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THE

BOTANISTS

OF

PHILADELPHIA

AND

THEIR WORK.

BY

JOHN W. HARSHBERGER, PH. D.

INSTRUCTOR IX BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ; MEMBER OF
THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ; THE PHILADELPHIA
BOTANICAL CLUB ; THE UNIVERSITY FIELD CLUB ; THE DEL-
AWARE VALLEY NATURALISTS' UNION ; THE BOTANICAL

SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA ; THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB,

AND THE SOCIETY OF BOTANICAL PHYSIOLOGISTS

AND MORPHOLOGISTS.

PHILADELPHIA.
1899.

Copyright, 1899,

by
JOHN W. HARSHBERGER, PH. D.

PRESS OF

T. C. DAVIS & SONS, 629 COMMERCE ST.

PHILADELPHIA

/>( <

,

PREFACE.

This book is the outcome of much correspondence and
research. It is a contribution to the history of botany in
America. Until such a history is written, the facts con-
cerning our botanists must be recorded in some permanent
form. This, the present work, endeavors to do for the
region comprised within a radius of sixty miles of the City
of Philadelphia. If a circle of such a radius be drawn 011
a map, it will include the cities of Lancaster and Easton.
Two considerations influenced the author in adopting this
limit. (1) It is the one used by the Philadelphia Botanical
Club in its herborization trips ; (2) the country within that
circle centralizes in Philadelphia.

Every available source of information has been
searched in the endeavor to obtain reliable data. The
author feels the shortcomings of the book, and he hopes
that the botanical public will overlook the errors consider-
ing the fragmentary character of the information available
in its preparation. It does not claim to be a complete list
of the botanists who lived near Philadelphia; many names
which ought to have been included are probably omitted
for lack of information concerning them. The author
believes that the omissions are few, and that the book gives
the names of the greater number of Philadelphia botanists.

The names are arranged according to the dates of birth
in the biographical portion of the book ; according to the
letters of the alphabet in the general lists. They are not

iv PRKF.U K.

always duplicated, although those persons sketched in the
biographical portion may be members of the several botan-
it-al societies mentioned in this work. Bibliographies of
e;ieh botanist are given as far as the limits of the book
would allow.

Great care has been taken in the selection of illustra-
tions. Many photographs of persons and places were made
available by the kindness of friends, so that it heeame
necessary to select a few in order to keep the number of the
illustrations within bounds. Many of the biographical
sketches are taken from various journals, all of which are
duly recognized in foot-notes as the source of information.
The author desires to thank the many kind friends who
have, by suggestion, materially lightened the labor of

preparation.

JOHN W. IlAi;snr,Ki;<;Ki;.

ritil(ttl<-li>/ii<t, A in/iist 1, 1899.

I'n in t-fiify of Pennsylvania.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

List of Illustrations with Explanatory Text vii

Introduction 1

Biographies of Botanists 41

General List of Botanists 404

Appendices 416

Appendix I — Members Philadelphia Botanical Club 416

II — Members Botanical Society of Pennsylvania . . 417

" III— Philadelphia Moss Chapter 452

IV — Historical Account of the Scientific Journals and

Serial Publications issued from Philadelphia . 422

" V— Horticultural Hall, Fail-mount Park 429

VI— Sketch of Noted Philadelphia Trees 431

Index . 439

ERRATA.

Page 7— For Humphrey read Humphry.

2o_ " spice brush read spice bush.
" 43— " Monastery read Hermitage.
• < 54— " St. Agustine read St. Augustine.
" us— " Phaenogamous and Filicoid write phaenogamous and fllicoid.

" 131— " carex write Carex.

'• i46_ " " had been lost" read " have been lost."
" i47_ " p.ritu-n read Britton.

" is5— " red-wood, Sempervirens write red-wood Sequoia sempervirens
' 205— " "look up as testimonial" read "look upon as," etc.
• ' 221— " Rev. Jesse Y. Burke read Jesse Y. Burk.
" 303-1 have adopted the German spelling Scharter instead of Schaefter: the a

being equivalent to the English ae.
" 309, note— For Towendsia read Towsendia.

VI

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

WITH EXPLANATORY TEXT.

Frontispiece. The Bartram Coat of Arms. Copied
from the book-plate pasted in the Bartram family bible, in
possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Photo-
graphed and reproduced in heraldic colors by Mr. Julius F.
Sachse, especially for this book. In the old bible the coat of
arms, in color and on sheepskin, is also found, but is prob-
ably later than the book-plate, because the motto incorrectly
reads : " Je avance," and John Bartram's name below is in
modern type. The description of the Bartram arms is
given in a foot-note on page 60 of this book.

1. Rapids Wissahickon Creek, Fairmount Park, repro-
duced by the Beck Engraving Company, from a photograph
taken by Ran, Philadelphia.

2. View of the Wissahickon Creek about two miles
above its mouth, reproduced from a photograph taken by
Ran.

3. Devil's Pool, Cresheim Creek, Wissahickon, Fair-
mount Park, taken by Ran before the bridge and improve-
ments were made, spoiling the romantic beauty of the spot,
therefore, about 1885. The pool is behind the boy seated at
the outlet.

4. Eastern Systematic Beds, Greenhouses and Biological
Hall, University of Pennsylvania (looking west in Sep-
tember, 1896), before the completion of the Dormitories to
the right. Photographed by F. R. Newell, especially for the
author.

Vll

Till LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

5. University Botanic Garden in 1898, with Biological
Hall and Greenhouses looking toward Dormitories. Repro-
duced from a photograph taken hy Mr. J. Morton Boice.

(3. Pond and Rockery, University Botanic Garden
(looking south). Photographed in September, 1896, by
F. R. Newell, photographer, especially for the author.

7. University Botanic Garden, Pond, Biological Hall,
Palm House, and House of Janitor, in 1898 (looking north).
Photographed by Mr. J. Morton Boice.

8. \n-\\- in Palm House in 1898, from a photograph
taken by Mr. Aldrich Pennock, and reproduced in a
pamphlet entitled: "A Short History of the Garden, pre-
pared for the Ladies' Auxiliary Committee of the Botanic
Society of Pennsylvania," by J. M. Macfarlane, Director of
the Garden (1899). Half-tone plate, kindly loaned by the
Director, for reproduction in this book.

9. Bog, Iris Bed and Rockery, University Botanic
Garden, in September, 1890. Photographed by F. R. Newell,
photographer, especially for the author.

10. Group of Sarracenias by the Pond, University
Botanic Garden, in 1S9S, from a photograph taken by Mr.
Aldrich Pennock, for the above-mentioned pamphlet, " A
Short History of the Garden," and the plate loaned for
reproduction in this book.

11. Drive in University Botanic Garden (looking north-
\\-f.-t in 1898), from a photograph taken by Mr. J. Morton
Boice.

12. Main Hall, Horticultural Building, Fairmount
Park, from a photograph taken by Ran, photographer, and
reproduced by the Heck Kngraving Company, for this book.

13. Fern House, Horticultural Building, Fairmount
Park, t'roiii a photograph taken by Ran. photographer.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IX

14. Bartram's House (west front), from an illustration
in Garden and Forest, IX : 123.

15. Bartram's House (south side), showing open door of
the newly (1899) erected Memorial Library, and the cele-
brated Petre Pear Tree at the south-east corner, from a
photograph by Ran.

16. Carved Stone Work, Bartram's House (east front).
The lower window opens into the room supposed to

have been Bartram's study. Over this window is a stone
with this inscription :

"IT IS GOD ALONE, ALMYTY LORD,
THE HOLY ONE BY ME ADOR'D.
IOHN BARTRAM, 1770."

17. Bartram's House (east front), from a photograph by
Rau.

Photograph taken by Dr. J. F. Holt, Professor in Boys'
High School, about 1890.

18. Big Cypress, Bartram's Garden (looking toward the
Schuylkill River). The Cypress was alive when this photo-
graph was taken. Reproduced from a photograph taken by
Dr. J. F. Holt about 1890.

19. Base of Big Cypress, Bartram's Garden, from a
photograph taken by Dr. J. F. Holt about 1890.

20. Bartram's Garden, with large hemlock (since
destroyed), along river front about 1890. Photograph taken
by Dr. J. F. Holt.

21. Front of Humphry Marshall's House at Marshall-
ton, Chester County, showing wooden observatory to the
left. From a photograph in possession of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, taken by R. S. Redfield, April 5, 1884.

X I 1ST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

22. Front of Marshall's House after the observatory had

ti

been removed. The door to the left leads into the so-called
greenhouse of the botanist. From a photograph taken by
the author on May 22, 1896.

23. Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg, from a paint-
ing by I. Peale. Cut executed by Goodman & Piggott, and
printed in red under the supervision of Mr. Julius F.
Sachse. Plate the property of the Pennsylvania German
Society, in the Proceedings of which Society, for 1896, it
first appeared, illustrating an article by Professor Thomas
C. Porter, " The Pennsylvania!! German in the Field of the
Natural Sciences."

24. Lewis David de Schweinitz, from a photograph
furnished by E. A. Rau, of Bethlehem, Pa. The original
was copied from a miniature painting, and this photograph,
in turn, from an engraving of this miniature.

25. William Darlington, M. D., from a miniature cut
furnished by Dr. William Sharpless, of West Chester, Pa.

26. Thomas Nuttall, from a photograph copied from a
daguerreotype by E. A. Rau, of Bethlehem, Pa.

27. John Evans, from a photograph by G. A. Lenzi,
Norristown, Pa. Loaned by his daughter, Mrs. A. E.
Paxson, of Norristown, Pa.

28. Evans' House and Grounds, with flume of old
mill. The house was renovated and changed by the present
owner in 1896. From a photograph taken by the author,
April 3, 1897.

29. Woods and Ithan Creek, Evans' Garden, from a
photograph by the author, taken April 3, 1897.

30. Mill Dam in Evans' Garden (photographed in
1897).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XI

31. Elias Durand, from a photograph furnished by
E. A. Rau, of Bethlehem, Pa.

32. John H. Redfield, from a photograph furnished by
E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa.

33. Rev. Francis Wolle, from a photograph furnished
by E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa.

34. Professor Thomas C. Porter, D. D., LL. D., from a
photograph taken by Alexander L. Paeh, Easton, Pa., in
1889.

35. George Martin, M. D., from a photograph furnished
by E. A. Rau, Bethlehem, Pa.

36. Professor Thomas Meehan, from a photograph
taken about 1884. Loaned by his son, William E. Meehan,
for reproduction in this book. Photograph by Hinkle, of
Germantown.

37. Job B. Ellis, from an illustration in the Botanical
Gazette, XV : 299 (1890).

38. John M. Maisch, from a gelatin illustration in the
American Journal of Pharmacy, LXVI : 1. January 1894.

39. William M. Canby, from a photograph by J. Paul
Brown, Wilmington, Delaware; furnished to the author in
1895.

40. William Herbst, M. D., from a valuable steel
engraving, loaned to the author.

41. Charles Schaffer, M. D., from a photograph by
Broadbent Brothers, Philadelphia ; furnished to the author.

42. Joseph T. Rothrock, B. S., M. D., from a photograph.

43. Charles Mcllvaine, from a half-tone plate loaned
bv him to the author.

*>

44. Adolph W. Miller, from a half-tone plate loaned to
the author. First used in the Alumni Report Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy, January, 1890.

Xll LIST OF II.LCSTItATloNS.

45. William P. Wilson, Sc. D., from a half-tone plate
made at the Philadelphia Commercial Museums, and loaned
to the author.

id. John W. Eekfeldt, M. D., from a photograph by
Rothengatter & Dillon, Philadelphia.

47. Henry Trimble, from a photograph by F. Gute-
kunst Co., Philadelphia, taken in 1S95.

48. George M. Beringer, from a photograph (enamel
finish) by (Jams cV: Co., Camden, N. J., taken in 1895.

INTRODUCTION.

Philadelphia lies in a nearly level plain, on the western
bank of the River Delaware, in 39° 57' 7.5" N. latitude, and
75° !>' 23.4" west from Greenwich. The city is SO miles
from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delaware River, 125 miles
in a direct line north-east of Washington, and <S5 miles
south-west from New York.

It is situated in a rich agricultural region, protected
from the sweeping western and north-western storms by the
range of hills known as the Blue Ridge. When first settled
by white men, the region lying within GO miles radius of
the city, including New Jersey, was densely wooded with a
great variety of fine forest trees, which, growing upon rich
agricultural soil in south-eastern Pennsylvania, were rapidly
cut down with the spread of cultivation. This region was the
favorite haunt of the Delaware Indians. Intersected by
two great streams, the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, any
part of it could be reached by hunting parties in a short
time by water. Into these two rivers, numerous creeks and
rivulets run, swelling the volume of water which empties
into the ocean at Capes May and Henlopen, and supporting
a variety of important food-fishes, such as the salmon, shad,
trout and cat-fish. Under cover of the trees and watered by
the numerous streams which intersect the country, a sur-
prisingly large number of herbaceous plants is to be found,
which, together with the rich variety of graceful forest
trees, give a peculiar charm to the entire district. In early
days, the scenery must have been impressively beautiful

2 Till-: BOTANISTS <>]•' PHILADELPHIA.

before tin- marring hand of man disturbed the equilibrium
of nature. Forest ami plain, streams and rivers tumbling
over numerous cascades, rocky, fern-clad ravines, high hill
summits give, even at the present day. a diversity to the
landscape. Two or three spots, preserved in their primitive
naturalness, still attest to the wild attractiveness of tin-
scenery, which, nowhere very hold or grand. Drives to the
country a peculiarly peaceful aspect, in harmony with tin-
moods of the early (Quaker settler^. Two such places still
preserve the quiet beauty of the early river scenery, namely :
the Wissahickon and the Brandywine regions, a stream of

t/ fj

the former name emptying into the S-huylkill in Fair-
mount Park, and one of the latter name into the Delaware
near Wilmington. The Wissahickon is one of the most
romantic of American streams. The slope of the land on
each side is high and abrupt. Self-guarded by these rock
battlements, it retains a primeval character. Along its
banks trees and vines hang down to the water's edge, and
numerous springs drip from the rocks. Its unbroken quiet,
its dense woodland, its pine-crowned hills, its sunless
recesses and sense of separation from the outer world con-
trast strongly with the broad meadows, flowing river, and
bright sunshine of the adjacent region.

The topography of the district is no less marked than
the general landscape. To the east of tin- Delaware, the
low-lying plain of southern New . Jersey, with an elevation
at a few points of from 200 to 300 feet above sea level, is a
verv striking feature. This plain geologically dates its

«/ CJ ' ' !/

origin to the cretaceous and tertiary periods, and is made
up of alluvium along the Delaware Iviver ami Atlantic
Ocean beaches, and of yellow gravel, glass sand and smdy

02

o

H

"0

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

clays, composing by far the greater extent of the so-called
\\Vst Jersey tertiary formation, with the exception of a
narrow band of the cretaceous green sand and marl beds,
potter's clay, fire sands and clay, which parallel its course
with the Delaware River, extending in a north-east direc-
tion to Raritan Bay. The western water-shed is traversed
by streams, which, rising in the marl district and yellow-
gravel region of the interior, flow into the Delaware, being
affected in their lower reaches by tide-water. The eastern
water-shed is intersected by several important streams,
such as Mullica, Great Egg Harbor and Toms Rivers.
These rivers mainly take their rise in cedar swamps and
sphagnum bogs for which the region is noted. North of
the marls, as we approach the mountians, a region in which
red shale mainly predominates, is entered upon. West of
the river, an undulating plain along the river front rises
gradually to the older paleozoic hills, which reach an eleva-
tion of two hundred feet or more. Back of these, as the
Blue Ridge is approached, the country becomes more
undulating and broken by numerous hills of various
geological formations.

Enough has been said by way of introduction to show
that these topographic, hydrographic and geologic features
have an important bearing on soil formation, and conse-
quently on plant life and distribution. We find that each
topographic, hydrographic and geologic district has some
plants peculiar to it. Each of the plant communities, into
which the flora' of a district as large as Philadelphia can be
divided, can be distinguished by the component plants,
which, together with their collective features, give character
to the vegetation of the particular geological, topographical

4 TIII-; HOTANISTS ("-' I'IIILADKIJ-IIIA.

or hydrographical region. Such a Horn MS that of Phila-
delphia, comprising in New Jersey and Pennsylvania some
rjoo species at the outside, can be classified into several eco-
logical communities, such as the Hydrophytic, Halophytie
and Mesophytic, the first of which, hy way of example,
may again he further sub-divided into those societies which
comprise the water plants growing in the Delaware and
tributary streams and Atlantic Ocean, such as the Plankton
Society, the Ilydrocharite Society, the Nereid Society, the
Sea Grass Society, Schizophytic Society, Reedy Swamp
Society, the Swamp Society, the Sphagnum Bog Society,
the Cedar Swamp Society, etc.

The peculiar attractiveness of the region and the rich-
ness of the flora have so enticed botanists into the field that
systematic botany has been almost exclusively the depart-
ment of the science practiced by a majority of those men-
tioned in this work. Then, too, a living was not to he
had by the prosecution of botany in America in the early
davs. It was pursued solelv as a pastime and a healthv

• J. K J. '

recreation by busy men, physicians, bankers and merchants.
We find, however, in looking over the list of names, that
wherever botany was pursued as the main object of life.
that those men, who thus devoted their entire time to the
science, became famous. Excluding names of the present
generation, John Bartram, Humphrey Marshall, Zaccheus
( 'oil ins, William Darlington, Elias Durand, John Evans. A.
P. Garber, Joshua Hoopes, Peter Kalm, Adam Kuhn, .lames
Logan, Isaac Martindale, Andre Michaux.G. H. E. Muhlen-
berg, Lewis I), von Scliweinitx, Thomas Xnttall, AV. P. C.
K- 1 lion, Charles Pickering, I'Yederick Pursh. C. S. Rafinesijue,
John liediield, and David Townsend, achieved distinction

o

rO
W

K

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. •>

along systematic lines. It was not until after the perfecting
of the micros-cope and the epoch-making period, beginning
with issue of Darwin's Origin of Species, that the modern
study of botany may be said to have begun in Phila-
delphia. The pursuance of botany in Philadelphia and in
America generally can be divided into four periods :

(1) The early descriptions of the flora by persons not con-
versant with botany, who described the plants after the man-
ner of the old herbalists, chiefly as interesting rarities, or as
useful, natural medicines. The sect of German Pietists
presided over by Kelpius, established in 1694 on the lower
Wissahickon, a garden where medicinal plants were raised
for use and study. It may, therefore, be styled the first
garden in America where a botaniiical arrangement of
plants was made.* In 1739 was published at Leyden,
in Holland, an essay in Latin, entitled, " Experimenta et
Meletemata de Plantarum generatione," by the learned
Governor of Pennsylvania, James Logan. It was after-
wards, in 1747, republished in London, with an English
translation, by Dr. John Fothergill. The experiments and
observations were admirably illustrative of the doctrine of
sexes of plants f established by Jacob Camerarius. This
may be said to be the first work of any botanical import-
ance issued by a Philadelphia botanist. Many of Logan's
ideas smack of medieval scolasticism, so that he is properly
placed in the Pre-Linnsean period.

(2) The period of the ascendency of Linna3an ideas.
John Bartram was one of the first persons who may be said

*SACHSE. The Ocrman Pietists of Pennsylvania, p. 7o.

t See an article of mine, " Jarnes Logan," Botanical Gazette, Aug., is;ii.

SACK'S History of Botany, 891-31)2.

DARLINGTON— Memorials of Bartram <& Marshall, •_'!.

15 TIIK KoTAXISTS OK IM I 1 1. A DKI.l'II 1 A .

to have used the Linna-an system in the study of plaiiN.
Dr. P>enjamin I'Yanklin introduced JJartram to Kuro])ean
botanists, among them Doctor Gronovius, who presented the
Quaker hotanist with Linnaeus's Systems Natune of 17-l'i.-;:
The overwhelming influence of the great Linnreus gave to
the botany of the eighteenth century an almost exclusively
systematic and descriptive character. Linmeiis was the
author of tlie binomial system of nomenclature of plants
and animals, which still goes back to his work as its basis,
and of the artificial "sexual system" of classification

c/

based on the stamens and pistils of the flowering plants,
whose functions, as reproductive organs, were already
realized. The order which he brought out of the chaos of
descriptive natural history was a blessing so unalloyed,
and his system was so simple and seductive, that it was
many years before most botanists again began to realize
that their science properly comprehends other problems
than those involved in naming and pigeon-holing plants.

It was while the Linnsean enthusiasm was at its height
that the first Philadelphia botanists appeared on the scene.

In the year 1748, Peter Kalm,a Swedish naturalist, and
pupil of Limueus, visited Pennsylvania and spent three
years in exploring America, and in 17">3 published his
travel-." Doctor Adam Ivuhu,of Philadelphia, was proba-

171(1. I.lNN.Kl'.s — Systema naturte, in quo uaturff rcyna Iria, ,s-< cumin in

classfx, Hi-dine.?, genera, species systematice proponuiitur J:\litio II nuclior. Stock-

/inlniiir. Cntlfr. Kii-.tHwetter.

Jiiirti-am's copy of this book is in possession of the Pennsylvania Historical

Society : on the title |iaur is the \\ riling :

" John Jiartram His booke sent to him )>y l>r. i Jroiiovius in ye year 17 16."
'I'hat it is authentic isshoun by the following, ulso written in the Imok : "I

bought this book June M. is:.:;, at the sale at Mackey'9 of Books of Uol. Carr, who

married I'.arlranrs L.Tainl-.laimliter." K. D. Ingrahani. "I boil-lit this book March
•Jo, is.V,. at the -ale of Mr. In.i;rahanr.s Library by M. Thomas ^ Sons." A. I 'ay.

H7i~>:; i''l. I'. KALM — Kit Rt-sa lit Xorra Amvri<-«. Stockholm, 111 VOlS.

17.1-iil. K.U.M— liesctn-i HIIIIKI drr J\eise tiac/i ti<m nOrdlichen Amerika.

i.-tiinircn. :; Theile ((Jermaii translation).

DEVIL'S POOL, WISSAHICKON CKEEK

(circa 1885).

THE 1JOTAXISTS OF I'J 1 1 1, A I >K l.l'l 1 I A . 7

l>ly the first professor of botany in America, appointed in
1703 to the chair of botany in the University of Pennsyl-
vania. He had the advantage of studying under the illus-
trious Swede, ;ind was said to have been a favorite pupil
(Linnajo ex diseipulis acceptissimns). John Bart ram
next becomes pre-eminent as a botanist. In the latter end
of the year 17.s.">, Humphrey Marshall published his Arbus-
tum Americanum,* a description of the trees and shrubs
native of the United States. It is the first strictly Ameri-
can botanical work. In 1791 William Bartram's Travels f
appeared, and in 1801 Andre Michaux's I " Oaks of North
America." Two years later, in 1803, the first elementary
work on botany by Prof. B. S. Barton, § was published in
Philadelphia.

F. Andre Michaux, || in 1810, issued his splendid history
of the Forest Trees of North America (Histoire des Arbres
Forestiers de 1'Amerique Septentrionale) with elegantly
colored plates. An excellent catalogue of the native and
naturalized plants of North America was published by Dr.
Henry Muhlenberg at Lancaster, in 1813.^[ Later, Frederick

*17S5. HUMPHREY MARSHALL — Arhustum Americanum, the American grove
or an alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shurbs, natives of the American
United Htates. Philadelphia.

1 1791. WILLIAM BARTKAJI — Travels through yorth and South Carolina, Georgia,
East and West Florida, etc., containing an account of the soil and natural proil/n--
tions of those regions. Philadelphia.

J 1801. ANDRE MICHAUX— Historic des chfnes de 1'Amerique, ou descriptions ct
figures detoutesles espi-cesetvarittesdechi-nesde 1'Amerique septrionale. Paris (folio).

'',, 1*08. B. S. BARTON — Elements of Botany ; or outlines of the natural history
of vegetables. Illustrated by forty plates. Philadelphia.

j| 1810. FRANCOIS ANDRE MICHAUX— Histui re des arbres forestiers de I'Ameriq tie
Septentrionale, consulfries principalement sous les rapports de leur emploi dans les
arts et de leur introduction dans le commerce, ainsi que d'apres les avantages, qu'ils
peKvent orr'rir aux gouvcrnenients en Europe, ct aux personnes, qui veulent former
de grandcs pl<i nintnm*. Paris.

•111813. MI/HLENBKKG — C'dtttlof/im Plantariini Aineriar Septentrionalis hue
it.ique Coffiiitaruin, Indifjenaru-in et Cicurum ; or, a Catalogue of the Hitherto
Known Native and Naturalized Plants of North America. Arrangx'd according to
the Sexual System of Linmeus. Lancaster, IS]:;. A\'m. Ilamilton. m/tavo. pp. iv., 111'.

T1IK BOTANISTS OF I'll 1 1. A !>KI. I'll I A.

I'ursh published in London, in Lsl4, his valuable and com-
prehensive work, Flora America' Septentrionalis.*

Arranged according to the Linnsean system tin-re ap-
peared in 1. SIX, in two volumes, Dr. William P. ( '. Barton's-:-
Compendium Flora' Philadelphia', a hastily digested, but
thoroughly useful hand-hook of the region.

Botanical works and papers began now to multiply,
and the third period of Philadelphia botany was fairly
entered upon with the publication in 1818 of Xuttall's
"Genera of North American Plants/' at Philadelphia.!

(3) Development of the Natural System under the in-
fluence of the doctrine of the constancy of species. A
new direction to the study of systematic botany, and mor-
phology was given in France, where the sexual system had
never met with great acceptance. Bernard de Jussien and
bis nephew, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, taking up Lin-
na-us' profounder and properly scientific efforts, made tin-
working out of the natural system, in Linmeus1 own opinion
the highest aim of botany, the task of their lives. The
key was given by the study of the order Ranunculacese in
the Jardin des Plaiites. In 17S9 Jussieu's System appeared.
It was not until 1815 that the natural system of Jussien
was received by the botanists of Philadelphia. In thai
year Abbe ( 'orrea published for the use of his class in
Philadelphia a reduction of the genera of Muhlenberg's
Catalogue according to the system of Jussieu. This was

*1814. PiT USH — Flora Americce Septentrionalis, or a systematic arrant/* nn-nt
<ind di'scrijitio/i. <>f tlic plants of North America. London, 1 1 \ ols.

flsis. \V. P. ('. I'.AI: TON— Ciiinjifndiuin Flora' J'hi/<i'/, •//,/! ica . rontninini/ a
description of the indigenous and na/ura/i:.rd ji/anr* /omul u-ithtn <i circuit often
iiiilcxaroiind rhilaih'lplnu. JMiiluiU'lphia. II vols. ,s. I. I'M- faro '-'.M p]i. II. L!:',l jip.
rum i!nlii-c<.

; i^is. yiwiTAlli— The Genera of North American I'/ants, and n cntaini/ne of
the sped IK ,,f tin- year /s;,\ riiilutleljihiu, II vols.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 9

appended to a second edition of the catalogue issued in isls
by Solomon Conrad, and was probably the first attempt in
the United States to group our plants by the natural method.

In 1826, in conjunction with some of his intimate
friends, Dr. William Darlington, of West Chester, assisted
in organizing the Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science,
of which institution he was president from its origin; in the
same year he published his " Florula Cestrica,"1 being a
catalogue of plants growing around the borough of West
Chester, Pennsylvania. This paved the way for a large and
more comprehensive manual of the botany of Chester
County, which appeared in 1837 under title of "Flora
Cestrica."t A third edition of this book appeared in 1853.
This work at the time of its issue was one of the most com-
plete local floras extant, and is still a model for all works
of a similar character. The descriptions are clear, lucid and
minute, and its use even to-day is not replaced by a manual
of more modern issue.

The study of the cryptogams received a great impetus
at the hands of Lewis D. von Schweinitz, who published in
1831 a synopsis of North American fungi, "Synopsis Fun-
gorum in America Borealia Media Digentium."|

Elias Durand, one of the most acute systematists of his

*1826. DARLINGTON — Florula Cestrica : an essay towards a catalogue of the
phce nog amuus plants, native and naturalized, growing in the vicinity of the borough
of West Chester, in Chester County, Pennsylvania, with brief notices of their prop-
erties and uses in medicine, rural economy and the arts. West Chester, 4 min., pp.
xv., 152, 3 tab. col.

fl837. DARLINGTON — Flora Cestrica : an attempt to enumerate and describe
the flowering and fllicoid plants of Chester County, in the State of Pennsylvania.
West Chester, S. xxiii, 640 pp. 1 map col.

J1S31. SCHWEINITZ — Synopsis Fungorum in America Borealia Media Digen-
lium. Trims. Ainer. Philos. Soc. N. S., IV p. 141 (177 pp., 4to., 1 plate).

lit Till-: I50TANISTS (»r l'I I I I. A I . V. MM 1 1 A.

day, who. it' he had had proper encouragement, would have
been one of the shining light- in tin- hotaiiiral firmament,
contributed several botanical papers to the Journal of tite
Academy of Natural Sciences, namely, descriptions of Heer-
inauirs and of 1'ratteii's collections.*

The views of European botanists were undergoing a
change under the influence of the history of development
and knowledge of the minuter anatomy and embryology of
the cryptogams ( hs40-lsi;0). Schleiden's " Grundziige der
wissenschaftlichen Botanik " f appeared, but its chief title is
Die Botanik als inductive Wissenschaft, which indicates the
point on which Schleiden laid most stress. His great object
was to place the study, which had been so disfigured in the
text-books, on the same footing with physics and chemistry,
in which the spirit of genuine inductive enquiry into nature
had already asserted itself in opposition to the nature-
philosophy of the immediately preceding years. This
change in European thought does not seem to have had
much effect on the botanists of Philadelphia, who were busy
in working up the plants collected in various parts of North
America, both by private individuals and by the botanists
of the trans-continental surveys.

«/

(4) The year ISC.O may be said to mark the beginning of
the modern era of botany. Darwin's Origin of Specie-.:

* PLANT.K HKI.KMANXIAN.E — Descriptions of Xcw Plants cnl/i-i-lni in
Calif nr/iiii, !>!/ l>r. A. T. Hn iiiin/i/i, Naturalist attarhed to the Survey ul' tin- 1'acilic
Kailroail nnite. under Unit. K. S. Williamson, by E. Durnml and Theo. C. Hiliranl.
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. -lid srr.. III. ",7- lii.

Si iii.KiiiK.N — GruiKlzilge der wissenschaftlichen Hn/ani/:. n< /nt <•///»•/•
ii EinlvituiKj a/* .liili-Hung zunt Htntliiiin <lcr 1'Jlnnr.c. Li>i)i/i«.
2Theile.

IM.VIi'i— Seeniic] edition. (Die r.ntanik. als iinluetive Wi<>eii>eliart l>ehalidelt.)

; is.'i'.i. I)AI:\\ IN— (hi the urii/i/i <>( xjn'i-ii-x In/ mi-tins of natural xrh •i-linn : or,
tin- /iri-Ki -i-i-it/ioti of f'tvvred races in tlic strinjijli J»r /iff. London. John Murray
ortavo ]>]i. ix., .Ml1.'.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILA DKI.l'JI IA. 11

published in IS.")!), was an epoch-making book. It intro-
duced the modern period of scientific thought.

With the exception of Thomas Meehan, Joseph T. Roth-
rock, Thomas C. Porter, Charles Pickering, John H. Rcd-
field, Thomas P. James, Benjamin M. Everhart, Rev. Francis
Wolle, Mary Treat, William P. Wilson, J. Gibbons Hunt,
Emily L. Gregory, John M. Macfarlane, Job B. Ellis, George
Rex, H. C. Wood, Henry Trimble, Edson S. Bastin, Ida
Keller, Henry Kraemer, J. W. Harshberger and H. C. Porter,
very few of the Philadelphia botanists have advanced mate-
rially the science of botany according to the progress made
in morphology, physiology and taxonomy. The others
have unfortunately given their attention to herborizing,
and have overlooked the deeper and more interesting prob-
lems which are still to be worked out, such as the reasons
underlying the geographical distribution of the plants in
the region, phenological inquiries or the philosophy of
the time of flowering ; physiological problems suggested
by growth and development, and ecological questions sug-
gested by the environmental conditions. It is to be hoped,
however, that with the modern training to be had at
several institutions of learning, our botanists will give up
discussing the differences between species already described
and will devote their energies to advancing modern
botanical thought, The facilities for those who desire to
obtain a modern botanical training are many. The oldest
botanical centre, namely, the University of Pennsylvania,
presents, in its Biological School, a place where such
instruction may be had.

A history of the development of botany in connection

1- Till: BOTANISTS <>K I'll 1 1. A I >KL1'II IA.

with the University of Pennsylvania is interesting.* "So
far as now appears, Dr. A<l;im Kulin, a pupil of Linna-u-.
was the first botanical professor in Philadelphia, or in the

ciiiintry. being appointed in the year ITl'.S. There is. how-
ever, no record of any important work connected with his
name. As early as the year 1800, Dr. Benjamin Smith
Hal-ton was leaching botany in Philadelphia, and num-
l.eivd among his pupils in l.so:j-'ol, at the University oi'
Pennsylvania, William Darlington, wlio subsequently
became known as one of the most learned and exaet
botanists of his day in this or any other country. Dr.
Darlington says of his preceptor, 'that he did more than
any of his contemporaries in diffusing a taste for the
natural sciences among the young men who then resorted
to that school.' He also published in 1803 'the first
American elementary work on botany, at Philadelphia.''

"The minutes of a trustee meeting held April 7, 1812,
show that 'a letter was received from Dr. Barton request-
ing the use of one of the rooms in the University to
deliver his lectures on natural history and botany in.' The
request could not be granted. In July, 1813, Dr. Barton
resigned his professorship of materia medica, a position
which does not appear to have been a bed of roses. He was
succeeded by Dr. Chapman. The following minute appeal's
of a trustee meeting of November 7, 1815 :"

" Whereas, the Legislature of Pennsylvania, by their
Act passed the l!»th March, 1805, granted to the trustees of
this institution out of the moneys due to the State, the sum
of three thousand dollars, for the purpose of enabling them

*I have drawn largely at this point on Dr. J. T. KothrocUV M;et c h of the
l'.iolo'_;ical School, published in the circular of Information limvaii of Education,
entitled, " ISenjamin Franklin and the 1'niversity of Pennsylvania " (189S).

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to establish a, pardon for the improvement of the science of
botany , Resolved, that Mr. Rawle, Mr. Chew and Mr. Burd
be a committee to consider and report the best method
of carrying the said intention of the Legislature into effect,"

" February 6, 181G, at a trustee meeting Mr. C. S.
Rafinesque and Dr. William P. C. Barton offered them-
selves as candidates for the professorship of natural history
and botany in the University. Dr. Barton was appointed."

" The trustees received March 19, 1816, ' a letter from a
society of gentlemen called the Cabinet of Sciences, relating
to a botanical garden. It was referred to the committee on
that subject. Mr. Binney and Mr. Gibson were added to
the committee on botanical garden.' On April 2, the com-
mittee was authorized to solicit subscriptions from the
public towards the accomplishment of that end. Nothing-
having been accomplished by meeting with the Cabinet of
Sciences, on April 16 the committee announced that they
had published their application for aid in the public
papers. By order of the board, the moneys available for the
botanical garden were put at interest, subject to future call.
Early in 1817 forty-two acres of ground had been purchased
for the botanical garden. The records show that it was
located in Penii Township, near the ' Canal Road,' and it
was ordered that enough for the purposes of the garden
should be ' fenced off.' "

" Stringent economy had apparently become a necessity,
and in 1819, after two years' ownership, the trustees were
considering the propriety of selling the ground purchased
for a botanical garden, and the professor of botany was
' allowed the use of the yard south of the University, as
the same is now inclosed, for the cultivation of plants there,
at his own expense, during the pleasure of the board.' '

14 T1IK l;<»TANI>TS OF I'] 1 1 LA I >KI. I'll I A.

" On ( letobi-r 4, 1818, the faculty of natural history wa-
instituted, and the following professorships created: First,
botany and horticulture; second, natural history, including
geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy ; third, miner-
alogy, and chemistry, as applied to agriculture and the arts."

"The only signs of life in 1820 in the department of
science were now the appointment of a committee to con-
sider the propriety and the cost of erecting a greenhouse,
and the request from the janitor that he be allowed the use
of Prof. Cooper's room for the winter, to preserve the plants
' he had collected to adorn the grounds and to encourage
the love of botany.' The request was granted. The report
of the committee 011 the greenhouse was laid on the table."

Prof. Barton, in 1822, writes to the board that he had
lectured in the winters of 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820,
1821, and further, that he had refused to receive the fees
from the students. The botanical instruction in 1821 was
discontinued because a class could not be formed. The
crisis in the school of natural history, however, was reached
in March, 1827. It appears that no lectures had been given
for several years by the professor of natural history,
including geology, or by the professor of comparative
anatomy, and that the professor of botany was then hold-
ing the professorship of materia medica in the newly-
started Jefferson Medical College. Early in 1828 the
facultv of natural historv was abolished.

t «/

"Now, however, it appears that the medical faculty,
which would have no botany while Dr. Barton occupied
(lie chair, had become suddenly solicitous about that science,
and, as a result, the trustees re-established the chair of
botany in 1S2H. placing it on the same footing as it was

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before the institution of the faculty of natural science, and
Mr. Solomon W. Conrad was speedily chosen to fill it. The
appointment was probably the best that could have been
made." Mr. Conrad, who died in 1831, was, as stated by one
of his contemporaries, an " amiable man," and an " excellent
botanist," was probably the earliest to " attempt to group
our plants by the natural method."

Dr. George B. Wood was elected to the chair of materia
medica in the University in 1835. In addition to the
creation of an admirable cabinet of drawings and specimens
illustrative of materia medica, Dr. Wood erected a spacious
greenhouse, in connection with a garden, and stocked them
with many varieties of rare tropical and exotic plants,
which he exhibited as illustrations of the subjects treated in
his lectures. In 1865 Dr. Wood endowed an auxiliary
faculty of medicine in the University of Pennsylvania,
including a chair of botany, to which his nephew, Dr.
Horatio C. Wood, was appointed in 1866. He held this
professorship for ten years, resigning the chair of botany for
that of materia medica and therapeutics, made vacant
by the death of Prof. Joseph Carson. Dr. Joseph T. Roth-
rock was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the removal
of Dr. H. C. Wood to the chair of materia medica and
therapeutics, a position which he still holds. Botany,
under his direction, received a great stimulus, when on
December 4, 1884, the School of Biology, erected by the
liberality of Dr. Horace Jayne, was opened to students.
Teaching began at once, with modern biological methods.
Later Dr. William P. Wilson was appointed Professor of the
Anatomy and Physiology of Plants, in conjunction with
Dr. Rothrock, who devoted himself to the systematic side

1(5 TIIK i;oTAMST> "I-1

of botany. All of the departments of botniiy, since the
iblishment of the school, have received consideration at
tin- I'niversity. Morphology, taxonomy, physiology, paleo-
botany, economic hotany, forestry, pathological and
geographical hotany, have been taught at various times;
chief stress, however, being laid on morphology, taxonomv
and physiology, as the departments of botany most neces-
sary to students. A post-graduate class in botany, composed
of student candidates for the degree of doctor of philosophy.
has been maintained. The teaching force of late years,
consisting of Drs. Rothrock, Wilson, Macfarlane, llai>h-
berger and Porter, has maintained the standard desirable
in a modern school of botany.

The Herbarium of the University, through the gener-
osity of Mr. Isaac Burk, possesses a singularly complete n-\ <rc-
sentation of the flora of the vicinity of Philadelphia, con-
sisting of about six thousand specimens from this and
other localities. Mr. Aubrey H. Smith presented by will
his excellent herbarium, which, with the collection made by
the late Joseph Leidy, forms a most excellent working
herbarium. Many specimens from the earlier government
expeditions, and suites of the collections made by Parry,
Hall, Harbour, Yasey, Bolander, Palmer, Lcmmon, Canby,
Ward, Pringle, Bebb, Wolfe. Curtis, Reverchon, Rothrock,
Ilarshberger and others, are represented. The herbarium
also contains a large proportion of our native ferns, mosses
and lichens, and over two thousand species of fungi.
all of which have been carefully determine]. A museum
of economic botany was started by Dr. Kothrock in con-
nection with the School of Biology, and further additions
were made in material collected on his cruise to the
Indies in the winter of 1SSD-1S90.

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The University Botanic Garden was begun with the
erection of the building for the School of Biology. It con-
sisted, in 1SSS, of about a quarter of an acre of ground
immediately surrounding the Biological School, planted
with a few systematic and experimental beds. The planted
grounds were surrounded by high gravel banks, overgrown
with weeds. It was not until 1890, when a large part of
this glacial gravel deposit had been sold and carted away,
that the botanic garden may be said to have had its
inception. Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock, Professor of Botany,
supervised the laying out of the ground to the east and
west of the laboratory, which was planted to grass, with trees
and shrubbery arranged for landscape effect. A tank pond
of considerable size was also built for the growing of various
water-plants. A lean-to conservatory for the growth of hot-
house plants was also a feature of the garden at this time.
The ground, as laid out by Dr. Rothrock with systematic
regard to the position of the plants, included finally about
an acre of ground surrounding the laboratory building.
Several rare shrubs were set out, among them, Neviusia
Alabamensis, an anomalous rosaceous plant found growing
wild in the Southern states. The grass plots, shrubbery and
systematic beds then occupied a terraced depression front-
ing 011 Pine Street.

The development of this garden, however, took place
when Mr. C. C. Harrison accepted the provostship of the
University. In 1893, immediately after his appointment to
be Professor of Botany, Dr. John M. Macfarlane submitted
plans for the establishment of the botanical garden, on the
triangular piece of land back of the biological laboratory.
Various circumstances conspired to prevent the carrying

18 THE BOTANISTS OF run. A DELPHI A.

out of these plans until the autumn of 1804, when Dr. M.-K-
farlane was asked to become Professor-in-Charge of the
Biological School. Through the fostering care of Provost
Harrison and Vice-Provost Fullerton. the work steadily

i

advanced under the direction of Prof. Macfarlane. The
gravel bank, overgrown with weeds, rapidly assumed its
present pleasing appearance.

There are over 3000 distinct specimens growing in the
gardens, while nearly 1500 more are all but ready for plant-
ing. The lawns are 300 feet in length, the eastern lawn
being 157 feet long and 110 feet wide, subdivided into 44
small beds, whose dimensions are 45 feet in length by 3i
feet in width. The western lawn is an almost exact coun-
terpart of the eastern lawn. The beds contain a large num-
ber of species of plants, arranged systematically according
to the Engler and Prantl system. The plants are arranged
and labeled with the scientific and common name, the
native place or habitat and the medicinal property, if any.
The donations of seeds and plants to the garden include
gifts from the botanical gardens of Edinburgh, St. Peters-
burgh, Dublin, Jena, Cambridge and other European botani-
cal centres. On the terraced area further back a physio-
logical grouping of flowering plants is now being made.
Here separate beds are given to climbing, tendril-bearing,
succulent, spiny, insectivorous, variegated and other series.
Thus similar changes produce* I by environment on species
that have no systematic affinity can be graphically demon-
stated to the student.

The arboretum is from three to five acres in extent, and
will only be excelled by those of Harvard University and
the Shaw Gardens, near St. Louis. The greater part of the

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property will be devoted to the arboretum, which already
contains a number of trees of interest and beauty. These
are planted in systematic order along the drive-way which
enters on Woodland Avenue and encircles the garden. A
magnificent, ornamental bed, fashioned somewhat after the
beautiful bed in the famous Kew Gardens, in London, is a
feature. It is 200 feet long and 8 feet wide, and is filled with
herbaceous plants. Unlike the series of small beds before
referred to, it will not be a scientific feature, but will be the
chief ornament of the gardens. The plants are so arranged
as to present a succession of flowers from early spring to late
fall.

The contractor in excavating left a deep cut in which
the pond, bog garden, iris bed, rockery and fernery are situ-
ated. The pond, of irregular shape, this last season (1898)
was filled with a splendid growth of aquatics, water lilies,
lotuses and water hyacinths being conspicuous, while the
aquatics, Marsilia quadrifolia, Myriophyllum, Nitella, Chara
Limnobium, Limnocharis and Trianea bogotensis grew
luxuriantly. The bog garden is situated along the ditch
connecting the Victoria tank and the lake. In separate
pockets formed by stones set on end are grown plants
which flourish in a water-logged soil, such as Decodon verti-
cillcttus, Acorus calamus, Typha latifolia, Sparganium eurycar-
pum, Drosera rotundifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, S. flava,
Helonias bullata, Orontium aquaticum, species of Carex, of
Cyperus, of Sagittaria, of Juncas, and a host of others too
numerous to mention. The iris bed adjoins the bog garden,
and is connected with it by a pipe through which a water
supply is furnished to the roots of the plants. The rock
garden covers the sides of the cut in which the lake is situa-

_!0 TIIK IIi'TAMSTS OF PHI I. A I >KLPII I A.

ted, and is provided with separate pockets for every plant
after the rockery in the botanic garden at Edinburgh.
Here are grown a large number of rock plants and herba-
ceous ones of a gaudy color. Narrow pathways intellect
the rock garden in every direction, so that a person can
study the plants closely, as well as in mass. The fernery,
hardly yet thoroughly established, is in a glen through
which runs a cindered path under trellis-work devoted to
climbing plants, intended to protect the delicate ferns
beneath. Nearby is the Bryarium for the growth of mosses.

The surrounding shrubberies have been laid out so as
to illustrate geographic groupings of plants. One is devoted
to the swamp shrubs of the eastern States, such as the white
azalea, white birch, spice brush, swamp magnolia, androme-
das, huckleberries, cedar and juniper. Another includes
the rhododendrons, azaleas and kalmias of our woods.
Under the shade of these, native and introduced herba-
ceous plants thrive, that would soon shrivel if exposed to
hot suns.

Through the generosity of Provost Harrison important
additions were made to the plant houses at the close of the
season of '97. These houses now represent more than 0000
feet of glass surface, and consist of eight houses in addition
to propagating frames. One of the greenhouses, immediately
connected with the laboratory for plant physiology, is in
part utilized as a temperate house, in part for the work of
students in plant physiology. An adjoining house, 34 X 11
feet, is arranged as a fernery, and contains a representative
collection of ferns and their allies. Opening from the last
are a propagating house, 40 X 10 feet, a stove house, 40 X
18 feet, and a palm house, 59 X 28 feet. The two last now

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contain a varied collection of pitcher plants, aroids, melasto-
mids, sensitive plants, palms, maraiitas, bananas, bamboos,
etc. To the right of the palm house is a succulent house
containing a type collection of cacti, euphorbias, gasterias,
aloes, agaves, crassulas and other forms that are more or
less similarly modified to live in arid regions and success-
fully resist long periods of drought. On the left side of the
palm house are two structures, each 59 X 13 feet, The
inner of the two now contains a fair collection of sub-
tropical and tropical orchids donated by Mr. LeBoutillier,
and more recently by Mrs. George Wilson. Sharing the
house with these are parent species and hybrid derivatives
of the popular begonias and gloxinias, as well as specimens
of the curious South African genus Streptocarpvs, two spe-
cies of which show only one of the two seed leaves, though
this may attain a length — as in one specimen exhibited in
the greenhouses — of two to three feet. Species of Oxalis and
Solarium, the curious simple-leaved Chorizema from Australia,
and many other sub-tropical types of great value in under-
graduate and graduate teaching find a home here. The
outer or cool house lodges many plants of great botanical
interest, chief among these being the celebrated venus fly-
trap, several native sundews, groups of our southern sarra-
cenias, and the butterworts, all celebrated as fly catchers.
Recently, by permission of the highway authorities of the
city of Philadelphia through a municipal act, Pine Street,
between Thirty-eighth and Thirty-sixth Streets, has been
taken from the city plans. The area thus vacated has been
converted (1898) into a fine walk lined with trees, shrubs
and rhododendrons. At the Thirty-ninth Street entrance a
memorial gate-way, in keeping with the dormitory building

22 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

adjoining, has been erected by the Class of 73. A vivarium
or building for small animals is in course of erection in the
garden enclosure immediately in the rear and to the west
of Biological Hall. A small garden is much better for
scientific work than a large one, the cost of maintenance of
the latter being considerable. The University garden of
five or six acres is therefore admirably adapted to its pur-
pose, being near to the laboratory where the botanical
instruction is given. The illustrations will convey better
than words the appearence of the garden after it had been
planted in 1896, and again after the construction of the
greenhouse additions and vivarium in 1899.

The Botanical Society of Pennsylvania was instituted
at the University of Pennsylvania, October 23, 1897. Under
its auspices a fortnightly series of popular meetings and of
scientific meetings have been held since organization, while
during the fall, spring and summer, courses of laboratory
demonstrations and field excursions have been held. A
great variety of interesting papers were presented during
the first year of the society's existence. . Living plants from
various greenhouses, charts, diagrams, lantern slides and
specimens added very much to the attractiveness of the
several meetings. The class meetings were held at the
Biological Hall of the University, where the greenhouses
and garden afforded much interesting and valuable material.
The general meetings were held in the auditorium of the
Harrison Chemical Laboratory. The following persons have
interested themselves in the movement : Dr. John M. Macfar-
lanc, Professor of Botany; Dr. Henry Kraemer, Messrs.
Roberts LeBoutellier, W. H. Walmsley, Drs. A. AV. Miller,

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THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 23

H. C. Porter and J. A\r. Harshberger. A list of the active
members of the society is given in an appendix.

The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy has also been
an influential botanical centre. Several excellent botanists
have occupied the chair of materia medica and botany, as
John M. Maisch, Edson S. Bastin, Henry Kraemer and
Clement B. Lowe. The chemical and pharmaceutical side
of botany have been much emphasized, and much meri-
torious work has been done, both by the chemists and
botanists of the institution. The American Journal of
PJtarmacy is a valuable epitome of the work accomplished.

The late Professors Trimble and Bastin, of the faculty,
were actively engaged in botanical research, the former on
the tannins of plants, the latter on the conifera? and the
resins. From the College of Pharmacy many students have
received an inspiration for botanical study. The Herbarium
of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy possesses the col-
lections of Elias Durand, Daniel B. Smith, Prof. John M.
Maisch, and that of Isaac Martindale, purchased by Messrs.
Smith, Kline, French and Company from the estate, as also
numerous contributions from botanical friends and students.
With a laboratory equipped for botanical and microscopical
study, and with such an excellent herbarium for comparison,
the College is enabled to give an extended course in botany.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was
founded March 21, 1812, by a few citizens "interested in
the study of the works and laws of the Creator." From the
outset, the Department of Botany received a due share of
attention, and the first contribution to the Academy's Her-
barium * consisted of a collection of plants made in the

* Torrey Bulletin VIII : 42, J. H. Redfield.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 25

Treviranus, Mertens, etc. ; the Ashmead collection of marine
alga? ; Lesquereux's collection of over 700 species of algse,
authenticated by the best algologists of the age, and a
large collection of cryptogams from Ravenel. More
recent additions are the herbaria of the late Thomas
G. Lea, of Cincinnati, and of Dr. Joseph Carson, late
Professor of Materia Medica in the University of Pennsyl-
vania ; a large collection from southern Europe and from
India, made by the late John Stuart Mill, received from
Miss Taylor, through the Director of the Kew gardens and
the kindness of Dr. Gray ; the collections of the late Dr.
Charles Pickering, made in his journeys through oriental
regions in 1844 and 1845 ; Syrian and Algerian plants from
Dr. George Post, of Beirut; Floridan plants from Dr.
Garber; Mexican plants collected by Parry, Palmer,
and Pringle, and a set of mosses and hepaticae of North
America, collected and named by the late Col. F. Austin.

The most important accession to the Academy's collec-
tion was the Short Herbarium of Dr. Charles W. Short,
of Louisville, Ky. For this the Academy was indebted
to the strenuous exertions of Dr. Gray in its behalf, and
to the liberality of Dr. Short's family. The plants of this
collection are uncommonly choice specimens, from all
active collectors up to 1863, and are laid in sheets of extra
size, arranged in 325 book-form cases, of which the North
American species occupy 261, and the exotic species 64.

The work of arranging the earlier collections of the
Academy was mainly accomplished by Nuttall and Picker-
ing, followed later by Goddard, Bridges, Zantzinger, Durand,
Burk, Scribner, Redfield, Smith, Brown and Meehaii. Until
the removal to the new building, in 1876, the arrangement

26 TIIK JIOTANISTS i IF 1'IMI.A DF.I.l'IIIA.

had been after the- Linn;ean system in large cumbersome
port-folios, in a narrow, dark and inconvenient hall. The
removal gave opportunity for an entirely new arrangement,
more in accordance with the progress of the science, on
enclosed shelves after the most approved modern methods,
and in well-lighted apartments convenient for reference and
study.

In lSf)4, the lamented Elias Durand began the work of
forming a special North American Herbarium from the
stores of the Academy, contributing largely from his private
collection, of species collected by Lindheimer, Fendler,
Wright and others. In this labor he was occupied four
years. Since his death the work of perfecting this depart-
ment has been continued, and nearly all of the collections
made in our newer territories by Parrv, Lemmon, Palmer,

«/ \J '

Kellogg Ward, Rothrock, Pringle and others have been con-
tributed at various times by Gray, Canby, Parker, Meehan,
Rothrock, Martindale and Redfield. This collection and the
" Short Herbarium '* occupy the upper of the two rooms
devoted to botany in the south-west corner of the building,
while the lower room contains the general herbarium, and
a large case devoted to the reception of fruits, seed vessels
and other vegetable productions.

One of the most recent additions to the Academy's Her-
barium is the loan collection of the Lewis & Clark plants
from the American Philosophical Society. The following
is an interesting account of this recent acquisiton :

"The expedition of Captains Merewether Lewis and
William Clark, from what was then the village of St. Louis to
the sources of the Mississippi and across to the Pacific Coast,
was one of the marvels in the earlv historv of the American

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THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 27

Republic.* Captain Lewis started from Washington to take
charge of the party on the 5th of July, 1803. They crossed
the Continent, reaching the mouth of the Columbia River,
and with the loss of but one man, returned and arrived at
St. Louis on the 23d of September, 1806.

" The idea of exploration originated with Jefferson. In.
1 792 he tried to interest the American Philosophical Society
in the plan. It was approved, and it was decided to place
the expedition in charge of Andre Michaux. Reasons of
State policy arising out of our relation with Michaux 's
country, caused its abandonment. Lewis was Jefferson's
private secretary, and under him the expedition finally
started."

The plants collected on the expedition were described by
Pursh in his " Flora America? Septrionalis," published in
London, in 1814. One hundred and nineteen (119) plants
are referred to, many of which he described as wholly new.

Nothing was known as to the final disposition of the
collections. It was lost to botanists. " It was understood
that Pursh took these plants to England, and that they were
left by him to Mr. A. B. Lambert, Vice-President of the
Linnfean Society, under whose roof and by whose aid
Pursh's great work was completed. Lambert's Herbarium
was finally distributed, and, in some way not known to the
writer, a number of Lewis's plants, forming Pursh's types,
and marked ' from Lambert's Herbarium ' became part of
the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia."

" Two years ago Professor C. S. Sargent suggested to the
writer the possibility of some of the material being yet in

-L t/ O •/

*189S. MEEHAN— Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 12.

TIN: BOTANISTS <>K PHI LADKI-l'IIIA.

the custody of the American Philosophical Society. After
long and diligent search, packages of plants were found
which could only be these, as the localities on the label
slips were about the same as those given in Pursh's work."
After a careful scrutiny of the labels, handwriting and plant
sheets it was satisfactorily determined by Mr. Meehan that
the plants were those of Lewis and Clark. Pursh had evi-
dently studied these collections before starting to Europe with
them, leaving duplicates, where there were any, and those
which were too imperfect to be easily recognized. A compari-
son of Lewis's own labels and Pursh's copies shows that the
latter were not always strictly copied — differences can be
seen in the comparisons made in the catalogue. Pursh's
notes were probably made from Lewis's original memoranda
carried away with the specimens, and are, therefore, the
more likely to be the exact statements of the collectors, than
the copies left with these. The plants first determined by
Mr. Meehan were turned over to the Grav Herbarium where

\j

they were critically studied by Messrs. Robinson and Green-
man.

With the freedom of three-quarters of a century the
museum beetles had made sad work in the bundles. In a
few cases the specimens had been wholly reduced to dust,
and only fragments were left in other cases. Generally,
however, they were in fair condition. The Philosophical
Society wisely accepted a proposition to deposit these and
other collections with the Academy of Natural Sciences,
where they would be properly cared for. All these collec-
tions, including those from the Kuram Valley, Afghanstan,
made by Major J. E. T. Aitcheson ; from China, Japan.
Formosa, Australia and Tasmania; from the Texo-Mexican

THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 2'.'

region ; from Australia, made by Baron F. von Mueller ; from
the United States Forestry Commission of rare North Ameri-
can trees ; from North Africa, made by Geo. Curling Joad ;
from the North Pacific Survey, by William Canby ; from
Alaska, by Thos. Meehan ; from the Yellowstone, made by
F. Tweedy ; of Mexican plants distributed by C. G. Pringle,
the noted collector, and the veteran botanist, Dr. Palmer ;
from Colorado, New Mexico and California, made by A. H.
Smith ; from Chili, Bolivia and Brazil, distributed by H. H.
Rusby; from Tabasco and Chiapas, in Mexico, by Prof.
Rovirosa; from South America, by Thos. Morong; from
the West Indies, made by Professor Leopold Krug, of the
Royal Botanical Museum, Berlin ; from Guatemala, distri-
buted by John Donnell Smith ; from Greenland, made by
Wm. E. Meehan ; from Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor,
Kurdistan and Mesopotamia, by Bornmiiller and Sintenis ;
from the West Indies, distributed by Rothrock ; from Cali-
fornia, by Brandegee, are valuable scientifically, because
they represent type specimens of the new forms discovered
by all of these collectors in different parts of the world. In
addition to the phanerogams the Academy's herbarium has
been enriched in recent years by the addition of many note-
worthy cryptogamic collections, among these may be men-
tioned a complete set of Ellis's " Centuries of North Ameri-
can Fungi," Drummond's " Mosses of the Rocky Mountains
and British America," a set of fungi, from the wife of the
late Dr. Geo. Martin, of West Chester ; the lichen herbarium
of Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, the celebrated lichen ologist, and
other collections of minor interest and importance.

With these large collections the herbarium of the
Academy of Natural Sciences may be said to be on a par

30 Till-: IJMTANISTS «>F PHILADELPHIA.

with those of Harvard I "niversity. at ( ';u ill > ridge, Mass.;
Columbia College, in Xc\v York; the Missouri Botanical
< i.-irden, at St. Louis, and the Tinted States Department of
Agriculture, at Washington.

In addition to the herbarium, the Academy is especially
fortunate in having an almost complete file of all of the
leading journals of science, in which list the botanical
journals are well represented. The Academy, therefore, is
well e< | nipped for active scientific work, but is hampered,
like so many other institutions, by lack of funds. It is to
be hoped that the endeavor which is now being made to
raise an endowment to pay a first-class botanist, and to
maintain the herbarium in good condition, will meet with
success. The fund, to be known as the Redfield Memorial
Herbarium Fund, is sorely needed, as the committee, consist-
ing of Thomas Meehan, George M. Beringer, and Stewardson
Brown, testify in their appeal to the admirers of the scientist
who did so much for the herbarium.

It is estimated that at least $30,000 should be raised
to insure the necessary income, and the bequest * of Mr.
Redfield will serve as a nucleus. It is proposed to utilize
the interest to pay a conservator or professor, who shall
devote his time to the needs of the herbarium, and make
the collections available at all times. Any income in
excess of the sum needed for salary will be judiciously
applied to shares in exploring expeditions, or other means
of adding to the collections.

The Philadelphia Botanical Club, organized by Dr.
J. Bernard Brinton, who held the presidency until his death,
has for its object the promotion of social intercourse between

* See Science X. S. I: -170; also rhiltuldphia Led<j< r. April -. 1895.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 31

botanists who live within a radius of sixty miles of the
City of Philadelphia, the formation of a herbarium in
which all of the plants of the region, carefully mounted,
labeled and annotated, are represented, and the advance-
ment of botany generally. Field trips during the spring,
summer, and autumn months are taken to various points
of botanical interest, and reports are made at each succeed-
ing meeting of the plants collected. Its membership repre-
sents the active botanists of the region at the present day.
It has done much to advance the systematic knowledge
of the plants of the district. Under the auspices, and with
the co-operation of this organization, Dr. Ida Keller has
undertaken the preparation of a list of the plants found
within the neighborhood of Philadelphia, as represented
in a radius of 60 miles or less. This work will be of great
use to students of the local flora, and is to be highly
commended.

The study of the lower forms of plant-life has been
almost entirely neglected by the greater number of botanists
mentioned in this work. In order to create an interest in the
fungi, especially the higher fleshy fungi, two societies have
been inaugurated during 1897 and 1898. One called the
Philadelphia Mycological Center, modeled after the Boston
organization, meets statedly at the Academy of Natural
Sciences. Topics of general interest to the members are
discussed, and specimens, chiefly of the edible kinds of toad-
stools, are presented for inspection.

The other organization is known as the Mycological
Club. Its objects are essentially similar to those of the
first-mentioned society. A bulletin is published under the
auspices of this club, and excursions are taken into the sur-

:;•_' TJII: I;<>TAM>TS OF

rounding country for specimens. Those interested especially
in tlic advaneement of the interests of this club are the
following ladies and gentlemen : Captain Charles .Mrllvaine*
M rs. S. T. Rorer, Dr. Henry Leffman, Mr. and Mrs. Talcot t
Williams, and Theodore Rand, C. S. Ridgway. l)r. S. C.
Schmucker, and Mrs. Theodore Ely.

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, organized in
Ls.sG, has done a great service to the State of Pennsylvania
in interesting its people in trees and in forest preservation.
As an outcome of this agitation under the leadership of the
Forest Commissioner, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, and by the official
organ of the Society, " Forest Leaves," three tracts of mountain
land have been designated as forest reservations.

The Delaware County Institute of Science at Media,
Penna,, founded in 1833, has for its object the diffusion
of general and scientific knowledge among its members and
in the community at large, and the establishment and
maintenance of a library and historical record and a museum.
The library of the Institute contains about four thousand
volumes, covering generally the subjects of science, history
and literature. The museum contains a large collection
of specimens, illustrating the fauna, flora and the minerals
of Delaware County. The local botanical and mineralogi-
cal collections are quite complete, well arranged, and
accessible to students of these subjects. The Indian
archeology of the county is well represented. The Institute
is divided into several sections, as follows: biological,
anthropological, physical and literary sections.

The Wagner Free Institute of Science, at 17th and
Montgomery Avenue, Philadelphia, was founded by William
Wagner to advance the cause of science by popular lectures

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and demonstrations. In the past many lectures on botany
have been given to interested audiences, under the auspices
of the Institute, which also possesses a fine scientific and
general library.

Fairmount Park and its Horticultural Building also are
places where the botanists of Philadelphia have received their
inspiration. This building, in Moorish style, was built for
the Centennial Exposition of 1876, and in it was placed a
large and valuable collection of palms, orchids, tree ferns,
ferns and other tropical and exotic plants. It has been altered
considerably since it was built to give more light to the
rapidly-growing araucarias, palms and bamboos. A visitor
luxuriates in the vegetation of the fernery, the forcing-house,
the temperate-house and the main hall, in which grow some
magnificent specimens of Australian palm (Ptychosperma
elegans) tree ferns, bamboos, traveler's tree, date palms,
rubber trees, fan palms, climbing aroids, wax palms, and
other tropical plants. Upon entering the door, one imagines
himself in a tropical forest.

The Commercial and Economic Museum, * which is
owned and operated by the City of Philadelphia, is com-
posed of the combined exhibits of many countries, both of
raw material and the vegetable and animal products of the
countries represented. This museum was established soon
after the close of the Columbian Exposition.

Professor Thomas Meehan and Professor W. P. Wilson,
made the proposition to procure these great collections
to one or two public-spirited gentlemen on September 7,
1893, and on September 12th of that year a resolution was

* The Mirror, Philadelphia, Wednesday, May 8, 1895, with portraits of those
prominently connected with the Philadelphia Museums.

34 THE BOTANISTS OF

passed by the Select and Common Councils of the City of
Philadelphia authorizing the Park Commission to make col-
lections for an Economic Museum. Later, arrangements
were made by Professor Wilson and one member of the
Park Commissioners with the Mayor, by which letters were
addressed to the foreign representatives at the Columbian
Exposition, stating the wish of the City of Philadelphia to
obtain the exhibits of natural products at the Fair for the
proposed Museum, where they might be preserved intact
and so remain as a lasting proof of the advancement of the
countries they represent.

On October 19, 1893, Councils passed an ordinance
making an appropriation of $10,000 to the Commissioners of
Fairmount Park " to defray the expenses of procurement,
transportation, packing, storing and display of raw and
manufactured economic products now of the Columbian
Exposition at Chicago." The sum of $3000 was advanced
by three prominent citizens until such time as Councils
should make the appropriation. This unex ] >eetrd generosity
saved the enterprise from what might have been a failure,
since by that time other cities and institutions, realizing the
benefit to their industries to be gained bv such a museum,

o »

were making attempts to obtain the collections partially
promised to Pennsylvania. The appropriation was finally
made by Councils, and the money was judiciously expended,
§'JO,000 provided for the project in Is'.'l. Professor Wilson
succeeded in securing displays of various materials from
Mexico, from Costa Kiea. from < iuateinala. from British
Guiana, from Ecuador, from Colombia, from the Argentine
Republic, Brazil, Venezuela, rruguay. Paraguay. Labrador.
Sweden, (Jermany. Uussia. .Johore, Japan. Siain. New South

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Wales, Turkey, British India, Persia, Spain, Puerto Rico and
Ceylon.

The objects of the museum are clearly set forth by its
promoters as being : First, to bring before American manu-
facturers all the varied products of the world, that they may
make the best selection of material for their own especial
interests. Second, to publish all possible scientific and useful
information concerning these products which may aid the
manufacturer and consumer in his choice. Third, to place
on exhibition manufactured articles and samples, with full
information from all markets which ought to be entered or
controlled, and to furnish to merchants and manufacturers
useful information concerning opportunities in foreign lands.

The exhibits consist in the main of raw materials, show-
ing the vegetable and animal products of the several
countries, as for instance the handsome forestry exhibit
from Mexico, composed of a great number of prepared
woods, many of them polished and varnished on one side,
showing the grain and any particularly striking features of
the wood. There are also minor forest products, such as
fibres, gums, resins, tannins and medicinal plants. In many
cases the collections represent big sums of money, the
exhibition from the Argentine Republic, alone, having cost
that government over $25,000. One of the three collections
presented from Japan cost $15,000 to prepare. The collec-
tions from many of the countries are of especial interest to
botanists, in that they comprise largely a display of the
vegetal productions of those lands.

The Museum, being in need of a building sufficiently
large to accommodate the vast quantity of material in its
possession, there were assigned nineteen rooms in City Hall,

36 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

all of them except three being in the basement. Many
cases were stored in the warehouses of several firms in
Philadelphia, awaiting a time when they might be opened.

The exhibits continued in the City Building until Sep-
tember, 1895, when they were taken to South Fourth Street,
a lease of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company's Buildings,
which are admirably adapted to the purposes of the museum,
having been made with the Pennsylvania Railroad Com-
pany at advantageous terms in August of that year. The
buildings now occupied have been leased for five years,
and the exhibits will remain in them until the buildings
are completed in "West Philadelphia. These railroad build-
ings are three in number. The principal one is the granite
building, fronting on Fourth Street at the corner of Willing's
Alley. Adjoining it also on Fourth Street is the Empire
Building, three stories in height. Connected with the
granite building is the rear of the annex, an enormous
structure six stories high. Altogether, the museum occupies
128 rooms with a floor space of 200,000 square feet.

Part of the granite building is devoted to the display of
exhibits according to products, without regard to the geogra-
phical location of the countries producing them. Here
are shown samples from every civilized section of the world,
embracing everything of foreign growth used or deemed
capable of being used by American manufacturers, or which
enter into or are likely to enter into American commerce.
The exhibits include thousands of samples of woods, wools,
silks, cottons, vegetable fibres, hides, skins, dye-stuffs, tanning
materials, drugs, herbs, minerals, coffees, spices, teas, rubber,
etc.*

* Philadelphia Inquirer, Monday, March 2, 1896.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 37

Another section of the Empire Building is given over
to the American forestry exhibit, particular attention being
given to the Southern states, which are just now being
looked to in a commercial sense as they have never been
before. A large part of this display was secured at the
Atlanta Exposition, and includes the collection of sugar
cane from Louisiana, and the interesting turpentine exhibit,
showing realistically the method of collecting this valuable
product of the turpentine forests.

The exhibits are tastefully and conveniently arranged
according to countries, beginning with Mexico and following
with the Central and South American countries, in their
order. After these come the countries of Europe, Asia and
Africa.

Especial prominence is given to Mexico and the Span-
ish-American countries because of their growing importance
to the mercantile and manufacturing interests of this coun-
try. This prominence, however, is not at the expense of the
exhibits from other countries, for the collections from all of
them will be extensively and conveniently displayed. The
exhibit from Mexico can be taken as an illustration of the
completeness of the different collections. It occupies no
less than nine large rooms, and embraces every possible
article of commercial value that country produces. In the
exhibit are collections of woods from no less than fifteen
different states in the Mexican Republic, which have already
been or will be in the near future brought into use by the
manufacturers of this country.

Another department, which illustrates the great scope
of the museum and the thoroughness contemplated in its
general plan, is the testing department. Here, with suitable

38 TJIK BOTANISTS (>F IMIILADKLrillA.

machinery and under the supervision of experts, will l.e
made tests, for instance, <>t' samples of foreign wood- forthe
purpose of ascertaining their availability for certain uses.
The scientilie laboratories of botany and /oology and
those of technology in connection with the museums are
doing excellent work in the study of economic samples.

A department, fully as invaluable to the American
manufacturer as any of the others, is that in which are
displayed samples of foreign manufacturers. This display
consists of a complete collection of manufactured articles
which certain countries, notably those of Spanish America,
Australia, South Africa, etc., do not produce themselves and
which they must necessarily purchase elsewhere. An
inspection of this department will show an American
manufacturer just what these countries buy and where
they buy.

A Bureau of Information is maintained whose object is
to make a special study of foreign commerce, compile all
data relative thereto, and make it available to the manu-
facturer or consumer in as concise and definite a form as
possible. The bureau is located on the third floor, and a
force of men and women is actively engaged in compiling
the data, arranging indexes and getting things in shape/

A libraryt is maintained in connection with the Bureau
of Information, where business directories, trade and com-
mercial publications, books of reference, etc., from all parts
of the world are kept constantly on lile. The library
is receiving between 100 and ">00 of the best trade publi-
cations from Kngland, France. ( iermany and the United
States, over fifty of them coming from London alone.

* See Ledger, February 111, ls%.
t Philadelphia Iii'jiiin-r, March L1.

THE BOTANISTS (>F PHILADELPHIA. 39

Iii addition to these are the official organs of Great Britain,
France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Australia, Japan, Mexico
and the South American countries.

There is also kept a complete file of statistical docu-
ments issued by different countries in relation to trade and
commerce. The information and data contained in all of
these publications is compiled and indexed for ready refer-
ence under the most approved library methods, so that the
merchant or manufacturer may easily and quickly find that
which refers to the particular line of industry in which he
is interested.

