^^^^j^^PipfSa^iS^gS^^ 7B v7^ V 0-' <■/ /o/ Index to Volumes I. and II. Page. Acnida "'; | Adiaiitum L'apilliis-vL'iiens VA | Alhini>:m in Plants 00 i Aliisnia Plantaj^o, Root leaves of 01 Alpine Plants on Ml Lincoln, Col 23 Anies. Mi-s . iM. E. Plll^^ifel• l;f Aplirodisiac \l Arisunnalripiiyllum, larue specimens 1.30 Arkansas, Additions to flora of 104 Aspidinni spiuulosnm 81 Aspleninm. Notes on 2 Aster Nova>-AusU;e , 2 Aster oiiloiigiroliiis Oo Atrichuin Sohvy ni, n. sp 05 Anst ill, C. F, 2S, :31 , :B, 80. 05, 109, 142 sp. sp. Ballast. Plants Barlnila Closteri. n. Barlnila Kavenelii, n. Barhnla Wollei, n. sp. Barnes, C. K ■ Barrens of Southern Indiana. Piartramia Macouni, n. sp Beardslee. Dr. H. C Bebb, M. S .120, Biddleeonie. .Miss 11. J Black Hills, List of Plants Botanical Nomeuclatnre Braebythecium splendens, n. sp. Braun, Alexander Broadbead, Prof. G. C Brytiin Biddlecomia% n . sp Bryum I'lintoni, n. sp Bryuni Maconni, u. sp. Bryum Kauei. n . sp Btir;j:ess, Robert .* Butler, George D .0 Ta, 114, of. Calandrinia Leana, n. sp California, Foreign Plant Calkins, W. \V. ' Callirrlioe digitata CalochortUB Kcniiedyi, n. sp Caiypogeia Baldwiui. n. sp Calypogi'ia birostris, n. sp Camptosorus rhizopbyllus drbon liisiilphide in preservation of plants Carnivorous Plants Carices of Wasbington, I). U Carices near Hanover, lud Carroll County, Ind.. Plants of Carrutb. .T.H Ccpbalozia Francisci Ceratodon minor, n. sp Change of Name ( 'hcrry Tree, A remarkable Chia .' 49. 79, 137 29 80 90 138 145 9li 144 21 1(10 4 122 111 120 , 10 110 :10 110 110 143 104 GO 91 128 9 93 32 32 100 101 lili . 3S . 12 .123 . 31 . 89 .6.5, .4.5, (i4, 90,10.5, 107 Cbimaja Cl.'iytonia Virginiea Clentatis, An Arkansas. Coleman. N Conobea multifida Copeland. Herbert E (i, 10,21.33, .5^1, Coulter, .1. M , 2. 4. (i, 8, 9, 11, 12, 1.5. 20, 23, 34, 44, 47, 48, .50, 51, 05,72, 98. IIO, 135, 130, 137, Coulter, M. S 10, 15, 41, 42, 03, OS, TO, Cross-Fertilization of Aristolocbia Cryidioa Itavenelii. n. sji CryiJtoganis near Painesville. O Curious dissemination Cuscuta, A new CUiscuta racemosa 80, Cycloloma platyphyllum, Cyperus WoUii, n. sp 45 17 136 82 123 13(> 47 63 38, 145 130 131 S9 12 140 00 130 (i 38 Damiana L)aveni)ort, (Jeorge E Denlaria laciniata Deiitarias. .Some hardy Diarrbcna Americ'ina Diebelyma cylindricarpnm, n. sp. Dicranella Caiiarlensis, n. sp Dicranuni Macouni, n, sp Bicranum Ranei, n. sp Bidymodon Wollei, n. sp Diplopappus ericoides Dissemination. Curiou^ Dodecatbeon Meadia Double Flowers Douglas, Dr. J. S Page. 28 ..80,81, 134, 141 8 115 6 Ill 00 96 28 05 70 140 28 5 49 Eaton. Prof. D. C 08 Encalypta Macouni, n. sp 97 Encalypta Sehvyni. n. sp 109 Engelniann, Dr. t^eo 09, 80, 135 Eri)odium biseriatum, n. sp 142 Bui)borbia marginata 6 Fabi'onia Donnellii, n, sp E\M-ns at the Centennial... Ferns, Forking .111 . 49 80 Ferns from RocklCastle Spring.s^ Ky 80 Ferns near Hanover, Ind " 23, 37 Ferns of Leavenworth Co., Kansas 11 Festuca Oregona, n. sp 136 Festnca Thurberi .53 Fissidens Ilnllii, n. sp 97 Florida, Flora of 70, 82, 103, 113, 138 ^ Foreign Plants, Introduction of 55 Forest Trees of Cass Co., Ind 42 ForestTrees,Jefterson Co..Iud. nurri''rc'l relat'n 15 Forest Trees of Jefferson Co., Ind., sizeof 10 Fossombronia Macouni, n. sp 36 Fossombronia Wrightii, n. sp 36 Fries. Elias 69 Funaria Ravenelii, n. sp 39 Fungi, Study of 104 Garber, Dr. A. P .59, 70, 83, 103, 113 Qeddes, Prof. W. N 14 (lentiana quinquetlora ., 1 Germination of Megarrhiza. 130 (iilia Kennedyi, n. sp 77 Graminea' of Jeflerson county, Ind 18 Grajie Vine, A monster 38 Greene, Rev. E. L 91 Grimmia Coloradensis, n. sp 109 Hahenaria peramceua 137 Hull. Elihu 46,85,93 Haskell. Miss C. C 64 Helianlluis betirtorus 144 Heli:intbus tubrrosi's 114 Hepatic^' of Oliio. List of 22 Ilcliaticology Notes on... 31,35 llerl)arium of Br. .\ Clapp 9 Hofmeister, Prof. Wilbelm 99 How to api)ly pressure in making botan. spec.. 31 Ilypnum Colora dense, n. sp Ill Hypnum Jantesii, n. sji 142 Illinois Lichens 77 Indianapolis Notes 31 Iowa Plants 73, 107, 111 Iris 119 James. Joscqih F 03. 1 15, 136 Jajian. Botany in 105 Jeflerson Co.. Ind., Plants, notes on. 0,34, 38,48, 51 Index Continued. Page. Jeffersonin tliphylla l^fi Jungornianuia cxiL^ua, ii. sp 31 Kalamazoo, Mich., Flora of 13 Kansas Plants llo, 103 Knobs of Southern liuliaua 41 Lejeunia Caroliniaiia. n. sp 36 " Ililtlebraudi. n. sp 3.3 •' Itete-fusca, n. sp 3u obcordata, u. sp 3ii '■ Kavenclii, u. sp 35 Lemmon, J . G 146 Library, A valuable 49 Lichens. Illinois 7( Loclc wood, Rev. 8 5, 107, 133 Lowric, J. R 81 Magnolia acuminata 44 Martiudale, I C 4(!. Srj, GO, (iJ, Vi]' Ma8tigol)ryuin ? integiilblium, n. sp 3J Meehau, Thos 83 Megarrhiza 145 Milligan, J. M 1 14 Milwaukee, Notes from 49 Minnesota, l-iotanj' of...., 50 Missouri. Clinton Co,. Notes from Vii Mistletoe IKj Monographia' Phanerogamarum 84 Morgan, A. P 104 Musci 38. til, SO, 0.j, 08, 109, 142 Natural Grafting 13" Nepeta Glechoma 41, 118 Nomenclature. Changes in 79 Notes 1-30 Nolhohena deal bata 1-20 Nympheas 144 Oliituary 7.5 ffinothera speciosa 10 Opuntia vulgaris and Ratinesquii 47 Oregon, Arboreous and .SuttVuticose Uora of 85. 93 Oregon Gramiueie IvJll Oregon Plants 35 Our Oljject 1 Panton, M. II 115, 123 Patterson. II . N H4, 144 Patton. W. H. 14 Peck, Charles H 20 Piuus serotin:e 1-5 Plantago lanceolata 45 Plantago major 135 Plumas Co.'Cal.. and Black Hills Plants 14 Po;loptiylluni i)i'ltitum. V'ariaiious in 117 Poisoning Plants, l>ecei|)t for -i'l Poisonous Properties of Leguniinos.ie 133 Polygonum amphibinm 30 Page. Polygonum Hartwrightii ii4 Porter, Prof. T. C 1. 5, 35, 49, 77, 70, 85, 117 Primus Alk'ghaniensis. n . sp 85 Pulaski Co.. Va., Notes IVoni 33, 38 Pyrus Americana 81 Querci near Hanover, Ind 2 (iuercus heterophylla 9 Radula australis. n. sp 33 Ragweeds, Some large 14 Ran, Eugene A 50 Recent pulilications. 16, 35, 43. 44.47. 50. 60. 65, 66, 7.;. 75, 84. \)!. 9S. 100. 103, 116, 119, 139. 140, 147 Rhinanthus Crista-galli 14 Riiyncliostegium micans, n. sp 30 Rhyucliostegium Nov:e-C;esare;e. . . . '. . .'. 30 Rothrock, Dr. J. T. . . .17, 18, 37, 38,' 70^ 135, 120.' 133 Salix crispa 5 Schneck. Dr. J .83, 91 99 Siiippingof Living Plants 11)7.' 133 •Shriver. Howard. 3(i, .i3. 3"^. 41. 118," 131 Sisynnchiiim Arizouicum. n. sp j-j-, ISperraacoce glabra .137 Spinea c;Bspitosa [\~ Stachys from Soutli Western Virginia ' . 35 .Syrrhopodon ? crisijus, n. sji '. ■109 TlioniRon, R. II 145 Tillaiidsia. .\otes on 59 'frieiiostonmm Coloradense, n. sp 90 Trichostomum ? scituUun. n. sp 29 Tuthill, Frank II 13 Uromyces Lespedezie 20 Variations 4(i. 50, 60. fM, 68, 76, 90, 10.5, 11.5, 136 Variations of Color 141 Vasey. Dr. Geo 37,.53, 136 Verbena stricta, pure white 144 Verbena urticifolia, discharging corolla 4(ii Virginia. S. \V., Notes from 134 Vitality in Ferns IJU Wabash ^'alley, Ind., Flora of 73, 83 West Virgini.i. Notes from 136 Wheeler. C. V (i5 V/illey. Henry 49, 69, 77, 100 V,'ilson, James 11 Wisi:onsiii Plants » 51 Woiffia 99 Vv'ood, Prol". A 38 Wytheville, Va., Notes from 36 Young, A. II. .3, 6, IS, 3), 37, 38, 38, 61, 136, 1.37, 146 Zauthoxvlum .\mi'riciinuni 116 Botanical Bulletin. Vol. 1. NOVEMBER, 1875. JVo. L OuH Object. — With a good deal of diffidence we present this tirst copy of the Bulletin to our botanical friends. Wiien the science of Natural History in all its departments has so many able journals devoted to its advancement, it would appear like presumption in us to make what may seem a u,se]css addition to the li.sl. Our aim at pre.sent, however, is by no means so lofty, but is simply to at!brd a convenient and rapid means of communication amf>ng botanists. Our little sheet is intended to be devoted to botanical discoveries and observations, and it is hoped that botanists will make use of it. The New England States and New York are well supplied with such means of commu- nication, but we do not doubt that there are many interesting tinds and notes west of those States that are only waiting some such opportunity as this to be presented to the botanical world. We do not wish, tlicrefore, to 1)e considered as setting up ourselves Jlgainst our Eastern friends, but rather as supplementinj: tlieir good work and aiding them, as far as is in our power, in the discovery of truth, after whicli wc are all strivino-. We will assure our friends, who desire to make use of this sheet, of a wide circulation among botanists of such notes as they may .send us. We shall welcome notes from all botanists and urge them to send us at once such articles as they wish published that they may appear in as early a number as possible. The Bulletin will be published every month and will be enlarged as necessity may demand. Hoping botanists will heartily ap])rove of our undertaking and show appreciation of our efforts by a contribution of not.;.s, we leave the Bulletin in their hands. — Editor. GKNTr.\.NA QuiNQUEFi.ORA, Lam. — In my near neighborhood there is a .steep hill- side, facing the northwest and partly shaded by trees, where this beautiful gentian grows in great abundance and blooms jirofusely in the months of September and Octo- bc)-. As observed for j-^ears past, it exhibits one feature worthy of special note — Its diver- sity in size. Many of the larger plants, more or less branched, with branches usually short and strict, but occasionally elongated and spreading, terminated by cymose clusters of 2-5 flowers, frequently attain a height of full 20 inches. From these it descends by every gradation down to simple dwarfs of scarce 2 inches, which, with their siu^le pair of leaves and 1-2 terminal flowers, remind the botanist of the pretty little alpines of the genus. This diminutive .stature cannot result from sterility of soil, which sometimes dwarfs all vegetation, as on the serpentine-barrens of Southeastern Pennsylvania, nor from lack of moisture, for the Lilliputians are scattered amongst the Brobdignagians in such a way as to show that they enjoy just as favorable conditions for development. The cause of their dwarfing may lie in the fact of their later germination, or in the con- stitution of the plant, or in both. At all events, the diversity should be recorded in the description of the species, and, for its complete representation in the herbarium, all the forms .should be collected. We have also some other annuals, which possess the same peculiarity in a marked degree. Prominent amongst them are Erigeron Cnnademe, L., Dihelia syphilitica, L., Campanula Americana, L., Spemlaria prvfoliata, A. DC. and Mimn- lus hi.tem. L. The last is a striking example. Along the water-courses, high up in the All eommunicatiomt aMrenHPcl to John M. Coitltet\ Hanorer, f///f. Terms:— Suhscriptioti $1.00 a year. Single Jfumher 10 cents. 32067 2 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. Rocky Mountains, may be found specimens more than a foot tall, laden with flowers, and, beside thvm, dwarfs of an inch or two, each bearing a single large, yellow flower, exceeding in size all the rest ot the i>Iant.— Prof. Thos. C. Porter, Easton, Pa. QuERCi NEAR Hanover, Ind.— In my botanical tramps this fall I have been very much attracted, and in fact, charmed by the oaks of this neighborhood. For some unac- countable reason these noble trees have never been satisfactorily determined. Many botanists have gone i:)ro\vling around peering into every imaginable nook and corner for fear some diminutive little member of the vegetable kingdom may escape them, although it may be of no use to any one except a botanist. They never think of looking over their heads and studying the grander works of the plant kingdom, and of learnino- the names of thmgs not only interesting to themselves but to everj^ intelligent citizen in the land. I have met botanists who had on their tongues' ends the name of every shrub and herb, but who would have been compelled to yield to almost any intelligent farmer's boy if asked to name the trees. With the aid of a botanical friend I determined to give the trees of this region such an overhauling as they had never enjoyed. In the flora of Jefterson county, contained in the Report of the Indiana State Geological Survey for 1870, five Querci were reported for the county. In the list for 1874 the number was increased to six. We are now able to report with certainty nine species of the genus Quercus growing within an hour's walk of Hanover and hope to be able to report others from the county. The species are Qu-'ims hI'ik, L., Q. mvroi-.'irp t, Mx., Q. hkolor, Willd., Q. Priims, L., var. acuminata, Mx., Q. i)iihricnria, Mx., Q. coeeinm, Wang., Q. coccinea, Wang., var. tindoria, Gr., Q. rubra, L., Q palustr/s, DuRoi. Q. alba is by far the most common and valuable, species. (?. ^^^'«.s('/7\s' is used considerably for making clapboards and is one of tlie best marked species of the genus. The acorns are much smaller than tho.se of any other of our sp3cies, are b;'autifully striped with i):iler lines and grow in most wonderful jirofu- sion. We noticed a tree upon which they were hanging in perfect clusters. It is report- ed that Q. man-oatrpa is used for making shingles but I cannot vouch for the truth of this statement. — Ed. Aster Nov^-Atsgli/E, L. — This large and beautiful Aster is found growrng spon- taneously in this neighborhood. It sometimes attains a height of eight feet, showingthat the conditions of soil and climate are very favorable for its development. I ha\ e noted two things about this species that are not mentioned in any description I have seen. Tlic first thing noticed when analyzing the flower was the strong, and to me, ottensive odor coming from the heads, especially when bruised. I have been unable to decide what the odor most resembles, and think it must be sui generis. It is a little like camphor or turpentine, and probably is a mixture of several strong-smelling hydro- carbons. It is so characteri.stic that if a head of the plant was brought to me in the dark I could at once j^ronounce it to be A. Novon-A/iglioi. It is a pity that in dried specimens tlie fragra:ice is lost. Many plant odors are very characteristic, but are never mentioned because the plants have been described fnmi dried specimens and the dis- coverer has made no note of the fact. Besides tlie odor of the plant just mentioned, I, call to mind the deliglitfui fragrance of Coreopsis tripteris, L., the heads of which exhale most decidedly the odor of mignonette. The second point noticed in regard to A . Nov(e-Anglim, was the wilting and folding in of the rays after smisa. I tried to get some good specimens one evening after sun- set but could not find a single head among the hundreds I saw that did not look hope- lessly wilted. This is one of the finest illustrations of the so-called "sleep of plants" to be seen in this region. — Ed. Notes on certain species of the genus Asplenium. — This genus of Filices figures somewhat largely here when compared with other genera, not only in its number of species, and their distribution, Imt also, in general interest. Of the Asplenia we BOTANICAL BULLETIN. number four species. Of these at least one may be classsd among botanical r:ir(;ties, while another deserves attention for its geographical distributicjn. Our most common species is A. Filix-fmnina, Bernh., and it may be said to inhabit Jeftersos county gener- all}', but as yet I have not been able to detect it upon the river bluffs of the Ohio or in the ravines running back from it. It rather selects fence-rows of the moist and flat uplands, while it is not uncommon in the upland woods. As noted by Professor Eaton in the Filices of Gray's Manual, we find this species extremely variable here. Tlie fronds often have the pinniE of the terminal quarter lance-linear. The pinnules of the lower pinnae range through ovate, oblong, and lance-linear with the tooth at the base of the upper margin prominent. The confluent pinnules often give an interrupted, ridgy and channelled appearance to the secondary axis by an epidermal rise along tiieir midrib which passes along the secondary axis to the pinnule below. The stalk is chaffy below and more or less glandular (?) hairy throughout, as is also the secondary axis. This feature is more decided in the immature fronds. A. tMypteroides, Mx., is decidedly local. Besides "3-6 pairs" (or less) of fruit dots, there is occasionally an additi(mal odd lot. The margins of the lobes of the pinnce seem to have a strong disposition to turn under, like Adiantum, thus concealing the small teeth. The stalks are quite long and chafty hairy. We also notice that to a limited extent the ridges of the seccmdary axis (spoken of under A. Filix-fmminn) still exist, but in a reversed order, being more prominent upon the upper surface of A. Filix-Jmni'Ui, and ui)on the lower surface of ^. thelppteroides. ^4. ^(«(/««i(/«?/w«, Mx. is interesting as being found in Southern Indiana. It is an inhabitant of cooler regions, and here it seeks the dampest and coolest portions of the ravines running back from the Ohio river and is always found encircled by a rich carpet of moss to shield its roots from heat and retain sufficient moisture. It is by no means abundant, and indeed, this remark will apply to all our Ferns with the exception of three or four species. Pinmc of the sterile frond are quite abrupt at base, those of the fertile less so. Very frequently the fronds that are sterile in general appearance and character will bear a few fruit-dots upon a half dozen pairs of pinnae. Lastly, we would mention our most interesting species, y1. Euta-inia-ana, L. This species, as far as we can discover, is very local. It has been found attached to the lime- stone clifts of the Niagara Ejiocli in but one locality, embracing a range of 800 or 400 yards in length. It also seems to confine itself to a narrow vertical range of about 15 or 20 feet. We have afso observed that this same vertical range applies to PeU;i. Lupinus parvifloruH, Nutt. Lupi/im lenc.op7ii/llu.s, Lindl. (?) Hosaekia Pumhiaiui, Benth. Petalostevion violnceus, Mx. PetfdoKtemon caiuUdns, Mx. Adnigiihis adsurgens, Pall. Astra gnkis jndus, Gr. Glyryrrhiza lepidoia, Nutt. PdteniiUii (irguta, Pursli. Spirmi hetuliifili.il. Pall. Emlobiuin (in,guxtifolii(iii, L. CEuoth'Td piiinatifid'.i, Nutt. (Enothera empitosa, Nutt. QSnotliera serridiitu, Nutt. Gaiira coccineu, Nutt. Mentzelia mida, T. & G. Mamillaria vicipani. Haw. Opiirdui Mmourieiids, DC'. ( ?) Garum Gairdmri, Benth. & Hook. Galium horeide, L. Liatrin scariosa, Willd. I.iatrix punrtdtti. Hook. Aster inultifloru^. Ait. Machfrdtithera eanesreiis, Gr. Erigeron. Cunadense, L. Erigeron maerardhiun, Nutt. Erigeron glahellatit, Nutt. Erigeroii. dicergens, T. & G. Solidago Virgn-auren, L., vai". Solidar/o nemoralis. Ait., var. inolli.% Bart I. (?) Solidago Missonriensis, Nutt. Si'lidogc CiouuJe/i.sis, L. Bigelovin groveoleiis, Gr. Ajybt'papjjus spimdosus, DC. GrindeUn squarrosa, Dunal. Chrysiip)sis eillosa, Nutt. liudberkid liirUi, L. Echinacea angustifulid, DC. Lepachys adwiinarts, T. & G. var. Tagetes, Gr. Uelianthus p)etioldris, Nutt. Heliantluis Icnticularis, Dougl. Gdilldrdid dristidd, Pursh. Chiendctis Dvugldsii, Hook. & Arn. Achillea Millefoliuvi, L. Artemisia dracunculoides, Pursh. Artemisid LudovicidUd, Nutt. Crepis rmicincda, T. & G. Macrorrhynchus troriinoides, T. & G. Mulgedium pulchellum, Nutt. Cdmpdnula rutundifulid, L. Arctdstaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. Lysimachia cilidia, L. PentsteiHon gldbei% Pursh. Perdstemoit aoimindtus, Dougl. Pentstemoii pubcscens, Solaud. var. grdcilis, Gr. Mimulus luteus, L. Cdstilleid pdllidd, Kunth. Moridrdd fistulos(t, L. Loj)hdnthiis anisatus, Benth. tStachys palustris, L. vai'. cordatd, Gr. Gilia pungens, Benth. Collmnia linearis, Nutt. Ciiscutd decora, Eng. ( ?) Oxybdphus nyctagineu.'t, Sweet. Form. Pdronychia sessiliflovd, Nutt. Eriogonum multiceps, Nees. Zygddenus glaueus, Nutt. Gdlocho7iys Nuttadii, T. &. G. Boulelovd oligosfdchya, Torr. Tritic^iin caninum, L. Ed. Vo/. /. DBCEMBER, 1875. J[^o, 2. Salix CIU9PA.— S. Bauylonica.— Oil the grounds of Hon. E. Scudder, Trenton. X. J., arc two old willow.'^, ,S'. c'nV« .'uul ,S'. Bahijlonlm. Tlie lieiglit of tlie curly willow is about forty feet, and that of the weeper about fifty-five. Between the nearest branelies of tiie two is a distance of about twenty-five feet. The topmost lirancii of tlie curly willow, on the side of the tree next to the weeper, is a bough densely covered Avith leaves. It is about six feet thick and ten feet long. The rurious fact is tiiat while the whole tree has the i)erfect habit of S. crispa^ this en- tire bougii has the jierfect hal>it of .S. Uabylonica. Tlie long pendent branchlets or twigs, and the leaves in every respect are those of the weeping willow. And this is true not only of the form and habit of the leaves, but with positive exactness also as to color. The true crixj,u leaves are dark and shiny above, and almost a clialky white underneath. The pscudo linhijlonica leaves are pale yellowish green above and still paler, perliaps pea green, underneath. 1 compared them with the leaves pit. That is. the curly willow is l»iit a variety of tlie weeping willow.— Du. Samukl Lockwood, Freeh «hl. X. .7. Doiiu.K Ki.owKUs.— The llorist by his art is able in many cases to bring about retrograde metamoiphosis, Iiy which the petals are multiplied at the expense of the stamens, and produces thus his so-called double fiowers. Nature sometimes does the same thing, l>ut rareiv, and all such instances are worthy of note. A few that have fallen under my observation are here put on record. From the woods in the neighborhood of T-ancaster, iVnnsylvania, I obtained a stalk of Thullctnon an- '' muni) ides, 'Mx., now growing in my garden, \\ hose flowers have nearly all the stamens converted luio ])etals. They are very delicate and beautiful, and look like miniature w hite roses, faintly lingeni)icitl(t.s jvyirwA', L., eollected near Camden, N. J., wliii-h -^liow an additional w horl of pvtals. making 10 in all. Snxifnifjii Vinjiniensin, Mx. lias .ils<» been fortion of the plant, s(unetiines sm-ceeded by binate leaves, while the lower are nearly always ternate. We notice Viola lanceolata, L. credited in the Manual of Botany to a greater abun- dance eastward than westward, but the quantity here is remarkable, it being not unconnnon to sec a plot of one or two acres white with its blossoms. Some speci- mens of this species seemed to me so remarkably large that I measured a few. I found six to seven inches to be quite a common length, while I have one before me whose scape is nine inches long. Three years ago the writer collected at the •'Knobs,'' about thirty miles distant, some specimens of Lechea minor, Lam. no TA NIC A L Ji UL L E TIX. Hibiscns Moscheutos, L. was observed here last Auj^ust, beautifully in flower. We were a little surprised at fiiuling it where we did, as there were none of those accompanying saline influences to be noticed witli which this plant is usuallj- as- rhi.ra o. Iteterophijlla, Nutt., 1). lacitiiatUf MuliL, and JK uniltijidu, ]\Inhl. undoi:btedly run together in this locality. Speci- mens of these dilb'rcnt six'cics liave been found growing in the same patches and even from tlie sanu; root I Tlie leaves vary from almost entire to.finely dissected. In some -pecimcus tliere are three leaves in a whorl ; in some these leaves are al- ternate; in some there are four alternate leaves; often there are but two leaves. o[)posite or alternate. In sliort, tliere is no kind of division or position of leaves which is not represented in tliis species. I a\ oiild like to know if any botanist ha^ bad a similar exi)ericncc, or wlictlicr all tliese variations are due to tlie unusually favorable conditions of soil and climate. If such i)eri)lexing intermediate form- are met with wherever tlic i)Iant occurs, these sevei'al species should certainly be r^-duced to one, and some sui-li name as D. Ju-icrophglla given to it. — Ei>. A Qri:i:v, — fn looking over the Botany of a friend I find among other notes M rittcn upon the tly-leaves the following: Cninptoniii aaphniffilia, Alt. Thousands of acres in Michigan, hitherto deemed utterly worthless because densely covered with a growth of "Sweet Fern." prove to be very valuable, as this jdant is a miicii more powerful astringent than hem- liK'k and far superior to it for tanning puri)oses, yielding forty per cent, of tannin w here liemlock yields but fourteen. Has anytliing been d(Hie to prove the trutli or falsity of this observation ? It seems to ))e tbiating aroiuid in the newspa|iers without any special authority. — Ed. ('ontribulioiis iif notes are desired from ;ill ])Otanists, and smdi notes as ;ire ac- cepted will appear in tlie nntiihcr <>/ the JliiUt'tiii issued immedidtelg offer their rerelpl . as it is not intendeil to limit the size of the i):iper to four jciges if the amount of iiiulti'i- will justifv :in eiil;irg(Mnent, YoL /. jaNUailY, 1876. JVo. 3. QuERCUs HETEKOPHYLLA, Miclix., Bartram's Oak.— Gray remarks that this oak is apparently a hybrid between i^. Phello><, L. and Q. tinctoria. Bartrani. Some years ago I discovered a tree in Shelby County, Mo,, where it somewhat resembled Q. pahistris, Du Roi. I also discovered a small tree in De Kalb County, and two years ago another in Sullivan County. Other oaks growing near by at the latter place were ^. 'fo^ium, L. Canim Gairdneri, Benth. & Hook, Galium bortale, L, Erigeron Canadense, L. Chcenactis Douglasii, Hooli. & Arn. Achillea Millefolium, L. Mimulus lutens, L. Lophanthus anisatus, Benth. Stachi/s pahistris, L. Gilia pungens, Benth. Collomia linearis, Nutt. Mrs. Mary E. Pulsifer Ames, Taylorsville, Indian Valley, Plumas Co., Califor- nia, Dec. 8, 1875. A new locality for the Yellow-Rattle. — Rhinantlius Crista-galli, L., is an abundant plant here. In June its blossoms are quite conspicuous in the mead- ows bordering the Naugatuck river and occasional specimens may be found upon the hills. The only localities in the United States hitherto recorded are a small patch discovered by Professor Tuckermanin the "subalpine district" of Mt. Wash- ington, N. H., and the meadows of Plymouth, Mass., where it was found by Dr. Bigelow. Messrs. Hall and Harbour also found it in the Eocky Mountains of Col- orado Territory in 1862. It occurs upon tlie north shore of Lake Superior, accord- ing to Professor Agassiz, and " in fields and meadows," Lower Canada, according to Pursh, and probabl}^ it is common northward. Now that Hermann Muller has shown the plant has not the characters of an alpine species, it must be regarded as a straggler in its ijositioii upon Mt. Washington, and its occurrence in Waterbury renders it probable that the plant is (contrar}- to Professor Gray's supposition) indigenous at its Plymouth locality. — W. H. Patton, Waterhury, Conn. Some Great Ragweeds. — In the river bottom below the village of Hanover, is a ravine of about twenty rods in length b}^ four or five in breadth, frequently flooded by the backwater in freshets, which seems to have taken advantage of its exposure to the sun and its facilities for the enrichment of its soil, to achieve some- thing extraordinary in the way of vegetation. To make sure of its end it has en- tered into an alliance ofl"ensive and defensive with Ambrosia trijida, L., the Great Ragweed. The Ragweeds have sole and full possession, and so thickly do they send up their trunks and so loftily do they rear their heads that no other herb can get either sun or soil on their territory. Several years ago, with a companion, I made a reconnoissance among them and found them averaging from twelve to eigh- BOTAMCAL BULLETIN. 15 teen feet in height. Two specimens of the hitter altitiuh.' my L-onipauion and nij-- self secured, and, having duly measured, deposited in the college cahinet as sam- ples of what that ravine can do in Kagweeds.— Prof. W . X. Gkddks, Hanover, iiid. The Numerical Relations existing among the Forest Trees of Jeffer- son Co., Inc.— In a region with a flora so diverse as is met in Southern Indiana, we would naturally expect to tind striking ditterences in the proportions which the forest trees bear to each other in dittercnt localities; nor are we disappointed in this in Jefferson County. From the ijroximity to the river and consequent ease of transportation, large numbers of valuable trees have been shipped, so that in the forests nearest the Oliio there is a striking lack of valuable timber and an almost total absence of the Black W -dhiut {Jvijlans nigm, L.). The numerous stumps of this last, however, give evidence of its former abundance. Along the southern slopes of the county and back some two or three miles on the hills the Beech {Fagus ferruginea, Ait.; is by far the most abundant, filling forest after forest al- most exclusively. In this southern section it constitutes neaidy 70 per cent, of the entire number of trees found. Farther north in the county the Oaks come into prominent notice in their numerous species, in the central strip of the county constituting fully 40 per cent, of all the trees. Still farther north we have the different genera more equally distributed, none having any special predominance. In my notes of 1873, I find the following table, based on a thorough observation of the forests of the county. i^a(7Ms/erra^t>/e«, Ait. (American Beech.) ,3.t per cent. Querci. (Oaks.) ..'•''.. 18 " IJrindeiidron Tulijjtf era, L:'iTvhiP-TREK.) 10 " Acer rubrum,1j. CRedMaflk.) t . u .i Acer saccarhimim, Wang. (Sugar Maple.) <, Fraxinvs Americana, L. ( White Ash. ) / _- 44 (4 Fruxinus quadrangulata, Mx. (Blue Ash.) ^ Juglans nigra, 1j. (B-la.ck\V\i.svt.) 5 " " Cart/a alba, Xutt. (Shell-bark Hickory.) .5 Platanus occidentalis, L. (Sycamore.) 3 ^scHhis £^^a'/rrt, Willd. (Ohio Buckeye.) / .^ ,4 44 ^Escuhis jluva, Ait. {HWEBT BucKEYK.) ^ [/■Zmws ^??ie?-icana, Willd. (White Elm.) 2 " " Other species, 10 44 44 44 100 In this calculation many of the less prominent trees were omitted. Had they been included the results reached would doubtless have been considerablj- modified. The total disregard for the preservation of our forests, which seems to character- ize the modern land owner, may have materially clianged these results even in the brief time that has elapsed since my notes were made. In concluding, allow me to ask botanists in other localities to furnish me, througii the Bulletin, their observations on this subject of numerical relations. — M. S. Coulter, Lo(iaiisiiort, Ind, Some early Plants. — On January 25th, accompanied by a friend, 1 made a search through our ravines to find what effect the warm weather was having on vegetation. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Stellar iapuher a and >S'. meadia were found in vig- orous growth and full bloom, the last species covering the ground with its bright green mats. Corydalis Jlava and Sedtim ternatuinweva well up and in bud. Viola, cn- cullata had fully matured leaves, Arahis laevigata was two or three inches high and Stylophorum diphylhun was well started. Peziza coccinea was beautifying the ground with its cluster of scarlet lined cups. Lepidium Virginicum was in full bloom on Jan. 1st, and many of those mentioned above were in bud at that time. M.S. Coulter, writing from Logansport, in the northern part of the State, says, "on the 28th of Jan., I struck our promiscuous friend, Capsella, in full bloom, and Stellaria puhera so nearly out that it is certainly in full bloom to-daj^'" — Ei>. 16 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. The Botanical Contribution hy Dr. Gray, issued January 5tii, 1876, is remarka- bly rich in new material. It contains the descriptions of 50 new species and 4 new genera, besides tlie revision of several genera. The indefatigable Dr. Edward Pal- mer has been -collecting in Lower California and on Guadalupe Island oft' Lower California and has brought in a rich Jiarvest. Twenty-two new species and three new genera prove his zeal and success. The new genera proposed are Palmerella of the Lobeliacece, Henperelcen of the Oleaceca and HarpaijoneUa of the Bnrr(iginaceteml)er liaving found both species abundant in the wet and clayey meadows. P. capilhtre, L., seems scattered everywhere. Some depauperate forms of this species gathered in the woods seemed to lack entirely tlie common hairy character. On tlie banks of tin; Ohio we gathered a few specimens of P. n'r- (jatum. L. We have collected a few representatives of P. latifolhim, L., in the fence rows, while in the more open woods we have gathered a large fruited and quite hairy depauperate form. P. rlandestinnm, L,, is not uncommon in dense matted tufts along the banks of some of the smaller creeks. P. micraunpon, Mulil., we found quite plentifullj^ during July and October in some of the poorer meadows and fence rows. P. dirhotomum, L., and P. depanpenitiiia, Muhl., are widely scat- tered and present many variations in appearance. They fruit from early in the summer until late in the autumn. P. Crns-yalli, L., infests most cultivated grounds and we have met specimens which were over five feet high. Setaria ylauca, Beauv., has appeared this year in unusual quantities throughout the county. As a grass of very iioor quality for feeding purposes its appearance has been much depreca- ted by farmers. Now whether its abundance is due to a lighter growth of the other meadow grasses, thus failing to choke it down, or to a very wet season, I don't feel able to say. I would hear with pleasure of the observations of any others upon this point. S. Itallca, Kuntli., is cultivated to a small extent and is o 20 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. also slowly finding u lodo'iuent outside of cultivation. Late in October we hap- pened upon a few bunches of Andrnpofjon furcatus, Muhl., which leads us to think it rare liere. However, if A. furcdtus is rare A. Vinjinicus, L., is niucli more abun- dant than is desirable, being common everywhere. In fact, it and Erigeron avmium, Pers., are tlie enemies of our meadows, as botlj gi-eatly s])oil the ciualitj' of the liay. The only way by whicli tlie farmer can i-id liimself of them seems to be to turn up liis meadow witli his plow, a method frequently resorted to here. — A. H. Young, Hanover, Ind. Uromyces Lespedez.e, (Sclnv.) — Many botanists may have noticed the little fungus that grows so plentifully on tlie under surface of the leaves of Lespedeza violacea, Pers. I sent sonie of the fungus-covered leaves to Clias. H. Pecli, Esq., of Albany, N. Y., and I tliink his answer may l)e of interest to other botanists. "The fungus j'ou send oil the leaves of Lespedeza violacea was first described by Schweiu- itz, in his Syn. Fany. Car., No. 498, under the name Fucclnia Lespedezai-poliistachica, but afterwards finding the fungus more abundant on Lespedeza violacea than on L. polijstachia, lie changed its name in his ,S';/«. N. A. Fungi, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Neio Series, Vol. IV, p. 29G, to Puccinia Lespedeza-.-riolacea-. It does not belong to the genus Puccinia as now understood, but to the genus Uromyces and the name has generally been written Uromyces Lespedezoe-violacece, Schw., but inasmuch as this name is objectionable botli because of its compound character and because of its implied limitation of tlie habitat of the fungus, which occurs on the leaves of all our species of Lespedeza, it seems to be best to make still another change and write Uromyces Lespedeza', (Schw.) as the name of this fungus. Each black dot on the leaf is made up of a vast number of simple, ovate, pedicellate spores, denselj' crowded together." Mr. Peck also sent a sketcli of a few of tliese spores mag- nified about 400 diameters and colored as they appear under tlie microscope when viewed by transmitted light, which I would like to show bj^ a cut but am unable at present. — Ed. An old fkiend put to new uses. -The following item seems to be going the I'ounds of the newspapers, and if true, adds a new interest to a very familiar friend : "The Western Tannin Plant, Polyyonum amphibium, L., which grows luxuri- antly in the Missouri Kiver Valley, seems destined to replace oak bark in tanning. It contains 18 per cent, of Tannin, while the best bark contains but 12 per cent., and large estalilishments employing it in Chicago, find that one-third more leather can be obtained with it than witlt-a like quantity of bark. The process of tanning with it is identical with that with bark, but the leather is tougher, finer, and more durable, and I'cceives a finer finish. The plant is an annual and can be mowed, dried, and stacked like hay." If these are facts Polygonum amphibium is destined to become an important product in some sections of our country. — Ed. An interesting contribution to Ohio botan.y has been received from Dr. H. C. Beardslee, of Painesville, Ohio. It will be published in part, if not altogether, i^ the next number of the Bulletin. It is a list of the Hepaticai growing in Ohio, numbering some 68 species and based upon Austin's //ej^at. Bor. Amer. Contributions of notes are desired from all botanists, and such notes as are ac- cepted will appear in the number of the Bulletin issued immediately after their receijit, as it is not intended to limit the size of the paper to four pages if the amount of matter will justify an enlargement. YoL /. aPRlL, 1876. JVo. 6. How TO APPLY PRESSURE IN MAKING BOTANICAL SPECIMENS. — The llSe of "large Stones, especially if roped round to give easy hold, or a few strong boxes filled with sand leave nothing to be desired" — by fine young fellows who delight in working off their superfluous eneryfies; but for those of us who have reached the •'shady side of forty" with no such surplus vitality to spare, the substitution of some mechanical device which will obviate the laborious lifting of heavy weights, becomes desirable. Simple screw presses are objectionable, especially in the hands of beginners. "The pressure is deceptive and apt to be far too great at first, yet from the nature of the instrument does not follow the contraction of the pile as its moisture escapes." (Mac Owan.; In order to hit that liappy medium between press and squeeze, essential to the preparation of a first rate specimen we must know how much pressure we are applying and it must be increased (at any rate not diminish- ed) as the plant dries. We have had in satisfactory use for several seasons, a press so constructed that the platform whicli supports the pile of driers will yield under just the amount of pressure which we wish to give, thus precluding the possibility of excessive pressure and at the same time obviating all the objections to the use of a screw. The simplest arrangement for this jjurpose is that of a beam resting upon a fulcrum with the platform at one end and the necessary weight at the other. A screw is fixed several feet above the platform. In using place your pile of driers and plants on the platform and apply pressure with the screw until you sink the platform two or three inches. You thus measure your pressure for it can not he great- er than the counterpoise, and what is of more importance as your pile contracts the platform will follow it up with a uniform pressure. Specimens recently gathered will be conveniently placed on the top where they will receive the pressure of the counterpoise, minus the weight of the pile of driers and afterwards towards the bottom where the pressure is greater. Non-essential contrivances for carrying out the plan must be left to the ingenuitj' of any person constructing such a press. Of course it is only the industrious collector at a permanent station who will want anything of the kind. Where only a few hundred specimens are to be made during the summer, stones will answer every purpose. — M. S. B. Some Indianapolis notes. — We have anticipated spring by a week of Maple blossoms, and Cardamine rhomboidea, var. purpurea, in full flower on the 24th ult. Tiie Silver-Maples have, however, been crazy for a month and been frozen several times for their temerity. The White Poplars hung out their "caterpillars," as Jolm Bui'roughs ajjtly calls them, to tlie wind last week and are soi'i-y for it to- night, I warrant. The robins, blue-birds, meadow-larks and red-wings have set their noses northward with force enough to stop a glacier, and so doubtless we may expect to play before many weeks. I notice that a contributor to Forest and Stream, Wm. Seaman, speaks of Ava- charis Canadensis, Planchon, as decaying readily in the aquarium and thus in two instances killing the fishes. After six months experience with it I rise to its de- fense. A more satisfactorj' plant I never hope to have. By clipping the main stem, the lateral shoots thrive, take root and our only complaint of it is that it All communications addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, bid. Terms:— Subscription $1.00 a year. Single Numbers 10 cents. 22 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. grows so vigorously that we are called upon every few weeks to destroy many fine plants. I prefer it to any plant I know for under water growtli.— Hebert E. CopELAND, February 28«/i. List of Hepatic^ growing in Ohio.— Sarcoscyphus sphacehttns, Nees. Plagiochila macrostoma, Sullivant. " porelloides. Lindenberg. " " var. No. 7b, Aust. Hepat, " asplenoides, N. & M. Scapania nemorosa, var. 1. Nees. Aust. Hep. No. 16. ' " " var. 3. Sull. Muse. Allesh. No. 2:26. liadula romplanata, Dumort. " " var. «tiHo)', Aust. Hep. No. 86. " obconica, Sullivant. JIadotheca platyphylla, Dumort. _^ •' ■' var. naviciilaris, Nees. Aust. Hep. No. 90. " riviilaris, Nees. " Porella, Nees. albicans, Mitten., var. taxifolia Fkragmicoma clypeata, Sull. Muse. Allegh. Minor, Aust. Hep. No. 23. Jungermannia hyalhia, Lyell. " c;-e»M?ato, Smitli. " crenulifurmis , Austin. " excisn, Dickson. CepJialozia Sullivanti, Aust., Hep. p. 13. " catenulata, Huben. connivens, Dickson. " curvifolia, Dickson. Odontoschisma Sphagni, Dicks. (Dum.) " Hubeneriana, Kabenliorst. " scutata, nVeb.) Austin. Liochlcena lanceolata, Nees. Lophocolea heterophylla, Nees, " minor, Nees. " Macouni, Austin, Hep. p. 17 Ghiloscyphus polyanthos, Corda. " " var. rivularis, Synop. Hep. p. 188. " ascendens, Hook. & Wils. Geocalyx graveolens, Nees. Calypogeia T'richomanis, Corda. Lepidozia reptans, Nees. Mastigobryum trilobatum, Nees. " " var. 1. Aust. Hep. No. 78. Trichocolea I'omentella, Nees. Blepharozia ciliaris, Dumort. Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Dumort. No. 271. Lejeunia cavifoUa, Lind. '• echinata, Taylor. Frullania squarrosa, Nees. " (eolotis, Nees. " Eboracensis, Gottsche. Steetzia Lyellii, Lehm. Pellid epiphylla, Nees. Blasia pusillu, Linn. Aneura pingiiis, Dumort. '• sessilis, Sprengel. '* palmata, Nees. Metzgerla furcata, Nees. Anthoceros punctahis, Linn. " Imvis, var. minor, Austin. Notothylas melanospora, Sull. " valvata, Sull. Lunularia vulgaris. Marchantia pjolymorpha, Linn. Conocephalus conicus, Dumort. Asterella hemisphoerica, Beauv. Fimbriaria teneVa, Nees. Biccia natans, var. terrestris, Aust. " lutescens, Seliwein. " fluitans, Linn. " " var. terrestris, Aust. " Frostii, Austin in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,, detected in Painesville in 1874, in Rocky Mts. in 1873. — Dr. H. C. Beards- lee, Painesville, 0. Ferns near Hanover, Ind. — While classifying my botanical collections of the last season I was pleased to find so many ferns among them, and as the Crypto- gamic Botany of Southern Indiana has received but little notice as yet, we have thouglit to interest tlie readers of the Bulletin by making a few notes in tliis de- partment. Early in July while rambling among some of the limestone cliff" rocks of the Ohio liiver, we secured our first specimens of Asplenium Buta-mnraria, L., in beautiful fruit; and since then we liave visited tlie same region eveiy montli in order to confirm our observations as to its being an evergreen, and we are now fully convinced of the accuracy of our former remarks upon this point. Associa- ted with this species and fruiting abundantly at the same time, we found quite a growth of Woodsia obtusa, Torr., but by tlie end of August it had entirely witliered BOTAMCAL BULLETIN. 23 away. Its fruiting season begins here probablj^ early in June. Adiantmn pedatum, L., also appears in fruit early in July and continues on into the fall. It is quite common on the shaded parts of the river hills and at a heijrht of about 17t to 200 feet. We have also observed its occurrence in some of the rich thickets. This ap- parent growth within a certain range of height is quite marked here in at least another species, Felhm atropurpurca, Link., which occurs all along the river cliifs and with a few straggling exceptions which are the result of the disintegration of the upper rocks, is confined to a range on the topmost rocks little, if at all, exceed- ing 30 feet in vertical height. Of the genus Aspleniiim we will simply mention the species A. aiiijustifollum, Mx.. A. tliehipteroides, Mx., and A. Filix-fannina, Bernh., which were mentioned at some length in a previous number of the Bulletin. Camptosorus rhisophi/llus, Link., is abundant upon most of our shaded and moss- covered rocks, both in the neighborhood of the river and along the banks of our lararer creeks. Its luxuriance is a marked feature of the bi-oken rocks in the val- leys running into the Ohio. We have noticed some striking variations in the char- acter of the basal lobes of the frond, in one of which these lobes are prolonged out from the rhachis on each side from an inch to an inch and a half into a long linear tip. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. Fee, appears sparingly, during late summer and fall, in the richer and rolling woodlands and generally along the banks of small streams. — (To be continued in May number.) Some alpine plants found on Mt. Lincoln, Colorado. — A botanist who has never ascended a mountain peak in midsummer and seen its wonderfully rich and varied flora, has a treat before him which others may well envy. A wortl descrip- tion falls so far short of the reality that it does not seem to convey any correct idea of the beauty and brilliancy of alpine flowers. They are found growing in pro- fusion on most mountain heights, covering with beauty the grassy slopes on the rockj' declivities from timber-line to the very summit. Xothing on the plains can approach in rich and delicate beauty these children of the mountain tops, chilled every night to freezing and drawing their nourishment from the just melted snow. The writer was never more delighted with an alpine flora than when he made an ascent of Mt. Lincoln, in Colorado, a peak considerably over 14,000 feet in height. The ascent was made on July 9th, 1873, a highly favorable time to see mountain plants in all their glory. Late the evening before we had encamped at timberline, which is, in Colorado, from 11,000 to 12,000 feet elevation. This timberline is de- termined by the lying of the snow in spring. Of course the highest tree growth is evergreens, which are curiously knotted and twisted by the weight of the winter snow. Early we commenced the climb and every step in advance brought us to new beauties, and long before the summit was reached our portfolios were gi'oan- ing with treasures which neither love nor money nor fatigue could have induced us to throw awa}^ Time or space will not permit me to enumerate half the plants I secured that dav, but I will mention a few of the most prominent. We had not gone ten yards from camp when we found ourselves amongst thick clumps of Pentstemon glaucus, Grab., with its dense clusters of verj^ dark i^urple flowers. Near by were growing the two Poli/gonacece always found in the Kocky Mountains, Pohigonuin Bistorta, L., var. ohlanijifi ilium, Meis., bearing its large dense spike of white flowers, and Oxgria digijna, Campd. We also secured three or four specimens of the delicate little AdoxAi MnschateUina. L., exhaling its faint musky odor. All along the slopes were growing the blue Mevtcnsia aljiina, Don., and tlie darker blue Polemonium confertum, Gr. with its crowded and musk-scented clusters of flowers. The Anemones were out in profusion of numbers and species, flashing at us everywhere with their large and various colored flowers. There were Am^.- rnone patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gr., A. pnni^ffoni, Mx., A. multifida, DC, bj^ far the most common and brilliant, and the rarer A. norcissiftura. L.. with its solitary white flower. Thnlictrum Fendleri, Eng., was also growing in great profusion along with Ranunculus udoneux, Gr., the most sliowj' species of the genus. Its 24 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. flowers are solitary, golden yellow and often an inch in diameter. Any one trav- eling and camping in the monntains will soon become acquainted with Cultha lepto- sepala, DC,, as it is a most excellent pot-herb and many a case full have I carried in to camp to be used at our next meal. Its flowers are large and beautiful but al- ways look as if tliey were about chilled to death. There is always a tinge of blue, especially on the underside of the white petals. Trullius laxus, Salisb. is always associated with tlie last, but its flowers are various shades of j'ellow and look more in keeping with the frosty air. The Drahas are also well represented. There are the yellow flowered Dniha alpina, L., D. aurea, Vahl. and D. streptocarpa, Gr., with its curiously twisted silicles. Tiie white flowered D. nemorosa, J^.,\nv.alpina, Por- ter, occurs quite abundantly at 12-13000 feet elevation. The little golden flowered Cyni'iptenis aljjijius, Gr., is found growing every where on the mountain tops. Two beautiful little Eriiienins were fountl growing at 13000 feet altitude; E. compositumi Pursh., having a scape 2-6 inches high and rays wliite. pink or blue, and E. uniflo- rum, L., growing 3-G inches high, its large solitary head surrounded by a very woolly involucre, the wool generally being deep purple. At about 13000 feet ele- vation we came across a patch of flowers I never shall forget. It was a level, grassy spot, saturated with the just melted snow-water and well protected from chilling blasts. The ground was absolutely covered with brilliant bloom and it seemed as if every color in the rainbow was represented. Never have I seen, in the best kept gardens, such a rich display. There was a sparkling freshness and freedom about it we never can get into green houses. The first to attract my no- tice, because the largest, was the showy Primula Parnji, Gr., having its dense clus- ter of fleshy root leaves and bearing on its long scape a cluster of rose-colored flowers. Close to it was its more humble relative, P. angustifolia, Torr., a most exquisite little Primula, bearing a single purple flower and running up the moun- tains to 14000 feet. Then I noticed the flowers that contributed the yellow to the scene. First and foremost was the splendid Actiuella grandiflorn, T. & G. with a scape 6-9 inches high and densely white woolly from top to bottom. Its large sol- itary heads seemed half as large as the whole plant and were frequently three inches broad. Then there was its smaller relative, A. aculis. L., with a naked scape 1-6 inches high and smaller flowers. Then there were two Sednms giving shades of purple, rose and Avhite. They were S. Rhodiola, DC, with its dark pur- ple fertile heads and greenish sterile heads and S. rJiodanthum, Gr., bearing rose- colored or white flowers. Then there was Geum Possii, Seringe, with golden yel- low petals and the little rose-colored Culandrinia pijgmcm, Gr., which also runs far up the mountains. Then I noticed three species of Saxifraga, viz : S. cermia, L., with small white or cream-colored flowers and bearing little bulbs in the axils of its upper leaves; S. flagellar is, Willd., with large yellow flowers and stolons stri- king out in every direction from its cluster of root leaves ; and *S'. punctata, L., with white petals and a tall naked scape. Then high up on the mountain, at 14000 feet altitude, came the little moss-tufted flowers, crouching down close to the ground to escape as much as possible the freezing winds, but brilliant nevertheless. There was the purple-flowered .sV^ei^e acatdia, L., or Moss Campion, familiar to visitors in the White Mountains. It clung to these high slopes in large bunches and made great mats of purple. AVe saw also two Claijtonias, viz : C. Caroliniana, Mx., var. lanceolata, Watson, and C. arctica, Adams, var. megarhiza, Gr. with its great purple tap root running deep into the rocks and its scape bearing delicate white flowers penciled with pink lines. No less than four Trifoliums lent their beauty to these great heights. They were T. lovgipes, Nutt., the beautiful little dark purple, half opened T. namim, Torr., the delicately shaded T. dasgphi/llum, T. & G., and the large headetl, rose purple T. Parryi, Gr. No flower was prettier than the densely matted, violet blue Oxgtropis Uralensis, L., var. pumila, Ledeb. The sky blue shade was given by dense patches of Eritrichiutn villosum, DC, var. aretioides, Hook., which is called the mountain Forget-me-not. These flowers are to be met upon almost all the mountains in Colorado and well repay the fatigue of climbing.— Ed. ititll roL /. May, isia jvo, 7. Notes on a Stachys from Southwestern Virginia. — ''Stachys palustris, L., var. cordata, Gray (,S'. cordata, Eiddell, 1836. S. NuttalUi, Shnttlew., 1848.). — Stem beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs; leaves hairy or snioothish, o/>Zoj!(/, heart-shaped ut the narrowed base, a\\ more or less petioled ; calj'x-teetli sometimes shorter. — Common southward and westward." Graifs Man., bth ad. p. 358. ^^Stachys Nuttallu, Shuttlew. — Perennial, erect, liispid with rigid, spreading or someAvhat reflexed hairs; leaves petioled, oral-elliptii: or siihobluny, narroiDed to- ward the base, cordate, long-pilose on botli sides; floral ones bract form, scarcelj" surpassing tlie calyxes; teeth of the campanulate, pubescent calyx short, mucron- ate-acute; tube of tlie corolla much exserted. From the mountains of Tennessee (Ruegel !) to Ohio (h. HooI<.I). S. sylvatica.'^utt. Allied \o S. sylvatica,\)nt t\\G: leaves much narrower at base. Calyx in tlower scarcely 2 lines ; tube of the corolla almost 4 lines long." DC. Prod. 12., p. 468. Dr. Riddell's i^lant I have not seen and have no access to his description. A Stachys collected near Wytheville, S. W. Va., and represented by a goodly number of specimens received from my indefatigable friend, Mr. Howard Shriver, seems to belong to the foregoing variety or species, but does not accord in all re- spects, as will appear from the following notes : Leaves ample, broadly ovate or somewhat oblong-ocate, more or less acuminate, rarely narrowed toward the cordate base, coarsely and unequally crenate, sparsely covered on both sides with bristly hairs, on long petioles. Measurements of the leaves taken from 8 difterent specimens run thus: a. Length of the lamina, including the acumination, 53'4 inches ; breadth at the widest part, 31^; length of the petiole, 2}^. 6. 41^— 2)^—1 1^. e. ■^—2%—\y^. cZ. 4— 2)^— 1%. e.3K-2-l%. /.3-li^-li2^ rj.2}i-\%-^\%. h. :>Ai-\y^-%. In a single specimen onlj^ the lamina of the leaf is narrowed toward the base, but even then, the outline is broadly ovate. Calyx campanulate, minutely pubescent, less than 2 lines long, with mucronate- acute and short teeth, much shorter than observed in any forms of S. pahislris. L. or S. sylvatica, L., to the latter of wliich it bears a strong genei'al resemblance; tube of the corolla much exserted, narrow, 4 lines or more in length. The two chief characters given by Koch {Fl. Germ. '2, p. 491.), by which S. pa- lustris is distinguished from ^S'. sylvatica, are 1. "not glandular-pilose above." and 2. "subterranean stolons clavate-thickened at the tips." The Wytiieville plants lack glandular hairs, but how the underground stolons may be fashioned I do not know, since none were sent. It is desirable that the botanists of tiie South and West sliouhl look up Dr. Rid- dell's S. cordata, for it is only by the study of an abundance of material brought together from every quarter that its claim to specific rank can be settled pro or con. 8. palustris, L. in the E. United States is an exceedingly variable species. Dr. Gray's varieties aspera and glabra present numberless forms and pass into each other by insensible gradations. But from all these Mr. Shriver's plants ditter in their smaller flowers, short calyx-teeth, slender corolla-tubes, larger and broader leaves and long petioles. — Prof. Thos. C. Porter. All communications addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. Terms:— Subscription $1.00 a year. Single Numbers 10 cents. 26 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. Some notes fkom Wytheville, Virginia. — I wish to oorrect a niisappreheii- slon of many botanists in reference to this part of Virginia. My remarks, howev- er, apply almost exi'lu^ively to the immediate vicinity of Wytheville. Situated on the Alleo'liaiiy rhitcau, half a mile above sea level, our flora is referable naturally to a higher latitude. Our plants, therefore, are not southern, their interest being derived from their mountain, not their southern pecularities. Without further lemark I append a few notes on plants of some interest. 1. Trautvetteria palmata, F. & M., not here, but collected on mountains 50 or 60 miles distant. 2. Thalictrvm clavatiini, DC, only in one spot. 3. Delphinium exal' latum. Ait., and tricorne, Mx. 4, Acouitum uncinatum, L.,is rare; stout and erect in some places; very slenderand creeping in others. 5. Zauthorhizaajnifolia,'L''Her., Pulaski County, 20 miles distant. 6. Hydrastis Canadensis, L., rare here and in Pulaski Co. 7. Cimicijuya Americana, Mx., I cannot detect. 8. Magnolia Fraseri, Walt., Stony Fork, Smiles distant. 9. Berberis Canadensis, Pursh, passim. 10. Jeffersunia diphijlla, Pers. 11. Brasenia peltata, Pursh, from an adjoining county. 12. Adlumia cirrhosa, Kaf., on near mountain sides. 13. Dicentra Cucullaria, DC, rare. 11. D. exiniiu, DC, not here, but collected about 30 miles distant. 15. Draba verna, L., rare; D. ramosissima, Desv., vide 5. 16. Viola odoruta, L., sagittata, Ait., pedata,'L., rostrata, Fuvi^h, pjubescens, Ait. and var., rare, hastata, Mx., common. 17. Drosera rotnndifolia, L., only and rare. Ilypericum prolificum, L., and Sarothra, Mx., rather common. //. Drummondii, T. & G. from Bristol, Tenn. Bianthus Armeria, L., passim, sparingly. Claytonia Viryinica, L., rather rare. Geranium macitlatum, L., and Carolinianiim, L., common. Impatiens pallida, Nutt., awfX fulva, Xutt., common. Oxalis violacea, L., rather common Ptelea trifoliata. L., vide 5, lihus aromatica. Ait., vide 5. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Mx., passim. Pachystima Canbyi, Gr., in one place and vide 5. Pvlyyala paitcifolia, Willd., in several places. Trifoliiim reflexum, L., very rare. Robinia hispida, L., rare. Desmodium viridiflo- rum, Beck, Buchanan, Virginia. Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz, rare and vide 5. Apius tuberosu, Moench, rare. Clitoria Mariana, L., common in the eastern part of the state; not here. Bujitiain austrulis, E. Br., vide 5. Cassia nictitans, Jj., never saw but one plant: common at Grayson, White Sulphur; and vide 5. C. Chamce- crista, L., none; collected at Big Lick, Virginia. Calycanthus, wild towards Taze- well; not here. Hydrangea arborescens, L., and radiata, Walt.? common. Saxifraga leucanthemi folia, Mx., at Salt Pond; none here. Boijkinia aconitifolia, Nutt., found a few plants, vide 5; also on mountains beyond Ilillsville; none here. Heuchera Americana, L., and hispida, PJi. Mitella diphyllu, L., common ; nuda, L., none. Tia- rella cordifolia, L., Stony Fork only. Sedi(7n ternatnm, Mx., and telephioides, M:!i., Jussicea decurrens, DC, \\(]e 0. Passijlora lutea, L.,rare; mf«rH«?«, L., none hercj but plenty east of us. Hydrocotyle Americana. L., Buchanan, Virginia. Archemora rigida, jyC. Ligusticumactoiifoliurn, Mx. 18. Erigenia 6?J/;osa, Nutt., none; collect- ed in Lincoln County, Kentucky. Diodia, video. Valeriana paiiciflora, Mx.. vide 18. Elephantopus Curolinianus, Willd., none here; collected at Big Lick. Virginia. Lia- tris yramini folia , Willd., and spicata, Willd. Aster Icevis, L., in every vai'iety of its polymorphous phase, and patens. Ait., puniceits, L., and Nova2-Anglioe, L., in all their beauty and splendor. Solidago Boottii, Hook., passim; odora, Ait., rare. Clirysopsis graminifolia, Nutt., mountains. Chrysogonnm Viryinianum, L., vide 5. Eudbeckia triloba, L., laciniata, L., speciosa, \yen(\eroth, fulyida. Ait., hirta, L. ? Co- reop)sis senifolia, Mx., mountains, passim. Bidens frondosa, L. Filayo Germanica, L., very rare. Senecio Elliottii, T. & G. V Lobelia pniberula, Mx., 50 miles distant. Vaccinium erythrocarpon, Mx., rare. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng., Hillsville, Dr. Haller. Leucothoe recurva, Buckley, passim. Clethra acuminata, Mx., 10 or 12 miles distant; ahiifolia, L., 35 miles distant. Azalea calendulacea, Mx., and nudiflo- ra. L., passim. Phododendron maximtim, L., common; Cataiobiense, Mx., rare. Schweinitzia odorata. Ell., in onlj' one place. Galax aphylla, L., passim. Ilex deci- dua, Walt., rare. Halesia tetraptera, L., vide 5. Dodecatheon Meadia, L., rare. Trievtalis Americana, Pursh., common. Samolus Valerandi, L., var. Americanus, nOTAXICAL BULLETIX. 27 Graj?^, rare. RiiclUa strepens, L., vide 5. Lycnjms Vir(jinicus, L. ChinUa Mariana, L., mountains. Cedronella cordala, Benth., in two places. Hi/dropliJiliam Vinjiiu- cuni, L., macrophylhnn, Niitt., appendiculatitm, Mx. ; Cauadense, L., vide 5. Bartonia tenella, Muhl., rare. Oholaria Virghika, L., passim, but in small quantitj'. Chio- nanthus Virginica, L. Aristulochia Serpentaria, L., and Sij'ho, L'Her. Pyrularia oleifera, Gray, Stony Fork only. Euphorbia conumitata, Engelm., vide 5. Comptonia aspleni/olia, Ait., none here, but abundant 50 miles distant. Pimts pmngens, Mx. Thuja occidentalism L., passim. Taxus laccala, L., var. Canadensis, in one place and vide 5. Veratrum viride, Ait., none here, but 50 miles distant. Prosartes lanugi- nosa, Don. Uvular ia grandiflora, Smith. Clintonia borealis, Raf., and unibellata, Torr., common in the mountains. Conrallaria majalis. L., common in the moun- tains. Scilla Fiaseri, Gr., very rare. — Howard Shrivkr. Ferns near Hanover, Ind. {continued from April number, p. 2;i). — Asjiidium thelypteris, Swartz., and A. Noveboracense, Swartz., are both common to the Hat woods and also the fence rows of most of the poorer land during the autumn months. A. Goldianum, Hook., is very local, being confined as far as we know to a single deep and cool glen and is in that portion of it from which the sum- mer's sun scarcely evaporates the surface moisture. Here this elegant fern as- sumes such a magnificent growth as to rank it first among our species in attrac- tiveness. Amid the dampness of the rich mossy carpet and the shade of the tow- ering clilfs this beauty finds a fitting home. Here its grand fronds, often 3 to 4 feet in length by a foot or more in breadth, tower majestically above the most am- bitious of its surrounding kinsmen. ^4. Filix-mas, Swartz., is found in the ravines from August till early winter. ^4. ncrostichuide.s, Swartz., is quite widely scattered along our streams and in the rich thickets and also occurs sparingly in the damper portions of the river bluff's. Cystopteris bulhifera, Bernh., is abundant in all the woods and about all the moist rocks. It appears in fruit in early summer and keeps its beauty late into the fall. Of more local range, though not rare is Cystop- teris fragilis, Bernh. Its season of perfection of fruit and frond is during the months of August and September. Onoclea sensiliHis, L., and also the variety obtu- silobata, are of limited occurrence in grassy thickets and fence rows. Of the varie- ty I have 4 or 5 specimens showing various transitions from the perfect frond and all collected in the same patch with perfect specimens of O. scnsibilis, which fact we think goes far to show little constancy here in this variety. Osmunda rcgalis, L. is occasionally met with in the wet and fiat timberland. Of tlie genus Botrychium, B. Virginicum, Swartz., is i^retty generally distributed througli our richer woods and thickets, but is by no means plentiful. With the exception of tlie evergreen species which retain their fruit into early spring, this is the earliest fruiting fern with us. In the fall, B. lunarioides, Swartz. ,vars. obliquum and dissectum were very sparingly found, it being tlie first time we have observed these ferns here, although having collected more or less for 3 or 4 years. A few other species may j^et be se- cured from the portions of our count}' farther back from the river, as the rocky bluff's of some of our larger creeks together with the denss and rich bordering thickets present favorable spots for fern growth. By another season we hope the pages of the Bulletin will be able to report some interesting finds from these less accessible regions. — A. H. Young, Hanover, Ind. A NEW Preparation for Poisoning Plants. — There are few botanists iiaving collections of any size who are not at times perplexed to find some poison for their specimens, more efticient tlian the solution of corrosive sublimate now in general use. J'or the benefit of those wishing to make a trial of something new I otter the following : Corrosive sublimate 1% ounces, Carbolic acid 2)^ fluid drachms. Alcohol 1 pint. This I apply to fruits and flowers with an ordinary small sized paint brush. 28 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. My collection contains at least fifteen thousand specimens, and, though I have used the above formula for five years, I have yet to find the first trace of insect or larval injury in my herbarium. — Dr. J. T. Rothrock. Damiana. — In a recent number of the Botanical Bulletin I introduced an old plant, Bigelovia veneta, Gray, under the new name of Damiana. I then and there expressed my conviction that its vaunted medical powers would not stand the test of time. To tliese statements 1 still adhere. Since the publication of that note I have received from H. Helmich & Co., of Washino;ton, another Damiana. This is ))robably new to science and reaches us from Western Mexico. Dr. Vasey and Mr. Ward determined it to be a Tnrnera, and the latter furnished a good de- scrii^tion of it under the name of Tnrnera aplirodisiaca. In favor of this plant there are a number of positive statements as to its value, and also some reported failures. Besides these there ai-e two other kinds of Damiana, probablj^ both Turneras and both from Mexico. I do not know of any reliable information upon the medical eft'ects (whether good or bad) of either. It is to be observed however tliat the famil}- of Tiirneraceie is accredited with tonic properties. — J. T. R. A MoNSTKH Gkapk Vink. — A few days since while in the woods with a com- panion mj- attention was directed to a vine, which simplj'- looked inmiense; and, as succeeding measurements go to show, would not be an unfit companion for the California Vine of Centennial notoriety. At a distance of 3 to 8 feet above the ground its trunk measured 3(5 inches, at 8 to 16 feet, 32 inches, giving respectively diameters of 12 and IO73 inches. At about the height of sixteen feet it began to l)rancli and of these branches there were nine with a diameter of from 2 to 4 inches, and six witii diameters of from 1 to 1 3^ inches. These branches spread towards all points of the compass by seizing the support of many large trees near hy. Comparing the heights of these trees, over which this wonderful vine had thrown its festoon of branchlets, my companion and myself came to the con- clusion that tf this vine were spread out upon the ground it would cover a plot w 1th a diameter of not less than 200 fcpt in all directions. Indeed, were it not for the seeming incredibility of the extent of this native monster, I should have said, in estimating the distance of the drooping branchlets that the branch spread in all directions from the main stalk, that it could hardly have fallen sliort of 125 feet. Tlie ground ui)on which this vine grows is not rich by any means. Two to three inches upon the top represent the decaying debris of the wood vegetation, while below is a compact and tenacious clay. The vine is located near the edge of the timber. The species is not known to the writer, as when observed it had neither leaves nor fruit, but it is probably 1'. Lahrnsca, L., as that is our common wild grape. However, as T. rordifolia. Mx. and V. ce>>tivaUs, Mx. are both found here, it might be one of these. — A. H. Y. DoDECATUKON Meadia, Ij. — Siuce writing the above I liave chanced to examine a most luxuriant growth of the American Cowslip, in which I believe 10,000 sj^eci- mens of this beautiful plant could be procured. The color of the flowers varies from a rich creamy white toil light i»urple. The base of the corolla is generallj^ yellowish and has a fi-inge of i-eddisii brown next the stamens, of which color the base of the stamens partakes more or less. The favorite position of these Cowslips seems to l)e in the water worn crevices of the upper lime-stone clift-rocks. — A. H. Y. Some new Musci, hy C. F. Austin. -i-Dicranum (Campylopus) Rauei, n. sp. — (aule compacte ca'spitoso brevi inferne dense tomentoso-radiculoso erecto, foliis subnitidis eroctis siccitatis leniter. tortilibus e basi lanceolata subulatis eonvoluto- concavis semel tortis margine dorso(iue ad apicem minute serratis, costa mediocri cxcurrente, reti denso minuto sul)obscuro basilari duplo majore parum pellucido angular! paulluluni inflato; inflorescentia dioica? capsula cylindrica erecto-sub- BOTANICAL BULLETIN. 29 iiicurva \x\i pnllidii hand stnimosa, !tra — barely more tlian covering tiie rostrum of the op- erculum. It has somewhat the appearance of X'./mZi-ioh, but is much smaller and more compact, leaves shorter, costa narrower, reticulation larger, capsule more curved, calyptra shorter, etc. In shape, position and reticulation of the leaves, it is al- most precisely like a form of IK Schraderi, wliieh I have found near Closter, grow- ing in situations where one would naturallj' look fi)V I), fvhtim, nud also resem- bling this species almost exactly in general appearance. In D. liauei the capsule is a little narrower than in D. Shraderi, but is of precisely the same color and is also nearly or quite as much incurved. But the latter is a much larger species, the leaves are not shining, and the pedicel is much longer and straight, and the calyp- tra is much larger, descending to at least the middle of the caj^sule. Trichostowum? sciTULUM, H.sp. — Plantie minutaj subeaespitosfe; caule tenui 12-Iineari flexuoso-erecto; foliis distichis (semper ?) e basi erecta subvaginante valde undato-patentibus abrupte linealibus canaliculatis laxiuscule areolatis valde scabroso-papillosis margine eroso-serratis, -costa percurrente (vel breviter excur- rente?): caetera desunt. On dry shaded limestone rocks at the zinc mines, Ogdensburg, New Jersey. A very small and apparently distinct species. Position of the leaves much as in Distichium inclinatnm; but thej^ are more undate-flexuose, less solid and not so acute, and the papilla' on their surface are larger, etc, Barbula Closteri, ii. sji. — Caule valde abreviato (vix ultra lineari) laxe caes-i. pitoso, foliis recurvo-patentibus in sicco paulum mutantibus lineali-lanceolatis, canaliculato-carinatis, margine integerrimo uno alterove infra medium lenissime recurve vel toto piano, apice obtusiusculo minutissime hyalino-apiculato Cut in B. conroluta), costa validiuscula percurrente vel brevissiine cxcurrente, rete superne subminuto granuloso-papilloso interne perlaxo hyalino: tlores et fructu desunt: color Isete tlavido-virens. On the ground near Closter, Sept., 1867; not since i"e-discove_red, although fre- quently looked for. Xearest to B. convfiluta; but that has the leaves more erect, more ovate (wider at the base), abruptly carinate, more acute, and the areolation is one-half smaller. Funaria Ravenelii, n. sp. — A F. hijuromntrica cui proxima est differt : foliis angustioribus patulis excurrenti-nervibus, capsula angustiore basi acutiore in sicco magis conformiter costata textura densiore, operculo magis persistente, peristomii dentibus (notal)iliter ad basim) minus crebre articulatis, etc. Seaboard of Soutli Carolina, July, 1S74, Bai-nncL ^ In F. liacenelii the cai)sule is very acute at the base, and of a dark brownish red color even when harehj mature; when dry tiie ridges are very prominent and re- markably uniform, and tiie moiith is very obli(iue, being brought into nearly the same plane as the under side of the f horizontal) rOjisnle; the texture is thickish and opake ; the ordinary cells are heteromorphous, and at the apex of the capsule pass abruptlj' into the very solid dark fuscous subcubieal ones, which form a narrow rim about its mouth. The capsule of /''. hiif/rornetrica is always pale yellow until after maturity ; in the dry state the ridges are not uniform, the texture is lax and subpellucid, and there are 3 or 4 rows (jf cells immediately beneath the rim which are vertically compressed, and thus the ordinary cells pass gradually 30 BOrAXICAL BULLETIN. into the very solid vertically niut'li compressed (transversely elongated) indistinct ones of the rim itself. I have examined many specimens of F. hijgrnmetrica from all parts of N. America, and find the capsule in all to be similar in shape and texture, and only when merging into the foi-m known as "Var. patida'" do 1 find spreading leaves; but these are broader with the costa less strongly excurrent. Bryum Clintoni, Aust. Mss 1869. Ab. Br. cydophijUo simillimo distinctum; statura multum majore foliis cochleariformi-concavis minus patentibus hand mar- ginatis, cellulis multum crassioribus vesciculosis, costa valde incrassata, etc. Wet places along Caledonia Creek, Western New York, (1SG5) Clinton. < Rhynchostegium Nov^-C.esare.e, Aust. — Ilt/pnum viicans, Wils. ; not of SWARTZ ; — Htjpninn Xova'-Ccesarece, Aust. JMiisc. Appalach, n. 440; — Chrnsohryinn micans, Lindb. Sulliv. Icones Suppl. p. 91, t. 67. Tiiis species is quite frequent in the Alleghany mountains of Pennsylvania, where it was found fertile by Mes- srs. WoLLE and Rau in 1874. Some of the capsules are too old, but thev are suf- ficiently well preserved to show the hj'pnoid character of the peristome; while there are a few of the capsules sufficiently developed to show, — when taken in connection with this character, with the habit of the plant, shape and reticulation of the leaves, etc., that its proper place is in the Baphidosterjium section of the genus (or subgenus) Rhynchostegium. Calyptra smooth, slightly twisted, fugacious, • Capsule small, subcernuous or horizontal, oval or obovate, (when old obconic and wide-mouthed,) nearly regulai-; operculum, shortly but very distinctly rostrate; annulus not seen; peristome hypnoid, processes as long as the teeth, more or less split in the keel, ciliolas not seen. Pedicel verj' slender, about one inch long, cyg- neous, smooth, dark red. Perich.-eth densely radiculose at the base from the axils of the leaves, few-leaved ; its leaves small, erect, hyaline, ecostate, straight, lance- olate-ovate, acute, distantly dentate-serrate above the middle; vaginula usually longer than the leaves, herbaceous, dark red and copiously rooting at the mouth. Pistillidia 2-8, paraphysate ; the paraphyses deep yellow. The plant is dicecious. The male infiorescence, etc., is described and figured in the Icones Suppl. referred to above. I have seen no diagnosis of Dr. Lindberg's "C/ic?/so6?\iyw'«j" but have no hesitation in pronouncing the genus superfluous so far as this plant is concern- ed. It grows only upon rocks which are frequently Inundated, in mountain rivu- lets; and, although, sometimes is abundant, it is also often nearly exterminated from the same ravine hx heavy freshets. Rhynchostegium micans (Swartz). — Htipnum micans, Swartz Adnot. Botan. (1829). Il.fulv.nm, H. Untie and //. suhsimplux. H. & ^\.—H. allmlum C. Mull. — H. al- hitlum and H.fulvum, Sulliv. IcoN.(I.)tt. 112 and 125, etc. Tlieonly difterence there is between the so-called varieties of this plant is in their size. What are supposed to be its two extremes in this respect ai'e figured in tlie Icones, referred to above, under the names of IIiip. albulum and IIii[i. fulcum. The operculum is frequently shortly rostrate at least when dry. Tlie mode of growth is the same as in Bhyn- chostegiiim serrulatum and B. geophilum; but as the plant is subaquatic the stems are often more elongated than in either of these. Bhiinchostegium delicaiulum, James; Sulliv. Icon. Suppl. p. 93, t. 69, is only a starved form of Ht/pniim recunans, Schwgr. ; Sulliv. Icon. I. p. 177, t. 111. In fact the figures in the Suppl. give a better representation of this most common Ameri- can Hypnum, as it has generallv occurred to me, than do the figures in the first volume; particularly those Avhich represent the rather long-rostrate operculum, the strongly serrated apex of the leaf, and the much inflated cells at its basal angles (almost precisely as in Ili/pnum nemorostim). However, the species varies not a little in all these respects, (chiefly in the length of the operculum and in the serratures of the leaf — both strongly serrated and entire on the same stem. In my judgment neither Hypnum recurcans nor H. cylindricarpum are true Bhynchoste- gia; but rather a sort of connecting link between between them and the Stereo- dontes. And I have generally found it diflicult to distinguish small forms of the BOTANICAL BVLLETIX. 31 former, when sterile, from the hitter, oi- hirge foi-ms of it from Hypnum nemorosum. lihynchosteyhim Jameuli, Sulliv. Icon. Suppl. p. 92, t. G8, is no Rhynchostegium, iis a fi,Iaiice at tlie tioiire of the periehsetli will show I — its leaves being very large, convolute and i)lieate. It is no doubt Ilypnum liainuln.'^uin? Sulliv. and Lksqx. Kxsie. ed. 2, n. 478;=////;). j.allesccns, Muse. Appallach. n. 414! = ////;^. {Cupresaina) depressulum, C. Mull. Manip. Muse. Nov. 1875, n. 5 and 6, p. 7 l=Ptjlaiscea polyantha, Jamks Catalogue (18(54)! Tiiat it is a mere form, or var. of Ilypnum reptile, MiCHX. F\. Bor. Amer. (1803), there cannot be a shadow of doubt. And Lindberg has shown that Miciiaux's /////'. reptila is the identical Leskea pallescens Hedw. Sp. Muse. (\HOl);—IIyp. jjallescens (Hedw.) P. Beauv. Prod r. (ISO.")). The moss which we now have uniler consideration is the var. protuberans (Bkid.) Lindb.; — Hyp.pal- Usrens Br. Eu. (In the work last quoted, as well as Schimpei-'s Synopsis, the {)erichc«tial leaves are erroneouslj' said to be unieostate.) I have not seen the identical sj)ecimens from whicii the figures were drawn for the Icones Suppl.; but have the plant as there represented from various ( northern ) localities. Hyp. reptile, ynv.virida. Muse. Appalach. n.416, appears to bea form of this same variety {protuber- aiis)-. in some respects it closely resembles liyp. adnatum (a sort of connecting link between the Ambhjstpgia and the Stereodontes) and is not infrequently confounded with it. 1/ Notes on IIepaticology, by C. F. Austin. — Jungekmania (Lophocolea?) EXiGUA, n.sp. — Planta; minutissinije parasitica^; caulesubc£espitoso siraplici erecto tenuissimo vix lineam longo, foliis dissitis suberectis obliquis decurrentibus ovato- ([uadratis acutiuscule subin;cqualiter emarginato-bilidis, amphigastriis subulato- filiformibus (obsoletisve), fructu V Parasitic on the leaves of '■'■Plaijiochila distiitctifolia'''' from Jamaica, in Herb. Taylor.— The lowermost leaves are but little larger than the amphigastria, and usually like them, subulate. Th' re are no amphigastria above the base of the stem, where the leaves appear to be .3-ranked Areolation minute. Cephalozia FRANCisci,var. b, fluitans. — Junyermania in/lata,viir.(], fluitans, Nees. Ilepat. Europ. 11, p. 48; Synop. Hepat. p. KKi; Gott. <& Rabenii. Exsic. n. 581! AusT. Exsic. n. 3ol~Cephal'izia uljtusiliha, Lindb. Bot. Xot. 1872, p. 164; Dumort. Ilepat. Europ. (1874) p. 89. — a. dadorrhixans, Geo. Staiu.kr in litt. Jan. 1, 1876. — C. fluitans. Aust. MSS. (Jaulis pradongus, inter Sphagna scandens vel "in acjua tluitans," e ventre riagellifero-ramosus et hie illic copiose radiculosus, dissite follosus. Folia caulina pallida (semper?), laxa, e basi angustiori vix decurrente, oblongo-elliptica, pro- funde biloba, niargine integerrima, sinu angusto, lobis obtusis, magis minusve iueTsqualibus (ventrali longiore), apice incui-vo planove. Amphigastria minutaap- pressa inconspicua (nonnunquani obsolete) subdiftormia, sed plerumque triangu- lari-lanceolata, apice angustissime Assort incurvo. Flores dioici. Pericluetium magnum, in ramulo ventrali longiusculo et brevissimo inferne microphyllo ter- minali; ejus folia caulinis subconforniia, longiora, ovato-oblonga, lobis acutis vel acutiusculis; amphigastria exteriora quadrato-oblonga subcuneatave, obtuse et in- .•equaliter emarginato-biloba, interiora elongata, angusta et Integra. Colesula (im- matura) brevis, ovalis,obtusa, obtussime trigona, ore plicato sublacinulato, laciniis truncatis, uudis. Andrceciuni (amentulo masc.) vel magnum et in caule primario vel ramulo logiusculo continuum, vel parvum et in ramulo i)erbrevi tcrminale; folia perigonialia fere conformia, conferta niargine dorsali piano et nudo vel inllexo et tunc obtuse unidentato, antheridium singulum in axillo singulo foventia; am- phigastria majora et magis conspicua. var. b, elagellifera. — Juwj. inflata, var. b, flaijidlifcra, Synop. Hepat. p. 100. *' flagellis vcntralil)us crel)ris longis foliolis parvis bitidis arted. (An Mastigophora species ? > Radula australis, n. sp. — Ab B. obconica, Sulliv. cui valde affinis ditt'ert: statura paulum majore, foliis magis ovatis, lobulo majorc obtusiore, reti pellu- cidiore, perianthiolongiore basi minus angustato textura hand opaco, et pnBsertim inflorescentia dioica. Near Augusta, Georgia, Sullivant (1845). Aments (male spikes^ short and broad, found only on the branches, which are of various lengths, terminal ^or rarely interrupted . Perianth elongated, compressed-cylindrical from a pyriform or obconic base, the mouth 2-lipped, the lips emarginate or crenate; its texture is similar to that of the leaves. Stems ^-1 inch long, prostrate, sparinglj^ subpin- nately branched, loosely ca^spitose. Leaves nearly or quite as decurrent as in B. pallens ^Swartz', lobule adnate to the stem along its inner margin. R.pallens is a larger species, with stems dichotomously f never pinnately) branched; aments much longer, not terminal, perianths less elongated (always ?\ lower lobe of the leaf smaller and less acute, areolation not so distinct, etc. ititltii StIIf tit^ Vol. /. JUNE, 1876. A^o. 8. Some notes from Pulaski County, Va.— During a ramble on the shores of Kew River I found a third locality of Pachystima Canbyi, as follows : We started from Robt. Calfee's down a road to the river, came out at Mr. Howard Calfee's, not far below "Cosilla, Carey is common, and also the broad leaved form of C. laxiflora, Lam. We have also the O. laxijlura var. stylojUxa (C. stylnflexa. Dew. \ It appears to be worthy of specific rank. C. retrocurva, Dew., one of the most grace- ful of Carices, is abundant, as is also C. digitalis, Willd. but they are perfectly distinct. C. retrocurva ha* glaucous and broader leaves, and the culms are always prostrate, or nearly so. C. oliyocarpa, Schk. and C. Hitchcock iana, Dew. are both here and quite distinct. C. umhellata. Schk. occurs sparingly in the usual situa- tions, and also C. nigro-marginata, Schw. on rich ^^pdy hill-sides. C. Emmonsii, Dew., C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. and C. varia, Muhl. ai-e here with intermediate and puzzling forms, some of which may be C. Nuvai-Anglim, Schw. In moist sandy woods we have sparingly C. vestita. Willd. C. sqnarrosa, L. and C. stenolepis, ToRR. are both frequent in low grounds.— Geo. Vasey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A NEW Cyperus.— The sedge noticed below was sent me by Mr. Wolf, the dis- coverer, and first published in the January issue of the "Bulletin of the Torrey All communications addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. Terms:— Subscription $1.00 a year. Single Numbers 10 cents. 38 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. Botanical Club," As the new species is native in your vicinity, you may facilitate its re-discovery by giving it place in j'our Bulletin. Cyperus Wolfii, n. sp. — Culm triangular, glabrous, leafy at the base. Umbel simple, about 5-rayed, rays very unequal, monocephalous. Heads spherical, sim- ple, of man}- spikes. Involucre about o-leaved, 2 of the leaves nearlj' as long as the culm. Spikes densely capitate, oblong, 4 — 5-flowered, scales imbricate, ob- tuse, submucronate, 11-nerved, with a gi'een keel. Rachis broadly winged with a pair of hyaline awn-pointed scales. Filaments 3, deciduous. Style trifid. Ache- nia triangular— obovoid, apiculate, incurved. Found by Mr. John Wolf, of Canton, Illinois, in Anna, 111. The culms are 2-3 feet high, slender, the leaves nearly as long, narrowlj' linear, those of the in- volucre more than half as long. The spikes are 3—6 lines long, 3 — 6-flowered, tin all J' a little brownish. In general aspect it resembles C. ^rilicuhnis. but difi'ers widely in its spikes, both from this and from C. Gnuji. It is most nearly allied to C. ^Veftert (Kunth.) of Australia, but the short involucre, and composite heads, and 6— 9-flowered spikes of that species are sufficiently distinctive.