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THE

BOTANIC GARDEN;

CONSISTING OF

HIGHLY FINISHED REPRESENTATIONS

OF HARDY

ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS,

CULTIVATED

IN GREAT BRITAIN;

WITH

THEIR NAMES, CLASSES, ORDERS, HISTORY, QUALITIES, CULTURE ,
AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

BY

B. MAUND, F. L.S.

VOL X.

“Not a tree,

A plant, a leaf, a blossom, but contains
A folio volume. We may read and read.

And read again, and still find something new,
Something to please and something to instruct.”

Hurdis.

ILontion;

PUBLISHED BY GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW.

PREFACE

Twenty Years, in rapid succession, have now passed
away, since we opened our Botanic Garden to public
patronage. Month after month has parterre after parterre
blossomed forth in verdure and gaity — the elements, in
their rudest mood, never ruffling a blossom. Friends, too,
have been unchangeable in their support, and involved us
in a debt of gratitude, of which we have been but too hap-
py to render some tangible acknowledgement. Thrice
have we given some triffling mark of such feeling, by the
addition of Leaves and many Plants; and although con-
scious we are of the many imperfections of the whole, still
we have a ray of hope that some assistance has been ren-
dered our readers in their doing that which is now-a-days
indispensable — keeping pace with the rapidly advancing
knowledge of the times.

We have said that the Botanic Garden has yielded
Flowers, even under favourable auspices; Fruit is a natu-
ral consequence, of Flowers, therefore every Number will
henceforth bear to our friends a specimen of some favourite
Fruit. Our anxious wdsh is that to every one of them
this may prove an acceptable present.

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INDEX TO VOL. X.

Systematic Name. English Name. No.

Acacia armata, Simple-leaved prickly Acacia, 915

Acanthus mollis, Soft Acanthus, 920

Aconitum ovatum, Oval-leaved Aconite, 870

Adenophora coronopifolia, ..Bucks-horn-leaved Adenoph. 958

Amygdalus pedunculata,. .. .Pedunculate Almond, 908

Andromeda speciosa, Showy Andromeda, 930

Antirrhinum quadricolor,, . . .Four-coloured Snapdragon . .921

Aquilegia Skinneri, Skinner’s Columbine, 937

Arbutus procera, .Tall Strawberry Tree, 943

Aster amellus, Amellus-like Starwort 883

Azalea ledifolia, Ledum-leaved Azalea, 911

Azalea viscosa, Canescent Azalea,. 933

Berberis Chinensis, Chinese Barberry, 957

Berberis coriaria, .Tanner’s Barberry, 885

Berberis glumacea, Glumaceous Barberry,, 879

Calandrinia speciosa, Showy Calandrinia, 923

Campanula alpina, Alpine Bell-flower, 910

Campanula fragilis, Brittle Bell-flower, 878

Campanula trachelium, . . . .Throat-wort Campanula,. . . .886
Centrocarpha grandiflora, . . Great flowered Centrocarpha,891

Cerasus padus, Bird Cherry, 946

Chrysanthemum Sinense,. . ..Chinese Chrysanthemum, ..929
Cineraria tussilagino.-cruentaWaterhouse’s Cineraria, ....893

Cistus roseus, Rosy Rock-rose, 896

Crataegus oxycantha, Hawthorn, .953

Crocus speciosus, Showy Autumn Crocus, .... 900

Cypripedium pubescens, . . . .Pubescent Ladies’ Slipper, . .901

Dianthus caryophyllus, Carnation, .871

Dianthus nitidus, Shining Pink, 950

Dianthus plumarius, Feathered Pink, 922

Echinops Ruthenicus, Russian Globe’ Thistle, . . . .868

Epigaea repens, Creeping Epigaea 919

Epilobium spicatum, Spiked Willow Herb, 956

Erodium Reichardi, Reichard’s Heron’s- Bill, ....952

Eucharidium concinnum, . . Neat Eucharidium, 909

Fabiana imbricata, Imbricate-leaved Fabiana, ..914

Fuchsia Chandlerii, Chandler’s Fuchsia, 881

Fuchsia corymbiflora, Cluster-flowered Fuchsia. .. .889

Fuchsia macrostemon, Long-stamened Fuchsia,.. . .935

Funkia subcordata, Sub-cordate-leaved Funkia..939

Gentiana incarnata, Flesh-coloured Gentian, . . . .924

Gentiana intermedia, ...... Intermediate Gentian, 955

Gymnadenia conopsea, .... Gnat-like flowered Gymnad. 959

Halesia tetraptera, Four-winged Snow^drop Tree,902

Hippocrepis comosa, Tufted Horse- shoe Vetcli, ..949

Tmpatiens longicornu, Long-horned Touch me not, 892

Impatiens tricornis, Threc-horned Balsam, 872

Systematic Name. English Name. No.

Iris flavissima, Yellowest Iris, 906

Iris tenax, Tough Iris, 886

Kalmia hirsuta, Hairy Kalmia, 890

Lactuca sonchifolia, Sowthistle-leaved Lettuce, ..938

Lathyrus Macrsei, Mac Rae’s Lathyrus, 874

Linaria alba, White-flowered Toad-flax, . .898

Lonicera Chinensis, Chinese Honeysuckle, 916

Lonicera oblongifolia, Oblong-leaved Honeysuckle, 894

Lonicera sempervirens, .... Trumpet Honeysuckle, 928

Magnolia Soulangiana, .... Soulange’s Magnolia, 913

Mesembryanthemum tricolor. Three-coloured Fig-marigold,912

Ononis natrix, Goat-root Rest-harrow, ....926

Ophrys apifera, Bee»bearing Ophrys, 918

Orchis latifolia, Broad-leaved Orchis, 951

Orobus Gmelini, .... Ginelin’s Bitter Vetch 897

Oxalis Piottse, Piotta’s Wood Sorrel, 895

Pseonia edulis festiva, Handsome Edible Paeony, . .905

Pentstemon coboea, Coboea-flowered Pentstemon,866

Pentstemon latifolius, Broad-leaved Pentstemon, ..882

Phlox pyramidalis, Pyramidal Phlox, 904

Phlox speciosissima,. Showy Phlox, 876

Pinus Pinea, Stone Pine 940

Pinus resinosa, The Red Pine, 932

Potentilla formosa, Miss Garnier’s Cinquefoil, ..934

Primula ciliata, Ciliated Swiss Primrose,. ... 907

Pyrola uniflora,, Single-flowered Wintergreen,960

Rehmannia Chinensis, Chinese Rehmannia, 873

Rhododendron campanulat., Campanulate Rhododendron, 899
Rhododen. Caucasicum-Pont. Hybrid Caucasian Rhododen.903
Rhododendron Caucasicum, Caucasian Rhododendron, . .947
Rhododendron enneandrium. Hybrid Rhododendron, ,...931
Rhododendron hybridum, . . Herbert’s Hybrid Rhododen. 94 1

Ribes laucustre,, ; Lake-side Currant, 954

Ribes Menziesii, Menzie’s Gooseberry 944

Robinia hispida, Hispid Rose-Acacia, 917

Rosa Bourboniana, Queen of Bourbons, 887

Rosa Gallica, French Rose, 925

Rosa Hardii, Hardy’s Rose 869

Rosa rubiginosa, Scarlet Briar, 877

Salvia vulnerariaefolia, V ulneraria-leaved Sage, .... 880

Sedum telephium, Common Orpine Stonecrop. ,948

Silene chloraefolia, Chlora-leaved Catchfly 942

Sisyrinchium graminifolium. Dwarf Sisyrinchium,. .865

Spiraea venusta, Beautiful Spiraea, 867

Tagetes corymbosa, Corymbose Tagetes, 875

Trillium erythrocarpum, . . . .Red fruited Trillium, 936

Tritoma Burchellii, Burchell’s Tritoma, 884

Vaccinium fuscatum, Red-twigged Whortle-Berry, 945

Veratrum nigrum, Dark-flowered Veratrum,, , . .927

INDEX TO PART XX.

Systematic Name. English Name. No.

Acacia armata, Simple-leaved prickly Acacia,915

Acanthus mollis, Soft Acanthus, 920

Adenophora coronopifolia, . . Bucks-horn-leaved Adenoph. 958

Andromeda speciosa, Shoisvy Andromeda, 930

Antirrhinum quadricolor, . .Four-coloured Snapdragon, . .921

Aquilegia Skinneri, Skinner’s Columbine, 937

Arbutus procera, .Tall Strawberry Tree, 943

Azalea viscosa, Caneseent Azalea, 933

Berberis Chinensis, Chinese Barberry, 957

Calandrinia speciosa, Showy Calandrinia, 923

Cerasus padus, ...... Bird Cherry, 946

Chrysanthemum Sinense, .. Chinese Chrysanthemum, ..929

Crataegus oxyeantha, Double Scarlet Hawthorn, ..953

Dianthus nitidus, .......... Shining Pink, 950

Dianthus plumarius,. ....... Feathered Pink, 922

Epigaea repens, Creeping Epigaea,. 919

Epilobium spicatum, Spiked Willow Herb, 956

Erodium Reichardi, Reichard’s Heron’s-Bill, . . . .952

Fabiana imbricata Imbricate-leaved Fabiana, ..914

F uchsia macrostemon, Long-stamened F uchsia, .... 935

Funkia subcordata, Sub-cordate-leaved Funkia. .939

Gentiana incarnata, Flesh-coloured Gentian, . . . .924

Gentiana intermedia, Intermediate Gentian, 955

Gymnadenia eonopsea, .... Gnat-like flowered Gymnade.959

Hippocrepis comosa, Tufted Horseshoe Vetch,. . . .949

Lactuca sonchifolia, Sowthistle-leaved Lettuce, . .938

Lonicera Chinensis, Chinese Honeysuckle, 916

Lonicera sempervirens, .... Trumpet Honeysuckle, .... 928

Magnolia Soulangiana, . . . . Soulange’s Magnolia, 913

Ononis natrix, Goat-root Rest-harrow, .... 926

Ophrys apifera, .Bee-bearing Ophrys, 918

Orchis latifolia, Broad-leaved Orchis, 951

Pinus pinea, .Stone Pine, 940

Pinus resinosa, The Red Pine, 932

Potentilla formosa, Miss Garnier’s Cinquefoil, ..934

Pyrola uniflora, Single-flow. Wintergreen, ..960

Rhododendron Caueasicum, Caucasian Rhododendron, ..947
Rhododendron enneandrium. Hybrid Rhododendron, . . . .931
Rhododendron hybridum, ..Herbert’s Hybrid Rhododen.941

Ribes laucustre Lake-side Currant, 954

Ribes Menziesii, Menzie’s Gooseberry, 944

Robinia hispida, Hispid Rose-Acacia, 917

Rosa Gallica, French Rose, 925

Sedum telephium, Common Orpine Stonecrop, 948

Silene chloraefolia, Chlora-leaved Catchfly, ....942

Trillium erythrocarpum, ... .Red-fruited Trillium, 936

Vaecinium fuscatum, Red-twigged Whortle-berry, 945

Veratrum nigrum,,. Dark- flowered Veratrum, ..927

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SISYRIN'CHIUM GRAMINIFO'LIUM.

DWARF STSYRINCHIUM.

Class. Order.

triandria. monogynia.

Natural Order.
iridace^.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Chile,

6 inehes.

Oetober.

Perennial.

in 1825.

No. 865.

The literal meaning of the name of this genus,
Sisyrinchium, is pig’s snout; but for what reason
the Greeks employed the term is difficult to deter-
mine. The species now figured must not be
confused with a plant published some years ago,
as Sisyrinchium gramineum, which is in reality
Sisyrinchium anceps, and has blue flowers.

This genus comprises several pretty plants, par-
ticularly Bermudianum, striatum, and anceps. The
latter little plant is as hardy as any British weed,
and seedlings of it will spring up in abundance when
once introduced to the borders. Sisyrinchium
striatum, published under No. 66, is exceedingly
pretty; and, although old plants will sometimes
be destroyed in the borders, seedlings will spring
up unexpectedly. When once introduced it will
seldom be wholly lost.

Sisyrinchium graminifolium is somewhat more
tender, and should have protection in winter. It
has fleshy fastigiate roots, and if these arc taken up
in the autumn, and potted in sandy compost, they
may be wintered in any convenient nook, where
they are secure from frost,

217,

PENTSTE'MON COBOl'A.

COBCEA-FLOWERED PENTSTEMON,

Class. , Order.

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

Natural Order.

SCROPHULARIACEiE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introdueed

Texas.

2| feet.

Autumn.

Perennial.

in 1835.

No. 866.

It will be recollected that the genus Pentstemoii
{PENTE, STEMON, fifth Stamen) was formed out of
Chelone. Their only constant distinction is in the
seeds ; those of Pentstemon being angular, whilst
Chelone’s seeds have a membranous margin.
Chelone, too, has woolly anthers; those of Pent-
stemon are generally glabrous, but this is not a
certain distinctive character. Our plant is named
Coboea, from its inflated corolla having some
resemblance to that of Coboea scandens.

This species of Pentstemon varies much in the
colour of its flowers, being sometimes nearly white,
and its markings indistinct. It is, like Murrayana,
a rare plant, being of rather delicate habit, and
requiring ample protection from frost.

It will flower finely in the borders, but it should
not be turned out till the beginning of May. Care
should be taken to fertilize the flowers, so as to
encourage the production of seeds; and young
plants should also be struck from cuttings. In the
autumn, the old plants should be taken up and
potted in a sandy compost ; and, during winter, be
thoroughly protected in a cold frame.

SPIR^'A VENUS'TA.

BEAUTIFUL SPIRAEA.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

DI-PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.
rosacea;.

Native of

Height,

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Uncertain

85 feet.

July.

Perennial.

in 1840?

No. 867.

The flexible or rope-like stems of Spiraea fur-
nished the idea for giving it a name, from speira,
cord. Or, as some contend, the Greek spira, a
pillar, is the foundation of the name, from the
upright growth of the original plant. Venusta,
elegant or beautiful, is quite applicable to the plant.

Some of the most attractive species of Spiraea
are of late introduction ; others, however, there are
that have long been known to British gardens,
particularly the Spiraea salicifolia, usually known
as Spiraea frutex, under which name it passed with
many of the older botanists ; Gerard and Parkin-
son, however, call it Spiraea Theophrasti, on the
authority of Clusius, who referred it to a plant so
named by the celebrated Greek philosopher, The-
ophrastus. Thus it will be seen that the family of
plants under consideration may claim the honour
of a name of no mean antiquity. Theophrastus
lived three hundred years before the birth of our
Saviour, the contemporary of Plato, Aristotle, and
Ptolemy ; the successor of Aristotle in the school of
the Peripatetics; no mean tutor, it may be readily
allowed, seeing that he had at once two thousand

jnipils under his charge; and his field of instruction
a wide one. Unlike modern colleges^ which leave
their pupils unable to distinguish one kingdom of
nature from another, the Athenian comprehended
the study of all nature — its great Original — and
the operations of mind. Well may Pope join the
ancients, and say

“ Thus then to Man the voice of Nature spake —

Go, from the creatures thy instructions take :

Learn from the birds what food the thickets yield ;
Learn from the beasts the physic of the field :

Thy arts of building from the bee receive;

Learn of the mole to plough, the worm to weave ;
Learn of the little nautilus to sail,

Spread the thin oar, and catch tbe driving gale.

Here too all forms of social union find.

And hence let reason, late, instruct mankind :

Here subterranean works and cities see ;

There towns aerial on the waving tree.

Learn each small people’s genius, policies.

The ant’s republic, and the realm of bees ;

How those in common all their wealth bestow ;

And anarchy without confusion know ;

And these, for ever, though a monarch reign,

Their separate cells and properties maintain.”

The Spiraea venusta is a remarkably pretty plant
for the parterre, and as it grows from three to four
feet high, assumes a lofty elegance in the garden,
that could scarcely escape the notice of even an
English philosopher. The name we have used, is
that by which it is known, but it is not quite
certain that it will constitute a distinct species. It
demands no particular soil or management.

* ECHrNOPS RUTHEN'ICUS.

RUSSIAN GLOBE THISTLE.

Class. Order.

SYNGENESIA. . SEGREGATA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Russia.

2 feet.

July Sc Sep

Perennial.

in 1816.

No. 868.

The name, Echinops, is deduced from the Greek
ECHiNOS, a hedgehog ; and opsis, resemblance.
The likeness of the round prickly heads of the
plant, to the animal, is evident enough to the sense,
either of seeing or feeling, particularly the latter,
when some of the species are meddled with.

The Echinops Ruthenicus, when well established
amongst other plants, produces a rather pleasing
variety, from its strong contrast with the usual
subjects of the garden. Its foliage, too — green
above, and white beneath, although somewhat
thistly, produces a pleasing effect. It is of low
stature, and should occupy a place near the front
of the border; being unlike some of the species
from the more southerly districts of Europe,
which grow six feet high. It may be planted in
any common earth, and its roots will admit of
division, but not frequently.

The Echinops is a compound flower; that is, it
has numerous little florets, on a common receptacle,
and enclosed within a calyx which belongs equally
to the whole. Under No. 792, the Echinacea
dubia, we transcribed, for the instruction of our

younger readers, Rossieu’s very pleasing descrip-
tion of a compound flower, by the dissection of the
common Daisy. It may not be unuseful here, to
show what may be taken for, but is not, a com-
pound flower ; and it shall be given in the same
amusing author’s words.

Speaking of the common Clover, he says, If
you should take one in hand, seeing so many little
flowers assembled, you might be tempted to take
the whole for a compound flower. You would,
however, be mistaken. In what ? say you. Why,
in supposing that an assemblage of many little
flowers is sufficient to constitute a compound
flower ; whereas, besides this, one or two parts of
the fructification must be common to them all ; so
that every one must have a part in it, and no one
have its own separately : these two parts in common
are the calyx and receptacle. The flower of the
Clover, indeed, or rather the group of flowers,
which Jias the appearance of being but one flower,
seems at first to be placed upon a sort of calyx;
but remove this pretended calyx a little, and you
will perceive that it does not belong to the flower,
but that it is fastened below it to the pedicle that
bears it. This then is a calyx only in appearance ;
but in reality it belongs to the foliage, not to the
flower : and this supposed compound flower is only
an assemblage of very small leguminous or papil-
ionaceous flowers, each of which has its distinct
calyx, and they have nothing common to them but
their being fastened to the same pedicle. Vul-
garly, all this is taken for one flower; it is a false
idea, however; it is a head of flowers.”

Rosa Hardii .

Aconitiini ovatmii .

Iinpatieiis triconiis .

iJiaiitlms (aiyophyllus .

Mias. dM.

PTaftS.fieulp .

RO SA HAR'DIL
hardy’s rose.

Order.

POLYGYNIA.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACEiE.

Hybrid

Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Origin.

3 feet.

June & July

Shrub.

1 in 1836.

No. 869.

The derivation of the word Rosa has been lately
noticed. It will be remembered that it was founded
on the prevailing colour of the flower; in the
present instance, however, our specimen falsifies
its own name. Monsieur Hardy, whose name is
appended to our present novel Rose, is the curator
of the Luxemburg garden, where it was raised
from seed.

The gardens of Luxemburg are under the autho-
rity of the French government; and these, having
been so particularly devoted to the cultivation of
Roses, have assisted much in giving an impetus to
the propagation of seedling varieties, for which
France has of late years been so eminent.

The first mention which we have of the Rosa
Hardii, which we have now the pleasure of figuring,
was in 1836, by a correspondent of the Gardeners’
Magazine, who tells us he brought it to England,
from Luxemburg. There it was originated as a
hybrid, between that Persian curiosity — the Rosa
berberifolia, and a variety of the bracteata, or
Macartney Rose.

Of the Persian parent of the curious production

218.

before us, our readers should have information.
It is a curiosity, inasmuch as the flowers resemble
the offspring ; but its leaves, unlike those of every
other known Rose, are quite simple, like the com-
mon Barberry. Plants of it were raised at Kew,
in 1790, but they soon died, others again were
raised in the Horticultural Society’s garden, in
1829, most of which also died. Every variety of
treatment was in vain tried with them. They
spurned all; as if in grief for the absence of an
eastern sun, they all pined and died away, except-
ing two; which, we are informed, still continue
without increase. Plants may be sometimes met
with at nurseries, but chiefly seedlings. It will be
recollected that a few seasons ago, it was exhibited
at the London Horticultural Rooms, having been
grafted on Fraser’s Noisette Rose. We are also
told that it has succeeded perfectly on the continent,
when worked on stocks of the Dog Rose.

For the opportunity of figuring this interesting
little Rose we are indebted to Mr. Cameron, of the
Birmingham Garden, where it flowered, last sum-
mer (1842), in much beauty, against the front of
the greenhouse. It is there on its own stock, has
not produced seed, is deciduous, and evidently
ratlier tender.

This Rose, grown on its own roots, proves to be
rather difficult of management. Budded on the
Dog Rose, Mr. Rivers says, it flourishes in any
soil or situation. It should have a south wall, and
well-drained rich soil ; and if in summer the points
of the shoots become milldewed, they should be
syringed, and sprinkled with flour of sulphur.

ACONFTUM OVATUM.

OVAL-LEAVED ACONITE.

Class. Order.

rOLYANDRIA. - TRIGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RANUNCULACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration,

Introduced

Cashmere

2| feet.

August.

Perennial.

in 1839.

No. 870.

Named, by the ancients, after a town of Asia.

Old botanists tell us of instances of death oc-
curring from the inadvertent use of Aconite roots ;
and the ancient Greek writers speak of it as a
most virulent poison ; even smelling the flower is
said to have produced serious illness. It is not
clearly shown what plant was alluded to, by the
ancients, under this name ; sufficient has, however,
transpired within our own memory, to convince us
of the poisonous qualities of the Aconitum napellus.

The novel species of Aconitum which we now
figure, was introduced into this country by the
Honourable Court of Directors of the East India
Company, from Cashmere. It is, perhaps, the
most curious of the whole genus, but certainly not
the handsomest. As well as curious in its flowers,
its foliage is remarkable, being neither palmately
nor pinnately divided, but entire. In which res-
pect, like the Rosa berberifolia, it differs from all
others of its own extensive genus.

The plant appears to be perfectly hardy, it
grows freely in any common earth. It may be
divided at the root, or propagated by seeds.

DIANTHUS CARYOPHYL'LUS.

Var. Brabbin’s Squire Meynel.
CARNATION.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

DIGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Cultivated

England.

feet.

August.

Perennial.

in 1597.

No. 871.

The Carnation has been a favourite flower in all
ages, and its name, Dianthus (from Dios, anthos),
Jove’s Flower, clearly implies superiority.

The present variety, which we publish from the
collection of the Messrs. Pope, of Handsworth,
possesses those qualities which are esteemed as
requisite to constitute a first-rate flower. We do
not figure it as one that excels every other of the
family ; their unbounded numbers prevent this.

It is gratifying to know that England is preem-
minent in its culture of the Carnation. In no other
country are prizes offered, to the extent they are
amongst us, to excite the emulation of cultivators,
in raising new varieties, that shall come up to the
acknowledged standard of perfection.