The authorities expect, in the near future, to move the
collections to West Philadelphia, near the University of
Pennsylvania, On June 27, 1895, City Councils passed an
ordinance giving over to the Trustees eight acres of land
along the Schuylkill. By an ordinance approved October
10, 189<;>, eight acres more were added to this, making six-
teen acres. Recently $200,000 has been appropriated out of
the " loan bill " to commence work 011 the buildings ;
§50,000 was granted by the State of Pennsylvania ; $100,-
000 has been raised by private subscription ; and in
December, 1898, the Congress of the United States passed a
bill, which was signed by the President, authorizing the
expenditure of .$350,000 in the erection of exhibition and
museum buildings for the Philadelphia Commercial
Museums, so that the museums have become a national as
well as a state and municipal enterprise.*

A casual reader will see, after perusing this sketch of

* Since writing the above, exposition buildings have been started and are
well under way. An Exposition and Commercial Congress, it is planned, will be held
in Philadelphia, beginning with the middle of September, 1899. It is planned that
two of the exposition buildings, under course of erection, will become a permanent
part of the Commercial Museums.

40 THE BOTANI.-TS < >F PHILA 1 »] -il.l'I I ! A.

the facilities which are presented at Philadelphia, that the
city is peculiarly fitted to he the botanical centre of
America. Situated between New York, the metropolis of
America, and the Capitol of the United States, it is within
easy reach of the metropolitan life and publishing houses of
the former city, and the libraries and scientific departments
of the latter city, in the Smithsonian Institute and National
Museum, and in the National Congressional Library. The
libraries of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the
American Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Histori-
cal Society, the University of Pennsylvania, the Franklin
Institute, the Free Librar}^ Company, and the Philadelphia
Library Company present unusual opportunities for research
and study. In addition to the facilities for study and
research already mentioned, the city has Fairmount and
Bartram's Parks, and the seed houses of national reputation
of Landreth, Dreer, Buist, Blanc and Burpee, whose experi-
ment farms lie within close proximity to the urban limits.
Philadelphia has never very severe winters, being protected
by the range of hills to the west and north-west. Lying in
close proximity to New Jersey, whose peculiar flora is rich
in species, and to the drainage areas of the Susquehanna,
Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, it is favorably situated
for botanical research. Why not make Philadelphia the
Botanical Centre of America ?

BIOGRAPHIES OF BOTANISTS.

JAMES LOGAN.

James Logan,* one of the fathers of Pennsylvania,
and greatly distinguished for his learning and worth,
was born at Lurgaii, County Armagh, Ireland, October 20,
1674. He came to America in company with William
Penn, in 1699. In 1701 he was appointed Secretary of the
Province of Pennsylvania, and Clerk of the Council. He
was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
from 1731-39, and, as President of the Council, was for two
years acting Governor of the Colony, after the death of
Governor Gordon in 1736. Several years previous to his
death he retired from public affairs, and spent the latter
part of his life among his books, and in corresponding with
learned men in different parts of Europe. He died near
Germantown, October 31, 1751, bequeathing his library of
2000 volumes to the City of Philadelphia, which now forms
part of the Philadelphia Library under the name, Loganian
Library. In 1735 he published his experiments upon
maize in support of Linntean doctrine of sex in plants. The
results of the experiments were given in brief in the letter
to Peter Collinson, published in the Philosophical Transac-
tions (34 : 192-195), and later a full account was published
in Latin, in a work entitled, " Experimenta et Meletemata
de Plantarum Generatione, etc., auctore Jacobo Logan,
Judice Supremo and Prseside Concilii Provincife Pensilvaniensis
in America, Lugduni Batavorum, Apud Cornelium Haak,

* 1849. DARLINGTON — Memorials of Bartram and Marshall, p. 307.

42 THE P.OTAMSTS <>K PHILADELPHIA.

I":;1.)," pp. :"J-i:-J (preface dated Philadelphia, 1737).* In
17-1 Mic published also a translation of Cicero's treatise, " De
Senectute," at Philadelphia.

The country home of James Logan was at Stenton,
Germantown, adorned with many line trees and rare shrubs
and plants. f Here way spent the quiet days of an extremely
eventful and busy life.

CHRISTOPHER WITT.

Dr. Christopher Witt,! or DeWitt, as he is occasionally
named, was born in Wiltshire, England, in the year 1075,
he emigrated to America in the year 1704, and joined the
theosophical colonists on the Wissahickon. He was then in
his twenty-ninth year, and in addition to being a thorough
naturalist and a skilled physician, was well versed in the
mystic sciences and in astronomy. He was esteemed highly
by his fellow-mystics, his services as a physician were
constantly called into requisition. Shortly after the death
of Kelpius, Doctor Witt, together with Daniel Geissler,
removed to a small house in Germantown, upon the land
owned by Christian Warmer, who, with his family, looked
after the welfare of their tenants. In 1718 Dr. Witt pur-
chased ground aggregating in all 1'2~> acres. After the
death of Geissler, Dr. Witt moved, according to tradition, to
the large mansion house still standing at the south-east
corner of Main and High Streets.

* See ;ui article nf mine, " .hunt's Lofjan," Hotunical (Jazcttf, August, IS'.M, p. 307.
There are two oil paintings of Logan extant, one at the Pennsylvania Historical
Society and one in Independence Hall.

1 1877. SCIIAKKK AND WESTCOTT— The Historic Mansions and Buildings of J'/i ilu-
detphia, p. 155. There is an oil paintini; of Stenhm at the Pennsylvania Historical
Society, and a pen and ink sketch by Mumford at the Philadelphia Library.

I 1895. SACHSE— The German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania, p. 402.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

Dr. Witt was a good botanist, and upon removing to
Germantown, he started a large garden for his own profit
and amusement. It is probably the first botanical garden
in America, antedating Bartram's celebrated garden by
twenty years. There seems to have been a much earlier
garden located on the lower AVissahickon, at the Monastery.
In George Webb's poem, Bachelor's Hall, published in
1729, he speaks of a place of retreat situated near Phila-
delphia, * which was called " Bachelor's Hall, and was
the headquarters of a social company. In addition to its
uses for such purposes there was attached to the building a
botanic garden, cultivated for the production of plants use-
ful in medicine. Speaking of this building the poet says :

"Close to the dome a garden shall be join'd —
A fit employment for a studious mind.
Iri oiir vast woods -whatever simples grow,
Whose virtues none but the Indians know,
Within the confines of this garden brought,
To rise with added lustre shall be taught ;
Then culled with judgment each shall yield its juice,
Saliferous balsam to the sick man's use ;
A longer date of life mankind shall boast,
And death shall mourn her ancient empire lost."

It is known that the members of this social fraternity
interested themselves sufficiently in science to append such
a garden to their place of good-fellowship, for medical
purposes. It is not known who superintended the garden,
which must have been under the charge of a person of
more than ordinary taste. Dr. Witt corresponded for

* See introduction, p. 5. This poem varies in different books. The dome,
referred to in the poem, is probably the observatory erected by the Rosicruuian
fraternity near their garden founded in ir>'j4. is;).-,. SACHSE— The German Pietists
of Provincial Pennsylvania, p. 71.

44 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

many years with Peter Collinson, of London, whose letters
to some of the leading men in the Province mention
the high esteem and regard in which Dr. Witt was held
by the English naturalist. In later years, there was a
friendly intercourse between Dr. Witt and John Bartram.
The following letter from the latter to Peter Collinson gives
an interesting picture of the private life of the learned
theosophist :

. " June llth, 1743.
" FRIEND PETEK :

" I have lately been to visit our friend Doctor Witt,
where I spent four or five hours very agreeably — sometimes
in his garden, where I viewed every kind of plant, I believe,
that grew therein, which afforded me a convenient oppor-
tunity of asking him whether he ever observed any kind of
wild roses, in this country, that was double. He said he
could not remember that he ever did. So being satisfied
with this amusement, we went into his study, which was
furnished with books containing different kinds of learning,
as philosophy, natural magic, divinity, nay, even mystic
divinity; all of which were the subjects of our discourse
within doors, which alternately gave way to botany, every
time we walked in the garden. I could have wished thee
(lie enjoyment of so much diversion, as to have heard our
discourse, provided thee had been well swathed from hips
to arm-pits. But it happened a little of our spiritual dis-
course was interrupted by a material object within doors;
for the Doctor had lately purchased of a great traveler in
Spain and Italy, ;i sample.1 of what was imposed upon him
for si inke stones, which took me up a little time, beside
laughing at him, to convince the Doctor that they were
nothing but calcined old horse bones.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 45

" Indeed, to give the Doctor his due, he is very pleasant,
facetious and plaint, and will exchange as many freedoms
as most men of his years, with those he respects. His
understanding and judgment thee art not unacquainted
with, having had so long and frequent intercourse with
him by letters.

«/

" When we are upon the topic of astrology, magic, and
mystic divinity, I am apt to be a little troublesome, by
inquiring into the foundation and reasonableness of these
notions, which, thee knows, will not bear to be searched and
examined into ; though I handle these fancies with
more tenderness with him than I should with many others
that are so superstitiously inclined, because I respect the
man. He hath a considerable share of good in him.

" The Doctor's famous Lychnis, which thee has digni-
fied so highly, is, I think, unworthy of that character. Our
swamps and low grounds are full of them. I had so con-
temptible an opinion of it as not to think it worth sending,
nor afford it room in my garden ; but I suppose, by thy
account, your climate agreeth so well, that it is much
improved. The other, which I brought from Virginia,
grows with me about five feet high, bearing spikes of
different colored flowers, for three or four months in the
year, exceeding beautiful. I have another wild one, finely
speckled, and striped with red upon a white ground, and a
red eye in the middle, the only one I ever saw.

" Our worthy friend Golden wrote to me he had received
a new edition of Linnseus's Characteres Plantarum, lately
printed. He advised me to desire Gronovius to send it to
me. The first I saw was at the Doctor's, and chiefly by it
he hath attained the greatest knowledge in botany of any
I have discoursed with. JOHN BARTRAM."

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Dr. Witt, besides being an excellent botanist, was an
ingenious mechanic, constructing the first clocks made in
Pennsylvania, if not in America. He was an artist and
musician. He possessed a large pipe organ, said to have
been made by his own hands. The scholarly Doctor also
practiced horoscopy and would cast nativities, using the
ha/el rod in his divination.

When the Doctor was eighty years old his eyesight
failed him. resulting finally in blindness. His slave, Robert,
carefully looked after his wants until his death in the latter
part of January, 1705, aged ninety years. Thus died Doctor
Christopher Witt, the last of the Rosicrucian Mystics of
( iermantown.

He was buried in the Warmer burial-ground, in
(uTinantown. This spot became known as Spook Hill.*
Tales were told which have survived to the present time,
how. upon the night following the burial of the old mystic,
spectral flames were seen dancing around his grave.

JOHN BARTRAM.

John Bart ram, founder of the celebrated Botanical
(iarden, was born near the village of Darby, in Delaware
(then Chester) County, Pennsylvania, on the 23rd day of
March. lr>(.>'.>.

His great grandfather, Richard Bartram, lived and died
in Derbyshire, England. Richard had one son, named
John, who married in Derby (England), and, with his wife,
was sell led for some years in the town of Ashborn, where
they had three sons and one daughter.

* It is located on the hiirh ground within the square hounded by High and
Haines Streets, nnd Mm-inn and Hancock Streets, mid is reached either by the old lane

Ira'liiiu 1'rcnn llaiiir- StiviM into Mi'rhanie Sttvt't. now Colwell Street, or by I lie path
between St. Michael's ( 'huivh and the parsonage.

T
THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 47

With this family, John (following the fortunes of
William Penn) removed to Pennsylvania in 1682 — the
year in which the city of Philadelphia was founded — and
settled in what is now Delaware County, near Darby. He
died on the first of September, 1697.

The names of the three sons who accompanied him to
the western world, were John, Isaac and William. John
and Isaac died unmarried, the former on the 14th of June,
1692, and the latter on the 10th of January, 1708. William
Bartram, the third son, was married to Elizabeth, daughter
of James Hunt, at Darby Meeting, on the 27th of March,
1696. The time of his death has not been ascertained. He
had three sons, and a daughter who died young. The
names of the sons were John (the Botanist), James and
William. Of these, William went to North Carolina, and
settled near Cape Fear ; James, who remained in Pennsyl-
vania, left no male descendants.*

John Bartram, eldest son of William and Elizabeth
Bartram, and the subject of this memoir, inherited a farm
near Darby, which was left to him by his Uncle Isaac.

One day in spring, about the year 1725, John Bartram,
after ploughing awhile in one of his fields, paused under
the shade of a tree to rest. While sitting upon the grass
near his panting beasts, he cast his eyes upon a daisy,
which he plucked mechanically, and began to look at it
with a certain languid curiosity. The more he looked, the
more interested he became ; observing the various parts,
some perpendicular, some horizontal, some white, some
yellow ; and he fell to wondering what could be the purposes

* The Bartram Tribute. Bartram Garden, Kingsessing, June 13 and 14, I860,
published as an auxiliary aid to the purposes of the Festival given by the ladies of St.
James' Episcopal Church, Kingsessing. 1849. DARLINGTON— Memorials of John
Bartram tnul Humphry Marsh«/l.

48 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

and functions of the several parts of the flower. For the
first time he was struck with his ignorance of the common
things about him.

"What a shame it is," said he to himself, "that I
should have employed so many years in tilling the earth,
and destroying so many flowers and plants without being
acquainted with their structure and their uses ! "

In relating the events of this day, he would declare his
inability to account for such thoughts. He said it was like
an inspiration, for he had never had such reflections before
in his life. After pulling his daisy to pieces, and musing
on the parts awhile, he took hold of his plough again, and
resumed his labor.

But his new thoughts did not abandon him, and a
strong desire arose within him for some knowledge of the
plants and flowers around him. When the bell summoned
him to dinner, he related these circumstances to his wife,
and made her acquainted with the desire for knowledge
which had sprung up in his mind. She did not encourage
him. He was not rich enough, she said, to spend any of
his time in such pursuits, and she advised him to stick to
his farm, which, being recently hewed out of the wilderness,
demanded all his time and care.

But he could not overcome his new desire. It haunted
him continually, whether he was at work or at rest, at table
or in bed. He resisted the impulse for four or five days,
and then, finding his desires unconquerable, he hired a
man to plough for him, saddled his horse and rode to. Phila-
delphia. Arriving at the city, then a town often thousand
inhabitants, he went to a book store. Not knowing what
book to ask for, he told the bookseller his story, and said he

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 49

wanted a book which would give him the botanical knowl-
edge of which he was in search. The bookseller provided
him with a work upon botany Avritten in Latin, and a Latin
grammar as well. This was sorry comfort to a mind so
eager, but he was fain to put the books in his saddle-bag,
and return to his farm with them. There was a school-
master in the neighborhood who taught Latin, and under
him this enthusiastic student made such progress, that in
three months he found himself able to translate, slowly and
with difficulty, the Latin of his botanical work.

The following story as told by his son William, of how
Bartram became a botanist, is probably more authentic
than the above story which has been so often quoted.*

" Being born in a newly-settled colony, of not more than
fifty years establishment, in a country where the sciences of
the old continent were little known, it cannot be supposed
that he could derive great advantages or assistance from
school-learning or literature. He had, however, all or most
of the education that could, at that time, be acquired in
country schools ; and whenever an opportunity offered he
studied such of the Latin and Greek grammars and classics
as his circumstances enabled him to purchase; and he
always sought the society of the most learned and virtuous
men.

" He had a very early inclination to the study of physic
and surgery. He even acquired so much knowledge in the
practice of the latter science as to be very useful ; and, in
many instances, he gave great relief to his poor neighbors,
who were unable to apply for medicines and assistance to
the physicians of the city (Philadelphia). It is extremely

* See Meeharis Monthly, ix, 90 (IS'.t'j).

50 TIIK I5UTAXISTS OF I'JI J LA DKLI'IIIA.

probable that, as most of his medicines were derived from
the vegetable kingdom, this circumstance might point out
to him the necessity of and excite a desire for the study < >f
botan}7-."*

James Logan was probably the first to direct the mind
of John Bart ram seriouslv to botanv, as the studv of a life-

t,1 t/ ' •„

time. In 1729 he wrote to England for a copy of Parkin-
son's Herbal, which he wanted to present to John Bartram,
who, he said, was a person worthier of a heavier purse th;m
fortune had yet allowed him, and had a genius perfectly
well turned for botany/*"

Then he began to botanize all over the farm. In a
short time he became acquainted with every plant, shrub,
tree and flower in his neighborhood. Then, as opportunity
favored, and the work of his farm allowed, he made botan-
ical tours in Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware, being
entertained by the members of the religious body to which
he belonged, the Society of Friends. Ere long, his circum-
stances improving, he extended his journeys into Virginia,
the Carolines and New York ; until, in fact, he was
acquainted with the nature and habits of every plant that
grew between the Allegheny range and the Atlantic Ocean,
and had recorded his observations with scientific exactness.

He owed the leisure which enabled him to pursue
these extensive studies to his excellent treatment of his ser-
vants, and his superior management of his farm. At a
time when almost everv other tanner of anv wealth culti-

*/ «/

vated his land with negro slaves, John Bartram set his

* The portion of the sketch designated by quotation marks is taken from an
account of John Hart nun written by his son William, and published in Professor
Uarton's Mrilicul uml J'hi/xir/i/ Junrnttl. See Miirtraiif s preface to SHOKT'.S
Britunnica. ( 17 >1 |.

•f 1884. SCHAKF AM> \VKSTCOTT— History of Philadelphia, I,'J:;l.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 51

negroes free, paid them eighteen pounds a year wages,
taught them to read and write, sat with them at table, and
took them with him to Quaker meetings.*

He was the second Anglo-American who conceived
the idea of establishing a botanic garden, for the reception
and cultivation of the various vegetables, natives of the
country, as well as of exotics, and of traveling for the
discovery and acquisition of them. " He purchased a conve-
nient piece of ground at sheriff's sale on the margin of the
Schuylkill, at a distance of three miles from the city, f a
happy situation, possessing every soil and exposure adapted
to the various nature of vegetables. Here he built with his
own hands a comfortable house of hewn stone, and laid out
a garden, containing about five acres of ground.

" He began his travels at his own expense. His various
excursions rewarded his labors with the possession of a great
variety of new, beautiful and useful trees, shrubs and herba-
ceous plants.

" A member of Franklin's celebrated club, called the
" Junto," Joseph Breintnall, an enterprising young mer-
chant of Philadelphia, much interested in science, was the
means of conveying to Europe the knowledge which John
Bartram had collected. One of the noted botanists then
living in England was a Quaker gentleman, named Peter
Collinson, a rich woolen draper, a great friend all his life of
Pennsylvania and Pennsylvanians — a correspondent of
Franklin for fifty years. To this excellent man Joseph

* JAMES PAETOX— Wood's Household Magazine, Oct., 1871, p. 167.

tTHF. DEED— Owen Owen, Sheriff, to John Bartram bears date September 30,
1728. The garden was probably commenced soon afterwards. The year in which
the dwelling house was erected may be gathered from an inscription on a stone in
the wall, John * Ann : Bartram : 1731.

52 THE BOTANI>T.- <»K I'll I LA DKLl'II I A.

Breintnall conveved John Bart ram's botanical diaries, which

u

Collinson read with extreme interest, and he opened a cor-
respondence with the American botanist that terminated
only with his life.

" He carried on a botanical correspondence with Queen
Ulrica, of Sweden, sister of Frederick the Great. Indeed,
we may say that through John Bartram the vegetable
wealth of North America was communicated to Europe.
And not the vegetable wealth only, for he sent to his friend,
Collinson, American turtles, birds, animals, minerals, as well
as minute accounts of such things as could not be trans-
ported. And all was done in the most delightfully simple,
inexpensive, unpretending manner. Peter Collinson occa-
sionally sent the American botanist a pocket compass or a
new suit of clothes, which Bartram received with gratitude,
and repaid by a box of live turtles, or a case of stuffed birds.
Probably the immense and incalculable service which John
Bartram rendered Europe did not cost Europe a thousand
pounds sterling.

"Peter Collinson and John Bartram, both Quakers and
both botanists, not only exchanged long letters by every
ship upon their favorite science, but seeds, roots, cuttings.
] daiit.s and trees. Almost every ship that left the Delaware
conveyed something of this nature — boxes of roots, or packets
of seeds — consigned to Peter Collinson in London, which
on arriving were tried in Collinson 's own garden, and
distributed among noblemen and gentlemen interested in
bolany, or in the decoration of parks and grounds. To
encourage Bartram to make more extensive tours, and to
compensate him for labors from whieh they derived so much
advantage, ( 'ollinson, the Duke of Richmond and Lord lYtre

TPIE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 53

subscribed ten guineas each per annum, the value to be
returned to them in American seeds and roots. Some years
later, Bartram was appointed botanist to the king, at a salary
of fifty pounds a year — one of the wisest expenditures a king
ever made, for it introduced into English parks and gardens
every vegetable production of North America which could
be of value. In 1735 we find Collinson sending, in addi-
tion to various fruit and shade trees, many flowers which
seem to have been new to America, to Bartram with others,
like lilacs and double narcissus, which Bartram complains
are already too numerous, as the roots brought by the early
settlers had spread enormously.

" Among the new flowers for America we find tulips,
double sweet-briar roses, twenty sorts of crocus, lilies, nar-
cissus, gladiolus, iris and snap-dragon, also the perennial
oriental poppy, cyclamens and carnations, while in return
Bartram sends Collinson bush honey-suckles, fiery lilies,
mountain-laurel, dog-tooth violets, wild asters, gentians,
ginseng and sweet fern, with magnolia, tulip and locust
trees, the hornbeam, witchhazel, cones of the spruce and
hemlock, red and white cedar, and seeds of the sugar maple,
about which the Englishmen \vere very curious.* Nor did
he confine his services to Great Britain. He sent American
plants and seeds to Linngeus and to botanists all over
Europe, f

With the stimulus given to him through corres-
pondence and exchange with European botanists and
horticulturists he employed much of his time in traveling
through the different provinces of North America, at that

* The Asa Gray Bulletin, III, April, lS'j:>, p. 15.

fPARTON — Wood's Household Magazine, October, 1871, p. 169.

54 THE i;<>TA. \ISTS OF PJI I LADELPHIA.

time subject to England. Neither < landers nor difficulties
impeded or confined his researches after objects in natural
history. The summits of our highest mountains were
ascended and explored by him. The lakes, Ontario, Iroquois
and George ; the shores and sources of the rivers Hudson,
Delaware, Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Alleghany and San
Juan were visited by him at an early period, when it was
truly a perilous undertaking to travel in the territories, or
even on the frontier. The results of this extended journey
are recorded in ' Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate,
Soil, Rivers, Productions (Animals and other matters
worthy of notice) made by Mr. John Bartram in his travels
from Pennsylvania to Onondago, Oswego and the Lake
Ontario.' Printed by J. Winston and B. White, Fleet
Street, 1751.

" He traveled several thousand miles in Carolina and
Florida. At the advanced age of near seventy years,
embarking on board of a vessel at Philadelphia, he set sail
for Charleston, in South Carolina. From thence he pro-
ceeded by land through part of Carolina and Georgia to
St. Agustine, in East Florida. When arrived at the last-
mentioned place — being then appointed botanist and
naturalist for the King of England, for exploring tin-
provinces — he received his orders to search for the sources
of the great river St. John's.

" Leaving St. Augustine, he traveled by land to the
hanks of the river, and embarking in a boat at Picolata.
ascended that great and beautiful river (400 miles) to its
sources, attending carefully to its various branches and the
lakes connected with it. Having ascended on one side of

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 55

the river, he descended by the other side to its confluence
with the sea,*

" In the course of this voyage or journey, he made an
accurate draft and survey of the various widths, depths,
courses and distances, both of the main stream and of the
lakes and branches. He also noted the situation and quality
of the soil, the vegetable and animal productions, together
with other interesting observations, all of which were highly
approved of by the governor and sent to the Board of Trade
and plantations in England, by whose direction they were
ordered to be published for the benefit of the new colony.

" Out of his great but unfulfilled desire to explore the
Mississippi Valley grew that idea of exploring the Missouri
country, discussed immediately after the Revolutionary War,
by Franklin, William Bartram and the Marshalls. This
discussion and hope became almost a reality ten years after-
ward, when Dr. Wistar wrote to one of the Marshalls that
' Mr. Jefferson and others are much interested
and think they can insure a thousand guineas to any one
who undertakes the journey, and can bring satisfactory
proof of having passed across to the South Sea. If thee
can come to town and converse with Mr. Jefferson, I am
confident no small matter will stop them.'

" Something happened, for ten years later, when the
expedition started in 1803 that was to give us the Oregon
country as proof of having reached the South Sea, we know
it was led by Lewis and Clarke, but Jefferson's instructions
to them read like extracts from Bartram's letters.

" Mr. Bartram was a man of modest and gentle
manners, frank, cheerful, and of great good-nature ; a lover

* 1S49. DARLINGTON — Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall.

•"><> THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

of justice, truth, and charity. He was, himself, an example
of filial, conjugal, and parental affection. His humanity.
gentleness, and compassion were manifested upon all occa-
sions, and were even extended to the animal creation. He
was never known to have been at enmity with any man.
During the whole course of his life there was not a single
instance of his engaging in a litigious contest with any of
his neighbors or others. He zealously testified against
slavery ; and that his philanthropic precepts on this sub-
ject might have their due weight and force, he gave liberty
to a most valuable male slave, then in the prime of his life,
who had been bred up in the family almost from infancy.

" He was through life a striking example of temperance,
especially in the use of vinous and spirituous liquors; not
from a passion of parsimony, but from a principle of
morality. His common drink was pure water, small beer,
or cider mixed with milk. Nevertheless, he always kept
a good and plentiful table. Once a year — commonly on
New Year's Day — he made a liberal entertainment for his
relations and particular friends.

"A foreign gentleman, who visited him in his old age,
says, 'that when the bell announced that dinner was ready,
the whole family and all the servants went into the dining-
room together. At the head of the table, the father and
mother took their seat, The family and the guests sat
next to them ; then, the white hired men. and last of all, the
negroes; and they all dined together in harmony. One of
his negroes was his steward and man of business, who went
to market, sold the produce, and transacted all the business
of the fa I'm and family in Philadelphia/*

* Wood's Houscluilil M<ifi<izinc. ocloln-r, 1*71.

td

H

CO

a
c

H

1
H

rV

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 57

" His stature was father above the middle size, and
upright. His visage was long, and his countenance expres-
sive of a degree of dignity, with a happy mixture of
animation and sensibility.

" He was naturally industrious and active, both in body
and mind, observing that he never could find more time
than he could employ to satisfaction and advantage, either
in improving conversation, or in some healthy and useful
bodily exercise ; and he was astonished to hear men com-
plaining that they were weary of their time, and knew not
what they should do.

" He was born and educated in the sect called Quakers.
But his religious creed may, perhaps, be best collected from
a pious distich, engraven by his own hand, in very
conspicuous characters upon a stone placed over the front
window of the apartment which was destined for study and
philosophical retirement.

"IT IS GOD ALONE ALMYTY LORD
THE HOLY ONE BY ME ADOR'D
IOHN BARTRAM 1770."

" A man of great liberality in his religious opinions, he
used to say that man's whole duty was comprised in the
three-fold injunction : ' Do justice, love mercy, and walk
humbly before God.'

" He never coveted old age, and often observed to his
children and friends that he siiicerelv desired that he

V

might not live longer than he could afford assistance to
himself; for he was unwilling to be a burden to his friends,
or useless in society ; and that when death came to perform
his office, there might not be much delav.

CZ3 «/

58 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

"To his seventy-ninth year he was a happy, cheerful,

active, useful man, and he <lie<l after a short illness, sur-
rounded by his large family of respectable and virtuous
children. He would probably have lived longer but for his
great dread that the British army, after the battle of
Brandywine, would overrun his darling garden, which
had been his pride and delight for fifty years. They spared
it, however, but the shock of apprehension hastened the
departure of the illustrious gardener."

It appears by the records of the American Philosophical
Society, of which John Bart ram was one of the original
members, that he died on the 22nd of September, 1777,
aged seventy-eight years and six months.

John Bartram was married twice. His first wife was
Mary, daughter of Richard Claris, of Chester Monthly
Meeting. They were married in January, 1723, and had
two sons, Richard and Isaac ; the former of whom died young.
Isaac died in 1801, aged about seventv-six vears. Marv

O «/ «/ *>

Bartram died in 1727. His second wife was Ann Menden-
hall, of Concord Monthly Meeting (then Chester) Delaware
County. They were married in September, 1721), and had
nine children. Ann Bartram survived her husband upward
of six years, dying on the 29th of January. 17S4, at the
age of <S7.

Bartram was not satisfied with being merely a farmer.
He desired to understand the philosophy of his calling.
So in September, 172S, he bought at sheriff's sale * a piece
of ground on the west side of the Schuylkill river, below the
Lowei' I'Yrry, on the road to Darby, which had belonged to
Frederick Schobbenhausen. Here was commenced in 1730,

* (i\vt'U Owen, lligk Sheriff to John Bartram, September 30. 17i2s.

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THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 59

and finished in 1731, a, house of hewn stone, of quaint, old-
fashioned style of architecture, which, solid and enduring
in its material, has stood against the dilapidating fingers of
time for over a century and a half. It has been said that
Bartram built this house with his own hands. Upon a
stone built in the south wall, above the second story, is this
inscription :*

N" ft c fl V ^ ±Y **.' X' ^ ^ v o 7 O -•'- -•'- -'•- -•'- -•'-
7K t> c U 2; 7j\ /,\ xix sK S\\ XIN _, 14 Z, 14 x.\ XIN xi\ xi\ xi\

IOHN + AXX : BARTRAM : 1731.

The wood-work over the porch and stone and brick
addition on the south were added in this century. The
western doorway was the original entrance, and through it
one steps down into the house. The rooms are, with one
exception, small, and are floored with the original heavy
oak boards. In one of the rooms a cupboard in the wall
beside the chimney is shown as the place where Bartram
kept his seeds. This is doubtful, when the great quantity
he kept 011 hand is considered, and, in spite of the thick-
ness of the wall, this cupboard, must have been a rather
warm place.

Iwan Alexiowitz quoted by St. John, f speaking of

Bartram's house and garden, says : " His house is small,
but decent; there was something peculiar in its first
appearance, which seemed to distinguish it from those
of his neighbors ; a small tower £ in the middle of it
not only helped to strengthen it, but afforded convenient
room for a staircase. Every disposition of the fields,

* The inscription in Greek reads translated " [I] God save," possibly intended

for imperative 6>cO2 [2£] 2J1Z£ God [thee] save. Bartram. used the character f for E.

t 1895. WESTCOTT — The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, is:;.

t See frontispiece of DARLINGTON* — Memorials of Bartram and Marshall,
pp. 44- 1C,.

60 T1IK 150TAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

fences and trees, seemed to bear the marks of perfect
order and regularity, which in rural affairs always indicates
a prosperous industry." "We entered into a

large hall, where there was a long table full of victuals,
at the lowest part sat his negroes, his hired men were
next, then the family and myself, and at the head the
venerable father and wife presided. Each reclined his head
and said his prayers, divested of the tedious cant of some
and of the ostentatious style of others. After dinner we
quatf'ed an honest bottle of Madeira wine, * * and

then retired into his study. I was no sooner entered than I
observed a coat-of-arms in a gilt frame, with the name
JOHN BARTRAM. The novelty of such a decoration in such
a place struck me. I could not avoid asking : ' Does the
Society of Friends take any pride in these armorial bear-
ings, which sometimes serve as marks of distinction between
families, and much oftener as food for pride and ostenta-
tion.' ' Thee must know ' (said he) ' that my father was a
Frenchman * ; he brought the piece of painting over with
him."

Nearly forty years afterward, over the front window of
his study was engraved this inscription:

"IT IS GOD ALONE ALMYTY LORD
THE HOLY ONE BY ME ADOR'D
IOHN BARTRAM 1770."

Kntering the house in which Kobert J. Eule, with his
family, now (LSI)!)) resides, the old dwelling is found to

* This is nn error. The reference is to a Norman Frenchman that came with
William the rmniueror into Knjjland. The original spelling of the name was
Bertram. The description of the coat of arms (see frontispiece) is «s follow:
Gu. on an escutcheon or, )>rt\v. eight crosses pattt e ar. an anvil ppr. Crest — Issuing
out of an antique crown or, a ram's head ppr. Motto — J'avance.

CARVED STONE WORK, BARTRAM'S HOUSE
(EAST FRONT).

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 61

abound in querks and turns, cunning cupboards and
curiously carved closets and mantels, set in the thick walls.
There are seven rooms on the first floor, six on the second,
and six attic rooms, and over them again is a long loft,
but it seems likely from their appearance that one or more
of these rooms were made at a recent period. In the apart-
ments to the right, as you enter, a quaint den with curious
fastenings is noticeable, which leads out to the sunny front
porch. This doorway was somewhat altered by Mr. East-
wick, who erected on the interior a second door, thus making
a small closet, the wall being over half a foot thick ; this
second door should, undoubtedly, be pulled down, and the
front entrance to the house facing the river again be used.
In the kitchen, Mr. Eastwick's alterations are again notice-
able, as the old fire-place, about five and a half feet high
and well nigh six feet long, has been boarded up by a
wooden wrainscoating of modern appearance, which runs all
around the room and detracts from the old-fashioned
character of the apartment. The old fire-place, however, is
still intact, and could be, with little trouble, restored to its
former appearance.

All the walls of the house have, unfortunately, been
papered. In the sitting-room, also, the fire-place has been
boarded up, and the old Franklin stove, a present from
" Friend Benjamin," has been removed. In this room can
still be seen Ann Bartram's china closet, a very pretty piece
of old-fashioned wood-work. It is built in tire wall over the
mantel-piece. To the left, on one side of it, is a curious old
cubby-hole, a deep closet running from the floor to the ceil-
ing, with a recess behind in the solid wall, running back of
the chimney, where Bartram secreted his money and

62 THE i;oTAXISTS <>F PHILADELPHIA.

valuables. Passing down a short flight of steps from the
sitting-room, we stand upon the floor of an airy apartment,
looking towards the south, with three large windows, two
looking into the garden, and one facing the river. From
this room there is a doorway leading out into the garden.
This apartment, it is said, was once the conservatory where
rare plants and gaudy lilies bloomed.

AVe next enter the room which John Bartram occupied.
It is, perhaps, the smallest apartment in the house, with one
door leading to the sitting-room and another opening on
the front porch. It has a large window facing the river, and
a small window, which has been pasted over with Avail paper
looking into the conservatory. It was in Bartram 's room,
in later years it is said, that Alexander Wilson, the noted
ornithologist, wrote the first pages of his great work on our
American birds, under the patronage and aided by the sug-
gestions of William Bartram, the son and successor of John
Bartram.

The old staircase which leads to the second floor is still
in existence, but Mr. Eastwick removed the original balus-
trade and substituted a modern one. However, he left on
the first landing a fragment of the original balustrade made
by Bartram, which would be a sufficient guide to duplicate
the whole. The rooms on the upper floor are, no doubt,
exactly as they were in Bartram's day. with the exception
that the old-fashioned fire-place has been boarded up and
the walls papered, and that the porch has been converted into
a sleeping room. In one room the visitor is particularly
impressed with the incongruous appearance of a modern
iron register built into one of the walls to furnish the room
with heat from a stove below. There are some of the

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THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 63

quaintest and most interesting bits of old-fashioned wood-
work imaginable over the mantels in these up-stairs rooms
of Bartram's house.

The old wood-shed figured in Meeharis Monthly,
January, 1896 (VI : 17), was for a long time Bartram's
potting and packing shed, and doubtless many of the
cherished plants of Collinson and other English worthies
saw the light of America here for the last time. It was in
this shed that the work published in 1853, describing all
the trees then growing in Bartram's garden, was written.
The writer of that work, Thos. Meehan, lived a mile from
the garden, and to save his time the offer to fit up a room
in this wood-shed was made and accepted, and " The Hand-
book of Ornamental Trees " was completed under the shade
of the trees of the garden.*

These buildings stand about midway in the grounds,
where the higher portion ends and the slope to the Schuyl-
kill begins, and are reached, as in Bartram's time, by a
private lane that runs in from Darby Road, and which is
bordered by forest trees, among them some beautiful willow
and pin oaks.

The lane skirts the upper part of the orchard where
Bartram experimented successfully with irrigation. Near
a group of white pines a diverging path runs diagonally
from the lane across the orchard, past a fine yew, and on to
the west entrance to the house, where lane and path meet
again at the doorway, after having passed through the oldest
part of the garden. Near the house they cross a railroad
cut (really a picturesque feature, its rocky walls curtained

* The American Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, by Thomas Meehau,
gardener, Philadelphia. Lippincott, Grambo <fe Co., 1S;>3, octavo pp., xv. 257.

64 THE BOTANISTS ( )F PHILADELPHIA.

with herbaceous plants and vines) that marks the site
of the old kitchen garden ; between this and the house was
the flower garden, and portions of the beds are yet outlined
by box borders that were planted about fifty years ago.

The path is, perhaps, rather more attractive than the
lane. From its entrance into the grounds, across the bridge,
past the barns and to the house-door it is like turning the
pages of the earlier Collinson letters. First come the
" narrow-leaved oaks " and " noble white pines ; " close by the
bridge is " that curious tree from the Jerseys " (Hackberry,
Celtis occidentali*) ; near the west door a " sugar-tree " and
horse-chestnut ; the latter, perhaps, the one that Bartram
believed to have been the first to blossom in America.

The garden which Bartram laid out adjoining his
house by the exercise of his skill, industry and taste,
became one of the most attractive places in the neighbor-
hood of the city. The ground occupied six or seven acres,
with a variety of soils and different exposure. The garden,
according to St. John, contained a great variety of curious
shrubs ; some grew in a greenhouse, over the door of which
were written these lines :

"Slave to no sect, who takes no private road,
But looks through Nature up to Nature's God."

From the house to the river the land falls gradually,
but directly in front of the house is a terrace, with remains
of a box-border along its outer edge, where it is upheld by
a dry stone retaining-wall, pierced by two narrow flights of
steps. From the terrace, paths originally led by circuitous
routes through the grounds and down to the river ; one of
them ran near the greenhouse, whose lines are still visible,

BIG CYPRESS, BARTRAM'S GARDEN
(LOOKING TOWARD RIVER).

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 65

a short distance from a very beautiful yellow-wood, Cladrastis
lutea. Further down, this path runs near the great
cypress, Taxodium distich um brought to the garden by
Bartram, and now seven feet in diameter. John Bartram *
while on his journey through the Florida swamps lost
his whip, and in looking for a switch saw a small sapling-
growing erect by the river-side. He stopped his horse,
got down on the ground, and pulled it up by the roots.
Instead of using it for a whip as was his intention, he put it
in his saddle-bag and brought it home, planting it in the
northern part of his garden, predicting at the time that it
would grow to an immense height. His saying proved true,
for to-day it is seven feet in diameter, and 150-175 feet high.

In the southern part of the grounds are the fine magno-
lias ; one of them M. acuminata, was first made known by
John Clayton in 1736. In the garden there stands a speci-
men undoubtedly the one which Bartram discovered on the
Susquehanna during his trip with Conrad Weiser to the
Five Nations in 1743. Bartram sent plants to Peter Collin-
son, in whose gardens and in those of Lord Petre it was
first cultivated in Europe. Near by grows the " rose bay,"
as they first called the rhododendron, and a noble mossy-
cup oak, one of the finest trees on the place. In other parts
of the garden are found the following :

Magnolia Fraseri, discovered by William Bartram in
May, 1776, on the head-waters of the Keowee. It was intro-
duced probably from Bartram's garden ten years later.

Asimina triloba was first cultivated in 1736 bv Peter

t/

Collinson, who probably received it from John Bartram. f

* Probably obtained in Delaware. I give the usual version of the story. The
tree, alive in 1S90, is now dead.

fSABGENT— Silva of North America, I, 24.

66 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Gordonia pubescens. All of the specimens in cultivation
are descendants of the plants collected by the Bartrams and
Marshall. The specimen plants by John Bartram was
described as thirty feet high by Wm. Wynne, writing to Lou-
don's Gardeners' Magazine (viii, 272), in Nov. 1831, when the
tree was in flower.* The large tree in the garden was
blown down a few years since. Wm. DeHart, who knew the
Bartrams, has a descendant of the large tree in his garden
(1899) on Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, about thirty
feet high. There are trees also nearly as large in Fair-
mount Park and Meehan's nurseries.

Cyrilla racemiflora, proved hardy, according to Nuttall,
in the garden, where in 1840 he found a specimen twenty
feet high and twenty-six inches in diameter.

Cliftonia ligustrina, according to Nuttall (Silva II, 94),
was also hardy here.

RJiamnus Purshiana was discovered in 1805 or 1800 in
what is now Montana, by the members of the trans-conti-
nental expedition under the command of Lewis and Clark.f
In 1838 Rafinesque describes in the " Sylva Telluriana "
his Personon laarifolium, from a plant which he found in
Bartram's garden. This is the earliest record of the culti-
vation of the tree, for there does not seem to be much doubt
that it was this plant which Rafinesque had in mind.

.I'^culus Hippocastanum was brought for the first time
in America from seed sent in April, 1746, to John Bartram.

(Jutrcus Phellos %. A specimen of this peculiar tree

*A notice of this tree was published in Thomas MVrlmn s 'the American
Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, p. 127. Discovered in 17ii-> near Fort Barrington,
on the Altanmlm Kiver in Umrtria, and named Fraiiklinia in honor of Franklin.

I S\KI,KNT — Garden and Forest, iv, 7ii.

T— Silva of Xorlh America, viii, 180.

BIG CYPRESS, BARTRAM'S GARDEN (1890).

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 67

growing in a field belonging to John Bartram was first
described by the younger Michaux in 1842, although it
appears to have been known much earlier, as "that particu-
lar species of oak that Dr. Mitchell found in thy meadow,"
seeds of which Peter Collinson asked from " my good friend
John," in March, 1750, was probably of this tree. It was
destroyed, but a seedling planted by Humphry Marshall
in his arboretum at Marshallton, more than a century
since, still survives."

It is said that Washington and Franklin made frequent
visits to the garden just prior to the Revolution, and used to
sit under the shade of the old grape-arbor, which was located
a few yards from the northern portion of the house.
They would sit and talk, enjoying the delightful scene of
the wooded banks and meadows along the Schuylkill. It
has rightly been called the Washington Arbor. The stone
that Washington used to step upon in alighting from his
door-step to the sidewalk at the house in which he lived on
Sixth Street, below Market, was also until recently kept
under this arbor. At the southern end of the old mansion
you see an old pear tree still vigorous, spreading its
branches. This was called by John Bartram " The Petre
Pear Tree," from the fact of its having been raised from a
seedling sent over from England in 1700 by Lady Petre. f

* The following catalogue of plants prepared in 1S07 will give some idea ot
the extent of the collections : "A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants,
indigenous to the United States of America, cultivated and disposed of by John
Bartrain & Sou at their Botanical Garden, Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. To which
is added a Catalogue of Foreign Plants collected from various parts of the Globe.
Philadelphia. Printed by Uartram and Reynolds, No. 58 North Second Street, 1807."

fit is alive in 1SU9. In reply to a letter (1895) presenting some of the pears to
Prof. L. H. Bailey, Cornell University, he writes me: "It is a famous old variety,
scarcely known, however, out of Bartram's own garden in Philadelphia. I had
never seen it before, and I am glad to add a photograph of it to my collection of
curiosities." The tree is seen to the right in the illustration of the south side of
Bartram's house.

68 TllF. r.nTANISTS <>K I'M I LA I> KLPMI A.

On leaving the house from the southern doorway may
be seen a narrow gravel \valk, closed in on cither side by a
row of rare specimens of fir trees, pines, oaks, etc. Here is
the celebrated Bart ram oak, Q. heterophylla.* Then- may be
seen also two fine specimens of boxwood sent to John Bar-
tram by the Earl of Bute, from Smyrna and Turkey,
respectively.

The box-trees planted about the house are of such
enormous size that they interfere with all views, and near the

i/

upper corner of the house is a thorn (Christ thorn) sent by Col-
linson, and near the south end is the pear tree, already
referred to. Probably two of the most curious objects to be
seen in the garden is the old cider press, situated on the banks
of the river, drilled out of a solid piece of rock, and the grotto
in the woods to one side of the house. The grave where
Harvey, the slave, is buried lies to the south-east of the house,
along the river front, the head-stone being almost entirely
destroyed by relic hunters before the city bought the
property, f

Dr. James Mease, writing in 1810, said that Bartram's
garden contained about eight acres. "From the house
there is a gentle descent to the river Schuylkill, from the
banks of which a fine prospect opens of that river and of
rich meadows up and down on both sides. The Delaware
is also seen at a distance. The garden contains many of
the tall southern forest trees, which have been successfully
introduced by the father or his son William, and have been
naturalized.'

* Qt«'i-<-i<f, lu-tcriijilii/l/ii Michaux f. Hist. Am. 2: NT pi. lii, the liartram oak.
probably a hybrid of Q 1'ln-llus with Q ruhra, but perhaps a distinct species, inter-

iiicdiiiie iii leaf and fruit character between the two. occurs from Staten Island to
North Carolina.

f Now carefully marked.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 69

Ann M., daughter of John Bart ram (a nephew of
William), married Robert Carr, a printer, in March, ISO1.*.
Mr. Carr was an officer in the United States army, in the
war of 1812, and conspicuous among the local militia, He
w;is for some time Adjutant-General of the State, with the
title of Colonel. After this marriage, the father of Colonel
Carr's wife assisted William in the garden until his death
in 1812. He was a very ingenious mechanic, and fond of
using tools, but his greatest delight was in drawing and
painting. He drew the greater number of plates in Pro-
fessor Barton's Elements of Botany, published in 1803.
William died suddenly June 22, 1823. He was never
married. Colonel Carr, after his marriage, became a resi-
dent of the botanic garden, and devoted himself with great
care and interest to the preservation of the collection.

The committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, which visited the garden in 1830, when it was still
under the direction of Robert Carr, found the estate to be in
most excellent order. They reported as follows: "The
present owner is likewise adding annually and extensively,*
and the committee consider his garden and grounds a rich
deposit of the American flora. From this nursery many
thousands of plants and seeds are exported every season.
It is computed that there are 2000 species of our native
productions, contained in a space of six acres. Plants of
every size are to be seen here, from the minutest marchantia
to the loftiest cypress. One of these is 112 feet high, 25 feet
in circumference, and 91 years old. A young Norway
spruce of 80 feet stands close by and also one of our native

* Compare the Seed Catalogue of 1807 with that of lS2f<. which is to be had
at the Library of the Penna. Historical Society or the Philadelphia Library.

70 Till-: J50TANISTS OF I'll I LA DKI.1MII A.

magnolias (M. acuminatd), of the same height. Here, too, is
the Kentucky Coffee Tree — the Acacia Julihrissin, so beaut i-

n

t'ul in flower, and graceful in form — the fly-catcher (Dionxa
muscipula), etc.

" On the south of the garden is a field of three acres,
preparing for a vineyard. MS mi addition to the one already
planted. Mr. Carr has 14.~> sorts of grapes and has produced
very good wine for some years past,

" The exotic department of this garden is also very rich,
consisting of 000 varieties, besides a splendid collection of
more than 800 camelias, containing 36 sorts. The green
and hot-houses are 196 feet long, and much framing is in
use. The largest sago palm that we have ever seen is here ;
the circumference of the foliage is 22 feet, and of the stem.
3 feet 4 inches. Some beautiful species of tropical produc-
tion may be enumerated; such as the Euphorbia Jietero-
phylla with its large scarlet flowers, Zamia, Pandaim*,
Mararda, Ficus and a Testudinaria elephantipes, supposed to
be 1~>0 years old; some curious species of cactus lately
received from Mexico — these last are astonishing produc-
tions, and new to us. A lemon, tree from seed is worthy of
notice on account of its easy propogation. Mr. Carrs fruit
nursery has been greatly improved, and will be enlarged
next Spring to twelve acres; its present size is eight, The
trees are arranged in systematic order and the walks Avell
graveled. Here are to be found 113 varieties of apples, 72 of
pears, 22 of cherries, 17 of apricots, 45 of plums, 39 of
peaches, 5 of nectarines, 3 of almonds. <> of quinces, 5 of
mulberries, 6 of raspberries, r, of currants, 5 of filberts, 8 of
walnuts, 6 of strawberries and "2 of medlars. Mr. Carr, who
deserves so much credit for the classification of his nursery,

BARTRAM'S GARDEN IN 1890
(LOOKING FROM RIVER).

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 71

is HO less entitled to praise for the admirable order in which
his tool-house is kept. This applies likewise to the seed
room, where the best method is preserved in putting up our
native seeds. That apartment, moreover, contains a library
of 400 volumes, in which are all the late works on botany
and horticulture." *

Andrew M. Eastwick had a mortgage of $15,000 against
the property, and Colonel Carr and his wife, being in
declining years, and their son having died, they were
anxious to retire from the nursery business, and offered to
give the property to Eastwick for the mortgage, f

Eastwick had a fondness for the place, for he had made
many a pleasure trip in his boyhood, by boat, to Carr's Gar-
dens, and he therefore readily accepted Colonel Carr's offer.
Eastwick was in early life a machinist, and became a locomo-
tive builder, with a partner named Garrett, He afterwards
associated with him Joseph Harrison, Jr., and one of the
greatest achievements of the firm was the designing of an
eight-wheeled freight locomotive, which was so successful
that it soon became the accepted type for freight service.
This locomotive attracted the attention of agents of the
Emperor Nicholas of Russia, who contracted with Eastwick,
Harrison, and Thomas Winans, of Baltimore, to build and
equip a railroad from Moscow to St. Petersburg.

At the time this offer was made by Colonel Carr,
Eastwick was home on a flying trip, expecting to return to
Russia within a week. Desiring, first of all, to protect the

* The library of the Bartrani family was presented to the Pennsylvania
Historical Society by Wm. Mkldleton Bartrani. One hundred books of John Bartrani,
William Bartrani, and others of the family thus remain intact. For an account of this
library, see Philadelphia Public Ledger, Friday, September 11, 1891.

t Public Ledger, Saturday, May 30, 189G, p. 2.

i '2 TIIK IinTAMSTS or I'l 1 1 I. A I > I •! 1. 1'IIIA.

garden and its valuable collection of trees for all time, he
applied to Robert Buist, who was then the leading nursery-
man of Philadelphia, to • 'linage for him, within one week,
some one who should combine a botanical knowledge with
practical horticulture and civil engineering. Buist promised
to procure such a man, but found he could not do it within
the limited time, and to keep faith with Eastwick, he
offered his own foreman, the now well-known nurseryman
and Select Councilman, Thomas Meehan, to take charge of
the garden during the absence of its new proprietor in
Russia. This offer was accepted, and Mr. Meehan took
charge of the place, remaining there two years.

About a year later, Eastwick returned from Russia, and,
as it was known that he intended to build a new residence,
an architect, then unknown in the cit}r, ascertaining
the spot where he proposed to erect it, drew up, without
consulting Mr. Eastwick, a plan, and came with it unasked
to him, requesting that he examine it. Eastwick, in a
pleasant and courteous way, told the architect that it was
unnecessary to examine it, as he had in mind several
houses he had seen in the old world, after some of which he
intended to pattern his own.

He was iinally induced, however, to look at the plan,
and in an oil-hand way indicated his objections to it, giving
the architect a sufficient knowledge of his ideas to draw
a nioiv satisfactory one. Within a week or two the archi-
tect returned with a new plan, which came so near to
Eastwick's ideal, that his visitor was engaged as architect of
the building, which was built by a well-known Philadelphia
builder, John Stewart. It was supposed by every one that
the site of the residence would be somewhere within the

THE r.OTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 73

shade of the rare trees planted by Bartram, but so great
was Eastwick's desire that every tree and shrub should
be preserved to posterity, that he decided to build in what
\v;is then an open cornfield.

During the time the house was being built, the first
two years of Eastwick's absence in Russia, his family
occupied the old Bartram residence, and so great was his
veneration for Bartram's memory and for everything
belonging to the great botanist that, although he had the
house thoroughly repaired, he permitted only those changes
to be made in the nature of so-called improvements, and
the house is still in much the same condition as when
occupied by John Bartram and his son William.

Mr. Eastwick was not permitted to long enjoy this
beautiful habitation, for at the outbreak of the Rebellion he
met with severe financial losses, which crippled his resources
to such an extent that it was difficult for him to maintain
the establishment. During his lifetime, however, his earnest
thought was for the preservation of the garden, and not-
withstanding temptations to dispose of the property were
continually offered, his love for the memory of Bartram
was too great to permit him to part with it.

In the meantime, however, he was pressing various
organizations in the city to secure and preserve it. Among
these wras the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, which,
however, was not in a financial position to accept his offers.
None of these negotiations were successful. Previous to
his death his fortunes revived somewhat, but it is believed
he would have disposed of the entire property if he could
have been assured that the garden would be preserved.

The garden was practically abandoned, after Mr. East-

<-l TJIi: BOTANISTS OF I'll 1 1. A DKI.I'JII A.

wick's death, to tlic depredations of every pas>erhv. The
rare herbaceous and woody plants were uprooted and cut
ruthlessly by local botanists. \vlio carried away many rare
plants in making herbarium specimens. The ground
l»ene;ith the trees, in 1880, was covered hy a luxuriant
growth of many kinds of shruhs and herbaceous plant-.
The published accounts in the newspapers, of the pict-
uresquenessofthe old place, increased the number of visitors,
who tramped down the plants and walked through the
shrubbery, where before it was almost impossible to pass.
The fields and meadow land was rented out by the Eastwick
heirs for farming purposes, the farmer occupying the old
Hartram House. City Councils, through the energy of Mr.
Thomas Median, in iss!) placed upon the city plan the
following small parks: Stenton Park, Hart ram's (rarden,
Weccacoe's Square, Northwood and Juniata Parks.* The
place was secured by the city in the early part of 1891,
through the untiring energy of Mr. 'Median, who at one
time had charge as head gardener of the old place under
Mr. Eastwick.

The original garden comprised about five acres, begin-
ning on the higher ground, a short distance west of the
house, and extended beyond it toward the river. All of
this land is included in the tract of about twelve acres, pur-
chased by the City of Philadelphia. The city now owns.

• An ordinance in appropriate for park purposes ihr l.-md contained within
the boundaries of P.arlram's Harden, in the Twenty-seventh Ward : im<l .Tuniatii
Park, in Hit- Twenty-fifth Ward: and Northwood Park, in the Twenty-third Ward.

Section 1, Thv 8t-l<><-t and Common Councils of the Cit.i/ <>.( J'/iihnli-/)iliin •/«
iinhiin ilial the land within tin- honndaries of Hartriun's (ianlfii. in the Twi-nty-
s-cvi'iiih Ward, containing about eleven 1 11 1 acre-. >imatrd as ioilo\\s: p.oundcii hy
I 'it'ty-thiril Street, KuMwirk A\cnuc. lMt'ty-1'oiirlli Street, and lo\\ \\ater-inark of the
Sehuylkill River, excepting the ri.u'ht ol' \\ ay of t lie Chester I'.raneh of t lie Philadel-
phia and Heading Railroad, etc.. is hereby appropriated for park purpo-i >. and the
Mayor is herehy authorix.ed and direeted to aj;ree, it' possible, with the ou tiers of said
land a^ to the price of the same, subject to the approval of Councils.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 7o

but has not yet taken possession of, land adjoining on the
north, and it has shortly acquired more of the Eastwick
property adjoining on the south.

The first step toward reclaiming the gardens was taken
October 18, 1895, when Chief Eisenhower, Professor Mac-
fa rlane, of the University of Pennsylvania, John F. Lewis,
Forester of Fairmount Park, Talcott Williams and Eugene
Ellicott visited the historic spot with an eye to restoring it.
As a result of the visit Chief Eisenhower called on Provost
Harrison, of the University, and secured from Mr. Harrison
the promise of co-operation. The work of cleaning up the
place was begun under the supervision of Dr. Macfarlane,
of the University, who did much toward improving the
place.

Early in April, 1896, a Committee of City Councils
reported favorably a bill to take the Eastwick tract adjoin-
ing Bartram Park, as an addition to the Park. The only
other historical fact of interest in connection with this
historic place that need be mentioned in closing this account
is the fire which occurred May 29, 1896.

" The uppermost floor and most of the roof of the East-
wick Mansion, which is just south of Bartram's Garden, on
the Eastwick property, that Councils have just decided to
purchase for the city, were destroyed. The damage is esti-
mated at $12,000, which is covered by insurance.*

" The mansion is a commodious three-story structure,
containing about thirty-five rooms. There were three
families residing in the house, presumably as caretakers of
the place.

" The alarm was sent in at 8.52 o'clock, but before the

* Public Ledger, May 30, 18%.

(li THE BOTANISTS OF I'll 1 1. A I > I!!. I'll I A.

fire engines could roach the <p<>t the flames had spread over
a considerable portion of the roof. The fire originated at
the north-west corner of the building, and practically the
whole of the third stow was destroyed. The firemen

i */

succeeded in keeping the llames out of the tower on the
south-east corner, hut it was undermined to such an extent
that it may have to be torn down. The lower floors were

•

saved, but the ceilings and walls of the spacious rooms were
badly damaged by water.

"Although the property lias now been secured by the
city for a public park, to the satisfaction of everyone
interested in the early history of the city, it will be seen

i «/ t '

from the above account that the preservation of this historic
and beautiful garden is really owing to the earnest desire
of Mr. Eastwick to have it preserved for all time.

"It will be noted that the burned building is on that
portion of the property which Select Council decided to
purchase as an addition to the part before taken for a public
park. The present owners entered heartily into the desire
of their father for the preservation of everything connected
with Bartram, and had been anxious for the city to own
this addition. They generously proposed in the negotia-
tions to leave completely out of consideration the house,
looking only to the absolute value of the ground.

"It had been the thought of Mr. Eisenhower, Chief
Commissioner of City Property, to use the Eastwick building
for free library purposes. In this sense the destruction of
the building may lie considered a loss.":

Tin.- building bus since been torn down. Tbe Bartram Association has
-taried i is'.i'.n a botanical library which occupies one of the rooms of the old house.
A r,,n-iderable number of books presented by the courtesy of friends repose on the
book shelves, and a number of interestiiiL; relics recently collected also add much to
the intercM of the place. Meetings or.nani/injr the memorial library were held at the
1'iiiversity of Pennsylvania on March ir.rd, and at the Pennsylvania Historical
Society on April in.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 77

PETER KALM,

Peter Kalm,* a celebrated naturalist, and pupil of
Linna?us, was a native of Finland, born in the year 1715.
Having imbibed a taste for the study of natural history, he
pursued his inclination with much zeal and industry. His
reputation as a naturalist caused him to be appointed pro-
fessor at Abo; and in October, 1747, at the instance of
Linna?us. he set out upon his travels, sailing from Gutten-
burg for America, where he arrived the ensuing year.
Having spent two or three years in traveling through
Canada, New York, Pennsylvania and the adjacent prov-
inces, he returned to his professorship at Abo, in 1751. His
discoveries in botany materially enriched the Species
Plantarum of his great master. Professor Kalm's travels in
Americaf were published in Sweden. A German edition t
of this interesting book soon appeared, and was followed in
1772 by an English one. He seems to have been remarka-
bly credulous ; and, moreover, it is alleged, took to himself
the credit of some discoveries which rightfully belonged to
John Bartram. He died at Abo, November 16, 1779. His
name has become enduringly associated with a genus of
most elegant evergreen shrubs.

HUMPHRY MARSHALL.

Humphry Marshall § was born in the township of
West Bradford, county of Chester, and province of Pennsyl-
vania, on the 10th day of October, 1722. His father,
Abraham Marshall, was a native of Gratton, in Derbyshire,

* 1849. DARLINGTON— Memorials of Bartram and Marshall, 367.
1 1753-01. KALM — EiiResa til Norra America. Stockholm, IIIvols., 484pp.
J 17">l-64. (German edition) Bescreibung der Reise nach dem ndrdlichen
Amerika Gottingen. 3 Theile.

\ ls4'j. DARLINGTON — Memorials of Bartram and Marshall, 4s:>.

<^ THE BOTANISTS <>F PHILADELPHIA.

England, born in the year li'.r.n. came to Pennsylvania
about the year K'.'.iT. and .-ruled near Darby, where, on the
17th of January, 17lll>-o, he- married Mary, the daughter of
James Hunt, of Kingse»ing. also an emigrant trom Eng-
land, and one of the companions of William Penn. Some
time after their marriage, vi/., in the year 1707, Abraham
Marshall removed to the forks of the Brandywine, near the
western hraneh of that stream, where he purchased large
tracts of land among the Indians, and continued to reside
there until his death, which took place December 17, 1707,
at the age of about ninety-eight years. His wife died in the
spring of 1 7o''.». aged eighty-seven years. They were both
interred in the Friends' burying ground at Bradford Meet-
ing-house. ( )f their nine children, Humphry was the eighth.
In those primitive times, the opportunities for schooling
were scanty and limited. Humphry Marshall used often
to state that he; never went to school a day after he was
twelve years of age; and consequently was only instructed
in the rudiments of the plainest English education. Being-
constitutional ly robust and active, he was employed in
agricultural labors until he was old enough to be appren-
ticed to a stone-mason. This trade he learned, and followed
fora few years, during the summer season, extending his
engagements, occasionally into the county and town of
Lancaster, and also into the neighboring province of New
Jersey. The winters were passed at the residence of his
father.

That he was an excellent workman is still evident
from the walls of his residence at Marshallton, which he
built with his own hands, in the year 1773.

On the H'.th <,f September, 17-l.S, Humphry Marshall

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THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 7(.)

was married to Sarah, daughter af Joseph Pennock, of West
Marlborough, in Chester County. After his marriage he
took charge of his father's farm, near the west branch of the
Brandy wine. He seems about this time to have turned his
attention earnestly to the acquisition of knowledge, evincing
a decided partiality for astronomy and natural history. As
an evidence of his devotion to literary and scientific pur-
suits, it may be mentioned, that his name is found, written
with his own hand, so early as 1753, in Coles's Latin Diction-
ary, Quincy's Medical Lexicon, Gerard's Herbal, and in a
Treatise on Navigation, and several other works of similar
character, which he had procured about that period.

That he possessed the confidence of his fellow-citizens
is shown by his appointment to be County Treasurer, in
17(32, in which office he was continued until the year 1706,
inclusive.

In 1764 it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in
which he resided with his parents. This addition was built
of brick, and the entire work of digging and tempering the
clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls,
was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a
greenhouse adjoining the dwelling, which was, doubtless,
the first conservatory of the kind ever seen or thought of
in Chester Country.

At his father's death, in 1767, Humphry Marshall
came into full possession of a large portion of the patri-
monial estate, which he had previously held as a tenant,
paying a moderate annual rent. He now erected a grist-
mill, and made other considerable improvements on the
premises, and continued thereon until 1774, when he
removed to his newly-erected dwelling on a tract of land

Ml Till-: BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

which he had purchased, near the Bradford Meeting-house,
adjoining the site of tin- piv-cnt village of Marshallton.
The botanic garden was founded in the year 177:'.. The
same year the Legislature of Pennsylvania estahlished a
loan office, and appointed Humphry Marshall one of the
trustees. These trustees were continued in office until
December, 1777. when, owing to difficulties in the discharge
of their duties — arising out of the Revolutionary conflict —
they neglected or refused longer to serve, and were super-
seded.

In l~s<> Humphry hegan to prepare an account of the
forest trees and shrubs of this country, which was com-
pleted and printed in the latter end of the year 17N~>. under
the title of "Arbustrum Americanum : the American < -rove.
,»r. an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs,
natives of the American United States." It forms a duo-
decimo volume of one hundred and sixty-nine pages ; and
is believed to be the first truly indigenous botanical book
published in this western hemisphere. The arrangement,
being alphabetical, is rather inconvenient, and ill-suited to
investigators, who are acquainted with the genera. The
descriptions are in accordance with the Linmean system,
and are. for the most part, faithful and satisfactory. The
hook is dedicated to the officers and members of the
American Philosophical Society, and was for that day,
and under the circumstances, a useful and highly creditable
performance.

On the -J'.ith of March. 17s.".. Humphry Marshall was
elected an honorary member of the I'lilml, //'///" .W//////or
Promoting .\tji-iniHnri. "the Society inviting his assistance."
And in Kebruarv of the following vear he sent them an

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 81

essay on the importance of botanical knowledge to the culti-
vators of the soil.

Men of science in our land now began to be aware of
the existence and meritorious labors of the unpretending
farmer and gardener of West Bradford ; and we learn, from
his certificate, that on the 20th of January, 1780, he was
elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.

On the 27th of July, 178G, Humphry lost his first wife,
who died at the age of nearly sixty-six years, and on the
10th of January, 1788, he again married. This second
wife was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Minshall, of Mid-
dletown (then of Chester), Delaware County. He had no
offspring by either marriage.

A genus of plants, belonging to the natural family of
Composite, was dedicated in 1791 by the botanist, Schreber,
to Humphry Marshall and his nephew ;* for which, it would
seem, they were partly indebted to the kind interposition
and friendly attention of Dr. Muhlenberg, the correspon-
dent of Schreber.

In the latter years of his life Humphry's vision was
greatly impaired by cataract, for which the operation of
couching was performed by Dr. Wistar in 1793, with but
partial success. It was proposed to be repeated in the year
1800, and preparation, made with that view, as may be
gathered from some of Dr. Wistar's letters ; but it was the
opinion of his relatives of the following generation that the
operation was not performed. His sight, however, was
never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the walks in
his garden, and recognize the localities of his favorite plants.

But even while yielding to the infirmities of age,

* See page 104, where this statement is questioned.

32 TIIK BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

he continued to take M lively interesl in whatever <-on-
cerned the welfare and progressive improvement of
society. Among the latest manil'eMations of his /ml. in
that behalf, may be mentioned his co-operation with
sonic active philanthropist- in procuring the erection of a
county alinshouse. for the accommodation of the sick and
inlirmpoor; and. especially, the aid and counsel lie afforded
in projecting and orguni/ing the valuable institution for
the education of youth, tin- \Vesttown Boarding School,
established by the Society of Friends, near the close of the
eighteenth century.

His life, bavin-- been protracted to a good old age,
Humphry Marshall iinally sank under an attack of dysen-
tery, on the r>lh of November. 1 s(Jl, aged seventy-nine years
and twenty-live days. His second wife survived him nearly
twenty-two years, living August <',. l,s-j:j, aged eighty-two
years. Humphry and both his wives were interred in the
same burial ground with his parents, at the Bradford
Meeting-house.

In person, Humphry Marshall was about the medium
size, erect and robust, with features strong, yet regular; his
forehead, square ami ample. His eyes were dark gray : his
hair dark, inclining to sandy ; his mem rather grave and
reserved, but his manners inspiring respect, confidence and

esteem.

The Botanic (larden. at Marshallton, was planned and
commence) 1 in the year 177:'.. and soon became the recipient
of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country,
together with many curious exotics, as also a numerous
collection of our native herbaceous plants. For several
years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton garden,

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THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 83

Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native
plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe ; but after
that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall,
he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention
to the business of exploring and making known abroad
the vegetable treasures of these United States.

In 1849, when Darlington wrote his " Memorials of
Bartram and Marshall," he stated " that a large portion of
these survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become
a mere wilderness ; while a number of our noble forest
trees, such as oaks, pines and magnolias (especially Magnolia
acuminala), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder,
have now attained to a majestic altitude."

An editorial in Garden and Forest * and an article in the
Philadelphia Times f describe the garden as it appeared in
1893 and 1894, respectively. The house is still embowered
by trees planted by the hands of the father of American
dendrology. On the acre or two of ground which surrounds
the house may be seen growing close by the driveway one
of the largest and most perfect specimens of Quercus hetero-
phylla. It was raised from an acorn brought by Marshall
from the original tree of this species, discovered by John
Bartram in the neighborhood of his place on the banks of
the Schuylkill. Not far away from this great oak is a splen-
did cucumber tree, Magnolia acuminata, with a remarkably
thick trunk and unusually stout branches, and altogether,
one of the noblest specimens of this fine tree that may be
seen anywhere. These two trees are probably the most
remarkable of those planted by Marshall now growing in
his arboretum.

*1S93. Garden and Forest, vi : 461.
t Philadelphia Times, June 3, 1894.

M TIII: I;<»TANI>T- OF riiii.AhKi.i'UiA.

There are, however, quite a number of large, black
birches left, a tall. Long-stemmed hackherry of great si/e.
sonic yellow buckeyes, a European larch, several rhodo-
dendrons (R. maxima), which have grown into trees with
short, thick stems, and tour or live very large and fine
ailanthus trees, which must have been among the first
specimens of this tree planted in America. There are also
some remarkable box lives, and until a short time ago,
when it Avas blown down in a severe Morm, probably the
largest cherry tree in this part of Pennsylvania was growing
in the garden. It was a common black cherry, but had
attained an enormous height. '' I got nearly s7<) worth of
good wood out of that tree," said Mr. Lilley, " and there
would have been nearly twice1 that much if the tree hadn't
been so rotten in parts on account of its great age."
There were indications about the garden that many other
trees had once grown there, but had been felled. Mr.
Lilley acknowledged their destruction; but said it was
necos-iry, as the shade was too dense. Not long ago he also
had the thick undergrowth of shrubs, many of them rare
varieties and planted by Marshall himself, cleared away
when a general tidying up took place.

Humphry Marshall's old house faces the highway,
but stands some distance back from it, being shut oil' from
the street by the gardens. It is a larger house than the
little stone building of Bartram's on the Schuylkill, and
more pretentious in many ways, yet it was erected by
Mai-shall, with his own hands, in the year 1773.

In one corner of this dwelling he contrived a small bin
convenient -love, or hot house, and immediately above
from the second story lie projected a little observatory in
which to indulge his fondness for astronomical observations.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. S.~>

An excellent idea of the appearance of the house in the
beginning of this century is to be had from the illustration
in Darlington's book, the " Memorials of Bartram and
Marshall" (1849). The projecting bay window* toward the
south-west was torn down by the present owner, bcrnu.se it
had become insecure, and the front of the house was walled
up around a window newly constructed to take the place of
the wooden observatory, which opened into the room
supposed to have been Marshall's study, t

The present owner is Robert B. Lilley, who purchased
the place some thirty odd years ago from the Marshall heirs.
Mr. Lilley, although he has allowed the garden to go into
decay, has kept the old house in a perfect state of preserva-
tion. It abounds in curiously-shaped rooms, queer cup-
boards and odd closets. In the kitchen is to be seen the old
fire-place, with its swinging crane, before which Marshall
used often to sit on Avinter evenings diligently at work,
after a hard day's labor on the farm, on his book, Arbustiim
Americanum. j Many quaint old pieces of furniture and a
very handsome antique grandfather's clock are found in
the house. The clock occupies a place built for it by
Marshall in a nook in wall in a front room which the
botanist occupied as his sleeping apartment. In another
room was a quaint old china cupboard, in which were
several antique pieces of old-fashioned blue and white
Canton chinaware, very rich in coloring. A visit of the
writer on May 22, 189(3, confirmed the facts of the above
statements written in 1893 and 1894. The garden has been
allowed to go to ruin and decay, but the house is still in an
excellent state of preservation.

* This was still in existence in 1884, when R. S. Redfleld took the photograph
reproduced for this book.

t See photograph taken by the author. I Marshall has it, Arbustrum.

B6 THE r,<>TA\I-T> OF I'l I I I.ADKI.I'If I A.

WILLIAM BARTRAM.