— A. Wood. ^"^ Some notes from Pulaski County, Va. — I send you an Arisoema to show you the size of things here. Many plants growing to moderate size elsewhere, assume huge proportions on the red soil of Rich Hill. The bank of New river under the hill-side was splendidly set off a few weeks ago with 'tlie graceful bells of Ilalesia. Beneath, a month later, I found a variety of Viola tricolor, Woodsia obtusa, Saxi- fraga Viryinica, and a few other things. Otir cliiFs are now covered with the Sax- ifrage. I also found Draba, and a variety of Sedum, witli snowy flowers. The stem shoots up from amid rosulate leaves, which are obovate, or very short-spatu- late. often not rounded, but wedge-shaped, giving the idea, at first, of leaves of Draba ramosissiina. Stem leaves spatulate to linear-spatulate, close set on the high simple stem, and more sparingly on the three branches at its summit. Parts of the flower in 4s (center one in 5s), ovate-hmceolate, somewhat pointed petals i?o;ce the length of the ovate, blunt sepals. It is probably S. Nevii which Mr. Canby found on Salt Pond Mountain.— Howard Shriver. Plants new to Jefferson County. — After making out a list of plants new to the flora of Jefterson County, for the last number of the Bulletin, Mr. A. H. Young handed me the list given below, containing plants recently found but not included in the list of last month. Ceanothus Ame.ricanus, L. Aphgllon iinijlorum, T. & G. Lespedeza violacea, Pers. Pedindaris lanceolatu, 3Ix. Apios tuberosa, Mcench. ,Scutellariu canescens, Xutt. Hydrocotyle Americana, L. Lithospermum hirtum, Lehm. Aster carnens, Nees. Quercus imbricaria, Mx. " Oistivus, Ait. Alims servulata, Ait. Solidago radula, Nutt. Juniperus Virginiana, L. Helianthus tomentosus, Mx, Cyperus diandrns, Torr. " strumosus, L. " flavicomus, Mx. Coreopsis trichosperma, Mx. " inflexus, Muhl. Bidens cernua, L. " phymatodes, Muhl. Artemisia biennis, Willd. " strigosus, L. Nabalus albus, Hook. " Michauxiamis, Schultes. " altissimus, Hook. " ovitlaris, Torr. Eleocharis obtusa, Sch. Kyllingia pumila, Mx. Scirpus Eriophorum, Mx. Fimbristylis autumnalis, R. & S. Osmunda cinnamomea, L. Ed. Some Carices near Hanover, Ind.— Xo justice has been done to the large and interesting genus Carex in this neighborhood, and we are but beginning to get to- B 0 TA XI CAL B UL L E TIX. ■ 39 gether the material for its thorough working up. A large collection of Carices from all parts of the county is to be made this season and tlien we can hope to do more justice to the subject. As this number of the Bulletin seems to be devoted to the interests of Carex we have thought it would be interesting to put on record such Carices as have been heard from, with a few disconnected notes that have been made when determining them. Carex vulpinoidea, Mx.— This is one of our most abundant sedges, probably- standing next to C triceps in that respect. We have found here all the dift'erent varieties, the perigynia varying from broad ovate to lanceolate, and the beak be- coming stropgly serrate. The achenium is a beautiful shape, having the outline of a balloon, as near as I can express it, and on the rounded top of this balloon rests a slender style nearlj- as long as the achenium and plainly thickened at base. C. stipata, Muhl. This has a wonderful look like C. vulpinoidea, but a little exam- ination shows it to be different in many points. Its perigynia are lanceolate, although the other has that form occasionally, more strongly nerved, longer and rougher beaked, and the style is tioice the length of the achenium. C. sparganiuides, Muhl. The narrow margin of the perigynium of this species is very sharply toothed. C. cepknlophora, Muhl. We have this species with its short ovoid head of spikes, its perigynia with 3 or 4 indistinct nerves on one side, but the stjle is as short and bulbous as in C. Muhlenbergii. C. Muhlenbergii, Schk. var. enervis. Boott. Very little of the typical form has been found unless 3 or 4 nerves mean ''many-nerved." We have tlie oblong head of bracted spikes, the short-beaked perigynia and the very short bulbous style, but in none have I been able to count more than 3 or 4 nerves on each side of the peri- gynium. A characteristic that might well be noted is tliat the bristle-shaped bract subtending the lowest spike is vei-y much elongated, sometimes being 3 times the length of the head. C. rosea, Schk. has been found in considerable abundance in damp woods. C. scoparia, Schk. — This is found every where in meadows and is very easily distinguished by its chaffy-looking, straw-colored spikes. When the perigynium is looked at by transmitted light the membranaceous wing, with its fringe of spiny points, comes out strong and is translucent, containing one and sometimes two dark-looking nerves. In my sijecimens tlie style is three times as long as tl)e achenium and the stalk but one-half shorter. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. is one of the most graceful of our Carices. The scale is not all brown-purple, but two or three nerves, looking like a broa'l miilrib, run be- tween the dark purple sides in a liglit green band and are continued into a long awn which is two or three times as long as the lower part. C. gracillirna, Schw. A most beautiful sedge. It may be owing to poor drying, but the perigynia in all mj' specimens are ligiit brown instead of green. The white scales are all short awned. In all the specimens found the uppermost spike bore at the apex 4 — 6 fertile flowers. C. virescens, Muhl. In some of its forms this species looks like the next, but a glance through the glass at its perigynia, looking like little chesnut burs, even when mature, does away with all thoughts of resemblance. The bright, transpa- rent scale has running through it a strong green midrib terminating in a rigid, cuspidate, rough point. C. triceps, Michx. Of all Carices this is by far the most abimdant here. It covers the ground for acres and the young collector here is apt to find half of his collection of Carices C. triceps and the other half C. laxiflora. We find here both . the very hirsute and nearly smooth varieties. C digitalis, Willd. is rather rare. In the specimens collected tlie leaves are twice as long as the culms and the whole plant resembles some forms of C. laxi- flora. 40 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. C. laxijlora, Lam. This surpasses all our other Carices in variety, although not in abundance. It straggles over the ground with long, weak, reclining culms, or stands in little upright tufts. The commonest variety is var. plantaginea, Boott., which is found in considerable abundance on rich hill-sides. C. oligocarpa, Schk. occurs but sparingly, but is well distinguished by its densely striate perigynia. All my specimens have the point of the perigynium somewhat oblique and sometimes it is so nearly recurved I would be tempted to call it C. Hitchcockiana, but for its very smooth leaves and sheaths and slender habit. C. eburnea, Boott. This delicate and beautiful little Carex grows in dense bunches in Clifty ravine and mats the bases of some of the limestone cliffs with its soft spray. The good fruiting specimens seem to be rather hard to get, for it takes careful hunting here to get all that is wanted. C Emmonsii, Dew. probably occurs here but no perigynia have been found mature enough to satisfactorily settle the point. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam , C. pubescens, Muhl., C. debilis, Michx., and C. lanugin- osa, Mx., all occur in abundance. C. tentaculata. Muhl. The section of Carices with long-beaked and inflated perigynia, is well represented here. This, together with the four following species fill all our swampy ground, and could be secured bj' the thousands. This species, in my opinion, has the most beautiful achenium of any Carex with which I am acquainted. The graceful outline and the papillose-roughened surface make it an exceedingly lovely object when looked at through a good clear glass. There is one peculiarity about it that I have not seen mentioned anj'where. I have opened dozens of the inflated perigynia and in every case have found the long style ascending from the achenium bayonet fashion, making two sharp bends. A line or two from the top of the achenium it makes a sharp bend until it reaches the wall of the perigynium and then hugs it closely to the apex. It re- minded me strongly of the long bent middle awn on the lower palet of Aristida dichotoma, Michx. May be this is a contrivance for burying the achenium on the principle suggested by Mr. Francis Darwin in the case of Stipa pennata. C. intumescens, Eudge. This is pi^^bably the most abundant of the last five species in this list. In nearly all specimens collected the beak is perfectly smooth except the two teeth which are very rough. C. Inpulina, Muhl. This is the largest, coarsest looking sedge we have, and one would hardly expect to find any beauty in it. But if one of those large blad- dery inflated perigynia be looked at through a glass, any one Avill confess its beauty. The walls of the perigynium seem to be more membranous than usual and easily let the light pass through them. This brings out about twenty promi- nent nerves which stand up sharp and distinct, while between these is the most delicate reticulation. Now strip oft' the perigynium and look at the large acheni- um and long style. The same delicate reticulation extends from the bottom of the achenium to the tip of the style, making it all look like one piece. The style in this species makes the same bends as that in C. tentaculata, but instead of bending in the same plane it makes a spiral twist. C. squarrosa, L. In all my specimens the scales are lanceolate-acute and very far from "blunt." The perigynia of this species have the same reticulation as that above, but they lack the strong ribs of the former. The achenium and style are reticulated in the same way, but seem very much darker. The style has the same twist as in C. lupulina, but still more so, often making three bends in a spiral. C. stenolepis, Torr. The long awn-like scales of this species Avhen seen through a microscope remind one of the weapon of the saw-fish. The beak rises from the very deeply sunken summit of the perigynium. The achenium is decidedly wedge- shaped in outline with a short abruj^t point. Several other Carices have been collected but have not yet been studied.— Ed. Yol. /. aUGUST, 1876. JVo. 70. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. — I send you a quotation from a letter of Dr. Graj- to Mr. Cauby in reference to a playful little plant which comes from abroad, but is quite at home here. It is spread in every direction and has attracted my atten- tion for a number of years before I heard of its sportive character. Prof. Wood ventured the opinion, that "unless the crosses were present it was a new plant." Now, 1 liave examined the plant for some 1.5 or 20 years in hopes of seeino- that in- teresting little mark; but, on the contrary, the anthers of my Nepeta Glechoma are usuallij inconspicuous, often abortive, at times, amounting to absence of, at least, two of the anthers and stamens. Dr. Gray says it is a "condition rather than a varie ty ;" and a very good humored gentleman, who lives in Easton, calls it a "sport." Whereat an indignant botanic friend here says, "if ours is a spurt, with its invari- able form, covering two counties and never showing the least departure from its so easily recognisable identity, save in tliat one place at Draper's, then all varieties are sports.^ " But now for the "Head Center." "The Nepeta Glechoma used to bother me so here wlien I wanted it for my Claris, and it would not make good stamens when I wanted them I But in vacation, wiien I did not care, it made its crosses all right, so I have had no patience with it ever since. Now, being a foreigner, it has no business making new varieties here. It is quite enough if we let it be naturalized.'''' Whatever it maj'- be called, whoever sees it hera will regard it a little beauty. It ornaments the hanging baskets of our ladies ; but, on the ground, trails or liangs in festoons or enthrones itself in some tiny nook near tlie mountain rivulet, titting its modes of growth so as to appear to the best effect "sportively." — Howard Shriver. [The crosses of Nepeta Glechoma have always been a worry here. The plant occurs in wonderful profusion, making ver}^ large patches. I have examined these patches when in most luxuriant flower and have never seen a single cross and the anthers behave very much as IMr. Shriver has said. [ iiave chai-ged my class to examine all the Nepeta they could and they have never succeeded in finding a cross in this neighborhood. Strange to say, though, all the Nepeta that grows across the Ohio River, within sight of us, has tliese crosses. — En.] The "Knobs" of Southern Indiana. — The nearest approach to a mountain range found in Indiana, is in that somewhat remarkable lincof liiils known as the "Knobs." Stai-ting in Floj'd county, from a point on the Ohio river below New Albany, they extend in an irregular northerly course, in a general direction al- most parallel with the Cincinnati uplift, through the counties of Floyd, Clarke, Scott, Jackson and Lawrence. All along their course they rise abruptly from the surrounding valleys to a height of from 300 to GOO feet. Sections of these hills give the following as the most general formation : ochreous clay, stratified chert beds, layers of stratified sandstone alternating with shale, massive sandstone with con- cretions of iron, limestone, and black slate. (Cox, oth Annual Hep., p. 168.) All communications addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. Terms: — Subscription $1.00 a year. Situjle Xiinibers 10 cents. 42 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. From the disintegration of these various rocks we would naturally expect to find a soil containing? in a small rano-e the necessary conditions for a marked and characteristic flora. Nor are we disappointed in this, since the flora of this range is one of the most distinct and interesting in the state. Plants are found growing here whose range is much farther south. These hills are justly ranked as being among the flnest fruit growing regions of the west, i^ossessing good exposure and being remarkably free from frosts, whicli, in the valleys below, prevent the suc- cessful cultivation of such luxuries. Throughout this whole region we find ex- tensive and productive peach orchards, returning to their owners an almost cer- tain crop. Everything goes to show that for a long time "these knobs have been protected by their peculiar structure from the effects of sudden "cold snaps," for on such high knolls, chestnut trees three to four feet in diameter are growing, vigorous and fruitful. These trees cannot bear fruit, can hardly live in the cold tempeiature of the valleys." In the fifth annual report of the Indiana State Geo- logical Survey the following species are given as representing the most important timber of these hills in Clarke and Floyd counties: Quercus monticola, Q. alha, Q. rubra, Q. thictoria. Q. obtuslfolia, Finns mitis, Carya amara, C. alba, Conuis florida, Liriodendron TuUpifera, Acer rubrarn, Nyssa mnltiflora and Bhug aromutica. This list could doubtless be much increased Avere a careful study given to the subject. Especially in the oaks would this be true, the hills giving the exact conditions for Q. iUclfolia and (^. falcuta. The Ericads are few and far between over the most of Indiana and, in fact, over tiie whole of this great intei-ior basin. But these hills seem to supply the exact conditions necessary for their growth. We find Vacciniuni stamineuvi, V. vacillans, Epigoia repens, Oxijdendnun arboreum, Kalmia latifolia, K. antjiistifolia, sev- eral species of Pt/rula, Chimaphila maculata and umbellata, Monotropa nniflora and Hypopitijs, and several otliers tliat I do not recall. Agave Virginica is found in considerable abundance, and /;•(*■ cristata and veriia. Among the Liliaceous plants are found several Trilliums, Medeola Virginica, Melanthium Virginicum, Stenanthium angustifulium, Amianthium muscoitoxicnm, ChamoiUrium Inteum, Prosartes lanuginosa, and several others. A collection of plants from the knobs has just been received but not studied. The species given above are those that caught my eye in a very cursory examination. Careful study will doubtless reveal many plants more in- teresting than anj' mentioned and disclose a flora of small range, around which can be drawn sharp and well defined boundary lines. The Forest Trees of Cass County, Ind. — The character of the soil in this county, as we might expect, gives, to a certain extent, character to its forests. Originally low and swampy, when redeemed by drainage the soil is found to be a rich black loam. Instead of the great preponderance of Beech {Fagus ferruginea, Ait.\ to be observed in the southern counties of the state, we find the Querci to be the most abundant. From a somewhat hurried examination of the forests, I should say that the diff"erent species of this genus comprised at least 50 per cent, of the entire forests; Fagus ferruginea, Ait., about 10 i)er cent. ; Black Walnut (Jw^Zajis nigra, L.» about 10 per cent.; Shag-bark Hickory (.Carya alba. Nutt.), and the Tu- lip-tree {Liriodendron TuUpifera, L.), each about 5 per cent., the remainder being made up in greater or less quantities of tlie ordinary forest trees of the west. The oaks, excelling so largely in numbers, constitute of course the chief point of inter- est in the study of the forests. I have noted of this genus the following sjiecies: Q. alba. L., Q. bicolor, Willd., Q. Prinus., L., var. acuminata, Mx., Q. coccinea, Wang., Q. rubra, L., and Q. palustris, Du Roi. I think also that I have found Q. ilicifolia, Wang., although of this I am not certain, as according to Gray it grows in sandy barrens and rocky hills. These conditions are certainly lacking in tliis county, and yet I have a specimen that looks strangely like Q. ilicifolia. I was somewhat surprised to find Q.falcata, Mchx. missing, although perhaps the character of the BOTANICAL BULLETIN. 43 soil may account for its absence. The trees of the county in size compare favor- ably with those of otlier counties I have examined. Farjus ferruginea, Liriodendron Tulipifera. and Plattnnts occidentals do not attain the size here that they do in the more southern counties. But on the otlier hand the Quercl. far exceed their kins- men, here becoming true monarchs of tlie forest. I have had no opportunities for extended measurements, yet I have on my list two of this genus with a diameter exceeding 7 feet, two exceeding 0 feet and seventeen exceeding 5 feet. A striking feature to my mind is the young growth of Juglans nigra, L., which of late years is springing up every where. I have not found a single instance in which it has been cultivated and yet in one case I counted in a forest not exceeding 10 acres in area, 165 representatives of this species, from 6 to 12 inches in diameter. I have noticed the same fact in Grant county. This seems a strange fact, the more so since the older growth where it occurs contains but few individuals, nor do the stumps indicate that it ever had any great predominance. I would like to know whether this has been noted in any other locality.— M. S. Coultek, Logunsport, Ind. The Oaks of the United States. By Dr. George Engelmann.— In this pamphlet of twenty pages read before the Academy of Science of St. Louis, March 20, 1876, Dr. Engelmann, in his usual happy style, has let a flood of light upon a very dark and perplexing genus. The Oaks, with their endless forms, have long been a puzzle and it should be a great relief to amateurs when a botanist of such acknowledged keenness of observation takes hold of the sul)jcct, and while guiding us to some extent in the straiglit, clear path through these intricacies, at the same time acknowledges the difficulties in the way. The author first calls attention to the "striking example of the deceptive polymorphism" of western oaks furnished by the common Rocky Mountain scrub-oak. Xo fewer than 4 or 5 species have been founded upon the different forms of this scrub-oak. "In herbarium speci- mens they all appear distinct enough, but, looking around us the very abundance of material must shake our confidence in our discrimination : within the compass of a few hundred yards we find not only tlie forms above distinguished, but num- bers of others which are neither the one nor the other, but which are intermediate between them and clearly unite them all -is forms of one single extremely poly- morphous species. If one oak behaves thus, why not others'? Thrown into a sea of doubt, what can guide us to a correct knowledge?" The author then takes up in detail the various features that are of use in determining the groups and species. He considers the trunk — its bark as well as its wood — and remarks that the "pop- ular distinction of "White-oaks' and 'Black-oaks' is based on correct observation," The leaves are then considered, principally as to their vernation and the author states it as his belief ''that the characters of vernation will not onlj'^ lielp to dis- tinguish allied species or doubtful varieties, but will also assist in unravelling the intricate questions of hybridity." The male flowers, female flowers and fruit are spoken of in turn with their importance for furnishing valuable characters to dis- tinguish the groups and species. In conclusion the author observes that our oaks, leaving out the very peculiar Californian Q. densijlora, "arrange themselves into two great groups, alluded to above as the White-oaks and Black-oaks. The White-oaks are characterized by paler, often scaly bark, tougher and den- ser wood, and sessile or subsessile stigmas, and bear the abortive ovules at the base or rarely on the side of the perfect seed. Besides this, the leaves and their lobes or teeth are obtuse, never bristle-pointed, though sometimes spinous-tipped ; their stamens are more numerous, the scales of the cup more or less knobby at base, the inner surface of the nut glabrous or (rarely) pubescent; the fruit generally ma- tures in the first year. The Black-oaks have dark, furrowed bark, brittle and porous wood, styles long and spreading or recurved, abortive ovules alwaj-s near the tip of the perfect seed. The leaves and their lobes are bristle-pointed, at least in youtli; lobes and teeth 44 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. acute; teeth sometimes spinous. Tlieir stamens are usually less numerous, the scales of their cup membranaceous, the inner surface of their nut always tomentose ; the fruit generally matures in the second year." Then follow some notes upon our 19 species, including their range and syn- onomy. The pamphlet closes witli the consideration of -'Hybrid Oaks." The author says that White-oaks and Black-oaks are too distinct to hybridize Avith one another, and that thus far no hybrids have been discovered among the former, while among the Black-oaks he tinds six forms. Four of these hybrids have been found in the Mississippi Valley and two in Soutli Carolina. The four western hybrids all claim Q. imbricavki as one of the parents and Q. coccinea, Q. nibra, Q. palustris, Q. nigra as belonging in turn to each hybrid as the other pa- rent. The two southeastei-n hybrids claim Q. cinerea as one parent and Q, Cates- bcei or Q. falcata as the other. — Ed. Notes on Agave. By Geo. Engelmann, M. D.— The plants of this genus are so difficult of preservation that very scanty and unsatisfactory material has been furnished botanists for study. Within the last few years, however, a quantity of new material has been placed in the hands of Dr. Engelmann and the result is a monograph on the genus Agave. The author states that the native country of the Agaves is America, and especially Mexico. He then proceeds to an enumeration of the species of the territory of the United States. The genus is divided into three sections, Singuliflorx. Geininiflnrce, and Paniculatce, the last being the typical Aga- ves. The section Singuliflorce contains 3 species, ^l.macw/ostt, Hook.,^. Virginica, L., the only representative of the genus known in the old United States, and A.variegu- ta, Jaeobi. The section Geminijlorce contains 5 species, A. fulcata, Engelm., A. Schottii, Engelm., A. parviflora, Torr., A. heteracantha, Zucc, and A. Mathensis, Engelm. The section Panmdatce contains 8 species, A. Neivberryi, Engelra., A. deserti, Engelm., A. Parnji, Engelm., A. Antillarum, Descourt, A. Shmoii, Engelm., A. rigida, Mill., A. Falmeri, Engelm., and A. Wislizeni, Engelm. Accompanying the monograph are three photographic views of A. ShcnvH. — Ed. Magnolia acu.aiinata, L. (Cucumbek-tkee.) — This beautiful species is found growing within two miles of Hanover, and is one of the handsomest trees in the county. It is of very rare occurrence here, but where it has started seems to grow in clumps of considerable size. The trees are not as large as those reported from farther south, but they are of most perfect shape. The farmer who reported them growing on his farm, described them to me as being almost perfectly "egg-shaped." He afterwards brought me a large number of the branches with the fruit on them. The leaves are a beautiful ovate and not much acuminate, five to ten inches long, green above, whitish pubescent beneath. I was surprised at the size and shape of the fruit. All descriptions to which I have access gave me the idea of a small cone of fruit, two or three inches long. The fruit I have is nothing of the sort. I can not see a cone in all of it, or anything approaching cone-shape. No two specimens are alike. They assume all sorts of fanciful shapes and seem to vie with eacli other in irregularity. Tliere are boots and crescents and clubs and knotted cud- gels and nameless s' apes. These shapes are controlled by the ripening of the seeds. Certain seeds will outstrip the others in growth and the consequence is a swelling on their side of the fruit. The boot-shape seems the most common and is always brought about by the ripening of two seeds, one in the apex and one in the base of the cone, and these parts enlarging excessively, and the other parts remaining in statu quo, form the toe and heel of the boot. All the fruits are lumpy and every lump contains a ripening seed. In my specimens I have never found more than 5 or 6 seeds ripening. The fruits, instead of being only 2 — 3 inches long, are 2 — 5 inches long, the largest always being found at the top of the tree. Wnen they have turned a dark led, split open, and the seeds hangout on long threads, the trees present a strange and beautiful api^earance. In drying, the red fruit becomes perfectly black. — Ed. o YoL /. SEPTEMBER, 1876. JVo, //. Plantago lanceolata, L. — I have been watching, for some weeks past, a phmt of common Ribwort, {PlanUujo lanceolata, L. whicli has interested me very mueli. Tlie styles made their appearance, as is the habit of this genus, and seem- ed to be quite long for the species. After a time tliey began to bend down so that tlie stigma entered the tube of the corolla, and soon the whole style was coiled up in tlie corolla tube, remaining there for a day or more, in some instances, when it resumed its erect position. I then commenced to Avatch for the appearance of the. stamens, but none made their appearance. As this seemed singular, 1 made close examination of the blossoms, to find stamens or anthei'S, for I could not imagine wh}' the styles bent down into the corolla unless there were anthers present. But though I examined scores I failed to detect anj' sign of stamen or anther, except in a few instances a ligulate appendage was found in the place of the stamen, per- haps it might be considered a petaloid filament, but not the least sign of an anther was to be found. Some of the spikes are quite well fertilized, which is not strange, some only partially so, and on some there is only one fertile ovary. This singular behavior of the styles has been in operation for weeks, going on in succession from the base to the summit of the spikes, so that very frequently on the same spike may be seen the coiled styles, below them those that have been coiled up but have become straight again, above them those that are developing, making, on the whole, a sin- gular spectacle. Now what principle of instinct, or ''natural selection" operated here? For evidently tlie stigmas were seeking nfter something that had not been supplied in the ordinary manner. I have watched many other plants of this species but none others have been found sliowing such variations, or any out of the usual line of development. Have found a large number of spikes of the common plantain with leaves on the scape just below the flowers, many with branches as well as leaves, and quite a number wit'i double spikes. In some specimens the spikes were vei-y much di- vided, having as many as eight or ten branches. — N. Coleman, Bloomjield, Conn. A Remarkable Cheury Tkee.— Mr. Wm. Ellis, of Gilead, Tolland Co., in this State, has a most remarkable cherry tree on his place. The tree is about ten inches in diameter, quite thrifty, and has for several years in succession borne two kinds of cherries, both choice fruit, one a light colored early cherry, the other a dark cherrjr that does not ripen till some time after the others are gone. The later kind does not blossom till some time after the others, and what seems a singular feature of this most singular freak of nature, the clusters of buds come out right by the side of the green cherries, and this is not confined to one branch or to one side of the tree, but is on all the branches all over the tree. Can not state the variety of the original stock, but am told great pains were taken in the grafting. If such a thing were possible one might imagine it the old stock asserting its rights through the new one's branches. Can you give any explanation of the phenomenon, or do you know of any like example? — N. Coleman. All communications addressed to JohizM. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. Terms:— SabscHption $1.00 a year. Single Numbers 10 cents. 46 BOTANICAL BULLETIN. Variation in Leaves. — On reading Dr. Engelm.ann's recent excellent publi- cation on the Oaks of the United States, I was more tlian ever impressed with tlie uncertainty of specific characters, based on the lobing of leaves. Probably no order lias as much variety in this respect as ChipuUferoe. I have repeatedly examined both divisions, the white oalcs and tlie black oaks, and both have alike tliis ten- dency. In a recent visit to the nurseries of Mr. Meehan, near German'own, Pa., where seedling oaks of many species are growing in great abundance, I found it almost an impossibility to get two of the same shape. He has Q. aquatica by the thousand, with leaves varying from almost linear, that could scarcely be dis- tinguished from Q. Phelhis, to lobed, much like our Q. nigra, and all the interme- diate forms; and, too, all of them very unlike the mature leaves of Q, aquatica I have seen from the soutli. Q. heterophylla, of which some fine specimens have been detected near Woodbury, N". J., possesses this same tendency to change shape, some indeed coming near that of Q.falcata. I remember collecting at Byberry, Pa., some fifteen years ago, leaves from a small shrub that were verj^ curiously sliai)ed, indeed, I could not determine it at all. Much to mj' surprise, a year or two afterward, it turned out to be Jlonts rubra. Thus it appears that the leaves on young plants are often very dissimilar to those on old or mature ones. Some time ago I examined the Sagittaria variabilis, common along our river shores, and found the leaves in great variation, from acute to obtuse; long taper pointed to short and blunt; long, narrow lobes to broad, wide spreading ones; some with one lobe, others with none; the leaf stalk from a few inches in length to three feet; and all growing promiscuously in a space not more than twenty yards in diameter. The Onoclea sensibilis, also presents a great variety of forms. In some fronds the shape is nearly that of an equilateral triangle; in others longer and tapering to a point; whilst in otliers with a very broad base. The pinna; also, are some- times nearly entire, or crenately notched, and pass through intermediate forms almost to pinnatifid, the lobes also being acute or obtuse. In September, 1875, I collected near Germantown, Pa., the var. obtusilobata, a very i^eculiar form, with the fruit dots quite conspicuous on the under surface, without the pinnae losing their foliaceous character. The plant from which the figure of 0. ohtusilubaia, Schkuhr, was taken, I learn from Prof. Gray, was possibly found near Lancaster, Pa. The most wonderful example, however, that I have met with was in a speci- men of Verbascum Thapsus, recently observed growing along a railroad in what is familiarly known as the "neck," below Philadelphia. There was but a single plant, and this its first year, consequently had only the radical leaves, but every one was lobed or ciit-touthed in a curious manner. Some of the leaves measured twentj^-two inches in length and from four to six in width, and the margins, be- sides being lobed were very wavy, even those from the center, that were just be- ginning to unfold, having the same peculiarity. It mhII be interesting to know whether the flowering stalk of next year, will develop m the same manner. Lap- pa major, is said to have been found sporting in this way, but I have never so met with it. — Isaac C. Martindale, Camden, N. J. Curious manner of Verbena urticifolia in discharging the corolla. — After giving the plant a little jar, in about one and a half to two minutes the flow- ers will be seen to fall fast. Upon minute examination with a pocket lens the co- rolla will be seen to be moving out from the calyx (that embraces it closely) very slowly at first, but soon quite fast and is pushed until it is quite free from it and falls to the ground. By the action of what organs this is accomplished I have been unable to discover, but probably by the straightening of the bent tube of the co- rolla itself, or some contracting movement of the calyx lobes. Now is a good time to observe the phenomenon. Will some botanist of leisure investigate and report BOTANICAL BULLETIN. 47 facts in the Botanical Gazettk. I iiave had opportunity to make no observations on other species of the f?enus for similar habits. — E. Hall, Athens, lU. CoNOBEA multifida, Bcnth — Some time ago the Editor received for determi- nation a plant from Mr. David Jones, of Kirkvlle, Ind. Without noticing an}-- thing peculiar about it he at once pronounced it Conohea multifida, and returned the name to Mr. Jones. The latter, however, was not satislied and called the Edi- tor's attention to some peculiarities which do not prevent it being C multifida, but which nevertheless are very unusual and contrary to the accepted description. Xearly all the leaves are in 'whorls of threes, instead of being opposite and this pe- culiarity does not run simply through a single specimen, but through a whole patch. Conobea grows very abundantly here, but this arrangement of the leaves has not been noticed. The other peculiarity to which Mr. Jones calls attention has long been noted here and is in fact very constant. The flowers instead of being '•greenish-white," are purple or blue. Such observations ai'e of special inter- est because they cause slight modifications of specific descriptions and thus bring them nearer perfect accuracy. — Ed. Opuntia vulgarls and Rafinesquii. — At a recent meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Fiiiladelphia, Mr. Isaac C. Martindale, of Camden, N. J.i made some remarks upon the occurrence of the genus Opuntia in New Jersc}'. In the last edition of Gray's Manual three species are given; 0. vulgaris. Mill., with its old range of "Massachusetts, southward, usually near the coast;" 0. Bafinesquii, Engelm., "Wisconsin to Kentucky and westward;" and the western 0. Missonri- ensis, DC. occurring in the borders of Wisconsin. Mr. Martindale proceeded to state that Dr. Geo. Engelmann in a recent examination of the genus, after com- paring specimens from Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, heretofore classed as 0. vulgaris, determines them to be identical with 0. Bafines- quii. and states that he has 0. vulgaris only from the "Falls of the Potomac and South Carolina." Last June, Mr. Martindale collected near Haddonfield, N. J., specimens of Opuntin, which he determined to be 0. vulgaris. Dr. Engelmann also jjronounced it to be the true 0. vulgaris. Mr. M. then made some interesting obser- vations on the characters of the two species. He states that 0. vulgaris has a pale green appearance, the flat joints obovate, with small ovate subulate leaves, stout and tapering from a broadish base, mostly less than one-fourth of an inch in length, and appressed to the joint, with a fascicle of minutely barbed bristles, and occasional- ly a spine in their axils; the flowers are sulj^hur yellow, the fruit smoothish, about an inch in length and half an inch in thickness, somewhat ventricose, or largest just above the middle and tapering to the base, with a depression at the top where the flower has fallen oft', from one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch in depth. Opuntia Bafinesquii has rather larger flowers, occasionally with a reddish centre, more numerous petals, the fruit fully one and a half inches in length, with an elongated base, the depression in the top in the specimens examined not so deep as in 0. vulgaris; the older joints have a darker green appearance, the leaves more slender, longer, from one quarter to three eighths of an inch in length, and spreading, and more frequently with the large spine, particularlj' about the top of joint. Mr. M. was contending not so much for the distinctness of the two species, as that if they are distinct the}" are both growing in New Jersej''. — Ed. Notes on Acnida. — In the August number of the American Naturalist Dr. Gray has given a very interesting account of the genus Acnida and the confusion of its species. In the second edition of Gray's Manual of Botany we have but the Linn?ean species, A. cannahina, and the section Montelia (under Acnida) of Moquin- Tandon set up as a genus. In the present note Dr. Gray saj^s it was a sad over- sight, "having confounded Moquin's Montelia, which has a small and indehiscent utricle, with his own M. tamariscina, the utricle of which dehisces transversely, and which likewise has far more slender fertile inflorescence." The object of the 48 BOTANICAL BULLETIX. present article is not only to correct this mistake bat to direct the attention of all botanists, especially those near the seaboard, to tlie si)ecies of Acnida. The request is made that specimens be critically examined wliile fresh and that dried speci- mens, especiallj' in good fruit, also be prepared and sent to the writer. The so- called Montelia tamnrtscinn has been found this summer growing in gi-eat profu- sion upon tne banks of the Ohio river and both fertile and sterile plants were easily obtained, althougli tlie former is much later in getting itself ready for a good herbarium specimen. Although the species of most interest are not found here, the material that we have is being carefully watched. I wish to reproduce here Dr. Gray's proposed rearrangement of the genus Acnidn, both to assist botanists in their search for the material requested, and because it makes some important changes in a puzzling family. AcxiDA (Acnide Mitchell) Linn. (1.) EuACNiDE. Utricle somewliat lleshy, indeliiscent, lai-ge, ;'. e., one and a half to two lines long. A. RHYssoCARPA, alias rusocakpa Miehx. Fertile inflorescence very naked; the bracts not half the length of the fleshy utricle, the angles of whicli are not rarely rugose-tuberculated ; stigmas comparatively short and slender-subulate. Salt marshes, New England to Georgia. A. cannabina L. Fertile inflorescence slender or sometimes glomerate; utricle thinner and smaller, with acute and smooth angles, mucli exceeding the bracts; stigmas very long and filiform, almost plumosely hairy. Salt marshes and river- banks even beyond brackish water, Xew England to Georgia, West Indies (?), etc. A. austkalis, n. sp. (^4. cannabina Chapman, S. Floi-a.) Fanicled spikes of the fertile inflorescence dense, linear-cylindrical; utricle smootli, thin, liardlj' at all fleshy, acute-angled, little if at all exceeding the imbricated bracts; stigmas seta- ceous, rather short. Florida, at Apalachicola, Dr. Chipman; Biscayan Bay, Di-, Palmer, coll. no. 462. (2.) Montelia Moquin-Tandon. Utricle thin and small (half to two-thirds of a line long), punctate-rugose or roughish, indehiscent, equaled or exceeded by the cuspidate-tipped bracts; stigmas slender, filiform, almost plumosely hairy. A.tuberculata Moquin-Tandon, in DC.Prodr. A. nisocarpa Moquin-Tandon, 1. c, not of Michx. A. cannabina var. concatenata Moquin-Tandon, 1. c. Amafan- tus Miamensis Riddell, synopsis. Montelia tamariscina Gray, Man., Bot. ed. 2, 370, and ed. 5, 413, partly, especially the var. concatenata. River-banks, siiores, etc., in the interior. Lake Champlain to Iowa and Texas. Sometimes erect, and from one to four feet high, sometimes spreading or j^rostrate in sandy or gravelly soil. (3.) Pyxidi-Montelia. Utricle thin and small, shorter than the cuspidate- tipped bracts, circumscissile in the manner of true Amarantns ; fertile inflorescence in slender virgate paniculate spikes, less glomerate than in tlie preceding; stigmas similar or shorter. A. tamariscina. Amarantns tumariscitia Nutt., in Ti-ans. Am. Phil. Soc, n. ser., V. 165. Montelia tamariscina Gray, 1. c, in part. Ai-kansas to Texas and New Mexico. — Ed. Some new Roadside plants. — It is always interesting to watch the river banks and roadsides, for new species are very apt to be found in such localities. This season several species new to our county flora were found along the roadsides, and they were all on their way from the western plains to the east. Last year a very small patch of Artemisia biennis was noted, and this year a road southwest of the town is lined with thousands of specimens. Euphorbia marginata has come in the same way, until now it is quite at home. Erigeron divaricattim was found this year for the first time and it was evidently a late arrival. It was quite abundant, grow- ing with Verbena bracteosa and V, officinalis. At a hasty glance it is very apt to be passed by for depauperate forms of E. Ganadense, and probably has been passed by in that very way, but when once intelligentlj^ seen is very readily distinguished, even in riding by. — Ed. Vol. /. OC't'OBER, 1876. JV'o. 72. s Calandrinia Leana, n. sp, — Smooth: leaves all radical, thick and succulent, oblanceolate, obtuse, 1 — \H inclies loii.a:; scapes several from a thickened root, erect, 6 to 8 inches higli, furnislied above the middle and at tlie bases of the pe- duncles with small, ovate, scarious. glandular-denticulate bracts; inflorescence corymbose; sepals 2, orbicular, scarious, glandular-denticulate at the terminations of tlie veins. 1}^ lines in lengtli and breadth; petals 5 to 7, cuneate-obovate, retuse or emarginate, bright red, 6 lines long; stamens 5 to 7, shorter than the petals; style 2>2 lines long; ovary of the same length, ovoid; ovules 2 to 10; seeds black, shining, estrophiolate. The wliole plant is more or less reddish, and resembles Spraguea umbellata in its general liabit. It is named for Mr. L. W. Lee, who col- lected it, August 2d, 1876, on the Siskiyou Mountains, near tlie southern boun- dary of Oregon. — Tiios. C. Porter. A VALUABLE LIBRARY FOR Sale. — Tiic Library of the French Botanist, Adolphe Broiigniart, is to be sold by auction in Paris on the 4th of December next, and the succeeding days. The Catalogue makes a duodecimo volume of two liundrcd and forty pages. The botanical portion is of course the richest and fills a hundred and seventy-four pages, comprising all departments of the science. The depai-tment of fossil plants is especially full, and, as the prefatory note remarks, would make a library by itself, and is almost complete. M. Brongniart was the creator of veg- etable paheontology, and to the end of his life devoted himself to collecting all that was published on this subject, small and great. Besides this the library con- tains many important works on vegetable anatomy, and many very rare pamph- lets, and papers published in the proceedings of learned societies. The books are subject to an addition of 5 per cent, to the price for the expenses of the sale, and an additional 5 per cent, to the agent, M. E. Deyrolle, fils, 23 rue de la Monnaie, Paris, of whom we presume catalogues may be procured by any one desiring them.— W. Ferns at the Centennial. — The Hawaiian department at the Centennial Ex- hibition contains several sets of the Ferns of the Islands, which are very beauti- ful, and comprise over a hundred different species. They would be a desirable acquisition for a collector of Ferns, but the prices set upon them are altogether too high. Thirty dollars for a hundred specimens of small Ferns, and from that up to seventy-five dollars and more for large ones, is altogether out of proportion to the usual commercial price of E.csiccati. Thus Norrlin's collection of Lapland lichens, embracing 300 species, is furnished' for thirty dollars, and the labor and expense of collecting plants in that arctic region must be much greater than in the tropical islands. — W. Some Notes from Milwaukee. — From a private letter of Dr. J. S. Douglas to the Editor, the following notes are of general interest : "Have you discovered anj"^ rays in the Aster aw/nstus? It is new in this region, having first appeared here two years ago, but is now abundant, but I have never been able to discover any rays. The introduction of new plants in a locality is curious. For example, I All eommunieations addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. Terms: — Subscription $1.00 a year. Single N anthers 10 cents. BOTANICAL BULLETIN. have inquired for twenty years for tlie familiar eastern Erechthites hieracifolius, but no botanist or farmer had ever seen it in this State. Two years ago Dr. Lap- ham asserted tliat it had never reached Wisconsin. A weeli afterwards I discov- ered it for the first time in a door-yard adjoining my office. A few days later I found it in considerable abundance along tlie Wisconsin Central E. R., north of Steven's Point. A friend just informs me that he has found the Lobelia syphiUtica perfectly white, growing with the blue. Is this a new departure?" Some Variations. — There are some strange varieties of a few plants growing in this vicinity, which I thought might prove to be interesting to the readers of tlie Botanical Bulletin. Caltha palustris, L., found (lowering in meadows from the latter part of March to May, varies in its flower considerably. The sepals, not unfrecjuently, instead of numbering 5 to 9, as descriptions in boolvS state, become as numerous as 13 to 15 and less than half as wide as usual and spatulate in form. 1 collected a remarkable flower of this phint, several years ago, in Avhich the sepals, 13 in number, are disposed in two whorls. The lower whorl is about half an inch beneatli the upper, consists of 10 sepals, spatulate, generally entire, a few triply crenate at tlieir somewhat widened apex, and the venation closer than usual. The apex of the peduncle, bearing tlie stamens and pistils, is surrounded by two small and one large sepal. Probablj^ this form is merely a monstrosity, yet it is interesting to note the tendency in this plant to produce a greatei- number of sepals than is noted in botanical works. 1 liave not collected any of the above forms in seed, tlierefore am unable to state whetlier further variation might be found in the follicles and seed. Camptosurus rhizophyllus. Link., is one of our most interesting and abundant ferns, growing luxuriantly on damp sliaded limestone rocks. The auricles of the fronds vary in shape considerably; in some forms almost absent, with scarcely an enlarged base, to largely auricled and hastate, the slender prolongation growing from the latter forms often rooting and producing new plants. The frond is some- times found bifid, the divisions spreading at about half its length, eacli portion bearing a midrib and terminating in a very slender apex. I have found some plants bearing sori, in whicii the frond is remarkablj^ short, oblong, obtuse, widen- ing at the base into obtuse auricles. Again I l-ave another form in whicli the au- ricles are so deeply cleft from the main frond, as nearly to form three distinct di- visions.— E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa. Botany of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota.— Tlie Regents of tlie University of Minnesota have talien action ordering the com- mencement of a tliorougli and systematic examination of the flora of the State. To facilitate such an examination Prof. N. H. Winchell, chief of the Survey, has is- sued a circular letter to the botanists of the state, giving them directions how to proceed to work systematically. As Minnesota is beyond tlie range of ordinary text books, tlie books necessary for working up the flora are expensive and some of them hard to get, and of course by centralizing all tlieir forces at the Univer- sity, a mucli greater and more satisfactory kind of work can be done. Such a sur- vey ought to be ordered in every State. Tliere are geological surveys enough to work up eveiy corner of every state, but botanical observations on any part of a state must creep in by special favor. Our public spirited legislators, avIio can see the point of voting appropriations for opening up tlieir coal fields and iron regions, have not been educated sufficiently yet to know the economic value of a good bo- tanical survey or that a geological survey cannot be complete without it. But botanists ivill work whetlier they have appropriations or not, and though it is necessarily a slower process, the work will be done eventually, and may be all the better for its slow and careful progress. — Ed. Recent Periodicals. — Americmi Journal of Science and Arts, September. A pa- BOTANICAL BULLETIN. 51 per on "The Stnicture and Movement? of the Leaves of Diova;n mtiscipnla,^'' by Casimir De Candolle, is reviewed b,y Dr. Gra)-. M. De Candolle, from a series of experiments, comes to the conclusion that animal matter is not necessary to the growth and strength of Dioncea. He fui'tlier infers that the animal matter of the insects caught is not directl}' utilized by the leaves, a conclusion which Dr. Gray does not consider necessary. A new intoxicating grass from Mongolia is noticed. '•It proves to be a new species of Slipa, brought from the Alachan mountains by a Roman Catholic Missionary, whose horses were disabled by its inebriating proper- ties. The wandering Mongols of the region are familiar with this grass, and use vinegar as an antidote." M. Alpli. De Candolle has caused a series of observations to be made in two old botanical gardens, in Paris and Pisa, to learn whether the age of a tree influences its time of leafing. The results do not show that there is any difterence in this respect due to age. American Nahiralist, September. The doubtful species, Schoenolirion albtcin Durand, referred to in the July number, has been rediscovered in Plumas Countj'. California. Sedtaii rejlexum, L., is reported to have established itself at Pigeon Cove, Essex County, Mass. A new Rocky Mountain fir is described by Lester F. Ward under the name of Abies suhalpina, a provisional name given to the species by Dr. Engelmann as the "fir which occupies the highest woode be spreading into the waste grounds. BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 57 Alyssum tncanum, L. appeared this year for the first, in a limited quantity only. Reseda Luteoln, Linn. Quite abundant this season, and frequent in former years. Cleome piinr/eiiK, Willd. , Quite abundant two years ago on river dredgings, but rath- er scarce this season. G yandropsin penUtphylln, DC. Two plants this year, collccte:! for the first time. Silene tnflata, Sm., and S. Jioctiflora, Linn., are very common this j^ear. Lyclinh vespertina, Sibth., and the nearly allied Z. diurnfi, Sibth. The sterile and fartile plants of both species collected on several occasions. Tribulus terrestrla, L. Very abundant this year, some of the plants covering a spac® three feet in diameter. Geranium molle, L. A few plants only this year. Some other species of this genus were collected also. Erodium cicutarium, L'Her. Abundant, specimens very large. Medicago fulcata, L. Several plants growing, but not so abundant as M. sativa, Willd., while M. lupulina, L. is very common in all the waste grounds. Meliloim p)itroiflora, Desf. Quite abundant, as is also M. alba, Lam., and M. offici- nalis, Willd. Lotus corniculatus, L. Collected last year for the first, one plant only. This year it is quite frequent. I found this species very abuncUmttwo years ago on the islands of the west coast of Scotland. Trifoliiiin ?u/bridtun, L., maintains itself j'ear after year, and seems to be increasing in abundance. L'lthynis Aplutra, L. Two plants this year, found for the first time. V'igiKi glabra, Savi. Quite abundant. Did not perfect its fruit for a year or two, but does so now to full satisfaction. Poterdilla repiitns, L. Fairly covers the ground in some places, but it does not in- cline to flower much. P. Amerina, L., is very abundant, appearing year after year. Scri/idix Pecten, L. One plant collected this j'car. It has occurred before, but never many specimens. Rirhardsoaia scabra, St. ITil. Several plants this year, crowing verj' luxuriantly. Ti/Kxilago Farfara, L., has been more abundant this year than usual. AiticrflexuoHiis. Nntt., SoUdago semperoirens. L., and Phichea eamphorata, DC, all sea coast plants, occuir quite frequently. The SoUdago this year is very robust, some of the plants being fully four feet high. AranfJiospermumxanthioides, DC. Two plant.s only ; collected this year for the first time. Artemisia Absinthium , L. Several fine plants this year. j^frwrno tTrtm^/dYi!, L., has been growing for several years, but has never flowered till tiie present season. Some of the specimens come very near d'i>ii trichoiiilli'laiiu Mohr., shows its much branched and numerous fruiting stems on both logs and trees, but seems to have a partiality for the buckeye. Everywhere in the woods, and alike upon rocks and trees, one linds in striking abundance the dense cushions of Aiioi/Kiffii/i atttnaatiu. Hub., but A. i>bfii)fifhia, whilst on .a visit to Louisville, Kentucky, spent a short time at Rock Castle Springs, and dining her stay there collected a variety of plants, chiefly ferns, ^omeof which are (juite rare. As it is a section of country seldom visited by botanists, 1 here api>end a list of them. From the description gisen by Miss Rule, of the place and its surrounding country, it would well repay a thorough exploration, and doubtless some additional species might be added. 1. Pill ypi>d ill III ndgnrt, L. 17. Aspidiain cristatuin. Swartz. 2. I'idypodiiim iuru/iiiin., Swartz. 18. Aspidium marf/hiale, Swartz. y. Adiaiitvoi pedatam, L. 19. Aspidium acrostichoides, Swartz. 4. Pffris iiqiiiliiKU !>. 20. Trkhomanes nidinuis, Swartz ? T). A.ip/finii'iii piiiixitijidani. Null. 21. Oiwrlen sensihilis, L. (). Aspli/nuiii Trii-hoDiantis, i-. -22. Woodsia obtiisii, Torr. 'i. Asplfiiiriiii i^bfiietiiii. XH. \2'd. Lygodium pal inafum. Swarti. 8. Aspleniuw uwntfdiuin, Willd. .24. Osmu/ida rtgalis, L. 9. Aspleiiium Buta-inuraria, L. 25. Osmunda Claytoniaiui, L. 10. AspUiiium Filix-faminu. Bernh. 26. Onmu/ida ciuHantoinea, L. BOTANICAL aAZETTE. 6S 11. Camptosorus rkizophylhiis. Link. j 27. Botrychium VirninicuDK Swartz. 12. Pher/opterix polypodivirJcn, Fee. ; 38. Lycnpodimn alo'peciiroideii, L. 13. Phe(/op1eris< licxanonojjtirn. Fee. 1 29. Jyyropudvam (Unflnndeum, M. 14. As'pidimv ThelypferiH, 8wartz. , 30. Lycopodium conipUututiini. \.. lo. Aspidiuv) Nureboraixiise, Swartz. 31. Helnyinella rapeiitni<,'6\mn\!.. 16. Aspidium i'tdei-medium^WWld. 32. Selaginellu apu><, S\n'inir. The rocks are very abrupt and steep along the river near the "' Spriuiis " and it was with great difficulty that some of the specimens were obtained. AHplnu'nm phiinitifdvm. Nutt., was formerly quite abundant on the clitfs on the Schuylkill near Philadelphia, but of late years very little has been seen there. The specimens from Rock Castle have fronds very miich larger, some of them measuring eight inches in length, having a very long and slender prolongation and fertile nearly to the tip. The TrichoraaneK nidicdnx, Swartz? was collected only after a long and laborious .search far up among the rocks where the dripping water kept it constantly wet. The specimens were very large and in good condition. This is one of the rarities of that section, and I lielieve is about it.* most northern range. Asplenivm Bradleyi, D. C. Eaton., a new species, had been said to grow in the viciuit}', and Axplein'i'm ehenot'deK. R. R. Scott., the so called hyltrid fern, having Ijeen collected a little farther south was also looked for, but Miss Rule did not succeed iu finding either of them. Camptosorus rhrzophyllus. Link., was of very lu.xuriant growth, frequently two or three, and on one occasion lam informed /rx/y generations were linked together. Isaac C. Martindai>k, C'amdm. \. ./. Miscellaneous Notes. — ;in regard to Dr. Douglas' note in the October Bollt.tia I wish to say a word. Erechthites hieracifoUa, Raf., grew abundantly three years ago last August at Whitewater, Wisconsin, and under such surroundings that I am not willing to believe I noticed it on its first appearance in the place. Lubelio ayphlliUcn. L., is often white in Wisconsin. T found a station on Skinner Creek, Gi-reen Co., Wis., from which I gathered white specimens for several years and have not the least doubt but tluy can be had there to-day. — Herbert E. Copeland. T find on looking oxer some specimens in my liebarium a peculiar form of Elc- phantopm CaroUriianun, Willd. The peculiarity consists in the leaves being opposite in- stead of alternate. Near the base of the specimen the leaves are in wliorls of three, but when they advance further up the stem thej' are very clearly opposite. 1 examined the specimen somewhat critically in order to see if other variations did not occur, but could find none unless it was the absence of the characteristic " .wiii.fir/iut /idiry/"' I did indeed find some hairs, yet hardly enough to be noticed in describing the plant. Among our cultivated plants we have very commonly EapJujrbia m,nrgiiiatii Puisli. About two years ago it began to escape and now on the north bank of the Eel river it covers a low blutl" for nearly a mile. I have not seen it recorded as having become naturalized as far north as this before, nor did I see it, except as cultivated, \uitii in 1874. From my knowledge of its hardiness and rapidity of growth. I i)resunic wo may certainly count it as a permanent resident. — M. S. C. A few weeks ago I found near J^oveland, Ohio, a peculiar form of Ragweed {Am- bro:uiidant in all forms. How can Prof. Meehan's theory of self-fertilization during "sleep" ivork in No. 2 V Nearly the same variations were noted mEpigmt npt'iix, excej)t there was no ditterence in length of styles in tn^o forms. I found a half dozen specimens of pure white Lolidia sgphiUtyini -di'iiw diiyti before I received your October No.— C. F. VViik1';i,i<:k, Jluhburrlxf.o/i, Mich . Sevknth Annual Kkport of tuk (iEoLoi^icAi, Suhvey of Indiana, by E. T. Cox, State (xEin^oGisT. 187o. — This is the largest report sent out by the Geological Survey, containing some GIK) pages of valuable material. Two contributions are of special in- terest to botanists and hence come within the scope of the Gazette to notice. They are "Species of Fossil Marine Plants fi-om the Carboniferous Measures." by Prof. Leo Lesquereux, and a "Catalogue of the Flora ot the Lower Wabash," by Dr. .1. Schneck. The latter is worthy of a more extended notice than can be given it in this number and will be reviewed in a subsequent article. The former more strictly belongs to Geology, but is of interest to all botanists interested in the ancient as well as the modern llora of our country. It is a description (jf five new species of fossil marine plants from the coal measures, and their interest and importance cannot better be staled tlian in the in- troduction of the author. "The occurrence of fucoidal remains or (if fossil marine plants, in the coal measures, is extremely rare. Indeed it is questionable if any species of this kind has ever been di.scovered in the carboniferous formation of Europe. In this country one species only has been described, in 1866, fnnn specimens found in a thin lied of limestone, oc- cupying the place of the millstone grit, opposite Wurtemberir, on Slippery Pock creek, a branch of the Coneconessing river in Penn.sylvania. The species is related by its characters, to the so-called and well known /'(MvJi^^.s 6'aMr/r/-r/aWi of the middle and upper Demniaii, and therefore does not rejircsent ancient types, like those which are described here, and which rec;!»!l tlie oldest forms of marine i)lants, those of the Silu- rian, even oftiie lower divisions of this formation, the calciferous sandstone of New York. It may seem of lifilc imjiortancc to have plant,-, of this kind described and figured in a geologu'al rejtort, but as geologists have to consider, for the determination of the age of the strata o\' our earth, the remains of plants and animals which, preserved in their comiiounds, may determine iiy their nature the |)osition ot' valualile deposits ot minerals, even mere fragments of these organisms become important for their re- searches. And when fossils are found, which not only represent new types (rf plants or of animals, but which are remarkable by their jiresence in a formation where noth- ing like lias ever been found, the discovery is indeed worth recording in ihc annals (^( geology, and gives to tlie report where they are described a wide and general interest." Aster oblongifolius, Nutt.— Beautiful specimens of this Axter were found grow- ing at Clifty Falls. October 12th of this year. It takes the form of a small shrubby 66 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. bush and grows at the very edge of the clifts, hanging down over them so as to make it almost dangerous to collect it. Near Madison it was found growing all over one hill- side, its large violet-purple heads making it an object of much beauty. Its leaves are so rigid that they soon dry and become very brittle and hence in collecting specimens in flower all the lower leaves are apt to drop oft iind leave only the leafless stock. — J. M. C. Recent Periodicals. — American Journal of Science and Arts, October. The only botanical note is an extract from the Buffalo Courier on " Sensitive Stigmas as an aid to cross fertilization of Flowers," by Prof. W. J. Beal, read at the recent meeting of the American Association held at Butfalo. Observations were especially made upon Marfpnio prohoscidea. It seems that the humble bee or common hive bee aids in the cross fertilization of this plant. When the bee, loaded with pollen, alights on the spotted, showy part of the corolla, it crawls in, first hittmg the stigmas. "The.se are sensitive to the touch and close up in five to ten seconds, often before the insect is ready to back out of the flower. If they are not quite closed at that time, the bee shuts them by pushing her back against the back of one of the stigmas. The lower lobe of the flat stigma next to the bee's back is the larger. No pollen can be left as the insect re. treats and a cross of pollen is usually certain. If not freely dusted with pollen the stigmas open again in about fifteen minutes." The Iris is mentioned as acting in a similar way. The stigmas of Minudus rinr/ens are also sensitive and dusted with pol- len bj- small Hymenoptera. The stigmas of MiMulnn hiteus and M. nwHchahis close quickly upon being touched. Teconia radicans, T. f/randiforo and Ufricularia vulgarin are all Uke .Jfartytiia in the peculiarities mentioned. ArtiericMa Naturalist. October. — 'Carnivorous Plants," by Prof W. J. Beal, is rather an enumeration of those s)>ecies and genera of plants which catch insects by various contrivances. Commencing with the discovery by Mr. Ellis, in 1768, of the powers of the Venus fly-trap, we are led down through Drosera. Sarre/cenia, Nepenthe, Pinguicula. UtriculaHa, Solanacem, and Silene, to Marty /lia prohoscidea which the author thinks is a true insectivorous plant. This plant, with its curious cross fertilization and insectivorous propensities, may prove to be an exceedingly interesting one. As Martynia is within reach of almost every reader of the Gazette, I have thought it would not be unprofitable to quote some of the observations made u])on it by Prof. Beal, and they can be very easily verified by almost any botanist: " I have lately given some attention to the Mart j/nia on account of 1 he great number of small insects which it catches by glandular hairs. On August 8d I counted seventy- six small Diptcra and some other insects on the upi)er side of a young leaf of about four inches average diameter, and two hundred on the under side. The insects are caught on all parts of the plant which are exposed, on the stems, on the calyx and corolla, including even the throat of the corolla. Among a lot of others was one plant about tJiree feet high, spreading three feet in diameter, which according to estimate had seven thousand two hundred small flies on it at one time. The hairs are very nu- merous all over the surface. None of them are sensitive, as I can find. They vary exceedingly in length, from three-sixteenths of an inch to one one-hundredth or even shorter. Some of them have as many as ten cross partitions. The contents of these cells appear quite clear, except one near the top, next to the top cell. This is larger than several of those below, and contains chloro])hyll. It seems to be something like a gland, .\bove this is a larger cell, with peri>endicular stria' along its sides. When fresh and undisturbed the top is nearly spherical and resembles a sm:dl droji of dew. The secretion is quite copious and exceedingly vLscid, with an unpleasant odor. I placed some small fragments of raw beef on the glands one morning, but the sun seemed to dry them up, mucii as it did those left on blades of grass which had no glands. I placed some very minute portions on the glands in a spot sheltered from the BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 67 direct rays of the sun . In some cases the whole of the pieces of beef disappeared. The small insects seem to live but a short time, although they are touched by only two to four hairs. The substance seems soon to be taken out of the insects. In my opin- ion, it is a true insecitivorous plant." Gardiner's M<>iitlily,i)cXi)\wv. This old and ably edited monthly is always full of matter interesting- to all botanists, not only to the horticulturist but the scientitic botan- ist. We can only make mention of one or two notes to be found under the department of " Natural History and Science." An article " On Graft Hybrids " by Thos. Meelian, the Editor, read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, al Buflalo, goes to prove from actual experiment that hybrids may be obtained by graft- ing as well as by seeds. An interesting -extract is made from a letter written bj' Mr. J. G. Lemmon, a California botanist upon the age of the Mammoth Trees {Sequoia yi- yaittea). In it Mr. Lemmon takes sides with Dr. Gray and combats the jiopular notion that these trees are several thousand years old . Field and Fureist, OdVohitv . The ' Flora Columbiana " is brought (Xo-wnio Liliaceo:. A pear tree in tlie grounds of tlie Department of Agriculture blossomed, September 8th, for the second time, the first set of leaves and fruit having been destroyed by a small fungus in July. A new locality for Tipularia discolor has been discovered where an abundance ot this rare Orchid can be obtained in tlower. It is common in the leafino- condition, but the tiowers do not appear till long after the leaf has disappeared. The new locality- is on the Virginia shore of the Potomac not far above the Three Sisters. The exact time for collecting it in tiower is the last week in July. Proceed i II f/n < w/^w^o/-, this condition also holding good of other species. The same fact has also been noted by the enteri)rising col lector, J. G. Lemmon in the Sierra Nevada, so that it may be definitely stated, for the benefit of future collectors, that only on ecen years can Abies be relied on tor a seed crop." An interesting description is given of the remarkable Spinva coispitoHa which is such an interesting plant that I know readers of the Gazktte will be plea.sedto read a description of it from so able a writer and so acute an observer as Dr. Parry. " Among the plants attecting rocky locations, the most eagerly watched and the latest to fiower was the remarkable /Spircea ampitosa, Nutt. Popularly known under the appropriate common name of " trei- moss." it spreads its closely matted foliage over the face of bare rocks, insinuating its taproots, abundantly garnished with terminal fibers, into the narrowest crevices, to which it adheres with a grip almost as tenacious 68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. as the rock itself; only when accidentally it has taken root in a coarse gravelly debris can it be successfully removed witli its terminal lihroiis roots. The main stem, often attaining a thickness (*f an inch or more, divides horizontally into radiating gnarled branches, which send otl' from the axils of the primary leaves numerous leafy rosettes by which the growth of the plant is maintained, and from the axis of svhich the slender bracted tlower stems arise. These stems trom 3 to « inches high are crowned for about one-third their length with a dense cyliadrical spike of small white tlowers, with ex- serted style and stamens, set in a light green tomentose calyx. In thrifty specimens these flow^ering spikes are occasionally liranched. The prf)strate growing shoots whenever they light upon a suitable crevice strike root and thus iielp to maintain the growth of the parent plant ; where these favorable conditions are wanting, the whole plant, often covering several square feet, can be lifted up. showing on the under surface the remains of dead leaves, in the decaying mould of which moisture is retained to keep up the fresh verdure of the young twigs.. It seems to llourish best on the north side of ex- posed limestone rocks occupying a considerable range of altitude above the lower foothills, choosing by preference the nigged slopes of moderately steep canons. Its flowering period is earliest on the higher elevations, continuing from the latter part of August to the tirst of October. The peculiar adaptation of this plant for ornamental rock work can be appreciated by those wiio have once seen it in its native haunts, and it is hoped that from plants and seeds somewhat copiously collected it may eventually tind a much larger number of admirer.^ in gardens devoted to this charming class of horticultural adornments." A Stkange Collinsia. — During tlie season 1 received a tlower for determina- tion, whicli at first glance 1 jtronounced to be (JnlUnsia centa, Nutt. (.)n closer examination however I found the sj^ecimens I had presented two marked variations from the typical jilant. The whole were invariably 8-flowered instead of ''about six." Then the corolla instead of being only "twice the length of the cali/x" was in every in- stance fully three times its length. On searching the loi-ality in which they had been found, I discovered that an are;i of al)out one-half an acre was thickly covered with the plant, and that fully a third of the specimens presented these variations. Hereto- fore all my observations of Collinsia have led me to believe it to l)e a ctmstant species. The locality in which these irregular Collinsias occur was a moist ridge slightly above the level of the surrounding swamp. The soil, the rich black loam characteristic of our Indiana prairies. I regret exceedingly that having no facilities for i)reserving them I secured no specimens. M. S. C. In the italicised characteristics of lludbecLia hirtti, L., 1 find, upper leaves s/'sxile. I hav'e specimens in which the upper leaves are distinctly petioled. The petiole Ijroad- margined. It may be possible that the specimens are in an imperfect state, although it seems to me, every other characteristic being perfect, that there can be no doubt that this is a variation from the typical plant. I noted it only on account of its differing from the description in (Tray's Manual, and hecau.se I deemed these slight departures fnmi the typical form of interest t(i botanists. M. S. C. A.II cominKiilixitiotif^ s/iDtf/d f)e addres,sed to John M. I'oultrr, Haytovev, liul. M. S. Coulter, Loo'ansport, litd. Terms: — Subscription $1.00 a year. Single y umbers 10 cents. \I BOTANICm2^^(^^2:ETTE. Vol. 2. JANUARY, 1877. JVq, 3. A NEW CuscuTA, new at least to North America, comes now from Califoruia. A great wanderer is tliis C. corymbosa, wliicli nearly 40 years ago stirred up the botanists of Europe, and the agriculturists not less. This interesting plant has quite a little his- tory of its own. At the period indicated, between 183U and 184;j, an unknown Vuscuta nuide its appearance almost simultaneously in diiferent parts of western Europe, and, singularly enough, alwa3rs on Lucerne fields. In Germany it was described as C. snamolens, G ■ Ilassiaca^ G. didp/uma, and Enrjelmaii.nia migrans, until Choisy, in DC. Prod., recognizing its American origin, tooiv it for G. covymhona, R. & P. In my mono- graph of Cuscuta, 1859, I established the identity of the immigrant with the South American G. raeemosa, Mart., which had been introduced into Europe with the much vaunted Chilian Alfalfa, in reality the old established European fodder plant, the Lumrne, and which proved very destructive to its nurse-plant. After 10 or 15 years the energetic measures of the farmers, together with wet and cool summers, in which the seeds did not mature, seem to have eradicated the plant entirely, and as far as I am in- formed, it has not been heard of again in Europe. But now, lo and behold, our wanderer makes its appearance in northern Califoruia, and, precisely as before in Europe, in Alfalfa fields, "proving very injurious." It has been, without doubt, here also imported from Chili. • Rev. E. L. Greene, who has found so many new native plants in the Shasta Valley, sends also this troublesome newcomer. How long it has been there or whether it has appeared in other parts of California, where under the well-sounding name of Alfalfa the Lucerne is frequently cultivated, is as yet unknown, nor whether it will establish itself permanently. It may be xMeW to direct the attention of the farmers, who cultivate Alfalfa, to this dangerous enemy and to urge them to destroy any dodder which may show itself in their fields, before it can spread or mature seeds. G. racemosa, Mart., belongs like our common G. Groiinvii to the section Glisto gmmmica, characterized by two styles of unequal length tipped with capitate stigmas and a not-opeuing (baccate) capsule. Ovary and capsule are thickened towards the apex and somewhat pointed; inrtorcscence loosely paniculated with longish pedicels; fiowers 13^ — 2 lines long, of thin texture, tube of corolla deeply campanulate, widening upwards, spreading lobes inflexed at the acute tip ; scales nearly the length of the tube ; capsule commonl}' en- veloped by the corolla. The variety, Ghiliiuia, Eng. Cusc. p. 505, to which this form belongs, has larger and ' more delicate flowers than tlie original Brazilian type. — G. Engelmann. The Oldest Living Botanist. — The oldest living botanist is probably the Swede Elias Fries, born in 17!J4, and this eminent man is still active. He is a ])rofouutl philosophical Botanist, the basis of whose systematic ar- rangement of the Fungi is still followed; and the Lichenological system presented in \nii Lichenogriiphia Europmi lt(foriiiata,\)\\\)\\A\vAm 1831, is still, with such motlifica- tious as the advance of knowledge requires, the best that has been prepared, and is not likely lo be superseded. The iatroductory remarks should be studied by all who take up this branch of botanj^, and the descriptions have not been surpassed. Fries's bo- tanical publications are numerous, the most important of them being devoted to the Fungi and Lichens. In 1872 he commenced the publication of an illustrated work on Fungi, several fascicles of which have been published. — W. 70 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. DiPLOPAPPUS ERicoiDES, T. & G. — To save labor to some others who, like myself, work under the double disadvantage of a rather limited library and an herbarium (rich enough in the later new species) with but few specimens from the original sets made prior to 1862, I put the following in print. From our present standpoint it is evident that Dipknyappus as formerly understood must be partitioned out among other neigh- boring genera, and of the species that concern us here one goes to section Ericameria of Aplopappus, and the other to section Orthomeris of Aster. In the unavoidable changing of names a confusion arises under the name above given, i. e., Diplapfippus ericoides, there being two plants that bear the name in herbaria and books. The fol- lowing may in some sense clear up the matter : Diplopappiis eriroides, Less. Ajjlopappus erit'dides, DC, and apparently also of Hooker and Arnott. See DC, Prod. V., p. 278; Bol. Beechy, p. 14G; and Fl. Cal. I, p. 3i;i In the last, Ericameria tjiicnqihylla, Nutt., is also cited as another name for the same, and by this it apjiears in Flora (jf North America, T. 6^ G., 2, p. 2o6. Diplopap2)us ericoides, T. & G. Eueepha- lus ericoiden, Nutt. ''Inula? ericoidei,ToTrl in Ann. Lye, New York, 2, p. 212. Chry- sopsi.'i ericoide.^, Eaton, Man. Bot." Now placed in A.'iter under Sect. Ortho- meris. As the name eriroides is preoccu- pied in this genus I suggest for it Aster ericwfolius^ which indicates even more closely its general habit. See also Biplopappus eriroides, T. & G., Vol. v.. King's Report; Pi. Wright., p. 78; PI. Fendl., p. 69; Bot. Mex. Bound., p. 78. The two plants are so different in habit,— the one suggestive of (so far as arrange- ment of the foliage goes) Erica, and the other of Adenostomafasciculaiiun, Hook & Arn., or of E rio(jon.um. fascicidatum, Benth. — as well as in habitat, that any furthur descrip- tion is unnecessary. — J. T. Rothrock. Botanical Rambles in East Florida. — It was the 16th of February last when the fast and comfortable steamer "Gen'l. Sedgwick" landed me at the beautiful little town of Palatka, located upon an elevated site on the west bank of the river, and about 75 miles from Jacksonville. The enterprise and neatness of the place with its pleasant surroundings make it at once attractive and inviting to the traveler. I walked through the open built town to a hotel and my attention was attracted and my mind absorbed by the novelties along the way. Everywhere appeared the faces of Northern citizens. The handsome white dwellings and large hotels were pleasing to the eye. The natives struggling through the deep loose sand in the streets with their ox-teams suggested poverty with the ludicrous. The wild orange trees laden with golden fruit, and per- fuming the air with their fragrant blossoms, ornamented the streets. The mulberry was dropping its ripe fruit. The mocking birds, perched on the shrubs and trees, made the air tremulous with their many and varied tuned melodies. The bee was homeward bound, ladened with the poisonous pollen of the Jessamine. The grasshopper manifest- ing all the suppleness of a midsummer day, and even the house fly, emboldened with brazen eft'rontery, would alight in the stranger's way. Indeed, everywhere seemed to be life and it was difficult for me to realize the transition from the cold northlahd to this balmy June climate of the " Sunny South." The St. John's is a beautiful stream of water, placid and winding with many fine coves along its banks, and neat cottages wath fine orange groves at frequent intervals. So tranquil are its waters that the current is not perceptible save at times as marked by a line of the single floating plants of the Pistia sj)athvlata, Miclix., which advance from and recede to the coves with the falling and rising of the tide. After several hours sailing the vegetation along the river appeared more advanced, the maple was just in full foliage and the black willow green with leaves, the cypress was dropping its long pendulous aments, and the Styrcu grandifolin, Ait., white with blossoms. The xiustra- lian pine and the saw palmetto are constant companions, and so abundant are the large Xv root stems of the latter that the tannic acid washed from them by the rains and uniting BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 71 with the iron in the soil will produce ink, it is thought, sufficient to account for the dark color of the water of this grand river of four hundred miles in length. On this more elevated land at Palatka are seen large trees of Quercus virens, Ait., and Magnolia grand iflora, L. In the streets and lots appear Nasturtium tanacetifolium, H. & A., Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt., Sagina subnlata, Wimmer, and Didiondra repens, 'FoTsL, YViY., GnroUni'nsis, C\io\s. Out of town one gets into the open pine land where Pinus Australis, Michx., is monarch of the forest. Along the streamlets and ponds Magnolia glawvi,, L., Persea Garolinensis, Nees., var. palustris, Chapm., Salix nigra. Marsh., Myriea cerifera, L., Itea Virginica, L., Ascyriim Grux-AndvecB, L., Oelsemium semper vir ens, Ait., and Smilax ;«!»-)/oZia, L., prmcipally make up the thickets. In the open pine land Quercus virens, Ait., var., and Catesbei, Michx., Ilex Dahoon, Walt., and glabra, Gray, Andromeda nitida, Bartr., speciosa, Mx., andferruginea, Walt., contribute mainly to the woody undergrowth. Perhaps a mile from the river tiie land makes a gentle rise and the low pine land changes to the drier sandy upland. It was on this soil where Asimina grandiflora, Dunal, and Ceanothus microphyllus, Michx., occurred, and just commenced to flower. With them appeared others of equal interest, like Sporobolus junceus, Kunth, Houstonia rotund if olia, Mx., Berlandiera subacaulis, Nutt., Phlox procumbens, Lehm., Crotalaria ovalis, Pursh, and the prostrate Astragalus obcordattis, Ell. Intermediate to the dense growth, along the river, of deciduous trees and the piny uplands back of it, extend the piny lowlands, the soil of which is wet and requires draining to render it lit for cultivation. In this damper soil Drosera brevifolin, Pursh, Erigeron vernum, T. »k G., Asryruni amplericaule, Mx., Hypericum fasciculatum, Lam., and var. aspalathoides, Ciiapm., Polygala lutea, L., Aster squarrosus, Walt., not in flower, Pinguicula lutea, Walt., and pumila, Mx., Bartonia verna, Muhl., and tenella, Muhl., Spiranthes gracilis, Big., Listera australis, Lindl., Galopngon parviflorus, Lindl. Ilypoxys junc-ea. Smith, Pcepalanthus flavidus, Kunth, ami Opki^/^/.v 'v;r//7Vw//(////,.s,* L. How introduced we can only imagine. 74 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Sonchus oleraceus,* L., 13tli September, street, Cedar Rapids. Silene noctv/rna* L., Ames, self-iutroduced, C. Lambs. ^thusa Cynnpium, L., streets and yards, Ames. Croton monantltogynum, Mich., C. & N. W. R. R. grade. College farm, west end of the last bridge between Ames and College, August 1st. A rare plant, confined to said locality. I should not omit to say I found Oratiulii Virginica only two miles north of Vinton. JjiifhyniH ochroleueus and the very rare variety of Purple Achillea^ five miles north of Cedar Rapids along the railroad track.* 1875. Cniruti /^eweff/V^wx,* L., Woodbine and Ames. (Int.) Afitragalus Flattenau, Nutt., Mo. Valley Junction and Crescent City, sand bluflfs, Harrison and Pottawattamie counties, Iowa. ' Lespedeza molacea., Pers., Keokuk Cemetery, 1866. This is indigenous and common there. Ldtliyrus palustris, var. myrtifolius* Muhl., Woodbine, hazel brush. Eupatorium album f* Woodbine and Ames. Euphorbia cyathophora, Jacq., Woodbine, new street. Cedar Rapids, and banks of Squaw creek, Ames. Clienopodiumglimcum, L., streets of Keokuk, 1866, and Uunlap, Harrison county. Populus aitguUtta, Ait., our White Cottonwood. Common throughout the state. Archangelioa Jursutn,Ton-. and Gray, deep ravine, Mo. Valley Junction, Harrison county. Caragnna arborescens^ Gray, Dea. Kingsbury's, Ames, and common in Ames, also at the College. Ammania latifolia* L., near Woodbine, muddy brooks, in deep ravines; scarce seen in different localities in two successive j^ears. Cavex t'dria, Muhl., everywhere; our earliest species. Andropogon ViTginicun^h.,'Woois idbidua* Sweet. Rai'c, on grade of Sioux City R. R., near Mo. Valley Junction. Oxybnphiis angustifolim. Sweet. Rare and growing with the above; also nearDen- nison, Crawford county. Chenopodiurn andn'oxioidcti* L. One locality alone ;between Logan and Magnolia, Harrison county, roadsides. Euphorbia hcvagoiia, Nutt., growing with or near Euphorbia serpens* H. B. K. Common only on sandy grade of the Siou.x City Railroad, near Mo. Valley Junction.