Our continental neighbours pay little regard to
any fixed laws of beauty, whereby to judge the
Carnation ; which, although they may be conven-
tional, are indispensable, when flowers are to be
compared and judgment passed on their varied
characters. The French, for instance, seek for
novelties and monstrosities, rather than for flowers
approaching an acknowledged standard of merit.

Indeed, it must be admitted, that amongst ourselves,
the laws are, in some particulars, rather vague.
Judges seem •occasionally to be thrown off their
guard, by the size or the brilliancy of a flower;
whereas, form should always be the first quality.
And as regularity, with due variety, always indi-
cates design, so will it assist in producing beauty
and exciting pleasure.

By thousands of sensible persons, the notions of
florists, regarding the beauty of their productions,
is ridiculed We allude to the notions which are
entertained by those who cultivate a particular
class of j)lants for competition. It must, however,
be recollected, that the sense of beauty is instinc-
tive, and that taste is progressive. In the garden,
a child will be delighted with every flower; the
most brilliant will prove the most attractive, but
he knows not why. When a few years older, he
will begin to discriminate, and the clearness and
the harmony of colours will be more truly appreci-
ated. His taste is progressively improving. Further
advanced in life, his estimate of the beautiful must,
amongst flowers, as amongst other works of nature
or art, depend on the progressive training of the
mind. It is not enough to pronounce one flower
as more beautiful than another, without being able
to give a reason for the opinion. If it were, novelty
would stand the best chance for the prize. Although
novelty be no quality of the thing to which it is
attributed, it greatly sways the judgment, when
this is not founded on any definite principles.

Ere long, we hope to enter on the practical part
of the florist’s province.

IMPA'TIENS TRICOR'NIS.

THREE-HORNED BALSAM.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

BALSAMINACE^.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introdueed

E. Indies.

2 feet.

Autumn.

Perennial.

in 1839.

No. 872.

For the meaning of the name, Impatiens, see
No. 829.

Under the number we have just mentioned, is
described one of these newly-introduced plants, of
which other fine varieties may be expected. Re-
garding the present species. Dr. Lindley says it
appears to be nearest to Impatiens campanulata,
from which it differs in inflorescence, in the flowers
being yellow, not cream-coloured ; and in the dorsal
sepal having a spur in the middle of its back. It
derives its name of three-horned from the spur, the
horn just mentioned, and the apex of the back
sepal, together forming three conical processes.

This constitutes a desirable annual, since it will
grow in any common garden soil, and there ripen
seeds. It does not, however, appear to be quite as
hardy as Impatiens glanduligera, which we have
previously published. Of many self-sown seed-
lings, which vegetated in February of 1842, only
three or four survived the severity of the subsequent
weather. Its seeds should be sown in the latter part
of March, or beginning of April. The plants
should have abundance of moisture in the summer.

I.alhvi us Macrei

Phlox speciosLSsinia .

Taoetes cor\'inbosa .

Uilh del.

219

Wtdf.r. .ervl^t .

REHMAN'NIA CHINEN'SIS.

CHINESE REHMA.NNIA.

Class.

DIDYNAMIA.

Order.

ANGIOSPERMIA.

Natural Order.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

China.

2| feet.

August.

Perennial.

in 1835.

No. 873.

With the derivation of the name, Rehmannia, we
are unacquainted. It was adopted by Liboschutz,
a Russian botanist, probably after the name of
some one of his countrymen.

This plant was received by the London Horti-
cultural Society, from the Imperial Garden of St.
Petersburg; and the anticipated pleasure of seeing
it flower was greatly excited by the report received
from the continent of its splendour. Expectation,
however, was somewhat disappointed, and we have
now an opportunity of explaining the cause. The
plant from which our drawing was made was grown
by the Messrs. Pope, of Hands worth Nursery, who
state, that in a pot, in the greenhouse, it grew weak
and puny, but in the open border it had become a
strong and vigorous plant, flowering most abun-
dantly, and the roots running about, and throwing
up shoots in a weed-like manner. It had stood
out during the winter of 1841-2, and in the suc-
ceeding summer, flourished as we have described.
At the present time, February, 1843, it continues
green and healthy. It will be observed that this
is a production of China, not imported since the

219,

attainment of our late victories in that country of
vegetable riches, but still it is an encouraging
memorandum in support of our expectation of
splendid accessions from the Celestial Empire."
As stated above, Russia was our carrier in the
conveyance of this plant.

We feel much obliged by Mr. Alexander Pope’s
communication of these facts, and we are sure that
those who feel an interest in the cultivation of a
flower garden will duly appreciate his efforts in
submitting newly-introduced exotics to experiment,
to determine their true habits; as well as the
generous promptitude with which his experience is
always communicated to the public.

The propagation of the Rehmannia Chinensis
is easy. Its spreading fleshy roots throw up shoots
which may be taken off at any season, and will
require but common attention. Their roots too,
may, like some of the Campanulas and Verbascums,
be taken up and cut into short lengths; and if
planted with their tops just above the surface of
the soil, either in pots or the borders, according to
the season, they will soon form good plants. If
potted, the soil used should be loam and sand,
with the addition of a little peat.

Notwithstanding the success attending the full
exposure of this ornamental plant to our winter,
we confess that w^e should be too careful, as a cul-
tivator, to submit our whole stock of it to the
mercies of an English winter. It would be more
prudent, in autumn, to pot a plant or two, and
give them such protection, during the severe
months, as may happen to be convenient.

LATHTRUS MACR.E'1.

MAC RAE’S LATHYRUS.

Class. Order.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.
leguminosa;.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Chili.

3 feet.

October.

Perennial.

in 1824.

No. 874.

Lathy rus is an antient Greek name, applied by
the Greeks to a leguminous plant, but the exact
species is doubtful. The natural order, Legumi-
nosae, to which the Lathyrus belongs, is the most
important in cultivation. The term is said to have
been deduced from lego, to gather, on account of
its fruit being gathered — not mown, or collected
with the stalks.

Nearly the whole of the plants, belonging to this
order, have, what are called papilionaceous flowers,
that is, butterfly-shaped, from papilio, the system-
atic name of the insect, and by this character they
may be recognised at sight. Their foliage too,
possesses peculiarity of character, being more or
less irritable through the whole order, insomuch
that some botanists have considered it as claiming
a place next to the animal kingdom.

The Lathyrus Macrsei forms a neat plant, when
supported against a wall or trellis, but is unsuitable
for mingling with others, in the flower borders.
When well established it increases freely by run-
ners from the roots, and these may be divided in
spring.

TAGE'TES CORYMBO'SA.

CORYMBOSE TAGETES.

Class.

SYNGENESIA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Mexico.

2 feet.

September,

Annual.

in 1825.

No. 875.

Tagetes, from the name of a heathen deity.

The showy annual, now figured, has much of the
appearance, when a few flowers only are seen, of
the common French Marygold ; but when seen
growing in the garden, and in luxuriance, it shows
itself to be a completely different subject. Unlike
the French Marygold, it does not spread from the
bottom into a dense straggling bush, but grows in
single upright stems, branching only towards the
top, where it spreads into handsome corymbs of
flowers, to which we cannot do artistical justice.

Its seeds were first introduced by the late Dr.
Sutton, Archbishop of Canterbury; who, with his
Lady, Mrs. Manners Sutton, were instrumental to
the introduction of many American plants, not
previously known Religion, and the admiration
of garden beauties, are so perfectly in unison with
each other, that those w^ho cannot relish the one
are unlikely to be much enamoured of the other.
There are persons who esteem an earnest attention
to the service of their maker too effeminate for their
observance. There are others, whose rude minds
understand not the perceptions of more cultivated

Order.

SUPERFLUA.

intellect ; these, Shenstone must surely have had
in remembrance when he wrote the following lines;
a sentence of which we formerly quoted.

“Why brand these pleasures with the name

Of soft unsocial toils, of indolence and shame ?

Search but the garden, or the wood j
Let yon admired Carnation own,

Not all was meant for raiment or for food.

Not all for needful use alone :

There, while the seeds of future blossoms dwell,

’Tis colour’d for the sight, perfumed to please the smell.

Why knows the Nightingale to sing ?

Why flows the Vine’s nectareous juice?

W’hy shines with paint the Linnet’s wing ?

For sustenance alone ? for use ?

For preservation ? Every sphere

Shall bid fair pleasure’s rightful claim appear.

And sure there seem of human kind
Some born to shun the solemn strife j
Some for amusive tasks design’d
To soothe the certain ills of life ;

Grace its lone vales with many a budding rose,

New founts of bliss disclose,

Call forth refreshing shades, and decorate repose.”

This plant requires a long summer to bring it to
maturity, therefore ought to be sown in February,
or early in March, in a hotbed or greenhouse.
Here the plants should be potted singly, and
receive protection till May, and then be turned
into a warm dry situation in the open garden. If
cuttings of it be struck early in the autumn, they
may be kept in a warm greenhouse, where they will
produce gaiety throughout the winter.

PHLOX SPECIOSIS'SIMA.

SHOWY PHLOX.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

POLEMONIACE^.

Hybrid

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introdueed

Origin.

3 feet.

September.

Perennial.

in 1840.

No. 876.

The derivation of the name has been recently
noticed.

This is one amongst the handsomest, if not the
very handsomest plant belonging even to this
handsome and very showy genus. It is, probably,
a hybrid variety from Pyramidal is and one of the
larger species, but whether it originated in this
country or the continent, we are not informed.
We received it from the Handsw^orth Nursery.
The pale centre of the corolla, contrasting with the
bright margin, gives it a finer effect than is pro-
duced by any other Phlox.

Notwithstanding the taller species of Phlox are
always handsome under any sort of management,
still no plants yield a more grateful acknowledge-
ment for attentions bestowed on them in cultivation.
Their longer, brighter, and more numerous flowers,
amply compensate kindly treatment. When left
undivided, every one must have observed their
efforts to enjoy fresh soil; the centre of a large
root will even decay. They should be annually
divided into small portions, a circumstance to
which we shall ere long revert.

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RO'SA RUBIGINO'SA.

Variety; The Duchess,
SCARLET BRIAR.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

POLYGYNIA,

Natural Order.

ROSACEJE.

Hybrid

Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised

Origin.

3 feet.

June &. July.

Shrub.

in 1820 ?

No. 877.

Rosa, signifying red, is explained under No. 177.

Rosa rubiginosa, in its natural form, as the wild
Eglantine, with pale single flowers, is indigenous to
every part of Europe; but cultivation has stepped
in and produced rich-coloured double varieties,
from the simple child of nature, which we find it in
our hedges. This, however, has not been effected
without some degree of sacrifice. Nature is just in
the distribution of her favours, even amongst the
children of the wild Eglantine, and will not be
coerced. On the Rose that we have figured she
has bestowed beauty, superior to that of the Eglan-
tine; but has withheld all the fragrance of the
parent — the praise of the poets: the leaf of the
gay flowered descendant is scentless as its thorn.

The term. Eglantine, which every body uses, is
sometimes misapplied, and this cannot be matter of
surprise, when we find one of our first poets — even
Milton, lead the way in error. In his Allegro,
allusion is made to the Woodbine, under the title
of Eglantine,

“ Through the Sweet-briar, or the Vine,

Or the twisted Eglantine.”

220,

This single error has led many into doubt, although
other poets — even Chaucer himself, has used the
term correctly ; and Gerard, in his remarks on this
wild Rose, distinctly says, "" In English we call it
Eglantine or Sweet-briar.” Perhaps we shall be
told, that to as great a name, even amongst botan-
ists, error, in this particular, has attached itself.
Error is everywhere — perfection nowhere. Lin-
neus himself attached this poetical name to the
wrong species of Rose ; but he subsequently cor-
rected his mistake.

The descendant of the Eglantine, which we have
figured, is known, not only as the Scarlet Briar,
but also as La Belle Distinguee, or Lee’s Duchess,
or La Petite Duchesse. The late Mr. Lee, of the
Hammersmith nursery, first introduced it, some
years ago, from Holland, and gave it the name of
Duchess, which, as the florist’s name, should be
retained. It is an exceedingly pretty Rose for
general culture, especially if worked on standards.
It is small-sized, but compact, and bright coloured.

A small section of Roses, under the title Rubi-
ginosse, has been established, of such species and
varieties as agree with the Sweet-briar. About
half a dozen distinct species have been recognised
by botanists, as belonging to it ; whilst, of hybrid
garden varieties, three times this number are
acknowledged as belonging to Rubiginosa alone.

These are the prominent points connected with
the present section ; and as we intend, ere long,
taking up another desirable variety of Sweet-briar,
we shall then put our readers in possession of
further particulars concerning them.

CAMPAN'ULA FRA'GILIS.

Variety; hirsuta.

BRITTLE BELL-FLOWER.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order-.

CAMPANULACE^.

Native of [

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Italy. 1

6 inches.

August.

Perennial.

in 1833.

No. 878.

From the Latin Campana, a bell, the present
genus appropriately received its name. Cam-
panula fragilis has sometimes been called diffusa ;
brittle, or diffuse, is sufficiently applicable'; priority
of use, however, always determines the preference.

Native, as this pretty Campanula is, of the mild
southern parts of Italy; growing, even there, on
dry limestone rocks, we can scarcely feel surprise
that it should require a little attention and petting
in our region of comparative austerity. It is often
seen about Naples; and growing in close tufts,
covered by its azure flowers, it is deservedly an
object of admiration. It was introduced to Mrs.
Marryats celebrated garden at Wimbledon, by
Mrs. Palliser, who received it from the continent,
through the favour of Professor Tenore. It has
several times excited attention at the exhibitions
of the London Horticultural Society; and, in one
instance, had a silver Banksian medal awarded it.

It will require frame protection in the winter,
except in very favourable and sheltered situations,
where, upon dry rock-work, it may bear full expo-
sure. It should be potted in well-drained small

pots, in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand ; and, in
summer, it succeeds best by being placed out with
the alpine plants.

A somewhat curious enquiry was instituted, in
Germany, a few years ago, regarding the relative
properties of differently coloured plants ; of those
odorous and inodorous; agreeable and disagree-
able ; distinguishing these latter qualities as they
exist amongst plants of different colours. Upwards
of four thousand species were examined, and their
colours and qualities registered. The Campanulas
appeared to be amongst those which were most
deficient of white flowers, and those wanting
fragrance. Little more than four in a hundred
were white; and about one in a hundred only
possess smell. This instance, however, was found
to be at variance with the general rule, as deduced
from all the plants examined. Amongst the total
number, white flowers were most abundant ; next
to these, yellow ; and then red; the difference not
being great between them. Of all other colours
and intermediate shades, the numbers proved to be
much less. White flowers were not only the most
numerous, but they also proved proportionably the
most fragrant. Amongst coloured flowers, the red
liad the greatest, and the blue the least, tendency
to the formation of odoriferous substances. On the
average, there appeared to be only one odoriferous
species in ten. Again, it appeared that amongst
the white flowers which were odorous, not more
than one in fifteen were disagreeable ; but, of
orange and brown flowers, by far the greatest por-
tion proved to be offensive.

BER'BERIS GLUMA'CEA.

GLUMACEOUS BARBERRY.

Class.

HEXANDRIA.

Natural Order.

BERBERACEiE.

Order.

DIGYNIA.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N. America

3 feet.

Mar. & Apr-

Shrub.

in 1826.

No. 879.

Our present generic appellation is supposed to
have been derived from the Arabic; see No. 653.
Its specific name has reference to the glume-like
scales of the raceme. This species has been called
nervosa, after Pursh ; but, as an inadvertency
occurred in this author’s specific description, it was
thought best to adopt a new name and character
together.

Seeds of the Berberis glumacea were sent home
by Douglas, the London Horticultural Society’s
collector, who gathered them in pine forests, on
the north-west coast of America, where it grew
abundantly. It is evergreen, and rarely exceeds
three feet in height ; and is clothed to the ground
with its ornamental pinnate leaves — handsome at
all times, but the most attractive when they assume
their dark purple hue of autumn. When well
established, it sends out abundance of suckers,
three or four feet from the parent plant ; which, if
left undisturbed, would soon extend over a con-
siderable space of ground. It succeeds in any
soil ; and, although made purple by autumn’s
blast, it defies all further injury.

SAL'VIA VULNERARmFO'LIA.

VULNERARIA-LEAVED SAGE.

Class. Order,

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LABIAT.E.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Armenia.

1 foot.

July&Aug.

Perennial.

in 1820.

No. 880.

This genus received its name on account of its
healing properties, from the Latin salvere. The
specific name, vulnerariaefolia, may require expla-
nation, inasmuch as now we have no genus called
vulneraria. The plant with which the foliage of
our Salvia is compared, is the Anthyllis vulneraria,
a well-known British plant, with pinnate leaves,
resembling those of the Salvia now figured.

This species has not, as we are aware of, been
figured in any botanical work, nor indeed is it
often met with, even in the best gardens. With the
plant from which our drawing was made, we were
favoured by Mr. Cameron, with whom it is quite
hardy. It is the more interesting on account of its
being suffruticose, a character which distinguishes
it from every other species of this intricate genus.

This Salvia grows the most freely in a light
well-drained soil, or on rock-work ; and may be
increased by division of its roots. Being sulffruti-
cose, its young shoots must not be cut down in
autumn, a precaution very likely to be neglected,
and which would prevent its efficient flowering
in the subsequent season.

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FUCHSIA CHANDLE'RII.
chandler’s fuchsia.

Class> Order.

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACEiE.

Hybrid

Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised

Origin.

1 foot.

July & Aug.

Shrub.

in 1840.

Nq. 881.

Fuchsia, it will be recollected, is derived from
the name of an old German botanist. It is not,
however, the name of the learned German alone
which, at the present day, graces the genus, but
also the names of a multitude of zealous propaga-
tors of novelties.

Seedling Fuchsias are raised with nearly the same
facility as annuals; and of such different character
are some of the new species, of late introduction, that
a wide range occurs in the genus, within which dis-
tinct varieties may be propagated by hybridization.
To such extent has this been carried, that it is
impossible to determine to what parents a particular
plant may owe its origin. The mingled forms of
Fuchsias, existing between fulgens and the older
species, are still increasing; and, although it may
seem to interfere with the established species pre-
sented to us by nature, it would be too cynical to
desire, for a moment, to cast an impediment in the
way of this exercise of ingenuity, and production
of pleasures. The anticipation of raising a flower
different from, or superior to, what has ever been
seen; and this, too, enjoyed for a year or two

221.

before its consummation, is surely worth something
amongst the ills of humanity ; especially when all
the accumulation of evil, that attends disappoint-
ment, is but the occupant of a moment, and dies
with the day that gave it existence.

Chandler’s hybrid Fuchsia is a distinct and
desirable variety, but probably requires a little
more management than others ; this, however, con-
sists chiefly in destroying its flowers. It is so
abundant a blossomer, that, unless this disposition
be somewhat thwarted, it cannot produce young
shoots sufficient to increase its size, and to give the
appearance of luxuriance. Hence, if no young
wood be made, it will be desirable to pick off*
all blossoms, till it begins to shoot freely, when
it may be allowed to follow its natural inclination.
Being of dwarf habit, an abundant bloomer, and its
blossoms possessing great delicacy of tint, it is well
suited for pot culture; therefore we introduce it
more as a window than garden plant.

As Fuchsias are propagated in great abundance
by nurserymen, and sold at very moderate prices, the
admirer of this plant will, doubtless, purchase it,
in preference to waiting for the chance of otherwise
obtaining it. Indeed, it is but justice to afford
encouragement to the nurseryman, who caters for
the gratification of his friends as well as himself.
Placed in a window, during summer, it will
req^uire but little care. Before winter arrives,
we shall give further information on Fuchsias
generally, and their management ; and hope to
give some account of the numerous species and
varieties now in cultivation.

PENTSTE'MON LATIFO'LIUS.

BROAD-LEAVED PENTSTEMON.

Class. Order.

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

Natural Order.

SCROPHULARIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

1 Duration.

Introduced

California

2 feet.

August.

1 Perennial.

in 1836.

No. 882.

For the derivation of Pentstemon, see No. 866.

Of all the genera which ornament the open
department of the British Flower Garden, there is
probably none which has received more ample
extension than Pentstemon. A few of the species,
it is true, will not bear exposure to severe winters ;
but their propagation, by cuttings, and some by
division, is so very easy, that no difficulty would
arise in keeping up a nearly perfect collection.
The chief care required by them, when under»winter
protection, whether they are kept in a cold frame,
or in a spare room in the dwelling-house, is that
the pots of earth which contain the roots, be kept
rather dry. An entire collection would be interest-
ing.

The species, latifolius, has not, we believe, been
hitherto published, although it was introduced into
Great Britain in 1836. It is nearly allied to digi-
talis, but is a more free flowerer than that species.

This is a perfectly hardy plant, when grown in
the open garden, in light soil, and a dry situation.
It may be divided at the root, or raised from seeds,
which it generally ripens.

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AS'TER AMEL'LUS, Var. rubescens.
AMELLUS-LIKE STARWORT.

Class.

SYNGENESIA.

Order.

SUPERFLUA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Podolia.

3 feet.

Aug. & Oct.

Perennial.

in 1824.

No. 883.

Aster, is itself literally a Greek word, signifying
a star. Its application to this genus is sufficiently
evident.

We published, under a previous number, the
Aster amellus, and have always cultivated and re-
garded it with peculiar satisfaction, both for its own
sake, and that of its classical associations. There
now appear to be extant, seedling varieties of the
species which vary considerably in their tint and
habit. Some have redder flowers, as is the case
with this, and are also of a more bushy growth,
than the original, or that, at least, which we have
regarded as the original plant. As it frequently
perfects its seeds, attention to its further propaga-
tion may be desirable ; for a variety, with flowers as
bright as those of the red-flowering Novse-angliae,
would be a most desirable accession to our Asters.
Its low growth, compact habit, and abundance of
flowers, are’prominent recommendations.

The Aster amellus may be divided at the root
for increase, either in the spring or autumn; indeed,
without attention to division, increase will be slow.
We are unable to advise on its culture from seeds.

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TRFTOMA BURCHEL'LII.
burchell’s tritoma.

Class. Order.

hexandria. monogynia.

Natural Order.
hemerocallide^.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

C. G. Hope

3| feet.

July&Aug.

Perennial.

in 1816.

No. 884.

The Greek treis, three ; temno, to cut, whence
the present generic name is deduced, alludes to the
three-edged leaves of this genus. The present
species was sent from the Cape, by Mr. Burchell,
whose name was therefore bestowed on it by the
Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert, Dean of Manchester.

In an early part of this work, we published the
Tritoma media, a plant having equal pretensions to
admiration with that now figured ; but possessing
an unfortunate propensity. Plants, as well as men,
sometimes have propensities that are unsuited to
the views of those who look to them for gratification
or utility. The Tritoma media always produces
its flowers in winter, w^hen they are sure to be pre-
maturely destroyed. Burchellii, on the other hand,
flowers at midsummer, and proves quite hardy ;
hence, is a splendid addition to the open parterre,
when its beauty can be fully developed. Our plant
was obtained from the Messrs. Pope, of Hands-
worth ; and, as its character becomes known, it
doubtless will be one in request.

