.

/. 77. Adverse, that is, contrary to our nature. Who but felt. For the explanation of this troublesome construction see (Or. 522, compared with 502-505.) f. 79. Before pursued repeat when the fierce foe. I. 80. With what— low. A substantive clause, the object of felt, (Or. 406. An. 76.) /. 82. Events, L e. results.

Should we — stronger is an adverbial clause of condition, attached to may. (Gr. 44L An. 93.) I. 84. To our destruction. An attributive adjunct of way. (Or.

4. An. 20, 4.)

£ 85. To be worse destroyed. An attributive adjunct of fear. L 86. Than to dwell here [is bad]. An adverbial clause of deyree, qualifying worse. (Gr. 549, &c. An. 151, &c.) Dnven, condemned. See note on L 61.

L 88. Where pain — penance, A compound adjective clause, attached to deep. (Or. 408. An. 77.)

I 90. When the scourge, Ac. An adverbial 'claxise of time, qualifying exercise. After inexoraltle supply calls us to penance.

L 9± Th.in, thus: that is, than [we are] thus [destroyed}. An elliptical adverbial clause of degree qualifying more.

38 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

I. 94. What (like quid in Latin) here means why. Doubt means hesitate.

I. 96. The construction of this sentence is inexact. The or in I. 99 should be followed by another verb in the infinitive, depending on will. As it stands, the sentence does not admit of strict analysis. To render it susceptible of this, we may substitute, for either this, to the height enraged, will quite consume us, &c.

I. 97. Happier far, &c. Here again the connection of the ideas is more obvious than the grammatical connection of the words. Before happier we may supply a lot; and to get anything that admits of being reduced to analytical rules, we must still further expand it into 'j and this is a lot happier, &c.

I 98. Than — being. An ellipjbical adverbial clause. After being supply is happy. (Gr. 549, &c. 'An. 151, &c.)

Respecting the construction of miserable, see note on I. 61.

I. 102. To disturb, &c. and to alarm, &c., are adverbial adjuncts of sufficient. (Gr. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)

I. 104. Though [it is] inaccessible. An elliptical adverbial clause, attached to sufficient.

I. 105. Which, &c. We cannot take this as an adjective clause attached to any particular preceding substantive. Treat which as equivalent to and this. After if supply # be.

I. 108. To less than gods. That is, to beings less than gods are great. (Gr. 549, &c. An. 151, &c.)

I. 111. For dignity and for high exploit, are adverbial adjuncts of composed, which is the complement of the verb of incomplete predica- tion seemed. (Gr. 372, 2. An. 31, 2. Gr. 391. An. 50.) -

I. 114. To perplex, &c. An adverbial adjunct of make.

1. 115. For his thought* — slothful. An adverbial clause of cause attached to was in I. 112.

1. 120. As [I am\ not behind in hate. An adverbial clause of cause attached to should be. (Gr. 288. )

What was urged, &c. An adjective clause used substantively, that is, qualifying a demonstrative understood, which, if expressed, would be the subject of did dissuade. (Gr. 148.)

1. 121. Season forms a complement to the predicate was urged. (Gr. 391. An. 50.)

1. 123. Success /—that which succeeds or comes after.

1. 124. When he — revenge. A compound adverbial clause, attached to did seem. Fact is the same as feat, which is the form in which we have adopted the French fait.

i -21. After at we must supply he would ground his courage on. •e means tluit which it aimed at. 1. 128. After some dire revenge. An attributive adjunct of dissolu-

(Gr. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.) I. IS what revenge. In full : First I ask what revtwje he

BOOK 71.] NOT :M'

Analyse thia aa if it ran, m (hit which he counsel* cutd m thiU in which he excels. We then get two complex adverbial adjuncts

ti

;o. ^4cceM : that is, way of approach.

I. 134. Could we is equivalent to if we could. Before at repeat if. £142. Thus repulsed. Treat this as a nominative absolute, we

/ *Auj repulsed*

L 146. To be no more is in apposition to Mai, to which a. it forms an attributive adjunct (Or. 362, 2. An. 20, 2.) r u7/w>, Ac. This adverbial clause qualifies the predicate of a ciause understood. / call it sad, or something of that sort. /. 149. Swallowed,— lost,— devoid. See note on L 61. L 152. Let this be yovd. This is equivalent to the adverbial clause, if we grant that this is good.

1. 153. Or will ever. In full, or wlio knows whether our angry foe will ever give it f

L 157. A contracted sentence. First leave out or unaware ; then repeat the whole, substituting unaware for t/irouyh ii.-.potencc.

I'otence here means want of self-control, like the Latin impo- tentia.

L 160. We are decreed [to eternal woe]; [We are\ reserved [to eternal woe}; [We are} destined to eternal woe; whu< /, what

'•e suffer more ; and [ Whatever doing], what can we nuffer worse, are all quotations forming co-ordinate objects of say. (Or. 397.)

/. li>± Whatever doing. This is not a strictly grammatical con- struction. It should be whatever we do : an adverbial ciause of con- cession attached to can.

£ 164, Supply we with the participles, and we being with tn arms. We then get three nominatives absolute, forming adverbial adjuncts to M.

/. 165. What. Supply was the state of tilings, or something of that bad.

Amain : with all our might. Connected with the Anglo-Saxon ••> be able.

40 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II,

I. 168. Before when repeat what was the state of things. I. 170. After what supply will be our state.

I. 172. Before^/wwg'e supply if the breath that— fires, awaked, should. After or supply what will be our case, from above is an adverbial adjunct of should arm. Should vengeance arm, is of course the same as if vengeance should arm. I 174. What. See note on I. 170. I. 175. Before tlis repeat if.

1. 178. While we — hopeless end. A compound adverbial clause of • time, attached to should spout.

I. 179. First leave out or exhorting : then repeat the whole clause while we — whirlwinds, substituting exhorting for designing.

I. 182. After or repeat ivhile we perhaps designing or exhorting glorious war, caught in a fiery tempest shall be ; then subdivide the clause into two in the same way as the last.

I. 181. Compare Virgil Mil. i. 44, 45, where he describes the fate of Ajax, the son of Oileus : —

Ilium expirantem transfixo pectore flammas Turbine corripuit, scopuloque infixit acuto.

The sport, &c. Compare Virgil ^En. vi. 740. Alias panduntur inanes suspenses ad ventos.

Wracking is not the same as racking, but is a collateral form of u-recking.

I. 185. This repetition of a negative adjective is very common in poetry. Thus in book iii. 231, we have unprevented, unimplored, unsought. In Shakspere (Hamlet, Act /.), unhousel'd, unappointed, unannealed.*

I. 186. Ages of hopeless end. That is, ages, tlie end of which is not to be hoped for.

I. 187. Subdivide this sentence as follows : — War therefore, open, my voice dissuades, for what can force with him. War therefore, concealed, my voice dissuades, for what can guile with him. War therefore, con- cealed, my voice dissuades, for who can deceive his mind — view.

I. 191. First leave out and derides, then repeat the whole sentence He from Heaven's lieight — wills, substituting derides for sees. Com- pare Psalm ii. 4. — " He that sitteth in the heaven shall laugh ; the JLord shall have them in derision."

L 193. After than supply he is. An adverbial clause of degree qualifying and defining more. (Or. 549, &c. An. 151.)

To resist, &c., is an adverbial adjunct of almighty, and tofrustratet &c. of wise. (Gr. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)

BOOK II.] NOTES. 41

L 194 Vile loi in* Uie complement of lire. (Or. 391. An. 50.)

/. ill, fAe*e [are] better than worse [are •/»•

/. 1!K In full, ant* [MUM] omnipotent decree, the victor's will [sub-

"sl-

A 199. To suffer, &a This construction is very harsh. Analyse it aa if it were, our strength ia as great to suffer us [it is great] to tlo. L •_'!>< i. Substitute (for analysis) : J unjust, Ac.

W»W. That is, this iron/il have been atjir*t

resolved. Milton imitates the common Latin construction, in which in hypothetical sentences, the verb of the .--,;i -, uu.-ut clause is in the ative mood, although that of the hypothetical clause is in the subj'i to mark the . t;iiuty of the cons«-

ice. Thus Cicero, Mil. 11. Qu«xl M ita putasset, certe optabi- lius Miloni fuit dare jugulum. And 22. Quos nisi manumisisset. tormentis etiam dedendi fuerunt See Zuinpt. •!'.'.

/. 203. Verbs take objects after them not because they are /

• •cause they denote an action or feeling directed to some object .1 similar reason many adjectives take objects after them, at

least in the shape of substantive clauses. • /. 205. Before fear repeat when those who— fail them, L 206. To endure exile, to endure iynontiny, &c., are phrases in apiNMu'tioii to what they yet know must follow. (See (Jr. 362, 2. Ax.