* I only thought I saw E. scrpenx. ten miles \\\\ Boyer Valley. AplopappuH spinulosus, DC. (Small form, Gray). Common on the steep sand bluflT at Mo. Valley Junction. Eiisa lurida, Ehrhnrt, with a var., verj' glandular, hairy all over capsule and calyx, which ought to bo called R. lufida,Viir. gJandulaaa. Trah'xcantia rosea. Vent., abounds along C.& N. W. R. R. from Ames to Woodbine; while T. Virginira abounds in its glory, rank and gorgeous, in Cedar River Valley, BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 75 but nowhere west of that. The latter is throe times the height of the former, aad con- stantly deep blue. * I was surprised to see the dillerence in grasses here from those of the rich, allu- vial valleys of the west of the State; Af/rotttis .vabra, Willd., Arintida gracilis. Ell., Fc»tura fenelhi, Willd., and Hp(iroh<)lHt< heterolepis. Gray, all indicative of a thin soil and just suited to our decompo.sed Iowa-granite sub-soil. Hence 1 fear, botanical science with the geographical distribution of plants, most exactly confirms the exhibit of Iowa soils at the Centennial — making that of Story county the thinnest of all; a fact confirmed by abounding .Innrtia temda and Artemisia Canadensis, both unknown farther west. I think I make (jut in Story county these four tSalices which do not occur in the west of the State, viz. : iSalix huniilis, iS. petiularis, S. sericea and »S'. eriocephala. The willows are a notoriously diflicult lumily, but, after careful study and search dur- ing the season, I am fully satisfied tliei-e are no "Red " or " Diamond Willows" in Story county, nor anywhere east of the "Divide" at the head of Boyer Valley. I am equally convinced that they are new sPeciks, and not at all Salix cordata witha var. myrtifolia. With all their greater need of timber for jiosts, the common-place pioneers of Mo. River Valley rould not have discovered in 20 years what the "live Yankee" had not discov- ered in 250 years in the east, that tlwsc willous were as durable as lied Cedar for fence posts! How long shall we wait for names 1o be assigned by the Masters'? Or, shall we who alone have the tree, alive, or in lumber, to study with all due care, call them Halix rhoinboideanudSaliv rhotnbin-indentala'^ For ^^/^/i species are noted for their diamond- shaped depressions in root and trunk, from which our most unique canes are made. — RouEKT BuuGESS, Ames, Iowa, JSfov., 1876. 01>iituary. — We regret to announce to our readers the death of Professor Herbert E. Copeland, teacher of Natural Sciences in the Indianapolis High School. The sad event occurred on Tuesday', Dec. 12th, and was caused by his devotion to his favorite studies. Abont o weeks before his death while he was fishing in one of the streams near Indian- apolis to secure specimens for his scientific work, he fell into the water, and by this means contracted a severe cold. This was followed by an attack of brain fever, which later changed into the tyjihoid form, term i nail U'j; in death. He leaves a wife and two small children. Professor Copeland was an enthusiastic student of the Sciences, and his successes in the class room and with the pen, gave promise of a brilliant future. In liim the Gazette loses one of its firmest friends and most constant contributors. At the time of his death he had in i)reparation several articles which would have appeared in subsequent numbers. Recent Publications. — The American Journal of Science and Arts, November. — Dr. Gray reviews the Proceedings of the Anierican Association for the Advancement of Science, Botanical Articles. He remarks that these are few and not of high im- portance. The AmGrican Naturalist, November. — Dr. Geo. H. Perkins contributes an inter- esting article on the " Hygiene of House Plants," in which he assures the lovers of flowers that house plants are ph^'sically, intellectually and morally healthful. He states that they are injurious only as they increase the carbonic acid in the air, and as they give out injurious perfumes. He shows that both these effects are counterlialanced and that house plants are ])ositively useful, " as they ]K)ur aqueous vapor into dry air, as they demand plenty of light and air, and on this account many a room, otherwise dark and unwholesome, is well lighted and aired." An interesting series of observa- tions are given upon the growth of the flower-stalk of the Hyacinth, by A. W. Bennett, which go to prove that the " greatest energy of growth is displayed by the apical por- tion of the peduncle or that immediately beneath the flower-bud, the energy apparently decreasing regularly towards the base of the flower-stalk." 72 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. The Gardener's Monthly, November. — Two handsome California plants are describeci, Trilelia laxa and Brodima coccinen. Accompanying the description of the latter species is an excellent figure of the flower cluster and it promises to become one of our handsomest cultivated plants. Tiic articles of this Magazine are so numerous and varied that w^e can not .even name'them, nor select the most prominent, for-all are interesting. Field and Forest, November. — The Flora Columbiana has been brought down among the Graminew, having stopped in this number with the genus Eatonia. Bulletin of thf Torre// Botanical Club, October. — Geo. E. Davenport mentions some \)QcnV\av YarUit'ions of Asju'liuin Thelypteris, Swz. W. E. Gerard states that the fungi Bhi/tisina Solldaginis, andii. A-Ateris, which occur on the. leaves of Solidago and Aster, have turned out to be insect galls. Home and School, October. — John* Williamson describes and figures Trichomanes radirans, found at Rock-castle Springs, Ky., by Mrs. Yandell. There are five figures, giving a general view' of the plant, and magnified views of the fruit receptacle and sporangia. A Gatalofjue of the 'Forest trees of the United States, by Geo. Vasey, M. D. — This pamphlet is meant to illustrate the "collection of forest-tre& sections on "exhibition by the Department of Agriculture at the Centennial Exiiibition." Sixteen feet is used as the point where a slirub becomes a tree. The pamphlet contains 88 pages giving the range and a few of the prominent characteristics of 419 trees. The two largest genera are the oaks and pines, each of which embrace about 30 species. In getting together the material for tliis exhibition, which was an immense labor, requiring great skill and patience, and which reflects so much credit upon the Department and its Botanist, four or five species unknown to our flora were obtained. "The^e are mainly in South Florida, and include two exogens, viz., an Ano/ia, or Custard Apple, and AChrysopJiylluin, or Star Apple; and one endogen, a Palm of the genus Thr/na.v.'" Gereus (jrandijlorns and Gereus Bonplan.dU, by Richard E. Kunze, M. D. — This paper was read by Dr. Kunze before the Eclectic Medical Society of New York State. It contains a fine colored plate of each species and gives their history, de.scription and therapeutical application. Variations in the Size of Asters. Although prevented by the nature of my work from a full study of the flora of Northern Indiana, yet in my walks along the Wabash and Eel or along one of our railways I can not help being struck with the rich reward a careful study of our fall Coniposit;^ would yield to the zealous student. On every side we see the golden Solidago, bending its graceful head in conscious knowledge of its beauty, or the Helianthus, standing boldly erect, as if it held the soil by right. Scattered in their midst gleams the bright pur];)le and blue Asters, while in almost every sodded nook and corner the bright Taraxacum turns toward you its cheerful face. In walks merely for jileasure at the close of a day's labor, many minor points escaped attention, yet one fact struck me particularly in regard to the Asters, and that was the little attention they paid to the manual as regards their size. For example Aster dumosus, L., said to be from 1" — 3" high, very rarely falls below 4o and I have seen it six. Again Aster ericoides, L., instead of being from lo — 1}4° liigb, ranges from 2o — 4". On the other hand ;vn As/Je?- which I judge to be A te/i!f(frt'«w, L., is very rarely found 2o high, and yet that is the minimum given in Gray's manual. M. S. C. All communications should be addressed to . John M. ConUer, Hanover, Ind. M. S. Coulter.. Lo^ansport, Ind. Terms: — Subscription $1.00 a year. Siuffle Xaitihers 10 cents. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol. ^. FEBRUARY, 1877. jVo. 4- GiLiA Kennedy:, u. sp. — Pubescent with spreadint; jointed hairs; dwarf, 1-4 inches higli, branching from near the base; branches strict, ascending, fastigiate- corymbose ; leaves opposite, palmately 3-5 parted, the divisions filiform or acerose, 3-5 lines long; flowers scattered below and crowded on the ends of the branches yellow; peduncles very short, a line or less in length; calyx deeply parted, the divisions with filiform green ribs and l)road white- -scarious margins below ; lobes of the corolla obovate, erose-denticulate, thrice as long as the short (3 lines long) campanulate tube, a dark-purple crescent-shaped spot on the inside of the throat at the base of each lobe and a lighter purple ring in the lower half of the tube; filaments inserted a little above the middle of the tube, glabrous ; anthers exserted ; seeds with a mucilaginous coat not emitting spiral threads. Collected for Dr. J. T. Eothrock in Kern County, California, in the spring of 1876, by Mr. William L. Kennedy, for whom it is named. — Tiios. C. Pokte:^, Eadon, Pa. Illinois Lichens. — Mr. J. Wolf, of Canton, Illinois, has zealously collected the Lichens of his region for several years, and tlie following list is made up from the specimens sent to me. The district appears to be quite rich in earth lichens, some of which are rare and interesting, and the search for which would doubtless be profitable, and in rail lichens belonging to the genera Lecidea and Biafom, which are peculiarly subject to be modified by this substrate, and thereljy reudei-ed difticult to determine. There are also in the same habitat many small fungi which simulate lichens so closely that that they can safely be distinguished only by the microscope. Ramalina calicaris Fr. Cetrana ciliaris Ach. Alectoruijubata (L.) var. chalybeiformis Ach. Tlieloschistes imrietimis (L.) Norm. c-oiicolor (Dicks.) Parmelia perlatd (L.) Ach. perforata (Jaccj.) Ach. var. crinita Tuck. tiliacea (Hoftm.) Flk. Borreri, Turn. aaxatiliK (L.) Fr. olivacea (L.) Ach. capemfa (L.) Ach. Physcia sperioaa (Wulf., Fr.) var. hi/po- lei/cu Ach. stellarix (L.) Nyl. ? cceaia (Iloftm.) Nyl. ohscura(EA\Y\\.) Nyl. aulverulcnta (Ehrh) Nyl. Pyxine cocms, (Sw.) Nyl. Tuck. var. sorcditita Peltigera canina (L.) Hoffm. Heppia Despreauxii Mont. Pa/ma ria molylxhca (Pers.) Tuck., var. croiiii Nyl. nigra (Huds.) Nyl. hy.ssi/ia (Nyl.) Tuck. C'oUeiii<( pycnot'iirpnin Nyl. eyrtaxpis Tuck. iiigrcice/iK (Huds.) Nyl. •pnlpotiuiii, Beruh. limuiium (Ach.) Nyl. Leptorjium j)ulchdl>im (Ach.) Nyl. treinelloMcs (L. fil.) Fr. chloroineliim (Sw.) Nyl. subtile Nyl. Plaeodium vitellinuin (Ehrh.) Hepp. auraiifiari/m (Lightf.) Nseg. ccriiuiiii (Hedw.) Nseg. sid.erititi'Vwc'k. camptidiiiDi Tuck. ferrufji)ieuiii (Iluds.) Hepp. Lecanora suhfiisra (L.) Ach. varid (Elirh.) Fr. elatina Ach., var. ochroph/pa Tuck. cervijia (Pers.) Sommerf., var. 2)rui)iosa Ach, 7B BOTAJSIUAL UAZm'TJi!. IliiKiiliiiii Ani'driHriUiit 'I'lick. Hojiliddrn ( Ach.l MllSH. lllliniilid (llnH'm.) Ciilisliiun { N V'l.) 'I'lick. /'rrfnsKrid rt/n/n ('riini.) Nyl. pcr/iiKd (I,.) A ell. Ir/iiii/iini (Acli.) SclinT. •juintnldtii (Acli.) Nyl. Ciiiii'firiiia iirrailiil iiiH (Arli) 'I'licU, (Ijliilirhi lu'mli (Scliriid,) 'I'licU. 2 Iriiiiiln, II. >|i. VUidoiiid liiri/idd (Klil'h.) Ildllin. /ii/.r/ila/d. { I J.) I"'r. Jhiiliriat(i(\i.) V\\ ' jiran'liH (I-,) Vr. St/IKIIIIIiKd. I Ind'lll. J'ltrriil.i ( Muds.) |''r. iiiilnilti 'I'licli. j'tlllf/ilrriiKl (Ij.) I lollln liiiininitd I lolViii. rn'xidlilld 'I'licU. /l/dtcrd rodrrliih( ( I IdIViii.) Vr. V Jli .Vltnsil Vv. .') 'niiyHtild (Ach.) Ml III I. Sddl/illlito d/fd iVv.) 'TllcU. r.r/'i/dd (Cliinili.) I''r. idii/iddsd (Kcjinid.) I''r. pilidnjtiH Tuck., iiicil. '1 rdilin, II. s|i. r> iitriijiin'/dirid ( Mii.hh.) Tuck. (I riili,//d (I'llirli.) Kiiliciili. r/ihinidf/id Tuck. ri/ji/idlcd Tuck. iliiijilidiiii Nyl. fdssdrdiii ( liul'.) Mdiil. ri's/dd' l''r, Lci'iilrd iiii/i/di'driiii/(lcn Nyl. No'l'l.;. I. ,\ cui'inlis ( 'dllcuuiccous pl.-illl w.issclil inc liy M r. Wdll, whii'li seems to he new. ll ocelli's on llu' e;ii-|li luiil when dry looks like;i Ihiii, hliick crusi, iiiilcii rc- scuililiii'.' Ilic iiosloc wliK li occiirH in siiuihir silinilioiis. When wcl iNiecoiucs hrowi) ii.nd swells like ii r'-»//(V// /, ;iiid li;is I, he inleni.il si riielure of llie ( Jciiiis. Sevcfiil speei- lueiis were sell I lue. lull only one siii.'dl one w.is lerlile. 1 1 has siuiill, lacaiiorine apolli- cc'ui. The spores arc simple, ovoid, alioiil II Ihousaiidllis ol a luillimelrc in leiii;! h. It is much lo lie dcsiri'il that uioit I'ertile specimens should ln' olilained, aiul siilimiUed l.o some com peleni liolaiiisi lo delermiiie. ll may lie near <' id//r/iiC(iri/iii A(di, 2. This is a new species, which has only occurred lie lore, in very smal 1 cpianl il \', in New 111 d fold, Mass. ll occurs on llic earlh, and is Ihe sm.illesi ki'own (Jyidecia ami hardly lo lie dclcclrd except, when Ihe earth isinoisl. .\ddilioual speciiilciis would lie very acceptnltlc. Mr. Woirsecms to h;i\c found it Iml once in small (|iiaiitity. ;i. A sinu'le specimen ol this species occurred on honey locust, ll isa. Soiilhcrii lii-iicn, liiil has licen [nwwA in M .assaidiiiscl ts. •1. .\ new species, which was tiist I'oiiiid ill New licdronl, Muss. It has very uu- nicrous, lilack apoHiecia, and Inr'jjc spores. Mr. Wolf slates that it is .aluiiid.int. .•■i, 'The plant occurred on rails .and i'"* oli.scure and doulilfnl, Iml il has the spores ol the species. 0. Viirioils forms of this pol\ inorphoiis species were sent. Most of them were blarkeiH'il conditions on rails. \ni\ Inudild/d occurred on rocks. Iidillid jiiirdniii/d (,'\ch.) Klir. dii/r/i)i'iir/id (!)('.) .M iidd. '>!>( Hi'djildi riirid (I'ers.) I""r. < I rdjihix scrijild (L.)Ach. (Inal rilii'd Ach. Arllddiid jijirrliiild Nyl. licidccUd Nv'l. pdlrihildld Nyl. 7 V dlxjiirsit Nyl. dutni/drd (Ach.) Nyl. jidiict/J'drid/n, A(di. xpirUdiilix l''lol. /iril/dsd Nyl. itfi/rojiiiriii/i iijiriKirii I'liiiiii Nyl. (Uilifiinii rnxriddiii (l''lk.) Nyl. \'nv. Irnhnir/ /dm Nyl, and vnr. droMndis Tuck, iiied. xdldilf Vv. ti'drhi'l iiniiii .\cli /iiiddi'di/ioji ll rliiiri d III Schweiii. piixiUdiii iledw. H Till liird rjiidi \Siiiixl rid\ Liidriri h'tot. Sdijiilld Idrti d \\ 111', Vrrrid-drid ''jii;/dd, I'ers., .\ch. niiircxriiiH I'ers. rdpr.s/r/'s S(dirad. I'jiriiiiild llirld'iid (Ach.) Tuck. inidclifdridix (A(di.) Nie.ii'. jlidivdild (Ach.) Na'i;-. ll dropldcd (VVallr.) Khr. jlhdirdld \v\\. dilidd Ach. hirtid (Mass.) Tuck. liOTANWAL GAZETTE. 70 S('\('r;il sjii'cimi'us ol' /l/n/ord <>ii I'liils rcm;iin iiiiccil.iiii 7. 'I'lic spccimiii iliil Mill riiriiisli sijorcs, liul liiis llic cNlcriinl :iii|i(';ir;inc(' ol' lliis SJMUMCS, wliicli lias occuiTcd in Massiicliusclls. S. On niils. Tlii' lirsl discDvcry I'l Iliis prdlv lidicii in Aimriia is i\\tf lo Mr. W'oir. ll may also (Kciir on lix' carlli. II. \\ n.i,i;v. '^ ('.vi.ociiou'ns Kknnkdvi, II. sj). — Siciu (• IS inclics hi^li, simple, with !? to 4 linear leiivcs, llie lowest nuicli lon.U'er ((I to S inches) than llie others; nnihel '2 to I llowefed ; pednneles '.' to (1 lini's lonii'; ouliT seii'nients of llie perianth ovate, enspidate or acuniinalr, on I lie oil I side p,de i;reeii wild w liile searioiis margins, on I he inside scarlet red, !t to Id lines loii"-; inner s(\i;inents lii'oadly cuneate, ltriLi,ht se.irlel ii'd, e.xeeplii purple s|)ot jiisl, alioN e the Itase bearded with a lew sealteredliairs, I to M| intdies Ion:;-; iinthers lanee-ohlonii, :t to I lines lonu', purple; tllanienis Irian^adai', about I line in l(>n.i:;lh; capsule lanccolale, laperinn' iipw .aid, M,, to 2 inches lonjj,'. 'I'he brilliant scarlet color of the perianth su.uu'esls the iodide of nierciii'v. Collecled in Kern County, ( ".aliforiiia, in the spiini;- of IS",!!, by Air. William L. Kennedy, and iiaiiietl in bis honor al llic reipiesi of Dr. .1. T. |{oLliro(dv. 'I'iioh. (!. ^I'OIITKH, h'ilxtoii. I'll. CmANOI'.S in IJol'ANM'AI, N OM KNCI.ATl'lt K. — Since llie pilhlicalioil of the la.'^l, edilion of l)r, (Jray's Manual of the Hot.any of the Noilbein I'liited Stales, chaiii^'cs in llic n.iiiies of ,a nuiiibcrof plaiils coiilained lliciein have been made, and, thinking!,' it inav be of service to the many bolanisis w iio use Ihal cscclleiil work, I send \ oii a lislof Hiicli as have fallen under n\y observation. y iiila pnliisr, NX, \\\.,\\\v. siuihriiisriilii/\\^{\.- \' . ;//,i/i,//i(, Niitl. I'.rewcr vV Wat- son, in Hot. Calif., I . p. ">i. S/nrir I <>pal{fi)l.ii,li. -^Ni'iUiii oi)u/(f(i/iii, Brnlh. I'v, IIo)k., (Jen., I. ji. (ll). h'ihru /liii'lhnii, Mx.-7i*. D.VjiraiitlfiiiIcK, \i.--\\yc\\rv\. Watson, in Uol. Calif, I . p. 'jot;. (h'ii'>t/ifnt si'iiiKitd, \,., var. hKiiiifiisn, T. iV. (). (h\ /iiiiii/J'iimh, NilM.. — Wilfson, in I'roe. Am. Acad.. S. p. :)SI). Aiiti lunin'ii iii'ir(j(ir//(iriii, !{,. I'.r. Aiiiijiliiil in itKiri/iir/fiiniii, UrwWi. A: Hook., (Jen. 2. p. :»):{ airs/iini lrn'ilii/ii.H, I'h. Cray, I c, p. 10. (Jirxiiiiii iiiiiiiniiii, MK-'^f' II ii'un iiiiifiriiK, I'h. — (Iray, I.e., p. II. Oirxiinii \' ir(/iiniiiiiiiii,M\.—'('iilrnn \' /'ri/iiii'diiiix, /'/i. Cray, I.e., p. 11. Cirxliiiii (i//is.siiiiiiiii, Spreii;;;.— ^''///V»/.y /iii'iiiii, DC- Liirliifii fiiliiixd (/,. /nirnji/nrn, (ira\', I'.ol . Cal il'., i.(;., not of Siblhorp, D( '. I'rod., ;. p. |:!(;.). /.i/rnjiiix I'jiiriijiiriix, \,., WW., xixxilifiiliiix, Cray /,. xcxxil iful lux, Cray. I'roc. Am. Acad., H. p. 2Mr). I.iiriijiiix /'Jiirniiinix, 1;., var. iiiti'i/rifn/iiix, Oray. A. ru/ul/iix, Mo'iicb. Cray, I.e., p. /.j/nijii'x h'liriijKriix, li., var. siiiiiiiliix,(\vi\y- /,. s/'iiiin/iix, K\\. (Jray, I. <•., p. i>H(l. 86 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Phlox Cnroliiiti, L., var. opata, Benth.=P. ovata, L. — Gray, 1. c, p. 249. Phlox procutnbens, Lehm.=P. omo'/ia, Sims. — Gray, 1. c, p. 251. Physalis viscosa, Gray's Man.=P. Vir(jinice\v.=^C. iinT'ido/tta, Torr. C. (estivfilii^. M. A. C;urtis=C. cire,'rl>in telephiuides^ Chapm., Noiina Georgiana, Michx., and Finibrtstylis xtcnopliylla. It was but thirty min utes ride and the quaint old town of Menendez came in view. I was impressed with its cleanly appearance, no rubbish or weeds of any kind in the long narrow streets, not even plants for botanical specimens, except, here and there, close to the walls of the houses, depauperate specimens of Senchiern didyma^Fers., and Euphorbia maculata, L., struggling for life. I had 1)een somewhat disappointed here in my botanical prospects on account of the distance of interesting ground. After collecting in the lots Par- thenium HyHteropJtoruH, L., and Altemantheru Achyrantlta, R. Br., my attention was di- rected to the beach and Anastasia Island, both extremely barren, yet not devoid of inter- est. On the former grew houstoiiia nnguntifolia, Mx., Bumelia lanuginnxa, Pers., Gilia c.oronopifolia,Ft'rii., Biftntix lifUmtliK, Cliois., Atriple.vuri'narid^'^wii., (Jyperns Nutttdlii, Torr., /wt inibricati(,Wii\i., Helianthus debilv<, Null., nnd Ipomaa AcctoHellafolia. On the latter was seen Dodomei viscosta, L., ArcjinriK diffamt, Ell., Chiococca ra'',emosa, Jacq., Panicum gibbum, L., and Frangula Caroliniana, Gray. The last, bearing an abundance of red berries, appeared conspicuous and ornamental among the dwarfed liVe and water oaks. Here are the quarries of the Coquiua rock of which the historical Fort Marion was built over two centuries ago. An equable temperature is claimed for this coral state, and no doubt correctly. My thermometrical records for the i]d, 4th and oth of July sliow only 85o to88o F. in the shade, yet the riiys of the mid-day sun at this season are uncomfortably hot. I consid- ered it i)rudent, therefore, to retrace my course northward and close my peregrinations in this "land of flowers." However, about an hour's walk from the St. John's River, the floral display became so inviting that with an intimation to the conductor he kindly let me oft'. The vegetation was extremely interesting in this wild i)ine land and it was much to my regret that the time was so short until the arrival of my steamer for Savannah. On account of the precious hours no time was wasted in preparing specimens of Pdlygaln faxtigien(f, Michx., and luteii, Walt., Helianthella teniiif'dia,T. iSz Gr., Mxrshullia migiutifdui, Vwr^h., 8((bbat id macro- phylla. Hook., chloroides, Pursh., and genlianoides. Ell., Asclepias tomentosa, Ell., Her- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 83 [XHtis uiiiplexiraulis, Piirsli., Schnmolirion Elliottii, Feay, Junrvs repens, Michx., lihyn- rho.sporareph'fla;it?in,Ton\,iim\ft/.sknlaris^ Nutt., Sderia (jrarilis, Ell., Carer fflatirfi.srens^ Ell., and tlic handsome gvas^, Cteninm American ut/i, Spreng., all of which were in a iuo.st excellent .state for collecting. — Du. A. P. Gaubeh. SoMK Pla" Ts OF TiiE Lov.'EK Wauash. — The following is a list of plants found in this vicinity during the past season, which are not included in my ''Gatnlofjue of the Flora of the Lower Wahash Vallcij,'" jjuljlished in the Geolof/iml Report of Ind., for 1875: , IleUeborus riridin, L., Found in a fence-row, Feb., 15, in the last stage of flowering; evidently escaped from a garden near by. Sagiiia apeiala, L , June lOlh, in bloom. Dry woods. Psoralea melilotoideii, Michx. Found in full bloom, May 8, in a low moist prairie. Petu& flowers for the old dmco-dimorphixm of Torr. it Gr., Fl. N. Am., the diinorphism of Mr. Darwin, and the heierontt/led flowers of Hildebrand. This term, expressing a diflerence in relative length or height of stamens and style, would have its counterpart in homogone or homogotwus flowers to designate the absence of this kind of difterentiation. Bulletin of the Tarrey Botanical Club, December. Mr. Leggett announces his inten- tion of publisliing monthly a "Calendar of Leaves," for the purpose of gathering facts on the subject of the habits of ditt'erent shrubs and trees in shedding or retaining their leaves. A short account of the Torrey Herbarium and Library is given. The Herba- rium numbers from seventy-five to eighty thousand species of plants made up princi- pally by the collection of Dr. Torrey, estimated to contain 35,000 species, the Meissner Herbarium, and the Herbarium of Dr. Chapman. The Library contains about 1,300 volumes in all departments of Botany. T\\Q Index Seminu-m of the Chicago Botanical Gardcm oft'ers a fine list of seeds for exchange. H. H. Babcock, Director. We take great pleasure in announcing that Dr. Josei)hT. Kothrock, of Wilkesbarre Penn., has been unanimously elected Professor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania. Through his exju'rience both in field and herljarium work, he is a man well fitted for the position, and will undoubtedly refiect great credit upon himself and the institution which has done him this honor. Having received and examined a set of Mr. Flint's Alpine plants we can cordially recommend them to our readers as being very satisfiictory and at the same time very cheap. We lake the following announcement from the American Naturalist: — Collec- tions of the Alpine and sub-Al])iiie plants of the White Mountains, N. H., containing more than fifty species, have been made during the past season, by William F. Flint and J. H.Huntington. The number of sets is limited to fifty. They have been care- fully arranged and ticketed, and will be sent by mail upon the receipt of five dollars [$5.00]. Address William F. Flint, Hanover, N. H. [Box 348.] " MoNOGR.\Pi^ Phanekogamarum." — M. Alphonse DeCandolle and his son, Casi- mir DeCandolle, are engaged upon the first volume of a work similar to \h.e Prodromus which is to be entitled '' Monin/rapin' Phanerogamarum:' It will contain the Sndlacece, by A. DeCandolle, the MeUacew, l)y C. DeCandolle, and other families by other writers. They will consider the families not contained in the Prodromus, or those which have need of being elaborated anew. — J. M. C. All commuiiicatio)is s/ionld be addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. M. S. Coulter, Lo^ansport, Ind. Terms :— Subttcription $1.00 a year. Sriu/le Ninnbers 10 cents. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol. ^. MARCH, 1877. JVo. 5' Prunijs Alleghamensis, n. sp. — A low shrub with straggling branches, 3 to 5 ft. high, fbut frequently assuming a tree-form and reaching a height of 12 ft. or more, seldom thorny; leaves oblanceolate to obovate, often long-acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, biglandular at base, softly and finely pubescent when young, glabrate when old, especially on the upper side ; umbels 2 to 4 flowered, nearly sessile ; pedi- cels and calyx finely pubescent; pedicels about 3^ an inch long; clayx-tube narrowly obconic, 2 lines long, with the ovate-oblong, obtuse teeth a little shorter ; petals round- obovate, 3 lines long ; fruit globose-ovoid, under }^ an inch in the greater diameter and over ^^ in the lesser, very dark purple, covei-ed with a bloom ; stone turgid, some- what obovoid, witli a blunt point, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge on the other.^In Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, on the limestone bluffs of the Little Juniata, northward through the Barrens, and westward over the Alleghanies as far as tlie extremity of Boon's Mountain, Ellt County, where it was found by the late Mr. McMinn. My attention was first called to this plum, years ago, by my friend, J. R. Lowrie, Esq., of Warriorsmark. From him and Miss N . J. Davis I have received good specimens in flower and fruit, and have also seen and collected it myself in various localities. It produces an abundance of fruit of a pleasant acid taste, known by the name of "Sloes" among the people of the region and sometimes used by them for makmg pies or preserves. It appears to be exempt from the attacks of tlie curculio or otlier insects. Although nearly allied to Priirins maritima, Wang., var. b., T. & G. {P. 'pyfjmcea, Willd.j, its remoteness from the sea-board, its habitat on bluffs and mountains, its proportionally narrower and longer decidedly acuminate leaves, its smaller fruit, and especially the character of the stone, seem to entitle it to rank as a distinct species. — Thos. C. Porter, Easion, Penn. Notes ox the Arboreous, Arborescent and Suffruticose Flora op Oregon. — Berberis AquifoUum, Pursh and B. nervosa, Pursh. Both species about equally com- mon in the woods of tlie lower Cascades; the latter scarcely arborescent above the ground, whilst the former forms a branching busli 2 to 3 feet high. The fruit of both species is used by tlie inhabitants, and is called in some localities "wild grapes." Rhus dioersiloba, T. & G. {R. lobata, Hook.) A low spreading bushy species having the fruit of R. Toxicodendron, and otherwise resembling the upright form of that species. Acer mrvcrophtiUum, Pursh. The large leaved maple abounds in many localities but chiefly near streams and in bottoms, attaining 3 feet in diameter, averaging 1 to 2, and from 40 to 70 feet high, but mostly with scrubby, gnarled trunks, afl'ording very lit- tle clear lumber. Used in various manufactures and for fuel. Is much more valuable for the latter use than the Conifer cb and is probably equal to the oak. Though not abundant it is at present extensively used for the purposes mentioned. Acer circiiuitum, Pursh. The Vine-Maple. So called from the habit of its growth, elongating its trunk without correspondingly increasing the diameter. This causes it to spread or grow horizontally on the ground or in an ascending position. It forms dense thickets on the margins of streams and on wet hill-sides almost inaccessible even to one on foot. 86 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. PacUystima Mi/rsimtea, Raf. A low, bushy shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, in the Cascades, rather rare. Mhamnus Purshiami, DC. A shrub of 6 feet to a tree 35 feet high and a trunlc 4 to 6 inches. Fruits sparingly, not common. OeaiiotJms Oreyidius, Nutt. A shrub 6 to y feet liigh, in thickets on the Williamette River, conspicuous with numerous thyrsi of wliite flowers in May. Ceanothus velutmus, Dougl. A Inishy branching shrub, 2 to -i feet high, in con- iferous woods on tlie Cascades, not rare. Pranus emarginata, Walpers, var. mollis, Brewer (P. mollis, Walpers.) The Oregon Cherry. This is a small tree remarkable for its great abundance in many mountain localities. Abounds also, sparingly, in the valleys. It is notable for its straight upright trunks, and for the thickness of its growth on the ground, the full capacity ot the soil being monopolized b}^ it over large areas. The trunks, from 1 to 4 or o inches in diam- eter, attain the height of 20 to 40 feet, often so dense that a pedestrian finds it difficult to pass through them. The fruit is small, red and not edible. Pntims demissa, Walj^ers. A small bush, much resembling P. Virgitiiana, with larger but equally astringent fruit. Nuttallia cerasiforiiiis, Torr. & Gr, A shrub in thickets on the Williamette River, 4 to G feet high, bearing fruit in drooping racemes, the size and color of AmelariGhier (iliiifolia, but not edible. Neillia opulifolia, Bentli. & Hook. {Spinva opalifoUa, Linn.) Abundant in the valleys, along streams, forming dense thickets. Spivmt discolor, Pursh., var. ariafoliK, Watson (8. aricvfolia. Smith.). A shrub or- dinarily 6 feet high, but attaining rarely 20 feet, and five inches in diameter. Of strag- gling growth and very conspicuous and ornamental in woods with its numerous large panicles of white flowers. Spinea Douglasii, Hook. An abundant shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, forming impene- trable thickets in the low lands of t!ie valleys, higlily ornamental in flower, with nu- merous dense panicles of rose purple flowers. Large areas of the best meadow land of the state are overgrown with this shrub and but little inroads have as yet been made upon its domain by the agriculturalists, its extermination evidently being a work of great difficulty. Spiraea Douglasii, Hook., var. Meiiziesii, Presl. {8. Menziesii, Hook.) This is evi- dently the same as the foregoing, modified in its characters solelj^ by its habitat — when growing in water it becomes the smooth S. Menziesii, of Hooker. Sptrma hetulmfolin, Pallas. A shrub one foot high, on the diy hills of the Cascades, with white flowers, and also subalpine in wet places, 4 feet high, with rose-red flowers. The two forms apparently merit specific distinction, but are united by authors. Both forms are rare and confined exclusively to the habitats mentioned. Rosa blaiida,, Ait. A species occurring in valleys is referred here with some doubt. Bosa Calif ornica, Cham. As Schlecht. A large species, forming thickets and clumps in the valleys. Grows 10 feet high and fruits abundantly. It is conspicuous in Sep- tember with its dense clusters of oval pale-red fruit; flowers medium or rather small. Rosa, Kamtschatica, Vent. On low wet ground in the valleys, 2 t) 4 feet high. Young branches and shoots densely clothed with a brownish pubescence, straight prick- les and recurved spines. A strikingly coarse and unattractive species. Rosa gymiiocnrpa, Nutt. This is the small flowered, small and sparsel}' fruited species on hills throughout. Rosa pisocarpa, Gray. A recently described species, in wet places in the valleys, flowers medium, fruit very small and in clusters. Ritbus ursiims, Cham. & Schlecht. (R. miicropetalus, Dougl.) On low, rather wet lands and river banks. Low and straggling, frequently trailing over logs and climbing on bushes. This is the blackberry of Oregon. It is in part diojcious or imperfectly di- BOTAN'TCAL GAZETTE, 87 cecio-polygamous and is often met with entirely sterile, while other adjacent areas are immensely fruitful. It occurs abundantly in many localities, and affords large quanti- ties of excellent fruit equal in value to our E. villosus. Riibus leucodennis, Dougl. This is very similar to our R. occidetitalis ; on dry hills in the mountains; fruit somewhat larger and with smaller, less reticulate seeds than our species, and very probably might l)y cultivation be made to surpass the improved black cap raspberry of the eastern states. Rubus spectabilis, Pursh. This is the "Salmon-berry" of the inhabitants. Grows on the l)anks of streams, generally in the hilly districts. The fruit is not produced plentifully, Imt is rather largo and juicy, pleasant tasted and sought after to some extent by the inhabitants. When fully ripe it is paie red and transparent. Sometimes it at- tains 10 to 12 feet high, with stems two inches in diameter. Rubun JValkcmus, Mociuo. On hill-sides in open coniferous woods, forming vast thickets, common and unimportant. Pyrm rivularis, Dougl. This is the Oregon Crab-Apple, with fruit in clusters no larger than that of Viburmunpramfolum, which it resembles in shape, and when ripe, in September, pale yellow. Not known to be of any economic use. The tree attains 15 to 20 feet and 2 to 4 inches in diameter, and abounds along streams rather sparingly. Pyriis sambueifolm, Cham. & Schlecht. Occurs rarely in the high Cascades. A low bush. Oratmgus rimdnris, Xutt. A low, spreading, bushy-headed tree or shrub, spiny, with smooth shining leaves. The fruit is abundant and black when mature, in August and September. It abounds along streams and in lowlands, and is so abundant in places as to be a serious impediment to the clearing of the best agricultural lands. Cratmgus Dou/jlasii, Lindl. A much rarer, larger tree; in the valleys; with larger, incised, doubly serra|e, or sometimes lobed, leaves and strong spines Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt. This is the Oregon representative of the eastern "Service Berry"; not attaining to tree porportions so far as observed, fruiting abund- antly on low bushes. The truit when ripe, in Augu.st, on the Cascades, is black and highly prized by the mountain residents, ))eing very sweet and pleasant to the taste. Bibes MenziesiU Pursh. In the Cascade Mountains, rare. A low, spreading, bushy species, 3 feet high, remarkable for its large, densely prickly fruit, not available for any economic use. Ribes divancatum, Dougl. This is the Oregon representative of the eastern R. rotundifolium, much resembling it in mode of growth, in leaf and fruit, and affords the inhabitants a limited supply for tarts, etc. Ribes Keiomm, Doug). Wet Alpine woods; a low, spreading bush; fruit prickly and of no value. Ribes sanguineum, Pursh. In the valleys and low hills ; a shrub 3 to 6 feet high, highly ornamental in flower, bearing a profusion of large purple spikes in early spring. The fruit is slightly prickly, rather small, and not used as an edible fruit by the inhabitants. Ribes b rarteos II m, Dovigl. A remarkable species on the banks of shady streams in the lower mountains, with immensely large leaves and fruiting racemes sometimes afoot in length. Grows 6 to 8 feet high, with stems an inch in diameter. The peculiar currant odor is exhaled heavily from the plant and its presence can be detected by this alone several yards away. Fruit not edible. Ribes iiirreiu/i, Pursh. Sandy shores ot the Columbia at the Dalles. Ribes visr.osissiuiii, Pursh. Dry rocky hills of the Coiqmbia at the Dalles. Grows in clumps, 4 to 0 feet high. Pldladelphiis Lewisii, Pursh. A shrub of straggling growth, in open coniferous woods, 6 to 8 feet high, somewhat ornamental in flower. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Oplopanax horridum, Smith. A rare, low spreading, densely prickly slirub, like Aralia spi/wsa, and quite as formidable as the latter species to be overcome by the western explorer. Cornus pubescens, Nutt. A shrubby species, in thickets, not attaining to tree pro- portions, resembling O. sericea of the eastern states. Gonius N'uttallii, Audubon. This is the Pacific representative of our G. florida Attains 6 to 8 inches in diameter and 30 to 40 feet high, but generally much smaller and lower, very ornamental in May with its abundant white involucres. It diifers from the eastern plant in its large, short peduncles, larger and more fleshy fruit, and its obo- vate, rather obtuse leaves. Sainbucus pubeiis, Michx. Thickets in the lower Cascades, a low bush and rare. Sambiicus glauori, Nutt. This is a tree attaining a foot in diameter, but low and spreading. The fruit when mature, in September, is covered with a dense white bloom, rendering the tree very ornamental, for which purpose it is planted to some extent by the inhabitants. The fruit is abundant. Lonicera Mspidula, Dougl. A small vine climbing on bushes, with small whitish and rose colored flowers. Lonicera hixpidiila, Dougl., var. vacillana. Gray. This is in everyway a much larger plant, climbing high on trees. It is smoother, with larger leaves and flowers of the same color. Lonicera ciUosa,'PoiY. A species resembling L. sempermrem in mode of growth and leaf, but with larger, orange-red flowers. Would be handsome in cultivation. A .scarce species, on banks of streams. Lonicera involucrata, Banks. A shrub 3 to 4 feet high, in wet thickets, with incon- spicuous yellow flowers. Menzii'Hia ferru.rj inea. Smith, var. (/lobular is, Salisb. A low straggling bush in wet Alpine woods. Gaultheria Shallon, Pursh. A low shrub 1 to 2 feet high, often forming dense thickets in coniferous woods, with spikes of whitish and rose-purple flowers overtop- ]iing the leaves. It is very ornamental. Gaultheria Mi/rsinites, llook. This is a small species with inconspicuous flowers, in the high Cascades, 6 inches high. Arhutm Memiesii, Pursh. This is a tree 30 or 40 feet high and 6 inches in diame- ter, quite rare in Oregon. It is notable in woods from its smooth, reddish-brown bark and large panicles of berries the size of peas. Arctostaphi/los JJoa-ursi, Spreag. Abundant on the coast hills and generally, dis - tributed. Arrfi/staphi/los totnentosa, Dougl. A strong growing, straggling bush, 2 to 5 feet high, in the high Cascades forming dense clumps. Arctostitphylos pungens, KBK. A lower shrub, with smaller leaves and flowers. Same habitat. Vaccini.uin cwspitosum, Michx., var. aarjusUfoUuni. A low liusli 6 inches to a foot high, in low bushy plains, fruiting abundantly. This is the black huckleberr}^ of the country and is much sought after by the inhabitants. Vaeciniuin uUf/iaosum, L. On the coast in sphagnous swamps, area limited, of little importance to the country. Vaccinium ovaUfolium, Smith. A straggling bush 4 feet high, in the Alpine woods of the Cascades. Fruits sparingly and is unimportant. Vacci/dum parvifolium, ^mith. This is the red huckleberry of the region, and is a bush 3 to 6 feet high, in the lower mountains along streams and thickets in woods. The fruit though not abundant is rather large, sweet and pleasant to the taste. The limbs and branches are angled and of a beautiful green color and glossy. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 89 Vaccinium Myrtillus, L., var. microphyllum, Hook. A straggling bush 4 to 6 feet high, in the Alpine woods of the Cascades, rare, fruit scarce and uniniijortant. Vaccinium ov<(tuin, PwraAi. Sand hills on the coast. A shrub 1 to 3 feet high, abundant and exceedingly fruitful. Large quantities of the fruit are collected by the Indians and sold to the inhabitants, but it is inferior in quality to that of other species. Rhododendro)i Ctiliforniciim, Hook. A large shrub in subalpine woods of the Cascades, 4 to 10 feet high, bearing large flowers, very ornamental. Rhododendron alhifloruni, Hook- A rare shrub. 3 feet high, in the Alpine woods of the Cascades, with inconspicuous flowers. — Elihu Hall, Athens, III. [To he continued.^ Bryological Notes by C. F. Austin. — Ceratodok minor, n. sp. — Facile dignoscitur a C. purj)ureo, cui caeterum simillimus, statura minore, foliis ob costain longissime excurrentem aristatis, pcdicello tenuiore, capsula breviore, peristomii dentibus angustioribus laevioribus solum inframedium articulatis et (angustissime) marginatis. West of the Frazer River, June oth, 18T5, Macoun. Nearest to G. purpureuii, \av. aristatus Axjst. Muse. AppulacJi, n. 117; but that is more robust ; with longer stems ; leaves With the stouter costa not so long excurrent ; color of the whole plant paler (pedicel and capsule yellowish), and with" the peristome as in the typical form. In C. MINOR the stems are about 3 lines high. The very slender pedicel and shining capsule are of a dark red color. The annulus and operculum are about as in C. purpureas. The peristomal teeth are nearly of the same length but much narrower and neither articulated nor margined above the middle, very narrowly margined and with only about half as many articulations and l)ut 2 or 3 cross-bars below the mid- dle. Inflorescence as in G. purpureus. Cryphea Ravenelii, n. sp. — Plantne humilis sordido-virides; caule vix unciam lon';;0 julaceo subarcuato subsimplici, foliis siccitate appresis in humido apertisrotundo- fvatis concavis obtusiusculis opacis, inargine piano integerrimo versus apicem subin- curvo, dorso minutissime papilloso, costa validiuscula supra medium procedente apice subflexuosa et ssepe iniEqualiter bicrura, reti obscuro granuloso minuto uniformiter brevi; ramulis fructifris brevissimis secundis, foliis perichajtialibus pallidis arete con- volutis tenuis abrupte breviter acuminatis, costa tenui longe infra apicem evanida, cajjsula fere sessili ovali solidiuscula ore limbo lato solidissimo rubro circumciucta, peristomii dentibus 8 rubris solidis e basi lata subulato-filiformibus siccitate erecto- incurvis in humido erecto-adpressis valde noduloso-articulatis in medio linea divisurali notatis pertusisque, ciliolis nullis, calyptra opeiTulo annuloque baud visis: florescentia C. glonieratie. Rome, Georgia, Ravenel. Resembles G. glouicraUi, but is readily distinguished by its obtusish opake gran- ulose leaves not squarrose when moist, by its shorter and less abruptly pointed i)eri- cluBtial leaves not costate to the apex, by its shorter and more solid capsule with a broad solid rim and without a persistent annulus, by its solid red peristomal teeth erect-appressed when moist (slightly spreading iu G. ylonuratu) and by the want of an inner peristome. Barbula Ravenelii, ??.. sp. — Plantaj parvae sordido-flavescentes cfespitos?e rigidse; caule 2-3 lineas longo erecto simplici, foliis siccitate crispis ovato et lanceolato- ohlongis subcarinatis obtusiusculis et obtusis pro more minutissime apiculatis, ai)iculo paululum recurvo, margine inframedium angustissime recurvo, costa terreti percurrente, reti minuto baud granuloso basilar! jjaulum majore et laxiore; cietera desunt. On the earth, Georgia, Racead. 90 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Resembles B. ungiticulita, Hedw., but difters in its shorter more oblong not Un- gulate leaves, with the ordinary cells not granulose, the basal ones less pellucid etc. Costa minutely papillose on the back. Barbula ? WoLLEi, n. sp. — PlantiE dense csespitosse, subfragiles, saturate virides ; caule erecto subsimplici, foliis siccitate subcrispatis madefactis flexuoso-patentibus sublinearibus apice canaliculato excepto planiusculis paulo undulatis margine planis miuutissime eroso-serratis apice subacuminato-acutatis, costa percurrente haud lutes- cente: flores et fructu ignoti. {\.xi TrichoHtomii yq\ Didyinodontis species. ^ ) Rocks in a ravine, near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Bau. Intermediate in many respects between Bavbula (•sa and Didymodon cylindri- cus. From the former it diflers in its longer stems, rather broader less carinate less un- dulate and more fragile leaves, minutely erose-serrate on the margin, sub-acuminate by the incurved margins at the apex, rather less pellucid at the base, and with the costa neither pellucid when moist nor shining on the back when dry. From the latter it differs in its twice larger size, broader, less fragile accuminate erose-serrate leaves, etc. Tkichostomum Coloradense, n. sj). — Plantaj pusillie fusco-virides ; caule tenui subflexuoso 3-3 lineas longo, foliis inferioribus remotiusculis superioribus congestis patulo-incurvis linealibus toto longitudine valde convolutis acutiusculis minutissime granuloso-papillosis obscure minute areolatis, basi subpellucida, margine plana integerrima tenui, apice extremo subpellucido nonnullo minute serrato, costa basi lata deplanata tenuissima supra medium vix a lamina distinguenda longe ante apicem evanida : cfetera desunt. Yosemite Valley. Communicated by J/r. James. This species is well distinguished from all others of the genus known to me by its long linear convolute leaves plane on the margin and incurved towards the apex, and with a remarkably thin costa which is not at all prominent on the back. The cells at the base of the leaf are very small narrow and pellucid, soon passing into quadrate, and then into granular above. & Some Notes on Variations. — LiafriK scnrioan, L., found in 1873-4 around Grand Rapids, Mich., frequently had as many as 80 heads on a spike, heads often as many as 60-flowered. Liatrix Rquarrosa, TFi^W., often had the i-emarkable number of from 70 to 92 florets in a head. L. squarrosa, L. cyliiidrica, L. scarioxit, and L. pycnostnchya, almost always presented the characters of pubescent achenia, and ]:)unctate leaves and scales. But the most remarkable Liatris was one that seemed to be intermediate between L. Rcariom., and L. squan-osa, found south of the city along side of the Grand River Valley R. R. Heads of flowers usually large, and the upper ones — very seldom the lower — had colored scales, much longer than the florets, intermixed with them. Sometimes there would be twelve or fifteen of these scales; often not more than five or six. Otherwise the receptacle was smooth. Have never seen this feature in anj' other locality, nor heard of it anywhere. Another singular variation noticed was in the Bainuicidtis mnltifidus, Pursh[i2. Purshii, Rich.]. It very often occun-ed, in the numei'ous ponds around Grand Rapids, with double and quilled flowers and often with the scales changed to tubular appen- dages, with an entire, or lacerate border. The flowers were very large for the species, and the leaves sometimes ver^- much dissected, sometimes with but few divisions. On one occasion I came upon a patch — or field— of some two acres nearly covered with the bright golden flowers. I could see them for a long distance before I reached them, and when I reached the border of what I afterwards found was a drained pond I was much surprised as well as interested to find all the plants growing in the moist soil with leaves not more divided than in It. bulbostix, and stems from five to ten or twelve inches high, and both leaves and stems pubescent. There were two or three low places BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 91 where water was still standing:, and in these the lower leaves presented the usual dissected appearance. I also found Elwrkii/ proaerpiimcoides, Willd., growing in moist soil, at some distance from any water. Apparently the ground was kept moist by the thick trees. During the autum of '73 I frequently found Viola Canadensii, L., and V. rostrota, Parsh., with apetalous flowers and large full capsules, and occasionally V . MuMenherrjii, Torr., i)resented this feature. I do not refer to subterranean apetalous flowers, but those growing upon the stems. Many species have the subterranean capsules. Since I came to Connecticut I have found Viola mjittntn. Ait., and V. lanceolata, L., with the char- acter described above, that is with apetalous flowers, both subterranean and on scapes. Found one T rillium f/mndiflornin, SalisV)., with four leaves, four petals, four sepals, four stamens, two stigmas, ovary four angled and one edge each of two opposite petals curled as if they had partiall}' absorbed the two missing stamens. Once I found a Trillium er(/throrarpum,vdV. Gkcelimdicum, Wood., with six sepals and fifteen petals all green. Oct., 25, 1873, I found a tialix in fruit, wliicli was well ripened, and some of it falling from the scales. The leaves were mostly fallen, and what remained were so blackened by the frost that the species could not be determined with certainty. They resembled those of S. lucida. The question in regard to it was, is this the second fruit- ing of the season? In the spring of '73 I found a field of more than two acres covered with the flower of Valeriana sylcatica, L. The next spring scarce a blossom could be found in this field, and this was the only field then seen that produced them. A few were afterwards found in another field. "What caused their disappearance? Nearby was an abundance of Cijpnpedium spertjOiile, Swartz., and the finest specimens I ever saw. The next year not a flower could be found in the locality, and only one plant, a half starved specimen with two leaves. Why this change? I think tli:it if a reason could be found for these disappearances, it would throw light on the question of veracity which has arisen in regard to the statements of some writers, who having said they had found certain flow- ers in a certain location, have been judged to be mistaken, because others could never find those flowers in the same localities. Tlie Arctostnphi/lox Uoa-urni, Spreng., sometimes occurs in Michigan with leaves ciliate on the margin, petioles pubescent, stamens pubescent, and young branches quite so. — N. Colemax, Blou/njield, Conn. Foreign Plants in ISToiitiierx California. — At the time of the publication of the B(jt. Cal., Vol. I, last spring, Verbascuiu Thapsus, L., was "yet unknown on the Pacific coast." But I find it well established and apparently spreading too rapidly at several localities in tlie interior of the extreme northern portion of the State. In an old field near Yreka, Siskij'ou county, there grows a great quantity of another foreigner, and one which has not often been recorded as established, or even adventive in North Amei'ica, namely, Lapidium Draba, L., of Europe. Datura Tatula, L., is here first recorded from California. It occurs plentifully^ by the roadside, at Callahan's Ranch, biskiyou county. — Env/ u L. Greene, Yreka, Cal, Root-Leaves OP Alisma Plant ago, var. Americanitm, Gray. — AVhileon a botaniz- ing tour near New Harmony, Ind., last May, 1 came to a small pond in which the water was gradually drying up. On approachinfr the border I found what was then a plant from 2-4 inches high, which was just beginning to bud, aud in some plants flow- ers were partially opened. A more thorough examination proved that these plants were not found within 4-5 ft. of the water's edge, but from this on to several feet . Under the water, the muddy surface was covered by tufts of a grassy looking plant, the thin membranous leaves {phyllodia ?) of which were linear-lanceolate, from 2-5 inches long, from J^-3^ inch broad. Turning my attention now to the plants first found I discov- 92 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ered they had sprung from the same tufts of roots as those last observed, and then found them in all stages of transition; the root-leaves drying up and disappearing as the mud. dried up, leaving only the plants first noticed; vrhich were subsequently found to be our common Water Plantain. — J. Schneck, 3It. Girmel, III. Recent Publications. — Americdii Journal of Science and Arts, January. An address delivered at South Kensington by Dr. J. H. Gilbert " On some Points in Con- nection with Vegetation" is begun in this number. Dr. Gilbert confines his attention almost exclusively to the " Sources of the nitrogen of vegetation in general, and of ag- ricultural production in particular." Dr. Gray gives a short review of a paper read upon the " Geographical Statistics of European Flora," which is so condensed and interesting, that, but for the lack of space, we would reprint it. The Anieriean Nntiiralist, February. The botanical papers of this number are nu- merous and full of interest. Owing to the exceedingly crowded condition of our pages, we are compelled to simply mention articles that are worthy a more lengthy notice. The botanical articles are a very readable paper upon "The Distribution of Plants in New Hampshire and Vermont," by William F. Flint ; Fertilization of Oentiana An- drewxii" by Dr. Gray; "Origin of Varieties; Two Illustrations," by J. J. H. Gregory, and " Ipomcea xetosa," by Mary Treat. Field and Forest, January. Mr. Rudolph Oldberg gives a list of the Mosses and HepaticcB of the District of Columbia. Proreedlngs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Parts I. and II., 1876. Quite a nvunber of botanical papers are contained in these parts, and that in- defatigable observer, Mr. Median, is largely represented . Report of the Botanist: [Charles H. Peck.] 3Iad6 to the Regents of the Univer- sity of the State of JVeic York, from the twenty-eighlh annual report. This is a pam- phlet of about GO pages, containing two handsome plates of new Fung'. Mr. Peck is making annually very large contributions to our species of Fungi, and this report con- tains no less than 70 species new to science and 150 new to the herbarium. Lists are given of the phints mounted antl contributed, together with the names of the donors. If other states would only imitate New York in this respect, herbara would be secured them that would soon make State Floras something more tangible than at ]n-esent, and would at the same time greatly advance the interests of botanical science at large. Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees, by Ellwood Cooper. This is a little book of over 300 pages, being mainly a printed copy of a lecture on " Forest Culture and Aus- tralian Gum-trees" by Mr. Ellwood Cooper, President of Santa Barbara College, California, and descriptions of Eucalyptus trees from the pamphlets of Baron Ferd. Von Mueller. Note. — Calochortus Keunedyi, n sp., of the February number of the Gazette, has been, as I have since learned, distributed in sets of California plants, collected in May, t87fi, by Dr. Palmer, under the unpublished name of C Wallace i.— Cilia Kennedyi, n. , sp., of the same date, is Cilia Parryw, Gray, in Contr. Proc. Am. Acad., issued Dec, 27, 1876. The publication did not reach me until the end of January, when it was too late to witiidraw my name. — T. C. P. V( "_ All communications should be addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. M. S. Coulter, Lo^ansport, Ind. Terms :Suhsciiption $1.00 a i/ear. Single Numbers 10 cents. BOTANICim?^^^^TTE. Vol. ^. APRIL, 1877. ^N'o. 6. Notes on the Arboreous, Arborescent and Supfruticose Flora of Oregon (concluded).— i^'/v/.riHMS Oregana, Nutt. Along streams and lowlands, attains -} feet in diameter, o-enerally smaller, low and scrubby, very little clear lumber to be had from the best trunks. It is used chiefly for fuel and is estimated for this purpose to Ijc nearly double the value of either of the species of Abiea, and brings about twice as much per cord in the market. As fuel its value is about equal to that of the oak, and very large quantities are now used in the country and the supply must soon become exhausted near the cities. Celtis reticulata, Torr. A shrub of straggling growth,- 6 feet high at the Dalles of the Columbia, fruiting al)undantly, fruit dark brown when ripe. Querruf Douglnsii. Hook. This is the onlj^ species observed on the Williamette or Columbia rivers. It disappears near the coast and does not reach far into the Cascades. It seems coulined to tne hilly regions of valleys and attains 2 and 3 feet in diameter, rarely 4 feet, but is low and scrubby. Some trees will afford a 12 foot stick compara- tively free from knots. The branches are wide spreading and drooping, often coming so near the ground that they can be reached with the hand. Phomdendron flacescens, var. ;)M/je«ce/?-« grows upon this tree exclusively and is not rare on the lower drooping limbs. It is the hard-wood tree of the carriage maker and is extensively used in the manufacture of heavy wagons, but all light carriage material is brought from the East- ern States. Castampsis chrpsojiht/Ua, A. DC. A branching shrub, 4 feet high in the Cascade hiountains, with fruit resembling the chestnut. Corylus rostrata. Ait., var. Californica, A. DC. The shrub of the usual size has rounder, not pointed leaves and the beak of the fruit quite short, the upper as well as the lower surface of the leaves pubescent, serratures much finer. Along streams, rather rare. Myrica (Mifoniica, Cham, ife Schlecht. Sandy hills on the coast. A shrub 4 to 10 feet high with lanceolate, toothed leaves. Betula piimila, L. A shrub 3 to 4 feet high, in ponds. Alihus Orega/ui, Nutt. (,1. /•(f/)?v^ Bongard). A medium sized tree on stream banks in the valleys, the largest attaining 3 feet in diameter and 40 to GO feet in height. Mostly scrubby and very little clear lumber can be made from the best trunks. Salix longlfoUa, Muhl. On the Williamette River, 6 to 8 feel high. Salix lanceolata, Anderson. A tree afoot in diameter, 30 feet high, with lanceolate, long pointed, smooth, finely serrated leaves, on banks of streams. Salix rhrysophyWi, var. pellita, Anderson-. Wet Alpine woods in the Cascades. A low shrub. Salir SifrJi.ri(( Froumifii, Tuck., hanging in dense festoons from all the branches of this tree, evidently dwarfing it in its growth both in diameter and altitude, as it is said to grow much larger and taller at lower elevations. Abies Douglasii., Lindl. This stands at the head of the forest trees of Oregon both in regard to size and stateliness and in its value to the industries of tlie country. It attains 6 and 8 feet in diameter, and, rarely, 300 feet in height, generallj- 200 to 250 feet and 2 to 4 feet in diameter. It is extensively manufactured into lumber for all build- ing purposes. It aftords probably 50 per cent, of all the fuel used by the inhabitants in the valley regions. The bark is thick and. rough. It bears fruit abuudantl}^ Abies grdiidis, LixiiW. This is the next most valuable timber tree. Attains equal height to A. Douglasii, hut is much less in diameter (2 to 3^^ feet). The bark is smooth, with blisters containing I'esin, which makes the handling of the wood very an- noying, as the hands and clothing become coated with it. It is used for lumber and for fuel. The branches are short and symmetrically arranged, the whole tree forming a beautiful cone. The leaves are dark green, resembling A. balsainen ot the eastern states. The cones are produced very sparingly on the topmost branches, the scales deciduous Abies subalpiiin, Eng. This is a small tree in the Alpine regions confounded till recently with A. grandis. It is a beautiful symmetrical tree 30 to 60 feet high. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 95 Abies Eiiglemanni, Pany. In the liiglier Alpine regions, about Alpine prairies, etc. A stately tree of small diameter, growing so densely in its peculiar habitats, that no trunk can fall to the ground alone. Circular areas of an acre or two are frequently seen in the Alpine heights where tlie entire growth has been prostrated and lies a l;il)yrintli of trunks that have apparently fallen in every direction, evidently caused by the action of a circular wind, no eifects of which are to be seen outside of the pros- trated areas. This tree in fruit, etc., much resembles A. Me)iziesii of the coast/egion, and is probably no more than a high mountain form of it. Abies Menziesii, Dougl. This tree abounds in the coast regions to a limited extent where it fruits abundantly. It is not known to be of much importance to the country. Ta,vus hrecfulid, Xutt. Grows nearly or (juite upright and attains a diameter of a foot or over, but is low and scraggy, with spreading, drooping limbs. The foliage is bright green and ornamental. It is used for fence posts chiefly on account of its dura- bility, but it is scarce and of no great value to the country on that account. The berries are red and edible when ripe in September. Juiiiperus rommimis, L.. var. alpinm, Pari. This is a trailing form of the species, never rising from the ground but trailing and rooting from its limbs, forming large clumps 10 to 20 feet in diameter. Occurs at the limit of trees on Mt. Hood. Oipressus JSfutkanus, Hook. A low branching shrub in the Alpine regions of Mt. Hood. Identification doubtful. Thuja gi(/antea,l>intt. Called cedar by the inhabitants. Is a tree of average size and height, 1 to 4 feet, generally 2 to 8 feet in diameter and 00 to 150 feet high. In- habits the mountain ranges, reaching the Williamette valley at some localities. It is much used for shingles and split boards, being remarkable for straightness of grain and facility of sjilitting, often to very long lengths of even proportions. It is a valuable tree, but now nearly all the region where it plentifully abounds has been run over by the fires and it only exists as dead, blackened stumps, standing or prostrate, soon to be lost to the country. This destruction of forests in Oregon by fire seems to have been re- cent. The huge standing or prostrate dead trunks, now almost universal in the Coast rano-e and over large areas of the Cascades, testify to the millions the country has lost by this destructive element. — Elihu Hall, Athens, lil. ^/^RYOLOGiCAL NoTES ; UY C. F. AUSTIN. — DiDiiYODON WoLLEi {Barbuki ? WoUei, Aust. Bot. Gazette, March, 1877). — Plantse dense caespitosae, fragiles saturate virides; caule erecto subsimplici, foliis siccitate su])crispatis madefactis subcirrhatis subcanal- iculatis vel ajjice excepto planiusculis paulo undulatis margine planis minute papil- loso-crenulatis apice pugioui formi-acutatis, costa percurrente, vel brevissime excur- rente hand lutesceute ; flores et fructu ignoti. Rocks in a ravine, near Bethlehem, Pa., Rev. F. Wolle. Somewhat intermediate between Barbula ccKspitosa' and Didyinodoii cylindricus. From the former it diflers in its longer stems, rather broader less carinate less undulate and more fragile leaves, not uniformly recurved-pateut when moist, less pellucid at the base, and with the costa neither pellucid when moist ncn- shining on the back when dry. Very near the latter, but dittering in its more robust habit, shorter and broader leaves rather less pellucid at the base and more or less contracted at the apex into a dagger- shaped canaliculate point. Atrichum Selwyni, ti. sp. — Ah A. <(it,{/uste excavated, the lamelht of the costa 4-G, broad ; otherwise the}^ are about as in ,1. itiKjnxtatiiiit. lutloreseence di(Bcious ; male plant not seen. Calypitni. perfectly luiked 96 BOTANICAL GAZT^TTE. The (•apstile is rather shorter than usual in A. '«ir/ttsto^^?«,, otherwise it is much the same. Bartramia Macouni, It , up. — Plant* subrobusttB (magnitudine B. pomiforinu), ctiespites sat densos moUes pallide cineraceo-virides formatae ; caule unciali et longiore tlexuoso-ereeto fascicuhitira ranioso inferne parceradiculoso; foliis moUibus in siccis laxe subcirrhato-crispatis in hmnore strlctiusculis erecto-patentibus undiquevergen- tibus longe liueali-lanoeolatis leviter carinatis facie superior! indistiucte papillosis, margine leniter iucrassato inferne subrecurvo planove superue argute serrate, costa longe >excurrente dorso apicem versus subserrata, reti perminuto quadrato-rotundo, •basilari paululum latiori lineari ferrugineo, pericha4ialibus 2-3 multum minoribus anguslioribus erectis; capsula in pedicel lo ()-8 liueas longo exserta globosa siccitate sul)liori/.onlali et leviter striata, parietiua mollissima e cellulis oldatis rotundisve infla- tis pellucidis formata, annulo nullo, operculo depresso-conico obtusissime mammil- lato; peristomii dentibus sat rubris solidis latis tfeniato-subulatis integris hevissimis crebre (circiter 25) articulatis humiditate in conum couniveutibus, ciliis paululum latioribus brevioribus luteis subdicrauis la?vibus subuodulosis, ciliolis longioribus et lircvioribus solidioribus angustissimis rufescentibus ; sporangio libero: florescentia synoica; tlore adspectu laterali perminuto, organis genitaliuni utriusque sexus paucis, parai)hysibus paucissimis. Vancouver's Island, May, 1875, Macon n. Near B. (Ederi (Gtjnn.) Swartz in general appearance, but it is really a very distinct species, as a comparison of the above description witii the following notes will show : — B. (Eile.rL is somcwliat smaller in size and usually of a ferrugineous or fuscous grccii cohir. The stems are very radiculose l)elow; leaves more distant, much shorter, more rigid, strongly recurved whcnmoist, more cariuate, very stronglyrevolute on the margin, still less distinctly papillose above, the cells mostly paralellogramoid ; cap- sule dark colored and strongly ribbed when dry, of a much more solid and opake tex- ture, the cells o\al and somewhat larger; peristomal teeth a little less solid, not so closely ai'ticulated, more suddenly narrowed above the base, not so even on the margin, less fragile, the cilia,' rathej- more perfect; sporangium not free; tiower larger ; peri- cha^tial leaves like the stem-leaves; paraphyses many times more numerous and very consi)icuous. Dr'Ranum Macouni, /*. xp. — Planbe sat dense csespitosis, pallid;B, stramineo-virides vcl subalbescentes; caule strictiusculo erecto subsimplici fere ad apicem breviter rufo- tomeutoso, foliis subsecundis a basi anguste lanceolata sensim longe subulato-acumina- tis semiconvoluto-concavis leniter falcatis hevissimis integerrimis vel apice extreme obsolete serratis, costa teuui sul) apice finienti, reti minutissimo cellulis a basi usque ultra medium angustissimis linearibus, illis versus apicem multum brevioribus duplo latioribus subovalibus discretis, illis infiatis ad angulos paucis luteis spatii inter mar- ginem el costam vix ultra dimidium occupantibus: sterile. Peace River, 1871. Jlacotui. Readily distinguished from jiU its congeners by its smooth and entire leaves, with a very light costa and with long and extremely narrow cells. — About the size of i>. albi- C((/is and I). Simteri. — The leaf-cells are much narrower than in any other species known to me. Dicrankli.a Canadensis (Mitt.) Cynodontimn Canade-nsis, Mitt, in tlie Jour of the Linn. Soc. H, p. 17. — Size of the plant, capsule, peristome, etc., precisely as in Z>. ritria (which probably accounts for its being generally overlooked) The shape and position of the leaves however are (piite different — more as in D. squnrrosd. However, in texture they are nearer to the former species. In D. Canadensis the iiericha?tial leaves are like the stem-leaves in size, jiosition, etc., (semivaginal at the base and recurved- spreading); in D. caria, on the contrary, they are diminished in size, erect, not vagiuaU BOTANICAL CfA^Mtt!. 97 at the base; furthermore tlie leaves of the latter are every way like those of Lepto- trichum tortile. Mr. Macoun has found both D. Gunadeania and Z>. I'uria on Vancouv- er's Island. Of the latter species he has sent me a fine specimen; hut of the former only a small fragment, which appears to have got accidentally mi.xed with Bdrhida unguiculatd . It is probable that this moss Is not rare in the North West. FissiDENS Hallii, n. xp. — Statura facieque F^. iuciircix, statim diguoscitur lamen foliis margine crenulatis baud limbatis, operculo longius ro.strato (semper V) calyptra vix ad basim rostri producta basi baud fissa etc. — Capsula erecta, pedicello mediocriter lougo, florescentia dioica, planta' utriusque sexus immixtje. Texas, Hall. FissiDENS iNCURVus (W. & M.) SoHWGR, var. I.ONGIPES. — Differt a fomia uormali pedicello ratione cauli longiore, autheridiis t-8 nudis in foliorum axills eparaphysa- tis, etiam in eodenu|Ue caule cum pistillidiis paraphy.satis apicali. On the ground, Vancouver's Island, 1875, Macoun. F[ssIDE^■s iKCi'Kvus var. .monoicus. {F. monoicus, Aust. ///. lift, od Si'm.iv., ISOD.) Habitu, foliatione, etc., nonnali sed florescentia F^. hryoklis. On a moist red shale bank of the Black River, at Vleet-Town, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, x\ugust, 1877. (Matures in July and August.) The var. sYNOiciis (7^. ,v^/i/>«VM» Sulliv.) matures its fruit late in autumn. It grows on limestone banks and rocks along streams. (Haverstraw, Albany, Watkin's Glen, &c., in New York, also Canada and Ohio.) The var. minutulus {F. minutulm and F. e.nguus,) Sui.i.iv. matures in summer. It occurs only on stones in damp places, shaded ravines, about springs, etc. {F.Cliitsteri, Aust. may be looked for wherever this var. occurs; it matures in August.) The var. chassipes {F. cruxxlpex Wils.) is found in somewhat similar situations as the preceding var.; but along larger and less limpid streams, and where it is subject to inundation, often for several weeks at a time. The more normal forms, of this, in some respects, extremely variable species, do not ap])ear to occur east of the Rocky Mountains, except in the Southern and Sonth- western States. F. DECiPiENS DeNot. Sulliv. Icon. Suppl.{F. rape-striif Wils.) Occurs on shaded rocks in mountainous localities, throughout the Middle and Eastern States. I first separated this species from F. ndiantoides, its nearest ally, by its sul)terminal fruit and minute leaf-cells, ten years ago, and had kept it under Wilson's name. It occurs abundantly on trunks of trees in Florida. F. TAXiFOLHTS Hedw. is commou on moist shady banks (never truly on rocks) in the Middle States. Like the preceding species (also F. (ididntoidcx and F.i>.sii'iiitdiiii(hs)\\ matures its fruit late in autumn. ^ Encalypta Macouni, II. up. — Ab E. ajfinix Hedw./. {F.apophyxataN. II. S.) prox- ima recedit foliis muticis, costa sub apice flniente, capsula (valde immatura) magis- apophysata (sinistram versus leuiter tortaV) peristomii dentibus hrevioribus dimiilo- augustioribus, calyptra basi clegantissime fimbria, persistente, et al Stewart's Lake Mountains, June, 1875, Macoun. Calyptra about as large as in the largest examples of £^. ciliatu, light fuscous yellow, (the fringe brown, uniform, luuTow and delicate) densely papillose over the whole sur- face. Pedicel reddish, minutely papillose, rather densely so above the middle, more remotely so below it, slightly twisted to the right in drying. Apoi)liysis at the base of the capsule very large. Peristome single, the teeth of medium length, very narrow and filiform, red, more or less split into two equal segments nodulose and granulose Leaves much crisped when dry, straight and erect when moist, narrowly ligulate, cari- nate, broadly revolute on the margin, mutic, very opake; the costa ceasing below the .apex and densely papillose on the back Perichittial leaves much smaller and thinner, 98 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. the innermost scarcely exceeding the vaginula, with a broad subvasjinal base and a Ungulate, very obtuse apex. Intlorescence monoecious, male tlower on a short stalk. ^ A Moss Np:w to thk Unitp:d States. — Fildtrirlnun (uuJuldt.niii, Beauv., a West Indian moss, occurs, in a small collection of plants made recently near Fort Reid, on the upper St. Johns, Florida, by Miss E. S. Boyd. The siiecimens, though scant)', are in fruit. The moss has a general resemblance to small specimens of Nectera peitatu, but tlie leaves are very inequilateral, and strongly nerved more than halfway; and the l)ericha4ial leaves, are peculiar, tlie lowei' ones ovate-acuminate with squarrose tips, and the upper ones narrowly linear, very slender, and overtopping the capsule. With it were also Pilolvichum ryiidifoliiuii, Sull., Lniciihriinm lutiius, Thuid/um tawdrisci- iiii/ii,a large steyila Eix-side/iH, anil the '.'ed Louisiana lichen, ('hiodcrtun ruhro-rinctna, Nylauder. — D.^^niel C. Eaton, New Haven, March 3!), ISTT. Botanical Contribi'tions by Asa Gray, Pror. Amer. Acad., Vol. 12. Ben'/nher, 1876. — This contribution to North American Botany is one full of interest. The list of new species is large and principally western, though there is quite a representation from the south. The panii)hlet also contains two tine plates, one of ArcUiineeini C'ali- fornirain, Torr., and the other of a new genus anil species ('iinlii/n. randiihu Parry. Then follows a description of the new genus dedicated by Dr. Parry to Mr. Wm. M. Canby and a reconstruction of the very rare genus Arctoinecim, Torr. These genera belong to the (n-der Papai^eraceLe and are both very peculiar in the persistency of the corolla. The new genus was discovered in S. E. California by a botanical party, con- sisting of Doctors Palmer and Parry and Mr. Lenimon, May 18, 1876. The new species are supplied Ijy various parties. Rev. E. L. Ureene, T. S. Brandegee, Dr. Parry, Dr. Rothrock, and Powell's Expedition of 1875, being the principal contributors. Of course the numbers of the Axtniijuli are increased in this case by an addition of seven species and two varieties. The proportions this genus is beginning to assume as our western territory is becoming nioi'c thoroughly explored is something startling. A new Le)<- pe,dez:i is described, having been founii in .Minnesota, Illinois and Iowa. The relations of Cletlira and Pyrola are considered and rather than break up the ori>iiual ErUaiwiM into seperate orders, as has been done by DeCandolle and otiier European botanists. Dr. Gray combines Clef/) n( and the tribe /\(//v;/f/e into the third sub-order, Pyroliucd'. The sei'tion Steiroiiniut, Raf. (jf Ly.^iiitucliin is restored to generic rank and hence the species of N. United States are as follows: Stfiii'i'ineiii'i. riliafuiii, (^v.^Lf/xiinnrli iii rilintn, L. ,S. rtidicd/is Gr.^/y. rddicdn.s, I look. .s'. Id./iccdldtddi, Gr.=/y. la/ici'olatd, Walt. S. loiif/ifoliui/i, Gr.= /y. l(nnjt'f(din, Pursh. The genus AvcZfjj/a.v and its allies are rearranged in the following genera ; P'/^/o.s- //y////(^Ell., Aiiaiitlnri.i\ Nutt.(>^ "i of Ari'rdfe.'< in (Cray's Man., 5lh Ed.), Agvlepiodoni. Gr. (containing Ari'i-aU'.'< pii/i.inilnfd, Decaisne.), A.srlepid.s, L., Arrnifes^EU., /)udtd)ax, Michx., with the sections Dirf!/(d.idin.^, Edfioindohnx and ('ht]idiiialid. the last being reduced from generic rank.— J. M. ('. On Exckkscenoes axd ExcKxrurc Wood Growths ix tuk 'I'kinks ok Trees. — This is the subject of a cominuuication of Mr. Thomas Meehan to the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences of Philadelphia, December U), 1876, and appears in the Proceedings, Part III, of that year. The strange excrescences found in so many of (mr trees have often been the causes of no small curiosity in regard to the cause of their formation. Till very lately these monstrous growths have been referred to in.sects as their origin. Mr. ]\Ieehan calls attention to the fact that these excrescences were often of a uniform BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 99 character in ciicli spofics of tree. They ;ire not merely almornuil (U^veloinnents o( tlie hark, hiil arc coniiiosed of true woody fibre disposed in annual rings and surrounded by bark, as tlioug'li they were so many separate centers of growth. Mr. Meelian sug- gests the following e.\|)lanation of these excrescences. By experiment it is shown tliat there is no ditfereuce in tiie Mrsi place in any i)art of the cambium layer or layer of growth, although subsequently the inner i)art ])roduces wood cells. "The same cell mayljecome permanent I issue or generating tissue, and from the generative tissue may come before the season of growtli closes every form of structure known to anatomists, from pure wood to the outermost cuticle of the bark. We know that cell-growth is not always uniform in its operations. The law that changes ihc outermost series of newly cells into libei- need not necessarily operate so exactly as to make them perfect to this end — a few may be thrown off into the liber as generative tissue — and, granting this possibilitj', we see how (he woody granules in the apple bark ai'c formed." In this same way, Mr. Meehan Intel's, the largei- excrescences with rings of growth :uv formed. In this case "the imperfectly formed liber cells, still ix'taining their generative power, make a growth the next season^ forming a layer of wood and making its own cortical layer, simultaneous with the noruTal wood growth of the tree, assimilating from the same store of reserve material that the normal irrowth does."— J. M. C. W(n.vvi\.— ]V[aiuial, page 480 (Ed. of 18()!)), is described as having "//v/zr/.s /•w//^c'.'<.v, proliferous from a cleft oi- f■unnel-^haped opening at the l)ase, the oti"- spring soon detached." Last summer I watched \Vt>/jp',i pi'etty closely and with much interest. In plants from my locality the manner of its reproduction seems to be this. I noticed plants that were nearly spheres, oliiers that were oblong, or prolate spln-roids, and of these some had indentations about the middle, which varied in depth, until in some of the plants the two ]iortions were merel}' in contact and these soon went apart, making two perfecl plants.— Du. II. C. Beakdslke, P(iin€xrill(\ Ohio. Prof Theo. B. Comstock, of Cornell rniversily, pro[)o.se-^ to conduct an "A(iuatic ^Summer School of Natural History." A steamer is to be chartered for four or six weeks to cruise along the ".south and west shores of Lakes Erie, Huron and Superior, thence along the north and east shores of the same waters." The route is certainly a tempting one to botanists and the fee, !|12.'") including everything for 80 days, is so moderate that we have no doubt many will be tem((ted to make api)lication to join the expedition. We take pleasure in calling attention loa circular issued by H. Eggert of St. Louis, Mo. It surely presents a rare chance to botanists t(j obtain sets of tlie tine and many rare plants found in the neighl)orliood of St. Louis. We have received a set of Mr. Eggerts' jilants and have found them to be exceedingly fine specimens and can cordi- ally recomnumd them to our friends. Mr. Kggerfolfers for sale or exchange a selection from a list of about ."iOO s)>ecies collected in the vicinity of St. Louis. He allows those who wish to buy, the privilege of chosing from the list such i)lants as they desire to obtain, at the rate of 6 cents i)er species for full iind complete sj)ecimens. Dr. George Engclmann is given as reference. The list may be [)rocured by addressing H. Eggert, 918 Wash St., St. Louis, Mo. In a note from Prof. M. W. Harrington, written from ficipzig, Germany, the follow- ing is of general interest. "The great German botanist. Prof Hofmeister, died a few days ago. The two parts of his Ilmvlhiich iler rhi/slo.'(i(//.'o/i i'a I'dpriDhifii, L., hidcu with beautiful red trumpet hloasonxti, Jlot/iiol/n f/lm/ni, L., beginning to unfold its fragrant petals, Fynis arhufifolia, L. var., eri/f/in>r({ri/i{, Cliapni., Ainorj)]ia friit iroHii , L., Lenfatlioe juicei/tosa, (iray, DecuvKirid hdrlnn-n, L anil Smilax WiiUeri Pursh. In the streets of the town and on the dry sandy railroad Ijanks grew in large mats Ariintlioxpcrntnui .vdiitln'iiidcu.DV.; Avhile in the wet side ditches appeared plentifully, both in flower and fruit, Maijitcd Mirlt(iu.vii. Sehott ct End., and Jtissitea lej)tocarp(i,l>iutt\ and on the shady banks ri/rrhaiKippun Cfc^, Michx., instead of pine and as land marks of apparent barren soil. While such slopes or ridges present no favored locations for particular plants except this oak and Berldiidierd Kubdcdulix, Nutt, they yield, nevertheless, with the adjacent dry soil such plants as Asimind pugind'a, Dunal, now coming in flower, Ascynun piuiiUniii, Michx., Axtrcu/'ihis rilldsiin, Nutt.. Asc/rpids dtiiiilr.virdiflis, Michx., Jatrophd iirei/K, L., var., .^•/^//«^/.sv^ J. Mueller, Crofim dr////rdi,f/i/'ii/iix, Michx.. and R/ii/n- chospord pliimoiid, Ell. There appeared near this inland town, as not observed elsewhere, large and dense forests of unusually tall exogenous trees of which the Magnolia, the Hickory, and the BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 103 Swamp Wliite Oak raised their spreading tops fully a hundred feet in the air. The land, covered by these stately inonarehs, is quite rolling, composed of a mixed and ferlile soil of (day, sand and vegetable mold. Penetrating these deep forests, with compass, very few herbaceous plants were seen, but an abundance of woody under- growth of various entangling vines and shrubs of wliich S///ii/)/oros tinrtni'id, ]., 'Her. was tlie mqst interesting and a new acquisition. (lainsville is a favorite resort for the invalid, prol)ably in part due to the attractions of ils 1 iiral scenes, dry atmosphere and moderate charges of living. A Brooklyuian who had recovered his health here, and in conse([uence enjoyed excellent spirits, be- came a good friend and companion in my daily rambles. We engaged upon a days trip through a varied country to the iVlachua or Sink, a large lake with a subteri-auean sti-eam to the ocean. The l)otany, however, at our i)lace of ap- l)roach was disappointing, for we had been preceded — the lowing herd had cropped close Ihe sloping banks, and the long snouted swine had subsoiled the bottom flats. I thought of Wm. Bartram who appeared here a hundred years ago ^1774], and stood upon the banks of this same "Great Sink," so minutely and graphically described in his travels, the "extensive Alachua savanna' as 'a level green plain, above fifteen miles over and lifty miles in circumference,' with the abundance of game 'disturbed, in its quiet re. treat, only through the invasion of these Elysian tields by tiie painted and fearless Seminole." Our Irij), however, to these historic grounds of the once great tribe of Alachuans, the Ancient Floridians, .was not wholly fruitless; for, on the way we in creased our list witli the common Pfelea /rifoliufa, L., Crativgus parvifolm. Ait., and I'ruiniK ninhclliifii. Ell., I'lirriii iidii ii rlxiri-u iii, Marshall, Ilc.v Cas.nnr, h., Starhys Flori- (Idita, Shuttl., Condlorliizd (iihuitorhizd, Nutt, two feet high, Aspidtuin jxdcns, Swz., and Rinnt'lid li/rioidcs, Gaert., var. irrlut.aUi, Gray, with indications of good plants obtained on a subsequent visit. In this country one can often walk for hours through a comparative sameness of giowtli and then sutldenly and unexpectedly enter a changed and interesting vegetation. 'I'liere seems no certain guide in the character or situation of the land to mark localities of certain plants like in the Nortn, where the fertile i)eat bogs and marl beds, the cold sphagnous swamps and dccj) hemlock forests, and the exposed mountain ridges and Alpine peaks arc good indices. Rut in tlie detection of local species here one depends apparently on mere luck. On tlie morning of the IDth there api)eared the tirst and only frost of the season, and in conseqiu'uce the banana leaves assumed a bronze tint, the early vegetables a scalded appearance with drooping foliage, and the floral display of the forest a generally melan- cholic hue, thus iiraclicnlly ending field work foi' a time, and T made my departure southward. In the close of June on my return North, 1 made a sojourn here for a few days. And ix'hold wbat a change! The variety and luxuriance of the vegetation had covered many of my former landmarks, and the place appeared not the same. With the limited time aiul good prosjiccts 1 set diligently to work and added good specimens of (Ucnintix ri'tiriiliifd, W;\\\., t'occulKs ('aiudiiiKx DO., PnUiiidla leptOKtachijs, Shuttl., K I'iimrriiA liiiiri'tdiitd, Torf., Tcp}irniiii frtrapltijlla, Mi(di\., Ji/ii/nc/iosiK fttb<)ellid rylindrii-d, Chapni. Gheildnthex kmnginaxd, Nutt. Onocled xcnxibilix, \j. Bolrycliiuiii Virgin inini. Swartz. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 105 study of Fungi. The fame waitino- to reward the careful examination and study of the Fungi of the Mississippi Valley will be found sufficient to gratify tlie amhitiun of tlie most aspiring botanist. The State of New York, perhaps, has been more thoroughly studied thus far in refei-- ence to its Fungal Flora than any other State of the Union. The State Botanist, Prof. Ciiarles H. Peck, has now for several years devoted himself with unwearied industry to the identification of species with European forms and to the naming and describing of native species. To illustrate what we may state in reference to Fungi in general let us take as an ex- ample the genus Agtirinif!. And I maj' here remark in passing that of this noble genus Prof. Peck has himself named and described nearly 150 species. More than half the species of this genus thus far found in North America are European and ma}' be deter- mined by the use of Cooke's Hand Book of British Fungi, or better still by Fries' Hy- menomycetes Europiei. A large part of the remainder will be foiuid in Prof. Peck's reports in the jjublished volumes of the New York State Museum of Natural History. A few other species and all new species should be submitted to i'rof. Peck or some other Fungologist for description. The study of North American Fungi lias as yet been chietly contined to the P2ast- ern United States ; the Fungi of the Mississippi Valley have received but little atten- tion. To illustrate what yet remains to be done for the Fungal Flora of North Ameri- ca let us refer again to the genus .1i7«/7Vm.s-. Elias Fries in his llymenomycetes Euro- pud, Edition 2, 18T4, enumei'ates 1,202 species. Scarcely 400 species of Agaricins have as yet been determined in this country. Who can say that the number of our species is greatly inferior to that of Europe? Maj^ it not be safe to say that half the xpfcicn^ iiumii genera^ (iiid Home onkrif of North Aiiieriraii Fungi are not yet gtiidicd ? Mr. Charles C. Frost enumerates in the Amherst Catalogue upwards of 1,200 species of Fungi, all found in the single locality about Brattleboro, Vt. 155 sjiecies belong to the highest genus Agdrirux, and nearly fiOO to the highest family, the Hymenomv- CETES. It is not likely that every locality is so rich in species of Fungi as this one; but it is very probable that their number always exceeds that of the Flowering Plants. The student will not find the genera and species of the higher Fungi, the Aoari- c;iNi and Polyporei, for example, any more difficult to make out than those of many orders of Flowering Plants. Prof. Peck's Twentj-third Report contains a >[anual of the most common species of the higher Fungi, which forms a good introduction to the study of North American Fungi. Valuable directions in reference to the collection and preservation of specimens will be found in several of these Reports and especially in the Twenty-seventh. — A. P. Morgan, Datjton, Ohio. Botany FN Japan. — In a private letter from Dr. D. B. McCartee of the Tm|)erial L'niversitj' of Japan, the following is of general interest: — [Ed.] "The Japanese have jiaid a great deal of attention to Botany, and have published many books, some of them ([uite expensive ones, on the sul)ject. They arrange the genera after the Linn;ean System, although some of them give the 'Xatuial Orders,' substituting Jiipanese names for tiie English or \a\.V\\\ ones. The illustrations are quite well drawn and the minute i)arts are frequently drawn magnitied, so that with the habitat and description accompanying, the identitication is generally comparatively easy. The Japanese also have colleges of Agriculture, and |)ubiish a Monthly Maga- zine- on agricultural subjects, and the Department of Education is now issuing a work ill parts on the economical i)i-o(lucts of the difterent provinces of Japan, with well exe- cuted illustrations. Some notes on Variations in Plants in Iowa (ob.served for the most part in .Inly and August, 1878). — A white Vernouia, found near Chariton, apparently a var. of Vtnioiiiafiisriciddta, Michx., specimens tine and abundant. 106 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Another variety of the same species, pr()l)al)ly, i> i|uite abuodaut ia Monroe coun- ty. It is quite smooth, leaves linear-hinceolalc, and very thickly punctate. This varie- ty is so common tliat it sliould receive some notice in our botanical text books. Rudbeckut trilaba, L. [)reseuted some remarkable variations. IN ear Moulton in the southern part of the State, in a thicket ffrowini;- alonii witli the ordinary forms, I found some with ray tlorets a rich, velvety purple; some with luirple and yellow rays, very mucli like those of ('(irciipxisfiiirfiin'u. Vi'iiiCiKi /laxtdtii, \^. runs into numerous varieties. I found scores of pure white flowered specimens, an. And here I will refer to a variety of Riidhicl.tn xprriaxti ((uite comnu)n in some localities around (jrand Rapids. It was very snuM)th, l)otli stem and leaves, except the maruin of the leaves were often I'ousih. Otherwise there was no dillerence between this and the ordi- nary form. A very strongly cork-winged oak attracted my attention not a little; but as I could find no description bearing on this feature, I could come to no conclusicm concerning it. It was a small tree, with leaves much like those of (^. /tif/m, but this and another small oak that I did not have time to give much attention to. often had stellate pubes cent leaves. The common Witch Ha/el presenteil a like featui'e, though that occurs with stellate pubescent leaves in the East as well as at the West. In fact the .stellar pubescent leaves are oftener found than any other form, as far as my observations ex- tend; and I have ofteu inquired why this feature was not noticed by writers. Found quite a number of specimens of Axr/t'jnux, near Albia, agreeing substantially with the description of ^1. ample.r/rnii/tx, Mx., but th.il is said not to grow so far north. Now I will refer to some forms and variations notice(l in various places. A l7c/« Cdroliiu'iina found ((uitc abundant in one locality in >rississi|)pi near Pontotoc, with white flowers, A strictlv erect ('Jiturin, with tiowcr^ in pairs and leaves siiiootliand glaucous, neai' sanie place. A white variety of Plilur rej)t"/ix found near (xrand Rapids. June 31, 1873. Found a singidar AlliniK. Si^athe :! leaved, thin and i)ointed'. flowers few, purplish, mixed with bulblets, stamens broad at base, anthers two lobed, sonu'what sagittate; leaves two to three, thin, nearly radical, shorter than stem, which was IT) inches high; bull) i., ''.^' ^ inch, coated with a strong net work of whitish tibies, ^•rowinii,' in moist soil. Xot far from this I foimd a branching Axrlepidx ('anniti . August 4, 18TB. Saw several clusters of l)lossoms on a common locust tree in Iowa, and last summer July Bl, saw the sanu' feature in ('(uinecticut. Aug. 'lO. 187B. Saw a cherry tree well covered with its secoiul cr()])of fruit, which was nt'arly half grown. I have in my possession a Itlossom of the common Snowball, picked Oct. BO, IKTB- in a yard in Grand Rapids, Midi, and the same -. low.v Pi.-VNTs. — The BoT.\.M( Ai, (i.KZKTTK t'oT .Jaiiuaiv lias an article ou recently discovered plants of Iowa, about which 1 wish to say a few wi.>rds. There must have been some oversight in the matter or several of them woukl have been added to the State cataloiiue some time since. The Trifolium ri'fle.vinn was found l)V myself in ISfJH. jii Troy township, Monroe county. I found Triidexcdiitin rnscd and T. Virf/i'iiifti, -d^ also 7'. y/iV(/.v7( in lS(j7. all three of wliidi I transpl:inf('([ intpent my siunmei' vacation of 187:1 in Iowa, and while there sent nearlv three hundred names of species iind varieties, not then catalogued, to the btate Botanist, many of them seen for the first time in Iowa, that summer. I have not the list of names ;it hand, but think I sent those of Stmchux nternrciis and f.fxpidczn riolari'ii. Anion"- tliosc seen for ilie lifst time in Iowa in ls7o were ('ussin MuriLdidiru and Snldnnin (Uiro- /liii/isi and N. Vi ruliiuiinini. X. CoLE.\f.\x. 'i'liK Siiiri'i.Nc; ()|- Livi.No Pi,A>rs. — It is probably know'n to many that on the 20th of October last I sent to the Botanic (Tarden, at Sidney. New South Wales, by request of the Australian Commission it the ( 'cntcnnial E.\|)ositioii, a suite of Xew Jersey a(|Uatic iilaiils, in which were ^ thniihiinii I iitniiii. y j/iiijihd'd 'dhirdtn. \ uplni r adri'iKi. Sd rrdn /I t'd jiiu'jHi red, I'll/I frrJ/'r/'d riir(l((td, and 1 drriuidm mdiTdcarpoii . \Vhere possible, the roots and seeds lioth were sent They were packed in wet sphagnum, and sent in a tight wine cask. To make mattei> sure, the lot was sent overiaml to San Francisco. The venture has been heard from. The seeds all arrived right, and sonu- of them had sprouted. The rhizomes of the Sjiniphud suffered most, having badly softened on the way : so tliat it IS (piite doubtful whether these can I)e made to live. I hope to try aiiotliiT \ I'liturc this year, adopting a difi'cfcMl method in flic packing. As the ship- ping ot' living plants to a great distance is of practical im|)ortance, the method and result shall be given to the Ho'I'a.mc \i. G.vzkttk, — S. Lockwood. Fh-elwld. X. ./. Mdrrh 24. V\'e are jilcax'd to acknowledge tlic icceiiit of eight liotanical i>amplilels from M. Ali>h. DeCaudollc. They are •'Monstriiositcs Vegetales," 1841, with seven plates, »'Lois (ie la Nomenclature Bolanicpie." lS(i7, A Hcjdy to Various Questions and Criti- cisms made upon the former, l^^ti!), '•ICxperiences sur des Graines de Diverses Especes plongees daii> de Tcau de nier,'" by M. (riislavc Tliiirct. 1S7;J, •'E.\iste-t-il dans la vege- tation actuelle des Caracteres (4enerau.\ et Distinctifs cpie permettraient de la recon- uaitre en toils i)ays si elle devenait fo.ssile r," 1S7."), '"L'Age d'un Arbre a-t-il une influ- ence sur l"epo(pie inoycnne de sa feuillaison v.'" 1S7<), •Sur la designation de la direc- tion des spire:- dan> les planfcs," is7'i, "Observations sur rEnroiilemeut des Vrilles, by M. Casimir De Candfilic, January 1S77. 'i'tie last pamphlet is theonly one that requires special mention at this date. We have now before its the works of three generations of De Candolles. giving us a notable example of inheiited tastes. In this article on the coiling of tendrils, M. C. De Caiidolle says that his researclies were suggested by Dar- win's work on the •■.Movements and Habits of Climtiiiig Plants." The experiments are conducted for the most part with the tendrils of the Bryon\', which do not roll them- selves in one direction. l)ut from a set of helices alternately right and left-handed. It 108 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. seems that all isolated tendrils, entirely free or fixed only by one of their extremitie" coil in one uniform direction through their whole length: that all those whose ends are fastened produce at least two helices ot opposite kinds ; that tendrils free at both ends coil most often from left to right, just as those which have not been separated from the plant ; that isolated tendrils which are fastened at the summit, areas apt to coil in one direction as the other. The helices formed by the hawu] tendril ought always to be an even number. — [Ed.] Recent PcBLiCATioxs. — A/nericini Jounidl <>/ Srieurr mul Artu, March. Dr. Gray has a short note on Bcvfrorsc uperne pallido-fuscescentes vel Havido-virides formans; foliis siccitate valde cris])atis (Orthatricliuin rrinpulnut lemulantibus) in humore strictis suberectis a basi tenuis- sima sensim angustata auguste ]jandur«formi-ligulatis planis papillosis, apice obtuso ac saepe retuso, solum parte inferiore valde hyalina marginatis, parte superiore den- sissime granuloso-arcolatis papilloso-crenulatis hand lamellatis, costa iutescentc per- currente: sterilis. (An Calyj/ipere^ nYiet-iei^'f) On rotten wood, Florida, Feb. 1877, J. Donnell Smith. A very distinct species with much the ap]jearance of a sterile compact growtli of Dirraitui/i iDoiifiiniiiji, which is found on rotten wood in open places in the north. (4RIMMIA Color ADEXSE, ». ,yi. — 3Ionoica (autoica) pulvinato-ctespitulosa ; caulc 'i-'^ lineas longo fasti giato-ramoso, foliis caulinis erectiusculis lanceolatis vel s'ubliugu- iatis carinatis muticis vel superioribus hyalino-apiculatis margine magis minusve jn- crassatis nonnunquam supra medium leniter recurvis, reti minutissimo denso leuiter pellucido, l)asilari i)aulo majori, costa tenui plerunuiue longeante apicem evanida, perichstialibus erectis latioribus basi laxe textis pellucidis margine ssepe subuudulatis apice longiuscule hyalino-mucronatis (mucrone .serrato) costa sub apice evanida: caji - sula in |iedicello recto perbrevi immersa globosa macrostoma, peristomii dentibus |>al- lido-rubris brevibus latis apice subcril)rosis siccitate patenti-recurvis huniiditate in" curvis: calyptra opei'culoque hand visis. 110 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Colorado, 1876, BvAtuh'f/ee {Ran). Amoug the smallest of the genus: readily distinguished by the carinate nuitic or very shortly pointed leaves somewhat thickened and often slightly recurved on tlic margin above the middle, witli the costa ceasing far below the ajiex, and by the short straight pedicel. Macromitrium KU.VBDocAiun .m, Mitt. — Monoicum ;foliissiccita1e vakle crispatis in humido subtiexuosis patentibus lineali-lanceolatis obtusiusculis subapiculatis subcari^ natis minutissime crenulatis mai'ginc planis, areolatione minuto siii)erne subrotundo granuloso basilar! longiori sed hand latiori, costa percurrente, capsula ovata ovalivc distincte 8-costata abrupte in pedicello longo dettueatc, ore parvo, operculo rostrato, peristomii dentibiis brevibus paliidis fragilis, calyptra vix ad capsular basim producta valde ])licato-costata basi pluries lobata parce pilosa straminea apice leviter fusca. In the crotch of a recently cut Live Oak. 8t. Augusti ue, Florida, Feb. 1877, ./. Bo until Smith. Mode of growth much as in DnniniKiinJia rhiD-lhitu . Capsule com])osed of minute cells, ))of conspicuously coloretl al the mouth. BuvuM BrDDi,KcoMi/E, ii.xj). — A Br. W(iriir<>, tUtleit foliis distinctissinie marginatis margine late revolulis apice obsoletissimc scrratis, capsula majore (])endu]a), operculo mutico vel minutissime papillato. Co\oVA(\o, Minx II., I . Biihllcronic. Stems rather short, innovately branched, the branches tlagelliferous (as in JSr. Wm- iicHin. BiiAXD.). Lea\'es l)roadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entii'c, cusj)idate by the stout excurrent costa, broadlj' revolute on tift' margin, with a narrow subsolid l)orde]'. Cap- sule rather large, pendulous, with a rather long neck which is much constricted when dry, constricted under the mouth, pale, becoming light fuscous. Operculum rather large, convex, mutic or very minutely papillate, pale, with a narrow rim comixised of 2 or 3 rows of slightly ditferenl (pale) cells, .\nnulus rather narrow foi' the genus, revolute. Peristome with the ciliola imi)erfect or wanting. Sixu'cs twice as large as in B. him II ,11. _ 4a/j AAt-'^VwU^a/i W'(k" Bryum MAcotni, Afot. Ms. (18G5). — Dioicuiu roliustuni, caespites com[)actos su- perne pulchre miniatos vel flave.scentes formans; caule magis minusve clongato sul) simplici julaceo strictiusculo, foliis erectis appressis arete imbricatis subrotundis vel. ovatis viilde concavis obtusissimis subcucullatis, integerrimis hand vel intlistincte mar- ginatis, nuirgine piano, reti pro genere parvo superue rhombeo imequali iuferne sub- ijuadrat , costa valida sub apice tiniente; capsula horizoutali vel subiiendula a collo longiusculo anguste ellii^tica saturate vel atro-rubra solidissima, operculo conico acutiusculo fragili, anuulo lato incras.sato solido, peri.stomio externo vinoso-rubro, in terno libero membrana latissima, brevi ciliolis perfectis. — Var. xuhcdteinildtinii. — Foliis iuferioribus subdistantibus apertis, superioribus raptiiu in gemmnlam magnam congestis, caule ex apice, interrupte coutinuo (catenulato). Near Belleville, Canada West (the var.); also Vancouver's Island, .Uunnii, (sterile). The fertile plant is from Oregon, recently sent Ijy .Uix. Rnj/. of Owen Sound, Canada. Re»emh\e>< Br. htiiiiiif inn, LKsqx.: but thai is smaller, with narrower often acute leaves more or less distinctly margined, and often rather broadly revolute on the mar- gin, with the costa often percurrent, the areolation different, etc.; and, furthermore it api)ears to be too near Br. Miihleiiberku, Br. Eu. (Br. Muhlcnberkii has been found in the mountain ravines of Pennsylvania {Wnlle . /f«r(HYY^«///, Mitt. ; but readilj- distinguished by the capsule beinir twice as long and on a much longer pedicel, peristome much longer and pa]iill()se, stem-leaves with the costa more distinctly excurrent into a narrower more acute terete point, etc. [n J), unrbidtviii, collected in British America bvMa<;oun, the peristomal teeth are subi)ellucid, distinctly nodulose, epapillose, etc.; columella l)road ; stem-leaves with a flattish j)oint: perichfetial leaves often longer than the jiedicel, twisted (Mit- ten to the contrary notwithstanding), operculum not rostrate in the single example seen Ijy me. Fabroma DoNNiit.iJi, //. xj). — Foliis ohiongu-lanceolatis strictiusculis nonnunquam submarginatis obsolete serratis subecostatis, reti angusto basilari majore subquadrato inflato, capsula ovali subincurva, peristomii dentibus 1(! majusculis siccitate subhori- /.ontaliter incurvis humiditate erectis snblanceolatis integris apice leniter recurvis artic- idationibus dorso xaldc prominentibus : monoica ; tlore inasc. i)arvo, jn.xta fremineiim posito On the branches of a recently cut Live Oak, Florida, Feb, 1877, ,/ I). S. Mode of growl li and form of capsule much as in Hi/pinun inirriKutrpuia, but smaller in all its parts, with narrower and more narrowly reticulated leaves, the iuHated cells at the basal angles more numerous, jteristome ditlei-ent, etc. HemarkHble for tlie in"/■. hi-tiini Biiiu. ; but is reailily distinguished by the more lustrous less strongly sulcate leaves with a cordate auriculate base. Intlorescence and truitnot seen. HvPMM {.U//iiriiiiii :') Coi,oradkksk, //. sp. — Ditfert a }f./ He)je(J/f/ /'(ui, f^CHiMi' . Si//i(/p., caule compresso foliis subplicatis basi subrotundis margine infei-ne vix re- curvis. (An RlLi/nchoxteriii species r) Colorado, Miss H. J. Bicldlecoine. 112 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Robust ; stems erect or at length prostrate, compressed, sparingly branched. Leaves erect, appressed, imbricated, not changed in drying, oblong-ovate, concave, subplicate, the apex abruptly piliferous, the pllum often recurved, the margins entire or subserrate scarcely recurved at the base ; the base somewhat uari'owed and rounded, the angles excavated; cells narrow and nearly straight and uniform except at the very base where they are shorter and slightly inflated (oval or roundish), ])ut nol more pellucid. — -The retk-ulation of the subplicate leaf suggests a C'diiiptothcctwn, the pilum at the apex is much as in En rrJtyncMum pilifeni in , while the general habit of the plant is JiJiyiiclmste- (jvivh ~^ The April Flor.\ ok Cedar Keys, Fla. — Entering a new country the change brings to view mucli that is novel, interesting and instructive to an observing mind- Leaving with the setting sun the rolling upland country and passing through the low- lands of pine and hummock, we reached at night the west coast at Cedar Keys. In the morning a varied scenery presented itself. From the center of a V-group of keys, twenty or Iliirty in number, extended to my right the wide expanse of the Great Gulf of Mexico, and to my left the low line t>f i)ines defining the distant shores of the main- land imtil lost in the misty horizon. Of these keys or islands some are small, low and fre(|U/(/*(a, Gi'., and little else save beds of a small bivalve known here as the "coon oyster." The more elevated islands, traversed by sand ridges, knolls and shell mounds, contain a flora usually rich in species; and notably prominent appear dense shrubbery and dwiirfed trees of which Qnrrrns (K/utif/ra, Catesb., and Pciiok Catedii/Ktiti , are extremely abiuidant. The backwardness of the vegetation, the damp atmosphere and llie rough sea ar tiiis season occasioned by tiie continvu'd strong sea breezes, and tlie uninviting appear- ance of the village with its legitimate ratio of the colored race, would have ottered no iiKiuicineni to a prolonged stay. The desire, however, for mail communication from liie North caused me to remain for a time, and meanwhile devote my attention to a careful study of tlie vegetation of the Keys and accessible shores of the mainland. In the streets of the town and along the railroad occurred in great abundance Sithi lilthdifdlia, var. uristuxd, DC., and Ktipnlata, Cav., and Abvtihm Ainrennff, Ga'rtn., with red flowers. A\so Eaphorhid heterop/ii/llc, L., Quki'ii orciiJcittdlis, L. und . I ill. L., the last two so often seen subsequently in the side streets and alley-ways of old .;l towns and villages. An aged citizen of Tam])a informed me that many years ago these species of ("assia were introduced there as coft'ee i)lants but soon tbund tlieir way among the other weeds in the waste grounds. Tlie botany of the larger Keys was interesting because of the variety of the vegeta- tion appearing in small circum.scribed areas, and frequently each Key yielding species not observed upon the others. Lacking proper boat facilities, the only means of access to these coast islands, I depended upon the bateau for the near Keys and chance oppor- tunities to reach the distant ones. To the North Key, one of the largest, most distant and interesting I was taken through the kindness of Capt. Mcllvaine who was in search of floating timber; and during his day's work around the island, left me to the study of its vegetation which engaged my time both pleasantly and profitably. Among the more interesting finds hei'e were M//inii, Decaisne, RhynrhdKpdrd ineiinlocarpd. Gray, and Stendtdphru}ii AineririDt- iini, Schrank. To the citizens each Key is known by a specific name while the word Cedar distinguishes the grouj). This generic term led me to form a mental picture of islands covered with Cedar, but (piite contrary to my expectation, the Cedar Wood, BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 118 Juiiiperux Vt'r(/iiiilini(nnuu, Michx., with the creeping //■^>v/'«6"»^/-////c»?am, Moquin, marking the limit of the tidal wave; while Scymeria pcrtintftd, Pursh., Tpmnmi aimtnta. Oat., iind Efip/iorbitt pilirlifero, L., were scarce and limited in their range; Eustachi/s petrmi, Desv., with sometimes many spikes ; Cynodon, Ddctylon, Pers., forming dense mats in the loose white sand; Md'n-n inutica., Walt , appearing in the shaded nooks on tlie mounds; Zf/wA? i i ttt y r if oil a, WWld., the Floriila starch plant, with its red, novel cone-like aments just emerging from amidst its spreading fern-like leaves; Care.v leucoimin, Willd., var. Floridanuiii, with lenticlar achenia; Rhyncltosia minima, DC, of green and variegated foliage; Snc/eretin Jfichanxii, Brongn., and Opinilin Fintx-T/i- dims, Haw. Agreeable to tlie desire of a New York friend I engaged with him a small sloop for a few hours pleasure ride with the privilege of landing on Snake Key, an island several miles distant and so named because of the supposed abundance of snakes on It- Upon arrival we joined in crossing, with the direction to meet the boatman on the opposite side. We had just entered and the bright yellow flowers of helianthus pneeox, (Tray & Eng., arrested my attention when my friend, a few paces in advance, leaped, yelled, and cried simultaneously "snake bitten." At flrst I felt concerned but soon com- prehended the situation ; he had strayed among a nest of Spanish Bayonets, Vuvcii aloifoUa, L., most formidable growths witli wliicli to come in contact; and tliey appear too so plentifully along this coast. After culling specimens of Physiili.s Fcnitxylranirti. h.. -And Fhyllti/)tliu.'< Nirnri, L., the \Rttev a low perennial of straggling frulescent ap- pearance we again entered our boat and continued sail. Gainsville is located upon an elevated rolling country, extending south to Bronson where it abruptly terminates in alow flat ])ine country, continuing to the Gulf of Mexi- co, interspersed here and there with dense impenetrable jungles of vegetation, deflniug the low fertile hummock lands. It was on these high and dry sand-ridges that the em-' petraceous shrub Ceratiolii (irimideH, Michx., occurred so abundantly and seemed novel in its evergreen spheroidal forms, and the beautiful Zdmiit dotted tiie ground of the open upland pine forests with its green tufts of Cycas leaves, and later in the season the green leaves and white flowers of the Cnhomba ('nrnl iiiiaiui , dray, closely covered and hid to view the stagnant ponds around. Near the Gulf the railroad ' ])asses for a distance of four miles llirougli this dense vegetable growth of the Great (4u]f Hummock, re])resented to be twenty miles long and half that width and ](enctrut(Ml by tliree large rivers conveying tlieir waters to tlic Gulf. The j)romising ai)pearance led me to extend my researches to these jungles. Notwithstanding a large i)ortion of the time being consumed in reaching and returning daily from these somewhat distant grounds, I succeeded in two visits in enlarging my collection with specimens of such plants as ChryHi)biil(iiiu.-< oblouf/ifoiiu.i, Mx., Gulncfin Elliotti, Nutt., Srler<)f,epi.'< rerticillntd, Cavs., BolUtiixH diffuxa. Ell., Seiifrio lobatnx, Pers., VdccininruteiicUuiii, AAx., Stimtdus ebr(irte((tiii<, Kunth., Sabbatiu yrarilin, Pursh., .l.^c/* - piun perennix, Walt., Ulniux alata, ^Ix., Stif/ifttiria f/ravri/ien. 'Mx., Spiranf/iCK f/niiui)ien, Lind]., var. ]\'(dh'ii.(ir;iy, Cii(opo{/o)imultiJi/)ru.-<. Limll., Si/ii/on the study of a new Meld of naturi-'s richest tloral displays. — Dr. A. P. (tak- BKK. ]NoTRS ON THE History OF Hkijanthis ti;berosiis, the so-called .lERrsAi.EM Artichoke; by J . lldinmimd Trnmhull n/id Akii C'ray, American Journal of Science and Arts, May, 1877. — We make the following extract: "Linuanis, in the Species Planta- rum, gave to Heliiuithux tnher<>Kii<< the 'habitat in Brasilia.' In his earlier Ifortim Clif- fortiiinus the haldtat assigned was 'Canada.' M. Alphonse DeCandolle, in his Geo- graphie Butaidque, XL, 824, (1855), refers to this as 'decidedly an erroi-, at least as to Canada properly so-called," assigns good reasons for the opinion that it did not come from Brazil, nor from Peru (to which the name under which it appeared in cultivation in the Farnese gai'deu seemed to refer), but in all probability from Mexico or the Unit- ed States. He adds that Humboldt did not meet with it in an}- of the Spanish colonies. About this time I received from my friend ^md correspondent, the late Dr. Short, of Kentucky, some long and narrow tul)ers of Hcliaiithns (hirinu'roiclex, Ijam., with the statement that he and some of his neighbors t'ound them good food for hogs, and, if I rightly remember, had planted them for that purpose. They were planted here in the B ttanic Garden; after^two or three years it was found that some of the tubers produced wer(! thicker and shorter; some of these were cooked along with Jerusalem Artichokes, and found to resemble them in flavor, although coarser. Consequently, in tlie second edition of my Minnni! of tin' lintunii of flu Xorf/nr/i ruitcil ^sV'/^.v (185(i), it is stated that //. (loronici>i(lex is most pro!)ably the original o\' I/, fuhfrosns. This opinion was strengthened year after j'car by the behavior of the tubers, ami by the close similarity of the herbage and flowers of the two plants, as they grew side by side; indeed, as the two patches were allowed to run together in a waste or neglected place, they have be- come in a measure confounded. Wishing to obtain an unmixed stock, I applied last autumn to Prot. J. M. Coulter, i)f Hanover, Indiana, and received from hiu) a good number of tubers from wild plants of ihc ncigliborhooil, which will no^v be grown. Some of these were slender, some thicker and shorter, and a few were to all ajipearance identical with Jerdsalem artichokes. If they were really all from one stock, as there is reason to lielieve, the (pn^stion of the origin of ITcUantlnix tiilwroxiis \> well nigli settled. Additions TO the Fr,ORA ok low v. — Since my last icporl, I find the following rare plants, to be added to Arthur's ( ' (tiilo'i-ne ot' Iowa Plants, disco\(M'i'd in .mounting my collection: Eiiphorhio ohtuxfito. P irsh.. Prof. V. ].. IIai\{'y, ISTo, I)es Moines river Itaiiks near Iluudioldt. lldliendiiii olitiimitii, Tjudl., Mrs. .1. McNeil, ISTo. abuiulant in Hai'rison Co., Iowa, groves. Dexiiiodiinit jxn/c/floriini, DC. (rroves, Ames, 187(i. lfi/p forms must l)e seen as they grow, (!ieiougiug exclusively to the Mi.ssouri "slope," AV. Iowa, and at an invariable elevation of 100 feet above Boyer Valley (where it abounds,) on the steep, louse soil of the Sandy lilnrt's, no doubt to I'etain its original elev.itions lure, and to the very verge of the "Divide," when wc enter a new kingdom as to soil, air and tlora ! I never saw the smaller form till coming here, nor does it occur wilhin (iO miles of the larger, the latter beginning at Woodbine, Harrison count}', the former (as you advance eastward) at Car- roll, Carroll county. The larger form seems more proi)erly allied to C. xpei-tdbile than to (J. can (fid II til, and the two look like giant and i)igmy side by side in a Her])arium . Still much the same is true of the size of leaves in Uic eastern and western Iowa forms of Lt/bdiii xpim/n. Apn/pox of the suri)rising cro|) of \' iilerimni si/lrii/ini ai)pearing one year and all gone the next. In IS(ii) I siiw a slough six rods or more long by 2o feel wide rocered fill iirci- ill one iiiiixxof irliite hlooui. lil.i- siioir, with our c(.)nuuon liiiiniiiriihix iif/iiatilix, while not o/ie plant has appeared since, and I had to wait foi- seven years and go 213 miles to rind a specimen, in Cedar Kiver, IHTd. H. Bukgess, J///^'.v, Iowo. So.MK H-VKDY Dkntaki.vs. — About the middle ot' tiiis nionth, as I was bolani/iug in the woods I found m:niy small |)atches i.)\' Dentnrlii hiciiiintti in bloom. It was early in the morning, and almost everything was covered with hoar frost. This was the case with Dentaria. In most all of tiie patches, however, there were one or two plants not touched by the frost. While many were Ijlack and cracked between the lingers, a few retained their fre-shness, notwithstanding they were sometimes entirely surrounded by the others. Darwin in his "Variation of Animals and Plants," mentions this fact in regard to peas gi-owing in his garden, and thinks that there is a ditiei'ence in the con- stitution of individual ])lants, so that some are l)etter able lo withstand the frost than others. A.« the Dentarias referred to were all equally exjiosed and growing close to- get her, the fact of some being frosted while others were not, cannot be explained by saying there was a ditlereuce in soil or exp<)sure. Darwin's explanation is a good one and no doubt correct. The fact is certainly a curious one. — Joseph F. J.\mes, (Jim-iu- nati. Ohio. So.ME K.vNsAs Plants.— On i)age 10, Vol. I, No. :J. of the Bor. Bri.M-rriN, ut n few inches thickness, resting on limestone." I have found just the reverse to be tlie case here, as it is (piite common on the river boitoniN wlu're the soil is rich and deep, but I have nevei' tound it on the liiuestone bluHs where the soil is such as Mr. Broad- head describes ; while (Kindherd Mixxoiirierixix i-t abundant in such situations and avoids the bottom lands. I found Cleiiiiitix orhroleuni. Ait,, in bloom April 2Sth, on the highlands betweeiu the Solomon and Republican I'ivers, Cloud county. I see (rray's Manual says it is rare. 116 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. and found near Brooklyn, N. Y., Pennsylvania and Virginia. I thought perhaps it might interest your readers to hear of it so far west as this Will some of your readers tell me how to preserve herbarium specimens of Cacti? — Matthew H. Panton, Juiic- tioii City, Kdtisds. Recent PuBLicAxroKs. — American Jcmriuil nf ^rieu.ce and Arts, April. The Dic- tionnaire de Botanique, by M. H. Baillon, Paris, is in a fair way to become a bulky work. The third fascicle is now out and about 300 pages will be devoted to the first letter of the Alphabet. The Cretaceous deposits of Spitzbergen have yielded T/ixo- ffiutn, Sequoia, Ci/pern.s, Carer, Alisnia, seven Poplars, t^^o Alders, three Hazels, a Hornbeam, a Beech, four Oaks, an Elm, a Plane-tree, an Ivy, five species of Cornus, two of JSfi/sm, two of Magnolia, a T'dui, three Maples, three Hawthorns, and a veritable fossil strawbery I It seems that the American Mistletoe is making great ravages among the elm and black walnut trees in the latitude of Louisville, Ky. *'As soon as a bunch of mistletoe fixes itself upon a branch, the outward extremity ceases to grow, and finally dies. The tree soon ])resents a clubby appearance, followed by death." The mistletoe grows in great abundance about Hanover, Indiana (fortj- miles from Louisville), Init we have never appreciated that it was such a dangerous customer. It grows on the elm, walnut, honey-locust and various other trees, but we have yet to notice tne first deatlen- ing efiects. We are glad to have our attention called to it and will watch it more closel}'. American Nataralixt, April. — We quote: "Fournier gives as the result of his study of the grasses of Mexico the following statement: 'Among grasses Avith sepa- rated sexes, the female fiowers difter very little, if at all, as regards the situation or form of the fioi-al envelopes, when the sexes are borne on different plants ; l)ut when the plant is monoecious the glumes of the two sexes are widely difierent. These dif- fej-ences are most marked in certain genera of Chloridea% normally dio'cious and acci- dentally monoecious.' The grass described by Engelmann imder the name Burhloe daetyloiden is a curious example in point. Beside this is now placed Opizia xfolonifera, of which Presl had seen only the female plant. Although the female flowers of these l>lants differ very widely, their male jilants resemble each other so much that they have been put in the same genus. CasioKtcf/a /iinnilin. is the male form of Bar/doe, and C. anonai/ais the male form of Ojriziay From the Flora of Colorado we (juote the fol- lowing sentence in regard to Buchloe as being of interest in this connection: "Nuttall, who had only the male plant, referred it to the genus Se.sleria, and described it as rol)ably one of tlie most complete representations of the fiora of Sweden to be found in this country. He mentions two or three points of interest in comparison with our own flora. Sweden has ;{0 species of Ilierachim, but only one Aster and one Soiidago! Address: Jolin M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind. M. S. Coulter. Lona\ and our Wythe plant, Old Ironsides, as its face is as unchangeable as the laws of the Medes and Persians. I have found a fourth plant of Hydrastis, so they belong to our Flora, though I fear they are very recently naturalized. About three years ago, I detected a dissepiment of Draba verna. Next spriug at the same spot I collected nice specimens from an area of a few yards. This spring the woods was carpeted in every direction and the plant appeared on the top of Piney Ridge, about Boyd's Depot, at Rich's Mill, on Caldwell's Hill, and, for aught I know, elsewhere. Mr. Forney's eye never detected it, though he was used to it in North Carolina, and luul searched over all these grounds. It is my impression that these sixty-five millions — or more — plants came from that small beginning. I regret to say that the same may be predicated of Andropogoii, which is marching upon us from Tennessee or the West, and raising its plumes to tlie dismay of many a farmer. I found Gedroaellu corditta in Pulaski County (Rich Hill) during my last visit, making the third spot in which I have seen it. Uoularia (jrandiflora exists, along with U. perfoliate in greatly varied luxuriance, around Wytheville as well as in Pulaski County. — Howard Shriveh, Wytheville, Va. Inrs- — Sereno Watson calls the attention of all botanists during this season to the various species of Iris, and specimens of flowers, fruit and roots, fresh or dried, from any part of the country, may be sent to the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, and will be of service. The eastern species of the genus need a thorough revision and all botanists siiould contribute whatever information they can obtain so that the revision can be made thorough and decisive. — J. M. C. Recent Puui.ications. Algoi Exsiccatie America Borealis: curaiitibus W. G- Farlow, C. L. Anderson, D. C. Eaton editm. Ease. I. Under this title is published a set of 50 autiientically named North American Seaweeds, many of them rare species from the California collections of Dr. Anderson, and the Key-West collections of Mr. Hooper. Other fasciculi are to follow, until tlie greater part of our marine Algtc are thus distributed. The edition consists of only thirty copies, of which only ten are for sale. The present selection is made up of red and green seaweeds, in small quarto sheets, and its price is $8. The black and olive-colored AlgiC will be on folio paper, and the pric-,e will be $12:. Address Prof. Wm. G. Farlow, Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Mass. Botanical Contributions, by Asa Gray. Characters of some little-known or new genera (f plants fro in the Pmr. Amer. Arad. Vol. XII., issued, Afay, 1877. — Dr. Gray, after having examined for the first time the flowers of Canotia holacantJut Torr., has placed it in the family of T^wtor^c^e, owing to the structure of the disk, or gynobase. Bentham and Hooker had included it among Bosacem, and afterwards Baillon put it among the Cclaslra'Ud'. The plant is from Arizona and is one of the four "spartioid green barked and mainly leafless slirubs" in tliat ilry region; ''T/utnuiosnta montanum, 120 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Tjit., which is a gcnwhie IhUtin' f cross lertilizatit)n. As Trofessor (!ray would say, this plant seems to be formed on the plan of 'how not to do it.' Skeptics have poiateil trium- pliantly to the Arisfo/or/u'd as a iilant whieli, with the utmost ingenuity, has jji'ovided for insuring self orelose fertilization. They had oj^cned tiowers in full bloom, found tiie anthers pouring forth pollen, and the im[)risoned insects skipping about the inner chamber completely dusting themselves and its walls with the yellow grains. The stigmatic surface, loo, had long been fertilized, its lobes had closed, and having per- formed its office the j)istil was withering away. The fact of self-fertilization in this plant seemed proved. Nature, however, does not disclose all her secrets on the first in- spection, ami a more careful study of this flower in all its stages will show that its wonderful machinery is contrived s )lely for secu)"ing cross-fertilization through Ihe agency of insects, and that it cannot fertilize itself In fact liie anthers and stigma in any flower (ii-e never open at the name time. The mystery is explained wlien we examine llie flowers that have blossomed and are witliering: tlie trap /,s ope,! und the inserts nil floicn. Each of the three constrictions, which were at first so narrow as only to admit of a small insect jiushing its way between the hairs, is now gaping widely open, and all the bristles so wilted and flaccid as to otfer no impediment to their escape. Now turning to a bud just bursting into flower, we find the bristles rigid and the ti'ap set.. The stigma is now widely open and ready to receive pollen, but the anthers tightly closed and their pollen (piite green. Each flower has then a double duty to perform; first, to catch insects which have been litierated by some flower i)revi(nis|y in bloom, and to effect its fertilization with the pollen which they bring; second, to feed and hold them there until its stigma has closed and its anthers burst. And, finally, it opens its trap and sends them forth with unimpaired vigor and a fresh load of pollen for the next flower that blooms." — Amkkican Nati'uat.tst, Mni/. Botanical Nojiknclatcrk. — There are two (piestions sometimes agitated with respect to the naming of plants. One is, as to the manner of writing s[)eciflc names, the other, as to the kind of names to be given. The writer would heartily endorse the general custom of botanists with regard to the first (juestion, and would deprecate their custom with regard to the second. Some botanists, after the manner of zoologists, make all their specific names begin with a small letter. Whether a species is named for a man, country, or any thing else with a proper name it must begin with a small letter , thus destroying every remnant of resemblance it might have borne t > the original name. Oui what grounds such a rule was made, it w>iuld be hard lo say. The rules of language are very plain on such a point and they should not be violated for trivial reasons. It is. to the credit of botanists in general that they have not yet adopted this innovation! which makes .science ungrammatical. But in I'egard to the second point. Can we not havea little relief from the jUMper luunesthat in most unstinted lavishness are applied to species V . What is the use of them, oi' what do they mean ? If a country is to be honored by a botanical name, let it b(' honored once and then let it retire, but the endless pj'o- cessions oi' Canfidensis, Cnroliniaini, Virf/ini/inn. etc., are a lift. e monotonous, to say the least of it, especially when the names are not always suitable. Suih names may com- memorate the]daee from whence the fir-t specimens were obtained for description, but what peculiar appropriateness have they after further discovery. This is the very diffi- culty of naming a species from any localily. AVhile such a nanu' may be suitable for a time, further discoveries ma\- pro\i' Ihc plant to be of very wide range and may often find it in greater abundance than at the first publi>licd locality. iJut the names of persons are used just as lavishly. It is extremely suitable to dedicate one species or two to diligent I BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 123 workers in liotany, find a genus ti> the masters, hut to have one man's name appended to twenty or tliirty speeies, however disliniiiiislied he may be as a collector, sxets to be amusinc;. And lo dedicate a l)eautiful plnnl to Tom, Dick or Harry, simi)ly because he happens to find a new si)ecics, does not tend to make botanical names a special honor to those who deserve them. Just re 1 1 ovit the nanie< of new species described l)y the masters for the past few years. It will be lar!j;ely a list of propernames. The unfortunate part of it is, that the leaders in botany are helpless in the matter. They must have the plants to describe, must keep on the ,<;ood side of their liiligeiit corres- pondents, but they can never do this without naming every other species after the col- lector. A man will risk breaking his neck for a plant that may bear his name when it comes tobe descril)ed. Collectors should be more modest in their claims and be con- tent with one or tw(j species, allowing the resttiiey discover t> be named .something that will give some idea of the plant. Surely'^somethiiig descrii)tive of the species can always be found and used lor the specific name. Of course, liy desciip- tive names are not meant such as have deiight'd our eyes in the last few numliers of the American Journal of Hcienee and Arts, where ses'[uipcdalian words, made up of names of elements and half the letters of the Greek alphabet, and stretching clear across a l)road jiage, describe some ol)srure cliemical compound that the weightof snch a name could grind to powder. Nor do we want such names as that poor little new doul)le white Violet bears among g.irdiers, namely, Vidla odonita alha friifjra'il/xsimd plemi. Rut S'>me simple descriptive adjective added to the generic name would mean something to every one and woulil always be ai)plicable.— N. A Kansas CLEM.vrrs. — In the June number of the Gazette, Mr. Matthew 11. Pan- tou, cf Junction City, says he found Clrumtis vcliroleucd in Cloud county. In 1874, Louis Watson, M. I)., of Elli-s, Kansas, sent me a ClciiKitix which I called C. orhrolenra, as it agreed better witii the description under that name than willi any other which I had. I learned, however, from Dr. Wat.son liiat it was nol C cr/iroleuai, but C. Erc- moiitiL In "Contributions to ximerican Botany, by Sereno \^"atson, issued April, IST.')," is the following description of C. Frcvionlii as a new plant: "Stem stout, erect, clustered, G-12 inclns high, leafy and usually branidied, niorr or less villous-tomeutose, especially at the nodes; leaves simple, o-4 pairs, coriaceous and with the veiulets conspicuously reticulated, sparingly villous, sessile, broadly ovate, en- tire or few-toothed, 2-4 inches long; flowers terminal, nodding, the thick purple sei)als an inch long, narrowly lanceolate, tomentose upon the margin, recurved at the tip, the peduncles becoming erect in fruit; akenes silky, ^-4 lines long, the tails less than an inch long, naked above, silky at base. This well marked species, the western repre- sentative of C. Dchroli'i/rtf, was lirst collected liy Fremont (n. li»4) on his second e.\i)edi- tion, but without note of the locality. It was re-discovered during the past season by Louis Watson, M. D., in the neighborhood of Ellis, Kansas." This is probably what Mr. Panton has lound. — J. H. Caukuth, Laicrence, KaiDiUs, June lOC/i, 1877. Some Botanical Notes fko.m Kansas. — The s])ring season in Central Kansas opens very irregularly. 1 have seen the prairies covered with the white and blue blossoms of A)ianone Ctirolinuniii, large jiatehes ol AnrJrosfirr ocridenfaiis, and JJrahn Caroliniaiia, as early as the i3d or 4th of April, and I once gatliered a peculiar form of Erythroimun iilbifhnii, March 27th, haviug^narrow leaves, neither spotted nor blotched, their petioles a reddish color, the sepals neither reflexed nor spreading, but each having a bright yellow si)ot at the base inside. In other years I have found nearlj- all of the above making their first appearance about tliree weeks or a month later. In April, Anemone (Jaroliniana is the most conspicuous and abundant of our prairie flowers, ap- pearing almost as soon as the frost is out of the ground, and is closely followed by 134 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Lithosprrmuiit lonf/ifloriim, L. hirtimt, Antrnr/alus raryocdrpiis, O.ri/tropis L'unherti, Pmrtilcd esrulf/itd, CeanothuH America nits, Homtonin ((n/inxtif<>UccideiU(di.Sy (^ncrcus iiiacrocdrpa, Qvrrcns priiwides, Frd.vinm Ainrr/rtiiid, Ncyinnhi accroidos. The undergrowth is mostly com- posed of ContiDi stolon Iferd and Syinphurv-urpnti rulydrin. — Matthew H. Panton, Junction City, Kdn.sds. In the last Xaturalists' Advertiser i.s tiie prosijcctus of an important work on Ferns. S. E. Cassino is about to |)ul)!isli, in i)arts, a work on ferns, the text by Prof. D. C. Eaton, and illustrations by Mr. James 11. Emerton. The great cost of suitable plates has, until now, hindered publishers from so large an nnilertaking, but Mr. Cassino has greater faitii in the l)otanical |)ulilic, and ])roposes lo make the aliempt. The parts will be s')ld at $1 0 » each, and will aiijjcar at intervals of al)oul iliree months. Each part will contain three elegant quarto i)lates, colored, and in the course of the publication every species known to inhabit the United 8tates will l)e rtgnred. We hope that Mr. Cassino will bo encouraged in this undertaking b\' all botanists, for the work is a good one, and the parts arc surely very cheap. All comiHUiilcations should he ((ddressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, liid., or, M. S. Conifer. Ln^aiisjmrt, Iiid. Terms:— Sdbucription $1.00 a year. Sintjle y umbers 10 tents. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol. 2. AUGUST, 1877. Mo. 10. PiNUS SEUOTiN^, or, Pines, the coues of which open late, often long after maturity. Michaux was the first to notice tliat the cones of a certain pine of tiie South Eastern States "arrive at maturity the second year, but do not release tiieir seeds before the third or fourth," and he therefore named it P. serotina. It is now thought that this tree is scarcely distinct from the northern P. rigida, and I have seen specimens of the latter in which, also, some cones remained thus closed after maturity. The same fact has been observed by Dr. Chapman in a pine of Apalachicola, which he doubtfully referred to P. inops. Though its much more slender and delicate leaves also distin- guish it from true P. inops, every other character is the same as in that species, so that we are justified in introducing it as P. inops, var. daiisK, Chapman. Here, then, we have two nortliern pines, southern forms of which show this "sero- tine" character. But it seems not generally known that quite a number of Western and of Mexican pines also often open the scales of their cones long after maturity or, some times, never. Those of our flora are P. contorla (with P. Murrayana, P. Bohmderi, etc.), P. muricata {Edgariana), P. tuhercidaUv and above all P. insigids {rcidiutio, Mouteragen- sis, etc.). The following important biological questions remain as yet unanswered, waiting for the patient investigation of students, who live in the countries where these trees grow : 1. Do the cones of these species never open as soon as ripe, but always remain closed until some time, a year or years, after maturity ? 2. Do some cones open when ripe, and others of the same tree years later, and some never ? 3. Does season, locality or individual character of the trees have any influence on this peculiarity? 4. At what season do the late cones open, under what physical conditions, and what is the cause of any of them remaining closed forever? 5. How many years do the .seeds of such closed cones retain their vitality, and is it possible, that the seeds may germinate after the cones have fallen to the ground and rotted ? The supposition that the closed cones were sterile or contained too few seeds, did not prove correct; it seems that all cones of the .several species in question contain com- paratively few seeds ; the seeds of closed cones, many years old, proved perfectly sweet and therefore probably sound. — G. E. SiSYRiNCHiUM Arizonicum, Rothrock. — 1-2 feet high ; stem proper smooth, ancipi- tal; leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, gradually attenuate into an acute point, 2^ distinct white ribs in center, and one or more less distinct toward either margin, min- utely pruinose glandular, slightly roughened on the margin; spathe of two lanceolate leaves regularly tapering to the top, somewhat shorter than the peduncles of which each branch bears from 2-5 (most frequently 2); flowers yellow \}4,-2 mches in diameter, bright yellow segments of the perianth broadly lanceolate; anthers 6 lines long, linear, twice as long as tlie dilated filaments which are united about one-third their length : style cleft halfway down into linear divisions; seeds {immature) oval or nearly round, margined on a funiculus longer than their diameter. 126 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Tliis liniidsome species I discovered ;it Willow Spring, Ari/ona, in 1874, at an alti- tude of 719") feet, in damp places, among the oak woods, (No. 238.) It will be fig. 26 of my forthcoming report. — J. T. Rothrock. Chima.ja. — A well known plant in New Mexico, where it is used to flavor roast meats, to make bitters, and as a warming stomachic, proves to l)e an old species, i. e. Gymopterus EeiuUeri, Gray. It (the root) has a most pleasant anisate odor when fresh and also when cooked. What invests the plant with a special interest is the fact that its local repute has in- duced certain parties to pi-opose it as the liasis of another new quack medicine. It is probably of not more value than sundry other species of the order. — J. T. Rothrock. Some Oregon Gramiiste/e. — In the Centennial exhibit of Oregon, at Philadelphia, was a collection of native grasses in bundles or sheaves, intended to show the grazing capacity of tiiat State. I was much interested in these grasses and secured a quantity for specimens. They consisted of 10 or 12 species, of which the following named ones presented some features of interest: Agrostiti luicrophylla, Steud. This is called Wild Red-top, grows on bottom lands, and averages 4 feet in height. This is considered by Prof. Thurber to be one of the forms of A(/rostis exaratK, Trin. It is the form with awned flowers, and differs widely from the A. cxurativ figured in Trinius' Si)ecies Graminum, Vol. 1, fig. 27, which is unawned, slender, and with an open spreatling panicle. The A. nncrophylla is a strong upright grower, with a rather narrow but dense panicle, which is G to 10 inches long, the branches very numerous at each joint, mostly short but of uneciual length, and rather appresssed at the axis. There were two sheaves under the name of Wild Rye grass, one of which was the Elyiiius condematus, PresL, growing trom 5 to 8 feet high, said to be very nutritious but too coarse for usual feed. The other was a much more slender grass of about :> feet in height, the spike much resembling a rnWww; in fact, it seems to umic El ym'ix with Triticiim. It is not a dwarf E. rondematuK, for the joints of the spike are more distant, and instead of giving out o or 6 spikelets, there iire never more than two, and in many cases the upper joints have only one spikelet. It answers to herbarium speci- mens labeled Elynms triticoiden, Nutt., and I suppose it to be that plant. Ai^iwu-ently the same plant is in the collection of Xantus, from Lower California, as Triticum. re- j)ens, with which it is probably often confounded. Another sheaf was called Wild Fescue grass, from Eastern Oregon, "growing from 10 inches to 1^ feet high, full of seeds and very nutritious." This is probably the GeratocMoa (Broiims) hreviaristata of Hooker, though smaller than his figui'e in Fl. Bor. Am. It is likewise the same as is collected in the mountains of Nevada, Wyo- ming, Utah and Colorado, and called B. hredarutntnx, and I hardly see how it can be separated from the B. umuloides of Texas and Arizona. It seems to vary much in con- sequence of altitude, soil and climate. The awn in the Oregon specimens is very short, perhaps one-fifth the length of the lower palet, answering in this respect to the descrip- tion and figure of Hooker. The remaining species which I shall mention was a kind of fescue growing 3 to 5 feet high, which I consider an undescribed species, and will here append its characters: Festuca Oreoona.— Culms tall, 3 to 5 feet, rather slender, slightly scaln-ous. Culm leaves few and distant, the sheaths 6 to 8 inches long, blade narrowly linear, 2 to 4 inches long ; sheaths scalirous. Panicle erect, narrow, strict, but loose ; branches mostly in fives, very unequal, the shorter ones nearly sessile, the longer 1% to 2 inches, flowering nearly to the base; spikelets a])out 3-flowered, 4 to 5 lines long, pedicels and rachis hispid; glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 2i< lines long, nearly equal to the lower BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 127 palet, 3-nerved, liispiil on tlie keel, otherwise slightly scabrous, acute; lower palet linear lanceolate, slightly coraijressed, rather indistinctly 5-nerved, acute, but not awned, min- utely scabrous, somewhat scarious and bronzed at the tip. Oregon. This has some resemblance to Eextaca jirate/isis, but has a ilenser panicle, with more numerous branches, and is not nodding but erect. The glumes are also longer, and the palets blunter and thinner. It approaches the section Atropis of Poa., which seems to connect Poi.ori'phidics, Jacq., a single specimen appeared last year for the first time, now thirty or fortj' plants are growing in a space not more than fifteen feet square. AntheinU nohilis, L., only one specimen collected ; a plant was growing near the same hjcality last fall l)ut it did not flower. Veronica liedermfolia L., and V. Baxbauinii, Teuore, are both in flower, but are not plentiful. Echiaotipennum Ijiippidit, Lehm., is just coming into flower, was quite abundant last year. EcldnoHpennum Rednirxkii, Lehm , is growing very luxuriantly on the railroad embankment. This according to Gray's Manual occurs on the Western plains anil at St Paul, Minnesota. The single marginal row of stout prickles on the nutlets is well marked, and it .seems to flower much earlier than the other species. Myiiiii'ttH uroeiisi's, Iloff., is growing in a few i)laces. Asp''ri/i/» prornitdtenx, L., one specimen ouly. This was first detected by Isaac Burk, of Philadeli)hia, about two weeks ago. Liyiai'ia spiii-id, Dcst., will be abundant again this year. Cari'.v hirta, L., is growing quite luxuriantly, and if not molested will flrmlj^ estab- lish itself; the creeping roots are spreading rapidly in all directions. Alopeciiriix of our Pacific coast. P^'or tlic extraordinary peculiarity in ([ucslion, hciii'j,- ouc wiiicli, iii oilier cases, is known to exhibit itself iii certain species of a cenus (as in Anetii'me and Ddpli.inium), and not in others, so it may in the presinit genus give aid in distinguishing the five species which have been characterized upon more or less incomplete or scanty materials. "The first species known was from Oregon ; the specimens, being in flower only, were referred in Hooker's Flora Boreal is Americana, i, 220, to t^iri/oa Anr/iddfuis, but were separated in Torrey and Gray's Flora of JSTorth America, i, 542, under the name of Sicyos Orer/aniiK. In the course of time it was found that there was a similar if not identical species in California, and apparently more than one, that they were perennial from very large and fleshy roots, that, while the flowers much resemble those of Echi- /wrt/xttK, the seeds were turgid, marginless, and with thick and fleshy cotyledons. Dr. Torrey, upon whom the examination of these j^lants devolved, many (about thirty) years ago i)roposed for them the generic name of J/cf/arrA/gr/,- but he refrained from publishing it, even omitted all mention of it in his account of Dr. Bigelow's excellent collection made in AVhipple's Ex]>edition (Pacif. K. Rep. iv, 1857), although good mate- rials of that and other collections were in his liands, because he could not make up his mind whether he had to do with one variable species or witii two or three. But in the sixth volume of the Pacif. Railroad Rep., which bears the same date of 1857, in Dr. Newberry's list of plants coUecte 1 in Willianson's Expedition (p. 74), two species arc enumerated, thus; "■ }['';/'! rrJi.i.z' I, Calip>niic-i, Torvey. Petaluma and Sonoma, California; xVpril, in flower.' ''Mcfiarrhisd On'r/riit,(, Torrey. On the shores of Klamath Lake and banks of Willamette River, O. T. ; August and September, in fruit." "Before this, however, viz: in March. 1855, Dr. Kellogg, of San Francisco, com- municated to the California Academy of Natural Sciences (Proc. Calif. Acad., i, 88), an account of one of these species, apparently the second, under the name of MaraTt inuri- "A few year.-i later, some plants having been raised in France from Californian seeds, M. Naudin (in .\nn. Sci. Nat., ser. 4, xii, 154, t. 9, under date of 185'.'), but, as the letter-press shows, not printed until IstiO or ISfll), puhlished the plant which Dr. Torrey had called M. Cdlifonum under the name of E ■hiiiornstia fnhaced. This extension of Echiiiori/stiH was adopted bj- Bentham and Hooker in their Genera Plantarum. It was, moreover, anticipated bj' Dr. Kellogg, who, in a second communication to the California Academy, under date of June 4, 1855, re- describes his former Mitrc/i i/iiu'/rafiis, states that it 'legitimately belongs to Eeliuux't/xtitt,'' and gives it the name of E. murlnttuK. When, shortly nfter Dr. Torrej^'s death, I superintended the jjriuting of his account of the plants collected on our Pacific coast in Wilkes' Expedition, I found that ho had left the article on this genus unwritten, and app;ir;'iilly ha I not determined either upon the number of the si)ecies or upon the distinctn(,'ss of his ))ro|)osed genus. "AVheu in the recent preparation of the Botany of California the subject came to be studied anew by Mr. Watson, with the aid of more extensive materials, and when the.se materials were found to exhibit such diversities that at least five species had to be recognized (Bot. California, i, 240), with notable ditferences in ovary, fruit, seeds, clc.> but no approximation to the eastern Er/iimirt/stis, it could hardly be doubted that Tor- rey's genus ouu'lit to be reinstated; and this was accordingly done. "The M. Cdliforiiird had been raised in the Botanic Garden of Harvard University many years ago, but I had not seen the germination ; and we were never able to bring the. plant into blossom, as it invariably dieil down to the ground soon after making a moderate growth. On germinating some fresh seeds early this s[)ring, I was somewdiat surprised to find that they came \\\) in the manner of beans. Instead of remaining 132 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. hypogaious, as from the great tliickaess of the cotyledons would have been expected, the body of tlie seed in its shell was raised well out of the soil upon what seemed to be a well developed radicle, like that of Erh/.noct/xfis. If the cotyledons had expanded, though remaining lleshy, in the manner of PJutscolus, the ditference between this and Echinocystis, with cotyledons trul_y foliaceous in germination, would be much less than had been supposed. I waited long to see if this would occur; I also waited in vain for the expected development of the ])lumule from Ijetwcen the bases of the fleshy cotyle- dons. After the lapse of al)out a fortnight, the jilumule in all three of my germinating plantlets came separately out of the soil of the pot; and, on exposing the whole to viewi the following state of things came to view: The plumule came forth from the base of what appeared to l)e an elongated radicle (of two or three inches in length) ; and below this the thickening of the root, which acquires enormous dimensions in old plants, had already commenced. A large amount of the nourishing matter stored in the cotyledons had been carried down to the root and used in its growth as well as that of tlie plumule. The latter came from a cleft at the very base of the seeming radicle, which otherwise a|)i)eared to be solid. But on cutting it across toward the base this was found to be tubular; and later, when more spent and beginning to wither, this stalk was separable from above downward into-tvvo. "This, therefore, is a case in which long petioles to the cotyledons (of which there is no appearance in the seed), connate into one body, are developed and greatly length, enetl in i)lace of the radicle, which is thus simulated. It is the same as in DelpMnium 7)t/rl/'riinle of California, and some other species; only in that genus the cotyledons ex- pand and become toliaceous. In the horse-chestnut petioles are also developed to the cotyledons to a moderate extent, but without union, (see Gray's First Lessons, fig. 24), thus pushing the radicle and plumule well out of the firm seed-coat, in which the very heavy and fleshy cotyledons remain; and the radicle itself, as in the pea, does not fur- ther lengthen. In Ipommi Icptophylla the radicle remains in like manner short, while petioles to the (here foliaceous) cotyledons develope to a great length, bringing these separately out of the ground, and the plumule between t\)llows later. "B )tanists on the Pacific coast are earnestly requested to examine the germination of all the species of Mer/arrhiza, and to compare them with the description here given. At least three species should be met with near San Francisco, and in ncighboi-ing parts of California. According to the characters assigned by Mr. Watson in t;ie Botany of C-alifornia, M. Oalifornicti should be known by its obovoid seeds, of less than an inch in length, with a small hilum at the narrow base; M. Marah, by its more numerous seeds horizontally imposeil in a large fruit (of four inches in length), eacn seed roundish and depressed, flattened, an inch in diameter and about half as thick, with a prominent lateral hilum. M. vmricata, by a nearly naked fruit only an inch in diameter, con- taining only two globose seeds of half an inch in diameter. M. Oref/aiui, -which is known to occur from the Columbia River to the nortii of California, appears to have seeds resembling those of ,]f. M(iirih, but rather smaller; but they are not well known. The remaiiiinu: one, M. Gnii/strali'.s in full flower, Draha ravio- HiHsima in bloom, D. venid, in seed. Nepetu Gleclioma was in infiuite profusion, but miles of country pi'oduced not a single anther cross, all was our sturdy typical Wythe- ville plant. I found some huge leaved plants, but agree with Mr. Forney that all large leaved oiu'k irrefloirerlea.s! Uhua aromaticH was out of bloom, the fruit already turning red. Spininthes cer/mtt was all along the shore. Iris cristata and Phlox reptdns ])oth almost out iuye they wei-c too unmanageable, and found the scapes to be 40, 42, 43, 44 and 45 inclies, and the spikes 17, 18, 19, 21 and 22 inches in length. The branches of the spikes ran from three to ten in numlier and were from one to two inches in length. These branches nearly always forked again, making quite a dense brush on the end of the sjiike. The outermost, that is the lowest, branches invariably forked, the others not always. Occasionally it looked as if the original spike had been bitten or broken off and the lateral buds developed into branches to compensate for the loss of the ter- minal bud. But such arrest of the growth of the terminal bud could not alwaj-s be made out, and in some specimens it was undoubtedly not the case. — J. M. C. Notes from West Virginia. — During a trip up into West Virginia the first two weeks in July, made for the purpose of botanizing, I found on the banks of the Guyan- dotte River, near Barboursville, specimens oi (Jleonte pumjenn growing wild. There were between 75 and 100 plants growing in a clump and a few others scattered along. They stood about half way between the water and the river bank, on the top of which was an old deserted house. It was about 50 or 75 feet from the plants and no sign of a garden, or, indeed, of any cultivated ground, was visible around it. They seemed to be perfectly naturalized and were growing finelv. As this locality is within the limits of Gray's Manual, the plant deserves a place in that work. I am also informed by Mr. Lloyd, of Govington, that he found a patch of the same plant growing wild near the li.-.e of the Ginciunati Southern R. R., a few miles back of Govington. On the top of the Hawk's Nest, on New River, I found a number of plants of (JorPirui Coiiradii, but not in bloom, and CheUniithen lamirdnosn. Gray's Manual gives the habitat of the latter as Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri ;uul westward, and if I am not mis- taken in the species, the Mountains of Virginia will have to be added. Ctrphen viscoxissiiiKf was found in an old field just above the Hawk's Nest. — JosEPn F. J.VMES, (Ji/U'iilN((ti, 0. A'ariatioxs. — I have found the White Pine with leaves in sixes, some few fasiclcs in sevens. The sixes were quite abundant. The Arlsiema Dnicontium, Schott., is quite common here with leaflets fr)m 15 to 17, and ! have found one with 32 leaflets. The running blackberry is also frequent with tlowers quite double and of a pinkish tinge. — N. GOLEMAN. GuscuTA iiACEMOSA. — In the JanuMry number of the Gazette, Dr. Engelmann gave a warninu- to the farmers, who wished to cultivate the Alfalfa, or California clover, to beware of the dodder, Cnscntti iviccnuittK, which had always accompanied it in Europe and (California. The warning was sent, throughout this region, to the county pa- jiers, but in spite of it all, seed agents have succeeded in running in a great deal of Alfalfa seed. As a consequence, a short time ago, after the clover had started well, I began to receive specimens of llie plant encircled by a "troublesome little vine," and every body wanted to know what it was. It was the genuine C-mcutril, bedecking all the river hills with a profusion of bloom. As it is so abundant on the Ohio blutts, one would natur- ally expect to find it abundantly in as favoralile localities back from the river, but as yet none have been found except a very few specimens in a single little thicket. Were Ji'fji-sonvi local along the river its absence from other parts of the county would not BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 137 seem so striking. Wliile tiiiis noticinii; a selected range in reference to dissemination, another peculiarity comes to mind, viz., tliat on these same hill sides, it .seems to select a zone of growth. This zone commences about the middle of the hill and with this us a base extends about halt waj- to the top; the plants being most thrifty and abundant on the southern exposures. There is certainly something peculiar in this limit of range, as the lower portion? of the hills ofier, to all appearances, as favoral)le con.ditions for growth as the up])er. The same might also be remarked in reference to many local i- ities back from the river. However the special object of this note is to point out some pecultar efl'ects of culti- vation upon this plant. The specimens I have are froni the garden of Mr. E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Penn., and the peculiarities are that tluf leaves are promliwutli/ A tn 5 loJied — lohes (trnte and invcranatc. I have just examined some 40 specimens collected here with the following results: 80 per cent entire to undulate, and 20 percent distinctly toothed; in no specimens that I have ever seen have the leaves appeared lobed. "We further no- tice that the leaves of the cultivated Jeffermnia are 4 to 5 times as large as those found in the woods and the pod is also much larger and lieavier. The flowers the wri- ter has never seen, but would infer that they were also much larger. I take the liberty to append a note from Mr. Rav; in reference to this plant. He says, "The Jeffevmnia was taken fnmi the garden of Mr. Jacob Wolle, of Bethlehem, Penn., and as tiie plant has been deteqted by Mr. Wolle near Narrowsville, Bucks county, along tiie Nockamix- on rocks, this may be the source of the si)ecimens of which we write." Mr. Rau further adds that however uncertain the length of time this has been cultivated by Mr. Wolle, he knows it to have been under cultivation more than 12 years. Doubtless uian}- others have noticed variations as a result of cultivation and failed to give publicitjMo their observations. But it seems to me both interesting and protitidde to notice such marked effects as the one just described. — A. H. Yot'NO, Hanover, Ind. N-VTURAL Grafting. — Some five miles north-west of Hanover I was surpriseil to find a good-sized tree oi Gai-pinus Americana, or Water Beech, aiDparcntlv growinir on the trunk of T^c^/yy.'? /' in full tlower this 6th day of August, thus confirming the date given in Gray's Manual. It is possible thai it has been pas-sed repeatedly for Lyc(ipus,\v\i\c\\ it sometimes resembles at the first l)lush, but the much larger whorls and flowers, and the entire leaves soon separate it from that, and a glance at the devek)ped corolla at once carries us far away from the LabiaUe. — J. M. C. Notes on the Flora of Clint(Jn County, Mo. — It was the privilege of the writer to spend a few weeks of the past summer on the prairies of Noi th-western Missouri, and the list of his collection, together with some brief notes are presented to the read- ers of the Gazette. The countiy is now uearl}' all under cultivation, so that tracts of unbroken prairie occur only here and there, in areas of 80 or KiO" acres. The water courses, from Clinton countv south to the Missouri river, are heavily wooded. An old resident informed me that when she came to the county fort\'-seven }'ears ago, not a stick of timber was to be seen where now oaks and elms from si. \ inches to two feet in diameter, stand so thick on the ground that it is impossible to drive throngli the forest without clearing. Certainly tree-oTowth in that county must have been very rapid! Three-fourths of the timber trees belong to the genus Quercati. Q. iiuhricuria, JIx., forms about one-half of the Oaks and Q. ruhra, L.,nearl3' a fourth ; whiles'/ alha, L., Q olifi(xil»hi(, Mx., Q. i)iifcriiriirpii,Mx., and Q. I'l-i/oix, h. yni\ nrm/u'/nitit, M\., makeup the remainder. The fiora of the woods is strikingly similar to that of .Southern Indi- ana, consisting as it does of such species as Geum strictii/ii, MiniuliDi (ilutas, Gerarditi ■fliiva, Demnodiuni acuminatum. Phryimi /.eptoatachi/d, etc. The collection during July and apart of August embraced the following species: P(il)/ffiili( i)iri(rniit((, L.,HccA\\s lo hi' vcvy scarce. Only one specimen was secured. Trifolvuiii pnitenae, L. Two heads were obtained having the fiowers perfectly white — not even a rosy tinge about them. Psordleafloribumla, Nutt., scarce. Half a dozen specimens were found, growing in a clump of Post Oaks. Pcfa^oxfenio/i rv>lacfius,^l\. and Pefdlosfcmon run'Iiihix, Mx., vvvy abundant on ojieu prairie. The later comes into bloom al>out a week earlier than the former and lias a shorter season. Aiaorp/ui cnnescenn, Nutt. Plentiful. Certainly the supposition that this plant indicates lead ore becomes false here. Bapilsid leucaidlui, T. & G. So common that it becomes a troublesome weed in cornfields and pastures. Kacemes often 3 feel long. BiiptUid leiicopJai'd, Nutt. Common in rich pastures. PotentilUt iirgntu, Pursli . Gray says "common westward," but only one plant was seen. /ji/thruinaliitum, Pursh. Common in pastures and by roadside. E r 11 lujium yuccmf (ilium, Mx. Abundant. Lidtris pycnostacliyn, Mx. Low grounds ; very common. S'lli'ddf/o M/s.sinn'ien!iii KdJdoiiKiKlosd, Pursli. Abundant. Core(/psi)i 2Milinuti(, Nutt. Tolerably abundant. Dijsodid rhryxa/i,t/u://ioides, Lag. Entirely too common along roadsides where it exhales its oflensive odoj-. C'tfiiliii hihcr(i.si certiciUiitd, L, Vei'y delicate and by no means alnnidant. Acefdti'H l(iu(jif()li//(i, Gray. (Jrows in patches among the |)ralrie grass. Trips((rinii tJiictnlokh'.f,^ L. Grows witii Spurtina cunn^iiroidetiAniX i"esembles it to some extent. — C. R. Eaknes, Mudison, l/idiinm. Some laugk si'ecimeks of Aris>*;ma tkipiiyuat.m — In the July number of the Ga- ZETTK, in the article of Mr. Barnes, I find measurements of an Arind'uid triphi/Uuvi from Trimble county, Ky., and a request for tin; record of a larger one. In this species, as in the oihers mentioned, Jeliei'son county still leads. In July, while taking a botanical trip through one of the ravines near Hanover, 1113 attention was arrested l)y an ArimfiiKi, which I felt convinced must exceed the measurements given b}'' Mr. Barnes. Its meas- urements were as ff)ilovvs : Height 4oi^ inches : side leaflets 12I--2 inches long by 8 broad : end leallet lo^o inches by 7 broad; spread of lateral leaflets 203^ inches; diameter at ba.se of stalk H.2 inches; circumference of conn 7V2 inches. It will be noticed that the height of this exceeds that recorded l)j^ Mr. Barnes over 15 inches; that the leaflets are from 23^^ to S^' inches longer, but an inch or two narrower; and the diametci- of the stalk and conn the same. The length of spadix and spathe could not l)c olitained on account of their having withered. This was not an exceptional specimen, since in the immediate vicinity I measured 12 others whicdi exceeded 40 inches in lengtii with other measures proportional, and there must have been fully 100 specimens exceeding 3 feet. \ great variation in the propor- 140 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. tiou between the length and breadth of the leaflets js noticed in measuring, as well as in height and dianuter of stalk. What peculiarities of soil and exposure cause such large growtlis in oiu- plants can scarcely be decided, but tlu' fact remains that many of our plants think nothing of attaining a size at least double that allowed by law. — M. S. C. RECEN'r Publications. — American Journal of Science and Arts^ August. — Dr Gray has an article on "Some Points of Botanical Nomenclature," suggested by some corres- pondence between a Belgian botanist, A. Cogniaux, and Alph. DeCandolle, printed in the BnlleUib fJe ht Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique, 1876. "M. Cogniaux ask some questions, rising out of the way in which genera, their synonj^ms, and some species are succinctly dealt with or referred to in the Genera Plantarum now in course of publication." "The fact is, that the name of an author, or its abridgment, appended to the name of a genus, or to a specific name, is mere bibliography, stands in the place of a citation of author, Avork, page, etc." "Tliis suffix of authors' names is not a mat- ter of homage or sentiment, or justice, but a matter of fact, i. e., of historical record. The guiding principle to this record is, that we are not to make an author say that wliich he has not said." Hence, when a new genus is made and a number of species formerly belonging to other genera are said to be containetl in it, the names of the original authors of those species should not be appended to the specific names, but the name of the person who arranged them under the new genus. American Naturalist, August. — Mr. C. E. Bessey, of Ames, Iowa, has an interest- ing article recording "Observations on SilpMuiii laci/datinn, the so-called Compass Plant." Six tables are given giving the bearings of ninety-three leaves. About thirty per cent, of the leaves observed did not vary more than five degrees, forty-two per cent, not more than ten degrees, and ninety per cent, not more than forty-five degrees from the meridian. The variation of fifty-four of the leaves vvas to the east, and thirty-nine to the west. Many of the leaves had rotated upon their petioles in assuming their posi- tions and most of these had rotated with the sun. One leaf was found to have rotated through at least 270 degrees of arc to reach its final position. Mr. Bessey has also made some examinations with his microscope to see whether the number of slomata upon the two surfaces of the leaf had anything to do with its polarity. His observations all led to the conclusion that the stomata had nothing to do with it, and we are still in the dark as to the cause. Field and Forent, July. — The leading article is by Prof. J. W. Chickering, Jr., on "A Botanical Trip to Virginia." The article contains cpiite a list of good "finds," and acomijarisou of the llora of Norfolk with that of Washington, lu the minutes of the Potomac-side Naturalists' Club mention is made of Dr. Vasey reading a paper upon tlie distribution of trees in the United States, with the promise of its publication in full in a future number. Gurde;u'r\s Monthli/, August, is full of interesting notes for florists and horticul- turists. A i)rief article on "Rare Plants of Southern Utah," and the notes on For- estry, are of special interest. Catalugue of Pha'.nor/ionoHx and Acrogotoux PlanJa found growing wild in the State of Michigan, compiled ))y Pjlmore Palmer, M. D. of Dexter, Michigan. Tiiis catalogue was mislaid or it would have been noticed in a former number, it is a neat pamphlet of IG pages, containing a list of over 500 genera and about 1,:}00 si)ecies. Tlie Botanical Index, July. — Published by L. B. Case, Richmond, Ind. This is an eight page quarterly devoted to the interests of florists. This number contains a discus- sion of fjawns and Lawn plants. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol.2. OCTOBER, 1877. Mo. 12. Variations of Color in Flowers. — Botanizing recently with some friends on the Mah^en Higlibinds, (Mass.), we found a pure white variety of Gsrardia temdfolla. The color was clear and distinct, and as the plants were growing with the i)urph>tl(nv- ered, without auy intermediate tints, it seemed to be a remarkable instance of transition from a primary to another, and an extremely different color. Further on, however, we found one purple-flowered plant with a single branch bearing white flowers with a sin- gle large purple blotch on each of the lower petals, being a very pretty sport. More recently, on going over the same ground alone, I found plants Avith the flow- ers all pure white, and plants with the flowers all variegated purple and white. As I have not before met with such a variation in this species, and do not recall any mentiv.m of it, I thought it might be of suflicient interest to make a note of, merely as another instance on the part of certain colors to var}' to white, and in connection with it ofl'er the following notes: Some flowers that vary to white pass through a certain transition of tints from the formation ot the bud until the full expansion of the flower, before becoming pure white, while others are white fri:)m the first starting of the bud. In the former instance the flowers on Ijcing pressed return to what we might call the bud color, and retain that col- or when dry. In tiie latter instance the flowers remain white after being pressed, and becoming dry. In the case of the Gerardia, I find that all the flowers that were white, when fully expanded remain white after being pressed, showing no transition of tints in their development. There is a very pretty rose-colored variety of this species of Gerardia that not only retains the color of its flowers on being pres.sed, but, also, retains the color of its stem and foliage, instead of turning black like the normal condition of the species. This appears to be the case also with the white variety that I have now pressed. It is not always the case that a change of color in a flower is an improvement, but this little white Gerardia pleases me even more than the purple. We have in Massachusetts one of tlie most beautiful flowers in all the floral king- dom— the charming Sabbaiin chloroides. The exquisite tint of this lovely flower is something that escapes description. To call it pink, rose color, or rose jjink, as is some- times done, does not seem to me to express it at all, and certainly does not give any idea of the beautiful markings that encircle the base of the petals. But this indescribable tint, with the most delicately-faint, but deliciously-sweet odor, that is scarcely percep- tible in a single flower, but which, when the flowers are gathered in a bunch and placed in a vase, will gradually fill a room with a perfume even more delicate, and no less sweet than that of the wild rose, combine to make this gem of midsummer an object of admiration to all who see it. I have introduced this notice of it here in order to mention a white variety that also grows with us, but which, to me, is interesting only as a ncn-clty that serves, by waj' of contrast, to make the superior beaut}' of the other still more conspicuous. This white variety, however, is peculiar in the transition of tints that it undergoes in expanding its flowers. The bud, and half-opened flowers are of a pale lavender color which gradually fades out until it becomes white in the fully expanded flowers; these white flowers again on being pressed, return to the lavender tint which they continue to retain on becoming dry. 142 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Perhaps the most remarkable instance of a flower varying to white is lliat of Lobelia ca.rdianlis\'bv\t Wxa white variety is certainly no improvement on the primary color. The glor}^ of the Cardinal flower is in its intense flaming scarlet that oftentimes lights up the dark ravines as with torches of Are, and this glory vanishes just in proportion as the color changes into rose, white, or as I once found it, variegated wliite and red The white vai'iety is interesting as a novcity, and retains its color on being pressed. The stems, too, are not so dark and purple as the stems in the otlier, and the wliole plant is much lighter colored. Blue, pink and ])nrple colors frequently vary to white; yellows seldom. But Mr. Faxon mentioned finding a wliite variety of Impatieiis. 2Mllid<.i^ whicli on being pressed, returned to the pale yellow color of the species. These notes might be extended to considerable length, but I have already, I feari trespassed too much on your space. — Geo. E. Davenport, Boston, September, 1877- Note. — Since writing these notes, a lady who has found a white variety of Mimulus ringens, tells me that she has also found the white variety of Oera/rdia tenuifolui. ^ Notes BY C. F. Austin. — Ekpodium biseiuaivm Cf)Lejeitniabiseriata, Aust. in Proc.Phila Acad, for Mardi, 1869, j). 225. Stems (so far as is known) less than % of an inch long and simple, sub-julaceous when dry, resembling short simple stems of FruUanin sqtiarrosn. Dorsal (or lateral) stem-leaves broadly ovate-oval, convex, very obtuse, imbricated, succubous, convolute-ajjpressed when dry, widely spreading when moist, reddish or fuscous brown, entire, mmutely and closely papillose, the wdiole lower margin strongly recurved ; areolation composed of small opake ronndish or oval cells, which are enlarged in the centre towards the base of the leaf, while those on its mar- gin are somewhat translucent. Ventral leaves much smaller (about % as wide and % as long) and stipule-like, linear-oblong, plane, attached diagonally to the stem oppo- site the base of the dorsal leaves, erect-divaricate. Flowers and fruit unknown. Root- lets stout, brown, simple, jointless, proceeding from the base of the ventral leaves (al- ways?). (Georgia, Sullivant.) In E. Dorninfjenne, Bkid. (Cuba, Wkigiit), the ventral leaves are nearly as large as the dorsal ones, whicli latter have a somewhat liugulate apex. Pericluetial leaves not 4-ranked. Calyptra conic-campanulate, covering about ^ of the capsule. Peristome of a few imperfect cilice-like teeth, inserted within the mouth of the capsule. Monoj- cious male ; flower eparaphysate. Hypnum (Harpidium) Jamesii, n. sp. — Compacte ccespitosum; caule fragil'i erecto subflexuoso remote innovandi ramoso vel simplici, foliis subhomomallo-uncinatis valde coucavis lanceolatis attenuato-acumiuatis basi .sensim augustatis margine integerrimis (nonnullove obscure serratis), costa basi lata crassiuscula in medio sensim defluente cellulis mediocriter magnis lineari-fusiformibus rectis vel subllexuosis, basilaribus infi. mis multum brevioribus vix latioribus, auricularibus perpaucis subinflatis denuim badiis; flores et fructus ignoti. White Mountains, New Hampshire, James. Having diligently compared this moss with all the species oi Harpidium known to me without being able to identity it, I have reluctantly concluded to describe it as new. It resembles in size and somewhat in ajipearance IlypmimJiuUdns var. turfoceum, while in its subsimple stems it is much like //. revolvens ; but the former has the leaf of a totally diflerent texture, serrate at the apex, etc., and the latter has a longer more circinnate leaf with narrower cells (but a somewhat similar costa). H. vernicosum is a much branched species with a similarljr shaped leaf, but the cells, as in H. revolvens, are closer, those at the base not at all inflated, costa narrower and thinner, etc. A form of II. uneinatum, with leaves perfectly estriate, occurs in great abundance in the Alpine region of the Wiiite Mountains. The inflorescence of this species is poly, gamous. Mr. Peck has -.collected a form of this species in the Adirondack (without BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 143 fruit) of a ilull green color, and ^'iWi estriate erecthh only slightly curved leaves. {Hyp. nuni Peckii, AtJST. in litt. olim.) II)/pnirmfluifiin'< occurs near Closter, with ao abortive female flower on the dis tinctly pedicelled male flower, in the axil of a lower perigonial leaf. These (female flowers) are composed of a few minute leaves enclosing from 1-3 pistils and several short paraphyses. This species is readily distinguished when fertile by the broad, verj abrujitly pointed peri-chtetial leaves. It sometimes roots from the ai)ex of the stem leaves. Slender forms often have the leaves obtuse. Hypxum exannulatum, Gumb. var. Cochle.