It should be planted in light soil, in a dry situ-
ation, and may be increased by its ofisets.

4

v

BER'BERIS CORIA'RIA.

tanner’s barberry.

Class.

HEXANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
BERBERACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Nepal.

4 feet.

May & June

Perennial.

in 1835.

No. 885.

Berberis is a word generally believed to be of
Arabic origin, signifying wild. Whether this
plant is more distinguished for its tanning qualities
than others of the genus, we are not informed;
but from the specific name, which has been given
to it by Dr. Royle, we may presume that it has.
The bark of all the species of Berberis are known
to be highly astringent, and in some instances
purgative and tonic. The astringent principle, in
the bark of our common Barberry, has caused it,
long ago, to be employed in tanning, in the north
of Europe; and also in dying leather and other
articles a yellow colour.

This shrub is likely to grow to the size of our
native species — the Berberis vulgaris, and is even
more ornamental, both in flower and in fruit.
Whether its berries will be made as useful, remains
to be proved. It is very hardy, and grows freely
in any common soil, requiring no particular treat-
ment. It may be increased both by layers and
seeds, and probably, when well established, will
produce suckers which afford the most convenient

mode of increase.

222.

CAMPAN ULA TRACHE'LIUM.

Var. pleno bicolor.

THROAT-WORT CAMPANULA.

Double two-coloured.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CAMPANPLACE^.

Hybrid

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Cultivated

Origin.

2 feet.

July &. Aug.

Perennial.

in 1840.

No. 886.

The derivation of the name of this genus is given
under No. 130. The specific name, Trachelium, or
Throatwort, has been handed down to us from the
old herbalists, who employed this Campanula in
the cure of pain and swelling in the throat.

In allusion to the virtues of the Campanulas, or
Bell-flowers, Gerard says the ancients have set
down nothing ; but of his own experience he states.

That they are excellent good against the inflam-
mation of the throat, or uvula, and almonds, and all
manner of cankers and ulcerations in the mouth, if
the mouth and throat be gargarized and washed
with the decoction of them.”

The original variety of the Campanula trache-
lium has single blue flowers, and is a native of
England, and most other parts of Europe. It has
been very commonly cultivated in gardens, hence
varieties of it have been produced with white
flowers, double white, and double blue flowers ;
and lastly, with two-coloured double flowers, as
seen in our present plate — a variety that is worthy
of a place in every good collection of herbaceous
plants. It requires no peculiar management.

There exists a curious phenomenon in all the
Campanulas^, and in most of the Campanulaceous
order, which was first observed by Sprengel. The
surface of the upper part of their style and of the
stigmatic arms, is covered with long hairs, which
are very visible in the bud, before the dispersion of
the pollen ; and which are regularly arranged in
longitudinal lines in direct relation to the number
and position of the anthers. At the period of
dehiscence of the anthers, before the expansion of
the corolla, and when the arms of the styles are
still pressed against each other, in the form of a
cylinder, these hairs cover themselves with a con-
siderable quantity of pollen, which they brush, so
to speak, out of the cells of the anthers; and, for
this reason, they have been named, like the analo-
gous hairs in Compositae, Collectors. At the
period when the flower expands, the arms of the
style or stigmata separate, and curve backwards,
and the anthers that surround them retire and
shrivel up, after having lost all their pollen ; but,
at the same time, the pollen which was deposited
on the outside of the style, detaches itself, and the
hairs that covered the surface were supposed to fall
off.

Dr. Lindley, who has stated these facts, in the
Miscellaneous Notices of the Botanical Register,
says that the hairs here spoken of, do not fall off,
but they present a phenomenon of which no other
example is known. They are retractile, like the
tentacula of snails. They are mere lengthenings
of the epidermis, and are ultimately received into
subjacent cavities of the cellular tissue.

ROSA BOURBONIA'NA.

QUEEN OF BOURBONS.

Class. Order.

ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACEiE.

Hybrid

Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Origin.

8 feet.

June, Sep.

Shrub.

in 1825?

No. 887.

The derivation of Rosa will^ doubtless, be re-
membered.

The Rose now under notice, known as the Queen
of Bourbons, is a hybridized plant, derived from the
original Bourbon Rose, and of course recognized
as belonging to the Bourbon section. We have
called it Rosa Bourboniana; it should, however,
be stated that it is not, botanically speaking, enti-
tled to rank as a distinct species. Although it is
impossible to trace the pedigree, of the original
Bourbon Rose, it can only be received as a variety
of canina. The present variety is an exceedingly
desirable one, both for the beauty of its flowers,
and its long-continued production of them; it is,
indeed, rarely without flowers from June to No-
vember. Its shoots are short, and on standards
they form a compact head. It is worthy of a
place in every collection, notwithstanding it pos-
sesses very little fragrance. It should be budded
or grafted on stocks of the wild Rose ; or it may
be grafted in spring, on the Boursalt, for dwarfs.
It is an admirable plant for forcing.

Respecting the introduction to notice of the

original Bourbon Rose, we quote Mr. Rivers’s
account, as given in his Rose Amateur’s Guide;
who is a good authority on this subject. He says

A beautiful semi-double Rose, with brilliant
rose-coloured flowers, prominent buds, and nearly
evergreen foliage, made its appearance in this
country, under the name of the L’lle de Bourbon
Rose, said to have been imported from the Mau-
ritius to France, in 1822, by Mr. Noisette. It
attracted attention by its peculiar habit, and more
particularly by its abundant autumnal flowering.
Still, such was the lukewarmness of English Rose
amateurs, that no attempts were made to improve
this pretty imperfect Rose, by raising seedlings
from it, though it bore seed in large quantities.
This pleasing task was left to our Rose-loving
neighbours, the French, who have been very indus-
trious, and, as a matter of course, have originated
some very beautiful and striking varieties. ”

Its introduction to France is stated as follows.
At the Isle of Bourbon, the inhabitants generally
enclose their land with two rows of Roses, one of
the common China, the other of the red Four-
Seasons. Amongst these, sprung up the Rose in
question, which attracted attention. Monsieur
Breon, (now a seedsman in Paris) who arrived at
Bourbon, in 1817, as botanical traveller for the
government of France, propagated this Rose
largely; and sent plants and seeds of it, in 1822,
to Monsieur Jacques, gardener at the Chateau de
Neuilly, near Paris, who distributed them among
the Rose cultivators of France; who have proved
industrious propagators of this pleasing section.

Class.

TRIANDRIA.

I RIS TE'NAX.

TOUGH IRIS.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
IRIDACE^,

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

California.

6 inches.

December.

. . . . . . .

Perennial.

in 1826.

No. 888.

The derivation is explained under No. 3.

Iris tenax was discovered by Douglas, in Cali-
fornia ; in dry soils, or open parts of woods. He
found it flowering in the spring; it has, however,
in the Horticultural Gardens of London and Bir-
mingham, flowered in November and December.

Douglas, as stated in the Botanical Register,
page 1218, says The native tribes about Aguilar
river, in California, find this plant very serviceable
for many purposes. From the veins of the leaves,
fine cord is made, which is converted into fishing
nets ; and from its buoyancy, great strength, and
durability, it suits this purpose admirably. It is
also made into snares for deer and bears ; and a
good idea may be formed of its strength, when a
snare, not thicker than a 16-thread line, is sufiicient
to strangle Cervus Alces, the great stag of Califor-
nia, one of the most powerful animals of its tribe.
The cordage is also manufactured into bags and
other articles. ”

A light dry soil is best suited to this plant. It
increases slowly, but may be occasionally divided
in the spring.

FUCHSIA CORYMBIFLO'RA.

CLUSTER-FLOWERED FUCHSIA.

Class. Order.

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

S. America

8 feet.

June & Aug

Perennial.

in 1839.

No. 889.

The name of this genus has been lately noticed.

Of all the Fuchsias hitherto introduced to our
gardens, coryinbiflora is the most splendid; still,
we are told by botanists, who have wandered in the
wilds of Peru, that even finer than this are yet to
be obtained. Well may the Peruvians attach to it
the name of Beauty-bush. It is not, however dis-
tinct species alone which are aflfording us so much
gratification, but hybrids of all intermediate grades,
between our oldest friends of the genus and our
modern acquaintances — Fulgens and Corymbiflora.
Every month seems to be giving birth to new forms;
and doubtless will do so for many years, as we have
seen to be the case with Calceolaria, and others.

Fuschia corymbiflora was first raised in this
country by Mr. Standish, nurseryman, of Bagshot;
seeds of it having been sent to him from America.
It is a native of shady woods, towards Lima; and
noticed by Ruiz and Pavonin their Flora Peruviana.

In our plate of this very splendid Fuschia we
can but give a single corymb of its fine flowers;
and, as indicated by the fractional figures annexed
thereto, these are no more than half their natural

223.

size. A full-length portrait would occupy a can-
vas, according to the language of the painter, of
double kit-cat extent, or as large as a dining-room
door. It has proved to be the most gigantic
species at present known ; and has rarely been
hitherto seen in that perfection of size and mag-
nificence which it is capable of attaining. Some-
times in the greenhouse it will grow six or eight
feet high, without any indication of flowers, which
may arise from its having extensive pot room, or
rich feeding ; still, where fine specimens are
desired, this may not be objectionable. Under the
requisite protection, there cannot be a doubt but it
may be grown to double the height mentioned.
On the other hand, if small flowering plants be
required, cuttings should be struck, and the plants
kept with little pot room. It is a species easily
managed, and we esteem it of much value for the
open garden. If cuttings be struck in the summer,
and the small plants be kept in pots, in the house,
till the May following, they may then take their
places in the garden. Turned out of the pots, and
trained against a wall, they become objects of great
beauty in the latter part of the summer; but its
remarkably fine foliage is likely to be injured if ex-
posed in an unsheltered situation. It has not
survived the winter with us; nor is this important,
inasmuch as young plants are so easily struck
and kept under protection through the winter.
Probably the old roots also may be taken up in
the autumn and kept in the house or a cold frame.

Young plants, struck from the points of shoots
in a flowering state, flower early in small pots.

KAL'MIA HIRSU'TA.

HAIRY KALMIA.

Class. Order.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RHODORACEiE.

Native of

Height ! Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N.America

18 inches, j Aug. & Sep.

Perennial.

in 1790.

No. 890.

A more appropriate genus of plants could not
have been chosen to perpetuate the name of Peter
Kalm, inasmuch as their native habitat was the
scene of his principal travels.

Kalmia hirsuta has long been admired by lovers
of American shrubs, but rarely possessed. It is
known that extraordinary love sometimes takes
possession of the minds of parents in behalf of those
children, who, from health, conduct, or misfortune,
have occasioned the greatest amount of trouble and
anxiety. So, from the attention required by the
Kalmia hirsuta, some persons have been anxious
to protect and preserve it ; and, where this care
has existed, the cultivator has, in general, experi-
enced his reward, by witnessing the health and
beauty of his nursling.

This plant should be potted in very sandy peat,
well drained, and a few drainers mixed with the peat.
During winter, it should be kept in a shady part of
a cold frame ; in summer, be put out with the
alpines, under a northern wall. When cuttings
can be obtained, they may be readily struck in
sand, under a bell-glass.

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CENTROCARTHA GRANDIFLO'RA.

GREAT-FLOWERED CENTROCA RPH A.

Class. Oi'der.

SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE,

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

America.

3| feet.

September.

Perennial.

in 1830.

No. 891.

The Greek words kentron, karphe, signifying
sharp pointed chaff, are combined to name the
genus to which the present plant belongs. Allusion
is hereby made to the chaffy scales which are
found on the receptaculum of the flower.

This fine plant was discovered by the well known
American botanist, Nuttall, who transmitted it to
the late Mr. Barclay of Bury Hill, under the name
of Rudbeckia nudicaulis — a different plant. The
plants now belonging to Centrocarpha were for-
merly included in the genus Rudbeckia. This
genus was divided by the late Professor Don, and
Centrocarpha is made to comprise such species as
have an elongated receptaculum, and entire leaves.

This is a remarkably showy autumnal flowering
plant, which has become scarce, perhaps on ac-
count of its being destroyed in severe winters, when
planted in moist situations; during summer, how-
ever, such situation is congenial to its luxuriant
growth. Its roots may be divided in the spring,
for increase; and, for its due protection against
injury in winter, choose a light soil, and dry part
of the garden.

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IMPA'TIENS LONGICOR'NU.

LONG-HORNED TOUCH-ME-NOT.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

BALSAMINACEjE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

India.

5 feet.

August.

Annual.

in 1830.

No. 892.

The Latin names, Impatiens and Noli me tan-
gere, and the English names Touch-me-not and
Quick-in-hand, are sufficiently expressive of the
elasticity of the sutures of the seed vessels, which,
if touched when ripe, jump from their attachment
and disseminate the fruit. This species, longi-
cornu, or long-horned, was figured in the Floral
Cabinet as Impatiens picta, a name which could
not be retained, on account of the priority of Dr.
Wallich’s, which we have used.

At first sight this plant may be taken for a pale-
flowered variety of Impatiens glanduligera, but
when the leaves, &c., are closely examined a satis-
factory distinction will be readily perceived. Like
others of this handsome genus of plants, it is a
highly desirable addition to the flower garden, as
well for its beauty as its novelty. It grows from
four to six feet high, and ripens seeds in abundance.
These may be sown in pots or the open ground, in
April ; and, when about two inches high, should
be transplanted, singly, into situations where their
height is unobjectionable, and where coarser tall
plants do not intrude on them.

‘^"Much discussion/’ says Dr. Lindley, in the
Botanical Register, has taken place within a few
years among botanists as to the real nature of the
parts which constitute the very irregular flower of
a Balsam. According to Roper and others, the
two membranous external scales, and the spur,
alone belong to the calyx, of which the two other
sepals are usually deficient on that side of the flower
which is opposite the spur ; on the other hand, the
corolla consists of the large upper or back-piece,
and of the two lateral inner wings, each of which
last consists of two petals; and this view has been
adopted by me in the Natural System of Botany,
page 138.”

^^Achille Richard considers the two smaller ex-
terior scales, together with the spurred and the back
interior pieces, as forming a four-leaved calyx,
while he regards the two innermost lobed pieces as
two pairs of petals of a four-leaved corolla. Bern-
hard! regards the exterior scales as bracts, the spur
and the back piece as the calyx, the other parts
of it being rudimentary or missing.”

^^Kunth considers the large back piece of the
flower to be composed of two sepals, and together
with the spur and exterior scales to form a five-
leaved calyx ; while he finds in the two inner-
most parts a corolla of four petals, united in pairs,
and he assumes the fifth petal to be abortive.
This opinion has been adopted by Arnott, in 1833,
and by Presl,in 1836; the latter having discovered
the fifth petal to be sometimes present in the garden
Balsam.” These are speculations not unworthy the
attention of the scientific morphologist.

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CINERA'RIA TUSSILAGINOrDES-CRUENTA.

WATERHOUSE’S CINERARIA

Class. Order.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLEA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE.

Hybrid

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Raised

Origin.

1 foot.

Mar., April.

Perennial

in 1838. }

No. 893.

The name. Cineraria, is derived from cine res,
signifying ashes; applied on account of the grey
ash-like appearance of the leaves. This variety of
of Cineraria was raised in the garden of Job
Waterhouse, Esq., of Halifax, and its name some-
times Latinized into Waterhousiana.

It is by no means an objectionable practice to
commemorate, in plain English, the name of the
originator, or place of the origin of hybrid plants;
but in all cases, where it is possible, it seems to us
a far more useful practice, when an approach to-
wards a systematic name is aimed at ; and when
the origin of a hybrid plant is known, to render
this knowledge permanent, by the union of the
names of the two species from which it originated,
and attaching them as its specific appellation. Thus,
in the present instance, we unite the names of the
two parents, tussilaginoides and cruenta, as a specific
name. It would be more conformable to classical
learning, to place the name of that plant first from
which the pollen was obtained, but we have pre-
ferred the contrary practice, and placed that first

from which the seed was procured, on account of the

224,

greater certainty of its being correctly ascertained.
This plan of naming hybrid productions we sug-
gested, in this work, several years ago ; some of our
contemporaries have used it, and, we hope, from
the advantages it offers to the florist, as well as the
scientific botanist, it may be generally followed,
until a more advantageous method can be pro-
posed, which, when it is, we shall have pleasure in
adopting.

The genus Cineraria has become highly attractive,
from the superior seedling varieties which have of
late been raised. Mr. Waterhouse’s plant first
called attention to the capabilities of the genus,
and this is being followed up with considerable
attention by many ingenious gardeners and ama-
teurs. They are most desirable ornaments for the
greenhouse, and equally so as window plants,
demanding but little care, and producing blossoms
for a considerable length of time.

It should be planted in a rich soil, have plenty
of pot room when it is about to flower, and be
occasionally watered with liquid manure. After
the flowering season is over, the offsets should be
divided, and planted singly, in small pots. Cine-
rarias are very subject to be attacked by the aphis
in spring ; when this occurs, they must be timely
fumigated. With single plants, this is most easily
accomplished by putting them into a close box, and
introducing the bowl of a lighted tobacco pipe, and
blowing it till the box is fdled with smoke. It may
then be kept close for an hour, when the plant
should be taken out; and, on the following day, be
well watered over head, and thereby cleaned.

LONrCERA OBLONGIFO'LIA.

OBLONG-LEAVED HONEYSUCKLE.

Class, Order.

PKNTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
caprifoliacea;.

Native of Height,

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

N. America 6 feet.

April, May.

Perennial.

in 1823.

No. 894.

Adam Lonicer, after whom the name Lonicera
was adopted, was a celebrated German naturalist.

A fair correspondent asks ^ why have not the
Honeysuckles a place amongst the beauties of the
Botanic Garden ? ’ certainly, we reply, not from
their want of valuable properties as garden orna-
ments; they have waited for admission, with a crowd
of others, all of which present their pressing
claims. Some have preference as foreign poten-
tates, some as unknown strangers, some for their
simple beauty. All are acceptable, and shall have
attention.

The genus Lonicera has been, by some authors,
divided into two — Lonicera and Caprifolium; the
Xylosteum too, of Tourneforte, belonged to Loni-
cera. These divisions are unnecessary, inasmuch as
the genus is small, and the distinctions unimportant.

Lonicera oblongifolia is less showy than some
others of the genus, and usually a shorter plant,
therefore should be planted near to the outside of
the shrubbery. The most easy method of increas-
ing it, is by layering it in spring, when it will
readily root, and young plants be obtained.

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OX'ALIS FIOTTM.
piotta’s wood sorrel.

Class.

DECANDIUA.

Order.

PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

OXALIDACE^.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

C.G.Hope.

3 inches.

June.

Perennial.

in 1816.

No. 895.

The Greek word on which the name of this
genus is founded, alludes to the sour taste that pre-
vails amongst its species, which are very numerous ;
not less, perhaps, than two hundred; chiefly natives
of the Cape of Good Hope, or at least of the south-
thern districts of Africa. A few of the later intro-
ductions have, however, been from that grand
dopot of vegetable riches — South America.

Oxalis Piottae is a showy and free flowering
plant, that may be very well grown in a sitting-
room window, where it will flower in May. By the
month of July it will have done growing, and may
then be laid aside, without water, till the end of No-
vember. The bulbs should then be taken out of
the old soil, and repotted in fresh sandy compost,
and have a little water once a week, gradually
increasing the quantity, and applying it more
frequently, as the plant increases in growth. As
its time of flowering approaches, and whilst it is
in flower, it should have a liberal supply of water.
Most plants demand more water at this period of
their existence than at any other ; a fact to which
we would call constant attention.

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CIS'TUS RO'SEUS.

ROSY ROCK ROSE.

Class. Order.

POLYANDRIA. ■ MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CISTACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

S. Europe.

3 feet.

June.

Shrub

in 1830?

No. 896.

The name, Cistus, is of Greek origin, and bears
an allusion to the matured seed-vessel. See No.
649.

One of the prominent characteristics of the
flower of the Cistus, is strongly marked in that
which we have now figured, we allude to its crum-
pled petals. These exist in their wrinkled state
before they expand, and retain the peculiarity till
their decay. Another characteristic of the flower,
and it is probable that a connection may be traced
betw^een the two peculiarities, or that they may be
referred to the same predominating condition of the
plant, is the fugacious character of the petals.
They last but a day, but have immediate successors.

Yet though the gauzy bells fall fast.

Long ere appears the evening crescent ;

Another bloom succeeds the last.

As lovely, and as evanescent.”

The very multitude of the flowers produced by
the Cistus, is sometimes made a charge against it.
Who has not heard it said of that shrub, usually
known as the Gum Cistus, that its flowers are gay
and beautiful, and has not heard this praise abated

by the context ^ But they make a sad litter. ’
How difficult it is to please human nature; yet how
nicely contrived is everything in creation, to
satisfy its wants and administer to its luxuries !

Our Cistus roseus, was drawn in the Birming-
ham Horticultural Society’s Garden, and is one of
the very showyest, even amongst the many species
of this showy genus. The blaze of beauty from a
clump of Cistuses, and a moment’s thoughtfulness
on their fleeting character, could scarcely fail to
recal the ideas of Herrick, given to the public two
hundred years ago.

Fair pledges of a fruitful tree

Why do ye fall so fast ?

Your date is not so past.

But you may stay here yet awhile
To blush and gently smile,

And go at last !

What ! were ye born to be

An hour or half’s delight.

And so to bid good-night ?

Tis pity Nature brought ye forth
Merely to show your worth.

And lose you quite !

But you are lovely leaves, where we

May read how soon things have
Their end, though ne’er so brave :
And after they have shown their pride
Like you, awhile ; they glide
Into the grave.

The Cistus roseus is perfectly hardy, when plan-
ted in a sandy light soil, in a dry situation. May
be increased in summer, by cuttings.

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sai^p

OR'OBUS GMELI'NI.
gmelin’s bitter vetch.

9

Class. ' Order.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.

LEGUMINOSiE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Siberia.

8 inches.

May.

Perennial.

in 1827.

No. 897.

The word Orobus indicates a stimulating’ or
fattening effect on oxen, see No. 284. Gmelini is
adopted as a specific name by Fischer, the well-
known Russian botanist, in compliment, it may be
presumed, to some of the descendants of John
George Gmelin, a native of Tubingen, whom Lin-
neus himselfhonoured by naming a genus Gmelina.
He was professor of Natural History in the Acad-
emy of Sciences of Petersburg!!, a situation which
was subsequently occupied by younger branches of
the same family.

The Orobus Gmelini is an ornamental small
perennial plant, deserving a place amongst hardy
exotics, as a subject of rarity, and occupying but
little space. The Natural Order, Leguminosae, to
which it belongs, is one of the most extensive and
important amongst vegetables.' Medicine and the
arts owe much to it. Independently of .agricul-
tural plants, as Peas, Beans, Clover, and others,
many gums, medicinal drugs, dyes, ornamental
woods, &c., are the produce of leguminous plants.