\Villi;ini Hai-tram. the tit'tli son of the- botanist, John
Hal-tram, was born at Kingsessing, IVnna.. February n,
173D, inheriting his taste for l)otany from his father. He
was his father's companion in several hotanical journey-.
affording him mueh assistance. As \\'illiarn was never
married, he continued to reside in the old home with his
l>rother John, also a botanist, to whom the garden descended
by his father's will.

William traveled extensively in the Southern state-,
and an exhaustive account of these journeys appeared in a
book entitled : "Travels Through North and South Carolina,
Geor.ii-i.-i, Fast and West Florida," 17'.»1. * After his return
from his tours he devote* 1 himself to science, and in ITS'J
was elected professor in the University of Pennsylvania,
which post lie declined on account of failing health. f

So far as can be ascertained, he was the first botanist
who visited the southern portion of the Alleglumies. tnder
the auspices of Dr. Fothergill, | to whom his collections
were principally sent, William l>artram left Philadelphia
in 1773, and after traveling in Florida and the lower part
of (.leorgia for three years, he made a hurried visit to the
Cherokee country in the spring of 1776. On this trip he

* IT'.il. W. BAI:TI:AM— Travels through .\<>rlh <m<l s<mth < 'nmliiKi. <•'••'> <</<<'•
J:'nxt inn/ n'rxt l''l<irida, etc., eontainin;/ nil un-mnit < if the soil mnl mil u nil pro-
iliiriiniia nt l/i"M r> itinim, rhilaik-lpliia. lU'i'rinti-il nt I.ninlon lor .1. .loluison,
17'.' 1. |.|i. \.\iv, .VJd inil. .s tai..

t For |iortr:iit of Win. I'.artram, see " 1'oinciTs of Science in Aim-rira."
ciliii'il ami iv\i-nl l.y Win. .lay Yoinnan- i AjM'lfioti IX"'.. \<. -1. An oil painting of
\\iii. Hart rain reposes at the IVnn>yl\ ania Historical ,-oi'irty.

I John Kothrr.L,'ill (17TJ-17M)i was a native of Wesleyilale in Yorkshire, an.l a
• li^tin^nishi'il phy^ic-ian in l.oinlon. where he liveil t'roin 171(1 till his death. In 17ii'J
\>i . l-'oiln-i-L'ill plan I cil on hi> cstalc in l-:-.-r.\ a rollci-tioii of tm- and -hrul'-. \\ hicli
\\as at that lime con^iilcrnl one of tin1 most important in Kimlall'l. Sil\a of
North Anii-rica. Sargent, VI, p. 10. Atuer. Jour. Sei., XI, II.

TIIK I'.oTAMSTS ()F PHILADELPHIA. 87

;i<(viulecl the Seneca, or Keowee River, one of tlic principal
sources of the Savannah, and crossing the mountains which
divide its waters from those of the Tennessee, he continued
his journey along the course of the later to the borders
of the present state of Tennessee. Finding that his
explorations could not safely be extended in that neighbor-
hood, he retraced his steps to the Savannah River, proceed-
ing thence through Georgia and Alabama to Mobile. His
well-known and interesting book contains numerous
references to the botany of these regions, with occasional
popular descriptions, and in a few cases Latin characters of
some remarkable plants, as for example, Myrica inodora
(Travels, 1791, p. 405), discovered at Appalachicola, Fla.,
Rhododendron punctatum, Stuartia pentagyna, Azalea calen-
dulacea, Trautvetteria palmata, Magnolia Fraseri.

After his return to Philadelphia he devoted himself to
science; was elected professor in the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1782, which post he declined on account of
failing health. He published, besides his travels, the most
complete and correct list of American birds, prior to the
work of Alexander Wilson, wTho was greatly assisted, and in
fact was persuaded by William Bartram, to undertake that
splendid production, " The American Ornithology."

The greater number of the plates of Barton's " Ele-
ments of Botany " (1803) were engraved from the original
drawings of Wm. Bartram, who, although never married,
found consolation in the pursuit of science, his life being
spent, when not away from Philadelphia, in looking after
and caring for the many interesting plants in the old
garden inherited by John Bartram, fil. William lived with
his niece, Nancy, who married Col. Robert Carr, until his

Till; BOTANISTS or I'll I LA I>KI.1'HI A.

death, which occurred l>y the rupture of a blood vessel in
tlie lungs July ±>, IS23.* Col. Robert ( 'arr undertook the
care of the garden, which was in most excellent condition,
when a committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society
visited it in LS30.

ADAM KUHN, M. D.

Adam Knhn, M. D., was born at Germantown, Phila-
delphia, November 17th. 1741 old style. His grandfather,
John Christopher Knhn, and his father, Adam Smith Kuhn,
were natives of Farfeld, a small town near Heilbronn. on
the Neckar, in the circle of Swabia. They both came to
Philadelphia in September, 1733.f

Dr. Adam Kulm's first studies in medicine were directed
by his father, until the autumn of 17(51, when he sailed for
Europe and arrived at Upsal, by the way of London, in the
beginning of January. 17(52, having traversed Norway and
part of Sweden. He studied medicine and botany under
Linna'us, and the other professors of the University of
I'psal, until July or August, 17(54, when he returned to
London, where, it is believed, he remained a twelve-month.
The particular estimation in which he was held by Lin-
lueus will be sulliciently manifested by the letters of that
eminent man addressed to Dr. Kuhn, and published in the
Nh volume of the '' Eclectic Repository." They will also
serve to show his mil-emitted attention to his studies.

At what time Dr. Kuhn went to Kdinburgh cannot be
precisely ascertained. He took his degree of Doctor of
Medicine in that l/niversity the 1'Jlh day of June, 17r>7.

L849. DARLINGTON -M< •nmriuls of Bart mm «n<l Mni-xli'ill, ]i.'».

i in the main irriuix- hull of the Cui i< ••_•>• . it Physicians, Philadelphia, 13th and

Sli-ci'ls. is :in etching Of Ail:im Klllm by Alln-rl K

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 89

The thesis published by him, " De Lavatione Frigida," was
dedicated to his friend and instructor, Linnaeus.*

He visited France, Holland and Germany, but whether
before or after his residence at Edinburgh, is not known.

In the month of January, 176S, he returned from
London to his native country, and settled in Philadelphia,
where he quickly rose to a high degree of estimation
amongst his elder medical brethren, and soon succeeded to
the most respectable practice. He was appointed professor
of materia medica and botany in the College of Philadelphia
(now the University of Pennsylvania), in January, 1768,
and commenced his first course of botany in May following.
He was probably the first professor of botany in this
country, yet, though he had the advantage of studying
under the illustrious Swede, and was said to have been a
favorite pupil, it does not appear that he ever did much for
the science.

In May, 1775, Dr. Kuhn was elected one of the
physicians to the Pennsylvania Hospital, which he attended
until his resignation in January, 1798, having served the
institution, with his usual diligence and faithfulness,
upwards of twenty-two years.

The Philadelphia Dispensary, for the medical relief of
the poor, the first institution of its kind in the United
States, was founded in 1780. Dr. Kuhii was appointed one
of the consulting physicians, and ever proved himself to be
amongst the foremost of its steady friends and patrons.

The College of Physicians of Philadelphia was estab-
lished in 1787, of which Dr. Kuhii was always an active
member. On the decease of Dr. William Shippen, in July,

* 1828. THACHEE— Anicricnn lltdicnl Biography, I, 349.

!><> Mil: BOTANISTS OF I'll I I.A I>KI.1'II I A.

IMI\ In- succeeded liiin as president, ;m<l was continued
during his life in this distinguished station.

In November. 17M'. he was appointed professor of the
theory and practice <>!' medicine in the University of
Pennsylvania, and on the junction of the two medical
schools of the College and Cniversity, was chosen professor
of the practice of physic in January, 17'.»'2. In 17U7 he
resigned his medical chair. Asa teacher, he was faithful
and clear in the description of diseases, and in the mode of
applying their appropriate remedies, mostly avoiding
theoretical discussions. His lectures were eminently cal-
culated to form useful practitioners in the healing art, to
the promotion of which his whole life was devoted. Dr.
Kuhn was also a member of the American Philosophical
Society, and an honorary member of the Massachusetts
Medical Society.

< )f his writings nothing can be recollected but his
thesis and a short letter addressed to Dr. John Coakley
Lettsom, on the diseases succeeding the transplantation of
teeth, which was published in the first volume of the
"Memoirs of the Medical Society of London."

Dr. Kuhn was not remarkable for the powers of
imagination, but in sound judgment he ureatly excelled.
His talent for observation was profound. He was, through
life, a studious reader, a lover of music from his youth,
remarkably abstemious and regular in his diet, and neat in
his pei-son. 1 Hiring a long and active attention to the
duties of his profession, he enjoyed so much health as to
use his carriage only in inclement weather. A most
prominent feature in his character was a strict punctuality
and observance of all his engagements. lie was married in
May. 17M>. in the island of St. ('mix, to Elizabeth, daughter

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. (->l

of Isaac Hartman, Esq., by whom he had two sons. For
some time before his death his bodily strength began to
fail, which induced him, in the autumn of 1815, to relinquish
his practice, to the great regret of the families whom he had
attended. A genus, Kuhnia, of compositous plants was
named by Linnaeus in honor of Kuhn.

After a confinement to the house of about three weeks,
he expired July 5, 1817, aged seventy-five years, without
pain, and fully sensible of the approaching dissolution.

DAVID LANDRETH.

David Landreth * (1752-1836) was born at Brunswick
on the Tweed, the son of a Northumberland farmer.
Having learned the trade of nurseryman, he emigrated to
Canada in 1781, removing afterward to Philadelphia,
where in 1786, in partnership with his brother Cuthbert, he
started the nursery and seed business, still carried on by his
descendants. In 1804 or 1805 David Landreth obtained
from the Lewis and Clark expedition seeds of the Osage
Orange, from which was grown a number of trees. One of
these was planted in front of the old Landreth mansion on
the ground now occupied by the Landreth Public School,
22nd and Federal Streets. It was a pistillate plant, and never
fruited until fertilized by pollen, brought from a tree grow-
ing in M'Mahon's garden. David Landreth, and his succes-
sors of the same name are not botanists in the strict sense of
the term, although their knowledge of plant life is very
intimate and precise. Bloomsdale farm is an example of
how a seed farm should be maintained. Situated on the
Delaware River, near Bristol, it commands the trade of New
York and Philadelphia.

* 1895. SARGENT— Silva of ??o>-/h A merica, VII, 87. See Biography of K. Buist.

(.l^ TIIK BOTANISTS OF I'll 1 I. A DKI.I'II I A.

GOTTHILF H. E. MUHLENBERG.

The late Prof. .lolin M. Maisch. ill nil address on
Mnhlenliero' as a botanist. : emphasi/ed tin- frequency with
which his name is met in works of systematic character as
tliat of {in original descriher.

Members of the Muhlenberu' family were conspicuous in
the early history of the 1'nited States. Pastor Heinrich
Melehior Muhlenberi;. who eMine to Philadelphia hy way of
( 'harleston, S. ( '.. in 1742, was the patriarch of the Lutheran
Church in the Cnited States. His eldest son. Pastor Johann
Peter Gabriel, was a major-general in the Revolutionary War,
Vice-President of Pennsylvania, a member of the House of
Kepivsentatives of the t'nited Stales, a United States
Senator, and a well-known revenue otlicer. Another son,
Friedrich August, also a minister of the £ospel. was a
memher of the Continental ( longress, a member and spc-aker
of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and a member of the
House of Representatives.

Gotthilf Heinrich Krnst Muhlenbero-. the third son and
the botanist and scientist of this distinguished family, was
born in New Providence, Montgomery County. Pa., Xoveinl »er
17, 17.".:;, and died in Lancaster. Pa.. May 23, 1815.f He
attended schools in his native place and in Philadelphia, to
which city his family removed in 17(il. When he was ten
years old he went with his brothers to Halle, to finish his
studies and prepare for the ministry. After a visit to
Kinheck. his father's native place, he entered a school in

* Dflivnr.l iN-fniv iiu> I'iiuiiHT Vcivin lit' 1'h i l.-nU-l ] ill i;i . May n, I^N:, arid
]'iitili>linl ill l>r. l-'r. Iliill'in.-iii'^ J'/iuritxn-i •ntix<-/ir I; n . >ulx<-h « it. .lunr. ls<(i; also
si'|i:ir:iti'ly. See /'"jiii/iii- ,sv<» •/(»•, • Mn/itli/ii, XI. \', <'•*.>. rurtrail>.

6 I'urti-Mit in culiir. A |mrlniit nf him M]I]H-:II> in " !'icincfi> ul' Srirlin- in
America," rjlilnl :m.l l:r\ [8ed liy W. J. Viunnans. AH'IrtonX ixif.. \>. .">v.

GOTTHILF HEINRICH ERNST MUHLENBERG.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 93

Halle, continuing here for six years. He entered the
University in 17r>'J, but remained in attendance tmly about
a year. He returned to Pennsylvania in 1770, was ordained
by the synod of his church, and assisted his father in
pastoral work. In 1774 he was called to a charge in Phila-
delphia, and later, in 1780, to be pastor of the Lutheran
Church at Lancaster, where he spent the rest of his life.
Mr. Muhlenberg wedded, in 1774, Catherine, daughter of
Philip Hall, of Philadelphia. He had two sons; one of
them, Henry Augustus won a high, reputation as clergyman,
and afterward as a man of public affairs. The other son,
Frederick Augustus, became a physician at Lancaster, Pa.

His work in botany began during his sojourn in the
country following his flight from Philadelphia, He pur-
sued the science earnestly after his return to the city, and
became intensely interested in the less conspicuous flowering
plants and cryptogams.

It was not long before Muhlenberg entered into corres-
pondence with other botanists. Dr. Johami David Schopf,
a Hessian, stationed in New York during the Revolutionary
War, who traveled through the Eastern states to Florida,
after the conclusion of peace, in search of medicinal plants,
became acquainted with Muhlenberg, and was aided by
him. After his return to Germany he wras the occasion of
a correspondence between Muhlenberg and Prof. Schreber,
of Erlangen. Later, Muhlenberg corresponded with other
eminent botanists in Germany, England, France and
Sweden, as well as with Americans.

Like a true naturalist, Muhlenberg exercised the
greatest care and thoroughness in observation and research.

!» 1 TIN: I;OTAXI>TS or PHILADELPHIA.

Hi- was able in inform Dr. Cutler, in the spring of IT'.'l. that
In- had collected nioiv than eleven liundred different plants
within a radius of three miles of Lancaster. In a letter
dated November s. IT'-'l. he wrote: "I am collecting, as far
as possible, all I can learn concerning the medicinal and
economic uses of our plants and am wilting it down. If
the medicinal application seems to be sufficiently confirmed
from different sides, and agrees \vith the character of the
plant, I either try it on myself or commend it to my friends.
I raise most of the grasses in my garden, and experiment
how often they can be cut, and whether they are readily
eaten by horses or cattle." An exchange was made with
Prof. Schreber, of American plants for foreign grasses : and,
besides mosses, grasses of New England were obtained
from Dr. Cutler, especially such as grew near the sea.

Muhlenberg furnished Dr. Schopf with notes on the
medicinal properties of plants, some of these for use in his
contemplated work on American Materia Medica. When that
work was published in 1787, the author most ungratefully
omitted to mention his indebtedness to Muhlenberg.
Similarly, when Muhlenberg first saw a copy of Bigelow's
" Medical Botany," he could not help remarking after look-
ing through it : " This gentleman has appropriated to him-
self all my explanations, without making any acknowledg-
ments."

Muhlenberg presented to the American Philosophical
Society in .July, 17<s.~>. an outline of a " Flora Lancastriensis,"
containing the results of his observations on plants and
their habits, and. at the same time, a manuscript caleiidarof
flowers. In Februarv, 17D1, he communicated his ''Index

»/ *

Flora Lancastriensis." This is arranged according to the

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 95

artificial system of Linnreus, and contains four hundred
and fifty-four genera, with nearly eleven hundred species,
including both feral and cultivated plants. A supplement
to this Index, which appeared in the " Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society," in September, 179f>, con-
tained forty-four additional genera, with sixty-two species
of phanerogams, of which nine were unknown species ol
grasses, while the cryptogams were represented by 226 addi-
tional species, belonging to 29 genera.

In 1809 Muhlenberg decided to write a catalogue of
the then known native and naturalized plants of North
America.*

Muhlenberg conscientiously referred to the books which
he had used in the determination of his collected plants,
and gave credit to correspondents in different parts of the
United States, who had assisted him in his researches by
sending plants or seeds. He also made, at the same time,
a complete description of the plants growing around Lan-
caster, and likewise a complete description of all other North
American plants, which he had himself seen and arranged
in his herbarium. Unfortunately, they were never published.

A part of these works, dealing with the grasses, was
printed in 1817, two years after the author's death, under
the title, " Descriptio uberior Gramimim." f The manuscript
of it was presented by Zaccheus Collins, a friend of Muhlen-
berg, to the American Philosophical Society in 1831.

* Cataloyus Plantaruin America? Septenlrionalis hue usque Coyaitarum
Indigenarum et Cicurum ; or. a Catalogue of the Hitherto Known .\atiri <m<l Natu-
ralized Plants of Norlli. America, arranged according to the Sexual System of
Linna-us. By Henry Muhlenberg', D. D., Minister at Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, Lan-
caster. William Hamilton. 1x13, octavo pp. iv, 112.

•^Descriptio Uberior Graminum et Plantaruin Calamiarum America? Septen-
trionalis Indigenarum et Cicurum. Auctore Dr. Henrico Muhlenberg. Philadelphia.
Solomon W. Conrad, 1817, octavo pp. ii, 295.

'.Hi TIIK BOTANISTS OF I'll I I.A DKI.l'JI I A.

Muhlenberg's valuable herbarium was bought l>y a
number of his friends fora little more than five hundred
dollars, and was presented to the American Philosophical
Society in Kehruary, L818. It was then in good condition,
hut has. unfortunately, l.ein^ allowed to suffer from neglect
until it is no longer of any value.

Hi- -el-vices to science have been well recogni/ed by
botani-t-. A golden i-od was given by Torrey and (iray the
name ^<>!i<!"i/o MnJtlenbergii; a small willow was denomi-
nated by IJarratt Sail.,- Muhlenbergiana ; Grisebach named a
centau ry AY//////-,-"/ Muhlenbergii; Gray gave the name 1/W>-
I< nhergii to a species of reed or sedge, and Schrebcr the name
Mnlilfn/n'1-i/in to a -eiins of grasses. Two mosses of the
genera ritnxcuin and Funaria were named in honor of Muh-
lenberg bv Schwart/ ; two lichens of the genera Umbilicaria
and Gyrophora by Acharius ; and, by Elliott, a fungus of
the genus Dothidc<i.

About half of the plant names, given by Mnhlenberg.
which are now recognized, belong to the plants of the
natural orders, Cyperacetc and Graminese, in the study of
which he was supported by Schreber.

This review of Muhlenberg's botanical work would not
be complete without special reference to his scientific cor-
respondence, his personal intercourse with naturalists, and
degrees conferred. Among his foreign correspondents were
Dillenius, Hedwig, Hoilmann, Persoon, Pursh, Smith,
Scln'ipf, Schreber. Sturm, \\'illdenow, William Alton, Batsch,
I'alisot de Heauvais, Schkuhr, Ileinrich Adolph Schrader,
of Gottingen : Kurt Sitivngel at Halle, and Prof. Olof
Schwart/., one of Linmeus's most eminent pupils. Muhlen-
berg al-o had as home correspondents Rev. < 'hristian 1 )enke,
of Na/areth. Pa.; the Kev. Samuel Kramph, of North

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 97

Carolina ; the Moravian bishop, Jacob Van Vleck, and Dr.
Christian Miiller, of Harmony, Pa. One of his most valued
correspondents was Dr. Baldwin, of South Carolina, and their
correspondence has been published by William Darlington
in a book entitled Reliquiw Baldwin/Lands* He entertained
largely at his home at Lancaster. Alexander von Humboldt
and Aime Bonpland sought him there on their return from
their long journey in Spanish America.

The University of Pennsylvania conferred on him the
degree of Master of Arts in 1780, and Princeton College that of
Doctor of Divinity in 1787. He was made a member of the
American Philosophical Society 011 January 22, 1785. He
received diplomas and awards from the Imperial Academy
of Erlangen, 1791 ; the Society of Friends of Natural
History, Berlin, 1798; the Westphalian Natural History
Society, 1798 ; the Phytographic Society of Gottingen,
1802 ; the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1814 ; the Society for the Promotion of the Useful Arts,
Albany, N. Y., 1815 ; the Physiographical Society of Lund,
Sweden, 1815 ; and the New York Historical Society, April
12, 1815, not quite six weeks before his death, at Lancaster,
May 23, 1815.

MOSES MARSHALL.

Moses Marshall, f son of James Marshall (the younger
brother of Humphry), was born in West Bradford, Chester
County, on the 30th of November, 1758. After receiving a
tolerable education, both English and classical, he studied

* 1843. DARLINGTON— Reliquice Baldiviniance. Philadelphia. Kimber et
Sharpless, pp. 346, effigies Baldwin!.

t This sketch was written by Dr. \Vm. T. Sharpless, West Chester Daily News,
Nov. 22, 1895.

'.)> THE BOTANISTS OF I'll I I.AI'KU'll I A.

in. -.liriiK- \vitli Dr. Nicholas AVay in Wilmington. Del., from
177»'> to 1771). He had an extraordinary opportunity of being
initiated into surgery in attending the soldiers who were
\vouii(le<l iii the batik- of Brandy wine, September 11, 1777.
After practicing medicine a short time, lie seems to have
become an inmate in tlie family of his uncle, Humphry,
devoting his time and services exclusively as an aid to his
uncle in the business of collecting and shipping plants and
seeds to Europe. He made several long exploring journey.-
in that pursuit through the wilds of the West and South-
west. He was a good, practical botanist, well acquainted
with most of our indigenous plants, and rendered valuable
assistance to his uncle in preparing the Arbuxtum Ameri-
cannm. On the lith of April, 17'.M5, Governor Minim
appointed him a Justice of the Peace, in which office he did
excellent service as a peace-maker in the community
around him. In all his acts he was a remarkably cautious,
upright, conscientious man. Dr. Marshall discontinued the
business of sending seeds and plants to Europe soon alb :
hi- uncle's death, and the garden, in consequence, was
almost wholly neglected. Dr. Marshall died on the first of
October, 1813, aged fifty-four years and ten months.

He was the son of James and Sarah Marshall, and
the grandson of Abram Marshall, who came from (iratton.
in Derbyshire, England, to Darby, Delaware County.
about the year ir,<)7. A few years later he h.mght a large
traet of land on the west branch of the Jirandywine.
near the forks (part of which is now occupied by
Abram Marshall, a descendant), where he died in 17<>7.
Abram Marshall married Mary Hunt, whose sister,
Kli/.ahrih Hunt, married AVilliam Uartram. so that their

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 99

son, John Bartram, the first American botanist, was a first
cousin of the Chester County botanist, Humphry Marshall,
and of James Marshall, the father of the subject of this
sketch.

The first authentic record we have of Dr. Marshall is
the following document :

" Memorandum of an agreement made and concluded
upon between -James Marshall, of Chester County, and Dr.
Nicholas Way, of Wilmington, in the County of New
Castle, as folio weth, viz. : The said Dr. Way undertaketh to
instruct Moses Marshall, the son of the said James, in the
art of physick, according to the best of his understanding,
for the space of two years, which time the said Marshall
is to abide with him and his wife. He is to find and allow
him sufficient meat, drink and lodging during said term.
And in consideration thereof the said Marshall is to give
the sum of seventy-five pounds, the one-half now and the
other half in one year from this date. Witness of our
hands the first day of November, 1776."

Dr. Nicholas Way, who thus became the preceptor
of Moses Marshall, had been settled in Wilmington for
some time, having received the degree of Bachelor of
Medicine in the first class that graduated in the Medical
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and, in
fact, the first class that graduated in medicine in this
country, in 1768 ; and in 1771 he received the further degree
Doctor of Medicine. At the same time a cousin of Moses
Marshall, Abram Baily, also from Marshallton, was a pupil
with Dr. Way.

Moses Marshall never received any medical degree,
none being at that time, or for nearly a hundred years

KM) THE BOTANISTS OF I'll I I. A I>KI. I'll I A.

afterward, required in order in practice medicine in Pennsyl-
vania. The first to receive Midi a degree, who settled in
Chester County, was Dr. Darlington, in 1*01. But it was
customary after serving two or more years as an apprentice
in a doctor's office to attend one or two courses of lectures
at the I niversity of Pennsylvania. Accordingly, we find
that the advice of Dr. Thomas Parkc was asked relative to
MO^S Marshall spending the winter in Philadelphia for
this purpose. Dr. Parke was a native of Chester County.
had taken his medical degree at Edinburgh, had an exten-
sive practice in Philadelphia, and was one of the physicians
to the Pennsylvania Hospital. He advised him to attend
the lectures, especially those on anatomy, by Dr. William
Shippen, and those on chemistry, by Dr. Rush. The winter
of 177'.) and 17*0 was spent in this manner, and his diary
covering the period has been preserved. The entries are
short and relate mostly to his own doings, though he
occasionally gives us some comment on the times. There
is nothing to indicate that he realized that in sitting under
the teaching of Dr. Rush he was brought into almost daily
contact with the most dignified and exalted character that
has graced the annals of American medicine.

It must be admitted that some entries in Moses Mar-
shall's diary at this time indicate that his time was not
exclusively devoted to medical studies and scientific work,
for a certain Polly Howell receives more frequent mention
than does the immortal Rush, and Sally Samson, who
;% behaved for three evenings, especially the last, in a most
engaging manner." evidently occupies his thoughts more
than ho-pital clinics or work in Parke's shop.

lie then returned to Marshallton, and after staving at

•/ O

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 101

his father's, doing nothing of account for a year, and spend-
ing another year keeping a sort of apothecary shop in
Wilmington, which, he says, "came to nothing and less,"
that in the spring of 1782 he " came up into the country
and inoculated for the small-pox about Londongrove,
making his home at Samuel Sharp's, and afterward about
Kennett with Dr. Pierce, making a home there." After
inoculation was over, in the spring of 1782, lie stayed
at his father's, professing to practice medicine, but really
doing very little, if we may judge from his diary,
until 4th month 27th, 1784, when he became an inmate ol
the family of his uncle Humphry. The years of 1782 and

1783 appear to have been unprofitably spent, and his diary
indicates that at that time he was drifting into idle com-
pany and questionable habits.

Having laid aside his youthful follies, and having
found occupation that was agreeable and suited to his
talents, we enter upon the period of his scientific work from

1784 to 1801.

It is difficult to determine when Dr. Marshall began
the study of botany. His intimacy with his uncle Humphry
and a few entries in his diary suggest that he had made a
beginning before he entered his uncle's family, and in 1786
the latter, in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, the President
of the Royal Society of London, solicits employment for
Dr. Marshall, and suggests that if the society should want
any one on this side the water to explore our western
region in search of botanical specimens, fossils, minerals or
inflammables, that Dr. Marshall would be willing to serve
them, and states that he is " well versed in the knowledge
of botany."

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Humphry Marshall also writes to Benjamin Franklin
in 17*"), and -uggests that his cousin, \\'illiam Bartram. and
his nephew. I>i-. .Marshall, would lie willing to explore the
western part of tlie l/nited Slates it' they should nu-ci with
proper encouragement, and thinks that the Philosophical
Society, or possibly Congivs-. \\-ould give them substantial
-upport. This a | >pears to have heen tlie work that the elder
Marshall had mapped out for him, and it is evident that
I>r. Marshall was favorable to such an undertaking, for in
177s lie writes to Dr. Lettsom : "I have, indeed, had a design
highly favorable to discoveries in view — a journey to the
Mississippi westward, but have not yet been at leisure to

prosecute it."

lie had. already, in 1784, taken his iirst trip in search
of seeds and botanical specimens. This was almost
immediately after entering the family of his uncle, and
consisted in going to Pittsburg with the wagons and return-
ing by the same route. He writes from Bedford to his
uncle: •• We have been among the pine mountains, where
we have seen cucumber trees, rhododendrons, mountain
raspberries, and yesterday about Juniata the broad willow-
leaved oak and the red-berried elder. In coming along 1
have seen many strange plants, but may be chieily varieties
of what we have already. However, I shall gather what
seed I can of any such or bring the plants." lie kept a
journal of the trip, which has been preserved. He also
-peaks of having seen the horse-chestnut and of getting
specimens to bring home.

In 17sii Sir Joseph Banks wrote to Humphry Mar-
>hall asking for a hundred weight of the fresh roots of the

TIII: IIOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 103

ginseng, on the curing of which he wished to try sonn-
experiments. The procuring of the roots was undertaken
by Dr. Marshall. It occupied about twenty days, and
necessitated his going into the Alleghanies for them. He
returned with about a hundred weight of ginseng roots,
and charged for them an English crown a pound.

Dr. Marshall soon began a correspondence with scien-
tific men in Great Britain and Europe 011 his own account,
especially with Dr. Lettsom, of London. In these letters he
sends descriptions of new or rare plants that he has found,
and occasionally ventures to suggest a name. One of these
descriptions (that of the Talinum tereti folium) is especially
praised by Dr. Darlington, who says that it was written
long before the plant was generally known to the botanists
or published in the books, and adds that " from diffidence or
want of opportunity to publish many of the discoveries,
much of the credit really due to Bartram, Marshall, and
Muhlenberg, has been ascribed to or appropriated by Euro-
pean botanists."

About this time we find Dr. Marshall in correspondence
with Rev. Henry Muhlenberg, of Lancaster, Pa. It was
due to the influence of this distingushed botanist that
Marshallia, a genus of plants of which there are several
species in the South, was named in honor of Moses Mar-
shall, as the following correspondence will show. The first
letter is from Muhleiiberg to Dr. Marshall :

" Dear Sir : — I beg leave to inform you that the new
edition of the Genera Linniei is safely arrived. I am
happy to see that the editor, my friend, Dr. Schreber, has
done what I requested of him. He has given your name

TIIH lioTAMSTS (»!•• I'l I I I. A I > I .I.TJ 1 1 A.

to a hitherto undescribed plant that belongs to the Syn-
-'•iir-ia, which lie Qames the Marshallia. (live my be<t
respects to your uncle, .Mr. Humphry Marshall, and believe
inc. with great esteem, sir,

" Your humble servant,

"IIl-iNKY MUHLENBERG."

In the collection of the Marshall papers in the pos-
session of < lilbert Cope, I have found the following copy of
the reply to this note in the handwriting of Dr. Marshall :

"WEST BRADFORD, April 13, 1702.

" Reverend Sir : — 1 have just received yours of the J»th
instant, and am much pleased to hear of the arrival of the
Genera Plantarum. I am very sensible of the honor done
me, through your request, by Dr. Schreber, and think
myself but too undeserving. I shall be pleased in your
calling on your intended journey, and hope you will
consider my uncle's house as a welcome stage. I am. with
all due respect,

" Your much obliged friend,

" MOSKS MARSHALL."

I have given this correspondence complete, as, in the
list of plants named for Chester County botanists, prepared
by Dr. Darlington in bs~>7, we find the following statement :

"The genus Marshallia was so named in ITl'l by Dr.
Sclnvber, in honor of Humphry Marshall, of West Brad-
ford Township."

In another place Dr. Darlington says that the plant
was named for Humphry Marshall and his nephew, yet the
nbove correspondence indicates that Moses Marshall alone
was recogni/ed by Schreber and Muhlenberg in the
transaction.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 105

Dr. Marshall's correspondents appear chiefly to have
been Descemet, of Paris ; John Reichert, of Belvidere ;
Grimwood, Hudson, Barrett and Dr. Lettsom, of London;
Richard Barnett, of Dublin ; Thomas Russell, of Middle-
town, Connecticut, and Joseph Watson, of Charleston, South
Carolina. The last supplied him with many southern
plants for shipment abroad. In addition to plants, he
shipped other natural objects, as shells, live tortoises, frogs,
birds' eggs, etc.

His letters speak of many trips of which the journal
has not been preserved. On one of these he went to Pitts-
burg, then south through Kentucky and Tennessee, then
over the mountains into South Carolina to Charleston.
From thence he proceeded into the western part of Georgia
and returned to Charleston, and thence by water to Phila-
delphia, and says : " Notwithstanding the great fatigue,
danger and expense in traveling, I have in contemplation
a second and more extensive route."

We have seen that Humphry Marshall was interested
in having the country west of the Mississippi explored in
search of plants and other specimens of scientific interest,
and that he wrote to Dr. Franklin and to Sir Joseph Banks,
stating that his nephew was willing to undertake such a
trip. We also know that for at least fifteen years before the
Lewis and Clarke expeditions started for this purpose, that
Thomas Jefferson was active in endeavoring to procure a
suitable person to lead such an expedition, and to raise the
funds to defray his expenses. The following letters from
Dr. Caspar Wistar, of Philadelphia, are of much interest in
this connection. In a postscript to a letter to Humphry
Marshall, dated May 27. 1792, Dr. Wistar inquires: "Has

Iff, THK BOTANISTS OF I'll 1 1. A DKLI'IIIA.

Dr. Marshall any inclination to explore the country west of
the Mi — issippi '.' li' so, I >hall lie glad to see him when he
comes to town." Ami on .June -!<>th he writes to Dr.
.Marshall :

" Respected Friend : — Hy a conversation with thy uncle,
I find that thee is already ae(|iiainte<l with the wishes of
some gentlemen here to have our continent explored in a
western direction. My reason for Avriting at present is to
inform thee of the pivsent state of the husiness. Mr.
.Jetferson and several other gentlemen are much interested.
and think they can procure a subscription sufficient to
insure one thousand guineas as a compensation to any one
who undertakes the journey and can bring satisfactory
proof of having crossed to the South Sea. They wish the
journey to be prosecuted up the Missouri, as the easiest and
perhaps the most interesting track. If thee has

any inclination, I think it would be very proper to come to
town immediately and converse with Mr. Jefferson, who
seems principally interested. 1 am confident that no small
matter will stop them if thee is disposed to engage in the
business. At any rate, shall be glad to hear from thee as
soon as possible, and am, with respect for thy uncle
and thyself,

'• Thy assured friend,

'' CASPAR AVISTAK, JR."

Monaghaii suggests that this letter indicates
that l)r. \Vistar, at leas!, considered Dr. Marshall a suitable
person to lead the expedition, which afterward became
known to hi.-tory as that of Lewis and Clarke, and there
-'•ems to be no doubl that this was the case. In IS!):; the
expedition under Lewis and Clarke se1 out, and proceeded

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 107

by the same route up the Missouri, as was su^vsted in
Dr. Wistar's letter.

His attention was diverted from botany by his
a Hi (ointment to be Justice of the Peace, in 1796. The list of
cases tried before him and of the marriages at which he offi-
ciated, have been preserved, and show the business of the office
to have been considerable. He held this office until his death.
That he did not at once discontinue the business of shipping-
seeds is shown by a letter to Thomas Russell, of Middle-
to\vn, Conn., in 1797: " I may observe that the present
convulsed state of European affairs, with the uncertainty of
safe transportation, has given a considerable check to
business of this kind. However, a few plants of the follow-
ing kinds may be procured. The average price of a general
collection may be about ten cents per root,"

Humphry Marshall died in 1801, and on his death
a considerable part of his farm west of the Brandywine
passed into the hands of Dr. Marshall. He made use of
the water-power in the Brandywine, and erected a stone mill
and dwelling house. The house is still standing. The mill
was burned a fewT years ago. The village of Northbrook,
which was formerly known as Marshall's Mill, stands on
land once owned bv Dr. Marshall, and much is still owned

t/

by his grandson, Dr. Edward Marshall.

After Humphry Marshall's death his nephew seems to
have discontinued his former business, as well as his
scientific work. I have not been able to find any records of
this period, except some accounts which refer to his milling
business, and are of no particular interest to us. He was
married about 1797 to Alice Pennock. They had six chil-
dren, who have left a numerous progeny, most of whom live
in Chester Count v. He died in 1813.

108 T1IK linTAMSTs ()F I'lIIL. \IiKI. I'HIA.

CASPAR WISTAR, M. D.

< '.-isjinr Wistar, M. ]).. :;: a skillful ])liysician, and learned
professor in the University of Pennsylvania, President of
the American Philosophical Society, was born in 17<l<». He
died on the I'^nd of January. IMs. In the same year a
genus of leguminous plants. Wistaria, was dedicated to his
memory by Mr. Xuttall.f

BENJAMIN SMITH BARTON.

Benjamin Smith Barton, $ one of the younger children
of the the Rev. Thomas Barton, an Episcopal clergyman,
was born at Lancaster. I 'a.. February 10, 1770. His
mother, being a sister of David Rittenhouse, the astronomer,
he received a double inheritance of intellectual ability, but
the benefits of parental care and training were lost to him
at an early age. His mother died when he was eight years
old, and his father died when he was fourteen.

Mr. Barton, before his death, intending to go to Europe,
had placed his younger children in the care of a friend in
the country, where they remained until after their father's
death. During this period the young boy devoted much of
his time to reading, having a fondness for civil history.
His interest in natural history, especially in botany,
appeared early, and very likely had received some encourage-
ment from his father, who is known to have been a student
of nature.

* For sketch anil life see ]si:i. DARLINGTON— Memorial <>/ Jim-tntm «/<•'
Marshall, :>i;s. Also The Gardener's Mmitlili/, (Median. II : ::i;n. An oil glinting of
l>r. Wistar is found in the College of Physicians. l:;th ami Locust streets. Philadelphia,
presented by Mrs. Milllin Wistar. Also one at the American Philosophical Society.

For a discussion as to whether the spelling should be Wisteria, or Wistaria.
see Mi'i'iuin'x Mmiihlit, \\\\: 17. iii.

l'i>l>ii/nr ,Vr(V//<v .!/« nl/i/i/. April, IXIH;. The main facts given in this sketch
are derived from that journal. The portrait reproduced in that journal, p. h',7. is
from an engraving in his biography, by W. 1'. C. Barton. A portrait is also to be
found in the Academy of Natural Sciences.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 109

In 17'SO Benjamin, with one of his brothers, was placed
in an academy at York, Pa., where he remained nearly two
years, pursuing a classical course. His elder brother, who
was living in Philadelphia, took him into his family when
he was sixteen years of age, where he remained about four
years. During this time he attended, for a short period, the
College of Philadelphia, and afterward took up the study of
medicine under Dr. William Shippen.

In the summer of 1785 he accompanied the commission,
of which his uncle, Mr. Ritten house, was a member, in
marking the western boundary line of Pennsylvania.
Young Barton was absent from Philadelphia five months,
and it was on this expedition that he made acquaintance
with the Indians, and began his study of their medicines
and pathology, their customs and history, which interested
him for the rest of his life.

Young Barton, in order to obtain a thorough medical
training, went to Edinburgh in the autumn of 1786, where
he studied for two years, with the exception of a few months
spent in London. Having become a member of the Royal
Medical Society at Edinburgh, he was given the Harveian
prize of that association for a thesis on the Hyoscyamus
niger of Linnaeus. Barton's first book was published in 1787.
It was a booklet entitled, " Observations on some Parts of
Natural History : to which is prefixed an Account of some
Considerable Vestiges of an Ancient Date, which have been
discovered in Different Parts of North America."

Later he left Edinburgh, and took his degree at Got-
tingen, returning to America toward the close of the year
1789. He began to practice in Philadelphia, where his
knowledge of medical science soon caused him to be looked
upon as one of the rising young men of the day.

110 TJIK BOTANISTS OF I'll 1 LADKLl'IIIA.

The trustees of the College of Philadelphia, in estab-
lishing a professorship of natural history and botany.
elected Dr. Barton, then only twenty-four years of age, to
the chair. This election was confirmed in the following
year, when the College became a part of the University
of Pennsylvania. The chair of materia medica in the Uni-
versity became vacant, and this professorship was assigned
to Dr. Barton five years later, and was held by him until he
succeeded to that of Dr. Rush. He became, in 1708, one
of the physicians of the Pennsylvania Hospital, which place
he held for the rest of his life.

Among the first works published by Dr. Barton was a
memoir concerning the Fascinating Faculty which has
been ascribed to the Rattlesnake and other North American
Serpents, published in 1700. A supplement to this memoir
was printed four years later, and a new edition in 1814.
lie is.-ued a work on the materia medica of the United
States, in two parts, published in 1708 and 1804 respectively,*
and an edition of the two combined in 1810. His most
important work was his " Elements of Botany," which first
appeared in two volumes in 1803. A second edition of the first
volume was issued in 1812, and of the second volume in
181 I, with forty plates.f Dr. William P. C. Barton issued,
after the author's death in 1830, a revised edition in one vol-
ume, prefixing a biographical sketch, prepared at the request
of the Philadelphia Medical Society, of which his uncle had
been president. A translation of the Elements appeared in
Russian. Dr. Barton also wrote extensively on other subjects

* C"//i •I'/in/ix /,ir nil rxxn/i tnii-arilx ti niu/i'rin iiii'ilicn of till- I'll itctl Ntdtcs. T\\ '()
parts. I'liiladi'lpliiu. I'art 1 : 17HS pp. I'.L Part II : 1804, pp. 53.

t Kli ni' nts <>f r.otiniii : <>r, Oiil/iiit-x «f tin- .\tt/iirul, Ilixtorii of Vt<i< tables.
Ed. 1: I'hiladulpliia. INI::. Ed. II : L812, pp. xviii, 824 ind.— 1814, iv, pp. 180, II: lotah.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. Ill

besides botany. General natural history and archaeology
also came in for a share of his attention. His literary work
made him an indefatigable student, and led him to under-
take several ambitious projects which were left unfinished
by him.

Only three days before his death he wrote a paper on
a genus of plants which had been named in honor of him,
and requested his nephew, Dr. W. P. C. Barton, to make a
drawing to accompany it. The latter read the paper
illustrated by him at the next meeting of the American
Philosophical Society. Dr. Barton was elected to this
Society, January 16, 1789, before his return from student-
life abroad, and acted as one of its vice-presidents, begin-
ning with January 1, 1802.

Dr. Barton was a patron of botanical science. Frederick
Pursh, in his Flora America Septentrionalis (London, 1814),
describes an excursion that he was enabled to take by the
aid of Prof. Barton in the beginning of 1805. Pursh,
in his exploration, traveled through the mountains of Vir-
ginia and the Carolinas, and returned along the coast,
reaching Philadelphia late in the autumn. Similar help
was extended to Thomas Nuttall, " whose zeal and services,"
to use the words of Dr. Barton, " have contributed essentially
to extend our knowledge of the northwestern and western
flora of North America, and to whom the work of Frederick
Pursh is under infinite obligations."

Dr. Barton further speaks of Nuttall in the following
words :

" I became acquainted with this young Englishman
in Philadelphia several years ago, and observing in him an
ardent attachment to and some knowledge of botany, I

1TJ Tin-: I;OT. \.\ISTS OF IMIII.. \i>F.i.rniA.

omitted no opportunity of fostering his zeal, and of
endeavoring to extend his knowledge. He had constant
access to my house, and the benefit of my botanical books.
In 1810 1 proposed to Mr. Nuttall the undertaking of
an expedition, entirely at my own expense and under my
immediate direction, to explore the botany, etc., of the
northern and northwestern parts of the United States and
the adjoining British territories.'' Xuttall set out on his
journey in April, 1M<>. ascending the .Missouri with other
travelers, whose objects were principally traffic. Return-
ing, he reached St. Louis in the autumn of 1811. hi the
latter end of the year 1811, Xuttall returned to England
from New Orleans. Previously to his departure he trans-
mitted to Dr. Barton a number of the dried specimens and
seeds which he had collected.

Dr. Barton had been from early life subject to hem-
orrhages. In a few years increasing ill-health decided him
to try a sea voyage. He accordingly sailed for France in
the spring of 1M.">, and returned in November of that year,
but without being much benefited. His condition became
rapidly worse after he landed, and on the morning of
December 10, 1815, he was found dead in bed.

In 17U7 Dr. Barton married a daughter of Mr. Edward
Pennington, of Philadelphia, who, with their only children.
a son and a daughter, survived him. He named his son
after Mr. Thomas Pennant, an English naturalist with
whom he became acquainted while a medical student.

" In figure [Dr. Barton] was tall and exceedingly well
formed; in middle life he might be considered as having
been handsome. His physiognomy was strongly expressive
of intelligence, and his eye was remarkably fine and
penetrating.

THE BOTANISTS OP PHILADELPHIA. 113

" In temperament he was irritable and even choleric.
His spirits were irregular, his manners consequently
variable, impetuous, vehement. These repeated vacillations
between equanimity and depression were generally owing
to the sudden and repeated attacks of his continual earthly
companion — irregular gout.

" In familiar conversation he was often eloquent,
remarkably facetious, but never witty.

" As a parent he was kind, tender and indulgent to a
fault."

Dr. Barton corresponded with many prominent natural-
ists and physicians at home and abroad. He established
an enviable foreign reputation, and was elected a member
of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, the Danish
Royal Society of Sciences, the Danish Medical Society, the
Linmean Society of London, and the Society of Antiquaries
of Scotland.

FREDERICK PURSH.

Frederick Pursh was born at Tobolsk, in Siberia, in
1774, of German parentage.* He was educated in Dresden,
and came to this country in 1799, establishing himself in
Philadelphia. He was able to make the acquaintance not
only of Muhlenberg, who survived until 1815, and of Win.
Bartram, who died in 1823, but also of the veteran
Humphry Marshall, who died in 1805. He says :

" Not far from the latter place are also the extensive
gardens of William Hamilton, Esq., called the Woodlands, f

* The main facts for this sketch are taken from an article in The Botanical
Gazette, VII, p. 141.

t Now occupied as a cemetery, and adjoining the Botanic Garden of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. Woodlands is still good botanizing ground. There grow
these several noteworthy plants : Zelkova crenata ; a noble staniinate tree of Ginkgd
biloba ; Magnolia grandiflora ; Zanthoxylum americanum, etc. An oil painting of
Woodlands is to be found at the Pennsylvania Historical Society.

114 TJII-: BOTANISTS OF I'l 1 1 1.ADKLl'JII A.

which I found not only rich in plants from all parts of tin
world, but particularly so in ran- and new American species.
Philadelphia being a central situation, and extremely well
calculated for the cultivation of plants from all the other
parts of North America, I found this collection particularly
valuable for furnishing me \vith a general knowledge of the
plants of that country preparatory to more extensive travels
into the interior, for the discoverv of new and unknown

•

species. Mr. John Lyon (of whom I shall have an oppor-
tunity to speak hereafter), who had the management of these
gardens, was then about to give them up : having the offer
of being appointed his successor I embraced it, and accord-
ingly in 1802, I entered upon the situation. During my
stay in this place, which was until 1805, I received and
collected plants from all parts of North America ; and when
Michaux's 'Flora Boreali-Americana ' appeared, which was
during that time, I was not only in possession of most of his
plants, but had then a considerable number not described
by him."

His early and principal patron was Dr. Benjamin
Smith Barton, who supplied the means for most of the
travels which he was able to undertake, and who, as Pursh
states, " for some time previous had been collecting materials
for an American Flora.'' I'ursh's personal explorations
were not extensive. In the spring of 1805 lie set out for
the mountains and western territories of the Southern states,
beginning at Maryland and extending to the Carolines (in
which tract the interesting high mountains of Virginia and
Carolina took my particular attention), returning late in
the autumn through the lower countries along the sea-coast
to Philadelphia.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 115

But, in tracing his steps by his collections and by other
indications, it appears he did not reach the western borders
of Virginia, nor cross its southern boundaries into the
mountains of North Carolina. The peaks of Otter and
Salt Pond Mountain (now Mountain Lake), were the highest
elevations which he attained. The following season he
went, in like manner, over the Northern states, beginning
with the mountains of Pennsylvania, and extending to
those in New Hampshire (in which tract he traversed the
extensive and highly interesting country, of the lesser and
greater lakes) and returning, as before, by the sea-coast.

The diary * of this expedition, found among Dr.
Barton's papers and collections in possession of the American
Philosophical Society, was printed by Thomas Potts James.
It shows that the journey was not as extended, or as
thorough, as would be supposed ; that it was from Phila-
delphia directly north to the Pocono Mountains, thence to
Onondaga, and to Oswego — the only point on the Great
Lakes reached — thence back to Utica, down the Mohawk
Valley to Saratoga, and north to the upper part of Lake
Champlain and to the lesser green mountains in the vicinity
of Rutland, but not beyond. Discouraged by the lateness
of the season, and disheartened, as he had all along been,
by the failure and insufficiency of remittances from his
patron, Pursh turned back from Rutland on the 22d of
September, reached New York 011 the 1st of October, and
Philadelphia on the 5th. The next year (ISO") Pursh took
charge of the botanic garden, which Dr. Hosack had
formed at New York and afterward sold to the State, which

* Journal of a Botanical Excursion in the Northern Parts of the Stales of
Pennsylvania and New York, during the year 1S07. Philadelphia, ISO1.). Edited by
Thomas P. James. Also see The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan), X and XI.

lit; TIN: BOTANISTS or PHILADELPHIA.

soon made it over to Columbia College. In 1M<) IK- madea
voyage t<> the West Indies for the recovery of his health.
Returning in the autumn of LS11, he landed at Wiscasn i.
in Maine, and "had an opportunity of visiting Professor.
Peck, of Cambridge College, near Boston," and of seeing
the alpine plants which Peck had collected on the White
Mountains.

The plants collected by Lewis and Clark, on their
return from the far West, were studied, described, and
figured by Pursh. Hi- inserted the descriptions in his flora,
distinguishing them by the words: " v. s. in Herb. Lewis."
He also studied the collections made by Aloysius
Enslen, sent to America by Count Lichtenstein, of Austria,
which fitted up a desideratum in his collection, particularly
in the plants of Lower Louisiana and Georgia. " v. s. in Herb
Enslen." At the same time he had frequent opportunities of
seeing the herbarium and collection of living plants of Mr.
John Lyon, a gentleman, through whose industry and skill,
more new and rare American plants have lately been
sent into Europe than through any other channel
whatever, "r. s. in Herb. Lyon."

At the end of 1S11, or in 1812, he went to England
with his collections and notes ; and at the close of 1813,
consulting, the while, the herbaria of Clayton, Pallas,
Plukcnet, Catesby, Morison, Sherard, Walter, and that of
Banks.*

The work f was completed with expedition. It con-
tains 470 genera of Pha-nogamous and Filicoid plants, and

* See the introduction t<> this book p. LV, fur account of the discovery and re-
description of the Lewis and Clark plants described by 1'ursh.

t Flora America tjeptentrionalis ; or, a Systematic A rrangement and Descrip-
tionnfthr lliinlx «f .\«rtli Ainrrica. ISM. II vols. octavo, pp. xxxvi. 751 , 'J-l tab.
col. Second edition, Isic,, octavo pp. xxxvi, T.'-L -I tab. col. (same impression.)

TIIK BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 117

3076 species; double the number of species contained in
Michaux's Flora. In the supplement, Pursh was able to
include a considerable number of species, collected by Brad-
bury on the Upper Missouri, much to the discontent of
Nuttall, who was in that region at the same time, and who,
indeed, partly and imperfectly anticipated Pursh in certain
cases, through the publication, by the Frazers, of a cata-
logue of the plants collected by Nuttall.

Pursh returned to America, settling in Canada, intend-
ing to continue his studies of the North American Flora,
but he died at Montreal June 11, 1820, aged 46 years. *

BERNARD M'MAHON.

Bernard M'Mahon f was born in Ireland circa 1775,
of good birth and fortune. He was obliged to leave Ireland
on account of his connection with one of the unsuccessful
rebellions, arriving in America in 1796. He settled in
Philadelphia, where, in 1809, he founded a botanic garden,
which he named Upsal, partly situated on ground near
the yards of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad at
Huntingdon Station, Philadelphia.]: M'Mahon was one of
the first successful gardeners of the United States, and was
a man of education, and devoted to his profession. He
enjoyed the friendship of Jefferson and other distinguished
Americans, and it is supposed that the arrangement for

* His grave in -the cemetery at Montreal was marked by admiring scientists
The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan's), XXVI, p. SIS.

t See Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography (1888).
SARGENT— Silva of North America, VII : 86.

I His grand-daughter informed Dr. G. B. Keen, librarian Pennsylvania Histor-
ical Society, that the garden was located at the junction of Gerrnantown Road and
Township line, being now incorporated in Fotterall Square, at llth and Cumberland
Streets.

118 TIIK 1JOTAXISTS <>!•• I'll I I.A DKI.I'III A.

Lewis and Clark expedition was made at his house.
M'Mahon was the author of "The American Gardener's
Calendar/' published in 1MH'>. a second edition in 1819,
and an eleventh, revised by John Jay Smith, in ls.~>7.
MaJtonia, a genus of handsome evergreen shrubs of West
North America, was named in his honor bv Thomas Nuttall.

«/

M'.Mahon's Garden was founded in 1811, about three
miles north of Philadelphia (in the neighborhood of llth
and Cumberland Streets). The committee appointed by
the Pennsylvania Historical Society visited the garden in
1830, kept by Mrs. M'Mahon, after the death of her husband.
the founder, and reported the collection good.

" Here is the largest Portland ia that we have seen, and
a good selection of the succulent family, with many oranges,
lemons, shaddock, etc., and splendid magnolias; the macro-
phylla, grandiflora, etc. A very large tree of Maclura
aurantiaca or osage orange ; a highly ornamental tree, with
bright green foliage, and standing longer in the fall than
any other of the deciduous tribe. It bears a large green
fruit, not unlike an orange. We think that Mr. M'Mahon
was the first to introduce this tree, brought back by Lewis
and Clark. Here we saw an uncommon large shrub of the
Lonicera tartarica, or tartarian honeysuckle; it is twenty
feet in diameter, and high in proportion.

" The ground contains about twenty acres, distributed
in nursery stock, and growing vegetable seeds.

" Those two beautiful shrubs, the Symphoricarpos
racemosus and liibes aureum, were propagated in this
nursery before any other in our vicinity ; and this was the
case, too, with many other shrubs and trees. Of European
trees there are several valuable specimens, such as Fraxi-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 119

nus, Tilia, Ulmus, Fagus, Betula, Carpinus, Platanus and
Pinus. On these grounds are ponds well stocked with
beautiful fish and water plants, among these last is the
Nymphaja odorata, with its showy white flowers, yellow
anthers and sweet fragrance.

" Mr. M'Mahon was an indefatigable arborist, and his
garden now exhibits a row of native oaks, planted by him,
containing thirty varieties; being all the kinds that he
could collect in his day, either with money or zealous
exertion. The willow-leaved oak is the most conspicuous,,
and forms a very handsome conical tree.

" Perhaps we owe as much to the late Mr. M'Mahon, as
a horticulturist, as to any individual in America. Besides
his efforts in collecting and propogating, we are indebted to
him for his excellent book on " American Gardening,"
which has passed through many editions."'

WILLIAM BALDWIN.

In the south-eastern corner of Pennsylvania, just north
of the filmed Mason and Dixon line, lies the county of
Chester, picturesque, historic and fertile, but specially
prolific for a century past in cultivators of botanical science.
And in the township of Newlin, in this same county, on the
29th of March, 1779, was born William Baldwin, f the
subject of this sketch. His father, Thomas Baldwin, was a
member and an approved minister of the Society of
Friends. He gave to the son such rudimentary education

*1806. The American Gardener's Calendar; Adapted to the Climates and Sea-
sons of the United States. By Bernard M'Mahon, Xursery, Seedsman and Florist,
Philadelphia. Printed by B. Graves for the author. Octavo pp., v, 648, index.

11883. J. H. RKDFIELD, Botanical Gazette, VIII: 233. An engraving of W.
Baldwin appears as frontispiece in DARLINGTON'S Reliquice Baldwiniance, from a
painting by C. W. Peale on stone, by a Xewsam, Philadelphia, 1843.

1-0 THE UOTAXISTS ()K 1>I I II. A DKLl'II I A.

as the common schools of the vicinity could furnish. But
tin' youth thirsted for knowledge, and soon became a
teacher, daily acquiring for himself and imparting to others
such store of information as was at his command. While
thus engaged, his thoughts were turned to the medical
profession, and lie became a pupil of Dr. William A. Todd,
of Downingtown, in the same county: and afterwards, in
the winter of 1802-3, attended his first course of medical
lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. Here he
formed the acquaintance and secured the intimate friend-
ship of Dr. AVilliam Darlington, who. while suffering from
a severe attack of illness, received from young Baldwin
assiduous kindness and attention, which he never forgot.
After his first course of lectures at Philadelphia he resumed
his studies with Dr. Todd, at Downingtown, and here he
became acquainted with Dr. Moses Marshall, nephew of
Humphry Marshall, the well-known author of " Arbustum
Americanum," and founder of a botanic garden at Mar-
shallton. The nephew also had some botanical knowledge,
and had been of material service to his uncle, both in the
establishment of his garden, and in the preparation of his
work on "American Forest Trees and Shrubs." Dr.
Marshall seems to have first awakened Baldwin's taste for
the study of the vegetable creation ; and the rich collection
of indigenous plants in the Marshallton garden served to
strengthen this taste, which soon deepened into x.eal under the
instruction of Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.
In iso.l Baldwin received the appointment of surgeon
on a merchant ship bound to Canton. Returning from
China in 1800, he resumed the medical course at the
University of Pennsylvania, and on the 10th of April, ISO",
he received the degree of M. D. He selected Wilmington,

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 121

Delaware, for the practice of his profession, and soon
afterward was married to Miss Hannah M. Webster, of that
city, a lady of superior intellectual endowments, and favored
with a finished classical education, unusual for that day.
At Wilmington he devoted his leisure to the study of the
plants of that vicinity, and while there in 1811 he attracted
the attention of Dr. Muhleiiberg, of Lancaster, who sought
a correspondence with him, which was actively maintained
until Muhlenberg's death in 1815. Dr. Darlington in his
Reliquise Baldivinianse has given this correspondence to the
world, and the letters on both sides, ninety in all, are
characteristic of the respective writers, and illustrative of
the formative period of American botany.

Pulmonary weakness forced Dr. Baldwin, in the autumn
of 1811, to resort to a milder climate, and he removed to the
state of Georgia, residing chiefly at Savannah and St.
Mary's. Here was a new and interesting field for botanical
research, which he cultivated with great ardor, making long
journeys on foot, with knapsack on his back, often entirely
alone, penetrating far into the territory of the aborigines,
among whom his peaceful principles and gentle bearing
secured him a kind reception. In 1812 war with Great
Britain interrupted these pursuits, and called into use his
professional abilities as a surgeon of a gunboat flotilla
stationed at St. Mary's. For two years he ministered to the
sick and distressed with 110 other aid than that of his wife.
After the close of the war he was stationed at Savannah,
where he was brought into close and friendly communication
with Stephen Elliott, author of the " Sketch of the Botany
of South Carolina and Georgia." * His correspondence

* 1821-24. ELLIOTT, .4 Sketch of the Bolany of South Carolina and Gt-oryia, in
t\vo volumes. Charlestown, I : x, 14, 600 pp., 12 tab., II : lsi'4, viii, 743 pp.

'

\ -^

I-'-' TIIK BOTANISTS OF I'll I I.ADKLl'HIA.

during these years of southern residence shows that not-
withstanding the interruptions caused hy professional lahor,
and hy war's rude alarms, he lost no opportunity for
botanical research, and for the acquisition of new material.

NYar the close of 1S17 he received an appointment as
surgeon of the V. S. frigate ''Congress," which was to visit
Uiieiios Ay res and other South American ports.

His knowledge of natural history led to this appoint-
ment, and it was accepted with the hope that his failing-
health might be restored. His ship touched at Rio Janeiro,
Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, Maldonado, San Salvador, and
Margarita. At all these places he made diligent use of his
limited opportunities for collecting, and in the Philadelphia
Academy are preserved many of the plants so collected.

From this voyage he returned in July, 1818, rejoining
his family at Wilmington. He now bent all his energies
to the study of the material collected during his Southern
residence, with a view to publication, under the proposed
title : " Miscellaneous Sketches of Georgia and East Florida,
to which will be added a descriptive catalogue of new plants,
with notices of the works of Pursh, Elliott and Nuttall, to
which will be added an appendix containing some account
of the vegetable productions on the Rio de la Plata, etc."
In September he writes Darlington : " I have to inform you
that I go on slowly and, I hope, the more surely. It will
not do to hurry — there has been too much hurrying among
our botanists. But you may rely upon it that nothing but
death or disease wrill prevent me from going on steadily.
Both interest and knowledge increase as I go along." The
Southern Cypcracfn now specially engaged his attention.
His letters to Darlington and Collins at this time are full of

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 123

critical notes and minute inquiries relative to the species of
Cyperus, Scirpus and Rhynchospora, and he had nearly com-
pleted his elaboration of the plants of this order, and was
engaged upon the genera Paspalum and Panicum among
the grasses, when he laid aside his work at a new and unex-
pected call. The government was preparing to send out a
new expedition for the exploration of the Upper Missouri,
under the command of Major Long, to be accompanied by
a corps of naturalists. Baldwin's friends, Darlington and
LeConte, successfully urged his appointment as botanist,
and prevailed upon him to accept. Hope of prolonging his
failing health doubtless influenced his decision. In March,
1819, he made the journey over the mountains to Pitts-
burg, where he joined his fellow-travelers. A small light-
draft steamboat had been constructed for the long river
voyage, but repeated delays ensued, and it was not till the
5th of May that the departure took place. From the
beginning Baldwin seems to have sad foreboding. On the
point of departure he wrote Darlington : " I shall hold out
as long as I can. Whether my remains are deposited on
the banks of the Missouri, or among my kindred at home,
is now a matter of little consequence. For the sake of my
family, and the pursuits I am engaged in, I should wish to
live a few years longer." In fact, his strength was already
failing, and only his enthusiasm and force of will sustained
him. The boat proved unsuitable for her work — was
leaky, damp, and uncomfortable, requiring constant repairs.
A stop was made at Cincinnati for a week, partly for repairs
and partly on account of the alarming condition of Dr.
Baldwin, who remained on shore with his friend, Dr.
Drake, until he rallied. As the boat made her slowr way

1-1 TIIK I50TANISTS ill-' PHILADELPHIA.

d<i\vn the Ohio and up the Mississippi and Missouri, lie
chafed under the restrictions. both of military rule and of
increasing weakness, and in liis desire to make the most of
the few o])])ort unities allowed him for collecting, he. doubt-
less, exhausted his little remaining strength. On the l-"th
July the expedition reached Franklin, Mo., and here Dr.
Baldwin was compelled to leave it, He found a hospitable
home at the house of John J. Lowry, and there, September
1st, he died in his 41st year, lie left a wife and four
children, the youngest then an infant. The friend who
knew him best said of him: "I have never vet had the

L

happiness to lie acquainted with any man of a more amiable
and upright character, more faithful in the discharge of his
duties, or more zealously devoted to science and the welfare
of his fellow-creatures."

Dr. Baldwin's published scientific papers were but two,
and these were offered for publication just before starting on
his last journey :

1. An account of two North American species of
Rottbcellia, discovered on the sea-coast of Georgia. American
Journal Science, 1st series I, 355, 1819.

2. An account of two North American species of Cyperus
from Georgia, and of four species of Kyllingia, from the
Brazilian coast and from the Rio de la Plata. Trans.
American Philosophical Society, Pliila<J<ipJii<t, new series II,
1G7. Read April 16, LSI 5).

Fortunately his unpublished memoranda fell into the
hands of Dr. Torrey, and though in a crude and frag-
mentary state, they were used as their author would have
wished, as contributions for Dr. Torrey 's monograph of the
Cyperaccu . and for Dr. Gray's monograph of fihynchospora in

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 125

Annals of New York Lyceum of Natural Hixiory, vol. III.
His herbarium was purchased by his friend, Collins, from
whom it went to De Schweinitz, who bequeathed it to the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.*

SOLOMON WHITE CONRAD.

Solomon White Conrad f was a remarkable man, and
all who remember him make this statement without
reserve. He was also popular, for his house, as a natural
history salon, was a favorite gathering place for all the
scientific notables of the city.

A descendant of Thoiies Kunders, who left Crefeld,
Germany, July 24, 1683, and settled at Germantown.
His father was John Conrad, a blacksmith, and Solomon
was born July 31, 1779. We know nothing positively as
as to his early life, but it is probable that he became an
apprentice of a printer or bookseller. A strong liking for
scientific study was early developed, and the fears of his
friends were realized that he would not be successful in
business. His partner ruined him financially. The out-
door world was more attractive than the shop on Market
Street, as the following quotation! from the manuscript
journal of a nephew will show: "My father,
with Solomon Conrad, would take long walks in search of
new specimens. I went with them once on a stroll along
the banks of the Schuylkill, when they saw, at the same
time, in the shallow bed of the river, a fine lot of mussels.
Both rushed to the spot, regardless of the rough stones and

* 1843. DARLINGTON — Reliquiae Bald\vinianre : Collins' Correspondence, Library
Philadelphia Academy; James' History of Major Long's Expedition, Philadelphia,
1823.

f 1S95 — Popular Science Monthly, XLVII: 257, from which the main facts
given here are taken.

t Quoted in Popular Science Monthly.

l-<'> TIN-: MOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

splashing of the muddy water, the broad tails of their plain
coats standing out behind and their arms reaching out in
front, eager to secure the prize." Having acquired a wide
reputation as a mineralogist and a botanist, the subject
of this sketch was elected Professor of Botany in the
University of Pennsylvania, March 21, 1829, and delivered,
May 1st, his introductory address. In TJie Friend, of
May 9th, 1829, the late Robert Vaux, of Philadelphia.
gives the following account of the lecture: " With a suc-
cinct review of the history of botany, he very happily
blended some 1 )iographical notices of the distinguished men
to whom science owed its origin and illustration. He
! raced, with great acuteness and perspicuity, the analogy of
vegetable and animal life, admitting the limit of human
knowledge. Every view that he furnished of the subject.
upon which he is so well qualified to impart instruction,
was just and forcible, while the simplicity of his manner
and chasteness of his style were, by no means, the least
interesting traits of the lecture!-." Frederick Fraley, Esq.,
of Philadelphia, recently informed Dr. C. C. Abbot, who
is related to the Conrad family, that he attended the
lecture referred to, and that Mr. Vaux had not over-
drawn his account. He evidently died while occupying the
chair of botany in the University, for we find his name in
the catalogue for 1831, his death occurring October 2, 1831.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "Remarks on the Osmumla Clay ton iana of Linmeus " — Journal
Academy \iiliinil ,SV'/Y«frs, VI: 39.

2. " Description of a new species of Junens "— Journal Academy
Natural Sciences, VI : !(>.">.

::. "Notice of a new species of Corallorhi/a "— Journal Academy
Natural Sciences, VI : 145.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 127

LEWIS DAVID DE SCHWEINITZ.*

Lewis David de Schweinitz was born at Bethlehem
Pa., February 13, ITSO.f His father is said to have belonged
to an ancient and distinguished family of Silesia, Germany.
He was superintendent of the <; fiscal and secular concerns "
of the Moravian Brethren of North America. De Schweinitz
was, doubtless, much influenced in determining his choice
of vocation by his father, but still more by his maternal
ancestors. His mother was Dorothea Elizabeth dc Watte-
ville, daughter of Baron (afterwards Bishop) John de
Watteville and Benija,* who was a daughter of Count
Zinzendorf. Nicolas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf (born in
Dresden in 1700), was celebrated, in his early youth, for
forming religious societies. He was afterwards associated
with Watteville in founding the system of the " Unitas
Fratrum." He established the village of Herrnhut, and from
this little colony many missionaries were sent out to all parts
of the world to instruct the heathen. At Germantown, and
other places near, he held frequent religious discourses in
1742, and in Philadelphia, in a Latin speech, renounced his
title of Count, resuming his original family name, and was
afterwards known among the Quakers as " Friend Lewis ! "
Under his immediate agency the colony of Bethlehem was
founded. He died at Herrnhut, in 1700. Such a dis-
tinguished example, " the ancestor of his family and the

* This name appears in two forms. In the memoir of his life cited below, and
in Johnson's Encyclopaedia, etc., also in the introduction to this book (pages 4, !), 24,)
it is written according to the German form, L. D. von Schweinitz. In his books,
which are all in Latin or in English, it is invariably written L. D. de Schweinitz,
(sometimes, L. D. de Schweiniz). His descendants write De Schweinitz, and here-
after in this book that form will be used. Benija, also written Benigna.

t Journal of Mycology, II : 31. This sketch is based on a Memoir read by R.
Walter Johnson, May 12, 1835, before the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

1835. A Memoir of the late Lewis David von Schweinitz P. D.,with a sketch of
His Scientific Labours, read before the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelph ia,
May 12, 1SS5, by Walter R. Johnson. Octavo pp. 3S (with tabular view of the botanical
works of Mr. de Schweinitz).

ll'S T1IK I50TAM-TS (IF I'l 1 1 LA DKLl'1 1 1 A.

father of his denomination," deeply impressed the imagina-
tion of De Schweinit/. who very early conceived the laudable
desire of entering upon a career of similar activity. This
was the initiative step towards literary and scientific
acquisitions.

He was placed, in 17s7, in the institution of the
Moravian community at Na/.areth. Here he remained for
eleven years, and during this time, was a pupil most
industrious, observant and successful. It was at Na/aivth.
though before he was a pupil in the institution, that he refers
his first impulse to the study of botany. He visited the
place in company with his grandfather, Bishop de Watte-
ville, and noticed on the table in one of the room> of the
school, a lichen whose name and characters were commented
upon ; and from this time forward he was a most enthusiastic
student of the vegetable kingdom. One of the teachers at
Na/areth gave him instruction in botany, and while he was
a student at the place- he prepared " A Partial Flora of
Nazareth," which is still among his unpublished manu-
scripts. He made such progress in his studies, and his
deportment also was such as to secure his appointment as
instructor to some of the classes while he was yet a student
in the institution. In 1708 his father was called to ( iermany.
His family accompanied him, and DeSchweinitx was placed
in the theological institution at Xiesky, in upper Lusatia. I le
was associated with young men of talent and energy, and
his activities were here redoubled. J. B. d'Albertini was
professor in the institution — a man of great learning and
decision of character. To him De Schweinit/ was drawn bv

«.•

strong sympathy, and their mutual esteem afterward
developed into the closest intimacy. After completing his

L. D. DE SCHWEINITZ.

TIIK BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. !_!'»

theological studies, he engaged in teaching in the academy
at Niesky. He was all this time not only a diligent student
of fungi, but scarcely any topic in the wide field of science
escaped his notice. So many interesting and new genera
and species of fungi had been found by himself and
Albertini, that in 1805 a volume of about 400 pages was
published by them conjointly, bearing the following title :
" Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatire Superioris Agro Nis-
kiensi cresceiitium e Methodo Persooniana, Cum tabulis
xii, aeneis pictis, species novas XCIII sistendibus. Auctori-
bus J. B. d' Albertini, L. D. de Schweinitz, Lipsise, 1805."

De Schweinitz engaged in preaching before he left
Niesky, and in 1807 he was called to similar work in the
Moravian settlement at Gnadeiiberg, in Silesia, The follow-
ing year he was called to Gnadau, in Saxony, and remained
there till 1812. At this time he was appointed general agent
to his Church in the United States. He married Louiza
Amelia Le Doux before leaving, and with his wife was com-
pelled, on account of Napoleon's operations to take a route
through Denmark and Sweden, in order to embark for this
country. This was advantageous to him on account of
extending his acquaintance with men of learning. At Kiel,
in Hoi stein, he became known to many professors of the
University ; and that institution conveyed upon him the
same year, the honorary title of Doctor of Philosophy.