«. Caule stricto rigido parce diviso interrupte vaide ramoso, foliis erectis purpureo variegatis apice pro more integerrimis in siccis parte superiore spiraliter tortis, basi sensim paulo angustata distincte serrata^ cellulis infimis plerumque serie smgula transversa inflatis. — Diehelyina Swartzii, B'. & L. Exsic. Ed. 2., /b. :541, planta Californica. Var. iMMhSiisu.M. — Caule tenui debili, foliis circinnato-falcatis tenuis perangustis, basi ut in pra^cedente, apice distinctius remote sernito.— Dichelyma Swartzii, S. & L. 1. c, planta Nova? Ctesarensis. Var. SwiiCrzii. — Foliis hamato-incurvis rigidis (subserratis) basi solidioribus, CiBteroquin ut in prsece- dente. — Diehelyina tiwartzii, Lindb ! Hypnum exannulatum is nearest to H.fluitans, from which it may always be distin- guisiicd by the narrower, much less abruptly pointed perichsetial leaves, by the stem leaves gradually more or less narrowed toward the base, more or less distinctly serrate on the margin throughout (only serrate at the apex in H.fluitani<,), with much enlarged and inflated cells at the basal angles or extending across the base. Sometimes these in flated cells occur only at the basal angles, where they form a distinct large patch, and sometimes tiiey extend across tlie whole base of the leaf in the name example. Tlie plant is also dicecious; but I have always found the male and female plants mixed in fertile examples. Hypnum vacillans, Sulliv., Icon. Siqjpl-, is a form of Hypnnm riparium, Hedw., (no douljt), with the leaves often obtuse. I have found a large form (sterile) in running water, and resembling a Fonttnalw, with the leaves all obtuse. Jlypninn fljiviatile, Swartz, is certainly only a form of II. oligorrhizon, Gumb., which is a form of //. (niliocliKlun, Be.\uv., which is a form of //. serpens, Linn. These forms clearly depend upon external causes — as matrix and clinuite — for the develop- ment of their peculiarities. Tlie same may atflrmed of all the other forms of H. serpens^ as H. r/dlicale, Bkid., H irriguunt, Wii^s., II. noterophilum, S. & L., etc. In fact, so far as I have oljserved, there is no such thing as tariety among any of the cryptogams, in the sense in wiilch the term variety is applied to phsenogams; none of them having the power to reproduce their peculiarities under a change of matrix or of climatic in- fluence. An Expr,ANATioN. — A. remark made by Mr. N. Coleman in the July number of the Gazette, really calls for an explanation on my part. He says "there must be some mistake!" We admit it, and a very unfortunate mistake for the credit of our State Flora, on the part of the authors of our Catalogue, wiio report only 979 jdants, while our whole number must be twice as many! This came from not consulting Drs. C. C. Parry, Davenport; G. E. Ehinger, Keokuk ; P.J. Farnsworth (Medical Professor at Iowa University, residence Clinton), and other older botanists. Many plants reported by me were collected from five to eleven years ago, and only now reported to rectify the deficit in said Catalogue. "Nebraska reports 2,022 plants, and surely our good state, after all due allowance for the drift ])y long rivers from far western mountains of a host of their rarest flowers, ought not to fall behind by the thousand! I would, therefore, request that Mr. N. Coleman, Dr. C. C. Parry, and those above named, would send to the author of our Catalogue, Mr. J. C. Arthur, Ames, for co])ies and fill up the deficiencies in the 144 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. w columns of the GtAzette, giving dates and peculiarities, and so great good would grow out of this apparent evil. One mistake of the authors of our Catalogue is to deny many of our clearest, ad- mitted species. Thus they reject our beautiful Trndescantia rosea, Rosa lucida, Pani- cum awarum and Carex vana, holding that the latter is "merely an upland form of Carex Peiinsi/lvamra,'" — cpiite unfortunately, as both species ^;wc together on upland or low- land indifferently ! The season is not half over, but by a very fruitful visit of three weeks to Lyons, Clinton and Cedar Rupids, I have a score of rare and valuable plants to add t;) said Catalogue, whicli will be sent for verification, Avith the Report, to the editor of the Gazette, so as to preclude all doubt. Five of these occur in Ames, viz : Euphor- bia p/j'i/goiiifolia, L., July 22, CoUege and ceraeievy; EupJwrbia heniiarioides ? Nutt., August 9, cemetery (not quite ripe); Iva ciliata, Willd., from Ames to Nevada, August 14: \ Pofamof/etoii Inrens, Jj. var. "ffluitnns, Gniy, Moses' farm, two miles east of Ames, deep slough now nearly dry, growing in mud, submersed leave gone, July 31 ; with Artemisia (Janadeusis, Michx., Vmes^ ISTG, abounds from College farm to Tama City, on gravelly banks, roadsides. It occurs no further west. To whicli may be added a beautif 1 specimen of Pentstemoii Cobarii, sent at my request from Crescent City, Iowa, by 11. H. Teiry, who deserves great credit for its introduction from Nebraska, with other rare plants. — R. Bukgess, Aiaes, Iowa. PtniE White Veiiben.\ Stkict.v. — This summer I found five pure-white specimens oi" I", strlcta growing near each other. About forty rods from these were three others — pcr'.iaps seedlings of the first. Eight miles from this locality one plant was found, and tv.-eiUv miles from ihe five first discovered three others were seen. The points of inter- est i.i regard to them were tlieir vvide distribution considering their rarity, their being surrounded by numerous specimens of the usual color, no pale intermediate forms be- ing near, and in three cases out of the four, where there was more thau one plant in a place, they grew close togetiier, not being interspersed among the blue. Five roots were examined to see if they snckered, but no such connection was found. No dift'er- ence in structure was observed betM'een the white and the blue, excepting that the flower spikes were more slender and pointed in the white than in the Ijlue. — J. M. Mil- LiOi.\.N, Morrjaii county. III. Is Hem.vnthus L.ETiFLOKUs A GOOD SPECIES? — I liavc had I'easou to doubt whether this sunflower is a distinct i)lant. According to Gray's Manual, it has yellow disk flow- ers and acute involucral scales, "the leaves almost as thick as in //. rirjidus,^'' while the latter is said to XvAXi^ parpU' disk flowers and obtuse »ci\\G?,. I can see no other difterence between Ihe species, in the descriptions. Now, our II. rigidus usually has acute scales (it is so described in Chapman's Flora!) and I have found near Oquawka, this season, several plants of this species with a ye/too disk. The leaves vary greatly in size and shai)e, on different jilants, from broadly ovate to almost linear, always thick and very rough. The color of flowers is, I think, of small inqtortance. Mr. Bebb has found the allied Rudbeckia hirta, (usually purple), with a yellow disk. Will some one who be- lieves in //. Itetijlorus, defend that species and send me a specimen ? — H. N. P., Box 16, Oquawka., III. Some Nv.mph.eas. — Dr. 11. C. Beardslee, of Painesville, O., writes as follows: "A young lady of this place brought me, last week, a specimen of Nehimbiitm luteum, Salisb., collected in Bass Lake, a small inland lake, 12 or 15 miles south of this place and on the highlands 18 or 20 miles south of the lake shore. The locality was a sur- prise to me. The same lady informs me that she found a Nyniplum with pink flowers, mU fragrant. Our white i>ond lily is N. tuberosa of Paine, which is said by Gra}^ in the Manual, never to \va\q. pink flowers. Either Nyiapluea odorata occurs in that pond, which I can scarcely believe, or the petals of N. tuberosa are sometimes pink, or in the BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 145 third place, the two may uot after all be specifically distinct. A lady from Milwaukee tells me that fragrant white pond lilies occur near that place." Megaurhiza. — Since receiving the August number of the Gazette, I have been on the alert for Mi'tjurrliiza, being fully determined to find it if it grew in the county of Sonoma. For three days I looked for it upon the bushes on Fitch Mountain. The next day, however, I descended the Russian river in search of acorn field, in which I remem- bered the iS'iV^ws rtv^/ytt/r/^^s to have particularly flourished in the Ea.st. About a mile and a half from Healdsburg, on the right bank of the river, we spied the looked-for corn field, and carefullj^ stepping to the top of the high picket fence enclosing the field, we perceived that the l)ack fence was at intervals covered by a closely matted, brown- colored vme. Hastening across tlie field we grasped the dried fruit of Megdrvhizd. After a long and tedious search we obtained some fifteen seeds, corresponding to the description given by Dr. Graj'. There are four seeds of an almond shape contained in a thorny obovate fruit. The fruit being very ripe, the seeds had generally fallen and had been devoured Ijy the rats. Desiring to satisfy ourselves that it was surely Megarrhiza, we began with our bot- any knife to search for the root. Having followed a vine into the ground to the depth of 18 inches, we pressed into service a "small boy," who was curiously eyeing our movements. Securing a long handled shovel we continued our tlownward career. At the dejith of 21 inches we came to the top of the rootstock ; an hmu' later we had come to bed rock and were hauling the stock to the surface. This I carried home and will give the measurements: weight, 18 lbs; length of main root, 3 feet 1Q% inches; circumfer- ence at the top, 213^2 inches; circumference one foot from base, 15^^ inches; shape, for 20 inches nearly cylindrical, then fusiform. Depth of hole, from toji to bottom, oo)^ inches. — R. H. Thomson, Realdshurg, California. The "Barrens" of Southern Indiana. — Ever since the writer had the privilege of arranging Dr. A. Clapp's botanical collection, made principally in 18o0-1839, and discovered many desirable plants labeled "Barrens," these barrens have been often in his mind as one of the most desirable localities in Indiana for the botanical collector. At last the trip has been made, the Barrens explored, and we lay the lesults before the readers of the Gazette. The Barrens are of considerable extent, occupying quite a large area in the corners of four counties, Clarke, Floj-d, Washington and Harrison. All over this region the drainage is eflected by "sink-holes," not a stream, rivulet, or a single drop of running water appearing at the surface. The country is very rolling and in the bottom of each depression are found from one to three "sink holes," sometimes full of water, at others mere filthy mires, or empty. The surface is a mass of flinty stones and concretionary boulders, "nigger-heads" as they are called. The result of this flinty soil and absence of surface moisture is plainly shown m the vegetation. Scattered all over this area are thickets of scrub oak and small shrubby undergrowth, separated from one another by natural openings where, so far as we could judge, no tree or shrub had ever grown. It was in these open places that we found our best species. A trip tlirough the Barrens is a disappointing one, for although one can secure many valuable prizes, he is constantly grieving on account of the ravages of civilization. When Dr. Clapp collected his specimens here forty years ago, it was no doubt a perfect wilderness, but now settlers have come in, a German population has taken possession of the Barrens, and our natural openings are made to yield some of the finest wheat in the State. Instead of the gorgeous displaj^ of rare and 1)eaiUiful flowers, which cover Ihe ground profuselj' wherever they have been left standing rcjom, we see the ftoonotonous succession of fields of grain or stubble. Ewn the fence corners are kept scrupulously clear of "weeds," for your German farmer cares nothing for science if it chokes up his fence rows. In the fields of one farmer, however, the weeds had tlie start, and there we found some good species, such as Liutrin scariosa, Willd., Enpatorinm sesnilifoUum, L., 146 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Brachychmta eordata, T. & G., SoUdago rigida, L., 8. nemoralis. Ail., SilpMum trifolia- tum, L., Echinacea purpurea, Moench, Budberkia laciniata, L., Lepachys j)iiiiiata,'\\& G., Ilelianthiis mollis. Lam., II. rigidus, Desf., //. microcephalus, T. & G., II. Iiir.satus, Raf., Goreo2)sis tripteris, L., Dysodia chrysu/Uheiiwides, Lag., StylosaiUhes elutior, Swartz, Desmodium mtuiidifoliuni, DC, Lespedeza procumbeiis, Mx., Teijhro^ia Virginiana, Pers., Pli(i>!eolut< helvolus, L., Eryngivni ynccivfnliumi, Michx., etc. Enough has been given to show the general nature of the species. We were tlierj in tliat most unfortunate time, tl\at could be called the resting season, Avhen all the spring and early summer flowers have disappeared and the fall flowers have not yet begun to show their brilliant blossoms. All along over the Knobs, on the way to the Barrens, we encountered any quantity of (Jroion monitnthogyiiitiii, Michx., in beautiful condition for specimens. Dysodid was hardly absent from the roadside for thirty miles, and its fragrance came to be one of the accompaniments of the landscape. It is to be hoped that a trip later in the fall will bring back fresh specimens of many more desirable species. — J. M. C. Zantuoxyi,um Amekicanum, Mill. — A few daj'S since while hurrying through the woods my attention was called to a small cluster of trees bearing bright red berries, to all appearances. On nearing it I found it to be Zantho.vylum, or Prickly Ash, and noticed at once the air was tilled with a deligiitful fragrance as of fresh lemons. By a little pressure of the pods, which I found upon closer examination to have an oily look and to vary in color from a greeai.ih yellow to a bright red at oiaturity, I soon found my fingers covered with an oil so volatile that it was hardly expressed until it was gone. However, I had found the source of the pleasant odors that were filling the air. My curiosity led me one step further, and that was to taste the fruit. I knew it was medi- cinal, but I was hardly jjrepared for the revelations of the next moment, for as I began to chew, it began to take good hold upon my tongue, mouth and lips, and such a burn* ing drj'uess as I had for the next half hour I have never before known. Water only seemed to add fuel to the fiame which thus carried its stimulating eflects further down. As a result of this experimental kn-wledge I would heartily approve of the name "Tootliache-tree," for he who dares to chew the green fruit will soon have little time to think of his previous pains. These bushes with their brilliant fruit, sightly toliage and exquisite fragrance, certainly invite cultivation. — A. H. Y. Cuuious DissEMiNaTiON. — For two years I was baifled in my efibrts to gather seed of the beautiful Leucocrinnvi Diontamim, abundant in Sierra Valley, but rare elsewhere in California. During the first season I found how oddly the pericarp remained down in the ground, though the large, creamy white flower was exserted two or three inches above it, but not until too late to save seed at the close of the second season did I dis- cover how the shining black seeds were spirited away. The LeuGocrinuin is a Liliaceous plant of the fibrous-rooted kind, and acaulescent. Its grass-like leaves, % inch wide by 4 to (5 long, rise from a caudex sessile upon the roots, an inch or more below the surface of the ground. As inferred, the pericarp is short stipitate, and matures its seed at a locality in the ground, to be sure, but quite un- favorable for successful rooting, since, when the pericarp bursts, the seeds are dis- charged upon a spot already occupied by the perennial parent plant; that is, it would seet/i that they are thus left to fate, but when the spot is searched after the plant ripens and its leaves are gone not a seed remains in place. They are carried aicay by the in- curred bases of the withered leaves, and blown icith them by the wind omr the plain. — J. G. Lemmon. Plants FOR Sale. — Mr. Geo. D. Butler, of Almont, Iowa, has several sets of south- western plants to sell, containing veiy rare species, as for instance, Selenia aurea, Nutt., Stellar/a JVuttallii, T. ct G., 2'ephrosia onohryclioides, Nutt., Acacia hirta, Nutt., Rosa foliolosa, Nutt., Gaura Sinuuta, Nutt., Trepocarpus jEthus(K,, Nutt., Apium Popei, BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 147 Gray, FediaNuttallii, T. & G., E ngelmannia pinnntifida, T. & G., Monarda Russellinmi, Nutt., Andrachne Ilmmeriana, Muller, Spiranthes renealis, Eng. & Gray. They will be sold in sets of 100 species for $10. The species have been named by Dr. Engelman. Mrs. M. E. P. Ames, of San Jose, California, has .sent to this office a limited num- ber of sets of California plants to be sold. The Editor has examined the plants and can recommend them as being exceedingly desirable species. They are put up in sets of 50 species for $5.00. Any botanists desirous of securing these specimens will address the office at Hanover, Ind. Mr. C. G. Pringle, of Charlotte, Vt., offers for exchange or sale a few sets of the Alpine Plants of New England, the fruit of his extensive herborizing during the past summer in the White and Green Mountains. Mr. Priugle's collections contain Gen- tiana Avinrella, var., ticuta (American Naturalist, Vol. XI., p. 620), Anemone nultijida, Astragalus. Bobbinsit', Gnaphalium supimun, Orchis rotund t folia, Danthonia compressa, and nearly all the other rare plants of his region. American Natunilist, Sejitember. Byron D. Halsted has an illustrated paper on "Reproduction in Fresh-Water Algte." He points out a few of the methods of asexual and sexual reproduction, and shows that the often supposed sameness of reproduction in these plants of low grade is lost in an endless variety of methods and changes. In an article on "Violets," is given a preliminary sketch of the literature in reference to the two kinds of flowers so often observed in many of the species of violet. In many species flowers appear in summer entirely unlike the more showy ones of early spring. Flowers of this kind have long been known, but they need to be more carefully exam ined with reference to their specific peculiarities. The object of the present sketch is the hope that some of our botanists may collect and study these forms. The first obser- vations recorded of flowers of this kind were in 1732, by Dillenius and Linnseus, in the case of Viola mirabilis. Several interesting extracts with reference to this subject are given from the Botanische Zeitung. Some botanists have even suggested that the species of violets may be distinguished by the characters of the late flowers. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, August. — Dr. Thurber gives an interesting notice of "An Orange within an Orance." He says "the genus Citrus appears to have a remarkable tendency to produce abnormal forms, and probably alfords writers on vege- table teratology more illustrati(ms than almost any other." Dr. J. F. Joor, of Harris- burg, Texas, makes an interesting observation on Callitriche NuttalUi, Torr. -He finds that the supposetl rooting from the joints of the prostrate stem a mistake, but that "after the flowers arc fertilized, the peduncles lengthen, at the same time turning downwards, until the little nutlets, characteristic of the genus, are forced quite beneath the surface of the moist earth. If collected at this time, the peduncles appear like roots, bearing little tubers at their ends." Mr. Leggctt has found that Fontedcria cordata is tri- morphic. Of the three kinds of flowers, "one has the stigma raised on the style to the lop of the flower, a second only to the middle of the flower or top of the tube, and the third with a very short style at the bottom of the tube." Gardner's Monthly, September. This journal is always full of valuable and season- able information for horticulturists and botanists in general. This number contains quite a long and very readable communication from the editor entitled, "European Notes." Mr. Darwin on the Fertilization of Flowers by Thomas Meehan. — This is^a review of Mr. Darwin s work on "Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom." Mr. Meehan gives Mr. Darwin unbounded praise for his patient, laborious work, Inithe does not draw the same conclusions from the same facts, and believes that there is infin- itely more self-fertilization among flowers than advocates of insect agency have been contending for. 148 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Woods, and Woodlands, a Lecture by Prof. Wm. H. Brewer, is from the Report of the Secretary of the Conn. Board of Agriculture, 1876, and is an able appeal for the more careful preservation of our forests. It also gives valuable instruction in regard to the best trees for planting and other matters pertaining to timber. Ohservationes Liclienologka', No. 4. Observations on North American and other Lichens, by Edward Tuckerman, M. A. From the proceedings of the American Acad- emy. Prof. Tuckerman in this contril)ution describes about thirty -five new species of lichens, and in an appendix gives a little notice of the Kerguelen lichens. It seems that Rev. J. iM Crombie, in publishing a note on "New Lichens from Kerguelen Land," collected by the British Transit Expedition, and determined by Dr. Nylander, paid ver\ little regard to the previous determination and naming of certain species by Prof. Tuckerman, and when notice of them was taken at all, it was in away that seemed unkind, to say the least about it. Prof. Tuckerman makes a manly statement of the facts, frankly acknowleding the superiority of the British collection and any mistakes that he may have made, but contending strongly for jioints in which he thinks himself right. In closing Vol. II. of the Oazette, we make the following announcement for Vol. III.: The Gazette will continue for the ensuingyear under the editorial management of John M. Coulter and M. S. Coulter. Encouraged by the success of the past years, we desire to make the Gazette a necessity to Botanists. In Vol. III. the leading articles, when needful, will be illustrated, in the hope that a greater interest and attractiveness may be added to our {)ages. Its object, as hereto- fore, will be to aftbrd a rapid and convenient means of communication among Bota- nists. Thanking the Botanists of the country for their uniformly kind expressions in regard to the Gazette, as well as for the material which they have furnished us, we re- spectfully ask them to aid us again in our enterprise — both by notes and subscriptions Our list of contributors, containing a large number of prominent "Western Botanists, gives promise of much new material from that region of country. It has been thought best to begin Volume III. with the year, as our subscriptions are nearly all ai'ranged in that way, thus breaking into two volumes. No. 1 of Vol. III. will appear about the middle of December. Address: John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind., ov M. S. Coulter, Logansport, Ind, "We have for sale a limited supply of Vol. I. and II., bound m one volume, flexible backs^ 150 pp., with complete index for both volumes. Price -|2.00, invariably in ad- vance. Address as above. All coninitinications should he addressed to John M. Coulter, Uaitover, Ind., or, M. S. Coulter, Logansport, Ind. Terms: — Subscription $1.00 a ijear. Sinr/le Numbers 10 cents. Botanical Gazette; A PAPER OF BOTA NIC AL N OTES. EDIIED BY JOHN M. AND M. S. COULTER. Volumes III and IV. Crawfordsville and Logansport, Indiana. 1878-1879. rr^^BiA coi ERBAHlUIv: Index to Vo Lj^gf H^? A^d^ V . AceratesFeayi, n. sp 12 Actinonieris h< teroph ylla, n. sp 6 jEcidiuui aljundans, n. sp 34 '• BigL'loviae, u. sp 34 " Branrlegei, n. sp 34 " g-aurinum, n. sp 218 " Gilire, u. sp 231) " gracilens, n. s|) 128 *' heinispliiiericum, n. sp 34 " interniixtiiin, n. f>p 231 " mouoicum, n. sp -'30 Polemonii, n. sp 230 " porosum, n. sp 34 jEsti vation of Malieruia verticillata n3 Agaricus atnabili|jes, n ap 2W '• chlorinosmus, n. sp 137 " Morgani, n . sp 137. 208 Alternanthera laiuigiuosa in Kan '58 Alternaiion of Generations 240 Ames. Mrs. M. E. P 14 Auilropogon arctatu.^. n. sp 20 Ancinoiie t'aroliniana 86 Al-cti<: Timber 215 Aristida couilensata, ii. sp 19 •' gyian-, n.sp 18 •' sinipliciflora, n.sp IS Artliur, J. (J 78 Asier Tradescanti and mi.ser 101 Au.stin, C. F 6, 29, 70, 150, 161 .\ustin. Mrs K. M .. 70. 01 Bailey. \V. W 38, 173. 194, 214, 215. 21(i ij.i)" ..?ia calycos.i. n. sp l>5 snli)liiirea, n. sp 65 N tes on 129 Karnes, (J. K 13, 123, 167, ISl, I'M! IJeal. W.J 1.3, 113 Bebb. M. .S 21, 190 Beheading Klies by .Alentzelia 2l3 87 n. >ii n> 32, 14t>, , 51. .5S. . 47. . 1, 05. •209. 6.-., 129. Bessev. ( I- Bibliiigi'aphical Index Big Tree^ iJinirliam, Mrs Boltvvood, H. L Botanical ('ontributions, Gray 55 " Excursions . Text-boDk IJot.-inists. .\di|ress to IJotr_\ cilia nut JM-rns IJoiryrliium lunarioifles IJovista s])iiiiili)sa. n. sp >ubti'i'i ane:i Brandegee. T. > Brandt. W. K B.-o.idbcad. (i. f I'.i'> uui Alwateria' lleMiosum. n J{iir ( alkin>. \V W a '• intuniescen.- and Grayi ... Cainivoioiis Plants (..'assi.-i nicfitans (Jhiicali.s .Vntlierisciis Cellulosporiuni. gon. nov ■i|nKerospornm, n. s|> Genangiuni platascnm. n. >p (enchrns .strictus. n.sp Gh.ingcs in Vegetation ^ 7. Gliai)nian. .V W 2,9, Chickering. -I . W Cliorisis ii' Campanula Medium Colem.an. X Go^oraclo Bei-beris 231. Coloi jido. Notes from Kiij, (yonnnon.--. .\ Goniiiarative Anatomy o( Lvs Conifera^ of tlic ('reslones Conodinium ilichotoniiim. n. sp Convolvulus (iarberi, n. sp Coreopsis ai'isto.sa . Cotvledons -J-p.irted in E'Schscholtzia ... ('ou"lter. .1. M. -^4. hT, 109. 173, 192. 194. 19«. 198. 199, 2110, 220, 2:-t4. «5 55 91 226 219 220 21 194, 226 10.5, 189 113 ;;9 170 216 166 ill '^32 79 1.V2 115 7^ 212 151 1.-.3 119 192 221 215 98 US )71 171 231 20 22 17 238 200. 207 7 242 •UT 41 246 i'.2 5 11 38 2011 197 Page. Cronartium Comandra;. n. sp 128 Cross Fe tilizatioM in Lobe.ia 124 Crotalaria niai'icima, n. sp 4 Curtiss. A. H 36, 117, 132, 154. 332 Cyperus cy lindricns, n. sp 1*^ '• retror.-ius, n. sp 17 Cvpripediuin u itn second Labellum 199 171 91 10 51 56 35 192 24 l.iO 150 150 46 237 f97 Da kota. Xotes from Darlingtonia ('alifornica Dasystoma |)atula. n. sp Davenport. Geo E Dentai ia lacani:ita Diatrvpella Frostii. n. .sp Dichogamy of Kliododend'-on maximum Siji^elia Marilandica .... Dicranum angusiiretis, n. sp " Dounellii. n sp Virginiciini, n. sp "Die Pil/.e des Weiustockes" Dimorpho-dichogamy in Juglans Distinction between Monocot. and Dicot 70, 51 ; Eaton, D C Eggert H Engelmann. G Epipactis He leborine .. Encalv|»tus gloluilus . . . Eu|jatoriiini suaveoleus, tortifoliuni. ...71, (^9, ...1. 206, n. n .' 96 241 65 225 19 5 5 Extempoi-e Botanic Garden 215 Fallow, W. G 244 Fendler, A 57 Fern Catalogue lol Kern Etchings Ferns ol Florida fc2, 139, " Kentucky 54, " Missouri •' •' X. America .. Xrinidad 71, Fertilization of Yucca Fissidens Donnellii. n.sp Fission of Evs in Peach . . Flint, \Vm. F . Floating Fern Flora Ol \. America 64, " ■• •• Distribution of Florida Plants . 2, 9, 17, 153, 227. Florida. She 1 Islands Ii7, 132. Flower- ami Snow F'ord C. H . -.56, Foreign Pl.ints in Gulf State.s Foi 1 sts of Centr 1 Nevada Forest Trees of U. S Fortress Monroe. Autumnal Flora .. Foiii'ti'cn Weeks in Botany Fi'Msera < arolinensis Frcsli Water Alga; Fungi. New .species . 34, 126, 137, 169, 216, 230 Fungi on 1- orest Trees 244 Fungoid Friends ;ind Foes 125 233 177 96 128 1.^9 89 242 1.11 214 87 232 93 147 242 1.54 146 ^6 42 187 97 23S 235 140 (8 82 ?41 220 153 215 47 206 241 231 31 222 217 Garber, .\ . I' Genei'a I'lautarum (ientiana linearis Gerarflia teniiifolia. var Glue for the He barium Grafting, Natural Hailical (irav. Asa 36, 41. 5\ i*\. 106. 15:{. K,s, 1S2, 190, " 2ii7. 20S, 210, 213. 214. 21.5. 222, 22.5, 226 Greene, E. L • tjrimmia subincurva. n.sp Gvmnospermy of Coiiifera; (Jymnosporangium specie sum, n. sp Hairs of Lychnis Githago 167 Hall, E " 38, 140 Harrington, Mark 100 Ilarvev, P. F 171 Heliopsis vs. Heliantluis 123 Hepaticology 6 Hcteroniorphi-m in IMantago coidata 86 Hickories, Mortality among — 22 Hill,E.J 2.39 ' - - 147, 225 39 Range in Mo 24 D Hooker, .J. Ilubrcgtsc. A Hu(!kelberry, Hussev. .lohn ll>6 Index Continued. Page. Hypnum Brandegei,' n. sp ; — , 31 "• Caloosiense, n. sp ... 101 " Donuellii, n. sp If'^ " Koya2, n . sp 31 Hypomyces Bauuingii, n. sp • ■ ■ 1^9 Illiuoi-s, Notes from Ottawa 219 Indiana, Flora of 109 Indian Territory, Plants of 49. 65, 70, 74 Iiilliienee of Scion on Stock Itjij Interesting Demonstration 19(5 Iowa, Flora of 78,115 Island of Trinidad, Flora of 57 Isoetes But'.eri, u sp 1 Isoetes of 1 ndian Territory 1 James, J. F 209 Jetter.son county, Ind., Addenda to Flora . . i;J Jones. M. E 247 J uniperiis occidentalis in Col ST Kansas Plants of 71 Kunze, R. E 53 Late Flowers . ii^i Law (Governing Se.x lul Leaf piopagation in Leaven won Ilia Micliaiixii 24 Lec\ tliea sijecio.sa, n. ?p 84 Leniinou, J. G 24.(51,87, 91 Liclii-ns of S. Illinois 21 L:liacea>, Revision of I9S Lilium Philadelphicum. 4-iiieroiis -HH) " " o-nieroiis 2U7 Lloyd, C. G 14.S Lobelia iir) Lobelia Floridana, n. sp 9 Lock wood, S 29 Low lie, J. R 99 Lycoiierdou Prostii, n sp Iii9 Martindale. 1. C 7'^ Medicinal Plants in Cal . 8',' Media II, Tlios 98, 101, 158, 165, 227, 24- .232, 241 13S ii;3 2IW 23, s-;. 21i* . 5 . .">-i .•jl) 12 3-. .^3. ,'.) IMelantliiimi Viryinicim M.!niliu< .-.iilcMtus. n. sp Michig.m. Notes jroni . Microscop,', A Convenient Miller. K.H Millig.m, i\Irs. J. U .Mis.soiiri J'lants. Distribution of Mistletoe Parasitic on Itself Moiir, (Jhas . JMouotropa uniflora .. Montana, Notes from 17' Morgan, .V. P 121), 142. • OS, 221, 2411 Mossis, No»v Species. .. 29, 15u, lijl Mulilenbergia oasspitosa, n. sp I>< Miiiiro, Wui Itg Nei'kera Floridaiia. n. sp? I5.i Nelinnliiiini luteuiii .... .. 13,81. li'ii Nomeiu-lature 39, (il. l.".s NonicMclatur.' in E. U. S. P()lyi)et l'.)3 210 Niitritilion of Drosera rotundifolla 19!i Ohio, Xotes from Toledo 219 Ophioglossuiii palmatuin 141 Orobanclie minor in X. J 7;! Pauicum amplectens, n sp " littoiale, 11 sp Pautou. M 11 . . ,SM Partridge-berries. Wbite . 109. 207 Patterson, H. N . 2iW Pa.xillus liir.>utiis n. sp 109 Peck. ■ lias . .23. 31, 46, l->.i, I2i5 137. 1(!9. 21(). 2 in Peilicularis Caiia ensis . .. Kiii Pi'talosteuion f(.)lii>sim 2 lO I'ludps. .Mrs Line In 7'.< Pli\ lli(ta.\is of Leaves 12ii. 142 Pliiiitago Rugelii id.s Pl-intai'iis. Two Wayside II Plantations in Penii '.i'.< Poa Lemmoni. n sp : . . 13 Polygamous Flowers in Populus .")1 Polyiiodium neniatorhizon, n. sp Hi) Polyporiis .Macouni, n. sp 169 Polvtrichiini .... id Porter. Thos. C 49,81,1.54 Potainogetoii 192 Potato Pierced by Grass 100, 113 Preston, li. VV 22:) Priiigle, C G 237 Proiiu nciation of Botanical Xanips 85 ■jii 106, I4s Page. Puccinia aberrans, n. sp 217 '• atropunci a. n. sp 171 " cladopliila, u. sp 127 " Grindeliffi, n. sp 127 " interniixta, n. sp 218 '• nigrescens, n sp 35 Reverch^n, Jidien 210 Rey nolds, xMary C. 139 177. 227 Kliaphides in Tr.lliuni ' 173 Rhus Toxicodendron ... 211 219 Rhytisnia spa i sa, n s,i 1' 1 Robinson, John 113 233 R .throck. J. T 37,201,242 Rothr.cks Report 197 i.usby, H. H 192 Salix balsamifera 190 " Barclavi 21 Sanford, J. A 219 Sargent. C. S 187 Scbneck. J 24, 35 Scolopendrium viilg.are 215 Scnitellaria niontaua, n. sp 11 Scutia ferrea — Reynosia latifolia 208 >eeds of Erodiiim cicutarium 209 Self fertilizat on of Plants 18a Septoria Lactuca\ n, sp 170 *' podophvUiiia, n. sp l^O Tiillii,n. sp 170 Shepard, E. M 128 shortia galacifolia re-discovered 106 Shriver. Howaul 72 Smith, Erwin F 163, 168, 180 Smith, J D 141 Sorghum paiiciflorum. n. sp 20 SorosiKiriiim .\stiagal , n. sp 218 Desmodii, n. sp 35 Soiitliern Plants 55 Si)en(;e, xMrs E .r 39 sph:erella megastoma. n. sp 231 Splueropsis Raui, ii. sp 34 S.aining of Vegetable Tis.sues ... 201 .>taicli in < bliii-iipliyll 194 Siillivautia Obioiiis 24 .Syi'acilse IJotaiiical ( hib "-06 Teiisii)ii ill an Oak 234 Te.\as. Flora of Dallas county . . . 2lo Tbriiiax (;arl)eri, o. sp " 12 'I'ill.-iii'isias under cultivation .. 'JiiS Todd. J. L 124 T'ortnla Doiuiellii, n. sp 31 Tricbobasi.-: gaiirina. n. sp ... 218 •' O.wti'opi. II. sp 218 Tricliocolea Biddl coniia, n. sp 6 •' gi'acillinia, n. sp 6 Tricliostomuin'r siibdenticiilatuni. n. sp 29 Trillium from .Mich IJ^O. 2-J2 TiimoipliiMn ill Lithos|)eriiiiiiii lUS Trijilasi^ sparsilloia. n. .sji 19 I'romyces rirandegei, ii.sp 127 byaliiius n. sp 34 plmiibarius. ii. si> . 127 .sanguineus, 11. sp liS siniulans, n. sp 127 \accinluni macrocarpon 2'.5 Nariatiuns . 39 V'asey. Geo . 13. 97. :o6 ViM'alnim Woidii 208 Viburnum involucratnm, n. sp 5 Virginia, Notes from Blue Uidg-; 72 Visi'idltv as a .'seed-ilistiibutor .. 227 Vitality'of Seeds of Datura Tatula 49 Walnuts, Large 24 Watson, Louis 71 Watson, Sereno , 93 Wei'dsaista. Ba.ljara, Cal 2-J6 Western Plants Si West Va., Notes from 181 Wbeele . C. F. fG Willev, H. 21, 22 WillowsofCal : 212 Wolle, Francis 68 Wooil. .\. 49, 70 Wright, .Mbert A. 100 Wright, S. H 232 Yellow Snow 154 Young, .\. H 37, 79 Yucca Draconis 14 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol. S. JANUARY, 1878. JVo. 1. The Species of Isoetes of the Indian Tepritory. — Isoetes melanopoda, J. Gay, originally found in central and northern Illinois, then in the neiijhboring regions of Iowa, seems to be peculiar to a belt of prairie country extending from northeast to southwest, from Illinois to Iowa, the Indian Territory and Texas. Mr. E. Hall, who discovered the species in Illinois, found it also some years ago in Dallas county, Texas, and now Mr. G. D. Butler sends it from the Indian Territory. However the other char- acters may vary, the microspores everywhere readily characterize the plant. They are the smallest of any of our species, but varying in the same sporangium, between 0.25 and 0.35 mm., very rarely as much as 0.40 mm. in diameter, marked with confluent knobs and curved and twisted (worm-like) low, sometimes almost indistinct, elevations, visible, of course, only under a strong magnifier. The velum or membranaceous lold, which more or less completely covers the spore case, or is, rarely, wanting, is in this species usually narrow, or sometimes wider; in the southern forms it covers about one- third oftlie upper half of the sporangium. Full-grown specimens are J^-l inch in diam- ater at the almost black and shining base of the leaves; these, smaller and fewer in the northern forms, are in the southern ones 30-50 in number and 8-12 inches in length, and, as I iiave described them in Gray's Manual, triangular, with 4 peripherical fibrous bun- dles and with numerous stomata. Isoetes Butleri, n. sp. — I name an allied species discovered by Mr. Butler, near the latter, in drier soil, a much smaller plant with earlier (beginning of June) maturity. It is at once recognized by its larger macrospores, 0.50-0.68 mm. in diameter, marked wltii distinct knobs or warts, which rarely run together. The base of tlie plant is only ^ inch thick, the slender leaves with dull whitish bases, only 8-12 in number, are 3-6 or 7 inches long, of exactly the same structure as those of the last species. Velum very narrow or almost none. Microspores aculeolate in both, in the latter species a little larger than in the former. The species of Isoetes are usually, as is well known, monoecious, the exterior spo- rangia bearing female or macrospores, the interior, later developing ones, male or micro- spores. But /. md'iiiopoda is oftener dloicious than monoecious. Mr. lUitler examined hundreds of specimens and found about one-third monojcious and two-thirds dioecious, and of these the male and tem-ale plants in about equal numbers. Of Isoetes Butleri he never could find a monoecious plant; all the specimens which he found as well as those which I examined, were dioecious, both sexes in about equal numbers. — G. Engelmann, iSt. Louis, Nov. 1877. To the foregoing description by Dr. Engelmann I append some remarks in regard to the locality in which tliese plants occur. Botli were found near Limestone Gap on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad, about 70 miles north and 100 miles west of the Texas and Arkansas boundaries, near tiie divide between the Red and Arkansas rivers. The surface of the country is very rougli, woods and prairies alternating and of about equal extent. There is a clay underlying most of the countr_v. Many wells and si)rings run- ning into or passing through tJiis clay are damaged or sometimes rendered unfit f(H' use by the quantities of sulpluites of magnesia and soda entering into solution therefrom. Occasionally this clay arises to the surface, forming low, ievel places, which are jiopu- larly known as alkaline fiats, but which I call "sulphate flats," these sulphates 320GS BOTANICAL GAZETTE. oftim occurring in a thin efflorescence on their surface. During winter and spring, while the rainy weather lasts, tlie sulphate flats, owing to their level surface and imper- fect drainage, are very wet, but by or before the first of July, when the dry summer has well begun, they have become the dryest of all dry places, for the clay prevented the water from soaking in, and the soil is so thin that an adequate store of moisture could not be laid up. What in early spring was the home of moisture-loving species, has in summer a coat of such species as Iva angugtifoUa, and Ambrosia psilostachya ; but even these are matured earlier and are smaller on the sulphate flats than elsewhere, owing probably to their dryness. Even Opimtia Rdfinesquii grows on the flats, but it, too, has an unhealthy dwarfish appearance, though for a different reason, as I take it ; it must have been for it such a great effort to endure the protracted drenching in winter and spring. These sulphate flats are the \\rime oi Isoetcs Butleri. It disappears between the middle of June and the first of July. It grows with Plantago pusilla, P. Patagonicn, var. aristata, Polygala verticillata, Arenaria Pitcheri, &c. There are occasional basins in the flats which contain more or less water, and here /. melanopoda grows. It also occurs in nearly all pools, ditches and wet weather streams. It is much more common than the other, or at least appears so, as it is so much easier to find, owing to its greater size, and paucity of companions. It disappears in August. Neither species will do well if shaded. — Geo. D. Butler, Almont, Iowa. An EmiMERATION OF SOME PLANTS— CHIEFLY FROM THE SEMI-TROPICAL REGIONS OP Florida— WHICH are either new, or which have not hitherto been recorded AS BELONGING TO THE FlORA OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. By A. W. ClIAPMAN. Anona glabra, L. Smooth; leaves sub-coriaceous, oval or oblong, acute, entire; pe. duncles short; petals thick and fleshy, ochroleucous, reddish within, the outer ones elliptical, the inner ones smaller, lanceolate; fruit smooth, globose or sub-conical, many- seeded; seeds oblong, compressed.— Banks of the Caloosa River, and near Miami, (Dr. Garber,) South Florida. June, fruiting in November. — A tree 10-30 feet high. Leaves, 3-5 inches long. Flowers, \% inches wide, fragrant. Nympliaea J?«?;fl,Lutres. A notice of this yellow Pond Lily is contained in Harper's Magazine for August, 1877. I have not seen the plant. Cypselea Jmmifusa, Turp. Annual, smooth, succulent; leaves opposite, obovate; the petioles dilated into a lacerated stipule-like membrane; flowers axillary, minute, se- pals obtuse, greenish within; petals none. — South Florida, Br. Blodgett in Herb. Gray. Malva parviflora, h. Stem stellate-hairy, the branches decumbent; leaves round- cordate, obtusely 5-lobed, creuate-serrate, downy, half as long as the petiole; flowers sin- gle or clustered, pale rose-colored ; carpels deeply pitted on the back, the sides rugose. "Waste places, Apalachicola. Introduced. Midvastrnm spicatiwi, Qr&y. Stem stout, branching, hairy ; leaves on long petioles, ovate, acuminate, crenate, tomentose beneath, the lower ones cordate; flowers small, in dense axillary and terminal spikes or clusters; involucel 3-leaved, as long as the very hairy calyx, and the obliquely obcordate yellow petals; carpels 10-12, smooth, awnless. Apalachicola. Introduced. Stem 2-4 feet high. Sida cordifolia, h. Tomentose; stem tall, branching; leaves cordate-ovate, entire, or angularly 3-lobed, crenate-serrate ; flowers small, axillary, the upper ones crowded in a dense compound raceme ; carpels 10-12, shorter than the two slender retror.sely scabrous awns. — Waste places. Cedar Keys, Florida. October. Annual. Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long. Flowers J^ inch wide. Paw?ii« spwi/fcc, Wil Id. Shrubby, hirsute; leaves on long petioles, oblong-ovate, mostly cordate, serrate; peduncles mostly longer than the petioles; leaves of theinvolu. eel 8, lanceolate, longer than the calyx, shorter than the yellow corolla; carpel trispin- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. nous — Charleston, S. C, {Reo. Dr. Bachman in Herb. Durand.) Stem 3-5 feet high. Flowers 1 inch wide. Urena Ribesia, Smith. ? Stem stout, much branched, tomentose ; leaves roundish' sub-cordate, obscurely 3-5-lobed, whitish beneath, with 1-3 glands at the base ot the ribs; flowers axillary, and crowded in a terminal raceme; involucel with 5-7 subulate lobes; corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx; carpels 5, densely spinous. — South Florida. October. Annual. Stem 2-4 feet high. Flowers pale rose color. F'u^osiaTieterophpUa, Yant. Smooth; stem angular, branching; leaves lanceolate or oblong, rarely obovate and 3-lobed, 3-nerved, the margin entire; flowers axillary, solitary, the long peduncles thickened under the flower; involucel of 8 or more minute subulate leaves; calyx dotted with black, the 3-ribbed acute lobes much larger than the tube; petals truncate; style clavate; capsule 12-20 seeded, the seeds woolly.— Lignum Vitis Key, Scuth Florida. Perennial. Stem 12-18 in. high. Flowers yellow, 1}4 inchs wide. Hibiscus coccimus, var. intexjr if alius. Leaves ovate, acuminate, undivided, or the lowest sliglitly 3-l()bed. — Marshes near Jacksonville, East Fl^^rida. Riedlia sermt((,Yiin\.. Somewhat shrubby, hairy ; stem branching, slender; leaves ovate, unequally serrate, acute; stipules linear, longer than the petioles; flowers axillary, mostly clustered, the upper ones forming a terminal interrupted spike; involucel 3-leaved, subulate, much shorter than the petals. — Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. Stem 2-5 feet high. Leaves 1 inch long. Corolla 1 in. wide, purple» Riedlia hiisuta, DC. Stem pubescent and slightly muricate, much branched; leaves ovate, subcordate, acute, smoothish, crenate serrate ; stipules subulate, many times shorter than the petioles; flowers in dense terminal clusters; involucel setaceous; cor- olla small, pale rose color, yellowish within; filaments half united. — Waste places, Savannah, Georgia (Dr. Feay.) September. Annual. V Stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves 3-3 inches long. Flowers % inch wide. Triiunfe.tla seiiutriloba.'L. Hirsute, much branched ; stem slender; leaves round- ovate, acuminate, serrate, entire or angularly 3-lobed; flowers clustered, axillary and terminal, the pedicels 3-flowered; sepals apiculate, as long as the wedge-shaped petals; stamens 10-15; capsule globose, bristly. — Waste places, Manatee, South Florida, {Dr. Feay.) Stem 3-4 feet high. Leaves thin. Flowers small. Schinpfi'.(, (irhorescem, R. &, S. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire; peduncles axillary, l-3(mostly 2)-flovvered, dilated at the summit into an angular receptacle; calyx truncate, entire; corolla bell-shaped. 4-5-lobed ; stamens 4-5, opposite the lobes, partly adnate, ovary 2-3 celled.— Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. A small tree with smooth, flexuous, brittle branches. Leaves 2-3 in. long. Flowers small, greenish, Fruit not seen. Vitis [Cissm) sicyoides^li. Pubescent; leaves undivided, ovate, cordate, acute, fine- ly and sharply serrate; cymes small, shorter than the leaves. — Banks of the Caloosa River, and at Palm Cape, South Florida. November. Stem long; tiie branchlels and leaves succulent. Berry globose, of the size of a currant. Pirr„stipules minute; peduncles much longer than tlie leaves, few-flowered; corolla small, yellow; legume notlding, oval, pubescent. (C. Uttoralis, H. B. K.)— Sandy beach at Casey's Pass, South Florida. October. Stem 3-3 feet long, sparingly branched. Leaflets %-l inches long. Legume Yi ^"- long. Grotalaria mcaiia.'L. Annual, erect, much branched, pubescent; leaves trifoliate, long-petioled, leaflets rouud-obovate, shorter than the petiole, smoothish, paler beneath ; stipules setaceous, caducous; raceme stout, many flowei'ed, the l)ibracteolate pedicol nodding; keel of tiie yellow corolla tomentose on the margin; legume oblong, villous. Coast of South Florida from Cedar Keys {Dr. Garbcr) to Cape Romano. October. Stem 3-5 feet high. Petalostemoii roseiim, Nutt. Leaflets 3-4 pairs, very narrow linear; calyx smooth, the teeth nearly as long as the tube; petals obovate, rose-color; bracts setaceous, longer tliau the calyx; otherwise like P. violaccniii. — Low pine barrens, J]ast Florida. Lespedeza striata, Arnott & Hook. Stem branched, pubescent ; leaves small, leaflets oblong-obovate, mucronate; stipules persistent, scarious. ovate-lanceolate, strongly vein- ed, twice as long as the petioles; racemes 1-5 flowered, shorter than the leaves; calyx veiny, the ovate teeth shorter than the round-ovate reticulate legume; flowers purple. Fields and way-sides, Macon, Ga. (Dr. 3retiuar,18(i~)). Now spreading over the Southern Slates. Introduced from Asia. Stem G-18 inches high. Leaves 3^-1 in. long. Desmodium trifiornm, DC. Stem filiform, prostrate, rooting at the joints, pubescent; leaflets small, obcordate, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 2-3 together, 1-flowered; legume curved, 3-4 jointed, the joints flat, semi-circular. — Waste places, Manatee, South Florida, {Dr. Feay, Dr. Oarber). Stem 6-12 in. long. Erythrina Gorallodendroii, L. '? The tree I saw on the banks of the Caloosa River in October was 15-20 feet high, and 4-(J in. in diameter, without flowers or fruit. The leaves were like those of E. herhacca. Galactia Gxbensis, H. B. K. Stem long, twining, villous; leaflets oval f)r oblong, rarely acute, soon smooth above, silky beneath, rather longer than the villous petioles; racemes curving, longer than the leaves, spicate; flowers apjiroximate, large, purple, the vexillum obliquely striate; legume silky, falcate, compressed, 10-seeded. {G.spiciformis, var: Chapm., S. Fl.) South Florida {Bagel in Herb. Gray.)— Lignum Vitas Key. November. Ecnstaphyllwn Braionei, Pers. Stem branching, slender; leaflets single, ovate, acute finely pubescent above, paler and velvety beneath, short petioled ; panicle cluster-like axillary, as long as the petiole ; corolla small, white ; legume orbicular, compressed, 1-seeded.— Banks of the Caloosa River. November. Miami, South Florida. {Dr. Garber.) —Shrub 4-8 feet high. Leaflets 3-5 in. long. Legume 1 in. long. Gassia ligustriiia, L. Annual? Smooth, mostly simple; leaflets 10-16, opposite, BOTANICAL GAZETTE. lanceolate, oblique at the rouaded base, the subulate gland near the base of the petiole, or rarely between the lowest pair of leaflets; racemes short, axillaiy, the upper ones approximate, few-flowered ; sepals obtuse; legume linear, slightly curved, compressed, many seeded. — Sandy coast, from Tampa Bay southward, South Florida. Stem 3-4 feet high. Leaflets lJ^-3 in. long. Legume 4 in. long. Psidium pyri'forwa, L. (Guava) Branchlets 5-angular, compressed ; leaves thick, opposite, oval-oblong, stronglj' veined, paler and softly pubescent beneath; pedicels axiHary, 1-flowered; fruit pear-shaped. — Clear Water Harbor and Southward, South Florida. Introduced. A small tree. Justiitm /ancrociirpa, Vahl. Branches hirsute, leaves broadly lanceolate, acute at each end, hirsute; peduncles barely longer than the 2-bracted club-shaped ovary ; calyx- lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, sliorter than the roundish pe- tals; capsule vredge-oblong, obscurely 4-sided, longer than the bracts.— Muddy Banks of the Caloosa River and at Miami, (Br. Garher) South Florida. Shrub 5-10 feet high- Leaves 3-4 in. long. Corolla 3 in. wide. Mentzelia Flondaim, Nutt. This is a shrubby, trailing plant, 3-10 feet long, from Tampa Bay southward. Vibnriinm inoolacratnin, n. sp. Leaves small, varying from oblong to broadly ovate, entire, irregularly serrate, or slightly 2-3 lobed, acute at each end, or rounded at the base; cymes small, compact, the base and ramifications involucrate with a whorl of linear spatulate bracts. — Wooded hill-sides. West Florida. April. Shrub 2-4 feet high. Leaves 1-2 in. long. liichardsonia 8mhra,QX.l\\\\. Annual, hirsute, the branches dichotomous; leaves thick, ovate, acute, rough above and on the veins beneath, the 2 upper pairs involucre- like; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla funnel-shaped, 3-6-lobed; nutlets 2-3, oblong. (Sperm- acoce involucr<(ta, Phi) — Southern Alabama, thence spreading throughout the warmer parts ot the Gulf States. Stem 1-2-3 feet long. Flowers white. Vemontn angustifolia, Michx., var. pumila. Stem low (6-12 in.), slender, smoothish ; leaves {1-\% i"- lf"iS) scattered, flat, lanceolate, entire, or the lowest minutely denticu- late; heads 3-7 in an open cyme, pedicellate; involucre purplish, smooth; pappus yellowish; achenium smooth, furrowed. — Wet pine barrens near the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. Pedis cilidns, L. Stem erect, branching, smooth ; leaves linear, crowded, sub-con. nate, bristly fringed below the middle; heads linear, nearly sessile; rays 3, pappus of the disk flowers of 5 lanceolate acuminate scales, of the rays 3. — Collier's Key, in Caximbas Bay, South Florida. September. Stem 1 foot high. Eupatorium Kuaveolens, n. sp. Stem long, slender, smoothish, branching; leaves small, Dvate, tapering to the obtuse apex, abruptly contracted at base, coarselj' and un- equally serrate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the very slender petioles; corymbs loose, com- pound, pubescent; heads 12-14-flowered; corolla white, achenium slightly pubescent. Clear Water Harbor and j\Ianatee, South Florida. November. Stem 2-3 feet long. Leaves 1-1 J^ in. long. Flowers very fragrant. Closely allied to E. aromaticum,bulv/\ih the habit oi E . incnrnatum. Enpntorium tortifoUum, n. sp. Stem erect, slightly scabrous, pubescent, corymbose above; leaves vertical, lanceolate, entire, sub-sessile, 3-nerved, the upper ones linear, alternate; corymb compound, villous ; heads large, crowded, o-flowered; scales of the involucrum linear, acute, villous; achenium smooth; pappus stout, longer than the white corolla. — Dry pine barrens, Decatur county', Georgia. Stem 12-18 in. high Leaves 1-1^^ in. long. ConocUnium dicJiotomum, n. sp. Stem smoothish, erect, diffusely dichotomous; leaves opposite, deltoid, barely acute, crenale-serrate, truncate and entire at the base, twice as long as the short petiole; corymbs very numerous, mostly in the forks of the 6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, branches, dense, short-penduncled; heads few (3-10), on short pedicels; flowers blue. South Florida. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves 1-1 1^ in. long. Flowers smaller than those of G. ccelestinum, blooming, in cultivation, from May until frost. OocIimumrigidu,)),'DC. Frutescent at base, closely pubescent; stems numerous, erect branching; leaves opposite, ovate, crenate-serrate, acute, longer than the petioles; pedicels single, or 2-3 together in the forks of the branches, unequal, longer than the cylindrical many-flowered heads; scales of tlie involucre smooth, closely imbricate, stri- ate, obtuse, decidous ; flowers (about 20) pale blue; achenium smooth, 3-4-angular; re. ceptacle globular or truncate, naked. — Jew-fish Key, South Florida. November. Plant 2 feet high, exhaling a strong unpleasant odor. Acajithospfnnum .vanthtoideii, DC. Stem prostrate, diffusely branching, pubescent; leaves opposite, oval or obovate, toothed or entire; heads single, terminal and in the forks ot the branches, many-flowered ; rays yellow ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, un. armed at the tip.— Aiken, South Carolina (Ravenel), Atlanta and Savannah, Georgia, Jacksonville and Gainesville, Florida. Actinomeris heteropJiylld, n. sp. Stem erect, mostly simple, sparingly hirsute, terete and nearly naked above, the lower part winged by the decurrent leaves; leaves muricate, the lower ones obloag,opposite, appro.ximate, half clasping, serrate, decurrent, the upper linear, opposite or alternate, small {%.\ in. long), remote, entire; heads solitary or corymbose, on slender peduncles; scales of the involucre lanceolate, mostly shorter than the disk, shorter than the 5-10 linear yellow rays; chaft" of the receptacle rigid, acute, longer than the obovate narrowly winged 1-2 awned achenium. — Sandy pine barrens, East Florida. Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches lona;. Flaeeriaangust/folia, Fers. Stems shrubby at the base, numerous, erect, smooth, branching; leaves thick, lanceolate, acute, remotely serrulate, connate and sheathing at base; corymbs numerous, compact; heads 10-15 flowered, angular, discoid, or with a single oblong or entire ray.— Sand Key, at Clear Water Harbor, Oct. Stems 2-4 feet high. Pahtfoxia Fea)/i,Gr:iy. Shrubby; stem slender, widely branching, roughish with short rigid hairs ; leaves ovate and lanceolate, opposite and alternate, longer than the short petioles; corymbs loose, spreading; heads discoid; achenia slender, sparingly hispid, as long as the linear obtuse scales of the involucre, and many times longer than the obtuse denticulate scales of the pappus.— Tampa Bay (Dr. Fi':iy), and southward to Ca.ximbas Bay. South Florida. October. Stem 3-5 feet long. Leaves 1-2 in. long. YFo he contiiiued.} Notes on Hepaticot.ogy, by C. F. Austin.— Trichocole.\ BroDLECOMr^E, n. sp.— Caule tenella arete repens (semper?) subuuciaii simpliciter breviter pinnato, foliis fere transversalibus (subsuccubis) illis et amphigastriis fere ad basim capillaceo dissectis, fructu- 'i On a rotten log in the cedar swamps, near Urbana, Ohio, 1876, Miss H. J. Biddle- covie. Much smaller than the smallest form of T. TomenteUa (Erhr.) Nees, ever observed by me and readily distinguished from it by its simple and rather distantly pinnate stems. Its habitat, on rotten wood (to which it closely adheres), is also peculiar. T. Tomentosa (Swartz) Nees, has a similar ramification, but is also a much larger plant, with the leaves strongly succubous (very oblique), and often not divided more than half way to the base. Trichocolea GRACiLLiiMA. 71. sp. — Caulc gracilliuio biunciali irregulariter dissi- tiuscule bipinnatim ramoso, rameis apice subrecurvis foliis subsuccubis fere ad basim dissectis, segmentis terretis (articulatis) pro genere crassis, fructu — ? On shaded ground, Island of West Maui, (altitude 4,000 feet), B. D. Baldwin (Eaton.) BOTANICAL GAZETTE, Readily distinguished by its very slender habit, irregular bipinnate ramification and by the thicker capillary divisions of the leaves. 2\ niolUssima, TAYL.=r. Tomentella! T. lanata, (Hook.) Nees==7'. tomentosa (fide specimens from New Zealand, in Herb. Sulliv. ex-Herb. Lehm.) T. Tomentella, Hepa- ticu' Cubensis Wrightiana=2\ tomentosa! A FEW NOTES ON THE CHANGES OBSERVED IN VEGETATION. — I cannot Say how ex- tensive these changes have been, but the observations made extend over several square miles of surface. Of course one has to depend on the testimony of others for some of his facts in such a matter as this. In the town of Windsor, Conn., there are acres of land covered with White Birch, in place of a heavy growth of Pitch Pine that occupied the land when the place was first settled. Some fields are covered with White and Red Oak, with some Chestnut and Black Oak, in place of the Pine first found there. Others still are now covered with Wliite Birch and scrub pines, that once were covered with a heavy growth of White and Black Oaks, witli some Red Oak and Chestnut. The hazelnut bushes have made tlieir appearance in many places— taken possession would perhaps be better, and White Pines are not unfrequent. The new growth referred to came in after the soil had been cultivated for quite a length of time. In fact it requires but a few years for a field to put ou a good covering of timber, if left to itself. One field I have in my mind now, that has quite a heavy "second growth," — pines, oaks, chestnut, &c. — that less than forty years ago was planted in corn. The owner told me he had raised good cro]is of corn and rye on tliat same field. There must have l;een some source whence such changed vegetation was derived. Can any one tell from what source the seeds of an entirely dissimilar vegetation are de- rived? Soil brouglit up from almost any depth and kept from contact with the air, has been known to produce plants unlike any ever before seen in the localit}'. At least, what seems to be well authenticated instances of the kind are reported. In some parts of England where "Parks" have been cleared, an entirely new kmd oftiml)er springs up. Whence the seeds V One theory is that the seeds of former vegetation luive preserved in the soil, their vitality being such tliat when shut away from the influencre of the air tiiey retain it a long lime. The wheat found wrapped up with Egyptian mummies is given as an example. Another theory is the germs are floating in the atmosphere, and when they find a favorable spot the}^ take root ; but the seeds of the forest trees do not float very much. I will repeat my question. Can any one tell whence these seeds? — N. Coleman, Berlin, Gonn. Recent PaBLiCATiONS. — Amiriavi Journal of ScLsnce awl Arts, November. — "I« the Existence of Grovvtli-rings in tlie Early Exogenous Plants proof of Alternating Seasons?" This is an extract from a paper read before tlie N. Y. Academy of Sciiences, by Chas. B- AVarring, Ph. D. Various observations are mentioned and the facts establislied by them are for Ululated in the following propositions: 1. Some e.xogens form rings at intervals much less than a year. 2. Others require intervals of several years. 8. Some form no rings. 4. The presence or absence of rings in exogens occurs in all clin^atos. 5. Large and well defined rijigs are found under conditions in wliicli there is abso- lutely no appreciable variation of temperature or moisture throughout tiie yetir. 6. An exogen naturally forms rings, will continue to form tiiem although the climate become uniform through the year. Tiie existence, therefore, of these markings in the ancient flora gives no information as to tiie existence at that time of seasons, and so tar as they are coiu'cnied we are left free to adopt any conclusion as to the incliniitioii of the earth's axis wliu h may appear to us most reasonable. 8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, September and October. — These are very inter- esting numbers, being full of valuable observations. Mr. Leggett is getting out another edition (it may be issued before this reaches the readers of the Gazette,) of the Botanical Directory. We regret that we are not able to give it wider notice owing to our begin- ning Vol. III. with the year, instead of publishing November and December numbers. We hope that all our readers will be prompt with information and with orders for cop- ies. The price will be for a single copy, 40 cents; three copies for |1.00; a dozen for $3.00. Address Wm. H. Leggett, 54 Eighty-first street, New York. Field and Forest, October- — The Botanical Articles are "A Botanist's Winter Even- ings," by W. W. Bailey, and "Notes on the Fungi of Maryland." Proceedings of tlie Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Part II., April, May, June, July and August, 1877. — The Botanical Notes are "On the Eucalyptus globulus,'^ by Jos. Wharton, "Poisonous Properties of the Leguminosae," by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, and "The Lacquer Tree," by Thos. Meehan. Bulletin of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, 1877. — The most of this num- ber is devoted to the "Mycological Flora of Minnesota," by Dr. A. E. Johnson. In it arp listed 559 species all new to the State, two of which are new to science. Two divisicms, six families, twenty orders, and seventy-seven genera are represented. Dr. W. H. Leon- ard gives a list of the Ferns of Minnesota, enumerating 30 species. Qatalogus Plantarum in Nova Ccesarea Repertarum. — If any Slate deserves a cata- logue of its plants, surely New Jersey does, for its rich and varied flora has made it the Mecca of botanists. Dr. Oliver R. Willis has made this a very complete and hand- some publication. He gives hints to beginners, and a list of plants recommended for their use, directions^for drying and preserving plants, and a botanical director^'. He enumerates 1,603 species of Phsenogamous plants, 40 species of Equisetaceaj, Filices, and Lycopodiaceae, and 28 species of Marine Alga?. There are 325 species of Musci, and 190 species of Hepaticae found in the State, but not named in this catalo.ue, thus mak- ing an aggregate of 2,196 species of plants in the State. American Naturalist, November. — A note on "Poisonous Grasses," gives the symp- toms and antidotes for the poisoning resulting from eating Stipa Sibirica. Melica and Lolium are also spoken of as poisonous. An unusually large specimen of Ostrya Vir- gintca'is, put on record. The girt of the stem at the ground was 9 feet 11 inches, at 4 feet from the ground 7 feet 2 inches; height to first branches 6 feel 4 inches; spread of branches from east to west 47 feet, from north to south 45 feet ; height of tree 48 feet 7 inches. If any larger individual has been observed we would like to hear of it. I much desire herbarium specimens of Mertensia paniculata and 3f. mnritima. AVill exchange for them M. cdpina and^lf. lanceolata of the Rocky Mountain Alpine region. — H. N. Patterson, Oquawka, III. Mr. Marcus E. Jones has sets of 500 species of Iowa plants, well preserved and very carefully pressed, which he will deliver to purchasers for $20.00 per set. Address him at Grinnell, Iowa. All communicatiorvs should he addrested to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind., or, M. S. Coulter, Logansport, Ind, Terms — Subscription Si. 00 a year. Single lumbers 1 0 cents. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol. 3. FEBRUARY, 1878. JVb. 2. An enumeration of some plants — chiefly from the SEM'i -TROPICAL REGIONS OF Florida — wurcii aue either new, or which have not hitherto been re- corded AS belonging to the Flora of the Southern States. By A. W. Chapman . (Continued from p. 6.) Lohelin Floridaaa, n. sp. — Perennial, smooth; stem stout, erect (3-5 feet high), rarely branching; leaves chiefly I'adical, clustered, spreading, lanceolate, sessile, crenu- late, fleshy (6-9 inches long), the upper ones small and very remote; raceme rigid, rather closely many-flowered, the stout appressed pedicels as long as the linear denti- culate bracts; calyx-tube enclosing about one-half of the ovoid capsule, strongly 10- ribbed, the lanceolate glandular lobes slightly auriculate at base; coi-olla (7-9 lines long) of varying shades of blue, villous withiu and on the lower lip; anthers sparingly hispid. — Margins of ponds and swamps in the pine forests of West Florida. .June and Julj-. ISTear L. palicdosa, Nutt., with which it has been confounded. Lobelia Xalapen)sis,'H..'B.K. Annual, glabrous; stem slender {l-\% feet) weak, mostly branched ; leaves petiolate, membranaceous, ovate, unequally and mucronately dentate, the upper ones narrower and subsessile; racemes very slender, loosely many- flowered, long peduncled, the pedicels 2-3 times as long as the filiform entire bracts; tube of the calyx broadly obcouical, scarcely enlarged at maturity, and enclosing the base of the ovoid capsule, which is longer than the subulate lobes ; corolla small, (5 lines), blue; anthers sparsely liispid. — Hammocks near Manatee, South Florida, (Dr. Garber.) Differs from L. Cliffortiana, Willd., only in its superior capsule. Lohelin Feaynna, Gray. Annual, glabrous, stems tiliform, mostly simple, erect or ascending (4-8 inches high); leaves few, scattered, the lower ones orbicular, crenate (3-4 lines wide), abruptly contracted mto a slender petiole; the others narrower, den- ticulate, subsessile; racemes remotely few (4-8) flowered, the naked, at length, spread- ing pedicels 2-3 times as long as the linear more or less denticulate bracts, and mostly longer than the small (2 lines iong) deep blue corolla; calyx-tube top-shaped, enlarg- ing at maturity, and enclosing about one-half of the ovoid capsule, the lobes subulate: anthers smooth. — Regions of the Upper St. Johns River, Durand (1866), Dr. Garber, and of Peace Creek, Florida, Dr. Feay. There are good reasons for the belief that this is the J.. fJliffortiaim, Mx. (/>. Michauxii, Nutt.) and that it was erroneously said to have been found "in Virginia." Campanula Floridana, Watson. Glabrous ; stem filiform, angular, simple or spar- ingly branched at the summit; leaves lanceolate, entire, acute, subsessile, the uppermost ones linear; peduncles terminal erect; lobes of the calyx linear-subulate, bi-dentate, spreading, longer than the spreading o-parted blue corolla ; stigmas recun^ed. — South Florida, (Dr. Feay). Stem 6-12 inches high Leaves 8-10 lines long. Corolla 6 li.ies wide. Chrymphylhun microphylluin, DC. Branchlets, lower surface of the leaves, pedi- cels, and calyx densely tomentosc, cinnamon-colored; leaves thick, oblong-ovate, entire, acute at each end; pedicels axillary, shorter than the petioles, clustered, the lower ones single; lobes of the calj'x oval, one-half as long as the smooth white corolla. — Banks of the Caloosa River, and Miami (Dr. Garber). South Florida. November. A small tree. Leaves 2-4 inches long. 10 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Ceiitunculus tenellus, Duby. Glabrous; stem filiform, simple, erect; leaves roundish, or oval, mucronate, entire, narrowed at the base, subsessile; pedicels single 2-;? limes longer than the flowers, shorter than the leaf; calyx 4^5-parlcd, the subulate lobes as long as the white corolla. — Banks of the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. Stem 4-8 inches high. Leaves 3-4 lines long. Flowers minute. Ilpdraniheliuni Egetise, Poepp. V Floating, sparsely pilose; .stem filiform, rooting at the joints, the branches opposite or dichotomous; lower leaves small (2-3 lines long), oblong, very remote, the upper and floating ones larger, crowded, s]ireading, obo- vate or roundish, crenate, 5-herved ; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; lobes of the stigma ovale, spreading; capsule compressed, slight)}' ob- cordate ; seeds linear pendulous. — New Orleans (Dr. Hale). The specimens are in fruit, and in the absence of fiowers I am uot certain that the plant is correctly referred. Dasi/stoma j^nfula, n. sp. Stem tall (3-4 feet long), slender, curving, pubescent, sparingly and divaricately branched; lower leaves oblong-ovate, pinuately lobed or toothed, serrate, contracted into a liroadly winged petiole; the upper ones uearlj^ sessile, lance-oblong, entire; pedicels slender (1-1^2 int'hes long,) spreading or lecurved, mostly longer than the lanceolate leafy bracts; calj'X-lobes lanceolate, entire, spreading, rather longer than the yellow tube; corolla tubular-campanulale, yellow; filaments at the ba.se and anthers woolly. — Valley of the Coosa River, near Rome, Georgia. September. Parasitic on roots. Hyyrophlla lacuMris, Nees. Stem erect, simple, obtusely 4-augled, (2-4 feet high); leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute; cymes opposite, sessile, few-flowered; calyx smooth, flowers white. — Muddy banks of the Apaiachicola River (Dr. Saurman, 186(5,), and of the Mississippi (Dr. Hale, Dr. Riddell). Hyptis spirttta, Poit. Closely pubescent ; stem tall, branching, obtusely 4-augular, muricate ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, acute, loug-petii)led ; cymes opposite, short peduncled, 3-G flowered, forming axillary and terminal interrupted racemes ; calyx, teeth spine-like, spreading; corolla small, purple- — Tampa (Herb. Durand) and streets of Jacksonville, Florida. Stem 2-4 feet high. Ryptis spicigera.Lam. Stem erect (1-2 feet high), branching, softly jnibescent, often muricate, with a villous ring at the joints; leaves ovale, acute, serrate, paler be- neath, twice as long as the slender petiole; the upper ones bract-like; whorls crowded into a dense lanceolate or oblong terminal spike; calyx villous at the throat; corolla very small, white. — Fort Meyers, and Miami (Dr. Garber), South Florida. Satureia ? {Pycnothymus) rtglrla, Bart. Villous; stem low (4-6 inches high), assurgent, branching; leaves small (3-4 lines long), lanceolate, rigid, the revolute margins entire ; flowers crowded in an oblong terminal head ; calyx much shorter than the imbricated bracts, deeplj^ 5-cleft, one-third as long as the tube of the blue spotted corolla. — Low pine barrens, South Florida. Hedeumn graveolens, Chapm., (Gray Bot. Contributions). Stems numerous, shrubby at base, erect (1-1 1'2 f^6t high), simple or sparingly branched, pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, cordate, the lowest short-petioled and sparinglj' serrate ; racemes spike like, many-flowered; flowers opposite, single, rarely sessile, the bracts and 2 opposite bract- lets oblong, nearly equal; calyx slightly gibbous, the teeth ciliate; corolla purple, spotted at the throat; sterile stamens with abortive nuthers; seed ovoid, smooth. — Low pine barrens. West Florida. July. Salvia occidentalism Swartz. Stem prostrate, diflusely branched, retrorscly pubes- cent, the internodes swollen (2-6 feet long) ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly con- tracted into a short petiole, sparingly hispid ; racemes spicate (4-6 inches long), the whorls approximate, mostly 6-flowered, as long as the ovate acuminate l)racts ; calyx glandular-villous, one-half as long as the small blue corolla; the teeth obtuse; lobes of the style flat, rounded. — Miami", South Florida, (Dr. Garber). BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 11 Var. Garberi. Racemes more slender, the whorls more scattered (2-6-flo\vered) ; corolla larger; teeth of the calyx endiug in a long awn-like point. Manatee, South Florida, (Dr. Garber). Near t<(i, Willd. Rough with short appressed scattered hairs ; leaves ovate or oval (2-:J inches long), petioled, mostly entire ; flowers large (1 inch long), in a ter- minal coniiiound corymb; calyx cylindrical-bell-shaped, 8-5-toothed, rusty-tomentose, one-half as long as the tube of the i)-8-lobed yellow corolla; stamens 5-8. — Miami (Dr. Garber.) and Jew-fish Key, South Florida. Shrub .5-8 feet high. Heliotropium Leiive)ui-ortMi,Ton: (inedV) Rough throughout with short white ai)pressed rigid hairs ; stems spreading, sparingly branched (1-2 feet long), very leafy ; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate (4-6 lines long) ; racemes many-flowered; bracts and calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; nutlets 4, hairy; flowers white. — Tampa, (Buckley in Herb. Durand), Sandy beach, Jpunta Roosa, South Florida. October. Heliotroiymm tenelhmi, Torr. Annual V hoary with appressed white hairs ; stem erect, slender, much branched (t foot high); leaves linear; racemes naked or leafy, re- motely few-flowered; calyx unequally 5-parted, the lobes broadly linear; nutlets round- i.sli, i)uhescent above, reticulate below the middle. West Tennessee, and westward. C'oiivoh-nlus Garberi, n. sj). Stem long, shrubby,- prostrate, canescent-tomentose ; leaves small (6-10 lines long), oblong, obtuse, mucronate, narrowed into a short petiole; peduncles stout, single or by pairs, 1-3-flowered, longer than the leaves; calyx unequal^ the 3 outer lobes obovate, twice as long as the 3 roundish inner ones; corolla (9 lines long,) white, sharply 5-lol)ed ; capsule 6-9-valved ; stigmas oblong. — Sandy coast at Cape Sable, South Florida (Dr. Garber). CuKrutaobtiiKiflora, H. B. K . \ar. glioidiilo.vi, Engelm. Stems widely spreading, bright-orange; flowers short-pedicelled, single, or 3-5 in a cluster, glandular ; lobes of the calyx and corolla obtuse or rounded; scales ovate, deeply fringed, incurved, slightly ex.serted; ovary and large capsule depressed; style short and thick. — Ponds near Apa- lachicola, Florida, mostly on Polyfjo.iu/a. Solan II m Htsymbriifoluniu Lam. Glandular-villous, armed with straight yellow prickles; stem tall (:3-5 feet), branching; leaves ovate, petioled, pinnatcly divided near the l)ase, deeply Inbed above the middle; racemes loosely many-flowered ; the lower flowers fertile; calyx hispid; corolla 5-cleft; berry globose, nearly included in the ililated calyx. — Waste places, Georgia and Florida. — Leaves 4-9 inches long. Corolla 1 inch will.", pale purple. Witliaihid Morrinonl, Dunal. Stem erect, branching, closely pubescent; leaves thin , obrKiuely conhite-oblong, or oval, acuminate, entire, or obscurely wavy, slender peti- oled; flowers small, :!-(> in a cluster ; berry small; fruiting calyx globose ; flowers yel- low. (Phi/Krdix Gorpenteri, Riddell.)— East Filiciaua, Louisiana (Prof. Carpenter). ErJdteK hljlora, Jacq. Smooth; stem very long, trailing or twining; leaves oblong- obovate and lanceolate, obtuse or acute, thick, narrowed into a sliort stout petiole; pe- duncles stout, 1-3-rtowered, as long as the leaves; lobes of the calyx oblong, acute, one- half as long as the pedicel ; tube of the large (2-3 inches long) funnel-shaped white cor- olla, 3-4 tiines as long as the calyx; follicle fusiform, 3-4 inches long; seeds linear, plumose.— Muddy Islets of the Caloosa River, South Florida. October. 12 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Acerates Feayi, Cliapm. (ined.) Leaves almost filiform, long, spreading; umbels terminal and sub-terminal, short-peduncled, few-dowered; corolla white, rather large, spreading; leaves ot the crown oblong, entire, involute-concave, spreading, as long as the anthers, with a semi-oval, entire crest within (Gray).— Tampa, Florida, (Dr. Feay). This, in conformity with the ari'angement of tliese plants in the "Soutlieru Flora," would be an Acerates. Dr. Gray (Proc. Am. Acad, of Arts and Sciences V. xii. p. 72), by amending the characters of Asdepias so as to include these cristate species, appro- priately refers it to tliat genus. (TOiiolohns flaiHdalus (G. hiri-") lines long), entire, rounded and mucrouale at the apex, short petioled ; stipules 2-M:irted; llowers single, terminal, and in the forks of the branches; glantls margined with white; capsule obtusely triangular; seeds ovate, obscurely triangular, pale, smooth and even. — Roberts' Ke}-, in Caximbas Baj , South Florida. Papdi/a valgarix, DC. Stem simple (6-15 feet high), leaves roundish, cordate, long- petioled. mostly seven-i^arted, the divisions broadly sinuate ; flowers 3'ellow ; the sterile ones salver-shaped, in panicled clusters; the fertile ones larger, bell-shaped, single, or 2-3 together, the long lobes linear -lanceolate; style short; stigmas 5, spreading, fruit pulpy. — South Florida. Thriiuix parvipini, ^wiivtz. Stem smoothish, tall ( 1 0-30 feet) ; leaves fan-shaped, soon smooth; the numerous linear-lanceolate divisions tapering to the slender deeply cleft ai)i'.\:, iiud uaited about one-third their length, liguk' triangular, acute; spadix smooth paniculate, scarcely shorter than the leaves; dowers veiy small ; drupe white, glol)()se, of the size of a grain of Allspice. — Keys along the Florida Reefs, extending up the west coast as far as Cape Romano. Thri/inxGarherl,n. ii\). Stem ver}^ short; leaves fan-shaped, on slender roughish petioles, smooth, parted nearly to the base into several strap-shaped slightlv cleft divis- ions; ligule short, rounded; spadix very small (G-S inclies high), sparhes (about 4) tubu- lar, dilated upward, oblique, somewhat woolly; flowers very small, divisions of the peri- anth minute, subulate; stamens 8-10, drupe (immature) pear-shai^ed. (Hnhal minima, Nutt. V). — Rocky pine woods near Miami, South Fhn-ida, (Dr. Garber.) Several Epiphytic Orchids and Tillandsias have been detected in South Florida by Dr. Garber and mj'self, which are omitted in this enumeration. [To he Conduded.] BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 13 PoA Lemmoni, n. .sp.— Among some grasses received from Mr. J. G. Lemmon, Sierra couutj', California, two years ago, was one whicli I have since distributed as Poa Leminoiu. Its cliaractcrs may be given as follows : Poa Le.mmoxi. — Whole plant light green and somewhat glaucous, culms wiry, erect, 1 to \% feet high; radical leaves setaceous, involute, pungently pointed, slightly scabrous on the margin, 2 to 6 inches long; culm smooth, with about 3 leaves whose sheaths arc longer than the internodes, the upper one sheathing the base of the panicle, the blades 3 to 3 inches long and setaceous; panicle contracted, one-lhird the length of the culm, or more, rays about in lives, unequal, from 1 to 4 inches long, and the longer ones twice as long as the internodes of the panicle, appressed, slightly scabrous; spike- lets linear, on rather slender pedicels, 5 to 6 lines long, 7 to 9-flowered, the glumes small, the upper one two-thirds, the lower one about half the length of the lower palet, lanceolate and acutish; the lower palet narrow, linear, about 1 line in length, convex on the back and slightly compressed near the apex ; very finely pubescent or minutely scabrous, obtuse or sometimes slightly acute, scarious at the tip, purplish on the margins. This grass belongs to the genus Schleroddoa, P. de B., which Dr. Gray places under Olyceria, but which Mr. Bentham includes in Poa. It differs from Poa chiefly in the linear spikelets and small unequal glumes. The genus or section Heleochloa, Fries., is essentially the same. The section Atropis, Trin., as given in Mem. Imp. Acad. Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1836, "spikelets linear, lower glume less than half as long as the florets," would seem also to come under the same sub-division. But the California grass distributed by Bolander and others as Atropis Cdlifomicn, Munko, has nearly equal glumes about as long as the florets, and the spikelets are much larger and broader. — Geo. Vasey, Wdshington, De- cember, 8, 1877. Addenda. — During the past season several new plants have been added to the Flora of JeflFerson Co. The re-discovery of Spermncoce glabra has already been recorded in these pages. Among the additions are three very desirable species and we notice them briefly. Martyrdaproboscidea, Glox., was found this year well established on tlie river bank at Madison. The seeds were probably drifted down and deposited at the overflow in August, 1876. If the plant reappears next season we hope to make some observa- tions on its insectivorous (V) habits. Iris cristata. Ait., has establislied itself on the rock}' banks of a creek near Han- over. Xo plants were found in bloom but the species is undouijted. Ophioglossum vulgattun, L. — Four specimens in good fruit were secured tiiis spring and numbers of sterile fronds were seen near the same locality. — B. Nelumbium Luteum in Michigan. — In volume one, number four, Mr. Frank H. Tuthill, of Kalamazoo, says, "this plant is found 14 miles south of this place (Kalama- zoo), and this, I believe, is its only station in our State where it flowers. It grows in a mill-pond, and hence must have been introduced after the country was settled." Two or three years ago, I received flowers and leaves which wei'c said to have been taken from a natural pond called Indian Lake, situated some twelve miles south-east of Kala- mazoo, or about eight miles south of Galesburgh. I have lately received a card from Mr. H. Dale Adams of the latter place, who speaks of the locality called Indian Lake. He also speaks of the mill-pond. Mrs. Adams once lived near this mill-pond, made in 1829. She thinks there was then a natural pond (now a part of the mill-pond), in which grew the Nelumbium. This plant is now found on one or more islands in the Detroit river, where an effort was made a few years ago to introduce it, though in some parts of the river it may be indigenous. It is quite abundant at Monroe, where it was known to the Indians a long time ago. It is plenty in the Maumee river in Toledo, Ohio. — W. J. Beal, Agricul. College, Laming, Mich. 14 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Mr. L. M. Underwood sends some fine specimens of Scolopemlruiu vulgai'e, col- lected at Green Pond, Onondaj2;a Co., N. Y. In a letter from Mr. Thos. Meehun lie mentions that Acanthosijerinum .vanthoides is making itself at home in many parts of the Southern States. Mr. N. Coleman writes as follows: "I have found Eupatorium 2)ei'ftiUatuiii with pink florets tills fall, and one plant of Plnntngo hmceolata without stamens. But the most singular find of the season has been Fhiididjo lanceohita with branching spikes. I came across several that had two or three or more spikes at base of the main spike. From the form of the latter I could n')t see au}^ possible insect agency in tlie case." Yucca Dkaconis.— One of the most interesting exhibits at our late Agricultural Fair were three growing plants of the shrubby, palm-like Yucca Drnconu, L., and sam- ples of a very superior quality of paper, botii brown and white, which is being manu- factured from the til)res of this plant in two localities of this State, viz: at Soledad Mills, Los Angelos county, and at the Lick Jlills, Santa Clara county. Sections of the caudex, which often attains a height of 20 feet, with its pulp in every stage of the pro- cess of paper-making, bleached and unbleached for white and colored paper, for the purposes of jirinting, wra])ping, etc., were displayed. The Yucca forms an abundant native growth of the desert portions of Southern California, Arizona and Northern Mexico. The Southei'ii Pacific railroad which passes through many miles of these forests, aftbrds ample facilities for its transportation and utilization. — M. E. P. A., San Joae, Oct. Infli, 1877. Recent Pubijcations. — Ameriran Jounttd <>f Srieiice and Arts, December. — The herbarium of the late Arthur Schott is olTered for sale. It is said to contain 7,000 species and to be rich in plants of the United Stales and Mexican Boundaiy, of Mexico and of Central America. Apjilication to be made to H. Scholl, Georgetown, D. C. An extract is given from Nature of Oct. 25, being an article Ijy Sir Joseph Hooker upon his recent trip to the Rocky Mountains in comjianv with Dr. Gray. We have space to give, in the words of Dr. Hooker, only the result of the expedition : "The net result of our joint investigation and of Dr. Gray's previous intimate knowledge of the elements of the American flora is, that the vegetation of the middle latitudes of the continent re- solves itself into three principal meridional floras, incomiiaralily more diverse tlian those presented by any similar meridians in the old world, being, in fact, as far as the trees, shrubs, and many genera of herbaceous plants ;ire concerned, absolutely distinct. These are the two humid and the dry intermediate regions. Each of these again is sub-divisible into three, as follows: (A.) The Atlantic slope plus Mississippi region, sub-divisible in (1) an Atlantic; (2) a Mississippi valley ; and (3) an interposed mountain region with a temperate and sub-alpine flora. (B.) The Pacific slope, subdivisible into (1) a very humid cool forest-clad coast range; (2) the great hot drier Californiau Valley, formed by the San Joaquin River flow- ing to the north, and the Sacramento River flowing to the south, both into the Bay of San Francisco; and (;5) the Sierra Nevada flora, temperate, sub-alpine, and alpine. (C.) The Rocky Mountain region (in its widest sense, extending from the Missis- sippi beyond its forest region to the Sierra Nevada), sub-divisible into (1) a prairie flora; (2) a desert or saline flora; (3) a Rocky Mountain proper flora, temperate, sub- alpine, and alpine." The OtilcH of the United Sttitet;. (Continuation.) By Dr, Geo. Engelmann. In this paper Dr. Engelmann tiisl makes some corrections and additions to his former paper on this genus, published over a year ago. BOTAI^IOAL GAZETTE. 