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Ex Libris
The Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society

From the library of
MARI HELM WINGATE LLOYD
given by her sons

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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016

https://archive.org/details/botanicgardencon11maun

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OTHEK ISTERESTINii IXFoR MATIOX

I. <> X U () X

SI>n*KlX AND ilAUSnALL.STATIONHUS HALL COT’RTj

SHElOVOOl) AND C? PATF.llNOSTKR ROW

S«ith ftBi * *t Van* Oar.ifBlf;

THE

BOTANIC GARDEN;

CONSISTING OF

HIGHLY FINISHED REPRESENTATIONS

OF HARDY

ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING PLANTS,

CULTIVATED

IN GREAT BRITAIN;

WITH

THEIR NAMES, CLASSES, ORDERS, HISTORY, QUALITIES, CULTURE,
AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

BY

B. MAUND, F. L.S.

VOL. XI.

“Not a tree,

A plant, a leaf, a blossom, but contains
A lolio volume. We may read and read.

And read attain, and still find something new,
Something to please and something to instruct.”

Hurdis.

ILontion ;

PUBLISHED Br GROO.MBRIDCE ANI> SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW,

PREFACE

^ PRINCIPAL subject, to which allusion should here be
made, is the addition, to the present volume, of a new and
prominent feature, one which has opened a wide field of
interest to a numerous class of garden cultivators, and to
ourselves also. The cultivation of Fruits, in small gar-
dens, especially Apples and Pears, had previously been
little thought of. The cause is evident. All had been
accustomed to look to the orchard as their only source;
and it had not occurred to the minds of the majority of
persons, that smaller trees, yielding superior produce, were
easy of attainment, and especially suited to the gardens of
amateur florists. Now, however, an interest has been
raised, and we can but feel somewhat flattered that our
exertions in calling attention to the culture of these fruits
have already been so extensively suecessful.

To have increased the gratification of many hundred
readers, is of itself productive of no mean satisfaction; there
is, however, connected herewith, a subject which calls for
especial remark, that is, the advantage of making known
such new seedling fruits as happen to have been propagated

by private growers ; under this head we can but offer ex-
pressions of gratitude to numerous friends, many of them
unknown to us before the commencement of the Fruitist,
for their ready, and in many eases unsolicited, information,
regarding newly-raised varieties of fruit. Through their
valuable aid, we have been, and shall still further be, en-
abled to make generally known, many of superior merit,
which hitherto have been cultivated only in small districts
surrounding the places of their origin. This, we have
much hope, will render an essential service to the fruit-
growing public.

Furthermore, to make the Fruitist additionally useful,
we have availed ourselves of the assistance of some of the
first cultivators in the kingdom. Thus hoping, that in
addition to information regarding the best sorts, we may
communicate information regarding the best cultivation.

In the Floral department new beauties pour in upon us.
Both the Eastern and Western portions of the globe, — the
vast exjianse of America and China, under latitudes iden-
tical with our own, possess tliousands of j)lants, to us un-
known and unheard of. Additions from these are almost
daily made to our gardens, and the means are fast increas-
ing by which more rapid supplies of novelties will be
obtained. It will still be to us, as it has hitherto been,
both a duty and a pleasure to be their faitliful chronicler.

It remains only that we ofl'er grateful thanks to our cor-
respondents and friends, and to that Providence, under the
blessings of which alone can any of our efl'orts be useful

LIL'IUM SPECIO'SUM.

Variety punctatum.
SPOTTED-FLOV^EEED LILY.

Class, Order.

HE.YANDRIA. MONOGVNIA.

Natural Order.

LILIACE.E.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Japan.

3 feet.

July & Aug.

Perennial.

in 1835.

No. 961.

The words Lilium and Lily, it is far the most
probable, are descended from the Greek leirion,
a name founded on leios, signif^ng handsome.
The Greeks, it is supposed, applied the name to
some species of Amaiyllis. The Celtic word li,
signifpng white, has been mentioned as the root
of Lilium ; but we are less likely to have obtained
the name of a plant from the Celts than the Greeks,
although the language of the ancient Britons, ac-
cording to Tacitus, was allied to the Celts.

The several varieties of this veiy splendid Lily
were introduced by Dr. Von Siehold, from Japan,
to the gardens of Holland; whence they were soon
afterwards sent to this countiT, and sold at extra-
vagant prices. As these splendid flowers cannot
be increased and brought to maturity vdth the same
rapidity as the generality of fibrous-rooted plants,
good bulbs are still scarce ; they are, however, worth
purchasing, as the flowers will ever ranlt among
the most beautiful of vegetable productions.

The present plant has, in some gardens, been
called a variety of Lilium lancifolium, it is, how-
ever, one of the varieties of speciosum, and is

found to produce flowers of a larger size than
either roseum or album. They vary somewhat in
their pinky tint, according to their exposure, and
to the warmth of the season. They emit too, a
pleasant fragrance.

It is by no means unimportant to know how
plants like these may be multiplied, so as to ex-
tend, as much as is possible, the gratifications which
they produce. The increase of Lilies has usually
been confined to the separation of the small bulbs
which have been produced as offsets at the root
of the jrarent plant. Of late a more efficient prac-
tice has prevailed; which consists of separating a
portion of the scales which compose the bulb, and
planting them singly in small pots, in sandy soil.
This operation should be performed just before the
bulb begins to vegetate. When thus planted the
pots should be submitted to a gentle bottom heat,
and have occasional waterings. In a short time
small bulbs will be produced at the base of these
scales, which may be detached when they become
as large as peas; and, by being potted, and care-
fully nursed in a warm temperature, they wdU
grow to maturity.

Although it may not be pinident to expose the
bulbs of this Lily to ■winter frosts, in the open
ground, still they grow best there during summer.
They maybe protected in a cold frame during winter,
and in spring carefully turned into the borders,
without breaking the ball of earth in which they
are enclosed. In the latter part of summer, whilst
in a dormant state, they should be taken up, re-
potted, and laid by for shelter in -winter.

A'RUM DRACUN'CULUS.

COMMON DRAGON ARUM.

Class.

MONfECIA.

Order.

POLYANDKIA.

Natural Order.

ARACEjE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

S. Europe.

3 feet.

June& July

Perennial.

in 1548.

No. 962.

Tliis is a very ancient name, ha\nng, with little
variation — that is, ^vith the change from Aron to
Amm, been used, both by the Egyi^tians and
Greeks, at an early period, for a species prevalent
in the East — the Amm colocasia. Our present
plant was not called an Arum by the old writers ;
no similarity to other Amms could induce them to
loose its popular appellation, which they thought
so applicable. Its stem — spotted like a seipent,
and its roots, as Pliny has it, writhed and folded
round in the manner of a Dragon, plainly implied
that Dracontium, or Dragon, was nature’s o\\ti name
for the plant. As it necessarily became a part of
the genus Amm under the systematic arrangement
of Linneus, this celebrated naturalist retained the
name Dracontium, latinized to Dracunculus, as a
specific appellation.

It affords a pleasing relief to turn back to our
old authors, and read their opinions, compare them
with our own, and speculate on what will be those
of our successors at some distant period of time.
Confidence in our own perfection, or, in other words,
our natural pride, can never permit us to admit

that we shall stand in the same estimation ^\•ith
future generations, as former generations are now
regarded by us.

As a specimen of description adopted by our old
botanists, we will copy that of the present plant, as
given by Parldnson, in his “Paradisus Terrestris;
a garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers, which our
English ayre will permit to be nourished ^'p.”

“Dragons riseth out of the ground with a bare
or naked round whitish stalke, spotted very much
wdth purplish spots and strakes, bearing at the
toppe thereof a few green leaues very much diuided
on all sides, standing v^pon long footestalkes, in the
middle whereof (if the I'oote be old enough) com-
meth forth a great long huske or hose, green on the
outside, and of a darke pui’plish colour on the in-
side, ^dtli a slender long reddish pestell or clapper
in the middle : the roote is great, round, flat and
whitish on the outside, and whiter within, very like
vnto the routes of Amm, or Wakerobin, and tasting
somewhat sharj^e like it. The chief vse where-
unto Dragons is applied, is, that according to an
old receiued custome and tradition (and not the
iudgment of any learned Author) the distilled water
is given with Mithridatum or Treakle, to e.vpell
noysome and pestilential vapours from the heart.”

The virtues of this plant seem to be veiy similar
to those of our native Arum maculatum, or Wake-
robin, which according to the followers of Dios-
corides and Galen, are numerous. It grows in any
soil, is a handsome plant, but should not have too
prominent a situation, on account of the ill odour
of its flowers.

CAMPAX'ULA ALA'RIS.

THE . RINGING BELL-FLOWER.

Class. Order.

rENTANDRI.I. MONOGYNTA.

Natural Order.

CAMPANL'LACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Europe ?

18 inches.

-August.

Perennial.

in 1841 ?

No. 963.

The name, Campanula, from the Latin campana,
a bell, is very coiTectly applied to this extensive
genus of plants ; yet less so to the species now pub-
lished than to any which has come under our
notice. Still it requires no extravagant stretch of
imagination to look on these flowers — these little
bells — not as the Christmas Chimes of a Dickens,
but, in the spirit of the poets, as the peal of the
fairies, to enliven their midsummer night gambols.

“ When glow-worm lamps illume the scene,

And silvery daisies dot the green.

Thy flowers revealing;

Perchance to soothe the fairy queen.

With faint sweet tones on night serene.

Thy soft bells pealing.”

This is the Campanula alaris of the Hortus
Beroliensis, a veiy distinct species, a showy plant,
and quite hardy. Like some others of this genus,
it is probably, a short-lived plant ; but this is the
less important, inasmuch as it produces abundance
of seeds, from which it may be propagated by sow-
ing these in March or April. A diy situation
should be preferred.

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MESEMBRYAN'THEMUM COCCIN'EUM.

SCARLET-FLOWERED FIG MARIGOLD.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

DI-PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.
MESEMBRYACE.E

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

G. G. Hope

1 foot.

May to Sep.

Perennial

in 1696.

No. 964

The Greek words mesembria, mid-day; and an-
THEMON, flower, are united in this generic name to
mark a peculiarity which exists with most of the
plants belonging to this showy genus. Many of
them are literally mid-day flowers ; the Mesembry-
anthemum coccinium is a brilliant flowerer, but it
refuses to expand its beauty in the shade; on the
contrar}^ whilst under the direct influence of sun-
shine, it would seem to spre.id its rays in rivahy of
the very sun itself.

Several species of Mesembiyanthemum are well
suited for turning into the open borders in May,
where they will produce a profusion of flowers till
destroyed by frost. This species is equal to any
for such purpose ; and, as it is also an admirable
plant for window culture, it is doubly desirable.

The management of it is of the simplest sort.
During winter it will scarcely require any water;
and as to temperature, it is merely requisite to pro-
tect it from being frozen. In summer it should
be liberally watered, and have a rich soil. Cut-
tings of it strike root very readily at any season of
the year.

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Viscaria ociilata

Khododcndrou arboreum.

Cletbra “nanii

PHLOX SUAVE'OLENS.

Variety bicolor.

HYBRID SWEET-SCENTED PHLOX.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGVNIA.

Natural Order.

POLYMONIACE^.

Of hybrid

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Raised

Origin.

2 feet.

July.

Perennial.

in 1843.

No. 965.

Phlox is altogether a Greek word, which signifies
flame. Linneus’s choice of it could not have been
on account of the flowers of any Phlox being flame-
coloured, but simply from their showy character ;
just as we use the word ‘flaming’ for an object that
is gay or fine.

We here present a specimen of a vaiiety of the
sweet-scented Phlox, with an admixture of a pur-
ple sjiecies, by Avhich it has become two-coloured.
In the flower border it is an exceedingly pretty
novelty ; the tint of pink in the centre is gradually
shaded into the white, and it may be said that the
one does honour to the other. Another variety,
more strongly coloured, has appeared, but it is less
pleasing.

The Phlox family is thus yielding to the inge-
nuity of the times ; some persons will, probably,
say, jfielding to its folly, seeing that hybridizing
has become so general a practice, and our gai’dens
are crowded with non-descript flowers. Since all
of us have much reason to suspect that our own
notions are not immaculate, it ought to be admitted
that the innocent pursuits of others, although at

242.

variance with our own, are not always improper.
It is, comparatively, not long ago, since riding in
a coach, was esteemed an effeminate and disgrace-
ful indulgence for men. Such is the stability of
human wisdom.

It cannot be doubted but nature herself has sup-
I)lied abundance of hybrid and cross-bred plants ;
and by the employment of the means placed in our
power, unexpected improvements may hereafter be
effected in some of those i^roductions which are im-
portant to the agriculturist. Hence the science,
which has been the nui’sling of the garden, may
become the labourer of the farm ; and, as well as
affording gratification to the few, may afford bene-
fits to the million. We ourselves have some expe-
riments in progress, bearing on this subject ; and
hoj^es are of course indulged that their results will
prove more than merely amusing.

The propagation of plants, with the aid of hyb-
ridizing, has numerous advocates ; and as many of
these proceed somewhat at random in their opera-
tions, we will offer a few words for their consider-
ation. In the reproduction both of animals and
vegetables, it will at once be allowed that diseases
and imperfections of the species are frequently —
perhaps generally, transrrritted to the offspring.
Allow this, and the converse will ensue ; that is,
perfection will also be transmitted. Under this
view of the subject it becomes of the highest im-
portance that whenever we aim at raising seedlings
of superior qualities, we should place the parent
plants under the most favourable circumstances to
arrive at the highest state of luxuriant growth.

VTSC.VRTA OCULA'TA.

DARK-EYED ROCK I.YCHNTS.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

PENTANDRIA.

Natural Order.

SILENACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

[ntroduceil

Africa.

2 feet.

Summer.

Annual

in 1843.

No. 96().

The above generic name, Viscaria, is founded on
the word \-iscus, signifying bird-lime. The appli-
cation of the name was suggested by the glutinous
fluid found on the stems of the plant.

We first met with this very attractive annual in
the well-stocked and nicely-managed nursery of
the Messrs. Backhouse, at York ; where, in the
autumn of 1844, it was producing a gay and pleas-
ing appearance. A single specimen resembles the
old Lychnis coeli rosa; but flowering in beds it
assumes a far more showy character. It is indeed
one of the prettiest annuals that has been lately
introduced to cultivation.

The Messrs. Backhouse had received the seeds
from Mr. Charles Munby, who had gathered them
on the sides of diy hills, about thirty miles from
Algiers.

The Viscaria oculata is a perfectly hardy annual;
and its foliage not being of a soft and succulent
character, if it be sown in pots in the autumn, be
kept rather dry, and protected from frost, the
young plants may be turned out in spring, for early
blossoming.

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KHODODEN'DUON AKBO'REUM.

TREK KHODODENBRON.

Class .

DECANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNMA.

Natural Order.

RHODORACE/E.

Native of

Height.

F'lowers in

Habit.

Introdueed

Nepaul

4 feet.

.June.

Shrub.

in 1820.

No. 967.

The Greek words rhodon, dendron, literally
signify rose-tree; the former word of the two, seems
however, to have been used in the first instance as
a title of praise.

The Rhododendron arboreum has long been well
known as one of the most splendid flowering shnibs
possessed by onr gardens ; but of a constitution
rather too tender to bear the cold of our winters.
This has induced cultivators, both amateur and
professional, to propagate hybrids, partaking of its
nature; and many fine varieties have been obtained,
of various degrees of hardiness and beauty. We
here bring the tme species before our readers,
thinking that many will procure a plant of it,
for the purpose of endeavouring, like others, to
raise valuable varieties, by fertilizing the flowers of
other species with it, and propagating from the
seeds so fertilized. Plants from its own seeds
would be still too tender.

This species has, in a few favoured situations,
borne exposure in severe winters ; but it should
not, as a general laile, be trusted out in frosty
weather, without being well matted iq^.

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CLE'THRA NA'NA.

DWARF CLETHRA.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ERICACE A.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

America.

4 feet.

July, Sep.

Shrub.

in 1820

No. 968.

The name.Clethra.is believed to be derived from
the Greek kleio, signifying to shut up ; and, as
the name was applied by the Greeks to the Alder,
it may have been given in allusion to the shutting
or closing up of the seeds in the female catkins of
that tree.

It is probable that the deciduous character of
most of the species of Clethra has been the chief
cause of their not appearing so generally in our
shmbberies as othei'wise they would have done. It
must be admitted that an evergreen is doubly valu-
able. In the winter it is that we stand in need of
the green foliage of shrubs, to vaiy and give life to
the icy landscape. The naked shnib adds but sad-
ness to the desolation.

Clethra nana is of low compact growth, rarely
exceeding three or four feet in height. Its dowers
are fragrant, and have the advantage of appearing
when those of almost every other shnib are past,
and their fniits are maturing. It may be increased
by layering, and by its stoloniferous shoots. Peat,
or peat and loam, form the soil requisite for its
successful growth.

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PI'NUS LARI'CIO.

CORSICAN PINE.

Class. Order.

MONCECIA, MONADELPHIA.

Natural Order.

VlUkCEM.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

Corsica.

90 feet.

June.

Tree.

in 1814.

No. 968.

Firms, according to some authors, is derived
from the Greek pion, fat; others believe it to have
come from the Celtic pin, a mountain. The for-
mer alludes to the produce of the trees, as pitch
and tar; and the latter, to its usual habitation.

The Corsican Pine, as its name imjiorts, is a
native of Corsica; but not of Corsica alone, for it
is known to e.xist extensively in Pmssia and Spain,
and in many situations in the intermediate parts
of the European continent. It has also been dis-
covered in various parts of Asia, particularly in the
northern districts of that quai’ter of the globe.
When first noticed by botanists it was thought to
be a variety of Pinus sylvestris, or Scotch Pine,
but subsequent observation gave it a place as a
distinct species ; since which time several well
marked vaideties have been discovered. Its foliage
is darker coloured than that of the Scotch Pine,
and its gi'owth more rapid ; it demands, however,
a better soil, and does not succeed so well as Syl-
vestris, on rocks thinly covered -with earth.

As a timber tree, the Pinus laricio is valuable

on account of its rapid growth ; and its quality is

2«.

good for general purposes, but it contains more saj»-
wood, and is not so strong as the Scotch. About
fifty years ago the Corsican forests were examined
by oi’der of the French government, for this pine,
and much fine timber was obtained. Entire ves-
sels, it is said, were built with it. Since that
time it has been planted extensively in France,
but in England it only exists as a tree of orna-
ment, for which purjDOse it is well calculated ;
indeed, from its more rapid growth, which in young
trees will be about two feet annually; for its hand-
some form also, and the deep colour of its foliage,
we earnestly recommend it for planting, in prefer-
ence to the common Scotch Pine.

In the Horticultural Society’s garden, at Chis-
wick, this tree may be seen between thirty and
forty feet high; hartng been planted nearly twenty
years. Specimens may also be seen at Kew,
where it is ninety feet high; at Trentham, White
Knights, Woburn Abbey, Dropmore, the Birming-
ham Botanic Garden, and at Hampton Hall, Suf-
folk. Those who desire to raise seedlings of this
Pine, in quantities, should be particularly careful
as to the source whence they obtain seeds; for as
these are not produced in large quantities, other
sorts are sometimes supplied in lieu of them.
The seeds, which are of a greyish colour, and have
black specks about them, are, with the wing, quite
an inch long ; but the seed alone does not exceed
the eighth of an inch in length. This species may
be grafted on stocks of the Scotch Pine — a method
which is not desirable excepting that it may facili-
tate the supply of strong plants.

HELIAN'THEMUM MUTA'BILE.

CHANGEABLE SUN-ROSE.

Class.

POLYANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order
cistacea;.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introfluced

S. Europe.

9 inches.

May, July.

Perennial.

in 182.5?

No. 969.

The G reek helios, sun ; and anthos, a llower,
the words out of which our Helianthemuin has
been formed, plainly indicate the intention of their
comi^ounder. These flowers are, indeed, depen-
dents of the sun, awaiting his presence before they
make their entrance on this world’s stage ; and
as he withdraws, so they malce their exit for ever.

“ Flowers of the field, how meet ye seem
Man’s frailty to portray.

Blooming so fair in morning’s beam.

Passing at eve away !

Teach this, and, oh ! though brief your reign,

Sweet flower’s, ye shall not live in vain.”

The Helianthemum nrutabile is certainly a
changeable flowerer, as respects colour ; so also is
the Hyssopifolia. If a few distinct shades of these
are obtained, and planted closely together, they
will not require artificial impregnation to mingle
their tints. Young plants, raised from the seeds
of different varieties, thus circumstanced, will pro-
duce flowers of other colours than those of the
parents. In beds, these seedlings will form an
attractive mingling of soft and variable tints.

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LIL'IUM TENUIFO'LIUM.

FINE-LEAVED LILY.

Class. Order.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LILIACE^

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Caucasus

2 feet.

June, July.

Perennial.

in 1820.

No. 970.

The Greek word leios, signifying handsome,
may probably enough, have been the root of the
generic name Lerion, and Lilium.

The late professor Don w’ell obsened, in allud-
ding to this plant, that “ In delicacy of foliage,
brilliancy of flowers, and gracefulness of habit,
the present is not surpassed by any others of this
highly ornamental genus. It is a native of the
vast steppes of Siberia, where it appears to be
abundant, but it is never found to extend beyond
the 55th degree of north latitude.”

In the dark solitude of the unpenetrated wilder-
ness— On Siberian steppes, or wider Indian plains
— In the remotest wild, whether known to man or
not, if the sun but loose the icy manacle, do
flowers flourish, their seasons they observe, their
beauties glow unseen and unprotected but by Him
who bids them glitter.