It was a perilous voyage to make at that time, for the
United States had declared war against Great Britain.
Besides they encountered terrible storms and their vessel
was dismasted. They finally reached the shore in safety,
and he began his work to appointment at Salem, N. C. In
the meantime, " he found time to prosecute the study of
botanv in a dominion, scientifically speaking, all his own."

I:;H TIII-: I;<>TAM>TS <>!•• PHILAIIKLI'IIIA.

Tin- results of his work on the fun-i were communicated to
the world through the publications of the Society of
Naturalists at Leipsic, in isl.s. His friend, Dr. D. F.
Schwaegrichen, attended to the publication, and the title it
bore is as follows : " Synopsis Fungorum Carolina? Superioris
Secunduni ( )hservationes " Ludovici Davidis de Schweinitz.

In this year he was called to a meeting of his brethren
at Herrnhut, and on his way there he visited England,
France and Holland. At these places he visited learned
men, and established correspondences that were of great
advantage to him subsequently. Some time after his return
in 1821, he published a pamphlet containing descriptions
of seventy-eight hepatic^.* In the same year he sent to
Silliman's Journal (V, p. 48 (1821) pp. 34), a monograph on
the genus T 'iola. At the end of this year he was located in
his native village of Bethlehem, Pa., both to continue his
church duties, and to take charge of the institution for the
education of females.

His herbarium was. in the meantime, rapidly increasing,
his correspondence widening, and the value of his work was
appreciated; this resulted in his election to several societies
of natural history in America and Europe. In 1823 he
worked up the botanical collections of Say.f in Long's
expedition, though he did this with great reluctance,
regretting the absence of Nuttall. who had previously
agreed to undertake the task. Near the close of this year

*1821. DE HCHWKINITZ, Specimen Flora' America' Septentrionalis Criiptorjamicce,
sistens Museos hcpaticoi huntsr/nc in America septentrional! obserratos. Raleigh. Octavo,
-'7 pp.

t 1S2-1. A Catalogue of Plants Collected in the North Western Territory by
Mr. Thoiiinx N<ti/, in the year 1823. /// Mrtjnr N/r/iln-n Jf. Lmiii Krju-ilitioii to the
Nnnre-e of St. Peter's Kiver. Philadelphia. Octavo. Vol. II of the narrative by
W. II. Kfatiiifr. pp. :-57'.i-lMi.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 131

De Schweinitz presented to the Lyceum of Natural History at
New York, a paper containing instructions for determining
the American species of carex. In 1824 he published in
the American Journal of Science a short paper on the " Rarer
Plants of Easton, Pennsylvania."* In this year, also, his
" Monograph of North American Carices " f appeared, but
previous to its publication, he had placed it in the hands of
Torrey, De Schweinitz having been called for the third time
to Europe. He said, on his return, that " the judicious and
elaborate amendments he had proposed, and the mass of
new and valuable matter he had added, entitled Dr. Torrey
to a participation in the authorship of the work."

While he was absent (in 1824) in Europe, his paper,
" Descriptions of a Number of New American Species of
Sphseria," was published by the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences. He continued his mycological work on his return,
having given up the superintendency of the literary
institution. He devoted his leisure time to his synopsis of
North American fungi ( " Synopsis Fungorum in America
Borealia Media Digentum " ), designed for a European
journal, but published in the Transactions of the Philo-
sophical Society at Philadelphia, in 1831. His health,
heretofore, very good, now began to fail. The great amount
of work and care on account of his official station, and the
composition of a dissertation on the affairs of his community
deprived him of his usual out-door exercise, depressed his
cheerful spirit and fatally undermined his health. A trip
to Indiana on church duties seemed to revive him for a

* List of Barer Plants Found Near Easton, Pennsylvania, 2 pp. 8 vo. Silli-
man's Journal, VIII, p. 267.

1 1824. A Monograph of the JYorth American Species of the Genus Carex.
Edited by John Torrey. New York. Octavo p. 2S3-373, 6 tab. Annals of New York
Lyceum. I, p. 283.

1 •"••-' THK BOTANISTS OF I'll I I.A IiKU'II I A.

time. P>ut his strength gradually declined until the Nli of
February, bs.'M. when lie died calmly and unconsciously, at
the age of fifty-four years.

De Schweinit/ was <»f high stature, erect carriage and
robust habit. He had an unusually amiable and attractive

t/

disposition, which made him a general favorite with high
and low. His conversational powers were of a high order,
and contributed much to an ease of intercourse which was
an important factor of his usefulness. Humor, anecdote
and repartee were always at his command, while the varied
and exciting scenes through which he had passed, and the
prominent personages with whom he had come in contact
furnished him with an inexhaustible fund of interesting
reminiscences. Strange to say, considering his German
extraction, he was devoid of any appreciation for music.
He spoke and wrote English, German, French and Latin,
and was also acquainted with Greek.

Among his well-deserved honors was the naming after
him of Schwemitzia odorata (sweet pinesap), by Stephen
Elliott. This is a small plant, found from Maryland south-
ward, and bears a spike of flesh-colored flowers which exhale
the odor of violets.

Do Schweinit/ bequeathed his collection of plants to
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It
comprised twenty-three thousand species of phonerogams,
and many thousand cryptogams. A large portion of the
specimens were from the most remote parts of the world,
having been o'btained by exchange with American and
Furopean explorers. They included the " Baldwin Collec-
tion " from Florida, Brazil and La Plata which DC
Schweinit/ had bought, and in which he had found three
thousand species not before in his herbarium.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 133

JOHN LYON.

We know little of the early history of John Lyon,*
who introduced a number of important species of plants
into English gardens (viz. : Nyssa Ogeche in 1806.) He was
probably the son of William Lyon, of Gillogie, in Forfar-
shire, Scotland, who was afterward a merchant in London.
Lyon came to America toward the close of the last century,
for he was placed in charge of the famous gardens at Wood-
lands, in Philadelphia, the property of William Hamilton,
in 1802. He remained in this position until 1805 when
Frederick Pursh took charge. In the following year Lyon
sent to England a large collection of living plants
and seeds, which were sold at auction near London. It is
evident he soon returned to America, as he devoted several
years to exploring the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida,
returning in. 1812 to England with another collection of
plants. Again Mr. Lyon returned to America, and died
before 1818, at Asheville, N. C., where he was buried.

A number of species of Andromeda were formed by
Thomas Nuttall into the genus Lyonia, which commemorates
" the name of the late Mr. John Lyon, an indefatigible
collector of North American plants, who fell a victim to a
dangerous epidemic amidst those savage and romantic
mountains which had so often been the theatre of his labors." f
It was stated by Rev. Mr. Curtiss to Dr. Asa Gray that a
portion of his herbarium and his journal were preserved at
Asheville, where he thinks they may still be found. |

*1893. SARGENT, Silva of North America, V : 80.
tNuiTALi,, Genera 1 : 2Uii.

I American Journal of Science and Arts. XLII : 10. Prof. Thomas Meehan tells
me that it is doubtful if the herbarium is preserved, but that the McDowell family
possess many things left by Lyon.

134 THE J50TANI.-T.- OF PHILADELPHIA.

WILLIAM DARLINGTON.

William Darlington * was born near the ancient
village of Dihvorth, now called Dilworthstown, in Birming-
ham township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, April _\
1782.

His great grandfather, Abraham Darlington, the son of
Job and Mary Darlington, of Darnhall, in Cheshire, Eng-
land, came, whilst a young man, with his brother, John, to
Pennsylvania, in the beginning of the last century, and
settled, at first, near Chester. He soon, however, removed
to the banks of the Brandywine. about a mile and a half

«/

above Chadd's Ford, in Birmingham township, where he
remained till his death in 177(>. The grandfather of
William Darlington, Thomas Darlington, was a farmer, and
his son Edward, father of William, was educated a farmer
by his maternal grandfather, from whom he received, by
will, the farm in Birmingham township, on which he
was reared. He married Hannah, a daughter of John
Townsend, of East Bradford, Chester County, by whom he
had five sons and two daughters. He was an intelligent
man, self-educated, and exercised a considerable influence
amongst the citizens of his county, by whom he was several
times elected a member of the State Legislature. He died
in 1825. His eldest son, William, was early inured to the
severe labors of agricultural life, and when old enough to
drive or hold the plough, was kept at work in the summer,
and only permitted to go to school in the winter season.
The common schools of that day were lamentably deficient
as compared with those of modern times, yet he succeeded
in obtaining a plain English education, under John

V- Him-iat nf Wi/liiini Darlinijtiin, by W. T., printer! at West Chester in IN;::.
Also see The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan), V, pp. K>7. His. l.vj. \\ith portrait.

WILLIAM DAKLINGT* >N.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 135

Forsythe, an Irish friend, one of the best teachers of that
time in the county.

Becoming tired and disgusted with the drudgi-iy of
farm labor, William, after much difficulty, induced his
father to permit him to study medicine. With this view, in
the spring of 1800 he entered the office of Dr. John
Vaughan, a respectable physician of Wilmington, in the
state of Delaware.

Whilst pursuing, with assiduity, the study of that pro-
fession which he had selected as the business of his life, he
devoted those hours, which many would have given to idle
recreation, in acquiring a knowledge of the French
language under a private teacher, and there developed a
passion for the study of languages, which remained with
him for life, and enabled him subsequently to make an
excellent and satisfactory acquaintance with the French,
Latin, Spanish and German, when opportunity was afforded.

In the winters of 1802-3 and 1803-4, William Dar-
lington attended the medical lectures in the University of
Pennsylvania, and on the 6th of Juue, 1804, he received
the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Whilst preparing his
thesis, after the close of his second course of medical
lectures, Doctor Darlington attended the botanical lectures
of Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, and thus began his
first acquaintance with that science whose beauties and
pleasures he did, in later years, so much to illustrate,
and in so successful a manner, as to make his name known
and respected throughout the botanical world.

In 1806 Dr. Darlington received the appointment of
surgeon to an East India Merchantman, belonging to Phila-
delphia, and made a voyage to Calcutta, whence he returned

THE BOTANISTS o| I'll I LADELl'JI I A.

the following year. He availed himself of the leisure
afforded him in the long voyage to make an acquaintance
with some of the best works then extant in English litera-
ture. A sketch of the observations during this voyage was,
sonic years afterwards, published in the form of familiar
letters in the Analectic Magazine.

In the year succeeding his return from Calcutta, he
settled in West Chester, and resumed the practice of
medicine, and was soon in the enjoyment of an extensive
and profitable business ; for on the first of June, 1808, he
was married to Catherine, daughter of General John Lacey,
of New Jersey, an officer who had served with credit and
ability in the Revolutionary War.

Always anxious for self-improvement, Dr. Darlington
commenced the German language about that time under
a private tutor, and soon made himself sufficiently
familiar with it to be enabled to enter into the spirit and
enjoy the beauties of the great writers of that tongue.

Feeling as much interest in the subject of general, as
well as of self-education, in the year 1811, he was made a
trustee and secretary of the West Chester Academy, then
about to be built, an institution which gave the first great
impulse to popular education in his native county, and
which has since sent forth from its walls men who have
become distinguished in literature, science and the arts, and
who owe their success in life to the knowledge there
received.

When the war with England broke out in 1S12, the
subject of this sketch, Avith oilier young men of the neigh-
borhood, olleivd their services in defence of the altars and
firesides of their country in case of invasion. A volunteer
company was formed and drilled at West Chester, ready to

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 137

serve when called upon, and in September, 1814, on a
requisition by the Governor of Pennsylvania for volunteer
troops to aid in the protection of Philadelphia, which was
supposed to be threatened by the enemy then in Chesa-
peake Bay, he went to the camp on the banks of the
Delaware as an ensign in the " American Grays." Having
some taste and skill in military tactics, the regiment into
which his company was incorporated chose him major of the
first battalion. In this post, he served until the corps was
disbanded.

In the meantime, however, his fellow-citizens at home,
appreciating his work as a physician, a friend of education,
a citizen-soldier, and an enlightened statesman, elected him,
unsolicited, a member of the 14th Congress. In 1816, in
consequence of dissatisfaction existing toward his colleague
in another county (the single district system not having
been then adopted), he lost his election by the small
majority of seven votes, but this defeat was amply atoned
for by triumphant elections to the 16th and 17th Congress,
from the same district. During his second term, the cele-
brated Missouri question agitated the Union, and called
forth the ablest efforts of the best men in Congress. On
that question Dr. Darlington was found ranked with those
who were desirous to restrict slavery, and raised his voice
in an able and excellent speech in opposition to its
extension. The Congressional district was changed in 1822
in such a manner as to give an overwhelming majority to
his political opponents. Defeat, under such circumstances,
being certain to the Democratic candidate, Dr. Darlington,
under a sense of duty, after the honors conferred by his
party, asked and obtained permission to decline a renoini-
nation.

138 THE BOTAM>TS OF PHILADELPHIA.

The general government, however, was not unmindful
of his abilities, and the Secretary of War appointed him
visitor to West Point, and acknowledged his services on
that occasion and the valuable suggestions in his report, in
the warmest manner.

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1825 was
aroused by the booming of the cannon that announced the
completion of that great work of internal improvement,
projected by De Witt Clinton, and executed by the Empire
State, which connected the great lakes with the Atlantic
Ocean. She then commenced her own grand scheme of
canals and railroads which so much benefited the interior
of the State. Dr. Darlington was one of the members of the
first board of Canal Commissioners, and was associated with
such men as Albert Gallatin, John Sergeant, Robert W.
Patterson and David Scott, whose names hold a distinguished
place in our country's annals. He served in that station
two years, during the last of which he was president of the
board.

The duties alluded to, however, though arduous and
exacting, did not prevent Dr. Darlington from bestowing
some attention to natural science, and indulging his taste
for botany. In 1820, in conjunction with some of his
intimate friends, he assisted in organizing the Chester
County Cabinet of Natural Science, of which institution he
\v,-is president from its origin; and in the same year he
published " Florula Cestrica," being a catalogue of plants
growing around the borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania.

The arduous duties of the office of Canal Commissioner,
being then performed gratuitously, and calling him away
from home more than was either convenient or agreeable,
he resigned that office the next year, and was almost

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 139

immediately thereafter appointed Prothonotary and Clerk
of the Courts of his native county, by his political and
personal friend, Governor Shulze, the duties of which
office he continued to discharge until 1830. AVhilst in the
office of Prothonotary, Dr. Darlington, and some of his
medical friends, co-operated and formed the Medical Society
of Chester County, an institution which has had the good
effect of uniting in a fraternal union almost all the physi-
cians of the county. From his long standing in his pro-
fession, and the skill which he had acquired by an extensive
practice, Dr. Darlington was unanimously placed at the
head of the Society, which position he held till 1852, when
he resigned and was immediately elected an honorary
member.

In 1830 he was elected president of the Bank of Chester
County, of which institution he had been one of the
commissioners named in the charter. He was re-elected
annually, and continued in that station to his death. This
bank possessed the entire confidence of the community, and
its notes were eagerly sought after in preference to those of
other banks within range of its circulation. These happy
results were mainly due to the financial abilities of the
president and his old and long-tried friend, David Town-
send, late cashier of the bank, a gentleman who, it is not
improper to state, was associated with Dr. Darlington in
nearly all of the public enterprises of a local character in
which the latter was engaged. Townsend had the high
compliment paid him of having his name conferred upon a
new and interesting genus of Rocky Mountain plants, by
his friend, Professor Hooker, the learned and talented
Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, near
London.

1 I'1 Til 1C IJOTANISTS ()!•• I'll I LA D1CLHI I A .

A similar honor was conferred on Dr. Darlington in 18'J~>.
by Professor De Candollr. of Geneva, for liis eminent
services to botany. The genus dedicated to him by De
Candolle did not, however, prove to be sufficiently distinct
to maintain its place as an independent genus, and his
friend. Professor Torrey, of New York, dedicated to him a
new and splendid genus (Darlingtonia) of California plants,
of the natural order Sarraceniacese, which, from its rarity
and beauty, constitutes a worthy and fitting compliment to
an industrious laborer in the agreeable fields of botanical
science. In 1826 Dr. Darlington published a small book,
called by him " Florula Cestrica," and later, in the year
1837, published his "Flora Cestrica,"* a description of
the flowering plants of Chester County, which was a new
edition of his former work, much enlarged and greatly
improved. The work is regarded as one of the most com-
plete local Floras extant, and is a model for all works of a
similar character. The first addition of the work was
arranged according to the Linnseaii System of classification,
but the Natural System was adopted for the later editions.
Conceiving the idea of assisting the farmers of our
country by a work expressly devoted to an account of those
plants which it more especially concerns them to know, he
prepared and published in 1847 his " Agricultural Botany," f
in which he described in plain and familiar terms not only
the useful cultivated plants, but all those Avhich a careful

* ]^2i\—l-'/iiritlu Cestrica, an essay towards a catalogue of the phirnogamous
plunlx. iiutiri' >niil nnhirnl i-.i-il . i/nnrini/ in the vicinity of the borough of M'ixt
Chester, in c/u-sti r ('nnntu, J'rn nx/tl rn/iin, with brief notices of their pniprrtiex <m<l
•itxrx iii innlii-iii'-. rural i-i-unonii/ mitl the arts. West Chester, -I min. )>p. xv. l.vj.
3 tab. col.

I V;T — l''infn Cfxirica, an /i//i m/it in > n lumni/r u HI I ti> xi-riix- the flowering and
jilirniil /j/itnts of Chester Count*/, in the State of Pennsylvania. S vo., i>)>. xviii.
('. In. I iiia)>. ml.

t 1M7 — .•li/i-ii-n/iiirnl I!ii/iini/, mi en iinii'i-ii/inii i if useful pluiitfi mill weeds.
. 1^17. > vo., pp. Iviii, 'JTn.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 141

and industrious farmer should extirpate from his soil. Tins
work was one of great practical value, and there is good
reason to believe that its influence produced a beneficial
effect upon husbandry, not only in Chester County, but
elsewhere.

The deep interest he always felt in every votary of
natural science, together with a strong personal attachment
for a friend, induced him at an earlier day (about 1843) to
collect together the letters, memoranda, etc., of Dr. William
Baldwin, a native of his own county, who also was pas-
sionately devoted to botany, but who died at an early age
while on the expedition up the Missouri, under Major
Long. These remains were given to the world in a volume
entitled " Reliquiae Baldwinianse." *

The pioneers of botany in Pennsylvania were Humphry
Marshall and John Bartram, the former resided near West
Chester, the latter near Philadelphia. Dr. Darlington col-
lected, in 1849, such portions of their correspondence as
still remained in existence, comprising, together with their
own letters, those of many eminent botanists of the day,
and published them in one large volume, with illustrations
of their homes, under the title of " Memorials of Bartram
and Marshall." f

This correspondence of our earlier botanists affords a
pleasant insight into their scientific labors, and shows the
dangers they underwent and the difficulties they had to
encounter in the early settlement of the country, during
their expeditions into the wilderness in the prosecution of
their favorite science.

* 1843— Reliquicc Baldwiniance. Philadelphia, Kimber et Sharpless, 8 vo.,
346 pp. effigies Baldwini.

f 1849— Memorials of Joh n Bartram and Humphry Marshall, with notices of
their botanical contemporaries. With illustrations. Philadelphia, 8 vo., .~>S5 pp., 2
tab. and autographs.

M'J THE BOTANISTS OF 1'IIILADELPHI A.

Dr. Darlington's later labors in the cause of natural
science consisted in a new edition of the "Flora Cestrica,"
revised and reconstructed on the natural method, which
system is now adopted by scientists at the present day.
Besides this, in connection with some of the liberal-minded
men of his neighborhood, he was engaged in his latter
years in the composition of a work descriptive of the
Natural History of Chester County in all its branches.
He assumed a full share of the necessary labor, his own
portion of it having been completed and ready for the press.

Having always been a devoted patriot, Dr. Darlington
dedicated a son, Lieutenant B. S. B. Darlington, to his
country's cause, as an officer of the Navy, who, after seven-
teen years of active service, died at Portsmouth, N. H., in
1845, of a disease contracted during the first cruise of our
squadron on the coast of Africa. The afflicting loss of his
son, Lieutenant Darlington, was soon followed by the death
of Mrs. Darlington. Soon after her death he became a
member of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

In the spring of 1862 he was attacked by a slight
stroke of paralysis, from which he partially recovered, but
with some prostration of his physical vigor. This was
followed in the early part of 1863 by another attack of the
same disease, from the effects of which he gradually sank,
until on Thursday, the 23rd of April, 18G3, aged nearly 81
years, he passed away with his mental vigor unimpaired.

In order that the people of his county might have
the benefit of his materials, Dr. Darlington bequeathed his
most valuable herbarium of plants, and all his botanical
and most of his other scientific works, to the Chester County

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 143

Cabinet of Natural Science, * on whose shelves they are
designed to remain as a rich mine, from which the earnest
students of nature can glean most precious fruits. He
enjoyed, in an eminent degree, the friendship of the best
botanists of his day, and his correspondence with the
distinguished DeCandolle, and Sir William Jackson Hooker,

O

of the old world, and Drs. Gray and Torrey of the new,
attest the high value they placed on his contributions to
the science of which he was so fond. It is pleasant to know
that those labors have been properly appreciated by men
whose commendations are of value, for he received the
highly honorable degree of LL. D. from the faculty of Yale
College, and was elected a member of more than forty
literary and scientific associations, among which may be
mentioned the American Philosophical Society, of Philadel-
phia, and the Botanical Society of the Netherlands, at
Levden.

V

His mortal remains rest in a quiet and shady spot,
selected by himself, in the beautiful Oaklands Cemetery,
near those of his friends, the gallant Major Barnard, and
the brave young Captain Evans, the patriots and soldiers of
former wars, where the hand of affection wrill cause to be
realized his wish inscribed upon the stone above his grave :

"PlantiE Cestrienses

dilexit atque illustravit
Super Tumulum ejus
Semper floreant. " f

* See Botanical Gazette, V. 90, where Josiah Hoopes states that the collections
of Dr. Wrn. Darlington and David Townsend are preserved in the Museum of the
West Chester State Normal School.

f Memorial of William Darlington, M. D., by W. T. May 21, 1863. West
Chester, E. J. James, book and job printer, 1863.

144 TJIK BOTANISTS OF I'll I I.ADKLI'IIIA.

CHARLES J. WISTER.

Charles J. Wister was born in 1782. dying July -_!:!rd,

*/ o i/

l*t '>.">. Kleeted n member of the American Philosophical
Society in LSI 1, he took a deep interest in its welfare.* He
\vasa friend and contemporary of Thomas Xuttall, with
whom he botani/ed. JJis son, W. Wynne Wister, was
taken by him to hear Mr. Xuttall's lectures in the German-
town Academy, wliere he received an inspiration for the
science which lasted a lifetime.

CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINESQUE [SCHMALTZ]. f

Perhaps no American botanist has been so misrepre-
sented and misunderstood as Constantine Samuel Rafmesque.
Vain, ambitious and eccentric to the last degree, he was the
first teacher of science west of the Appalachians, and one of the
pioneer naturalists of the United States. Though a volumi-
nous writer in French, Italian and English, 011 all kinds of
subjects, including religion, ethnology, sociology and natural
science, his publications were, in the main, quite limited in
the number of copies, and are now mostly rare. In the
bibliographical list given in the sumptuous quarto of Dr.
Call, nearly 450 titles are quoted of articles, pamphlets and
books written by Rafinesque, of which 141 are on botanical
subjects. Most of them are rubbish, pure and simple, and
yet it must be said that American botany owes him a great
deal more than modern systematists generally admit.

* For a short obituary notice, see The Gardener's M-m/h/i/ (Meelian), VII.
I'. li71.

t Ana (Irny Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 1., p. 6. Most of the material for this
article, by <;. 11. Hicks, was obtained from the " The Life and Writings of Rafinesque."
No. 10, FilsonClub Publications. Richard Kllsworth Cull, Louisville, Ky., Is'.i.V

Botanical Gazette VIII : 177. I'.'l. (Inrdi-n <in>l F-n-cxt, IV: Mil.

l'»l>u!ar Science Monthly, l.ssi;, p. -jrj, Science, JV. A'., I : :>l.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1 l.~>

Rafinesque was born near Constantinople, October 22,
1783, his father being a French merchant, his mother of Ger-
man parentage. His early life was spent in various parts of
Europe, principally near Marseilles, France, and in Sicily.
Though an omnivorous reader, claiming, in his usual
exaggerated way, to have read one thousand books before
twelve years of age, his schooling was very desultory,
owing largely to the roving character of his father, from
whom Rafinesque inherited the same disposition. In his
earliest childhood he became greatly interested in animals
and plants. Frequent walks in the neighborhood of Mar-
seilles gave him opportunity to make observations on
natural history. At this time he made a small botanic
garden, and also began the study of fishes, birds, shells and
crabs, drawing and making notes of many of them. Like
Darwin, he could not bear to kill animals, but preferred to
study them alive.

At an early age (1802) he emigrated to this country,
accepting a clerkship in Philadelphia, but his roving disposi-
tion and his desire to study nature precluded the idea of busi-
ness success. Returning to Sicily he pursued various scientific
studies, but in 1815 he concluded to make the United States
his permanent home. When off the coast of Long Island
the ship on which he sailed foundered, and all of his
collections were lost.

In 1818 he made a trip down the Ohio to Kentucky,
collecting a great many specimens on the way. At this
time he stopped three weeks with Audubon, who was not
altogether pleased with the eccentric performances of his
guest, For several years Rafinesque was professor of
modern languages and- natural science in the Transylvania

1 ll'> THE 1K)T.\NI>T> OF I'll 1 1. A DKI.l'HIA.

University at Lexington. Ky. During liis term lie explored
nearly all tin- accessible portions of Kentucky and many
places in Tennessee. As a teacher lie was very absent-
uiiniliMl and the butt of many jokes perpetrated by the
students. He seemed to shun society, wore ill-fitting clothes,
and paid little attention to his personal appearance.

In 1S:M he returned to Philadelphia and made col-
lecting trips in nearly all of the middle Atlantic states, also
studying the mountain flora of the northern Appalachians.
His closing years were passed in the most abject poverty.
without friends. He lived in a garret in a house on the
south side of Race (Vine ?) Street, near Fourth or Fifth,
peculiar on account of the entrance with high steps,* sur-
rounded by his books, minerals, plants, and other scientific-
collections. Here he died in 1840, and now lies in an
obscure grave in Ronaldson's cemetery, at the corner of
Ninth and Catharine Streets.

He left a characteristic will, in which he complains
bitterly of what lie thought to be the ill-treatment given
him by American scientists, f His personal effects consisted
of eight dray-loads of books and natural history specimens,
most of which had been lost or destroyed. A few specimens
found their way into the University of Pennsylvania, J
others are in (lie Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.

Most of his botanical writings are scattered in news-
paper and magaxine articles, though he published several
more pretentious works, among them being a flora of
Louisiana, based entirely on the reports of two non-scientific

The Gardeners' Monthly (Meehnn), X, \>. l»5P> (isr.si.

; Bee, l.u- account of will. Gunli-n anil Forest, IV, ]>. ll<>.

I Mr. Thomas Median tdlsnu- that thr herbarium of Rafinesque came into
H,,. possession <>f Mr. Isaac I'.m-k. \\ 1m I'rcscntfil it to tin- I'liivrr-ity of IVmisylvania,
where it ought to be found. Search, however, has so far not ivvi-aleil it.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 147

travelers. Rafinesque, himself, never saw any of the plants
mentioned in this work, but this did not deter him from
publishing therein thirty new genera and 100 new species.

This eccentric botanist was a passionate lover of nature
and had very lofty scientific ambitions, together with an
inordinate desire to see his own name attached to plant
binomials. Many of his erratic ways are to be attributed
to his desultory early training. He was, however, a keen
observer and no mean thinker.* In 1833, twenty-six years
before " Darwin's Origin of Species " appeared, Rafinesque
had already pointed out the fact of evolution, though at the
time nearly all scientists believed in the fixity of species.

He received many honors from various learned societies,
and his reputation as a scientist extended throughout
Europe. The genus Rafinesquia (Nuttall) of the Composite,
and Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelmann, commemorate his
name among plants.

Among the genera founded by Rafinesque, which are
universally accepted by American botanists, may be men-
tioned : Adlamia, Cladrastis, Cymopterus, Osmorrhiza ( Wash-
ingtonia)jLepachi/s (Ratibida),Erechtites, Steironema, Ilysantlies,
Blephilia, Clintonia, Peltandra and Eatonia. The last edition
of " Gray's Manual " recognizes nineteen of his genera, while
the recent " Check List " of the Botanical Club of North
America, covering the same territory, credits him with
forty-seven in all. In Britten and Brown's " Illustrated
Flora," fifty of Rafinesque's genera are recognized.

Rafinesque was quicker to discover the relationships and
difference among plants than most of his contemporaries.

* A history of the portraits of Rafinesque will be found in Call's " The Life
and Writings of Constantine Samuel Rafltiesque, pp. (54, 67.

1 |S THE BOTANISTS <>F I'll I I.A DELPHIA.

His collections in the virgin flora of the Appalachians
turm-<l up many new forms. Unfortunately, however,
working so much l>y himself, and with what seems an
inordinate zeal to found as many new genera and species as
possible, he was particular about neither the source nor the
extent of his information, and went into the business of
species and genus making in the most wholesale manner.

His descriptions were hastily written and brief, con-
sisting often of mere transcriptions of field notes, and many
of them were based on the most unreliable data, hence his
work has caused almost infinite trouble among systematists,
both in botany and zoology. Had such an opportunity for
comparison of plants in different herbaria been afforded
him as now exists, he would have escaped a great many
errors. In forming an estimate of his work, due allowance
should be made for his lack of scientific training, his sur-
roundings, and the crude state of science in his time.

Enumeration of papers * by Rafinesque :

Magazine Articles 144

Books and Pamphlets 39

Rafinesque's Magazines 3

Original Articles in Last 233

Manuscripts 1

Total titles 420

To this summarv mav be added :

V I/

Reprints 17

Translations 7

Books and Oversheets 3

Grand total 447

* For full ciiuiiKM-ution and bibliographical ik-tnils, see Prof. Call's book.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 149

JOHN EATTON LE CONTE.

John Eatton Le Conte * was born near Shrewsbury,
New Jersey, February 22, 1784, and died in Philadelphia,
November 21, 1860. His residence was partly in New York,
where he was educated at Columbia College, partly in
Georgia, where his father possessed a large tract of property
in Liberty County. His family was of Huguenot descent,
his ancestor, William, having left Normandy on the revo-
cation of the Edict of Nantes to join the army of William,
afterwards King of England. Thence coming to America
he settled in New York, about the year 1092. His son,
Peter Le Conte, was a highly esteemed physician in the
lower part of New Jersey, and married Valeria, a daughter
of John Eatton, of Shrewsbury, among whose numerous
descendants may be counted some of our most eminent

«/

citizens. From an early age his two sons, John Le Conte
and his brother Louis, showed a great love for natural
history and the observation of animals and plants. As
young men they spent several years in Georgia, where they
cultivated their father's plantation and occupied their
leisure in the pursuit of science. Here it was that they
established a botanical garden, mentioned frequently by
the earlier travelers in the United States. This love of
nature and the observation of its phenomena has pervaded
almost all the members of the Le Conte family. About the
year 1817 John Le Conte entered the army of the United
States as Captain of Topographical Engineers, and after
serving ten years received the customary brevet as Major ;
but finding his health shattered by exposure during an
exploration of the St. John's River in Florida, undertaken

* 1SS3. A. GRAY.— Botanical Gazette, VIII, 197. A painting of Le Conte is in
the library of the American Philosophical Society.

l.~)!l THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

in the line of duty, he made a journey to Paris in 1827,
where lie formed the acquaintance of many of the most
eminent men of science there, and with whom he subse-
i|iifntly kept up a correspondence. In 1832 or 1833 he
resigned his commission in the army, and lived the retired
life of an invalid in New York, until 1852, Avheii he moved
to Philadelphia.

His contributions to botanical and zoological science
were published mostly in the Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History of New York, and in the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from
1852 to 1800. His extensive and valuable herbarium,
which had been carefully reviewed by the older botanists of
the country, was presented to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia in 1852, and was followed shortly
after his death by a large collection of fresh water mollusea
of the United States, containing many original specimens
of species first observed by him.

No separate botanical work bears his name as author,
nor any in zoology that we know of, except one on
American Lepidoptera, published in connection with M.
Boisduval. But the Royal Society's " Catalogue of Scientific
Papers" records the title, place and date of publication of
thirty-five of them, eleven of which are botanical. Several
of these are monographs. The earliest on the " United States
Species of Paspalum," was published in the year 1820 ; three
others, namely, those on Utricularia, Gratiola and Ruellia, all
in 1824; those on Tillandsia and Viola in 182G; that on
Pancratium in 1828. He was a keen but leisurely observer
and investigator, and still more leisurely writer. He was
a man of very refined and winning manners, of scholarly

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 151

habits and wide reading, of an inquiring and original turn
of mind, the fruitfulness of which was subdued by chronic
invalidism. When he went to Paris he took with him his
herbarium, which for that time was unusually rich in
plants of Lower Georgia and Florida, and we remember his
remark that his botanical acquaintances there made very
free use of his permission to help themselves to the dupli-
cates. There is reason to think that the remains of it went
to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He is
the father of the two Le Contes of the University of Cali-
fornia.

THOMAS NUTTALL.

Thomas Nuttall * was born in 1780, in the town of
Settle in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in humble
circumstances. At an early age he was apprenticed to an
uncle, a printer by trade, either in his native town or in
Liverpool, where he worked as a journeyman for several
years, until he went to seek employment in London.

When twenty-two years of age he sailed for America,

ts i/ HJ

landing in Philadelphia. He was a studious young man,
knowing the history of his country, familiar with some
branches of natural history and even with Latin and Greek.
It is thus recorded in the biographical sketch of Nuttall,
read by Elias Durand f before the American Philosophical
Society :

" When, in 1824, Professor Torrey was preparing for
publication his ' Flora of the Northern and Middle States/

* Popular Science Monthly, XLVI (1895), 689, from which the main facts are
gleaned. See also The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan). IV, p. 21, for biography to
accompany the frontispiece in that journal, drawn on stone by M. S. Parker; L. N.
Rosenthal, Lithographer.

t Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., VII, 125.

].~>2 THE BOTANISTS OF I'll 1 1. A DELPHI A.

which lie dedicated to his friend Thomas Xuttall, with high
compliments, the printer who was engaged upon it asked
the professor who was that Xuttall so frequently referred to
in his work, adding that he had once worked with a printer
of that name, who spent the greatest part of his time in
reading books, and he would not he surprised if he were the
same man. Professor Torrey rejoined that his surmise was
correct; the printer of former times had proved a most
arduous laborer in the field of science, and was now a
distinguished botanist and an officer of one of the first
scientific institutions of the country."

It seems that Xuttall was ignorant of the tenets of
botany when he landed in the United States. He used to
tell the following story of himself. Walking in the fields
outside of Philadelphia the morning after his arrival, he
noticed a common green-brier (Smilax rotundifolia). " Egad !
he said, " there is a passion-flower," and he cut some portions
of it, which he brought home for study. His friends at the
boarding-house could not satisfy him, but referred him to
Professor Barton, whose residence was near. With his spec-
imen Nuttall called upon Dr. B. S. Barton, who received
him courteously, and explained the difference between the
genera Smilax and Passiflora. Noticing the intelligent inter-
est of the young man, Professor Barton taught him some of
the general principles of botany. This lesson made Xuttall
a botanist, and Barton became his friend and patron. It
was then early spring, and during the next season Xuttall
took frequent rambles, eagerly gathering specimens, which
he carried to Barton, who showed him how to prepare
them for the herbarium. Later, he extended his excursions,
going down into the lower part of the peninsula between

If,

THOMAS NUTTALL.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 153

Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, and then to the coasts of
Virginia and North Carolina.

About this time he met John Bradbury, a Scotch natu-
ralist, who had come to America to collect objects of natural
history. Later, Bradbury, accompanied by Nuttall, left
Philadelphia for the far West. Proceeding to St. Louis, they
left that city on the last day of December, 1809, crossed the
Kansas and Platte Rivers, passed through the Mandan
villages, where Lewis and Clark had wintered during
LSO-t-'Oo, and ascended the Missouri River still higher,
returning after a journey full of the greatest fatigues and
dangers, well recompensed by materials and information.

Nuttall spent the next eight years in Philadelphia,
during the winter months overhauling and studying the
collections made by him in summer excursions to various
parts of the country east of the Mississippi, from Florida
to the Great Lakes. As a close student, naturally reserved,
Nuttall's social intercourse was limited. Prof. Barton,
Zaccheus Collins, Reuben Haines, M'Mahon, for whom he
named his genus Mahonia, William Bartram, and Colonel
Carr, were almost his only acquaintances. A room was
expressly reserved for him in Colonel Carr's house. During
this • time he prepared the descriptions for his " Genera of
the North American Plants." *

The reputation of Mr. Nuttall, as a botanist, prin-
cipally rests upon this work printed in 1818. Prof. Torrey,
in the preface to his Flora, declared that the " Genera " of
Nuttall had contributed more than any other work to
advance the accurate knowledge of the plants of this

* 1818. NUTTALL — The genera of ??orth American plants, and a catalogue
of the species to the year IS 17. Philadelphia, 2 vols., octavo. I: viii, 312 pp. II:
254, 14 pp.

l")l T1IK P,(iTAM>T- OF I'HILADHLPHIA.

country. Xuttall. turning his early trade to account, set
the type for the greater part of the book.

In 1M7 .Mr. Xuttall. already a Fellow of the Linmean
Society of London, was elected a corresponding member of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and a
member of the American Philosophical Society. One of his
earliest^ papers in the Journal of the Academy being a
description of Collinsia, a new genus of plants, named in
honor of his friend and patron, Zaccheus Collins.

Xuttall wished to visit the Arkansas country, and
soon after his •• American Plants'' was published, Messrs.
Correa da Serra,* Z. Collins, William Maclure and John
Vaughan, secured the funds necessary for this long journey.
Leaving Philadelphia on October 2, 181 .S, he reached the
mouth of the Arkansas River about the middle of January,
and Fort Bellepoint on April 24th. He returned with
abundant collections.

On returning to Philadelphia early in the spring of 1S20,
he immediately began the study of his Arkansas collections,
preparing an account of his journey into the interior of
Arkansas in 1818 and ISl'.i. which he published in the
following year. He contributed several memoirs to the
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences (1820-1822),
among them being one "On the Serpentine Rocks of
Ilohokrn and the Minerals which they Contain" — for he

v

was a mineralogist as well as botanist. He also lectured on

* CORREA DA SERRA (.Tos6 Francisco), born at Serpa, Portugal, in li:>l. At
the time of the reunion <»f the Academy < if Sciences of Lisbon he was made perpetual
secretary (177'J)- After a rather checkered career in Fnmee ami Portugal, he lived as
a refugee in London, where he published a mi in her of important botanical papers.
In lsi:j he took a voyage to the 1'nited States: then was mimed Ambassador of
Portugal to the I'uited States. He died in !*•_'::. See HAII.LOX, Dirtiu/uiire de
n<,t,ini<iii<', from which this sketch is taken. A painting of him is in the library of
the American Philosophical Society.

THK BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 155

botany to classes of young men. As a lecturer Xuttall was
not remarkable for eloquence, but lie always imparted to
his hearers something of his own passion for botany.

Mr. Nuttall was called to Harvard College at the end
of 1822. The endowment not being sufficient to support
a professor, he was appointed curator of the Botanic Garden,
with light duties of instruction, so that the greater part of
his time was devoted to study and to the culture of rare
plants. In Cambridge, as well as in Philadelphia, he led a
retired life.*

Mr. Nuttall became dissatisfied with his position at
Cambridge, because he considered that he was vegetating.
At this time James Brown, who was probably his only inti-
mate friend at Cambridge, suggested to Nuttall that he write
a book on ornithology. He began with great energy, and
in 1832 produced his " Manual of the Ornithology of the
United States and Canada," in two volumes of about six
hundred pages each and illustrated with excellent wood-cuts.
"\Yhile at Cambridge he contributed papers to various scien-
tific journals, and issued a text-book entitled " An Introduc-
tion to Systematic and Physiological Botany. f

Mr. Nuttall visited Philadelphia in 1833, with a collec-
tion of plants gathered by Captain \Yyeth during an overland
journey to the Pacific Ocean. Captain \Vyeth was about to
start on a second expedition, for the Columbia Fishing and
Trading Company, and Nuttall wished to accompany him.
Not being able to obtain a sufficiently long leave of absence
from his duties as Curator of the Botanic Garden at Cam-
bridge, he resigned his position and spent the time before

* See remarks of Mrs. Asa Gray in editing the papers of her husband.

flS27. XUTTALL — An introduction to systematic and physiological botany.
Cambridge. Billiard and Brown, octavo, XII : 360 pp., 12 tab.

TIIK BOTANISTS "i rim,. \nKi.riiiA.

liis departure in studying WyHh's collections and his own
Arkansas plants.

Nuttall and John K. Townsend. sent out jointly hy tlie
A n icrican Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural
Sciences, joined Captain Wycth's party at Independence,
Missouri, from which plaee they started April '28, 1834.
The account of the journey is given in Townsend's "Narrative
of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia
River," etc. On September 3d, they began to descend the
Columbia, reaching Fort Vancouver. Here the two natu-
ralists remained for the rest of the autumn exploring the
surrounding country. Later, desiring to pass the winter
months in a warmer climate, they took passage on a Boston
brig for the Sandwich Islands, where they arrived January
5, 183.").

Nuttall remained two months collecting plants and
shells, and then, separating from his companion, sailed for
California. He spent the spring and summer on the Pacific
Coast, then returned to the Sandwich Islands, sailing
home on a Boston vessel returning by way of Cape Horn.
He arrived home in October, 1835, and lived in Philadel-
phia, where he studied the rich collections made on his
long journey. Two important memoirs, the fruits of the
trip across the continent, were published in the Transactions
of the American Philosophical Societij.

"Nuttall was a remarkable-looking man. His head
was very large, bald, and bore signs of a vigorous intellect;
his forehead was expansive, but his feature's small, and his
gray eyes looked out from under Meshy brows. His com-
plexion was fair, and sometimes very pale from dost'
application to study and lack of exercise. He was above

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 157

medium height, his person stout with a slight stoop, and
his walk peculiar and mincing, resembling that of an
Indian." *

Nuttall returned to England in December, 1841, where
he resided for the remaining seventeen years of his life.
An uncle who had prospered in business, having no family,
left to him an estate called Nutgrove, in the neighborhood
of Liverpool. Nuttall, according to the conditions of the
bequest, was to reside in England at least nine months of
the year. He had been thirty-four years in the United
States, so that, although he had visited England in 1811,
and in 1822, returning to reside permanently in the land
of his birth was a hardship to our much-traveled botanist.
He, therefore, hesitated for some time before accepting the
new responsibilities, but consideration for his sisters and
their families finally induced him to accept the property.

Shortly before leaving the United States, Nuttall wrote
a supplement to Michaux's Silva in three volumes.f The
work appeared in 1842-1854.

Nuttall returned to America, stopping in Philadelphia
during the last three months of 1847 and the first three of
1848, and while here he studied at the Philadelphia
Academy the plants brought by Dr. William Gambel, from
the Rocky Mountains and Upper California, and prepared
a paper on them which was published in the Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences.

* For the anecdotes concerning Mr. Nuttall's peculiar ways, the reader is
referred to Elias Durand's account. See also Popular Science Monthly, XLVI (1895),
p. CSV.

f 1842-1854. NUTTALL — The North American Silva, or a description of the
forest trees of the United Stales, Canada and Nova Scotia, not described in the work
of Francois Andre Michaux, and containing all the forest trees discovered in the
Rocky Mountains, the territory of Oreyon down to the shores of the Pacific, and into
the confines of California, as well as in various parts of the United States, illustrated
by 122 finely coloured plates. Philadelphia. J. Dobson, 3vols., impr. octavo, XII:
13, 123, 148 pp.; ind. tab. col., 1-121.

TIN-: IinTAMST.- OF I'l 1 1 1. A I iKI.I'II I A.

His death occurred on September 10, 1859. In opening
;i case of ]. hints received shortly IK.- fore from Mr. Booth he
overstrained himself, and from that time steadily declined
until his death on September 10, is.V.i. His love of nature
\vas great, and this, joined with untiring industry and great
firmness of purpose, had raised him from the position of an
unknown artisan to the foremost rank of American men of
science. Elias Durand said of him immediately after his
death : " No other explorer of the botany of North America
has personally made more discoveries; no writer on American
plants, except perhaps Prof. Asa (.Jray, has described more
new genera and species." II is name is memorialized in a
genus of rosaceous plants, Nuttallia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.*

1. "Observations on the genus Eriogonum, and the natural order
Polygonea?." — Journal Acnilemj/ Natural Sciences, I : 24, 33.

2. "An account of two new genera of Plants ; and of a species of
Til hen, and Liniosella, recently discovered on the banks of the Delaware, in
the vicinity of Philadelphia." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, I : 111.

3. "Description of Collinsia, anew genus of plants."' — Journal Aca-
il< mi/ Natural Scii'in-cy, I : 189.

4. "Description of rare plants recently introduced in the gardens of
Philadelphia." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, II : 17(1.

5. " Observations on the genus Oryzopsis. " — Journal Aca<l< unj Natural
Sciences, III : 125.

<!. " Remarks on the species of Corallorhiza indigenous to the United
Stato." — Journal Academy Natural Sciences, III : 135.

7. "Description of two genera of the natural order Crucifene.''—
Journal Aca<l> mi/ Natural Si-lcnt-cx, V : 132.

8. " Observations on a species of Anemone of the section Pulsatilla
indigenous to the United States." — Journal Afadnni/ Xatural Sciences,
V : 158.

* For complete bibliography see /'.>j>n/<ir ,sv-/. /«•,

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 159

9. " Plants collected in East Florida."— Silliman's Join-mil, V : 286.

10. "Description of a new species of Sarraceuia." — Trail*. American
Philosophical Society, N. S., IV : 49.

11. "Collections towards a Flora of the Territory of Arkansas."
Trans. American Philosophical Society, N. S., V : 139.

1-2. " Descriptions of Plants collected by William Gambel, M. D., in
the Rocky Mountains and Upper California." — Journal Academy Natural
Sciences, N. S., I : 149.

13. "A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and of
Canada, The Water Birds." Boston, 1834, octavo pp. vii, 627.

The same. Second Edition with additions. " The Laud Birds."
Boston, 1840, pp. viii, 832.

14. "A Journal of Travels into the Arkansa Territory during the year
1819, with occasional Observations on the Manners of the Aborigines. "
Illustrated by a Map and other engravings. Philadelphia, 1821, pp. xii, 296.

15. "Descriptions of new species and genera of plants in the natural
order Composite, collected in a tour across the Continent to the Pacific, a
residence in Oregon, and a visit to the Sandwich Islands and California,
during the years 1834 and 1835." — Trans. American Philosophical Society,
1841, N. S., VII : 283-453.

16. "Descriptions and notices of new and rare plants of the natural
orders. Lobeliacete, Campanulacea;, Vacciniete and Ericacese, collected in a
journey across the Continent of North America, and during a visit to the
Sandwich Islands and Upper California." — Trans. American Philosophical
Society, N. S., VIII, p. 251-272.

17. "On the Serpentine Rocks of Hoboken, and the Minerals which
they contain." — Silliman's Journal, IV : 16.

18. " Observations and Geological Remarks on the Minerals of Paterson

and the Valley of Sparta, New Jersey." — Silliman's Journal, V : 239.

\

DR. WILLIAM P. C. BARTON.

Dr. William P. C. Barton was born in Philadelphia,
November 17, 1780. He was descended from Rev. Thomas
Barton, an Episcopal clergyman, who came to America
under the patronage of the Penn family, and married in
Philadelphia the sister of David Rittenhouse, the celebrated

TIII-: MOTANI>T> <>v PHILADELPHIA.

mathematician and astronomer, and first President of the
Philosophical Society. One of his sons, Dr. Benjamin
Smith Barton, held the- chair of Materia Medica, Natural
History and Botany in the University of Pennsylvania.

V tf */ v

Another son, William Barton, Esq., member of the Bar,
was the father of Dr. William P. C. Barton.

Dr. William P. 0. Barton received his classical educa-
tion at Princeton College. He graduated with distinction
at an early age and immediately commenced the study of
medicine under his uncle, Dr. B. S. Barton, and graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania in 1808. The subject of
his graduation thesis was deemed worthy of publication.

After graduating Dr. Barton commenced practicing in
Philadelphia ; he was surgeon at the Pennsylvania Hospital,
and shortly afterward, upon the recommendation of the
celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush and Dr. Physick, was
appointed surgeon in the Navy. He was for many years on
active duty, and distinguished himself, not only by his
ability in the treatment of diseases, but by his great skill in
the performance of difficult and delicate operations.

During his releases from sea service he was not content
to pass his time unemployed, but devoted himself with
great professional ardor to the publication of various works,
which, at the time, acquired considerable reputation.
Among others, his work on " Marine Hospitals " (published
in 1*14), his "Vegetable Materia Medica," and "Flora of
North America," with drawings from nature, made by
himself and colored by his wife (published in 1M7 and
IMS), his translations of a number of treatises were exten-
Hvely circulated, and gained for their author considerable
celebrity.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 161

He was chosen Professor of Botany in the University of
Pennsylvania. Dr. S. D. Gross speaks of him as a remark-
able man, highly educated, learned in his profession, a
graceful lecturer, an able writer, and one of the most
accomplished botanists in America, Dr. Gross, during his
first summer in Philadelphia, attended Dr. Barton's botani-
cal class, and his botanical excursions along the banks
of the Schuylkill, visiting Bartram's conservatories, or
rambling about in the open field in search of specimens.
In these excursions Dr. Barton was always in his happiest
mood. He experienced as great delight in the discovery
of a new plant as Audubor did at the sight of an unde-
scribed bird. He was, in fact, a botanical enthusiast.

He gave, for three years, instruction in materia medica
in the Jefferson Medical School, founded in 1825 by Dr.
McClellan, when he was ordered by the Navy Department
to New York, and became Chief of the Bureau of Medicine
and Surgery. In this position he was able to serve his
country with great advantage and saving to the Treasury,
but, unfortunately, with little increase in popularity to
himself. He introduced many reforms, corrected and
abolished many abuses, secured the warm commendations
and approval of the government, but the hearty ill-will and
bitter persecution of those whose interests or hopes were
disappointed by his fidelity. Unwilling to incur the storm
of persecution to which he was thus subjected, he resigned
his position as head of the Bureau, but held his post in the
navy until his decease, which took place in the City of
Philadelphia, February 29, 1856.

He was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery with military
honors. At the time of his death Dr. Barton had been for

102 THE BOTANISTS <>F PHILADELPHIA.

some years the senior surgeon on the roll of the navy. He
IKK! in early lite many personal attractions and accomplish-
ments. He retained, even to advanced age, a great love for
music and great conversational powers. His character was
a happy combination of qualities which attracted all and
n 'i >dled none. Of great courage without any bravado, of
affability without servilitv, of true warm-hearted benevo-

»/ i/ /

lence, his qualities of heart and mind were well calculated
to secure lasting friends among the good and true. He
married in early life Esther, daughter of Jonathan Dickin-
son Sergeant, Esq., a member of the Philadelphia Bar, and
granddaughter of David Hittenhouse.

Dr. W. P. C. Barton was the author of the following
works :

Flone Philadelphicae Prodromus, plantarum <jii;e hactenus explorata-
fuere, qiueque in ipso opere ulterius describentur, exhibens enumerationem,
or Prodromus of the Flora of Philadelphia, exhibiting a list of all the plants
to be described in that work, which have as yet been collected. Phila-
delphia, Maxwell, 1815. 4. 100 pp.

Some account of a plant used in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, as
a substitute for chocolate, Holcus bicolor "\Villd. Philadelphia, Palmer,
1816. Octavo, 8 pp.

Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States, or Medical Botany ;
containing a botanical, general, and medical history of medicinal plants
indigenous to the United States. Philadelphia, Carey, 1817-18. 2 vols. 4.

I : xv, 2715 pp. II : xvi, 243 pp., 50 tab.

Compendium Flora; Philadelphia?, containing a description of the
indigenous and naturalized plants found within a circuit of ten miles
around Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Carey, 1818. 2 vols. 8. I: 251 pp.

II : 234 pp. ; ib. 182-1.

A Flora of North America. Illustrated by coloured figures dra\\n
from nature. Philadelphia, Carey & Son. 3 vols. 4. I : 1821, xix, 138 pp.,
l:!~ pp.. tab. col. l-:;ii. With portrait of author as frontispiece. II:
x, 107 pp., tali. col. 37-70. Ill : ls:_>:5, vii, 100 pp., tab. col. 71-106.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1G3

Outlines of Lectures on Materia Medica and Botany. 2 vols., 12mo,
Philadelphia, 1828. I : 240. II : 291.

Syllabus of the Lectures Delivered ou Vegetable Materia Medica and
Botany in the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Printed for the
use of the classes. J. R. A. Skerrett, 1819.

Letter to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, relative to
introducing the Professorship of Botany into the Medical Faculty.

DAVID TOWNSEND.

David Townsend,* son of Samuel and Priscilla
Townsend, was born in the village of Pughtown, Pennsyl-
vania, December 13, 1TS7. He was brought up as a farmer,
but in 1810 was appointed a clerk in the office of the Register
and Recorder of Chester County ; in 1817 was appointed
Cashier of the Bank of Chester County, and so continued
until 1849, when he was compelled to resign on account of
an accidental injury which he received on the head, and
which finally caused his death on December 6, 1858. He
belonged to the Society of Friends, and commanded the
respect of the community to a very large extent. He
became interested in the subject of botany in early life, and
in 1826 was one of the founders of the Chester County
Cabinet of Natural Sciences, and held the office of secretary
and treasury in that Society from its origin until his health
failed. He was a correspondent of some of the most
prominent botanists of the day, among them Sir William
J. Hooker, who declared to a friend that the specimens pre-
pared by David Townsend were the handsomest that he
had ever seen. In 1833 a genus of plants allied to the
Asters was named Townsendia, in compliment to David

* This sketch was furnished by Edwin A. Barber, of West Chester, a grandson
of Townsend. See for an other account The Gardeners' Monthly (Meehan), I : p. Gl.

Till: BOTANISTS <>F PHILADELPHIA.

Townsend. Several species of Townsendia are known, the
first having been collected on tin- 1 milks of the Saskat-
chewan, by Dr. Richardson.

When Mr. Townsend resigned from the bank, tin-
directors presented him with a pair of silver pitchers.
appropriately inscribed, and surrounded with engraved
representations of Townsendia.*

Mi-. Townsend was an ardent horticulturist and greatly
interested in the cultivation of fruits and ornamental plants.
In the large grounds adjoining his residence he planted
many foreign and rare species of plants, some of which
still survive. He was an industrious collector, and traveled
over the entire county many times in the pursuit of his
chosen science. He rendered very efficient assistance to
Dr. William Darlington in the preparation of his Flora
Cestrica. Mr. Townsend was a member of the little circle of
distinguished botanists of his time, which included Dr.
Darlington, Joshua Hoopes and others. Among his close
friends were the distinguished botanist, W. J. (?) Bromfield,
and Dr. Short, of Kentucky.

JOSHUA HOOPES.

Joshua Hoopes was born in \Yestto\vn Township,
Chester County, Pa., December 2, 178S, the son of Joshua
and Hannah (Martin) Hoopes.f In early life he evinced an
earnest desire for scientific study, and although the oppor-
tunity for instruction at that period was exceedingly
limited, he nevertheless devoted all his spare time to

* The only portrait of David Townsend published \vns from nu original steel
engraving which appeared on the bank notes of the Chester County National Hank.
hctu ecu is.'iii and IN'.O. It \va- furnished by Mr. Harbcr for this hook, but the portrait
was crowded out for lack of space.

t A sketch furnUhed by .lo-iah Iloopes of West Chester 1'n.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 165

original observation and research. He was among the first
pupils admitted to Friends' Westtown Boarding-School, and
there laid the foundation for his remarkable attainments
that were so noticeable in his later years. After teaching
in some of the district schools of Delaware County, he
opened a popular boarding-school in. Downington, Chester
County, where he continued until the year 1830 or 1S37,
when he removed to West Chester, and followed the same
pursuit for many years. His death occurred May 11, 1874.

Joshua Hoopes was t\vice married : first to Mary Garri-
gues, of Kingsessing, now Philadelphia, by whom he had
six children, none of whom, however, outlived him ; and
second, to Rachel Bassett of Wilmington, Delaware, a lady
of rare botanical attainments, and who in every sense
of the word proved a help-meet to her devoted husband.
Descending from a long line of Quaker ancestors, he was
himself a consistent member of the religious Society of
Friends, being imbued with the principles of that sect from
his earliest years, and was at all times outspoken in his
views regarding the evil customs and practices of the world.
In fact, he was a living example of the lessons he taught
to others, and a fearless champion of the right on all
occasions.

As a scientist, he was especially noticeable for his
knowledge of botany and astronomy, although well versed
in many other branches. He once remarked to the writer,
that his love for botany, ornithology and astronomy was
about equally divided, but that he had chosen the first as
his life-work, as a careful study of the second entailed much
suffering to the birds, and his finances were insufficient to
procure suitable instruments for prosecuting his investiga-

K'><) TIIK BOTANISTS (IF IMIII.ADKI.I'HIA.

Tunis with the third. Joshua Iloopes was one of a botanical
triumvirate residing in \\'« ~t Chester, whose reputation was
not alone confined to this country. With such associates
a- J>r. William Darlington and David Townsend, botany
received an impetus and a practical helping-hand that
served to advance the science with rapid strides.

The subject of this sketch made a specialty of the
ligneous flora that came under his notice, leaving in a great
measure to his associates the elaboration of other plants.
His intimate acquaintance with our trees and shrubs, and
the structure of each, was really marvelous, as he rarely
erred in his determination of a species, or its proper classifi-
cation. Indeed, a large portion of the descriptions of trees
embraced in "Flora Cestrica," ostensibly the work of Dr.
Darlington, were really from the pen of Joshua Hoopes.
His memory was good, and even when advanced in years
lie could not only recall the names of all our trees, but
could without hesitation explain the distinctions existing
between allied forms. He was remarkably firm in his
opinions, when once convinced of their truthfulness, although
open to conviction should he be in error.

Professor Buckley honored him with the name of what
was at first supposed to be a new genus of Texan trees, but
subsequent research developed the fact that the name could
not stand, so "Hoopesia" was dropped, much to the disappoint-
ment of many of his friends who felt that his services to
botany should receive some lasting tribute. Dr. Gray,
therefore, named a composite species of the Rocky Moun-
tains, Helenium Iloopesii.

As a pedestrian, his power of endurance is worthy of
notice, as when in pursuit of specimens, his trips of twenty

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. K.)7

or more miles were accomplished with apparently little
fatigue. Of a slight though rugged physique, aided l>y
perfect health, and a very abstemious life, his favorite walks
were undertaken when even beyond the allotted age of
three score and ten, and few of his associates possessed
sufficient vigor, or cared to accompany him on a long day's
tramp.

ABIGAIL KIMBER.

Abigail Kimber, of Kimberton, Pennsylvania, was a
friend and correspondent of William Darlington, and her
name in acknowledgment of plants found in her neighbor-
hood, occurs in " Flora Cestrica." She was an admirable
and inspiring teacher, to use the words of Graceanna Lewis,
who was one of her pupils.

JOHN EVANS.

John Evans was born in Radnor Township, Delaware
County, on February 13, 1790, and died on the 15th of
April, 1862.* He was the son of David and Adah Evans.
On the side of his father, his ancestors were thoroughly
Welsh, while on that of his mother they were partly so.
His mother died in 1800, and his father six years later.
John Evan's early education was limited, though he received
rather more than was usual at that time in the neighbor-
hood. Though there was a mill on the patrimonial estate,
he preferred going to a larger establishment to learn the
business of milling, which he had selected for an occupation
in life. After he had learned the trade thoroughly, he was
employed as manager of a large flour mill, then (1812)

* 18G2. GEO. SMITH— History of Delaware Co., 459.

TJIK i;<>TANI>T> OF PHILADELPHIA.
I'eerlltly riveted oil tlir Hudson 1 1. \ VeT, 1 lea 1' 1 1 1C ] H'CSeilt fi t V

of Troy. Here he remained three years, much to the
satisfaction oi'liis employers.

After his return from Troy lie resumed the milling
business at the homestead mill, and in l.Sl'l married Ann,
the daughter of Benjamin Brown, of Radnor, by whom he
had six children.

He subsequently engaged in the business of sawing
lumber for the Philadelphia market, which he continued
to do until near the close of his life.

Up to about the year 1SJ7 or .ls-jx. though industrious
in the acquisition of knowledge, John Evans had not shown
a great preference for any particular braneh of science.
About this time he received a visit from his kinsman,
Alan W. Corson, of Plymouth, Montgomery County, who
was on his return home, with his daughter, from the \\Vst-
to\m boarding-school. The visitors remained over night,
and had with them a copy of Dr. Darlington's " Florula
<'(strica, " then lately published and used in Westtown
School. This was the first knowledge John Evans had of
any work descriptive of our local rlora. He had then some
practical acquaintance with plants and their culture, but it
was the opportune visit of his relative Corson, and this early
publication of Dr. Darlington, that first opened the way for
him to enter upon the study of botany systematically.
From this time until the close of his life, the study of
botany became with him a primary occupation.

The tastes of his visiting kinsman were congenial
with his own. They often visited each other, and frequently
made botanical excursions together. What one had acquired
was freely communicated to the other, till they both became

JOHN EVANS.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

familiar with all the plants in the neighborhood, with per-
haps the exception of some of the most inconspicuous. The
culture of rare plants around his dwelling commenced and
progressed with his study of botany. Annual, or more
frequent visits were paid to the old Bartram Botanic Garden
—then in possession of Colonel Carr — and to other gardens
in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The supply from this
source was soon exhausted when he turned his attention
to Europe, entered into a correspondence with Sir William
J. Hooker, Director of the Gardens of Kew, near London,
and by forwarding to that learned botanist, annually, for
many years, seeds and specimens of American plants, fre-
quently obtained by long journeys and much labor, he
received in return, new and often very rare plants from
various parts of the world, scarcely obtainable from any
other source by purchase. During part of the period occu-
pied by this correspondence, Dr. Hooker, the son of Sir
William, made a botanical tour to the Himalaya Mountains,
in Asia. Seeds from that almost unexplored region, many
of them produced by unknown plants, were forwarded to
John Evans. He bestowed a great amount of labor and
care upon the propagation of plants from these seeds.
Besides Professor Hooker, he for a time had a correspondent
in Germany. He also had a number of correspondents in
different parts of the United States, but most of his rare
American plants were collected by himself during his
frequent botanical tours. These tours were generally made
to mountainous regions.

The premises of John Evans afforded 110 suitable
grounds for an extensive garden specially designed for
show and ornament, and yet it is doubtful whether another

170 Till-] BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

spot of thr same extent pn-i-nti-d such a great variety of
plants. There was a place on these grounds for plants of
every lial»it. and every plant was found in the ht-st place for
its propagation and growth. On the densely wooded hill-
side, north of the dwelling, were found magnificent rhodo-
deYidrons, and other mountain shrubbery and herbaceous
plants, natives of the Himalayas, (lie Rocky Mountains, the
Adirondacks, the Catskills and the Alleghanies, growing
side by side, and mingling their gaudy colors and rich
perfumes in deep-shaded seclusion, moistened by the spray
from the adjacent cascade of the mill-pond. Below, upon a
ilat on the opposite side of the creek, was an arenaceous
alluvial deposit. Here was found the well-known "sand
garden" of the late proprietor, and clustered within it a
great number of species from New Jersey, and many
strangers from similar soil in more remote regions. The
arid rocky hills were covered with pines, and other Conifer ai
of the rarest species. The damp ravine had its miniature
cane-brake; the artificial pond its odoriferous water lilies
and other aquatics. Every border was crowded with its
appropriate specimen of rare and curious productions of the
vegetable kingdom, brought together from remote parts of
the earth. Every nook and corner had a fitting tenant,
whose right of occupancy no horticulturist could question.
In this planting, John Kvans observed no order but the
order of nature. A large proportion of the labor required
for the care and cultivation of this vast collection of plants
was performed by the hands of their late owner. But time
and labor were economized in every possible way consistent
•with proper culture. The saw-dust from his mill was used
extensively around the growing plants to smother weeds.

w

oo

§

d

00

I— I

3

h-k

OD

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 171

This soon decayed into a rich vegetable mould that pro-
moted the growth of the plant, and soon enabled it to take
care of itself.

The extent of the Evans collection is not known. No
catalogue of it was ever published. In the number of
distinct species of trees and shrubbery, this collection may,
without doubt, be set down as unrivalled in John Evans'
day, while in herbaceous plants it had very few equals. To
many of the rare trees and shrubs, appropriate leaden labels
were attached.

With John Bartram and Humphry Marshall, John
Evans completed a trio of self-taught American botanists,
all born within the limits of old Chester County, and the
first and last within the bounds of the present County
of Delaware. They were men of like tastes, and were alike
in their industrial and frugal habits. They were all men
of the strictest integrity and highest moral worth, and
especially were they alike as devoted students of the vege-
table kingdom. Each reared his own monument in the
large collection of growing plants he left behind him.

John Evans lived in an age when botanical knowledge
was more readily acquired, and rare specimens of plants
more easily collected than in the times of his predecessors.
Hence, the vastly greater extent of his collection, while it is
so highly creditable to him, is no disparagement to them.
But his attention was not confined to plants alone. He had
acquired a good knowledge of mineralogy, geology and
zoology. On the 27th day of December, 1834, John Evans
became a member of the Delaware County Institute of
Science, and it is probable that the study of these sciences
commenced about that period.

!<•_' T1IK BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

John Evans was eminently a thinking man. He was

liberal, almost hi a fault, in tin- distribution of plains
aiming such of his friend- as he believed would prop(-rly
care l<>r them.

The garden, which exists much as the botanist left it, is
reached tVom Rosemont, a station on the Pennsylvania Rail-
road, by following Robert's Koad to the far side of Ithan
Creek. The house, rebuilt in iS'J.V.n;, is on a hill sur-
rounded by line trees, which John Evans planted. The
mill-race plunges over in front of the house in a small
water-fall, which marks the site where the mill stood. The
spring-house was torn down, but everything else, with the
exception of two trees, stands as in the botanist's day.
His daughter married David Paxson, who sold the property
to Dr. James M. Harrison, who in turn sold it to William
H. Ramsey, the present occupant, Mrs. Paxson now reside-
in Xorristown, Pennsylvania.*

DR. JOHN FOTHERGILL WATERHOUSE.

Dr. John Fothergill "Waterhousef was born at Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, in 1791, and received his classical and
the rudiments of his medical education at Harvard Univer-
sity. The pre-eminent reputation of the Medical School of
the University of Pennsylvania induced him to complete
his medical education in Philadelphia, where he graduated
as Doctor of Medicine in the spring of isi:',. I'pon the
completion of his studies, and at the solicitation of his
friends, he iixed his permanent residence in his adopted

*Scr an ni-tii-lf nt in inr — •• .loliil Kviins anil his ( iimlrii " — ill (inrdfii <ni<l
Forest, X : I^'J; also Mr. Thomas Mri-hun'* ri'vicxv ol' this urlick' in the sunu- juiinuil,
p. 198.

: ./•:iii-iin/ of Acnili'nii/ <>( .\nliirnl Ne'n-iu'ex, I : 33.

WOODS AND ITHAN CREEK, EVANS' GARDEN.

MILL DAM IN EVANS' GARDEN.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 173

city, and soon after became a member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences.

Under the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences
he delivered, in conjunction with Dr. Barnes, during the
spring of 1814 and the succeeding spring of 1815, two
courses of popular lectures on botany. Upwards of two
hundred ladies, besides a considerable number of gentlemen,
attended the first course, and the audience to the second
was still more numerous. He also lectured on comparative
osteology and ichthyology. An enthusiastic attachment to
natural history, and an anxious solicitude for honorable
distinction, prompted him to intellectual exertions, incom-
patible with his delicate constitution, naturally disposed to
pulmonary disease. He availed himself of the mild winter
of a southern climate, and accordingly left Philadelphia
never to return. He died at Charleston, South Carolina,
May 18, 1817, aged twenty-six years.

DANIEL B. SMITH.

Daniel B. Smith was born July 14, 1792. He received his
literary education in the school of John Griscom, at Burling-
ton, New Jersey, at that day a somewhat famous seminary.
After leaving school, he studied pharmacy with John
Biddle, in Philadelphia. Upon acquiring a knowledge of
chemistry and practical pharmacy, he was for a while
partner of his preceptor, and after his decease, which soon
occurred after Daniel B. Smith became of age, entered into
partnership with William Hodgson, a man of considerable
erudition.

He was one of the founders of the Philadelphia College
of Pharmacy, and for twenty-five years its president. He

1/4 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

\vas one of the three citizens who originated the Apprentices'
Library of Philadelphia, in 1820. He was among the
incorporators of the old Philadelphia Saving Fund, and
the House of Refuge, Philadelphia's great reform school.

Mr. Smith was a sincere and devoted lover of science,
and a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, the
American Philosophical Society, the Franklin Institute, and
one of the earliest members of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania.

After leaving college he withdrew to private life, and
delighted in his favorite studies of botany and conchology,
and in his well-stored library in Cottage Row, Germantown,
passed many congenial days among his books. He died
March 29, 1883, at the ripe age of nearly ninety-one years.
For a long time Daniel B. Smith taught at Haverford
College, where he left the impress of his character on
students and institution alike.*

ELIAS DURAND.

Elias Durand t was born in Mayence, France, June 25
(Janvier?), 1794, and died on the loth of August, 1873.
His education was commenced at the school in his native
village, where he began his studies preparatory to pharmacy
which he took at Paris in 1812. He served in the medical
corps of the first Napoleon and was present at the bloody
battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Hanau, Katsbach and Leipzig.
He gathered a specimen of Menyanthes trifoli</ta amid the
roar of the cannon at Leipzig, showing his strong botanical

* IS'.IL'. GARRETT — History of Haverford College, 15") ; portrait, Go. See also
The (,-iinlr,i<'r'.i Munthlii (Meehani. XXV. p. l.vs (1883).

t Actes de Id Socie.li Linniene cle Bordetti/j , XXIX. LV liv., ]S7::;, par M. Charles
• Irs Moulins. See also Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, IV : l.~>. An oil painting of
Durand hangs in the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 175

bent even then. At Hanau he was made prisoner. On the
final overthrow of Napoleon he came to the United States,
landing in New York (Boston ?) in July, 1816. Settling first
in Baltimore, where he married in 1825, he removed to
Philadelphia, a city which he made his home during the
remainder of his life. He was by profession a pharmaceutist
and chemist, and coming to this country when the science
of pharmacy was in its infancy, at once took a high position
to which his acquirements entitled him. His store at Sixth
and Chestnut Streets, where the Ledger Building now stands,
was the centre of attraction to the eminent physicians and
men of science of twenty or thirty years ago, where his
genial bearing and sympathy with scientific pursuits made
all such visitors welcome. He contributed pharmaceutical
articles to the American Journal of Pharmacy and the
Journal de Pharmacie de Paris, and he introduced into
Philadelphia the use arid manufacture of soda water.