15 The following is believed to be a more correct enumeration and more natural arrangement of our oaks : I. LEPIDOBALANUS, Endl. A. Leucobalanus. . *Maturatio annua. f Folia decidua. Q. alba, lobnin (fruticosa), Gnrri/n;i((,, xtellifd, macrnMrpa, lyr ita^hicjolor {Mich auxii), Priivus, Mulileiihergii {prinoides), Dougla.-iii, umlu'.iUa, [pwigens.). ffFolia persistentia. Q. obloiiffifolia, dm/iosa, reticulata, vire?is. **Maturatio biennis. Q. rlirysolepis [eacciiiiifolia, Palmeri), tomentallii. B. Mei-anobalanus. *Maturatio annua, folia persistentia. Q. Emory i, agrifoUa^inunila, hypulcmui. **]VIaturatio biennis. f Folia decidua. Q. rubra, coccinea {tlnctoria,) Soiiuiiieihiils,fal,ca,la, Gateshmi, ilicifoliu, palustris, Georg- iana, aquatica, laurifoUa, nigra, ciii.erca, iinhricaria, Phelloa. jfFoIia persistentia. Q. Wislizeni, myrt/folia. II. ANDKOaYNE, A. DC. Q. dennijiora. The names in parentheses designate sub-sj)ecics. IVie Am-'-ricau .Junipers of ihr. sectii»iS(obi)m, by Dr. Geo. Engelmann. — The author treats the subject in the following order: the barit, the wood, the leaves, the flowers, the seeds, and the geographical distribution. Tlie nine American species are then arranged in the following order: I. Sabin.e, witli larger, reddish-glaucous, tibrous, dry, sweetish berries. a. Seeds single or few; leaves fringed or denticulate. a. Cotyledons 4-6. (1.) J. Galifornirn. b. Cotyledons 2 . (2.) /. Mexicana. B. Seeds numerous, 4-12; leaves slightly denticulate. (8.) ./. parluiphlma, and (4.) -/. flacrida . II. Sabin.e, with smaller, biuisli-black (rarely brown) pulpy berries, of resinous taste. a. Leaves clliate or denticulate. (5.) J. occideiitalis, (6.) ./. conjungens, and (7.) /. tctragona. B. Leaves entire or nearly so. (7.) /. Sabiiui, (8.) J. Virgiitiinia, and (9.) -/. Bermudiana, The Flowering of Agave Shawii, by Dr. Geo. ^'^ngelmann. Ferns of Xorth Am-rinf, by Prof. Daniel C. Eaton. — Although late it is not too late to notice Part I. of tliis magnificent work. The plates and press work are as fine as can be made even in these d:iys of superb printing. Four species are illustrated and fully described. Tliey are Lygod'mm jxilnnftuni, Swartz., Cheiliiiithes cestita^ Swartz, G. Goojyercp, D. C. Eaton, and Aspleiiium aerratuni, Linn. There is also a synopsis of the species of Cheilaiithes known to occur in the United States. All botanists who are at all able will be amply repaid by subscribing for thiswoik. The Parts are very cheap at fl.OO each. Address the Naturalists' Agency, Salem, Mass. 16 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Notes on Botrychium simplex. Hitch., by (reo. E. Davenport. — This valuable paper is the result of two years careful preparation. It is printed on heavy plate paper, is 10x12 inches in size and contains two plates by J. H. Emerton. These plates give nearly fifty figure^ of specimens of B. simplex and other species which have been con- fused with it. Only a very small private edition has been issued, and those desiring to obtain a copy of this work can do so by remitting one dollar to John Robinson, Salem, Mass. Gorrespondancr. Botanique; Liste des Jdrdins, des Chnires et des Musees Botaniques du Mondx, 5th edition, September, 1877.— This is quite a bulky pamphlet and contains the names and addresses of over 1,200 botanists from all quarters of the globe. It is published by Prof. Ed. Morren of Liege, Belgium. The sixth edition will be issued as soon as possible in 1878 J. Herman Wibb?:, Ph. D., is willing to exchange the rare Erythraa Cenfaurium, or the Spruce Parasite, Arceuthobium j>U'SiUum, Peck, for any other species peculiar to the West or South. Address him at Oswego, N. Y. H. EoGEKT has issued a new prospectus for 1878, in which he has many good plants. He sells them at the rate of $8.50 for 150 species. Address him at 918 Wash St., St. Louis, Mo. All commu?ncations should be addressed to John M. Coulter, Hanover, Ind., or, M. S. Coulter, Lo^'ansport, Ind. Terms: — Subscription $1.00 a year. Single Numbers 10 cents. BOTANICAL Vol 3 MARCH, 1878 An enumeration op some plants — chiefly fkom the semi-tropical regions OF Florida — which are either new, or which have not hitherto been re- corded AS REI,ONGING TO THE FlORA OP THE SOUTHERN STATES. By A. W. CHAP- MAN. ((J (included from page 12.) Panrratiuin (Hi/mcnocnllis) Carihrieum, L. Bulb large, without ruuucrsV leaves broadly lanceolate, erect-spreading (11/2-2 feet long, 2-3 inches wide), obtuse ; .scape stout, 2-edged (2-3 feet high), raany-tiowered; tube of the perianth rather sknder (ij inches long), aliout as long as the linear recurved wli ite divisions ; crown tunnel-shaped, entire, or with few small teeth between the filaments. — Sandy Coast of South Florida, from Tampa Bay and Southward. Flowers very fragrant. I'ancratium {U.) crassiflorum, Herb. Bulb large, with runners; leaves erect, lorate, obtuse, concavo-convex, thick and rigid (li'2-2 feet long, f?::£ inch wide) ; scape stout, glaucous, rather longer than the leaves, 2-flowered ; tube of the perianth thick (3— t inches long), shorter than tlie linear spreading ochroleucous divisions; crown white, large, funnel-shaped, )<^ as long as the perianth, variously toothed between the fila- ments.— Low pine barrens, West Florida. Agave rigidii, Miller, var. Simlcuvi, Engelm. Caulescent; leaves long (4-G feet), linear-lanceolate, the; margins more or less spiny, the terminal spine not decurrent; scai)e tall (15-20 feet), leafy-bracted; panicle large, widely spreading, the clustered flowers often viviparous; corolla funnel-shaped; stamens and style exserted.— Coast of Florida, Tampa Bay and Southward. Jiinrus hr((chycrirpus, Engelm. Stem' erect (1-2 feet high), mostly 2-leaved; leaves nodose; heads 2-10, spherical, densely many-flowered, pale green; sepals linear-subulate, unequal, the 3 outer ones much longer than the inner ones, and the ovoid acute 1-celled caijsule; style very short.— Near Charleston, South Carolina. {Bey rich fide Engelinanu.) Gyperus Itgularia, L. ? (not of S. Flora). Umbel many-rayed, erect; head compact, cylindrical, pedunculate, the lateral ones shorter, ovate, nearly sessile, spreading; spike- lets very numerous, crowded, short (2-3 lines long), lanceolate, sub-compressed, spread- ing or reflexed, pale, about 7-flowered; scales membranous, ovate, acute, 7-nerved, twice as long as the obovate triangular pointed nut; rachis broadly winged; culms stout, nearly terete (2-3 feet high), glaucous, like the broadly linear rough-margined leaves, and involucre.— Puuta Rassa, South Florida. November. C'yperus purpurnscem, Vahl V=C. ligularis, S. Flora. Cyjierus di.ingens,WiUd.,tlrdt to all appearances were perfectly natur- alized.—J. M. C. Botanicaij Excursions, No. 1, by J. G. Lemmon.— The Great Basin. — The great, basin of America is the bed of the evaporated Mediterranean sea of tiie western conti- nent. Situated on the same parallels as its Eastern prototype, bordered like that on all sides with high ranges of mountains, it difter* from it in two particulars, which ren- dei' the one a very salt sea and the other a very salty desert. The Mediterranean sea fills a deep chasm in the earth's crust 2,000 to 6,000 feet deep; hdug between 30 deg. and 46 deg. north lat., and almost constantly swept by the dry winds of the great Sahara, its waters are evaporated at an immense rate, which would, ages ago, have emptied its basin but for the other important fact, the Strait of Gibraltar, through which a strong current ever comes from the ocean; and this, in ad- dition to the mighty rivers which empty into the sea, and all to restore the equilibrium disturbed by evaporation. To this evaporation — this lifting of a sea into the ail' — is Europe indebted, mainly, for its exceeding fertility. The dry South wind is a sponge which takes up the waters of the Mediterranean and, condensed by the cold summits of the mountains of Europe, showers its waters over the plains. To this fact also is due the intense saltiness of the Mediterranean, for salt is the residuum of evaporation. 1 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 25 The Mfditerranean desert of America is elevated about 5,000 feet above the ocean, so its waters would naturally sink in the earth. Then there are no mighty rivers feed- ing it, much less a Gibraltar strait, bringing in a flood from a neighboring ocean. Tiie towering rim of mountains on tlie West prevents the moist winds of the Pa- cific from entering the basin; the lofty Eastern rim bars out the (iulf winds; the lower North and South rims admit only the hot, dry. South winds of tlie Colorado to sweep over the basin, absorbing at theii- founts the few meager springs tli;>.t rise at the moun- tain borders; so we have an immense frying pan or bake oven, as if scooped out of the highest mountains of North xVmerica. It is oblong-elliptical in shape. Its western end rests ujjon the snow-clad Sierra, the eastern upon the lofty Wasatch range — a spur of the Rocky Mountains. On its smooth bottom are ranged, side by side, steep ranges of mountains running north and south, like cross-bars of a gridiron. The highest of these, the Humboldt range, divides the basin exactly in the center, and the short livers running from the mountains on all sides form sinks or salt lakes in each end, to which numerous systems of hot springs add alkali, sulphur and other mino'als, so that the sinks are generally extremely oflen- sive. The most important rivers of the eastern depression are Bear river, on the north, and Sevier on the south, each emptying respectively into Great Salt Lake and Lake Se- vier. The rivers of the west end are Humboldt and Susan on the north, debouching respectively into Humboldt sink and Honey lake; and Walker, Carson and Truckee on the soutli, filling respectively Walker, Carson and Pyramid lakes — the latter of which Tve iiropose to visit. And now, dear readers, you must allow me the privilege of walking, to gather and study the plants by the way. See here, before getting out of Sierra valley, what beauti- ful specimens of the four new AHtragali, viz: A. Lemmoni, A. Fulsifero', A. Wehberi and A. (unnamed), each particularly abundant along the bottom and sides of Beckworth pass, as if the seeds were sown here ])y the water current surging through here ages ago. FLORA OF THE GREAT RASIX. Emerging through this cleft in the high Sierra, and coming into full view of the shimmering basiu below, with the suow-tipped Humljoldts in the distance, I will leave j-ou to contemplate the scene, while I pick up this desert plumb, Pntniia Aiidersoni, this worm bush Havcohcttus vermiculatm, the first of the des- ert plants met with on the down grade. Here on the floor of the basin, radiant with beauty, grows the only plant Dr. Gray will allow named for him on the western continent, Grayia 'polygaloides. It is a bush two to five feet high, densely crowded with spikes of flat circular pods, half as large as five cent coins and red as cherries; '-neat but not gaudy," is the Doctor's apt descrip- tion. A large part of the flora of the basiu belongs to the order of 67i(?//f/7)c/rf«, or the goose-fool family, distinguished by their thick, hairy, succulent leaves, often shiny .stems, and the extreme loneliness of the entire order, with the exception of the (Jniyin mentioned. The order most numerous is ihe one everywhere most abundant, found on every spot where vascular jilants may thrive, the immense order of (Jompositce, or sun- flowers. This order comprises al)out 10,000 species, and forms, according to Humboldt, one-ninth of all the flowering plants of the gl.'bc aiul one-half of its trojjical flora. Chief among this order in the basin is the renowned ''sage brush," a name loosely ai)plied b< several kinds of plants having tlie same ashen hue, and found on the great arid plains from the tbre-sl-clothed slopes of the Sierra to the bottom lands of the iVIis- souri. 20 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Whatever the order or genus, all is modified to conform to the requisites of this hot region ; tliick leaves to hold the moisture wlien the suu is liigh; copious, non-con- ducting hairs, to prevent exhalation; sharp, forbidding spines, to ward oflT enemies of the animal kingdom. This spinescent cliaracter is most puzzling to tlie reflecting mind. What need of such pr itection in a region so desolate, so unfrequented ? The rich open prairies and forests of other lands invite population. This arid, seemingly waterless basin is clothed, except wliere bleak alkali and salt deserts prevail, with dense, thorny, almost impassable sage brush, as if to guard a priceless treasure. And Darwin says it is so. He affirms that here are reservoirs of elements now unfit for use,, which the art of the coming man will turn into verdant forests or beautiful fields, as the needs of a teeming population will demand. Corroborative of this theory, uiost wonderful vegetable growtlis are now seen in the valley of the Jordan, tilled by the de- voted Mormon, and in the vallej^ of the Carson, verdant with alfalfa; botli of these val- lej's immensely changed in value as the result of irrigation skillfully applied on a large scale. But I must hurry up or you will leave me pondering here in the sand. The first of the valleys between the cross-bars of the gridiron is Long valley, threaded in winter and spring by Long Valley creek, rising near Reno and running north to Hone}- lake. Passing down it 25 miles we turn eastward through a cattle range enclosed by a fence of matted willows, climb the first ridge and Soda Lake valley is be- fore us. The lake is a yellow pool of salt, alkali and sulphur. Crossing to the second ridge and climbing it, we look over into Winnemucca valley. On the pass at our feet is a beautiful ScutelUiria miiui (Gray), a new species. It maintains its green, robust look by means of reservoirs of jilaut food stored in its thick, necklace-like, subterranean stems. The next is Warm Spring valley, quite large and important. Through it passes the road from Kenoto Surprise valley and Fort Bidwell. Passing around a sand moun- tain, gemmed with rare (Enothei'ds, we ascend an arm of Warm Spring valley, move over a high pass and drop into a valley so walled in with sheltering ridges as to aftbrd a surprisingly large and varied flora. ^]very mile of our progress to this point has been marked by decreasing verdure and the appearance of the peculiar ashen, dwarfed, desert plants. But here in this lit- tle valley all the species met with on the way are crowded, while hosts of strangers ap- pear. In rapture, I named it for the veteran botanist, GKAY'S VALLEY. Here in this secluded garden of the great basin is the natural home of tlie sand and sun-loving plants, too numerous to name — all putting on their gayest appai-el and ex- haling the richest perfumes, as if to prove the oft-quoted lines: PuH mauy a flower is bom to blusli unseeii And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Here tlowvishes, Tetradiimia spinomt, with strong, hooked prickles; the monster 7 Iielpodiuiti, t\n\r to six feet high. Up on the hot sand bluffs stands, sentry-like, the scrubby crucifer Staiilei/a pinnatifidti . with spikes of yellow flowers 18 inches long, ter- minating upright ; white limbs four to six feet high. On the clean sand i)j^ our feet nestles the curious Coldenia auttallii, the purple Gonanthus aretioides, the yellow Em- nieraiithe ghuidulifei'd, the snake-head like Anisocomu ncaule and several species of the ever beautiful (Enotherus-, but most striking of all uprears the rare Ahruuut Gnix-Maltm of Dr. Kellogg, holding at arm's length its large balls of pink flowers. Over the dry water-course, Gleoine luted peers ; from the rocks on each hand hang Perddemous and Areiianas. while the gorgeous Esrhseholtzid shows its red eyes between the clefts, and the immortal Lemsia redimva on the gravel above aspires to notice by creeping to the edge of the precipice. This plant is well named rediviva. Roots gathered nearlj' two j'ears ago are grow- ing still in their papers despite heavy pressure, illustrating the power with which they BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 27 iire endowed to resist the severities of the basin climate. Deep rooted in the volcanic ashes of yonder bench glows Opuntiti pulr/tdld, the prettiest of the rVjc-ii family, and that odd little stitf-leaved, crimson 0.r//fh<'ra perfolintd. Under the spiny bushes of Bigelovid r/iutceoleiiH carpeting the wiiole valley, are seen a few plants of Pecfocajvya pe.nirill((t(i strayed away from the coast, and BUtuui caritKitniv, only found before in Australia. Recent Pubijcattons. — American Jonnud of Hi'ienee atiil Arin, January Dr. Gray gives a review of Darwin's late work on "Tiie Ditlerent Forms of Flowers ou Plants of the same Species." This pajn-r came to hand most aptly just as we had fin- ished reading the book. Dr. Gray, of course, does not mention thai the wnj-k was dedi- cated to him, but so it is, and we are glad of it, for it is a deserved compliment. It was refreshing to see all through the book the notice that was taken of American botanists, fir it is a sign that they are not ali completely absoreil in Systematic Botany, which, in a country comparatively new, very justly has a controlling interest, but are beginning to study life histories. Dr. Gray adds another genus and natural order to the list of cleistogamous flowers. Mr. C. G. Pringle, of Charlotte, Vermont, has found excellent examples of cleistogamous flowers \r\ DuUhnri'ii rcpnix, i>\' tlie onXav Rosucea'. 3[r. Pringle also announces the discovery of cleistogamou.s fiowers regularly occurring within the leaf-sheaiths of Banthnnla npimta and its allies, also in Vilfa and other grasses. Mr. Darwin adopts Hildebrand's term of hderosti/led, instead of lieterogone or ftrfcroffu/iouii suggested b\- Dr. Gray. The first six chapters "relate to di-morphous blos- soms, such as those of Primrose and IfoNstonia, including also tlie trimorphic cases, as of Lf/fhriim Sdlicarin and some species of O.uilia. The seventh chajiter discusses Poly- gamous, Dioecious, and Gyuo-Dicecious Plants; the eighth and closing chapter is devo- ted to Cleistogamous Flowers." American Naturalist, January. — The l)Otauical notes are "Notes on the Alpine Flora of Mt. Shasta," and "Production of Ajiples in 'olP Years/' both by Dr. A.S. Packard. The Xaturalist comes for the first time from Phildelphia, from the press of ]\IcC;alla & Staveley. The press work is as fine, if not finer than ever, and under' the editorial management of Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., and Prof. E. D. Cope, it promises to its patrons everytliing needed in a journal devoted to Xatural ScicJices. In looking over the diltcrent departments, we see them all in the hands of specialists except Botany. It is haiii, even for a journal devoted to iiatui-al sciences in their widest sensf, not to be- come bpecial in its tendency. It would re([uire wonderful skill and selt-denial for two such eminet Zoologists as Dr. Packard and Prot. Cojx' not to throw the weight of their favor on the side of Zoology. We art; not decrying Zoology, for next to Botany it has a warmer jdace in our afi'ections than anything else, but we are asking for a fair represen- tation. Bulletin of the Turret/ Botanical Clnh, November, December and January. — The November number is filled by a contribution from Francis Wolle. He gives a list of Fresh Water Alg*, the work of the past twelve months. It contains loO forms new to the United States and 24 new to science. Two new genera also are described. In the December No. a new species of Danthoiiia is described by C. F. Au.stin, and named for its discoverer, D. Faxoni. Tlie species is allied to I), xpicatn, and was found at the Notch of the White ]\Its., N. H. Mr. Daveniiorl describes a new (f/ieilanthes found in California, and names it C. vincida. Tlie species seems intermediate between C. vestita and C. C'ooperep and will be figured in an early number of the "Illustrations of tlie Ferns of North America." In the Januaiy number we note Mr. Geo. E. Davenport's valuable contriution on "Vernation in Botrychia, with special reference to its import- ance as a means for distinguishing the dift'erent species." The different species of Botrychiuni have so long been puzzles to botanists that Mr. Davenport has tried to 28 BOTANICAL (JAZKTTK establish them upon characters that would be unmistakable and invariable. He has found these characters in the buds and spores. As the characters depending on the spores can be uclerniined only b}' verj- high microscopical power, in the present paper he describes the buds. An accompanjnng plate, with figures drawn by 31 J. H. Euier ton, renders the descri])tions very plain and easy to Ibllow. With tliis number tlie Bulletin began its ninth year o; i)ublication, and we wish it long life and success. It consists of four or more ])ages monthlj-. The price is one dollar per annum, in ad- vance. Address Wm. A. Leggett, 54 East 81st Street, N. Y. City Science Ohxcrcei; January. — This journal is printed at Boston by the Boston Ama- teur Society. Its subscription ]n'ice is tifty cents per annum. It consists of eight pages and a cover. Address Science Observer, Box 2,735, Boston. The Gardener's Monthly, January. — We are always at a loss what to note in this jour- nal. It is so full of facts, that to select one would seem to slight others. Of course the part pertaining strictly to gardeners we can legitimately pass over, as it does not be- long to our province. But botanists too, have a corner, and a good large one, for Mr. Thos. Meehan is a scientific botanist as his frequent contributions to the Proceedings of the Phila. Acad, of Nat. Sci., will show. The Vallen JVafui ulist, Jnuimry. — The first number of this month!}' is before us. It is published at St. Louis, Mo., by Henry Skaer, 1,213 South 6th St. The subscription price is fifty cents per annum, and its object is to aid the diftusion of natural science in a i)opular form. The present number lias its departments of Entomology, Botany, Ornitholog}^ and Conchology well representerl. Botanical Index, Jauuaiy. — Published by L. B. Case at Riclimoud, Iiul. AVith the number before us the Index begins its second j-ear of existence. It contains 12 pages or more of matter devoted to Floriculture and Horticulture. It is well illustrated and • certainly deserves the patronage of all amateur gardeners or florists. The suijscription price of the Index is 50 cents per year. Silurian Pl(intt<,hy \iQO Lescjuereux. — Read before the American Phil. Soc, Oct. 19, 1877. The author describes in this paper five new species of land plants recently discovered in the Silurian rocks of the I'uited States, one of them belonging to a new genus. "The discovery, an important one for the Natural History of this country, was recorded in the Am. Jour, of Science and Arts, Jan. 1874, p. 31, and the remains, repre- senting two fragments of stems and branches, were briefly described at the same time." Now for the tirst time the plants are fully described. A branch 'f n fern has been re- cently obtained from the Silurian Schists or Slates of Angers, France, but this impor- tant discovery of land plants in the Silurian was forestalled in America. "It is a re- markable fact that the character of these Silurian plants gives us a microcosmical rep- resentation of the flora of the Carboniferous, so simple and at the same time so admira- ble in the multiple sub-divisions of its specific forms." We now have represented in the Silurian the Ii/eopodiacew; the Ferns; the Valamaria, representing Cryptogamous acrogens like the ferns; the Sirjillariw, or representatives of the Phienogamous gymno- sperm. "When C'ordaites (now considered Conifers) are found in Silurian beds (a probable discoveiy, for they have been found abundant in the Devonian,) we shall have all the essential types of the plants of the Carboniferous flora already represented in the oldest paleozoic times." Mr. Lesquereux also describes a fungus found in the shales of the Darlington Coal bed at Cannelton, Penn "This discovery" the author remarks, "is not less remarkable than that of land plants in the Silurian." BOTANICAL 'ERBAHl ^^cV yOL. 3 APRIL, 1878. No. 4 EuoAi.YPTCS gFjObulus. — Having been led to raise the E. glolmlus from seed for experimental purposes, the last summer, the plant atibrded opportunities for some quile interesting observations. Tliis tree is not onh^ remarkaljlc for its rajiid growth w lien young, but e({ually so for some eurious eceentncities of eharacter. To tlio.se familiar with the growing "Blue Gum," probably these observations are not new; hut to the readers generally of the Gazette, they will prove interesting, as they certainly were to the writer. Sown in March, in a flower-pot in the sitting room, the seeds pushed uj) each a pair of bright red cotyledons. The j'oungtree, even when of respectable heighl, say 15 feet, presc^its a crowd of specific ditfereuces, as species in plants are to-dav deter- mined. There would be no difficulty with a young "Blue Gum" on his table, for the teaching ])otani.st. to illustrate a variety of leaf characteristics, considered constant and as specific distinctions in other genera. xVnd when the flowering age comes, the adult tree demurely abandons these earl}' inconstancies. In thrifty growing specimens, the -young E.fjlohulus lias a four-sided stem like the labiates, with sharp thin extensions at the corners. The leaves like those of our own deciduous trees, present the upper side to the sunlight, with one side, as a matter of course in the shade. They are sessile, with the base notched or heart-shaped, and they are opposite, thus theears or lobes of the notch of one leaf lap or lie upon the corresponding parts of its fellow opposite, look- ing at a little distance as if they might be perfoliate, much as appear the upper leaves of the Lomecra or Woodbine. Now in the adult tree the leaves are long !)etiolate, and very long lanceolate. They are also alternate, and to crown the eccentricity of habit, they are arranged edgewi.se to the sun-light; that is, the upper and the under plane of the leaf are equaily expo.sed to the sun. In dried specimens belore me from Santa Bar- bara, Gal., I And that tlie.se great lanceolate leaves are decidedly falcate, and llie (pieer thing is that the concave edges of these scythe-like leaves, are invariablj'set ui)i)erinost. It is observable, too, that while the leaves of the j'oung individuals are glabrous and dark green above, and the undei'sides aie pale, and a little glaucescent, and i\w iind rii) is of course most prominent below, and the resin glands most conspicuous there thcac conditions disappear in the leaves of the older tree. Now the glabrous-greeu has gone and both sides of the leaf are of a wJiitish hue, and the glands are equally di.scenialilc on either side — and strange indeed! the mid-rib and the cardinal veins are nearly equally prominent on either side of the leaf. The growth of this Blue°Gum is truly astonishing. In May of thi.- year Dr. K. E. Kunze, of Xew York, set a ])lant two feet high, taken from a conservatory, in his back yard. On the 10th oi October it was about 12 feet high! Allowing the jji-oper time for it to ralh' from the shock of transplanting and change of place, it must have averaged an inch f)f growth per day. — Samuel Lockwood, Freehold, N. J. BRYOI.CKiKAL XOTKS. Bv C. F. AUSTIN. — TrICIIOSTOMUM V SlTBDENTiCULATLM, a. sp. — Humile, fusco-viride; foliis siccitate involuto-ciisj)atis liuniiditalc patentibus e basi angustata canaliculata caulem ad %-amplectente late elliptico-oblongis noii nullis convoluto-concavis aliis planiusculis, margine nee recurva nee crenulata versus basin late uudulata versus apicem obtuse mucronatem minutissime denticulala, dorso minutissime papillose, costa valida flavescente vel subrufa l;evi percurrente. 30 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. cellulis minutissimis sul)niti(lis (vix gi'iinul()si><) rotundo-qniulratis. l)nsilai'il)us inajori- bus magis minusvc pellucidis (ssepe (V) subfuscis): cittcni ignota. With Tortilla agraria and T. DuiinelU, on»\\e\\ banks, in the Evci'glados of Flor- ida, March, 1877, -/. Doiinell Swith. The most striking characteristics of this moss are its sliort stems, broadly elliptico- or lanceolate-oblong obtusely mucronale leaves froni a much narrowed pelbicid almost vaginal base, with the margins somewhat undulate (at least tovinrds the base), some nearly plane, others strongly convolute-concave above, immarginate, neither recurved nor papillose-crenulate on the margin, remotely and minutely denticulate towards the apex, very mmutely and closely pa])illose on the back, costa stout, smooth and percur- rent, cells at the base considerably enlarged, the ordlnaiy ones mostminute and scarcely granulose. — Possibly a species of 'lortul(i\ but apparently allied to Trichoslounim {Didyniodon) ripariwm {P(jttia riparid, Aust Muse. Appalach.); but that has tlie leat never so strongly concave, with a shorter less clasping base, a more distinctly dentate or often coarsely serrate apex, the back less closely papillose, cells twice a^ large, — the basilar ones less ])ellucid; color more brown, A;c. The following additional notes were made in comparing with other species: Tortula (tgraria^UKViW., is a little smaller, with the leaves more si)atulate, more acute, composed of larger cells, A:c. Cells of the leaf quadrate, not granulose nor opake, distinctly detined, the basilar ones considerably enlarged and truncate; perichff-- tial leaves (2) scarcely convolute, oblong or lanceolate-ovate, acutish, heavily costate ; outer capsule-wall composed of rather large and broad cells; peristomal teeth flattish (to/w«ocks, N. J., and also at Suffern, N. Y., in 1866. Messrs. Wolle and Rau and myself found it in Walkin's Glen, and I also found it at Niagara Falls, in 1874. Some one, Mr. Warnc, I think, has sent it to me from Colorado, and both Mr. Macoun and Jlrs. Roy have sent it from Can- ada. The Canada specimens are very small and slender, with the leaves short and mostly not recurved. All the specimens are sterile. Tortula Closteri, Aust., (in Bot. Gazette:, I., p. 29,) is characterized by its sublin- ear, or oblong-lanceolate subcarinate remarkablj' granulose leaves, veiy slightly recurved on one of the margins below the middle, with a minute hyaline apiculus; apex of the leaf often strongly recurved.— Closter and Camden, New Jersey. Also, Gainesville, Florida, BaDenel. Very rare; sterile. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 31 ToRTULA DoNNF:LLTr, n. xp. — Dioica, parviila, gregario-c^spitosa ; caule 1-2 lineas alto nonnullo sub gracili, foliis sicitate valde involuto-crispatis in humore subpatentibus subspatliulatis oblongo- junioribus -ovatis senioribus-lauceolatis acntiusculis et acutis submucronatis profunde canahculatoconcavis (senioribus subcarinatis), dorso scabri- iisculo, facie intt'i'ioi'c ob cellulas prominnlas subpapillosa, margins erecto-iuvoluto (sa'pe ill medio adspectu incrassato) iiaud limbalo apiee minute olisoleteve serrulata, costa valida percurrentc subltevi, cellulis perm i u uti s rotundo-quadratis baud granulosis, illis in Ibliis junioribus lumiogenis, basilaribus in senioribus longioribus vix Jatioribus paulo peliucidioribus: fructu et pi. masc. ignota. Banlis of tlie St. ijucie Kiver (with T. agrtiria), John Donnell Smitli. About llie size of T. (tgrarin and T. Rauei, and not readily distinguished from them ; but they both liave shorter stems, witli the male and female plants growing together, broader more spatulate, more acute, less concave leaves, composed of larger cells, the basilar ones much Ijroader and more pellucid. Furthermore, the furmer is distin- guished by its leaves being but slighth' crisped when dry; and the latter by its granu- lose leaves. GiiiMMiA SUBINCURVA, n. sj). — Caule erecto comi^actecnespitoso simplici vel apicem versus furcato, foliis subconformibus iudistiucte spiraliter tristichiosiccitate tortilibus madefacte erecto-apertis ovatis et ovato-lanceolatis canaliculato-carinatis Uievibus, apiee angusto mutico subincurvo, margine piano vel hie illic anguste recurvo, costa mediocri pcrcurrente, cellulis parvis baud granulosis illis versus apicem subquadratis illis a medio versus basin paulo latioribus sesquiquadruplo longioribus paulo peliucidioribus liaud sinuosis: ca^tera ignota. On rocks, Colorado, Br(m(legce {Rem). Size (small) and mode of growtii much as in G. ciniferfa; but that has the leaf usually hyaliue-apieulate, or often shortly piliferous, margin more recurved, cells smaller, tliose below niucli smaller and less elongated. Color and general appearance of Zygodon Mongeotii with which it was found growing, but fi'om which it is readily separated by its much shorter obtusish not granulose leav^es, composed of larger cells, those l)el()w more elongated, c\:c. — The species is chiefly characterized by the mutic, subincurved apex of the leaf. Cells in the upi)er i)art of the leaf often broader than long, slightly obscure. Hyi'num {Rliiinchiistegiinn) Ro\m, n. sp. — Dioicum ; caule rigido tenui gracili stricto parceramoso rigido subcompresso, foliis dissitis erectiusculis et semipatentileus ovatis et ovato-lanceolatis acute acuminatis leviter concavis toto margine plana minute serratis ultra medium costatis, cellulis mediocribus ovali- et oblongo-rliombeis laevibus ; flora fwm. magna, foliis ])erichiX'tialibus e basi oblongo-ovata longe subulato-acuminatis ecostatis (exterioril)usve leviter costatio), acumine squarroso subserrato, paraphysibus compluribus longis: csetera ignota. California, Mm. Jessie Roy. A small species; not larger than the usual forms of //. scrpnin, distinguished bj' its straight stems, distant erec'tisii leaves, ttc. Hypniim {Rhynchostegiiiiii. ?) Bhandeoet. ;/. sp. — J)en.se cfespitosum, aureo-viride, subintens; caule sul)unciali erecto sut)simplici lumidulo compressiusculo, foliis imbri- catis late ovatis concavis late 2-;}plicatis aljrupte breviuscule subulato vel piliformi- acuminatis, margine phina integerrima obsolclcve serrata, (-osta simi)iici vel bierura vix ultra medium producta, cellulis laxiusculis anguste oblongo-fusiformibus strictius- culis basilaribus paulo laliorilms l)revil)us et brevissiniis; cu'tera ignota. Colorado, Mr. Jirauflegcc, {Ran}. Near liie Elui'opeaii lljipimiu nmntle. Ukd\\.\ but that has the leaves rather more concave, always more acuminate (never piliferous;, and furnished with a stouter and 32 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. longer costa, and with nan•o^Yel• and more vermicular cells. H. piliferum, Schreb., has much longer often subpiunate stems and serrate leaves with a longer pilum and ditt'er- ent areoiation. Ilypiaiiii Coloradease, Aust., (Bot. Gazette, II., p. Ill,) is also a somewhat similar moss; but is much more robust, with rather more comjjressed stems, and oblong-ovate leaves, furnished with a much longer pilum, and composed of much longer and nar- rower cells. I have lately received a moss from Mrs. Roy, under the name of '■'■ Hypnum cari- osiijii.'' collected in Scotland by Rev. J. Ferguson, which is about the size of //. Colora- (lensc, and has the same piliferous and concave leaf; l)ut ditfers from it, as well as from the other species mentioned above, in having the leaf distinctly auricled, the auricles minute and composed of somewhat inflated cells; the rest of the lowermost alar cells are very minute, subsolid and opake. There is a compact form of Ilypnuia acuminatum^ Beauv., which occurs abund- antly on the roots of trees in woods about Closter, which somewhat resembles H. Brandegei, but it is of a dark green color, the leaves are more plicate, with the apex less abrui)tly and never piliferously acuminate, the margins more or less recurved and sen-ate, costa always single, &c. The Conifers op the Crestones. — The Crestones are pinnacles of rock on the Sangre de Cristo spur of the Rocky Mountains, rising to an elevation of 14,200 feet above sea level The altitude of timber line is about 12,000 feet, but as most of the Coitiferw \\\)(n\ the northern slope have been killed, it does not appear so plainly marked as m many parts of the Rockj' Mountains. At 10,000 feet altitude, all the Coniferm of Colorado excei)ting Juaipenis Virf/iii tuna and occidental is and Pi mis edulis can be seen growing together. Abies Enejehnanni is the most abundant tree above 10,500 feet alti- tuik', and A. cuncolor the predominant conifer below that altitude. Piiiits cimtorta. Dough, is almndant upon some drj' ridges and isgeuerallj' so small that hardly any of it can be called trees. Its leaves are persistent seven years and its cones very many years. Old dead trees are full of the persistent cones. Nothing but wings of seeds could be found in these old unopened cones. Pvius ponderosa, Dougl., is found up to 10,000 feet altitude. It bears Arceutltohium robustum in great quantities. This pine often throws its parasite-bearing limbs and branches amongst those of other pines and spruces, but the Avceutliobiam grows only upon those of P. ponderosa. Its leaves are persistent six and seven years. The cones begin to open about the first of October, the scales opening fii'st at the base. Pintuffle.vilis, James, is not common, but single tiees are found scattered about up to an elevation of 11,000 feet. The leaves are persistent three and four years. The seed falls between Sept. ^tli and 20th, those growing at low altitudes ripening first. Some seeds near the base of the cone are held in by the scales not opening wide enough to let tliem fall. Piiuis aristata, Engelm., is common at timber line and like many alpine plants comes down to a lower altitude. Here it is found at 10,000 feet, and west of Pike's Peak I have seen it below S,000 feet altitude. Trees at 11,000 were beginning to drop their seed Oct. 6th. Its leaves are persistent 12 and i3 3 ears. Abies Enyclmanni Parry. The lower limit of this species is 10,500 feet, but many trees come down to near 9,000 feet, generally, however, growing in shaded situations. The dwarfed, prostrate, cone-bearing trees are plenty at timber line, but the very large magnificent forms of the western slope are not found in the Crestones. It is a very variable species. The branchlets may be either pubescent or smooth and shining, so that it cannot be separated from A. Menzicsii by this character alone. At higher alti- udes the branchlets are always jnibescent, but at its lower elevations they are often BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ;J3 smooth. Rarely a tree is cone-bcarino; upon everj' brand). The cones vary in color, size and shape, but are always siuull compared with those of A. Menziesii. Almost every tree bears a ditlerent variety of cone ; sometimes they are not one inch long, some- times purple, sometimes light colored. They may have the tips of the scales appressed or spreading, and are often oval in shape; often cigar-shaped, and forms connecting the extremes of llieir variation are abundant. The scales of the cones open wider than those of A. Menzieni, and the seed at the same altitude falls ;i week earlier, beginning before Sept. loth. Young trees ripen their fruit first, which is true of all our species of Abies. On the tree, the scales open first at the lips ol the cone, in heaps at the base. In heaps they give up their seed very much more readily than A. Mcuzu'sii. The average yield of seed to a tree is one-quarter of a i)ound. The difl'erence between this species and A. Menziesii in the rigidity of the leaves growing with the cones is pleasantlj' no- ticeable to one picking the cones. The leaves in all species of Colorado Abie.H are per- sistent 12 and 18 years. Tliis species forms buds along the annual growths, so that the young trees do not huve the regularity of growth of ^1. Menziesii. It is always readily distinguished from the latter by its smooth scaly bark. Abies Menziesii, Lindl., is not i)lenty in the Saugre de Cristo. It grows along the streams and in damp localities up to its liightst altitude — 10,000 feet. The brauchlets are smooth and shining, but .sometimes show a decided tendenc}^ to pubescence. The horizontal limbs of old trees are crowded with small drooping branches, which so well mark a grove of these trees that they can be distinguished many miles distant. The scales of the green cones are free at their tips; the cone is long conical-shaped. Young trees begin to ripen their seed Sept. 15th. The average yield of seed is one-half i)ound to a tree. Abies subalpina, Engelm., (^4. gvandis ot the Colorado botanists, not of Douglass. A. lasioairpa, Hook. FlorV) This conifer comes down to below 10,000 feet altitude, but is most common at high elevations. The trees are small and slender, never erpialing tho.se of the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. The cones are few, always dark purple in color, and fall to pieces before October 1st. There are two varieties: one bearing many short leaves, the other bearing fewer long spreading leaves. Growing with A. conrolor, it is readily distinguished by its smoother, white bark, its shorter less falcate leaves and more slender form of growth. The wood is soft and the heart wood slightly darker. Abies cnn.color, Lindl., grows upon ridges, sIojjcs, rocks and along the creeks up to 11,000 feet altitude. Tlie main trunk of the tree often is divided and liranclied near the top. Old trees have a very lough, ridged bark. At higher elevations tlie bark becomes smoother, but can not be mistaken for that of A. siibalpina. It bears many cones and is often cone-bearing to the middle of the tree. The cones are of two colors: about half the trees bearing apple-green cones and the others cones of a dark purple coh)r. There are two varieties as to leaves, but not associated with any one color of cone: one variety with the leaves short, crowded, turning upward, the other with long, sjireading leaves corresponding to the two varieties of J,, subdlpimi. The yield of seed is about one pound to a tree. The cones begin to break up September 20th. A. BuiujUisii, Lindl., grows upon the ridges as higli as 11,000 feet. Out of one hundred trees cliopped, ninety-eight fell toward the east. (.)ne very small one was pushed westward l)y main sti'ength, and the other had such a crooked trunk that it could not possibly fall eastward. The cones are nearly all borne ui)on the east side of the tree. Trees that are in fruit tliis year wei'e also in fruit last year, which was not generally the case with the other species of Abies. The cones begin to open September 25th; large trees bear about one-twelftli of a pound of seed. Half of the cones are stung by insects. JnnijyrnH communis, L., var. alpina, L., is ])lenty at all .dtiludcs and is full of fruit. — T. S. BuANDEOiOK, (Junon Ci/t/, C'ldorndo. 34 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. CoLOHADO Fungi, (new species.) — By Ciias. H. Peck. — The species of fuugi here described wei'c collected iu Colorado by Mr. T. S. Brandegee, and forwarded to me for examination by 3fr. E. »S'. Bftit, of Bethlcliem, Pennsylvania. SpHiEROPSis Raui, Pk. — Si)ols indefinite, brown; porithecia numerons, gregarious, minute, phomatoid, sub-membranaceous, black, .006-007 inch in diameter; spores obo- vate or oblong, colorless, .00065-.00075 inch long. Living leaves of Arteniinia ncopulorirm. Gray. Lecythea sPEcrosA, Pk. — Spots snborbicular, one to two lines in diameter, yellow ; sori few, crowded, prominent, liy])()i)iiy]l()us. oiange-colored ; abortive spores elongated, curved, obtuse, nearly cylindrical; spores sublogose or ellii)tical, .001-0012 inch long, rough, the endochrome bright orange. Living leaves of Riibus delia'osm, 'J'orr. Tliis is probably the early or Uredo form of some si)ecies of Phragmidium which sliouid be sought later in tlie season. It is distinguished from its allies by the deep orange color of the sori, and the narrow elongated abortive spores. ..I'EoiDiUM Bkandecsei, Pk. — Peridia amphigenous, scattered or aggregated, some- times seriately placed, elongated; spores subglobose, orange colored, .0008-.001 inch in diameter. Living stems and leaves of Asclepiaii verUcillata, L. The peridia resemble those of ^E. Thalictri, but the spores and habit of the plant are quite dillerent. It occupies the stem and leaves in patches of considerable extent and changes the aspect of the host i)lant. ^ciDiUM HEMisPHyERicuM, Pk. — Peridia prominent, scattered or crowded, hemis- pherical, opening by a small aperture; spores orange, subglobose or elliiitical, .0008-.001 inch long, the epispore lliick, hyaline. Living stems and leaves of Mulrjcdiwn pulrhcUtim, Nutt. The peridia are generally more scattered on llie stem than on the leaves, the whole lower surface of which is often occui)ied by them. ^EciDiUM PUKOSUM, 7^/,-.— Spots uoHC; cups crowded, deep-seated, broad, wide- mouthed, occuiiying the whole lower surface of the leaf to which they give a porous appearance; spores orange-colored, sub-angular, .0008-. 001 inch in length. Living leaves of Vlru/ Americann, Muhl. This species is quite distinct, both in its spores and in the size and character of the peridia, from JS". idbum, Clinton, which also inhabits Vicia, Ameririom. ^ciDiDM abundans, Pk. — Spots yellow, numerous, small, sub-orbicular, sometimes confluent; peridia few, hypophyllous, sub-circinating, pustulate; si)ores subglobose, orange, .001 inch in diameter; spermogonia on both sides of the leaf on the same or on ditt'erent spots. Living leaves of Syinpltoricaiyus oreopTtilitH. The leaves of the host plant are beautifully mottled by the spots. The peridia iu the specimens seen are nearly all closed, from which it is probable that they are scarcely mature. ^EciDiUM BiOEi-OVi/E, P/t.— Spots tliickencd, ycllow ; peridia pustulate, hemispher- ical, opening by a small aperture; spores sub-globose, bright yellow or orange, .001-.0013 inch in diameter. Living stems and leaves of Bifjeloviu D'Hiijlasii, Cray. The peridia reseml)le tliose of ^E. heiniHpharicum, but the species is at once distin- guished by the yellow sjiots and larger spores. Urojiyces iiyaijncs, /'//. — Spots non(;; sori numerous, hypophyllous, at first cov- ered by the hyaline nienibranous epidermis, at length exposed, ell'used, nearly or c[uite nOTANIVAL GAZETTE. 35 occui)yin,u; llic whole lower suri.-icc of the icat', rcn'U|^inous-hro\vii ; spores ovate or ob- long-ovate, umboiiate at the apex, .OOl-.OOi:} iueh long; pedicel li>aline, short. Living leaves of Sophoni scricen, Pursh. Mr. Braudegee remarks concerning tiiis fungus that it is very omiuou at Canon City, about one-half the Sophora i)lants being affected by it. The plants attacked by it become more ei'eet in habit and do not blossom. The sori sometimes occur sparingly on the upper surface of tlie leaf also. The specific name is suggested by the hyaline membrane that at first covers them. PucciNiA NiGUESCENS, 7'/: — Spots none; sori rather prominent, cauline, oblong, blackish-brown or black; spores smooth, elliptical or oblong, obtuse or Ijluntly pointed, slightly constricted at the septum, .OOb'3-.0018 inch long, .0008-.001 broad; j)edicel col- orless, two to four times as long as the spore. Stems and branches of Sdloin Idureoldtn, Willd. No leaves of the host plant accon)panied the specimens sent, so that I am not able to say whether the fungus ever attacks the leaves or not. The two following species have been received from the sources given at the end of the descriptions: DiATRYPELLA F]{OSTii. Pk. — Stroma verrucjefoi-m, rather i)rominent, convex or hemispherical, scarcely one line broad, sometimes ccnifiuent, partly covered by the closely adhering fragments of tlu^ rujjtured epidermis, black externally, greenish within, forming a white spot on the wood beneath ; peritlieeia sub-globose, generally ten to fif- teen ; ostiola obscure; asci sub-cylindrical, scarcely pedicellate, polysporous; spores yel- lowish in the mass, cylindrical, curved, .00025-. 000;J5 inch long. Dead maple branches. Bratlleborough, Vermont. (J. C. Frvxt. Externally this fungus resembles smuU forms of Uuttrj/pclld^ oeiTWH'foruu'.i, from which it is easily separated by the greenish color of the stroma. 1). betuliiui, whieit also has a greenish stroma, difiers from this species in the larger size, dilTerenl form and naked disk. Soiiosi'oiiiu-M Desmodii, 7V,:. — Si)ore balls irregular or sub-globose, compact, rough, .0012- 0010 inch in diameter, color in the mass reddish-brown inclining to cinnamon ; spores sub-globose, rough, .OOOti-.OOOT inch in diameter, four to ten in a group, not easily separating from each other. Seeds of Bfsinodiim aciiunnaf/ui/i, DC. Closter, jSTew Jersey. C. F. Austin. Sep- tember. I am not aware that any representative of this genus has before been detected in the United States. Nor is it surprising that this species has so long escaped notice, for the fungus is wholly concealed, being produced in the seeds while they are yet inclosed in the ])0(1. For a time there is no externa; evidence of the i)resence of the fungus, but at length a sligi.t discoloration of the part of the pod immediately over the atlected seeds indicates that all is not rigiit within. The whole seed, except perhaps the tliin external coat, appears to be transformed into the fiuigus spores. The color of these is similar to that of the sj)ores of S. Sajnyii- '<;7"<. A careful comparison shows the following peculiarities: Leaves and calyx nearly as hairy as tliose of L. Ki/jihilitica; hr'dcta intermediate; the flowers have tlie slender tube and the aspect of L. enrdinalis, but broader at the mouth and with more conspicuous folds in the throat, nearly as large as in L. syphilitica. It has also the I'etlexcd calyx sinuses of the latter species, but they are very short. The color is remarkable, and led to the discover}^ of the plant, being a deep reddish or crim- son-purple; different from any plant I can now call to mind. It grew in the midst of a patcii of L si/philiticn. in low, moist woods ; no plants of L. curdinalis nearer tlian two hundred yards, at which distance tliere were several There were but two plants ot the hybrid. — J. Schneck, Mt. Cannel, III. I have received ana examined a specimen of this interesting plant, and I have no doubt that it is rightly considered to be a hybrid between Lobelia syiihilitica and L. car- diiiidis. I never saw the like of it before. — \sa Gray. Mistletoe Parasitic on Itself. — The Mistletoe (Plwradeiidronflavesreiift) abounds in Florida, where it may be found on nearly every kind of tree. We know of one plant of it growing on a low P mints Chicasa, only eight feet from the ground; but it attains its greatest development on the lofty branches of old oaks, where a single jjlant frequently attains the size of a hogshead. Having a tine oak which had become over- run by tins parasite to an extent wliicli endangered the life of the tree, we recently had the mistletoe cut ott. It would have required a hay-rack to carry it away at one load, for it equalled in amount the natural foliage of the tree. The fertile and sterile plants were about equal in number, size and color, but all were more flavescent than those growing on less burdened trees. AVe were not before aware that any plant ever grew on another of its own species, but here we found two instances of this phenomenon. In one case a stamiuate plant grew on a stamiuate, and in the other a pistillate on a stamiuate. In both cases the dou1)le parasiti-sm was ])roved by the fact that the second- ary plants sjn-ung from internodes, and in the last the proof was rendered doubly strong by the dia^cious character of the plant. It would be interesting to know how the mistletoe compares in northern and south- ern latitudes as to germination and maturing of fruit. In Florida both arc about sim- ultaneous, but in the Northern Slates it would seem that an interval of several months must intervene. If so, there must be a much greater waste of seed, and probably the seed finds secure lodgment and germinates mainly on rough-barked trees. The distri- bution of the mistletoe must be eftected mainly through the agenc}' of birds, and yet it seems almost impossible that so soft a berry can pass tlu'ough the digestive system with- out losing its vitality At any rate tlie special adaptation of the fruit is for ready adhe- sion to external objects. Even to planed boards it adheres with almost the tenacity of glue. In this lattitude the berries of the mistletoe are too green at Christmas to be of interest for decoration except from association. Towards the close of winter the pulp becomes thin and gelatinous, and the germ begins to grow and turn green within its nourishing and translucent envelope. In lliis condition the berries are readily beaten oil by the spi'iug rains and winds on to other Ijranches, when the germs, already highly developed, quickly pierce through the bark to the nourishing sli'eams of sap flowing beneath. It would seem that the mistletoe, being green throughout, was specially adapted for the elaboration of sap, and tliat it ought to assist the tree in this office, if for no other reason than to maintain the health of the latter. Such services are sometimes perfoi'med by animal parasites, but common observation goes lo show that vegetable parasites take only and give nothing. Tliat this is true of tlie mistletoe is indicated by the fact that the portion of the branch beyond its insertion frecpiently dies, when the remaining por- tion ceases to grow. In such cases, the mistletoe will continue to grow until its diame. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 87 ter exceeds thatof the sustain iug branch, which being overweighted, can no longer mij)- port the parasite except in a pendent i)osition. — A . H. Cuktisp, Jarksonville, FJoridK. A CONVENIENT MICROSCOPE. — I liave been so frequenth- consulted of late as to the best form of dissecting microscope for botanical purposes, that I am glad to lie able lo say our well-known Optician, Mr. Joseph Zentmej-er, of Pliiladeli)hia, has just con- structed one that in all res])ects is what tlie analytical botanist requires. Mr. Zent- meyer needs no word of mine to commend his work. It is in the interest of botony that I write this. The stand is -round, of cast iron, and six inches in diameter. Hence the instru- ment is perfectly steady. The pillar supporting the stage is strong, of brass, and three inches high. Ot just sucli a height that the hands holding the needles are free from tremor because the arms rest solidly on the table. The stage of brass is tive inches long by nearly four wide, and statiomtry, thus contrasting most favorably with the old Ras- pail, and some of tlie later instruments. There is a ghiss plate nearly two inches in diameter in the middle of the stage, and abundant liglitis tlirown on this from the mir- ror beneath. The arm carrying the lens is raised or lowered b^' a tirm, and charmingly smooth working racli and pinion, which has a free lateral movement. A good lens magnifying about ten diameters completes this model instrument. Its advantages are: strength, neatness and a large steady stage, over all the cheaper instruments of this class, and it has all the good points of the tiner dissecting microscopes at al)out half the cost. The glass plate in the stage may be removed and a watch glass put in, to con- tain any object we wish to examine in water, or an alcohol lamp placed under the stage will keep up the gentle heat we sometimes want in work. The instrument as I have described it with a neat box, costs only fifteen dollars, and one dollar more would add an extra, higher-powered lens, thus making it equal to any work involved in analytical botany. Beside this, a tube might be added to screw into the arm carrj ing the lens, and thus at a very small additional expense the owner would have a compact, strong compound microscope that would do good field work with even a quarter or a fifth of an inch objective. For the botanical laboratories of Colleges it has no superior, when we consider economy and durability. — J. T. Roth- KOCK. MoNOTROPA UNiFLORA. — Notwithstanding the pretty general distribution of this peculiar type »f vegetation, its comparative numerical paucity in any region appears as rather a striking feature. In many hundreds of botanical walks we have found but ■one locality where this plant seems anyways abundant. This was iii what is known as the "Beech and Oak Flats" of Jefierson county, Indiana. The timber is often quite dense, and the vegetable debris has often formed to quite a thickness by natural accum- ulation from year to year, and at the same time being aided by the presence of water except in the dryest seasons. Under such circumstances vegetable products of a fun- gus tyi)e are readily encouraged in growth. Here within the compass of a few square yards, and among the beech roots, we have secured as many as 50 fine si)ecimens. However, in contemplating their l)eauty of form and delicacy of structure, we did not suspicion such a poisonous principle to lurk within as we have since found to be the case. During the month of September a young lady brought me a jilant which she said had poisoned her, and she desired its name. With some surprise, and perhaps I should have had none after considering its fostering food and close resemblance to the Fungi, I found the plant to be Monotropa tiniflora. The circumstances of the case are as fol- lows. The young lady while examining the plant accidentally crushed the stem, and some of the juice was driven upon her lips. The mucous portions which were some- what chapped became very much irritated, and began to inflame and swell consider- 38 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ably; while in two or three places upon the epidermal skiu of the lip, small ulcerous ■ sores were formed The eftect remained some four or five days and then gradually healed. The whole appearance was very much like a mild case of poisoning with Rhus toxicodendron. — A. H. Y., LaFayette, Ind. Coreopsis aristosa, Mich. — It wall be interesting to botanists to have published in the Gazette observations on the seeds and awns of Coreopsis aristosa from numer- ous localities, to ascertain if the awnless or upwardly or aownwardly barbed awns are inherent in the species, or if their anomalous development is incidental and attributa- ble to the introduction of Bidens in the species. Here where the species largely abounds the awnless with upwardly and downwardly barbed awns are i-elatively about equal in all the localities I have examined the past season, where Bidens fron'dosa is numerously mixed in with the growth, and also where no species of the genus now abounds, would seem to indicate that the trait is au inherent one. And thus invalidating the most im- portant character separating the two genera. If the species is found to be normally awnless, as is quite probable, and the awns due to Bitleus, the upward and downward barbs would still be a puzzle, unless it should turn out to be that both forms of barbs are common also to Bidens, which is already almost established in the case of Co reoj)- .ns discoidea, whicli is sometimes a perfect Bidens frondosa in all except the upwardly barbed awns. The allied species Coreopsis trichosperinu, should also be examined for similar anomalies whereit abounds. The species is absent from this section. Observa- tions are needed in localities where Bidens is absent, and in all habitats the relative proportion of the three forms should be noted. — E. Hall. Late Flowers.— I found the following list of plants still in flower on October 2d and 3d, in Exeter, R. I. It may possibly interest some western readers to see what are our late flowering eastern species. I have not classified the names, but have writ- ten them somewhat in the order in which the specimens were found. It will be noticed that some are early plants enjoying a second bloom: Viola eucullata- Lobelia cardinalis. Gerardia purpurea. Trichostema dicJiotomtim. " quercifolia. Brunella vulgaris. SoUdago linoides. Polygala eniciata. c(B<.ia. '■ sanguinea, nemoralis. " verticillata. elliptica. Linaria Canadensis, odora. vulgaris. Canadensis. Pe.dieularis kmeeolata. hicolor. (uew to Rhode Island.) Aster corymbosus. Polygonum incarnatum. Novce Angli(e. " dumetorum. leevis, var. cyaneus. " articulatum.. cordifolius. " arifolium. longifolius. Diplopappus linariifolius. Tradescanti. " ambellatus. mtiltiflorus. Spirantlies cernua. dumosus. Trifolium pratense. undulatus. arvense. patens. Potentilla argentea. Gnaphalium polycephalum. Nabalus Fruseri. Antennaria rnargaritacea. Hieracium Ganadense. Hypericum Sarothra. " venosum. (Enothera biennis. Lepidium Virgininnn . BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 39 Eupatonvmpabesrens. Sisyrnhrium officinale. " perfolintuin. Liiiuia sulcdtiiin. " purpureum. Barbarea vulgaris. , Spiroia mlicifdlia. Tnraxacuvi Deii-leonis. Krifjia Virginira. Gentuina Andreir!innatifidmn, Nutt., Noiholcena Fendleri, Kunze, and N. dealbata, Kunze. Catalogue of the Phmiogamoiis and Vascular Cryj)togamous Plants found growing wild in Jetterson county, Ind. This catalogue is compiled by Mr. Chas. R. Barnes, and M)'. Jno. F. Baird adds a .«hort list of plants growing in Clark county, not as yei found in Jcfierson. The Jetterson county catalogue numbers 912 species through the Vascular cryptogamia, and hence forms a valuable check list. Anyone desiring copies of it can be supplied by writing to Mr Chas. R. Barnes, Madison, Ind. ,,';.:^;^v)MBIA BOTANICAiiMl2^;|p^^E. -\ Vol. 3 MAY, 1878. No. 5 The Two Waysidk Plantains, By Asa Ghay. — I wish to call the altcnlion of Bot- anists to flif! Connnou Plantains of the country, and to make a public, though tardy expression of thanks to Mr. A. Commons, of Ccntreville, Delaware. I send you, hcie with, for insertion, his letter to me, which the date shows to have been long unattended to. I have in some way or other postponed its consideration until now, when the re- view of Uic genus for the i)art of my Synoptical Flora of JS^orth America, now in press, brouglit the subject directly before me: Centreville, Del., Dec. 20th, 1870. PitoF. A GUAY: Dear Sir: — I have a few specimens 1 wish to submit and request you would examine and name for me. Two of them are deviations from the usual form; iUioUwr, II rididar/ii, is probably a good species. However, the specimens will prove whether it be entitled to that distinction. To me it seems sufficiently marked in its characters to deserve being considered as such. I will send a package in a few days made up most largely of the two fofms (as I will call them at present for convenience) of Pldiddfjo; the Pkudano' nuijor, L., or smaller form, and another, a larger one, ivliich resembles it in appearance but distinct in character. This larger form is the most abundant and common one of the two growing here. The smaller one, P. miijor, L.. being the rarer and less common one, and does not seem to pri)i)agale or extend itself so rapidly. A brief comparison of the two is given in a ^ellarate paper which is en- closed. In 1864, when I tirsl observed the two forms, I had got the impression that the larger one was the P. major, L., Init have since ascertained this to be erroneous. Others liere, I am constrained to believe, may have previously entertained the same view. I infer this, however, because the larger form is here so generally common, while the other is not. Therefore, they are most likely to be obtained l>y them in making their collections, Init it does seem sirange tiiat these two forms should l)e here growing to- gether and have remained so long unnoticed l)y any of our Bolanisls. The two Plantagos brielly compared: Pl(int(i(i<) — / Larger, acute form. ) Larger, smooth or hairy, generallj' j| smooth, light green, thinner in tex- - Leaves, ture. ) fc Longei', tai)eriug to a i)oint. Longer and larger, more eicct and "| upright on the s[)ikes, opening be- | low the middle or % way frtjm |- base and below the top of the ca- | ly-^. J Larger, black, more acutely angled, ( not wrinkled. / yplke^ Pod Heecb Very common and abundant here. \ Phintdiji) inajiir, L., \ Smaller, obtuse form. I Smaller, smooth or hairy, generally hairy, deeper green, >onicwlial / thicker in texture. \ _ Shorter, termination blunt or '( abrupt. f Smaller, more closely aggregated and I standing out more s{|uarely on the I spikes, o|)e:iing at the middle and I opposite the top of the calyx. I \ Smaller, light brown, obtusely angled, i wrinkled. ■j Rarer and less common. Certainly a distinct species as the characters indicate. — A. Commons. 42 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I liave little to add except that the ovules iu his specimens vary from 6 to 10, more commonly 10; in P. inajor from 8 to IS; also that the capsule in the former is narrower as well as longer than that of P. major, being cyliudraceous-oblong, and a little over 3 lines in length; the seeds in the former are of twice the size of the latter, dull as well as dark and without the delicate reticuhition of the coat which fresh and dry seeds of P. major exhibit. Finally, the sepals of the long-podded si)ecics are oblong, decidedly narrower than those of P. major, and all four, as well as the bi'act, more strongly and acutely keeled. On looking at the older descriptions, I observe that the Plantain in question has been taken for P. iuajor, prol)ably l)j' Elliott, certainly by ToiTcy, in his Flora of the Northern States, and by Darlington in the second (and most valuable) edition of the Flora Cestrica. The terms which they use in describing the calyx and the capsule may assure us of this. Mr. Commons remarks that it is much the more common species in his neighborlujod. If my memoiy rightly serves, it is the door-yard Planlaiu of my natal district, the centra! part of the State of New York. I have it from Vermont and Canada (so that it may be the plant Mhich Pursh mistook for 7^. nirullata, which is /'. inaxivut, Jacq.); and I have small and slender forms of it from South Carolina, Georgia, and Texas, also from Southern Illinois. In short, it is the plant which first Hooker and afterwards I myself mistook for P. Kamtsrliotira. Although there are only four seeds in the pods of the slender sjiecimens which I had formerly exaniined, there arc commonly G or 8 ovules, i. e. three or four in each cell, i am sorry to say that the only published name applicable to the species is that of P. RayeUi of Decaisne, founded on a depauperate form of it. I should have prefeiTcd to have it bear Ihe name of some one of those botanists who have evidently had it in hand, v* ithoiU knowing it was an undescribed species, probably intligenous to the country; for'l find no trace of it in any other part of the world, not even in our north-western regions from which we have a proljably indigenous form of P. major, or of the nearly related P. Atiiatica, of which the real P. KamUchaiicoj appears to be a few-seed form. Foreign Plants Introduced into the Gulf St.vtes. — With a few excci)tiou.s of those foreign plants which have found their way into this region Irom the Atlantic coast, orfrom the country adjoining south of it, their introduction has l)een effected through the seaports, and, as elsewhere, chiefly by the deposition of ballast from the shipping. In his exploration of the flora of this coast region, the l)otanist is surprised at finding, almost season after season, ])lants strange and new to him, arrivals from distant shores in diflerent zones of the new and the old world. As will be seen from the following list, some are mere transient visitors, losing soon their foothold and dis- appearing entirely, like the West Indian Mdochia mdlssrefolia ; some reappearing again, after a lapse of years, as the l/6'/r«/'*a^is rm«(W,' whih; otiiers, adapting them- selves more readily to the conditions to which they are exjjosed in their new home, continue to flourish and to propagate their kind year after year. Some species amongst them spread rapidly into the interior, becoming fully establishetl amongst the denizens of the indigenous flora, and in extending over large areas of ground, covering it to a greater or less exclusion of the native races, add new features to it and afl'ect decidedly for better or worse the economies of man. One of the most striking instances of the kind is offered by the introduction and rapid spread in the Southern Stales, during the last ten j'cars, of the Lenpedeza xtrtata, whose history seems to be of sullicient interest to put upon record. Dr. Ravenel mentions first this plant from the /«/■ Eaat. as having been observed by him about twenty years ago near Charleston, S. C. Immediately after the war the rapid spread of a new plant arrested the attention of the farmers in that State and Eastern Georgia (Dr. Mettaur, 186.").).* The year after, the. agricultural *Chapman. Box. Ctazette, Vol, III, No. 1, p. 4. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 43 press of the South devoled a good deal of atlentiou to it, in most instances heralding the aiipcaraiK'c of the plant, popularly called Jaixoicse CT^fvr, as a blessing, destined to convert the barren pine hill and the waste, exhausted tields into rich pasture grounds, and in that way supplying one of the greatest wants in the system of Southern agricul- ture. By the kind information received lately of Mr. A. Berksman, of Augusta, Ga., I learn that the i)lant made its appearance in the spring of 1807. The following season (April, ISdS) I found it in abundance in the counties of Montgomery and Lowndes in this State (Alabama) wlierever a closer and somewhat damper soil afforded to it its proper habitat, gaining a iirm hold even among the thickly matted stolons of the Ber- muila grass {Cy)iO(h>n Darfj/lon) covering the rich lowlands. I looked in vain for it iluring that season in this vicinity. In September, 1809, a friend interested in the mat- ter brought me the lirst specimens observed in the eastern suburbs of this city. In the Ibllowing season it was found very common everywhere in the situations most suitable to its growth, continuing with rapidity its progress towards the west, undoubtedly reaching the eastern banks of the Mississippi soon after its arrival here. I have not learned whether the plant has crossed that mighty river. East of it, it covers immense areas, in many places crowding out almost completely the lierbaceous indigenous ])lants, for'which the collector now searches in vain in the former habitats taken pos- session of by the Asiatic intruder. As far as my personal knowledge goes the Lespe- (Je.zii .striata extends nearly to the northern coutines of this State. I found it in 1873 abundantly in the northern i)arts of Blount County. It is to be presumed that it occu- l)ies tiie same latitude in the adjoining States. One of the principal causes by which the rapid spread of that plant has been effected, is certainly due to the transfer of the herils of beef cattle following through the South the movements of the armies during the war, and since that time to the increased traffic in live stock between the different sections of the South. Watching its spread closely at its first appearance here, I found almost invaiialily the plants starting from the decayed dioppings of cattle. The haid seeds of the j)lant are voided with the excrements withoMt injury to their vitality, and linding a medium rich in the elements for their sustenance the young plants developing from it grow with the greatest vigor. (.'omi)aring the introduced plants observed here with those noticed by Mr. I. Mar- tindale on the ballast grounds near Philadelphia, we meet the fact that there are certain species, more than others, bearing the iiabits of cosmopolitan wanderers. Belonging to (litVerent natural orders and coming trom zones of our globe sei)arated by wide dis- tances and of different climes, they are noted as arrivals common to both of those places on our coast, where they find themselves surrounded by the vast differences in elimalic conditions due to the great one in their gegoraphical position. These plants seem to lie endowed with a particular aptitude to accommodate themselves to their new environments in which they have been accidentally placed and where they are exposed to extremely different infiucnees. To illustrate this fact I will mention that amongst a few of my ballast plants which 1 sent to Mr. Martindale for determination he found the strange Pahiiiisiti r/srosa and the stately jV/ci/timni (/lnufii, ]n)\\\ oriental i)lants col- lected by me on the ballast grounds at Pensacola, also growing on similar i)laces upon the banks of the Delaware, as well as the Toiirnefortut hdiotropoides from the La Plata States, found seemingly tirnily established near Montgomery, Ala , (April, 1808). Dip- hitii.fi^ leiiin'j'oli.i and lliiinlniinnin h'lifi'jiniini of Soulhci'u Europe arc found as firmly established there as in Pensacola or New Orleans; anil similar instances can be Ibniid in comparing these notes with the interesting list ])iiblislied l)y Mr. .Martindale in IS OS. 1 and 10, Vol. 2, of the I'jotanicai, (.tAZKT'I'k. The following plants from distant shores of the new and from the old world have lieen observed by me in this region aiul specimens of them jireserved in my lierbarium, if not otherwise stated: 44 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Mammculus imirimhis, L., and R. pnrmflorus, L., have been recognized by our earliest botanists as fully naturalized. The tirst is confined to the coast; the latter ex- tends into the interior. — Montgomery, 1868. Ramtnoihis scelerntux, L. — Observed around the wharves of this city for the last few years.^ — April^ ISTo and 1876. Fuiiiiiriu ojficinalis, L. — Ballast ground, Pinto Island, Delta of Mobile river; one specimen only. — April, 1877. t^isyriihriinn TluiUana, Gaudich. — Sandy banks of Paseagoula river. Miss. — Ai)ri]. (Europe.) Diplotaxix tenu/folla, L. — From the Mediterranean region of Europe. — Ballast grounds, Pensacohi, Fla. Many specimens in liloom and full of seeU miles from the seaboard. — From the warmer parts of the Ameri- can continent. Acii/zf/iospermuw .rft((. — Of this fern freipUMit in .Mexico, I Ibund fragmentarv sjiecimens collected by Dr. Riddell in Western Texas, 18:!9. Lyi'opodiinn renniain, L. — New to the floi'a of the United States, I'or the first time found on springy claybanks of the l)lufls fronting the eastern shore of Mobile Bay, July 4th, 1877. Common throughout all tropical America. — Cii.mu.ks ^\o\\k, }fohiIe, Ahihama. "Die Pii,ze dks Wkinstockes," Wien, 1878. — This is a volume of two hundred and fourteen i)ages, from the pen of the excellent Mycologist, Fp.tjx von Tiiumkn, the well-known autlior of "Mycolheca Universalis." In this work on the Funfii of (Urape- ciiii's, the author gives descriptions (in Latin) of about two hundred and twenty species that have been fouiul inhabiting either the living or dead vines, fruit, etc., together with references and synonyms. This is followed in each case by ;ni amjdified descrip- tion and icmarks in German. Thirty species are dcscriiicii as new. The work is divided into four sections, thus.- I. Fungi inhabiting the fruit, 18 species. li. Fungi inhabiting the stems and branches, 1(54 species. A. Inhabiting living stems and branches, 11 species. B. Inhabiting dead stems and branches, 153 s])ecies. III. Fungi inhabiting the leaves, 30 sjjecies. A. Inhabiting living leaves. 20 si)ecies. B. Inhabiting dead leaves, Ki species. IV. Fungi growing from the roots, 5 species. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 47 Five lilliDiriapliic plates arc added, uivin^- iiliislralioiis of niiiely-sevcn species of these fun. t,n. Tliere an; also two lists of sjjucies: one in wliieli they are arranged un- der their respective orilers or families, the other in wliicli lliey are grouped according to liieir nourisiiing plants. From the hitter list it appears that much the largest num- ber (jf species has been found on the European grape-vine, Vitis laiidfera, L., whose l>arasites nmnlierone hundred and lifty species. VUIh fjci in the white plumage of the calyxes. Pefiilosfeinon oillotnim, Nutt. ♦ 'N A.striiffiilus /iiolliss/'iiniK, Torr. Called "Pony Weed." It is an object of ilread in the Territory, being considered /W^^t to the horses that fei d ujion it. The plant is densely silky-canescentall over, erect near 1 foot. Leaflets about 12 |)airs, oval. Spikes 50 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. on a long peduncle, oblong, dense. Flowers nearly 1 inch long, blue-])urple. Pod 2- celled, curved, grooved at each suture. A. bimdciiti/s, Gray. ^■1. Nuttallianus, DC. A. glnreosus, Dougl. A. RECTic.\RPi>, (m. )<]).) Under ihe section Ho.m.\lobi. Cinereous with minute appressed hairs. tStenis assurgent or erect 1 foot, slender, simple. Leaves subsessile, leaflets 7-9, mostly alternate, oblong-spatulute, apiculate, edges revolute. Peduncle longer than the leaves, spicate, 5-20-flowered. Stii)ules subulate. Calyx segments sub- ulate-filiform, ^/mvV-c /o/z^fr ^/ir;« fAe i^«^r. Corolla 4 lines long, purplish, vex. as long as the keel. Pod straight, sessile, detlexed, linear-prismatic, 1-celled, II4 inch long, 8-10-seeded. Oxytropii: Linnherti, Pursli. Psoritlea diyituta, Nult. P. linen I'ifiAia, T. & G. Hoffmauxeggid Jdt/usii, Torr. uuder the burden of its names. Glycyrrhiza lepiduta, Nutt. Mimosa frngrans. Gray. Acdcid hirtii, Nutt. (Enothrni pviiKitifdu, Nutt (E. MissuKricniiis. Sims. Apium (Leptocaulis) patens, (Nutt.) Wood. Townseiidid WUcoxiaua, Wood. (Bulletin Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. G, ji. U!;?.) Dill'ers from T. aencen, Hook., in having the pappus of the ray and the disk e(£ually long and copious, also the teeth of the tubular florets colored brown. Chrysopsig cillosa, Nutt. ISeiieciu Riddellli, T. & G. Zinnia gr<( lid iflora, Nutt. Actinella ((caHli.s, Nutt. Riddellia tagi'titia,l^v\U. Gri/idelia nquitrrom, Dunai. G. NUDA, (n. up.). Glabrous, corymbously branched. Leaves sessile, oval, ox ale or oblong, the upper lanceolate, all evenly glandular serrate. Heads discoid, involucre s(|uarrous, pappus of 4 (rarely 0 or 5) stiti" white bristles as long as the floret. Helenium tfn.nifoliti/ii, Nutt. — but the lower leaves are often pinnately divided. P. ruspidata, Pursh. P. hypogaea, Nutt Plant beset all over with black tlots, and groaning (E. Ilartwcgii, Benth. ffi". caespitom, Nutt. SteuuHiphon virgatm, ypach . Mrntzelia nuda, T. & G. Gaillardia lanceolata, Michx. G. pulchella, Foug. Flarerla linearis, Lagasca. Arteinisithtiti\ L. A gooseberry with fruit armed with long prickles like a burr have found on rocky biutls of Missouri, in Gasccmade county, wiiere there was but little soil. Sediim Kteiurpetiditiit, Pursji. Have only found ibis on cherty glades at Grand Falis' Newton county. Ilnmamelix Virglmcit, L. Only in southeast Missouri where it is abundant. Aralia xplaona, L. Hercules' club. Only found in southeast Missouri, ranging from Madison ci.ninty soutliward. It is commonly called "Tear blanket.' C'ornus Florithi, L. Flowering dogwood. Not found muc'h further west than Jef ferson City. Common eastwardly on dry hills. Further west is not found north of Jasper county. In Northeast Missouri is rarely found west of the extreme eastern counties. Curnus circinata, L., Her. Round leaved dogwood. Found only in eastern Mis- souri on rich moist hillsides. Liquidanibnr Sfi/rar/fliia, L. Sweet Gum. Common in Southeast Missouri, occur- ring from Madison ccninty southwardly. Nyssa mnltifloni, Wang. Black Gum. Common in Southeast Missouri. A few trees only have been seen m Maries county. It does not occur in Western or Northern Missouri. In Southern Illinois it is found no further north than the southern i)art of Fayette county. Ny.sgn iiniltiflora, Wang., Tupelo or Sour Gum, and N. uit/flora, Walt., the large Tupelo, nn- lioth said to abound in the swamps of Southeast Missouri. Vihurmim di'/iiatum, L. Arrow wood. Is occasionally found in Monroe and Shelby counties, but neither in Northwest nor Southwest Missouri. Fedia radiidd, Miclix. Bates county and southwardly. ^ MoNOTHOi'A UNiFLOHA, L. — lu the A pril number of the; Botanical Gazette I noticed with considerable surprise a statement made by Mr. A. H. Young, of LaFayette, Ind., that Monotroptt, unifloni, L., or Indian Pipe, Ice-plant, Fit-plant so-called, i)osses.sed poisonous pro])erties somewhat resembling the effects of lihnx TD.rirtnh'/tdnm, L. Now this is certainly news to me, and which cannot fail to interest many others engaged in the study of Medical Botany. I am constrained to say, and an exi)erience of twenty- three years of closest attention to this subject has verilied my conclusions, that i/ow>- tropa uniflora is not possessed of any toxic i)ro])erties, neither in its outward or inward application of th.j human system. It is a remedy of some repute with the Eclectic School of Medicine, and in "King's American Dispensatory" and "Howard's Botanic Medicine," is very highly recommended for overcoming nervous irritability, epilepsy, chorea, etc., when used in large doses inwardly of course, and for ophthalmic as well as other intlamations of (leli(;ate mucous surfaces outwardly ai)plied, either in its fresh state or the preservedi juice. I have myself used it very much in ordinary (;ases of in- flamed eyes, both chronic and acute, and have never seen or even l)efore heard any evil effects following the most indiscriminate use. Have ai)plied it to the eyes of infants when only three days old, in Ophthalmia punileiita i/ifdntnin, as well as in old age in 54 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. every variety of so-called constitutions, and even where not successfully employed, no ill effects have ever been observed thereafter. I always keep on hand a quantity of this medicinal agent— in the form of a tinc- ture or dried plant, and when I can obtain enough of it, the expressed juice. I will merely mention a case of ophthalmia cured incidentally hy Monotropa uniflora. Four- teen years ago, it was in tlie early part of July, I went woodcock-shooting with two friends, near Hack-ensack, N. J., and while taking some luncheon in a beech grove along the course of Saddle River, found a large patch of ground literall)' covered with Monotropa i/mflor. (I/pIit/lJi/ and of J), lacinidta. I consulted with the late Prof. Tenney and he thought it might be D. laciniata, but as this hart never been found before in Williamstown, and £). diphylla was very common near- it, I put it in my herbarium with the name D. dipJii/lla, L. This spring I sent a speci- men to Dr. Gray, who replied, "One of the least laciniate forms of I), laciniata.'''' The "Manual" says: "All these species except the first (Z>. ma.cima, Nutt., B., 7ieterophylla Nutt., D. lacininta, Muhl., and B. multifida, Muhl.,) probably run together." The query arises in my mind, Why except the first? The "Manual'' also says of Z>. diph>/lla^ "petals white." I have found them often with a decidedly pink coloring. Perhaps this will be a partial answer to Mr. Meehan's question in the Gazette of February^ 1877. I hope Botanists will stud}" up the variations in this genus and report results. — C. H. Ford. Recent Puklications. — American Jnunial »f Science and Arts, April. — There is a short review of the "Flora of Tropical Africa; by Daniel Oliver. Vol.111. Umhel- lifcrip to Ehi'nacca!.'' The order of Comi)ositte is represented by 117 genera, 17 being peculiar to this Flora. The only large genus is Vcrna/iia, with 78 species. The Anwrican Naturalist, May. — W. J. Beal has an interesting illustrated paper on the "Hairs and Glandular Hairs of Plants, their Forms and Uses." Bulletin of the Turrei/ Botanical ClaJi, Marcli. — Prof. O. R. Willis has an article on the "Growth of Exogens," and Mr. N. L. Brilton gives quite an extensive table on the subject of the fall of leaves. Li»t of Native and Exotic Verna in the Green-Houses and G nnuids if J. Warren Merrill, Candjridge, Mokh. — This is quite a formidable list and surely shows great labor- on the part of the proprietor and no sparing of expense. Mr. 3Ierrill wishes to ex- change dried fronds with those who have new varieties in duplicate. A Cutaloi/ue if the Fliacerimj Plants and Higher Crypt ogams grmring without cnlti* Vidian icithin thirty miles of Yale College. Published by the Berzelius Society. — This is an elegantly published list prepared bj' the students of the Shefiield Scientific School. There is an introduction by Prof. D. C. Eaton, and also a good map of the territory embraced. The Phaeuogams foot up 1,283 species, the Cryptogams (includ- ing ^4c?v>£^eMS, Miisci and Hepaticce) '2"'^, u\&k.mg 1,506 species enumerated in the cata- logue. Proceedings of tin Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Part III. — Sep- tember, October, INovember and December, 1877. Ferns of North America by Prof. Daniel C. Eaton, Parts IV and V.— This publi cation is making its appearance much more promptly than was exi)ccted and the double number before us shows as fine Avorkmanship as any of the preceeding numbers. If anything, the |)lates are finer than before and the ferns lie as tresh before you as if just pressed. This number contains plates and descriptions of Aspidiwm Nevadense, Eaton (n. sp.), Pelliva densii. Hook., and P. pulchella. Fee., Gheilanthes ciscida. Davenport, and C. Clecelandii, Eaton, Aspleniiiin uiritiim, R. Br., Aneinria Me.vicana, Klotzch, and A. adianttf olia, Swartz, Asplenium Buta-mnraria, L., and A. Sept 'ntrionale . Hoftm. Our only objection is that the plate of Asplenium unitiim is so huge that it does not allow any room for trimming when we come to bind. BOTANICAL^^^^^ETTE. t^ ^''O'Bj '^■^ Vol. 3 JULY, 1878. No. 7 \ I Letter from A. F'KNDhEii. — Dr. Asa Gray has kiudly i)laced the following letter in our hands which will be of ^reat interest to llic readers of the Gazette: NeakPohtof Hpain, Island of Tuinidad, Feb. 6th, ISTy. Prof. Asa Gray, M. D.: My Dear Sir: — * * * Xhe Botanic Garden, founded as early as the year 1837, contains some of tlie grandest and mo.st niagaiticent specimens of the vegetable kingdom, introduced from all i)arts of the world, special attention being paid to the introduction and propagation of useful trees and plants. 