“Ye cheer and bless

Our checker’d sojourn on this weaiy earth.

Whose wildest, di’eariest spots to Flowers

have given birth.” twaiiley.

This bulb is completely hardy and requires no care.

LIL'IUM TENUIFO'LIUM.

FINE-LEAVED LILY.

Class. Order.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LILIACE.E

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Caucasus

2 feet.

June, July.

Perennial.

in 1820.

No.970;'> ^

The Greek word leios, signifying handsome,
may probably enough, have been the root of the
generic name Lerion, and Lilium.

The late professor Don well observed, in allud-
ding to this plant, that “ In delicacy of foliage,
brilliancy of flowers, and gracefulness of habit,
the present is not surpassed by any others of this
highly ornamental genus. It is a native of the
vast steppes of Siberia, where it appears to be
abundant, but it is never found to extend beyond
the 55th degree of north latitude.”

In the dark solitude of the unpenetrated ivilder-
ness — On Siberian steppes, or wider Indian plains
— In the remotest wild, whether known to man or
not, if the sun but loose the icy manacle, do
flowers flourish, their seasons they obsen'e, their
beauties glow unseen and unprotected but by Him
who bids them glitter.

“Ye cheer and bless

Our checker'd sojourn on this weaiy earth.

Whose wildest, dreariest spots to Flowers

have given birth.” twayiley.

This bulb is completely hardy and requires no care.

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SCIL'LA PERUVIA'NA.

PERUVIAN SQUILL.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LILIACEX.

Native of

Heia^ht. Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Spain.

9 inches. ] May, June.

Perennial

in 1607.

No. 971.

Scilla is a name that vras used bj' the Greeks,
and it is supposed, was applied to the Scilla mari-
tima, or officinal squill. Its signification is to
diy. The squill is said to “dry uji humours.”

The specific name. Peruviana, was given by
Clusius, a French botanist — the contemporary of
our Gerard. This must have arisen from erro-
neous information, for the plant is not a native
of Pern, but of Sj>ain. The error was corrected at
an early period, for Parkinson, in his “ Paradisus
TeiTestris,” says of the plant, “ It is most gene-
rally receiued by the name Hyacinthus Pemanus,
from the first imposer thereof, that is, the lacinth
of PeiTi : but I had rather giue the name agreeing
most fitly vnto it, and call it as it is indeede Hya-
cinthus Stellatus Boeticus, The Spanish Stariy
lacinth ; and because it is the greatest that I
know hath come from thence, I call it The great
Starry lacinth of Spaine, or Spanish lacinth.”
The Scilla Pemriana is a very showy flower,
“ bearing at the toppe a great head or bush of
flowers, fashioned in the beginning, before they
bee blowne or separated, very like to a Cone or

Class.

HEXANDRIA.

Pineajjple, and begin to flower belowe.” Although
this Scilla is as hardy as the wliite Lily, plants of
it have twice failed on their introduction to our
borders, whilst now that it has become established,
there seems to be no fear of losing it, so long as it
remains undisturbed. When removed, its roots
should be as little divided as is possible, a cir-
cumstance which was known to the early culti-
vators of this squill. The attentive obsen ation of
many old authors, especially on cultivation, claims
from us respect; and regarding the bulb before us,
its habit had not escaped the notice of Parkinson.
He says, “The roote is great, and somewhat yel-
lowish on the outside, with a knobbe or bunch at
the lower end of the roote, (which is called the
seate of the roote) like vnto the Muscari, and many
other bulbous routes, at which hang diuers white,
thicke, and long fibres, whereby it is fastened in
the ground, which perish not eueiy yeare, but
abide continually, and therefore doth not desire
much remouing.”

A white variety of this plant is, we believe,
sometimes met with ; indeed the author just quo-
ted, possessed both white and blush flowered
varieties, which were sent to him from Spain.
They w’ere less common than the blue, which it is
asserted “ when they be in flower, growing so
thick together, seeme to couer the grounde, like
vnto a tapestiy of diuers colours.” What we have
mentioned respecting the removal of this plant,
will guide the cultivator, and prevent inattention
in transplanting the bulbs of so handsome an
ornament.

Spira»H laiU'colatH .

FaUai^iaiia

-Vsclcpias virjiata.

SAL'YIA GRAHAM'!.

GR.'iHAM’s SAGE.

Class.

DIANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LABIATJE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Mexico.

3 feet.

Aug. Sept.

Perennial.

in 1829.

No. 973

Sahia claims for its origin the significant word
salvo, to save. The healing property of some of
the species, is said to justify the appellation. The
specific name, Grahami, was given to this plant
in compliment to its discoverer, J. G. Graham, Esq.

Tliis species is not so showy as either Salvia
fulgens, or splendens, its flowers being smaller,
and with us not so freely produced. Dr. Lindley,
in the Botanical Register, has pointed out a pecu-
liarity connected with the leaves of this plant.
He says, “The upper and under surfaces of the
leaf of this species abound with spherical particles
of concrete oily matter, lying in depressions of the
surface. We cannot, however, discover that they
are secreted in sacs within the tissue of the leaf,
or that there is any provision for their elaboration.
The only remarkable circumstance we obseiwed
connected with them is, that each sphenile, when
placed in water and slightly bmised, discharges an
inconceivable quantity of active molecules.”

Salria Grahami may be turned into the borders
to flower. Young plants should be stmck in sum-
mer, and have protection dining winter.

244.

ASCLETIAS VIRGA'TA.

■rW'IGOY SWALLOW- WORT.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

DIGYNIA.

Natural Ordvr.

ASCLEPIADACE>E.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N. America.

2 feet.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1820.

No. 974.

Asclepias is a somewhat important name for a
plant, being, as it is reasonably supposed, derived
from jEsculapius, “ whom both the Greeks and
Gentiles say that he was the first that found out
physic, wherefore they honoured him as a god. ’
The name Swallow-wort was given by the old
herbalists to the officinal species of this genus,
from a fancied resemblance of the pod, or its
feathered seed, to a swallow. The officinal plant
— the Asclepias (Cynauchum ) vincetoxicum, is
generally believed to be the very herb which the
Greek herbalists, centuries i)rior to the Christian
era, esteemed as their sovereign antidote to poison.

Asclepias rirgata is a North American plant, of
comparatively late discoveiy, which was first made
known by Balbis, in his garden catalogue. It
makes a pretty border plant, and is rarely met
with. Both this and also Asclepias tuberosa, (No.
78) should have a place in every collection. It
should be remembered, that when the tap root of
the latter plant has taken firm hold, by descending
to the depth of a foot and a half or more, disturb-
ance may prove fatal.

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SPIR^'A LANCEOLA'TA.

SPEAR-LEAVED SPIBiEA.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

DI-PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.
ROSACEA.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

China.

15 inches

May.

Perennial.

in 1830?

No. 975.

The generic name, Spiraea, has been handed
down to us from the ancients, it having been used
by them for the name of a plant that was twiggy
and flexible, like a cord, which in Greek is named
SPEIRA.

Of Spiraea nearly fifty species have been culti-
vated in England, the gi’eater portion of them
slender, twiggy, deciduous, shmbby plants, not
generally of very specious character, but ornamen-
tal for small shrubberies and gardens. Those
which we have published, such as Spiraea bella.
Spiraea trifoliata, (now called Gillinea), Spiraea
venusta, and others, are amongst the most beau-
tiful for the mingled flower garden.

The species which we now add to our list, is a
native of China, and was introduced a few years
ago, perhaps through the instrumentality of Mr.
Reeves, for it sometimes bears his name in the
nui'series. In cultivation, lanceolata requires but
little attention, if the soil in which it is planted be
light and drj'. It may be increased either by
offsets or cuttings, but the young plants should
have slight protection during their first winter.

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PI'NUS PALLASIA'NA.

P.AXLAS'S PINE.

Class. Order.

MONCECIA. MONADELPHIA.

Natural Order.

CONIFERS.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Siberia.

40 feet.

May.

Tree

in 1820.

No. 976.

In our last number (plant 968) will be found
obseiwations on the word Pinus. Pallasiana was
given as a specific name to the coniferous tree now
figured, by Mr. Lambert. Pallas, who was an emi-
nent Russian botanist, \dsited England in 1761 — 2,
and subsequently published his travels, and several
works on botanical subjects.

Under 968 we have published Pinus laricio, and
have thought it best to follow that by Pinus Pal-
lasiana, inasmuch as this tree is generally consi-
dered to be a variety of Laricio. We find it stated
in the Arboretum Britannicum, that “ Pinus Pal-
lasiana is confined to the central regions of the
Crimea, forming considerable forests on the wes-
tern declivity of the chain of lofty mountains which
extend along the coast of the Black Sea. It was
first introduced into England by Messrs. Lee and
Kennedy, of the Hammersmith Nursery, who raised
a number of plants from seeds sent to them by
Professor Pallas, from the Crimea, about 1790,
and it was sold by them as Pinus tatarica. Of
these plants, some were planted at Boyton, about
1793, of which a few sur\'ive, and form trees

between 60 ft. and 70 ft. high, although the soil
on which they grow is scarcely 2 inches thick, on a
bed of solid chalk. About the same time, from 60
to 70 plants were planted at White Knights, by
the Duke of Marlborough, in good loamy soil, 20
or 30 of which still exist, and are from 50ft. to 60ft.
high ; but, being crowded in a wood of indigenous
and other free-growing trees, they have not assumed
handsome shapes ; and, indeed, there are only
branches on their upper extremities.”

In addition to the trees here mentioned, it
appears that two are growing in the Glasnevin
Botanic Garden, Dublin, which were planted in
1797, and are upwards of fifty feet high. They
were not identified till 1834, when they bore cones ;
these proved exactly alike, although the habit of
the trees is very dissimilar, the one being irregu-
larly spreading, whilst the other, as mentioned by
Mr. Niven, assumes an elegant, cyi^ress-like form.

Young trees, of this variety of Pinus, have
hitherto been expensive, on account of our nur-
serymen being dependent on foreign seeds ; for
although cones have been freely produced on some
of the trees that exist in this country, still their
seeds have not ripened. Mr. Lambert mentions
it as especially adapted to thin chalky soils, and
maritime districts. As an ornamental tree, it is
very desirable ; its wood, however, although very
durable, from its resinous knotty nature, is less
valuable than that of many other species. Its
resin has a pleasant fragrance, and, it is said, is
frequently used as the chief ingredient of incense,
in Boman Catholic churches.

ScutcU&ri& paIli<lA .

Salvia Confiifa.

Althapa rosea.

^46

Class.

MONADELPHIA.

AJ.TUjE'A RO'SEA.

KOSY HOLLYHOCIv.

Order.

POLYANDRIA.

Natural Order.

MALVACEAE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

China.

10 feet.

July, Sept.

Perennial.

in 1573.

No. 977.

Althtea, is deriA’ed from the Greek word .axtho,
signifying to rare. The word alludes to the well-
known medicinal properties of the Althaea officina-
lis, or common Marsh mallow of our own country.

The Hollyhock, for several years past, has had
much to complain of, from the undue neglect with
which it has been treated. Hei’C and there it has
found a discerning patron ; but, generally speaking,
the floral world has been influenced by a Dahlia
e.xcitement, from which it is now subsiding, in
sober disposition to judge all flowers by their res-
pective merits. The Rose is again the queen, and
the Hollyhock is again at court.

As society has changed, so have flowers, and the
Hollyhock has now to frame its costume to the
fashion of the times. So unintmding has it of
late been, that we are not aware of any rules hav-
ing been promulgated to guide the shape of its
attire, — that Avhich shall be considered most hon-
ourable when it meets in an assembly of its com-
peers. It will be our duty to specify these, and
we shall do so, not from caprice — requiring that

which is unattainable, but by taking from nature

24.5.

an example which has appeared to us the most
perfect. If these rules prove defective, we shall
gladly adopt any other that, by common consent,
may be established.

The Hollyhock bears no resemblance to the
Dahlia in one particular ; that is, its produce of
good and bad flowers on one plant. Those of the
Hollyhock are always of nearly uniform properties ;
and, if an individual flower be good, the general
habit also will seldom be objectionable. After ex-
amining many hundreds of flowers, we give the
following sketch or profile of the one which, in all
its parts, appeared to us of the most pleasing
proportions ; its centre being compact and regular.

The above sketch shows that if the diameter of
the outer petals or fringe be dirided into four equal
parts, the central petals occupy three of them.
Also, that the height of the central petals is exactly
half their width, forming a perfect hemisphere.
The beauty of a Hollyhock, possessing these pro-
portions will, we believe, be readily admitted.

When another summer has passed by, we intend
giving the results of renewed observations.

SAL'VIA CONFU'SA.

CONFUSED SAGE.

Class. Order.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CABIATA.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

S. Europe.

2 feet.

June, July.

Shrub.

in 1810?

No. 978

The liatin salvere, to heal, has given us Salvia;
and it is more than jirobable that we owe our com-
mon name of this plant to the Fi'ench word, sage.
It has been supjiosed that it strengthens the mem-
ory, and brain generally, hence it makes persons
who use it wise or sage.

Sahda confusa very much resembles the common
sage, but its flowers, which are freely produced, are
white, and larger than those of Sahda officinalis ;
indeed they are ornamental, and as the plant is
quite as useful for culinary pui'poses as its near
ally, we recommend the cultivation of it both with
flowering shrubs, and along with the common spe-
cies. It may be readily identified by some of its
leaves being interruptedly pinnate.

Old authors are profuse in their praise of Sage,
and it is said the Chinese esteem it as superior to
the best of their own tea. Phillips states that the
Dutch send out dried Sage leaves to China, for
which they receive four times their weight of tea.

This plant is readily propagated from slips, ta-
ken off before Midsummer, It should have a dry
situation.

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I'LEX BALEA'RICA.

MINORCA HOLLY.

Class.

TETRANDRIA.

Order.

TETRAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

AQCIFOLIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

Minorca.

1 2 feet.

May, June.

Tree

in 1815.

No. 979.

Tlie word Ilex is of Celtic origin, and alludes to
the spines, or acute points, of the leaves. It was
first used as a specific name for the Quercus ilex,
and subsequently as the geneiic name of the Holly,
from the resemblance of this genus to the Quercus
ilex, or evergreen Oak. The German name, Christ-
dorn, is imitated in other continental languages,
hence we may infer that the plant has long been
used in some of the rites of the Christian church.
Hence also, it is, without doubt, that we call it
Holly, from holy, in allusion to the puiqiGses for
which it has been employed.

Ilex aquifolium, our common Holly, is a plant
which, for several reasons, is of considerable utility;
and Ilex balearica equally so. It is probable that
the two, strictly considered, constitute but one spe-
cies ; they are, however, veiy distinct as vaiieties ;
and as a free-growing, brilliant, handsome, ever-
green, Ilex balearica should have a place in every
shrubbery; also, on the sides of lawns, and the
confines of gardens. As single plants too, or in
groups, in ornamental grounds, none of its class
can excel this shrub. Its general tint is a lighter

green than that of our common plant, its flowers
less abundant, its growth more free, and its leaves
larger.

For fences, the common Holly should be pre-
ferred, it being of closer growth, and its leaves a
better defence against intmders. Indeed, it is a
matter of surprise to us that Holly is not more
usually adopted for hedges about gardens and the
home-stead, instead of Privet and the Hawthorn.
Carefully planted it will form a fence almost as
soon as Hawthorn, will never become unsightly
from the attacks of insects, will be impenetrable,
even to birds ; and may be kept substantial wth
far less trouble than any other vegetable fence, and
that, probably, for hundreds of years.

As single trees, in plantations, the Holly pro-
duces a good effect ; and although from the scarcity
of the Ilex balearica, we have seen no specimen
above twelve feet, we doubt not its growing to far
greater height than the common species, aquifoli-
um, of which many trees occur of the height of
forty feet, even north of Edinburgh. In the vici-
nity of London, some have been observed of much
greater altitude ; in one instance — at Claremont,
a Holly is now growing, upwards of eighty feet
high, and in many instances they may be seen
from fifty to sixty feet high.

As regards the cultivation of the Ilex balearica
no directions are required that will not equally
apply to the common species ; the management of
this, however, is not well understood, and we hope
to return to this subject ei'e long, and then to give
directions regarding the culture of Holly.

SCUTELLA'RIA PAL'LIDA.

PALE SKULLCAP.

Class.

DIDYNAMIA.

Order.

GTMNOSPEKMIA.

Natural Order.

LABIATjE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Crimea.

1 foot.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1824.

No. 980.

The peculiarity of the calyx of Scutellaria, from
scutella, a dish, is referred to in its name, which
was adopted by Linneus. Its original appellation,
Cassida, a casque or helmet, was not inappropriate,
as may be observed by examination of its seed ves-
sel, or rather calj'x, for seed vessel or capsule it
has none. When the flower has fallen, the calyx,
which is permanent, closes to protect the seeds ;
an incumbent scale, which old authors refer to as
resembling the crest of a helmet, enlarges, ulti-
mately separates, and then the seeds are dispersed,
d’he English Scullcap — Scutellaria galerienlata, is
common enough in most parts of England, by the
side of brooks and moist places ; it is not very
unlike our pallida, and should be examined, as an
object of gratification, by those who esteem know-
ledge of botanical subjects of value.

Scutt'llaria pidlida is a scarce plant, but less
showy than either of the three species which have
preriously been published in this work. It is best
adapted to planting on artificial rock-work, where
it will spread by its creeping roots, and demand
no further care.

♦ .

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I.vsimarfaia fTifeerorrum

L\*tium alnim.

MESEMBRYAN'THEMUM INCLAU'DENS.

NEVER-CLOSING FIG MARIGOLD.

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

Order.

PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

MESEMBRYACEjE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

C.O.Hope.

9 inches.

June, July.

Perennial.

in 1802

No. 981 .

In a former notice of the word Mesembiyanthe-
mum, we mentioned its derivation as being from
the Greek mesembria, anthemon, signifjdng mid-
day sun. This, to a ceidain degree, is true, but
we owe to the pen of the late Sir J. E. Smith a
further explanation, which we will give in his own
words. ‘ Rreynius first named it Mesemhrianthe-
mum, meaning to express its flowers exjianding at
midday, which is tnie of many of the species, but
not of all, Dillenius, therefore, by altering one
letter in the orthography, had recourse to another
etymology, from mesos, the middle ; embryon, an
embri'o; and anthos, a flower; because the embryo
( meaning the germen ) is in the middle of the
flower ; which indeed, as that author most truly
remarks, is the case with innumerable plants be-
sides, but not exactly as in the present genus. He
obseiwes that the flower does not altogether stand
on the top of the fmit, but is perforated as it were,
by the latter, whilst it so closely adheres to the
middle as not to be separable from it without
laceration. We confess our predilection for the
original idea of Brejuiius, which if not strictly

a25plicable to all the species, one or more of -which
are night-scented flowers, is strikingly apposite to
the generality, whose refulgent and radiating
petals seem to welcome, as well as to emulate, the
noon-tide sun, folding themselves up as it with-
draws.’

This Mesemhryanthemum we may advantageous-
ly rank with ^rindow plants, none being more
suitable for the j>ui’pose, or demanding less trouble
from the cultivator. It should be planted in a
mixture of loam, sand, and old sifted mortar ; and
we have found that the addition of leaf-mould is
very congenial to the growth of all such plants.
The 2^ots should be about one third filled with
small drainers beneath the compost. During
winter this, like most other succulent plants, will,
if kept in a cool airy room, be best without water-
ing. If in a warm room, watering once in a
fortnight will suffice. In the summer, when the
plants are in growth, and more particularly when
they are flowering, they should be supplied freely
with water; but towards autumn the supply should
be gradually diminished.

The jrropagation of this jilant is sufficiently
easy, and its adoption may be recommended, that
young j)lants may be supplied for turning out on
rock-work, during summer. Cuttings of two joints
long, should be taken, and the leaves be cut from
the lower joint. Lay the cuttings by for a week in
the shade, and then plant them in a sandy com-
post beneath a bell-glass, either with or without
heat, and they will soon strike root. Probably the
leaves alone would strike root.

LYSniA'CHIA EPHEM'ERUM.

WILLOW-LEAVED LOOSE-STRIFE.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

PRIMCLACF./E.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Spain.

4 feet.

July, Sept.

Perennial.

in 1730.

No. 982.

The generic name here used is that of a king of
Thrace ; see Xo. 564.

Tliis is one of the handsomest of the Lysima-
chias; its leading stems, and its axillaiy branches,
e.xtending and flowering for a considerable length
of time, become very ornamental planted in the
flower borders, with other herbaceous subjects of
different colours. It was formerly better known
than at present, having now become scarce, and
is not often found even in the collections of the
best amateur cultivators.

The leaves of Lysimachia ephememm have a
peculiar sort of dotting on their under surface ; on
the young leaves this is not so easily detected, but
on the older it may be seen even with the naked
eye. It grows freely in any good garden soil, and
asks for no peculiar treatment, but may be divided
at the root for increase either in the spring or au-
tumn. If, however, more rapid increase than this
mode will permit, be desired, cuttings may be
made of the stems, whilst young, and they will
strike in silver sand, under a bell-glass, with a little
bottom heat.

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OR'OBUS PROSTRA'TUS.

PROSTRATE BITTER VETCH.

Class.

DIADELPUIA.

Order

DECANDRIA.

Salural Order.
legcminosa:.

Native of

Height,

Flowers in

Duration.

Cultivated

Europe.

18 inches

May, June.

Perennial.

in 1830.

No. 983.

The words oiio, bous, signifying to e.vcite, an
ox ; or, more properly, to fatten.