Mr. Durand was an active member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, and was for a long time at the head of its
committee on botany. He retired from business with a
competence, many years ago, but did not give up his love
for botany, as nearly every day found him at the herbarium
of the Academy engaged in some useful work.

The manner in which Air. Durand's attention was
directed to the flora of this country is perhaps a bit of history
worth recording. An eminent botanist thus relates it:
" When Mr. Durand left France for this country, American
plants were but little known, and in great demand. Some
one gave the young Durand funds with which to purchase
him a collection of North American plants. At that time
Rafmesque was at the height of his erratic career, and

l<r» THE nOTANI-T> OF I'MIf.ADKI.rillA.

Durand arranged with liim to furnish the required collec-
tion. After the bargain was made. Ratinesque, always poor,
contrived to get his pay in advance. The time at whieh
tlie collection was to he delivered had expired, and the day
upon which the vessel was to sail was close at hand, and
still the plants were not delivered. At last, on the very day
of the sailing of the vessel, Ratinesque appeared with his
parcels of specimens. Durand had only time for a hasty
inspection and found that the bundles consisted of a lot
of worthless ruhhish. lie was highly mortified at being
obliged to send his friend, who had already paid a liberal
price, such a poor return, and he determined to make
amends by making a collection himself. With this view
he began to herborize, and in the course of a few years sent
to his friend a remittance of plants that was every way
satisfactory. Having begun the study in this manner, he
formed for it a real love which remained with him through
life.

.Mr. Durand collected very thoroughly in the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia, and was the constant friend of all the
botanists who visited the city. Although he never said so
directly, he no doubt did much to assist Nuttall. Xuttall
was, by the way, an eccentric botanist, Although they
met so frequently at the Academy and elsewhere, and were,
so to speak, botanically intimate, yet Durand never knew
how and where Nuttall lived. When Mr. Durand retired
from business it was his desire to devote' himself to botany,
but at that time his eyesight failed him to such a degree as
to prevent him from too close application to a study that
requires correct observation.

His principal contributions to botanical literature were:

ELIAS DURAND.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 177

" Plants Heermannianse : Descriptions of new plants col-
lected in South California by the Pacific Railroad Survey
under Lieutenant R. S. Williamson, U. S. A.," in conjunction
with Dr. Hilgard. " Plantse Prattenianse Californicse : An
enumeration of a collection of California Plants made in
the vicinity of Nevada by Henry Pratten, Esq., of New
Harmony." " Plants Kaneanse Groenlandicae. Enumera-
tion of Plants collected by Dr. E. K. Kane in his first and
second expeditions to the Arctic regions." These were
published in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Volume III, 2d ser., 1855-58.* In 1859 he published a
" Sketch of the Botany of the Basin of the Great Salt Lake of
Utah." This was founded upon a collection made by a lady,
Mrs. Carrington, a resident of Salt Lake City, and the plants
described in other memoirs were here enumerated so as to
present a view of the botany of that region up to the time
of the publication. Mr. Durand was also author of a
treatise "Sur les Vignes et les Vins des Etats Unis"
(Societe d' Acclimation, IX : 313, 410), and of a Paper, " Mono-
graphie Botanique " (Societe d' Acclimation, IX : 479-486).

Although so long a resident of this country, Mr. Durand
remained a thorough Frenchman. It was the pride of his
life to have served under 1'Empereur. During his career
he accumulated an herbarium which, though not remarkably
large, was of great value. It probably contained a more
complete set of Nuttall's collections than any other, not
excepting the herbarium of the Academy. In 1868 he
carried out his long-cherished intention of depositing this
herbarium in the Paris Musuem, and made a long voyage
to France solely for that purpose. In his will he directed

* See introduction to this book, pages 9 and 10.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

HIM! the specimens he h:i<l accumulated since 1SG.S should be
incorporated with the main collection. His botanical
library he directed to be deposited in the herbarium room
of the Academy, where it can be available for the working
botanists.

Mr. Durand was personally an exceedingly courteous
and genial gentleman, who probably did as much for
botany by the encouragement he gave others, as by any
direct contributions he made himself.

Mr. Durand was one of the curators of the American
Philosophical Society and honorary or correspondent
member of the College of Pharmacy of Philadelphia, of the
Societe Pharmaceutique de Paris, American Pharmaceutical
Association, Societe d'Acclimation de Paris, Societe Lineenne
de Bordeaux, Academy of Natural Sciences of Buffalo, the
Linnsean Societv of Lancaster.

«.

EZRA MICHENER.

Ezra Michener, M. D.,* was born November 24, IT'.U. in
London Grove Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, on a
farm successively owned and occupied by four generations.
His father, Mordecai, and his mother, Alice (Dunn) Michener,
had children Robert, Lydia, Phoebe and Ezra. Ezra studied
in his early years under Daniel Hoopes and his successor
John Mull, who taught nothing beyond the rudiments
of reading, writing, arithmetic with a smattering of book-
keeping. Ezra Michener's innate fondness for plants and
flowers was intensified by his frequent visits to Har-
mony Grove, but he had no botanical book to follow;
indeed, there does not seem to have been any book on the

* 1*'.i:i. Aut'il>i'>!/r<tii>ii<-<il AWr.s /nun the Life and Letters of Ezra Mic.'iener,
M. 1). riiiliiiU'lplii.-i. Kririi'ls' IJmik Association.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 179

subject for beginners either written by an American, or
printed in America for several years after. He was fur-
nished with Rees's " New Cyclopaedia " in ninety-two half
volumes, quarto. This work afforded a rich store of botani-
cal knowledge. The genera were alphabetically arranged
with the known species following, but Ezra could seldom
stumble on the descriptions of the plants studied. When
he did discover them he wrote down the botanical and
common names until he had a respectable list. He also
made a list of scientific terms, as they came under notice,
with definitions.

At the age of twenty-one he went to Philadelphia and
lived in the family of Dr. David Jones Davis. In the
spring of 1816 he attended the lectures of Dr. William P. C.
Barton on botany ; but there was still no book suited for
beginners. Dr. Barton's " Flora Philadelphia " was not
published until two years later. In the early summer of
1816 he was appointed house surgeon at the Philadelphia
Dispensatory, at a salary of $250 a year.

On April 15, 1819, he married Sarah Spencer, and
lived happily until her death, when, in 1844, he married a
second time, Mary S. Walton, of London Grove.

Dr. Barton's " Flora Philadelphia? " was the first real
botanical book which Ezra Micheiier had for study, until
Dr. Darlington published his " Florula Cestrica " in 1826.
About this time, under the leadership of Dr. William
Darlington, was organized the Chester County Cabinet,
The object was two-fold ; first, to form a collection of the
natural productions of the county ; and second, to gather
materials for its prospective natural history.

Dr. Darlington, being engaged in the preparation of his

1s" THK I'.OTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

little book, " Florula Cestrica," he requested the assistance
of Mr. Michener in tin- work. This gave a fresh impulse
to his botanical studies. Dr. Darlington acknowledged his
indebtedness to Ezra Michener in the collection and
preparation of the lichens for his " Flora Cestrica," referring
to him as a naturalist of acumen, diligence and indomitable
perseverance. As a botanist, Mr. Michener was much
interested in the cryptogams, and did much good work in
their collection and study. In 1840 Mr. Michener was
elected a correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
He did much active collecting, and was thoroughly con-
versant with the flora of Chester County. He died a life-
long and active member of the Society of Friends, June 24,
l.s.sT, at Toughkenamon, Chester County, Pennsylvania,
aged ninety-two years seven months. His coffin was made
of the boards from the trunk of a tree, Paulownia, which he
had planted.

He was a frequent correspondent with many of t In-
most eminent scientists of his time, among whom may be
mentioned Darlington, Kothrock, Curtis, Laning, Kavenel
and Tuckerman. Agassiz said of him "that he did not
belong exclusively to Chester County, Pennsylvania, or
America, but to the whole scientific world." *

GEORGE B. WOOD.

George B. Wood t was born in Greenwich, Cumber-
land County, New Jersey, March 13, 17'. >7. His parents
were I'Yiends, and his grandfather, Kit-hard Wood, was a

*His letters are in possession of his MHI. Klhvood Michener, Toughkenamon,
Pennsylvania, who forwarded them to me for inspection.

t Medical Rerortl, isT'.i, i>t. I, 33o. An oil painting presented by Richard Wood
hangs in the library of the College of Physicians, and another one at the American
Philosophical Society.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 181

county judge in 1748. The education of Dr. Wood was
begun in the City of New York, but was completed at the
University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in the
year 1815. Immediately after obtaining the degree of A. B.,
he entered the office of Dr. Joseph Fairish, of Philadelphia,
and took the degree of M. D. in the medical department of
the University of Pennsylvania in the year 1818. He
delivered in 1820 a course of lectures on chemistry, and in
1822 was appointed to the chair of chemistry in the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy. This position he held until
the year 1831, when he was made Professor of Materia
Medica in the same college. On the sixth of November,
1835, he was elected to the chair of materia medica and
pharmacy in the medical department of the University of
Pennsylvania. When Dr. Nathaniel Chapman resigned
the chair of theory and practice of medicine in 1850, Dr.
Wood was elected to fill his place. In 1860 he resigned
this chair and in 1869 was elected a trustee of the Univer-
sity. Dr. Wood was attending physician to the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital from 1835 to 1859. In this latter year he
was elected President of the American Philosophical Society,
which position, together with that of the presidency of the
Philadelphia College of Physicians, he held at the time of
his death.

He was married in 1823 to Caroline, daughter of Peter
Halm, a merchant of this city. Their union, from which
there were no children, was an exceptionally happy one.
It was terminated in 1867 by the death of Mrs. Wood.

His election to the chair of materia medica in the
University, in 1835, was productive of new and fresh

1S2 THE IJOTANISTS ()K PHILADELPHIA.

inten-st in that brunch. In addition to the creation of an

admirable cabinet of drawings and specimens illustrative of
the materia medica, I)r. \\'ood erected a spacious green-
house, in connection with a garden, and stocked them with
many varieties of rare tropical and exotic plants, which he
exhibited as illustrations of the subject treated in his
lectures.

Dr. Wood was the author of numerous and valuable
books, chiefly relating to his profession, which still rank
among medical classics. His first important work, the
"Dispensatory of the United States," was written in con-
junction with Franklin Bache, M. D., and the original edition
was published in Philadelphia in 1833. It went through
fourteen editions, the last being 1877. In addition to this
book he prepared conjointly with Dr. Bache, in 1830, a
" Pharmacopoeia."

In 1847 he published a " Treatise on the Practice of
Medicine." It ran through six editions, the last appearing
in 1.SU7. He also published in 1856, a "Treatise on Thera-
peutics and Pharmacology." He also wrote "The History
of the Pennsylvania Hospital," " History of the University
of Pennsylvania," "Biographical Memoir of Franklin
Bache," etc. In 1872 these sketches, with the addition of
the "History of Christianity in India," "History of the
British Empire in India,"" History of Girard College," and
other papers, were collected into a volume, styled, " Memoirs,
Essavs and Addresses."

v

In 18()5 Dr. Wood endowed an Auxiliary Faculty of
Medicine in the I'niversity of Pennsylvania, which was
•composed of five chairs, namely: (1) Zoology and Compara-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1 s:>

live Anatomy; (2) Botany; (3) Mineralogy and Geology;
(4) Hygiene; (5) Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology.
The incumbent of each chair was required to deliver during
the months April, May and June not less than thirty-four
lectures. Dr. Wood paid each professor $500 annually,
and bequeathed a fund of §50,000 from which the payment
continued. He also bequeathed to the University his
numerous collections, all his medicinal plants, and $5000
to establish a botanical garden and conservatory.

His death occurred at his residence in Philadelphia,
March 30, 1S79, at the advanced age of eighty-two years,
having spent his long life usefully and acceptably in every
respect, He was generous, benevolent, charitable in the
broadest sense of the term. His character was without stain.*

JOHN JAY SMITH.

John Jay Smith, of " Ivy Lodge," Germantown, Phila-
delphia, born in 1798, was a descendant of Smith and
Logan, who were associated with William Penn in the
founding of Pennsylvania. He interested himself in the
movement to lay out finer and more modern cemeteries.
Laurel Hill Cemetery, which was opened for burials in
October, 1836, was largely started through Mr. Smith's
energies. His literary efforts were large. The beautiful
English translation from the French of Michaux's " Forest

O

Trees of America," and an edition of M'Mahon's "American
(nirdener" bear his name as editor on their title pages.f

* For excellent picture see New Jersey Medical Reporter, vol. VI, opposite
167 (1852).

t The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan), XXIII, p. 378, with portrait as frontis-
piece.

184 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

MATTHIAS KIN.

Mat tli ins Kin was sent to this country in the early part
of the century by parties in Germany interested in the
collection of North American plants. He traveled some-
what extensively through the Alleghany Mountains chiefly
for the purpose of obtaining living plants and seeds. He
also collected many interesting specimens, which may be
found in the herbarium of the Royal Museum at Berlin, and
in the herbaria of Muhlenberg, Willdenow, and the
Academy of Natural Sciences.

Mr. Meng, a wealthy banker, living in Germantown,
on what is now Vernon Park, seems to have been the
financial agent of the Germans who employed Mr. Kin.
In order to work to better advantage, the subject of this
sketch, when on his exploring expeditions, dressed and had
the manners and appearance of an Indian. He was, in
fact, called the Indian plant-hunter. When not in the
field, lie made his home in Germantown.

Many of the rare trees in what is now Yernon Park
were presented by Mr. Kin to Mr. Meng.*

MINSHALL PAINTER.

Minshall Painter was born near Media, March 6, 1801,
and died of apoplexy, August 21, 1873. He received a good
education near his native place. Here he lived the
remainder of his life with his brother Jacob, spending most
of his time in study and in the garden or arboretum, which
he and his brother planted. He was a good botanist, and
took great interest in the progress of botany, corresponding

* See Appendix VI.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 185

with Thomas Meehan and John Evans, who had a botanic-
garden, near Rosemont, Pennsylvania. The library in
which he and his brother spent considerable of their time
was in a substantial fire-proof building a few rods from the
dwelling. He was much respected by all who knew him ;
by both neighbors and friends.

The merit of the Painters, as botanists, consisted in
their arboretum, planted by their own hands on a property
of 500 acres, settled by Jacob Minshall in 1701. It passed
later to the Painters ; Enos Painter marrying Hannah
Minshall. Enos and Hannah (Minshall) Painter, the
parents of Minshall and Jacob, died about 1S40, when the
property passed into the hands of their sons, who planted it
to trees.

Between 1840 and 1850 they made exchanges with
Thomas Meehan and John Evans and others, from whom
they obtained many curious trees, shrubs and plants hardy
to the climate of southeastern Pennsylvania. The trees
were planted in rows, but later by their growth they formed
a perfect thicket. The collection still shows some choice
specimens, among them the big-tree, Sequoia gigantea, and
red-wood, Sempervirens, a fine cedar of Lebanon, an oriental
spruce, and a maple tree. The magnolias, Magnolia macro-
phylla, and M. Umbrella, are represented, as also the bald
cypress, Taxodium distichum, and Quercus macrocarpa. The
property, after the brothers' death, passed into the hands of
their nephew, John J. Tyler, who does not spend more than
two or three months on it.*

* The information herein contained was furnished in a letter to Henry S.
Conard, of Westtown, Pa., who kindly loaned it to nie for inspection. Mr. Conard
also wrote a sketch of the Painters, the contents of which he kindly permitted nie
to use.

186 THE BOTANISTS OF 1'IIILADELPHIA.

JOHN P. HEISTER.

Dr. John P. Heister was born July 3, 1803, in the city of
Reading. He died September 15, 1854. When but a youth
he evinced a great interest in study, and eagerly perused
the books that came within his reach. After receiving the
degree of Doctor of Medicine1, he located, for the practice of
his profession, in his native place. In order to satisfy mere
fully his thirst for knowledge, and at the same time to
benefit his failing health, he determined to take a journey
to Europe. On the 16th day of April, 1841, he set sail, and
visited England, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland.
After spending a year in Europe he returned to his native
place to resume the practice of medicine. He kept notes
while on his journey abroad, which were printed under the
title of " Notes of Travel," wherein he described the different
localities visited by him ; especially the different botanical
gardens. He described in an enthusiastic sketch his visit to
the Jardin des Plantes in Paris.

Botany was his favorite study, although he was also
more or less attached to the science of geology. He had a
fine collection <»f specimens of the different woods of Berks
County. They were well arranged in library form; a part
of the limb or branch formed the back to which was attached
a tin box to hold the seed vessels, flowers, etc.*

THOMAS POTT JAMES.

Thomas Pott Jamesf died in Cambridge, February 22,
I.ss2, in the seventy-ninth year of his age, the greater part
of his life having been spent in Philadelphia, near which
city he was born on September 1st, 1803. His ancestors

This sketch was kindly I'm-iiii-iini t>y l>r. William HiTbst, of Trexlertown,
Pennsylvania.

t Ami <i'rni/ Ni-ii'iitinr I'upers,!!: 11!). Also Pruceedinys American Academy
Arts «,ul Science; XVII: Hi., (1882).

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 187

were notable persons in the early settlement of Pennsyl-
vania. He was engaged in business in Philadelphia as a
wholesale druggist for over forty years, when he removed to
Cambridge, bringing his wife and their four children to her
paternal home. From childhood he was more or less devoted
to botany ; but in later years, having more leisure, he devoted
himself exclusively to the study of the mosses, in which he
became proficient, After the death of Sullivant in 1873,
James and Lesquereux, became the principal authorities
upon mosses in this country; and the duty appropriately
devolved upon them of writing the systematic manual on
North American Mosses* which Sullivant had planned.
Owing to the preoccupation of Mr. Lesquereux in paleo-
botany, the labor of preparation fell upon Mr. James. He had
published several papers upon mosses in the Transactions
of the American Philosophical Society, of which he had
long been an active member. He contributed to Mr. Wat-
son's " Botany of Clarence King's Exploration on the Fortieth
Parallel," a notable article on the mosses collected by the
botanist of that survey. The American Academy published
some of the results of the joint study of these two veteran
bryologists. Hundreds of species and varieties had to be
patiently examined under the compound microscope, the
details sketched, and the differences weighed before descrip-
tion. To this task Mr. James devoted all his energies.
He had nearly brought this protracted labor to a conclusion,
when the eye was suddenly dimmed and the pencil dropped
from his hand. Partial paralysis was soon followed by
coma, and he died within a few hours. f

* Manual of the Mosses of North America, by Leo Lesquereux and Thomas P.
James. With Six Plates Illustrating the Genera. Boston. S. E. Cassiuo A: Co.,
octavo pp., V : 4-17.

t See Charles Pickering, II, Sci. Papers. Asa Gray.

1 s>< THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

ROBERT KILVINQTON.

Robert Kilvington,* a well-known florist of Philadel-
phia, was born of a Yorkshire squire in 1803, and died in
1881, at the age of seventy-eight. He became gardener to
Mr. Sheaff of Whitemarsh, about fifteen miles from the city.
Mr. Kilvington subsequently became engaged in the florist's
business, and interested himself in the meetings of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. He also took an active
interest in the Academy of Natural Sciences, of which his
cousin, Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, was one of the founders.

He had his garden at the south-west corner of Nine-
teenth and Race Streets, where the building of the Academy
of Natural Sciences now stands. From there he removed
to Locust Street, west of Woodland Avenue, where he died.

GEORGE SMITH.

George Smith,f son of Benjamin Hayes and Margaretta
Dunn Smith, was born in Haverford Township, Delaware
County, February 12, 1804. He received the earlier part of
his education in the schools of the neighborhood, and, later,
was a pupil at the Academy in West Chester of Jonathan
Clause. He studied medicine at the University of Penn-
sylvania, and graduated there April 7, 182(3. For five years
he practiced his profession in Darby and its vicinity, but
coming into possession of a very considerable estate, soon
after his marriage he retired from medicine, and for the
remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in the manage-
ment of his farms, and in attention to numerous public and
private trusts, and in the cultivation of his literary and

* The Gardener's Monthlii iMeehnn), XXIII (18S1). p. 3-1.'..
t Pennsylvania Magazine, VI : 1M'.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 189

scientific tastes. Dr. Smith married February 26, 1829,
Mary, daughter of Abraham Lewis, of Delaware County.
His widow and five children survive his death, which
occurred on the 12th of February, 1882.

From 1832 to 1836 Dr. Smith was a state senator from
the district composed of Chester and Delaware Counties,
and during that time was largely instrumental in estab-
lishing a law for free education.

On December 8, 1836, he was appointed by Governor
Ritner Associate-Judge of the courts of Delaware County,
an appointment held by him for six years, and renewed by
popular vote for five succeeding years. As Superintendent
of the common schools, and as President of the School
Board of Upper Darby district, he continued to show deep
interest in popular education. In September, 1833, with
four of his friends, he founded the Delaware County Insti-
tute of Science, of which he was the President from the
time of its organization until his death, a period of forty-
nine years. This association has objects in view similar if
not identical to those of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

A generous contributor to the periodical papers of his
neighborhood, in the year 1862 he published the " History of
Delaware County," a work which at once placed its author
in the very front rank of careful, painstaking, accurate
historians.

Dr. Smith gives besides an instructive sketch of the
geology of the county, a copious catalogue of the plants of
the same. This list, carefully prepared, is the monument
of Dr. Smith's energy and interest in botanical science.

100 THE BOTANISTS (>F PHILADELPHIA.

ROBERT HERMANN SCHOMBURQK.

Robert Hermann Schomburgk, a Prussian traveler, was
born at Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut, June 5, 1804. He came
in 1826 to the United States when lie was twenty-two years
of age, and, after working for some time as a clerk in Boston
and Philadelphia, became a partner in a Richmond, Vir-
ginia, tobacco manufactory in 1828. The factory was burned
and Schomburgk drifted to the West Indies in 1830, where,
after unsuccessful venture, his botanical work attracted the
attention of the London Geographical Society and secured
him the means to explore the unknown region of the Ori-
noco, where he traveled from 1833 to 1839, discovering
Victoria regia and numerous other plants. This work led
the British Government, in 1841-1844, to commission him
to survey the boundary between Venezuela and Guiana,
and to make further exploration. The famous line was
drawn and he was knighted by the Queen for his services.
Schomburgk, until his death in Berlin March 11, 1865,
continued in the British consular service, but he devoted
himself to botanical and geographical studies, being a
member of the principal American and European learned
societies. His works include several books and many scien-
tific papers on Guiana, and a " History of Barbadoes "
(1847).

CHARLES PICKERING.

< 'harles Pickering, M.D.,* died in Boston, of pneumonia,
on the 17th of March, 1878, in the seventy-third year of his
agr. I le was of a noted New England stock, being a grand-
son of Colonel Timothy Pickering, a member of Washington's

* Proceedings American Academy of Arts and Sciences, XIII : 414 (1878). An
engraving of 1'ickering bungs in the Armlemy of Natural Sciences.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 191

military family, and of his first cabinet. He was bom on
Starucca Creek, on the Upper Susquehanna, Pennsylvania,
on a grant of land made to his grandfather, who resided
there. His father, Timothy Pickering, Jr., died at the age
of thirty years, leaving the two sons, Charles and his brother
Edward, to the care of their mother.

Dr. Pickering was a member of the class of 1823 at
Harvard College, but left before graduation ; preferring
medicine, he took the degree of M. D. at the Harvard
Medical School in 1826. Living in these earlier years at
Salem, he became associated with William Oakes in botan-
ical exploration. It is probable that they first explored
the White Mountains together, following in the steps of the
first botanist to ascend Mount Washington. Pickering's
taste for botany and zoology showed itself in boyhood, and
probably decided his choice of a profession. About the
year 1829 he took up his residence at Philadelphia; and it
is probable that he was attracted thither more by the
facilities that city offered for study of science than by its
renown as a centre of medical instruction. We soon find him
one of the curators of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and
librarian, and with reputation established as the most
erudite and sharp-sighted of all the young naturalists of
that region. His knowledge then, as in mature years, was
encyclopedic and minute. During this time he published
a brief essay on " The Geographical Distribution and leading
Characters of the United States Flora."

When the United States Exploring Expedition to the
South Seas, which sailed under command of Lieutenant
Charles Wilkes in the autumn of 1838, was first organized
under Commodore T. Ap. Catesby Jones, Dr. Pickering

192 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

was selected as the principal zoologist, Subsequently, others
were added. Yet the scientific fame of that expedition
largely rests upon the collections and work of Dr. Pickering
and his associate, Professor Dana. Dr. Pickering, although
retaining the ichthyology, turned his attention during the
three and a half years of the voyage to anthropology, and
to the study of the geographical distribution of animals and
plants; to the latter especially as affected by the operations
and movements of the races of man. To these subjects the
remainder of his life was assiduously devoted. Dr. Pickering,
a year after the return of the expedition, and at his own
expense, crossed the Atlantic, visited Egypt, Arabia, the
eastern part of Africa, and western and northern India.
As a result of these explorations, in 1848 he published a
volume on "The Races of Man and their Geographical
Distribution," being the ninth volume of the "Report of
the AVilkes' Exploring Expedition." Some time afterward
in the fifteenth volume of this series appeared an extensive
work on the " Geographical Distribution of Animals and
Plants." In the course of printing, appropriations of Con-
gress stopped, and the publication of the results of the
celebrated expedition was abandoned. Under a privilege
granted by Congress, Dr. Pickering bought out in 1854
a small edition of the first part of his essay, — perhaps the
most important part, — and in 1876 a more bulky portion,
" On Plants and Animals in their Wild State," which is
largely a transcript of the note-book memoranda.

These arc all his publications, excepting some short
communications to scientific journals and the proceedings
of learned societies, but lie is known to have been long
and laboriously engaged upon a work which a lifetime

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 193

seemed hardly sufficient to complete. He was carrying
this work through the press at his own expense, when
he died. This formidable treatise edited by his wife,
Sarah S. Pickering, appeared in 1870 under the title
" Chronological History of Plants, or Man's Record of his
own Existence." *

" Dr. Pickering was singularly retiring and reticent, very
dry in ordinary intercourse, but never cynical ; delicate and
keen in perception and judgment ; just, upright and exem-
plary in every relation ; and to those who knew him well,
communicative, sympathetic, and even genial. In the
voyage of circumnavigation he was the soul of industry
and a hardy explorer."

ROBERT BUIST,

Robert Buist f was born at Cupar Fyfe, near Edin-
burgh, Scotland, on November 14, 1805, and when quite
young went to learn the business of a gardener under the late
James McNab, curator of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden.
To complete his knowledge, he went through a course at
Elvastoii Castle, the seat of the Earl of Harrington, one of
the most famous gardening establishments in England. In
August, l.S'28, he arrived in America, and obtained employ-
ment in the nursery of David Landreth, which at that time
was one of the best known in America. The camellia
houses were particularly famous, and Camellia Landrethii
remains to this day a worthy monument of the early efforts
of this firm to improve that plant. Buist later obtained a

* " Chronological History of Plants, Man's Record of His Own Existence.
Illustrated through their Xarnes, Uses, and Companionship." By Charles Pickering,
M. D. Boston : Little, Browu ct Co. 187'.). 4to., pp. xvi, 1222.

f The Gardener's Monthly, XXII, p. 372 (1880). Portrait as frontispiece.

A
fe

I'.ll THE BOTAM-T> <>\' I'll 1 1. A Dill. I'll I A.

situation as gardener to Henry Pratt, who. at that time,
had perhaps the most beautiful garden in the United States.
This was at Lemon Hill, which has since become a part of
Fair mount Park.

It was about the time of young Buist's arrival in
Philadelphia that the tremendous strides in horticulture
about Philadelphia began, in which he subsequently took a
leading part. The nurseries then in existence in and near
the city we're Bartram's, conducted by Colonel Carr :
M'Mahon's; Landreth's, in Moyamensing ; Maupay's, at
Rising Sun, and Hibbert's, which was probably the first
florist's establishment. In the whole city of Philadelphia
there were only two greenhouses which kept gardeners,
though there were a few more in the suburbs. Such a
thing as a 1 tedding plant was unknown. Hardy herbaceous
plants and box edgings made up the chief garden attrac-
tions, and only those who had greenhouses with rare exotics
believed they had much of which to be particularly proud.
During the year LS20 the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society had its first grand exhibition.

In LS30 Mr. Buist entered into partnership with Mr.
Hihbert, and Hibbert & Buist did an immense business as
florists at Twelfth and Lombard Streets. They commenced
at once the importation of rare plants and flowers, paying
attention especially to the rose. Among the importations
were the Noisette rose and Jaune des Pre/, on which they
made a clear profit of $1000. Later, on Mr. Ilibbert's death,
Kn'bert Buist commenced the seed business at No. S4 Chestnut
Street, then No. 07, removing finally to the present situation.
No. $'2-2 Market Street.

While a florist Mr. Buist introduced a number of

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 195

rarities. From Mr. Tweedie, for whom Sir William
Hooker named a Verbena, V. Tweediana and the genus of
plants Tweedia, he obtained the above-mentioned Verbena.
Through the Mexican Minister, Mr. Poinsett, Poinsettia
pulchcrrima was introduced.

Mr. Buist was well known by his writings. His " Rose
Manual," his " Family Kitchen Garden," and his " Flower
Garden Directory," were in their day the principal prac-
tical garden guides.

Personally, Mr. Buist was tall, and to his death as straight
as a well-trained soldier. He was thrice married. His eldest
son died before his father, Robert, his only living son,
carrying on the business since his father's death, which
occurred July 13, 1SSO, at Rosedale, Philadelphia.

ROBERT BRIDGES.

Dr. Robert Bridges * was born in Philadelphia, March
5, 1806, and died in the city, February 20, 1882, at the ripe
age of nearly seventy-six years. He was elected a member
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences January,
1835, and held many offices of trust in that institution and
the American Philosophical Society, of which he was also a
member.

His work in botany consisted of an Index of the Genera
in the Herbarium of the Academy prepared by him and
Dr. Paul B. Goddard, presented August, 1835. He was
elected a member of the Botanical Committee, January, 1836,
was chairman of it from December, 1846, and served till
December, 1857, twenty-one years, when he declined re-elec-
tion. On the 23d of May, 1843, he presented a new Index

* A fine oil painting of Dr. Bridges is hung in the library of the Academy of
Natural Sciences.

P. 1C) THE BOTANISTS OP PHILADELPHIA.

of the Herbarium and one of Menke's Herbarium from the
Committee, a work which was long the main guide to the
botanical collections.

No striking invention, no discovery in science is
ascribed to him, but laboriousness, sincerity of purpose, and
faithfulness were so manifest in all his ways that he had the
confidence of all.

WILLIAM WYNNE WISTER.

William Wynne Wister,* who was the oldest member of
the family of that name, died early on Saturday morning
December 17, 1898, at his home, 5140 Germantown Avenue,
aged ninety-two years. Mr. Wister suffered a fracture of
the hip, July, 1898, and it was thought that he had almost
recovered from the effects of the injury, as he was able to
be wheeled out in a chair on fine days, but on Friday
evening he sank into unconsciousness, from which he never
rallied.

Mr. Wister was born in Philadelphia November 25,
1807, and was a son of Charles J. Wister, prominent as a
literary man. He was educated in the Germantown Aca-
demy, and on arriving at maturity, engaged in business.
He soon became interested in banking, becoming a large
stockholder in the Germantown National Bank, of which lie
was for many years a Director and Vice-President. In 1866
Mr. Wister was elected President of the bank, and only
retired a few weeks ago, when it became apparent that he
would not be able to resume active work, though he
remained a director.

Mr. Wister, who was an enthusiastic botanist in his
younger days, got his inspiration when quite a lad by

* Philadelphia ledger, December l:i, is; is, \\. •_>. The date of his birth in
my notes, taken on a visit to Mr. Wisu-r in ls%, is March L'fi. 1807.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 197

hearing the lectures of Thomas Nuttall, in the Germantown
Academy in 1818. During his life Mr. Wister became
acquainted with many local botanists, and at eighty-nine it
was a pleasure to tell anecdotes concerning them.*

His surviving family consists of two sons, William
Wynne Wister, Jr., and Alexander W. Wister, and four
daughters.

JACOB ENNIS.

Jacob Ennis f was born in Essex County, New Jersey, in
1807. He came of Scotch-Irish ancestry on the paternal
side, and was of Dutch extraction (the Doremuses) on the
maternal side. After he had graduated at Rutger's College,
and while quite a young man, he connected himself with
the Dutch Reformed Church, and was by that Church sent
to the islands of Java and Sumatra as a missionary, where
he remained four years. Here his powers of observation
and his love of nature had an early development. Returning
to his native land, he engaged in educational work, and was
elected Professor of Natural Sciences in the National Military
College of Bristol, Pennsylvania, and later became Principal
of the Scientific and Classical Institute of Philadelphia,
where he spent the best part of his life as its proprietor. He
also occupied for some years the chair of physical sciences in
the State Normal School at Shippensburg, Peiinsylvnia, As
an educator, he laid great stress on the importance of the
study of nature, anticipating by perhaps a quarter of a century
the recognition that scientific studies have subsequently
had in all the higher institutions of learning. During
several years of his residence in Philadelphia, he led out

* See page 144.

flSOO. Popular Science Monthly, XXXVII : 137, from which the main facts of
this sketch are taken.

198 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

into the field for the study of botany a class of teachers and
others interested in the science. The writer of this
book remembers while ti lad of accompanying the
professor on several of his excursions. One in particular
he remembers as taken to Rockland, and another to the
Wissahickon, in Fairmount Park. The stimulus which
he received from these excursions probably determined
him many years afterward to make botany his life-work.
The life of Professor Ennis was quiet, simple, dignified and
laborious. He was a member of a number of the chief scien-
tific societies both in this country and abroad, and his
contributions in the shape of addresses before learned
societies, pamphlets and articles in scientific periodicals
were many and varied, always strikingly original, and
sometimes prophetic. Among these contributions, chiefly
on astronomical problems, was one entitled " The Two
Great Works to be done on our Sidereal Systems." In his

«/

book on " The Origin of Stars," published over twenty
years ago, some of the most transcendental problems of
physical astronomy were attacked. Professor Ennis's sym-
pathies were not narrow ; he was familiar with the entire
range of English and classical literature, and was an excel-
lent linguist. His literary style was simple, direct and
lucid ; he had a great dislike for " big words," and always
succeeded in making his ideas clear by the use of plain and
untechnical language, even when handling the most abstruse
problems. His habits and tastes were simple, his wants
few, his disposition kind and gentle, and the attitude of
his mind was distinctly reverent. He was so quiet, modest
and unobtrusive, that but few suspected the presence of a
great thinker so near at home, and still fewer knew him
personally. He died in Houston, Texas, January 12, 1890.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 199

JOSEPH CARSON.

Dr. Joseph Carson * was born in Philadelphia on Easter
Monday, the 19th of April, 1808, and died December 30,
1876, in his- sixty-ninth year. His paternal ancestors were
originally from Scotland, and belonged to that rigid and
staunch Presbyterian denomination which has made its
deep impress upon the politics and institutions of our
country.

The rudiments of young Carson's education were
obtained at the Germaiitown Academy, then under the
patronage of Mr. John Brewer, a very highly respected
teacher in his day. The building still stands in School
Lane, bearing the coat of arms of George IV, a relic of the
olden time. As he grew older he was placed under the
tuition of Mr. White, of Philadelphia.

From Mr. White's school Mr. Carson entered (at the
age of fifteen years) the Sophomore Class of the University
of Pennsylvania, at this time under the presidency of the
Rev. Frederick Beasley, D. D. The early part of his col-
legiate life was somewhat ruffled, from his not being as
well prepared as he should have been, and his having to
relearn his Latin pronunciation. This annoyed him greatly.
Nor did he, at best, much relish his academic career, and
probably would not have pursued his studies here had it
not been for the persistent efforts of a devoted aunt, who
helped and encouraged the young student. Having resolved
on this course, he showed, as he did throughout his life, a
determination to do his part faithfully, and to strive for
excellence ; so that, with close application to his books

* Memoirs of Joseph Carson, M. D., by James Darrach, M. D., read before the
College of Physicians, Philadelphia, May 7,1879, extracted from the "Transactions,"
Third Series, Volume IV.

200 THI-: BOTAMSI> OF PHILADELPHIA.

for three years, he graduated with honor, and received his
diploma as Bachelor of Arts on July 27, 182<>.

He had now, at the age of eighteen years, completed
his collegiate course, which brings him to a most important
epoch of a man's existence. Feeling the necessity of doing
something for a livelihood, he selected a business life, and
was induced to enter the wholesale drug store of Dr. Edward
Lowber. He did not, however, remain here long, the daily
routine of trade being uncongenial to his tastes and consti-
tution of mind. An impulse was given, while employed by
Dr. Lowber, to the study of botany, the Doctor being a
botanist.

This study soon filled Mr. Carson's mind, and it was

u

not long before he became an enthusiastic lover of plants,
and made frequent excursions for their collection ; he was
also led from the study of abstract botany to investigate
the medicinal virtues of his floral acquisitions, and while
collecting for his herbarium, he made decoctions and
infusions of the plants, testing their effects upon his own
person. These trips into the country served, no doubt, to
relieve the monotony and wearisomeness of his business

V

life. Having made up his mind to study medicine, he
entered, as a private pupil, the office of Dr. Thomas T.
lieu-son, one of the distinguished physicians of his day, and
from his preceptor's office he matriculated at the Medical
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and received
his degree of Doctor of Medicine in the month of March.
1 s:!(), having presented for graduation a thesis on animal
temperature, an essay (though not marked by originality)
exhibiting research, method, clearness of thought, unam-
biguous style, and sound reasoning; all of which qualities

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 201

continued to characterize his writings and teaching in after
life.

Soon after graduating Dr. Carson was elected one of
the resident physicians in the Philadelphia Almshouse,
then situated on Tenth Street, betweeen Spruce and Pine.
He did not, however, immediately enter upon the practice
of his profession, but determined to take a voyage to the
East Indies. Dr. Carson set sail as surgeon, on board the
ship " Georgiana," commanded by Captain John Land ;
during which voyage he visited Madras and Calcutta,
returning to Philadelphia August 3, 1S32, having been
absent nearly a year. While on this expedition he kept a
journal, in which we find, neatly and methodically arranged,
tables indicating the temperature of the sea and air, and the
barometical conditions of the atmosphere, with excellent
drawings, some of them colored, of the flora and fauna,
which did not escape his quick senses and inquiring mind.
His description (recorded in the journal) of sea-sickness, as
experienced by himself, is graphically and clearly given,
with its physiological causes and conditions well presented.

After his return from India we find Dr. Carson, at the
age of twenty -four years, entering upon the duties of the practi-
tioner, and he was not an exception in regard to the customary
tardiness with which the public receives the young phy-
sician, since for the first nine years his monetary realizations
from practice were very small. At the expiration of this
time, and at thirty-three years of age, he was united in
marriage with Mary Goddard, sister of Dr. Paul B. Goddard,
and granddaughter of Paul Beck, of this city. From this
union there was no living issue, and Mrs. Carson was
prematurely carried off within a year of their marriage.

-'»-! THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

After remaining a widower for seven years, Dr. Carson
formed a second matrimonial alliance with Mary Hollings-
\vorth, daughter of Henry Hollingsworth, who was for
many years Cashier of the Bank of North America. The
four children from this marriage were Henry (who died
in infancy), Hampton L., now a prominent lawyer, Ann C.
and Susan, who are left to mourn a loving and devoted
father. After the first ten years Dr. Carson's practice
increased very much, and he eventually gained an excellent
position as a practitioner of obstetrics. This branch of the
profession, however, necessitating much labor, wore upon
his health, compelling him to curtail his practice, which he
finally gave up for more congenial pursuits.

From this time he begins to fill various positions of
honor, responsibility and trust. He also found time to
cultivate history, literature and biography ; penetrated
somewhat into antiquarian pursuits.

The first institution to which Dr. Carson became
attached was the Academy of Natural Sciences, to which he
was elected on October 29, 1835, and was one of its most
active and useful members. He assisted in arranging and
caring for the herbarium, was Librarian for two years, and
aided in preparing and publishing a catalogue of books;
\vas a member of the publication committee for two years,
and served as Secretary during six months in 1837. He
ultimately became one of the vice-presidents, which posi-
tion he occupied from December, 1800, to December, 1875.
He made communications to the Academy over a period of
forty-three years. At a period anterior to this, Dr. Carson
had reached another round in the ladder which he was
gradually but surely ascending, namely, his election to be

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 203

Professor of Materia Medica in the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy, which election took place in 1836 ; he held this
post until the year 1850. While occupying this position, he
was assiduous in other good works, still working zealously
for the Academy of Natural Sciences, and adding to the
duties and labors of his chair the editing of the American
Journal of Pharmacy, assisted by Dr. Bridges, and subse-
quently by Professor William Proctor. While connected
with the College of Pharmacy, Dr. Carson edited, with notes
and additions, two editions of Pereira's " Materia Medica,"
and in 1847 published his beautiful and creditable "Illustra-
tions of Medical Botany," in two quarto volumes, having,
it is said, drawn and colored many of the plates himself.

In the spring of 1844, Drs. Carson, Paul B. Goddarcl,
Wm. Poyntell Johnson, Caspar Morris, M. P. Hutchinson,
James B. Rogers and William W. Gerhard, became the
lecturers in the Medical Institute of Philadelphia, which
had u originated under the auspices of Dr. Chapman,
Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania."

He was elected a physician of the lying-in department
of the Pennsylvania Hospital, to fill the place of Dr. Charles
D. Meigs, resigned, and occupied this position, associated
with Dr. Hugh L. Hodge, from 1849 until May, 1854, when
this part of the hospital was closed.

Dr. Carson was elected a member of the American
Philosophical Society, and was its Curator for seventeen
years ; he also served on the publication committee and on
the library committee. He was highly esteemed as a
member of the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia Trust
and Safe Deposit Company, to which position he was elected

204 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

in February, 1872. There were various other associations
with which he was connected. He was a member of the
National Convention for revising the Pharmacopoeia of the
United States, and served on the Committee of Revision
and Publication in 1SGO, and was Chairman of the Com-
mittee and President of the Convention in 1870. He was a
member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, and
its President in 1862, and was one of its delegates to the
Quarantine Convention, held in Cincinnati in May, 1861.
He was elected honorary member of the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons of Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1870 ; of
the State Medical Societv of New York, and of the Phila-

*/

delphia College of Pharmacy. He was physician of the
Foster Home in 1840, and was elected a consulting physi-
cian of the Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
May, 1852. He was elected a Fellow of the College of
Physicians in December, 1838, and was one of its censors
for several years, and continued to occupy this position up
to the time of his death. The College elected him as one
of its delegates to the National Medical Convention held at
Philadelphia, May, 1847, which became subsequently the
American Medical Association. He was appointed a member
of the Committee on Indigenous Botany; was frequently
appointed a delegate to the annual meetings of the American
Medical Association, and was elected one of the College's
representatives to the International Medical Congress of
1876.

We have next to consider Dr. Carson from the time he
became a Professor in the University of Pennsylvania.
When Dr. George B. Wood was transferred from the chair of
materia medica to that of the theory and practice of medi-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 205

cine, made vacant by the resignation of Dr. Nathaniel
Chapman, Dr. Carson applied for the position, now without
an occupant because of the transfer. His well-earned repu-
tation, and his already established position as a learned and
successful teacher and writer, made the selection an easy
one, though his competitors were men of distinction. He
was therefore duly elected, and assumed the responsibilities
of Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the
oldest medical school in America, in the year 1850, and
held this chair until May, 1876, a period of twenty-six years,
when he resigned on account of ill-health, and was then
made one of the emeritus professors of this institution.

Dr. Carson was always a great favorite with his classes.
His genial and sympathetic manner, and the parental regard
he manifested towards them, created a strong affection
between preceptor and pupils. He was ever ready to listen
to their troubles, and help them out of their difficulties ;
and these intimate and kindly relations did not cease with
graduation, but were continued by correspondence, which,
increasing year by year, entailed upon the kind professor a
labor which few knew of or appreciated.

He was not a voluminous writer, yet what his pen
undertook was accomplished and complete. His powers of
research and sound discriminating judgment, made all his
essays studies of their kind. One work, however, will ever
be a monument of his ability as a historian ; I refer to
his " History of the Medical Department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania," a work which cost him much
labor, and displays great learning, and which also we
should look up as a testimonial of the regard, love, and
loyalty which he bore to his alma mater, and the theatre"

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

of his usefulness and fame. Perhaps it was this work
which prevented his finding time to write a book on
materia medica, which was his intention. His admirable
synopsis, however, may be considered as a text-book on
this branch.

" Blessed with an accurate and retentive memory, he
had accumulated bv extensive reading and intercourse with

<, o

intelligent men at home and in different parts of our
country, large stores of precise and miscellaneous informa-
tion, from which he drew freely on appropriate occasions.
He was fluent in conversation, and ready in debate, unsen-
sual and unselfish in constitution, placidly cheerful in dis-
position, and always self-possessed and respectful in his
deportment to all. He quickly made friends, and was rarely
deserted by any whom he had once attached to himself.
He was considerate towards his inferiors, charitable to the
indigent, generous to the unfortunate, and ever ready to
contribute from his stores of knowledge to assist others in
their pursuits."

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "On the Erythnea chilensis." — Journal of the Philadelphia
College Pharmacy, VI, January, 1835.

2. "Notes on the Species of Cassia \vhich yield Senna."
Ann rial it Journal Pharmacy, October, 1836, and January, 1837.

"Medico-botanical Notices," Nos. 9-12. — American Journal Pharmacy,
January, 1837.

"Medico-botanical Notices," No. 13. — American Journal Pharmacy,
October, 1837.

3. " Notes on the Taccacene." — American .Join-mil Pharmacy, January,

4. " Notice of the true Jalap plant." — American Journal Pharmacy,
April, 1838.

.">. "Medico-botanical Notices," No. 14. — American Journal Phar-
macy, July, 1838.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 207

6. "Note upon Gentiana Chirayita." — American Journal Phar-
macy, April, 1840.

7. " Note upon the Cinchona bicolorata. " — American Journal Phar-
macy^ April, 1841.

8. " Observations on Zaiiiia integrifolia. " — American Journal Phar-
macy, April, 1842.

9. "On an article called Texas Sarsaparilla," — American Journal
Pharmacy, January, 1844.

10. "Notice of some Brazilian Drugs." — American Journal Phar-
macy, July, 1845.

11. " On Drimys chileusis, The Winter's Bark of Chile." — American
Journal Pharmacy, June, 1847.

12. " Illustrations of Medical Botany, consisting of coloured figures of
the plants affording the important articles of Materia Medica, and descriptive
letter-press." By Joseph Carson, M. D. Quarto. Eobert P. Smith. Phila-
delphia, 1847.

13. "On Driinys Wiuteri. — American Journal Pharmacy, August,
1847.

14. "An Essay on Scammony, with an examination in the qual-
ities of the drug found in the market." — American Journal Pharmacy,
January, 1848.

15. "On Black Hellebore (Helleborus iiiger)." — American Journal
Pharmacy, July, 1848.

16. " On Quassia amara. ' ' — American Journal Pharmacy, October, 1848.

17. " On Quassia excelsa. " — American Journal Pharmacy, January,
1849.

18. " Note on India Opium." — American Journal Pharmacy, July,
1849.

19. "Note on India Cinnamon and Red Sarsaparilla," — American
Journal Pharmacy, October, 1849.

20. "Calisaya Bark." — American Journal Pharmacy, April, 1850.

21. " Remarks on the California Nutmeg." — American Journal Phar-
macy, September, 1854.

22. "Note on Nectandra Puchury-major and minor, as the source
of Pichurim oil, Pichurim bark and beau." — American Journal Pharmacy,
September, 1855.

23. "On the Fecula of Alstrremeria. " — American Journal Phar-
macy, July, 1860.

-OS THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

24. "Ou the source of the Balsam of Peru." — American Journal
r/iftmutcy, July, IS 60.

25. "A History of the Medical Department of the University of
Pennsylvania, from its foundation in 17H5. With sketches of the lives of
deceased professors." By Joseph Carson, M. D. fvo., pp. 227. Lindsay
and Blakistou, Philadelphia, 1869.

J. K. ESHLEMANN.

Dr. J. K. Eshlemann was a native of Lancaster County,
the son of Jacob Eshlemann, an extensive land-owner and
miller, residing near Leaman Place on the Pequea, and who
was called by his neighbors " King ,,f the Octoraro," on
account of his owning so much land in that district. He
was born March 2, 1810, and at an early age developed
a fondness for study. He received a liberal education
under the eminent instructor, Dr. Keagy, of Harrisburg, and
afterwards of Philadelphia. Choosing the medical pro-
fession, he graduated with honor from both Castleton
Medical College of Ohio, and the Jefferson Medical College
of Philadelphia. He located at Strasburg, in his native
county. In 1840 he married Fanny Edge, the second
daughter of Ruth and the late John Edge, of East Cain, in
Chester County, and in 1848 he purchased the " Glen Isle
Farm," where he resided until his demise.

His great fondness for pomology and botany led him to
develop an extensive arboretum of ornamental and fruit-
bearing trees and small fruits. He was one of the founders
of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society and the Fruit
Growers' Society, and in recognition of his attainments, was
made the first president, and served as such for some years.
He died October 7, 1897, leaving a wife, two daughters, and
six grandchildren.*

: }\'cst Chester Local Xeics, October 7, 1897.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 200

TRAILL GREEN.

Dr. Traill Green * was born at Easton, Pennsylvania.
May 25, 1813, and died in Easton, Pennsylvania, April 29,
1897. From early youth he devoted himself to the study
of natural historv. His interest in science led him to

V

medicine. Entering the medical school of the University
of Pennsylvania, he graduated from that institution in
1835.

He returned to Easton and established a practice there.
In 1837 he was made Professor of Chemistry at Lafayette
College. He received the degree of A. M. from Rutgers in
1841, and was later called to the chair of natural science
at Marshall College, in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania (1841-
1848). Here he pursued botany to considerable extent. In
1866 Washington and Jefferson University conferred the
degree of LL. D. upon him. In 1865 he was elected Pro-
fessor of Natural Science at Lafayette College. He presented
the astronomical laboratory to Lafayette College, and was
always deeply interested in science. From 1865-1891 he
was Professor of Chemistry in the same institution. Dr.
Green was a member of many different scientific societies,
and was an author of note, having written a number of
scientific books and articles. " Zoological and Floral Dis-
tribution of the United States " (1861) seems to have been
the only botanical article from his pen. With all the
labor implied in an extensive practice and a professorship,
he found time for other work. He had classes of bovs and

•>

girls in botany, and it was a rare season when he was not
instructing somebody in the natural sciences.

* See Lehigh Valley Medical Magazine, 1897, for the memorial meeting held
in Bethlehem, June 18, 1897, and reprint " In Memoriam," with photograph.

210 THE BOTANISTS OF I'll I I.ADKLPHIA.

JACOB PAINTER.

Jacob Painter was born June 22, 1814, near Media,
Pennsylvania, and was educated at a scliool in Troy, New
York, about 1836. After graduating there, he journeyed to
Chicago by stage, returning to his home in Delaware
County by the national road to Washington. He lived
with his brother, Minshall, and together they planted an
arboretum, containing later a number of fine specimens.
Jacob, after the death of his brother in 1875, went to Florida,
enjoying the trip so much that he never ceased talking of
it until his death, which occurred November 3, 187r>.

AUBREY H. SMITH.

Aubrey H. Smith, son of Thomas Smith, a member of
Congress and United States Senator, who had an estate of
3000 acres at Tinicum, where the quarantine station now
stands, was born at this place in 1815. He studied law
in the office of his brother, Israel Taylor Smith, and

•J

practiced at the Philadelphia bar. Mr. Smith was counsel
for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. He was a
friend of General Grant, and during the first presidential term
of the hitter he was United States District Attorney. Mr.
Smith was an active botanist, having collected extensively

C? v

and formed an excellent and extensive herbarium, which
was presented to the Biological School of the University of
Pennsylvania after his decease. He presented to the Phila-
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences many interesting
botanical communications, having been elected to that body
March, 1S7C>. One communication, in particular, is especially
noteworthy — " On the Colonies of Plants observed near Phila-

- ski-tch of Minshall Piiinter, his brother, i>:ii:r isi.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 211

delphia," printed in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences for February, 1867. In this paper Mr. Smith records
observations on 106 ballast plants, especially from the South,
as found on the ballast heaps of Philadelphia. For some
time Mr. Smith botanized with Messrs. Martindale, Burk,
Diffenbaugh and Parker, and it is to the labors of these
men conjointly that our knowledge of the recently intro-
duced floral strays is due. It may be said that these
observations will be of great use to the future phyto-
geographer, who may desire to trace geographically the
European, Asiatic and South American plants, introduced
into the United States and now growing spontaneously.

Mr. Smith married Miss May Rose Grier, a daughter of
Justice Grier, of the United States Supreme Court. Before
his death, which occurred in 1891, his impaired hearing
kept him from court-room work, and his time was devoted
to the business of estates, of which he had many to settle.
His death resulted from pneumonia, the result of a chill.
At the time of his death Mr. Smith was a United States
Commissioner.

JOHN REDFIELD.

On the banks of the beautiful Connecticut, and near
the center of the state of the same name, is to be found the
place anciently and still called Middletown ; and, in
accordance with a custom, nowhere so common as in New
England, of retaining for off-shoots from the original settle-
ments the name of the mother town with a prefix or suffix,
the little hamlet, a few miles up the river, was, of old, called
by the somewhat quaint name of " Middletown Upper
Houses," now changed to the unmeaning one of Cromwell.

212 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Here, on July 10, 1815, John Redfield * was born. He could
claim John and Prise-ilia Alden among his ancestors, and
was, in every way, of pure New England blood. Many of
his family had been sea-captains, a vocation nowhere repre-
sented by more honorable, hardy and vigorous men than on
our northern coast. His father, William C. Redfield, at
this time a country store-keeper in humble circumstances,
was a man of enterprising character and of an unusually
inquiring and vigorous mind. The son only knew his
mother as an invalid, and she died when he was but four
years old. Our friend's first public education came from
the district school, which his father had taken great pains
to have above the usual standard. In addition, there were
the " spelling classes " and " friendly associations," and a
small circulating library, agencies which he acknowledged
to have been aids to him in his aspirations for knowledge.

About this time steam navigation was occupying his
father's mind, and after some efforts in that way on the
Connecticut, his attention was turned to the Hudson. He
was frequently in New York for long periods, while his
son's education was continued for a year and a half at
Stamford. Finally, in 1834 the family was removed to
New York. The boy was now sent to the High School,
where, under the influence and instruction of one of the
teachers, a Mr. Barnes, he was instructed in mineralogy,
and had many a pleasant ramble in the country in his
company. His school education was finally completed by a
short course, which he provided for himself at a private
school, but between these two periods he attended the
chemical lecture course of Dr. John Torrey, an association

/litllctin. XX. II'.L'. with portrait. \Villiiun M. Cuuby.

JOHN H. REDFIELT).

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 213

which must have had great influence in his pursuits in
after life. His first business occupation was in a dry goods
store, where he continued long enough to acquire a thorough
detestation of it. He then assisted his father in his steam
transportation ventures, and this occupied his business
hours for many years. It was intensified when, in 1836, he
became a member of the New York Lyceum of Natural
History, of which Dr. Asa Gray was then the librarian and
superintendent. Here was commenced that friendship
which was destined to be close and lasting. It was at this
time that he acquired a taste for conchology, in which he
made much progress, and which resulted in a number of
papers on this subject published in the Annals of the
Lyceum. He thoroughly explored the country in the
vicinity, over land much of which is now closely built
upon, and in every way which the time at his command
and his means permitted, strove to advance the scientific
interests of himself and his associates. As early as 1846 he
became a member of the Academv of Natural Sciences of

«^

Philadelphia. In 1843 he made a very happy marriage,
and this, perhaps, was the eventual cause of his removal to
Philadelphia in 1861, where he long held a prominent
position in the extensive and well-known car-wheel works
of A. Whitney & Sons, with the members of which his
marriage connected him. His allegiance was necessarily
transferred from the Lyceum to the Academy, of which he
soon became a life member, and was gradually advanced to
many of its most important and laborious offices. Thus, in
1870 he became a member of its Council, and was also
made Conservator of its Botanical Section, the latter a most
important office, as it placed the various and very important

214 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

herbaria in his charge. He was Corresponding Secretary of
the Conchological Section in 1.S70, and after having IK-. n
long a member of its Publication Committee, was made its
chairman in 1891. It will thus be seen how important his
services were to this institution, and how great the esteem
in which his good sense and active exertions, as well as his
wise and thoughtful counsel, were held by his associates.

But beyond all this, and especially after his retirement
from business cares in 1885, he accomplished a great work
which no one else connected with the Academy had time to
do, and for which, indeed, no one was better fitted than he.
When he took charge he found four distinct herbaria, as
follows : that of Dr. C. W. Short ; that of De Schweinitz, com-
posed principally of fungi, very many of them types ; the
General Herbarium, and the North American Herbarium,
the latter of which is of the utmost value, not only because
of its size and completeness, but also because it contains a
large number of type specimens of Nuttall, Pursh, and
others of the early botanists of the country. The specimens
in these were loose in sheets of paper, very often those of
more than one collector huddled in together, with the labels
but loosely attached to the specimens. On the death of
Elias Durand only one worker was left to give a few hours
a day to its care. Its condition may be imagined by the
reply of Dr. Gray to an application for a share in some
specimens* — "What is the use of throwing valuable
material into a dust-bin." With great care and good judg-
ment, and an indefatigable energy, he brought order out of
this confusion, so that at last he had got the greater and
more valuable parts of the herbaria arranged and mounted
and properly catalogued. Nor did his benefactions end

*189f>. Botanical Gazette, XX, p. 195.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 215

with this, for he purchased all valuable sets of plants, and
bestowed them upon the Academy. The tender and appre-
ciative minute adopted by it, and hereafter appended, is
but a fitting testimony to his usefulness and unselfish
devotion.

Mr. Redfield lived for many years in one of the
pleasantest parts of Philadelphia and quite close to the
Academy. He made occasional botanical excursions, of
which notable ones were to the mountains of North
Carolina, in company with Dr. Gray and other botanists.
There could not have been a more delightfully cheering
and obliging traveling companion. In later years his
summers were spent on Mount Desert Island. The excel-
lent catalogue of its flora, lately published by Mr. Rand and
himself, attest his industry while there.

It is impossible to speak too highly of Mr. Redfield's
personal character. Honorable, sincere, courteous, cheerful,
always ready to do a kind act or to say a gracious word, he
displayed that true nobility of character which comes of
right principle faithfully adhered to, yet without a trace of
aceticism or austerity.

After some weeks of failing health, he died on the
27th of February, 1895, in the eightieth year of his age.

A beautiful western grass, the Redfiddia flexuosa, com-
memorates his name and services.

The Academy of Natural Sciences adopted the follow-
ing minute :

" The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has
heard with deep sorrow the announcement of the death of
John H. Redfield, who, in his unselfish devotion to its
interests has long been one of its most active benefactors.

21<i THE BOTANI>TS ()F PHILADELPHIA.

" Always an earnest student of nature, his last years of
deserved freedom from business engagements were devoted
to his favorite studies in connection with the Academy, and
to the arrangement and care of the Herbarium.

" The steady growth and admirable condition of the
botanical collection constituted an enduring memorial of
his industry and zeal.

«y

" As < 'hairmaii of the Publication Committee and Mem-
ber of the Council, the same fidelity and discretion charac-
terized the discharge of his duties.

" He was a man of strong but tender character ; firm in
his support of the right, but tolerant of all honest difference
of opinion ; cheerful, gentle, modest and cultured. Time to
him was one of his most precious possessions, yet he was
ever gladly at the service of those requiring advice or
assistance.

" He was an earnest student, a wise counsellor and a
steadfast friend. His encouragement and loving sympathy
endeared him to his associates, who felt for him a personal
affection which enables them to appreciate the irreparable
loss sustained by his family, to whom they would offer their
heartfelt sympathy."

Testimonials were also passed by the New York Aca-
demy of Sciences and the Torrey Botanical Club. The
Botanical Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, which had under consideration the subject of
a monument commemorative of the services to botanical
science of the late Conservator of the Herbarium of the
Academy, issued a circular, as follows: *

See Si-irnce, X. S.. I: 170: bulletin Torrey Botanical Club. XXII : Ix.1.
I'lnlinU'li'liia Lftluer, April L', L895.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 217

" It has been decided that no better monument to the
memory of John H. Redfield could be erected than to
arrange for completing and caring for the work he loved,
and to which he gave freely so many years of his life —
namely, the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Mainly through his disinterested labors, it stands to-day
scarcely second to any in the United States, containing,
besides many unnamed, over 35,000 named species of
flowering plants and ferns, the half of which have been
verified and fastened down.

" No one can probably be found to give the years of
time he so freely gave. In order to carry on the work, and
add to the collection, as exploring expeditions afford the
opportunity, it has been proposed to establish a Redfield
Memorial Herbarium Fund.

" Mr. Redfield's will provides that his herbarium,
minerals, shells and scientific works shall be sold to help
the Herbarium, thus furnishing a nucleus for the proposed
fund. It is in mind to raise $20,000, but the interest of any
sum that may be contributed can at once be made avail-
able.

"Statements will be furnished from time to time to
contributors, keeping them informed of the progress of the
contributions."

BlBLIOGPvAPHY.

•

1. " Note on the first discovery of Schizsea pusilla. " — Proceedings Aca-
d< mi/ Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1869 : 13.

2. " Search for Corerna Conradii in Morimouth County, N. J." — Pro-
ex dings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1869 : 91 ; American Natu-
ralixt, III : 327.

3. "Are certain Species of Botrychium epiphytic ?" —Proceedings
Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1870 : 91.

218 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

4. " Tetramerism in Lilium auratum, Lindl." — Bulletin Torrey Botan-
ical Club, II : 32. August, 1874.

5. "Oaks and Mistletoe. "—Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, IV : 13.
(1873).

6. "Fertilization of Asarum Canadense." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, IV : 21. (1873.)

7. "Dr. Torrey and Torrey's Peak."— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club,
V: 18. (1874.)

8. "On Asplenium ebenoides." — Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, 1874 : 155.

9. "Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America."—
Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, VI : 1. (1875.)

10. " Notes upon Anychia dichotoma. " — Bullet in Torrey Botanical Club,
VI : 61. (1875.)

11. "Note upon Dr. Torrey's First Trip to the New Jersey Pines,
prefixed to a letter of his, July 9, 1818." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club,
VI : 82. (1876.)

12. "Notice of the Botanical Correspondence of Zaccheus Collins in
possession of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." — Pro-
ceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1876 : 81. (1876.)

13. "Southern Localities of Lygodium palmatum. " — Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, VI : 232. (1878.)

14. " Obituary notice of Robert H. Browne." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, VI : 291. (1879.)

15. ' ' Aspidium aculeatum in Pennsylvania. "—Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, VI : 291. (1879.)

16. " Aspidium aculeatum at Bushnellsville Clove in Catskill Moun
tains."— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, VI : 331. (1879.)

17. "Notes of a Botanical Excursion into North Carolina. "-—Built tin
Torrey Botanical Club, VI : 331. (1879.)

18. " Dissent from Mr. Median's Views upon the Timber-line of high
Mountains. " —Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1880 :
345. ( 1880. )

19. " Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia."
Hull, tin Torrey Botanical Club, VIII : 42. (1881.)

•-ii. "The Muhlenberg Herbarium." — Bulletin Torn// Botanical Club,
VIII : 80. (1881.)

21. "Aspidium Lonchitis, Swz. in Colorado.'' — Bull, tin Torre// Botanical
Club, VIII : 105. (1881.)

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 219

22. "Occurrence of Hieracium aurantiacum, in the Catskill Moun-
tains." —Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, 8 : 112 ; Proceedings Academy Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, 1881 : 429. (1881.)

23. "Biographical Sketch of Dr. William Baldwin." — Botanical
Gazette, VIII : 233. (1883.)

24. " Note upon the Date of a Letter from Dr. Torrey to Amos Eaton."
-Botanical Gazette, VIII : 317. (1883.)

25. " Corema Conradii and its Localities." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Clnb, XI : 97. (1884.)

26. " Obituary Notice of John Williamson." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, XI : 104. (1884.)

27. " Further Notes upon Corenia Couradii." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, XII : 93. (1885.)

28. "Insular Vegetation, Flora of Great Duck Island, Maine."
Bulletin Torrey Botanical Clulj, XII : 103. (1885.)

29. "On the Flora of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket." — Pro-
ceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1885 : 378. (1885.)

30. "Still further Notes upon Corema Conradii. " —Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, XIII : 220. (1886.)

31. " Euphrasia omcinalis on the Coast of Maine." —Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, XIII : 232. (1886.)

32. "On Insular Floras. "—Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XIII : 245.
(1886.)

33. ' ' Re-discovery of Corema Conradii in Monmouth County, New
Jersey."— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XVI : 192 (1889) ; Proceedings
Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1889 : 135.

34. " Piirus Bauksiana with Corema Conradii on Schoodic Peninsula,
Coast of Maine."— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XVI : 295 (1889) ; Pro-
ceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1889 : 344.

35. " Stellaria humifusa on the Coast of Maine."-— Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, XVII : 38. ( 1890. )

36. "Notice on the Occurrence of Scabiosa australis near Pittstield,
Massachusetts."— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XIX : 341. (1892.)

37. "Obituary Notice of Isaac C. Martindale. " — Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, XX : 98. (1893.)

38. " A Preliminary Catalogue of the Plants Growing on Mount Desert
and the adjacent Islands. By Edward L. Rand and John H. Redfield.
Cambridge, 1894. Octavo pp. 286.

220 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

ISAAC BURK.

Isaac Burk, one of the best informed of local Phila-
delphia botanists, was born at Aston, Delaware County,
September 1, 1816. He removed to Philadelphia in 1838,
where he opened a merchant-tailor shop on Spruce Street,
below Sixth. He also had a store on Coates Street, now
Fairmount Avenue. Having very poor health, he was
advised by his physician to seek out-door employment, and
heeding his physician's advice, he purchased a Ledger route,
which he held for thirty years. He was a student of botany
from his boyhood, and his love for the science did not
desert him in manhood, for all of his leisure time was spent
in making collections of plants and in the study of natural
history in general. He helped to classify and arrange the
plants in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
of which he was a life member. In 1880 he presented his
entire herbarium, which represented so many years of toil
and collection, to the Biological Department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, where it is carefully maintained as
a special collection especially rich in local and introduced
plants. The ballast plants, to which Mr. Burk gave so
much attention, are especially well represented. Mr. Burk
was, in several cases, the first botanist to report the intro-
duction of weeds to this country, which have since become
so widely distributed. It is to this side of his botanical work
that we must look for the most valuable results achieved for
science. lie was familiar with the literature relating to
plants, and was the author of a series of articles on the
Flora of Fairmount Park, which appeared in the 7W///V
Ledger of Philadelphia, prior to the Centennial year.
Several articles from his pen were published in the

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 221

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. In 1888 1 it-
was elected a member of the American Philosophical
Society. Oil March 30, 1893, Isaac Burk died of general
paralysis. He was warned, however, by premonitory
symptoms, for once while arranging the plants in the her-
barium at the University, while on the ladder, he toppled
over and fell ; so ardent was his desire to leave the botanical
collection at the University in good shape for future useful-
ness. He had ten children, of whom four survive : Rev.
Jesse Y. Burke, Rector of St. Peter's P. E. Church, Clarks-
boro, New Jersey, and Secretary of the Board of Trustees
of the Universitv of Pennsvlvania ; Addison B. Burk,

«/ */

Assistant Managing Editor of the Public Ledger ; Charles
Burk, Foreman in Collins' Printing House, and the late Dr.
William H. Burk, for years Associate Editor of the Public
Ledger and Botanist of the Peary Expedition to the Arctic
regions in 1891.

FRANCIS WOLLE.

After a painful and protracted illness, Rev. Francis
Wolle * died at his home in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
February 10, 1895.

He was born at Jacobsburg, Northampton County,
Pennsylvania, December 17, 1817. His ancestors, for two
generations, were conspicuously associated with the Moravian
Society, and during his long and useful life he was always
prominent in the Moravian Church and educational affairs.
Although a few of his earlier years were spent in business,
he soon turned his attention to teaching as his life-work,
and in 1858 he became Vice-Principal of the celebrated

*1893. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XX, p. 211. C. H. Kain.

222 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Moravian Seminary for Young Ladies, at Bethlehem, Penn-
sylvania. In 1S()1 he became Principal of the institution,
and conducted its affairs with marked ability until 1881,
when the increasing infirmities of age necessitated his
seeking rest.

From his childhood the study of natural history was
his favorite pursuit, and after his retirement from active
professional work in 1881, he devoted himself to it with more
ardor than ever. He was especially known among botanists
as an authority on fresh-water alga; and desmids. In
1884 he published his " Desmids of the United States and
List of Pediastrums.* The volume contained 1100 illustra-
tions on fifty-three colored plates. This was followed in 1887
by two volumes on "The Fresh-water Algre of the United
States, complimental to Desmids of the United States."f
This work was illustrated by 117 colored plates, embracing
2300 figures. In 1891 he brought out a work the
" Diatomacea; of North America." J This contained 2300
figures on 120 plates. All of the illustrations enumerated
were photo-lithographs from India-ink sketches made by the
author. During 1892 there appeared a revised and enlarged
edition of the " Desmids of the United States."

His contributions to cryptogamic botany are recog-
nised bv scientists at home and abroad as standard works

* "Desmids of the United Slates and List of American Pcdiaxtrums," irith
luinilrt'd illustrations on fifty-three colored plates, by the Rev. Francis Wolle.
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Moravian Publication Office, 188-1, pp. xiv, Ids.

t " Fresh-water Alf/a- of the United States (exclusive of the Diatomnci'<i ) <-om-
p/i mental to Desmitls of the United States," with 2300 illustrations covering one Inm-
dred <m<l liflti-one plates. A few colored, incliidin;/ nine additional plates of
Desmids, by the Kev. Francis Wolle, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The Come/tins
Press, ivs;.

J " Dialomacece of .\orth America." Illustrated with ticentu-three hundred
jiiiiin-s, from the author's il riiii'i/ii/.i, on one hundred anil tu-,'lr< /ilntrs, by the K>'\ .
Francis \Volle. I'.ri h Irhcin. Pennsylvania. Tlic Cunii'iiiiis Pi-ess,

FRANCIS WOLLE.

*4l

rs&

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 223

of great value. The particular field of his investigations
had previously been but little worked, but his labors have
stimulated research in these very attractive by-paths of
science. He will long be remembered by those who were
his friends and correspondents for his kindliness of heart,
as well as for his conscientious care in the department of
science, to which he devoted the energies of his later years.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "Fresh-water Algse."— Botanical Gazette, III-IV : 68.

2. " Mosses of Pennsylvania." — Torrey Bulletin, VI: 36.

3. "Fresh-water Algte," Nos. 1, 2, 3.— Torrey Bulletin, VI: 121,
137, 181.

4. " A Nostoc, the Matrix of Scytonema." — Torrey Bulletin, VI : 217.

5. "Fresh-water Algae. Synopsis of Discoveries aud Researches iu
1878."— Torrey Bulletin, VI : 281.

6. "Fresh-water Algoe," No. 4. — Torrey Bulletin, VII : 43.

7. "New American Desmids. " — Torrey Bulletin, VII : 91.

8. "American Fresh-water Alga?." — Torrey Bulletin, VIII: 1, 37;
IX : 25 ; X : 13 ; XI : 13 ; XII : 1, 125.