This Orobus is of easy culture, but should not
have a wet situation, or be over watered if in a pot.

225.

LINA'RIA AL'BA.

WHITE FLOWERED TOAD-FLAX.

Class.

DIDYNAMIA.

Order.

ANGIOSPERMIA.

Natural Order.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Europe.

9 inches.

July & Aug.

Perennial.

Introduced
in 1838. ?

No. 898.

Linaria has been explained under No. 34.

This is a pretty and distinct perennial species of
Linaria, for which we are indebted to Mr. Cameron,
of the Birmingham Horticultural Society’s garden.
It will be desirable, in the flower garden, as a pretty
specimen of one section of the Natural Order
Scrophulariacese. The peculiar shape of its cor-
olla cannot escape the notice even of the most
careless observer, and it may be, naturally enough,
inquired why the Linaria demands that its parts of
fructification should be so nicely protected, by
being thus completely inclosed. Botanically con-
sidered, there does not appear to exist any singu-
larity of formation which would indicate, to our
obtuse perceptions, the necessity of such arrange-
ment. Indeed, we are shown in this very genus,
that the irregularity of corolla, here alluded to, is
occasionally dispensed with, since the Linaria
vulgaris, or common toad-flax has sometimes a
completely regular and expanded corolla. It is
however, evidence of the omnipotent power of the
great originator of both the one and the other. It
may be planted out, or kept in pots.

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RHODODEN DRON CAMPANULA'TUM.

CAMPANULATE RHODODENDRON.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RHODORACEJE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Nepal.

5 feet.

April, May.

Perennial.

in 1817.

No. 899.

The derivation of the name has been explained.

The species of this favourite genus which is now
figured, is a native of Nepal, and has been regard-
ed as a frame plant, but the severe winter of
1837-8 proved, as observed by Dr. Lindley, that
“the magnificent Rhododendron Campanulatum
was added to our own list of common shrubbery
plants.” The late David Don remarks that it was
first raised here from seeds received from Dr. Wal-
lich. The flowers are of a milk white, shaded
with lilac, and surpass all others of the genus, with
the exception of one discovered in Java, by Dr.
Horsfield, the dimensions of whose corolla are still
greater.

Our drawing was made from a fine plant, six feet
high, in the garden of George Barker, Esq., of
Springfield, near Birmingham, who possesses a
rich collection of Rhododendrons, in a fine and
vigorous growth.

Rhododendron campanulatum may be planted in
the peat borders, where it will bloom freely, when
the plant has attained a good size. It may be
increased by layering, by seeds, and by grafting.

Is? .

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CRO'CUS SPECIO'SUS.

SHOWY AUTUMN CROCUS.

Class. Order.

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

IRIDACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

S. Europe.

5 inches.

Sep. & Oct.

Perennial.

in 1830?

No. 900.

Although we now use very many of the names
of plants which were common amongst the Greeks,
two or three thousand years ago, still it is not pre-
sumed, except in very few instances, that they are
attached to the same subjects as originally. The
ancient descriptions are so vague that they rarely
enable us to distinguish the plants to which they
were intended to apply; it is believed, however, that
Crocus was used by the ancients as the name of
some species of the genus to which it is applied at
the present day.

Were it not for so great an authority as the Hon.
and Rev. W. Herbert, we should not hesitate to
pronounce this plant identical with the English
species nudiflorus, but Mr. Herbert has doubtless,
seen them cultivated together, and has legitimate
reasons for objecting to the two species being con-
sidered as mere varieties, the one of the other.

In our plate of this interesting Crocus will be
seen both flowers and foliage ; but it must be
remembered that in the garden they will not be
met with together. The drawing of the flower was
made in the first week of October, that of the

foliage in the last week of April. Thus the naked
flowers are produced, like the Colchicum, in the
autumn ; and also like this plant is its semination,
the germen remaining beneath the soil at the time
the flowers appear, but are pushed upwards, to the
surface of the earth, in the spring ; there to ripen,
when the leaves also of the plant are produced, for
the succour of both seed and bulbs.

In the spring of the year we see the Crocus
glowing every where — welcome alike to the peer
and the peasant — the harbinger of a joyous season ;
but how rarely do we see it enlivening the borders
in autumn, notwithstanding nature has provided us
with species for the purpose. Well may we ask
with White —

“ Say, what impels, amidst surrounding snow
Congeal’d, the Crocus’ yellow hud to blow?

Say, what retards, amidst the summer blaze,

Th’ autumnal bulb, till pale declining days ?

The God of Seasons — whose pervading power
Controls the sun, or sheds the fleecy shower;

He bids each flower his quick’ning word obey.

Or to each lingering bloom enjoins delay. ”
Whether this beautiful autumnal flowering Cro-
cus may, or may not, be called a British plant, it
deserves a place amongst every respectable collec-
tion of flowers ; indeed the British autumnal
flowering species and this identical plant, should
be obtained, as well for their individual value as
for ascertaining their identity. We received our
specimen from the Messrs. Pope and Sons, and are
informed that it proves to be perfectly hardy, and
will flourish in any garden soil.

CYPRIPE'DIUM PUBES'CENS.

PUBESCENT ladies’ SLIPPER.

Cl ass.

GYNANDRIA

Natural Order.

ORCHIDACE^.

Order.

DIANDRIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N.America

1 foot.

May, June.

Perennial.

in 1790.

No. 901.

Cypripedium is compounded from the Greek
words KUPRis, and podion ; the first a title of
Venus, the latter signifying a slipper.

That so curious and interesting a genus of
plants as the Cypripedium, should be difficult of
increase, and indeed of cultivation, can but be
regreted. True, however, it is, that few persons
are successful in their attempts to keep them in
health, and increase them. Even our own British
species, the Cypripedium calceolus, found in the
north of England, is rarely met with in gardens,
although so perfectly hardy.

Every admirer of flowers can but desire to pos-
sess one or other of the several interesting species
of Cypripedium, and pubescens will be found to
be of as easy management as any amongst them.
It is very hardy, and should be planted in a border
of sandy peat, in a northerly aspect, and there
remain undisturbed, where it will slowly increase,
and blossom in perfection every year. It may, by
some, be thought unnecessary, yet, during winter,
we prefer bestowing a three-inch coverlet of sawdust
or moss on its bed.

226,

HALE'SIA TETRAPTERA.

FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE,

Class. Order.

DODECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

Natural Order.

STYRACE^.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

Carolina-

10 feet.

April, May-

Tree.

in 1756.

No. 902.

The genus Halesia was named in honour of
Doctor Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statis-
tics. This plant is called Snowdrop Tree from the
resemblance of its flowers to the Snowdrop. We
fear that these are represented in our plate as some-
what less pendulous than the common habit of the
plant would warrant ; a circumstance that may
have arisen from their having been conveyed some
distance to be drawn.

This, as it is sometimes cultivated, forms an
ornamental middle-sized shrub, but it may be
grown as a tree ; and from its statistics in Loudon’s
Arboretum Britannicum, we And that at Syon, the
seat of His Grace the Duke of Northumberland,
there is a tree of the Halesia tetraptera, thirty feet
high, and its trunk eighteen inches diameter. It
is also growing, of various sizes, at Bagshot Park,
Trentham, Alton Towers, Toward Castle, in Scot-
land; and Ballyleady, in Ireland; still, there is
occasion to repeat what was said by Dr. Sims,
nearly forty years ago — We are surprised that a
shrub of so much beauty should not be more gene-
rally met with in our pleasure grounds,”

'

RllODODEN'DRON CAUC AS'ICUM-PON'TICUM ?

HYBRID CAUCASIAN RHODODENDRON.
Class. Order.

DECAISDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
RHODORACEiE,

Of hybrid

Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised

Origin.

3 feet.

j May, June.

Shrub.

in 1836?

No. 903.

For the meaning of Rhododendron, see No. 63.
To our compounded specific name we attach the
mark of doubt, having no further evidence than the
apparent character of the plant, for believing that
it originated from Caucasicum and Ponticum.
This accords with the opinion of the Messrs. Pope,
to whose favour we are indebted for the original
specimen. It is known in nurseries as the Rhodo-
dendron splendidum. This variety is a most
abundant flowerer, and consequently very showy.
It seems to be of more dwarf habit than most of its
near allies, and assumes a compact and bushy
growth. It is an early flowerer, succeeding Cau-
casicum, and is altogether a very desirable addition
to the American ground.

Like others of this splendid genus it grows the
most luxuriantly in peat soil, with the addition of
either much or little sand. Plants of the finest
growth are those raised from seed; to perpetuate,
however, the true character of this or any other
hybrid, even if it produce seeds, increase must be
obtained either from layers, or by grafting them
on other species.

PHLOX PYRAMIDA'LIS.

PYRAMIDAL PHLOX.

Class, Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

POIEMONIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

N.America

4 feet.

June, Sept.

Perennial.

in 1800.

No. 904.

Phlox, see No. 6. Pyramidalis alludes to the
pyramidal shape of the inflorescence of the Phlox
now figured. Our drawing is of a side stem only,
many of which, arranged round the main stem as
an axis, form the pyramid.

This is an exceedingly handsome, rather tall-
growing, Phlox ; with flowers somewhat smaller and
rounder than most of the upright species. Although
the whole of them make a fine display when the
plants become large, and send up many flowering
stems, they are, notwithstanding, as regards either
the size or number of their flowers, in no degree
comparable with young plants which have only one
or two stems. Some kinds are also liable to perish,
when allowed to become large, by remaining long
undivided. The mass of roots they form, either
exhaust the soil with which they come in contact,
of all the properties that are nutritious to the Phlox,
and thus they are literally starved to death, through
want of food; or else, according to the more modern
theory, they deposit so much of an excrementitious
matter, injurious to the plant, that they are quickly
poisoned to death, unless removed from its influence.

Either the one or the other of these circumstances
is continually producing a greater influence on
almost all the plants in our gardens than is thought
of by most amateur cultivators. It is not uncommon
to hear, even careful cultivators of floAvers, com-
plain in regard to some of their favourite plants,
that ^'They grow nicely for a year or two, and then
they die.” Now, if a plant blossom twice in the
same garden, the loss of it afterwards must be re-
ferred to careless culture, unless it fall under the
influence of unusually severe weather, a reason
which can but rarely be legitimately advanced.
Losses usually arise from the omission of necessary
division, or propagation by other means. Young
plants bear the vicissitudesofan uncongenial climate
better than old ones ; and furthermore, our soil
may not be rich in the species of nutriment required
by some of the exotic plants which we cultivate,
therefore fresh pasturage should be frequently given
them.

Although the Phlox pyramidalis is perfectly
hardy, still, if it be left growing in one place more
than a single year, it will decline in health ; and
in many places, in three years, be altogether lost.

The most successful mode of treatment is this ;
take off some of the young shoots in September,
with a little of the root attached, and plant them,
singly, about six inches apart, in a light soil, giving
them a little water occasionally, if the autumn be
dry. In February or March they may be removed
to the situations in which they are to flower. The
success which will succeed this trifling attention,
will amply repay the trouble bestowed on them.

-Anp'gdalls jiedancnlala.

Ainmla ci]i^^ta.

Kfoaia festivTa .

iris navisginia .

1/iif .

P^O'NIA ED'ULIS FESTrVA.

HANDSOME EDIBLE P^ONY.

Class. Order.

POLYANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RANUNCULACEAS.

Raised in

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Raised

Belgium ?

2| feet.

July.

Perennial.

in 1838

No. 905.

The Greeks adopted the name Paeonia for a
plant, in honour of one of their eminent fabulous
personages. We say fabulous, because the ancient
Greek poets invented very many of their heroes of
verse ; it should, however, be remembered that
they usually founded the character of these heroes
on some original or type, with which they took a
poet’s unlimited licence, and exaggerated the deeds
of their original to make them the achievements of
either angels of darkness or angels of light, as suited
best their purpose. Paeon was represented as a
physician, in the Trojan War, and as curing even
the very Gods of their wounds. Hence physicians
were sometimes called Paeonii, and medicinal herbs
Paeoniae herbae.

The common Paeony of our gardens, — the
Paeony officinalis, was formerly a plant of the Lon-
don Pharmacopoea, and its roots prescribed in
epiliptic diseases ; but it has latterly been omitted,
as of little value.

It has ever been our endeavour to have the draw-
ings for the Botanic Garden made with the utmost
fidelity, from living plants; and never to suffer ex-

227.

aggeration in them, that they may produce effect by-
size and gaudy colouring, to excite the astonishment
of those unacquainted with the practice. In the
instance, however, of the Paeony now figured, we
have been dependent on a drawing- of it made in
France — at Liege ; where, we believe, the plant was
raised. A fine engraving of it has been introduced
to the notice of the florists of England, by M. Jacob
Makoy, nurseryman of Liege ; and plants have
been purchased at a high price, on the faith of the
representation. Our figure is a faithful reduction
of that of M. Makoy, and is one-fifth of the size ;
hence it will be seen that the full size of the flower
is more than six inches across. It was named
merely PaBonia festiva, but as it is an undoubted
descendant from edulis, or albiflora as it is some-
times called, we have affixed its proper specific
name, with the minor distinctive term, festiva. It
is, doubtless, one of the most splendid herbaceous
Paeonies ever introduced to our gardens — a rival
of the finest varieties of moutan.

It may not be uninteresting to some of our
readers to know that seeds may be obtained from
many of the double Paeonies, provided their stig-
mas be fertilized with the pollen of a single variety.
This genus seems to offer great temptation to
hybridizers. Ere long we may, probably, see
flowers of the mixed character of the bold crimson
officinal Paeony, with the delicate albiflora festiva,
or albiflora Whitlejii, eclipsing all other denizens
of the garden. The Messrs. Pope, of the Hands-
worth Nursery, have obtained plants of Festiva,
from Liege.

I RIS FLAVIS'SIMA.

YELLOWEST IRIS.

Class.

TRIANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
IRIDACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Siberia.

8 inches.

May, June.

Perennial.

in 1814.

No. 906.

Iris, see No. 278. The specific name, flavissima,
being, as it is, in the superlative degree, would
lead us to expect, in this Iris, a more brilliant yel-
low than is shown by our plate; it is, however,
closely copied from nature. It prefers a rather
strong soil; is not of robust growth, nor does it
increase so rapidly as many others. It is a free
flowerer, and should have a place in every col-
lection, although its flowers are not brilliantly
coloured.

In reference to the consideration of colours, we
have usually found that the black soil of old gardens,
similar to that in which this plant grew, rarely
affords flowers with colour either so deep or bright
as fresh earth of redder tint. The rich deep-col-
oured wall flowers, sometimes called bleeding
hearts, growing against a country cottage, may
have met the admiration of many of our readers;
and some may have proved that by transplanting
them into town gardens, of black earth, they have
become comparatively pale and ordinary coloured.
This, it is possible, since acids heighten the tint
of many yellows and reds, may arise from the

deficiency of oxide of iron in such soils. Liebeg
says, however, It must be ammonia (an alkali)
which forms the red and blue colouring matters of
flowers. ”

On no subject is human knowledge more defect-
ive, than that of the production, and changes, of
colours. Several theories have been promulgated
in different ages, but still none that has been gene-
rally accepted. Although astonishing advances in
science have lately been made, still our knowledge
on this head, may well keep us humble minded.

A few facts, proved by Dr. Lewis, may interest
our readers more than speculation. Yellow flow-
ers, unlike all others, communicate to water or to
spirit of wine, durable yellow colours, not alterable,
but in degree, by acids or by alkalies ; the former
only rendering them paler ; and the latter render-
ing them deeper. Wool or silk, impregnated with
a solution of alum or tartar, receives, on being
boiled with the watery infusion or decoction, a
durable yellow dye. A durable yellow lake is pre-
pared, by precipitating with alum, an infusion of
yellow flowers made in an alkaline ley. In some
of the orange coloured flowers, the yellow matter
seems to be of the same kind as that of the pure
yellow flowers; but the red matter seems to be
diflerent from that of the pure red flowers. The
yellow matter is extracted from these flowers by
water ; and the remaining red matter is extracted
by spirit of wine, or by a weak solution of a fixed
alkali, in water. This curious instance of discre-
pancy in two colours, has been noticed under Car-
thainus tinctorius. No. 162,

PRIM ULA CILIATA.

CILIATED SWISS PRIMROSE.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

PRIMULACE^.

Native of | Height.

Flowers in

Duration,

Introduced

Switzerld. 3 inches.

April, May.

Perennial.

in 1700.

No. 907.

Primula, see No. 156, for its meaning.

It is always a pleasing labour to us to introduce
to our readers desirable and thoroughly hardy
species of plants, wherewith they may ornament
their open borders, mounds, and fancy parterres,
in full assurance that they will grow and luxu-
riate, regardless of the nicer attentions demanded
by such exotics as require to be expensively kept
in an artificial or greenhouse temperature, and in
perpetual danger of death, from excess of nursing.
In the Primula family, many are proof against
cold, but pure air is important.

Of the hardy Primula ciliata two varieties are
known in cultivation, that which we have now fig-
ured, and one with much paler flowers. Both are
showy, but our darker flowering one is the most
robust plant, and blossoms the most freely. It is
nearly related to decora, villosa, helvetica, and
nivalis ; and like these species, very ornamental
for the front of beds, especially when kept in
tolerably large patches. It loves a rich soil, and
open situation ; and should be divided early in
autumn, in preference to spring.

AMYG'DALUS PEDUNCULA'TA.

PEDUNCULATE ALMOND.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACEA.

Country

Height

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

Unknown.

5 feet.

April, May.

Shrub.

in 1836.

No. 908.

The word Amygdalus, was deduced from the
Greek amusso, signifying to lacerate. It was
adopted in allusion to the lacerated or fissured nut
of the almond. This shrub has sometimes been
called, after Ledebour, Amygdalus Pallasii, but
improperly, inasmuch as Pallas himself had pre-
viously named it pedunculata, and by this name too,
Ledebour himself sent the seeds to this country.

With the specimen from which our drawing was
made, we were favoured by Mr. Cameron, curator
of the Birmingham Horticultural Society’s Garden;
who states that he raised it from seeds, received
from Professor Ledebour. It was also raised in
the London Horticultural Society’s Garden, from
seeds obtained from the same source ; and it is
noticed by Mr. Gordon of that establishment, as a
very pretty dwarf decumbent bush, and quite
hardy. It doubtless, is a pretty shrub, but it
seems questionable whether it should be called
decumbent.

This shrub seems likely to grow freely in any
common soil ; and from its dwarf habit should be
planted near to the front of the border.

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IVleigpotia Soulangiajia .

^wifl armata ,

Lonicera Orincnsis

EUCHARIDIUM CONCIN'NUM.

NEAT EUCHARIDIUM.

Class.

OCTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGANIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACEiE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N. America.

1 foot.

April, Sept.

Annual.

in 1836.

No. 909.

The name, Eucharidium, is deduced from the
Greek eucharis, agreeable. The Latin specific
name also, is intended to imply that the plant is
handsome ; hence, we infer that it made a favour-
able impression on the minds of its nomenclators
— Fischer and Meyer, botanists of Russia.

The Eucharidium concinnum, was received into
the Imperial gardens of St. Petersburg, from the
Russian colony of Ross, in New California ; and
from that establishment transmitted to the Horti-
cultural Society of London ; whence it has been
distributed to its members. It must be gratifying
to the philanthropist, as well as the botanist, thus
to witness the amicable intercourse extended and
fostered between the inhabitants of distant parts of
the globe. National amity, as well as individual
friendships, may thus be engendered and perpet-
uated. Who cannot appreciate the pleasures of
communication, through the medium of a garden !

This novelty resembles a prostrate plant of
Clarkia pulchella, but is of more dwarf appearance.
It may be sown in the open borders, in spring,
and it will flower and ripen seeds abundantly.

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CAMPAN ULA ALPPNA.

ALPINE BELL-FLOWER.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Natural Order.

CAMPANULACE^.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Native of

Height,

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Switzerld.

6 inches.

July.

Perennial.

in 1779.

No. 910.

The derivation and the meaning of the name of
the genus now before us will, we trust, not be for-
gotten by our readers. The names of plants so
frequently lead to a knowledge of some prominent
character, or peculiarity, belonging to them, that
it appears indispensable that they should be under-
stood as soon as heard. If the plant be unknown
its name alone may, perchance, give some indication
of its character.

A property of all species of Campanula, not
observed by every one, is their containing a milky
fluid. This was known to the old herbalists, for
Parkinson, in noticing the very plant under consi-
deration, says ^‘The whole plant hath a soft doune,
somewhat whitish upon it, and giveth milke, as all
the rest doe.”

This plant is mentioned by Mr. Curtis as one of
the introductions, from Austria, to the splendid
establishment of the Messrs. Loddiges. It requires
to have a dry situation, hence a place on raised
rock-work is favourable to its growth. If potted,
for keeping with alpines, the proper compost for it
is loam and peat.

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AZA LEA LEDIFO'LIA.

LEDUM-LEAVED AZALEA.

Class. Order,

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RHODORACE^.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

China.

4 feet.

March, May.

Perennial.

in 1819.

No. 911.

The word Azalea, is from azeleos, see No. 541.

This beautiful Azalea has not, from its first
introduction to this country, ceased to excite admi-
ration. Both this and the purple variety of Ledifolia
yield to none in their splendid display of flowers,
when well grown; indeed, all the Indian and Chinese
species are exceedingly fine, but Ledifolia is the
freest flowerer. In some instances it has borne full
exposure in the open garden, and flowered in per-
fection ; but as uncertainty will attend the success
of this treatment, we recommend its being cultivated
as a window plant, for which purpose it is admir-
ably suited, both as regards its constitution, and its
habit of growth, which is more compact and bushy
than any other of the Indian species.

Being so nearly hardy, it should be kept in an
apartment without fire, and have plenty of pot
room. It should be planted in a mixture of peat
and a little loam; and although it will require but
little water during winter, it must be very freely
watered whilst in a growing state, and especially
whilst in flower. A day’s thirst at this time would
injure its blossoms. At this time, too, it may with

advantage, be placed in a warmer room ; as ad-
ditional excitement, when the plant is coming into
flower, produces on it a very genial influence.
These gay shrubs may be easily increased from
cuttings of the young wood, taken off about mid-
summer. Take a pot, according to the size of the
bell-glass you intend using ; in the absence of a
bell-glass use a large tumbler. Half-fill the pot with
drainers, (that is, potsherds — broken pots; and if
none of these can be had, soft bricks or tiles broken
to pieces will sufiice), on these put a layer of sandy
peat, and on the top of this, a layer an inch deep of
silver sand, which may be had of any nurseryman.
Wet this to make it solid, and it will be fit to receive
the cuttings. Press on the sand, the glass with
which the cuttings are to be covered, that it may leave
an impression of its size, as a guide for inserting
the cuttings. When cuttings are taken from the
terminations of old branches, they must be cut off
at the union of the young wood with the old; but
if cuttings be chosen that have sprung from the
sides of old shoots, they may be slipped off", and
the ragged ends shortened, which will fit them for
insertion. They should then be inserted in the
sand, so deep as nearly to reach the peat, through
the sand, have a gentle w^atering, and the glass may
then be turned over them to remain. If put in a
gentle hot-bed the cuttings will strike much sooner;
they may, however, be kept in any convenient place,
chiefly in the shade, and will require to be regu-
larly watered. The glass should be removed for
a few minutes occasionally, from the cuttings, and
wiped dry.