The family of plants to which Orobus belongs,
are chiefly papilionaceous ; that is, producing pea-
like blossoms. To many of those cultivated in our
own country we are indebted for articles of food,
both for ourselves and for domestic animals. We
are also, largely indebted to this order of plants
for articles imported from foreign countries.
Amongst these we may mention Liquorice, which
is chiefly brought from the South of Eurojie, and is
the inspissated juice of the root of Glycyrrhiza gla-
bra ; Gum Arabic, Gum dragon, and Gum lac,
are the production of leguminous plants. Indigo
is the produce of several siiecies of Tndigofera ;
Senna of Acacia trees. Terra .Taponica or Catechu
is also the jnoduce of a species of Acacia. Many
produce medicinal articles, used by the natives
where they grow ; others Dye-wood, Juniper, &c.

This is a pretty prostrate plant, nearly allied to
Orobus sylvaticus, but has round striated stems
and other slight differences. It may be increased
by division of its roots, or from seeds.

LY'CIUM A'FRUM.

AFRICAN BOX-THORN.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Natural Order.
SOLANACEjE.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

C. G. Hope

10 feet.

June, July.

Shrub.

in 1712.

No. 984.

Lycium is a name supposed to be founded on
that of Lycia, in Asia minor ; it was used by
Dioscorides for a thorny plant ; hence it has been
given to this genus. The Lycium of the Greeks,
Dr. Royle has pretty clearly ascertained to be the
species of Barbeny to which he has given the name
of Berberis afmm. ^

Lycium afmm is not a well known plant, from
the circumstance of its not being quite hardy.
David Don, who figured it a few years ago, in
Sweet's Flower Garden, states, however, that the
plant he described had grown against a wall in the
Chelsea Apothecaries’ Garden, for many years,
without protection, other than what its situation
afforded ; and is there, says Don, annually adorned
TAuth a profusion of its rich puiqile blossoms.

This plant may be kept in a pot as a small
sbmbby window ornament ; and in winter, when
it lacks beauty, it may be laid by in a cellar, and
be kept without water till spring. It is frequently
imported from the south of Europe by the Italian
warehousemen, and the plants flower freely in the

same season.

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Monna lon^foliA.

<’ordata.

MORPNA LONGIFO'LIA.

LONG-LEAVED MORINA.

Class,

DIANDRIA.

Order

DICYNIA.

Natural Order.

DIPSACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

India.

2 feet.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1838.

No. 9Ho.

Tliis plant bears the name of a French botanist,
held in high esteem in his day. The original of
this genus — Morina Persica, was discovered and
named by Toumefort, whilst professor of botany
in the Garden of Plants, at Paris, when sent
out in 1700 by Louis XIII. His mission was
into Greece, Asia, and Africa, “not only (as stated
in his Institutes) to discover the plants of the
Ancients, and others, which perhaps escaped their
knowledge ; but to make obsen’ations upon all the
parts of natural histoiy, ancient and modem geo-
graphy, and even of the manners, religion, and
commerce of the several nations.” It is further
mentioned that he brought back with him, besides
an infinite number of curious obsen'ations, more
than twelve hundred and fifty species of plants.

Morina longifolia was discovered by Dr. Wallich,
from whom seeds of it were received by the Lon-
don Horticultural Society. It is a fine and hand-
some plant, which should have a slight protection
in winter. It is probably but little more than
biennial, therefore will be best raised from seeds,
which the plant generally ripens.

247.

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VERON'ICA DECUSSA'TA.

CROSS-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.

Class. Order,

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

SCROPHULARIACE;E.

Native of | Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Falkland 1. | 3 feet.

June, July.

Shrub.

in 1776.

No. 986.

The derivation of the name, Veronica, is invol-
ved in obscurity. Thex’e is, doubtless, utility and
gratitication in knowing the meaning of the words
employed as the names of j^lants ; and the more
particularly so when these are in any way descrip-
tive of the subjects to which they apply. As very
many of them are so, the necessity arises of ex-
amining the whole. The late Sir James Edward
Smith once informed us that he had bestowed
much time on this subject, and referred to his
labours in the botanical articles of Rees's Cyclopte-
dia, subsequent to the letter C. Many of these
will be seen to be full of research.

Although this very pretty shmb has long been
known to be tolerably hai'dj', it is but rarely seen
in the open garden. It is tme that it is not a
free flowerer, but its beauty as an evergreen should
secure it favour in every respectable garden. The
regularity of its cross-wise foliage, and the fra-
grance of its flowers, claim attention.

Give it a dry place at the foot of a wall, in a
light soil, where it may be conveniently protected
by a mat, in very severe weather.

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MAGNO'LIA CORDA'TA.

HEAET-LEAVED MAGNOLIA,

Class. Order.

POLYANDRIA. POLYGYNIA.

Natural Order.
magnoliacea:.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N. America.

30 feet.

June, July.

Tree.

in 1801.

No. 987.

Peter Magnol, whose name is commemorated
by this genus, was Botanical Professor at Mont-
pellier, and the author of several works on botany.
He died in 1715, at the age of seventy-seven years.
In America, the Magnolia cordata, as well as some
others of the genus, are called Cucumber Trees,
from the shape of their fruit; the length of which,
in the present species, is about three inches.

This tree, in some parts of South Carolina and
Georgia, grows to the height of forty feet ; it was
brought to England by Mr. Lyon, in 1801, and
according to the Arboretum Britannicum the very
tree originally introduced was, in 1838, still grow-
ing in the nursery of the Messrs. Loddiges, and
not then fifteen feet high. It is further stated,
that at Claremont, a tree of this species, growing
in sandy loam on a subsoil of clay, is nearly thirty
feet high. Its bark is rough and chinky ; its
leaves from four to six inches long, and three to
five broad, and deciduous. Its flowers are small
when compared with grandiflora, but they are pro-
duced in greater abundance, and possess a faint
but agreeable fragrance. It deserves to be better

known, and may be kept down as a bushy shrub,
but will have better character as a tree.

Grown either as a shrub or tree, this is nearly
the handsomest of the genus ; some of the Mag-
nolias being, it must be confessed, of straggling
and ungraceful habit. This obseiwation cannot,
however, apply to granditlora, which undoubtedly
is one of the most splendid evergreen exotics
possessed by our gardens. Cordata has, however,
the advantage of hardiness, being of sufficiently
active vegetation to lipen its wood duiing our
summer, hence it is not disfigured in spring by
dead terminations of all its branches, as are the
more tender species of Magnolia.

In America the bark of the Magnolias takes, in
a considerable degree, the place of Pemvian bark
with us, being as it is a powerful tonic. The half-
ripe bitter fruit, too, of some species is sometimes
infused in whiskey, and taken as a j^reventive of
autumnal fevers.

Magnolia cordata is usually propagated by graft-
ing it on some of the more common species ; it
may, however, be increased by layering, but the
layers should be tongued when laid down, and
they \rill require two years for rooting before their
removal. Where there is a choice of soil and
situation, a veiy sandy loam should be allotted it,
and a position where it will not be crowded by
othgr trees, but srill where it may receive a little
shelter from northern blasts. Seedhng plants may
sometimes be raised or })urchased, but they are not
desirable, inasmuch as they never flower at so early
an age as plants propagated by layering.

LOBE'LIA UTxENS.

ACRID LOBELIA.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Natural Order.
LOBELIACE*.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

England.

2 feet.

Aug. Sept.

Perennial.

Heaths.

No. 988.

This genus was named by Pluinier, the French
botanist, in honour of his counti’jnnan, Lobel, who
was physician to William, Prince of Orange ;
and afterwards settled in England, under, it may
be presumed, favourable auspices ; for in 1592 we
find him attending the embassy to the court of
Denmark ; and subsequently bearing the title of
botanist to King James I. This period of botani-
cal historj' lays open several subjects of interest,
particularly Lobel’s cultivation of his physic gar-
den, at Hackney ; whilst Gerard was enjoying his
garden of a thousand species, in Hglborn.

Lobelia urens, as an English representative of
a very extensive genus of handsome plants, is an
interesting addition to the garden, although not a
gay one. It is a rare plant, claiming, we believe,
but one native station in Great Britain, which is
Kilmington Hill, two miles from Axminster,

Botanical works set it forth, some as annual,
others as biennial, neither of which it really is,
but perennial. It may be grown in pots of sandy
peat, or in light soil on rock-work ; where young
plants will sometimes spring from self-sown seeds.

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VcTonira rt^xus

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Vartuuum <Iisoziior{diiiiB

RO'SA SPINOSIS'SIMA.

SPINIEST

Class.

ICOSANDRIA.

SCOTCH ROSE.

Tar. Ladj- Campbell.

Order.

rOLYGAMIA.

Natural Order.
ROSACEA.

Garden

Height.

Flowers in I

Habit.

Cultivated

Origin.

3 feet.

June, July

Shrub.

in 1831.

No. 989.

Rosa, or a word in some degree resembling it, is
used in all European languages, to signify a red
colour. Spinosissima, as a specific name, has been
very correctly applied to the Scotch Roses ; they
may tmly be said to be superlatively spiny.

From the name Scotch being attached to this
dwarf species, it may be supposed that it is a Rose
peculiar to Scotland ; this, it should be obseiwed,
is not the fact ; for it is not only found in various
pails of England and the European continent, but
it is also mentioned as being a native of China,
even in districts below twenty degrees of latitude.
Scotland should, however, be awarded the merit
of introducing it to notice, which was first done by
Mr. Brown, of Perth nurseiy, who raised many
choice varieties; as did also Mr. Austin, of Glas-
gow. The wild little bushes, a foot or less high,
which are met with in the north of England and
Scotland, bearing single white flowers, had pre-
viously attracted very little attention. The seed-
ling varieties now amount to hundreds, many with
beautiful ranunculus-shaped flowers ; others quite

globular, and varying in tint from white through

218.

all the usual shades of Rose colour. As these are
produced, in great profusion, at an earlier period
of the season than other Roses, they are a valu-
able addition to the flower garden and shrubbeiy.

The proper treatment of Scotch Roses is very
different from that of other species. They flourish
on a strong damp soil, where many of our larger
varieties would quickly die. They are not im-
proved, but rather impaired in beauty by being
budded or grafted on standards ; indeed their very
compact growth renders them unsuitable in appear-
ance for being elevated by such means. If stand-
ards of them are adopted, they should not exceed
a foot or two in height, and these may be readily
formed on their own stems ; indeed the natural
habit of some varieties will produce, almost -without
attention, low standards of this description ; or,
they may be thus formed. Encourage the upright
growth of a strong root-shoot, through the summer ;
early in the following sjiiing shorten it to the
required height, and subsequently prune off all
side shoots that happen to be produced lower down
the stem, than is required for the head. A com-
j)act flowering head will be produced during the
summer, forming a miniature standard of much
beauty. These little standards, it must be remem-
bered, never admit of much pimning. Dead bran-
ches and the points of the shoots may be taken off,
but Scotch Roses must not be cut back in the
manner of French and hybrid Roses. They may
be rapidly increased by suckers; and raising seed-
lings of them produces pleasing anticipations.
Sow seeds in autumn.

VACCIN'IUM DISOMORTHUM.

TALL \\'HORTLEBEBRY.

Class.

OCTANDRIA.

Order,

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

VACCJNACEA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N. America.

5 feet.

May.

Shrub.

in 1806.

No. 990.

Vaccinium, perhaps a changed spelling from
bacciniuin, beny-beaiing. Of this genus about
sixty distinct species ai-e enumerated by botanists,
the greater proportion of them natives of America
— that inexhaustible source of vegetable riches.
Botanists, so long as they have access to this great
continent, can never dispair of a supply of novel-
ties ; such, too, as are the most valuable to Great
Britain, from the hardiness of their character.
Our gardens bear ample, it may be said glittering,
testimony, of late yeai-s, to the additions they have
received from America.

The plant now under consideration is, by some
writers, considered a variety of Corymbosa ; it is,
however, verj’ distinct, in general habit, frorrr the
plant usually known as Corymbosa. Its frarit adds
to its ornamental appearance, and is eatable, being
used as is the better known cranberay.

It should be planted in a sheltered situation, itr
peat earth ; may be increased by layering, in the
spring; and in the following spring the young
plants will be fit for removal. It may, also, be
increased frorrr seeds.

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VERON'ICA RE'PENS,

CREEPING SPEEDWELL.

Clans. Order.

diandria. monogynia.

Natural Order.

SCnOPHULARIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Europe.

f inch.

June.

Perennial

in 1829.

No. 991.

A Gi’cek derivation has been sought for the
name Veronica, in the words pheeo, to bear ; and
NIKE, victory ; but no certain authority can be
advanced for this parentage of the generic name.
If this were admitted, as we have previously obser-
ved, its accent should be on the i, which custom
Avould repudiate as new and pedantic.

The Veronicas are so numerous and so variable,
that by their vegetative characters they cannot be
recognised. Here we have a plant not an inch
high, creeping as a mere moss or lichen on the
surface of the earth ; under No. 986 we figured
Veronica decussata, a slmib, a yard high; Exal-
tata, an herbaceous plant, (543) has attained this
year six feet, and other species are still loftier ;
such is the bountiful providence of Him who sup-
plies all things — not alone for our necessities, but
our gratification.

This very desirable Veronica forms a cai'pet of
bright and lively green; with blossoms, spread over
it in spring, like a fresh-fallen shower of hail.

Cultivation it does not ask. Once planted, it
luxuriates and spreads by creeping and seeding.

J

LINA'RIA PILO'SA.

HAIRY-LE.U'ED TOADFLAX.

Class. Order

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPER.MIA.

Natural Order
scrophilariacea;.

Native of

Height

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Pyrenees.

H inch.

June, Aug.

Perennial

in 1800.

No. 992.

Some species of Linaria are said to resemble
Linum, and it is supposed that the former word
has therefore been deduced from the latter.

Under No. 300, will be found Linaria cymbala-
ria, a creeping plant that will spread about the
surface of an old wall, or suitably ornament artifi-
cial rock-work. Linaria pilosa resembles cymba-
laria, excepting that it does not produce long
creeping rooting branches in the manner of the
latter; its leaves, too, are hairy, as its name im-
plies. It is a remarkably pretty alpine plant, that
is tolerably hardy. We have kept it through
several years, on diy rock-work; till, depending oir
its taking care of itself, it was lost. How frequently
does this occur ! When a rare plant has met due
attention, and grown luxuriantly, it is regarded as
naturalized, or is neglected ; it is not till its place
is blank that we are awake to its worth, and sensi-
ble of the slight it has suffered.

When potted, a comiiost of sandy peat, loam,
and finely broken potsherds, mixed together,
should be used. A n'seiwe plant should have
protection in winter.

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FU'CHSIA CYLINDRA'CEA.

CYLINDRICAL- FLOWERED FUCHSIA.

Class. Order

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACEjE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Mexico.

2 feet.

August.

Shrub.

in 1837.

No. 993.

The name of a German botanist is perpetuated
by the title of tliis genus.

“A pretty new species of Fuchsia,” says Dr.
Lindley, in the miscellaneous matter of the Botan-
ical Register, “raised from Mexican seeds, jiresent-
ed to the Horticultural Society, by George Barker,
Esq., of Birmingham.” In the same work it is
suggested that as it has flowers of remarkably bril-
liant colour, they may be usefully employed in
improring the colour of the more showy species
AAdth long stamens and larger flowers, which want
brilliancy. No collection is complete without this
legitimate species — this tme child of nature.

Fuchsia cylindracea is not alone distinguished
from the larger flowered species by the size or ex-
ternal appearance of its flowers, but also by the
singular fact that its flowers are not hermaphro-
dite as those are, but contain the anthers and pis-
tils in separate flowers ; hence in case of fertiliza-
tion being attempted with larger species, this
peculiarity must be kept in view.

VeiT many of the most beautiful of our Fuchsias
have originated in English gardens — they are

249.

hybrids. Almost every gardener may be said to
have been trying his skill at propagating new ones,
and numerous indeed are the varieties in cultiva-
tion. The catalogue of one nurseryman alone,
which is called “ select,” contains nearly a hun-
dred and twenty varieties, varying in their pinces
from a guniea down to sixpence. They are, indeed,
a most valuable addition to our flowering shnibs,
because all may inhabit the mounds, borders, or
as single plants, the turf of the open flower garden
or the shrubbery.

The most corrrrnon method of preserwing these
plants in the open ground, has been to cut them
down to within a few inches of the surface of the
earth, before frost has injured them, and then to
securely cover up the roots with straw, moss, or
even soil, enough to prevent the frost from pene-
trating to them. Plants in pots, we have frequent-
ly kept safely in a dry cellar. A correspondent of
the Gardeners’ Chronicle has, however, let in a
new light on this subject; viz. —

The lateral shoots and tops, when cut off in au-
tumrr, it is said, if packed in powdered charcoal,
or 2^erfectly dry earth, in boxes, and ke^^t in a cool
jrlace, from frost, may, in April, be cut into lengths
of a foot each, and planted with a dibble, lea\dng
three inches out of the soil, and they will grow and
make good flowering pilants. A Scotch cultivator
has }flanted similar cuttings, in November, and
covered them uji securely with leaves, and nearly
nine-tenths grew. We shall be glad to be informed,
next summer, by any of our readers, of the success
attending these methods.

CLE'THRA ALNIFO'LIA.

ALDEH-LEAVED CLETHRA.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Salural Order.

ERICACEAE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N.. America.

5 feet.

Aug., Sept-

Shrub.

in 1731.

No. 994

The derivation of the name of this genus mil he
found under No. 9G8

This hardy deciduous shrub, which rarely grows
higher than four or five feet, is chiefly valuable for
its racemes of white flowers ; in a season too, in
which white is not so prevalent as in spring ; nor
is fragrance in September so abundant.

This plant is said to be of frequent occurrence
in some parts of North America, particularly in
the wilder portions of the northern districts of
Virginia ; growing in swampy places, cultivated
only by the hand of Him who first gave it an
abiding place.

“ The beauties of the wilderness are Ilis,

That make so gay the solitary place,

Where no eye sees them. And the fairest forms
That cultivation glories in are His.

He sets the bright procession on its way,

And marshals all the order of the year.” Thompson.

Clethra alnifolia is quite hardy, but should be
planted in peat, or at the least, a mLxture of peat
with loam. It may be increased by layering, or by
separation of its stoloniferous shoots.

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Class.

TRIANDRIA.

CRO'CUS VER'NUS.

WHITE-TIPPED CROCUS.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

IRIDACE*.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

England.

4 inches.

Feb. Mar.

Perennial

Meadows.

No. 995.

The origin of the word Crocus is, perhaps, too
uncertain to hazard opinion upon. The ancient
fabulists employed it as the name of a youth, who
was said to have “sighed away his life,” and be-
come a flower, — a poetical idea, worthy of Ovid.

Notwithstanding we have figured upwards of nine
hundred and ninety ornaments of the garden, the
numerous beautiful varieties of Crocus vernus,
which are present eveiy where, and by eveiy body
admired, have, till now, escaped the pemdl of our
artist. Eveiy one as naturally looks for Crocuses
in the flower garden, as for primroses on the hedge-
bank, when the first warm rays of spring remind
us that vegetation is waking from its wintiy slum-
ber.

The flower which is here first secured, we have
always esteemed as the most beautiful variety that
has come under our obseiwation. The first appear-
ance of its clear white tip, peeping through the
earth, resting on a rich purple, gradually shading
into a delicate lilac, has never failed to excite the
admiration of every one who has seen it. We re-
ceived a single bulb of it, some years ago, without

name, from that excellent and enthusiastic patron
of tloriculture — the late Earl of Mountnorris; and
although its increase has been inconsiderable, it
has blossomed as regularly as the season of spring
has arrived ; and has always been looked for with
pleasure.

“ Welcome, wild harbinger of spring !

To this small nook of earth j
Feeling and fancy fondly cling
Round thoughts which owe their birth
To thee, and to the humble spot
Where chance has fix’d thy lowly lot.

To thee, — for thy rich tipped bloom,

Like heaven's fair bow on high.

Portends, amid surrounding gloom.

That brighter hours draw nigh,

When blossoms of more varied dyes
Shall ope their tints to warmer skies.

Yet not the lily, nor the rose.

Though fairer far they be.

Can more delightful thoughts disclose
Than I derive from thee :

The eye their beauty may prefer ;

The heart is thy interpreter ! ” Bernard barton.

The usual cultivation of Crocuses, as everj'body
knows, consists alone in once covering the bulbs
with earth. They grow and flower, and grow and
flower, as regularly as the earth revolves about the
sun. If, however, the finest flowers be desired, or
increase be wished of any favouiite sorts, the bulbs
should be taken up after the decay of their foliage,
and replanted in September. Or, they may be
taken up in July, and replanted at once.

MESEMBKYAN'THEMUM STELLA'TUM.

STAERY-BEARDED FIG MARIGOLD.

Class. Order.

ICOSANDRIA. DI-PENTAGVNIA.

Natural Order

MESEMBRYACE.E.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

C.G.Hope.

2 inches.

June, July.

Perennial

in 17 16

No. 996.

Nearly the whole of the species of Meseinbiyan-
themum require that the sun’s rays should shine
upon them somewhat clearly, to expand their flow-
ers. Allusion is made to this propensity, by Lin-
neus, in the name he has adopted ; the words
MESEMBRiA, mid-day ; and anthemum, a flower,
being compounded for the purpose.

No class of plants are so convenient for the pur-
pose of window culture as those which are termed
succulents. These comprise Aloe, Mesembryan-
themum. Cactus, Echinocactus, Cereus, Semper-
vivum, and various others, many of which are in
themselves exceedingly curious, and may be kept
in health by the most careless attendant.