J09. Which if we COM, sustain and bear, is ?imply equivalent to

and if we can sustain and bear tiiix. It should not betaken as an

live clause attached to doom, because the relative belongs to the

hypothetical (adverbial) clause introduced by if, which ia attached to

the verb may r>

L 211. And perhaps [our supreme foe} may not mind, &c. After per h If we can sustain and bear this.

1. •_'!::. With what is punished; that is, with the punMiment dial

• n inflicted. This is an imitation of the Latin neuter passive but it is not good English.

i >r whence substitute and hence. See I 209.

I 216. In full Our purer essence, inured, will not feel their noxious >ur.

md void qualify the subject of the sentence ex*rif • • . , ated.

! . What hnj». Analyse as if it were that hope which. L •-'•_'•_'. In full. Jitsidfs that chance which the never-ending Jliyht of future days may bring, besides that change worth waiting which — bring

4$ PABADISE LOST. fBOOK n.

We thus get three prepositional phrases (Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.) forming adverbial adjuncts, but their connection with what precedes is very loose. They are connected with its general sense, rather than with any particular verb.

I 223. Waiting. Awaiting would be more accurate.

aivnce — 'more woe. A compound adverbial sentence, qualifying worth. The natural order of the words is somewhat inverted. Since our present lot appears for ill, not worst, though for happy it is but ill, For ill is an adverbial adjunct of worst, and for happy of ill. If we — woe is an adverbial clause attached to appears.

I. 228. In full. He did not counsel peace.

I. 230. Before to regain repeat we war.

I. 234. To hope. An adverbial adjunct of vain. (Gr. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.) As is used in the sense of equally. The adjective vain, which it qualifies, forms the complement of the predicate argues. (Gr. 391. An. 50.)

I. 235. For what, &c. An adverbial clause attached to argues.

i. 23G. Unless — overpower. An adverbial clause attached to can be.

I. 237. [T/iat] he should relent. A substantive clause, the object of suppose.

Although grammatically the clause suppose — subjection is not con- nected with what follows, yet the relation of ideas is the same as though it began with if instead of suppose, and so formed an adver- bial clause, attached to could stand and could receive.

1. 240. Before receive repeat witii wltat eyes could we.

I. 241. To celebrate, &c., and to sing, &c., form attributive adjuncts of laws. (Gr. 362, 4. An. 20, 4)

1. 243. While — sovran, and [while] his altar — offerings, are adverbial clauses which must be taken with each of the preceding predicates could stand and could receive.

I. 244. Sovran is the proper mode of spelling this word. (Ital. sovrano.) The spelling 'sovereign has been introduced through a blun- dering notion that the word was connected with reign.

B-reatites. In this sense we are more familiar with the Latin word exhale.

1. 248. In worship, &c. An adverbial adjunct of spent.

2. 249. Whom we hate. An adjective clause, qualifying him under- stood.

1. 250. By force. An adverbial adjunct of impossible. By leave obtained, an adverbial adjunct of unacceptable. Both the adjectives qualify the object state.

BOOK II.] NOTES. 4?

/. 251. Though [it, be] in heaoe*. An adverbial clause attached to the adjective unacce/ttabU.

;k [ice live} in the wot recess. An .-.. I \.-rbial clause attached t<» tlu predicate let. Free and accountable qualify vs \u •tood in /. -

L 258, In full : " When [we can create] great things of small

[things], [when we can create] useful [tiling] <>f hurtful [things] ;

;i we can create] prosperous [things] of adverse [things], and

u], in what place soever [we be, we can] thrive uuder evil, and

! \\ln-n in whatsoever place we be we can] work ease out of |>.uu

_h labour aud eutlur.r

/. »(i.~>. His ylory unobscured. A nominative absolute, forming on ;i-l \.-i-bial adjunct to r<

•<>. Before with repeat how oft heaven'* aU-rultmj Sire, /. L whence — hell. Au adjective clause, qualifying dark-

ness. Compare Psalm xviiL 1 1 ; xcvii. 2 ; Revelation iv. 5.

I 208. And heaven resembles heU. This clause is but 1< attached to what precedes. Strictly it ought to be co-ordinate with whence — rage; but we get very little sense by the insert i mi of from whence. It had better be taken as an independent sentence.

/. •_'«'.'.'. As he [imitates] our darkness. An adverbial clause of manner qualifying imitate,

1. L'7 'i-ant — magnijiceticv. First leave out or art, and then

repeat the whole, substituting art for skill.

I. '21. \ In full : these piercing foes may become as soft as titty are now severe. As tiity are now severe is an adverbial clause of . . qualifying the <M which qualities soft.

I. -, • i/i/'f-r <-li,nt'j"l. A nominative absolute, fonuin

adverbial adjunct to the predicate of each of the two last sentences. /. •_•::. \Vhld^ Ac, See note on L 105.

/. 278. The sensible of pain : — so much of pain as is sensible, or may l><

J79. After and repeat to.

I 280. How in tafety—of war. A verb takes an object after it,

because it denotes a directed t« ..!•• object. But

tives, and even nouns, may have a similar force. See note on

*tantive clause How, &c., forms a sort of object

•

/. 282. And where. That is, and with regard of the place whert we are. With regard, Ac., forms an i] a«ljunct of cum/wr,

•.ual.fvinu' tlnu. imdersUMKL K«« •

44 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK IL

«. 283. What I advise. An adjective clause used substantively, that is (in fact), qualifying that understood.

L 284. The adverbial clause beginning with when goes on to tempest.

L 285. As when, &c. That is, as [the murmur is which is heard] when, &c. This adverbial clause goes down to tensest and qualifies such.

1. 287. Before now repeat whicJi.

I. 288. Whose bark, &c. A compound adjective clause qualifying men. First leave out or pinnace, and then repeat the whole, substi- tuting pinnace for bark.

Compare Virgil J2n. x. 96.

Cunctique fremebant

Coelicolse assensu vario ; ceu flamina prima, Cum deprensa fremunt silvis, et coeca volutamt Murmura, ventures nautis prodentia ventos.

I 293. Than hell. In full : than they dreaded hell much. (Or. 549, &c. An. 151, &c.)

I. 296. To found — lieaven. A complex attributive adjunct of desire. (Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4).

I. 299. Which, &c. That is, and when Beelzebub perceived this. (See note on?. 105, 277.)

I. 299. Beelzebub. The proper spelling of this word, where it occurs in the New Testament, is Beelzebul. The people of Edom worshipped Baal under the name of Baal-zebub, or the Lord of Flies,* just as in Elis sacrifices wero offered to Zeus apomyios, or Zeus, the averter of flies. (Pausan. v. 14, 1.) By way of expressing contempt for idolatrous practices, the Jews in later times altered this name into Baalzebul, or Beelzebul, which means the Lord of dung, and this name seems to have been applied as an epithet to Satan, unless we are to suppose, as some commentators do, that the Jews considered Beelzebul as a separate personage, the leader or chief of the demons so frequently mentioned by the evangelists. (See Matthew xii. 24, &c. Luke xi. 15, &c.

Than whom. There is no grammatical principle on which this objective case can be defended. Relative pronouns ought to obey the same laws of construction as personal or demonstrative pronouns. With a personal pronoun the sentence would be, none sat higher than he [sat high].

I. 300. Satan except, equivalent to Satan excepted, a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct to the predicate. With tbia ascription compare Homer II. iii. 216. » 2 Kings i. 2.

I

II.] NOTES. 46

A pillar of staU. Comoro OaJaL ii 9. " When James,

11, who seemed to be pillars, tc. Shu "Brave IK |.il hire of the state,"

/. :«)"). Mtijuttic, quali .iiptical adxvrl.ial Clause

i us the coin; hone.

An. 50.)'

'cc. In full : As night in still, or as summer* t noontide air is still. Two adverbial clauses qualifying still.

:il. Or, &c. There can be no legiti i il « •«> «-nli-

: a vocative, or nominative of ap|*:llati<in, ami an • sentence. L 31± Before be called repeat must we.

For so, &c. This complicated adverbial i-lau.*- U<H-S

>. It is attached to the predicate mn*t in cadi of the • ntencee, /. .'U4. To continue and to build up, Ac., way be taken as adver-

• Ijuncts of incline. ft An. 31, 2.) L 316. Before Irwou; repeat while toe.