'Sly health, though not on the i-elrograde, is far from being satisfactory. I have commenced putting the ferns into sets, but the rainy days during the greater part of January interfered very much, and Decembei- proved to be the dampest month of the whole season. I have now 111 species of Ferns and 5 of Lycopodiaccn'. On the 3IJth of November the printer who printed the labels for my phuits otlered me a house and lot for sale which he owned in the same street that I lived on. Tired of being the tenant of uncomfortable cjuarters, I bought for $290 the house and lot thus ottered me, Nov. 26th, and three days later moved into it. Tiie lot is 46 feet in front by 120 feet deep, but the fences so dilapitlated as to recpiire new ones. Tlie house is 22 by 12 feet, is old, and needs considerable patching and repairing, all of which we (my brother and myself) intend to do with our own hands. A consid- erable part of it we have already done, the work claiming much of our time, that other- wise might have been "devoted to collecting of i)lants. To give you an idea of the vegetation which such a small parcel of land can sup- port allow me to subjoin the following list of trees and plants the lot contains besides the house, leaving moreover plenty of vacant space in front ot the house for a small flower garden. There are: 1 bread fruit tree; : Mango tree, (both very large trees) • 2 Orange trees, 20-25 feet high, with plenty of sweet oranges for our own use; 1 Papaw- tree {Carica Papaya); 12 coftee trees all in bearing condition. Also, a few stalks of sugar cane; some small orange trees yet to be gi'afted; quite a number of banana plants of 2 or ;5 kinds (some in fruit) ; Tanias {(jDhirasid eHcnlenta). the eatable tubers of which are held in high estimation; Cassava {Janipha Manihat)\_\ Star-apple tree (Chryso- phyllHiii Cai/iito) \ and in one fence corner, not far frmi the house, a young bamboo bush with shoots 2r) feet high, att'ording a grateful shade through most part of the day; 1 (4uava tree; 1 tree-cotton plant {(hixKypium Ba rhadtuxr) t'uU with blossoms and young fruit, its woody stem 10 inches in circumference and lOig f^'Ct high. Besides these there are plants of less dimensions such as Ginger, 2 kinds of Ochra, 2 kinds Cayenne pepper; several arborescent j)ea- and bean-plants. To make this list more complete I have planted two young Cocoa-nut trees, said to begin bearing fruit in their ?,d or 4th year, also some cuttings of a su))erior kind ot grape-vine showing some growth already. Tlie first Inmch of fruit that we gathered from our banana plants contained 107 bananas of a delicious flavor, a still larger bunch touching nearly the ground will be ripe in a week or two, and others have just come into flowering. It is therefore natural enough that in my present jiosition, having a home of my own, L should and do feel more at ease, more independent, and enjoy a multitude of little pleasures which I did not when living in a shanty-like house halt as big as mine, in another man's dirty yard, crowded in on all sides by disagreeable folks, besides paying $4.25 house-rent a month. And 58 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. then there is iu my present situation some satisfaction in goino; to the trees and srather- ing the ripe oranges wlienever inclined to do so; and some pleasure also in watching the growtli and development of leaves, fruit and flowers of strange tropical plants, all our own. Observing the vigor and rapidity of pushing forth of the banana's huge liower-stalk and the unfolding of its fruit, all so nicely arranged, no man at all mintlful of the operations of nature can reniaiu iudlfl'erent, cold and unnu)ved. This enormous activity cannot but gently remind him of a mighty power or i)()wers working simul- taneously within millions of cells — not a hap-hazard clash of atom against atom, which would end in inextricable confusion, but a working and weaving in unison, harmoni- ously and steadily, the crude material into objects of exquisite beaut\' and regularity; the plan adopted for each siiecies vigorously followed up and adhered to in places thou- sands of miles apart, subject, however, now and then, to gradual moililications. M} new home is situated so as to bring me a little nearer town, is in a higher and drier localit3', at the foot and in front of a prominent hill (iahed "Belmont" on which a century ago the governors of the ishmd loved to dwell in stately mansions, sliowing now nothing but the low remnants of a few ruined walls. This mounlain when cleared of its high trees offers, no doubt, most splendid views on three sides. Towards the west it takes in the town of Port of Spain antl its suburbs and a great extent of the Gulf of Paria; towards the north and east it exhibits the northern mountain ranges running out westward into a bold narrow strip, as well as the high promontories of tho Venezuelan coast in the dim ilistauce. Of late this once beautiful mountain has been altogether neglected, and suttereil to run into a kind of wikl l)ushv park; only on mie side there is an open spot bare of trees, forming a kind of glade, and that is (>])posite to where I live, extending downwards to wnthin ten yards of my front fence. I tind this climate much more humid than that of Venezuela, and it takes all of a botanical col- lector's ingenuity to guard his dried specimens against the detrimental etfecis of dam|i- ness combined with high temperature. Even now in February, while trying to distri- bute my Ferns into sets, I sometimes have to gather them up in a hurry and lay them aside when a rain comes down without warning. I tind that during December and January the night temperatures are considerable lower and the mid-day temperatures higher than during the summer mouths, descending in January as low as (54 deg. F., and rising as high as 97 deg. F. * * * . — A. Fendler. On the Distribution of Certain Plants in Missouri; By G. C. Bkoadhead. (Concluded from page 53). — Eupatoriam perfolidtum, L. Boneset. Has only been found in the eastern part of Missouri, as far west as Sullivan county, but not in south- west Missouri. Silphium terebinfJunaceuiii, L. This plant abounds on prairies in Fayette, Sanga- mon, Macon, Christian and Montgomery counties, Illinois; is found in southeast Mis- souri and rarely in north Missouri; observed in Kails, iu Maries, common in Cole, and found southwardly, but not in Western Missouri. Coreopis gnoidiflora. Common in Bates and Vernon, but not fouuil in north Mis- souri. Pyrrhopappuii grdiuUflorus, Nutt. In Bates, Vernon and eastern Missouri, but not in North or Northwestern Missouri. ConocUnium cmlestinuniy DC. Abounds iu southeast Missouri, is also found in Cole and Bates counties and southward l}^ Is a very pretty iilant. Vernoriin Arkaiudna, DC, I have found in Jasper county, but not North. Troximon ciispidatiun, Fur-^h. In Jackson and Cass and probably southwardly. Apogon humilis. Ell. In Cass and Bates. Boltonia latisquavia. I have only found in western and southeast Missouri. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 59 Amj)Jd((clit/ri>< dracuncidoides, DC. Found very abuudantly in western border coun- ties of Missouri, chiefly along roadsides. Grliideliti Kf/atu-ro.stf, Dunal. I liave only found on west line of Vernon, and in Bar- ton and Jasper. SpecaUirin Icptocarpa, Gra}'. This I liave only found on rocky slopes in western counties of Southwest Missouri. DionpyroK Vir(jiniunii, L. Not common «orlh but more abundant southwardly. Not found at all in northwest Missouri. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers. From Cole southwest to the northwest corner of Bar- ton, but rare; in Jasper is common. In Cole it is a small roujrh looking bush, growing only on Maguesian limestone slopes; but on Spring River becomes a tree. It is not found noith of Missouri River blufts. Ilex V A species with bright scarlet berries along the Mississippi to Lin- coln county and up the Missouri to Osage river. Tecoinu rddiains, Juss. Trumpet creeper. This vine is common in southeast Missouri. Its northern boundary passes from Hannibal south-westwardly via Mexico to (jrlasgovv, thence irregularly 1)}' the mouth of Grand River to the southern part of Bates county. Is one of our handsomest vines. Cdtidpa hi(in(iuu)ide», Walt. Is a native of southeast Missouri. Its northern limit is St. Francois river, Madison county, although often planted for an ornamental tree further north. C(dli.nHic(i,rp((, Michx. A variety is common on hills north of H. & St. Jo. R. R. Further south it is only found on very rich ground or lowlands. Q. lu'tcrophylln, Michx. I have tbund this oak in Shelby, DeKalb and Sulli- van. The tree more nearly resembles Q. palustris, DuRoi, to which the leaves bear a resemblance, while othersclosely resemble those of Q. iinbrirdrtc, Michx. If a hybrid, it may be of those two. In Sullivan county I found it growing near Black Jack, Black Oak and Laurel Oak. Fagus fen iiyinea, Ait. This is said to grow in southeast Missouri. In the north- east portion of Fayette county. 111., I found two trees only of this species. Carpiinis AiiierlraiKi, Michx. Hornbeam or Water Beech. The northern and west- ern limit exiends from Halls through Pike, Lincoln, Callaway, Boone, Cole and south- ward. Betuld u/(/ra, L. Red Birch. Its western limit is as follows: through the Avestern part of Harrison via Gentry ville to Maysville, thence to Richmond, Ray county, south- erly to Warrensburg, Johnson county, to the Marais des Cygnes, Bates county. Alnim nernUictd, Ait. Alder. A line drawn through Pike, Lincoln, Warren, Cole, and Cedar, would leave the Alder on the south. I'inus mitis, Michx. Yellow pine. Is common in southern Missouri on flint and sandstone ridges, but does not grow north of the Atlantic & Pacific R. R. Tdxodiitin distichain, Richard. Cypress. Common only in s\vamps of soutlieast Missouri. Juniperus Vlrgitiia/ui, L. Red Cedar. Is very CDmmon in most counties south of the Missouri river, but not so common northwardly and rarely found in western Mis. souri. Habenctrta leiicopJupa, Nutt., Western orchis, I have found in Jackson county and some other western counties. [From BoT. Gazette for Aufjnst, No. 8.] Baptisia CALYCOSA, n . sp. — Whole plant smootli except that tlie iiincmnate leaflets, stipules, bracts andcalj-.x lobes are sparsely ciliate with lonii; white hair-i; stem and slen- der straight branches somewhat glaucous; stipules lanceolate, acute, persistent, 3-7 ribbed, half as long as the short petioled leaves, the sessile leaflets oblanceolate or obo- vate, obtuse; racemes terminating the branches, long and loose, the long (1-2 inches) and slender pedicels subtended by ovate lanceolate persistent bracts and also bibracteo- late above the middle; calyx tube short, about one-fourth the length of the lanceolate spatulate foliaceous lobes, which are but little shorter than the yellow flowers. Legumes and base of stem not seen. Dry pine barrens, St. Augustine, Florida. Collected bj^ Miss Mary C. Reynolds who has distributed many of the rare plants of that vicinity. Most nearly allied to B. L^roUii. Tory. & Gray, but abundantly distinct from that and other species and remarkable for the ciliaie foliage ;ind more especially for t!ie foliaceous calyx lobes. — Wm. M. Canby. Wihm'nr/ton, Del. A review ot the genus being desirable, specimens of all >pecies in flower and fruit will be thankfully received and, if flesired. returned. T.:ose from tlie South and Soutli- Westare especially asked for. — W. M. ('. Baptisia sulphukea, n. sp. — Simple with spreading branches, glabrous; leaves on very short petioles, leaflets obovate, somewhat rhcmibic, obtuse or occasionally emargin- ate;stipules small, lanceolate, sub-persistent; spikes rather short with deciduims bracts and sulphuryellow spreading flowers; pedicels shorter than t he broad campanulate calyx; broad ovate acutish teeth shorter than tube, woollj' inside; style much longer than oval ovary (5 lines long); stipe of globose pod exsert. Prairies, Tabaksi county, rare, flowers in May. B. leucniitha diflers by its larger growth, deciduous stipules, longer spikes of while flowers which open much later, and longer pedicels, short stjde (8 lines long) about as long as the linear ovary. /?. nphifro- cnrpa is well distinguished from our new species by its C8esi)itose growth, more erect branches, strict spikes with erect deep yellow flowers, pedicels shorter than calyx, the lobes of which are triangular lanceolate, very acute, as long as the narrower tube, and sparinglj- woolly insider; style nun h longer than the oval ovary (H lines long); stipe of pod scarcely longer than calyx. The new species is so much intermediate betwei-n the two just mentioned Uiat it suggests the idea of hyl rif!ily.— Cko. E>"Gi:i .m.s>x. I BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 61 Agave Vii'ffimca, L. False aloe. This plaut I have only obtained from the top ot a sandstone hill near Mine La Motte, Madison count}-. Yucca an(/iistifoU(i. Common only on bare "Blutl""' hills of Alchison and Holt. Have found it no where else in Missouri. About B feet high and (luile handsome. Is common further west. Phragiaites communis Trin. A reed 5 to 12 feet high, not common but where growing we find dense thickets. Found in marshy ground in JS'odawaj-, Macon, La- fayette, Saline and Bates. The musk rats use it in the construclion of their huts. PoHtederin cordata, L. This I have onlj' found on jionds in Jasper county. The chief timbered region of Missouri lies east of a line drawn from the northeast to the southwest corner of the State, although there are some large i)rairies cast of this and some extensive tracts of woodland on the west. [In determining genera and species I am under many obligations for assistance to Dr. Geo. Eugelmann of St. Louis.] HoNOiiARY Names in Scikxtipmc Nomenclature. — Editohs Gazette — A few weeks ago an article appeared in a widely circulated California Journal criticising my action in naming a new flower — (Ji/i'a Fdrryo' — "to honor a noble lad}-, who has done . eminent service for botany," Mrs. Dr. C. C. Parry, late ot California, now returned to Davenport, Iowa * As the criticism was couched in respectful hmguage, and, moreover, as it contains a protest quite often heard, to the use of honorary names in science, I propose to dis- cuss the subject a little and explain the propriety of admitting a few such names to the records of science in accordance with the practice of the nuisters in each, to the annoy- ance, it appears, of a few persons, who have evidently not given the subject much thought. The plea for descriptive names is an old one, and many a scientist lias kept strictlj- to the practice of giving them only, and by this very method has introduced confusion of the worst character into our nomenclature. Let us look tirst to the origin of science and of scientific names. "Science is knowledge systematically arranged, so as to lie conveniently taught, easily learned and readily applied." Art is this knowledge applied to use Coming down the steps of time, a master-mind arises one after another, seizes the materials at hand, arranges, names, publishes his book and departs, leaving his impress upon tlie science more or less indelible, according to the strength of his mind or the admiration of his followers. When all the known objects of a particular science or branch of a science are thus col- lected and compared, no difliculty is found in distinguishing each tVoni each, and very appropriate names are generally given them. xVs research continues, however, and more genera and species are added, many of the established names arc found no longer distinctive, others are vastly more applicable to the new forms, etc. Again, descriptive names sometimes i)rove indcHiiiic allcrward, because of the accumulation of material, showing that the first name was given to an aberrant form. or variety, totally diflerent from the typical plant or animal. Still again, the early scientists, working with inferior or no instruments, made con tinual errors, both of oliservation and interpretation, hence ihcir names are now mainly inappropriate or misleading. With every re-organization of a science, there comes an attempt to correct these manifold errors, followed in turn liy confusion and contest, measured by the amount of re-naming done and the weigiit of the new authority. We can never hope to have our scientific names crystallized into a nomenclature as per- manent as the conglomerate' rock until research has revealed every form of i)lanl that gi-ows, and every kind of animal thai lives on the earth. 62 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. One of the first things we teach our pupils in science is the appropriateness and beauty of scientific names. We expatiate upon tliem vvitli great pleasure and generallj- make the theme attractive, but no sooner docs our tyro get well into the meshes of a science, than he finds one after another of its nice distinctions failing utterly, and tluit to follow tlie literal meanings would often totally mislead. Thus we learn to regard technical names, espcciallj' those coming down from the old masters, as distinctive only, not necessarily descriptive. Names denoting locality are often quite as unfortun- ate as descriptive ones. I could fill the Gazkttp; with proofs that descriptive names as often fail in time to distinguish objecls, as they continue to distinguish them. The name becomes merely a meaningless term, retained out of reverence for tiie author or to show the early conception of the object. Linnteus and Cuvier — w^orthies held in reverence by every true lover of nature — were the jiioneers of modern research, and no better proof of their ability is needed than the statement that they studied and gave scientific names to every plant and ani- mal known at their day, many of which names are retained to the present and, no doubt, a few will be until the end of time; but, as a matter of history, nine-lenths of their names have been quietly dropped or boldly overruled by subsequent scientists The thing aimed at in nomenclature is distlnciiceiu'ss; the giving of such a name as will forever distinguish tiie object from every other in creation. In the naming of large families the disrinctions l)ecorae less prominent and certain, while upon the accession of a large number of species, the whole family has again and again to be re- vised. Each scientist aims as far as [jossilile to give descriptive names, but each learns from his predecessors how meaningless most of them become; so he easts about him for other names that will utirk he hopes, through time. And riglit here comes in one of the most beautiful and touching characteristics of the true scientist — the recognition of the labors and merits of others. Full well he knows the toil and exposure of the explorer, the study and pains-taking of the discov- erer; and also how illy both are requited with this world's goods; so he is ever ready to give the poor meed of honor to whom honor is due. With an object before him, the result of severe exploration or research, how naturally that the discoverer's name sliouid be indelibly associated with the new object; and with what love and loyalty he coins it into a technical distinction for the object given l)y unmeasured toil to science and the world. Generic names are Latin nouns arbitrarily formed often from some medicinal or other virtue, real or supj)csed, or some resemblance to other objecls, or they are derived from a country, or they are old classic words of no meaning whatever; and lastly tiiey are sometimes coined from the name of a distinguislie enthusiastic manner of confgr- ring honors, liiat I cannot forijear offering them for record in your columns. During the past winter, while sludying natural hi.^toiy at Webber lake (where also I celebrated, with bon-fires for three months, the victory of Gilia Parri/w), a certain lit- tle plant found the May before, on the Mohave river, along with Giliu Farrya' and other new things, attracted frecfuent examination, and every time left me more and more puz- zled to determine where it belonged in our new liotany '1' Caliiornia. At last I took courage to describe it briefly and send my only remaining siiecimen to Dr. Gray, to whom I had sent a plant at the time of collecting, but wiio, for some reason, had omit- ted to report As afterward appeared, at the same time my letter was on its way to Dr. G. asking for a name, a letter from him was on its way to Dr. Parry, at Davenport, loAva, stating that he had just come upou a mislaid plant "that was received May 16th, 1S66, from our 64 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. worthy Lemmon," ami wliich "proves to be not a Ouldenia, as at first supposed, but a neat, new uenus," et<'. "And now Lemmon's devotion to Mrs. Parry," (alluding to Giliii Parn//i\) "is rewarded. I mean to rejoiee the coccles of his sensitive heart, and do a just deed by naming this humble l)ut interesting plant, Lemmonid Cnlifornic(( ! 1 take the specilic name,' {Californicd,) he adtis, "in order to send Lemmon's name down to posterity along with that of his adopted State, in which the most of his arduous labor for botany has been i)erformed. Please forward this letter to him," he concludes, ''with my continued regards and a rousing cheer for Lemmonia Californica! Hurrah! Yours, evei-, A. Gkay." — J. G Lemmon, Sierra Valley, Cal. Fj>oha of Nokth America, by Asa Gray. — This is part of a work that we have all been waiting for and is one that must be in the library of every working botanist. The Flora of North America by 'J'orrey and (4ray stopped, thirty-five years ago, at the end of tlie order Ciniipuxitu-. This part is the first of Volume second, containing Gamo- jM'tahe after C'lnnpositw. The intention is to conclude the second volume with two more parts. Part II containing Apetalw and Gi/mnosjyermu', and Part IH, Monocotyledones and Vascular Cryptogamia. Then the first volume will be worked over and brought to date. Thus the whole work will consist of two volumes, imperial octavo, of about 1,200 pages each. It is hardly necessary to refer to the style and general arrangement of the volume. The name of its author guarantees to us the most philosophical arrange- ment along with terse and lucid descriptions It is a fit crowning work for a long life devoted to the earnest study of North American botany. We hope that the demands for this volume will encourage Dr. Gray to prepare for an early publication of the remain- ing parts. The price is fixed at the very low sum of five dollars. For this sum, the Curator of Ilarcarcl University Ilerhariiim, Cambridge, Mass., will send a copy by mail, paying the postage, to anj^ post oiflce address within the United States. The retail price at the publishers is six dollars. Let me urge u|)on all the readers of the Gazette who have not already provided themselves with copies, to send at once for this volume, for it marks an era in the history of North American botany and does away with the necessity of a whole library of government reports, special coiitributitms, proceedings of societies, etc., etc. Recent PuBLic.vnoNS. — We have space merely to acknowledge the receipt of a few of the Journals and special iniblications sent to this oflice since the last issue. American Journal of Srienrc and Arts, May and June. American N((turalist, June. •Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, A])ril and May. The Valley Naturalist, May and June. Proceedings of the Dacenport Acadenry of Natural Sciences, Vol. II, Part I. (hdalogve if the Pinenoganaiiis and Cryptoganaius Plants (including Lichens) of the Doniiniiin ^ feet high, growing in patches in prairies. It blooms about April 1st. Fruit ripens about July 1st, but is seldom produced. ("More abund- ant and larger in Texas. P. riDularis, Scheele, is another form of /*. Chicasa uudis- tinguishable from this." Engelmann.) Primus gracilis, Eng. and Gr. Pt. lAnOh. 1, p. 36. With thicker, broader and often obtusish leaves, ^-1)2 inches long and Jo-l inch broad, with spreading mucronate teeth (or nearly so) above, jiaier, reticulated and downy l)eneath; dru])e globose, 6 lines in diameter; stone thick, rather blunt, with a protuberant, thick and rounded margin. LA shrub l^^-2 feet high. Sandy woods and prairies, rare. Very near the north-eastern P. maritiraa. Gilleiiia stipulacea. Null. Common. Sa/tgi/i.sorha annua, Nutt. Sulphate Hats, where it is erect and simple or sparingly liranched; fields, where it is decumbent and much ))ranched. Rosa setigera, Mx. Common. ilosa Carolina, L. Arkansas river. Roxa hicida, Ehrli. (R. pareiflora, P]lirh.) Dry woods, scarce. lio.'ta folioloHa, Nutt. Subterranean stems stolonifenuis and widely spreading; erect branches a foot high or less, bearing in the first year a single or sometimes 2 or 3 flowers and generally dying down to the base; large pod depressed-globose, like the I 68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. short peduncle usually with a few gland-bearing bristles, its calyx lobes erect or slightly spreading, at last deciduous, bristly glandular, the outer somewhat pinnati- tid. Dry open woods and prairies. Rihes aureum, Pursh. Limestone cjifts. Sax'ifragd Virginiensis, Mx. The plant occun-iug in Atoka county is low (1-3 Inches high), the capsule mostly 3-beaked, flowers clustered even in fruit. Wetprairiesi common. The normal form occurs on Arkansas river. Seduiii ,sp((rsiflo)'u/ii,lSutt. Sulphate flats, common. Annual. Gmira sinuata, Nutt. Sulphate flats. (Eiwthera rhombipetala, Nutt. Arkansas river. (Enothera speciosa, Nutt. Rich prairies, whether limestone or not. Rather com- mon. (Enothera serrulata, Nutt. Prairies, rare. (Enothent linifolta, Nutt. Sulphate flats. 3[entz('lia oligosperma, Nutt. Limestone cliffs. Mammillni-ia NtitUdlii, Engelm. Dry hills in prairies. Melothria pendula, L. Fort Smith. Daucus pusillus. Sulphate flats and diy woods. Common. Trepomrjms ^thusa, Nutt. Has the strong odor of carrot throughout. Fruit large. Thickets, not uncommon. PolyUtmia JVuttalln, DC. Prairies, common. Peucedanum foeniculaceicm, Nntt. Dry ridges. Mostly in limestone where it is common. Gynosciadum pinnatum, DC. Leaves mostly lanceolate and nearly entire. Large specimens have some of the leaves pinnate. Pools, rather common. Apiu))i {AiuoscUnum) Popei, (Gray). Sulphate flats where it is 1-2 inches high, and thickets where it is 4-G inches high, common. Umbels oppositifoliate. Apium {LeptocauUs) patens, (Gray). Arkansas river. Apium (LejJtocaulis) dtvaricatus, (Gray). Blue county. Chmrophyllam procumhens, Lam. Very common. OsmorrhisK longistylis, DC. Alluvial woods, rare. Symplioriearpus vulgaris, Mx. Very common. Galium oirgatum, Nutt. Limestone blufls, uncommon. Fedia rudiata, Mx. Verj' common. Fedia longiflora, T. ct G. Tube of the corolla rose-purple, the limb white; flowers larger than in any other of our Fedias. Limestone clift's. Fedia Nuttallii, T. A; G. Flowers also large, but narrower than in F. longiflora; bracts variable, entire or red ciliate. Readily distinguished from any other si^ecies by a curious spur like appendage on the side of the corolla tube. Springy places and sul- phate flats. — [To be continued.] Fresh Water Alg^:;. — The question is often asked. Why are there so few who en- gage in the study of the Fresh Water Alga;? Is it devoid of interest? The Algae are ranked as a higher order of plants than the Fungi and the Lichens, yet of these there are numerous students; if they And so much to interest, the AlgtB ought to claim at least an equal share of attention. Si)ecimens may be collected in almost all localities in common with other forms of Cryptogamic plants, and they are found at all seasons of the year. Early spring brings forth its varieties of livid green Higeocloniams and Mothrhu's which lived protected under the snow and ice during the vigorous cold of winter ; and many varieties of Cacci, without protection maintain their perfect forms and colors; later, as the more genial sun reinvigorates the vegetable kingdom these small but perfect plants are developed everywhere in places supplied with sufficient mois- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. m are, with woiulorful rapidity. The hot sun of June and July is no hindrance but accelerates the growth ; now rivers, ponds and pools are made green with the abund- ance of many of the more common forms; the sultry weather of August and Septem- ber is favorable to the development of other varieties on moist or shaded grounds, old w'ood, walls, trunks of trees, &c. There is no season until the earth is again covered with snow and the rivers are bound up with thick layers of ice, in which the collector is not richly rewarded in his researches. Specimens are easily preserved. When it can be done they ought to be examined when fresh, but dried and laid aside for years, Ihey may be taken up and examined with profit. I was particularly struck with this fact, recently examining a collection made in part, some ten and tifteen years back. The specimens retained their generic and specific characters well. Is variety, delicacy or beauty an object, they are not excelled by the Fungi or Lich- ens, nor by their nearer kin the larger marine plants, that attract so much attention from the lovers of the beautiful; true, they are generally very small ; the eye needs as- sistance and generally a good compound microscope, but the admiration and the won- der excited is none the less. A single drop of carefully collected*pond water will often be found to contain a score or more of smaller forms, all perfect in symmetry, beauti- fully shaded with chlorophyl, or variously tinted with orange-yellow, purple or golden red. So small and yet so perfect; the wonders of the Divine mind are no less evident here than in the greater works of His design. But in studying the lite history of these plants the mind is constantly fed with new enjoyments. I cannot forget the first time I observed the "l)irlh of an (Edogon- ium." I had under the microscope a number of filaments of a plant of this genus; I had been studying the form and character of the oogonias and now was taking the pro- portions of the length and breadth of the cells, when I saw two cells separating at the joint, and a sack-like form slightly protruding; it was something new to me; I kei)t my eye on it; it moved very slowly but perceptibly, gradually protruding mcn'e and more; soon it was quite out, distorted in form from the pressure it was subjected to in passing through so narrow a passage ; in less than five minutes more it changed to a perfect sphere, a head became evident in a somewhat raised colorless point Avith two cilia on opposite sides of it, these begin to move, the vibration becomes more ra])id and communicates motion to the new born thing, it oscillates, and olf it darts. In less than fifteen minutes others come to life, and now there are four or five of these "zoospores" darting about in their narrow confines in the field of the microscope. We need not wonder that such men as Ehrenberg and others classified these living spores with the infusoria, they appear to possess volition, how they dart about, but alwajs avoid each other, never collide; the period of their existence is short, in less than half an hour they come to rest, the animal goes back again to the vegetable, they change in foim from spherical lo oblong, then the heads or ciliated ends gradually put forth prong-like projections, these are the rootlets of a new plant which take hold of any suitable sub- stance near by; the jdants elongate by developing cell to cell until we see duplicates of the original mother plant. The life history of these plants is full of interest and very important for classifica- tion, and a large field is here open for investigation. Have you a desire to make a beginning, where shallyou get specimens ? Are there near by larger or smaller slow streams, or slieltered angles beside more rapid waters, these are sure to contain something, Spirogyra, Cladophora, Mic-rosjioi-a or some other of the common things; or stagnant pools will furnish Qulogonium of some va- riety, Zygnema, Horniospora, i.V;c., or if you have a pond with Ulricularia, or ]\l3'rio- phyllum, gather a (piantity, take it hence and wash it by shaking it well in a bucket of clean water, let it settle, pour ofi'lhe surface until you have a tolerably thick sediment, this will certainly contain some, perhaps very many varieties, of Desmids, beautiful 70 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. objects for examination under tlie microscojie ; or are there damp, or drii)ping rocks, gatlier some of tlie crusts, or gelatinous coatings, yon will find in them Sirosiphon, Scytonema, perhaps Glococapsa, Palmclla, or Nostocs and the like. We rarely find one plant alone, generally two or tlux'e forms intermingled. The field is so large, the variety so great, the forms so diversified, yet all so perfect in symmetry, the study can- not fixil to impress the mintl and often excite the utmost enthusiasm. The study has been much neglected, there is much to be worked up. Europe boast of upward of two thousand species. We should find no less; but hitherto we have only seven hundred species recorded. Much remains undone. — Fkakcis Wolle, BdMehem, Pa. Erratum.— In my list of plants from the Indian Territory contained in the Ga- zette for June, pp. 49, 50, the following errors have been detected. The reader will please correct them : Delpluiiiam occidentcde. This is D. aziireain, Mx., a very cauescent variety. Lepidium integrifoUum, should be read L. intermedium. Gray. The leaves are en- tire. As^tracjnlus recticarpus. This plant is a form of Tndir/ofera leptosepahi, Nutt. with very narrow leaflets. Elymus CttiiadeiiHin, var. minim ii.i^ is Ilordevm, pn sill urn, Nutt. Sj)imnthes Romanzovinna. This plant is now thought to be an undescribed species. More time and material are wanted for its recognition. — A. Wot)D. PoLYTRiCHUM TENUE Menzies, Lindb.=P. PennsyUduicum, IIkdw.= Pof/o?iatti7n hrevicaule Brid. ; Suli.iv. Icoues. PoLYTRiciiUM I3UACHYPHYLLUM, lSlicnx.=Pflgoni(tum hrachi/phi/llum, Beauv ; SuLLiv. Icones. Probably the male plants of both these species always occur, in their season, in the same localities where the female plants abound. In P. tenne the male plants are often mixed, yet they evidently are not developed in the same nidits. The male plants are very numerous and conspicuous, apparently acaulescent, but projecting a kind of stem, which is clothed with the confervoid fllamcuts, into the earth, simple or branched. Leaves dark brown or brownish red, numerous and crowded into globular or rosulate heads, spatulate or Habelliform, mucronately acuminate, stronglj" eostate, subdentateor crenate, often subunduiate. Antheridia very numerous, paraphysate. (Vide Muse. Appalach, No. 2o3.) The male plants mature in July and August; the female in Sep- tember and October. In P. Irachypliyllnm. the male and female plants grow together (always?) and apparently are developed in the same nidvs. The male plants are ex- tremely minute, bemg invisible to the naked eye, and only visil)le by the aid of a good lens as mere i-eddish specks on the surface of the more highly developed protliallus. They are ovate, acaules(;ent, eradiculose (not being immediatelj' attached to the ground). Leaves few (about 5), red or reddish brown, lax, ecostate, entire obtuse or obtusish, the outer ones roundish, the inner ones (often narrowly) spatulate. Antheridia few (about 4), short antl thick (oblong-cylindrical), ei)araphysate. The male plants mature in early spring (in the Southern Stales) (he female in late autumn (in New Jersey). — C. F. Austin. DAUiaNGTONiA C'ai,tkohnica, Toini. — In Sei)tember, 1874, while ol)serving the hab- its of Darlingtonia, 1 found a great many small white larva^ in the iii[ui(l and insect mass at the bottom of the tubes. They were found in all the tubes, even those of the seedling leaves conlained from one to three, while in the larger leaves they numbered hundreds. I tried, in vain, to find out what insect produced the larvte and to note any change in them. They are always i)resenl winter and summer, and even active even when the thermomelcr marks zero. They make tlieir appeariince in tlie young leaves BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 71 soou after tlie}^ begin to secrete the clear liquid in the tubes before the orifice of the hoodt; are <)i)eii, and n.) trace of any insects in the liquid for them to feed on. If tlies, or small Ijiis of Iresh meat be placed in the tubes having closed hoods, the larva' will iuimcdiatel}' begin feeding on tiieni, and if the pieces are no larger than grains of wheat nothing will remain after forty-eight hours In February, 187,"), 1 made an exauiiuatiou of the larv^te when the thermometer was a little below zero, and the liquid in the tubes was frozen down to the insect mass. I found them nunu-rous and active. I selected four tubes of average size and took them home for tlie purpose of numbering the larvie. In the first was 59; second 82; third 1(58, and fourth 3il(>.— 11. M. Austin, Cresce/d MUls, Culiforida. Lkttkk Fuo.M Dix.. Louis W.vtson, Ellis, K.vxsas. — We are permitted to j)lace the following interesting letter before our readers through the courtesy of Mr. Sereno Wat- son : "The princii»al matter I wished to mention tt) you in relation to Botany, is the great inequality of the abundance of certain i)iants upon these i)lains, in dilleient years. In 1872 or 3, Mdlca strum coccineum. was very abundant, so much so in comparison with previous years, as (o be remarked upon b}' some of the residents as a new plant here. This was a mistake of course, for every yeiir since it has been common, but not so abundant. In 1874 Aue/no/w CaroUiuann covered acres of ground, large patches being purple iu color (or blue as I called it), and otlier large [)atches white. I met with one small patch of 25 or iJO plants which were piWi'. In '75 and '70 they were only com- mon, and iu '77, rare or very few. In '74 also Alllam (ruticiddtum?) was abundant in patches of a few square rods, conspicuous as red or pinkish patches. Also similar but less abundant patches of a white flowered AUiam. During the subsequent years, though common, very much less abundant. The same year there were large patches of a yellow flowered cruciferous plant, (I forget what), in bloom after the Anemones. I have seen no siniilar patches since, except Nartttrtvum sumatmn in damp i>ond-like places. In 1876 Grindeiin ts'inarnxa covered the whole countiy, but in '77 I did not see luO s])ecimens. Enphorbin i/ntrf/uiKfa was rather rare, and most abundant where the sod had been disturbed, or the land broken, yet iu 187G, some of the distant hills. were whitened by its abundance. In 1877 only as usual Where the sod is turned, for fire- guartls for instance, no matter in what out of the way region on the divides, these tiiree plants invariably appear, viz: Euphorbid HKtrgiimUi, SoIuhiuh rostratain and Mdrtyiiid 'prubutscklen. In the 3-ear following the grasshoppers, an annual, soon perishing grass, was very abundant and was called a new grass to the country. There has been little of it since. I never nu't with I'l/ropappus f/ru/ulijiont.s until in 1877, and then only two s])eciinens, until I found (piitc; a iiumber (75 or so) at the edge of the village on an acre or so of light soil which had been ])lowed only in 1871. It is my impression that out here I have not seen Aryeinone Mejricana except on disturbed ground, always the white variety. What is the origin of the "fairy rings" so frequent on the i)lains? Sometimes they are simply more or less perfect eirdcs of greener gj-ass, of a width of from 0 inches to a foot and of a diameter fnnn 2 or 3 feel to 12 or 14 feet. I have seen some of which the principal vegetation was Lqndiuin Virginkwiii, but as a general thing they are only fresher looking "biillalo grass" of the plains. Itarely there are fungi, as an imperfect row of puff balls at the outer edge of the belt." Feriss of Trinidad. — Mr. Augustus Fendler, who began his botanical work as a collector thirty years ago, when he first explored the region of Santa Fe, New Mexico, and made an admirable and well known collection, and who afterwards made still larger collections in Venezuela, is now resident in tlie Island of Trinidad. He pro- poses to collect all the species of Ferns and fern-like plants of that rich tropical island, 72 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. and to distribute them iu sets. Tlie first installiueut, containing complete and hand- some specimens of 78 species, is just received in excellent condition. The price is %1M) per set. Application may be made to the Curator of Harvard University Herb- arium, Cambridge, Mass. The species will speedily be named by Professor Eaton, of Yale College, and a i)riuted li.st furnished. — A. G. Mr. Fendler's Trinidad Ferns are very fine specimens, carefully collected^ and pre- served with uncommon success. They arc, perhaps without exception, in fruit; and illustrate admirably the general character of the Ferns of Tropical America. The only criticism that can be offered is that many of them are so large and fine that they cannot be brought witiiin the dimensions of ortLinary herbarium paper without some clipping, a thing which a lover of Ferns does not like to do. The sets contain several species of Tree-ferns, examples of Fulybotrya, Aiieimia, OUa/ulra, Da/uea, and other tropical gen- era, and a good series of West-Indian Adidnta. I am preparing a list of their names, and it will be ready for publication pretty soon. — I). C. Eaton. Notes fiiom the Blue Ridge, Va. — Just betore reaching the summit of the Blue Ridge, "Fancj^ Gap Pass," the roadsides, for one or two miles, were lined with Rhodo- dendron and Kalmi((,ih.e latter in full bloom, as magnificent a display as I have ever met. Near this point a small stream crosses the road and spreads itself over a marshy tiat. In the marsh, we again found Boi/kinia, Galopogo/i aud Drosera, slIso Azalea vis- co.sti in full l)loom. At the summit we found Pyralaria and Olethra acuminata in every direction. In the rivulets Boykinia and also Tiututvetteria palinata and Veratruin viride, Saxifraga erosa, Farnassia Caroliniana ?, Magnolia acuminata, M. Fraseri and M. Umbrella; Viola rotundifolia, Listera convallarioides, Hook., Microstylis 7nono2)hyllos, Lindl., Amianthium musccBtoxicum, Gr., Osmunda regalis, 0. cinnamomea, Dicksonia pa.nciilobula. The above list may seem small, but our time was limited and our object to secure si)ecimens of several plants. There are some others, not yet satisfactorily placed, of which j^ou will be informed if they i)rove of interest. On Juue2Tth we left the confluence of Little and Big Reed Island. No change in the flora seemed striking, until we neared Jenning's Store, a few miles this side of Hillsville. Here, iu a branch, we esj^ied, for the first time, one of the plants we were iu search of, Boykinia aconitifolia. Pursuing the search, we found Calopogon pul- chellua and Brosera rotundifolia in the marshy grounds. Just beyond Jenning's Store a rivulet crosses the road. Here again we found Boykinia in abundance; also Euony- mun Ainericanus, Gillenia trifoUata marked by more copious foliage and more distinctly colored stems than our Wythe Co., plant, Ileliaiitheinum Canadense and Chrysogonum Virginicuin were found on the road sides. — Howard Siirivek, Wytlieville, Va. Fkkns of Kentucky, by John Williamson. — This book is one of the most timely publications we have received, for it is both convenient and cheap. It contains sixty full-page etchings and six woodcuts, di'awu by the author. When we state that in ad- dition to these it contains full descriptions, blank pages for notes, and articles on the structure, cultivation, fertilization, collecting and drying, and classification of ferns, it will be acknowledged by all to be a marvel of cheapness. The etchings are very super- ior, the subjects being beautifully handled and true to nature. An advanced notice of this work appeared in the Gazette for June, p. 54, written by Mr. Davenport, and such hearty words of commendation from so high an authority should be sufficient to re- commend it to every botanist. Although entitled the "Ferns of Kentucky," it is al . most a complete hand-book for the neighljoring States, and with but few additions would sulfice for all the States west of the mountains and east of the Mississippi. We- liope the l)Ook will meet with ready sale and we can cordially recommend it to the readers of the Gazette. For price and address see advertisement on the second page of the cover. Owing to the fact that both the Editors are absent on a Botanical trip the next num- ber of the Gazette will be delayed two weeks. f?>v^wR''' co?i^ BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I/OL. 8 SEPTEMBER, 1878. No. 9 Orobanche minor. lis New Jersey. — In the early part of June I collected near Haddontield in Saw Jersey, about five miles from Camden, a specimen of Orohnnche iiiiiKir. This plant has been on my mind for a long while, as I had seen a few speci- mens that were said tu have been collected in this vicinity some years ago. The ad- denda to tiie last edition of Gray's Manual mentions it, as having been found "in the vicinity of Washington, and has been met with in Ncav Jersey ; but it may not long abide." As is well known this class of plants are parasites on the roots of other plants, and this species is mentioned as being parasitic on clover. It is a native of Europe where it is one of the widest spread species, extending into Asia. The finding of a sin- gle plant was an occasion for me to rejoice, but about an hoiir later I detected it in great abundance, hundreds if not thousands of specimens within a space of two or more acres. The owner of the property states that this is the second year he has no- ticed il in tlie yard altaclicd to his dwelling, but could give no reason for its presence tiiere. The ground had not been disturbed for yeaj's ; no grass seed had been recently sown, nor fertilizers ai)i)lied, whereby the seed could have l)een introduced; it seems, therefore, very singular that it should api)eai in such abundance and from no ascer- tainable cause. The height of the specimens varied from three inches to two feet two inches, and only in this extraoixlinary size does it ditier from the European plant. The parasitic habit was easily determined, and generally was found attached to the roots of 7'/-//'o/'////// ^y/'t(/^//.s7', sometimes, however, on Trifi>liuiii repcntf and Poa pratensis^hwi very often it was growing independent of the foster plant entirely. Sometimes the attachment was on the main roots, often on the lateral rootlets, generally one specimen in a place, Imt in one instance eight si)ecimens were growing on a single clover root. Tlic pur|ile a|)pearance of the flowers was very manifest, but one robust plant attracted my attention by its A-ellowish color; this on examination I found to be attached to the roots of Wild Carot, y^r/^/YWf.s Qirota. This specimen, according to DeCandolle, is Orfl- liaiirhe 'iiriiKir, vin\,fliirfftri'ns, at one time regarded as a distinct species, under the name of Oi'(>ht(ii(iii' Carota. One week later I collected a specimen on the deposits of ballast at ('amden, N. J., growing on Trifidiion iwpeii-x: this is the tirst instance of a parasitic l)lant occurring on oui' ballast grounds. At a recent meeting of the Botanical section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, considerable discussion was had, as to the manner of the attachment beina' formed, whether the seed germinated near the surface of the ground, and sent a radicle downward until it reached a root to cling to, or whether the attachment was made while the root was near the surface, and carried into the ground in some other way. On a second visit to the locality, I collected a si)ecimen that seemed to illustrate the case, as the cdover root, at a depth of three inclies below the surfiice of the ground, had on il an abundance of the roots of the OvdlxnuiJic, attached, so as to resemble mon- iliform bnlljlets, or in a diminutive way, strings of onions. These were examined un- der the microscojie and the tissues of the two plants were found to be so closely inter- woven, as to render it uncertain as to the point of union. In this case it was evident that the iittachment was made under ground, as the growth of the root of the clover would be from the extremity, and consequently could not carry such a substance from the surface of the ground downward. 74 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. This species (whether it is so in all I cannot say,) has an enlargement or thicken- ing of the base of the stem, sometimes an inch in diameter, and somewhat in appear- ance, like the corm of the Indian Turnip, with the little fascicle of roots coming out at the side instead of at the bottom part. It is not unlikely that these may retain suffi- cient vitality to preserve the plant over winter, as many specimens showing no attach- ment to the roots of any other plant were attached in a cluster around one of these tliickened bases, the upper part of the jdant having long since decayed. On cutting- one of them open it was found to be as tirm and solid as those of a growing plant. Withering, in his Arrangement of British plants, speaks of this species as being "a destructive weed in Surrey and Essex, highlj^ injurious to the clover crops." AVhether it may become so in this country or not, only the future can determine, but no little anxiety and even alarm was felt in the neighborhood, when it became known what the plant was. A single specimen will produce sufficient seed to stock the whole neighborhood, and unless these hardened bases should be found to retain vitality for sevei'al years, the early mowing of clover fields will prevent its increase, and probablj' destroy it entirely. — Isaac C. Maktindale, CatiuUn, New Jersey. A LIST OF SOME OF THE MOST INTERESTING SPECIES OF PLANTS COI,I,ECTED IN THE Indian Teuuitory; by Geo. D. Butler. — [concluded from p. 68.] Li<(t)-i>i elec/ans, Willd. Sandv woods. Licit ris piDu-tdta, Hook. Dry prairie hills and sulphate flats. Aster paludonus, Ait. Rich prairies, uncommon. Aster sericeus, Vent. Sandstone ridges. Aster (iiioiJKilux, Engelm. Sandy woods. Erif/eroa ditarleatum, Mx. Roadsides. Erifieron teiine, T. & G. Sulphate fiats; common. Clueto-paiypa usteroides, DC. The smallest plant of my acquaintance m this familj^ and the earliest in liloom. Tlie ligulate flowers are curled back soon after opening. Sandstone hills. Aiiiphliiclt(/ris dracunctiloides, DC The tough, elastic stems and branches make good brooms. Yards, common. Oriiidelid Uniaeoldta, ISiiM., var. latifoli((,^uge\m. Stem low and simple or spar- ingly branched (sulphate fiats), or tall and widely branched (fields and fence rows); heads large; leaves elliptical, sessile, cuspidate, serrate. Ghrysupsis rillasa, Nutt. Sulphate flats. Heterotliecd seabra, DC. Fort Smith. Silphium scaberrimum, Ell. Low prairies. E ihgelmiiinia pinnatifidd , T. ic G. Limestone. Iva ciUiita, Willd. Wet places . Icii ai)!/uKt(fflIi(f, Nutt. Sulphate fiats. Rudheckia aUsmcefoiiti, T. & G. Prairies, common. Dmoopis amplexicaulis, Cass. Wet prairies. Helianthus lenticularis, Dougl. Fields, introduced. Heliantlius rigid us, Desf. Prairies Ilelidiotlms iiKillis, Lam. Prairie knolls. Coreopsis aristosti, Miclix. Low prairies. Coreopsis laiiceolata, varV Every way larger, especially the darker colored achenes. Limestone clifl's. Coreopsia tinctoria, Nutt. Very common. Coreopsis (/nnidiflora, Nutt. Prairies, common. Coreiipsis disroidca, T. &' G. Pools, on Cephulutt.thm. During tlie rainy season when the pools are well tilled with water, the floating seeds lodge against the Cephulan- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 75 thus, ami tht'sie sprouting, their roots run dowu enveloping tlie stem of tlie shrub with a tangled mass, often for a distance of two feet or even more, presenting a curious sight toward the close of the dry season when the pools have dried up and the Coreop- sis is in bloom. I'helespermdfilifoliiun, Gray. Limestone. Gdilliirdid hinreohifd, j\[ichx. Pi'airie knolls. HyiiicnopdpptiK corymbosnn, var. Nuttdlliaiius, T. A: G. Limestone. Ileleiiiuiii. tciiuifoliuiii, Nutt. Introduced. Leptopodd hrdchypodd, T. tt G. Pools, rather common. Cedtdured Americand., Nutt. Fooi" to seven feet high in fields, in prairies with smaller heads and stems 1-2 feet high, common. Apogod Juidu'lh^'EU. Wet places, common. Krif/id occidentdlis, Nutt. Prairies. Pyirhopdppus Cdvolinidims, DC . Prairies. Lohdid dppend/nildta, DC. The most common Lobelia in this region. Also in Franklin county. Ark., '-Near Little Rock and at Memphis" EiKjehnaaa. (This is the plant referred to in "Additions to the Flora of Arkansas," see Botanical Gazette, Vol. 2, p. 104, where it was called L. hrevijlora). ISpecuk(i-i(( perfolidtd . DC. Rather common. Speruldria Ludovicidiid , Torr. The most common species of prairies, woods and sulphate flats. Spcculdrid leptofdi-pii. Gray. Sulphate flats and dry hills. Ydcvinium arborcum, Michx. Rockj^ woods, common. 1 lev decidud, Walt. Rocky streams. Buinelid Idniiginoiia, Pers. Dry woods. I'ldiitdfjo puxiUd, Nutt. Ver}' common. Large specimens have toothed leaves. Pldiitdyo heferopliylld, Nutt. Sulphate flats, raie. Pldiifdfld Patdgoiiicd,\i.iv., (jadplidlioides, (jri-dy. Prairie ki^olls. Phiiitdijo Patdgonicd, var., spinulosa'i Gray. Prairie knolls. Plddtiujo Patdgtt(dtid. inflatn, Ell. Arkansas river. Bigdonia cdjyreoldtd, L. Red river. Catdlpd bignoniot'dt's, Walt. Arkansas river. PedUU'didd- grdciliii, Nutt. Dr}' ])rairies. I'l'dtxtnmnrlamgatus, Sol., var., Digitalis, Gray. Prairies. (rcrdrdiu grand ijford, Ilenth. Dry woods. Cdst/lleid j)drpii.rrd. Null. Perennial, stems cicspitose. Not parasitic V Lime- stone c litis. llrdcdiiKi hispidd, Pursh. Common. iSaloia dzarer<(, Engelm. and Gray. Sulphate flats, common. Hydrolea ocata, Nutt. Common in i)Ools, beds of rock\' streams in Ai'kansas, "In La. and Texas." (jriliu coronopifdlia, Pers. Thicket.^- and prairies. Cuscuta infle.rn, Engelm Thickets, on Iierbs and shrubs. Cxbscutii dero/v/, Chois. Prairies. Cuscuta decora, var., Indcrora, Engelm. Suli)hale flats. Cuscuta ardcasis, Beyrich. Low prairies. Cuscuta cuspidata, Engelm. Prairies. Cttscuta glomrratii, Cliois. Rich prairies. Solanuiii rostnitum, Dunal. Introduced from the western plains. Pkysaf/'.s Itmceotafa, VAi.'f hu'suta, Engelm. Rough i)ubescent, erect and brandl- ing; leaves oval to oblong, large, entire. Dry soil. Suhli(iti,a a/igularis, Pursh. Prairie knolls. Sabbat ia cauipestris, Nutt. Very common. Asclepias obtusifolia, 3[ichx. Prairies. Asclepias steiwphylta, Gray. Prairies. Acerates ciridiflm-a. Ell. Leaves usually lance-ovate to lanceolate. Acerates longifolia. Ell. Dry soil Acerates aunculata, Engelm. Rare. Asclepiodora viridis. Gray. Prairies, C(mim inches lower down. Stem very slender. Prairies, isolated, uneonimon. Ncinitsti/li.'i iinifa/ l\,if^v]\n. A: (Jray. (A", f/nainipiirn '; Nutt.) 2-several flowered. Prairies, common. Aiiiidiif/ti/nii iiiii.'^ni'to.vicKin, Gray. I^arts of the Mower often in fours. Limestone. Srilhi B'ruxeri, Gray (Common. Allium iiuitdbilc, Mic.ix. Prairies, common. Yiiccd dii(inxtifi)tid, \ar.. mollis, Eniifdm. Dry hills. C'onuncljiKd aiii/u.sfifr.'lf'd, Michx. Dry sandy woods. Tr((desi-an1iii V injiiiiru, \j. Flowers sometimes wliite and rarely idse colored . A form occurs with fl()wer> aljout 2 inches in diameter and about 2 week.s earlier, with the wider leaves lineate with ^landulai' dots. Common. CypcruK r/'i/ctux. Willd. C'l/perux dn/ldrlx. Torr. Scirpiix liiifdtiix, Miciix. Fiiiihrixttil ix xpddiceii ' Vail I. Ixiilepix rariudtd, H. tk A. Srlcr/H hirtiild, Sw. Cd rev dciita.' \j. Alopecurux a rixtubitua, Michx. I'ools, conunon. Ar/'xtidd pdrpiirea, Nutt. Dry i)rairies. BdittduKd hirxiifa. Lay. Dry hills. (ri/id/dij)i/f/(i// racciidixiix, Heauv. Dr}" woods. Trirnxpix xtrirtam.) Sctdriu (jldtini, P.eauv,, var. Perennial and stolonifcrous ; apparently indigenous. Prairies, common. Rdtthd'llid ri/lindricd / Chapm. Prairies, common. Tripxdritiii (hiiii/i'oidi -:, L. f>ow prairio. Sorf/hn/ii ureiiticiiuni, C'hapm. Prairies. (Jlicihditlu'H linuviiiKixd, Nutl. Dry sandstone. Oph/ogloxxum vnUjatum, L. Itather common. iHoeten nieltmopoda, J. Gay. 78 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Iiioetei< Batleri, Eugelm., n. sp. See BoT. Gaz., Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 1, Neiirly all the species meutioned in tlu- above list were veritied by Dr. Geo. Eugel- mann. [As we have, perhaps tlioughtlessly, admitted to our pages articles not very compli- mentary to Mr. J. C. Arthur, it is but simple justice that the following answer be pub- lished-— Eds.] As IiE(iAKDs THE Floha OF lowA. — -Diuiog the last yea'- several articles* have ap- peared in print derogatory to the exhibit of the Iowa flora, as shown by my pamphlet, entitled "Contributions to the flora o{ Iowa." It is due to myself, and to all who may have occasion to use the Catalogue, that these receive some notice. In the Botanical Gazette for October, 1877, is "An Explanation." It says there has been made "a very unfortunate mistake for the credit of our State Flora, on the part of the authors (it is incomprehensible how I can be spoken of in the plui-al number) of our Catalogue, who report only 979 plants, while our whole number must be twice as many." Then follows a disparaging comparison with the 2,084 species of the Ne- braska Catalogue, iu which there is no mention that the latter contains 863 cryptogams, a class of plants not included in the Iowa list. The writer is then charged with gross negligence in preparing the Catalogue, etc., etc. The facts are these: In the pi-eparation of the Iowa Catalogue no elfoits were spared to make it as complete as possible. A tour of the State was made in order to *See BoT. Gaz. vol. 3, pp. r.3, 107, 314 and \U: al^^o Bull. Torr. Bot. (.!!.. March, 1878. • secure a personal consultation with every botanist and an examination of each herbarium then known to the writer. Moreover every precaution was taken to prevent mistakes in the deterininaiiou. When the evidence of authenticity was not satisfactory, the lo- cality was given in a foot-note, so as to hold the person reporting it responsible. Mere lists without the specimens received but little attention. Such a strict surveillance naturally excluded many names which might otherwise have l)een used. The object was to make a list of plants kntxrii to be growing in the State, and to exclude all others \\o\\(d\vv jirohKblc it might seem that they were natives. Such has also been the aim in making the additions (published iu the Proc. I)av. Acad. Nat. Sci.) to the Catalogue. In these addenda n;iines have been expunged, changed, or added, as required by later information. Printed co])ies are distributed to all Iowa botanists and to such others as desire them. As regards the method of i^ublishing additions to the State flora, I cannot think that the iudiscrimiuate and irresponsible use of the columns of botanical periodicals (better fljled with other matter) for local floras, is at all conducive to accuracy. To make a short and clear proof of this statement, I have tabulated all the additions to the Iowa Hoi'a one person has publisheil in tJiis manner; and as this is done through no ill will, 1)111 with the best of inlenticnis, all doubts in the discrimination have been re- solved in his favor: Bot. Gaz. Bot. Gaz. Bot. Gaz. Toku. Bull. „, .„■, r> ,. „, -Ian. '77. Juiu! -77. Oct. "77. Mar. -78. ^"'^'"- ^^' '^''"'• Correct aiirt sii1(fieiiiu'ntly publislied. . S 4 0 12 i4 38 Correct but already pnblishert :5 0 0 21 34 38 Donbtruliy detenniiied ti 3 1 3 H ]:^ Incorrectly deterniiucd .-> .-, 4 4 18 31 Without the scope ol' the Catalogue.. 5 11 1 8 10 Total 37 13 H 40 85 100 This shows that only 2S per cent, were luniu Jiilc adtlitious, that an equal number sl;ould not have been i)ublislied, over a fifth were incorrectly named, and 10 per cent, were of plants with which the Catalogue has nothing to do. 'i'ruthful information is earnestly desired, but such as the above table shows to have been published is mislead- ing and worse than none.— J. C. Arthur, Ayricaltural College, Ames, Iowa. 50TANIGAL GAZETTE. 79 ^ MoNOTROPA UNiFLOUA. — We read with much iilcasiire unci profit Dr. Kunze's notes upon Monotropa uiiifloni. and we are glad that our tornicr note called them out. While acknowledging- that the weight of the Doctor'^ practical experience militates strongly against ourprevious statement, we still think the evidence in the case warranted us in making a pretty strong statement ot probable poisoning. Since some grave doubts liave been thrown upon the correctness of our uttril)Uting the toxic influences mention- ed to Moiiotropd uu (flora, we have again investigated the case and have evidence that seems rather to strengthen our former statement. This matter we give to the leaders of the Gazette for their own conclusions. The young lady, concerned, did not gather the jilnnt in the woods, and hence could not have been poisoned by coming in contact with Ji/ius in that way. She re-aftirms her belief that she was poisoned by the Indian Pipe, as she was handling this plant when she crushed il with the results before mentioned. The examination took place at her home after the i)lant had been brought from the woods. Of course it is barely pos- sible that there might have been some roots of JiJixs about it when she was handling it; although the ])articular specimens, which are in my Herbarium, show no, indications of any matters belonging to another plant, nor do I remember to have seen any when the plants were first given to me. The young lady says she has often handled the Bhun To.r/'codendnm whhtiut any hud effects; but this having been done even several times might not be cf)nclusive evidence at all, that under other .states of tiic constitution this subtile poison would not reach her. Of course with the experience of Dr. Kunze and others made known to me, I rec ognize that the cumulative evidence bears stronglj^ against the isolated case we have l)resented. But I have given the facts just as they were given to me, without knowing that tile jdant had any particular value in therapeutics. If it is not a genuine case of jioisoning by this plant, the evidence, all things considered, is very stiong that way. — A. H. YOIIKG, Ldfnyrttf, Tiicl. Brydm Atwateri/E. — The discoverer of this plant was, as Elizabeth Emmerson of Vermont, a pupil at the Way Seminary in 1828, when the writer (then Mrs. Lincoln) was preparing for publication her lectures on Botany. Some forty years after this, the formei' pupil visited the writer at her home in Baltimore, introducing her husband, S. T. Atwater, Esq., of Ciiicago. She had cultivated the lo\e of science imbibed J'rom her school teachings. In affluent circumstances, without children, and with an indul- gent husband who was hajipy to gratify her literary and scientific taste, she hail trav- eled mucii and made extensive researches in Natural Science. After the renewal of our acquaintance she was a faithful and attentive correspond- ent. At my suggestion she presented to the "Maryland Academy of Sciences" a valu- al)le collection of four hundred botanical specimens. She was elected an honorary member of this society, which alter her death at Bufl'alo, N. Y., in Api'il, IN'IS. paid a fitting tribute to her memory, as an earnest laborer in the cause of .science. We take from a Michigan paper an extract from an •iddi-ess of I^rof. Albert D. Hager, before the Chicago Historical Society: "Mrs. Atwater was interested in several departments of science, but Botany was iier favorite study. During a sojourn in California she preserved moi'c than 2,000 specimens of plants, several of which were new to science." After recounting her val- uable historical records, her philanthropic efforts and her active and generous benevo- lence, the Professor closes by this remark, "It may, in truth, be said that the woiid is made the better as well as the wiser for her having lived in il." The following extract from a letter of Feb. 12th, 1878, to the writer, gives the his- tory of the discovery and naming of the Bryum Atioaferue: "I forward for your acceptance this little specimen. I believe you will feel an es- HO SOT AN I GAL GAZETTE. pecial inleresi in it, trom its having been found by your former pupil. T gatliered it with otlier i)lants. at tlie foot of tlie Yo.seniite Falls, in the Yoseniile Valley, Cal., on June, 24th, 1H7B. It beina- an infertile si)eeimen, T liesitated relative to pressing it, but was attracted by its peculiarity and i)ieseived several tufts of i1. Attaeliing no particu, lar value to it— being not in truit— yet greatly interested in its appearance, I did not send it with other plants, to friends for whom in my travels I am in the habit of col- lecting, but chanced to include one in a small pai'cel to my friend. Dr. Chas. Mohr, a German gentleman, resident in Mohile, Ala., and a tine botanist. He noticed it as new to himself and immediately forwarded the lutt Ui Dr. h'ad Mullrr. \\n- distinguished Bryologist m (Tcrmany. I quote from Dr. Mohr's letter in reference to it: 'Dr. Muller descrii)es that tine brown moss, of which you had sent me an infertile specimen, as a new sj^ecies, naming it in hou(u- of its enlliu.^iaslic discoverer, Brynin Atiratcruc. It is nearly allied to the B. nlpiiiuiii of Eur(V,(e." It was reported in the ■Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,' New York, August, 1874. " To this account of the discovery and naming of the plant under consideration, we will add that though the name of the genus Bripnn is ascriljed to Linnaeus, it seems to have been merged in with other genera of Mosses, and is not found in the works of many of our distinguished American Botanists. Lindley refers to IlooUer for a de- scription of the family Bry(ice Some Wkstern Plants.— Western ])lants uow and then turn up at the East, other tliau those which liave been introduced by railroad, cattle-transportation, and Mith grass-seed. Mr. Hitchiugs, of Boston, a verj' sharp-ej-ed observer, has recently brought me, from the borders of a pond in Winchester near here, the three following plants, growing together : E •h'li^Urn^i p-irnulu^, E:igelm., a re-discovery, having iic'ii |V)'ind near here b^- Thos. P. James, ten years ago. Srirpm sapiima, var., II[oiKlay (Sept. 2) at 7 A. M., we started on the Morris and Essex R. R. and were in Newton, the county town of Sussex, by 9 A. M. Thence by carriage over hills we travelled six miles westward to a beautiful little lake, called Smartswood Pond, lying in the valley of the Pauliu's Killcreek, about five miles east of the Blue Ridge. Its length is about three miles and its greatest width one; but its outline is irregular. The day was warm, but tenii)erod by a fine breeze. No time was lost in hiring a boat and a man to row it. Off we pushed and directed our course to the largest of the three patches of Nelumbo found in the lake. It occupies a sheltered, curving bay on the north, and is perhaps a dozen acres in extent, and is discernible to the practiced eye afar off, Itecausc many of the big, pelt late leaves, as large and round as young Norval's father's shield, and elevated on stou- pelioles about two and a half feet above the surface of the water, and amongst them, here and there, appeared peduncles as long and stout bearing the curious top-shaped receptacles with their embedded seeds nearly ripe. These tossed by the l»reezc pre- sented a novel and charming sjiectacle, as we drew near and glided through them. Ir brought to mind Longfellow's description of the lakes f)f the Atchafalaya when ti'av- ersed by Evangeline : '•resplendent in beauty tlie i.otus I.iftcd licr golden crown above the heads of the boatmen," wliich fr:)m my observation I suspect to be a practical exaggeration. Other leaves, of all sizes, float, and the drops of water dashed ui)on them liv the dip of the oar, or the inflowing waves, rolled and shifted with a silvery luster like drops of quicksilver, 'i'lic same repellant power you may have noticed in those of another i)lant. the golden club, fh-(iiiihnii (if/ii)iticuiii, wliicli is not strictly a coast plant, since it is not uncommon in swamiis as far west as the summit of the .MIeglianies. 82 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Open spacers amongst the Nelumbium were covered with the floating leaves ot NyniphiP b odorata, and an occasional flower of Jsfii.phav adoena and of Drumma peltatn in fruit. Along the shore near by, stood up ranks of Pontederui cordnta with its spikes of lovely blue. Scanning narr()wly the leaf-carpet on the water, as we slowly passed across, two plants, new to New Jersey and not known to grow so far to the southeast, revealed- themselves, peeping just far enough above tlie water to expand their flower buds into bloom. Nasturtium lacustre and Bideiu Beekii. I need hardly tell you that these treasures were booked. Nearly the whole coast line is rocky and alirupt. Only at one point is there a low marsh of considerable extent, overflowed at times, and cov- ered with bushes and tussocks of grasses and carices, with black mud between. Not a trace of Sphaginnii was discovered. Here grew Raramciilus nitUt/fdtis, M/'kauia .scinidens, Nexd'ii miicilldta, Rumex Brifa/uu'nis and Cnrex comosa. Around the shelving margin of u rocky promontory, where an abundance of Scirjms validun lined the water's edge, we struck upon dense masses of Eleocluiriti (ivjidrnnguhita, its square culms, rising from the sluiUows two feet above the surface, tijiped with yellow spikes, suggesting an an- cient army with its forest of spears. This was an excellent And. There too were gath ered Cladium inarixroidex and Erioraidon scptangulare. Two Potamogetons are verj- plentiful and beautiful to look down upon as they flourish in the pure, clear water, Potiiinofieton Eobbinsii, fern like in ajipearance, and P.mnpUfolius with its broad, curl- ed leaves. No sign of flower or fruit could lie found on either. Other plants noted by us are Ilieraciwa C'dn/idense, T'a.vus bamitft, var. Guiutdensix, Suiinirus cernuiifi and Pgl- tandra Virginiea. Of course the few brief hours of one summer day, and the hurried exploration of a few spots could not assure us that Ave had seen all that was worth see- ing in, upon and around the, charming Smartswood Lake. About the middle of the afternoon we turned our faces towards home and reached Easton at 7 P. M., well satis- fled with our floral gains, with the enjoyment ot travel and scenery and glad to have discovered another place worth visiting for plants or pleasure within easy reach."' Fekns in South Florida. — As In colder so in this warmer climate ferns luxuriate ' best in moist, shady places, but instead of the secluded nooks and sloping banks of musical rivulets we meet them generally in low rich hummocks of dense woody growth, and where if water is seen, appears in still, placid ponds or ciuiet, slow, snail- like moving streams. With tlie exception of Anfi/inin ((diiiiit/f(din,'Swz., Pteris Jongi- folid, L., and Ophtoglossuui, bn.lhosuni,, Michx., and 0. /nidiranh', all others attain the greatest perfection in these vegetable jungles. Ai'rostirhtim ait.rcum, L., the tallest of Southern ferns is invariably associated with brackish water. It is of common occurrence on the l)orders of marshes, bayous, creeks and rivers to the head of tide water. Although frecjuent along the mainland from Timipa and Biscayne bays south, is rarely seen on the keys. To a passing observation there seemed little or no disposition to sport or variation. It is quite diflicult to dry, p.trting with its moisture reluctantly and readily imbibing again upon exposure to a Immid atmosphere, a character possibly due to a deposition of chlorides in its cellular structure like otlu'r saline plants. Sometimes on boggy flats subject to daily inunda- tions of the tul', th-re appc^ars a sriries of low hillocks closely grouped, on each of which grow about -lAi stalks of 6-8 fronds each. The loose soil of the interspaces having been washed out by the recessions of the tide. These hillocks are a mass of rhizomes of this fern which vary in size from one or two to six inches in length and two inches in width, with numerous lateral spongy roots a foot in length with the thick ness of a goose-quill. There appears in these rhizomes one or several buds of an adven- titious character, wliicli tlevelop into lateral stalks whose rhizomes ultimately separate from the parent one. Poh/podiuin Plumiifd, II. B. K. First detected by Dr. Leaveinvorlli at Tampa, more recently by Miss Dickens at New Snu'rna, and iu>w at Manatee, In this locality it is BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 83 restricted to ;i small area of liii^li banks of a stream in a liummock drainini;- a series of poiids. The soil is m(jsUy elay intermixed with a small per i^eut. of sand and veyetahle matter. On the sides of the high banks and near the water's edge, apparently in pure clay and rocks, the fronds are narrower, more rigid and erect while upon the banks and a little distance from the wai;er, they are wider, more flaccid and generally reclin- ing. All fronds appeared fertile and measured 2-4 inches in width and i^'-B feet in length. In drying a novel character was developed in the flexible nature of the stripe suddenly curving in removing pressure, as though there was au inequality of tension of the elastic tissue in the cellular structure. Poll/podium iiiciniujii, Sw/. Common and general, but rarely seen on other than the live oak. This fern shows a sensitive character in the abstraction of moisture in curling of the fronds and which instantly unfurled in a heavj^ dew or rain. Polt/})()diiim. Phi/llitidia, L., is conflned to low, humid and densely shaded hum- mocks. It was observed in several localities in Dade and sparingly in Manatee coun- ties. It is a handsome fern 3-3 feet in height. The stalks occur sporadically, each sending up 6-12 rigidly erect fronds of a yellowish green color due to their translucent character and which is in part or wholly lost in drying. Very commonly the stalks are lodged in the decaying trunks of prostrate trees or old stumps near the ground, some- times on the ground where the soil chiefly consists of decomposing woody or vegetable matter. Polypodiuin 'tuiruj/t, L., is common and general on the main-land but rare on the Keys. It is always associated with the Cabbage Palmetto, growing from its stem, usii ally above reach and just beneath the si)reading palm leaves which contribute constant shatle and moisture. The novel lattice work of remaining dead petioles covering the trunk of this tree, off'ers a favorable and secure lodgement for the large creeping root- stalks of this fern. The glaucus fronds appear pendent, spreading or erect according to their length, which varies from ^.y^'S feet. The fiuit dots occur in single rows in the smaller and double in the larger fronds, but very commonly there appear breaks in the lines of fruit dots where the sporangia failed to develop. Vi'ftiiriii liiieata, SwAVt'A. A frequent comiKinion of the preceding and like it re- stricted to the same tree. The pendent linear fronds appear in large tufts, lodged any- where on the trunks. The fronds are commonly 1-2 feet long, but occasionally attain a length of 3 feet. Pteris lon.(/if()ll(i, L., inhabits the rocky ledges in the oi)en [)ine barrens at Miami, and is firmly rooted in the crevices of the rocks. The fronds, a few to many in a tuft, are usually erect, Vo-i feet high and of narrower pinn;e than tiie same in cultivation. It seemed rather limited in its range and was not noticed elsewhere. Pterin ttquiliiiK, L., is extremely common, appearing alike in pine barrens and fer- tile hummocks, but in the tbrmer is more dwarfed, 1-2 feet high; while in the latter, growing in rich vegetable mould, often attains a height of 5-6 feet with a black glossy stii)e suitably large for a light walking cane. BlrrhinimHerridatfim, Miclix., is not uncommon south of 28 N. Lat., and (piilc abund- ant where it grows. It inhabits boggy grounds along btiyons, rich huiiunocks or adja- cent pine lands, and appears in patches with the stalks of several fronds often regu- larly i/j'-l foot apart. These stalks have a simple or forking underground root-stem, }-2 inch in diameter and i-^-l foot long, which give origin to one or several new stalks an- nually, and apparently is the chief mode ol' propagation. The sterile and fertile fronds are ecpially common, but the former are wider and taller. The prevailing dimensions of the frontls are 2-3 teet in height, 3-5 inches in width, but in drier soil appears more dwarfed, while in very fertile and damp soil I have met the sterile fronds, exception- ally, 5 feet high and 1 foot wide, 84 BOTANICAL GAZETTE, W'XHJiniraia Virijinica^ Smith, is not uucommon in newly broken himiinock groiimls. It seems the same in general character as in the Northern States. Wo'Hlwit i-di(i nnumtifi/Ua, Smith, seems rare, and was observed sparingly at Mana- tee. The fertile fronds were not seen. Aspleiiium deiUatuin, L., was detected in a rocky hummock at Miami. Like the other small species of tlie genus it grows out of the crevices of lime rocks, and some- times by the close grouping of the little tufts, covers the entire face of shaded rocks but instead of being found upon the sides of rocky ledges like the northern species, it is restricted to rocky sides of depressions or rock holes, lower than the surrounding surface. These depressions, or rock holes, are common in this part of the State, and furnish constant shade and moisture and suitable protection against the hot rays of the sun. It is circumscribed in its range and was seen in this locality only. Asplciiiuia ebciieuju, Aiton, so common nortli, is rare in this latitude. It was seen sparingly in rocky places of hummocks in the counties of Levy and Manatee, but not further south. Axpleuiuiii serrcfit/u, L. A handsome fern and worthy of cultivation. It was de- tected in a dense hummock near Miami, growing with Polypodiuiu Phylittidis, L., and like it the stalks of 6-20 fronds each appearing sporadically, but the fronds were dark green, tiaccid and reclining so that the distant ends rested upon the ground. The stalks were not numerous and grew in rich decomposing vegetable matter tilling the in- terspaces of broken rocks. The hepalics, mosses, other ferns, tree orchids and air plants apiieared exceediuly abundant and luxuriant in tliis liumid jungle of vegetable growth. The wild character, the ditiiculty of penetration, and the molesting mosquitos deterred me from making thorough search through the entire hummock. The fern was not seen elsewhere. AspldiiiJti Thelyptcri^i. Swz. (^uite common in marshy places of pine barren jionds and hummocks. Aspidiuni jMteus, Swz. Very couiukju and general; sterile and fei'tile fronds e/niis, Ifliitu.s Aiiwrlctiaa, and many common nt)rtlieru mosses. The sterile fronds were smaller than the fertile. Ni'phrolcpiH ('.raltdtd, Schott. Just where the last seems to terminate in its southern range this fern makes its ajipearance and seeks similar retreats, in low, rich hummocks covered with ileiise woody gro^xth. The fronds are narrow and from 2-0 feet long. The stalks appear in rather large patches, growing in decomposing vegetable matter or soil composed principally of the same. Exceptionally it grows on the trunks of the (Cabbage Palmetto, (rcnerallythe long fronds are old and imperfect having dropped their terminal pinna'. Tin shorter fronds are erect, but the longer are reclining and sometimes i)endent when on the trees. In drying there is frequently a disi)Osition of the pinme to separate Irom liie stipe. It appeared rather common in Dade county, but more sparingly in Manatee. Aiieiiiiiii adiuntifoli/t, Swz. A handsome fern and apparentlj' restricted in its range. It grows on the low rocky surface or the shaded sides of rocky ledges, alwa3'S in the open pine barrens. 1 have not seen it away from the Miami country. In com- pany with Pteris Joiu/i ' //i, L., and like it is firmly lodged in the crevices of the rocks. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 85 'IMie .sterile lri)mls an; commou i)crliai)s (lie entire \-eur, l)Ut the fertile make their ap- pearance only after inidsuninier. Ostniuuhi is well represented by the three northern species. I (hjn't know that tlie\' diller in characters or habits from the same further north, except that they fruit very sparingly anil imperfectly. The sterile frond.s are always abundant and luxuriant, December last, when all vegetation liere had stojiped'growing, I observed a number of t'vondmA' 0. ct)ouiniK>//u;ii, L., with the iovver i)inn;e fertile and the upper sterile. The fol- lowing spring examined a number of stalks, but fournl all sterile except one or two, in which the upjter pinna; were disposed to become fertile. Botfi/rhium termilaiiu Swz., var. nldiquain., Milde., is rare in this latitude. Saw a tew stalks of it in the Gulf hummock. 0[>liu>gloissuiii bidboaui/i, Michx., was detected in March growing in old tields of a hummock at Manatee. Stem 2-3 inches high with the part below the leaf imbedded in the damp, compact, sand}' soil. There appeared from 1-3 fronds to each bulb; one in which sporangia had not yet developed, the second with maturetl fruit, and when a third was present it generally appeared decaying. 1 frequented the same locality a month later, but failed to detect even a trace of it, so that its fruiting period is likely of short duration. Several years since I saw the same in fruit at Palatke in the latter part of February. OpliiiKjlussuiu uadicauie, L., was seen in good fruiting state ami rather plentiful in the month of November. It grew in damp compact sandy soil on the borders of pine liarren ponds in Levy county. It was 1-2 inches high, and like the preceding sends up 1-3 stems to each thick root, with the [)arts of the stems below the leaves imbedded in the soil. It is apparently probable that the thick root in this and the bulb in the pre- ceding are perennial. Likely both si)ecies are iu)l uncommon, but are readil\- over- looked on account of their small size and growing with other small plants. — Dr. A. P. Gakbek. llow Sh.vll wk Pjioxoince Botanical Names .^ — In view of the fact that the pro- nunciation of Latin and Greek is undergoing certain well known changes, in accord- ance with the results of recent investigations, a ((uestion of a good deal of importance to botanists who are teachers in colleges where they are obliged to deliver lectures, is that which deals with the pronunciation of botanical names. I need not say anything as to the advisability or inadvisabilit\' of our classical teachers adopting the new or "piionetic" pronunciation ; that is a matter for others to discuss and quarrel over ; I may be permitted, however, to say that I have no doubt whatever that in a few years all ourstudents will be pronouncing Latin and Greek in accordance with this method. Taking this for granted, what shall we do with our botanical names? Siiall we harden every (\ (j, and qn'; Shall every long a be ah ; every long a be it ; every long i, be r; every long u be oo''. For hundreds of names there will be no difficulty, and the change will be scarcely noticeable, but in a great many other cases the new pronunciation will be startlingly diflerent from the old. Witness the following examples: Aqailerjia (Ah-kil- a-ge-ah, pronounced with g hard), Geranium (Ga-rah-ne-um, with g hard againj, Acer (Ali-ker), Circa'U (Kir-ka-ah), (Ji'pluihoitlius (Keph.), Vacciidiiiit (Vak-kin.), liosdccir (Ro-sah-ka-a), Erirared' (Er-i-kah-ka-a), Ci/peracefe (Kip-er-ah-ka-a). I can not exactly represent the sounds without marked letters, and so have been obliged to occasionally use a con.sonaDt in a wrong syllable in (U'der to indicalethe vowel sound. At first these names thus pronounced, repel one from the new pronunciation, but after a little, when the ear has become accustomed to the new sounds, I must confess to liking them. There are some points conuectetl with names derived in a barbaric way from the names of persons and places, of which 1 will have something to say hereafter. — C. E. Bessey, lowii Agricultural College. 