The species stellatum, now figured, was kindly
sent us by Mr. Murray, the curator of the Glasgow
Botanic Garden; and it forms a pretty ornament
iill the year round, its brilliant red fmit being the
produce of the preceding year. No plant can
tolerate a less amount of care than this. It was
potted in a mixture of old mortar, loam, and leaf-
mould ; and watered perhaps once a month in
winter, and weekly during summer.

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Rosa GaiUc«<

Saziiraga j^ranioidAs

.\sarum •lapomiiim

RO'SA GAL'LICA.

Var. tricolor pompon.

THREE-COLOURED FRENCH ROSE.

Class.

ICOS.tNDRIA.

Order.

POLYGYNIA.

Satural Order.
KOSACE.®.

Hybrid

Height. Flowers in

Habit.

Introdueed

Origin.

2| feet, j June, July.

Shrub.

in 1840?

No. 997.

Tlie Avord Rosa lias been lately noticed.

Such is the vaiiety of Roses included in the
siiecies Gallica, or French Rose, that it is not
always an easy task to identify all those which be-
long to it; indeed many Roses — hybrid produc-
tions of great beauty, may lay just as much claim
to be placed in one species as another. Some au-
thors maintain that Rosa Gallica and Rosa centi-
foliaare but varieties, the one of the other; and the
eye of the practical Rose grower can oftentimes dis-
tinguish them more readily than that of the botanist
Avitli his written character. Rosa Gallica, how-
ever, may generally be knoAvn by its stiff upright
flower-stalks, and by its petals and sepals being
shoiter than those of centifolia ; whilst the edges
of its leaves, too, are without glands, which are
always found on centifolia.

Linneus's Rosa centifolia, or hundred-leaved
Rose, and Miller’s provins Rose, are synonymous ;
but centifolia includes Miller's muscosa, or moss
Rose ; and also Rosa j^omponia, or pompone Rose,
sometimes called Rose de Meaux, whose princijial
distinction is its diminutive size. An immense

2.50.

number of varieties, including flowers of almost all
colours, and plants of greatly varying size, are in-
cluded witliin the limits of centifolia.

We may further observe, that another species,
— the Rosa Damascena, or the Damascus Rose, ap-
proaches veiy near to centifolia in general appear-
ance. In the Monographia Rosamm, of Lindley,
page 65, these characters are noticed, and the dis-
tinctions are as clearl}' pointed out as the subject
will admit. It is there stated that the hundred-
leaved Rose “may be distinguished by its sepals not
being reflexed at any period, the flowers full dou-
ble, and the petals very large, whence the name of
Cabbage Rose, by which it is usually known. Its
fniit is either oblong or roundish ; but never elon-
gated. From Gallica it may be told by its flowers
being cernuous, and by the larger size of its prick-
les, with a more robust habit. It is well known
that these plants are usually propagated by inlay-
ing ; but it is somewhat curious, that, although the
layers of Rosa Damascena strike root readily, those
of centifolia and Gallica do not.” We have pointed
out these few prominent distinctions in Roses, hop-
ing they may be useful to such of our readers as
have not given much time to the subject.

The remarkably pretty tri-coloured Rose, which
we now publish, was raised in France, and for the
opportunity of figuring it we are indebted to the
kindness of the Messrs. W^ood and Son, nursery-
men, of Maresfield, near Uckfield, Sussex, from
whose extensive collection we lately I'eceived it,
with several other beautiful new Roses, which wo
hope to make known.

Class.

DIANDRIA.

SAL'VIA HI'ANS.

GAPING SAGE.

Order

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LABIAT.®.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Cashmere.

1 foot.

May, June.

Perennial.

in 1839.

No. 998

Salvia is named from its virtues. See No. 978.

In Sahia hians we have an exceedingly desirable
plant, that is veiy little known. It is, as Dr. Lind-
ley says, in the Botanical Register, “A very orna-
mental hardy herbaceous plant, introduced from
Cashmere, by the Court of Dii'ectors of the East
India Company. It was first met with by Dr.
Hoyle's collectors, and afterwards by M. Jacque-
mont, in upland pastures. Certainly it is one of
the gayest of our perennials, in consequence of the
striking contrast betiveen the white and blue of its
Large floAvers.” It somewhat resembles Salvia bi-
color, but is more handsome than that species ; it
forms a dwarf plant in the borders, groiring but a
foot high, and is a veiy fi’ee flowerer.

Dr. Lindley speaks with confidence of the hardy
character of this plant, founded, we presume, on
its cultivation and constant exposure in the Hor-
ticultural Society’s Garden; we dare not recom-
mend its entire exposure during -winter, in damp
situations It should be taken up in October, and
kept in a pot till March, and then be divided and
planted out again.

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AS'ARUM JAPON'ICUM.

JAPAN ASAEABACCA.

Class.

dodecandria.

Order

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ARISTOLOCHIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in Duration.

Introduced

Japan.

.5 inches.

ftlay, June. Perennial

in 1843?

No. 999.

The name, Asamm, is deduced from the Greek
privative a, and seika, a bandage ; from the unfit-
ness of the flowers for garlands.

Asamm Japonicumis a newly-introduced plant,
having been sent to this country from the continent,
by, we believe, some of the Belgian nurserymen,
who, of late years, have acquired this and many
other productions from Japan, through Doctor Von
Sieboldt and other travellers. Japan, according to
Kfempfer, is rich in vegetable splendour; for, he
says, “such is the beauty of the flowers which or-
nament the hills, the fields, and the forests, that
the country may even dispute the preference in
this point with Persia.” And Thunberg says of
Japan, that it has no waste land ; that if any por-
tion be left uncultivated by its occupier, it maybe
seized by a more industrious neighbour. England,
notwithstanding her own industiy, has yet some-
thing to learn from less civilized countries.

It is not quite certain that the present species
will endure our severe winters; therefore, till this
has been ascertained, each possessor of it should
protect a plant in a cold frame.

SE

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SAXIF'RAGA GEEAXIOI'DES.
ckane’s-bill-like saxifrage.

Class.

DECANURIA.

Order.

DIGYMA.

Sat lira! Order.
SA.XlFRAGACE.iE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in ! Duration.

Introduced

Pyrenees.

9 inches.

April, May. | Perennial.

in 1770.

No. 1000.

The Latin saxum, stone ; and frango, to break,
alludes to the plant's power of insinuating its roots
into the fissures of rocks and breaking them ; and
hence, according to ancient medical Avdsdom, was it
believed to be capable of breaking the stony con-
cretions of the kidneys.

The foliage of this plant will be at once recog-
nised as resembling some of our small British
Geraniums ; hence the appellation geranioides.
Its red stems, beset with minute glanduliferous
hairs, invite examination, as well as its panicles
of clear white flowers. A variety of this plant is
known with leaves less toothed, and less imbes-
cent ; but we are not aware that it is in English
gardens.

Saxifraga geranioides is scarce, and only to be
met with in the best nurseries and private collec-
tions. It should be potted in a mixture of peat
and loam ; and whenever divided or repotted, care
should be taken to sink the stems deeper in the
soil than they were before, whereby the growth of
young foliage will be induced, which is indispens-
able to the health of the plant.

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Cupliorbia characias .

I Polemonium cwnileum.

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Vaccinium. ovatum.

POLEMO'NIUM C^RU'LEUM.

Var. grandiQoruni.

LAKGE BLUE GREEK VALERtAN.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

POLEMONIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

Itritain.

2 feet.

May, June.

Perennial

Bushy pla.

No. 1001.

Polemoniiim is said to have been deduced from
the Avord Polemos, Avar ; but AA'hy the Avord Avas
used, or to A\'hat plant applied, is noAV but matter
of conjecture. See No. 709.

“ A beautiful variety (says Dr. Lindley) of this
common floAver, has been raised in the garden of
the Horticultural Society, from seed receiA'ed from
India, through the East India Company. It is
rather taller than usual ; and the floAvers, which
are blue, are nearly three times as large as those
of the common kind. It is a fine addition to the
stock of biennial floAvers.” Here Dr. Lindley calls
the plant a biennial, which appears to ha\’e been
an oversight. It is an exceedingly showy, hardy,
perennial ; and its flowers are not alone so much
larger than the common vai’iety, but are produced
more abundantly ; and possess a someAvhat brighter
blue tint.

This plant demands A'eiy little attention from
its cultivator; Avill groAv in any common garden
soil ; and may be readily increased by diAusion of
its roots ; or it may be raised from seed, Avhich
the plant never fails to ripen.

351.

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VALERIANEL'LA CONGES'TA.

CLOSE-HEADED CORN-SALAD.

Class. Order

TRIANURIA. MONOGVNIA.

Natural Order.

VALERIANACE.E.

Native of

Height.

F'lowers in

Duration.

Introduced

N. America.

18 inches.

May, June.

Annual.

in 1826.

No. 1002.

The name, Valerianella, is a diminutive of
Valerian — hence its designation becomes small
Valerian. The application of its specific name —
congesta, or close-headed, will be readily under-
stood by an inspection of the plate.

For seeds of this very pretty plant, we are
indebted to the obliging attentions of an anony-
mous correspondent, of Knedlington, Yorkshire ;
and not alone for this, but for other favours, owe
we thanks to our fair correspondent.

This is one amongst the numerous interesting
plants collected by Douglas, on the north-west
coast of North America ; of which he transmitted
seeds to the London Horticultural Society, in 1820.
Plants were subsequently raised in the Society's
garden, and although so hardy, the species has
not become well known. It is singularly variable
in its size, according as the soil and season suits its
growth ; sometimes being only two or three inches
high, at others a foot and a half. Our experience
has not been sufficient to show us its exact require-
ments. It may be sown in S2U'ing; or early-floAver-
ing plants may be obtained by autumn sowing.

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VACCIN'IUM OVA'TUM.

OVATE WHORT].E BERRY.

Class.

OCT.\NDRIA.

Order.

MONOGVNIA.

Natural Order.
vaccinacea:.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit

Introduced

N. America

2A feet.

May, June.

Shrub.

in 1826.

No. 1003.

Vaccinium, see No. 990.

This is another beautiful hardy Vaccinium,
obtained from North America, where it was dis-
covered by Mr. Archibald Menzies, a Scotch
botanist, who, in 1787, accompanied Vancouver in
his voyage round the world. A great number of
plants, however, which were discovered by this
enterjjrising man, have remained as desiderata —
they have been known to the scientific botanist,
but by descriptions and dried specimens only.
It was not until the year 182.5, that Vaccinium
ovatum was added to our garden treasures ; this
was through the instnunentality of the Horticul-
tural Society of London ; to which establishment
our countiy owes so great a debt of gratitude.
Eveiy nobleman and gentleman who stepped for-
ward with his property and his influence in sup-
port of this Society, is entitled to the um’eserved
thanks of his countrymen. It is not alone because
this Society has introduced to England some hun-
dreds of plants, which rank as the greatest orna-
ments of our stoves, greenhouses, flower gardens,
and shnibberies. Although this may well entitle

it to our gratitude, still it should be remembered
that it has also, more or less, directly or indirectly,
improved every species of our garden productions.
“ It takes under its care all the variety of produce
which the garden can yield as food and sustenance
to man.” It has powerfully assisted in forming a
new community, bound together by kindred pur-
suits, of the purest character ; and thereby aided
in the performance of a great moral good.

Douglas, w’hose name is familiar to our readers,
as an entei’prising botanical collector, and who
was sent out by the Horticultural Society, to North
America, re- discovered this plant. He found it,
like the Valerianella, previously noticed, on the
north-west coast of America. He sent home dried
specimens and seeds ; and from the latter, in the
Society's garden, plants were propagated, and sub-
sequently increased ; hut not so abundantly at
present, as to make the species so generally known
as it deserves ; for as a small evergreen shnib,
independently of its flowers, it deserves a place
amongst the best peat jdants of every collection.

This plant, like Ericas, Kalmias, and others of
the same class, requires to be planted in peat soil.
Their hair-like roots require a species of earth that
they can easily penetrate ; and where good j^eat
cannot be had, the best substitute for it is decayed
leaves, mixed with the fine silver sand, usually
employed by nurserymen, of whom it may gen-
erally be purchased. Layering is the usual mode
of increase of this Vaccinium, but the layers will
require to remain two years before they will be well
rooted for removal.

EUPHOr/BTA CHAEA'CIAS.

CHAEACIAS SPURGE.

Class.

DODECANDRIA.

Natural Order.
EUPHORBIACEvE.

Order.

TRIGYNIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

England.

3 feet.

April, June

Perennial.

Mount, pi.

No. 1004.

The above classical Greek generic name, was
adopted by Dioscorides, after Euphorbus, physi-
cian to Juba, king of Lybia.

This rather singular shmbby plant, which forms
a bold ornament to the garden, nearly all the year
through, is registered as a native of England, not,
however, without doubt of its coiTectness. Works
on English botany usually mention it as a native
of Needwood Forest; and although it may reason-
ably be supposed that its wild growth in a forest
marks it as a plant to which England has legiti-
mate claim, still it would be impossible to prove
that it may not, at some remote period, have es-
caped from a cultivated spot.

It is a fine hardy plant, which deserves to be
more extensively cultivated; not alone in the gar-
den, but in its natural position — by the sides of
roads through shimbberies, in woodland grounds,
and clumps of shrubs.

Euphorbia characias may be increased by cut-
tings, but the finest plants will always he raised
from seeds. These are sparingly ripened, and
should be sown in March.

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(EXOTHF/EA HUMTFU^SA.

TRAILING (ENOTHERA.

Cluis. Order.

OCTANDRU. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACEJE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introdviced

Florida.

18 inches

.Aufir. Sept.

Annual

in 18-21.

No. 1005.

It does not generally occur that the derivation of
old botanical terms has been found to be explained
by the ancients themselves. They formed names,
by compounding Greek words, but left the moderns
to find out the motives which caused their adoption.
In the present instance, however, Theophrastus
has stated that CEnothera is derived from oinos,
wine ; and thera, catching ; on account of the roots,
on becoming dry, taking a vinous fragrance. If
this derivation be admitted as legitimate, the word
must be accented on the penultimate, or last syl-
lable but one, and not on the second syllable, as
generally heard.

This pretty annual (Enothera, although it has
long been introduced to England, is rarely met with
in our gardens. It is the (Enothera concinna of
Sweet’s British Flower Garden, a name which has
yielded to humifusa — this having been previously
adopted by Nuttall.

In cultivation, this plant requires a dry and
rather sandy soil ; a w^et and stiff soil dwarfs, or
as is sometimes said, stunts its growth. It should
be soAvn in April.

2.52.

SE'DUM AL'BUM.

WHITE STONECROP.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CRASSCLACE^.

Native'of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

England.

3 inches.

June, July.

Perennial.

Rocks.

No. 1006.

The name, Sedum, is founded on the Latin sedeo,
to set ; a term whicli has been adopted from the
position of the plant on stones and rocks.

The Sedums belong to a section of those fleshy
or succulent plants, which grow in rocky places,
or other dry situations where vegetable life could
scarcely be supposed to exist ; indeed, they could
not do so but for a peculiar provision of nature,
enabling these live-evers, as they are sometimes
called, to withstand the effects of heat in an
extraordinary degree. The Sedum acre will fre-
quently be seen covering the tiles of a cottage,
growing luxuriantly, and becoming, in summer,
one close caiqiet of softened yellow’; luxuriating
for weeks without moisture, and in a temperature
w’hich would scorch up and destroy all plants but
those peculiarly adapted to the vicissitudes they
are intended to encounter.

The Sedum album, which we now figure, is
equally w’ell suited to withstand the effects of
drought ; and grown amongst stones, in the most
arid and di^j’ situation, it not only lives but luxu-
riates Its cylindrical fleshy leaves are the reser-

voirs from which it draws life when moisture is
denied to its roots, or the nurturing dews of heaven
to its stems. The guardian of this plant, which
stands between life and death, in its exposure to
excessive drought, is the envelope of its succulent
leaves. This covering, or epidermis, is pierced by
numerous minute invisible pores, called stomates,
through which the plant breathes and perspires.
In plants which inhabit moist situations, and are
not liable to be exposed to the deprivation of liquid
food, these stomates are numerous and large, and
admit of rapid evaporation, which is continually
replenished by the roots. On the other hand, the
stomates of succulent plants are veiy few, or
else they are exceedingly minute, — not more
than the two hundred and fifty thousandth part
of an inch long, so that evaporation would be slow.
Their minuteness does not, however, explain the
whole of the mysterious arrangement adopted by
an all-wise Creator for the preservation of this class
of plants ; for notwithstanding the escape of fluid
is hereby prevented, it may be observed that if a
shrivelled leaf be immersed in water it will absorb
it rapidly ; hence we see that the plant is made
capable of replenishing its juices quicldy when
opportunity occurs. This may be effected by some
cuticular jirovision which we are incapable of
detecting; or may arise from a suitable thickening
of the juices of the plant, to prevent their escape
by exudation.

The fleshy leaves of Sedum album, laid on light
soil, readily take root and grow, so that very little
care is required in its propagation.

TETKANE'MA MEXICA'NUM.

MEXICAN TETRANEMA.

Class.

DIUYNAMIA.

Order.

ANGIOSPERSIIA.

Natural Order.

SCROPHULARIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Mexico.

7 inches.

May, June.

Perennial.

in 1841 ?

No. 1007.

Tetranema is deduced from tetra, four; and
NEMA, a stamen ; in allusion to the flower j^ossess-
ing hut four stamens, in contradistinction to its
near ally — Pentstemon, which has five. This plant,
when introduced, was thought to be a Pentstemon,
but in the Botanical Register we are told that “Mr.
Bentham, who has given particular attention to
this order of plants, is of opinion that this is cer-
tainly a new genus, very near Pentstemon; with
the same calyx and corolla, but A\dthout any trace
(or very little) of the sterile stamen so conspicuous
in Pentstemon. It also differs, he says, from Cap-
raria and Russelia, in its decidedly two-lipped
corolla, and is farther removed from other genera.”

For the opportunity of figuring this novelty we
are indebted to the Messrs. Pope of Handsworth,
who never fail to obtain all such newly-introduced
plants as are really valuable. They esteem it a
desirable frame plant, requiring a prominent situa-
tion, from its low stature ; and very ornamental,
from its flowering so abundantly.

It does not seem to be much moi’e than bien-
nial. May be easily raised from seeds.

ANACAMP'TIS PYRAMl DA'LTS.

PTRAMIDAI. ANACAMPTIS.

Class. Order.

GVNANDRIA. MONANDRIA.

Natural Order.

ORCHIDACEvE.

Native of

Height, j Flowers in

Duration

Inhabits

Britain.

18 inches. j June, July.

Perennial

Dry jiastur.

No. 1008.

This genus is named from the Greek word,
AN.AKAMPTO, to bend back ; in allusion to the posi-
tion of its pollen masses.

We have followed the talented Richard, in the
division of the present plant from the genus
Orchis — a division which is recognised by the
most eminent botanists, still we would have chosen
to see it remain as a section of our well-known
Orchis ; and the more particularly so since of
Anacamptis, as far as we at present know, there
exists hut the present species.

England possesses hut few of the many curious
plants which belong to the Natural Order, Orchi-
daceiE. Our moist pastures produce three or
four species of Orchis, which are pretty generally
known ; and the chalky districts of the south and
west of England are the natural habitats of several
others, known as the Bee Orchis, Fly Orchis, &c.
These have curious flowers, representing the in-
sects of which they bear the name ; all, however,
are cast into the shade when we look on the im-
mense variety of Orchids — those vegetable won-
ders, the inhabitants of tropical climates. Some

of these, like our own — condescend to grow on the
earth, but hundreds of species cling to the branches
of lofty trees, take in the humid atmosphere as
food ; and breathe it forth again in fragrance more
vaiied than the spices of Ethiopia. In the wilds
of Mexico and Guatemala, where man’s foot never
trod, do these odorous plants live on air, and dis-
pense their sweets to the glittering Humming-
bird, and the majestic Eagle. Here, indeed, may
Milton say

“ Gentle gales,

Fanning their odoriferous wing, dispense
Native perfume, and whisper whence they stoic
These balmy spoils.”

The great interest which these trojjical plants
have of late excited is daily adding to the number
of their admirers and cultivators.

The Anacamptis jiyramidalis, even though a
tvild plant of England, will not be grown success-
fully Without due care. As if sensible of its own
importance, it will not tolerate negligence ; still,
it is rather the kind than the quantity of attention
that it demands. In the first place, it should be
potted in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand ; to
which should be added, some broken charcoal, to
prevent the soil becoming too compact and sodden.
Whilst in a growing state it should be supplied
with a moderate quantity of water ; but when its
dormant season arrives it should be placed be-
neath a glazed frame or hand-glass, for protection
from rain. When, in spring, the leaves appear,
the plant should be re-potted, and have a slight
protection from frost.

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IVimula veris

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Aster oboratus.

Fhioz i*larliioi<i«

Anxl^ilis vulnFrana.

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PRIM'ULA VE'RIS.

COWSLIP. Garden variety.

Class.

PENT-ANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGVNIA.

Natural Order.

PRIMCLACEjE.

Garden

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Raised

Seedling.

9 inches.

May.

Perennial.

in 1842.

No. 1009.