I. -U7. Dungeon forms a coiiipli-mrnt to the predicate d'X»n». An. 50.)

JVo/ our safe, &c. In full : And while we know not t/tttl I lie Kiny of heaven hath not doomed thi* /////«•<• our .-m/i- r> tr«it, &c. Tln-s«- advn l.ial dauses beginning with while are attached to the predicate inclines. .

L 318. Tolive^Sijc. Au adverbial adjunct of fnitli dnunn-d. tixrmpt* See note on I 61.

/. :;-U Banded. See note on I 61. To remain •-multitude. A

• •x adverbial adjunct attached to hath doomed. Tin- inn-!. -us of it consists of an inlmitive mood preceded by a preposition. (<ir.

An. 31, 2.)

/. 3'J1. ThuH.jk [we are] thus far removed. An adverbial clause qualifying the predicate hath doomed. Respecting reserved, see note on/. •

/. '.\'1'.\. For he — heaven. This compound adverbial clause had be attached to hath doomed in /. 31G. lie mrt must be taken as a separate parenthetical clause

/ •':•-' l 1 •: ' i •' • out or depth, and then repeat the whole clause for he— heaven, substituting dejith for height.

:28. As with hi* golden [sceptre he nth*] those in hearrn. Aa i '.,t: of manner, attached to will rule. \\hatb here an adverb, equivalent to why. See I 94.

46 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

I. 331. In full : Terms of peace yet none have been vouc/isa/'ed, or terms of peace yet none have been sought. The clause for what peace will be — inflicted, must be attached to the predicate have been vouchsafed, and the clause for what peace can we — suffering feel to the predicate hath been sougJit. But custody, but stripes, and but punish- ment, form adverbial adjuncts of will be given. (Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.) But is here a preposition. (Gr. 282, note.)

I. 336. To our power is an attributive adjunct of Iwstility and hate. But hostility, but hate, but reluctance, and but revenge form adverbial adjuncts of can. Though [it be\ slow is an adverbial clause attached to plotting.

I 341. Want, that is, be wanting. See Book I. 715.

1. 343. Assault, siege, and atribush, are co-ordinate objects of fear» The conjunction or here does not involve an alternative.

I. 344. After wJtat supply shall we say, or something of that kind.

I. 349. To be created, &c. An attributive adjunct of race. Though he be less in power and excellence is an adverbial clause quali- fying fa voured.

I. 350. But is here superfluous.

1. 355. What creatures there inhabit, of what mould tfiey are ; of wliat substance they are ; how endued they are ; what their power is ; where their weakness is ; how they may be attempted best ; if tliey may be attempted best by force ; or if they may be attempted best by subtlety. form a series of substantive (interrogative) clauses, the objects of learn.

I. 365. To waste, &c., forms the subject of a predicate may be achieved, understood. Supply the same predicate with each of the infinitives that follow. - ,

I. 367. If \we can] not drive. An adverbial clause attached to the predicate may be achieved that has to be supplied for the subject to seduce, &c. The adverbial clauses that tJteir God— foe, and l/iat their God with repenting Jiand may abolish his own works, are attached to the same predicate.

1. 373. The adverbial clause when his darling — soon should be repeated with each of the predicates would surpass, would interrupt, and would upraise.

1. 377. In full : if to sit in darkness here, liatdiing vain empires, be better. When if is equivalent to wliether it introduces a substantive clause.

1. 380. For whence — Creator. This adverbial clause should be attached to the predicate of a sentence that must be supplied ; — / say

BOOK II.] WOTF*. 47

JSrst devised by Satan. The interrogative form whence Ac. is used an eal equivalent of from no source, Ac. To ctmfunnd, Ac., and to mi wile and involve, Ac., form Attributive adjuncts of malice. (Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)

/. 390. Repeat have y« before awferf and resolved.

1. 394. Perhaps Ac. In full : ir/ucA ^ /xrfcz/w tyl v« up to a place in view, Ac.

/. 395. WJience— heaven. An adjective clause qualifying place understood.

1. 397. Or ebe, Ac. The grammatical connection of the clause requires us to repeat whence we may, but though the general sense is plain enough, the sentence is very harehly constructed. We must suppose it equivalent to whence we may maice c*ar way into some mild tone, and there dwe% Ac.

L 407. Uncoutii means unknown. In Anglo-Saxon «*cu*, from runnan. (Or. Addenda,)

I 409. Arrive, in the sense of reach, is also used by Shakspere, Juliu* Ccfsar, ACT i. Sc. 2 :

"But ere we could arrive the point proposed."

L 411. Evasion literally means, making one1 8 way out.

I. 413. The omission of the preposition of after the noun need is harsh, and in fact ungrammaticaL It would be equally improper to take had need as equivalent to would need.

L 415. Supply the antecedent him before whom,

1. 417. Thi* said. A nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct to sat.

L 418. Suspense forms the complement to the predicate fold. (Or. :»1. An. 50.) Suspense is here used quite legitimately as an adjective, though it has since come to be used only as a substantive. Who appeared to second the perilous attempt; who appeared to oppose Ac,, who appeared to undertake the Ac., are 'three substantive clauses (Or. 406. An. 76), in the objective relation to awaiting.

1. 425. tfardy forms the complement of the predicate could be found. As to proffer, Ac, In full : as [he would be hardy] to proffer [alone the dreadful voyage}, or [as he would be hardy to] accept alone t/ie dreadful voyage. Two adverbial clauses qualifying the *y, which :ties hardy. To proffer, Ac., and to accept, Ac., form adverbial adjuncts of hardy, understood. (Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)

L 426. Till at last, Ac. An adverbial clause of time, attached to the predicate could be found.

i. 430. Empyreal Derived from the Greek m (in), and pyr (fire).

48 PARADISE LOST. t LBOOK 11,

Several of the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers held that the ultimate principle of all things is fire, and that other material sub- stances,—air, water, earth,— consist of this primary principle in . various stages of condensation into grosser forms, and in turn admit of being again rarefied into this primal element, the region of which is beyond that of the air^in proximity to the sun and the other heavenly bodies. This doctrine was propounded by Heraclitus, and was adopted by the Stoics. Hence, empyreal means situated in the region of fire, that is, in the sky, or heaven.

I. 432. Though [we are} undismayed. An adverbial clause of condition, attached to hath seized.

Long is the way, &c. Compare Virgil, jEn. vi. 128 : —

" Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras,

Hoc opus, hie labor est." *

I 436. Ninefold. So Virgil (JBn. vi. 439) says,—

"Novies Styx interfusa coercet."

Adamant is anything excessively hard. The Greeks usually meant steel by it. It is the origin of the word diamond.

I. 438. There passed. A nominative absolute, forming an ad- verbial adjunct to receives. If any pass [them] is an adverbial clause, qualifying the participle passed.

I. 442. Into wJiatever world. In full : into any world, whatever world it may be, where whatever, &c., constitutes an adverbial clause attached to escape ; and whatever is the complement of the predicate may be understood. (Gr. 530. An. 140. Or. 495, 509. An. 99, 118.)

I 444. Than unknown dangers [are great] and [than] as (L e. equally) hard escape [is great]. Two adverbial clauses of degree attached to less. (Gr. 549, &c. An. 151, &c.)

1. 448. In the shape, &c. An attributive adjunct of aught. (Gr. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)

I. 450. From attempting. An adverbial adjunct of deter. Wherefore, &c. A very involved and awkward sentence. There are two principal co-ordinate sentences, Wherefore do I assume these royalties, refusing to accept, &«. ; and Wherefore do I not refuse to reign, refusing to accept, &c.

I. 453. As of honour. An elliptical adverbial clause, co-ordinate with the demonstrative as, which qualifies great. In full : as [1 accept a great sJtare] of honour. (Gr. 548, &c., and note, p. 166, 15th ed. An. p. 42.) The second as is & connective or relative adverb, and qualifies great understood, just as the first as qualifies great expressed. (Gr. 422, 54JJ.)

BOOK II.] HOTB8. 49

Due, Ac. This adjective has no proper grammatical connection with what precedes. It relates both to hazard and to honour. 1. 454. And so much, Ac. These words cannot be 1 thin

.1 of any ordinary laws of Syntax. If we were to leave out anti and insert being,-- so much more <; ,<? (u him, — we

• treat this as a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial

• . attached to due in /. 453. /. 455. As he—*Us. Au adverbial clause co-ordinate with no.

uil relation to high. (Or. 422, 548.)

/. 457. Though [ye are] fallen. This adverbial clause is attach.-,! to the noun terror, which is here used as an attributive adjunct.

' means here consider attentively.

I. 458. The clauses beginning with what and if (in the sense of tohrUur) are substantive clauses in the objective relation to in'

1. 4(>0. If there be, Ac. This comj>ound sentence is contracted.