MESEMBRYAN'THEMUM TRICOLOR.

THREE-COLOURED FIG-MARIGOLD.

Class. Order.

ICOSANDRIA. DI-PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

MESEMBRYACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

C G.Hope

6 inches.

July.

Annual.

in 1795.

No. 912.

Mesembryanthemum, a word compounded of the
Greek mesembria, mid-day ; and anthemon,
flower. The word thus constituted, bears an allu-
sion to the general habit of the genus, in its blossoms
expanding in mid-day, and closing by night.

The Mesembryanthemums are an odd collection
of creatures. Their leaves are always more or less
thick and succulent, and assume such curious shapes.
Some are round and solid as a pear; some as nuts,
berries, puff-balls, or figs; others with tooth-fringed
leaves, bear a resemblance to the jaws and teeth of
w'olves, mice, tigers, cats, &c., after which they
are named. Others resemble horns, sickles, half-
moons ; and many other singularities may be found
amongst them ; and nearly all may be grown with
a small amount of attention.

Our present species is a half-hardy annual,
requiring to be sown on a slight hot-bed, and trans-
planted into small pots, preparatory to their being
turned into the borders in the beginning of June.
Exposed plants will not always ripen seeds, there-
fore one or two should have protection in pots, to
prevent disappointment.

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^Vzalia ledifolia.

MAGNO LIA SOULANGIA'NA.
soulange’s magnolia.

Class. Order.

POLYANDRIA. POLAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

MAGNOLIACE^.

Hybrid

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised

Origin.

5 feet

May, June.

Shrub.

in 1826.

No. 913.

Peter Magnol was a French botanist of some
note in the seventeenth century.

This hybrid Magnolia was raised near Paris, in
the garden of the Chevalier Soulange-Bodin, after
whom it is named. It was raised from seeds of
Magnolia conspicua, and there would perhaps be
but little hesitation in pronouncing its other parent
to be purpurea; this, however, is said not to be the
fact, but that it was tomentosa.

Our drawing was made from a small standard
plant growing in an exposed situation, where its
flowers did not expand so freely as against a wall.
But, as is our rule, it was represented as nature
gave it; not magnified, or emblazoned agreeably
to the imagination of the artist or his directors.

This Magnolia forms a more compact shrub, as
a standard, than most others of the genus ; and it
flourishes in any light loamy soil. It is, however,
much increased in beauty of lowering when trained
to a wall of good aspect. Here the flowers grow
to a larger size, and they expand more completely,
exposing fully their green spiked carpels, sur-
rounded by their numerous linear anthers.

229.

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FABIA'NA IMBRICATA.

IMBRICATE-LEAVED FABIANA.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

SOLANACEiE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised

Chili.

21 inches.

June.

Shrub.

in 1837.

No. 914.

The appellation, Fabiana, has been adopted in
honour of a Spanish botanist of that name.

This country is indebted to Mr. Cuming for the
possession of this curious heath-like plant; it was,
however, previously published in the Flora Peru-
viana, having been discovered in Western South
America, by the botanists attached to the Spanish
survey of that country.

A newly-discovered hardy or half-hardy heath
will always be an object of interest; and the
present plant has so exactly the general appear-
ance of one, that it is just as desirable. It has all
the neatness and abundance of flowers of some of
the best individuals of that genus ; and their habit
also, though belonging to a rather distant order.

This novel little shrub has proved tolerably
hardy, but may require the assistance of a little
defence against severe frosts. It should have a
dry situation, and probably sandy peat would suit
it better than common soil. Cuttings will strike
root quickly, when treated as those of heaths. A
plant should be kept in the frame, as a protection
against loss, by unexpected severity of weather.

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ACA'CIA ARMA'TA.

SIMPLE-LEAVED PRICKLY ACACIA.

Class. Order.

POLYGAMIA. MONCECIA.

Natural Order.

LEGDMINOS^.

Native of Height

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N.Hollandj 10 feet.

Mar. Apr.

Shrub.

in 1803.

No. 915.

The word. Acacia, is supposed to have had its
origin in the Greek akaso, to sharpen ; in allusion
to the sharp stipules of many Acacias.

The genus Acacia is quite a monster in extent,
a heterogeneous mass. Decandolle, twenty years
ago, described nearly five hundred mimoseous
plants. Fifteen hundred, it is probable, are now
known, of which Acacia contains by far the greater
number; indeed, the genera Inga and Acaciaseemto
be the receptacles for all those species to which no
other resting place can be allotted. We are, how-
ever, glad to notice that Mr. Bentham has under-
taken a re-arrangement of this section.

A primary subdivision of this genus has been
proposed by Mr. Bentham, dependant on a char-
acter which may be examined in our present plant ;
one that is so remarkable, and easily distinguished,
that it is a convenient division, although not an
excellent botanical section, from its presenting no
peculiar modification of flowers or fruit.

The character to which we allude is the presence
of what are called phyllodia, instead of true leaves.
This peculiarity may have escaped the observation

of many of our readers, but as it is interesting to
the general observer, as well as the botanist, we
shall annex Dr. Lindley’s remarks on the differ-
ences between phyllodia and leaves. He says, —

^^The petiole becomes so developed as to assume
the appearance of a leaf, all the functions of which
it performs, They may always be distinguished
from true leaves by the following characters: —
1. — If observed when the plant is very young, they
will be found to bear leaflets, 2. — Both their sur-
faces are alike, 3. — They very generally present
their margins to the earth and heavens ; not their
surfaces. 4. — They are always straight-veined;
and, as they only occur among dicotyledonous
plants, this peculiarity alone will characterize
them.”

Although this plant succeeds well with frame
protection, or in mild winters, against a south wall,
we recommend it as a window plant, than which
none is more beautiful, or more easily managed.
It should be potted in a compost of loam, peat,
and sand ; and may be increased by cuttings of
the young wood in summer. A south window, in
a room without fire, suits it best ; except in severe
frosts, when it must be removed during the night.
In winter it should be watered very sparingly, but
freely when in flower. Before its last flowers have
fallen, cut it back, as much as is required to give
the plant a regular shape. From the middle of
June to the middle of September, plunge its pot in
the open border of the garden ; first keeping it out
a fortnight in the shade, as sudden exposure to the
open sun would discolour its foliage.

LONrCERA CHINEN'SIS.

CHINESE HONEYSUCKLE.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CAPRIFOLIACEiE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

China.

30 feet.

June, July.

Shrub.

in 1806.

No. 916.

Lonicera, for its derivation see No. 894. This
favourite shrub, like many others, has had much
occasion for offence, from being so perpetually nick-
named. Besides the name for it which we have
adopted after Decandolle, it has, by various authors,
been called, Lonicera flexuosa, Lonicera Japonica,
Lonicera glabrata. Then the changes have been
rung upon these specific names in connexion with
the generic name Caprifolium; and in Sweet’s
Hortus Britannicus, second edition, it is mentioned
under Kaempfer’s outlandish name of. Nintooa Ja-
ponica. We notice these discrepancies that our
readers may not be puzzled by meeting either the
plant, or any account of it, under an appellation
differing from that to which we have here given
the preference.

Of all the Honeysuckles with which we are
acquainted, this is the most beautiful for training
against a southern wall. We do not even except
our own wild species, the Lonicera periclymenum.
Its foliage has a neatness, and variety of tint, not
usual in others ; its gay flowers are produced in
abundance, and their fragrance, although not of

that honied sweetness yielded by the common
Honeysuckle, is not less delightful ; it partakes of
the orange-flower odor, and is by many persons
preferred.

Although the Lonicera Chinensis has been for
many years known in this country to nurserymen
and botanists, still its flowers are rarely seen
embellishing the porch of the cottager, or its fra-
grance inviting the traveller to halt at the road-
side inn. There are now, we trust, very few
amongst us so wanting in philanthrophy, — so
cynical, as not to desire the extension of that taste —
that superior civilization, which may induce all
classes to assist in producing inexpensive garden
beauties, from the actual enjoyment of seeing them,
and being instrumental to their existence ; in fact,
in first creating the scene, and then feeling that it
is good.

This plant was, long after its introduction, a
nursling of the greenhouse, where it rambles luxu-
riantly, and by judicious pruning may be kept in
perpetual flower. Our business with it, however,
is in the open garden, where it may be more the
child of nature. Trained to a wall, of southern
aspect, it becomes exceedingly ornamental. Here
its principal branches should be regularly nailed
as they advance in growth, and the weaker ones cut
back, to produce neatness and short flowering later-
als. It should be planted in a dry soil, and if a
wall of good aspect cannot be given to it, a warm
and sheltered corner must be chosen. Cuttings of
it will strike root under a hand-glass in the open
ground, but more readily in a slight hotbed.

Opbiys aiJifcra .

Robiiiia hispida

}rafrj. sculp-

ROBFNIA HISTIDA.

HISPID ROSE-ACACIA.

Class, Order.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.

LEGUMINOSiE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Carolina.

10 feet.

May to Sept-

Perennial.

in 1743.

No. 917.

The name, Robinia, was adopted by Linneus in
honour of Jean Robin, a French botanist, herbalist
to Henry IV. of France. He was the first culti-
vator of the Acacia pseudo-acacia, a tree which
many of our readers will recollect, when we remind
them of the mania which was excited twenty years
ago, by Cobbet, who propagated and sold it in
immense quantities, under the name of the Ameri-
can Locust Tree. It shall, ere long, be figured.

The Robinia hispida, or Rose-Acacia, is tolerably
well known ; but from its brittleness is often bro-
ken and destroyed. In the Arboretum Britannicum
of Mr. Loudon, we find some practical remarks on
this plant ; but we cannot refer to this admirable
work without joining in the regret that death has
just deprived our country of its talented author —
one of its most valuable and indefatigable labourers
in horticultural literature. The unwearied exer-
tions of Mr. Loudon have, we sincerely believe,
been mainly instrumental in effecting the rapid
progress made in gardening within the last twenty
years. Talents so diversified are rarely combined
in a single individual.

230.

There are several varieties of this Robinia ; one,
tlie arborea, grows much larger than the com-
mon sort. In the Arboretum Britannicum, vol. 2,
respecting them it is said. ^'They form singulcirly
ornamental shrubs for gardens ; but, as standards
or bushes, they can be only planted with safety
in the most sheltered situations. A very good
mode is, to trail them against an espalier rail ;
and, on a lawn, this espalier may form some kind
of regular or symmetrical figure ; for example, the
ground plan of the espalier may be the letters S or
X, or a cross, or a star ; which last is, perhaps, the
best form of all, the different radii of the star
diminishing to a point at the top. Such a star, in
order to produce an immediate effect, would require
to have three plants placed close together in the
centre, from which the branches should be ti’ained
outwards and upwards. Robinia hispida is often
grafted about one foot above the surface of the
ground ; and, when the plant is not trained to a
wall, or to some kind of support, it is almost cer-
tain, after it has grown two or three years, to be
broken over at the graft. A preferable mode, there-
fore, for dwarfs, is to graft them on the root, or
under the surface of the soil. In purchasing plants
this ought always to be borne in mind. In conse-
quence of the liability of this shrub to be injured by
the weather, it is comparatively neglected in British
gardens ; but, wherever a magnificent display of
fine flowers is an object, it better deserves a wall
than many other species ; and it is worthy of being
associated there with Piptanthus Nepalensis, Wis-
taria Sinensis, and other splendid leguminaceaB.”

O'PHRYS APIF'ERA.

BEE-BEARING OPHRYS,

Class. Order.

GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA.

Natural Order.

ORCHIDACEiE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Inhabits

England.

9 inehes.

June, July.

Perennial.

Chlky.pstures.

No. 918.

Ophrys, a Greek word, signifying the eye-brow,
or eye-lash, it is said by Pliny, was adopted as a
botanical name on account of the plant which
received it having been used to blacken the eye-
brows. Others say, and with more probability,
that the name was chosen from the resemblance of
the fringe of the inner sepals being like an eye-
lash. Apifera from apis, a bee; an allusion which
will be at once applied by an inspection of the
annexed engraving.

This plant, usually known as the Bee Orchis, has
always been an object of admiration, as one of our
native plants. Its spontaneous distribution seems
to be wholly dependent on geological circumstances.
In districts where chalk or limestone prevail, it is
not uncommon ; but is scarcely ever met with else-
where.

It is best kept in a pot, in peat and loam, mixed
with a good portion of coarse sand ; should have a
shady situation, never be kept over moist, and
have protection from frost in April and May. After
flowering, keep it nearly dry, till the following
spring ; then re-pot and water it more freely.

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EPIGiE'A RETENS.

CREEPING EPIGiEA.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RHOBORACE.E.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N.America.

6 inches.

April, June.

Perennial.

in 1736.

No. 919.

The prostrate habit of this genus has obtained
for it a corresponding name. Epigsea is derived
from the Greek epi, upon ; gaia, the earth. Its
specific name, too, further recognises its humble
mode of growth.

Although a very lowly shrub, it is one well
deserving of cultivation. It is a native of stony
places, on the sides of hills, beneath the shelter of
stronger subjects; sometimes courting the shade of
lofty pines, where man has never intruded the
plough or the spade to disturb it of aboriginal
possession.

This small shrub may be admitted even to the
herbaceous department, without violence to good
taste. It is but idle to institute laws to exclude
shrubs from amongst herbaceous plants, in the
flower garden; or herbaceous plants from every
part of the shrubbery. Nature establishes no such
principle. Convenience must sometimes be ad-
mitted as the law-giver ; and, subservient to this,
good taste in arrangement can always gratify the
eye, by a suitable admixture of plants, whether
they be of one class, or of all the classes with

which we are favoured by Nature. Under any
circumstances we may agree with Mason in saying,

“ To Nature’s dictates mild with rev’rence yield ;

She with rich colours dyes the laughing field.

Haste thenj wdth flow’rs your varied garden grace;
Flow’rs give a lovelier smile to Nature’s face;

Flow’rs are the models fair of brilliant art ;

Ye simply-charming tributes of the heart !

Ev’n friendship deigns your gentle aid to prove,

You weave the fairest gift of trembling love ;

By you adorn’d more brightly beauty shines,

You ’mid her laurel wTeatb, proud conquest twines.

You at the village feast are oft decreed
To modest maidens as the dearest meed ;

To God himself with grateful hearts we bring
The earliest incense of the breathing spring,

And on his altar throw your blushing spoils,

While, with your chaplet crown’d, religion smiles.”

As well as our present white-flowered Epigaea
repens, a red-flowered variety was published in
Sweet’s Flower Garden, in 1837, but which, it
may be feared, has been lost to the country. It is
even a prettier plant than the present subject. The
treatment of each will be the same ; that is, they
should have a rather shaded and sheltered situation,
be planted in sandy peat, and have their trailing
stems pegged down, as they advance in growth, to
prevent their being blown about and injured. This
treatment affords also another advantage, some of
the branches will strike root, and may ultimately be
separated for increase. In severe frost a mat thrown
over it would prevent injury from the alternation
of freezing and thawing.

ACANTHUS MOL'LIS.

SOFT ACANTHUS,

Class. Order.

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERM lA.

Natural Order.

ACANTHACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Italy.

3 feet.

July to Sep.

Perennial.

in 1548.

No. 920.

The generic name, Acanthus, is derived from the
Greek, and signifies a spine : this characterizes
some of the species. The Acanthus mollis was
known to our old English botanists ; and, by them
propagated from imported seeds, whence probably
arose the variation in different individuals of the
species ; some being much more spiny than others,
although in all the varieties, unlike the spinosa,
the spines are inoffensive.

Of this plant mention may be found in the old
pharmacopoeas, under the name of Brank-ursine,
both its leaves and roots having been employed
medicinally, possessing much the same qualities as
Marsh-mallow; that is, emollient and demulcent.

Some authors have given to this plant the mem-
orable distinction of having originated the Corin-
thian Order of architecture. See No. 508.

The Acanthus mollis is best suited to a situation
in front of the shrubbery, where herbaceous plants
are admitted. It should remain undisturbed for
several years, when it will throw up strong undi-
vided stems of flowers, from three to four feet high,
of showy character.

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AiitiiThimim quadincolor.

Diantlius plumarius

Gcntiana incaxnata

ANTIRRHI NUM QUAD RICOLOR.

FOUR-COLOURED SNAPDRAGON.

Class. Order .

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

• Natural Order.

SCROPHULARIACE^.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

S. Europe.

18 inches.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1843.

No. 921.

From the Greek words anti, rhin, signifying
like, and a nose, is deduced the name Antirrhi-
num ; in allusion to the snout-like flowers of the
genus.

This new and very showy Snapdragon will be a
valuable accession to our borders. Its spike of
flowers is dense and conspicuous, — its colours
mingling together in pleasing harmony.

The Antirrhinums and Linarias, which were
formerly included in one genus, have long been
favourites, from the Cymbalaria (No. 300) which
creeps on the sides of the wall, to the showy
Majus (No. 279) that erects itself boldly on its
summit.

The Antirrhinum quadricolor may be propagated
readily by cuttings ; which strike more readily if
planted on a hotbed ; or in pots, and placed within
a cucumber frame. When the cuttings begin to
grow, which is evidence of their having struck root,
they should be potted singly, in sandy compost,
and have winter protection in a cold frame, or in a
dwellinghouse. If turned into the borders, in May,
they will soon become luxuriant and showy.

231.

DIAN'THUS PLUMA'RIUS.

FEATHERED PINK. Wild Variety.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

digynia.

Natural Order.

SILENACEAS.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Inhabits

Britain.

1 foot.

June to Aug.

Perennial.

old walls.

No. 922.

Dianthus or ^^Jove’s Flower,” see No. 65.

We here figure what may be pretty confidently
stated to be the parent of our beautiful garden pink;
long the puzzle of British botanists. Both it and
the Carnation having, with doubts, been attributed
to the same origin — the wild Dianthus caryophyllus,
found on old castles and walls. This idea was, in
some degree, correct; but not satisfactorily so. Sir
James Smith, in Rees’s Cyclopaedia, says of the
Pink, it is Most assuredly a distinct species,
though botanists have not ventured to define it.”
Dr. Bindley, in the Penny Cyclopaedia, says the
wild Dianthus caryophyllus is, ^‘In its cultivated
state, the parent of the Carnation, Picotee, and
Pink.” Hudson, in his Flora Anglica, of 1778,
attributed the origin of the Carnation to its
commonly- received parent, — the wild Dianthus
caryophyllus ; the Pink to his Dianthus arenarius,
a plant which Sir James Smith, in his English
Flora, includes as a variety of caryophyllus, but
says, this May perhaps be Mr. Doody’s ^hairy
species, frequent in Kent,’ noticed by Dillenius in
Ray’s Synopsis; and the subject is worth notice.”

The question involved in these hints is now, it
may be presumed, satisfactorily explained; for
which botanists are indebted to A. W. Leighton,
Esq., in whose Flora of Shropshire” it is shown
that the plants, hitherto called D. caryophyllus,
comprise two distinct species — the one the parent
of the Carnation, the other the parent of the Pink.

Our drawing was taken from a cultivated plant,
originally obtained from Ludlow Castle; and we
have now before us a specimen with which we have
been favoured by our esteemed friend, the Rev.
John Price Alcock, Minor Canon of Rochester
Cathedral, which he gathered from the old city
w all, of Rochester. This is the real caryophyllus,
and differs from the Ludlow Castle plant in the
leaves being finely serrulate at their base only ;
whereas, those of the Ludlow Castle plant, from
which our drawing was made, are finely serrulate
throughout their whole length. The flowers too,
as will be seen by our figure, which is, we believe,
the first published of this native plant, in its original
purity, have the outer edge of their petals deeply
laciniated; whilst those of the carophyllus are only
sharply toothed. They have too, says Mr. Cam-
eron, a different period of flowering. That of the
Dianthus plumarius being June; that of caryophyl-
lus July and August. In this particular the first
agrees with the Pink, the latter with the Carnation.

The native localities of these plants are numer-
ous; and Mr. Leighton thinks it probable that
those of Kent only belong to caryophyllus; all
others to plumarius. English botanists will now,
we hope, soon determine this point.

CALANDRl'NIA SPECIO'SA.

SHOWY CALANDRINIA.

Class. Order.

DODECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

PORTULACEiE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

California.

4 inches.

May, to Oct.

Annual.

in 1831.

No. 923.

Calandrini was the name of a continental botanist.
This is the Calandrinia speciosa of Lindley. Our
previously published species being his grandiflora.

This is a genus of tender American plants, some
of which, although of perennial character, serve to
ornament our borders as annuals. The present is,
however, strictly annual, but will not offend, as do
many annuals, by its too abundant herbage.
Its leaves are few, and its branches inconspicuous ;
it has, however, pretty showy flowers, bright and
gay in the sun, to cheer its loneliness.

There's not a plant, however rude.

But hath some little flower,

To brighten up its solitude,

And scent the evening hour.

There’s not a heart, however cast
By grief and sorrow down.

But hath some memory of the past,

To love and call its own.

The Calandrinia speciosa may be sown either on
a hotbed and transplanted, or on the borders ; but,
if the latter, the seeds should not be sown earlier
than the end of April or beginning of May.

'■rvf}

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E Sfet?r. ..^.i);

. GENTIA'NA INCARNA'TA.

FLESH-COLOURED GENTIAN.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

Natural Order.

GENTIANACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N.America

2 feet.

October.

Perennial.

in 1812.

No. 924.

This genus, Gentiana, was named after the King
of Illyria, a country bordering on the Adriatic Sea.

Gentiana being an extensive genus, has, by some
continental authors,been divided into several others ;
but their distinctions are not satisfactory. Our
plant is the Pneumonanthe incarnata of these
writei’s. It is not very generally met with in culti-
vation, on account of its being slow of increase.
It is impatient of too much management; we mean,
disturbance. It loves a home in peat and loam,
where from year to year it may rest in quietude ;
and like the plodding economist, content in his own
narrow sphere ; adds, imperceptably, to his little
stock, nor seeks a fortune by railway speed.

The whole of the Order Gentianacese is remark-
able for the uniform bitterness of all the plants which
it comprises. Gentiana lutea, the well-known
bitter of our shops, is perhaps the most prominent
example. Dr. Paris, in his Pharmacologia ob-
serves that bitter extractive seems to be as essen-
tial to the digestion of herbivorous, as salt is to
that of carnivorous animals. No cattle will thrive
upon grasses which do not contain a portion of this

vegetable principle; this fact was proved by the
researches of the late Mr Sinclair, gardener to the
Duke of Bedford. They shew, that if sheep are fed
on yellow turnips, which contain little or no bitter
principle, they instinctively seek for, and greedily
devour any provender which may contain it, and
that if they cannot obtain it they become diseased
and die. Animals that feed in marshy lands, on
food containing but little nourishment, are best
defended frdm the diseases they are liable to con-
tract in such situations by the ingestion of bitter
plants. Upon these occasions nature is very kind,
for the particular situation that engenders endemic
diseases is generally congenial to the growth of the
plants that operate as antidotes to them. Thus it
has been found that the Menyanthes trifoliata,
(Water Trefoil,) which on account of its bitterness
has been used as a substitute for hops, is a cure for
the rot in sheep, when given in doses of a drachm
of the powdered leaves. Well may David say,
in reference to the universal care of an all-merciful
Creator, ^^He giveth to the beast his food.”