Primus, signifying first, gives us the name of
one amongst wild flowers which ranks as the uni-
versal favourite of spring. Its flowers are the first
on our hedge banks, that prominently greet us, and
the name alludes to the fact. The Cowslip ranks
as a species of Primula ; and in courtesy to
modern botanists, we call it Primula veris, al-
though we consider it really to be but a variety of
the common Primrose — Primula viflgaris. This
we mentioned twenty years ago, (see No. 60) and
time has given additional evidence in support of
the opinion. Linneus did rightly in making the
Primrose, O.xlip, and Cowslip, varieties of one
species. Primroses with scapes, O.xlips without
them; Cowslips scarcely distinguishable from Ox-
lips; and O.xlips having a portion of their flowers
small, like Cowslips; seedlings of one sporting
into all the others ; and the total absence of any
legitimate specific character by which the three
plants may, with certainty, he distinguished, are,
surely, lu’gent reasons for uniting them. We here
give a plate of two varieties of the Cowslip, raised
from seed of the wild one ; selected from many

2.V3.

others, and obligingly communicated to us by
John \Yilliams, Esq. of Pitmaston. They have
been cultivated through several generations, and
the dark one has all the beauty and character of
the Polyanthus ; whilst the lighter-coloured one
has advanced towards the Oxlip.

The opinion that the Cowslip, Oxlip, and the
Primrose, are but varieties of the same plant is,
we are aware, objected to by many botanists, but
the evidence in its support is irrefragible. The
Messrs. Garaway and Mayes, of the Durdam Down
Nursery, inform us that they have raised all three
from seeds saved from their best Polyanthuses;
which has convinced them of the tmth of this
apparent inconsistency. Professor Henslow's state-
ment is more decisive even than the above, for he
asserts that he has had “ several independent
testimonies to the fact of Cowslip roots changing
into Primroses ; ” and we are ready to admit that
evidence could not emanate from a more careful
and scrutinizing observer than Professor Henslow.

The cultivation of Polyanthuses is not always
successful under the direction of the amateur gar-
dener. They should be planted in fresh loamy
soil, at the foot of a wall or hedge, of northern
aspect, so as to be shaded from the midday sun.
If the situation be rather damp, so much the
better. As they advance in growth, early in the
summer, about an inch of soil should be added to
the surface of the bed. Here most of the double
varieties of Primrose also will flourish ; but none
flourish in a light dry soil, fully exposed, in smn-
mer, to the rays of the sun.

AS'TEK OBOVA'TUS.

OBOVATE-LEAVED ASTER.

Class. Order.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITEjE.

Native of

Height.

, Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

S. Europe.

1 foot.

1 July, .Aug.

Perennial

in 1830?

No. 1010.

The Greek word, aster, a star, is appropriately
applied to this genus of plants.

Both the genus and the Natural Order to which
this plant belongs, are amongst the most extensive
in our botanical system. The Asters themselves
are numerous, and the Natural Order, Compositae,
to which they belong, includes thousands of plants,
which are readily distinguished by those who have
bestowed the least attention to the subject As
common examples, the fields afford us Coltsfoot,
Daisj', Dandelion, Groundsel, and Wormwood;
whilst in the garden we have Coreopsis, Camomile,
Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Marigold, and Zinnea.
These belong to Compositae, and to Linneus’s
Class, Syngenesia. One quality, in a greater or
less degree, is common to all — this is bitterness ;
many are indeed noted for it, as Camomile, Worm-
wood, &c.

Aster obovatus has inhabited our gardens for
several years, but is little known, although it
becomes a shewy plant when well grown. It
should be planted in sandy loam, and a dry situa-
tion, or have a slight winter protection.

PHLOX CLARKIOI'DES.

CT^RKIA-LIKE PHLOX.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
polemoniacea:.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

America.

18 inches.

August.

Perennial

in 1844.

No. 10)1.

The derivation of the present generic name has
been noticed under No. 065. Its specific name
was adopted in allusion to the similarity the
flower hears to the well-known Clarkia pulchella,
of which a figure has been given at No. 199.

It is pleasing to obtain any addition to so beau-
tiful a genus of plants as are the Phloxes. Whe-
ther dwarf or tall, early-flowering or late, they are
equally acceptable ; and no genus, perhaps, of the
same extent, affords so ample a diversity in the
size of its plants, or the season of their flowering.
This novelty ranks with the middle sized species,
as Carolina, camea, maculata, &c. Its Clarlria-
like appearance arises, it will be seen, not from
any peculiar fonn of its corolla, variable from the
generality of the species, but simply from the
splitting of its tube, which greatly changes its
appearance. There is a peculiarity connected with
the dividing of the tube of the Phlox which may
not have come under the obseix'ation of many of
our readers. If the corolla of any of the species
be taken, and divided into five parts, by gently
tearing it asunder at the divisions of its lobes, the

live anthers within the tube will be disclosed.
These, however, will not be distributed equally, by
one being attached to each portion of the corolla;
but one division will be found without an anther,
and another will, consequently, have two. The
chain of nature is beautifully connected, leading,
as each link does, from simple to complex, equal
to unequal ; yet still subseiwient to a law of per-
fect harmony. The study of art, irrespective of
such law, can lead to nothing. The harmony and
beauty of nature is ever before our eyes, and
rightly would the mind progress if piloted by its
perfections. It was justly said, by that poet of
nature, Howitt,

“ ’Tis wise to let the toueh of nature thrill

Through the full heart; ’tis wise to take your fill
Of all she brings, and gently to give way
To what within your soul she seems to say :

‘ The world grows rieh in beauty and in bliss.

Past Springs were weleoine, none so nuieh as this.’ ”

This plant will, doubtless, become a favourite,
being showy, and a free flowerer ; but we are not yet
sure that it can withstand our variable winters tvith
the same indifference as most of its congeners.
Till further experience of its habit has been ob-
tained, w'e recommend that a jdant have frame
protection, during winter. It may be increased
both by cuttings and by division of its roots ; and
should be planted in rich loam, or peat and loam.

All the taller species of Phlox are greedy feeders,
and quickly exhaust the soil in which they are
planted ; they, consequently, require to be fre-
quently removed.

ANTHYL'LIS VULNERA'RIA.

WOUNDWORT.

Class.

MONADELPHIA.

Order.

DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.

LEGDMINOS.E.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Native of

Britain.

6 inches.

July.

Perennial.

Chalk hills.

No. 1012.

The name, Anthyllis, is composed of the two
Greek words anthos, a flower ; and ioylos, down.
Downy flower is quite applicable to our British
plant, and to most others of the genus. Vulnera-
ria was adoj^ted as a tiiAual name, from its ha\dng
been previously made, by some old authors, the
principal one by Avhich it was known.

This is a neat little plant, one of our oa\ti na-
tives ; but rarely met with, excepting in its own
legitimate habitat, Avhich is on chalk hills, or
where lime, in some state, abounds. It is one of
the beautiful provisions of nature, that certain
plants are provided for certain descriptions of
earth ; where they form suitable food for animals
that inhabit the same locality. The goat and the
rein-deer — fitted for the mountains, have there
their favourite food provided them.

To secure the growth of this plant in its great-
est beauty, it should be planted on rock-work,
Avhere it will at all times be kept tolerably dry;
or it may be kept with alpine plants. It can be
increased by seeds ; or, occasionally, by division of
its roots.

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Kpjmrdvn bimarolata

Oxalis aiticulata.

^tHlnrhodeudroD ON'atum

OX'ALIS ARTICULA'TA.

JOINTED-EOOTED WOOD-SORREL.

Clasa-.

UECANDRIA.

Order.

PENTAGVNIA.

Natural Order.

OXALIDACEjE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Mon.Video.

18 inches.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

o

00

No. 1013.

This extensive genus of j^lants well sujiports the
character which its name indicates — shai’p or sour.
The word is founded on the Greek oxys.

This is a pretty gay-flowering Oxalis, possessing
all the prominent characteristics of its genus, the
most general of which is trifoliate leaves. This
formation of foliage, is usually connected with that
peculiarity which Linneus calls the sleep of plants.
“ This,” says Professor Henslow, “consists in the
periodic change in the position of an entire leaf,
or of the several leaflets of which a compound leaf
is formed. The petioles, or leaf-stalks, either bend
upwards or downwards, so that the flattened sur-
face or limb of the leaf is elevated or deju’essed.
There are about a dozen difierent modifications in
the manner in which the leaves are inclined to the
stalks on which they gi’ow; some raise their leaf-
lets so that their upper surfaces are brought into
contact, and others depress them so that their
under surfaces meet together. ”

This latter phenomenon is well exhibited by our
present plant, and many others of the genus ; and
by none more beautifully than our little native

254.

species, the Oxalis acetosella, (Wood SoiTel, or
Cuckow-bread) "which may be found in woods and
shady hedges. We would recommend those who
have carelessly passed by this little plant, as if it
were unworthy of notice, and not a creature that
shared with man himself, the special care — the
never-ceasing protection of Divine Providence ;
we would recommend them, we repeat, to stop, and
let the lordly greatness of human nature bestow
on a humble sharer of its own privileges, a passing
notice. It courts the shade, as if its creeping scaly
roots — close to the surface of the earth, shunned
exposure. Its beautiful green leaves too, if not
unduly oppressed, when the cheerful rays of the
sun shoot forth, lift their parasols, and form a liv-
ing pavilion over them, and the corolla expands to
join in their protection, and to receive, itself, the
celestial stimulant ; or as Daiwin poetically says
“ To drink the golden quintessence of day.”

The approach of a shower, or the dews of night,
are warnings for exposure of the roots to their genial
influence — and the escape of the delicate flowers
and leaves from its too chilling effect. The flowers
close up, the leaves let fall their canopies, the whole
plant assumes repose.

Thus it is with nearly all the Oxalidaceae, when
living under the influence of a climate congenial
to their nature — a circumstance which must always
be taken into consideration, when we are studying
the habits of a plant. The Oxalis articulata
should be managed as a frame plant ; or if left in
a dry border it should have a protection of moss,
straw, or similar matter, in winter.

TORE'NIA SCA'BRA.

ROUGH-LEAVED TORENIA.

Class.

DIDVNAMIA.

Order.

ANGIOSPERMI A.

Natural Order.
scrophdlariacea:.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

N Holland

15 inches.

September.

Perennial.

in 1830.

No. 1014.

The name, Torenia, was adopted bj Linneus,
in honour of one of his countrymen, Olof Toren, a
Swedish clergyman.

English cultivators are indebted to Mr. Fraser
for the introduction to England of this ornamen-
tal plant. Seeds of it having been first forwarded
by this gentleman to the Edinburgh Botanic Gar-
den, where it was propagated, and has since been
distributed to other establishments. It forms a
veiy ornamental plant for the borders, amongst
Pentstemons, Salvias, Phloxes of its own stature,
and similar showy subjects that flower late in the
summer.

Although this Torenia may be considered a short-
lived perennial, it is far best, in cultivation, to
regard it either as biennial or annual. In the lat-
ter case it should be sown early in the spring, in a
hotbed, so as to obtain strong plants in pots, to
turn into the borders early in May, where they
will flower in August and September. If kept
through the winter, the plants should have the
protection of a cold frame ; or dwelling-house,
secure from frost.

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MALACHODEN'DRON OVA'TUM

OVATE SfALACHODENDRON.

Class.

MONADELPHIA.

Order.

POLYANDRIA .

Natural Order.
ternstrcemiacea:.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N.America

9 feet.

Aug. Sept.

A tree.

in 1785.

No. 1015.

The word, Malachodendron, although it has, at
first sight, a somewhat forbidding appearance, is
neither difficult nor harsh in pronunciation. Like
others of its class, compounded from the Greek
language, it is intended to carry information, being
derived from malakos, soft ; and dendron, a tree.

On the mountains of Carolina and Georgia this
shmb makes a noble appearance, but with us it is
less luxuriant; indeed its habit indicates that it
was intended for a somewhat different climate. It
grows freely in summer, and attains a handsome
size, but it usually happens that the winter nips
a certain portion of the summer’s produce ; not on
account of the severity of the former, but from the
inefficiency of the latter to thoroughly ripen the
tender shoots. The summer of 1844 being dry
and warm, its young wood was well ripened in the
open garden of the Birmingham Horticultural
Society, and in 1845 a luxuriant blossom was the
consequence.

From the handsome character of this shmb it
well deseiwes a wall, which would afford it all the
advantage required. Peat is the soil it prefers.

KENNE'DYA BIMACULA'TA.

TWO-SPOTTED KENNEDYA.

Claifs.

DIADELPHIA.

Order .

DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.
leglminosa;.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Australia?

2 feet.

1 May.

Perennial.

in 1835?

No. 1016.

This genus received its name as a mark of
respect towards the late Mr. Kennedy, nurseryman
of Hammersmith.

Several species of Kennedya are well suited for
windoAv plants, and this in particular. Its blossoms
continue long in succession, and from its slender
growth it is capable of being trained to a wire or
other ornamental trellis, according to the fancy of
the cultivator; for window culture, however, flat
trellis-work is preferable to globular.

The chief requisites for maintaining it in a
healthy state of growth, as a window ornament, are
light sandy peat, and uniform moisture. It should
be remembered, too, that all sorts of manure must
be avoided, whether solid or liquid. Very few of
those plants, to which peat is indispensable, are
benefited by manure in any form whatever. The
plant should be turned round frequently to give
all sides the benefit of the light. It may be
increased by cuttings of the young shoots, which
\A*ill strike root, in sand, under a bell-glass, if placed
in a hotbed ; but it is doubtful whether this oper-
ation would prove successful in a sitting-room.

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ONOBRY'CHIS SATI'VA.

COJIirON SAINTFOIN.

Class. Order.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.

LEGUMINOS^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

Britain.

2| feet.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

Chlky. Pas.

No. 1017.

Onobrychis is derived from the Greek onos, an
ass ; and brychis, to gnaw. This word alludes
to the partiality of the animal for the plant. By
some authors it has been ranked as a species of
Hedysarum, by others as an Astragalus. It is an
agricultural plant, hettcr knoA\Ti in France than
England, and by the French called L’esparcet.

As Saintfoin is so perfectly hardy, and also or-
namental in the flower borders, it ought to be
generally known amongst florists, even if unduly
neglected by agriculturists. If sown in the spring
it will blossom in autumn, and continue for several
years, flowering annually, a month or two earlier
than the first summer of its growth. Its roots nin
deeply into the earth, and it is desirable that these
should not he disturbed, therefore increase of good
plants is with more certainty obtained from seed ;
and these should be sown in the situation the
plants are intended permanently to occupy.

It is, however, to the agriculturist that this
plant is of most importance. It has met much
more attention in France and Germany than in
England ; although England certainly has many

255.

districts in -wliicli it would afford abundant crops,
where the land is unsuitable for clover, and of little
value for common tillage. It is very generally
believed that Saintfoin succeeds only on chalky or
calcarious land. This is not the fact ; it is, not-
withstanding, tine that on light, poor, chalky soils,
it becomes very productive and profitable, and
seems by nature adapted to these, just as clover is
to those of a stronger description. It may, however,
be cultivated with equal success on land of a gra-
velly or loamy quality ; the principal requisite
being a diy bottom, as the roots will descend to a
considerable depth, and the plant become injured
if they meet •R’ith a wet tenacious subsoil. A
stony subsoil, however, is favourable ; and the
more particularly if it partake of a limestone or
chalky character. The importance of Saintfoin
lies in its produce from poor soils, of a particular
description, being equal to that of clover from
land of superior quality ; and also in its perma-
nent growth where clover would be lost,

The culture of Saintfoin is of the simplest de-
scription. It may be sown in the spring, after
turnips have been eaten off the land; and it is
veiy advantageous to sow with it about half the
usual quantity of Barley. The Barley being thus
too thin to injure the Saintfoin, affords it a suitable
shade in case of dry and hot weather occurring
about midsummer. Some cultivatoi's object to
mowing it in the first autumn, whilst others think
that the plant is strengthened by the practice ;
subsequently, however, it may he mown and grazed
as clover, or other similar crops.

LYSIMA'CHIA EPHE'MERUM.

var. major.

L.\RGE EPHEMERL’M LOOSE-STRIFE.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

PRIMUI.ACE.E.

Native of

Heiifht.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Spain.

3 feet.

July, Sept.

Perennial

in 18t0 ?

No. 1018.

Lysimachus, king of Thrace, is set forth, in
ancient history, as a -warrior and physician; hence,
we presume, the honour conferred on him, of
adopting his name to distinguish a plant.

Considerable confusion has prevailed amongst
the species and varieties of Lysimachia, and in
this, Ejihememm has been involved. Miller's
name, Salicifolia, and Dubia of the Hortus Kewen-
sis, are sometimes given to this species, which may
arise from the e.xistence of seedling varieties like
the present. Under No. 982 we published the
plant usually met with as Ephememm ; the pre-
sent, although supposed to be distinct from it,
is but a large variety, probably the offspring of a
continental garden. It is of upright handsome
growth, above a yard high ; its leaves of darker
colour, and more prominently dotted beneath than
the common variety.

Lysimachia ephemerum is a plant on which a
little extra attention will not be lost. It luxuriates
in a rich soil, so that if supplied with guano water
or other liquid manure, it would far excel its usual
appearance.

LIL'IUM BKONOSAE'TII.
beonosart’s lily.

Class.

HEXANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LILIACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Japan.

6 feet.

September

Perennial

in 1843.

No. 1019.

It must not be inferred, because we use the
name Lily for a certain class of plants, that the
Greeks applied their name leieion, whence ours
is derived, to distinguish the same flowers. What
the “Lily of the fields,” of Holy Writ, was, it is
now impossible to ascertain — probably an Amaryl-
lis, a species or two of which are natives of the
fields of Palestine, and consequently would come
under the immediate notice of our Saviour.

We are indebted to the Messrs. Pope, of Hands-
worth, for this specimen of Lily, which they
received in 1843, from the continent, under the
name here adopted ; it is not, however, certain
that it is distinct from Lancifolium album ; but
appears to be one of those “variations without a
difference” which disgrace some of the continental
nurseries. The adoption of new names to old
plants, and the use of popular names to inferior
varieties of such as Roses and florists’ flowers,
have long been subjects of much complaint by
respectable English nurserymen and amateurs.

It is e.xceedingly handsome, and, doubtless, one
of the collection brought from Japan, by Dr.

Siebold, to the Botanic Garden of Ghent. This
consisted of upwards of twenty species, part only
of which have yet reached England.

The first enquiiy of any one intending to pur-
chase this plant, would be, “Is it hardy?” To
this we reply, that in the Handsworth nursery it
has nourished in the open border, in the front of a
greenhouse, from the time it was first received ;
notwithstanding this, we would advise, until its
hardihood he further proved, that a little matting,
moss, or straw, he placed over it, during winter.

The heautiful Lily, rising from its scaly tomh,
is prettily alluded to by Mrs. Tighe.

“ How wither’d, perish'd, seems the form
Of yon obscure, unsightly root!

Yet from the blight of wintry storm,

It hides secure the precious fruit.

The careless eye can find no grace,

No beauty in the scaly folds.

Nor see within the dark embrace
What latent loveliness it holds.

Yet in that bulb — those sapless scales.

The Lily wraps her silver vest,

’Till vernal suns and vernal gales

Shall kiss once more her fragrant breast.

And thou, O Virgin Queen of Spring;

Shalt, from the dark and lowly bed,

Bursting thy green sheath’s silken string.

Unveil thy charms, and perfume shed ;

Unfold thy robes of purest white.

Unsullied from their darksome grave.

And thy soft petals silvery light.

In the mild breeze unfetter’d wave.”

GENTIA'NA SEPTEMTIDA.

SEVEN-CLEFT GENTIAN.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. DYGYNIA.

Natural Order.

GENTIANACE a;.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Persia.

1 foot.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1804.

No. 1020.

Gentius was one of the ancient kings of Illyria
— a small European state, near to Italy, the bound-
aries of which cannot now he correctly defined.
He, like Lysimachus, was an adept in medical as
well as military tactics. The name, septemfida,
was originally given to this species in allusion to
its corolla being sometimes seven-cleft ; which is,
however, of very rare occurrence.

It has been thought desirable that the genus
Gentian should be divided, and several continental
botanists have tried their skill in effecting this; we
have in consequence Pneumonanthe, the name of
the pi’esent species ; also Euratharia, Eiyculia,
and several others, new to our gardens, which we
are unwilling to adopt.. It will be seen that our
plant has not the accessory jagged segments of the
corolla so prominent as they are sometimes met
with, still it must be regarded only as a seedling
variety. The spotting of the corolla arises wholly
from cultivation, therefore it should not be adopted
as a mark of even a variety.

Gentiana septemfida flourishes in peat, in a cool
situation.

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GENISTA AN'GLICA.

ENGLISH PETTY-WHIN.

Clots. Order.

MONADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.

LEGUMINOS^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Inhabits

Britain.

18 inches.

May, June.

Shrub.

Heaths.

No. 1021.

The uncertainty in which the derivation of some
botanical names is enveloped makes every attempt
to bring their origin clearly to view veiy unsatis-
factoiy. Whether the present word, Genista, is
founded on the Latin genu, the knee ; the Celtic
gen, a bush; or whether it may not have had a
Greek root, is now but matter of conjecture. Whin
is a name applied to the Gorse ; hence the Gen-
ista Anglica has obtained the name Petty-whin.

It is an inhabitant of many parts of England,
on moist heaths; and Gerai’d observes, that in his
day, it grew on Hampstead Heath, near London.
He says “ It hath weak and flexible branches of a
woody substance; whereunto do grow little leaves
like those of Thyme ; among which are set in num-
bers infinite most shai’p prickles, hurting like
needles, whereof it took its name.” Gerard here
alludes to the name Needle-furze, by which it is
sometimes known.

The Genista Anglica forms a neat evergreen
close-growing shrab. It gives useful relief to the
borders in winter, and is very ornamental when
flowering in profusion in summer.

256.

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CH^NOS'TOMA POLYAN'TIIUM.