9. "Turner's New Desmids of the United States." — Torrey Bulletin,
XIII : 56.

HALLIDAY JACKSON.

Halliday Jackson,* son of Halliday and Jane (Hough)
Jackson, was bom near Darby, Delaware County, Penn-
sylvania, December 27, 1817. His father was a prominent
member of the Society of Friends, and in early life spent
two years among the Seneca Indians, instructing them in
various industrial pursuits, and in 1830 published a work
on the " Civilization of the Indian Nations."

Halliday, Jr., attended Friends' School at Darby, and
assisted on the farm. At the age of seventeen, after the

* isss. HALLIDAY JACKSON— Poems.

-- 1 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

death of his father, he went to the boarding-school of
Samuel Smith, in Wilmington, Delaware. The following
winter was spent at the school of Benjamin Hallowell, at
Alexandria, Virginia, and upon his return he made his
home with his brother, John, who founded Sharon Boarding-
school. At the age of nineteen he commenced teaching-
school, an occupation he continued for several years.

In 1846 he married Caroline Hoopes, daughter of
Thomas and Eliza Hoopes, of West Goshen, Chester County,
Pennsylvania. In 1840 he was chosen Principal of Friends'
Institute in the City of New York ; this position he held
for five years. While there he met with a sad bereavement
in the loss of his wife, leaving him with one son. In ls.">4
he married Emily Hoopes, sister of his first wife. Return-
ing from New York he continued teaching until 1 8(33, when
his health became impaired, and in order to have the
benefit of out-door life, he purchased a farm near West
Chester, where he lived until 1881, when he removed to the
town.

In the summer of 1883 he spent some time in the
mountains of Western North Carolina, and most of the
winter of 1884-85 in Florida, studying the botany and
zoology of that region. He had a large herbarium,
acquired by personal collection and by exchange. Dr.
Darlington mentions him frequently in the " Flora Cestrica."
He also had considerable collections of alga.' and fungi.
He owned one of the first microscopes made by Zentmaycr,
of Philadelphia, and during the last few years of his life
devoted much time to microscopy, studying especially
cryptogamic botany. His collection of plants was depos-
ited at Swarthmore College after his death, which occurred
August 6, 1887.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. '2'2~i

EDWARD TATNALL.

Edward Tatnall was born on the 30th of September, in
the year 1818, in the village of Brandywine, then a suburb
of the Borough of Wilmington, Delaware, now a ward uf
that city. His first botanical lessons were under Joseph C.
Strode, at East Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania,
and as botany was taught in that day (by memorizing pages
of glossary), the class of fourteen was disgusted, saying, if
that was botany they wanted none of it. Edward, alone,
scaled the glossary wall.

He collected many plants in Chester County in 1831
and 1832, and in 1833 and 1834, while attending Haverford
College, also many in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. In
1867 he spent three months in traveling through the far
West, from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Springfield, Illinois, by
private conveyance, which afforded opportunity for collect-
ing many specimens. At Chicago, then a village, he
collected seven plants between the " Lake House " and the
lake shores. The trip extended to Mineral Point, Wisconsin,
and later, to the Falls of St. Anthony, where there were no
signs of any habitation. About 1853 he first visited Dr. Dar-
lington at West Chester, seeking advice about a ScuteMaria,
found 011 the rocky banks of Brandywine Creek, which he
pronounced to be a variety of S. nervosa, but which was
afterward described as & saxatilis Ridd. It is the only
known locality east of the Alleghany Mountains.

On June 3, 1859, he forwarded to Dr. Gray specimens
of Potamogeton crispus, which before that time had been
denied an existence in this country. Dr. Gray replied in
his usual laconic style : " The Potamogeton is P. crispus
exactly, and you have fixed it as a native of this country."

220 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

On the ninth he writes : " I have made a note of this dis-
covery in the July number of Silliman's Journal. * * *
I think it very interesting."

In 1860 Mr. Tatnall published a catalogue of the plants
of New Castle County, Delaware, and among others he sent
a cop}^ to Dr. Gray, who says : " I have yours of the 14th
and the catalogue. This looks very well, indeed. I see no
cause for you to be ashamed of it." July 25th he writes :
" In spite of the perfect (mostly) flowers, your plant is
Sagittaria calycina Englm. Glad to have it," June 1, 1860,
he says : " It would be well, I think, to dry a good number
of specimens of P. crispus, a species which no one but your-
self has detected in this country." It was collected later by
others: Meehan, Hoopes, Porter. December 17, 1861, Dr.
Gray relaxes his style in saying : " Your specimen (Lychnis
vespertind) in letter of 14th inst., which I asked for to swear
by, came in a condition tempting the profane rather to swear
at, being well smashed up." W. T. Sullivant, in a letter
November 19, 1860, in a humorous way, says : " Thanks for
the two Sagittarias. Phsenogamous botany, though I am
sorry to say * with me is divided into two parts —

one that I knew but have forgotten, and the other I never
knew."

During the season of 1805 Mr. Tatnall, then in his
seventy-eighth year, made twenty-eight pedestrian trips
through the county, averaging ten miles each, collecting
many specimens, very few, however, that were new.

Mr. Tatnall died suddenly at Wilmington, May 30,
1898, in his eightieth year.*

* See tliitniiicnl Gazette, XXVI : 37.8, November,

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 227

BENJAMIN M. EVERHART.

Benjamin M. Everhart, for many years associated with
J. B. Ellis in the study of the fungi, was born in 1818. He
' is one of the best mycologists that America has ever pro-
duced, having done much good work with Mr. Ellis in the
description of new and rare plants. Having kept a general
store in West Chester, in which he took much pride, Mr.
Everhart amassed a considerable fortune, and is looked upon
as one of the wealthiest men in West Chester. By his
neighbors he is considered rather unapproachable and
peculiar, and a man ready to push a close bargain. His
study occupies a separate building from the house, which is
a large brick one, rather over-furnished within. In person
Mr. Everhart is a man of striking appearance ; his nose is
aquiline, his forehead low, his beard is scant and fringing,
his eyes are bright, and his smile pleasant. At the age of
seventy-seven he is still a man of considerable activity,
although slightly deaf.*

CHARLES E. SMITH.

Charles E. Smith f was born in Philadelphia on the 1st
of November, 1820, the son of Charles E. and Mary (Ogden)
Smith. His parents were of the strictest sect of the Society
of Friends, and Mr. Smith was carefully brought up in the
principles and faith of this peculiar but admirable people.
He owes much for the sterling qualities of his own
character to the firm, sound character of his parents. He
was a student for three years at the Westtown school, but
at the age of eighteen began the practical work of his life.

* A visit was paid to Mr. Everhart in 1895 by the writer, in company with Dr.
William Sharpless, of West Chester.

f 1893. The National Magazine. A Monthly Journal of American History.
April, XVII, p. 5fi". Article by L. A. Bond. (The National History Company. ]:;•_'
Nassau Street, New i'ork.)

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

His first efforts were along the lines of his greatest
future usefulness. He was attached to an engineer corps
which had in hand the survey and construction of a
railroad from Blossburg, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, to
Corning, Xew York. This is the present Tioga Railroad.
The character of the service which young Smith rendered
in the construction of the road, and the impression upon
others which his faithfulness and signal abilities made, are
shown by the fact that upon its completion he was appointed
Superintendent of the new line. Later on, this supervision
was extended over the Blossburg coal mines as well.

Mr. Smith returned to Philadelphia in 1844, and very
soon thereafter entered into business on his own account. He
built the Fail-mount Rolling-mill in 1846, but the repeal of
the tariff that same year made it unprofitable. He sold
out his interest to his partners, and soon thereafter became
manager of the extensive Rensselaer Iron Works, at Troy,
New York. These works were the first in the Empire State
to engage in the construction of railroad iron.

Mr. Smith presently became the chief organizer of the
most famous coalition ever created in the iron industries.
In December, 1849, a convention of the iron manufacturers
of Pennsylvania was held in the City of Philadelphia. The
object was to co-operate in an effort to secure a re-enactment
of the tariff of 1842, which had protected their interests and
was necessary for their future prosperity. But it was found
at the convention that they were all strangers to one
another. Some preliminary acquaintance must be secured.
In this dilemma Mr. Smith volunteered to canvass the entire
State of Pennsylvania and to present a report of his trip.
The report drawn up by Mr. Smith was presented and

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 229

printed, and this was the origin of the American Iron Asso-
ciation. It continued under that name until 18(34. when the
present designation, the American Iron and Steel Associa-
tion, was adopted.

In 1801 Mr. Smith was elected President of the Phila-
delphia and Reading Railroad Company. He held this
position throughout the Civil War, and until his resigna-
tion in 1869. Since that time he has been interested with
various important enterprises. Mr. Smith has always held
a high position socially. In 1877, and again in 1878, he
was elected President of the Union League of Philadelphia.
Other similar honors have been conferred upon him. For
many years he has identified himself with the Botanical
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in connection
with which he has done much active work. He has always
taken a deep interest in the Herbarium and has done much
to extend its usefulness to the working botanist by identi-
fying and studying the plants therein contained.

CHARLES F. PARKER.

Charles F. Parker * was born in Philadelphia, November
9, 1820. His mother dying when he was but an infant, he
was deprived of that stimulation and encouragement which
a mother alone can give. His father, being in humble
circumstances, was able to give him but a limited education.
Charles, as soon as he was old enough to be of any service,
was apprenticed to book-binding, his father having long
been engaged in that business.

He remained in Philadelphia until about the age of
twenty-two years, when he went to Boston and engaged in

* Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences, 1883, p. 260.

230 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

the same business. After residing there about two years lie
married Mary Kellom, and in 1851 left Boston and moved to
Leominister, where he opened a book-store, and carried 011
book-binding on his own account, This business enter-
prise, not being so successful as he had hoped, was
abandoned in 1853, and he removed to Camden, Xew
Jersey, where he resided during the remainder of his life.
About two years after the death of his mother, his father
married again, and when the father died in 1835, his widow
continued to carry on the book-binding business, and Charles
became a partner, and assumed the management, subse-
quently conducting the work on his own account.

During the early part of his life he did not manifest
any especial interest in natural history, yet for a long time
he was a companion of C. S. Rafinesque, the well-known
naturalist, who boarded in the same house. This was
during the latter part of the life of Rafmesque, when he
was engaged in the manufacture of medicines. Very soon
after removing to Camden, Charles Parker became inter-
ested in conchology and entomology, which he pursued
industriously. He became acquainted with members of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, and was elected ;i
member of that body August 29, 1865. In 1874 he was
elected one of the curators.

Although he continued his interest in the study of con-
chology, he seemed to have taken an especial fondness for
the study of botany, which he never allowed to falter. He
was one of the first to discover that the ballast deposits
in and around Philadelphia and Camden were prolific in
introduced plants, and his knowledge of conchology some-
times enabled him to determine the part of the world from

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 231

which those deposits came, as occasionally fragments of
shells were found therein.

In one of his journeyings to the swamps of Cape May
County he met Colonel F. Austin, the noted cryptogamic
botanist, who died at Closter, New Jersey, a few years ago,
and who at that time was engaged in the study of the flora
of New Jersey. There at once sprang up a real friendship
between them, which increased as time advanced, termi-
nating only when Austin died. The interest, however,
which had been created to endeavor to complete a list of
the plants of New Jersey was not allowed to abate. A pre-
liminary catalogue was later compiled by Professor N. L.
Britton, and printed under the auspices of the Geological
Survey of the State, in which the name of C. F. Parker fre-
quently appears. Probably no botanist made more frequent
visits to the pine barrens and swamps of New Jersey, nor
collected so extensively as he did. The collection of New
Jersey plants which he has left is one of the finest and most
perfect that exists, and is, of itself, a monument of patience
and skill of which any one might feel proud.

Paralysis of the brain terminated his life on the 7th
day of September, 1883, in the sixty-third year of his age.

WILLIAM QAMBEL.

William Gambel * was born in New Jersey about 1821.
In his boyhood he seems to have attracted the attention of
Thomas Nuttall, who employed him as an assistant in his
trips. In 1814 Gambel journeyed to the southern Rocky
Mountains with a party of trappers on an ornithological
and botanical trip, for the Academy of Natural Sciences of

* SARGENT. Silva of North America, VIII, 35.

--'!- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Philadelphia. The published account of his travels, entitled
" Description of Plants collected by William Gambel, M. D.,
in the Rocky Mountains and Upper California," by Thomas
Nuttall, aj)]K-ared in the Journal of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, 2d ser., 1 : 149 (1847-50). In this paper Gambel's
name is perpetuated in a scrophulariaceous plant, Gambelia
speciosa* a figure of this plant with description being pub-
lished. Returning to Philadelphia the following year, he
entered the Medical School of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, from which he graduated in 184S. He was made
Recording Secretary of the Philadelphia Academy, but
]•( -signed from this position the following year to accompany a
party organized by I. J. AVistar to cross the continent to the
California gold fields. The leader, Isaac J. Wistar, became
afterward a distinguished officer in the Union army, a
philanthropist and President of the Academy of Natural
s-irnces. The party started from Independence, Missouri,
a 1 >t >ut the first of May, and traveled up the Platte River, where
(i.'ii ubel left to join a party of Missourians, led by Captain
Boone, of Kentucky. Gambel's fate is described in the
following extract of a letter from General \Yistar to Professor
Sargent: "In the year 1S50, I met two men of Boone's
train at Foster's Bar, who gave me the first information
I had received of the fate of the majority of the overland
party. Being well furnished and provisioned, and mostly
o'hier men than me, thev traveled leisurelv and reached

«/ ^

tiit Sierras only in October. After the loss of most of their
•cattle and consequent abandonment of many wagons in the
Humboldt Desert, they were caught by snow in the moun-
tains, and instead of abandoning the remainder and pushing

-i1 1- MEEIIAN. Native ferns n/nl jlmn rx <>/ II, < I 'nit«l Stoics . si-r. _. 11 : >'•-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 233

through, they camped to await better weather, which did
not come. But few got across the range, including Gambel,
and these saved little but what they stood in. With num-
bers rapidly diminishing the remnant pushed on down to
Rose's Bar, where several, including Gambel, died almost
immediately of typhoid fever. Gambel was buried on the
Bar which, however, as I have understood, has since been
entirely removed by hydraulic mining. His death occurred
in the latter part of November, 1849, and I have never
since seen any of the survivors of his party or heard any
further particulars.

" He was a genial, kindly man and delightful com-
panion, but averse to a rough life, hard work and short
commons, then inseparable from such a journey. He
was about twenty-eight at the time of his death, and had
he lived to cultivate more congenial pursuits at home,
would certainly have attained increased distinction as a
naturalist. His taste for natural science was great, his
attainments considerable, and his work even in youth
valuable." His name is also commemorated in an oak,
Quercus Gambelii, discovered by him in 1844.

GRACE ANNA LEWIS.

Grace Anna Lewis * was born on a farm belonging to
her parents, John and Esther Lewis, of West Vincent Town-
ship, near Kimberton, Chester County, Pennsylvania, the
3d of August, 1821. Both parents were descended from
the Quakers. Her father was the fifth in descent from
Henry Lewis, of Narberth, Pembrokeshire, Wales, who came
to the country about the beginning of 1682. Her father

* 1893. ''.-I Woman of (fie Century.'' Willard and Livermore.

234 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

died, leaving a wife and four daughters. Grace Anna was
then not three years old. Before her marriage the mother
had been a successful teacher, at first of her own brothers
and sisters, and later of large and flourishing schools. She
was eminently fitted for the task of educating her children.
After twenty-four years of widowhood she died, leaving her
oldest and youngest daughters with Grace Anna, in the
home known as "' Sunnyside." Grace Anna studied for the
love of it in prosperity, and it became her consolation in
sorrow.

She first studied botany, as a school-girl, under Abigail
Kimber, of Kimberton, Pennsylvania, a friend and corres-
pondent of William Darlington, and her name, in acknowl-
edgment of plants found in her neighborhood, occurs in the
" Flora Cestrica." Miss Lewis began teaching botany in
1840. In the field of general natural history her most
important work has been the preparation of a " Chart of the
Class of Birds ; " a " Chart of the Vegetable Kingdom ; " a
" Chart of the Races of Men ; " a " Chart of Geology, with
Special References to Paleontology ; " " Microscopic Studies,
including Frost Crystals and the Plumage of Birds, as well
as the Lower Forms of Animal and Vegetable Life ; "
" Studies in Forestry with original Paintings of Forest
Leaves;" " Water Color Paintings of Wild Flowers." and
illustrations for lectures on plants and animals. In LSI;!)
she printed a small pamphlet showing the relation of birds
in the animal kingdom. That pamphlet was the result of
long studies, both in her home and on the old farm, and
with the benefit of the library and collection of the Aca-
demy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, under the direction

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 235

of John Cassin, one of the leading ornithologists of the
world. It was the germ of her later and improved charts.
In 1876 she exhibited in the Centennial Exposition a wax
model along with her Chart of the Animal Kingdom. Here
Professor Huxley and other prominent naturalists found
opportunity of examining her productions, and they were
highly commended. Fortified by the encouragement of the
best zoologists of England and America, her confidence was
now assured, and she was ready to apply the same prin-
ciples to the construction of a " Chart of the Vegetable
Kingdom," which was completed in 1885. In 1870 Miss
Lewis was elected a member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. She is at present honorary
member of the Rochester Academy of Sciences, Rochester,
New York ; of the Philosophical Society of West Chester,
Chester County, Pennsylvania ; of the New Century Club of
Philadelphia ; of the Women's Anthropological Society of
America, Washington, District of Columbia; and recently has
been elected a life member of the Delaware County Institute
of Science, in Media, where she now resides. Miss Lewis
continues to lead a busy life, and as Secretary of the
Delaware County Forestry Association does much quiet
work for the cause of forestry. Under her supervision
there is now being issued a series of Tree Charts, for use
of public schools. The following have been so far printed
and issued :

PART I. — " The Oaks," forty -two pieces.

No. 1.— " Biennial Fruited Oaks, Black Oak and Allies."
No. 2. — " Annual Fruited Oaks, White Oak and Allies."
No. 3. — "Southern, Pacific, Hardy, Foreign, and examples of
extinct Oaks."

236 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

PART II. — " The Nut-Bearers." Numerous species.

No. 4. — "The Chestnuts aud Beeches.'' — American, Japanese
and European Chestnuts.

No. 5. — "The Walnuts." — American, Japanese and European
species and varieties.

No. 6. — " The Hickories." — American species aud varieties.
PARTS III and IV, which are to follow in due order, will consist of
species chosen from the most useful or ornamental of our other timber and
shade trees.

THOMAS CONRAD PORTER.

Dr. Porter was born at Alexandria, Huntingdon County,
Pennsylvania, January 22, 1822. He is of Scotch-Irish
descent on his father's side, and of pure German on that of
his mother. After two years' preparation in the Harrisburg
Academy, he entered Lafayette College in 1830, receiving
his first degree in 1840. Passing through the full course of
Princeton Theological Seminary, he was licensed to preach
by the Presbytery of Huntingdon, in May, 1844. For one
year from April, 1846, he served a mission church in
Central Georgia. In May, 1848, he took charge of the
Second Reformed Church of Reading, Pennsylvania, then
just organized, and was ordained and installed as its pastor.
In May, 1849, he resigned, to become Professor of the
Natural Sciences in Marshall College, Mercersburg, Penn-
sylvania, then under the presidency of the Rev. Dr. J. "\V.
Nevin. On its removal and consolidation with Franklin
College, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1853, lie was elected
to the same chair, and became a member, and the Secretary
of the Board of Trustees, and Chairman of the Building
Committee. These positions were given up July, 1806. in
order to accept from his Alma Mater the chair which he
has now occupied for a quarter of a century. During this

f-

TIIOMAS C. PORTER.

* */ 7
*

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 237

period, in connection with his college work, he served as
Pastor of the First Reformed Church of Eastern for seven
years, from 1877 to 1884. In 1865 the degree of D.. D. was
conferred upon him by Rutgers' College, and that of LL. D.
by Franklin and Marshall in 1880. Outside the sphere of
his official duties, Dr. Porter has delivered a great many
sermons, lectures and addresses on public occasions.
Among his printed works are : " The Life and Times of
Ulric Zwingli," from the German of Hottinger ; u The Life
and Labors of St. Augustine," from the German of Dr.
Philip Schaff, and a version of Goethe's " Hermann and
Dorothea," in prose. His many translations of Horace's
odes and the translation of the " Dies Iree," rank high.
The Merc&rsburg Review is indebted to him for a number of
valuable articles on literary and theological subjects. He
was an active member of the committee which framed the
Order of Worship, now used by the Reformed Church in the
United States, and at the celebration of the 300th anniver-
sary of the Heidelberg Cathecism in Philadelphia, January,
1863, read an original memoir of its authors and a trans-
lation of the essay on the University of Heidelberg, by Dr.
Hundeshagen, both of which are published in the Tercen-
tenary Monument. To Dr. Schaff' s " Christ in Song," he con-
tributed several hymns and lyric poems, from the Latin
and the German, and not a few of like character to The
Lafayette and its predecessors. In the preface to his poeti-
cal version of the " Kalevala," Dr. J. M. Crawford makes
special acknowledgment of his great obligations to his old
professor for advice and assistance.

In the scientific world, as is well known, Dr. Porter has
achieved high distinction, and that chiefly in the domain

THE BOTANISTS OF I'HI LA DKLl'II I A.

of botany. One of the founders and the first President of
the Lin mean Society of Lancaster County, for thirteen
years he explored its territory, going over the ground where
Muhlenberg had ranged before him, and, in isii'J. pub-
lished a catalogue of its flora. On coming to Easton, in
LSI ')('), lie organized a natural history society in the College,
for local work, which continued in active operation up to the
burning of Pardee Hall in 1<s77, and during this time large
collections were made of rocks, animals and plants, and a
considerable library formed. His own herbarium, already
extensive, became the property of the College, and, since
then, has been greatly enlarged by his untiring labors,
until it ranks among the first in the land. It contains
specimens from all parts of the world, but is especially
rich in plants of the United States, both east and
west of the Mississippi, and well represents the growth of
our knowledge in this field for the last half a century. It
comprises a flora of the State of Pennsylvania, which is, by
far, the fullest and best in existence. This most valuable
herbarium was, with the exception of the fine one of Penn-
sylvania plants, consumed by fire on December IS, ls(.»7.
which occurred by the act of an incendiary in Pardee Hall,
where the collections were stored. The mineralogical col-
lection and many valuable books and apparatus were also
destroyed. The collections made by Dr. Hayden in the
Kocky Mountains from the year 1X70 to 1874 passed
through his hands, and his reports upon them are to be
found in the publications of the survey by the government.
Of these, the most important. "A Synopsis of the Flora of
Colorado," prepared conjointly with President Coulter, of
\Vahash College, was issued in a separate volume in 1874.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 239

To Walling & Gray's "Topographical Atlas of Pennsylvania"
(Philadelphia, 1872), he furnished a " Sketch of the Flora
of Pennsylvania," with a colored map, and to Gray's " Atlas
of the United States," 1873, a " Sketch of the Botany of the
United States," also with a colored map. In addition to
these he has contributed from time to time many valuable
articles to the botanical journals, and is in constant corres-
pondence with leading naturalists at home and abroad. He
is an honorary member of the American Philosophical
Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ;
of the Davenport Academy, Iowa ; an active member of
the Torrey Botanical Club, New York, and a Fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Founders' Day at Lafayette College (October 20, 1897)
was observed by paying tribute to the services rendered by
Professor Porter to the cause of science, of religion and of
literature. Professor William B. Scott, of Princeton, spoke
on Dr. Porter's contribution to geological science ; Dr. John
M. Crawford, of Cincinnatti, spoke of Dr. Porter as a
pioneer in Finnish Literature. Dr. N. L. Britton, Director
of the New York Botanical Gardens, referred to Dr. Porter
in his address on " The Progress of Systematic Botany in
North America," in these words : " During the last half of
the century Professor Porter has contributed information
and material of great value to practically all the mono-
graphers of groups or of floras during that period ; his col-
lecting and critical observations began shortly after his
graduation from Lafayette College in 1840, and have con-
tinued uninterruptedly for nearly fifty years. Always
ready and anxious to aid, he has supplied to other authors
far more information than he has personally published, so

240 THE BOTANISTS OF ]'l 1 1 r.ADELPHIA.

that the list of his printed papers, numbering fifty -tl in ••
titles, is but an imperfect record of his contributions to
botanical science."

Dr. Porter is a gentleman of fine aesthetic sense, indulges
himself in a \vide range of belles-lettres studies and is espe-
cially familiar with the poetic literature of several modern
languages, as well as of the classic Latin and Greek. His
love of the beautiful might have been inferred from his
enthusiastic pursuit of botanical study, and indeed, the
same taste and ardor have made him acquainted with all
elegant learning.

He is a man of kind heart, and, in the presence of
one or more of " the boys," always full of interesting con-
versation. Here his wonderful memorv shows itself to be a

*>

storehouse not only of scientific facts, but also of numberless
reminiscences, amusing and otherwise, of his early life and
the lives of the great men with whom he is acquainted.

He is a theologian familiar with all the departments of
theology, a thorough biblical scholar, and has the art of
wise exposition, and of direct, practical, pungent preaching.
Happy in the tones of his voice, he combines in his delivery
the persuasive with the demonstrative in good proportions
and always holds attention.

His wonderful enthusiasm over his subject was the
strength of his teaching. Yet he was hindered in his
department by the want of assistance. Dr. March, in his
recent address on " The Needs of Lafayette," said : " He has
carried on all these departments with energy and with
honor during many years of happy growth, and now they
have outgrown the possibilities of a single man. The
thronging classes in the lecture room, the frequent classes

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

to be taken on held excursions, the great herbarium and
other collections, require more than twenty-four hours a
day. Dr. Porter's aid is also sought constantly in preparing
publications of permanent importance. Our comrade of
Torrey, Gray, Leidy, Schaff, has stores of truth and wisdom
which mankind would not willingly let die. He ought to
publish freely. He needs an assistant, or an associate to
divide the field."

Dr. Porter, although now seventy-seven years old, is
still hale and active. ^lay he long be spared to the college
whose interests he has so much at heart.

1. "List of Plants collected by Mr. Thaddeus A. Culbertson on an
Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and Upper Missouri, in 1850. " — Fifth
Annual Report Smithsonian Institution, 1850.

2. "Catalogue of Plants collected during the Expedition of F. V.
Hayden to the Headwaters of the Yellowstone Eiver, in the Summer
of 1871." — United States Geological and Geographical Sumy of Montana and
Adjacent Territories. Washington, 1871, pp. 477-498.

3. "Catalogue of Plants collected in Wyoming and Colorado, by
F. V. Hayden and B. H. Smith." - — United States Geological Survey, Wash-
ington, 1872.

4. "Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado (in conjunction with J. M.
Coulter)." —United States Geological and Geographical Survey, MiaecIIanciiiix
Public., No. 4, pp. 180, pamphlet, Washington, 1874.

5. " Orders Polemouiacese, Borraginacese, Scrophulariacese, Labiatse
and Polygonacere in Botany of Wheeler Survey." — By J. T. Roth rock
Vol. 6. Washington, 1878.

6. " Enumeration of the Indigenous and Naturalized Plants of Lan-
caster County, Pennsylvania." — Mombert's Authentic History, Lancaster, 1869.

7. "Sketch of the Botany of Pennsylvania." Walling and Gray's
Topographical Atlau, Philadelphia, 1872.

8. "Sketch of the Botany of the United States. "—Gra i/'.s Atlax,
Philadelphia, 1873.

9. "A List of the Carices of Pennsylvania." — Proceed inijx
Xatitral Sciences, Philadelphia, 1887.

242 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

10. "A List of the Grasses of Pennsylvania." — Bulletin Tor re n club.
XX, pp. 193-207. These grasses, moxtnted on cardboard, were on exhibition
at the World's Fair in Chicago.

11. "Contributions to the Species of Juncus growing around Lan-
caster, Pennsylvania, one hundred specimens of each to Dr. Engelmaun's
Herbarium Juncorum Boreali Americauoruni Normale, " issued from St.
Louis, November, 1868.

12. " Contributions to the Catalogue of Plants found in New Jersey,"
by N. L. Britton.— Final Report of flic Ktatc Geologist, vol. 2, Trenton, New
Jersey, 1889.

13. " Contributions to the Botanical Check List," published in Memoir*
of the Torrcy Botanical Club, Vol. 5, December, 1893, to December, 1894.

14. "On the Fedias of the eastern United States." — American Xatu-
ralist, VI, p. 386.

15. "On Stachys cordata, Kiddell." — Botanieal Gazette, I : 25, May,
1876.

16. "On a new Plum. Prunus Allegheuieusis, Porter." - — Botanical
Gazette, II : 85, March, 1877.

17. " On Variations of Podophyllum peltatum L. " — Botanical Ga:<//< .
II : 117, July, 1877.

18. " Eeview of the Sixth Edition of Gray's Manual (revised by
Watson and Coulter)."— Bulletin Torrcij Club, XVII, pp. 67-73.

19. "Solidago humilis and its eastern Allies. "-—Bulletin Torrcy Club
(with plates), XX : 207. (1893.)

20. "Vitality of the Seeds of Datura Tatula. " — Botanieal Gazette,
III-IV : 49.

21. "The Yellow Snow."— Botanieal Gazette, III-IV : 154.

22. " Viola tricolor var. arvensis. " — Botanical Gazd/i. V-VI : 13.

23. " Habenaria Garberi n. sp." — Botanieal Ga-.ette, V-VI : 135.
21. "Audibertia Vaseyi n. sp." — Botanical (,'ar.ette, V-VI : 207.

25. "Astragalus mollissimus."— Botanieal (Gazette, VII-VIII : 76.

26. " J. K. Lovrrie."— Botanical Gazette, XI : 64.

27. "Two new Florida Plants."— Botanical Gazette, XIII : 8. (?)

28. "Additions to our Native Flora."— Torrcy Bulletin, XVI : 24.

29. "Gentiauaalba.1'— Torrcy Bulletin. XVI : 53.

30. "Aster cordifolius and two new Varieties." - — Torrci/ Bulletin,
XVI : 67.

31. "Notes on Two Rhododendrons."— Torn,/ Bulletin, XVI: 220.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 243

32. "Notes on Harfordia, Greene and Parry." — Torrey Bulletin,

XVI : 277.

33. "New Varieties of well-known Species." -Torrey Bulletin.

XVII : 15.

34. "A new North American Aster, Aster Torreyi. " — Torrey Bulletin,

XVII : 37.

35. "A new Fern for North America," — Torrey Bulletin, XVII : 215.

36. "A Botanical Trip into Northern New Jersey. " —Torrey Bulletin,
XI : 90.

37. "Notes from Pennsylvania. "—Torrey Bulletin, XVIII : 85.

38. "A new Liatris from North Carolina." -Torrey Bulletin,
XVIII, 147.

39. " Lespedeza striata (Thunb. ) Hook and Arn." — Torrey Bulletin,

XVIII : 306.

40. "Ballast Plants at South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. " —Torrey
Bulletin, XIX : 9.

41. "Some Additions to our eastern Flora." -Torrey Bulletin,

XIX : 128.

42. "Aster leiophyllus, u. sp."— Torrey Bulletin, XX : 254.

43. "Notes on Plants of our eastern Flora." — Torrey Bulletin,
XXI : 120.

44. "Scutellaria resinosa."— Torrey Bulletin, XXI : 177.

45. " Prunus Allegheuiensis. " — Garden and Forest, III : 428.

46. "The Table Mountain Pine ( Firms puugeus)." — Garden mid
Forest, VI : 204.

47. " Magnolia glauca. " — Garden and Forest, VII : 398.

JOSEPH WALTON.

Joseph Walton was born in Philadelphia in 1823, and
in the thirteenth year of his age was sent to Westtown
Boarding-school in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Here
he imbibed some of the fondness for botany, which charac-
terized the intellectual atmosphere of the institution. The
school was located on a tract of 600 acres, a part of which
was traversed by the east branch of Chester Creek. A large
part was covered with woodland, and there was much
diversity in the surface features — hill and valley, swamp

244 THE BOTANISTS OF PII I I.ADELPHIA.

and upland alternating, and furnishing a large variety of
plants. Among these were several of the orchidaceous
plants, such as Orchis spedabilis, Habenaria grandiflora,
Cypripedium pubescens, etc.; of these, the Habenaria grand i-
flora is no longer an inhabitant of the farm, the springy
swamp in which it grew having been drained and
brought into cultivation. As an illustration of the num-
ber of species which grew on the Westtown. farm, he once
collected a herbarium of such flowering plants as were
found on that area, including ferns, and it numbered 600
species, although his knowledge of grasses, Cyperaceae,
was quite imperfect. Within easy reach of the school were
outcrops of serpentine, and the belt of hydro-mica schists to
the south of the great limestone valleys, which added con-
siderably to the botanical riches of that section of country.

In those days Joseph Walton was far more of a collector
than a student, but he believes no one can enthusiastically
collect objects of any kind, without acquiring at the same
time a considerable amount of knowledge respecting them.

After leaving Westtown, he entered Haverford School
(now College). During his three years' residence there, he
contracted an intimate friendship with Edward Tatnall, of
Wilmington, Delaware, whose tastes were similar to his
own, and together they scoured the adjacent territory in
pursuit of specimens.

On leaving Haverford in the tall of 1836, he was
employed at Westtown as one of the teachers, and con-
tinued there for ten years. During this period his botanical
studies were still continued. He left Westtown in 184(5,
and after about one year's interval, entered into business in
Philadelphia. Very little botanical progress was made at
this time, except as he occasionally met with some inter-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 245

esting botanical novelty, as when in visiting Trenton
Falls, New York, he wandered into a swampy piece of
woodland and came upon a patch of perhaps 100 plants
of the beautiful Cypripedium spectabile in full bloom. The
sight awakened a strong feeling of enthusiasm.

After removing to New Jersey and retiring from
active business, Joseph Walton came within reach of the
pine barrens, where many new forms of vegetable life
re-kindled some of his youthful interest, and he again began
to collect material for an herbarium, but these latter collec-
tions have been given to a reading-room in the village
where he lives.

His principal botanical work, if such it may be called,
has been the preparation of a number of natural history
articles, mostly descriptive of excursions after flowers, and
notices of the plants collected. These have been published
from time to time in The Friend, a weekly periodical,
published in Philadelphia.

GEORGE W. FAHNESTOCK.

George W. Fahnestock, a member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences and the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, was a botanist of local repute. A paper of his,
entitled " Memoranda of the Effects of Carburetted Hydro-
gen Gas on a Collection of Exotic Plants," published in the
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, for May, 1858",
is of merit as recording his observations on the comparative
injury done to greenhouse plants exposed to the gas during
the winter of 1857, when the earth was frozen to an unusual
depth, three feet or more. The plants are arranged serially
in the paper according to Lindley's system, and the effect
noted.

24<> THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

JOSIAH GREGG.

Practically nothing is known of the early life of Josiah
Gregg.* A broken down constitution first made him a
traveler on the prairies, which he afterwards crossed several
times as a trader in the employ of Mr. Thomas G. Rockhill,
a Philadelphia merchant, He contributed a series of letters
on the history and condition of the Santa Fe trade to the
Galveston Advertiser (1841 and 1842), and the Arkansas
Intelligencer; "The Commerce of the Prairies," a journal
of a Santa Fe trader during eight journeys across the great
western prairies, and a residence of nearly nine years in
New Mexico, was written in 1844. During a residence in
New Mexico, Gregg devoted some attention to botany and
discovered several new plants. Greggia, a genus of cruci-
ferous herbs of western Texas and northern Mexico, was
dedicated to him by Asa Gray, as also Fraxinus (Jrcgijii.
In 1840 Gregg acted as guide to General Wool's division to
Chihuahua, and later he went to Saltillo with General
Butler. He is supposed to have died in California, in ls"»u.

GAVIN WATSON.

( iavin Watson, M. D., was a Scotchman and active
practitioner in the upper part of the City of Philadelphia.
He devoted himself actively to the collecting of plants
in surround ing country. He was held with disfavor by
contemporary local botanists, bcrau.se he, with great dis-
regard to the botanists' code of honor, destroyed the
localities of several rare plants by digging them up for

* SARGENT. Silva of North America , VI : :>3.
J'i'ii-i i <liiti/x American Acadfini/, XII : 63 (18?i'>!.
<;<ir<h a nnil J-'orest, VII : ]L'.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. '247

sale and for herbarium exchanges. He was Secretary of
the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society and a member of
the Academy of Natural Sciences. He died November

H. DETWILER.

H. Detwiler, M. D., of Easton, Pennsylvania, now
deceased, collected largely years ago around Hellertown,
and sent his plants to Europe. Some of his plants are
found in the great Meissner Herbarium of Columbia
College.

EDWIN FUSSELL.

Edwin Fussell, M. D., was born in Chester County,
Pennsylvania, and was a friend of Joshua Hoopes. He
was an enthusiastic botanist, influencing the younger
generation. He died in Media in 1880.

GEORGE MARTIN.

Dr. George Martin f was born near Claymoiit, Delaware
County, Pennsylvania, in 1826, and received his early edu-
cation at the Westtown Friends' School, after which he
became a student at the University of Pennsylvania, where
he graduated in medicine about 1847. He first practiced
his profession at Concordville, Delaware County, where he
remained about three years. Owing to delicate health he
next became connected with the Fifth Street Dispensary,
in which he remained some five years, at the expiration of
which time he engaged with his cousin, John M. Sharpless,
in the latter's chrome works in the City of Chester. During

* The Gardener's Monthly (Meehan), I, p. 11.

t Journal of Mycology, II: 137. Signed J. B. E. (J. B. Ellis).

-MS THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

the war he was connected with soldiers' hospitals in Chester,
in which he rendered efficient and untiring services. In
1 si id he went to West Chester, where he continued to live
until the time of his death. During the last eight or ten
yr;irs of his life his health was such as to lead him and his
wife to pass the winter season in Florida. At the time
of his death, which occurred at his home in West Chester,
October 28, 1886, he was one of the managers of the
Pennsylvania Training School at Media, and a member
of the Chester County Medical Society and of the College
of Physicians of Philadelphia. Beginning with 1878, Dr.
Martin devoted much time to mycological studies, especially
to the examination of the parasitic leaf fungi, and only a
few days before his death had completed a " Synopsis of
the North American Species of Septoria/' as a continuation
of the series of mycological papers he had already con-
tributed.

In his demise the medical profession loses one of its
shining lights. In scientific pursuits he was also a close
and earnest student, as well as a botanist of such note as to
lend him into close association with the leading botanists of
tlie day. Dr. Martin was a genial and good citizen. Plain
and retiring in his manners, he was beloved by all and
honored at home and abroad.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. " New Florida Fungi." — Journal of Mycology, I: !>7.

2. " Synopsis of the North American Specie of Asti-rina. T>imeros-
porium and Meliola." — Join- mil of Jfycoloyy, I : 13:5, 145.

3. " New Fungi."— Journal of Mycology. II: I'.'-.

1. " The Phyllostictas of North Ameriea." - Jon nidi <>f JIi/<-ofogy,
II : 13, 2.").

."">. "Enumeration and Description of the Septorias of North Ameri-
ca .''—Join-iKi/ <>f Mi/coloi/i/, III : 37, 49, 73, 84.

GEOEGE MAETIN.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 249

THOMAS MEEHAN.

Thomas Meehan was born March 20, 1820, at Potter's
Bar, near Barnet (Hertford, Middlesex), England, not far
from London. His father, Edward, was one of the most
skillful private gardeners of England. His mother, Sarah
I ); Hicham, came of one of the oldest Saxon farming families.
The family was in the deepest poverty at the time of the
birth of Thomas, who was instructed by his mother until
he was twelve years of age, when he was put to work with
a gardener. He inherited his love for plants from his
father, and being deaf from birth, he never mingled with
other boys, but spent his time in the fields as an amateur
naturalist. Some of his early observations were remarkable,
and attracted the attention of well-known men, who
befriended him. His first article was published when he
was thirteen years years of age, and about the same time

«/ */ ~

he succeeded in hybridizing the Fuchsia, for the first time
producing a race which he named St. Clair. When fifteen
years of age he made and published his first scientific dis-
covery on the lines which afterward made him famous—
" Irritable Stamens in the Flowers of Portulaca grandifiora ':
— then a new introduction from Mexico. He attracted the
attention, through his diligence in the pursuit of botany, of
such men as Dr. Broomfield, Dr. Thomas Belsatter, Pro-
fi'-sor C. C. Babbington, and others. His spare time, while
watching by night the stoke-holes of the greenhouses, was
spent in study. At seventeen he became head-gardener to
a Mr. Vaux, and in 1845, leaving his position, he entered
the Royal Gardens at Kew, where he became acquainted
with Robinson Scott. He fell under suspicion as belong-
ing to the Chartists, and thus formed the ill-will of Sir

250 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

William Hooker, Director of the Gardens, who subjected
him to petty annoyances. Mr. Meehan refused to leave the
gardens unless he received a certificate. Having obtained it
the following year, he came to the United States (March
1, 1848), sailing on a vessel named " The Devonshire." He
reached America on March 21st, on his twenty-second
birthday, with twenty-five dollars in his pocket, traveling
to Philadelphia by canal boat. He secured a position at
the nurseries of Robert Buist on Darbv Road, where he

*/

remained for one year, afterwards working for Andrew
Eastwick, under whose supervision he laid out and restored
Bartram's Garden. Leaving the employ of Eastwick, he
worked for Caleb Cope, at Holmesburg, where he remained
until 1853. In 1852 he married Catherine Colflesh, and
after the birth of a son, started a nursery business of his
own at Ambler, with a branch nursery at Germantown,
with William Saunders as partner. During the War of the
Rebellion Mr. Meehan. lost nearly everything ; subsequently
he entered into partnership with a certain Wandell, under
the business name of Meehan & Wandell. This partner-
ship was eventually dissolved, Mr. Meehan taking the
entire responsibility of the business, which grew rapidly,
until seventy-five acres were cultivated at Germantown.

In March, 1NGO, he was elected a member of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, in which body he has taken
an active interest ever since. He was elected Vice-President
after a hot light. He is one of the oldest members of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, and
is also a member of various learned societies, notably
among \vliich may be mentioned: The American Phil-
osophical Society, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and other scientific

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 251

societies, both at home and abroad. Mr. Meehan was
elected a member of the Royal Wernerian Society in 1S44.
He has been for many years Corresponding Secretary of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and an honorary mem-
ber of most of the leading Horticultural Societies of America
and of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. For
several successive years Professor Meehan was elected
annually to the Board of Visitors of Harvard University.
When the Philadelphia Economic Museum was originated
in 1894, he became one of the Trustees. When the State
Board of Agriculture was formed Mr. Meehan became the
State Botanist, a position which he still retains.

About 1853 Mr. Brinklaw started The Gardener's
Monthly, Mr. Meehan assuming the editorship until the
death of Mr. Charles Marot (circa 1881). He also was for a
time Editor of the Agricultural Department of the Phila-
delphia Press, under the management of John W. Forney.
Mr. Meehan also became Horticultural and Agricultural
Editor of a number of American journals, at one time con-
tributing to no less than six, viz. : Maryland Farmer, New
York Independent, New York Tribune, and Public Leciy<r.
While at Bartram's Garden he published a book : " Hand-
book of Ornamental Trees,":< which was well received. Mr.
Meehan was the author of the descriptions which appeared
with the lithographic-colored plates of plants, issued by
Prang, of Boston, as '' The Flowers and Ferns of the
United States," f which were published until the death of

* The American Hand-book of Ornamental Trees. By Thomas Meehan,
gardener. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grarnbo tfc Co.. 1853, octavo, pp. xv, lOT.

t The Native Floivers and Ferns of the United States, in their Botanical,
Horticultural and Popular Aspects. By Thomas Meehan. Illustrated by chromo-
lithographs. Boston: L. Prang & Co.,Svo. I (1878), II (IST'.i i. .-eries2. I (Is.Mii,
American Natural History Publishing Co., Limited, Philadelphia. II iissu), Charles
Robson & Co., Philadelphia.

-•"'- THK BOTANISTS <>F 1'HII.A hKLI'JII A.

Mr. Robsoii. when their issuance censed. Their publi-
cation was resumed when Thomas Meehan and younger
sons established " Meehan's Monthly." in L890.

Thomas Meehan's career as a public man began in war
time, when he was joined with a number of prominent men
in an endeavor to compromise with the South. He was
also instrumental, with others, in the drawing up of the
rough draft of the Criin-ndeii Resolutions. In 1870 he was
elected a member of the School Board of Germantown. In
1880. at the demand of the Independent Republicans, he
consented to stand for Common Councils on the Republican
ticket. Through his endeavors, in ten years (lermantown.
from being traversed by dirt streets, became one of the best
paved portions of the city. Mr. Meehan also secured the
passage of an ordinance requiring that public school-houses
be built of two stories.

One of his first movements as Councilman was to
introduce an ordinance to select unimproved plots over the
whole city, a few miles apart, leaving them to grow in
value, and then sell outlying portions, in order to pay for
the parks. t This plan was pronounced illegal by the City
Solicitor, the charier of Philadelphia forbidding it to sell
real estate. A plan to raise a loan for purchasing the plots
was also found to be impracticable, the debt of the city
having already reached the limit allowed by law. The
only method left was to put such plots on the plan as were
not likely to be pushed for purchase for a number of years,
so that they could be ta ken gradually as the annual income
of the city permitted.

Meehan's Mm, thin. Devoted t" General <inr/iinini/ <in</ lt'//v /'/--//• a
Conducted liy Tlioiu:i> Median. Published by Thomas M.-.dum >V Son*. l
Philadelphia.

; (;,inl< n mill Forest, VI : L'K

f "v

THOMAS MEEHAN.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 253

Bart ram Garden, the first inspiring thought in the
movement, was, naturally, the first park taken. Stenton
Park, the estate of Logan, the Secretary of the Common-
wealth under Penn, himself a great botanist, as the natural
order Loganiacese so well commemorates, was next placed on
the plan. Then followed Stouton, Juniata, Frankford,
Waterview, Treaty Elm — the spot on which Penn made his
celebrated treaty with the Indians — John Dickinson,
Wharton, Miftiiii, Harrowgate — the site of the famous Har-
rowgate Springs — Vernon, Womrath, Ontario, Pleasant Hill,
Fotterall, Weccacoe and Starr Gardens.

Next to Bartram Garden, the crowning success of the
whole movement, so largely due to Mr. Meehan's efforts, is
Vernon Park, a tract of twelve acres in Germantown.
Although recently in the family of the Wisters, it was
originally laid out and planned by Meng, one of the early
settlers in Germantown, a wealthy banker and a lover of
rare plants. Under his patronage Kin, an early botanical
explorer, traveled.

It was largely Mr. Meehan's influence in Councils
which procured an appropriation to secure the exhibits at
the World's Fair, and which were later incorporated by Act
of Councils, approved by the Mayor, June 15, 1894, into
the Philadelphia Museums. Mr. Meehan has been the
constant friend of the institution, since its inception, in pro-
curing necessary legislation.

Professor Meehan, as a scientific man, has corresponded
with most of the scientists of prominence in both Europe
and America, A close correspondence was maintained
with Charles Darwin, who relied on Mr. Meehan's obser-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

vations for many of the facts incorporated in his books.
This correspondence continued, until a slight misunder-
standing between them finally put a stop to their letter-
writing and pleasant intercourse. Mr. Darwin gives credit
to Meehan's acute observations in many places in his
epoch-making works. Rev. Mr. Heiislow also drew upon
Mr. Meehan's mint of information concerning plants in
general, in the preparation of his book, " Origin of Floral
Structures." Mr. Meehan's entire attention is not directed
to the publication of scientific papers, but part of his time
is given to experimenting, testing, observing, and collecting.
Many of his observations lack the force which a perusal
of the literature of the subject would give them. His
published contributions to botany are numbered by the
hundreds. It would be impossible in the limits imposed
upon this book to enumerate his papers on botanical subjects.
Mr. Meehan's views have been antagonized many times
by botanists who have not leaned to his way of thinking,
but they all acknowledge his worth as a man, his untiring
public spirit, his wide philanthrophy, his kind heart and
pleasant ways. A man of powerful build and a distinguished
presence, Mr. Meehaii has left his mark in the fields of
legislation and science.

A trip to Meehan's nursery in Germantown well repays
a lover of trees.* In no other place are American trees
and shrubs raised in such quantities. Mr. Meehan early
recognized that eastern America is particularly suited for
deciduous-leaved plants, and that American plants are the
best for America. The senior member of the Hrin has been

Garden and Forest, VI : ::77.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 2")

busy for years raising American oaks, maples, ashes, dog-
woods and scores of other plants. Cornus florida, one of the
finest of all hard}' flowering trees, is raised by thousands.
Trees not often seen in nurseries, like the tupelo, sassa-
fras, persimmon and sycamore are here in numbers, as are
the magnolias and the tulip tree. But the nursery is not
only noted for the cultivation of American plants ; many
exotic species are cultivated on a large scale, and it is cer-
tainly true that the stock of young plants of the beautiful
Japanese Viburnum plicatum is larger than can be found
in all other American and European nurseries combined.

The Germantown nurseries contain a number of re-
markable and interesting botanical specimens. Here is the
original of the well-known weeping dogwood, Cornus florida,
found in woods near Baltimore, and the original plant of
Halesia Meehani, a chance seedling raised by Mr. Meehan.*
There are here also a small specimen of a weeping variety
of Primus serotina and a fastigiate tree of Picea Engelmanni,
produced from a graft brought by Mr. Meehan from the
.timber-line on Gray's Peak in Colorado.

One of the best plants in the United States or Europe
of the Japanese and northern China, Qaercus dentata, can be
seen in this garden, thirty feet high, with a stout, well-formed
trunk and spreading branches. The hardiness of this hand-
some tree in the neighborhood of Philadelphia appears to
be demonstrated. Here, too, is a fine specimen of Cedrela
Sinensis, nearly thirty feet high. Near the cedrela flour-
ishes one of the best specimens of Hovenia dulcis, which can
be seen outside of Japan. There grows a large specimen,

* Garden and forest, V : 535, figure.

THE BOTAM-TS ()!• I'l I I I, A I > KLl'Ji I A.

too, of Zizyplius vulgaris, the Jujube tree : this beautiful tree.
;i native also of Northern China, appears perfectly hardy in
Germantown. A remarkable plant of Pterostyrax hispidufn
is more than twenty-live feet high, with a tall, straight
trunk and wide-spreading branches.

The great-leaved Oregon maple, Acer macrophyttum, is
represented by three handsome specimens, twenty to thirty
feet high, covered with dark green leaves. Two large
plants of a weeping form of Ulmus Americana, found near
Calena, in Illinois, show the value of this variety as an
ornamental tree. Of the flowering trees in the nursery
nothing is so beautiful as Gordonia Altamaha, the rarest of
all North American trees. Mr. Meehan raises it extensively,
fully appreciating its value and the beauty of its large,
fragrant white flowers, which resemble those of a single-
flowered Camellia, and of its large leaves which in autumn
assume the most brilliant scarlet tints.

Among the conifers are two of much interest ; one of
these, Retinospora squarrosa, a plant which deceived such a
good botanist as Maximowicz, who considered it a species, but
which here has entirely grown out of its juvenile squarrose-
leaved form, with the exception of two lower branches, and
displaying its true character, showing that it is only a
juvenile form of Retinospora pisifera. The second is the
so-called Retinospora ericoides which, growing into its
mature form, shows that this plant is only a young
state of the common arbor-vita) (Tliuya ocddentalis). The
ground, although devoted as a nursery to commercial pur-
poses, is also a respectable botanical garden, presided over
by a botanist of great experience and insight.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 257

JOHN GIBBONS HUNT.

John Gibbons Hunt, M. D., was born July 27, 1S2G, and
was for a long time an intimate associate of Joseph Zent-
mayer in microscopy. Like Zentmayer, Dr. Hunt was not
a prolific writer, although he contributed a number
of short articles to the Cincinnati Medical News, and some
minor periodicals. As a manipulator of the microscope
and preparer of objects he was unsurpassed, but he looked
on this skill as only the means to an end — a knowledge of
the objects themselves. Having made himself familiar with
animal histology, he very early turned his attention to the
anatomy of plants of which he acquired an intimate
acquaintance. He was one of the very first to apply to
plants the methods of staining that were in use for animal
tissues, having begun before 1850. In 1S53 he first com-
menced double staining vegetal tissues, by methods after-
wards published by Dr. Beatty, of Baltimore, whose articles
were widely quoted in the journals of this country and Europe.
In 1850 he graduated from the Medical Department of the
University of Pennsylvania, and became a member of the-
Academy of Natural Sciences in July, 1858, and of the
College of Physicians in May, 1884.

It was as a teacher that Dr. Hunt exercised his great < -t
influence. A practicing physician for many years in Phila-
delphia, he still found time to give a great deal of attention
to instructing medical students and others in the use and
care of the microscope and in the preparation of microscopic
slides and objects. Pie was Professor of Histology in the
Woman's Medical College for a number of years.

Founder of the Biological and Microscopical Section of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Conservator from

258 Till; JJOTANI-'l.- dF PHILADELPHIA.

1872 to 1SSO, Professor Hunt did much good work. lie
was the first professor unpointed under the., by-laws of the
Academy to the chair of histology and microscopic tech-
nology, and although master of the most refined technique,
he never received a large share of popular recognition on
.- ic count of his native ni<><i. sty and reserve.

JAMES DARRACH.

James Darrach was born in Philadelphia, December \
Ivjs, the son of Dr. William Darrach, a descendant of
William Bradford, the first printer in Pennsylvania, and
the founder of the first newspaper in New York, and
Margaret Monro, descended from Colonel Haslitt, who fell
at the battle of Princeton. He was educated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, from which he received the degree
of A. B. in l.S-l'.i, and that of M. D. in 1852, having spent a
part of the interval in his father's office. He settled first in
Philadelphia, where he resided till 1861, when he removed
to Germantown. After graduating he studied analytical
chemistry in Booth's Laboratory, for six or nine months.
He was connected with the Pennsylvania Hospital as resi-
dent for three months and as surgeon for eighteen months,
including the period of what is known as the yellow fever
epidemic of 1S54.

lie delivered a course of lectures on the practice of
medicine in the Philadelphia Medical School, and was
Lecturer on Materia Medica in the Philadelphia School of
Medicine until ii dissolved. He was Assistant Demonstrator
of Anatomy and Clinical Assistant in the University of
Pennsylvania for four years. lie is a member of the Phila-
delphia County Medical Society, of the College of Physi-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 259

cians, of the Pathological Society, and of the Academy of
Natural Sciences. The transactions of some, if not of all of
these societies, have been enriched by contributions from
his pen. During the late war he established the Cuyler
Hospital, at German/town, of which he was one of the
surgeons in charge. Dr. Darrach married Sarah Morris,
granddaughter of Robert Morris, the financier of the Revo-
lution.

AVith Dr. Darrach botanv has alwavs been a side issue,

*/ */

having first begun its study because in need of out-door
exercise. At the suggestion of Dr. Joseph Leidy, Dr. Dar-
rach made a careful study of our local flora, in connection
with Dr. Leidy, Charles E. Smith and Aubrey Smith, pub-
lishing the result of his researches and collections in the
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences for 1853, and
later in a pamphlet, entitled " Plants Appearing in Flower
in the Neighborhood of Philadelphia, from February to
November." Printed in 1882.

JOB B. ELLIS.

The subject of the present sketch * was born at Potsdam,
New York, January 21, 1829. He evinced a remarkable
fondness for study at an early age, and the time not spent
at school or at work on his father's farm, was devoted to
reading. At the age of sixteen he taught the winter school
at Stockholm, St. Lawrence County. Here the lad received
for his services ten dollars a month and " boarded around."
Five of the ten dollars was paid in cash, the other five was
to be paid in grain. It was just twenty years afterward
when the last of the grain was turned over to him. Having

* From the Botanical Gazelle, vol. XV., No. 11, p. 299. F. W. Anderson,

2GO THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

completed his academical course he entered Union College
at Sehenectady, New York, in the fall of 1840. By the
end of the term his funds were exhausted, and he had to
seek employment for the winter. So, in company with A. B.
Smith, now a successful lawyer of Poughkeepsie, New Yorkr
he started afoot to Saratoga County to find a school to
teach. After walking for some miles they came to where
the road forked in the midst of a dense pine wood. N't
knowing which fork to take, a stick was set up on one end
and allowed to fall. It fell towards the right-hand forkr
which the young men followed, and soon came to the
village of Charlton. Here Mr. Ellis got a school, while
Smith went on to Galway. the next village, and, fortunately,
got the school there. In June, Is ~>1, Mr. Ellis graduated
from Union College with the degree of A. B. (since advanced
to A. M.), and went to Germantown, Pennsylvania, into a
select school with the Rev. D. AYashburne.

He had studied botany a little at college, but it wa>
here that he commenced to take an active interest in
phanerogamic botany, little dreaming what the outcome
would be. The earliest plants he remembers collecting were
Li par is liliifolia and Lygodiwn palmatnm. In November,
is'il, he severed bis connection with the school and entered
the Albany Academy as classical tutor, remaining one year.
This position was better suited to his taste, for he had
decided to become a professional teacher of classics. George
H. Cook, recently deceased. State ( Jeologist of New Jersey, was
Principal of the Academy. The evenings were spent making
blow-pipe analyses of minerals with G. AY. Taylor, a fellow-
tutor. The following year he and Taylor went into a select
school together for three months, but as it did not pay, the

>'»••'• '. •
lp: *

JOB 15. ELLIS.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 261

school was broken up, and Mr. Ellis returned to Potsdam.
While with Taylor he saw by chance a notice of Ravenel's
Fungi Carolinian! Exsiccati, the first thing of the kind ever
issued in America. While at college he had frequently
noticed the agarics, but not knowing where to get books or
information concerning fungi, he let them alone. But upon
seeing the notice of Ravenel's collection, he wrote to him
and then commenced a correspondence (in 1857), inter-
rupted only by the war, which lasted till Ravenel's death.
He continued collecting phanerogams until 1870, at the
same time giving gradually more and more attention to
fungi. In 1870 he sold his phanerogamic collection, con-
taining about 1000 species, to St. Lawrence University,
Canton, New York.

In May, 1853, he moved to Poughkeepsie, entering a
Mr. Bartlett's boarding-school as classical teacher, and
stayed two years. While there he and Professor Buckhout,
now of State College, Centre County, Pennsylvania, col-
lected plants on Saturday, and, said he : " On Sundays, too,
if we could steal away, for Mr. Bartlett was very pious." In
February, 1855, in company with his sister, Mrs. L. B.
Doud, late of Plattsmouth, Nebraska, he left Poughkeepsie
for Charleston, South Carolina, with the intention of teach-
ing school there. He called on one of the professors in the
South Carolina College to seek information on the subject.
Said he: " I told him that I had come South to teach and
make a home there. He at once asked me whence I came,
and when I answered from New York, he replied, while
slowly swinging in his revolving office chair, ' Well, the
state of feeling between the North and South is such that I
doubt very much whether you will succeed.' ' And he

2G2 TIII; r,oTAM>Ts OF

didn't. From Charleston lie and his sister went to
Alexander, near Augusta, Georgia. Here he succeeded in
obtaining a position in ;m aeademy, and taught one term.
Out- morning he went to the class-room and found a IHILM'
living snake writhing about in the big open fire-place, sus-
pended by a stout string, tied tightly about its middle, and
hanging from a hook in the chimney, where the boys
had placed it for fun. He returned to Potsdam, and
on the 10th of April, 1850, an event took place which
made it possible for him to do the enormous and valu-
able work he has since done for American mycology.
This was his marriage to Miss Arvilla J. Bacon, who 1ms
been a faithful partner in all the vicissitudes of life, and a
constant and painstaking assistant in his mycological
work for the past thirty-four years.

In the fall of 1856 he became Principal of Canton
Aeadeiny. In 1803 Mr. Ellis connected himself with one of
the public schools in Potsdam village. He was engaged there
until September, 1804, when he entered the United States
Navy at Brooklyn, New York, and spent the winter of
1XU4-5 on a United States steam-frigate of the North
Atlantic Blockading Squadron. He was present at the
bombardment of Fort Fisher, three days in December. lMi-1.
and three days in January, 1805, when the fort was taken.
While on the war-ship he became acquainted with a man
named Hale from New Jersey, who told him of the good
climate in the vicinity of Newfield. At the close of t he-
War, in the spring of 1805, Mr. Ellis once more returned to
his native town (which he has visited but once since), and
removed his worldly possessions to Newiield, New Jersey,
where he has continuously lived, twenty-five years having

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

been spent under the present roof. Since living there he
has been engaged in a variety of pursuits.

In 1878, he dropped every thing else and com-
menced to devote his whole time to fungi, desiring to dis-
seminate more widely a knowledge of North American
fungi and to arouse home botanists, if possible, from their
apathetic indifference towards these plants. He decided to
begin in a modest way by issuing ten sets of New Jersey
fungi, under the title of " Fungi Nova-Csesarienses." He
put up ten centimes on sheets of paper in boxes. Of the
two sets sold one went to Dr. Farlow, the other to Mr. Isaac
( '. Martindale. About this time Mr. Ellis went to see the
hitter gentleman, who asked, "Why not call it N. A. F."?
Mr. Ellis seeing the greater appropriateness and scope of
such a title recalled the two sets and concluded to get out
a series of centuries in bound volumes, entitled, " North
American Fungi." At that time he was so pressed for means
that he had not money enough to get the books made for
the first two centuries. Thereupon, Prof. Farlow, who
favored the scheme, had the books made in Boston and
advanced them to Mr. Ellis, who paid for them as soon as he
was able. The centuries took well from the start, and from
thirty-five sets to begin with the demand rapidly increased
up to fifty-three sets, which number of copies has been
issued regularly for the past five or six years. Altogether
thirty-six centuries have been issued. In all this great
undertaking, as well as in others which might be mentioned,
the cheerful interest and practical helpfulness of Mrs.
Ellis lias been constantly apparent. She has made
and bound all the books except the first sixty, which Dr.
Farlow kindly advanced for his friend at the beginning.

•J»U THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

N' early all of the specimens have been cleaned, sorted, put
into neat pockets, labeled and fastened into the books by
her own hands. Mr. Ellis himself says, that owing to his
great correspondence ;md the enormously burdendsome
quantity of material constantly being sent to him for
determination and comparison, he would not have been able
to get out the " N. A. F." without her valuable aid.

From 1876 to 1879, not having at that time the books and
exsiccati collections necessary for independent work, many
specimens were sent to Dr. M. C. Cooke, who determined
and published them in Greuillea. Under the circumstances
then existing this course seemed necessary, though it called
out some adverse criticism at the time.

Since 1880 Mr. Ellis has been associated with Mr. Ben-
jamin M. Everhart, who has freely placed at his friend's
disposal his splendid botanical library and extensive
mycological collections, and to his aid and counsel Mr. Ellis
lee Is greatly indebted.

In July, 1878, Mr. Ellis was elected a corresponding
member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. In August, 18.v2, he was elected a corresponding
member of the Cryptogamic Society of Scotland, and in
December of the same year was elected corresponding mem-
ber of " Die Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zoologisch-Botanische

( Jesell.schaft ill Wiell."

Mr. Ellis leads a quiet and retired life well suited to
his studious, sensitive nature. Although he moved about
considerably in his younger days, he was always fond of
home, as can be plainly seen from his invariable return to
Potsdam, his native town, after every venture into the outer
world. Too much excitement of anv kind affects him

THK BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 265

painfully even now. With considerable quiet humor he
tells how that when he was teaching in Mr. Bartlett's school
he determined on three different occasions to go down on
the boat to New York and stay there several days to " do
the city," and each time returned home on the first train
he could get, suffering with a violent headache caused by
the excitement of the trip and the noisy bustle of the city.
His fellow-botanists feel his influence and recognize the
value of his work, but wonder why they never see his
kindly face at any of the botanical meetings of the country.
It is simply because his health, at all times precarious,
demands constant quietude coupled with strict simplicity and
regularity in his daily life. A thorough scholar and quite
a linguist, he is perfectly familiar with Latin, Greek, Ger-
man and French, and has also a good practical knowledge
of Polish, Swedish, Italian and Spanish.

What Asa Gray was to American phanerogamic botany,
Job B. Ellis is to American mycology. He has published
besides numerous other papers on mycology, a manual of
North American Pyrenomycetes * which has given a great
impetus to the study of fungi in this country. Despite a
•checkered and toilsome life in past years, often in financial
.straits, and always burdened with delicate health, he has
probably done more than any other man in America to
advance the knowledge of our native fungi and to stimulate
the ardor of every student of mycology.

The collection of fungi, made by Mr. Ellis, represents
the net results of over forty years continued work in
collecting, determining and arranging the different species

* The North American Pyrenomycetes. A Contribution to Mycologic Botany.
By .1. B Ellis and B. M. Everhart, with original illustrations by F. W. Anderson. New-
field, New Jersey, 1892. Octavo, 79:J pp., tab. 41.

TIIK BOTANISTS OF J'JI I LA DELPHIA.

of North American Fun-i, and contains specimens of the
majority of the species found in tliis country, including
many of the species published by I)c Schweinitz. as well as a
large part of those collected by Curtis and Ravenel. and
type specimens of all the species jail dished by J. 13. Ellis,
cither alone or in connection with others (Cooke, Everhart.
Martin, Ivellermann, Langlois, Holway, L)earness and Gal-
loway), many hundreds of ne\v species, the most of which
are not found in anv other collection. On account of the

\r

more general interest now felt in the study of mycology,
specimens have been sent for determination from all parts
of the country, from Alaska to Texas and Florida, and from
Maine to California, so that the collection contains a greater
variety of forms than any previously made here. Amon-
the collectors who have contributed specimens are Dr. li.
AY. Kavenel, of South Carolina: Dr. John Macoun, Botanist
of the Canadian Geological and Natural Historical {Survey :
Mr. John Dearness, County School Superintendent. London.
Canada; Rev. F. D. Kelsey, F. AY. Anderson, and Mr. and
Mrs. H. M. Fitch, of Montana ; the late AYilliam C. Car-
penter, from Oregon; AY. X. Suksdorf, from Washington;
Dr. H. \Y. Harkness, from California; Air. T. D. A.
Cockerell, from Colorado ; Dr. AY. A. Ivellermann, from
Kansas; Rev. C. H. Demetrio and Dr. 11 T. Gallowav, from

*j '

Missouri; Rev. A. B. Langlois, from Louisiana; Professor
S. AI. Tracy, from Alississippi ; Dr. George Martin and
Colonel \Y. ^Y. Calkins, from Florida; Mr. Commons, from
Delaware; Air. Benjamin M. Everhart, from Pennsylvania;
Professor C. H. Peck, from New York State; E. AY. D.
Holway, from Iowa, and various others from other parts of
the country. Besides the North American species, the

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 267

Herbarium contains about 500 species collected by Spe-
gazzini and Balansa in South America, and 200 or more
from Messrs. Patouillard and Gaillard, collected by the
latter in the Orinoco country and Venezuela.

Important collections have also been sent from Sierra
Leone, on the west coast of Africa, by the Rev. J. Augustus
Cole. Many valuable specimens, especially of the larger
fungi, from various parts of the world, mostly from India
and Australia, have been received from Dr. M. C. Cooke, of
London. All this material, together with the extensive
collections made around Newfield, New Jersey, is arranged
in 150 quarto volumes of the same style as the North
American Fungi and in 100 tin cans and wooden boxes,,
the latter 12 x 10 x 6 inches, with hinges and clasps for
fastening; the tin cans being 10 inches high and 8^ inches
in diameter, with close-fitting covers, so as to make the
contents safe from the depredations of insects. Of the
regular exsiccati, the Herbarium contains :

1. North American Fungi, 36 volumes or centuries ;
each volume containing 100 species of fungi, represented by
actual specimens, with printed labels giving name of fungus,,
locality and host, with name of the collector. Besides the
specimens with printed label, this set contains duplicate-
specimens of many of the species from different localities or
on different hosts, with many postal cards and letters from
various European and American mycologists, referring to
species whose authenticity may have been called in question.

2. RavenePs Fungi American!, 800 species, edited by
Dr. M. C. Cooke. This collection is valuable, as furnishing
authentic specimens of the species described by Dr. Cooke.

3. Ravenel's Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati, 5 centuries

208 TIIK IIOTAMSTS (>;•• I'll 1 1. ADKI, I'll I A.

in bound volumes like the North America Flora. This
was issued from 1852 to 1860, and has been out of the
market for thirty years. It is valuable as furnishing
authentic specimens of many of the species described by
Berkeley and Curtis.

4. De Thumen's Fungi Austriaci, centuries 6-12 (1872-
1874) containing UOO species of Austrian fungi. The
specimens were originally distributed on loose sheets in
pasteboard covers, but they have in this and other exsiccati
issued in this form, all been arranged in bound volumes
like the North American Flora.

5. De Thumen's Mycotheca Universalis, centuries 1-23
(1875-1884). This collection embraces specimens from all
parts of the world.

6. Linhart's Hungarian Fungi, complete, 5 centuries
(1883-1885).

7. Saccardo's Mycotheca Veneta, centuries 12, 13, 15
and 16 (incomplete). The specimens in these four centuries
are on loose sheets in pasteboard covers, as originally issued.

8. Rabenhorst's Fungi Europsei, 1900 numbers (19
centuries), including the continuation, by Winter and

Paszchke.

11. Desmazieres, Plantes Cryptogames de France, a com-
plete set of the first edition (1830-1851) lacking only 125
numbers in fascicles I-X. This is a very valuable col-
lection, comprising with four fascicles of edition 2d (1852-
ls51):;s complete volumes in the original binding (50
numbers in each volume).

The set in the Ellis Herbarium formerly belonged to
tin- Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and accompanying many of the
are drawings by Mr. Berkeley, representing the

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 269

spores, and thus adding materially to the value of the set.
There is also a complete index to all the species in both
editions. As far as known, there is only one other set of
this collection in America.

10. Sydow's Mycotheca Marchica, a complete set 43
centuries, containing 3400 numbers. This collection was
commenced in 1880, and is still being issued.

11. Sydow's Uredinere (1889-1892) 12 fascicles, 600 num-
bers ; all that have been issued up to this date (1892). The
species in this collection are represented and illustrated by
copious specimens, and the collection is considered to be one
of the most valuable in this order of Fungi.

12. A collection of about 700 species of Finland Fungi
from Dr. P. A. Karsten, Mustiala, Finland. All the different
orders of Fungi are represented in this collection, especially
the Thclephoreas and Polyporetc, including many of the new
species published by Dr. Karsten.

13. Eriksson's Fungi Parasitici Scandinavici Exsiccati,
10 fascicles, 500 numbers (1882-1890). The fascicles are in
the original binding, and everything, from the specimens
themselves to the finish of the books which contain them,
is strictly first-class. The series is not yet complete.

14. Krieger's Fungi Saxonici Exsiccati, 21 fascicles,
10f>0 numbers (1885-1892), complete as far as issued. A
very valuable collection on account of the excellent speci-
mens, which are ample and good.

15. Spegazzini, Hongos Sud Americanos, 5 decades, 50
numbers (1881), representing species of South American
Fungi, collected in the Argentine Republic.

16. Fungi Guaranitici, 400 species, collected by Balansa,,
in Brazil.

270 THE BOTANISTS OF I'll II. AI>KI.riI I A.

17. Cooke's Fungi Britannici, 2d series. 1 century,
with specimens of 100 specie- of British Fungi, each illu-
t rat i'd with a drawing showing the characters of the specif.-.