We are ourselves conscious of the invigorating
effects of slight bitters upon our stomach; and their
presence in malt liquors not only tends to diminish
the noxious effects of such potations, by counteract-
ing the indirect debility which they are liable to occa-
sion, but even to render them, taken in moderation,
projnoters of digestion. The Swiss peasant cheers
himself amidst the frigid solitude of his glaciers,
with a spirit distilled from Gentian, the extreme
bitterness of which is relished with a glee that is
quite unintelligible to a more cultivated taste.

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RO SA GALTICA.

FRENCH ROSE.

Variety; Queen of Summer.
Order.

POLYGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACEA.

Hybrid

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Cultivated

Origin.

6 feet.

July & Aug.

Shrub.

in 1596.

No. 925.

The meaning of the word Rosa has been noticed
under No. 177.

Shakspere made his hero say Richard is him-
self again.” The Rose, in a similar spirit, may
now assert its preeminence. Society not only
acknowledges it to be the queen of the garden,
but is about to assign to it the honour due to its
superior qualities. The Rose which we now figure
— the Queen of Summer, is a variety of the Rosa
Gallica, or French Rose, but borrowing, probably
a little of its variation from some other species;
great variation has, however, been displayed among
true seedlings of the French Rose, immense num-
bers of which have been propagated by our conti-
nental neighbours,, and sent to nurserymen and
private gardens in England.

It is a variety of this Rose that is used medicinally
for conserves and infusions, being chosen on ac-
count of its greater astringency. The Rosa centi-
folia is, however, preferable for distilled water, from
its superior fragrance.

The Rosa Gallica, from the regular formation of
its flowers, possesses fine qualities for exhibitors,

232.

Cl ass.

ICOSANDRIA.

and now that florists are paying increased attention
to the exhibition of Roses, it will, with its innumer-
able hybrids, hold a high place in their estimation.
Several curious and pretty Roses belonging to this
species have been introduced — some of which are
mottled, spotted, striped, &c, of which we shall in
due time publish figures. This species grows and
flowers well, either on its own roots, or budded on
standards. As the latter are now so much prefer-
red, we shall here give some hints on the stocks
intended for standards.

The wild briar, or Dog Rose, of our woods and
hedges, is generally chosen and collected in winter
for standards, to bud upon, from its hardy nature ;
it is, however, questionable whether it be the best,
for many of the French stocks, it must have been
observed, are of more kindly growth, and increase
much more in their thickness and consequent
strength than our Wild Rose. As our hedges
possess several distinct species, some, it is more
than probable, are superior to others ; these, how-
ever, are not yet clearly distinguished by nursery-
men or amateurs, but the subject is worthy of
attention, and should be tested by raising stocks
from the seeds of the different species. The Bour-
salt Rose is known by practical men to be superior
to our own Wild Rose for Stocks ; and that variety
distinguished as the Rose de Lisle is considered the
best. Stocks from this may be readily obtained
by first cutting down the stems in winter to the
ground, and, if the stool be strong, shoots will be
produced by July fit for layering. We shall, ere
long, continue this subject.

ONO NIS NA'TRIX.

GOA.T-ROOT REST-HARROW.

Class. Order.

monadelphia. decandria.

Natural Order.

LEGUMINOS^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

S. Europe.

18 inches

May, to Oct.

Perennial.

in 1683.

No. 926.

The ancient Greeks, not unfrequently, displayed
some rather odd fancies in the choice of their
names of plants; and which seem occasionally to
be mixed with humour. They sometimes used
antiphrasis or irony, naming that as sweet which
was bitter ; or that good, which was the contrary.
The ass, their favourite animal, they often refer to,
as in the present name Ononis, which implies that
asses delight in the plant ; we have also Onosma,
indicating that asses are pleased with its smell ;
Onobrychys tells that asses gnaw the plant; and
Onobroma, that it is their grateful food. We have
also, names from the Greeks, signifying wolf’s face,
apes face, pig’s snout, &c.

The Ononis natrix was one of the standard
greenhouse plants of the last century ; but in pots
it has rarely been seen to present half the beauty
which it displays when planted out in the open
ground. Here it flourishes, and flowers so freely,
as to be quite worth the trouble of striking cuttings
in summer, and giving them winter protection in a
cold frame, or sitting room; so that they may be
in readiness to transfer to the borders in May.

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VERA'TRUM NI'GRUM.

DARK-FLOWERED VERATRUM.

Class. Order.

POLYGAMIA. MONCECIA.

Natural Order.
melanthacea:.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Cultivated

Siberia.

5 feet.

July.

Perennial.

in 1596.

No. 927.

Veratrum, says Sir J. E. Smith, which some de-
rive from vere atrum, truly black, because the
root is, externally at least, of that colour, may more
safely be left amongst those ancient names whose
origin is unknown. It occurs in Lucretius and
Pliny, indicating some very active or poisonous
plant; and is generally supposed synonymous with
the Helleboros leukos of Dioscorides, itself
rather doubtful, and whose particular designation
is a contradiction to the above etymology. What-
ever difficulties may attend the determination of
the ancient Veratrum, this name is now universally
applied to the present genus.

There is not, we think, in spring, any hardy
plant in our gardens, which produces a display of
foliage so exceedingly handsome as the Veratrum
nigrum. Its root leaves spring up of a delicate green
colour, and gradually expand their manifold dou-
blings; for, as Gerard says, they are “folded into
pleats like a garment pleated to bee laied vp in a
chest.” Its erect stems of flowers, too, although
of sombre hue, are sure to catch the eye of the cas-
ual visitor. Snails also, do not fail to find out the

plant, and frequently lodge at the bottoms of its
leaves, whence they should be removed, or they
will soon destroy their beauty.

Could snails and other* consumers of this plant
but consult “Henry Lyte, Esquyer’s Newe Herball”
(1578), they would scarcely dare to molest the Ve-
ratrum ; for amongst his warnings against^ its
effects, he says, — “ Taken out of time and place,
or to muche in quantitie, is very hurtfull to the
body : for it choketh and troubleth all the inward
partes, draweth togyther and shrinketh al the sin-
ewes of mans body, and in time fleaeth the partie.
Therfore it ought not to be taken vnprepared,
neyther then without good heede and great ad-
uisement. For such people as be either to yong or
to old, or feeble, or spit blood, or be greeued
in their stomackes, whose breastes are straight
and narrowe, and their neckes long, suche feeble
people may by no meanes deale with it, without
ieobardie and danger. Wherfore these landleapers,
Roges, and ignorant Asses, which take upo them
without learning and practise, do very euill, for
they give it without discretion to al people, whether
they be young or olde, strong or feeble, and some-
times they kil their patientes, or at the least they
put them in perill or great daunger of their lyues. ’
The work of Lyte, from which we have here
quoted, is a translation of the Pemptades of Do-
donseus, a curiosity in its way.

This plant flourishes in any common garden
soil, and the only advice necessary to be given, is
that it be not frequently disturbed, nor much
divided.

LONI'CERA SEMPERVl'RENS.

EVERGREEN OR TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CAPRIFOLIACE/E.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Uncertain.

12 feet.

August.

Shrub.

in 1836.

No. 928.

This genus was named after Adam Lonicer.
See No. 23.

The plant which our drawing represents was
received into the Liverpool Botanic Garden, as we
are informed by Mi-. Shepherd, the curator, from
the establishment of the Messrs. Booth of Ham-
burgh, as a double variety of the Trumpet Honey-
suckle, but it proved single only ; it is, however,
distinct from that usually met with amongst us ;
its flowers being larger, and it proves altogether
a desirable addition to our twining shrubs. Al-
though the Lonicera sempervirens is not, strictly
speaking, an evergreen, it so nearly approaches it
as to acquire additional value from this quality ; a
quality which, by the bye, must compensate for a
deficiency of the perfume met with in our own wild
species, and so forcibly alluded to by the poet.

“The woodbines mix in amorous play,

And breathe their fragrant lives away.”

This variety of Lonicera is perfectly hardy, still
a wall should be chosen for training it against.
Strong cuttings of the preceding year’s shoots,
planted in spring, will quickly make root and grow.

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CHRYSAN THEMUM SINEN'SE.

CHINESE CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Var. Ernestine.

Class. Order.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

China.

3 feet.

November.

Perennial.

in 1842.

No. 929.

Chrysanthemum, Golden flower. See No. 353.

Chinese Chrysanthemums, like many others of
our floral beauties, are fast advancing in the perfec-
tion of their flowers. In colour, in symmetry, and
size, they improve ; and the new varieties, lately
raised in milder climates than our own, have at-
tracted general attention. The variety now figured,
called Ernestine, was obligingly sent to us by John
Twamley, Esq., of Warwick, who obtained it from
Mr. May, of Hope Nursery, Leeming Lane, near
Bedale, Yorkshire. In a letter from Mr. May, he
says I received it, in a collection of fifty select
sorts, from France, which were said to be seedlings
raised in the south of Spain. They were all new,
in either form or colour, and some of them very
splendid.”

Much, very much, of the beauty of the Chrysan-
themum depends on culture. Cuttings struck in
April, or early in May, produce the finest plants.
They should receive progressive pottings, in rich
light compost; be supplied with liquid manure;
have plenty of air; and house protection before
any occurrence of frost.

233.

ANDROM'EDA SPECIO'SA.

SHOWY ANDROMEDA.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ERICACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers

Habit

Introduced

Carolina.

3 feet.

June to Sep.

Shrub.

in 1800.

No. 930.

The fabled Andromeda — bound to a rock to be
destroyed, will be well remembered by most of our
readers. To Linneus s poetical ideas, on adopting
the name for this genus, we alluded under No. 240.
It may not, however, be amiss, as a specimen of
the vivid fancy of this great naturalist, to give Sir
J. E. Smith’s translation of Linneus’s explanation,
as found in his Lachesis Lapponica. ” He says,
^^Andromeda polifolia (this is the species on which
the genus was founded) was in its highest beauty,
decorating the marshy grounds in a most agree-
able manner. The flowers are quite blood-red
before they expand ; but, when full-grown, the
corolla is of a flesh-colour. Scarcely any painter’s
art can so happily imitate the beauty of a fine
female complexion ; still less could any artificial
colour upon the face itself bear a comparison with
this lovely blossom. As I contemplated it, I could
not help thinking of Andromeda, as described by
the poets; and the more I meditated upon their
descriptions, the more applicable they seemed to
the little plant before me ; so that, if these writers
had it in view, they could scarcely have contrived a

more apposite fable. Andromeda is represented
by them as a virgin of most exquisite and unrivalled
charms; but these charms remain in perfection only
so long as she retains her virgin purity, which is
also applicable to the plant now preparing to cele-
brate its nuptials. This plant is always fixed on
some little turfy hillock, in the midst of the
swamps, as Andromeda herself was chained to a
rock in the sea, which bathed her feet, as the fresh
water does the roots of this plant. Dragons and
venomous serpents surround her, as toads and
other reptiles frequent the abode of her vegetable
resembler, and, when they pair in the spring, throw
mud and dirt over its leaves and branches. As
the distressed virgin cast down her blushing face,
through excessive affliction, so does this rosy-co-
loured flower hang its head, growing paler and
paler till it withers away. Hence, as this plant
forms a new genus, 1 have chosen for it the name
of Andromeda.” Linneus subsequently extended
the analogy. ^‘At length comes Perseus, in the
shape of summer, dries up the surrounding water,
and destroys the monsters, rendering the damsel a
fruitful mother, who then carries her head (the
capsule) erect.”

Andromeda speciosa is an exceedingly handsome
species, and of which there are several varieties,
each varying more or less in their foliage and
flowers, but in no important degree ; that called
pulverulenta may be esteemed the best.

It should be grown in sandy peat, not less than
eighteen inches deep ; where it will flourish and
flower, regardless of late frosts.

RHODODEND'RON ENNEAN'DRIUJVT.

. HYBRID RHODODENDRON.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RHODORACEiE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised.

Mexico.

3 feet.

June.

Shrub.

Uncertain.

No. 931.

Rhododendron, compounded of rhodon, den-
DRON, a rose or beautiful flower; and a tree. The
Greek word rhodon, in the sense of a beautiful
flower, is well deserved by this splendid genus of
shrubs.

This is a beautiful and free-flowering plant,
partaking more of the character of Azalea than
Rhododendron ; and with an anomalous number of
stamens, as if it had been exalted from amongst
the Azaleas, which have five stamens, but had not
quite reached the character of Rhododendron with
ten stamens.

It is a hybrid, raised, we believe, by the very
Rev. the Dean of Manchester, some years ago, at
Spofforth; and is nearly related to another of his
seedlings, called hybridum, in the Bot. Reg. 195.

Its flowers have a somewhat pleasant fragrance,
and the plant is quite hardy, but it rarely ripens
seeds. It may be easily propagated by layering,
a mode of increase but little resorted to by ama-
teurs, altlioiigh so simple. It requires only that
the branches be pegged beneath the soil, in spring,
leaving only the points of the shoots above ground.

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PI'NUS RESINO'SA.

THE RED PINE.

Class. Order.

MONCECIA. MONADELPHIA.

Natural Order.

PINACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

N. America.

50 feet.

April.

Tree.

in 1756.

No. 932.

The ingenuity of modern authors has found for
the word Pinusj a derivation in both the Greek
and Celtic languages; viz. From the Greek word
PiON, signifying fat, in allusion to the pitch and
tar produced by trees of this genus; and from the
Celtic PIN or pyn, which means a mountain or
rock, and well indicates the habitation of the trees.
The latter derivation is probably correct.

The natural order, Coniferte, contains all our
pine and fir trees. These have unisexual flowers ;
that is, they produce two sorts of Amentum, or
Catkin, each containing only the flowers of one sex.
These are usually on one tree, but in some species
the male and female Catkins are on different trees.
The Catkin, which becomes productive of seeds,
hardens, is sometimes woody, and is then, in its
matured state, called a strobile, or cone. The
seeds of many species are furnished with a mem-
branous wing, so that when the sunny gleams of
spring stretch wide their prison doors, the moun-
tain breeze invites them forth, and bears them
away to fulfil the duties of their nature. They
sail afar off, to colonize some rocky summit, where

first the lichen, the birch, and the willow, have
spread for ages their w'orn out vestments, to ferti-
lize a spot for their reception.

These trees, excepting the Larch, are almost all
evergreen, and of the Pine, the leaves are needle-
shaped, and produced in groups of two, three, or
five, from a scaly sheath. Some species grow to
immense height, — exceeding two hundred feet ;
and unlike other trees, they prune themselves, by
what may be termed starving their lower branches.
The northern parts of Europe seem to possess
inexhaustible forests of pines and firs; but still
those of America, exceed all others in the world,
both for extent, and the stature of the gigantic
trees which they contain.

We have given this general glance over the Co-
niferae, introductory to figuring some of the most
interesting of the species, feeling assured that our
readers will be pleased by a closer acquaintance
with these aboriginal tenants of the wild forest,
which are now obtaining so much attention.

The Pinus resinosa is a hardy North American
tree, with red bark; very ornamental, either singly,
or in a coniferous collection, now usually called a
pinetuin. It ripens seeds, from which it may be
propagated ; but it is unworthy of culture in this
country as a timber tree, although in America it
rises eighty feet high. The finest trees of Resinosa
are at White Knights; they are about fifty years
old, and twenty-five feet high ; whilst others in the
Hackney nursery, of the same age, are only about
five feet high. Like a great portion of the genus
it thrives best in a deep light sandy soil.

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AZA'LEA VISCO'SA.

Variety Canescens.

CANESCENT AZALEA.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RHODORACEiE.

Hybrid

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Cultivated

Origin.

4 feet.

August.

Shrub.

in 1835.

No. 933.

The Greek azaleos, dry or arid, alludes to the
habitat of the plant to which the name was first
given. Azalea viscosa includes several very dis-
tinct varieties. From one or other of these, up-
wards of one hundred named varieties have origin-
ated. At Highclere, the seat of Lord Carnarvon,
the variety known as Rubescens was crossed with
Azalea pontica, and a numerous progeny of much
beauty obtained, varying in their characters be-
tween the two species.

It will be recollected that the Azaleas and Rho-
dodendrons are, by most authors, accounted as
one genus, under the name Azalea ; and there are
reasonable grounds for their amalgamation. The
only difficulty emanating from their separation, is
that of determining to which genus the numerous
hybrids that have been, and still will be, propagated
between the two, should be attached. The beauty
and variety of these afford abundant encourage-
ment for perseverance in adding to the stock.

Some of our readers may be unacquainted with
the method of fertilizing different species of plants,
so as to obtain seedlings partaking of the character

234.

of any two. We will concisely explain it. It
should be remembered that plants must be nearly
related to each other; that is, of the same genus.
For instance, one Fuchsia may be mixed with
another Fuchsia; but a Fuchsia cannot be mixed
with a Geranium. Some deviations from this
apparent law of nature have occurred, but these
are not at present worth mentioning.

Fertilization is effected simply by conveying the
pollen (that fine powder which may be shaken off
the anthers) of one flower to the stigma of another.
Success, however, is rendered more certain by first
cutting out tlie anthers of the flower from which
seed is desired, before any of their own pollen has
been scattered. As some flowers discharge it
before they expand, they should be opened before
they would do so naturally, for the purpose of
thus taking out the anthers, and at the same
time, or on the morrow, the pollen of the
other flower experimented on, should be applied.
The pollen may be conveyed by picking a flower,
or collecting it on a camel’s-hair pencil, for the
purpose of applying it to the stigma, which is the
glutinous termination of the style. In the Azalea
and Rhododendron the style will be readily dis-
tinguished, there being but one in each flower;
which must not be injured, where it is required to
produce seed. To be still more particular, and to
prevent bees from carrying other pollen to the
fertilized flower, a piece of muslin should be tied
over it, or those little intruders may thw^art the best
conducted manipulations. The flower should be
marked, and the seed preserved for sowing.

POTENTIL'LA FORMOSA.

"Var. Garnieriana.

MISS garnier’s cinquefoil.

Class. Order.

ICOSANDRIA. POLVGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACE^E.

Hybrid

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Cultivated

Origin.

2 feet.

.June Sept.

Perennial.

in 1838.

No. 934.

Potentilla, little power, alludes to the medicinal
properties of the plant.

Several varieties of Potentilla, bearing the names
of their respective originators, have been introduced
to our gardens, each of them possessing some new
claims to admiration. In 1831, we ourselves raised
about two hundred plants, from Potentilla seeds
carefully fertilized, one only of which possessed
any claim to notice. We mention this that ama-
teurs may not feel unnecessary disappointment
when their exertions happen to have been fruitless.
The one variety thus raised was published under
No. 385, and was remarkably distinct, both from its
parents and any known species ; but proved to be
of such delicate habit that its increase to any extent
has been almost despaired of by the friends to
whom it w^as given.

Miss Gamier s Potentilla is a gay and pretty
variety; and as it is perfectly hardy, and admits
of easy increase, it is very desirable for the flower
borders. Like most of the established species, the
roots of this variety should be divided in the spring
or autumn, when increase is desired.

FU CHSIA MACROSTE'MON.

Variety Discolor.

LONG-STAMENED FUCHSIA.

Class.

OCTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
ONAGRACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Falkld.Islnds.

3 feet.

July & Aug-

Perennial.

in 1830.

No. 935.

Fuchsia is named after Leonard Fuchsius, a
German physician and botanist of the 16th century.

Fuchsius was an eminent man in his day, worthy
of the splendid genus of plants which his name re-
presents. He was Professor of Medicine at Ingold-
stadt, where he practised with great success, and
published several medical and botanical works.
This was at a period when there existed much
religious excitement in Germany, and Fuchsius,
having attached himself to the Lutheran party,
experienced inconvenience, and even some perse-
cution— the fate of all warm-hearted men, who
zealously advocate any religious opinions, however
righteous, reasonable, or unobtrusive on the belief
of others, they may happen to be. Fuchsius, sub-
sequently, from the entreaties of the Duke of Wir-
temburg, settled at the university of Tubingen,
where he long resided, universally respected, as an
eminent scholar, physician, and exemplary advo-
cate of the new faith of that period. The Historia
Plantarum of Fuchsius, published at Bazil, in
1542, has often been referred to as possessing the
best wood cuts of that period. We have given this

slight biographical sketch that our readers may
not be wholly uninformed of the character of that
person whose name distinguishes one of the most
splendid genera of plants that adorns our gardens.

It has appeared to be desirable that the present
species of Fuchsia should be more generally known;
not from the size of its flowers, for these are far
inferior to many of the new varieties which have
lately been raised, but from the advantages that
are presented to the cultivator from its hardy char-
acter. Planted out, even in an exposed situation,
it bears our winters, exceedingly well, as a decidu-
ous shrub. It is the hardiest known plant of the
whole genus, and consequently a species that may
be employed advantageously for infusing so desir-
able a character into hybrid varieties.

When first introduced, this plant was cultivated
in the greenhouse, and from the few flowers it
produced, disappointed the hopes of its possessors;
planted in the borders, however, it proved to be
a most abundant flowerer during the latter part of
the summer, after which it becomes covered by its
large black berries.

These properties, combined with its compact
habit of growth, and its hardiness, make it desir-
able, even amongst those species whose flowers are
double the size. It was imported from the Falk-
land Islands, and is a mere variety of the established
species — macrostemon. Conica, globosa, grandis,
and some others of the older sorts, are also var-
ieties; which every one will have been convinced of
who has raised seedlings from it, such is their
variable and opposite character.

TRILLIUM ERYTHROCARTUM.

RED-FRUITED TRILLIUM.

Class.

HEXANDRIA.

Natural Order.

MELANTHACE^.

Order.

TRIGYNIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N. America.

4 inches.

May, June.

Perennial.

in 1811.

No. 936.

The name of this genus, has, very aptly, been
founded on the number of several parts of the plant.
Although left unexplained by Linneus himself, it
evidently alludes, like Trilix, to the treble number,
not only of the calyx-leaves and petals, but of the
stigmas, cells of the fruit, and even of the leaves,
which prevails throughout this genus. The specific
name, erythrocarpum, is compounded of the Greek
words, ERYTHROS, KARPOS, red fruit. The species
has, sometimes, been called pictum, after Pursh,
who described it in his Flora Americana.

Trillium erythrocarpum, is a delightful little
plant, and its rarity enhances its value in the
estimation of those who do, and those who do not,
possess it. The whole genus is American, and very
few cultivators have paid that attention to the
various species which they deserve, considering
that most of them may be cultivated as hardy plants.