MANY- FLO WEBED CH.ENOSTOMA.

Class. Order.

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

Natural Order.

SCROPIUJLARIACE-®.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Du ration.

Introduced

S. Africa.

1 foot.

June, July.

Perennial.

in 1810?

No. 1022

The above generic name, which was adopted by
Mr. Bentham, is derived from the Greek chaino,
to gape ; and stoma, a mouth ; it alludes to the
wide throat of the corolla.

Chajnostoma contains many species ; few of
which, however, have been introduced to British
gardens. They are, chiefly, greenhouse shrubs,
natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and the south-
ern portions of Africa.

This newly-introduced plant has been much
recommended for what the professional gardener
calls “bedding out;” that is, for planting in masses,
or distinct beds; but it is of rather too tender a
constitution for the purpose. Cold weather, a wet
summer, or too retentive a soil, prevent it showing
in perfection, all the beauty it possesses ; for
beauty it does possess, when successfully grown.

Chsenostoma polyanthum has a pretty appear-
ance, in a dry border, and remains long in flower;
but we fear it cannot, with any certainty, be pre-
served, but in a greenhouse, or by careful house-
nursing. Cuttings of the young shoots may be
struck under a bell-glass, in a hotbed.

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KHODODEN'DRON FRA'GRANS.

FRAGRANT RHODODENDRON.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
ericacea:.

Of hybrid

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised in

^origin.

3 feet.

May.

Shrub.

1830.?

No. 1023.

The_^ origin of the name of the genus, Rhodo-
dendron, has-been lately noticed, under No. 970.

The* species, or rather variety, Fragrans, is so
generally received from the nurseries, into collec-
tions, under this appellation, that we adopt it in
preference to giving it as a variety of Ponticum,
there being so]many in cultivation, having a similar
origin ; but very few "svith the distinguishing differ-
ence of being fragrant. This cannot justly be said
to be a natural character of the Rhododendron;
the present plant is, however, prominently so. By
its fragrance, and our figure, the true plant Avill be
readily recognised ; and a more ornamental one
need not be possessed ; although, in depth of colour,
it does not vie with those hybrids which have
been in part derived from Rhododendron arbo-
reum ; as a compensation it possesses superior
hardihood, for it is never injured by the severest
frosts.

In the Arboretum Britannicum we find it men-
tioned that “The Rhododendron was well known
to the Greeks both by that name, and by the name
of Rododaphne, or the Rose Laurel. The Romans

also were acquainted with this shnib ; but, as
Pliny observes, they had not the good fortune to
give a name to it; for it was in ancient Italy, as it
is at present throughout Europe, known principal-
ly by its Greek name. The ancients were well
acquainted with the poisonous qualities of the
Rhododendron and Azalea, both of which are
abundant in Pontus; and the flowers had such an
influence on the honey of the country, that the
Romans would not receive it in tribute, but obliged
the inhabitants of that part of Pontus to pay them
a double portion of wax in lieu of it. Both the
Rhododendron and the Azalea were abundant in
the neighbourhood of Trebisond, in the time of
Xenophon, and they still are so. Xenophon
relates, that when the army of 10,000 Greeks, in
their celebrated reti'eat, approached that city, his
soldiers, having eaten the honey which they found
in the environs, were seized with severe sickness,
followed by a species of delirium, and apparent
drunkenness.”

Turner, in his Herbal, seems to have had this
story in view, when, in 1508, he wrote the follow-
ing passage. “I have sene thys tre (the Rhodo-
daphne) in diverse places of Italy ; but I care not
if it never com into England, seying it in all
poyntes lyke a Pharesy ; that is, beauteous without,
and within a ravenous wolf and murderer.” It
seems probably, however, that it was not the
Rhododendron ponticum that communicated the
deleterious properties to the honey used by the
Greek soldiers, but the Azalea pontica; its delete-
rious effects having been proved in modern times.

CLE'THRA ACUMINATA.

ACUMINATE CLETHRA.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. .MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ERICACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

Carolina.

10 feet.

Aug. Oct.

Perennial.

in 1806.

No. 1024

The name, Clethra, seems originally to have
been conferred on the Alder, and its derivation
was, most likely, made applicable to that plant.
See No. 968.

This species of Clethra is of far bolder growth
than either of the preceding which we have pub-
lished. On the high mountains of Carolina it is
frequently met with, assuming more of the character
of a tree than a shnib ; and attaining the height
of fifteen feet, or even more. Haring the smaller
species as low shrubs, this may be recommended
to be planted at the back of the shmbbery, or near
the centre of the clumps; and by giving encourage-
ment to a leading shoot, and pmning away its
lower branches, an ornamental tree may soon be
formed.

The Clethra acuminata is a late flowerer; it will
scarcely deign to e.xhibit its softened white spikes
of blossoms till September, when all its arboreous
neighbours have passed their season’s prime, and
are preparing to meet the rigours of winter.

A peaty soil should be chosen for this Clethra;
in which its roots will afibrd increase.

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LOBE'LIA RAMO'SA.

BRANCHING LOBELIA.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
lobeliacea;.

Native of Height. Flowers in j Duration. i Introduced
Swan Riv. ISinches. June, Oct. |Perennial.' in 1838.

No. 1025.

The name of this genus, founded on that of
Lohel, has been lately noticed. See No. 988.

Although this plant is perennial, it is most
easily managed, in the open garden, as a half-hardy
annual ; a treatment which is well suited to its
habit. In a light rich soil, it grows very freely,
and continues flowering, in great beauty, through
the latter part of the summer. Although we can-
not admit it to be so splendid a flowerer as some
of the brilliant scarlet and crimson Lobelias, still,
Mr. Bentham’s assertion in “ The Botanist ” is
correct, where he says “ It is by far the most ele-
gant of all the herbaceous Lobelias.” Its fine
blue flowers, erected on their slender branches,
from one to two feet high, are certainly elegant
and attractive. It was first imported to this
country by Captain Mangles, to whom florists are
indebted for many novelties.

Its seeds should be sown on a slight hotbed ;
the plants, when in rough leaf, should be potted,
three in a pot; and in May turned into the borders.
The seeds are very minute, and require to be
attentively gathered.

ILLE'CEBRrM VERTICILLATEM.

WHOKLEU KNOTGRASS.

Class.

PENTANDRU.

Order.

MONOGYN14.

Natural Order.

ILI.ECEBRACEA!.

Native of

Hei"hl.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

Englaiul

3 inches.

July, Aug.

Annual.

Boggy ])la.

No. 1026.

Pliny mentions the name lllecebra, as used by the
Italians; from whom we derive our generic name
Tllecebrum, signifying enticing, or pretty. The
Italians, it would appear, applied it to a species of
Sedum; but the imperfect descriptions, given by
ancient botanists, leave us, in most instances,
doubtful of the identity of their plants.

This is a scarce little annual, erroneously called
perennial by some writers ; an error which has been
perpetuated by subsequent copying. It is a native
of the west of England, but we believe rarely met
wdth, although Withering intimates the contrary.
The milder districts of the European continent
are its natural habitat, where it is frequent, in
rather marshy places. Ireland, too, claims it as
one of her children, — an inhabitant of the moun-
tains, near Dublin.

The lllecebiTim ve.ticillatum, requires merely to
be once sown on peat soil, that retains a good por-
tion of dampness, and here it rvill luxuriate, flower,
and sow itself ; so as to I'equire no further care
than thinning in the spring; retaining only the
quantity of plants that are necessary.

” J"

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(EXOTHE'RA SERO'TINA

LATE-FLOWERING (ENOTHERA.

Class.

OCTANDRIA .

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACEAE.

Native of 1

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

N.. America]

2 feet.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1820.

No. 1027.

Very many of our readers will, doubtless, re-
member the meaning of the word QSnothera, as
explained by so ancient an authority as Theophras-
tus ; nevertheless, for the convenience of numerous
additional subscribers, since the commencement of
the ‘Fruitist,’ it is desirable that we make the future
portion of the work independent of the former. The
combination of the G reek oinos, wine ; and thera,
catching or acquiring ; alludes to the roots acquir-
ing, as they become diy, a vinous perfume.

This plant is very variable in its appearance, as
to size, and the luxuriance of its foliage ; but in
all its variations it is a showy and free flowerer.
The plant here represented, had been removed late
in the season; and the tmth of our ailist’s pencil,
carries the influence of the operation to the eye of
the reader. Dr. Lindley thinks that (Enothera
serotina may reasonably be considered a variety of
Fruticosa. Although it may be difficult to distin-
guish these plants botanically, still, in cultivation,
their habit is seen to be so distinct, that they can
never be mistaken. It is quite hardy, and inde-
pendent of the cultivator’s solicitude.

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DELPHI'NIUM VENUS'^rUM.

PRETTY ].ARKSPUR.

Class. Order.

POLYANDRIA. TRIGYNIA.

Natural Order.

RANUNCULACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

India.

2 feet.

August.

Perennial.

in 1840.?

No. 1028.

The systematic name, Delphinium, which was
adopted for the Larkspur, by Linneus, subsequently
to its use by several of his predecessors, was dedu-
ced from the Greek delphinion. The term was
applied by the ancients, either to the Larkspur or
Aconite, from the Dolphin-like appearance of the
flower, before its e.xpansion. Gerard, who pub-
lished his Herbal in 1590, was very minute in his
details respecting the names of plants, and many
modern botanists have given their attention to this
subject. The late Sir James Edward Smith, the
elegant and moral flowings of whose highly cultiva-
ted mind, will long continue a pattern for succeed-
ing botanists, once told us that he had devoted
much time to this subject, when writing the botan-
ical articles for Rees's Cyclopiedia. It may be
mentioned that he was the author of the whole of
the botanical part of this work, subsequently to the
letter C.

As a specimen of Gerard's style of dealing with
the names of plants, we will copy his observations
on the Delphinium or Larkspur. It exhibits a
fair specimen of his style. He says, “ Lark’s heel

is called Flos Regius: of divers, Consolida regalis;
who make it one of the Consounds or Comfreys.
It is also thought to be the Delphinium which
Dioscorides describes in his third book; wherewith
it may agree. It is reported by Gerardus of
Veltwijcke, who I’emained Lieger with the great
Turk from the Emperor Charles the fifth, that the
said Gerard saw, at Constantinople, a copy which
had in the chapter of Delphinium, not leaves but
flowers, like Dolphines ; for the flowers, and espe-
cially before they be perfected, have a certain shew
and likeness to those Dolphines, which old pictures
and arms of certain ancient families have expressed
with a crooked and bending figure or shape ; by
which sign also the heavenly Dolphin is set forth.
And it skilleth not, though the chapter of Delphini-
um be thought to be falsified and counterfeited; for
although it be some other man’s, and not of Dios-
corides, it is, notwithstanding, some one of the old
writers,’ out of whom it is taken, and foisted into
Dioscorides' books : of some it is called Bucinus,
or Bucinum : in English, Lark's spur. Lark’s heel.
Lark’s toes, and Lark’s claw : in high Dutch, Ridder
spooren; that is, Equitis calcar, Knight’s spur: in
Italian, Sperone: in French, Pied d' alouette.”
With the specimen from which our di'awing was
made, we were favoured by Mr. Cameron, who
raised it in the Birmingham Horticultural Society’s
garden, from Indian seeds. It is new to British
collections, and undescribed in any of our botanical
works. It is not very hardy, but ripens abundance
of seeds, from which it can be proj)agated easily
and abundantly.

Tra.de9cantia Mr^nictt.

Jasmintun affinis.

Aster CabuUcus.

Tixiximon j|tlauram.

TRADESCAX'TIA YIRGIN'ICA.

VIRGINIAN SPIDERWORT.

Class. Order.

ilEXANDRIA. >IONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CO.MMELINACE^.

Native of I Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

N. America 18 inclies.

May, Oct.

Perennial.

in 1629.

No. 1029.

Every lover of natural hi.story should cultivate
the Tradescantia, that he may be reminded of John
Tradescant, after whom it is named. Tradescant's
enthusiasm as a naturalist, was far in advance of
the age in which he lived. He collected the works
of both nature and art ; and formed, at Lambeth,
in the reign of Charles T, a museum that was
usually known as Tradescant’s Ark. It e.vcited
the admiration of some — perhaps the ridicule of
others. This he left to his son, who increased it
considerably, and bequeathed it to Mr. Ashmole —
a man of highly cultivated mind. Here we see
the establishment of the first public institution of
the sort — the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford; for
to this university Mr. Ashmole presented it, with
various valuable additions; which have been fur-
ther added to by subsequent scientific donors.

This double-flowering variety of rose-coloured
Tradescantia Virginica is a pretty plant for the
parterre. It is equally as hardy and free-flowering
as the better known blue-flowering Spiderwort.
Although double, it will ripen seeds, from which
single-flowered plants will spontaneously spring up.

2.58.

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JASMI'NUM AFFI'NE.

KINDRED JASilXNE.

Class. Order.

diandria. monogynia.

Natural Order.
jasminacea;.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration

Introduced

£. Indies.

15 feet.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1842.

Mo. 1030.

The word Jasminum is generally supposed to
be derived from two Greek words, signifying violet-
scented. Or, as was obseiwed by Dr. Royle, it
may have had its origin in the Arabic name,
Yasmeen.

The Jasminum affine was raised in the London
Horticultural Society’s gai’dens, from Indian seeds,
and proves to be completely hardy. Its flowers
are longer than those of the J asminum officinale —
the common species of our gardens, and the tube
of the flower is pink ; still, those distinctions
which may be considered permanent, are so tnvial,
that it may be reasonably doubted whether the plant
be really entitled to the rank of a distinct species.

The common, or officinal Jasmine, is the flower
of the palace and the cottage, and has long been
esteemed for its fragrance. Our newly-introduced
plant is even more fragrant than the older inhab-
itant of our gardens ; and will be more valuable to
those who use the flowers in any preparations for
the toilet. The French are noted for their numer-
ous compositions of sweet-scented oils, pomades,
and essences, and the following are two that are

easily made, and may interest some of our readers.
Jasmine Pommade. (Cyclop, of Practical Recipes.)

“ Take a frame, formed of four pieces of wood,
two inches deep, and one foot square, with a groove
arranged to support a piece of glass, which is to
form a moveable bottom ; on this spread a layer of
the following pommade.”

“Beef suet, one part. Lard, three parts.” “Into
this stick fresh Jasmine flowers, in different parts
every day, or every other day, for one, two, or
three months, or until the pommade is sufficiently
scented.”

“In this way, in some of the large manufactories
in France, are treated from 2000 to 5000 frames,
which are piled on each other to a convenient
height, by which method the pertume is prevented
escaping ; or what flies off is absorbed by the sur-
rounding frames.”

Oil of Jasmine.

“Take an iron plate, on this place a cotton cloth,
imbued with olive oil, then a layer of flowers, and
lastly an iron plate ; repeat the series as conveni-
ent, and change the flowers for fresh ones until a
proper scent is imparted ; then apply pressure,
collect the oil in glass bottles, and let it rest until
fine ; lastly, pour off the clean.”

Jasminum affme may be propagated readily by
layers or cuttings; and, to be grown in perfection,
should be trained against a wall of south aspect.
In spring-pruning the Jasmine, care should be
taken that the blossoming shoots are not cut off,
but laid in. Prune freely immediately after
flowering.

TROX'IMON GLAU'CUM.

GLAUCOUS-LEAVED TBOXIMON.

Class.

SYNGENESIA.

Natural Order.

COJIPOSITjE.

Order.

fQCALIS.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Missouri.

1 foot.

June, July.

Perennial.

in 1811.

No. 1031.

The word Troximon, is deduced from the Greek
TBOXiMOs, eatable. This name was established by
Gaertner ; but how it was intended to apply to any
plants of the genus does not appear. Linneus hav-
ing received the plant from his friend and fellow-
worker, Gronovius, placed it in the genus Trago-
pogon, whence it was removed by Gaertner, at the
time of his adopting the new name.

This hardy perennial plant — not annual, as
stated by some writers, is, notwithstanding its
Dandelion aspect, by no means an undesirable
ornament; its glaucous foliage too, is neat and
unobtrusive, offering a good illustration of the
impropriety of placing too much reliance on the
clothing of plants, as a specific character. Some
leaves of this Troximon will be found entirely
smooth and glaucous, whilst others have their supe-
rior surface abundantly clothed with long silky
hairs.

The Troximon glaucum succeeds best in a light
dry soil, where it will produce stoloniferous shoots,
from which young plants will spring up at some
distance from the parent root.

«

ASTER CARUL'ICUS.

CABTTL STARWORT.

Class. Order.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLCA.

Natural Order.

COMPOSITE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in Duration.

Introdueed

Cabul.

2 feet.

Aug. Sept. 1 Perennial.

in 1843.

No. 1032.

The derivation of Aster is given under No. 1010.

This genus includes a gi’eat number of species,
upwards of one hundred and sixty being already
enumerated in Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus —
most of them hardy herbaceous plants ; the few
that are shrubby being tender, and chiefly natives
of the Cape and New Holland. This peculiarity
now no longer exists, for we have lately had intro-
duced from India, a hardy shrubby Aster, and
which has not previously been figured. Its seeds
were sent to the London Horticultural Society, by
Wm. Griffith, Esq., now Superintendent of the
Botanic Garden of Calcutta.

The flowers of this novel species are not brilliant
in colour, but like some others of the same family,
what they lack in beauty they make up in quantity.
In former years the North American Asters stood
forth, with a few annuals, the gay monopolists of
the garden, in autumn ; but of late, with the excep-
tion of one or two species, they occupy the rear
rank of shady retreats.

The Aster Cabulicus may be increased abun-
dantly by dirision of its roots.

GAZA'NIA UNIFLO'RA.

ONE-FLOWERED GAZANIA.

Class. Order.

SYNGENESIA. FROSTRANEA.

Natural Order.
composite;.

Native of Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

C.G.Hope. 1 foot.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1816.

No. 1033

The eastern word, Gaza, on which the name,
Gazania, has been established, signifies treasure,
or riches ; and as such has been applied to places
and things. Although Gaza of the Scriptures is
now, as it was in the days of the Evangelists, ac-
cording to St. Luke, but a “desert place,” it was,
doubtless, once a city of splendour. The plant
may remind us of the instability of riches ; and if
we further reflect on Gaza, we are also reminded
of him who bore away its gates, a man who, as
Bishop Hall says, was evidence of vigour of body
and infirmity of mind lodging under one roof.

Under No. 415 Gazania rigens was published,
— a plant of which we would remind our readers,
as one of great beauty, marked with a black velvety
ring in the centime, far sui-passing our present sub-
ject in brilliancy. Gazania uniflora is, however,
with its foliage of white beneath, and green above,
a desirable border plant, which long continues to
produce abundance of flowers.

It should be turned into the open ground in
May, and a portion taken up and potted in Octo-
ber, to have frame or other protection.

259.

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TRIFO'LIUM LUPINAS'TER.

LUPINASTER TREFOIL.

Class.

DIADELPHIA.

Natural Order.

LEGL'MINOS.£.

Order.

DECANDKIA.

Native of

Height.

fiowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Siberia.

2 feet.

July, Aug.

Perennial.

in 1741.

No. 1034.

Trifolium, a word descriptive of a three-leaved
plant. The present genus is well suited to hear
the name, notwithstanding the plant now pub-
lished happens to form a singular exception; inas-
much as its leaflets, produced from one foot-stalk,
vary from three to seven, hut are usually five. This
peculiarity of foliage, which resembles that of a Lu-
pine, obtained for it the specific name Lupinaster.

This species of Trifolium is ornamental in the
borders ; and its mode of infloresence — the flowers
growing from one side of the peduncle, assists in
distinguishing it from common sorts. Although a
perennial plant, and completely hardy, it is not
often met with. This may be accounted for by its
apparent desire for change of soil, for it produces
stoloniferous roots, which wander in search of food,
and if these be not taken off and replanted occa-
sionally, they will not continue long insensible to
such disregard ; hence we see, that without some
attention be given it, like many of even our com-
monest plants, it will pine and leave us. No
friendship can be permanently maintained without
the observ’ance of kindly attentions.

Mr. Babington, in his Manual of Botany, enu-
merates twenty-one species of Trefoil as indigenous
to Great Britain ; half of these may, however, be
regarded as botanical curiosities rather than com-
mon or forage plants. In the science of agricul-
ture (agriculture well deserves the title of science)
several Trefoils are esteemed as valuable ; particu-
larly Trifolium pratense, or Red Clover, and Tri-
folium repens, or White Clover. The former of
these is exceedingly valuable, not alone on account
of its abundant ju'oduce, but also on account of its
restoration of land to a state fitted again for the
cereal grains, as wheat, &c. But here, we are sorry
to mention, that the science of agriculture is yet
exceedingly imperfect. Practice has shown disap-
pointing results, but science has not yet (as we
expect it will) explained the remedy. Clover can-
not be frequently cultivated on the same laud. The
same may be said of other crops, but their results
are less striking. The land, as the farmer says,
tires of it; and the fact is, becomes incapable of
producing it. Several crops of this Clover, even at
intervals of two or three years, will so emjity the
soil of the particular sort of food it requires, that
succeeding crops upon the same land will be fam-
ished. The usual manures prove unavailing. The
earth's storehouse must again be gradually replen-
ished by absoiqjtion from rains and the atmosphere.
Here is a fact — shown by practice, and hitherto
irreparable. Science, ere long, may be expected
to su2>iily the remedy, and assist the farmer in re-
plenishing his soil, with the same certainty as by
the growth of any crop it is imjioverished.

RI'BES MULTIFLO'RUM.