In full it is : Intend at huuie if there be cure to respite the pain of this

, it end at home if there be charm to respite the pain of

this ill mansion. Then repeat both these sentences with deceive

in^teM of respite; and again with *'»<-k in -u-:ul of deceive.

I. 407. Before prevented repeat thu* tayiny the monarch. The attributive adjunct prudent, with all that belongs to it, must IK* attached to the subject in each sentence.

H& Prudent here means being on his guard. The comixum.] adverbial clause lest — must earn had better be attached to pru> It ini;:lit also be connected with the predicate prtr-

•:'. Among Ute chief forms an attributive adjunct of others. L 470. What erst they feared. An adjective clause used sub- atantively, i. «., in fact, qualifying a demonstrative that, understood.

-' is the superlative answering to the old comparative ere, mean- ing sooner.

I. 471. Before so repeat lest others.

Rivals forms a complement to the predicate «tow2. (Or. 391. A n. 50.) /. /, Ac. In full: than [tliey dreaded mucfi] his voice

An adverbial clause of degree, qualifying more. I. 476. The adverbial clause as [is] the sound — remote, qualities

/ forms a complement to the predicate extol. As a god : in full, — a* [they would extol] a god.

I. 481. That Jor—his own [safety]. A substantive clause, the t of praised. The entire clause, how much -his own, i> of

60 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

I. 482. For neither — zeal. A complex adverbial sentence attached to failed. The secondary adverbial clause, lest bad — zeal, qualifies lose.

I. 485. Before dose repeat which, and after zeal repeat excites. Close here means crafty. It is a translation of the Greek pyknos.

I. 488. The connective adverb as qualifies the verbs revive, renew, and attest. The entire compound clause as when — rings is in the adverbial relation to rejoicing. It must be separated into three distinct clauses, as the fields revive, as the birds their notes renew, and as the bleating herds attest their joy, to the predicate of each of which must be attached the adverbial clauses when from— face, [when} the lowering — snow, [when the lowering elements scowl o'er the darkened landscape] shower, and if chance the radiant— beam ; and the adverbial clause that hill and valley rings, must, in addition, be attached to the predicates renew and attest.

1. 498. Though [they are] under — grace. An elliptical adverbial clause qualifying disagree.

I. 499. God proclaiming peace. A nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct to live and levy.

I. 503. As if, &c. An elliptical clause. In full : as [they would waste the earth} if, &c. The subordinate compound adverbial clause, if— wait, qualifies the verb waste understood.

I. 508. Before seemed repeat their miglUy paramount. Antagonist forms the complement of seemed. (Or. 391. An. 50.)

1. 509. Nor less, &c. That is, and [their mighty paramount seemed] not lefts tlian helCs dread emperor [is great] with pomp supreme and [witfi] god-like imitated state.

1. 513. Horrent. That is, bristling.

I. 517. Alchemy. In Milton's days alchemy, or chemistry, busied

itself chiefly with the attempt to transmute the baser metals into

gold. Alchemy is here used by a bold (not to say harsh) figure of

, speech, for some metal, the result of alchemy. Critics say that this

is very poetical.

I. 518. Explained. That is, the meaning or purpose of the blast of the trumpets is explained by a herald.

1. 521. In full : their minas being more at ease, and their minds being somewhat raised by false presumptuous hope. Two nominatives absolute, forming adverbial adjuncts to disband and pursues.

I. 524. As inclination, &c. Separate into two adverbial clauses, as inclination leads him, or as sad choice leads him, and to the object him in each clause attach perplexed, with all that belongs to it. Perplexed must be taken as equivalent to consulering in perplexity.

BOOK 11.] NOTES. 51

clause* where he may Ulettieut jind, &c., and where h>

. in substantive clauses, the objects of co» tideriny.

L 52a The parts of this sentence should be thus pieced together : part an the plain in surijl race contend, part w the cur sublime upon the

, contend. Then both these sentences must be repeated witi of the adverbial Clauses, a* [men contended] at tfi* Olympian -jamai, and [an men contended] at the Pytltian Jieids. Compare Virgil, ;_':- " Para in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,

admit ludo, et fulva luctantur arena : Para pedibus plaudunt choreas, et carmina dicunt," &c. t four great national games of the Greeks were the Olympia, rated every four years in the plain of Olympia in Elia, in houour .'•us; the Pythia, celebrated at tint every eight years, but \vards, every four years, near Delphi (anciently called Pytho), in houour of Apollo, Artemis, aud Leto, at first under the manage- ment of the Delphiaus, afterwards under that of the Amphictyons ; the Isthmia were held at the isthmus of Corinth, in honour of Poseidon, twice in every Olympiad, under the presidency of the Corinthians; the Nemea were held twice in each Olympiad, at ••a in Argolis, in honour of Zeus. For the details of these solemnities the reader had bettei consult JSmitJi'a dictionary of and Roman Antiquities. ,1. Compare Horace, Od. L 1, 4 :— " Metaque fervidis

Evitatarotis."

L 532. Fronted, L e,, standing face to face.

L 533. As when — bun*. A compound elliptical adverbial clause, to form. After an supply opjtotituj forces meet, or some- thing of that kind ; to the predicate of which the clause when — burn* must be attached. This last clause is compound. Supply w/itn re armies and before, and wtien the aery knight* before couch, • at when before with feats of arms.

L 538. Welkin is the cloud-covered sky. It is connected with the nan Wulken, 'clouds.' Hums is here used in the same sense as feroere in Virgil, Oeorg. L 456 :—

" Omnia vento nimb. i -is fervere."

». Typhaan. See Book L 199.

i 542. As when, &c. The grammatical connection of this with • odes is very slight. Some clause must be supplied alter

52 PARADISE LOST. . [BOOK II.

as (such as rocks and trees were rent up), to the predicate of whi«h the clause when — sea may be attached. It would make the sentence simpler if we omitted when before Alcides, and inserted it before from, putting in he before felt, and omitting and before tore. As the sentence stands in the text we must repeat when Alcides before tore, and before Lichas.

Alcides, &c. Hercules was so called because his mother Alcmena was the wife of Amphitryon, the son of Alcaeus. But Hercules claimed Zeus as his father. Eurytus, king of CEchalia (a town, either of Euboea or of Thessaly), had promised his daughter lole to any one who conquered him in archery, but refused to surrender her to Hercules, when the latter had won her. Hercules attacked (Echalia, slew Eurytus and his sons, and carried off lole. When about to offer a sacrifice to celebrate his victory, he sent his at- tendant, Lichas, for a white robe from home. His wife, Dejanira, imbued this robe with a preparation of the blood of the centaur Nessus, whom Hercules had shot with a poisoned arrow, when he was attempting to carry Dejanira off, and who directed her to use his blood as a philtre, to preserve the love of her husband. Tho venom with which the robe was imbued soon attacked the body of Hercules, and occasioned him such agony that in his frenzy he hurled Lichas into the sea. Being unable to get rid of the robe, he erected a pile of wood, on which he caused himself to be burnt to death.

I. 550. By doom of battle forms an attributive adjunct to fall.

L 551. Before chance repeat, others complain that fate should enthratt free virtue to.

I. 556. For eloquence, &c. This adverbial clause must be attached to the predicate of a sentence understood, / call it more sweet, or something of that kind. The whole is parenthetical, and does not enter into the construction of the main sentence.

I. 558. Before reasoned supply they or others.

I. 559. Of providence. Repeat the preposition before each of the nouns that follow. We thus get a series of adverbial adjuncts to reasoned. •

I. 565. Vain wisdom all. The verb was must be supplied in order to make a combination that admits of analysis.

I. 566. Before could supply this.

I. 567. Before anguish repeat yet with a pleasing sorcei'y thi# could charm ; and yet with th.is could before excite and arm.

I. 569. As with, &c. In full : as it would arm the breast with tri^tle steel.

II.] NOTES. 53

71 On bold adventure, and to discover, Ac, form adverbial ts of bend.

••fore (/"repeat to duxovcr.

L 575. .Four infernal rivers. The ancient Greeks imagined the

unseen world to be a shadowy and joyless

>i the life of the present Accordingly they assign-

tl." unseen region of souls various features of any onlin.u \ l.m.lsi-ape,

ks, plains, meadows, rivers, trees, houses — or, at any rat*-, a

(that of Hades). They seemed to have formed a more definite

of the rivers than of any other feature of this subterranean

alxxle, and named five, which are here .mentioned by Milton with

epithets which explain the meaning of the significant Greek names.