There is scarcely a species but requires to be
planted in sandy peat, in a shady situation ; but
they demand different degrees of moisture ; this
requiring to be kept very moist in summer, being
a native of sphagnum bogs.

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Hmus pine a

AQUILE'GIA SKINNE'RI.
skinner’s columbine.

Class. Order.

POLYANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RANUNCULACE^.

Native of

Height,

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Portugal.

3 feet.

June, July,

Perennial,

in 1839,

No. 937.

The petals of some of the Aquilegias, when
separated from each other, have the form of a bird,
whence the names Aquilegia and Columbine have
been deduced, from aquila, an eagle ; and colum-
ba, a dove. Mr. Skinner, whose name is coupled
wdth this species, was a botanical collector, in
Gautemala, from which country he sent seeds of
the plant to His Grace the Duke of Bedford, at
Woburn Abbey.

This is one of the most beautiful Aquilegias yet
introduced to this country, and as it survived the
severe winter of 1840 — 41 in the open borders, its
hardy habit is not doubtful. Its spur, when finely
grown, is nearly two inches long, a size which sur-
passes those of the flowers of any other species of
the genus.

The Aquilegia Skinneri is yet a scarce treasure;
and those who possess it should pot a plant in peat
and loam, and give it cold frame protection, to
guard against the possibility of losing it. As it
may be raised from seeds there is no doubt of its
becoming, ere long, an ornament in every good

garden.

235.

, *

LACTU'CA SONCHIFO'LIA.

SOWTHISTLE-LEAVED LETTUCE.

Class. Order.

SYNGENESIA. iEQUALIS.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

S. Europe.

2 feet.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1822.

No. 938.

Lactuca, a name which was founded on the Latin
word lac, milk; the application of which to the
present genus there is no difficulty of determining.
The prevalence of milky juices in the Lettuce family
is known to every one. These juices are some-
what diuretic and narcotic.

For the Lactuca sonchifolia, and numerous other
choice novelties, we owe an unrequitable debt of
gratitude to Miss C. Balguy, of Hazle Brow, near
Derby, who received it from Her Grace the Mar-
chioness of Hastings. Although this flower glories
not in an exceedingly gay colour, but in a tint par-
taking rather of the softened hue which might be
preferred by the modest taste of the society of friends,
still it produces much beauty, we may say gaiety,
from its habit of growth. Our plant at this moment
displays nearly two hundred fully expanded flowers,
without the intervention of a leaf, to lessen their
effect; indeed, so careful does the plant appear
to be that the beauty of a flower should not be in-
truded on, that even its younger buds are not per-
mitted to erect their heads, lest they become intru-
sive amongst the full-dressed sisterhood.

Although the Lactuca soncliifolia has been
known for some years to English botanists, it
seems to owe its more general distribution to Her
Grace the Marchioness of Hastings, who ranks
with the most active of Flora’s noble patronesses.
Her Ladyship has obligingly informed us, that
being attracted by the peculiar colour of the flow-
eis as they blossomed in the Tyrol, she collected
seeds, and brought them to England. They grew,
says her Ladyship, in rocky coarse soil, on the
banks of the river Inn, near Inspruck.

This plant proves completely hardy, and by
being left undisturbed to become strong, produces,
as we have stated, an abundance of flowers. Its
roots may be divided in spring, when increase is
desired ; or it may be raised from seeds, which it
ripens in dry weather, although with us not abun-
dantly. These should be kept till spring, when
they may be sowed in a pot, and be forwarded by
being planted in a hotbed. Some care is required
with these, as with most other seedling plants so
raised, in preparing them for full exposure to the
open air. Thousands of plants are annually des-
troyed by their sudden transition from the warm
moist atmosphere of a hotbed, to the dry cold winds
that not unfrequently occur in spring. Sudden
changes are not less uncongenial to vegetable than
animal life. When plants of any sort, but more
particularly seedlings, are to be transferred from
the hotbed to the borders, it should be effected by
degrees, by first removing them into a cold frame,
and here gradually, through the space of a week at
least, inuring them to full exposure.

FUN KIA SUBCORDATA.

SUB-CORDATE-LEAVED FUNKIA.

Class. Order.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LILIACEiE,

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Japan,

1 foot.

?

Aug. Sept.

Biennial.

in 1790.

No. 939.

The genus Funkia (formerly included in Heme-
rocallis) was established by Sprengel, and named
in honour of a German botanist. This species was
formerly known as Japonica, and the name being
once established no legitimate reason appears for its
change, although subcordata, which points to a
distinguishing character, may be a better one.

The Funkia subcordata, like its near ally, ovata,
published under No. 596, was, long after its intro-
duction to this country, nursed as a greenhouse
plant ; and although it is quite hardy, and is never
injured by our winters, it is also evident that our
climate does not always afford it such congenial
encouragement as is desirable, and the consequence
is that in some seasons it does not flower. To en-
sure its flowering regularly it should be planted in
a light dry soil, and remain undisturbed for several
years, which will secure a produce of its handsome
blossoms.

Those who possess a greenhouse would be am-
ply repaid by its handsome flowers, for the trouble
of potting and protecting a plant. Its roots may
be divided in the spring for increase.

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Class.

MONCECIA.

PFNUS PFNEA.

STONE PINE.

Order.

MONADELPHIA.

Natural Order.

PINACEyE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

S. Europe

50 feet.

June, July.

Tree.

in 1548.

No. 940.

The derivation of the term Pinus has been no-
ticed under No. 932. It is not uncommon for all
species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix, to be called
Fir Trees. They have, however, for many years,
been distinguished from each other by botanists ;
it would therefore, be far better that those who
advocate the use of common names only, should
apply to these trees their recognised distinctions.
Inasmuch as it is the characteristic of knowledge
to call things by their proper names, so must it be
a mark of ignorance not clearly to distinguish pal-
pable differences, and consequently to huddle
incongruous objects together under one common
title. We will point out these differences, that the
readers of our humble production may not unde-
signedly offend against the progress of knowledge.

Pinus (the Pine) always has its leaves in groups,
usually in pairs, and its cones generally are coni-
cal, and their scales thickened at the tip.

Abies (the Fir) always has its leaves growing
singly, and its cones are usually rather cylindrical
than conical, and pendent; and their scales not
thickened at the tip.

Larix (the Larch) always has its leaves in con-
siderable bundles, and they are deciduous.

These characters are sufficient to guide the com-
mon observer, but if the distinction be thought
unimportant, because all the species belong to the
same natural order — Pinaceae, it may be replied
that no one would think of calling the Strawberry
or the Potentilla a Rose, yet these belong to the
the same natural order — Rosacese.

In our figure of Pinus resinosa, lately published,
we gave the fruitful catkin, or young cone ; show-
ing, in a miniature figure, the grouped male
catkins. In our present plate, we have made
the male catkins of this dioecious tree, the chief
figure, giving an outline of the young cone. Mi-
niature figures also are given in each case of the
trees as they are now growing in the pinetum
of the Birmingham Horticultural Society ; where
Resinosa and Pinea are about fourteen years old,
and ten feet high. The Stone Pine is branched to
the ground, and in this country it rarely assumes
any other form, but still is very ornamental. In
the south of Europe, however, it rises to a lofty tree,
with a clear trunk, fifty feet at the least, supporting
a low, spreading, picturesque head, and is one of
the most beautiful objects of Italian scenery.

The miniature figure, 3, represents the cone
which is five or six inches long; and the fruit,
figure 2, three quarters of an inch. The kernels
have a pleasant flavour, and are used in the dessert
as almonds. They are kept by seedsmen.

Seedlings should be raised singly in pots, that
their roots be not injured in transplanting.

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RHODODEN DRON HYB'RIDUM.
Herbert’s hybrid rhododendron.
Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
RHODORACE^.

Hybrid

Height.

Flowers in I

Habit.

Raised in

Origin.

4 feet.

June.

Shrub

in 1818.

No. 941.

The meaning and derivation of the word Rhodo-
dendron has been lately noticed.

We have here an intermediate progeny between
Rhododendron and Azalea, which was raised at a
period when the appellation hybridum was not
applicable, as it now is, to a multitude of varieties.
We are glad to have met with it, and to publish it
as the prognostic, thirty years ago, of that which
has been realized, and as evidence that hybrid
plants are not of so temporary a character as some
botanists have supposed.

This plant was raised at Spofforth, by the present
Dean of Manchester, The Hon. and Rev. W. Her-'
bert, whose talents and industry have opened a wide
field of enquiry regarding hybrid plants, more es-
pecially those of the bulbous kind.

It originated from seed, ripened on the common
white glaucous-leaved Azalea, in the flower of
which the pollen, or dust from the anthers of Rho-
dodendron maximum had been purposely substitu-
ted for that of its own flower. This was effected in
the year 1813, and in 1817 Mr. Herbert sent a
specimen of the plant thus raised, to the Rev, John

236.

Bellenden Kei% the editor of the Botanical Register,
in which work it was published under No. 195;
where it is observed that the plant takes after the
Rhododendron in its coreaceous evergreen foliage,
the number of its stamens, the redness and expan-
sion of the limb of the corolla; after the Azalea in
the blueness of the leaves, the tapering of these
towards each end, in the cylindrical elongation and
whiteness of the tube of the corolla ; and inter-
changeably after both parents, in various points of
smaller note. It forms a compact plant, three feet
high, flowering profusely, and is easily recognised.

The work of the very Rev. the Dean of Man-
chester, on the Amaryllidacese, should be read by
every person who feels the least interest in these
pursuits; and we shall conclude by quoting some
of his own words therefrom on the subject of hybrids.
^^To the cultivators of ornamental plants the faci-
lity of raising hybrid varieties affords an endless
source of interest and amusement. He sees in the
several species of each genus that he possesses, the
materials with which he must work ; and he consi-
ders in what manner he can blend them to the best
advantage, looking to the several gifts in which
each excels, whether of hardiness to endure our
seasons, of brilliancy in its colours, of delicacy in
its markings, of fragrance, or stature, or profusion
of blossom, and he may anticipate with tolerable
accuracy the probable aspect of the intermediate
plants which he is permitted to create, for that term
may be figuratively applied to the introduction into
the world of a natural object which has, probably,
never before existed in it.”

SILE'NE CHLOR^FO'LTA.

CHLORA-LEAVED CATCHFLY.

Class. Order.

decandria. trigynia.

Natural Order.

SIEENAC^:^;.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in! Duration.

Introduced

Armenia.

1 foot

June, Aug. I Perennial.

in 1796.

No. 942.

The term Silene is derived from a similar word
in the Greek language, in allusion to that peculiar
exudation of the stems of most of the species of this
genus, which has been considered as resembling
saliva.

This is a plant which is not only rarely met with,
but is also exceedingly desirable, from a certain
neatness of character which is not easily described;
it arises chiefly from smoothness of outline and sur-
face, and is independent of colour. It is widely
diffused, having been found in Armenia, in Geor-
gia, and the Eastern Caucasus.

It is a hardy perennial, which to be seen in per-
fection should be planted out in a rich light soil,
in a rather dry situation, wheie it will expand its
blossoms towards evening, and also in cloudy wea-
ther; but, too modest to endure a glaring light,
the flowers quickly succumb to the bright rays
of the sun. As seeds are occasionally ripened,
young plants should be raised from them, since it
is found that seedling plants both grow and blos-
som more freely than those raised either from
cuttings, or division of the roots.

•V

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'IF

ARBUTUS PKOCE'RA.

TALL STRAWBERRY TREE.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ERICACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N. America

18 inches.

May.

Shrub.

in 1827.

No. 943.

The origin of the word Arbutus is involved in
some uncertainty from which it is not now likely to
be extricated. The Celtic ar, signifying rough, and
boise, a bush, are usually considered the origin of
Arbutus. But, as we have before stated, it is as
likely to have been adopted by the Latins from
their own word arbos, a tree.

This evergreen glossy-leaved shrub, is a native of
the north-west coast of North America, where it was
discovered in mountainous woods, by the late inde-
fatigable Douglas, in his capacity of collector for
the London Horticultural Society. It was pre-
viously unknown to botanists, and although it has
been distributed by the society amongst its Fellows,
it has not hitherto been very generally cultivated.
This may have arisen from its being too tender to
bear the vicissitudes of an English winter in all
situations, it lived however, unprotected and unin-
jured, through the destructive winter of 1837 — 8,
both in Devonshire and Middlesex ; therefore a
wall, or slight protection will secure its preservation.

It may be increased by cuttings, or by grafting
on the common species.

y' •

f ^

>:.i •A>

'A-"

' TP>iT ** . . nr »1‘1| ( \ fluff ®

V -f ' ,fj»jj|t, I jj' '«^‘-

J_;'^ js ’:e^*>:"'-

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”?

^ *. '^ •V* • *"' -r^,; ' 5 ‘ - M ^ .:*

Ifii tf

ii^ r^l. 'I t?SM

t? i> ^

. r^tyri|"omi af;«m^$PoV?o}

■ r i>|V ‘otiialCoi? Ijj; 'tiv‘j*‘-H'>^l ^lifonlTr^

DillOt',' 4>MHf U9i)^K^4

>/*,^f H‘Lf;}V virgin, 'bnfl^||i'‘U^VHj)flT!J tJ^tjqif , ^

y i> 'tib^di oo). •rt pruyiI..t|!>«l'»/> ivud

Jfi>, a| .;:^»;»i\r •.'>iiulf«*«hi/ aUJf

^ ( J».wy

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J

Rl'BES MENZIE'SII.
menzie’s gooseberr^.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

GROSSULACEA5.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

California

8 feet.

April.

Shrub.

in 1837.

No. 944.

Ribes, see No. 797. The specific name is given
after Mr. Menzies, a botanist and surgeon, who be-
came known from his services, in company with
Vancouver, in a voyage round the world.

Of the species of Ribes now before us, no engra-
ving has, we believe, ever been published. It has
a close alliance with speciosa, (Botanist, 38) but
its flowers are not showy. It was raised from Cali-
fornian seeds, sent home by Douglas; and has
proved a completely hardy shrub, which may be
called sub-evergreen, for it retains a great portion
of its foliage throughout the winter.

The number of introduced species of Ribes, has
of late years been considerably increased, but none
amongst them prove worthy of notice on account
of their fruit. Our own truly valuable Ribes gros-
sularia — the Gooseberry, and Ribes rubrum — the
Currant, remain, as regards this genus, the mo-
narchs of the garden.

This is a very strong-growing shrub, forming a
large compact bush, which blossoms freely, and may
be easily increased by layers of the low branches or
by its suckers, which are generally abundant.

mmw

ii'

^ W>*’ tit

.t ■■ . ) :t

\

. V

' .'Jcu

*

J

*

VACCIN'IUM FUSCATUM.

RED-TWIGGED WHORTLE-BERRY.

Class. Order.

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ERICACEAE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

tntroduced

N. America

2 feet.

May 8c June

Shrub

in 1770.

No. 945.

Vaccinium, perhaps from bacciniiim, signifying
berry-bearing — producing baccae, or berries.

This, with many other Vacciniums, are highly
desirable plants for the shrubbery and flower gar-
den; not alone for their flowers, or character as
shrubs, but for their fruit also, many of which pro -
duce subacid berries which would be useful in
domestic economy. It is questionable, however,
whether they really excel our black and red cur-
rants ; but they would at the least produce variety,
which is always agreeable; and as palates vary
they would meet with admirers. It would be a
praiseworthy effort in any nobleman to increase
our knowledge of exotic fruits by devoting a portion
of his garden expressly to their culture.

North America is the native nursery of nearly
all the Vacciniums, whence more than forty species
have been imported to this country, at various
times, since the year 1760; and it is believed that
many others will still be found in that inexhaus-
tible expanse of vegetable riches.

This species should be planted in sandy peat,
and increased by layers. Its fruit is austere.

237.

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'^•:,ii '‘/Kit i A^’;!>.rf

^ ,^54 'r>;»f.-i‘ %»T.> ,5 1 >'^1)^.1 ^ •■•“

i ‘ . -i>v*/i^ra.ii^r :<jiiiti ^ ;/■■-

^?^T( tf;4 ai^

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|;kS^i. .;i^ •>'‘>u ' *ifiij^’ tJ^ w< (JXv^iiV^

- 1 - -Crnki^ f^'t ^ « T^" •‘bh'Sr’> •>“ V ■' t '

=^>" .^, Wi -4il-v.., ;airfulV'44*tMV'jrtT? Lv V^lli»'.|t

V2 -r *

-i;.. ..:» \ , ‘ ' w^/rf

rr« .■•‘‘v

CE'RASUS PA'DUS.

BIRD CHERRY.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACEA.

Native of

Height,

Flowers in

Habit.

Inhabits

Britain.

30 feet

April, May.

Tree.

Woods.

No. 946.

Cerasus is the genus which includes our common
Cherry, as well as the ornamental tree now figured,
and between twenty and thirty other species. This
generic name is intimately connected with ancient
history. It is related by Pliny, that previous to the
war of Lucius Lucullus against the hateful Mithri-
dates, king of Pontus, the Cherry had not been
cultivated in Italy. This was above seventy years
before the birth of our Saviour. The victory of
Lucullus gave to Italy some of the natural as well
as artificial riches of Pontus, and amongst them was
the Cherry ; which was brought from Cerasus, in
Pontus, and therefrom received its present generic
name. Amongst the artificial riches acquired at that
remote period was the celebrated colossal statue, in
oriental marble — the Apollo Capitollinus, thirty ells
in height, portions of which are still, we believe, to
be seen in the Capitol at Rome. These are associ-
ations not unimportant to the young historian; and
whilst he enjoys his cherries, his thoughts will natu-
rally revert back to the effects amongst an eastern
people, of pomp and power unswayed by the laws of
morality; and to scenes of barbarity and guilt, in

the absence of Christian precepts. Padus, a word of
uncertain meaning, is believed to be the ancient
Greek name of the Bird Cherry, it is therefore
retained as our specific appellation. To man the
fruit is nauseous, but to many sorts of birds is par-
ticularly acceptable — hence the name Bird Cherry,
or Fowl Cherry. In Scotland it is called Hag-
berry.

The Bird Cherry is wild nearly all over Europe,
and in many parts of Asia. It is exceedingly hardy,
being known as far north as Lapland and Siberia ;
and in our own country it is sometimes met with in
a wild state, but less frequently, perhaps, than two
hundred and fifty years ago, when Gerard said It
groweth in the wild woods of Kent, and is there
used for stocks to graft other Cherries upon, of
better taste, and more profit, as especially those
called the Flanders Cherries: this wild tree grows
very plentifully in the North of England, and in
Lancashire almost in every hedge.”

It is generally met with as a large shrub, or
small tree; still, in favourable situations, it attains
the size of a moderate timber tree ; and its wood,
which has a yellowish tint, and close texture, is well
suited to the purposes of the cabinet maker. Its
fruit, disagreeable as it is to the palate, is said to
be used on the continent, in brandy and wines, to
give them a pleasant flavour. Its foliage is so
attractive to some species of catterpillers that a
continental journalist advised that it should be
planted in woods as a decoy for them.

It may be readily propagated either by layering,
or from seeds.

RHODODEN'DRON CAUCAS'ICUM.

CAUCASIAN RHODODENDRON.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order,

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RHODORACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Caucasus.

18 inches.

April,

Shrub.

in 1820.

No. 947.

Rhododendron; for the meaning of the name see
No. 63. Caucasicum is given as a distinctive appel-
lation, on account of the first plant of the species
which was introduced to England having been dis-
covered on Mount Caucasus.

Our beautiful shrub was discovered inhabiting
mountains which border on the region of perpetual
snow ; deserted, it may be said, by almost every
vegetable occupant of the lofty waste ; even the J u-
niper, the very child of high places, shrinks from
the inclemency of its attenuated atmosphere, and
lodges at an altitude below. The Vaccinium myr-
tillus and Vitis idaea being the only shrubby friends
found to accompany, in this inhospitable region,
the beautiful Rhododendron Caucasicum.

Several varieties of this plant are now in cultiva-
tion, and scarcely do any in the genus excel them
in beauty. The original variety introduced was
more strongly shaded with a bright rose-colour
than the present one ; and others, of hybrid origin,
possess more or less of the characteristic features of
the parent. In our dense atmosphere it requires
a sheltered habitation, in a peat bed.

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f«',(H i«| t*i<{ !«> liofii^ 'Jifriia

jtaonilit 4i(f« ‘Vif li^ ,/>%lKW,*ft 4 »

-u h Qiit ih^ rx Jof^a ii /^JRsf Oili\i 7

u«rilr ayfitriif^i lijiijf Ta hU4f>^'#^0

.Vi'n« ut im ht

’^<I<ffrif fa fan viiHilF

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’ Hr 7rofT yf« ^^rnfiff ai^ihCTfiT i*

' tu$ilf hi^7:*> iLfnX;^ ^/irt bH' ilmnon^ SiwTyrtOjf

9ftrf P><)-).’»fiDi)f<K vfrvHoy^ t*f

=<'lJiv>l*WC-^.<>r r'Z rfrtw xMtim'^,!>lXUt

Iv'W/H V>\« viifia fca»i' ^stt6K|aia'/Aj
la a*>ii;r«^^iJ'«ti7Wini»t?o «i»^«£jfc'

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TO/:’:;'" •■ ■ * ■ . • I—

1^'=' ■._, - . '-r ■'^

SE'DUM TELE'PHIUM.

COMMON ORPINE STONECROP.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CRASSULACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers

Duration.

Inhabits

Britain.

2 feet.

July to Sep.

Perennial.

field borders.

No. 948.

The meaning of the word Sedum has been ex-
plained under No. 460. Telephium, is a name
continued to this plant under the belief that it is the
Telephium of the ancients; such appellation being
also employed to distinguish an ulcer of peculiar
character; but whether the plant was a resemblance
of, or remedy for, such ulcer is uncertain.

Our engraving shows two specimens of Sedum
telephium, which have grown together in the Bir-
mingham Horticultural Society’s Garden for the
space of three years. Two miniature sketches also
are given to explain the habit of each, the one being
upright, the other decumbent. If small specimens
of these plants be examined apart they are undis-
tinguishable ; it is only in juxtaposition, and in
growth, when the whole plants are seen, that they
display their prominent differences. These dis-
tinctions, have continued without variation during
the whole time they have grown together.

The upright variety of Sedum telephium has been
well known to British botanists time out of mind.
Our oldest writers mention it, but it is not certain
that the decumbent plant has ever come under

particular observation. Martyn, in his edition of
Miller s Dictionary, quotes several plants as syno-
nymies of this species, from old authors ; and among
them Telephium floribus purpureis of Gerard and
Parkinson; a plant which agreeably to their dis-
cription, closely resembles our decumbent variety;
their description, however, is boriowed from their
foreign predecessors, Camerarius and Clusius; and
the plant they refer to is mentioned as a native of
Germany.