MANY-FLOWERED CURRANT.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. WONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.
grossclacea:.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Hungary.

5 feet

April, May.

Shrub.

in 1822.

No. 1035.

The name of our present genus is said to be of
Arabic origin, from Ribas, the name of a medi-
cinal plant. Its parentage accounts for the irregu-
larity of its adjective.

Among the numerous species of Ribes with
which our gardens and shnibberies have been
furnished, from America, none have been found
valuable for their fniit. Few, if any, reduce it
freely ; and its quality is generally harsh and
unpalatable, but possessing flavour or fragrance,
which, with proper modification, and in combina-
nation with SAveetness, would be acceptable to the
taste of most persons. When we consider how
unpromising would be thought the original parents
of our now most valuable fmits, it is not too much
to e.xpect, that by a series of patiently well-directed
experiments in the culture of these shrabs, from
seeds, both with and without hybridization, some
valuable new varieties of fine-flavoured fniits may
be obtained.

The fniit of Ribes multiflomm we have not
seen; its flowers are in long pendulous racemes,
and showy ; and the shnib grows freely.

HABENA'RIA CHLORAN'THA.

GREAT BUTTERFLY ORCHIS.

Class. Order.

GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA.

Natural Order.

ORCHIDACEiE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Inhabits

England.

18 inches.

June, July.

Perennial.

Woods.

No. 1036.

Habenaria is a name which was adopted by
Robert Brown, from the Greek habena, a leather
strap; in allusion to the long spur of the flower.

The two British species, Habenaria chlorantha,
and Habenaria bifolia, have, till lately, been con-
founded by British botanists, and regarded as one
species only, under the name bifolia ; whilst, by
continental botanists, they have been clearly dis-
tinguished. The fact is, according to Mr. Babing-
ton, that the plant commonly met wdth in England,
is chlorantha ; bifolia being comparatively scarce.
The last mentioned species is smaller, flowers
earlier, and is chiefly found in chalk or limestone
districts; whilst chlorantha inhabits copses, and
marshy clay soils.

The native orchids may be successfully grown in
a mixture of loam, peat, and sand ; with charcoal
sufficient to keep the soil free and open. They are
best kept in pots, that they may be protected from
too much moisture whilst in a dormant state, and
also for protection from spring frosts. The soil
should be renewed every spring, just as the plants
make their appearance.

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FU'CHSIA JEPHSO^NI.

DK. JEPHSON’s fuchsia.

Class.

OCTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGVNIA.

Natural Order.
onagracea;.

Of hybrid

Height.

Flowers

Habit.

Raised

Origin.

3 feet.

June to Oct-

Shrub.

in 1845.

No. 1037.

This plant veiy hapjiily unites two names of
celebrity. Fuchsius was an eminent physician of
Tubengen, in Wurtemberg; Jephson an eminent
physician of Leamington, in England. We are
indebted to the politeness of the latter for the
beautiful Fuchsia which we now figure, it having
been raised in his garden at Leamington, and will
be coveted as much for the name it bears as for
its novelty and beauty.

It will be observed that we have given an outline
of a second flower, which was kindly sent to us by
the Messrs. Dickson, the extensive nurserymen
of Chester, under the name of Fuchsia acantha.
This we did not receive till our engraving of the
first-mentioned variety had been executed, or we
may have contrived to give a coloured figure of
each in juxtaposition. It will be looked on with
interest, being, as it is, another novelty of the sea-
son, having white tube and sepals, and being some-
what larger than the preceding one.

The numerous Fuchsias already in our gardens
are, we are convinced, divided into too many spe-
cies ; their character, when propagated from seeds,

200.

we have observed to vary exceedingly, even with-
out hybi’idisation. Dr. Lindley, excepting in mere
habit, can discover no difference between discolor,
tenella, and gracilis. Da\dd Don pronounced gra-
cilis, conica, decussata, and globosa to be one
species ; and Sir J. W. Hooker says he is probably
right. The tw'o garden varieties -which we here
publish, belong to the same section.

The foliage of the Leamington and Chester
Fuchsias is nearly alike. The tubes and sepals of
each, whilst in the greenhouse, are of a tolerably
clear white, but on being fully exposed to the wea-
ther, they assume a very slight tinge of pink. Dr.
Jephson’s Fuchsia the least so. The corolla of this
is deep rose-coloured, slightly tinged with purple ;
that of the Messrs. Dickson’s plant a bright Ver-
million. Judging from the two plants now before
us, both of which are of free growth, and w’ell flow-
ered, the Chester plant is most robust, its flowers
largest; the Leamington 2^1ant the most freely
flowered, and its sepals the clearest white.

Eespecting the parentage — that is, the immediate
varieties of which these white-flowered Fuchsias
are seedlings, we have no information, nor is it
perhaps of much imjiortance. The Messrs. Dickson
gathered their seed promiscuously from the best
pale-flowered varieties, some of which had been
fertilized, the one with the other; and this, they
inform us, was the only one worth preservation out
of a great number of seedlings which they had
jjropagated. Both plants are interesting additions
to the present multifarious stock of Fuchsias, lately
raised, and should be added to every collection.

PETROMA'RULA PINNA'TA.

WING-LEAVED EOCK-HEEB.

Class. Order.

PENTANDIUA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

CAMPANULACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Candia.

3 feet.

August.

Perennial.

in 1830.

No. 1038.

The name of the present genus is compounded
from the Greek petea, a rock; and maeon, a bitter
herb. The reason why such a name w’as first
adopted is sufficiently evident, and it may be pre-
sumed that for the plant under consideration it is
also appropriate, since Don says it is frequent on
the rocky shores and mountainous parts of Candia,
and also on Mount Balbo in Italy.

Notwithstanding English botanists have taken
this plant from amongst the Phytheumas and
adopted the new genus for it, as established by
Persoon and Alphonse Decandolle, it has not been
without much doubt as to its propriety.

This plant becomes highly ornamental in the
borders, when in luxuriant growth, from its abun-
dance of flowering stems, each one amply clothed
with azure flowers. It was known to Parkinson,
and in 1640 was published at page 649 of his
Theatre of Plants.

It would be unsafe to leave the whole stock of
this plant exposed to a severe winter, it being
somewhat impatient of moisture. One or two
should be potted, to receive winter protection.

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BER'BERIS TRIFOLIA'TA.

THREE-LEAVED BARBERRY.

Class. Order.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

BERBERACE.®.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Mexico.

2 feet.

April.

Shrub.

in 1840.

No. 1039.

It is generally believed that the word Berberis,
with some modification, was used by the Arabian
alchymists, and applied to a wild fruit ; and but
little doubt exists that the berries mentioned by
Asiatic authors were those of the Barberiy which
we now cultivate.

The present rare and beautiful evergreen species
of Barberry was raised in the London Horticultu-
ral Society’s garden, from seeds sent home by the
Society’s collector, Mr. Hartweg; who, it appears,
found it between Zacatecas and San Luis de Potosi ;
where it greatly abounds; and with Opuntias and
Yuccas covers a large tract of countiy. Its trifoli-
ate leaves are a novelty in this genus; they have
a glaucous hue, spiny, and prominently marked
with pale veins. Sufficient attention has not been
paid to the many newly-introduced Barberries.
Many, like the present, are evergreen, and suitable
ornaments for the flower garden and shrubbery.
The Berberis empetiifolia, a prostrate one, is ad-
mirably adapted, by its habit, for spreading over
rock- work or stone boi'ders, and it increases rapidly
by offsets.

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SAXIF'RAGA CILIA'TA.

FBINGED SAXIFRAGE.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

Natural Order.

SAXIFRAGACEiE.

Native of Height Flowers in Duration. I Introduced

India. 8 inches. 3Iar. April. Perennial. I in 1842.

No. 1040.

The meaning of Saxifraga will be found under
No. 1000. Ciliata. signifying fringed, alludes to
the fine hairs on the edges of its leaves.

Eveijbody knows the Saxifraga crassifolia, it
being a plant in general cultivation, and found,
even in cottage gardens, expanding its ample,
rather fleshy leaves, accomiianied by a lai’ge and
somewhat clumsy bundle of pale pink flowers.
The species which we now publish resembles it,
but is a rather smaller plant, with its panicle of
flowers, when fully expanded, of a more spreading
and loose character ; and its flowers clear white.

Saxifraga ciliata was raised in the garden of the
London Horticultural Society, from seeds which
had been received from the Botanical Garden of
Saharunpur, Hindostan; a garden which, we be-
lieve, was originally established by the British
government, more immediately for the cultivation
of medicinal plants.

This Saxifrage is less hardy than the old inha-
bitant of our gardens, first alluded to ; it requires,
however, merely attention in choosing for it a dry
situation, and light soil.

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UO'SA CENTIFO'LIA.

var pomponia

Mossy ROSE DE MEAUX.

Claxs.

ICOSANURIA.

Order.

POLYGYNIA.

Natural Order.
rosacea;.

Garden

Heiglit.

Flowers in

Habit.

Cultivated

variety.

2 feet.

June, July.

Shrub.

in 1820

No. 1041.

A colour took a name in an ancient language,
and from that name comes our word Rose, with
others of similar form and import in different
modem languages.

Centifolia is a species of Rose, with a multitude of
varieties, differing much in their common appear-
ance, hut still being identical in botanical descrip-
tion. The Cabbage Rose, Moss Rose, dwarf Pro-
vins and others, varying more or less from the
original, are legitimately centifolia, or hundred-
leaved Roses.

The little Pompone, or Rose de Meaux, has both
a plain and mossed variety; and scarcely can it be
said that any excels in beauty the one we have
here figured.

In some situations this Rose seems to pine for
a change, and grow less by degrees ; but we have
proved this to arise chiefly from deficiency of sti
mulants. Planted in light soil, freely mixed with'
manure, from an old hotbed, and annually treated
A\-ith a top-dressing of guano, as a new-year’s day
repast, we find it luxuriate, and well repay these

trifling but indispensable attentions.

261.

CORBULA'RIA LOBULA'TA.

SMALL-LOEED CORBULABIA.

Class. Order.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Satural Order.

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Native of

Height

Flowers in ' Duration.

Cultivated

is. Europe.

6 inches.

April, May.| Perennial.

in 1629.

No. 1042.

Adrian Hardy Haworth, Esq., identified about
one hundred and fifty species of Narcissus, which
he divided into sixteen new genera, founded on
differences in the stmcture of their flower or fruit.
His attentions to the subject, for nearly half a cen
tury, entitle his labours to respect. The genus
Corbularia is one of his adoption, the name being
derived from corbula, a little basket, in allusion to
the crown or nectary of the flower.

Parkinson, in his time, discussed the subject of
classification, but somewhat differently from mo-
dern botanists. He, in fact, made of them two
divisions — the Narcissus and Pseudo-narcissus;
or those with “long noses” and those with short.
See his Paradisus Terrestris, published in 1629,
folio, page 67.

Corbularia lobulata is a pretty but small species;
far less showy than the commoner kinds. We
received it from Mr. Cameron of the Birmingham
Horticultural Society’s garden, under the above
name, but w'e have doubts w'hether it is the plant
intended by Mr. Haworth as lobulata. It requires
no particular care.

ARMENPACA BRIGANTI'ACA.

BRIGANTIAN APRICOT.

Class. Order.

ICOSANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ROSACEA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

S. Europe.

6 feet.

March.

Shrub.

in 1819.

No. 1043.

The present genus is named Armeniaca, from
Armenia, the native country of the Apricot. The
name Priecocia was formerly given to this fruit,
from which, by various corruptions. Apricot has
been derived.

A flowering shrub is not the less desirable be-
cause it is allied to a fruit-bearing tree. Our com-
mon Apricot is, itself, a beautiful object in flower,
and may be trained as a shmb to afford an effect
quite different from that usually produced on a flat
wall. The Brigantian Apricot resembles it, and
forms a shrab of from six to ten feet high, and is
well suited for planting in the mixed shrubbery ;
where its white flowers, the very earliest in spring,
will be a pleasing intimation of forthcoming en-
joyments.

In the Hortus Britannicus it is said to grow
only in one locality in France, and in another in
Piedmont, where an oil, called Huille de marmotte,
has for a long time been expressed from its seeds.

Our climate is not favourable to the fmiting of
this shrub; it grows, however, with freedom and
flowers abundantly.

I

AL'OE REMOLI'TA.

CROOKED-STEMilED ALOE.

Class.

HEXANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

LII.IACE.E.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Cultivated

C.G.Hope.

16 inches.

August.

Perennial.

in 1835.

No. 1044.

Whether the word Aloe is derived from the
Hebrew, or Arabic language, it is now difficult to
determine. Some authors state that it comes from
Alloeh, the Arabic name of the plant. Others de-
rive it fi'om the Hebrew Ahlah, which signifies,
growing near the sea. To speculate on the uncer-
tainties that present themselves, would now afford
but little information.

This pretty succulent, which we have cultivated
as a window 2dant, amongst others of the same
family, demands so little care, that w'e recommend
it even to the most forgetful amongst cultivators.
If a lady leaves her home for two or three weeks
and her servants' attentions are, in consequence,
called to the cultivation of something more sweet
than bitter Aloes, this ^dant will tell no tales. A
month's thirst, even in summer, it can bear, and
in winter would require. Indeed, in the latter
season, for four or five months, in a cool situation,
secure from frost, it \dll neither want watering or
other attention. In summer, whilst in growth,
a moderate supjtily must be given, but the soil
should be of porous and calcarious quality; for

stagnant moisture is highly injurious to the whole
tribe of succulents. To avoid this, a compost of
equal parts of turfy loam, silver sand, broken mor-
tar from old walls, and half-decayed leaves, should
be used. In this we have found Aloes succeed
admirably; always having used, as an indispens-
able substructure, plenty of finely-broken drainers
at the bottoms of the pots.

Although Aloes, as a drug, is so well known, few
persons are acquainted with its origin. Indeed it
is with this, as with other medicines, particularly
those from exotic vegetables, that circumstances
combine, from the growth of the plant in the Indies,
to the apothecaries’ boy at home, to keep us in
blissful ignorance of what we consume in the shape
of pills and unijalatables. Jussieu saw the method
of preparing Aloes in Spain, and he states that
the three sorts in commerce are j^roduced from one
plant — the Aloe \ailgaris ; the finest, or Soccotrine,
being the inspissated juice that would flow' sponta-
neously from the incised leaves; whilst pressure
produced the commoner sorts.

The three varieties now in our dnig shops are,
however, chiefly from different countries. The
Soccotrine from Smyrna and Bombay, the produce
of the Aloe soccotrina. The Barbadoes from Jama-
ica and Barbadoes, produced by the Aloe vulgaris.
The Cape Aloes from the Cape of Good Hope, the
produce of Aloe spicata. So numerous are the
species of Aloe within the tropics that it is more
than probable, and generally believed, that the
makers do not confine themselves to the use of a
single species.

SPIR^'A DOUGLAS'II.

DOUGLASS SPIEA3A.

Class. Order.

ICOSANDRIA. DI-PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.
rosacea;.

Native of ,

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

N. America

4 feet.

August.

Shrub.

in 1 840 ?

No. 1045.

The Greek speira, signifpng a cord, is consi-
dered to be the foundation of the name of this
genus, and to be applied in allusion to its general
twiggy character.

This hardy shrub is a native of the north-west
coast of America, and the banks of the Columbia;
where it is mentioned as growing with much greater
luxuriance than experience would induce us to
exp *ct. We have given its height as four feet, but
its American height is stated at more than double
that amount, and in the Birmingham garden Mr.
Cameron observes that it promises to be of equally
free growth, both in peat and loam. With us it
has not, hitherto, grown freely; which, possibly,
may have arisen from the presence of too much
lime in the soil where it is planted; and the situa-
tion being rather diy.

We possess this plant through the kindness of
Mr. Murray, Curator of the Glasgow Botanic Gar-
den, who, we believe, raised it there from American
seeds ; and has not failed to distribute it with the
usual liberality which distinguishes that extensive
and interesting establishment.

262.

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LINA'RIA ALPI'NA.

Var. versicolor.

VAEIOUS-COLOCKED ALPINE TOAD-FLAX.

Class.

DIDYNAMIA.

Order.

ANGIOSPERMIA.

Satural Order.
scrophclariacea:.

Garden

Height.

Flowers

Duration.

Cultivated

Variety.

15 inches.

June to Nov.

Perennial.

in 184t.

No. 1046.

Li nan a, from Linum, on account of the resem-
blance of their herbage.

Under No. 305 we published Linaiia alpina, a
plant possessing much beauty. That which is now
figured is a vaiiety of the same species, but quite
distinct, and with flowers of veiy different and
stronger colours. Where the one has a place, the
other should be seen beside it.

By alpine plants, are understood, those which
inhabit the lofty regions of al2iine countries, and are
consequently of diminutive stature, carpeting the
mountains with flowers, and fringing their rocks
with verdure. These miniature productions of
alpine districts, humble as they are, excite an
interest in the inquiring mind, inasmuch as they
constitute the principal feature in the vegetation
of veiy lofty jiortions of the earth. We hear of these
humble yet showy subjects ; and desire to see and
to know them, that we may justly appreciate the
jjroducts of other countries. And although enough
surrounds us at every step to excite our wonder and
our gratitude, and convict us of ignorance; still,
when we are able to cast an imaginary glance over

tlie expanse of the earth’s surface, and to see there
a creation of vegetables and animals, different from
our own, all invested with forms, habits, and
requirements, suited to, and supplied by, the pecu-
liarities of the localities they inhabit, we are the
better supplied with materials for reflection on
the power and wisdom of a Divine Creator.

These alpine plants are seen to much advantage
when cultivated in pots, and brought beneath the
eye, into one concentrated miscellaneous collection.
Here the real lover of such subjects can contem
plate their peculiarities, when they spread out their
brilliant embroidery. However humble, they are
no unimportant link in the chain of creation.
Their im23ortance has been well expressed by
Stillingfleet —

“ How wondrous is the scene ! where all is form’d
With number, weight, and measure ! all design’d
For some great end ! where not alone the plant
Of stately growth, the herb of glorious hue.

Or food-full substance ; not the labouring steed.

The herd, and flock that feed us ; not the mine
That yields us stores for elegance and use,

The sea that loads our table, and conveys
The wanderer man from clime to clime, with all
Those rolling spheres, that from on high shed down
Their kindly influence j not these alone.

Which strike ev’n eyes incurious; but each moss.
Each shell, each crawling insect holds a rank
Important in the plan of Him, who fram’d
This scale of beings; holds a rank, which lost.
Would break the chain, and leave behind a gap
Which nature’s self would rue.”

MESTILUS GRANDIFLO'RA.

LAEGE-FLOWERED MEDLAR.

Class.

ICOSANURIA.

Order.

DI PENTAGYNIA.

Natural Order.
rosacea:.

Country

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

[ntrodueerl

Unknown.

12 feet.

May, June.

Tree.

in 1800.

No. 1047.

Mespilus is a word comj^ounded from the Greek
MESOS, half; and pilos, a bullet. The name does
not properly apply to the fruit of the species now
published ; it should, however, be observed, that
the specimen from which our drawing was made,
w'as longer in proportion to its diameter, than on
examination we find to be their general character.
To the shape of the fruit of Mespilus Germanicus,
or common Medlar of our gardens, the name is
sufficiently appropriate, this being nearly of the
shape of one half of a globe.

Mespilus grandiflora, sometimes called Mespilus
Smithii, is a round compact-headed large shrub,
attaining to the size of the common Hawthorn.
Early in summer it flowers most profusely, and
never fails to excite attention ; being more showy
than the Hawthorns, and its form handsomer. In
autumn its large reddish-bi’own fimit becomes con-
spicuous and ornamental ; its quality mellow, but
dry and insipid. Its generic character states it to
be five-celled ; Mr. Cameron has never discovered
in it more than three seeds, which number accords
with those of fruit now before us.

It is very advantageous to the shmbbery to
possess some such trees and sbmbs as the Mespi-
lus grandiflora ; that is, such as produce a double
interest. We have drawings prepared of some
species of Crategus, Ilex, &c., whose finit, like this
Mespilus, becomes as ornamental as their flowers ;
and although the frait of very few of such shrubs
may be grateful to the palate of the proprietor,
there will not be wanting for it numerous appli-
cants, when frost has locked up, or a protracted
winter exhausted, many of the sources of food
resorted to by the blackbird, the thnish, and a mul-
titude of minor dependants on the bounty of Him
who spreads out, as it rvere, a perennial repast for
their necessities and enjoyments. There are very
few, we believe, who can walk over their own
domains, enjoy the pleasures of its scenery, and the
variety of its vegetable productions, without at the
same time feeling some inward satisfaction, that
even the feathered inhabitants which surround
him are partakers of his hospitality — that he has
assisted, in some slight degree, in aiding the gra-
cious purposes of that Providence on which he him-
self is so totally dependant.

No difficulty arises in the culture of the Mespi-
lus grandiflora, for it will flourish in any good
garden soil when once properly planted. It may
be raised from seeds if desired, but it is more
generally projragated by grafting it on stocks of the
common Medlar or Hawthorn, and these may, of
course, be chosen of any height that is desired.
It may be increased, also, by layering of the young
branches, but they make root rather slowly.

/

MARRU'BIUM AFFI^NE.

KINDRED HOBEHOUND.

Class.

DIDYNAMIA.

Order.

GYMNOSPERMIA.

Natural Order.

LABIATE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers

Duration.

Cultivated

Siberia ?

2 feet.

June to Sep

Perennial.

in 1822.

No. 1048.