13 derived from rtygeo (I hate) ; Acheron from adios (grief), and

rheo (flow) ; Cocytus, from cocyo (I bewail) ; Phlegethon or Pyrij>hle-

gethon, from pyr (tire), and phUgetho (blaze) ; and Lethe is the word

letiie (forgetfulness). According to Homer (Od. x. 513), Pyriphle-

gethon and Cocytus, of which Styx was a branch, discharged their

streams into Acheron. We also sometimes find Styx, or Acheron,

spoken of as being or forming a pool or marsh. The following

passages of Virgil should be compared : — J£n. vi. 106 :

" Quando hie inferni janua regis

tor, et tenebrosa palus Acheron te refuso." Vi. 438:

" Tristique palus inainabilis unda,

Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet." V i ">49 : '* Moenia lata videt, triph'ci circumdata muro ; Qiiae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonantia sax a." Vi. 713: "Animte, quibus altera fato

Corpora debentur, Lethsei ad fluminis undam Securos latices et longa oblivia potant."

In the conception of the early Greeks the abode or realm of Hades was quite distinct from the profounder abyss of Tartarus, in which th< T t.ins were imprisoned by Zeus. To the Homeric Greek the earth was a round flat disc, of considerable thickness, within which was the realm of Hades, while heaven was the solid vault of the sky above the earth, and Tartarus a corresponding inverted 1

th. In later times Tartarus was represented as a portion of the of Hades.

>cakry labyrinth. Milton seems here to have applied to Lethe Virgil's description of ><\x, novit* inter/tun. Supply h*

54 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK U.

before who, and repeat whereof he who drinks before forgets in I. 586. The clause whereof-^pain is an adjective clause attached to Lethe. (Gr. 408. An. 77.)

1. 589. Which on firm land thaws not, [which} gathers heap, and [which] seems [the] ruin of [some] ancient pile, are three adjective clauses attached to hail.

L 591. After ice supply the verb lies.

I. 592. As that Setbonian bog, &c., supply the predicate was profound. The morass here spoken of was situated between the eastern angle of the Delta of Egypt and Mount Casius. It was anciently much larger than at present, and formed the limit of Egypt towards the north-east.

L 594. Milton here adopts the statement of Diodorus Siculus (i. 30), who says that the army which Darius Ochus was leading to the conquest of Egypt, was annihilated in this morass. But as we 11 ud that this same army afterwards took some Egyptian towns, this statement must be regarded as an exaggeration.

L 595. Frore means frosty. (Compare the German past participle gefrwen.) So Virgil, Georg. L 93. " Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat."

/. 600. We shall get the simplest construction if we supply they are brought before from beds, &c. Hurried must be attached gram- matically to they. Compare Shakspere, Measure for Measure, Act m. Scene 1 : —

"Ay, but to die, and go we know not where, To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot ; This sensible warm motion to become A kneaded clod, aud the delighted spirit To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside in thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice ; To be imprisoned in the viewless winds, And blown with restless violence round about The pendant world," &c. /. 604. Sound, i. e., strait or channel.

I. 606. First leave out and struggle, and then repeat the sentence, substituting struggle for wish.

I. 609. And so near the brink. The grammatical connection of this with what precedes is very loose. The best way is to supply they being, so as to make a nominative absolute, which may be attached as an adverbial adjunct to the predicates .wish and

BOOK II.j NO I 65

I. 611. Medusa. Homer speaks of only one Gorgon, who was

one of the terrible phantoms of Hades (Od. XL 633). Heriod name*

of whom Medusa was one. The Argive hero Perseus was

1 to have cut off the head of Medusa while she was asleep,

making use of a mirror, to avoid looking directly at the monster,

of whose face turned all beholders to stone. He pre-

1 the head to Athene, who fixed it in her breastplate or

L 613. Wight is a person or being. We lind the corresponding word, wiclit, in the German BfaetridU.

I. 014. Various stories were told of the punishment of Tantalus

in the lower world, and of the offence for which he suffered. The

popular one was, that in order to test the discrimination of the gods he

in to a repast, and cut his son Pclops in pieces, which he

I and placed before them. Demeter, who was »l>sor)ied in grief

f. >r the loss of her daughter, incautiously ate one of the shoulder*. The

were put together again, and revivified by Ucrmcs, and Demeter

su] >i died an ivory shoulder in place of what she had consumed.

!ier account was, that being admitted to the society of the go. In,

he divulged their secrets. As to his punishment, some stories

-ented a huge rock to be peqxjtually impending over him and

• •ning to crush him ; others spoke of his being tormented with

•iiii.At, and plunged in a lake, the waters of which (led

fr-m his lips when lie attempted to taste them; or of his seeing

delicious fruits hanging within reach, which were wafted away when

he attempted to pluck them. His name has given us the verb

tanlalze.

L 617. Before found repeat the odctnturow. bands. L 621. Rciieat over with each of those uoui.s. \\V »et a succession of adverbial adjuncts of the predicate jvi**m

/. G±i. IKAicA tiod — good. An A'3ject»»o » iaujf, ((ualifying uni- verse. Evil and good firm the '.oa>;>!f>n.en^ of the piedicate 0IHBM

U 624. lU-p*\«. nlf*f b*-f j«» dcrfh and r^lurt. Wn thus get three other adjective • luu>e» Att*cbcd 4>o vttii-trac. ((Jr. 408 An. :

I 625. Rei>eat tilings with each of the adjectives. Wor.«c than.

Ac. In full : icorse t/tan fable* yrt h:ivt fciyntd [(himja bad}, or [Utan]

lias conceived [tilings bad]. Two adverbial clauses qualifying

</n in each case qualities bad understood. (Gr. 549 &a,

aixl .tote, j). 1 11. An. lf>0 ; note, p. 42.)

66 - PARADISE LOST.

1 628 Cor ipare Virgil, ^En. vr. 287 :—

" BeUua Lernae,

Horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera, Gorgones, Harpyiseque. "

Also, I. 576 :—

" Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus hydra."

The nine heads of the monstrous water-serpent (Hydra), slain by Hercules, are multiplied by Virgil into fifty.

Chimcera. This fire- breathing monster, slain by Bellerophou, is described by Homer as having the fore part of its body like a lion, the hinder part like a dragon, and the middle like a goat.

L 630. Inflamed is an attributive adjunct of the subject Satan. Repeat the subject with each of the verbs that follow.

L 636. Between as and when, insert a, fleet seems. The whole compound adverbial clause ia co-or,linate with the so which qualities seemed, in L 642. The subordinate clause, when — drugs, is attached to the verb seems understood.

I. 637. Hangs in t/ie clouds. Most persons must have noticed the seeming elevation of the line of the horizon when the sea is viewed from a height.

I. 639. Ternate and Tidore are two of the Moluccas.

L 640. They— pole. This sentence must be taken as a parenthesis. It has no grammatical connexion with what precedes. Trading means "flowing in a regular tread or track." In old English writers the word trade does not at all necessarily imply commerce* Spenser speaks of the trade (i. e. track) of a wild beast. Udall speaks of the Jews being in the rigid trade of religion. In the Indian Ocean there is a strong southerly current, known as the Mozambique current, running first from east to west past the northern extremity of Madagascar, and then deflected southwards by the coast of Africa. Cape Corrientes (the currents') takes its name from it. The trade wind of the Indian Ocean would not carry a vessel southwards, but rather to the north of west, and the Monsoons, north of the equator, blow in different seasons in opposite directions. Moreover, Milton would hardly speak of a wind as a flood.

I. 642. Stemming. That is, directing the stem or prow of the vessel.

I. 645. Before the gates supply were or else appear.

1. 650. Repeat the one seemed before fair. Foul may be taken as complement of ended. Repeat in before a set-pent. We thus get an adverbial adjunct of ended. This description of Sin is made up of

BOOK II.] KOTES. 67

that of Echidna, in Ilesiod, half nymph and half serpent, and that of s " Metamorphoses," who, by the jealousy of Circe, was changed from a beautiful nymph into a monster half woman, half fish, with dogs howling around her.

L 654, Cry means a pack. Shakspere speaks of a cry of cure.

~>3. Cerberean. (See note on I. 575.) Aa Hades had a house in the lower world, so he was provided with a house-dog, in the form of : ee- headed Cerberus.

L 659. After abhorred supply creatures or hounds. Trinacria was an ancient name of Sicily. Than these. In full: than these [were abhorred.}

1. GOo. Aristophanes, in his comedy the "Clouds," mentions the su[»erstition that the moon could be removed from the sky by the incantation of witches. Virgil (Jtn. L 642) calls eclipses of the sun labor e* solis.

L 666. The other shape. This sentence is incomplete ; there is no verb to which shape can be the subject. The simplest way is to leave out the it in I 670.

This description of Death is just, y celebrated as one of the grandest in the whole poem.