The variety which we here introduce to the notice
of British botanists was found, some years ago, as
we are informed by Mr. Cameron, at a considerable
elevation, on the Titterstone Clee Hill, in Shrop-
shire; where it was even more slender than at pre-
sent it is in cultivation. It is proposed to call
the Titterstone plant Sedum telephium, variety
alpinum. On the whole it is more showy than the
common one, and differs from it in the following
particulars. Its stems are more slender and diffuse,
its corymbs of flowers somewhat more branched
and spreading, and of a rather deeper colour; it
is three weeks earlier in flowering than the erect
plant, and also more tender. Exclusive of these dif-
ferences, which would escape observation when the
plants are apart, no decided specific character has
hitherto been discovered by which it can be dis-
tinguished as a species distinct from Sedum tele-
phium. It is nearly allied to the Sedum telephi-
oides of North America.

It flourishes in the common soil of the garden,
and the roots may be divided whenever increase is
desired.

Wtua. satlfi

Diantluis nitidivs

BLippocrepis comosa

Orchis latifolia

Erodium Reichardi .

jfi

9sa

HIPPOCRE'PIS COMO'SA.

TUFTED HORSESHOE VETCH.

Class. Order.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.

LEGUMINOS^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Inhabits

Gt.Britain.

9 inches.

May, July.

Perennial.

Chky. pi.

No. 949.

The generic name, Hippocrepis, is deduced from
two Greek words, hippos, a horse; and krepis, a
shoe ; alluding to the shape of the recesses of the
pods, which are so curved as to give them the shape
of a horse’s shoe.

This is a pretty prostrate plant for placing at the
front of the parterre, where it will be brought near
to the eye of the observer. It is also suitable for
ornamenting rock- work, and will grow the more
freely from having a dry situation.

It is found in most parts of Europe, where chalk
prevails, or a dry calcareous soil. In England it
is chiefly confined to Kent, Bedfordshire, Berk-
shire, and others of the chalk-producing counties,
although it may be met with on rocks, in some
other parts of the kingdom, where lime forms the
base of their composition.

This plant requires no care, if a sufficiently dry
situation be given it. It may be divided at the
root when increase is desired, which should be ef-
fected in the spring ; and where a collection of
these plants is kept in pots, this will form a

pretty addition.

'2m.

'V . ''■T».<k,J<ftt'^:''(^''''!} -if 'I

^ " ■ ij ' •*; ■3'J I .

'1 v?;..' • 'vrftr^»;;t»i'.Ai,>rt%i»''<(rv^fttj^

,vV.;‘-

irfflgfiiil* i/w-fHlif: ■•'■

[If: I-' ■ ' '|( 'l^■ r- -^

■flw^’fii. 'y(> '* .4'ji‘' Mifni.-jil y' •■ . ^

.—>•■-. r,,ci. / .■'■V^-M '. f ]■ . IJ > .’>■ *'

.-ft t ^ -■

DIAN'THUS NIT'IDUS.

SHINING PINK.

Class.

decandria.

Natural Order.

SILENACE^.

Order.

DIGYNIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Carpath.M.

6 inches.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1822.

No. 950.

The meaning of Dianthus has been previously
noticed. Nitidus, (shining) from the Latin, points
to the fact of the corolla having a glossy appear-
ance, contrary from the Dianthus generally.

This, like the greater portion of the Dianthus
tribe, is an alpine plant, being a native of that
grand Hungarian boundary, the Carpathian
Mountains, and is said to be found at the termina-
tion of the Beech-tree forests, which are so exten-
sive in some of the European alpine districts.
Plants of the Natural Order, Caryophyllese, of
Jussieu, are found more abundantly in cold than
warm districts; according to Humboldt, they con-
stitute but a twenty-seventh of the Flora of Ger-
many, whilst of that of Lapland they amount to a
seventeenth of the whole.

Dianthus nitidus is hardy, but it is best cultiva-
ted with the alpine plants; like others of its family
it loves a dry situation, and to accommodate it in
this particular, the pots should be one third tilled
with drainers, and the soil be sandy peat and loam.

It may be increased by division, or from seeds,
but not abundantly.

iv 'rll ' * i 5 •i I .‘fti* *.

■ -;.• Ji#,

.-««l iit'rfslii*',^ lK).;'*,(ri,^.t ,, , >. , .■) ^ vl il'i.. ■,;>:■•- _

.y>:% ‘ ■

uWt y Q:..!^> ylf ‘‘

Ifl..

;lh i^}' ii/w.vt

•< -h '•■ V-

^ 'Kii

•4^^'****' ^ r^iinvifi •.■ ii-A

'b4>‘*'/*'45

»} iff fi,i.-.fiyt,i l4j ‘«j^ , -■ i- ■■'

r:f^'»i I'mJ Iji tl
\*sa:?/ii f -^Jv> e^ tvj

■* . r a v4l ^/rU Jfit vy

ORCHIS LATIFO'LIA.

BROAD-LEAVED ORCHIS.

Class.

OVNANDRIA.

Order.

MONANDRIA.

Natural Order.

ORCHIDACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers

Duration.

Inhabits

Britain.

1 foot.

June, July.

Perennial.

Moist mds.

No. 951.

This name has been borrowed from the Greek
language, and alludes to its divided roots.

It is a rare circumstance to see our native species
of Orchis ornamenting the flower garden; an omis-
sion which generally prevails on account of some
difficulty attaching to the cultivation of a few of
the species. This, however, does not exist with all,
and particularly with that now figured. Orchis
latifolia may not only be kept with little attention,
but is increased by seedling plants, which will
spring up spontaneously about one that has ripened
seeds; of this, the plant from which our drawing
was made is an instance. Seedlings usually blos-
som in the second or third year of their growth.

A method of cultivation was tried with success, a
few years ago, by Thomas Appleby, gardener at
Horsforth Hall, and communicated to the Gar-
deners’ Magazine, which we confess never to have
tried, but believe to be worthy of adoption. We
hope, from its extreme simplicity, that some of our
friends will not fail to put it into practice, and
communicate the result. To an unthrifty bed of
American plants a coat of moss was applied. And

this appears not to be alone advantageous to the
growth of American shrubs, but to the Orchis and
many other plants which usually suffer injury from
heat in summer, or cold in winter. This corres-
pondent says, provided moss in large quantities
from a rocky wood, above Kirkstall Abbey : it
comes off the rocks in large flakes, like fleeces of
wool, and I have no doubt may be found in all
similar places. With this moss I covered the sur-
face of the bed two inches thick, and gave a good
watering. My expectations were not disappointed ;
the plants now stood the hottest sun, without flag-
ging ; this work having been done in the height of
summer; and the Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Daph-
nes, Kalmias, &c., put on a most flourishing
appearance.

^"There is,” says Mr Appleby, ^'a tribe of plants
which, from the curious structure of their fructifi-
cation, is well worthy of a place in the flower
garden, I mean the hardy Orchidaceae.” A few
species of these were planted under moss, and they
flowered much finer than -in a wild state, throwing
up their flower-stems fifteen to eighteen inches
high, and increasing at the roots three for one.

The moss on the surface would equalize both
the temperature and moisture, and place many
plants, as well as Orchises, in a situation very na-
tural to them. The Orchis latifolia may be kept
in pots, with very little attention, so that it be not
exposed to the sun, and suffered to become dry ;
and the roots may be taken up from the meadows
at any season, cleaned, and potted in peat, loam,
and sand, and kept in a shady situation.

ERO'DIUM REICHAR'DI.
reichard’s heron’s-bill.

Class.

MONODELPHIA.

Order.

HEPTANDRIA.

Natural Order.

GERANIACEiE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Minorca.

1^ inches.

April, Sept-

E^erennial.

in 1629.

No. 952.

The present generic name is founded on the
Greek erodios, a heron. Allusion is hereby made
to the carpels or fruit of the plant, from a fancied
likeness of them to the head and bill of the heron.
It may be convenient to many of our readers, that
we remind them of the division which was made of
the genus Geranium as it originally existed, which
was noticed in an early number of this work.

The species of Geranium, according to the
arrangement of Linneus, had increased to an incon-
venient number, when L’Heritier, a French botan-
ist, divided them into three genera, giving them
the names of Geranium, Pelargonium, and Ero-
dium. This idea was a happy one, inasmuch as
Geranium being derived from greanos, a crane,
he adopted Pelargonium, from pelargos, a stork,
and Erodium, from erodios, a heron. Hence, a
well-defined group of plants, are appropriately
designated by three naturally allied birds, whose
heads and long bills resemble the long-awned car-
pels, or fruit of the vegetable.

The marks which distinguish these three genera
are simple. The Geraniums have ten perfect or

fertile stamens ; the Pelargoniums possess only
seven that are fertile ; and Erodium but five.
Both Pelargonium and Erodium, be it remembered,
have the rudiments of others to complete the num-
ber ten. Linneus was aware of the circumstance,
but seeing the harmony of all other parts of these
plants, united them in one genus. Had their fer-
tile stamens only been counted, they would, of
course, according to his system, have fallen into
distinct classes.

Great Britain has three species of Erodium, of
which cicutarium is most common. If the seeds of
this be gathered and made moist and dry alter-
nately, they will perform curious gyrations, or
twistings, natural to them when fallen on the sur-
face of the earth, — an assistance afforded them by
the Preserver of all things, to facilitate their disper-
sion and vegetation, by twisting into the coats of
animals, and burying themselves in the earth.

Erodium Reichardi was discovered in the island
of Minorca, by a French botanist, who first intro-
duced it to France ; and after whom its specific
name, Reichardi, was consequently adopted. It has
long had a place amongst alpines, and been held
in some esteem, on account of its possessing a
character so distinct from all others of the genus.
In a light dry soil, and sheltered situation, it will
bear a mild winter, but it is far better to keep it in
a pot ; and if regular frame protection be not at
hand, it may have a place in the window of a spare
room during frosty weather. It should be potted
in a mixture of peat and loam, on a good stratum
of drainers.

4

Kpilobium spioatuni.

Gcntiana intermedia.

C ratafgus cayacantlia .

Witts, smip.

CRAT^'GUS OXYACAN'THA.

Var, puniceo flore pleno.

HAWTHORN.

Double scat-let variety.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

DI-PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACEA. ^

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Inhabits

Britain.

15 feet.

May, June.

Tree.

hedges.

No. 953.

The word, Crataegus, of the ancient Greeks, used
by Theophrastus, was deduced from kratus,
strength; and the hardness and strength of its
wood fully warrant the appellation. Oxyacantha,
signifying a sharp spine, was used for the same
plant by Dioscorides, hence both names have been
retained. Haw, is a word that has been transmit-
ted to us from the Saxons, as a name for the fruit
of the Crataegus ; whence, of course, comes Haw-
thorn, as a name for the plant.

Notwithstanding the introduction, of late years,
of numerous species of Hawthorn, possessing much
beauty, these shrubs are comparatively neglected.
It is well observed in the Arboretum Britannicum,
that “Of all the deciduous ligneous plants in culti-
vation in British gardens, there is not one which,
taking it altogether, can be compared with the
genus Crataegus. All the species may be trained
either as small, handsome, exceedingly picturesque
trees; or as beautiful and picturesque shrubs, at
the pleasure of the cultivator. They have all a
characteristic, neat, orderly manner of growth ;
neither so slow as to convey the idea of want ol

vigour, nor so rapid and robust as to be considered
coarse and rambling. Their leaves are remarkably
neatly cut and finely tufted ; their flowers appear
in masses so abundant, in some species, as almost
to cover the plant in the flowering season ; and
their fruit is produced in as great abundance as
their flowers. The fruit varies in size, from that
of Crataegus spathulata, which is not much larger
than a mustard seed, to that of Mexicana, which is
about as large as a golden pippin apple.” If a
man were, says Loudon, to be exiled to an estate
without a single tree or shrub on it, with permis-
sion to choose only one species of ligneous plants to
form all his plantations, shrubberies, orchards, and
flower-gardens, where would he find a genus that
would afford him so many resources as that of Cra-
taegus ? Here is the opinion of a writer of acknow-
ledged judgment j still one who had never seen the
beautiful clusters of miniature roses which we now
figure as the produce of the Hawthorn. Our readers
need not think of bushes being inconvenient in the
garden. These plants may be kept to any size or
form desired ; our own, whose flowers are here
depicted, is but twelve inches high. The various
species and varieties are propagated by grafting on
stocks of the common Hawthorn, and consequently
may be chosen of any height, and trained to any
form.

The double scarlet is certainly the most beauti-
ful, still there are others that should be known ; as
tanacitifolia and odoratissima, late flowerers, with
large fruit. Also viridis and florida, dwarf species,
with large flowers, well suited to small gardens.

RPBES LAUCUSTRE.

LAKE-SIDE CURRANT.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

Natural Order.

GROSSULACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N. America

2 feet.

April, May.

Shrub.

in 1827.

No. 954.

Ribes brings to mind that period of our history
when botanists studied plants only for their medi-
cinal qualities. It was the name of an acid herb.

Of the various ornamental species of Ribes little
was known in England before 1824, in which year
Douglas was sent out by the London Horticultural
Society to North America, to collect plants for that
establishment. Although the lamented death of
this energetic botanical collector occurred when he
had been employed in this capacity but about
eight years, he introduced to England upwards of
two hundred species of ornamental ligneous and
herbaceous plants ; including amongst them twen-
ty-four Lupines and fourteen Currants, of which
the species here figured is one.

The plant of which we now give an engraving is,
we believe, the Ribes echinatum of Douglas, but it
bears no well-marked specific distinction from
lacustre, although its trailing habit gives it a
very different appearance in growth. It is a free
flowering shrub, intermediate between the Goose-
berry and Currant; and may be propagated by
layers of the young wood.

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GENTIA'NA INTERME DIA.

INTERMEDIATE GENTIAN.

Class. Order .

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

GENTIANACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration [Introduced

N. America

1 foot.

July.

Perennial.| in 1820.

No. 955.

The origin of the generic name. Gentian, will be
remembered by our readers, at least, so it may be
hoped, for it doubtless is one amongst the diversi-
fied gratifications afforded by the cultivation of a
flower garden, that so many of the subjects step up
as it were, and relate some historical fact — give
rise to some interesting reminiscence, which, but
for their presence, may never again have afforded
us pleasure.

The general character of the various species of
Gentian is much alike, all being small, but very
attractive; and blue being the prevailing colour of
their flowers. They deserve especial notice, requir-
ing very little care in cultivation, when well estab-
lished in a suitable soil and situation.

Gentiana intermedia should be grown in good
peat soil, and remain undisturbed, and it will pro-
duce a fine show of flowers. When seeds are
ripened, they should be immediately sown in pots
of sandy peat, and placed in a cold frame. When
the young plants come into the rough leaf they
should be potted separately, and in the following
spring be turned into the borders in peat.

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EPILO'BIUM SPICA'TUM.

SPIKED WILLOW HERB.

Class. Order,

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N. America

4 feet.

July & Aug-

Perennial.

before 1820

No. 956.

Modern authors content themselves by deriving
the word, Epilobium, from the Greek epi, upon ;
and LOBOS, a pod ; indicating that the flower grows
on a pod. The name was, however, adopted by
Conrad Gesner, and he gave a third Greek word,
ION, a violet, as a part of the compound, thereby
conveying the idea of a violet, or beautiful flower,
on a pod.

Epilobium spicatum holds a place in North Ame-
rica similar to that occupied in Europe by Epilo-
bium angustifolium. It is, however, much smaller
in all its parts, and thereby rendered a suitable
plant for introduction into the flower borders,
mingled with the taller species of Veronica, Phlox,
Spiraea, and others of similar character. It has
never, we believe, been figured in any British work,
and if it has not been lost to our gardens, it has
been little known, till re-introduced a few years
ago.

This plant, like its European ally, increases by
its stoloniferous roots, and by these may be increased
with facility. It flourishes in any common earth,
and does not object to a moist situation.

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BER'BERIS CHINEN'SIS.

CHINESE BARBERRY.

Class. Order.

HBXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
berberacea:.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

China.

5 feet.

May, June.

Shrub.

in 1815.

No. 957.

Berberis, or wildberry, according to the language
of Arabia, is a name of antiquity, the use of which
was continued by the herbalists, and subsequently
adopted by modern writers. Gerard says ‘‘ It is
called in shops Barbaries, of the corrupted name
Amyrberis.” What species of plant originally bore
this appellation is now mere matter of conjecture.

The present very showy shrub is amongst the
most valuable of the whole genus ; it is more dwarf
than vulgaris, and a more abundant flowerer than
any Barberry hitherto introduced ; indeed it would
be difficult to conceive how a shrub could be more
copiously decked with floral beauty — its every
branch drooping as it were with a solid mass of
golden blossoms. It is, too, as hardy as the com-
mon Barberry of our shrubberies; and may be
propagated from layering, and from seeds. It has
much of the character and quality of the common
Barberry — a plant in greater estimation in former
years it would seem than at present. However
useful as well as beautiful its fruit and flowers are
still acknowleged to be, our forefathers contented
themselves not with these alone, for the foliage of

240.

the Barberry bush supplied them with a sauce, and
its bark with physic. Lyte, in his ^'Nevve Herb-
all, OR Historie of Plantes,” published in
1578, says^^With the greene leauesof the Barberie
bush they make sawce to eate with meates as they
do with Sorrel, the which doth refresh and prouoke
appetite, and is good for hoate people and them
that are vexed with burning agues.” Gerard refers
to Galen, the celebrated physician (who flourished
in the second century of the Christian era), and says
He reckoneth up the tender sprigs of Barberry
among the tender shoots that are to be eaten.”
They are mentioned in more recent times as having
been used as an ingredient in salads, but they must
have escaped the observation of the great master
of '^Sallets,” John Evlyn, for in his celebrated
Acetaria no mention is made of their use.

History furnishes us with an account of the still
more ancient use of the Barberry, it carries us back
even to the ancient Egyptians, who used the fruit
as a remedy in fevers of the most pestilential cha-
racter. It was macerated in water, and the strained
liquor sweetened and taken freely as a drink.

Old authors mention the use of the bark of the
common Barberry as a remedy for Jaundice, but
without laying much stress on its virtues. Our
countryman, John Ray, however, used a decoction
of it with decided success. We are the more desi-
rous of making this known, from the earnest recom-
mendation of the remedy by friends on whom we
can depend. The inner bark, boiled in milk, or
old ale, we are assured, has cured patients of Jaun-
dice who had been given up by professional skill.

ADENOPH'ORA CORONOPIFO'LIA.

B UCKS-HORN-LEAVED ADENOPHORA.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
RUBIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Dahuria.

2| feet.

June, July.

Perennial.

in 1822.

No. 958.

The name of this genus^ Adeiiophora, is derived
from the Greek Aden, a gland; and phoreo, to
bear; the word thus compounded, alludes to the
cylindrical nectary around the base of the style.

The great number of Campanulas — upwards of
a hundred and fifty species, rendered it desirable
to divide them into several genera, if any well-
marked distinctions could be observed amongst
them. In general they are so strictly analogous
that no division could be prudently effected, except-
ing of a few species. Adenophora contains some
of these, and its name very appropriately points
to a principal mark of difference.

Adenophora coronopifolia is an exceedingly
handsome herbaceous plant for the borders, when
well grown. It should be planted in a light rich
soil, and dry situation, and left in one place to be-
come well established. Like many of the Campan-
ulas it throws up very few offsets, therefore recourse
is sometimes had to slitting the crown of the roots
for increase. Weak plants, from such operation,
should be potted, have a slight protection during
the following winter, and be turned out in spring.

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GYMNADE'NIA CONOP'SEA.

GNAT-LIKE FLOWERED GYMNADENIA.

Class,

GYNANDRIA.

Order,

MONANDRIA.

Natural Order.

ORCHIDACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Inhabits

Britain.

1 foot.

June, July.

Perennial.

Meadows.

No. 959.

Gymnadenia is deduced from the Greek gymnos,
ADEN, signifying a naked gland. It has reference
to the pollen masses.

We are glad to present our readers with speci-
mens of some of the hardy Orchidacese, on account
of the affinity that exists between these and the
splendid kindred productions of tropical regions,
which are now so generally sought for by those who
possess the means of cultivating them ; and which
almost every one can have the pleasure of seeing at
some or other of the numerous horticultural exhi-
bitions that now take place in all parts of the
country. The existence of societies for the encou-
ragement of the cultivation of fruits, flowers, and
edible vegetables, is a characteristic of the present
age. The advantages they produce are incalcula-
ble, since it is impossible to estimate the benefits
which gradually arise out of the cultivation of the
public mind ; and the study of nature stands fore-
most amongst all studies that are to afford know-
ledge. Having possessed ourselves of certain por-
tions of that knowledge which exist in nature, we
may make deductions therefrom by comparing and

weighing the value of one and another, but the foun-
dation of all our reasonings, if true, will still be found
in nature. Robert Mudie has justly said ^^As for the
productions of art, though many of them are curi-
ous, and far from unworthy of our attention in order
that we may ‘ learn to excel,’ they are at best, but
second-hand applications of those properties and
piinciples which we find original and fresh when
we turn to nature itself. The very depth of human
knowledge, and the very height and perfection of
human art, are, in truth, nothing more than the
revealing and applying a few of the laws and prin-
ciples of nature; and though we often flatter our-
selves that there is something profound in what we
know, and mighty in what we do, it is still all in
nature.”

The Gymnadenia conopsia is a hardy British
orchidaceous plant — handsome, and very fragrant.
If cultivated in pots it should be potted in light
sandy loam, with plenty of potsherds at the bottom
of the pots ; and every spring it should be repotted
in fresh soil ; that in which it has continued during
the winter becoming sour and unfit for summer
growth. If planted in the open ground, it should
be planted in light loam and a shady situation.
It may be collected from its native habitat, at any
season, and being cleared from the earth that may
attach to it, may be planted in pots or the open soil
without fear of failure. We would, notwithstanding,
remind our readers of the instructions given under
Orchis latifolia. No 951. Humidity in summer —
the season of growth, is important to the luxuriance
of this plant.

PYRO'LA UNIFLO'RA.

SINGLE-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ERICACEAE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Inhabits

Britain.

3 inches.

May, June.

Perennial.

Woods.

No. 960.

Pyrola is a word considered as the diminutive of
pyrus, and adopted from the resemblance of their
foliage. Salisbury formed a new genus for this
plant, and called it Moneses, from monos, alone;
in allusion to its solitary flowers. The separation
has not been generally followed.

Under No. 575 we described the Pyrola minor,
a pretty alpine plant, one that is rather scarce; our
present subject, however, is one of exceeding rarity ;
and for the opportunity of drawing it we are in-
debted to Mr. Cameron, Curator of the Birmingham
Horticultural Society’s garden. In allusion to it
he says, ^‘It is the first plant of it I ever saw under
cultivation, and it has flowered finely. It was
planted in live sphagnum, and a little sandy peat,
placed under a hand-glass, in a shaded situation,
and kept very moist. Under this treatment it has
grown luxuriantly, and continues to do so. It is
likely to be a plant peculiarly adapted for growing
in Ward’s cases; but others planted with it should
be those requiring the same degree of moisture,
such as the Droseras, Parnassia, Pinguiculas, Tri-
chomanes, Hymenophyllums, &c.”

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