86 BOTANTGAL GAZETTE. \ Medicinal Plants in California. — Grmdelia nihmt,a, which ji rows throughout i the State supplies a balsam of a resinous character, most abundant in the buds, but found in all the juices of the plant. As a cure for the eruption occasioned by contact with the "poison oak," the balsam is accounted almost a specific. It is also in demand in the Atlantic States as a remedy for asthma and bronchial affections. Tlie leaves of the Eucalyptm, serving as the stuffing of a pillow, have been found beneficial in relieving neuralgic headaches ; and a tincture prepared from the leaves has a variety of uses in medicine. One of the newest of vegetable drugs is obtained from the Yerba Kiaifa, a shrub known also as gum-weed, mountain balsam, wild peach, and bears' weed. The leaves contain a resinous substance highly spoken of as an ingredient in cough mi.vtures, and for the cure of bronchial and laryngeal disorders. The collection and drying of medicinal plants in California, for shipment to manu- facturing chemists at the East, is gradually becoming a business of importance. — [N. Y. Tribune 1 Anemone Caroliniana. — I have two specimens of Anemone dn-oliniand, Walt., collected April 23d, 1878, with rudimentary flowers, consisting of a single sepal of the usual size and color in one plant, and situated about i. 3' inch below the ordinary ter, minal flowers. The other plant has a single sepal about twice the length of the ordi- nary ones, purple, with greenish margins, situated in the axil of the three-parted invol- ucre. Both sepals seemed to have a sti'ong inclination to twine, or wrap around the stem from left to right. These two plants were found about half a mile apart on a K. R. grade. — M. H. Panton, Junction City, Kan. Heteromorpuism in Plant.\uo coHD.vrA, L.vM. — While examining several plants of this species, I noticed that several sjtikes on each plant did not show the usual pro- terogynous condition, also that the stamens seemed longer than usual. A closer ex- amination showed that the flowers were perfect, but the styles were only two mm. in length. The styles in the spikes which were of the common form, were six mm. in longth. Tilt; stamens in the short-styled flowers were nine mm. in length, while those of the long-styled flowers were only six mm. in length. The earlier flowering spikes of each plant were of the short styled form, while the later flowering spikes were all long styled. If this species was entomophilous we could see some advantage to be de- rived from this mixed condition of things. It is jioisible this may be a case of a mon- (ecious condition or a dioecious cundition about to be. in fact, in the very process of becoming. — C. F. Wheeler, Huhbunhtun, Mich. Miscellaneous Notes. — During the summer of 187(5 I was in Readsboro, V't., and found Eiqtatorium agerdtokUs growing 4 to 5 feet high, with leaves 4 to 7 inches long and correspondingly wide. Going back to Williauistown, Mass., 20 miles to the south- west, I fountl every specimen 2 or 2% fejt high or less, with leaves only 2 or 3 inches in length. Can any one tell me how to distinguish Axter I'l-Kdrscunti, L., I'vom A. miser. Ij., Ait? I have never found anvthing that I could (-ouscientiously call .1. Tradescanti, although others have given that name to some specimens that I called A. miser. Prof. Peck, of Albany, told me that he also had never found what he could cilll .4. I'nides- ean/i- Gray's Manual ilescril)es Soluhi-jo ultissinin, L., as "2 to 7 inches high — instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of tin; lowest of the common Golden rods." I think I have never found it less than 2 feet high under any circumstances, seldom less than 4 feet. — Chas. H. Ford, Geneseo, III. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. «7 I While peeling the bark from a l.eshly cut itlack locust post, T noticed that the cambium layer smelled precisely like bruised green beans. The scent was recognized by several others without ray telling them what I had observed. I have not yet tested further whether this novel way ot tracing the aftinily of plants may l)e made useful or not. — J. ]M. Mii.LiGAN, JtirksoiiKillc, III When in Crawfordsville, Ind., a few weeks ago, I was pleased to tind in the grounds of Prof. \\m. C. White, some beautiful plants of Euphorbia dmfata. They had neither been planted there nor escaped from elsewhere, but evidently were relics of tiie old times when the forest in all that region was unbroken. — J. M. C. JuNiPEKUs occit)p:ntalis in (;oi.okado.— Since my arrival at this Agency, ray at tention has been drawn to the Juniper which, mixed with Piims edidis, covers the mesas and foot liills throughout this part of S. W. Colorado. lis botanical character seemed to be so distinct from ./. Yirgiituiim, that I at once thought it to be J. orndentulis. with the description of which, in (Marence King's Report on the Botany of the 40th paral- lel, it seems to agree perfectly. But he says "not reported frora Colorado." Neither is it spoken of in Hayden's Synopsis of the Colorado Flora, 1874. The exploring parties since then may have discovered and published its occurrence here. The tree rarely becomes conical like ,/. VirginiituK, the fruit always glaucous, and two or three times as large as the fruit of tiiat species. Heart wood usually lirown, rarely red. fieight 12-20 feet. Branches wide spread.— Wilt,iam F. Flint, /.».■< Pi/ms, J ndimi Agenry. Coltiriido. Thk Big Trees, by J. G. Lemmon.— In 1875, I took a trip of 400 miles to revisit the Big Trees, count their rings and bring away sprays, cones, seeds, bark and wood sections for the Centennial. I visited several groves, closely examined hundreds of trees, especially giving attention to the fallen and shattered monsters, generally larger than living trees of the same grove. The great Seqnrnas are monsters indeed for size and magnilicent in tlieir columnar appearance; they are well worthy a trip across the continent to Ijchold, but why exag- gerate their age? The truth is strange enough. "Over-statement," Dr. Gray raildly puts it. It IS, indeed, a wonderful deviation frora the truth when to large figures we add double their sum. Frora this time forward I must help tight the "over-statement." The battle will be long and fierce, no doul)t, for the story of 3,000 or 4,000 years is very proudly related and never fails to excite interest; and it is repeated in nearly every guide liook for tourists, moreover reiterated by eminent travelers and close olxservers, "including John Muir, than whom none gives us such charming views of mountain scenerj', such picturesque forest studies. But let the truth always be told, searching for it, if need be, under the most dect-iitive jippearances. I scold myself daily because, for want ()f time, I took the figures of reputed authoritu^s and gave currency to the big stor}' of tiie Big Trees. Let me retract so much of last j-ear's "Scene 11, The Big Trees," as was carelessly based upon their reported great age of ;),000 or 4,000 years, and substitute the following cold facts and estimates. I substitute the true figures cheerfully, gladly, triumphantly. The big trees are but 1,200 to l,r)00 years old, and I am glad they are not older. There is jiroud satisfaction in the thought, but let me re- press mj'' joy and its reason for the pi'C'cnt ami innceed with the cool facts. On the 1st of September, 1875, I arrived at the famous Mammoth Grove of Big Trees in -Calaveras county, and at once commenced careful observations. First, a ((uiet, reverential walk among the tall flutetl columns, ray spirit dumb with wonder, my mind raised to sublime conceptions, my reason almost persuaded that any large story of the great ,SVr/?/«m.'< must be true. Hound and round, in and out among the vast trunks the well-worn ])ath leads. Here and there a long fiight of steps enables the visitor to reach the upper side of the falhii trunks, where a most impressive view ss BOTANICAL GAZETTE. and (U'liglitful ])rnmona(le nia\' bo pnjoyed. Marble slabs imbedded in the soft l)ark, hiii'h up oil eacli tree, bear its name and iijciieral]}- the initials of the namer. Near the road, almost the lirst to oreet.tlie visitor approaching from the north, stands a group of noble trees bearing the names of Henry W. Longfellow, Prof. Jolm Dana, Dr. John Torrey and Prof. Asa Gray. During this lirst half-day of silent gazing, I found my.sc!f frc(pieutly returning.to this group of seientists with a sublime poet added, and trying to commune with the master spirits tliey commemorate. During my last call a cone from the lyfty crown of "Prof. Asa Gray" fell at my feet; eagerly I seized it and wrapped it in paper; another and another followed. The squirrels were harvesting, so the seed must be ripe. I drew my army revolver and fired a" round of six cartridges up into the crown, rewarded by the fall of a limb bearing a dozen cones. As I bore away the beautiful little cones with their tiny, parsnip-like seeds, I thought how much tiiis precious fruit symbolizes those richer fruits which that other Professor Gray showers upon all who but ask his bounty. Hard at work in the great herbarium at the Cam- bridge University, he is devoting, perhaps, the last herculean energies of a life tilleil with toil to the completion of our California Botany. Kecciving no salary while on this extra work, and hiring assistants in sjiecial fields, he toils almost incessantly, ever the master mind to direct research, ever'the umpire to decide knotty points, yet ever the kind patron, ready to turn aside, examine the i)l;ints of the young collector and help the humblest applicant for knowledge. Then the good doctor's tenacity for truth is so strong 1 No big stories for him, no flights of fancy, no careless writing! I think of this with bated breadth, compressetl lips, clenched hands and firm tread as I prepare tor work in earnest on the morrow. The stump of the very large tree which was bored off with pump augers in 1852 to form the floor of a house, affords a fine opportunity for counting, since it is so evenly smoothed off, but still more time is necessary to do it accurately than most observers allow themselves. This tree should certainly be considered a fair sample of the oldest of the present generation, for it is one of tlie largest ever seen. Its circuit at base is 'J7 feet by my tape line, held at one end by a Puritan and master builder from Boston. Longest diameter without bark, five feet above the base, 34 feet 10 inches. Shortest di- ameter, 22 feet eight inches. The bark averages 18 inches in thickness, making the en- tire longest diameter of the tree at five feet above base, over 27 feet. A few other trees are met with measuring as much or more at base, butthey are generally swollen outward and hollow like the shaft of a light house. This monster tree was as straight and sound as a candle, hence it was undoubtedly the largest perfect tree ever j'et .seen. I spent nearly a day counting the rings of this stump, and of the butt cut of the tree lying near it. I counted carefully both ways, putting in pins to mark the ])lace of hundreds. The stump being a little irregular in consequence of its near roots, I counted in three places along three equidistant rays. The first count was 1,260 rings, the second count was l,2o8 rings and the third count was 1,261 rings — average age, 1,260 years. Counting on the butt, cut 24 feet from the base, the rings were of course a few- less, 1,242 in number, but all veiT plainly discernible, and presenting exact uniformity in their decrease in thickness, from heart to bark. I availed of this uniformity of decrease by establishing, after many counts of different trees, a rule for determining the mean num- ber of rings to tlie linear foot, and fixing the locality on a cut across these trees where the rings are of average thicknes.s. That point is just one third of the distance from the bark to the heart. At the heart the grains are often three-eighths of an inch thick, at the bark as thin as paper. The average, as determined by countings of all the logs in the grove which have been cut across, some half dozen or more, ck^irly established the rule that the rings of average width are found one-third of the way from the bark to the heart. This rule jiroved very useful afterward in estimating age of broken trunks. Hercules. — This monster tree was leveled to the earth by a gale in 1862. His body has been repeatedly cut across by an ingenious device, and the timber manufactured into relics and carried away. He was 28.j feet high, and no-w measures 14 feet in diam- eter 2J) feet from his roots. A careful count of his i-ings showed only 1,282 years. Eighty -eight of these rings, the average number to the half foot, just covered the 'space of half a foot at the distance of two and one-third feet from the bark, which is one-third the way to the heart, as seen above. This tree is often reported as over :!,()00 year> old; {To be coiiliiniid.) BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol.3. NOVEMBER, 1878. No.ll. Fkndlek's Ferxs ok Trinidad. — Mi-. Aiiii^nst Fendler, the veteran collector, MS has been seen from a lettei- of his published in tlie Gazetti!: for July, has been foi- a year or two in 'riinidiul, where he is making a very full and tine collection of Ferns. Sets of about 78 species liave been received, and arc now for sale at the Herbarium of Harvard University. Tlie specimens are ample, and are verj' care- fully prepared. The following is a list of the species now distributed. The omit- ted numbers will be supplied in later distributions. — D. C. Eaton. 1. Adiaiitnm Kaiilfusaii. Kze. — A. phitijph>illum, Swz., ex Keyserling. 2. 2a. Adiuvtum intermedium^ Svvartz. 3. >"ear Adiantum tctrdjihi/llum, VVilld., but has acuminate pinnules, a charac- ter admitted b}' Hooker as belonging to this species. 4. Adiiintum pulverulenlum, L. (In some sets No. 4 has fruit on the end of the pinnule, and thus recedes from tlie type of this species.) 5. Adiantum lucidinn, Swartz. C). Adiantum villosum, L. 7. Cheilunthes radiata, R. Br. 8. Poll/podium aureum, L. 9. Ilemionitis palmata, L. 10. G'/mnoijramme calomelanos, Kaulf. n. Blechnum occidentale, L. 13. Asplenium Shepherdi, Sprengel. 14. Aspleniitm grandifolium, Swz. 15. Aspidium macrophijllum, Swz. 16. Aspidium suhquinquejidnm, Beauvois. — A.fnnestum, Kunze, Grisebach. 17. Aspidum molle, Swartz. 18. Aspidium patens, Swartz. 19. Aspidium ainplum, Mettenius. 20. Phegnpteris crenata, Mettenius. 21. Aspidium megalodus, Mettenius. 22. Aspidium. )iearest A. conterminum, Willd., but resinous-punctate, and the indusium apparently suppressed. 23. Phefjopteris draconoptera. — Aspid. draconoptertim, Eaton, Fil. Fendl. and Wright, p. 211. 24. Lindsma trapesiformis, Dryander. 25. Hemitelia grandifolia, Spreuge}. 26. Trichomanes pinnatum, Hedw. 27. Lygodium mnustum, Swartz. 28. Duncea ellipjtica. Smith. The distinctions between this and D. nodosa are by no means clear. Mr. Charles Wright, who had good opportunities for observing both in Cuba, considered them forms of but one species. 29. Selaginella serpens, Spring. 30. Aneimia Phyllitidis, Swartz. 31. Lijgodium volubile, Swartz. 32. Alaophila nitens, J. Smith. Distinct from A. armata, Br., which is repre- 90 BOTANICAL GAZEITE. seiited by Mr. Wright's 950 and 1062, tlie former beiii.<>; also Hooker's Ilemitelia cah,- lepis. 33. Blechnum loiujifuUiim, H. B. K. 31, Aspidinm semicorduttim, Swartz. 35. Aspleiiiiim lunvlatnm, Swartz. 36. Adinntwn macropfn/llnnu Swartz. 37. Pol'ijindium incanum, Swartz. 40. Gleiche.nia pnbesccna, H. B. K. 41. Aspidium irifoliatum, Swartz. 42. Selncjinellapatnla.Spyinii;. 45. Aspidium effvtsiim, GviaebAch. . , 46. AspUniiiim intriliim, Swartz. 47. A-ndanivin crennlatHm,Bnkev.~A. >itria(}v's pwn^eHS, vvilhleiiow. 54. Aspidinm. Perliaps this is the Xephrudiiiyn deflexion, J. Smitii, refori-ed to in Syn. Fil., p. 292. 55. Nephrolepis amta, Presl, 57. Menischim reticuhitum, Swz. Some of tlie specimens niiglit pass for .V. sev- ratum, which is scarcely distinct. 58. roll/podium elongatum, Swartz.— Gi/muogmmme clomjatum, Hooker, 60, AlsophUaferox,'PYQ&\., 61, Asplenhun cuUrifolium, Linn, 62, Aneimia Brenteliana, Presl,— .4. mandiocana, Grisebacli, not of Raddi. 63, AcrosticMim alienum, Swz., var. Purditei, Grisebach. 66. Poll/podium sororium, H. B. K. 68. Polypudium vaceiniifolium, L. f. 69. Acrostichum {Polybotrya) osmundaceum, Hooker. 70. Nephrolepis exaltata, Presl. 71. Adiantiim poh/phtillnm, WiUd. 73, Pohjpodium { Phijmutodes) nematorhizon, sp, nov, ; caudiee pertenui scan- dente, paleis ovatis ornato, frondibus (semipedalibus pollicem fere latis) eonsim- ilibus sub-sessilibus tenni-chartaceis lanceolatis acnminatis m'nnte fu.sco-pnncta- tis, snbtus ad costam paicepaleaceis; venulis conspicuis reticnlatis; areolis para- costalibus vacuis nisi vennla inflexa libera si^natis; areolis seriei secundae sorif- eris, tertia? minoribus sterilibus; soris rotundis a costa remotis venulas singulas vel binas coronantibus, — This species comes between P. Swartzii and P. h/copodiindes. It has the slender rhizome and the thin texture of the first, fbut the chati" of the rhizome is broader and shorter,) and the fronds of the second. The venation varies a good deal even in the same frond. The paracostal areoles are broad, and often have a free vein let running in from the outer taargin of the areole. The sori are borne on either single veinlets or on a pair of ve'inlets, as in Plilebodium; and sometimes the paracostal areole opens into the fruiting areole outside of it, in which case the fertile venule bears a short branch or two below the sorus. A single sterile frond differs very little from the fertile fronds. 74. DavalUa inceqitalis. Kunzc. 75. Blechnvm voluhile, Kaulf, 76. Trichomanes sinnosum, Richard, 77. Pteris aquilina, L,, var, esculenta, Hooker and Baker. 78. Adiantum tenerum, Swartz, BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 91 79. Olcrmdra nodosa, Pi"esl. 80. CiiriLlien: — not identified, and ])Ofisili)y new, 81. P(diipiidiuiii svvniUitum, Metteiiius. 84. Dichnniiiii cicutaria. Swart/.. 86. Hiimc.iiopbyUarii ciliahim, 8\vai"tz. 89. Lindscvii atricta, Dryaiider. 93. Acrosticltitm Jhircidum, Fee. 9.5. iJiivaUiii Siii:i-(d(nm(, Sproii^el. 9S. Plit'iiojderiii jldvo-pihiclat'i, Fee, lOS. S(d(((jin<:lla. (not recognized.) 110. Ltndncea tiapezifurmis, Drj'ander, vav, falcdtn, Baker. 114. Oleandni neriiformis, Cav. Leaa^es of Dahlingtonia Califokxica and thkiu two Skchetions. — Tlirougli the kindness of Dr. Gray we are pei'initted to pnhiisii the foliawing interesting comnninication from Mr.<. K. >i. Austin, of Pratteville, Plnnias Co., Cal. "Found the sweet secretion, or lure, on all the new leaves of Dirlingtonia having tiie orifices of the hoods open, and captured insects in the liquid at tlie bottom of the tubes. The sweet secretion was confined to the inner and rough portion of the hoods, the rim or fold around the ori'ices, and on the outside of the hoods, corresponding in extent to the rough inner part, on botli sides of the '-fisii- tails," and extending down the wing to whei-e it makes the outward bend. Thi.s bend can be seen in dried sjieciniens. In no instance have I found the lure below this. I was fortunate in finding about a dozen new leaves having the orifices still closed, and the process of secreting the clear liquid going on. I noted carefully the places of secretion and manner, as well as I could. The liquid is poured, or, apparently, oozes out of the lower or halnj part of the tubes, tiie rough part of the, hoods, and whei-e the translucent dots are on the petioles there are minute globules of clear liquid. The little globules are not easily broken up or separated, but when I would touch them with the point of a pin or a pine leaf, would roll down over the velvety part of the tube, as little globules of mercury do on glass. I tried holding the tubes horizoutally, and touching tiiem. In this position the drops would move about and not be broken up. 1 then rubbed my fingers ligiitlv over the velvety portions of the tubes, thereby removing the fine Ijloom that covers this portion of the tubes. Now, when I would touch the little diops with my pin they would be broken up and wet the suiface. The velvety part of the tubes :ire always dry and clean, in new and old leaves. I did not find any of the white larvjo in the leaves having closed oiificcs, but there were many in the new leaves having the orifices open, and also in the old leaves of last year. iMany of the old leaves were pretty well smeared with the lure, which must have been secreted this season, as it could not have remained upon them during the heavy rain and snow storms of last winter." The Big Tkees, by J. G. Lemmon [Concluded from Oct. 'So.].—Lcriji(han, another prostrate monster, is about the same size, being 270 feet long, and 14 in diameter, but his bodv is not cut across or so broken as to reveal liis rings. The Father of the. Forest. — Armed with the rule, derived as above stated, on the third day I approached the shattered trunk of this famous tree, fabled to have sprung from the earth soon aftei- the deluge of Noah, over 4,000 years ago. This huge patriarch has been shamefully overiated every way — his size given at 40 feet in diameter and his length at 4.50 feet. Exact measurement shows the diameter as only 18 feet at a distance of six feet from his roots, and his length about 300 feet. His trunk is broken or burned out in places, thus exposing cross sections where the rings of annual growth may be examined. \Vith a hatchet and 92 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. sharp knife I smoothed spaces of wood in three phiees, widely removed from each other along the trnnk, but each one-third of the distance between the bark and heart, and thereon counted one foot of rings, with the re&ult following: First count, GO feet from roots, 2.'12 rings; second count, 196 feet from roots, 254 rings; third count, 210 feet from roots, 276 rings. The diameter of the tree at each place must be considered, and is as follows: First place of counting, 12 feet; second place, 11 feet, and tlie third, 10 feet. Now the estimated whole number of rings (age;, at each place is obtained by calculating, viz: 232x6, semi-diameter at 1st i)lace, 1,892 Rings. 254x53^2> •' " 2(1 •' 1,342 " 276x5, " " 3d " 1,380 " Adding these products and dividing by the number of counts, the average of rings (age), is 1,371}3 years only. Fi-obable full age at base, 1,500 years. One oft-repealed story is true, however ; tliat of a passage through a part of his body large enougli to admit hoi-senien. This passage burnt out of his heart com- mences at a pcjint 66 feet fiom tlie roots and extends 120 feet, coming out where was once a knot-hole, now enlarged by relic seekers to a wide doorway. I saw several ladies ride horses of medium size thi'ough this wooden tunnel, and one day Avhile passing, riding one of my horses and leading the other packed with bulky specimens. 1 turned into the cavity and rode safely tlirough. Tlie ceiling over- head is four to six feet thick, so the grand promenade for visitors above is perfect- ly safe. SiiKth Park (/rave. — This grove contains al)out 500 trees, some of them of the largest class. One, the home of "Trapper Smith," is a vast swollen trunk at base, 90 feet in circuit and 30 in diameter. The "Livery Stable." which has received 22 horses at a time into its hollowed base, is 84 feet in circuit, and the "Primitive Church" is 81 feet. A fallen tree is 15 feet in diameter 20 feet from the roots. A cavity is burnt in it snllicient to comfortably shelter 25 or 30 horses, or to afford the passage of a Concord coach and its four-horse team for over 200 feet. Another, near "Trapper Smith's Cabin." and used by the tourists as a temporary shelter for their horses, is 16 feet in diameter and hollowed for a long way. These are certainly fair samples of the largest Sequaias both living and fallen, and the di- mensions above given do not materially differ from some published statements, but counts and estimates of their rings reveal only 1,200 to 1,500 in number. Other groves visited afforded exactly coi'rol)orative evidence, that though the dimensions, being e.-isilj- determined, ai'e often given accurately', the age has been generally grossly exaggerated. As late as Febrnarv last tiie writer saw a specimen of Seqvoia in the Central Pacific railroad collection at San Francisco for the Centennial esliibition, which was sent from the Calaveras Mammoth Grove, and is marked "four thousand years old." ■ Now I firmly beli(!ve with Dr. Gray- that this is an "over-statement," and, as I said, I am glad that it is sncli. Let India with her banyan tree— which by the way is a mass of trunks, not a single one — take the palm for growth of 4,000 years, let African baobab trees reach back still nearer to the Garden of Eden, let Pales- tine boast of her cedars of Lebanon growing since Moses' time, and let Australia present upon every exploration by the close observer trees of undeterminable an- cient origin ; all these trees of the old world almost, without exception, are slow- growing, fine-grained, stunted, gnarled, decrepit, unsightly old relics of past ages — only interesting because of their great age. The famous baobab, Adansonia digitata, is the largest in circuit at base of any tree yet known, but it is only 70 to 80 feet high. The cedar of Lebanon, with an- BOTAXICAL GAZETTE. 93 nual layers, so fine that a lens is necessary io tlistinguish tliem, is similar in sliape, with round-lieaded top. Now all observeis admit tliat the California Big Trees, with their vast straight fluted columns, 200 to 300 feet high, and their immense ei'owns of finely divided, evergreen branch ;s, are tlie most symmetrical and magnificent in form, ^he tallest and actually tlie largest in dimensions of any yet known in all the world. [low satisfying to the pride of a true American, to reflect upon the inference derived from this comparatively new fact— formerly a most unwelcome one to the thought- less, insomuch that loyal Californians prove their loyalty by declaring their belief in the great age of the Big Trees; hence the warfare to which Dr. Gray refers, and the great but pardonable assistance given to the erring side by eminent writers through their praiseworthy love of country. But science always searches for the truth. Sooner or later the facts will come to be believed and they are always best. And the truth, in this case so long re- pressed, is riiost welcome because it gives foundation tor the most reasonable and enthusiastic loyalty. Why, these grand giant trees are mere vigorous saplings yet, only 1,200 to 1,500 years old ! Ages hence full-grown trees may be seen 50 feet in diameter and 1,000 feet high, only limited by the proximity of brother trees and the depth of the valleys where found. We can't expect them to be so uuneighbor- ly as to choke their brothers to death, nor to rise above the leveling winds that sweep over the canons of the Sierra. So let the old world pride itself upon old things, old nations, old creeds, old arts, old customs, old monuments; we of Amer- ca rejoice that this is a new, unfinished world, with young yet colossal vegetable growths, strange yet beautiful animal forms, modern yet matchless peoples, ado- lescent yet full-fruit-bearing institutions, unprecedented yet unimaginable des- tinies! 'For btill the new t'anscends the ohl, In deeds and wonders manifold." Gray's Floua of North America. — All the botanists will accept with sincere thankfulness this beginning of the new "Flora."' A beginning at the middle, in- deed, yet not a "beginning of the end ;" but so that the work be done the order of its doing may well be left to his choice who is looked upon with one accord as the only one competent for its proper performance. If a preference might be express- ed in regard to it. it would doubtless be that Dr. Gray would see fit to give next a revision of what is by far the most intricate and difficult of all the orders of our flora, viz : the Compositce. No portion of the proposed volumes is more needed by botanists or will be more acceptable, and in none is Dr. Gray more truly the sole authority. As he has recently gone over a considerable portion of the ground in his work for the "Botany of California,'" this would be all the easier for him. In looking over the present issue, some peculiarities of arrangement at once attract attention. There are no artificial keys either to genera or species. Under each order the ordinal character is followed by a synopsis of the genera, with con- cise but essentially complete characters, grouped togetlier not only by sub-orders or tribes (where such exist), but also by minor subdivisions, and under character- istic headings, thus avoiding repetition, and leading most directly to the genus sought. When the genus itself is taken up, only such other details, general re- marks and synonomy are given as may be needed to fully supplement the previous description. A comparison with the published volumes of "Torrey and Gray's Flora" will make the improvement of plan manifest, and show the appropriate- ness of the title which Dr. Gray has adopted. The same synoptical method, how- ever, is not carried out in the treatment of species, though the.y are similarly grouped under common headings so far as they have essential characters in com- mon. The specific descriptions themselves are full, but without redundancy or 94 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. needless repetition. Of tlieir technical accnracy and finish, it is unnecessary to speak. It may perhaps be questioned wliether it would not have been well, at least in the larger genera, to have subjected tlie species to the same process as the genera themselves. One would imagine that what is best in the one case, should be best in the other also. Experience in the use ot the book should determine. As compared with the "Manual" the descriptions are nuich fuller, and yet, even with the additional synonyms, etc., the species occupy on the average but little more space. A synoptical key to tiie orders has been omitted, doubtless because it will come more properly in the first volume at the beginning of the Gdmopctalre, of which we have here only the concluding portion. Much care has evidently been taken in the selection of the type used for diffei'- ont purposes, and in the general ''get up" of the book. It is a satisfaction to see that Dr. Gray has not countenanced, in the writing of botanical names, the meth- ods of punctuation and the disuse of capital letters so generally favored by Ameri- can zoologists and entomologists, and wliich some would force upon our botanists. Wliatever may be the rules of punctuation in Latin or in the Continental lan- guages, in tlie use of the English language, the same principles should apply in writing upon botany as upon other subjects. In general, tlius far, this has been the case. English-writing botanists, and most English Latin-writing botanists, as well, have been united in their adhesion t>i English customs in this matter, and it is to be hoped that they will so lemain. The portion of the garnopetalous flora here described includes 1,560 native species, belonging to 298 genera. Tiie introduced plants add 26 genera and 96 species. A comparison witli the number of species native to the region covered by the "Manual" (as given i the second edition; makes the pi'obable entire num- ber of phenogamous species in North America to lie between nine and ten thous- and. The same conclusion is deduced from the number of polypettilous species as enumerated in the "Bibliographical Index." The mean result from the tvt^o com- parisons is 9,878 species, so that 10,000 is very probably a closelj' approximate limit. Of the 298 genera, 120 have only a single spe(ues each. By far the most im- portant, order is that of the Scrophulnriacece, containg 38 genera and 315 species, the next in order being tlie Lahiatoi, with 37 genera, but only 189 species. These or- ders, with tlie ICricaeecc, Borraginaceni, Hijdrophiillacece and Polemoniacece, include nearly half of the genera and over three-fifths of the species. The largest genera are Pentstemon with 71, GiUa with 70, and Pliacelia with 56 species. As regards the distribution of this flora, it appears from a very cursory exami- nation that it divides readily into an eastern, a central and a western section. The first may be considered as covered essentiality by Gray's Manual and Chapman's Flora, and tlie last in good degree by the Botany of California. Taking these as a guide, and making to each the additions indicated by the present "Flora." it is found that the eastern division includes 610 native species, of which 130 are pecu- liar to the Manual, 205 to Chapman's Flora, and 275 common to both. The Botany of California includes ,567 species, of Avhich 58 belong also to the Atlantic States. Of the remaining 4.50 species, 48 are high northern and do not enter the LTnited States, 8 are Mexican and not yet found within our limits, 290 are mainly south- ern, belonging to the warmer and dryer interior, ami 103 are found only in the Rocky Mountains or tlie cooler region westward to Oregon. Had Greenlaml been included in the limits adopted by Dr. Gray, only two other species '^ Veronica frut- iculosn and Gnntiana nivalis) would have been added, and of these the latter is re- ported from Labrador. Numerous additions and changes of nomenclature are made in the several sec- tional floras above mentioned— some of them new, many to be found in previous publications. About 40 species are added to the flora of the southern Atlantic BOTANICAL aAZElTE. 95 State.«, chiefly from Floridii, and noai'ly 50 sijecies to the flora of .Califoniiii. The eliaiigi'S to be noted in tli^ flora of.tlie Xortiiei-n States, as <>;iveii in Gray's Alanual (edition of 1868) are less numerous, but some of them are of moiuent. The follow- ing list includes all of the more important: Phijllodiicc. taxifolin is referi-ed. \\\{\\ the other species of the o'enus, to Dri/an- (hus, becoming B. ta.cifdliiis. Gray. The species of A za led are referj-ed to lihododi'udnm, .'is was done b}' Dr. Torrey over 50 years ago. to whom the species are ci-edited. B/mdorn IJunndens is iil^o be- comes Bhododendron Rhodora of Gmelin Syst. 1.094, 171)6) instead of Don as stated. The order Aqui/uliacece is excluded as belonging rather to the polypetalous di- vision. This is likewise the case with the closely allied southern order CiirillecH. The name riniitano Buijidii., Decaisne, is restored for the plan which is refei-- red in the Manual to /'. Kioiitachdtiai. P. dedjitnt:, Barneoud, is also substituted for P. maritiiiui, var. juncoides, which latter species is not found in the Atlantic States. The genus Steironema, Raf., is restored for the section of tiiat name under /v//.s(- tnadiia. Utricularia striata, LeConte. is referred to U. fihrosa, Walter. The questionable species mentionf^d in the Manual at the end of the genus is made var. cleistogamu of U. suhla.ta. Phelipcea Ludoviciana becomes Aphijllon Ludnvicianuin, Gray. Chelone obliquu, Linn., is added— a bright rose-colored species, ranging from Illinois and Vii-ginia to Florida. Pentsternon di(jitalis becomes P. hevigatus, Solander. Gerardia integrifolia. Gray, is G. Icevigata, Raf., and G. setacen (not Walt.) is G. Skinneriuna, Wood . Bartsla Odontites, Iluds., is added as spniingly naturali/ed on our northern coast. The varieties of />?/co/7i. deitd roidcum. We have many seedling Larches. One large Red Maple has given an annual colony of young plants from the scattering of seeds by the winds, 'till they may be counletl by the hundred. Ituhiis i-illoaiDi takes possession of all unoccupied openings, and is making such progress that we will soon be constrained to limit its increase. This preserve is now very much admired for its beauty. I add a list of species noted as growing inside its area, which is about three acres in extent : Abies'Co/mdensix, \Aisclei)i(ifs (Jormift, iBaptiaid tinctoria, Acer ruhr inn, lAisdepuos ohtmifoliii, iBidens frondom, Arhillea millefidiiiiii, Avdepiustuberosit, \Bideiin conriata, Aiiibrottui (irtmdxid'fidui. Anpidiina HpiiivloHHin, Bidryrliimn. buuirioidis. Aiiielnnrhur (Janadcnau, Aster cordifidmn, Botrychiirirt vf/ir<«<;'^«v«iV/, or Vasucular Cryptograms; 4, Bryognmia (synonymous with Mmcine(e); and 5, Gymnogamnia (Thallophyta or Cellular Cryptograms. A curious result of the effects of sharp frost is noted by a correspondent of TAe London Gardeners Chronicle. Polyanthus flowers of very deep crimson hues, especi- ally those approaching to black, presented an appearance as if scorched, while those of lio-ht colors were comparatively uninjured. Early primroses in the open ground showed the same peculiarity. The Iowa Agricultural College Quarterly cites census statistics of 1875, showing that the area of natural forest in that State is butOia i)er cent, of the whole surface, and that fully half of all the trees are along the Des Moines River. Up to the date named the woodlands had been increased artificially one thirty -third. According to Revue Iloiiicole, the Dutch protect fruit blossoms from unlimely frost by placing vessels of water at the base of the tree or plant, taking care to remove ice if anv forms. Doubtful as the plan appears, it is said to be more efficient tlian coverings of canvas or branches. —A gardener in England removes green algal and confervoid growth from damp walls, and keeps it down a year or longer by painting with a solution of chloride of lime. The same application is made to gravel walks with a watering-pot, with equally satisfactory results. — Among noteworthy specimens seen at the recent Edingburg Fungus Show was a Polyporus gignnteus, three feet six inches in diameter, and a puff-bail {Lycoperdon gi- gnnteum), fifty-four inches in circumference and weighing twenty pounds. — An old record refers to a plant of China-grass {Ba'hmeria nirin) which, sent from England to the island of Jamaica in 1854, attained a height of six feet in fourteen days. — N. Y. Timers. Prospectus. — With this number we close the third volume of the Botanical Ga- zette. We enter upon Volume IV. with a greater feeling of stability than ever before, and with the hope that the support of the coming year will put all questions of the permanency of the journal far out of sight. In three years we haye established such a patronage and position that the Gazette should command the confidence and ener- getic support of all botanists. If such will be given we can promise much greater things. We have been urged to raise the subscription price, but have concluded to keep it at its present rate, at least, for the coming year, hoping that we will obtain sub- scribers enough to justif^y us. We hope to have the continued support of the leading botanists of the couutiy, and can promise to subscribers the very best botanical matter that can be procured for a journal of such limited capacity. We would also call at- tention to our rates of advertisement, and hope that the patrons of the Gazette who have anything pertaining to botany to sell, exchange, or procure, will make use of its columns. Subscriptions and articles should be sent in at once, that the work of the coming year may be fairlv before us. — Eds. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. <^^^&M^jy'' "' Vol. IV. JANUARY; 1879. No. 1. To Botanists. — We know that it is not customary to advertise a jour- nal in the space generally devoted to contributors, but we wish this to be not merely an advertisement, but a special address to all botajiists. The Gazette has now entered upon the fourth year ot its existence and has steadily grown in favor. It will appear this year in a somewhat different torm, which we hope will meet the approval (>f all our friends. The type is larger and the number of pages increased to twelve. It has been sug- gested that we raise the subscription price, but we have concluded to keep it at its present rate for another year, desiring to reach as many botanists as possible. It is extreniels' difficult to keep in running order a journal de- voted exclusively t(» one department of science and lor this reason we call upon all botanists to lend us their aid both by subscription and the contri- bution of articles. One dollar a year is not much lor any botanist to spend upon a paper devoted to his own department, and if all the working bota- nists of this country would unite, they could support a hrst-class journal. It was with some visionary hopes that such a thing would tinally grow out of it that the Gazette was undertaken, and those hopes have not yet been abandoned. We have already received cordial support from a large class of botanists and they have our hearty thanks, but we would ask one thing more of them, and that is that thev try to induce their botanical acquain" tances to subscribe and write for the Gazette. We have put on a cover for the double purpose of protecting the body of the Gazette and giving us room for advertisements, and to this also we would call the attention of botanists. If any ot you wish to exchange, sell or procure plants, the simplest and cheapest way is to advertise. A few lines of advertisement will thus accomplish what one or two hundred let- ters can not. Books, microscopes, anything pertaining to the science should be constantly presented to the eyes of working botanists. The material of the Gazette will be just what its subscribers make it. If they promptly send us contributions, long or short, so that we can have KHi BOTANICAL GAZETTE. a large amount of material to select from, we can promise the choicest of reading. It is desirable to make the articles as varied as is possible in a single branch of science, but we have concluded not to publish bare lists of plants as not bemg of sufficient interest to the general reader. A large edition of this number has been sent out as a specimen number, and we hope that it will procure an immediate and favorable response from all who receive ^t. We can, as formerly, promise our readers contributions from the leading botanists of the country, but we want notes from the rank and file as well, for it is from them after all that our chief support must come. We press our claims upon you now with more boldness as we have safely lived through the experimental age and have an established enterprise to call upon you to support. Panicum littoeale, n. sp. — Mr. Chas. Mohr has sent me from Mobile, Alabama, specimens of nPanicuni which 1 cannot find described. It grows among the drifting sands of the Gulf coast, having strong running rhizo- mas, sending up from the joints upright culms about a foot high, very leafy below, the sheaths large and loose, those of the lower joints, where covered with sand, being destitute of blade; nbove, the leaves are rigid, dis- tichous, standing out at a strong angle from the culm, 3 to 4 inches long, 2 to 3 lines broad at the base and gradually narrowed to the acuto point, becoming convolute, the sheaths, margins and lower surfaces sparsely hairy, the upper leaves rather distant and narrower; the panicle shortly exserted, 2 to 3 inches long, of 5 or 6 branches, single at the joints, but little branched and loosely fiowered and not pubescent; the spikelets are small, about a line long, smooth, the sterile flower staminate, of 2 palets, the lower glume very short, broad, obtuse, i or i as long as the upper, which is ovate, pointed, T-nerved, and about equalling the upper flower. In habit this species seems related to P. and unpalatable. They distinguish P. Rngelii by a character I have not seen mentioned, viz: the petioles being purplish toward the base, a charac- ter that holds good so far as I have observed and one easily distinguished That eminently practical botanist, the old cow, accepts P. Rufjelii readily but rejects P. major after an olfactory test. It v.ould seem that the reput- ed medicinal properties must reside in P. major, although both have been used indiscriminately, of course." The Flora of Northern Indiana.— Having been occupied mostly with the flora of that part of Indiana bordering upon the Ohio river, I had often looked longingly upon the map of the state at the northern tier counties, bordering upon Michigan lake and state, and well filled with small lakes and tamarack swamps. It seemed as if some of our best plants must be found there, and in my preparation for publishing a catalogue of the flora of the state, I could find no report or no working botanist from that region. Last summer an opportunity presented for making a hasty survey for my- self and the result was most encouraging. Although many very excellent species were obtained, the richest result to my mind was the fine prospect of good things that might reward a diligent search, rather than those those that were actually obtained. Accompanied by my enthusiastic pupil and assistant, Mr. Chas. R. Barnes, I spent some three or four weeks along the line of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, which crosses the state exact- ly in the region I wished to traverse. The Kankakee river forms a natural boundary on the south side of the northwestern corner of this region, a slow, sluggish stream as it crosses Indiana, but rapid enough in Illinois. The consequence is that it has spread out on either side into a succession of extensive marshes, w^iich render approach to the river well nigh impossible in many places. To the east lie the headwaters of the St. Joseph and Tip- pecanoe rivers, both of which are lost in an intricate system of small lakes, reminders of the time when one enormous lake covered it all. This is the lake region of the state, in no case extending farther south than the second tier of counties, and containing thousands of depressions, filled either wdth clear bodies of water or swamps. The time of our visit was rather unfor- tunate for the best results, too early for the best fall flowers and too late for the spring ones, and we had to note the former in bud and the latter in fruit, but we saw enough to know that the region was well worthy a thor- ough exploration at different seasons. The wildest, most unfrequented im BOTANICAL GAZETTE. parts of it we did not even reach, as they were too inaccessible for our lim- ited time, but what we heard of them made us expect great things. We noticed five v ell defined classes into which it would be possible and convenient to divide the flora of this region. I. First there is the flora of the sand hills and plains bordering upon Lake Michigan. The whole neighborhood of this lake appears strange to one who is not accustomed to th^ enormous deposits of sand resulting from the melting of the great glacier. This sand occurs in some places hun dreds of feet thick, piled up into huge hills, swept out into steep valleys, so white that the reflection of the bright sunlight from it soon becomes pain- ful, and so fine that it is the most fatiguing labor to walk in it. Clinging to this uncertain, shifting soil some plants find a precarious living. The sand hills seem perfectly bare except as they are covered here and there by clumps of shrubs and stunted growths of Pinm Strobus. The shrubs are Ceanothus Americanus, Hamamelis Virginicu, Rhus copallina, R. Toxico- dendron, Quercus nigra and a Juniperus. The first herb noticed and col- lected was Campanula rotundifoUa, L., var. linifolia, Gr., with very rigid leaves and rooting deep into the sand. Then there were Arahis hjrata, Tephrosia Virginiana, Krigia Virginica, Moiuivda punctata, Lithospernuon hirtum, and more alnindant, Sapmiaria officinalis, Lespedeza hirta. CEnofhe- ra biennis, Asclepias tuberosa. Euphorbia coroUata, etc. Among the sedges a,ad grasses we found Cgperus Schweinifzii, C. filiculmis, Carex Muhlen- bergii, Foa co)n]:)ressa, and KofJeria cristata. The only fern noted was Ptcris aquilina. The flora of these sands is meager but well defined, for we found very few of the species mentioned in other localities. Of course it is not meant that they are all only found upon sand hills, for some of them we have collected in Southern Indiana, but such seemed to be their habit in this region. II. The second division is the flora of the wet grassy meadows and choked- up swamps. Such regions we always found a short distance from the lakes, evidently former prolongations of their beds. We studied them principally a few miles south of Otis, and south of LaPorte, which lies upon a cluster of beautiful lakes. The only shrubs we noticed in the conditions just de- scribed were Rhus glabra, Spircea saUcifolict, Rosa blanda, Ribes rubrum Cephalanthiis occidentaJis, Viburnum prunifoliwn, and Salix hum His. Among the herbaceous phaenogaras were Elodes Virginica, Epilobium colora- tum, E. palustre, var. lineare, Lgthrum alatum, Cicuta bulbifera. Stum Jineare Coreopsis trichosperma, with leaves so slender that they resemble those of C.rer- BOTAXICAL (UZETTK. /// ticiUata, CacaUd fubfrosa, Campannla aparlnoides, Sriitel/aria (/aler/cHfafa. Tiipha latifolia, Sparganium eunjcarpum. AJisnui Flantago, Asclepias iit- carnata, Saunirus cernuns, etc. Of other taniilies we found E/eochari.s paliistr/s, En'opJiorum Virginicum, Rhynchospnyd (ilki. II. (j/oDiertifa. Carex .scoparia, Zizaaia aquatica, Spartina cynosuroidea, Uroiiiiis ci/iains, Osiinoi- da regalis and Woodirardia Virginlca. Of Epilohiinn jKilustrc we noticed two forms that seemed constant and easily distinguished. In the first the flowers were smaller, always white; the leaves very much crowded, narrow- ly linear, H-2 inches long, 1 line wide; the whole upper part of the phuit whitened. In the second the tl<)\vers were larger, pink or rose-color; leaves 1-li inches long, 2-3 lines wide. Of course the differences are only such as may occur in all species, but both forms are certainly necessar3' to make a complete specimen. The differences seem to become less when we come to analyze them and subject them to measurement, but there is an inde- scribable something that always enables us to distinguish them at a glance III. The flora of the lakes proper. To one who has never botanized upon small lakes there is something very fascinating in his first ride in a "dug-out," coasting along reedy banks and among floating leaves, crowding through choked channels where every dip of the oar brings up dense masses of underwater vegetation. Such trips can be best taken at Laporte, where boats can be had at any time and where the lakes are full of plants. Prob- ably the most noticeable growth there is Fonfedertu cordata with its tall spikes of violet-blue flowers rising in endless succession along the shores. Then there is an abundance of Nuphay advemi and Xijniphcm odorata though we searched our Nymph geas in vain for any fragrance. They were as scentless as could be. We peered anxiously for tubers, but no tubers could we And. and it had to stand a>^ N. odorafa. Then there was Brnsipnid peltata, Hagiftar/tf (jraminea with leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to flliform, Ranunculus aguatilis^ var. sfagnati/is, Scltol/ent yratninea^ Fotoino- (jeton compressus^ Anacharis Canadensis, Myriophi/lluni spicatum. Utricii- laria vulgaris, etc. Along the low sandy shores we picked up Hypericum Canadense, var. major, Hydrocofyle umbellafa, Stachys hysssopifoUa, ./uncus pelocarpus, J. acuminatus, .JJulichium sputhaceum, Scirpus Smithii Eleocharis aricularis, etc. Up to these lakes formerly extended the growth of the prairies that lie farther south and it is still found in old neglected fields and along the lines of railroads, but the rest has been so long under cultivation that the indigenous flora has disappeared. Hence 112 BOTAXICAL GAZETTE. anj' mention of the numerous prairie forms we found in the conditions just indicated will be made under the hetid of prairie flora. IV. The flora of the tamarack and sphagnous swamps. These swamps are found along the Kankakee, but chiefly in north-eastern Indiana. The one we examined was near Kendallville, on the L. S. & M. S. R. R. If one is delighted with his first botanical trip upon a lake, he can scarcely be less so with his first experience in a tamarack swarap, with the dark branches of Larix above his head and a soft cushion of SpliagniDii under his feet. It is in such places that I think we will find our rarest forms and I regret- ted exceedingly that our visit lasted but one day. We noticed that three* species of moss chiefly covered the ground, viz: Sphagnum sqiiarrosum S. cuspidotiwi and Leucohryam (jlaucitm. Growing abundantly upon these moss banks was Drosera rotund i folia., and each gland upon the delicate leaves had exuded a clear drop of fluid that glittered like a dew-drop, show- ing how beautifully appropriate is the name "sun-dew." Then there was Sarracenia pHrpnrea, Elodes Virginica, Campa)iula aparanoides, CaJopoqon palchelhis, Cijpripedhan puhescens, C. acaide, Smilacina h'tfoUa, Osmunda rcgalis, etc. We found several bushes of Bettda puniiJct which seem to be intermediate between B. pumila and B. gfandidosa. The leaves are gland- ular dotted and there are many resinous, wart like glands upon the glabrous branchlets; but the bushes were 6 or 8 feet high and the leaves pale be- neath with finely reticulated veinlets. Around the edges of the swamp, in wet ground, before the tamarack begins, we noted Clematis Virginiayni, Potentillafruficosa, Cornus stolonifera, Aster long ifol ins, Cnicas muticus, C. discolor. Lobelia Kahnii, Salix Candida, Scirpiis ralidus, Carex comosa, C Jiai^a, etc. V. The prairie flora. The prairie of Indiana is found in a tier of coun- ties farther south and the flora is as well defined as that of the lakes. Here thrive principally the large and coarse Compositce and some peculiar Legii- minosce. To tell of all the plants we found upon the j)rairies or that had extended from them along the railroads, would take up too much space and I can mention only the best marked. There were Linum sulcatum, Beta- losfemon ciolx(cens, P. Candidas, Ainorplia ccoiescens, Guara biennis, Eri/nr/iuni guccafoliain, Liafris scariosa, L. spicata, L. cglindracea, L. piicnostacliya, Solidago stricta, S. rigida, S. 31issouriensis, S. gigantea, Silphinm lacinia- tiiiii, S. terebinthinaceum. S.integrifolium, Parthenium integri/olium, Rudbeck ia subtomentosa, Lepachi/s pinnata, Helianthus Iwtiflorus, H. occidentalii, TI. mollis, H. gigcmteus, H. grosse-serratus, H. divaricatus,. H. hirsutus Co.- BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 113 reopsis iJahnata, Caralia fiiherosa, Verheiui sfricfa, AsrJepias rerticillafa, Acerates longifolla., A. viridiflora, Juncus ncMJosiis^ var. meyacephdKs, etc. Some good species have been omitted as belonging strictly to none of the divisions made but rather a mixture ot all and brought together by artific- ial conditions, as along the railroads. For instance, between Laporte and South Bend we found, m addition to very many of the species just men- tioned as belonging to the prairie region. Anemone ci/l/i/dr/rd^ Hi'lidiitlH'- tmnn Cmiadense^ Lechea miijo)\ Fo/ij(jal5b highly developed buds clasping each other-. This mode of growth is the same with all the plants of the class Ophio- As far as is now known, the growth of the prothallus from the spore takes place under the ground; at least this is the case with those plants in this class of which the prothallus has been observed. The prothallus is very small, not over 2 mm. in diameter, has but few root hairs, and is desti- tute of chlorophyll; while with the true Ferns the prothallus is often 6 or T mm. in diameter, has a profusion of root hairs, contains much chloro- phyll, and develops above the ground. In fact the Ferns have a much o-reater thalloid exhistance in every way than the Opliiocfhi^sacece. The spores of the Ferns are in cases, which are developed from the outer laj'er of cells of the frond, and are therefore to be cojisidered as trichomes. The spores of the Ophioglossacea\ on the contrary, are derived" from the inner tissue of the fertile spike or frond which bears them, and therefore cannot be referred to trichomes, but, as Sachs suggests, more strongly resembles the produc-. BOTANICAL (rAZETTK. lU tion of pollen m the anthers of flowering plants. These very important difterences between the Ferns and the Ophioglossacea', require us to i lace them in separate classes of equivalent value. As the Equisetacece are in some respects more highly differentiated than the ferns, they must therefore be placed in advance of them in the system of classification; yet both the Ferns and Equisetums have an extensive thalloid exhistance, and therefore must be placed below the Ophioglossacece, which in turn having only one sort of spores, as have also the Ferns and Equisetums, must remain with them in the isosporous division of vascular cryptogams, in position nearest the heterosporous division, where male and female prothalli are developed from different spores of the same plant, and thus suggest the staraeu? and pistils of flowering plants. It is not intended to offer hare anything more than a mere suggestion as to the position occupied by the Botrychia [Ophioglossacece) in a general classification; but as the interest increases in the collection of our Ameri- can sp8cies,it will be required, where information can be obtained regarding them. It should be known more generally by collectors that Op/i/oy/oss/on and Bofnjchiiim are not true ferns, and that they should be looked upon rather as fern allies, for they differ from the Ferns more than the Equisetums. and as much as most Lycopods. — John Robinson. [Science Xeirs^ Dec. 15,] A Reply. — We are exceedingly sorry if the pages of the (tazette have teen the means of causing hard feeling between some of our Iowa botan- ists. In the September number we published a communication from Mr. J. C. Arthur, author of the Catalogue of the Iowa Flora, in which he re- plied to certain statements that had been published in reference to his Cat- alogue. We have a reply from the Rev. Rob't Burgess claiming that we have not treated him fairly in not publishing some of his communications in which he had corrected the mistakes that had been made. Of course, if we have thus failed to do Mi"- Burgess justice, we are ready to right it as far as we can, and for this purpose we publish some of the statements of his letter. ''A criticism upon my Botanical Reports, in the September Gtazette calls for a brief reply. The writer charges to my account two articles in the GrAZETTE and BiilJetin, for the publication of which I am not responsi- ble. Mr. Arthur, ignorant of the fact that I had sent a correct report to the Gazette (unpublished) to rectify and replace them, says that "barely 1-5 of all my analyses were correct. [This is a mistake, as there is no such no BOTAXICAL GAZETTE. statement in the article referred to. Mr. Arthur says that "over, a fifth were incorrectly named." — Eds.] I printed three reports, 75 plants in all, in which I admit 5 false analyses, with a few doubtful/' We readily con- cede that the fault is all our own in ever having admitted for publication species that were doubtful and hence we are ready to receive all the fulmin- ations of the parties and will trouble the readers of the Gazette with no more of it. — Eds. Ferns of North America, Parts lU and 11. — This work continues of the same excellence and when completed will ^ive us as beautiful and elab- orate a monograph upon our Ferns as we could desire. As a general rule the figures are all excellent, so that even an ordinary observer would be able to recognize and determine almost any fern he would find. The pres- ent parts contain Osmimda regaJis, L., 0. Claijtonuma, L., 0. chwamomea, L., Aspkliiim Thelifpferis, Swartz, Pobjpodluni vulgare, L., F. Ccdifonacum. Kaulf., Scolopendrium vidgare. Smith, and Lomaria S_pic(iiit, Desvaux. All the figures impress us more favorably than that of Osmundaregidis. It is unlike any form of that species that grows here and we were compell- ed to read the name before knowiag what it was. Oiir royal fern should make a more impressive picture. Besides there is not that sharpness and distinctness of outline that marks most of the other figures, as Aspldiuin Thelypteris for instance, or the two species of FoJijpod'mnt. Note.— For the fantastic mistakes that appeared in the December num- ber of the Gazette, our readers will please not hold us responsible. They were due to the conceit of a printer, whose knowledge of botany is some- what limited. We would call attention to the advertisement of H. Eggert, Esq., of St Louis, Mo. The plants he offers for sale are remarkably cheap, but that does not imply that they are remarkably poor. Many of the species are exceedingly rare and the specimens are complete and fine, among the very best we have ever received. When a botanist can select fine specimens of his desiderata for four cents a species, he had better avail himself of the offer. Mr. Eggert has an abundance of plants and will send a list of them to any one upon application. We begin to publish in the next number a very interesting series of pa- pers from Mr. A. H. Curtiss upon the flora of the shell islands of the Flor- ida coast. .^^^^^:5mbm BOTANICAL TE, Vol. IV. FEBRUARY, 1879. No. 2. A Visit to the Shell Islands of Florida, by A. H. Curtiss. — Paper I. — On the eastern coast of Florida there are extensive grassy marshes stretching from the Everglades northward, with more or less inter ruption, to Georgia. These are separated from the ocean by islands and by long sand bars connecting Avith the mainland. The St. John's river is liordered with these marshes for several miles from its month. Throngh them and between the sea-islands and main land of Georgia travelers reach Florida by the "inland passage." This passage enters the river within sight of its mouth and between a group of islands called '-The Sisters." These islands, like many others of smaller size which are scattered throngh the marshes, are composed entirely of oyster shells. Though the same species of mollusk now abounds in these waters, it is difficult to imagine what agency led to their accu- mulation into such vast mounds, rising abruptly from the marshes to a height of from five to twenty feet and sometimes covering a square mile in area. The Sisters are three in number, about equidistant, similar in size and readily suggest the name they bear. The appear- ance of these islands, their large size and apparent inaccessibility, the luxuriant vegetation covering a seemingly impenetral^le soil, naturally excite the curiosity of ])assing tourists but it is evident that their botanical features were unknown previous to 1878, during which year the writer made frequent visits to them, and found them to be as marked in botanical as in geological features and as regards ento- mology, incomparable. It is a unique region, a land flowing with honey and gall, in which one may enjoy much and suffer much. With this, a foretaste, we invite the reader to accompany us mentally (the more comfortable way) on a tour of inspection. Sailing dow^n the lake-like St. John's till we emerge from the treach- erous waters of the "middle-marsh" we behold on our right the bold promontory called St. John's Bluff, rich in historical associations and in growths of Geratiola and Ximenia, vast marshes to the left, and far ahead the dim shaggy outlines of the Sisters. A favoring breeze speeds us toward them; one by one the intervening miles are count- ed out, and presently we are skirting the outlying marshes of the largest, called Pine-Island. The banks in places are firm and brist- 118 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ling- with oysters, in others broken down and submerged bj^ recent storms. Creeks cut them at intervals, leading, no one knows where. One inlet in particular, our boatman calls the "Mouth of Hanamile,"' which leads to the "Pepper Islands." Through the Mouth and down the throat of the passage we go, and soon reach the retreat of the fiery Capsicum. The banks are steep and composed wholly of bleach- ed oyster shells which slij) under our feet and throw us against the points of the "Spanish Bayonet," Yacca aloifolia, wiiich almost entire- ly covers the island. Bleeding from its punctures we scale the para- pet and look around. Bayonets bristle and interlock on every hand. There are shrubby growths of Sageretia, Forestiera ■porulosa and Quer- ('/;.s circiix, with rigid spine-like branches and bloated Opuntias warn- ing us to touch not. Climbing: over these formidable plants and binding them together, is found that singular vine, the Vincetoxicum scopariumi Gray. Its tou. ^^ — i 3, 5, 7, 9, &c., and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, &c.; 3 spirals of the i i i 3d order, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, cfec, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, &c., and | | | 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, &c.; 5 vertical ranks, 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 1 f | &., 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, &c., 3, 8,13, 18, 23, &c., 4, 9,14, ? j f 19, 24, &c., and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, &c. ' Fig. 3. e. The following table exhibits the successive 1 ! ^^ 1 I orders of spirals in each cycle as far as the 13-34 i is j i 12 cycle. The signs f and - indicate the direction of '•,-, i V A 1 the spirals to the right or left of the vertical line, i ^ j j 7 as compared with the direction of the primary gen- ^ I | 4 j erating sjiiral. I ? 1 1 ^ j 1 13. From a consideration of the origin and de- ' Fig. 4. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 123 c I II III IV 1 V VI VII 0-1 0 1 1-2 _•) i 1-3 2-b 3-8 1 _2 t;! _2 13 -5 5-13 _2 13 -5 t8 8-21 _2 t3 -5 + 8 -13 13-34 _2 +3 -5 t8 -13 t21 TABLE I. velopment of the spirals in these cycles, we deduce the following two fundamental principles : I. Every cycle conta in s w itli- In itself ill the form of spirals all the vertical ranks of the preceding cycles. II. The conseciitive orders of spirals mount one above anotlter alten lately to right and left till finally they reach the vertical ranks. 14. As» consequences of these two principles we may infer as follows : a. The system begins with 0-1. b. Every cycle discloses the preceding cycles of the system. c. The number of spirals in the successive orders is the same as the denominators of the fractions which represent the system. d. The spirals of the 1st, 3d, 5th, etc., orders have the same oblique direction to the right or to the left. The spirals of the 2d, -Ith, 6th, &c., orders have the same oblique direction to the left or to the right, (•ross-wise of the spirals of the odd orders. e. The common difference of the numbers in the series which rep- resent any order of spirals is the same as the number of spirals in the order. — [To be continued.] Heliopsis vs. Helianthus. — Probably there are few botanists, es- pecially of the less experienced ones, who are not deceived, at times, in regard to Heliopsis Isevis, Pers. Even after studying Heliopsis and noting its peculiarities, it is still easy to mistake it. Its external ap- pearance is so similar and yet its structure is so different from any Helianthus that we wonder how it was possible to be so completely deceived. Were this the case only with myself, it would be nothing remarkable, but I have heard other and more experienced workers speak of the same trouble. It certainly is very exasperating to take considerable pains to obtain neat specimens, lay them carefully in papers, and then find when you reach home that you have collected Heliopsis instead of some new Helianthus. The poh'morphous nature of this species makes it the more difficult to recognize. In the typical form I have found the stem often glaucous and the leaves nearly smooth. The var. scahra has the leaves and often the stem 12J^ BOTANICAL GAZETTE. scabrous. This form is the largest. Intermediate between these, there is a small form with smooth stem and scabrous leaves. Of course these all run into each other, so that Me may expect anything from a glaucous to a scabrous stem, variously combined with smooth, rough or scabrous leaves. So much for appearance. When we look at the structure of the heads there is little similarity. Compare the two : Heliopsis. Helianthus. Rays . . pistillate . . neutral. Receptacle . . conical . . flat or convex. Chaff . . linear-lanceolate. . broad, embracing the achenia. Pappus . . none . . two or four deciduous scales. Keeping these pomts in mind there Avill be no trouble in recogniz- ing Heliopsis at once. In dried sjDecimens I tind a peculiarity belong- ing to this species that does not seem to be possessed by any Helianthus. In the former the base of the rays is a deep orange color, shading off to light orange at the top. The back or outside of the ray florets is much lighter than the inside, becoming a straw yellow. These shades seems to be constant and exist in all my specimens, which, consider- ing the universality of the species, are entirely too numerous. I do not find this shading to be present in any of the Helianthi. This presents an obvious means of distinguishing between the two and the presence of this coloring should at least lead us to suspect the identity of the species in question. — C. R. Barnes, Madison, Ind. Cross-Fertilization in Lobelia syphilitica. — In an article upon "Certain Contrivances for Cross-Fertilization in Flowers," published in the American Naturalist for January, Prof. J. E. Todd gives the following very interesting account of the arrangements for the cross - fertilization of Lobelia syphilitica, L. The corolla is monopetalous and two lipped, the lower lip consist- ing of three petals and the upper of two. Between the latter is a slit extending to the base of the tube. The five stamens are free from the corolla and united, their anthers and upper parts of the fila- ments forming a tube ; or it may be said, the anthers combining, form a common cell for the pollen, which opens by a pore at its apex. On the lower margin of the pore are many short, stiff" hairs, which at first project across the pore closing it, but v>dien the pollen is ripe they turn abruptly downwards and leave it open. There is only one pistil, which is armed near the end of the style with a collar of short stiff hairs, similar in size and character to those on the anthers just BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 125 mentioned. The end of the style with its hairs forms the bottom of the pollen-cell before described. We have, therefore, the stigma shut up with the pollen in the same cell. "A capital arrangement for .se//-fertilization," one says. Nay, not too fast! The stigma is composed of two fleshy lobes, its receiving surface being on their inner surface And the}^ are firmly closed together, so that the end of the pistil looks like a closed mouth with its lips firmly pressed together. With its bristly collar it reminds one of Jack-in-a-box, with an unusually "stiff upper lip." This combined pistil and stamens is S-shaped, and when the flower opens, it springs through the slit of the corolla and stands with the tip of the pollen-cell just behind the ujDper lip of the corolla. Some- times there is no trace of the stamens seen from the front; but if an insect tries to enter, the slit between the petals opens, the hairs of the anthers strike his back, and as he forces his way in, they produce a jarring of the pollen-cell which freely sprinkles the pollen upon him. As the pollen escapes it is kept up to the pore by the pressure caused by the gradual lengthening of the style. The hairy collar acting like a swab, sweeps the cell clean. When all the pollen is gone, the style, continuing its growth, pushes the stigma through the pore and forward through between the upper petals. The end of the style then comes downward, the lips ot the stigma open and roll back as though turning inside out. This exposes the whole surface of the stigma to be covered with pollen from the back of the first insect which comes from a flower discharging pollen. So the cross-fertiliza- tion is beautifully accomplished. Fungoid Friends and Foes. — In the twenty-ninth annual report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York on the New York State Museum of Natural History, the report of the Botanist, Chas. H. Peck, contains the following interesting facts : Nearly three hundred species of fungi that attack and inhabit liv- ing plants have been detected in the State (New York). They affect almost as many species of flowering plants. In some cases several parasites attack the same host plant; in others, one par- asite attacks two or more host plants indiscriminately. But, in many instances, a single parasite is peculiar to a single supporting plant, in which cases the latter may be taken by the student a'j a guide in his search for a description of the former. A Puccinia found on the leaves of the dwarf cornel, Cornus Canadensis, is almost certain to 126 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. answer to the description of Puccinia porphyrogenita^ and an yEcidiiim on the leaves of the barberry, Berberis vulgaris, will scarcely be any other than jEcidium, Berbericlis. A fact of still greater moment is, that some of our cultivated plants are attacked by fungoid foes which, minute as they are, materially diminish their vigor, impair their useful products and, in some in- stances, even destroy their vitality. Raspberries are attacked by the American raspberry rust, Uredo luininata; pea vines, by the pea mildew, Erysiphe Martii; oats and wheat, by the grain smut, Ustilago Carbo; plum and cherry-trees, by the black-knot, Sphasria morbosa; and lettuce and onions by their respective molds, Peronospora gangJi- formis and Peronospora Schleldeniaua. Such fungi must be regarded as injurious to the interests of the husbandman, nor is the pecuniary loss whicii they occasion trivial or inconsiderable. The loss produced by the potato mold alone, Peronospora infestans, abundantly warrants all the effort and study that have been devoted to the investigation of the history of the fungus and to the discovery of some efficient means for preventing its attacks or overcoming their destructive conse- quences. On the other hand those fungi that infest noxious weeds and hinder their dissemination and multiplication, must be regarded as the friends and allies of man. Thus the thistle rust, Tricliobasis suaveo- lens^ an early state of Puccinia Comjyositarum, sometimes attacks the Canada thistle with great virulence, and so impairs its vigor as to pre- vent the development of the seeds, thereby checking the propagation and spread of this pestilent plant. So, also, the troublesome bur- grass, Cenchrus tribuloides, is sometimes infested by a smut fungus, Ustilago Syntherismsei which not onl;> prevents the development of the seeds of the gTass but also of the annoying bur-like involucres. It may yet be found practicable to keep down this grass by the artifi- cial dissemination of the spores of its parasitic fungus in those light sandy soils where the grass usually abounds. It certainly is desira- ble that the life histories of these fungoid friends and foes should be better understood than they now are, and that the means of multi- plying or diminishing their numbers according to their characters should be under the control of the farmer. ■ New Species of Fux\gi, by Chas. H. Peck. — The eight species of fungi here described were collected by Mr. T. S. Brandegee and com- municated to me by Mr. E. A. Rau. The quotations are from the notes of Mr. Brandegee. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 127 FucciNiA Grindeli^e. — Spots pale, orbicular, one to three lines in diameter, sometimes confluent; sori amphigenous, minute, crowded, black or blackish-brown; spores variable, oblong, obtuse or obtusely pointed, strongly constricted at the septum, .0016-002 of an inch long, .0008-001 broad; pedicel hyaline, equal to or exceeding the spore in length. liadical leaves of Grindelia squarrosa. Colorado. "Not common.'' The variability of the spores is quite noticeable. In some the septum is wanting, in others the pedicel is attached to the side of the basal cell, a peculiarity sometimes seen in the spores of P. vanahilis. PucciNiA CLADOPHILA. — SoH uumerous, cauline, orbicular elliptical or oblong, sometimes confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epider- mis, blackish-brown; spores subelliplical, scarcely constricted, obtuse, .0012-0015 of an inch long, .000S-.0009 broad; pedicel very short. Stems of Stephanomeria minor. Colorado. "On but one individual, although the plants are common. '^ The branches sent were abund- antly infested with the fungus. No leaves accompanied the speci- mens, so that I am unable to say whether they are ever attacked or not. Uromyces plumbarius. — Sori amphigenous, scattered or subconflu- ent, at first covered by the epidermis and of a peculiar shining leaden hue, at length exposed and of a dark ferruginous-brown or blackish- brown color; spores obovate or subelliptical, obtuse or rarely very bluntly pointed, .0009-.0012 of an inch long, about .0008 of an inch broad ; pedicel very short or obsolete. Leaves of GEnothera Ccvspitosa. Colorado. "Not common." The beautiful metallic hue of the covering epidermis is suggestive of the specific name. Uromyces Brandegei. — Spots none; sori scattered, rarely slightly confluent, prominent, orbicular elliptical or oblong, black; spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, rough with minute warts or papillae, .0012-.0016 of an inch long, .0011-.0015 broad; pedicel hyaline, usu- ally equal to or exceeding the spore in length. Leayes of Bouteloua curtipendula. Colorado. "Common." This is a fine species, very distinct from [7, Gramiinuii. It is with pleasure that I dedicate it to its discoverer. Uromyces simulans. — Sori epiphyllous, varying from subrotund to linear, often crowded and subconfluent, ferruginous-brown; spores variable, subglobose, obovate or elliptical, rather large, minutely rough, .0013-0016 of an inch long, .OOl-.OOll broad ; pedicel about equal to or shorter than the spore in length, easily separating from it. 128 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Sheaths and upper surface of leaves of Vilfa. Colorado. In the character of the sori this species resembles Puccinia Graminis, from which, however, it differs in its paler ferruginous-brown color. The mature spores easily separate from the pedicels, in which respect the fungus simulates species of TricJiohasis. Uromyces sanguineus. — Spots small, scattered, sometimes conflu- ent, bright-red or purplish-red ; sori scattered, one on each spot, prom- inent, cinnamon-brown, often partly concealed by a single large frag- ment of the ruptured epidermis; spores obovate or oblong-pyriform, .001-.0016 of an inch long, .00065-.0008 broad, generally uninucleate, easily separating from the pedicel ; pedicel hyaline, equal to or less tiian the spore in length. Leaves of Berheris AquifoUuvt. Colorado. The deciduous pedicels connect this species with the genus Trichobasis, but I find an occa- sional one that is persistent, which, with the Uromyces-like appear- ance ot the spores, induces me to refer the species to the genus Uromyces. Cronartium ComandRuE. — Peridium elongated, subcylindrical, more or less curved, slightly swollen at the base, yellowish or bright or- ange ; spores subglobose, .0003-.0004 of an inch in diameter. Stems of Comandra 'pallida. Colorado. A paler form of what ap- pears to be the same species occurs on the leaves of Comandra umhel- lata, but I have not seen it fertile. The fungus surrounds the stems on all sides with its bright-colored bristling peridia. ^ciDiUM GRACiLENS. — Spots thickened, green or slightly discolored; peridia hypophyllous, elongated, slender, pink or rosy-red, white when evacuated ; spores globose, bright-orange, .0009-.001 of an inch in diameter, with a thick hyaline epispore. Leaves of PJiiladelphus mkrophyllus. Colorado. "Not common." The pinkish hue of the peridia when filled with spores is very beauti- ful. Some Missouri Ferns. — I have found Asplenium parvidum growing abundantly along the cliffs of the James River in this county (Greene), also Adiantum Cap illus- Veneris in the same locality. — E. M, Shepard, Springfield, Mo BOTANICAL GAZETTE. Vol. IV. MARCH, 1879. No. 3. Notes on Baptisia, by Wm. M. Canby. — Under the generic names of Crotalaria or Sophora-, Linnaeus described four genuine species of Baptisia^ viz : B. perfoliata, B. alba, B. tindoria and B. australis. In 1788, Walter added two more, B. lanceolafa and B. villosa, placing them doubtfully under Sophora. Michaux (1803) placed all under Podalyria, and gave the same number (six) if we exclude his P. mollis which is now well known as a Thermopsi's. Pursh merely copied Michaux's account of the species. Nuttall in his -'Genera'" published in 1818 added 5. ?ewcoj:>/ic'efi, properly placing all under Baptisia. He continued Michaux's sjiecies as B. mollis, as did also DeCandolle in 1825 and Torrey and Gray, doubtfully, in 1838-40. DeCandolle added no new species, Muhlenberg's B. bracteata being the same as 5 /e?/eop//a;a, Nuttall; but between his account of the species and that of Torrey and Gray, Nuttall had added his B. mi- crophylla and B. spliserocarpa and Groom his B. simplicifoUa, thus brin.fr- ing the number up to ten. Torrey and Gray elaborated the genus well, clearing up some doubtful cases and adding two species of their own, B. leucantha and B. Lecontii, and one of Chapman's, B. megacarpa. The number was increased to fourteen by the B. Serenw of Curtis, although this may yet prove to be a hybrid between B. alba and B. tindoria; and as it is evident from a comparison of original speci- mens, that Mr, Watson is right in considering Ravenel's B. stipulacea as identical with B. microphylla, this number continued to represent the species, until, in the Gazktte for August last, B. sulphurea was added by Dr. Engelmann and B. calycosa by myself, completing the list as given below. The earliest arrangement of the species was by dividing them into the obvious groups of simple leaved and trifoliate leaved species. As the number of the latter increased the color of the flowers was brought into service to form sub-divisions. This did pretty well when the known species were fewer and the legumes of several had not been collected; but now that new species have increased and old ones have become better known it seems best to try if they cannot be more naturally grouped. The synopsis given below is the result of some study of the largel* collections in this country supplemented 130 BOTANICAL GAZETTE. b}^ the favors of esteemed correspondents. But as it is quite aston- ishing how rarely the legumes are found in our herbaria, an alterna- tive arrangement based upon the color of the flowers is given for the last nine species. But this I do not regard with favor. It is evidently natural and even necessary to retain the primary divisions of simple leaved and trifoliate leaved species, but to these I have added another for B. microphylla^ Nutt., which is intermediate in character. In the Trifoliate it is more convenient to form the principal divisions by bringing together species having bibracteolate pedicels as distinguished from those without them ; and again to sep- arate the latter into those species whose inflorescence is terminal and sometimes leafy, and those in which the racemes are pedicellate and opposite the leaves — a distinction which seems to me to be not only useful but of some importance ; and the latter again by means of the legumes. This arrangement brings the allied species together better than any other that I could think of. If space permitted, the alli- ances of some of the species would present interesting features ; but I will only add that specimens from the South and South-west will still be gratefully received and may serve to illustrate some doubtful forms. BAPTISIA, Vent. § SiMPLiciFOLK-E, Leaves all simple; no stipules (stipules and leaflets united). 1. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Leaves sessile or nearly so; flowers in racemes. Quincy, Florida. 2. B. pcrfoliata^ R. Brown. Leaves perfoliate ; flowers axillary. South Carolina and Georgia. var. lobata. Leaves variously sinuate or lobed or even almost tri- foliate. South Carolina. (Ravenel.) §§ Stipulate,. Leaves mostly trifoliate, but some of the upper leaflets and even the conspicuous stipules either suppressed or united together, thus appearing simple and sessile. Flowers in short loose terminal racemes. 3. B. microphylla, Nuttall. (B. sHpuIacea, Ravenel. I cannot but regret the necessity for the suppression of Ravenel's excellent name.) South Carolina and West Florida to Alabama. var. axillaris. Flowers axillary from the upper leaflets. Prob- ably a hybrid. Aiken, South Carolina. (Ravenel.) §§§ Trifoliate. Leaves petioled, all trifoliate; flowers in ra cemes. BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 131 * Pedicels slender, bibracteolate above the middle ; stipules, bracts and bracteoles persistent. 4. B. Lecoiitii, Torr. and Gray. Pubescent; calyx lobes short tri- angular. Georgia and Florida. 5. B. cahjcosa, Canby. Glabrous (except the somewhat ciliate fo- liage, (fee), calyx lobes foliaceous, almost as long as the corolla, persistent and enlarging in fruit. Legumes compressed, ovate, acuminate, about the length of, or shorter than the calyx. East Florida. (Miss Reynolds, Miss Floyd.) A ver}^ remarkable species. ** Pedicels not bibracteolate. -♦- Racemes very many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base, i. e., some of the lower flowers axillary. 6. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Very smooth with small (+ in. to 1^ in. long) wedge obovate leaflets and small bright yellow flowers. Can- ada to Florida and west to the Mississippi. 7. B. lanceolata. Elliott. Stout, pubescent when young, leaflets ob- lanceolate (2 to 3 in. long); flowers large, dull yellow. North Carolina to Florida and westward. var. unijiora, Torr. and Gray. (B. uniflora, Spreng.) Leaflets more cuneate obovate, firmer in texture, often retuse; flowers nearly all axillary. Arkansas. -. — t- Racemes fewer, opposite the leaves, the flowers there- fore never axillary, ■n- Legume spherical, its walls very thick and bony. 8. B. sph