/. 667. If shape— either. This adverbial clause must be attached to the predicate of a sentence supplied, / say a/tape, or something of the kind. The whole must be treated as a parenthesis.

L 667. That shape had none — limb. The use of or compels us to separate this for analysis into three sentences : — that shape had none distinguishable in member; that shape had none distinguishable in joint; that sJuipe had none distinguishable in limb. All three are adjective clauses qualifying the subject it.

L 669. In full : or if it migM be called substance that seemed shadow.

I 670. For each seemed either. This clause is but loosely con- nected with what precedes. It is inserted as though the prec sentence were, it was doubtful whether the shape shf/uld be called substance or shadow, to the predicate of which it might then be attached.

As night [is black]. An adverbial clause of degree qualifying black. The connective adverb as qualifies the adjective black under* stood.

L 671. In full : Fierce [it stood] as ten furies [are fierce], terrible lit stood] as hell [u terrible.]

1. 672 What seemed his head. An adjective clause used aubstao*

68 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II,

1. 675. As fast. That is, equally fast. The adverb onwara must be attached to the verb came.

I. 676. As is here used in the sense of while.

I. 677. What this might be. A substantive clause, the object of admired. What is the complement of the verb of incomplete predica- tion might be. (Compare Gr. 495. An. 99.)

I. 678. God and His Son, &c. This must be taken as the rhetorical equivalent of he valued no created thing in the least degree except God and His Son. Where the adverbial expression except God and His Son qualifies and limits the adjective of quantity no.

I. 679. Nor shunned. Repeat the whole of the preceding sentence with the substitution of shunned, for valued in any degree.

I. 682. Supply thou art before grim. First leave out and what, and then repeat the whole, substituting what for whence.

I. 685. That be assured is a parenthetical sentence. It would be more correct to say Of that be assured.

I. 691. Before in proud repeat who.

I. 692. The third part. (Compare Rev. xii. 3, 4) "Behold a great red dragon, and his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and cast them to the earth. "

Conjured is used in the sense of the Latin conjurati, sworn together, banded together by an oath.

I 693. For which, &c. This, though an adjective clause in form, does not attach itself to any particular word in what precedes. Treat for which as equivalent to and for this.

I. 698. Where I reign king. In its present form this must be treated as an adverbial sentence, co-ordinate with the adverb here. We should get the relation of the ideas more exactly if we substituted in this place in which I reign king.

And to enrage, &c. In full : and w/iere, I tell thee to enrage thee more, that I reig^n thy lord and king. Supply go before back.

I. 705. Repeat the grisly terror before grew.

I. 710. In the Arctic sky. It is only when the celestial sphere is divided into a northern and a southern half by the ecliptic that the greater part of the constellation of Ophiuchus is in the northern portion. The equator leaves the greater part in the southern. Be- fore from repeat that.

I. 711. Among the prodigies portending the death of Csesar, and tl(« r onsequent civil war, Virgil mentions (Georg. I. 488) — Nee din toties arsere cometce.

BOOK II.] HOTtt. 69

t 714 A« when — mid air. An adverbial clause qualifying such. After at supply the frown is, to the predicate of which the clausa token two, Ac., ia attached.

/. 715. Hat (ling forms a complement to the predicate come.

(.716. Before then repeat when two black clouds.

•at to front. An adverbial expression, partaking of the nature of a nominative absolute.

/. 718. To join, Ac. This forms an attributive adjunct to signal (Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)

/. 71'J. Thai— frown. An adverbial clause qualifying so. That is a connective adverb qualifying grew. (Gr. 528, 529. An. 133, 134.)

/. 721. But is here a preposition. But once (L e. one time) more is an adverbial phrase qualifying and limiting never.

I 726. After and repeat if tiie snaky sorceress that tat— they had not.

I. :•_".». To bend, Ac. An adverbial adjunct of poetesses.

I. 730. In full : and knowttt tlioufor whom thou bendest that mortal dart against thy father's head f

L 731. Before for him n-peat thou bcndest that— head.

L 734. In analysis leave out the repetition hi« wrath.

L 731. Repeat the clause tfiat my — my son in each of the sentences, 90 strange [it] thy outcry, and thy word* so strange thou inter Cutest . It qualifies the adverb so in each case. (Gr. 528 An. 133.)

L 741. Before why repeat till first I know of Uiee.

1. 743. Before that phantasm rej>eat nil jir«t / know of thee wliy thou. The clauses beginning with why are substantive clauses, the objects of the verb know.

I. 74."). Than him and thee. These objective cases can only be explained by tilling up the. clause thus:~/A«n / see thee and him detestable. The clause is adverbial, and qualities more. (Gr. 549, Ac. ; note on p. 166. An. 149, &c. ; note, p. 4±)

1. 749. The whole compound clause, when at the — I sprung, is in the adverbial relation to denned.

(. 753. Repeat when before dim. Take the words thus -.—when ves, dim and dizzy, «wum in darkne**.

1. 754. Tho adverbial clauses, while thy—forth^ and till— I sprung, qualify swum.

1. 756. Litest, Ac., shining, Ac., and a goddess armed, are ail

adjuncts of 7. This whole description is. of course, an

•<U)>tatinu of the Greek legend of the birth of Minerva from tu«

60 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

head of Jupitei. The rest of the passage is based upon the idea expressed in James i. 15: "Then when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin; and sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death."

I. 806. But is here a preposition governing the compound substan- tive clause that he knows — shall be, with which it forms an adverbial adjunct to would devour.

He knows, &c. Expand thus : — he knows that his end is involved with mine.

I. 813. Before tempered insert they are.

1. 814. Save tie, &c. This should be save him, &c., unless save be regarded as an adjective, the same as safe, forming a nominative absolute with the substantive that follows. Anyhow the whole phrase save — above is in the adverbial relation to none, which it qualifies and defines. (Gr. 283.)

I. 817. The adverbial clause since thou—unthought of qualifies the predicate of a clause understood, / call thee daugJiter, or something equivalent.

I. 822. After but repeat know that I come.

I. 830. A place foretold sJiould be. We can only make grammar of this by expanding it thus : — a place which it was foretold sftould be, where the entire clause which it was — be, is an adjective clause qualifying place, while the secondary clause, which should be, is a substantive clause, in apposition to it, the subject of was foretold. If a demonstrative pronoun were used instead of a relative, we could insert the conjunction that : — it was foretold that tJiat should be. This is always the !>est way of testing the construction of an involved clause containing a relative.

I. 833. And therein, &c. The construction is obscure. If and be retained, we must repeat after it, to search with wandering quest a race of upstart creatures therein placed, &c.

1. 835. The compound clause, tJiough [they are} more removed — broils, qualifies placed.

1. 837. In full : / haste to know whether this be now designed, or whether aught were more secret than this [is secret] be now designed.

1. 840. Where thou — odours. A compound adjective clause qualifying place. Before up repeat where thou and Death shall.

I. 842. Buxom here has its original meaning yielding. It is derived from the Anglo- Saxan bugan, to bend or yield, and answers to the German biegsam. It afterwards came to mean plump and toft, and also compliant.

BOOK II.] HO ! 61

L 855. To be overmatched, Ac., forms MI adverbial adjunct to fearless.

I 857. The adjective clauses who hates me, and who hath—ftetl, qualify the 8ul»tantive pronoun AM. (Gr. 141.)

L 875. Hut herself forms an adverbial adjunct of not all, which is used as equivalent to none of.

L 877. The notion of turning the trarcfc is inaccurate. The wards belong to the lock, not to the key.

/. 882. That, shook, &c., is an adjective clause qualifying thunder.

L 885. That with — array. An adverbial clause denoting conse- quence, attached to the predicate stood. That is itself a connective ad verb qualifying pass. (Or. 528. .-In, 133.) L 892 After ocean re\te&t appears.

L 893. Where lengUi — are lo#L, is an adjective clause qualifying ocean. JleiylU is here used, like the Latin altitudo, in the bouse of A.