IS. Cooke's Fungi Britannici, 7 centuries, 1st serif-,
complete, containing specimens of 700 species of British
Fungi, arranged and named by Dr. M. C. Cooke. The
-perimens are arranged in 7 volumes, like those used in
the North American Fungi.

19. Micro Fungi Britannici, collected, named and pre-
pared by Rev. J. E. Vize, \\Ystpool, England, 5 centuries,
with specimens <>!' 5no species of British micro-fungi.

20. L. Romell, Fungi Exsiccati Scandinavici, century
1st, containing specimens of 100 Scandinavian Fungi.

21. I. Funghi Parassiti delle Piante Coltivate od Utili,
per cura di Giovanni Briosi and Fridiano Cavara. Nine
fascicles, illustrating 225 species of fungi parasitic on culti-
vated or useful plants. Published at Pavia, Italy, 1888-
l.s'.»2. This is one of the most valuable exsiccati, each
species being accompanied by a fine drawing.

22. F. Cavara Fungi Langobardite Exsiccati. pugillus
'I -IV, Pavia, Italy, 1802, containing 200 species of Italian
Fungi,

23. Economic Fungi, Seymour and Earle. fascicle-
I-IV (1800-1892), containing 200 specimens of North Ameri-
can parasitic fungi. The specimens show the different
forms of the same species from different localities and on
different plants.

24. Kansas Fungi, by Kellerman and Swingle, 2 fas-
cicles, containing specimens of 50 species of Kansas Fungi.

25. Relnn's Ascomycetes, Nos. 1-1050. a complete set
of this valuable collection, containing specimens illus-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 271

t rating 1050 species of asycomycetous fungi. On account
of the bulky character of many of the specimens, this col-
lection is arranged in nine boxes, the specimens, in the
order of their numbers, being fastened on heavy sheets of
paper and laid in the boxes in such a way as to be readily
lifted out to admit of the examination of any particular
number. On account of the character of the specimens and
the reputation of Dr. Rehm, who issued them, this is one of
the most valuable of all exsiccati.

20. Kunze's Fungi Selecti, 5 centuries, containing 500
specimens of fungi, mostly collected areund Eisleben,
Germany. It is one of the old standard collections,
the specimens being arranged in boxes as in Rehm's
Ascomycetes.

27. Fendler's Venezuelan Fungi, 100 species, determined
by Berkeley. These are from the herbarium of the late
Dr. H. W. Ravenel. There are about 100 species of Wright's
Cuban Fungi, also determined by Berkeley.

28. Roumeguere's Fungi Gallic!, 67 centuries, contain-
ing 6700 specimens of Fungi, mostly collected in France.

The Exsiccati (1-28) are arranged in 230 (mostly
bound) volumes, like those used in the North American
Fungi, only more elaborate, being covered with marbled
paper, with the covers bound in cloth. These 230 volumes
do not include Rehm's Ascomycetes and Kunze's Fungi
Select!, which, as already stated, are in boxes.

To make the herbarium available for practical use, a
card index, alphabetically arranged, has been prepared, so
that any specimen of the forty thousand estimated to be in
the collection, can be found in less than a minute's time,
whether contained in one of the bound volumes or in one of
the boxes or cans.

272 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADKLPJI I A.

Besides the collection of Fungi, there is a small col-
lection of Lichens, including a complete set of Lojk;i'.-
Lichenotheca rniversalis (250 species) and about odd species
of American lichens, put up in six hound volumes, uniform
with the rest. There are also 300 numbers of Rehm's
( 'ladonice, and 300 numbers of Macoun's Canadian Mosses,
the latter arranged in three bound volumes.*

This extensive mycological herbarium has been pur-
chased f (180»V) by the Board of Managers of the Xew York
Botanical Garden, and will be deposited in the fire-proof
museum building of the garden, which is about completed
in Bronx Park. The purchase also includes a consider-
able portion of Mr. Ellis' library, and the collection
will be taken to New York and placed in a fire-proof storage
warehouse until it is finally placed in the garden.

ALBERT COMMONS.

Albert Commons, the son of John and Ann (Phipps)
Commons, was born in the village of Doe Run, West Marl-
borough Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, January
2:;, 1N-2D, the fifth on his father's side, from Elizabeth Max-
well (a niece of Daniel Defoe) of London, England, who
came over in 1725 and was married to Thomas Job, of
Nottingham, Maryland. On his mother's side he is seventh
in descent from Joseph Phipps, who came over with Penn's
Colonists in 10S2, and who was elected a representative
from Chester County to the iirst Assembly that met at
Philadelphia in 1<>83.

Owing to ill-health and a delicate constitution, the onh'
education Albert Commons received was that obtained at the

* Description by Mr. Kills in imniphlet form, issued October ].">. IMC'.
t See Garden anil Fart-xt. IX : 110. March 11. ix%.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 273

country district school, where he became interested in botany
through an older half brother, Franklin Commons, who.
while a student at the Academy at Unionville, in 1839, had
purchased a copy of Darlington's " Flora Cestrica," and also
had a tin collecting box made. Thus equipped, the brothers
made excursions to collect botanical and mineralogical
specimens, until at the time of his brother's decease in
1842, they had acquired a collection of about five hundred
botanical specimens. Albert's first botanical trip in Dela-
ware was in 1842, when, soon after the removal to the farm,
his brother took him along on one of his excursions around
the neighborhood. Ever since that he has taken an interest
in botanical pursuits, and has now a larger collection of
the plants of Delaware, perhaps, than any other in the state.
Having nearly three thousand species listed — of mosses,
over sixty species; hepatics, forty species; lichens, 160
species, and of fungi, 1300 species.

JOHN HICHAEL flAISCH.

John Michael Maisch * was born in Germany, at
Hanau-on-the-Main, January 30, 1831, his father being
Conrad Maisch, a merchant of moderate means in that
town. He attended, at first, a private school, then the city
free school, and later the middle public school.

Here he soon attracted the attention of his teacher.
Pastor Worishoffer, and by him he was employed to correct
the lessons of the lower class, and in return received
instructions in the rudiments of French. At the age of
twelve and a half years he left this school, and on the
advice of his parents he determined to learn the jewelry

* American Journal of Pharmacy, January, 189-4, LXVI : 1.

-174 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Business. His instruction lasted, however, onlv a few days,

v i/

as he was still of the age when lie was compelled by law to
a i tend school, and his parents could not obtain an official
dismissal. School Inspector Roeder, on the recommendation
of Pastor Worishoffer, however, obtained for him free
instruction in the class of the Realschule, into which he was
taken on trial. Here, again, he proved an apt scholar, and
drew the attention of his teacher, Pastor Beinhauer. Roeder,
having obtained permission to open an Ober-realschule,
Maisch was taken into the third division. Theobald, the
teacher of botany and zoology, became interested in the
young student, and revealed to him the wonders of the
microscope. Under the same direction Maisch attended
botanical and mineralogical excursions in the vicinity of
Hanau. These opportunities caused Maisch to give up his
intention of studying theology and devote himself entirely
to the natural sciences as a life-work, but it seemed as if
fate had ordained otherwise.

Compelled to leave Germany on account of his connec-
tion with a party of revolutionists, he emigrated to America,
landing in Baltimore in 1849. On his arrival he was
almost penniless, and to supply the necessaries of life, he
obtained employment in a paper-box manufactory, and sub-
sequently in a mattress factory until about half a year later,
when he made the acquaintance of Dr. Wiss ; this gentleman
desired to open a drug store, which he afterwards succeeded
in doing, and Mr. Maisch took charge of the store for him
during a few months in 1850, after being instructed by
Dr. Wiss and Dr. Yogler. Towards the end of 1851, the
store was sold, and Maisch then obtained employment in
Washington, where he held the position of assistant in a
drug store until 1853, when he came to Philadelphia, as his

JOHN M. MAISCH.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 275

parents and some of his sisters had arrived from Europe.
Until 1855 he acted as clerk in Philadelphia and New York,
and in the latter part of this year was employed in a
chemical factory of Brooklyn. In 1856 Mr. Maisch returned
to Philadelphia and accepted the position of clerk, with
E. B. Garrigues and Robert Shoemaker and Company, until
1859; he then took charge of one of the departments of
instruction in the School of Pharmacy for medical students,
which was conducted by Professor Parrish, in an upper
room in the building at the south-west corner of Eighth and
Arch Streets, the first story of which was occupied as his
drug store. In 1861 Mr. Maisch was called to the College
of Pharmacy of the City of New York, as Professor of
Pharmacy and Materia Medica, and for the time in which
he was not engaged in his duties at the College, he found
employment at the laboratory of Dr. E. R. Squibb. In 1863
Professor Maisch returned to Philadelphia to organize and
conduct the United States Army Laboratory, proposed by
Surgeon-General Hammond, and of this he was Director
until the close of the war. After the close of the war,
Professor Maisch opened a drug store at 1607 Ridge Avenue,
which he conducted until 1871, when he was compelled to
dispose of it, in order to give his whole attention to his
duties at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and the
secretaryship of the American Pharmaceutical Association.
In 1856 Mr. Maisch joined the American Pharmaceutical
Association, and in 1860 was made Reporter on the Progress
of Pharmacy. Here he introduced the arrangement of the
articles which has since been retained. In 1863 he was
made First Vice-President ; in 1865, was elected Permanent
Secretary, which position he retained until the time of his
death.

276 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

The College of Pharmacy attracted the attention of
Mr. Maisdi as soon as he arrived in Philadelphia, and it
was not long before he was elected a member, and became
a contributor to its journal. The earnest manner and
industrious habits of the young German made an impres-
sion upon the Editor of the Journal and the Professor oi'
Pharmacy in the College, William Procter, Jr. On tin
relintjuishment of the chair of pharmacy, in ls<>r>, by
Professor Procter, on account of ill health, John M. Maisch
was called upon to fill the vacancy. In 1-SG7, however,
Professor Maisch exchanged chairs with Professor Parrish,
and at tin- same time the title of the chair of materia
medica, formerly held by Professor Fairish was enlarged,
so that it became that of materia medica and botany.
Professor Maisch retained the chair of materia medica and
botany until the time of his death, a period of twenty-six
years, and the services which he has rendered to American
Pharmacy during this time will never be forgotten.

When ill-health compelled Professor Procter, in IS 70.
to resign the editorship of the American Journal of Pharmary,
Professor Maisch was unanimously chosen to fill the posi-
tion, and at the same time the Journal was enlarged by
making it a monthly instead of a bi-monthly publication,
and the same qualities, with which he was so plentifully
endowed, were now enlisted in this new field of labor. The
year Is7() was ;m eventful one for him, for in addition to
his other duties, he was called to take charge of the chemical
laboratory, which had been organized in the college, through
the efforts of the Alumni Association.

His interest in pharmaceutical literature, and his
desire to add to the sum of knowledge in his chosen pro-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 277

fession, was manifested soon after he arrived in Philadelphia,
and the first paper that he wrote for the American Journal
of Pharmacy appeared in March, 1854, the title being : " On
the Adulteration of Drugs and Chemical Preparations."

Conjointly, with Dr. Alfred Stille, was issued the
•" National Dispensatory," each author dividing the field of
labor between them, Professor Stille writing the medical and
the therapeutical portions, whilst Professor Maisch supplied
the botanical, chemical and pharmaceutical material ; this
work has gone through four editions. He also issued a
work entitled, " Organic Materia Medica." *

On the 24th of September, 1860, he was elected member
of the Board of Trustees of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy. His first botanical paper appeared in the
Journal in 1861, and is entitled " On Chelidonium Majus."
This contains also a chemical account of the constituents
and properties of the plant.

From 1861, when his first botanical paper was pub-
lished, until 1893, when his last paper appeared, " On the
Tubers of Dioscorea Species," a large number of important
articles appeared from his pen.

In 1892 Professor Maisch's friends noticed that at times
he appeared to be suffering, and for the first time in many
years he was occasionally compelled to relinquish some of
his lectures. It was not, however, until April, 1893, that he
experienced a difficulty in swallowing food. At first no one
realized the significance of this symptom, and it was only
after a considerable increase of this painful sensation that
he sought medical advice. Gradually, but surely, the

* A Manual of Organic Materia Medica, being a Guide to Materia Medica
of the Vegetables and Animal Kingdoms for the Use of Students, Druggists, Phar-
macists and Physicians. By John M. Maisch, Ph. D. Third edition. Lea Brothers &
Co., 1887, octavo, xv, 532 pp.

278 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

orifice of the cesophagus became smaller and smaller, and
it was soon recognized that a malignant growth was pressing
upon it to such an extent that solid food could no longer find
an entrance into the stomach, and after five months of pain-
ful suffering, which he bore with fortitude and resignation,
he peacefully passed away on the 10th of September, 1893.
Just before death he was awarded the Hanbury Gold Medal
for distinguished services and for original research in the
natural history and chemistry of drugs.

His mind was imbued with a love for science, and the
characteristic which thoroughly pervaded all of Professor
Maisch's work as a scientist, was the persistent search for
truth, for he would never rest until he was satisfied that
the utmost effort had been put forth to eliminate error, and
it was the knowledge of this trait in his character which
gave to his scientific opinions so much weight. Outspoken
often to brusqueness in condemning error, his mind was
always open to conviction, and he was never ashamed to
change his views when he was convinced that the}7 wi-re
not correct.

WILLIAM MARRIOTT CANBY.

William Marriott Canby was born in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, March 19, 1831. He was educated mainly by
private tutors and at private schools. His father was a
successful merchant in Philadelphia. When William was
five years of age, the family removed to Wilmington, Dela-
ware, where before the boy was twenty years of age he had
purchased a farm on the Brandywine, near Chaddsford, Penn-
sylvania. He had an early predilection for botany, but could
never find time to devote himself exclusively to it. Several

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 279

articles have been written on insectivorous plants, notably
those on Dionxa in the Gardener's Monthly, on Darlingtonia
and on Drosera. He has pursued systematic botany, publish-
ing many species and describing several new ones. The
main work of Mr. Can by 's life has been the accumulation of
a splendid herbarium of 30,000 species, now in possession of
the College of Pharmacy, of New York, and one of 8000
species, mainly from the United States, made for the Society
of Natural History of Delaware.

Mr. Canby during his active life has botanized exten-
sively in almost all parts of the United States and Canada,
and has distributed very many thousands of specimens.
He has had the personal friendship of such botanists, as
Drs. Gray, Engelmann, Sargent and others, besides having
a very large and widespread botanical correspondence in
many parts of the world.

In 1866 he again removed to Wilmington, Delaware,
where, as a business man, he has been engaged as Receiver
and President of the Delaware Western Railroad Company;
President of the Wilmington Institute (Library, etc.), of the
House of Friendless and Destitute Children, of the Asso-
ciated Charities ; President of the Wilmington Savings Fund
Society, of the Delaware Field Club, of the Delaware Society
of Natural History, and a director in various financial
institutions.

The large and fine herbarium of William M.
Canby * was purchased by the College of Pharmacy, of the
City of New York, and deposited in their building, on
Sixty-eighth Street, near the Boulevard. Mr. Canby's early
fondness for botanical pursuits found a welcome opportunity

* 1892. Torrey Botanical Bulletin, XIX : 336.

280 TIIK noT.\M>Ts d- 1'niLAHKi.rniA.

for gratification when a bronchial trouble drove him to
Florida early in the year 1 s."s. Coming homeward by way
of Savannah and Aiken. South Carolina, quite a large and
varied collection was made. This was supplemented in
August by a month's botani/ing in the mountains of

southwestern Virginia, especially about the cliffs of
River and the Salt Pond Mountain. A two months' visit
to Europe next opened some opportunities for exchange
and correspondence.

Up to August, 1S(')(). etl'orts were mainly confined to
obtaining specimens of the flora of Delaware, eastern Penn-
sylvania and the pine barrens of New Jersey. At the date
mentioned an extensive journey was made to New York,
New England and Canada. The collections made at this
time enabled him to exchange extensively with botanists
in the three western states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois,
as well as with some in New England and New York.
Among these may be mentioned Dr. Vasey, Messrs. Hall
and Bebb, of Illinois ; Watson, Hope and Lapham, of
Wisconsin; Sullivant, of Ohio, Dr. Sartwell and Judge
Clinton, of New York, and several in New England. Pro-
fessor Porter and Dr. Traill Green, of Pennsylvania, were
also most esteemed correspondents.

About this time, also, Mr. Canby became acquainted
with Drs. Gray, Torrey and Engelmann, and active corre-
spondence and most valuable exchanges were the result,
The immense stores of foreign botanical treasures which at
that time came to Dr. Gray were freely shared with Mr.
( 'a nl iv. He also became a purchaser of all valuable sets of
American plants which he could find. The first of these
were those of Dr. Parry and Messrs. Hall and Harbour,

WILLIAM M. CANBY.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 281

made around Pike's Peak and other Colorado mountains,
and the plains at their base. He also purchased from the
late Charles Wright more than two thousand numbers of
his Cuban collection.

At the death of Mr. Sullivant his large collection was
sent to Dr. Gray, and through his kindness the whole of the
foreign collection was incorporated in the Canby Her-
barium. This was particularly rich in the Spanish and
Grecian collections of Boissier, in the Siberian and Altai
collections of Bunge and Ledebour, in the Italian collections
of Tenore and Gasparini, and in a large and valuable
representation of the plants of France and Germany. He
also obtained a part of the Venezuela collection of Fendler,
and a goodly number of that of Mandon and other collec-
tors in the Cordilleras of South America. He also received
many specimens from Schultes Bipontinus, Dr. Schnor and
Karl Keck, of the various German countries, from Professor
Parlatore, of Italy, Rene Lenormand, of France, and many
others.

From Professor Lenormand was also received a very
fine collection of the peculiar flora of New Caledonia, which
had been placed in his hands for study and distribution.
While on the subject of foreign specimens it must not be
forgotten to mention the many thousands of species received
from Baron von Mueller, of Australia, Professor MacOwen,
of South Africa, and Dr. Cheeseman, of New Zealand.

In this country Mr. Canby has exchanged with eveiy
one he could find who made good specimens, and has
purchased all the collections of Curtiss, Hall, Bolander,
Kellogg, and the other California and Oregon botanists.
Later he corresponded with Professor Post, of Syria, and

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

received almost the whole of his excellent collections in
Lebanon and the Holy Land. Mr. Ball sent him many
specimens from his herbarium, a very rich one, and also
a suite illustrating his flora of Morocco. Besides this, he
made an excursion to Colorado and one to California, which
resulted in the acquisition of several new species and many
valuable specimens. In 1868 he again spent a winter in
Florida, coming north, as before, by way of western
South Carolina and Virginia.

This resulted in the gathering of about 12,000 speci-
mens, which were mostly valuable for exchange, as well as
in a more direct way. He has also, either alone or in
company with Drs. Gray and Engelmann, Professor Sargent
and Mr. Redfield, made excursions to the mountains
of North Carolina, the results of which added much to the
value of his herbarium. He also purchased the fine col-
lection of Fendler, in Trinidad ; of Garber, Sintenis, and
others in Porto Rico ; of Garber, in South Florida ; of
Pringle, Palmer and Parry in Mexico and the border states,
and has, unusually full sets of the various government
collections, and of the various collectors of the Sandwich
Island plants.

The very extensive collections of Dr. Rusby in Arizona
and New Mexico, and in South America, and that of Mr.
Bang in the latter continent, are incorporated in the her-
barium, as are also the valuable collections of Professor
Greene, of Mrs. Austin and Mrs. Ames, and of Professor
Lemmon, Dr. Parry, Messrs. Jones, Parish, < hvutt, Howell,
Cusick, Tweedy, Suksdorf, and many others in the far West
and South. Most full and valuable collections were
received from Dr. Mcllichamp, of South Carolina, illustra-
ting Elliott's flora.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 283

Lastly, as one of the botanists of Mr. Villard's North
Trans-Continental Survey, a full suite of all the collections
made by it, came to his herbarium. With these, also, came
the collections of the Canadian Government Survey, and a
large contribution from Professor Macoun's private col-
lection. From this account it will be seen that during
thirty years no collection, which enterprise and money
could secure, failed to become represented in the Canby
Herbarium.

RACHEL L. BODLEY.

Rachel L. Bodley was born in Cincinnati, December 7,
1831. She was blessed with an excellent mother, under whose
pious and devoted care her early education was received
until she was twelve years old. Shortly afterward she
entered the Wesleyan Female College of Cincinnati, in 1844.
Throughout the five years' college course she acquitted her-
self with honor, and in 1860 she was made preceptor in the
higher collegiate branches, but feeling dissatisfied with her
qualifications, and having a greater work in view, she came
to this city and entered the Polytechnic College as a special
student of chemistry and physics. After two years' work
here she returned to her home, and was made Professor
of Natural Science in the Cincinnati Female Seminary.
While professor in this seminary, an extensive collection of
specimens in natural history was bequeathed to it by
Joseph Clark. Professor Bodley, in the preface to the cata-
logue of this collection, says : " In the midst of abounding-
wealth, famine was inevitable through lack of classification."
Upon the task of making this catalogue, she entered single-
handed with a resolute will. There were foreign plants, she
writes, British ferns and mosses, and packages of plants

-<s 1 THK P.OTAM-TS OF 1'H 1 1. A ! )KI.1'1I I A.

from New Zealand. In tin- absence of any reliable manual
•which embraced the countries represented by these plants,
they were classified as far as orders and genera with
Lindley's "Vegetable Kingdom" as a guide. The mass
was carefully opened, the plants identified, arranged in
labelled sheets of uniform si/.e, and the whole placed
in a convenient herbarium case in complete readiness
for reference and study. During three years she labored
patiently and faithfully upon it during her leisure hours,
and it was only in her fourth summer vacation that she
finished the forty-eight page catalogue of plants, which made
a valuable contribution to local botanical knowledge. It
must have been a valuable part of the laboratory practice
on which she labored with such earnestness, and the practical
results were shown in the delightful and able lectures
which she delivered on cryptogamous plants of land and
«ea during the spring of 1867 and 1868.

In 1865 she was elected to the chair of chemistry and

v

toxicology in the Woman's Medical College. In 1874 she
was made the Dean of the Faculty, which position she held
until the time of her death. In 1S73 Professor Bodley was
elected corresponding member of the Cincinnati Society of
Natural History ; in 1876 she was elected to the New York
Academy of Sciences, and the same year to the American
Chemical Society of New York City.

In 1879 the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine
Mas conferred upon her by the Woman's Medical College.
She was elected a member of the Franklin Institute in
issn. Professor Bodley was deeply interested in education,
as is shown by her election in February, 1X,S:>, to be a
School Director of the Twenty-ninth Section in Philadelphia.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 285

Her papers on botany were mainly contributed to the
Philadelphia Ledger, where a series on sea-weeds, collected at
Long-port, attracted considerable and favorable attention.
Death ended her scientific labors on June 15, 1888.

JOSIAH HOOPES.

Josiah Hoopes was born in West Chester, Pennsyl-
vania, November 9, 1832. When three years of age, his
parents removed to Philadelphia, where they resided for
fifteen years, thence returning to West Chester, where the
subject of this sketch has been a resident since. In early
life he attended one of the grammar schools of Philadelphia
until the establishment of Friends' Central School, a noted
institution of learning, where he completed his course of
study. Descending from the same emigrant ancestor as
John Bartram, the noted botanist, he early developed a love
for nature, which was fostered by constant intercourse with
the three distinguished botanists, Dr. William Darlington,
David Townsend and Joshua Hoopes, all residents of West
Chester. To the enthusiasm of these gentlemen as teachers,
is due the love for trees and plants that was so early
developed in the pupil, so that after a practical acquaint-
ance with the flora of his native county, his field of study
was ambitiously enlarged to embrace more especially the
arborescent vegetation of the world. In this line he was
particularly drawn to the Conifers, a natural order opening
up to the student of botany so many unsolved problems and
interesting lessons in plant-life, that the love of his earlier
years has continued with increasing interest until the present
time. In his chosen path he was very fortunate in pos-
sessing the acquaintance and correspondence of the late

->'"> THE BOTA.VI-T.S OF PHILADELPHIA.

Dr. George Engelmann, of Si. Louis, and Dr. C. C. Parry, of
Davenport, Iowa, as well as the critical and valued assist-
ance of the late Dr. Asa Gray, of Cambridge, and Dr. Max-
well T. Masters, of London, England. "Without such effi-
cient aid it would have been practically impossible for him
to publish his unpretentious little work on the " Cone-
bearing Plants of the World," which was issued in 1868,
and dedicated to his life-long friend and preceptor, Dr.
William Darlington.*

In April, 1866, he was elected a member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, at a period when
the only active botanists connected therewith, numbered
but three or four. Although business cares and distance
from the city prevented him from taking an active part in
assisting to re-arrange the extensive herbarium belonging
to the institution, nevertheless, his deep interest in the
work prompted him to render his assistance whenever
available, and the large and valuable collection of cones
belonging to the Academy is almost exclusively owing to
his own individual exertions. At a time when the flora of
the western states and territories was but imperfectly under-
stood, he, in company with congenial botanical friends,
made extensive collections in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska,
as well as on the Pacific coast, which resulted in a volum-
inous herbarium, now in charge of an institution of learning
where the younger generation of students may reap the
benefit of his life-work in the field of botanical science.
The subject of this sketch has written but few strictly
scientific papers for publication, as the aim of his life has

* The Hook of Evergreens. A Practical Treatise on the Coniferce, or Cone-
Bearing Plants. By Josiah Hoopes. Illustrated. New York, Orange, Judd & Com-
I'.'iny. Octavo, pp. vi, 435.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 287

been rather to secure the attention of the severely practical
student of horticulture, and induce a more lively interest
in those who rarely look beneath the surface of plant
problems. With this view, he was for many years connected
with the New York Tribune, and it is to be hoped that his
efforts to explain some of the mysteries of plant-life, as
recorded in its columns, may have borne good fruit.

As an aid to a better acquaintance with the resinous
trees, about twenty or more years ago, he selected a suitable
lot of ground, wherein was tested specimens of every known
species and well marked variety of this important order,
this being perhaps the first effort of the kind in the United
States. The task proved far greater than most would sup-
pose, as the tender and uncertain class of trees required
constant attention to preserve their health, and although at
the present time, a large number have succumbed to the
vicissitudes of our variable climate, there still remain many
very beautiful specimens which are at once the joy and
pride of their owner. His love for trees and plants, thus
early shown in life, was the main inducement for him to
engage in the propagation and sale of these commodities, so
that after forty-three years of business life, as a nurseryman,
he feels that possibly the time may not have been misspent,
and that the result may prove a more enduring and bene-
ficial monument to his memory, than could otherwise have
been devised.

Twenty years ago Mr. Josiah Hoopes planted in con-
nection with his nursery in West Chester, a pinetum with
a view of testing the hardiness and adaptability of his
favorite plants to the climate of the Middle States. The
collection, which was made as complete as possible, was

TIIK IJOTANIST< OF I'll 1 1. A I 'KLl'HI A.

planted on the top of a hill somewhat protected hy neigh-
boring plantations, and in good, strong, well-drained soil.
No special care has been given to the plants, and those
which remain an- stamling in a thick sod of grass.

A writer in Garden and Forest, November 1, l.Si»:j, (VI :
|."s), says of the pinetnm: "Before describing the trees that
are left standing, it will be well to explain that all the
species and varieties of Cupressus have disappeared entirely.
as have most of the South European, Indian, Mexican,
and South American species and their varieties. With a
few exceptions, all the conifers of the 1'acilic States of North
America have succumbed to our cold winters or moist
summers. Few of the pines which were planted twenty
years ago are left. The European J'/nns sylvestris, P.
Austriaca and P. Laricio are alive, but have passed the
period of their greatest beauty and show signs of premature
decay. I'inus Strobus nivea has grown into a compact and
handsome plant, but the other forms of the white-pine have
Mi-appeared, owing, perhaps, to the attacks of a new enemy,
which, Mr. Hoopes informs me, has destroyed many of the
white-pines in West Chester. P. monticola, its western
representative, has grown into a tall, thin specimen, some
twenty feet high, showing the thin, lanky habit of this tree
in cultivation, which is, however, one of the hardiest of the
western pines here at the east, although as an ornamental
tree it cannot be compared with the native white-pine. Of
the other white-pines, the sugar-pine, P. Lambertiana. of
California, and P. cxcelsa, of the Himalayas have disap-
peared, but the collection still boasts, in perfect health
and beauty, one of the best specimens of P. Pcuce, of
southeastern Europe, which can be found in cultivation — a

TIIH 150TANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 289

narrow, compact pyramid fifteen feet high, and clothed
with foliage to the ground. P. densiflora, easily distin-
guished by the white terminal buds, is eighteen feet high,
wide-branched and covered with cones. As an ornamental
tree it is no better than the Austrian pine, and is inferior to
our native red-pine, P. resinoxa, our northern pitch-
pine (P. riyida), which we looked for in vain. They
appear to have succumbed, as have the following American
species : P. palus'ris, P. Sabiniana, P. flexilis, P. pungens, P.
inops and P. Taeda, while P. koraiensis, of Corea, and P.
Bungeana, of northern China, have grown into remarkable
specimens.

" Several firs have grown into handsome trees, although
it should be remembered that a fir twenty years old is at

*/ «/

its best as an ornamental tree, and that with greater age it
too often grows thin in the lower branches and loses much
of the perfection of form which makes some young firs
beautiful objects. To the lover of rare trees the most inter-
esting fir in the collection" is a plant of Abies amabilis, of
the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington. This
plant has evidently had a hard time in getting a start, but
now looks strong and vigorous, and is about six feet high.
Two or three handsome specimens of the white-fir of
the Sierras, the Abies concolor of botanists, and in gardens
variously called A. Lowiana, A. lasiocarpa, and A. Parsonsiano,
bear witness to the beauty and hardiness of this noble tree,
which is the only Pacific Coast fir which is really satis-
factory in the eastern states. A. Nordmanniana. which has

\j

grown taller than any other fir in the collection, appears to
be suffering from an overproduction of cones, and, more-
over, is getting thin near the ground, showing that in our

H'M) TIIK BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

climate it is only in earl}7 age that this tree is unialix con-
sidered very hardy or desirable, heiv. is in perfect condition
and greal beauty, and so are good specimens of .-1.
>•! l>li<il.nnirti. A. cilici<i. one of the hcst of all iirs in our
climate, and .1. J/W//'///'.*. A remarkably slender and
compact pyramidal form of the iir of Europe. A. i>tcl!n<it<_i.
is one of the nio.-i Qotewortliy plants in the collection.

"Among the spruces, Picea orientalis takes the lead in
beauty and vi^or. This tree, so far as is j.o.->ih]e tojud^e
at this time, is one of the handsomest and most satisfactory
of all the exotic conifers which have been hroiiuht into our
gardens. The (Colorado sjn'iiee, P. pnu'icu* and P.Kno>l-
ininiiii, arc in u,-oi)d condition; indeed, the hardiness and
vii:or of these t'.vo trei-s seem able to resist any sort of
climate or soil that can be found in the northern or middle
.-tates. The tide-water spruce, of the north-\ve-t coast. /'.
.s'/7(7/M/.sv'.s, is raided and unsatisfactory, and appears to sutler
from the cold of the Pennsylvania winters, and the long,
hot, dry summers. On the other hand, 1\ Xini11i'i<iiiu. of the'
Himalayas, is in excellent condition, and promises to ^TOW
into a lar^'c and beautiful tree. A remarkably line plant of
what is known as Whale's Norway spruce, a pendulous-
branched sport of the Norway spruce, which originated
many years a-o near Boston, will interest those who care for
! rees of monstrous form.

'•There are no remarkable specimens of Juniperus in
the collection, and the ( Vdars have all gone, although in a
neighboring garden t here is a good plant of the Lebanon
variety. There is a healthy little specimen of the western
mountain hemlock. Tsuga Pattoniann. There is a fair, but
not a remarkable specimen of the Japanese >'< iadoj>itys, and

THE P.OTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 201

large plants of the Japanese Retinosporas (Chamsscyparis
obtusa and C. pisifcra}. but none of the juvenile forms of
these two trees have attained any size or beauty."

Enough, perhaps, has been said to show the value
of this pinetum as an object lesson to planters of coniferous
1 rees.

BENJAMIN HERITAGE.

Benjamin Heritage was born about two miles from
Mickleton, Greenwich Township, New Jersey, August 18,
1 s33. He was educated in the public schools, and pursued
farming near Mickleton until 1885. All of his leisure time
has been devoted to the study of botany and the collection

\j *-

of plants. His herbarium is noted for the beauty of the
specimens and for its richness in the rare and local plants of
New Jersey. Mr. Heritage contributed numerous specimens
of weeds to the " Two Centuries of American Weeds," pre-
pared and issued by Professor Byron Halstead, of Rutger's
College. Mr. Heritage is a member of the Philadelphia
Botanical Club, and is active in its welfare. His most
important paper is entitled, " Preliminary Notes on Nelum-
bium luteum." *

WILLIAM HERBST.

Dr. William Herbst was born September 24, 1833, near
the City of Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania. His
father was Dr. Frederick William Herbst, who emigrated
from Saxony, Germany, in the year of 1825.

While a mere youth, he used to accompany his father
in his daily visits to the sick in Berks County, where the
son first acquired a taste for botany. While the father was

* Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXII : 266.

I".'- THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

with his patients, his sun would gather specimen^.
He was quite fascinated with the fanciful names given t<>
the specimens, which he got out of an old (Jennan botany.
In those days it was diflicult to procure good literature- on the
subject of 1 totally. When a mere youth, til'ty years ago, In-
heard of a botanical work l»y a Mrs. Lincoln. lie tried to get
a copy in Reading, hut none could he had, so lie was obliged to
send to Philadelphia. Receiving it, lie made good use- of
it, prizing it more than other hooks.

The common schools in those days did not satisfy his
father, so the boy was sent to the Xa/arcth Moravian
Seniinarv, to Freemont Seminary at Norristown. and iinallv

V ' •. •

to \Villiston Seminary, East Hampton. Massachusetts. At
the latter place his wish was fully gratified by being allowed
to study botany, under Dr. Edward Hitchcock, who recom-
mended the new book on botany (Wood's first edition).
He explored fields, meadows, and woods in the vicinity
of East Hampton in search of specimens, which were
arranged in an herbarium, sometimes neglecting his other
studies in pursuit of his favorite science.

After returning home from Williston Seminary, he
commenced to read medicine, with his father as preceptor,
during which period he made frequent excursions among
the hills and valleys of Berks. He remembers, with
pleasure, the excursions taken with the late Dr. .John P.
I leister, of Reading, an enthusiastic botanist.

After reading medicine at home he entered Jeiferson
Medical College, and graduated in the class of 1855, locating
in the small but ancient village of Trexlertown, Lehigh
County, Pennsylvania.

The study of the flora of Lehigh County has, since his

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 293

location at Trexlertown, received his attention for the last
forty years. For a number of years he occupied the chair
of botany at Muhlenberg College, Pennsylvania. Of late
years he has made fungi a special study, especially the
Basidiomycetes, of which he has a large collection.

His principal correspondent is Professor Charles H.
Peck, of Albany, New York, who, under date of August
25, 1894, acknowledges the discovery of a new species in
the following:

' That was a splendid fungus you sent me. It is an
undescribed species of Sparassis. I propose to name it,
with your consent, Sparassis Herbstii, sp. nov."

He also found the only specimens of the fungus
Queletia mirabilis Fr. ever procured in this country, and
Professor Peck wrote, having seen the plant :

"Thanks for your kind offer to send me some more
specimens of Queletia mirabilis Fr. So far you are the
only one to find it in this country."

In Professor Peck's report of 1895 of " New Fungi "
are found four new species which this collector added to
the list.

His published articles are very few7, published in an
Allentown local paper as follows : " The " Selfish Flower "
Gentiana Andrewsii ; " Welcome Spring Flowers ; " " Corn
Smut and Superstition ; " " Mushroons or Toadstools."

GEORGE MACLOSKIE.

George Macloskie * was born at Castledown, County
Deny, Ireland, September 14, 1834. He attended Queen's
College, Belfast, where he received a gold medal in
natural science in 1857, and in physical science in 1858.

* See Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, from which the main
facts are taken.

2'. i I TIIK BOTANISTS <>F I'll II.AIiKI.l'H 1 A.

Siil»>c.|ii(.-iitly having studied theology, lie became a Presby-
terian minister, ami wa> in-tailed over the Parish of Bally-
goney during the period of 1863 to IMS. From ].s7."> to l.s~.~>
lit- \vas the Secretary of the Bible and Colportage Society.
When he was called to the <-liair of biology in Princeton in
].s71, where he has been since, Professor Maeloskie received
the honorary degree of P. Sr. from (Queen's University
and that of LL. P. from London Iniversity. where, in
ls71, he received a gold medal for special excellence in a
law examination. He is a member of several seientitic
societies, and is a Fellow of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. His writings, include papers
on entomology and on botany, published in the American
Xittui-ulixt and in I Cyclic, and lie has published a book on
" Elementary Botany ' (New York, 1-SS3, second edition
Ivs7). A few of his most important publications have been
printed in the Bulletin of the Torre]] Botanical (.'Inl>. " Veget-
able Spiralism," XXII: 40.~> : " Observations on Antidromy."
XXIII: 20-2; "Further Observations on Antidroinv."
XXIII : 240 ; " Internal Antidromy," XXIII : 536 ; " Heat of
Imbibition by Seeds," XXV: 272.

%

J. BERNARD BRINTON.

Pr. J. Bernard Brinton :: was born near Waynesburg,
Chester County, I'cinisylvania, August 10, ]s:5.">. His
parents belonged to the religious Society of Friends. His
early education was received at this place, and subsequently
at the High School in Philadelphia, during the short
residence of the family in that city, previous to removal to
a farm in Maryland, in 1S4S. He began the study of

L895. liitlli'tin 'Inn; ,/ llotanical Club, XXII : March, 1S93, with i-ortrait.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 20.")

medicine in 1857, and matriculated at the Jefferson Medical
College, from which school he was graduated on March
25, 1859.

During his college course, the attention of Professor
Samuel D. Gross was attracted to him by the assiduity dis-
1 daved in his studies, and furthermore by the successful
management of an aneurism case treated by digital com-
pression. As a result he was appointed Chief of the Surgira 1
Clinic soon after graduation. He lectured on practical
anatomy at the Philadelphia School of Anatomy and
Operative Surgery, and also conducted a quiz 011 matcria
medica. From his graduation to the breaking out of the
Civil War, he was an active practitioner of medicine, and in
1860 was a delegate to the American Medical Association,
held in New Haven, Connecticut.

But the fire of patriotism proved too strong for the
peaceful tenets of his fathers, and led him early in the war
to apply for the position of assistant surgeon in the regular
armv. He successfullv passed the rigorous examination,

f i/ J. O

and his commission was dated April 10, 1802, signed by
the President, Abraham Lincoln, and Edwin M. Stanton,
Secretary of War.

On September 14, 1803, he was appointed Medical
Purveyor to the Army of the Potomac, and he retained that
position to the close of the war. During his entire army
life he continued his botanical studies and collection of
plants. At this time it was his good fortune to meet
another officer equally interested in the study of the same
science, Major-General G. K. Warren. A wayside flower
served as a means of introducing these officers, and the
occasion of .that meeting was a favorite reminiscence of

296 TIIK BOTANI>T.- <>\- PHILADELPHIA.

Dr. Brinton. The collect ions he made during the Virginia
Campaign were captured by the Confederate, Colonel Mosbv,
at Belle Plain, May 12, 18(54. and burned with the supply
wagons. Dr. Brinton, himself, baivly escaped capture. On
May 13, 18(5."), he was brevctted Captain and Major for
gallant and meritorious services, and on November 10th, of
the same year, he resigned from the army. His services to
the Union were marked by his usual application and
devotion to duty, and his report at the close of his term of
office was considered a remarkably accurate record for one
handling a vast amount of material under such turbulent
conditions.

Returning to Philadelphia, he continued in the prac-
tice of medicine for a few years. Desiring more leisure time
for the study of his chosen science, he abandoned medicine
and engaged in various manufacturing pursuits. On
October 29, 1878, he was elected a member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, and in the same year he connected
himself with the Botanical Section of that institution.
He was faithful in attendance and contributed many speci-
mens, notes, and verbal communications. He was an inde-
fatigable collector, and made numerous excursions in Penn-
sylvania and neighboring states. He made a special
study of the peculiar flora of the pine barrens of New
Jersev, in which he was recognized as an authoritv. He

*/ ' O i

acceptably lilled numerous positions of honor and trust in
the Academ}7 of Natural Sciences, and at the time of his
death was a member of the Board of Councillors. During
the session of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science in Philadelphia, in 1884, he was elected a
member, and he acted as guide to an excursion of visiting
botanists to the pine barren region of New Jersey.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 297

Only the ardent lovers of nature can understand his
feelings when, on that occasion he showed Dr. Asa Gray
and Mr. Carruthers, President of the Linnsean Society, the
secluded Schiztca pusilla Pursh. Nor can the joy of those
gentlemen he -expressed when their eyes rested on that
quaint fern form growing wild for the first time.

He was elected to active membership in the Torrey
Botanical Club, of New York, January, 1891. Although
publishing but little on botanical subjects, he corresponded
with most of the botanical authorities in America and made
numerous exchanges. Perhaps his most important labor
consisted in inducing the young to study botany, and his
greatest pleasure seemed to be in imparting to others, either
in the field or in his " den," a portion of his rich store of
knowledge. Chiefly with this object in view, he founded
the Philadelphia Botanical Club, in December, 1892, of
which he was President from its organization until the
time of his decease.

Dr. Brinton was married on November 13, 1862, to
Sallie W. Clemens, of Philadelphia. A married daughter
and two sons survived him. As a source of consolation,
after the death of his wife, he engaged more earnestly in
botanical studies.

Dr. Brinton was noted for the accuracy of his observa-
tions in field excursions, in which he was generally recog-
nized as the leader and guide. His methods were always
painstaking and careful, and in his aim to secure choice
specimens, no trouble, labor nor expense was too great.
His botanical specimens were preserved in the most
approved and artistic style and identified with the most
scrupulous care. He had a marvelous memory for names

TIN-: BOTANISTS »>K I'HII.ADKI.I'HI A.

ami characters. This gift enabled him t<> recognize speci-
men- which he had not met with for many years. lh
personally constructed in the most skillful manner his
herbarium, cases, tables, stands, microscopical eabinets. etc.,
with a decree of perfection rarely excelled by experi
artisans. While so ardently devoted to nature in her
various manifestations 1 >r. llrinton did not overlook the
advantages of linguistic attainments. In his earlier Life
much of his time was devoted to the study of German, in
which language he conversed fluently. He was also profi-
cient in Latin and French.

Phvsicallv, J>r. Brinton seemed to embody the hiirhe-t

*/ V ' . • '

expre— ion of perfect manhood. His commanding presence
and graceful bearing stamped him at once as a leader. His
powerful frame enabled him to endure and overcome pvai
hardship and fatigue.

The botanical community in which he moved met
with a severe loss in his sudden death on December <>, ],s'.i|.

MARY TREAT.

Mrs. .Mary Tn-at, an American naturalist, whose ori-
ginal researches have been gratefully acknowledged by
scientists at home and abroad, was born in "Is :'>.">. in Toinp-
kins County, New York; but for the past twenty-seven
years has made her home in Vineland. New Jersey. She
was married, in l.SGl, to Dr. Jose}>h Treat, who died in
1879.

She brg.-in her studies at a time when text-books on
the natural sciences were rare, and pursued them mainly
by si'lf-din-ctcd invoiinations in the field of nature.
receiving encouragement and a~<i<tance by correspondence

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. -!•>•'

with such men as Darwin, Forel, Mayer, Asa (Jray, ami
others, who in turn have frequently expressed their obliga-
tions to her.

Endowed by nature with a spirit of enduring patience,
and developing a deep enthusiasm for her life-work, she
joyfully devoted to it countless hours of silent watching in
the heat of summer suns, sittting or standing statue-like in
'her "Insect Menagerie," or finding her delight in bending
over the microscope while others slept.

In botany, in addition to a close and exhaustive study
of the flora of Xew Jersey and of Florida, Mrs. Treat lias
made the insectivorous plants her special study, and lias
given to them prolonged investigation, visiting Florida for
this purpose in 1876, 1ST? and 1S78. The results of her
researches in regard to the structure and habits of Drosera,
Diontea, Pinguicula, Sarracenia, and especially of Utricularia
have been valuable additions to science.

In her " Home Studies in Nature " she criticised Dar-
win's statement as to the manner in which the latter plant
entraps its victims ; to which Darwin replied : " It is pretty
clear that I am quite wrong," and accepted her conclusion.
In his work on " Insectivorous Plants," he again pays
a just tribute to her unusual powers of careful observation,
saying (page 281) : " Perhaps the blades of vigorous plants
would bend over captured insects, and Dr. Caiiby informs
me that this is the case ; but the movement cannot be
strongly pronounced, as it was not observed by Mrs. Treat.''

The following incident also illustrates the prevision
with which .she set forth some of the facts regarding the
peculiar behavior of insects under the allurements of
Sarracenia variolaris, and which she styled a kind of

300 THK I50TANIST- OF 1'J 1 1 1. A I >K1.1'HI A.

"demoralization" or "drunkenness." She embodied her
'•Miidusions in a chapter of one of her books about to be
published in IMo. Professor Gray wished to dissuade her
from the publication of these statements, sa}Ting : " You
know none of the botanists agree with you." "I cannot
help it," she replied. " It must go in, for I have seen it for
myself, and I know it is so." And now, after nearly twenty
years, her statements and discoveries in this especial line are
corroborated by the botanists of to-day, and described in
words almost identical with her own, written so many
years ago.

Her long continued and productive studies of spiders,
ants, and other insects and of birds, are scarcely less
important in their results, as is shown by her valuable con-
tributions to periodicals and the annals of scientific societies
throughout a period of over twenty-five years.

Although Mrs. Treat's name is too closely connected
with imperishable work to be forgotten, and is commemo-
rated in the nomenclature of various plants and insects
which have either been named in her honor by the compli-
ment of scientific men, or because their discovery was
accredited to her, yet it will ever be most honored by those
who have known her personally in more intimate relation-
ship. Her most prominent characteristic is a modesty so
shrinking as to make any public recognition of her services
painful to her, while her joyous enthusiasm for her chosen
life-work is so great and so contagious that her home is
always a centre of attraction, where are welcomed all who
care to learn even the alphabet of her beloved book of
nature, and where she dispenses the bounty of her gifts and

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 301

attainments with a modest lavishness and an unwearied
patience, which appears to be to her their own reward.*

Besides frequent contributions to Garden and Forest,
mentioned below, she has published, in book-form, and in a
style at once simple, polished and technically exact, the
following works : " Home Studies in Nature " ; " Chapters
on Ants " ; " Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden ; "
" My Garden Pets," and " Through a Microscope."

Mrs. Treat has described the various phases of plant
life as they have appeared in the pine barrens of southern
New Jersey in Garden and Forest :

1. " Botanical Names," III : 206.

2. "The Wild Garden," III: 442.

3. "September in the Pines," III : 463.

4. "October in the Pines," III ; 524.

5. "Ornamental Fruits in the Pines," III : 534.

6. " Evergreens in the New Jersey Pine Eegion, " III : 546.

7. " The Pines at Christmas Time," IV : 14.

8. "Insect Enemies of the Pitch Pine," IV : 62.

9. "How to make a Wild Garden," IV : 188.

10. " Notes from a Wild Garden," IV : 351.

11. " Spring in the New Jersey Pines," V : 220.

12. "Weeds in Southern New Jersey," V : 292.

13. " Water-plants in Southern New Jersey," V : 363.

14. " Climbing Plants in the Pines," V : 400.

15. " Edible Fruits in the Pines," V : 435.

16. "Late Autumn in the Pines," V : 567.

17. " Native Plants for Winter Decoration," VI : 141.

18. "Summer in the Pines," VI : 314.

19. " Late Summer in the Pines," VI : 382.

20. " The Pines in October," VI : 443.

21. "Winter-blooming Plants in the Pines," VII : 102.

* The facts for this sketch were furnished by one of Mrs. Treat's pupilsr
M. E. Hall.

o02 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

22. ''March in the Pines." VII : 142.

23. "A New Jersey Garden in Spring." VII : 212.

24. " Early June in the Pines," VII : 243.

•2."). " Wayside Plants in the Pines," VII : 302.

26. " November in a New Jersey Garden," VII : 458.

27. " Late Autumn in the Pines." VII : 4^2.

28. ''Christmas in the Pines." VIII : 3.

29. '• Troublesome Grasses in Southern New Jersey," VIII : 103.

30. li In the Pines," VIII : 203.

31. "Early Summer in the Pines," VIII : 262.

32. " The Pines in a Dry Summer." VIII : 362.

33. " Autumn Color in the Pines," VIII : 4.32.

34. "The Heaths among the Pines in Early Winter," VIII : 492.

35. "The Pines in August," IX : 332.

36. "Early Autumn in the Pines," IX : 412.

37. " Weeds in Southern New Jersey," X : 313.
'38. "Cruelty of Asclepias," X : 341.

39. " Autumn Flowers in the Pines," X: 411.

40. "Autumn Fruits in the Pines," X : 471.

ABRAHAM PASCAL GARBER.

Abraham Pascal Garber * was born at Columbia, Penn-
sylvania, in 18SS. He took the degree of A. B. at Lafayette
('••Urge where he acquired a taste for botany, and later
graduated from the Medical School of the University of
Pennsylvania, Dr. Garber practiced medicine for a short
time in Pittsburg, but was obliged to seek a milder climate
on account of ill-health. He passed several winters in
Southern Florida, where he found many new species of
plants, as Eugenia Garberi, Liatris Garberi, Habenaria Garberi,
which perpetuate his memory. He also discovered that
a number of West Indian trees were present in Florida.
One- plant especially, Xanthoxylum emarginatum, was dis-

* SAUUKNT. Silva of 3>'<>rth America, I : M.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 303

covered by him on an island in Biscavne Bav in 1877,

e/ V \j

growing as a small shrub, and has never been collected
since. Dr. Garber made an excursion to Puerto Rico in
1880. Garberia of a single species, a Florida shrub with
Liatris-like flowers, commemorate Dr. Garber's service to
American botany.

He contributed to the Botanical Gazette the following
papers :

1. " Notes on Tillandsia, " II : 59.

2. '• Botanical Rambles in East Florida,1' II : 70, 82.

3. ''Botanical Kambles in Middle Florida," II : 102.

4. "Ferus in South Florida," III-IV : 82.

CHARLES SCHAFFER.

Charles Schaffer, M. D., was born in Philadelphia,
February 4, 1838. His father, Charles Schaffer, was a
wholesale druggist in the vicinity Sixth and Market Street;
his mother was Priscilla Morgan, daughter of Stacy K.
Potts, an old Philadelphia merchant. His early education
was received at the hands of a private tutor who prepared
him for the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated
in medicine in March, 1859. After graduation he spent a
short time in volunteer service in the Chester Hospital in
1863, which position he was obliged to leave on account of
illness. He was also attending physician at the Mission
Hospital and Dispensatory from 1874 to 1880, when it
closed. Dr. Schaffer has long been interested in botany,
and is perfectly familiar with the flora of Philadelphia and
vicinage. As a member of the Philadelphia County Medical
Society, Fellow of the College of Physicaris of Philadelphia,
Fellow of the Geological Society of America, member of the

THE BOTANISTS <>K PHILADELPHIA.

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, of
the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the Chester County
Historical Society, of tin- American Philosophical Society.
he has had abundant opportunity to cultivate science, and
• •>pecially his favorite science, botany.

AUSTIN CRAIG APQAR.

Austin Craig Apgar was born at Peapack, Somer.-et
County, New York, August 4, 18M.S. His career in science
began at the State Normal School of New Jersey, where he
has taught botany and zoology from 1866 to 1899. When
Professor L. Agassiz opened the summer school at Penikese,
Massachusetts, in 1873 and 1874, Professor Apgar availed
himself of this opportunity to become acquainted with such
men as Professors Agassiz, Burt G. Wilder, A. S. Packard.
Edward S. Morse and David S. Jordan. Professor Apgar
has taught botany in the summer schools at Glen Falls.

o \j

New York; Asbury Park, New Jersey; Fort Worth, Texas;
Bedford City and Salem, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.
The following is a list of his books and papers on botany :

" Plant Analysis." 1*7-1.

' ' Pocket Key of Trees. ' ' 1891.

" Tn-cs of the Northern United States." 1892.

"Extraordinary Vitality of a Girdled Limb." — Journal of ilic Trcntim
Xntitraf llixforii'iil Sodi'li/, January, 18*9.

"Study of Plant Life in Onr Schools." — Sixteenth Annual Report of
the [.VMr./r/.sr//] State Board of At/rirKltiirc, 1888-1889.

" What Shall l>e Taught in Country Schools to Educate Farmers."
Animal L'ejiort oflhe [New Jersey'] State Board of Agriculture, 1M)<I.

" How to Know Trees. "— . I rbor J)ai/ Circular of New York State, 1895.

CHARLES SCHAFFER.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 305

JOSEPH TRIMBLE ROTHROCK.

Joseph Trimble Rothrock, son of Dr. Abraham and
Phoebe Brinton Rothrock, was born April 9, 1839, in the
little village of McVeytown, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania,
where his father was for half a century and more the
leading physician. He traces his fondness for botany to
his mother, who was distantly related to the late Dr.
William Darlington, long the most famous botanist in
eastern Pennsylvania,

The subject of this sketch received his earliest educa-
tion in the public schools of McVeytown. Later he studied
at Freeland Seminary (now Ursinus College) in Montgomery
County. Leaving this he prepared for Harvard University,
at Academia, a thriving, successful school in Juniata
County. He was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific
School, of Harvard, in the summer of 1864, receiving the
degree of Bachelor of Science.

Like many another youth in those stirring times, his
patriotism got the better of even his desire for knowledge, and
soon after entering Harvard he left to join the army, where
he served two years, until it was plain that the back-bone
of the Rebellion had been broken. His first term of service
was as a private soldier in Company D, 131st Regiment,
Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. He was wounded through
the thigh in the first battle of Fredericksburg, where his
company, when participating in the celebrated charge of
General Humphrey, had killed or wounded thirty-four out
of forty-two men. His second term of service was as Captain
of Company E, 20th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer
Cavalry. During the second term he saw much hard

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

service. Early in 1804 lie returned to Harvard University
to complete his course of study, and in July of that year
passed his examination successfully and received his degree
of Bachelor of Science. Professor Asa Gray had been his
chief preceptor. The winter of 1804—1805 was spent in
medical study in the University of Pennsylvania. In
March, 1805, he started via Nicaragua to California, He
made a narrow escape with his life in Nicaragua, from an
attack of Panama fever. In June he was on the Frazer
River, on his way to its extreme headwaters, where at
Lake Tatleh, in British Columbia, the headquarters of
the telegraph company (in that region) were established.
During the winter of 1805-1800 he traveled over 2000
miles on snow-shoes, and penetrated into regions that were
practically unknown.

He returned the following spring to Philadelphia, and
in 1807 received his medical degree from the University of
Pennsylvania. The next two years he held the chair of
botany in the State Agricultural College. May 27, 1808,
lie married Martha, daughter of Addison and Elizabeth
May, of West Chester. In the spring of 1809 he located as
;i physician in Wilkes-Barre, and soon acquired a lucrative
practice, which was largely surgical in character. He was
one of the most active in founding the Wilkes-Barre Hos-
pital, which has now grown into one of the large institu-
tions of the State.

During the years 1873, 1874 and 1875, Dr. Rothrock
was surgeon and botanist to Lieutenant Wheeler's Exploring
Kxpedition west of the 100th meridian. During these
years he made large botanical collections in Colorado,
Arizona, New Mexico and California. The results of his

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 307

field work were published in, and made up the quarto
Volume VI of the reports of Lieutenant Wheeler.

In 1877 Dr. Rothrock was elected Professor of Botany
in the University of Pennsylvania, which position he still
holds, though he has been absent on leave for several years
devoting his time and energy to the forestry cause in this
State.

In the winter of 1889-90 he made a voyage to the West
Indies in his yacht, the " White Cap," and obtained
important scientific collections. In June, 1893, he was
appointed the first Forestry Commissioner of the State by
Governor Pattison. His associate was the venerable and
accomplished William F. Shunk. Their joint report was
presented to the Legislature of Pennsylvania, March 12,
1895. It may be regarded as being the first attempt at a
rational forest policy for the State. On September 14, 1895,
Dr. Rothrock was appointed Forestry Commissioner by
Governor Hastings.

As a teacher, Dr. Rothrock showed himself at his best.
He inspired his pupils with a desire to learn about plants,
taking great pains in the laboratory to develop the students'
powers of observation to the utmost. If he had a character
which predominated, it was thoroughness. Not once did
he rest satisfied until he had obtained from a pupil the best
results possible under the circumstances. From the outset
he not only encouraged, but requested a student to see,
think and conclude for himself, often without aid from
books and always without unnecessary aid from him.
This may appear to many as harsh treatment, but systems
of teaching can only be judged by their result, and in
this light Professor Rothrock's method stands abundantly

308 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

vindicated. How wretched the system of education which
" crams " a lad with facts and leaves him unable to stand
alone when beyond the authority of the preceptor. To
the fullest extent Dr. Rothrock recognized this, and to
prevent such a result insisted on mental discipline, which
left a student with a well-grounded confidence in his own
powers. It is probable that Dr. Rothrock would, himself,
regard his relation to the forestry cause of the State as indi-
cating his most important life-work.

The State Forestry Commission Report * makes a
volume of nearly 400 pages, and no public document
issued by the state in many years contains so much valuable
information as this. It gives, in detail, with illustrations
and other matter intended to throw light upon the forestry
question in this State, the results of the important work
done by Professor J. T. Rothrock and Colonel W. F. Shunk,
under the Act of May 23, 1893. The illustrations embrace
forty-seven plates, showing the conditions existing in the
wooded sections of the State and some effects of the forest
fires. There are also plates showing the naked hills and
rapid drainage, which causes very high and very low water.
Colonel Shunk devotes his attention to the water-sheds
of the Commonwealth, wild lands from which forest reserves
may be selected, and the influence of woods on the flow of
streams. Professor Rothrock treats the subject in all its
phases. A summary of the contents shows a codification
of all the Acts of Assembly relating to forestry, timber
lands, trees, etc., the original forest conditions of Pennsyl-

* Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for 1695.
Part II : Division of Forestry, comprising lii-port <>/ 1'i-ntixi/iconio Fori'strii ' '^iiniiix-
sion, appointed b;i Act of Legislature, approved MHII -:,'•, 18SS. I!y .7. T. Rothmrk,
M. D., Botanist Member; William F. Shunk, Engineer Member. State Printer,
octavo, :;<'>1 pp.. 17 plates, «; maps.

JOSEPH T. ROTHROCK.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 309

vania, the waste areas, state forest lands, time and fire as
elements in the forestry problem, a table of forest fires,
relations of forest to the water supply, table relating to
water failure, catalogue of forest trees of Pennsylvania
having commercial value, detailed statement of cleared and
timber lands by counties, and timber rafted for the last
twenty years to Williamsport. Considerable space is given
in the report to suggestions as to sections of the State
suitable for a forest reserve. In 1894 there were sold in this
State 110 less than 1,509,159 acres for taxes, which aggre-
gated §290,386.13, an area equal to one-nineteenth of the
area of the Commonwealth.*

As a lecturer, as connected with the Michaux Lecture
Fund of the American Philosophical Society and with the
Forestry Association of Pennsylvania, Dr. Rothrock had
a pleasing way of reinforcing his remarks by stereopticon
views of trees, landscapes and historical places of his own
making. His lectures have always been well attended.
It should be said of Dr. Rothrock, that in abandoning
the field of scientific botany to popularize the forestry cause
in Pennsylvania, he did it reluctantly and only on the
most absolute conviction of duty, and with the full knowl-
edge that in so doing he was jeopardizing his standing as a
botanist. He is a member of the American Philosophical
Society and the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

A genus of Asclepiadacese, from lower California, com-
memorates Dr. Rothrock 's services to botany. f His writings
are :

* Philadelphia Ledger, October 26, 1896.

t Proceedings American Academy, XX : (1885) 295. (Rothrockia cordifoliu I.
Also in Wheeler's Survey Report Pyrrhopappus Rothrockii, Gray ; Halenia Roth-
rockii, Gray; Stachys Rothrockii, Gray : Towendsia Rothrockii, Gray; Artemisia
Rothrockii, Gray ; Xama Rothrocki, Gray.

310 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

1. "The Morphology of the Andrrccium of Fumariacea?." — Proceed-
ings of Boston Soi-iHii Xiihirxl llixlory, IX : 246 (1862).

2. "Revision of the North American Gaurineie." — /'/•<«•, til'my* of
Ann i-i'-nii Ai-niti'iny i if Art.-: uml Sci< n<» 'x, VI : (1864) pp. 347-354.

3. "Sketch of the Flora of Alaska." — Xiiiiths<n\i<ni Report, 1*67,
pp. 433-463.

4. "Conservation and Correlation of Vital Force." — (Amn-irmi
Xntii.-iilistlor 1877?)

5. Volume VI of \\'ln,hr Snrni/ Hi'jxH-ts, mainly written by Dr.
Rothrock, published in 1*78. (United States Geological Surveys, West of
100th Meridian. )

6. "Vacation Cruising," 1884.— J. B. Lippincott & Co.

7. "The Fertilization of Flowers."— . I ,,i< <-i<-<ni X<i/n,-<ili*f. 1 : 64.

8. "List of and Notes upon the Lichens collected by Dr. T. H. Beau
in Alaska, etc."-— /'/•<«•< ctlintf* I'nifal s/«f<* Xatiomtl Mn^mn (1884), VII: 1.

In the Botanical Gazette the following articles are from
the pen of Dr. Rothrock :

9. "Chia." land II : 17.

10. "A Valuable Work." 18.

11. "A New Preparation for Poisoning Plants. " 27.

12. "Damiaua." 28.

13. " Diplopappus ericoides." 70.

14. " Sisj'rynchium Arizonicum, Rothrock." 125.

15. "Chimaja." 126.

16. "Poisonous Properties of Leguminosse." 133.

17. "A Convenient Microscope." Ill and IV : 37.

18. " Staining and Dcmble Staining Vegetable Tissues." 201.

19. "The Colorado Berberis." 242.

20. " How to make Permanent Botanical Objects for the Microscope."
V and VI : 27.

21. " Notes on Modes of Work in the Laboratory of Professor De Bary
in Strassburg." 193, 204.

22. "Home and Foreign Modes of Teaching Botany." 233.

23. "A Reply to Emesby." VII and VIII : 8.

24. " Eriodictyon glutinosum as Indicating Evolution." 184.

25. " The Arizona Potato. " 208.
25«. " Dr. George Martin." XI : 338.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 311

He has been & constant contributor to Forest Leaves, the
official organ of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, as
follows :

26. "Tree Growth as Determined by Location." II : 18.

27. " The Chestnut Tree. " II : 35.

28. "Brandy wine Banks above the Ford." 11:50.

29. " Concerning Our Sassafras Trees. " 11:67.

30. "Pinus rigida on the Dunes at Cape Henlopen." 11:83.

31. "Along the Coast North ward." II : 99.

32. "The Row Farm Walnut Tree." II : 133.

33. "Red Cedar, Savin." II: 148.

34. "Mangroves." Ill : 5.

35. " The Old Field or Loblolly Pine." Ill : 25.

36. " The Tulip Poplar, or Poplar Tree." Ill : 85.

37. "The Button wood." IV : 5.

38. "The Over Cup Oak." IV : 22.

39. "The Black Walnut." IV : 38.

40. "Our Shell-bark Hickory." IV : 56.

41. "The Persimmon." IV : 72.

42. "The Forest Primeval." IV : 88.

43. " The American, or White Elm." IV : 104.

44. "The White Ash." IV : 120.

45. "White Pine." IV : 152.

46. "The Hemlock." IV : 169.

47. "River Birch." IV : 185.

48. "Fire and Flood." V : 8.

49. "The Rock Oak." V : 25.

50. "The Beech." V : 40.

51. "The Sugar Maple." V : 56.

52. "The Locust Tree." V : 72.

53. "The Bitter Nut Hickory." V : 89.

54. "The Swamp White Oak." V : 104.

55. "The American Linden." V : 136.

56. " Red Pine, Norway Pine." V : 152.

57. " Silver Maple, White Maple, Soft Maple." V : 168.

58. " Kentucky Coffee Tree. " V : 184.

59. "Nyssasylvatica." VI : 8.

312 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

60. "Iron Wood, Hop-Hornbeam." VI : 40.

61. " Tree Form and Tree Photography." VI : 72.

62. "Caryatomentosa." VI : 88.

63. "Rock Oak, Rock Chestnut Oak." VI : 104.

64. "Pin Oak." VI : 121.

65. "Red Maple." VI : 137.

66. " Yellow Birch. " VI : 152.

67. "Black Birch." VI : 16!).

68. "The Red Spruce." VI : 184.

69. "Honey Locust." VI : 201.

70. "Swamp Magnolia," VII : 8.

71. "Big White Oaks." VII : 24.

72. "A Pennsylvania Sequoia." VII : 24.

73. "The Black Spruce." VII : 40.

74. "The Origin of Floral Structures. Review of Rev. George Hen -
slew's Book."- —The American.

75. " Some Observations on the Bahamas and Jamaica." —Proceedings
A UK flea n Philosophical Society, XXIX : 145.

76. "A Monstrous Specimen of Rudbeckia hirta. " —Contributions Botan-
Laboratory University of Pennsylvania, I : 3.

77. "A Nascent Variety of Brunella vulgaris." — Contribution* Botanical
Laboratory University of Pennsylvania, I : 64.

78. "A Rare Buttonwood." — Garden and Forest, III : 69.

79. "The Action of Root Hairs, Illustrated. '' —Garden and Forest,
III : 94.

80. " Poisonous Properties of the Leguruiuosse. "• — Proceedings Academy
of Natural Sciences, 1877, 274.

81. "Relation of the Medullary Rays to the Strength of Timber."
J'rocecdings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1884, 14.

82. " The Internal Cambium Ring in Gelsemium sempervireus. — 2'ro-
<-«dini/x Aeadi mi/ of Xatiiraf >SV/<w(.s, 1885, 22.

83. "Mimicry Among Plants." — Proceeding* Aeadi mi/ of Natural
Scieneis, 1888, 12.

84. " Remarks on Death of Professor Asa Gray. " —Pro« ed'mg* Academy
of Natural K-ienees, 1888, 62.

85. "The Sand Dunes of Lewes, Delaware. " •— Proceeding* Academy
of Xainrai s,-i, aces, 18s<), 134.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 313

86. " Report of the Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania.
Part II. Division of Forestry." 1895, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Octavo,
361 pages. Illustrated.

87. "Third Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of
Agriculture. Part II. Division of Forestry." Wm. Stanley Ray, State
Printer. Octavo, 309 pages, 21 figures, 12 plates.

CHARLES McILVAINE.

Charles Mcllvaine, son of Hon. Abraham R, Mcllvaiue
and Anna (Mulvaney) Mcllvaine, was born on Springton
Farm, part of the old Penn Manor of Springton, on the
31st of May, 1S40.

The Mcllvaine family were of Scotch-Irish extraction.
In 1529 they were the Lairds of Gremit, and a powerful
Sept of the House of Kennedy — the Earls of Casilis.
James Mcllvaine, from whom the subject of this sketch is
descended, emigrated from County Antrim, Ireland, and
settled near Chester, in the year 1740.

Abraham R. Mcllvaine, father of Charles, was a patri-
otic and public-spirited citizen. He represented Chester
County in the State Legislature in 1836 ; was a member of
the Electoral College of Pennsylvania in 1840, casting his
vote for General Harrison for President, and represented the
Seventh Congressional District in Congress from 1842 to
1846, inclusive. During his whole active life he was a pro-
nounced Unionist, and at the breaking out of the late war
encouraged his son Charles, then division engineer on the
East Brandywine & Wayiiesburg Railroad, to aid in the
suppression of the Rebellion, his own delicate health and
age alone preventing him from going to the field himself.

Charles Mcllvaine, though only just of age, raised a
company of volunteers, of which he was elected captain,

314 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

and was mustered into the service of the United States
in October, 1861. He united his company with the Ninety-
seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers as Com-
pany H. Captain Mcllvaine filled many important staff
and military positions, and served his country with distinc-
tion and bravery, until compelled to resign on account of
ill-health on June 10, 1863.

His early education was received at the hands of
private teachers and at the public schools of Indian Town
and Brandywine Manor. He afterwards spent eighteen
months at the Northwest Grammar School of Philadelphia,
but was compelled to leave there at the age of thirteen
because of failing health. Being fond of reading and study,
he has been a hard student since that age, and may be
called a self-educated man.

With the exception of letters written upon art matters
while in Europe in 1873 and 1874, Captain Mcllvaine pub-
lished but little until 1881, when he became a contributor
to the Detroit Free Press, in which he has published many
humorous poems and prose sketches, in the dialect of the
West Virginia mountaineers, under his nom de plume of
" Tobe Hodge." The " Tim Price " yarns and " Powerful
Temperance," humorous sketches, and the stories of the
" The Twins of Weasel Branch," " The Ghost of Aaron's
Prong," and " The Waifs of Fighting Rocks," met with
great popular favor. Under his nom de plume and proper
name he has contributed to nearly all the leading American
magazines, and is, under his proper name, a well-known
writer upon scientific subjects — edible and non-edible fungi
being his specialty. Puck, Judge, and Harper's publications
and others, published much of his humorous work, signed

CHARLES McILVAINE.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 315

and unsigned. His story, entitled " A Legend of Polecat
Hollow," which originally appeared in The Continent,
has been re-published in England in book-form, where it
has had a large sale. He excels as a writer of humorous
and dialectical poems, and as a writer of short stories he has
had excellent success.

Since 1881 Captain Mcllvaine has indefatigably devoted
himself to determining, by experiments upon himself,
which of the many hundred varieties of toadstools are
suitable for food, which are not, and which of the latter
either contain matter injurious to the human system,
minor poisons, or poisons deadly in effect. He has thus
tested nearly five hundred species. The most important
of Captain Mcllvaine's discoveries is to be found in an
article entitled, " Amanitin and its Antidote," published
in The Medical and Surgical Reporter, December 12 and 19,
1885, and afterward embodied in an article " The Deadly
and Minor Poisons of Toadstools," in The Therapeutic
Gazette, May 15, 1803, which was re-printed in pamphlet
form. These articles clearly demonstrate that atropin is
the antidote to the terrible, deadly poison of the Amanitee.
He has in course of preparation an important book,
entitled : " Eight hundred American Fungi, Mushrooms,
Toadstools." In it 750 edible forms are described, and
sixty poisonous or suspected plants. Recipes for cooking
the edible ones are also to be added. The value of Captain
Mcllvaine's work, in a field in a which he stands pre-emi-
nently alone, lies in the correction of the many existing
fallacies relating to toadstools ; the segregation of edible
species from those which are harmful, and the confirmation
of by far the greater number of varieties as wholesome,
palatable, plentiful food.

316 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

HORATIO C. WOOD.