The derivation of the word Mariaibium is sur-
rounded with some doubt. Pliny has been quoted
as deriving the name from that of a town in Italy ;
but it is more generally admitted to be deduced
from the Hebrew word markob, signifying a bitter
juice. Horehound having been a medicinal plant,
of the old herbalists, it is probable that they would
bestow on it a name in allusion to its properties.

The present species is not a plant of gay appear-
ance, but may be advantageously mixed with showy
annuals and perennials, in the open borders or
mounds, as a specimen of its class, especially as it
is quite hardy.

The common Horehound, (Marrubium vulgare)
so frequently found growing wild on road-sides,
has long been used medicinally, by country people,
in the cure of coughs and asthmas ; a wine-glass
full of the infusion, or Horehound tea, as it is
most generally caUed, being taken twice or thrice
a day.

This Siberian species may be divided for increase ;
or it may be propagated from seeds, and the
plants will flower when about twelve months old.

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Campanula azurea.

(Cuothera rosea-

CAMPANULA AZU'REA.

A2UEE BELL-FLOWEK.

Class.

PENTANDRIA.

Order.

MONOGVNIA.

Natural Order.

CAMPANDLACEyE.

Natire of

Height.

Flowers iu

Duration.

Introduced

Switzerld.

1 foot.

June, July.

Perennial.

in 1778.

No. 1049.

Campanula has been lately noticed, under No. 903.

It has always been one amongst our chief aims,
as far as we possessed the power, to clear from the
path of those who seek botanical knowledge and
gratification, all asperities and verbal obstractions ;
as well as to strew that jsath with flowers, and here
and there, with matters of more serious import.
Words, very harsh to English ears, sometimes un-
avoidably occur, but we have always analysed them,
and given them their meaning, and often wished
their component parts less rugged. Dr. Lindley
has tried, and with some degree of success, to give
many of them an English dress, — but we will ex-
tract his own words from his late work, “The Veg-
etable Kingdom”. He says, “No one who has any
experience in the progress of botany, as a science,
can doubt that it has been more im24eded in this
countiT by the repulsive appearance of the names
which it employs than by any other cause what-
ever ; and that, in fact, this circumstance has
proved an invincible obstacle to its becoming'the
serious occujDation of those who are unacquainted
with the learned languages, or who, being ac-

26.3.

quainted with them, are fastidious about euphony,
or Greek and Latin purity. Many Latin names
have, from custom, been adopted into the Eng-
lish language, and no wisdom would be shown
by attempting to alter such words as Dahlia, Cro-
cus, Ixia, or even Orchis. Others again are so
easily sounded, and so much in harmony with
the English tongue, that nothing could be gained
by interfering with them ; such as Parkia, Mimosa,
Arbutus, &c. And, finally, there is a large class of
scientific names which are best Englished by an
alteration of their foreign terminations ; for ex-
ample, Melanthium may be changed to Melanth ;
Desmanthus to Desmanth ; and such an alteration
would at once possess the great advantage of ren-
dering English plural terminations passable.” An-
other class of words, as Malvaceae, Gentianaceae,
and Primulaceae, are Englished by the old word
wort (a herb); thus Mallow-wort, Gentian- wort,
Prim-wort. The terms Orchids, Amaryllids, Irids,
are taken as English equivalents for Orchidaceae,
Amaryllidaceae, and Iridaceae.

These changes will in many cases simplify
names, and we shall most willingly aid in remov-
ing any stumbling block from the jDaths of fra-
grance and beauty.

Campanula azurea is an excellent thoroughly-
hardy border plant, which begins to flower in June;
and by a little management, in cutting down the
blossoming stems, before they become quite ex-
hausted, and giving the plant a soaking or two of
liquid manure, it may be kept in flower till frosts
cut short the career of all floral gaiety.

CENOTHE'RA RO'SEA.

ROSY-FLOWEKED CENOTHERA.

Class. Order.

OCTANDRIA. AIONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ONAGRACE^.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

Peru.

2 feet.

May &. Aug.

Perennial.

in 1783.

No. 1050.

The derivation of CEnothera is given under No.
1005. We would remind our young readers that
the word, as generally spoken, is accented on the
wrong syllable ; at least, by careless and unedu-
cated persons.

CEnothera rosea is an old plant, almost lost;
except in colour it much resembles the generality
of the genus ; its flowers possess a delicacy that is
very pleasing, and when the plant is well grown in
the borders, they become showy. Unlike some
species of CEnothera, or Evening Primrose, its flow-
ers continue in perfection through the whole day.

In cultivation it possesses one advantage over
many others, which is, that it may be grown as an
annual, biennial, or perennial. It ripens seeds
pretty freely, and if these be sown as soon as ripe,
and the young plants kept in pots in a frame dur-
ing winter, they will flower early in the following
summer. Planted in a diy sandy soil, it bears
our winters perfectly well ; again, it may be treat-
ed as an annual, and if its early growth be accel-
erated in a hotbed, it will become a pleasing orna-
ment through the latter part of the summer.

RPBES ATROSAXGUT'XEUM-AUREUM.
goeden’s currant.

Class. Order.

PENTANDRIA. MONOG\NIA.

Natural Order.
grossclacea;.

Garden

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Raised

Variety.

6 feet.

April, May.

Shrub.

in 1837?

No. 1051.

The name, Ribes, is noticed under Xo. 189.

The first of this e.xtensive genus of shnihs which
we j^iiblished, was Ribes aureuni, Xo. 189 : the
next, Ribes sanguineuin, Xo. 377 ; and many cul-
tivators will not forget the pleasure they may have
had in possessing the one or other of these gay
fiowerers; especially sanguineum, which, as an
early-blossoming shinb, trained to a wall, is in
beauty sui^passed but by few. That which we now
publish is of hybrid origin, between the two spe-
cies mentioned; and, as a novelty, is worthy of
cultivation along A\ith its progenitors.

We arc indebted to the Messrs. Pope of Hands-
worth, for the opportunity of figuring it ; who state
that it was raised by Mr. David Beaton, whilst
gardener to Mr. Gorden of Haffield, near Ledbury.
Hence the plant is often known as Ribes Gordeni-
anum, but we prefer compounding the names of
its parents, to provide for it a distinctive appella-
tion, that will convey information.

Its culture is quite easy. It can be conveni-
ently increased by slippings of the young shoots,
taken in Febrtiary or at Midsummer.

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GAULTHE'RIA RETICULA'TA.

NET-LEAVED GAULTHERIA.

Class. Order.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Natural Order.

ERICACEjE.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Introduced

Mexico.

16 inches.

April, May.

Shrub.

in 1840.>

No. 1052.

This genus was named by Kalm in honour of a
Canadian botanist, — Dr. Gaulthier.

Under a veiy early number (17) we published
Gaultheria procumbens, a pretty, spreading, very
humble shntb, to which we would again call atten-
tion, from the beauty of its glossy, scarlet, eatable
berries, called by the Canadians partridge berries.

The present newly-introduced species is alto-
gether a different plant from jjrocumbens ; possess-
ing more of the general character of an Androm-
eda, to which genus Humboldt appended it. We
believe it to have been one amongst the collections
sent home by Mr. Hartweg; for, although the
shiTib has for many years been known to botanists,
as a native of the Andes of Quito, it has not till
lately been introduced to British gardens. Its
glabrous white flowers are very ornamental in the
early part of the summer. Mr. Cameron, to whom
we are indebted for this specimen, informs us that
it is a white-fruited species.

It may be propagated from cuttings, which will
strike root in silver sand, with bottom heat. It
will require a slight vrinter protection.

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Lobelia enaus .

OX'ALIS FLORIBUN'DA.

MANY-FLOWERED WOOD-SORREL.

Class.

DECANDRIA.

Natural Order.

OXALIDACE.®.

Order.

PENTAGYNIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers

Duration.

Introdueed

Brazil.

1 foot.

3Iay to Sep.

Perennial.

in 1829.

No. 1053,

Oxalis takes its name from the shaqi sour taste
of its juices. It should be observed that this is
not the plant published as Oxalis floribunda, in
the Botanical Register, No. 1123; that species
having proved to be Oxalis rosea.

Oxalis floribunda was, for some years, cultivated
only in the greenhouse, and it is quite w'orthy of
such situation ; it requires, however, no such nurs-
ing, having proved itself quite independent of pro-
tection. It is a most desirable plant for general
cultivation, being alike suitable for growth in pots
or in the open borders, and is an almost perpetual
flowerer.

Few plants are more desii’able or convenient
than Oxalis floribunda for window culture, being, as
it is, of easy management, and, as just mentioned,
a perpetual flowerer. It succeeds in any light
rich soil ; but when potted, should have a mixture
of turfy loam and peat, with sand sufl&cient to keep
the compost open and pervious. Give a good stra-
tum of drainers in the bottom of the pot. This
shoifld never be neglected, for on proper drainage
success often depends.

LOBE'LIA ERI'NUS.

LOBELIA ERINUS.

Class.

FENTANBRIA.

Natural Order.

LOBELIACE^.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Native of

Flowers

Duration.

Introduced

C.G.Hop6|

1 foot.

June to Sep.

Perennial.

in 1732.

No. 1034.

Lobelia, after Matthias de Lobel. See No. 988.

The genus Lobelia varies greatly in its size and
splendour, as may be seen by comparing the differ-
ent species, and their descriptions, which we have
already publislied. Some are small delicate bushes
only a few inches high ; whilst others grow strong
and erect, and in height exceeding that of man
in his loftiest jiroportions. The specimen from
which our drawing was made was obtained from the
nurseiy of the Messrs. Pope, of Handsworth, and
esteemed by them as a new variety, called grandi-
flora. It is much larger than the original species.

The genus Lobelia cannot, like Gentian, which
occupies the following article, claim a popularity
extending through all ages ; some of its species
liossess qualities, notwithstanding, which have been
highly appreciated in medical practice ; but they
are of variable character, and far more virulent and
dangerous than Gentian.

Lobelia erinus, like bicolor. No. 351, is a free-
flowering plant, but is better suited for pot culture
than for the borders. It should have frame pro-
tection in the winter.

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GENTIA'NA LU'TEA.

YELLOW GENTIAN.

Class.

PENTANDRIA

Order.

DIGYNIA.

Natural Order.
gentianacea;.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Duration.

Introduced

The Alps.

3 feet.

June &July.

Perennial

in 1.596

No. 1055.

Gentiana, a name adopted after Gentius, King
of Illyria. Gerard calls this plant Eel-wort; Eel
being derived, as Sir James Smith observes, from
EEL, signifying gall ; alluding to its extreme bitter-
ness, and not from Eell, the north-country appel-
lation of a mountain, as stated by some authors.

This is the officinal Gentian of our Pbarma-
copceas, and is now, as it has been from the earliest
ages of which we have any botanical records, well
known as a powerful medicinal plant. It is not
this pai’ticular species alone, but many others also
of Gentian, which possess the same properties ;
indeed almost every countiy has its native medici-
nal Gentian. Great Britain has the species Cam-
pestris and Amarella; Austria has Pannonica;
the European Alpine countries have both Lutea
and Punctata; the United States have Catesbiea;
Northern India has Kurroo; all possessing similar
properties. Thus the species of Gentian are dis-
tributed over the world ; each fitted for its respec-
tive climate, as if a beneficent Providence had
bestowed it on every people — its particular virtues
having been given to no other genus.

Bitterness prevails through the whole herh, hut
it is the root that is generally employed. The
earliest English description of the j^ilant which we
possess is that of Dr. Turner, a specimen of which
we will present to our readers, verbatim. He says,
“It is som tyme tw'O cuhites high : it hatlie a brode
lyght sede, in litle vesseles, som thinge rowghe or
chaffye lyke vnto the sede of the herhe called Spo-
dilion. The rowte is lyke vnto y' rowthe of longe
Aristolochia, it is thicke and bitter, and it growethe
in y'’ hyghe toppes of montaynes, & in shadowe
and waterishe places.” The same author states,
that “The vertue of the roote is hetinge and bynd-
ynge together. If it be dronke in the quantite of
ii drames, wyth j^eper me and wyne, it heljreth the
hytinge of serpentes.” We cannot follow Dr. Tur-
ner thimigh all the virtues of Gentian ; we may,
however, just mention, for the benefit of those who
patronise cosmetics, that “The rote scowreth away
the frekilles and foul spottes.”

It is not alone in ancient practice that the Gen-
tiana lutea has been regarded as valuable, for its
high medicinal character has been maintained
through all ages. The root is the part employed,
and, both in aqueous infusion, spirituous tincture,
and in extract, it is now extensively prescribed as
the best tonic and stomachic. As a bitter for malt
liquor, it is still frequently used, and is, doubt-
less, as wholesome as the hop itself, although
somewhat less jralatable.

In cultivation, the Gentiana lutea should have
peat mixed with the earth, and its situation should
be rather shady.

VACCIN'IUM MYRTIL'LUS.

MYRTLE BILBERRY.

Class.

OCTANDRIA.

Natural Order.

VACCINACE.E.

Order.

MONOGYNIA.

Native of

Height.

Flowers in

Habit.

Inhabits

Britain.

15 inches.

April.

Shrub.

Heaths.

No. 10.56.

Turner, in his translation of the Herbal of Rem-
bert Dodoens, who wrote about three hundred years
ago, says of this plant, “It may very well be called
in Latin Vacinia, bycause they be little berries, in
Latin Baccte ; for as some learned men write, the
word Vacinium commeth of Baccinium, and was
derived of Bacca ; and, without doubt, this name
agreeth better with them then the name of Myrtilli,
the whiche some doo call them by, yet these berries
be not the right Vacinia whereof Virgil writeth.”
Of common names this well-known fruit has se-
veral, Bilberry being the most common ; others
are, Bleaberry, Whortleberry, Whorts, Windberry,
Black-whorts, Hurts, and Hurtleberry.

Our plate represents both the flowers and fmit;
drawn in April and July, from specimens collected
on the Lickey Hills, Worcestershire.

In treating of the Vaccinium myrtillus, we can-
not render better sendee to our readers than by
explaining the uses of its berries, which, in some
districts, are so common as to be much neglected.
It is true, that, used in a fresh state, they possess
a flavour or flatness that prevents their becoming

favourites with many, even of those who do not re-
pudiate pastry; but, bottled as Gooseberries, with-
out sugar, and duly sweetened, when used. Bil-
berries for tarts, are superior, in the estimation of
many persons, to the Gooseberry or Currant.

Guiseppe Mannetti, in a communication to the
late Mr. Loudon, says that the mountaineers in a
district of Italy, when grapes ai'e scarce, make
wine, for their own use, of Bilberries. They gather
them, and put them in vessels to ferment, with about
four pints of water to each pound of fruit : thus
a wine is prepared, equal to that commonly drank
in the country from grapes. Further, he states,
that wine made of the juice only, of the Bilberry,
cannot be distinguished from the best of that ob-
tained from grapes.

An admirable wine from this fruit is said to be
made by the following recipe. To five gallons of
the fruit add five of cider, and five of water ; boil
this with fifteen pounds of sugar. Ferment in the
usual way, and add two ounces of red tartar, two
quarts of spirit of wine, an ounce of bruised ginger,
and a quarter of a pound of bruised bitter almonds.
The addition of red tartar accords with the recom-
mendation of M. Chaptal, the celebrated French
chemist, who was employed to investigate the me-
thods of wine-making in Finance; and the practice
would, we believe, be advantageous to many, if not
all, of our British wines.

To those who possess shrubbery ground, the Bil-
berry may be especially recommended for cultiva-
tion ; requiring only to be planted in good sandy
peat, which is essential to its success.

INDEX TO VOL. XL

Systematic Name. English Name No.

Aloe remolita, Crooked steiumed Aloe, .... 1044

Althapa rosea, Rosy Hollyhock, 977

Anacaraptis pyrarnidalis,. . . . Pyramidal Anacamptis, .... 1008

Anthyllis rulneraria, Woundwort, 1012

Armeniaca Brigantiaca, .... Brigantian Apricot,. 1043

Arum dracunculus Common Dragon Arum,.. . . 962

Asarum Japonicum, Japan Asarabacca, 999

Asclepias virgata, Twigiry Swallow-wort, .... 974

Aster Cabulicus, Cabul Starwort, 1032

Aster obovatus, Obovate-leaved Aster, 1010

Berbcris trifoliata, Three-leaved Barberry, .,..1039

Campanula alaris, The Ringing Bell-flower, .. 963

Campanula azurea, Azure Bell-flower, 1049

Choenostoma polyanthum, ..Many-flowered Choenostoma,l022

Clethra acuminata, Acuminate Clethra, 1024

Clethra alnifolia, -41der-leaved Clethra, 994

Clethra nana, Dwarf Clethra, 988

Corbularia lobulata, Small-lobed Corbularia, .... 1042

Crocus vernus, White-tipped Crocus, 995

Delphinium venustum, ....Pretty Larkspur, ,,.1028

Euphorbia eharaeias, Characias Spurge, 1004

Fucbsia cylindracea, Cylindrical-flowered Fuchsia, 993

Fuchsia Jephsoni Jephson's Fuchsia, 1037

Gaultheria reticulata Net-leaved (iaultheria 1052

Gazania uniflora, One flowered Gazania, .... 1033

Genista -Anglica, English Petty-whin, 1021

Gentiana lutea, 'Yellow Gentian, 1055

Gentiana septemtida, Seven-cleft Gentian, 1020

llabenaria chlorantha, Great Butterfly Orchis, .... 1036

Helianthemuni mutabile, . .Changeable Sun-rose, 970

Hex balearica, Minorca Holly, 979

Hlecebrum verticillatum,. . . . Whorled Knotgrass, 1026

Jasminum afline, Kindred Jasmine, 1030

Kennedya biraaculata, 'I'wo spotted Kennedya, .... 1016

Lillium Bronosartii, Bronosart’s Lily, 1019

Lilium speciosum, Spotted-flowered Lily, .... 961

Lilium lenuifolium, Fine-leaved Lily, 971

I. inaria alpina, Various-col. Alpine Toad flaxl046

Linaria pilosa, Hairy leaved Toad flax, .... 992

Lobelia erinus, Ascending I.obelia, 1054

I.obelia ramosa, Branching Lobelia,. ....... 1025

Lobelia urens, Acrid Lobelia, 988

Lycium -4frum, African Box-thorn, 984

Lysiniachia ephemerum, .... Willow-leaved Loose-strife, 982
Lysimachia ephemerum, .... Large ephem. Loose strife, . . 1018

Magnolia cordata, Heart-leaved iMagnolia, .... 987

IMalachodendron ovatum, . .Ovate Malachodendron, .... 1015

Systematic Name. English Name. No.

Marrubium affine Kindred Horehound, 1048

Mesembrjantheimiin coccin., Scarlet flow. Fis: IMarigold, 964
Mesembrjanthemum inclaud. Never closing Fig Marigold, 981
Mesenibrvanlhemum stellat., Starry- bearded Fig lMarigold,996

JMespilus grandiflora, Large-flowered Medlar, .... 1047

Morina longifolia, Long leaved Morina, 985

CEnothera hnniifusa Trailing Qinotbera, 1005

CEnothera rosea, Rosy. flowered CEnothera, ..1050

CEnothera serotina, Large-flowering CEnothera, 1027

Onobrychis sativa, Common Saintlbin, 1017

Orobus prostratus, Prostrate Bitter Vetch, .... 983

Oxalis articulata, .......... Jointed rooted Wood-sorrel, 1013

Oxalis floiibunda, Many-flowered Wood-sorrel, 1053

Petromanila pinnata, Wing-leaved Rock-herb,. . . . 1038

Phlox Clarkioides, Clarkia-like Phlox, 101 1

Phlox suaveolens, Hybrid Sweet-scented Phlox, 96-5

Pinus laricio, Corsican Pine 969

Pinn's Pallasiana, Pallas’s Pine 976

Polemonium caeruleum, .... Large Blue (Jreek Valerian, 1001

Primula veils, Cowslip, var., I(i09

Rhododendron arboreum, . .Tree Rhododendron, 967

Rhododendron fragrans, ....Fragrant Rhododendron, ..1023

Ribes atrosanguineum-aur. ..Gordon’s Currant 1051

Ribes multiflorum, Many-flowered Currant, .... 1035

Rosa centif'olia Mossy Rose de Meaux, ....1041

Rosa Galliea, Three-coloured French Rose, 997

Rosa spinosissima Spiniest Scotch Rose, 989

Salvia eonfusa, Confused Sage, 978

Salvia Grahami, Graham’s Sage 973

Salvia Ilians, Gaping Sage 998

Saxifraga ciliata, Fringed Saxifrage, 1040

Saxifraga geranioides Crane’s-bill-like Saxifrage, 1000

Scilla Peruviana, Peruvian Squill 972

Scutellaria pallida, Pale Scullcap 980

Sedum album, White Stonecrop, 1006

Spira?a Douglassi, ....Douglas's Spirata 1045

Spiraea lanceolata, Spear-leaved Spiraea, 975

Tetraiiema Mexieanum, ....Mexican Tetranema, 1007

Torenia scabra, Rough-leaved Torenia, ....1014

Tradcscantia Virginica, .... Virginian Spiderwort,,. .... 1029

Trifolium lupinasler, Lupinaster Trefoil, 1034

Troximon glaucum, ..Glaucous-leaved Troximon, 1031

Vaccinium disomorplium, ..Tall Whortleberry, 990

Vaccinium myrtillus, 3Iyrtle Bilberry, 1056

Vaceinium ovatum, Ovate Whortleberry, 1003

Valerianella congesta, Close-headed Corn-salad, ..1002

Veronica decussata, Cross-leaved Speedwell, .... 986

Veronica repens, Creeping Speedwell 991

Viscaria oculata, Dark-eyed Rock Lychnis, .. 966

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