L 894. The word Chaos means empty space, and that was the earliest conception of what preceded the existence of the material universe. Heeiod (T/teogon, 116) says that Chaos existed first, then the Earth and Tartarus, and Eros, that is, the generative principle. Of Chaos were born or produced Erebus (darkness or gloom) and tit Night and Erebus were the parents of /Ether (bright or blazing sky) and Day; and Earth gave birth to Heaven. Chaos afterwards came to signify the aggregate of confused material elements out of which the universe was formed Some spoke of 1 ' as the origin of all things. Thus in one of the Orphic hymns it is addressed as the parent of gods, men, and all things The philosopher Thalea assumed water to be the origin of all things, that is, he conceived the primal elemental matter to be homogeneous and fluid, hut capable of passing into the various material forms of the visible universe. Anaximenes considered air to be the primary form of matter. Anaximander 8)K>ke of it more indefinitely as Uie infinite, which he appears to have regarded as a mixture of heterogeneous but ...ngeable elements, which were arranged and organised by the force of heat and cold and the affinities of the various particles. Anaxagoras was the first who arrived at the noble conception that intelligence was the motive power which brought order into the chaotic mass. . was expressed in the dictum, "All tilings

.oe arranged th--; pedocles of Agn^entiun first laid down the doctrine that tha

82 PARADISE LOST. [BOOK II.

primary matter of the universe consisted of the four elements, lire, air, earth, and water, which were fashioned into the various objects of visible nature by the opposite motive powers of attraction and repulsion (or love and hate). Democritus of Abdera introduced the conception that the primary matter of the universe consisted of atoms, and this theory was adopted and developed by Epicurus. Milton seems to have had before him a notable passage in Ovid (Metam. i. 5, &c.) : —

' ' Ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia coelum,

Unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe,

Quern dixere Chaos, rudis indigestaque moles ;

Nee quidquam nisi pondus iners ; congestaque eodeia

Non bene junctarum discordia semiua reruin. *•***»

"Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, Lucis egens ae'r ; nulli sua forma manebat, Obstabatque aliis aliud ; quia corpore in uno • Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis,

Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia poudus. Hanc Deus et melior litem Natura diremit. "

But those among the ancients who accepted the idea of intelligence ,or Divine power bringing chaos into order, still regarded the process as nothing more than an application of previously-existing and un- alterable forces. It is only that philosophy which has been taught by Revelation which has attained to an apprehension of the grand fact of creation, and traces in the laws and forces of nature the expression of the will and wisdom of that Infinite Intelligence whose " eternal power and Godhead are" understood by the things that are made." Compare with Milton's magnificent, but semi-Pagan descrip- tion, the first chapter of Genesis.

I. 901. Of each his faction. This attempt to make a possessive of each is not admissible. It should be each around the flag of hi* faction. (See Or. 73, note.)

I. 902. As the conjunction or does not here involve an alternative, of which only one case can be true, all these adjectives may be taken as co-or.linate attribxitive adjuncts of they.

1. 903. In full : unnumbered as the sands of Barca [are un numbered], or [unnumbered as the sands of] Gyrene's torrid soil [art unnumbered.] L 905. Levied (from levare) here means raised up.

BOOK ii.] NO: 63

1. '." -I'.. /'< irhom Matt most adhere. An adjective clause qualifying the he that follows.

/. 912. In full : not composed (mixed) qf seat and not composed of shore, and not composed of air, and not composed of fire, but composed confusedly of aU these in their pregnant causes. The and in /. 214 is superfluous, and prevent* the proper connection of the adjective clause which — worlds with these,

I. 917. In analysis leave out the repetition into this wild abyss.

Take the wary fiend stood on ike brink of hell as a separate sentence, and connect into this wild abyss, Ac., only with look'd ; otherwise stood must be altered to standing, and and must be omitted.

1. 922. After tlian insert t/tt ear is ;<

1. 924. Or less than. In full : or wa» his ear less pealed t/uin the tar would be pealed \f diisframe, &c.

/. 930. After as supply he would ride. Chair is the same as chaise or car.

I. 639. In full : that fvry being r/uenrhetl in a boggy syrtis which was not sea and which was not good dry land.

L 942. Behoves, Ac. A very awkward, not to say incorrect expression. Head it behoves him now to use both oar and nail. This was a proverbial expression in Latin. Thus Cicero (7W. IIL 11) says : — Tetra enim res e*t misera, detestabilis, omni contentione, veils, lit ita dicam, reinisyuefvf/ienda.

L 94'i. After as supply oar and sail are needed.

1. 945. The ArimaHpians were a fabulous one-eyed race, dwelling thia, ever seeking to steal the gold which was guarded by the gryphons, creatures half lion, half eagle.

L 944. Or may here be taken as having much the same sense aa and: o'er hill, and o'er moory dale are co-ordinate adverbial adjuncts of pursues. The whole adverbial clause as when— gold is attached to the adverb so, which qualifies eagerly.

L 94S. Respecting the force of or see note on L 944.

L 950. Each of these verbs makes a separate sentence. Supply the subject the fiend with each.

L 956. First leave out or spirit, and then repeat the whole sentence, substituting spirit for power. Wluitever power had better be treated, for the purpose of analysis, as equivalent to any power •Udt,

/. 959. When straight — deep. An adverbial clause qualifying plies. Behold is the rhetorical equivalent of there appeared.

L 965. Demogorgun was not a being known to tliu classical

fi4 PABADTSE LOST. (BOOK TI.

inythologists. It was a mysterious and awful power, terrible even to gods, invoked in magical incantations. Later writers, such as Lucan (vi. 744), and Statius (Theb. rv. 514), refer to it. After Rumour supply stood.

I. 971. With purpose, &c., must be taken as an attributive adjunct of spy. .

I. 977. If some — lately. An adverbial clause attached to travel.

I. 981. Directed. That is, my course being directed, a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct of brings.

I. 988. Anarch. This is rather a bold coinage. Anarchy is the absence of government. An anarch holding sway over chaos, is there- fore a self -contradictory conception.

I. 990. This can only be reduced within the rules of analysis by substituting I know thee, I knoiv who thou art.

I 991. Before tiuxt insert thou art.

I. 992. Though [thou wast] overthrown. An adverbial clause of concession attached to made.

I. 999. If all— Night. An adverbial clause attached to keep :—ij all [that] I can [do] will serve so to defend tliat little which is left, encroached on, &c.

/. 1003. After beneath supply encroached on my frontiers : and repeat the same predicate in the next sentence.

1. 1011. That now — shore. This may be treated as an adverbial clause qualifying the adjective glad. We should get much the same sense if we substituted because for that.

I. 1017. After than insert Argo was endangered. Argo was the famous ship in which Jason and his companions, the Argonauts, sailed to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis.

1. 1018. The justling rocks. These were the Cyaneae or Symple- gades, two rocks at the entrance of the Thracian Bosphorus, which are near to each other, and as a ship threads its way up the channel seem alternately to approach to and to recede from one another. Hence the fable that they were moveable, and closed upon and crushed any ship that attempted fco sail between them,

I. JL020. C/iarybdis. This celebrated whirlpool (called now the Galofaro) is in the Sicilian Straits, near Messina. Its dangers were not altogether imaginary, though very much exaggerated by the timid navigators of ancient times. Milton seems here to speak of Scylla as another whirlpool. This is.a mistake. Scylla or Scyllaeum was a rocky promontory on the Italian coast, about fifteen miles N.

BOOK

II.]

NOT PS.

of Rhegium, forming two small Lays, one on each side. There u absolutely no danger in sailing past it, and it is difficult to understand how it could ever have been regarded as a perilous obstacle. This rock was represented by the mythologists as the abode of the monster Scylla (/. 660). In Homer (Od. xn. 85), Scylla is described as a monster with twelve misshapen feet, six long necks, supporting frightful heads, in the mouth of each of which were three rows of teeth full of b'aok d»»th. TV later form of the legend is mentioned in the note fcnZ. 660.

/. 1023. He once past. A nominative absolute, forming an ad- verbial adjunct to paved.

I 1032. Before whom supply the antecedent those.

L 1039. As a broken foe [would retire] from her outmost works.

J. 1041. That Satan, &c. This intricate adverbial clause, which ends at /. 1053, is attached to the predicate btyins in each of the preceding sentences.

1. 1042. Wafts is here intransitive, equivalent tojhats.

1. 1043. Holds the port is a translation of the Latin phrase occupat portum.

I. 1046. Weighs is « rendering of the Latin librat, which rather means balances. At leisure, &c., forms an adverbial adjunct to weighs. To behold, Ac., is an attributive adjunct to leisure.

L 1048. In ful1 • undetermined loftether it be square or whether t* bt round.

L 1052. Asa '/*r, &c. Insert the predicate understood is big,

A LIST OF WORDS USED IN OBSOLETE OK UNUSUAL SENSES.

accedo), way by which approach may be made.

(I. 520.) (t77.)

' immor-

Aeeess

('. 13a)

Acclaim (acclamarc), a shout raised at anything. Admire (admirari), to wonder. (I 678.) Adverse (advrrms), contrary to our proper nature. Afflicting (affli'ju), dashing against. (I 106.) Ambrosial (&/t/fy>o<rfa 'the food of the gods,' from

til,') like ambrosia. (I. 245.) Antagonist (drraytHnrr-ht), one capable of wrestling against an

adversary. (/. 509.) Atlantean, like those of Atlas. Atlas was a mythological personage,

represented as bearing up the pillars which keep heaven and

earth asunder, or as supporting the heavens on his shoulders.

His name WAS subsequently localized in the mountain chain in

the north-west of Africa. (L 306.) Awful, full of awe— ie., full of reverential respect.

Cease (cetsare), to hesitate or delay. (I. 159.)

Chair (carrug), chariot (I. 930. )

Charm, «. (carmen), a spell or incantation. (/. 2P.fi. )

Charm, »., to put under a spell, to bewitch or beguile, (t 566.)

Compose (compontre), to arrange or put together, to bring into good

order (L 280.)

Composed (com/xmltu), made up. (I 111.) Compulsion (comptMtre), force exerted in driving. (I. 80.) Confine (conjinif), to have the same boundary with. (/. 977. ) Conjecture (conjecture^ con/wto), anticipation as to the result of a

course of action. Conjured (coryurare), bound together by oath. (L 693.)

Dash, to CTTerthrow. (I 114.)

Deform, adj. (dtformu), ahapeless, hideous.

706. \

68 A LIST OF WORDS USED IN OBSOLETE OR US USUAL SKNSBS.

Demur (demorari), doubt, hesitation. (I. 431 ) Descent (descend&re) , depth to which we have fallen. (L 14.) Determine (de, terminus), to settle one's position and limits. (/. 330. ) Dimension (dimensio, dimetiri), extent that admits of being mea- sured. (I. 893.)

Element (elementa, ' first principles '), a primary or simple substance. According to the notions held in Milton's time, the term elementa was especially applied to tire, air, earth, and water. The element of any living creature is that one of these four, in or on which it naturally lives. (I 275.)

Empyreal (c/iirupos), dwelling in the region of fire, heavenly. See EtJierejil (t. 431). 'The empyrean' (I 771), means 'heaven.1

Entertain, to amuse or beguile. (I. 526. )

Er: and, in Anglo-Saxon, cerend. Not from errare.

Essential (essentia, modern Latin derivative from esse), being, nature, 1 This essential.' (I. 97.)

Ethereal (cethereus, al&-f]p ' blazing heat'), belonging to the region of sether — i.e., to heaven. By cether, the ancients understood the upper, pure, glowing air beyond the region of mists and clouds (d-f)?) ; a rare and nery medium, in which the heavenly bodies moved. (L 311, 978.)

Evrsion (evasio, evadere), power of making one's way out. (I. 411.)

Event (eventus, evenio), the result of a course of action. (I. 82.)

Excellence (excellere), superiority in any quality, not merely supe- riority in goodness.

Excursion (ex, currZre), a hasty sally. (I. 396.)

Exempt (exirrie~re ' to take out '), removed to a distance, released or delivered, (I 318.)

Fact (factum), feat. French, 'fait.' (I. 124)

Fall, to happen (/. 203). Compare accidere (from ad and cad&Ft 'to

fall').

Fame (fama), report. (I, 346. ) Fatal (fatalis, fatum), established by fate. (I. 104.) Forgetful, causing forgetfulness. (I. 74.) Forlorn, lost. German, 'verloren.' (£615.) Fraught, another form of the past participle of freight. (I. 715.) Fury (furor), madness. (I. 728.)

Horrent (horrere), bristling. (I. 513.) Horrid (horridus), bristling. (I 710. )

Imaginations (imago, imaginatio), plans, designs.

Impaled (tn, palus, ' a stake '), enclosed. The word signifies properly,

'enclosed with stakes,' or ' fixed on a stake.' (I. 647.) Imrendent (in, pendere), hanging over us. (I. 177.) Imi-otenca (impotentia, in, potens) want of self-control. (L 156.)

WORDS USED IN OBSOLETE OB UNUM7AL SENSES. 69

Incensed . kindled, fired. (I. 707.)

Industrious (tndu*fria), bending one's energies towards some end.

(/. 110.) 1 Via, * of s>et puri>086.'

Inflame (fcj/tammare), to blaze. (/. 581.)

Instinct (t/urfi/t'/ugre), goaded on, incited, or impelled, (I. 937.) Intellectual (intclliyerc), j>o*sessed of understanding. ((. 147.) Intend (in, temltre), to direct the mind to any subject (I. -107.) Involve (inwlrtre), to wrap up, (/. 384.)

Labouring1 (laborarc), suffering disaster. (L 665. ) Mansion (wia/wio, manure), a dwelling-place. (L 462.)

Need (/. 413), used apparently as an adjective; 'to have need/ being equivalent to the German phrase, ' nbthig haben.'

O'jdured (o*>durare), hardened (L 568.)

Obscure (obscvrus), dark, not easily seen. (I. 132.)

O'srwatched, kept awake for an unusual or excessive length of time.

(/. 288.)

Oninous (omen, ominoms), full of threatenings of disaster. ' Omi- nous conjecture's anticipation of disaster. Opinion (opinio), estimation, judgment. (I. 471.)

Palpable (palpare), that may be felt ' The palpable obscure* -dark- ness tli at may be felt.

Partial (pan), taken up by a few only. (I. 552. )

Passion (pastio, patior), suffering, the being affected by anything. The opposite of this is apathy. (I. 564.)

Patience (patuntia), power of endurance. (L 569.)

Pitch, the highest i omt (L 772). Pitch is of the same origin as pit* and tpike, and implies the acute angle formed by the meeting of two lines or surfaces in a point or edge. A Hgk-pUcktd roof is a roof with a high ridge. Heuce the idea of devotion, which is attached to the word pitctt. Picea, ' the pitch- nine,' is so called from its form, and that of ite leaves. The verbs pick and peck are connected with the radical notion of point

Policy (™AiT*fa), the action and life of a settled state, (/. 297. )

Possess (poutidert), seize upon. (U. 365, 979. )

Presumptuous (prcuumtre), taking too soon, or before proper per .111 is given. (L 522.) 'Presumptuous hope' = hope that is ted to its object too soon.

Pretence (praUndere, • to stretch in frpnt'), a claim put forward*. (I. S-

Prime (primiu), foremost (I 423.)

Process (proctssiu, procedure), advance, (i. 297.)

Prohibit (pro/iiUre), to stop. (I. 437.) .10 (jtronut), bending low. (/. 478.)

70 A LIST OF WORDS USED IN OBSOLETE OR UNUSUAL SENSES.

Bare (rants), thinly scattered ; the opposite of dense. (I. 948. ) Redounding- (redundart), overflowing, spreading in billows beyond

the proper limits. (I. 889. ) Reluctance (reluctare, 'to struggle against'), obstinate resistance.

(I. 337. )

Remit (remittere), relax. (I 210. ) Revolutions (revolutio), revolving periods. (I. 597. ) Ruinous (ruina, ruo), crashing, as when a building falls suddenly.

(L 921.)

Scope (tncaxts), a mark aimed at. (I 127.)

Scowl, threaten with a scowling look. (I. 491.)

Specious (species, speciosus), having a noble or fair appearance. (I. 484.)

Starve, to cause to perish by cold. The word is not necessarily con- nected with the idea of hunger. German, ' sterben.'

Station (statio), a body of troops on guard. (I. 412.)

Stygian, hellish. See note on 1. 575. (I 506. )

Sublime (sublimis), raised aloft. (I 528. )

Success (.wccedere), the result, good or bad, of a- course of action, (tt. 9, 123.)

Suspense adj. (suspensus), in suspense. (I 418.)

Synod (ffvvotios), assembly.

Tartarean, belonging to Tartarus — i.e., hell. (I 69).

Temper (temperare, 'to mix in due proportion'), constitution.

(IL 218, 276.)

Torrent (torrere), scorching. (/. 581.) Trading, flowing in a regular tread or tract. (I. 640. )

Uncouth (Anglo-Saxon, uncud), unknown. (IL 407, 827.) Unessential, having no real being or substance. (I. 439.) Set

'essential.'

TJnexpert (expertw), inexperienced. (I 52.) Upright, bearing the body upwards.

Voluminous (volumen, volvo), having many rolls or folds. (/. 652.) Voyage, journey. (I 426). Compare the French voyage.

Waft (instransitive), to float on air, or any buoyant medium.

(I 1046.)

Wasteful, full of empty wastes. (I. 961.) Weig-n, to spread out in even balance. ' Weighs his spread wings.1

(L 1046.) An imitation of the Latin librare.

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PR 3560 1878 SMC 111 ton, John,

».J°annnd'lItpf Milton's

Paradise lost 5th ed.

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