Horatio C. Wood,* M. D., Professor of Materia Medica
and Therapeutics, and Clinical Professor of the Diseases of
the Nervous System in the University of Pennsylvania,
Physician to the Philadelphia Hospital, and member of the
National Academy of Science, etc., was born January 13,
1841, at Philadelphia. He was the son of Horatio C.
Wood, Sr., and Elizabeth H., daughter of John Bacon, for
many years Treasurer of the City of Philadelphia. He
was descended on his father's side from Richard Wood, who
emigrated from Bristol, England, in 1682 or 1683, and
settled in Philadelphia. The family afterward removed to
New Jersey, the generation preceding Dr. Wood returning
to Philadelphia. He is a nephew of the late Dr. George B.
Wood, who died childless. Intermingled with the English
blood is a Scotch strain, coming down, according to the
genealogical researches by Mr. Gideon Scull, of England,
from a In-other of Robert Bruce, of Scotland. Dr. Wood
developed a 'fondness for natural history early in iife. His
literary education was received at Friends' Schools, among
the most notable of which was the Westtown Boarding
School, near West Chester, Pennsylvania. The natural
bent of his mind was toward professional studies. He
studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and
received his degree in March, 1862. But before he entered
upon his medical course, he had become an earnest worker
at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and
distinguished himself in the scientific field by original
Avork. His first original paper, published when he was
nineteen yc;irs old, appeared in the Proceedings of (lie

* Therapeutic Gazette,

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 317

Academy for 1860. It was entitled, " Contributions to the
Carboniferous Flora of the United States, and Catalogue
of the Carboniferous Plants in the Museum of the Academy,
with Description of Three New Species."

Immediately after graduating in medicine, Dr. Wood
was appointed one of the resident physicians of the Phila-
delphia Hospital, where he remained one year, after which
he served a similar term at the Pennsylvania Hospital,
spending, during the war, considerable time in the military
hospitals in and about Philadelphia and Washington. He
commenced the active practice of his profession in Phila-
delphia in 1865. He now began the special work in
therapeutics and materia medica, but still continued his
natural history studies, and published several papers on
natural science, especially on histological botany. His chief
botanical work, " Prodromus of a Study of North American
Fresh-water Alga5," which long remained the standard
work on the subject, until the work of Wolle appeared, was
published June 18, 1869.

In 1866 Dr. Wood was appointed by the Trustees of
the University of Pennsylvania, Professor of Botany in the
Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine, \vhich had been established
and endowed by his uncle, Professor George B. Wood.
About 1870 he began to study especially nervous diseases,
and on the organization of the new university hospital, in
March, 1874, he was appointed Clinical Lecturer on Nervous
Diseases, which position, in 1875, was made a professorship
by the Trustees of the University. In 1870 he was appointed
one of the visiting physicians of the Philadelphia Hospital,
and since 1872 he has given his attention solely to the
science and art of medicine, abandoning entirely his general

318 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

natural history studies. In 1876, on the death of Professor
Joseph Carson, he was chosen Professor of Materia Medica
and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, soon after which he resigned the
chair of botany in the Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine.

Dr. Wood made his debut in the journalistic field July,
1871, as the editor of New Remedies, published in New York
by William Wood & Company, in which position he con-
tinued until January, 1873. In 1873 he became editor of

«/ '

the Philadelphia Medical Times, published by J. B. Lippiii-
cott & Company, resigning this position in 1873. Professor
Wood is the sole editor of the latter half of the fourteenth
edition of the " United States Dispensatory." and his able
revision of the fifteenth edition, in company with Professors
J. P. Remington and Sadtler is well known.

The success of this has exceeded that of any previous
edition of the book, about 15,000 copies of it having been sold
in a twelve-month. Dr. Wood's brochure on " Brain Work
and Over Work," in 1879, has been read with interest by the
general practitioner all over the land ; and the same may
be said in regard to a volume entitled " Food for Invalids,"
published in conjunction with Dr. Fothergill, of London,
in 1880.

But the work which crowns the effort of his life is the
" Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics," published
in 1S75, the fifth edition in 1883. This was the first one
published in the English language, in which the physio-
logical action of drugs was brought prominently forward as
a ground-work of a treatise on therapeutics.

Dr. Wood has been connected as active or honorary
member with the following learned bodies: Lyceum of

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 319

Natural History, of New York ; American Medical Asso-
ciation, American Philosophical Society, Societe d'Hygiene,
Paris ; Amer. I. Sci. Kwai, Japan (Tokio). He is still
actively engaged in the practice of medicine, and as a
professor in the most prominent medical school of the
country occupies an exalted place among professional men.

USELMA C. SMITH.

Uselma C. Smith, a local botanist of repute, was born
June 9, 1841, in the West, where his parents had removed
from Philadelphia. He was educated in the public schools
of the Western Reserve. He studied law and was admitted
to the bar January 16, 1864. In August, 1868, he was
elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and as the Solicitor, Member of the Council
and Chairman of the Finance Committee takes an active
interest in the welfare of the institution. After the
lamented death of Dr. J. B. Brinton, Mr. Smith was elected
President of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, an institu-
tion of working botanists, founded by Dr. Brinton.

ADOLPH WILLIAM MILLER.

Adolph William Miller * was born, October 8, 1841, at
Berge, in the former Kingdom of Hanover (now a province
of Prussia), in a building occupied as a pharmacy by his
father, William H. Miller ; this store being a branch (Filial
Apotheke) of the one belonging to his maternal grandfather,
Franz von. Lengerken, at Ankum, some three miles distant.
He came to this country with his parents in the fall of
1848, at the age of seven years. Landing at New Orleans,

* Published in Alumni Report (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy), XXXII :
p. 79. January, 1896, with portrait.

320 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

after a tedious voyage in a sailing vessel, the family
ascended the Mississippi on a very slow steamboat, and
reached St. Louis about Christmas. His father purchased a
property in Belleville, St. Clair County, Illinois, some four-
teen miles east of St. Louis, and there opened a drug store.
Young Adolph attended the public schools in Belleville for
five years, and also received private instruction in Latin,
French and German.

At the age of twelve he entered the store of Edward T.
Robinson, at the southwest corner of Fourth and Market
Streets, St. Louis, Missouri. Mr. Robinson had then but
recently graduated from the Philadelphia College of Phar-
macy, having been apprenticed to the well-known firm of
Bullock and Crenshaw. Mr. Miller remained here for
nearly four years, the store in the meanwhile passing into
the hands of Robert Parham and Samuel W. Hendel — both
of them former Philadelphians. Mr. Hendel was also a
graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, having
been employed in the store of Henry C. Blair.

.In the meanwhile, the father, W. H. Miller, had sold
his property in Belleville, and opened a drug store in the
then frontier post of St. Paul, Minnesota, where he was
joined, in 1857, by his son. While assisting his father, he
continued his studies in Latin, Greek and mathematics in
the College of St. Paul. On account of the high praise
which had so frequently been bestowed on the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy by all of his former employers, Mr.
Miller early resolved to avail himself of its teaching
resources. With the opening of navigation in the spring of
1860 — there being no railroads in the Territory of Minne-
sota at that time — he descended the Mississippi to St. Louis,

m . -

ADOLPH W. MILLKU.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 321

came by rail to Philadelphia, and found employment in
the drug store of Ferdinand Roller, at the southeast corner
of Twelfth and Mt. Vernoii Streets, and subsequently with
Henry 0. D. Banks, at Fourth and Callowhill Streets. Mr.
Miller graduated from the Philadelphia College of Phar-
macy in 1862, the age qualifications then not being rigidly
insisted upon.

Immediately after graduating, and before being of age,
he was offered a partnership with his former employer, the
firm then being styled Henry 0. D. Banks & Company.
Some three years later, Mr. Banks retired, and the remaining
partners established the new firm of Aschenbach & Miller,
which has continued in business to the present time,
although its establishment was removed to the northwest
corner of Third and Callowhill Streets.

Without any intention of changing his profession, Mr.
Miller resolved to study medicine, chiefly for the educational
advantages connected therewith. As every successive course
of lectures in the medical colleges, at that time, was an
exact repetition, he decided to have, at least, the benefit of
the different views entertained by the then most prominent
teachers. He therefore matriculated in 1809 at the Jefferson
Medical College, where he attended one full course of lectures.
His next regular course was taken at the University of
Pennsylvania, then occupying the site where the Phila-
delphia Post-Office is now located, from which he graduated
in medicine in 1871. He then continued a series of studies
in the Auxiliary Department of Medicine of the University,
receiving its diploma as Ph. D. in 1872. He has also
received the honorary title of D. 0. from the Mt. Vernon
Institute of Elocution and Languages of this city.

322 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Shortly after the establishment of a pharmaceutical
laboratory in the medical department of the University of
Pennsylvania, Dr. Miller was elected Demonstrator of Phar-
macy, which position he has held continuously. Some ten
years ago he was also appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica
in the University, which office he also still holds.

Dr. Miller has been President of the Alumni Associa-
tion of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and a most
active member ; President of the Alumni Association of the
Auxiliary Department of Medicine of the University of
Pennsylvania ; President of the Alumni Association of the
National School of Elocution and Oratory, and he is at
present President of the Lotus Club, Corresponding Secretary
of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and President
of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania. He has also
been President of the Eisner and Mendelson Company, of
New York, from the time of its incorporation.

Dr. Miller was married to Margaretta T. Ash, of Phila-
delphia, the ceremony being performed by Mayor Alexander
Henry. He has three daughters living, one of whom is
married to William C. Helweg, and another to Alden H.
Weed, both of this city.

ISAAC C. MART1NDALE.

Isaac C. Martindale * was born in By berry, Phila-
delphia County, Pennsylvania, July 15, 1842. His parents
belonging to the Society of Friends, his early education was
acquired chiefly in the Quaker schools. He began the stud}r
of natural history while on the parental farm, and in the
absence of books he acquired considerable scientific knowl-

l>'.i... Torrey Botanical Bulletin, XX : ;».

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 323

edge by close application. He left the farm and became a
clerk in a bank at Byberry. In 1875 he became Cashier of
the National State Bank of Camden. Later, when the
Camclen National Bank was established, the cashiership
was confided to him. He was for some years Treasurer of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, a position
in which his financial ability made him eminently useful.

The study of botany was to him a welcome relaxation.
He acquainted himself with the plants in the vicinity of
Byberry, and in a short trip to Europe his eyes were
delighted by the mountain flora of Switzerland. After his
removal to Camden, close proximity to the rich and peculiar
flora of the " Jersey Pines " opened to him a new field, in
the study of which . he profited by the companionship and
accurate local knowledge of the lamented Charles F.
Parker. With most assiduous effort, most untiring industry,
and with a large outlay of money, he increased and per-
fected his herbarium, which had few, if any rivals, among
the private collections in the land.

He published in the American Naturalist (November,
1879), a list of plants collected on an excursion with some
members of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, to the vicinity of Pike's Peak in 1878. In 1880
he read before the West New Jersey Surveyor's Association
a paper entitled "Notes Upon the Bartram Oak " (Quercus
heterophylla), with a summary of the literature.

There appeared in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences, for 1880, a short paper on
"Sexual Variations in Castanea Americana," Mr. Martiii-
dale had time to prepare a " list of the marine alga?, hitherto
observed on the coasts of New Jersey and Staten Island,'1

t/ t

324 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

which was published in the first volume of the " Memoirs
of the Torrey Club." His studies of the ballast plants also
deserve notice in speaking of his botanical work. He
wrote a very just and feeling biographical sketch of his
friend, Charles F. Parker, who had died the previous
September.*

Mr. Martindale also devoted himself to other sciences.
Entomology received a share of his attention, and in 1863
he was made a corresponding member of the American
Entomological Society. He devoted himself to the study of
the Lepidoptera, and made a collection which experts in
that department have pronounced as one of the finest in
America. He interested himself in meteorology, and was
one of the observers for the Smithsonian Institute.

He also investigated the history of his native town
(Byberry), and studied his family genealogy.

It is to be feared that Mr. Martindale over-taxed his
strength, and, perhaps, had he shortened his hours of labor
he might have been spared to the world for many years
longer. Symptoms of failing health led him to resign his
position within a week or two before his death, in order
that he might be restored by travel.

Commencing his study of plants at the time that
systematic botany alone seemed to engage almost the entire
attention of botanists, Mr. Martindale's collections soon
secured him an acquaintance with the recognized botanical
authorities.

The herbarium f was commenced in his early man-
hood, and its collection and arrangement occupied at least

* Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, November,
1883.

t American Journal of Pharmacy, LXVI : 251. May, 189-1.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 325

twenty-five years. During a great portion of this time
he enjoyed the friendship and assistance in this work of
Charles F. Parker. The collection consisted of seven large
walnut cases, compactly filled with mounted specimens.
" It is impossible to form any definite idea of the number of
plants contained, as on many of the sheets several speci-
mens are attached from different localities. The specimens
are all handsomely mounted on white paper, and properly
arranged in heavy manila paper genus covers, and in
natural order divisions, the plan of arrangement adopted
being that of Durand's Index, corresponding with the
nomenclature of the Genera Plantarum of Bentham and
Hooker.

" Every division of systematic botany is well repre-
sented. Not only the Phanerogamia or flowering plants,
but the Pteridophyta, including a magnificent collection
of ferns; the mosses and liverworts, and the Thallophyta
are represented by a collection of algae, fungi and lichens.
It was the aim of Mr. Martindale to make his collection
complete and a representative herbarium, and it is univer-
sally acknowledged as surpassing, both in numbers and in
the perfection of style and arrangement, any private col-
lection in America.

" His proximity to and knowledge of the peculiar flora
of the pine barrens of New Jersey, gave him a fund of
material valuable for exchanges, and he was not slow to
take advantage of this in obtaining valuable specimens to
complete his own collection. His correspondence and
exchanges were numerous, including such countries as
Canada, Brazil, England, France, Germany, Austria and
Scandinavia, and the flora of these are represented in the

326 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

herbarium. Mr. Martindale paid considerable attention to
the peculiar and miscellaneous plants of the ballast grounds,
and this class, difficult of study to the ordinary student,
because not contained in our local manuals, is likewise well
represented.

" In addition to making extensive collections himself,
and exchanging with numerous botanists, both at home and
abroad, he acquired, by purchase, the best collections offered.
No collector submitted a list of desirable plants but that he
was made happy by an order from Mr. Martindale, and he
was a liberal contributor to every botanical expedition.
Among the many noted American collectors, whose col-
lections are here represented, may be mentioned : Parry,
Garber, Lemmon, Rothrock, Rusby, Curtiss, Howell,
Reynolds, Palmer, and those magnificent collections made
in the southwestern states and territories and in Mexico, by
C. G. Pringie.

" In 1881 he purchased the herbarium of Dr. Ferdinand
Rugel, of Tennessee, which was replete in the representation
of the flora of the southern states, thus receiving a large
addition to his already extensive collections from this
region. These specimens were remounted and distributed
through his herbarium. A great part of the herbarium
of his friend and co-laborer, Charles F. Parker, who had
made a special study of the flora of New Jersey, is preserved
in this collection. Likewise the collections of C. F. Austin.

"No expense was spared to make his herbarium com-
plete and perfect in every respect, and the outlay was large.
It is estimated that in the collection and arrangement of
this magnificent herbarium, Mr. Martindale had spent
at least $15,000.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 327

" Beyond any statement of the money value of the her-
barium, its true value will be in its importance to scientific
study and future investigations. Mr. Martindale's studies
brought him in contact with the botanical teachers and
authorities, and numerous are the specimens bearing the
labels of such eminent botanists as Dr. Asa Gray, John M.
Coulter, Sereno Watson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Professor E. L.
Greene, Dr. Vasey, Professor Macoun, Professor Underwood,
Dr. Porter and William Canby.

" The specimens and various genera or orders, difficult
of determination, have been very generally submitted to
specialists in the various departments, and their notes and
reference will add materially to the value of this collection.
Many of the composites were examined and determined by
Dr. Gray while preparing the volume of his Synoptical
Flora of North America, covering that order.

" In the catalogue of the plants of New Jersey, forming-
part of the geological survey of that state, Professor N. L.
Britton frequently refers to the herbarium of Mr. Martin-
dale as authoritv for statements made."

«/

It is the intention of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy, to whom the herbarium was presented through
the liberality of Messrs. Smith, Kline, French & Company,
to preserve the Martindale Herbarium intact as a reference
herbarium, and, under proper regulations, it will be open to
visiting botanists for study and consultation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "Variation in Leaves." — Botanical Gazette, 1 : 46.

2. " The Introduction of Foreign Plants." — Botanical Gazette, II : 55.

3. "Ferns from Bock Castle Spring, Kentucky." — Botanical Gazette,
II : 62.

328 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

4. " More about Ballast Plants."— Botanical Gazette, II: 127.

5. " Orobanche minor in New Jersey."-— Botanical Gazette, III-IV : 73.

6. " Germination and Growth of Parasitic Plants.'' — Botanical
Gazette, V-VI : 38.

7. "Quercusheteropliylla." — Botanical Gazette, V-VI : 303.

8. " Osmunda cinnainomea var. frondosa." — Botanical Gazette,
VI I- VIII : 86.

9. "Sudden Appearance of Plants." —Torrey Botanical Bulletin,
VI : 105.

10. " Opuntia vulgaris, a New Jersey Plant." — Torrey Botanical
Bulletin, VI : 105.

LINN/EUS FUSSELL.

Linnseus Fussell, M. D.. son of Dr. Edwin Fussell. of
Delaware County, a leading and well-informed botanist, and
one of the most active observers, constantly giving attention
to the study of plants, was born September 2, 1842. At
present he is President of the Biological Section of the
Delaware County Institute of Science.

A. F. K. KROUT.

A. F. K. Krout was born in the village of Line Lex-
ington, in New Britain Township, Bucks County, Pennsyl-
vania, February 2, 1843.

He was educated in the public schools of Bucks
County, and received his academic training at the North
Wales Institute, in Montgomery County.

His principal work has been teaching. He first taught
in the public schools of Bucks County, after which he held
the position of Supervising Principal of the following
borough schools in Pennsylvania: Coplay, Lehigh County ;
Emlenton, Venango County ; Lehighton, Carbon County ;
Wyoming, Luzerne County.

In June, 1883, he gave up teaching to become the Cor-
poration Accountant and Cashier for the Coplay Iron Com-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 329

pany, a corporation owned principally and controlled by
Mr. E. P. Wilbur, former President of the Lehigh Valley
Railroad Company. This position he held for five years,
after which he resumed his professional work in the Borough
of Emlentoii. In 1876 he appeared before the State Board
of Examiners for the Normal Schools, passed the exami-
nation successfully, and became an authorized teacher of
didactics.

He became a resident of Philadelphia in 1802, when
he took charge of the Business Departments of Temple
College, Broad and Berks Streets, and of the Union College
of Business, Broad and Market Streets.

He found much pleasure in pursuing a course of
general studies in science and language, and in 1877
Franklin and Marshall College recognized his industry as a
student, and conferred on him the degree of Master of Arts.

Having the confidence of the people at his permanent
home in Coplay, he was frequently called upon to fill
positions of honor and responsibility. He was the first
commissioned Magistrate when that town became a borough,
which office he held from 1869 to 1890. He was Secretary
of Town Council for thirteen vears and School Director five

t/

vears.

</'

The judges of the courts frequently appointed him to
serve on road juries and commissions, and there are few
townships in Lehigh County in which he was not called to
execute these appointments.

His favorite study since 1869 has been botany. When
IK >t in the class-room he has been out in the fields. When
he came to Philadelphia he prepared himself further in
botany, by taking, for three years, the special course for
teachers in botany and zoology at the University of

330 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Pennsylvania. The work done in the botanical line may
here be mentioned :

1. "The Flora of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania," in
conjunction with Dr. William Herbst, the eminent mycolo-
gist, who is still a resident of the County. The greater
part of the Lehigh collection is deposited in the Herbarium
of the Philadelphia Botanical Club at the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

2. " The Grasses of Philadelphia," 1898. These were
contributed to Dr. Thomas C. Porter's Pennsylvania Her-
barium at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania.

3. " The cataloguing of the Bartonian Collection when
deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences by the
Philosophical Society in 1897." This collection contains
the plants collected by Pursh on his memorable trips from
Philadelphia to the high mountains of North Carolina, and
to the Great Lakes and the White Mountains, in 1806
and 1807.

Professor Krout is a member of the Biological Society
and the Pennsylvania Botanical Society at the University.
At the Academy of Natural Sciences he is a member of the
Botanical Section, Microscopical and Biological Sections,
Philadelphia Botanical Club, the Pennsylvania Mycological
Society, and is now President of the Philadelphia Moss
Chapter.

EDSON SEWELL BASTIN.

Edson Sewell Bastin was born Mav 29, 1843, in

tj

Axaukee Countv, Wisconsin. His father was one of the

v '

pioneer farmers of what was then a new territory, a hardy,
industrious man, with little more than a district school
'•duration, but well endowed with hard sense and pluck.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 331

Eclson's mother was a sweet-natured woman, domestic in
her tastes, quiet in her manners but keenly observant, and
though not a botanist in the scientific sense, a lover of
flowers and with a mind well stored with plant lore. At
the age of twelve the boy's heart was saddened, almost
broken, by the death of his mother. It was indeed an
irreparable loss, though three years afterwards when the
father re-married, the children learned to love and revere
their step-mother, whose affectionate nature and nobility of
character once more made their home a cheerful and happy
one. The boy led the usual life of a farmer lad in those
days, attending district school in the old log school-house
in winters, and helping at farm work in summer time until
about sixteen years of age, when he was sent away to school
at Carroll College, in Waukesha.

His patriotism was deeply stirred by the events of
1862, and stopping midway in his college course, he
enlisted as a private in the 28th Wisconsin Infantry in
August of that year, and in December went with his regi-
ment to the front. He participated in the stirring cam-
paigns against Vicksburg and Arkansas Post, fought in the
battle of Helena, and marched with General Steele to the
capture of Little Rock. He had suffered much in health
from the malarial climate and the severe exposure incident
to camp life, and soon after reaching Little Rock
applied for and secured a clerkship at headquarters,
where he found employment suited to his tastes, and
the opportunity to regain his accustomed physical vigor.
He must have impressed his superiors favorably, for at
the end of a year, at the re-organization of the Fourth
Arkansas Cavalry, he was appointed a Captain in that

332 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

regiment. At the close of the war, although recommended
by an examining board of officers for a cadetship at West
Point, he determined to leave the military service, partly
because, on account of his father's death, affairs at home
needed his attention, and partlv because he had no relish

.L */

for a military career.

He was determined, however, to obtain, if possible, a
liberal education, and so in the autumn of the same year.
1865, he resumed his collegiate course, this time at the Uni-
versity of Chicago. From this institution he was graduated
in 1SG7. He then spent three years in the study of theology
only to reach the conclusion at the close of his course, that
he knew less of the subject than he thought he knew at the
beginning. These studies were therefore laid aside, and the
young man began to take a deeper interest in things
demonstrable.

Wearied by close application to books, with health con-
siderably impaired, and not a little disappointed at the
outcome of his years of study, lie gave up the idea of
entering a profession, and determined to go into business.
Ere long the opportunity presented itself, and he entered a
drug store and began the study of pharmacy. His love of
plants, first learned at his mother's knee, and rekindled by
his course in botany at college, brief and unsatisfactory as
this was, now received a new stimulus. He began with
collecting and studying native medicinal plants, but his
enthusiasm soon carried him much beyond this, and it was
not long before he had identified the larger proportion of
the local phsenogamous plants. In fact, his drug business
received a much larger share of attention on its scientific
than on its financial side. It consequently languished, and

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 333

before three years had passed its discouraged young pro-
prietor had sold out.

With the feeling that, after all, business was not to be
his life occupation, his attention now began to be turned
toward the teacher's profession. After giving instruction
in common school branches for a year or more, he was
offered by Chancellor Burroughs, for whom he entertained
a strong affection, the position of Registrar of his Alma
Mater, the University of Chicago. This was gladly accepted
in the hope that it would afford him the coveted opportuni-
ties for pursuing his scientific studies, the taste for which
had been rendered keener still by perusal of the works of
Darwin, Wallace, Huxley and Tyndall. This was in the
year 1874. It happened not long afterwards that the Uni-
versity wanted a teacher for a class in botany, and as the
young registrar's interest in the subject was now well
known to the trustees, he was asked to take charge of the
class, which he did with such success, that in two years he
was elected to the chair of geology and botany. This
position he held until 1883, when, owing to differences
between the President of the University and himself on the
doctrine of evolution, he resigned.

Some years previous to this event, however, he had
been giving lectures on botany in the Chicago College of
Pharmacy, and, as this institution developed rapidly,
he undertook the additional work of instruction in materia
medica and devoted now his entire time to the development
of these departments. One of the results of his work was
the establishment of a botanical laboratory, the first of its
kind connected with an independent College of Pharmacy
in this country.

334 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Iii 1890 Professor Bastin accepted the chair of materia
meclica and botany in the Northwestern University School of
Pharmacy, where he also organized a new botanical and
microscopical laboratory. But this had only just been
accomplished when he was called to the Philadelphia Col-
lege of Pharmacy to occupy the position vacated by the
death of Professor John M. Maisch. After coming to
Philadelphia, in 1894, Professor Bastin's department was
extended by the organization of a large and thoroughly
equipped laboratory for the study of micro-botany and
pharmacognosy. The professor was identified with the
purchase of the herbarium of the late Isaac C. Martindale,
a collection especially rich in the local plants of Phila-
delphia and vicinage. Professor Bastin allied himself with
the botanical interests of Philadelphia, and. it was to have
been hoped that he would have been spared to continue
with the same energy his botanical labors, but after a short
illness death claimed him on April 6, 1897.*

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "Elements of Botany." 1887.

2. "Vegetable Histology." 1887.

3. "College Botany." 1889.

4. "Questions on College Botany." 1892.

.">. " Laboratory Exercises in Botany." 1895.

f>. "A Fact Bearing upon the Evolution of the Genus Cypripediuui."
— Pi-ocet'rtini/* of tin Aiin'ricctn Association for Hit Adrinirinii nt of Si-imrt.
1883, 310.

7. "Plant Hairs."— HVN/mj I)n«j;ii*t, 1884.

8. " Sanguinaria Canadensis." — I'htinnai-ist. lss,">.

!). " Starches of Eoot and Ehizome Drugs."— Tin Ajn>t/,,cnri/. 1893.

10. "Economic Botany." — Atinricmi Journal of J'/inniinc//. 1S94. '282.

11. " Starches in DiiYi-n-nt Commercial Varieties of Cacao." — AUK ri<-<m
Journal of F/i<iriii>n-i/. 1*94, 369.

* See Obituary Notice, with cut. Philadelphia Ledger, April 7, 1897.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 335

12. "Structure of Asarum Cauadeuse." — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1894, 574.

13. "Structure of Geranium maculatum. — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1894, 516.

14. "Structure of Heuchera Americana." — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1894, 467.

15. " Stuctureof Podophyllum." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1894,
417.

16. "Structure of our Cherry Barks." — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1895, 435.

17. "Structure of our Hemlock Barks." — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1895, 356.

18. "Structure of Yeratrum viride." — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1895, 196.

19. "Structure of Iris." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1895, 78.

20. ' ' Some Further Observations on the Structure of Sauguinaria
Canadensis." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1895, 4.

21. "A Contribution to the knowledge of some North American
Conifera?. With Professor Henry Trimble." — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1896. Published separately in pamphlet form.

WILLIAM POWELL WILSON.

William Powell Wilson, So. D., was born October 17,
1844, at Oxford, in Oakland County, in the northern wilds of
Michigan. His early life was spent on a farm. When about
sixteen years of age he was employed in a large agricultural
implement manufacturing establishment, starting at the
very beginning, and working gradually upward from the
moulding room to the more difficult operation of making
complex agricultural machinery. During this time, until
he was nineteen years of age, Dr. Wilson was self-taught,
applying himself assiduously to the studies ordinarily com-
prised in a high school course. At nineteen he taught his
first district school in Michigan. At twenty he entered the
State Agricultural College of Michigan, working his way
through that institution for the next two and a half years.

:;:;r> THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

The sessions of the College were held from the first of
March until October, giving the students an opportunity to
teach school, of which privilege Dr. Wilson availed himself,
teaching for the next few years in several different places.

In the winter of 1873 he went to Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, to continue his botanical studies, which had been
begun in the State Agricultural College of Michigan. In
1874 he was appointed assistant to Professor Goodale, at
Cambridge, at the suggestion of Dr. Asa Gray, with whom
Dr. Wilson had studied the summer following his resigna-
tion from active teaching at Harvard University. In the
spring and summer of 1874 he worked constantly in a
private laboratory under the direction of Dr. Asa Gray,
who, during the years from 1873 to 1878, gave the young
botanist some of the most valuable lessons and suggestions
which came from any source whatsoever.

Dr. Wilson remained at Cambridge until the close of
the college year of 1878, occupying the position of assistant
under Professor Goodale, at the same time doing a great
deal of teaching and tutoring outside. During the time
that he was at Cambridge he took various studies in the
University, at the Agassiz Museum in Zoology. During two
years of this time studies were carried on in chemistry, in
physics, and in modern languages, so that in 1878, when he
left, the degree of Bachelor of Science was granted him

*

from the Lawrence Scientific School.

In the summer of 1878 the subject of this sketch
visited England, France, and in the fall, Germany, where
he matriculated at the University of Gottingen. He
remained at Gottingeii until the spring of 1879, when he
went to Naples and matriculated at the University there,

WILLIAM P. WILSON.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 337

attending the lectures in mineralogy and botany of Pro-
fessor Chisati, a celebrated systematic botanist of that day.
Returning in the summer to the University of Berlin,
Dr. Wilson matriculated there for one semester. In Ger-
many he attended the lectures of Grisebach, the greatest
geographical botanist of the world at that time, also those of
Professors 0. Drnde and Reinke. In Berlin he placed him-
self under Schweiidener, working in his laboratory on some
of Wiesner's experiments on light, securing his apparatus
from Professor Helmholtz's laboratory. During the vacation
periods Dr. Wilson visited Sachs, at Wurtemburg ; Niigeli,
at Munich, and in the winter of 1879 and 1880 matriculated
in the University of Tubingen, under Dr. William Pfeffer,
pursuing work under his direction along physiological lines.
In July of 1880 he took the degree of Doctor of Science at
Tubingen, with honors. In the winter of 1880 he came
home to America, remaining one month, when he returned
to Tubingen, upon the invitation of Dr. Pfeffer, to carry on
some special lines of work there. Returning to America in
1882, many flattering offers were tendered to him from the
West and Southwest.

Mrs. Wilson, being in delicate health, Dr. Wilson spent
part of the intervening time with her in the South during
the winter months. Several years after the death of Mrs.
Wilson, he married Miss Lucy Langdon Williams, Head
of the Department of Natural History, Girls' Normal School
of Philadelphia. In the middle of the winter of 1886
Dr. Wilson was appointed Professor of the Anatomy and
Physiology of Plants at the University of Pennsylvania.

Professor Wilson, during his vacations, spent consider-
able time in Florida, where he was enabled to study the

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

peculiar sub-tropical flora of that State. His studies upon
the bald cypress of the Florida swamps an- especially note-
worthy, as combining both morphological and physiological
research. He clearly demonstrated, both by experiments in
the greenhouse, and by a microscopic study of the peculiar
knees produced on this tree and on other plants living or
grown under similar conditions, that the protuberances on
the roots are breathing organs, and are produced in direct
response to the action of the environment,

His original work — teaching and direction of the bio-
logical school at the University, to which he was appointed
on the death of the venerable scientist, Dr. Joseph Leidy-
< .ecu] >ied fully his time until 1803, when Professor Wilson
made the proposition to one or two public-spirited gentle-
men on September 7, 1S93, to procure from the foreign
exhibitors at the World's Columbian Exhibition the fine
collections which had been so carefully gathered together
for exhibition purposes. Later, City Councils took hold of
the matter, and with an appropriation of $10,000, Dr.
Wilson, resigning the Directorship of the Biological School,
went to Chicago and succeeded in securing a vast collection
of various objects from Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala,
British Guiana, Ecuador, and various South American.
European and Asiatic States. Dr. Wilson succeeded in
organi/ing a vast museum of economic products during the
two years' leave of absence granted to him by the Univer-
sity— a museum occupying the former offices of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company, with a floor space of some
200,000 square feet. As Director of this Museum. Dr.
Wilson's time is very fully occupied with the executive
work of the institution, so much so that he resigned his
professorship in the University of Pennsylvania.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 339

As a teacher, Dr. Wilson always reinforced his lectures
by laboratory exercises, conspicuous for the wealth of illus-
tration. His methods were modern and his lectures clear
and forcible. As a lecturer Dr. Wilson had a pleasant
style of address, which at once won the attention of his
hearers. As an investigator, Dr. Wilson's methods were
exhaustive and painstaking. He never considered a piece
of work finished until he had thoroughly worked over the
whole subject and the literature.

Dr. Wilson is a member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia ; of the American Philosophical
Society ; of the Pennsylvania Historical Society ; of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association ; of the American
Association for the Advancement of Sciences, and other
scientific bodies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. " tJber intrarnolekulare Athmuug, " 1881-1882. Researches carried
on in Pfeffer's Laboratory.

2. ' ' On the Cause of the Excretion of Water on the Surface of
Nectaries." ( Dissertation for Degree) 1881.

3. " Eespiratiou in Plants." — American Journal of Science, 3rd series,
XXIII : 423.

4. "The Production of Aerating Organs on the Roots of Swamp and
other Plants." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889 : 67.

5. "The Influence of External Conditions on Plant Life." — Biological
Lectures, Wood's Holl, 1893 : 163.

6. "Summer Schools in Botany."- — Unirersity Extension, 1891 : 108.

7. " Report of the Board of Trustees for Establishing City Museums,
1894.

8. "Observations on Epigtea repeus, L." — Contribution* to Botanical
Laboratory of the University of Pennsylrania, I : 56. Plate.

9. "Preliminary Observations on the Movements of the Leaves of
Melilotus alba L. aud other Plants." Assisted by J. M. Greenmau — Contri-
butions of Botanical Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania, I: 66. With
plates.

340 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

10. "The Bald Cypress. "—Forest Le«rc«, II : 110. Plate.

11. "The Palmetto of the Southern States. " — Forest Lmres, III: 53.
Plate.

12. "Dwarf Trees."— Forest Leaves, III : 70.

13. Review. " Leitfaden der Botanischeu Mikroskopie. W. Behrens.
Torrey Bulletin, XVIII : 68.

14. Eeview. " Ueber Schutzmittel des Laubes gegen Transpiration
besonders in der Flora Javas. " A. F. W. Schimper. — Torrey Bullet in,
XVIII : 217.

15. Review. "Introduction to Botany." Voliiey M. Spaulding.—
Science, N. S., I : 496.

l(i. " On the Relations of Sarracenia purpurea to Sarracenia variolaris.
—Proceedings Academy of Xaturnl Sciences, 1888 : 10.

17. " Remarks on Death of Professor Asa Gray. ' ' — Proceedings Academy
of Xafimil Science^ 1888 : 67.

18. "On the Use of Bambusa Stem in Incandescent Electric Lighting."
Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889 : 129.

C. D. FRETZ.

C. D. Fretz, M. D., was born in Bucks County, Penn-
sylvania, November 16, 1844. He acquired all that
was to be obtained in the public schools of the county;
attended several terms at an academy at North Wales,
Pennsylvania, and prepared himself for the profession
of a teacher. He taught school for a number of years,
during which time he acquired a taste for the study
of botany, which he pursued with ardor, and which
has afforded him the only recreation during a long and
successful career in the medical profession. While engaged
in reading medicine with his preceptor, Dr. J. S. Moyer, now
of Quakertown, Pennsylvania, who was then preparing a
catalogue of the Bucks County plants, he became deeply
interested in the work, and assisted him in exploring the

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 341

upper and middle districts, and making extensive collections
for a future herbarium. The catalogue was published in
1876, and is the only one extant of its rich and varied

flora,

In March, of 1868, he graduated from the Medical

Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and imme-
diately located at Sellersville, Pennsylvania, where he still
resides. Here he continued to devote much of his leisure
time to the exploration of the nearby trap-rock region and
the adjoining swamps, and also to making frequent excur-
sions into other parts of the county, notably the lower end, in
the vicinity of Bristol. This latter region was found espe-
cially interesting from the similarity of its flora to that of the
swamps and barrens of South Jersey, and furnished many
new and rare plants. From collections made in different
parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York, together
with exchanges and purchases, he gradually acquired the
greater portion of the plants of the eastern and southern
United States, a total of about 5000 species and varieties.

Since the publication of the Bucks County Catalogue,
he has added about fifty new plants, the rarest of which
are : Carex grisea Wahl var. rigida, Bailey — new to science
and probably a good species — Ranunculus abortivus L. var.
micrantJius, Gray — new to the State Flora ; Isoetes Engelmanni
Braun, Lemna trisulca L., Callitriche deflexa Braun, var.
Austini Hegelm, Slum Carsonii Durand, Valerianella Wood-
siana Waif, var. patellaria, Gray, Pentstemon LTvigatus
Solander, Crepis tectorum L., Coreopsis discoidea, Torr and
Gray, Bromus Kalmii, Gray, Plantago Patagonica Jacq, var.
aristata, Gray, Solatium rostratum Dunal, Carex torta Boott,

342 THE BOTANISTS OP PHILADELPHIA.

Eragrostis Purshii Schrader, etc. With his knowledge of
Bucks County plants, Dr. Fretz has underway a complete
revision of the " Catalogue," which will shortly be repub-
lished.

He is a member of the Philadelphia Botanical Club,
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association and other societies.

GEORGE REX.

Dr. George Rex * was born at Chestnut Hill, and at the
time of his death was in his fiftieth year. He was a gradu-
ate of the University of Pennsylvania, and during his
earlier life was Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy in that
institution. He was a member of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, and other medical societies.

Dr. Rex f became a member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences in January, 1881, and in December, 1881, he w;is
elected a member of the Microscopical Section. He served as
its Conservator from November 3, 1890, until his death.

Dr. Rex was the highest authority on the Myxomycdes
in the United States. It was his enthusiastic study of this
group that first brought him to the Academy, aud his com-
munications on this subject formed an interesting part of
nearly every meeting. He was the author of a number
of species, which, owing to his extreme conservatism, will
doubtless, continue to bear his name. Many forms,
new to him, remained in his collection unnamed for years,
and were only published when lie had thoroughly con-
vinced himself that they were really new to science. His

* See Ledger, February :>, is'.i'i, for obituary notice. A framed photograph of
Dr. Rex hangs in the herbarium room, Academy of Natural Sciences.
i iv. »."). Proceedings of Academy o/ .\<id/r<it Sciences, 40.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. •"> 1:5

collection of Myxomycetes, presented by his sister, reposes
within the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Although he was interested principally in the Myxomy-
cetes, he was an earnest student of the lower orders of fungi,
and an ardent admirer of everything beautiful in micros-
copic nature.

Dr. Rex was a faithful and tireless worker, and those
who came in contact with him as fellow-student and
colleague, could not fail to appreciate his genial disposition
and his faithfulness in friendship.

As a professional man his work brought him into all
grades of life, and it is especially among the poor and needy
that may be found to-day a sincere and heartfelt grief,
which constitutes his only reward for many hours of toil.
He had been a practitioner in Philadelphia about twenty-
five years, and was highly esteemed within the profession.
During the Civil War he was an engineer in the United
States Navy.

One sister and four brothers — Miss L. M. Rex, the Rev.
Henry L. Rex, ex-Register of Wills; AValter E. Rex and
Alfred C. Rex, all of Philadelphia, and Dr. T. A. Rex, of
Pittsburg, survive him. tie died suddenly on the morning
of February 4, 1805, of heart trouble.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. " Siphoptychitim Casparyi. "— Botanical Gazette, IX-X : 176.

2. " The Myxomycetes, their Collection and Preservation. " — Bot«ni<-al.
Gazette, IX-X : 290.

3. " Eeview. Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze, nach dem ueuesten
Staudpimkte bearbeitet. Dr. W. Zopf.

4. " Notes on the Development of Tubnlina cylindrica and Allied
Species of Myxomycetes. "'—BolanicaJ Gazette, XV : 315.

5. "On the Genus Liudbladia."— Bofanie((l Gazette, XVI : 201.

:\\[ THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

fi. " New American Myxomycetes. " — Prot-inJini/s Ai-mlnny of

Sciences, 1891 : 335, 389.

7. " Hemiarcyria clavata, Pers." — PI-/H-H iTnnj,^ Academy of Xntiiral

Sciences, 1891 : 407.

8. "New North American Myxomycetes. — Proceedings Academy of
Niifiinit Si-iences, 1893 : 280, 364.

9. " Diachoea Thomasii."- — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences,
1894 : 289.

10. "Notes on Cribraria minutissima and Licea minima." -—Botanh-nl
Gazelle, XIX : 397.

11. "The Banded-spore Trichias." — Journal of Jfyrohyy. II : 85.

CLEMENT BELTON LOWE.

Clement Beltou Lowe was born in Salem, New Jersey,
in 1846. After a term of study in the schools of Salem, the
young man entered Bucknell College at Lewisburg, gradu-
ating in 1865 with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy.
Intending to become a civil engineer, Mr. Lowe then
entered the Philadelphia Polytechnic College, but, because
of ill-health, was compelled to relinquish the course. In
the following year, 1867, he purchased the drug store at
Ninth and Vine Streets, in connection with William Lip-
pincott. Some years later he purchased his partner's
interest, continuing the business under the firm name of
C. B. Lowe & Company, until about two years ago.

In 1882 he entered the Philadelphia College of Phar-
macy, graduating in 1884. He was made in 1885 a quiz-
master to the alumni association quiz, and in 1887 was
appointed assistant to Professor Maisch and quiz-master
to the college review quizes, occupying this position until
the death of Professor Maisch. On the election of Professor
Bastin he was appointed his assistant, and afterwards elected
Instructor of Materia Medica and Botany. With a view to
increasing his usefulness as a teacher, he attended lectures

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 345

at the Jefferson Medical College, graduating in 1 887. He
was a member of the Executive Board of the Alumni Asso-
ciation of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy for over
ten years, President of the Association for the college year
1888-89, was Chairman of the Committee on Social Meet-
ings for five years, and Treasurer of the Bucknell Alumni
Society of this city. On the death of Professor Bastin, Mr.
Lowe was elected Professor of Materia Medica in the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.

He is a member of the American and of the Penn-
sylvania Pharmaceutical Associations, and is Chairman of
the State Association's Committee on Adulterations. Among
his literary work should be mentioned a book entitled.
" Syllabus of the Botanical Natural Orders," two editions of
which have been published by and sold for the benefit of
the Alumni Association of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy.*

V

HUGO BILQRAM.

Hugo Bilgram was born in Memningen, Bavaria, in
1847, and graduated as a mechanical engineer at Augsburg.
He immigrated to this country in 1869, being employed by
the. then celebrated optician, Joseph Zentmayer, between
1N70-1S74, where he familiarized himself with the con-
struction and use of the microscope. Through Mr. VTni. C.
Stevenson, Jr., he became interested, as an amateur, in
mycology, especially the Myxomycetes. His work in this
line, however, has been confined to making a private collec-
tion, and supplying Mr. J. B. Ellis, of Newfield, New Jersey,
with a number of species for his exsiccata of American
Fungi. His collection of slime moulds, neatly arranged in
boxes, is not surpassed by any other collection in the city.

* Philadelphia Ledger, May 5, 1807. with cut.

346 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

WILLIAM CLARK STEVENSON.

William Clark Stevenson, Jr., was born December 7,
1848, at Philadelphia. He attended the public schools,
Rugby Academy and Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania.
From 1870 to 1880, Mr. Stevenson was in the wholesale
drug business, and in the paper box trade (Novelty Paper
Box Company) from 1881 to 1894.

Mr. Stevenson is more especially interested in mycol-
ogy, and has a mycological herbarium of some 5500
species, mostly of his own collecting, from Philadelphia,
Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania.

A paper entitled "Additions to Mr. Cooke's Paper on
the Valsei of the United States" appeared in the Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, April, 1878, pp. 80-88,
and was the result of an examination of the Schweinitzian
types in the Academy herbarium. He has been a life-long
friend of Mr. J. B. Ellis. He has prepared a manuscript
card catalogue of references, mostly American, bearing
upon mycology. His habitat list, and list of plant diseases
due to fungi, is very complete and full, and deserves publica-
tion by some learned society. The host plants are very care-
fully catalogued, as also the parasites which prey upon them.

Mr. Stevenson is a member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, the Photographic Society of Philadelphia and
Societe Beige de Microscopic, of Brussels, Belgium.

ROBERT Q. BECHDOLT.

Robert G. Bechdolt, son of William L. and Lizetta
Beclnlolt, was born December 20, 1848, at Knealingen,
Baden, Germany, and four years afterwards came, with the
rest of the family, to the United States, locating at Easton,
Northampton County, Pennsylvania, where he attended the

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 347

public schools until the age of ten, when he was taken
down with a severe attack of scarlet fever, leaving him an

O

invalid for many years thereafter. Upon the advice of his
physician, he was directed to follow out-door occupations.
He devoted his time as it seemed to agree with him best,
roaming the hills and valleys in search of natural history
specimens such as birds, plants and animals, which he
collected without the knowledge of method of determining
their species.

In due time his father engaged him to a nurseryman,
Mr. Charles Davis, of Warren County, New Jersey, a friend
of the family, who took a great interest in him, and often in
his absence entrusted his property to his care, and when
Mr. Davis disposed of his nursery, Mr. Bechdoldt engaged
himself in a minor position at Lafayette College, Easton,
Pennsylvania, where in due time he made the acquaintance
of Dr. Green, Dean of the Parclee Scientific School, through
whose kindness he was given entrance to all the scientific
departments of the college. In 1865 he was quite successful
in finding a number of rare plants, as well as being the first
to notice the coral fossils in the glacial drift of college hill.
Through the influence of Dr. Thomas C. Porter and his
assistant, the late Dr. A. P. Garber, he was guided in his
botanical researches, in which he was quite successful in
the finding of rare and new species of plants.

His parents having purchased a small farm in Seiders-
ville, a village about three miles south of South Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, he moved there with them in 1871. In 1872
he was elected a member of the South Bethlehem Natural
History Association, and during his membership the
following papers were brought before the society :

348 THE BOTAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

(1) "Accumulation of Plant Life at the Equator. Causes, etc."

(2) " The Lower Forms of Animal Vision traceable to that
of Plant Life." (3) "Migration of Plants."

On April 15, 1873. Mr. Bechclolt was elected a member
of the Chemical and Natural History Society of Lehigh
University, at South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and was
made Curator, November 3, 1873. In August. 1874. he was
sent by the latter society on a collecting trip to Key West,
Florida, and to the southern portion of the State of Texas,
returning in the year 1875, when he was again requested to
make a trip to explore the Amazon region in Brazil, South
America, The specimens collected on this trip consisted
mostly of plants and zoological specimens and Indian
utensils of the tribe Tapnios. From one of the medicine
men of the latter tribe he secured the skeleton of the rare
bird Palamedea car-nut a and the silicious sponge from the
bottom of the mouth of the Tapajos River.

At present Mr. Bechdolt is farming in the vicinity of
Seidersville.

LEWIS PALMER.

Lewis Palmer, father of T. Chalkley Palmer, President
of the Delaware County Institute of Science, was a good
botanist, especially familiar with the oaks.

EDMUND Y. McCALLA.

Edmund Y. McCalla was a close student of botany, his
books and his rambles in the field constituting his chief
enjoyment during the greater part of his life. His interest
and his energies were devoted particularly to Fairmount
Park: lie knew everv foot of its three thousand acres, and

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 349

his love for the trees and wild flowers amounted almost to
a passion. His pleasure was never selfish, and years of
hard labor were devoted by him to the propagation of rare
species of plants in different parts of the Park. He loved
the work for its own sake, his reward being the success of
his efforts. He was often misunderstood, his work thwarted
and undone, but he laughed merrily over his difficulties,
and, with apparently unlimited patience and good nature,
did the work over again. Plants that were rare in the
Park, he introduced, bringing seeds, roots or young plants
from other localities. He brought plants from the seaside ;
he introduced Coreopsis senifolia which comes from the
South, and he planted in several places the winter aconite,
ErantJiis hy emails.

But his greatest work was in the planting of trees.
One fall he gathered at Bartram's Garden 300 acorns of
the mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa), which he dis-
tributed all over the Park. Young trees were culled out
from places where they could not thrive and were trans-
planted to favorable sites, and the growing trees were ten-
derly watched and cared for as though they were in a
private garden. During the last six years of his life Mr.
McCalla devoted his energies almost exclusively to the top
of " Tunnel Rock " in the East Park. His first work was
the planting of trees, but his plan expanded as he saw the
success of his labors ; flower beds were laid out and culti-
vated, noxious weeds were rooted out, so that gradually the
place assumed the aspect of a garden, from having been
the most barren spot in the Park. The labor involved was
enormous, for soil and water, as well as fertilizer, had to be
carried to the top of the hill, and Mr. McCalla had no

350 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

assistance. He was killed while walking across the Penn-
sylvania Railroad track at this point, by being struck by a
train, on July 11, 1889.

Mr. McCalla's personal infirmity, his extreme deafness,
naturally limited the circle of his intimates, but to those
who were fortunate enough to know him well, he was
recognized as a brave, pure-minded, upright, unselfish man ;
an earnest and untiring student and devoted friend.

J. M. ANDERS.

Dr. J. M. Anders, a prominent physician of the city,
<-;m hardly be classed among the botanists of Philadelphia.
He, however, deserves notice in this book as the author of
two papers dealing with subjects on the medical side of
botany. The first paper, entitled, " On the Transpiration
of Plants," published in the American Naturalist, March.
1878, 100, was the result of study and experimentation
on the plants grown in Horticultural Hall, Fairmount
Park. His other paper, "Sanitary Influence of Forest
Growth," was published in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
County Medical Society, January 29, 1885. A book appeared
in 1887 on the same subject.*

CHARLES HENRY KAIN.

Charles Henry Kain was born in New Jersey, and
received his education in the schools of that State, including
the Trenton Classical Academy and the New Jersey State
Normal School, which he left before graduating, in order to
pursue classical studies with a view of entering college.

* House Plants as Sanitary Agents ; or. the Relation of Groicing Veil' t'Uinn
in 1 Irultli /mil Jjisease, comprising also a Consideration of the Subject of Prac/ii'n!
/•'tnricuitiire and of the Sanitary Influences of Forests anil Plantations. By, I. M.
Anders, M. D., Ph. J). .1. 1'.. Lippincott,

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 351

This plan was frustrated by the breaking down of his
health. He became principal of the North Ward Grammar
School in Camden, in 1868, succeeding in that position
William L. Sayre, now principal of the Central Manual
Training School. When Mr. Sayre left the Stevens School
in Camden, Mr. Kain took his place there. In 1874 Mr.
Kain. began his work in Philadelphia as Principal of the
Northwest Boys' Grammar School at Fifteenth and Race
Streets, and continued his work there until the close of
1886, when he accepted the position of Assistant Superinten-
dent of Schools, to which he was appointed by Dr. MacAllister
in November of that year.

Air. Kain is an expert photographer and uses the
stereopticon skillfully. The development of the present
illustrative movement in the schools is largely due to his
efforts. He has been instrumental in extending the work in
several states. He has devoted a great deal of time to
scientific work, particularly to microscopy, and has worked
up the diatoms of New Jersey for the state geological
survey.

Mr. Kain received the degree of A. M. from Lewisbure,

c? ^5 '

now Bucknell University, in 1868. He is President of the
Teachers' Photographic Association and is a member of the
Educational Club, the Teachers' Institute, the New York
Academy of Sciences, the Torrey Botanical Club, a corre-
sponding member of the New York Microscopical Society
and an honorary member of the State Microscopical Society
of Illinois.

His principal papers on the diatoms appeared in the
Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club.

352 THE J50TANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

1. " Notes on Diatoms. "—XIV : 25.

2. " New Fossil Deposits of Diatomacete."— XIV : 57.

3. " Diatoms. Raising them in the Laboratory " (JRcciew). — XIV : 78.

4. ''Diatom Slides."— XIV : 131.

5. " Notes on Diatoms."— XIV : 141.

6. " Movement of Diatoms" (Her lew).— XIV : 172.

7. " Diatomacese. Review Report of the Challenger Expedition."
Part II.— XIV : 174.

8. " On a Fossil Diatomaceous Deposit from Oamaru, New Zealand."
-XIV : 247.

9. " Diatoms of Atlantic City and Vicinity."— XV : 128.

10. "On a Fossil Marine Diatomaceous Deposit from Atlantic City,
New Jersey."— XVI : 71, 207.

11. " Diatomees Fossiles du Japon " (liericic). — XVII : 18.

12. "Recent Contributions to the Literature of the Diatouiere." —

XVIII : 156.

13. "Diatoms: Their Life History and their Classification" (Kcricir).—

XIX : 27.

14. " What is a Diatom."— XIX : 104.

15. "Francis Wolle."— XX : 211.

16. "De la Culture Artificielle des Diatomees" (£m>H-).— XX : 259.

EUGENE A. RAU.

The following is a partial list of scientific papers and
notices, by Eugene A. Ran, a botanist of Bethlehem, Penn-
sylvania.

1. "Catalogue of North American Musci. " Eugene A. Ran and
A. B. Hervey. Taunton, 1880.

2. "Additions to the Habitats of North American Sphagna."
Botanical G<c;<lt< , IX-X : 26.

3. "Fungi Hungarici."— Botanical Gazette, IX-X: 77.

4. " Helonias bullata in Northern New Jersey. "-—Bolanit.'iil Gazette,
IX-X : 113.

5. " Manual of the Mosses of North America, Lesquereux and
James" (L'ecicw). — Botanical Gazette, IX-X: 151.

6. "A New Phallus. "—Botankal Gazette, VII-VIII : 223.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 353

ELIA5 DIFFENBACH.

Elias Diffenbach was a compositor in the printing
office of Collins & Company. His vocation injured his
health and he was threatened with consumption. Dr. A.
AY. Chapman wrote from Apalachiola, Florida, that the law
allowed him a deputy whose duties were nominal and
whose salary would be $1200 a year. He wanted a botanist.
Charles E. Smith, of Philadelphia, named Diffenbach, who
at first accepted and afterwards declined. Mr. Smith urged
him to accept, saying : " If you were a rich man you
would spend a thousand dollars in going to Florida for your
health. Here you are offered a $1000 if you will go." He
finally declined, and Saurman went in his place. Diffen-
bach then went to Illinois, where he had a brother, a
druggist, with whom he worked, the next year dying of
consumption.

EMILY L. GREGORY.

Emily L. Gregory * was born at Portage, New York,
December 31, 1841. Her early education was had at Albion
Seminary, from which school ' she graduated, afterward
teaching at Dunkirk (Fredonia) Friendship Seminary. In
1876 she entered Cornell University, where she studied
botany and literature, taking her degree of Bachelor of
Literature in 1881. She was a teacher of botany at Smith
College from 1881 to 1883, and the following winter had
charge of the laboratory work in botany, at the Harvard
Annex. She went abroad in 1883 and 1884, and studied
for two years at Strassburg, under Professor Wigand, and at

* 1897. Torrey Botanical Bulletin, XXIV : 221, with photograph. The
main facts of this sketch are derived from this source.

3.~)4 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Zurich for one year, where she received her degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in 1886. When she returned to America she
taught at Bryn Mawr College, as an associate to Professor
E. B. Wilson, who was then Professor of Biology. She
resigned because the position was not congenial to her, and
during the following winter was associated with Professor
W. P. Wilson, at the University of Pennsylvania.

She was appointed Instructor in Botany at Barnard
College in the spring of 1889, and during the summer of
that year she spent abroad studying with Professor
Schwendener at Berlin, purchasing, as the opportunity
afforded, microscopes, charts, models, and books for the new
laboratory. The summer vacation of 1893, 1894 and 1895,
were likewise spent abroad.

The botanical department at Barnard grew rapidly in
popularity and in numbers, and it became necessary to
obtain the assistance of Miss Erne South worth, now Mrs.
Yohiey M. Spalding, and later, of Miss Jane Howell. The
laboratory collections consisted first of the herbarium of
Elizabeth G. Knight, to which was later added that of Dr.
Thomas Morong, purchased by funds raised by members of
the Torrey Botanical Club. A fellowship in botany was
endowed by one of the members, Mrs. Esther Herrmann.

The laboratory soon outgrew its quarters at 343 Madi-
son Avenue, and was removed to a more commodious place,
on the top floor of 518 Fifth Avenue. Dr. Gregory was
appointed Professor of Botany in 189(3, and Dr. Herbert
M. Richards was called to assist her. Together they planned
the new courses and laboratories in Brinckerhoff Hall but
Dr. Gregory did not live to see them completed, dying on

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 355

April 21, 1897. She was a member of the Torrey Botanical
Club, the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, and a contributor to the Torrey Bulletin and
Botanical Gazette.

" Personally, Dr. Gregory was extremely attractive, not
only for her cheery good temper, but for her faculty in
making friends, and for her kindly and personal interest
in all with whom she came in contact." Her original
papers and reviews, as given in the bibliography in the
Torrey Botanical Bulletin, number thirty-eight different
titles ; omitting the reviews, which number twenty-six
titles, the names of her original contributions to botany are
here given :

1. " The Pores of the Librifonn Tissue." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, XIII : 197-204 (1886).

2. "Death of Dr. Wigand."— Botanical Gazette, XII: 16 (1887).

3. "Systematic Botany."— Botanical Gazette, XII: 298 (1887).

4. " Notes on some Botanical Reading done in the Laboratory of Pro-
fessor Schwendener, in Berlin, June and July, 1889." — Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, XVI : 297-304 (1889).

5. "Notes on the Manner of Growth of the Cell Wall." — Bulletin
Torrey Botanical Club, XVII : 247-255 (1890).

6. " Abnormal Growth of Spirogyra Cells." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, XIX : 75-79 (1892).

7. "Anatomy as a Special Department of Botany." Read bef ore
A. A. A. S., Rochester, 1892.— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XX : 100-107
(1893).

8. "Elements of Plant Anatomy." Ginu & Co., Boston, 1895,
octavo pp. v, 148.

9. "What is meant by Stem and Leaf." — Bulletin Torrcy Botanical
Club, XXIII : 278-281 (1896).

10. "Development of Cork Wings on Certain Trees." — Botanical
Gazette, XIII : 249, 281, 312 ; XIV : 5, 37.

356 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

JOHN W. ECKFELDT.

John ~\V. Eckfeldt, M. D., was born in Philadelphia
January 29, 1851. His grandfather was Adam Eckfeldt,
first coiner of the United States Mint. His father, Jacob
R. Eckfeldt, occupied the position of Assayer of the Mint
at Philadelphia from 1832 to 1872. His mother was Emily
Levering, daughter of Mark Levering. Dr. Eckfeldt
received a public school education, later entering the Friends'
Central School at Fifteenth and Race Streets, and after-
wards completing his course of study at the Lauderback
Academy, entering the University of Pennsylvania in
September, 1869, and graduating in medicine March 12,
1872. Soon after graduating in medicine he began the
practice of his profession at Haverford, Delaware County,
remaining there until the fall of 1880, when he removed to
Philadelphia, where he soon gained an extensive business.
Dr. Eckfeldt early acquired the love for natural history,
devoting much of his leisure time to the studies of ento-
mology and botany, when desiring to concentrate his
efforts upon the latter science he abandoned the former.
His principal aim soon became manifest, for he prepared a
large and valuable herbarium, which became greatly
enriched by the aid of numerous correspondents. His
attention was then drawn to the cryptogams, and his whole
devotion was given to the then unexplored branch of
lichenology, which, at the time of the death of Dr. Tucker-
111:111, was a new field for extensive study and research.

Dr. Eckfeldt's literary work consists of some short
papers and synopses of species. Among some of these may
be mentioned, "A descriptive Enumeration of some rare
North American Lichens," " Description of some new North

JOHN W. ECKFELDT.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 357

American Lichens," "A further Enumeration and Descrip-
tion of some Lichens of the United States," "An Enumera-
tion of the Lichens of Newfoundland and Labrador, with
Description of new and rare Species," " On Alectoria Cetra-
riza Nyl., a new species from Oregon," * " Determination of
the less conspicuous and more difficult Species of Lichens
from Ohio," " Revision and Determination of the Lichens of
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania," " Determination of the
Lichens for the Academy of Natural Sciences, in the Con-
tribution to the Flora of Greenland," " Notes on the Lichens
in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences,"
" Revision of the Lichens in the Schweinitz Herbarium,"
" The Lichen Flora of Florida," " Revision of the Lichens
in the Geographical Survey of New Jersey," " Chemical and
Medicinal Properties of Lichens," " List of the Lichens from
California and Mexico, collected by Edward Palmer,"
" Determination of the Lichens from Southern Patagonia,
collected by the U. S. S. Albatross, 1887 to 1891," " List of
the Lichens from the Desert of Atakamia, collected by
Thomas Morong," " List of the Lichens collected in Bolivia,
by H. H. Rusby, M. D." In preparation, "An Enumeration
of the Lichens of British America, United States and
Mexico."

Dr. Eckfeldt in April, 1898, presented to the Academy
of Natural Sciences his valuable collection of lichens,
which he spent a quarter of a century in collecting. It is
one of the most complete in this country, only one other,
that of the late Professor Tuckennann, of Amherst College,
approaching it. The collection contains upwards of 4000
specimens, including 2800 different species. His collection

* Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XVIII : 257.

358 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

of ferns, amounting in all to some 300 species, he presented
to the Botanical School of the University of Pennsylvania,
Dr. Eckfeldt is a member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia ; of the Philadelphia and Delaware
County Medical Societies ; West Philadelphia Medical Club ;
the Torrey Botanical Club, of New York ; the Philadelphia
Botanical Club ; a life-member of the Medico-Chirurgical
Hospital ; Alumni Society of the University of Pennsyl-
vania and Medico-Chirurgical College.

FRANK LAMSON=SCRIBNER.

Professor Frank Lamson-Scribner* was born in Massa-
chusetts, in 1851. His family name was Lamson, but
having early lost his parents, he was adopted into a family
of the name of Scribner, living near Augusta, Maine; and
there he was brought up. From his youth, Professor
Scribner showed his natural bent for botanical pursuits.
At the age of eighteen, while still on the farm, he prepared
a treatise on the " Weeds of Maine," an illustrated pamphlet
of sixty-two pages, prepared for the State Board of Agricul-
ture, and his first botanical collections, made in 180(3 to 1807,
were acquired by Bowdoin College.

In 1870 he entered the State College of Agriculture and
the Mechanic Arts at Orono, from which institution he
graduated in 1873, with the degree of B. S. He lived in
Philadelphia from January, 1877, until May, 1885, during
which time he was an officer in Girard College. During
his eight years' residence in Philadelphia, he collected exten-
sively and wrote some papers on grasses while there. As a

* A portrait of Professor Scribner appeared in The Uniphic, November I'.i,
xn'. Article entitled, " The University of Tennessee."

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 359

member of the Academy of Natural Sciences and as
Recording Secretary of the Botanical Section, he had excel-
lent opportunities to pursue his favorite science. His botan-
ical associates, Dr. J. B. Brinton, Mr. Redfield, Air. Isaac
Burke, Mr. Martindale, were all botanists of more than
local repute. Dr. Rothrock, of the University, and Mr.
Charles E. Smith, were also well acquainted with Professor
Scribner.

In May, 1885, Professor Scribner was appointed Assistant
Botanist in the Department of Agriculture, and later became
Chief of the Section of Vegetable Pathology. Afterwards,
he accepted the Directorship of the Tennessee Agricultural
Experiment Station, and held the position also of botanist
in the same institution, until he was again called to
Washington to become the head of the Department of
Agrostology, Department of Agriculture, founded through
the determination of Secretary Morton to secure the services
of a capable agrostologist, whose entire time should be
devoted to the subject of grasses. His recommendation
by such men as Professor Charles E. Bessey, Professor
N. L. Britton, Professor W. G. Farlow, Dr. John M.
Coulter and others, speaks of the scientific standing
of Professor Scribner among his colleagues. Professor
Scribner is a member of a number of scientific societies, and
in 1889 he received from the French Government, for his
services in matters pertaining to viticulture and diseases of
the vine, the Chevalier's Cross of the Order of Merite
Agricole. He has written extensively upon botanical sub-
jects, and has one of the largest private collections of grasses
in the country (recently destroyed by fire), numbering
nearly 5000 specimens.

360 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "Weeds of Maine." — Report Maine Stale Board of Agriculture,
1869, pp. 62. Illustrated.

2. " Ornamental and Useful Plants of Maine," Part I. — Report Jlaim
State Board of Agriculture, 1874, pp. 85. Illustrated.

3. "A List of Grasses Collected by Mr. C. G. Pringle in Arizona and
California, during the Summer of 1881, with Descriptions of those Species
not already described in American Publications." —Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, IX : 74, 86, 103, 145 ; X : 29.

4. "New North American Grasses." -Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, XI : 5.

5. " Observations on the Genus Cinna, with description of a New
Species." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Science*, Philadelphia, 1884,
289. Illustrated.

6. "A List of Grasses from Washington Territory." — Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, X : 63, 77. Illustrated.

7. "Agricultural Grasses of Central Montana." — Pro<-<-<-ding* Society
Promotion Agricultural ,SV-/r//<r.s, 1883, 12 pp. Illustrated.

8. "Agricultural Grasses of Arizona." — Proceedings Society Promotion
Agricultural ,s'r/< n<-<*, 1886, 5 pp.

9. "A Revision of the North American Melicte." — Proceedings Aca-
demy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1885, 40, 1 plate.

10. " A Contribution to the Flora of Kansas— Graminese." — Provid-
ing* Kansas Academy of Sciences, 1885, 5 pp., 3 plates.

11. "Grasses of Yellowstone National Park," I. — Botanical Gazette,
XI : 169.

12. "Notes on a Hybrid Grass,."— Botanical Gazette, IX: 167, with
figures.

13. "A New Eriochloa." Vasey & Scribuer. — Botaniea/ (iir.i-ttc, IX:
185, 1 plate.

14. "Arizona Plants."— Botanical Gazette, IX : 186.

15. "Some Arctic Grasses," with plate. — Jlolanieal (la-.etti. XI: 25.

16. "Notes on Andropogou."— Botanical Gazette, XIII: 294.

17. " List of North American Audropogonae. "- — Bulletin Torrey Botani-
eal < '/ub, XVI : 233.

18. " New or Little Known Grasses," I. (Four species described and
li-ured. ) — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XV: 8.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 361

19. "New or Little Known Grasses," II. — Bulletin Tor re y Botanical
Club, XVII : 225, 4 plates.

20. "The Grasses of Roane Mountain." — Botanical Gazette, XIV : 253.
Illustrated.

21. "Mexican Grasses." — Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, 1891, 292, 1 plate.

22. "Grasses of Mountain Meadow and Deer Parks."-— Proceedings
Society for Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, 1889. (Reprinted with illus-
trations in Bulletin Tenn. Ayr. E.vpr. Station}.

23. "Index to Grass Names." — Proceedings Society fur Promotion of
Agricultural Sciences, pp. 18, 1890.

24. "The Grasses of Tennessee." Part I.— Bulletin Tenn. Ayr. Expr.
Station, V, No. 2, pp. 89. Part II : 141 pp., 42 plates. 1894.

25. "Mount Kataadn and its Flora."— Botanical Gazette, XVII : 46.

26. "Weeds of the Farm."— Bulletin Tenn. Ayr. Expr. Station, I,
No. 3.

27. "The True Grasses." By E. Ha-ckel. Translated from Die
NatiirlicJien Pflanzenfamilien. By F. Lamsou-Scribuer and Ernie A. South-
worth. 8 vo., pp. 227. Henry Holt & Co., 1890.

28. " Fungous Diseases of the Grape and other Plants and their Treat-
ment." 12 mo., pp. 136. Illustrated. J. T. Lovett & Co.

29. "Report on the Fungous Diseases of the Grape Vine." — Bullet in
No. 2 Botanical Division U. S. Dept. Agriculture. 1886, pp. 136, plates 7.

30. "Black Rot. Physalospora Bidwellii."-— Proceeding* till Annual
Meeting Society for Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, 1886, pp. 7.

31. "Botanical Characters of Black Rot. Physalospora Bidwelli
Sacc." — Botanical Gazette, XI : 297, plate 1.

32. "New Observations on the Fungus of Black Rot of Grapes."
Proceedings 9th Annual Meeting of Society for Promotion of Agricultural
Sciences, 1888.

33. "Successful Treatment of Black Rot."— Idem.

34. " Report on the Extent, Severity and Treatment of Black Rot and
Brown Rot in Northern Ohio, in 1889." — Bulletin No. 11 Botanical Division
of U. S. Department of Agriculture , 1890, 7 pp.

35. "Black Rot," Scribner & Viala. Bulletin No. 7 of Botanical
Division of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1888, pp. 29, plate 1.

36. ' ' Report on the Experiments made in 1887 in the Treatment of
the Downy Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape 'Vine."-— Bulletin No. 5 of

O

i;2 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

tin Bntanieal Dirixiun of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1888, pp. 110.
Illustrated.

37. "Report on Experiments made in 1888 in the Treatment of the
Downy Mildew and Black Rot of the Grape Vine." -—Bulletin No. 10 of
Botanical Division of U. S. Dep<u -tun, it of Agriculture, 1889, 6 pp.

38. "On a New Fungous Disease of the Vine. Greeneria fuli-
ginea." Scribner & Viala. — Proceed in;/* $fh Annual Meeting of Society for
Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, 1888.

39. "Fungicides." Circular No. 5 of the "Section of Vegetable
Pathology." — U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1887.

40. "Notes on Orange Leaf-Scab."-— Bulletin Torrey Botanical C/uh,

XIII: 1*1.

41. " Fungous Diseases of the Vine and their Remedies."- —Proceedings

of the Xi if .ft >•*<>/ State Horticultural S/n-iefi/, 1886.

42. " Observations the Past Season on Grape Rot and Mildew." — Pro-
ceeding Nen- Jersey State Horticultural Society, 1887.

43. "Fungous Diseases of Plants. "•— - 1 n Ailrfrcxx delivered lefore the
East Tciinc.wc Fanners' Convention at the 16th Annual Meeting, 1891.

1885. — ''Report as Assistant Botanist on the Fungous Diseases of
Plants," 10 pp. Annual Report U. S. Department of Agi -i culture.

1886. — "Report as Special Agent in charge of the Mycological
Section," 31 pp., 8 plates, 3 maps. Annual Import U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

1887. — "Report as Chief of the Section of Vegetable Pathology.''
74 pp., 17 plates. Annual Report U. S. Department of Agriculture.

•• Fungous Diseases of the Grape and other Plants" (with numerous
figures), 12 mo., 134pp. J. T. Lovett & Co., Little Silver, New Jersey,
1890 (issued in 1891).

ls<J5. — "Grasses as Sand and Soil Binders," 16 pp. Illustrated.
Reprint from Year Bool- of U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1895.

I'nder Professor Scribner's supervision, as Chief of the
Division of Agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
have been issued eighteen bulletins descriptive of grasses.
Bulletin 3, " Useful and Ornamental Grasses " ; Bulletin 14,
"Economic Grasses" and Bulletins 7 and 17, " American
Grasses," (Illustrated) are especially note-worthy as from
Professor Scribner's pen.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 363

Iii addition to the above enumerated papers, contribu-
tions to horticultural and agricultural papers may be noted,
especially to Caiman's Rural World, Maine Fanner, Home
Farm, and Orchard and Garden. In the last named paper
a series of illustrated articles on the fungous diseases of
plants appeared.

HAROLD WINQATE.

Harold "Wingate was born in 1852, and was educated
at the Philadelphia Central High School. He became
interested in mycology, particularly in the Myxomycetes,
and during the relaxation from his duties in connection
with the International Navigation Company, has done much
collecting of the Myeetozoa. He is the author of various
papers on new genera and species of these interesting plants,
and has a collection containing the local flora and types
from many European authors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "A New Germs of Myxomycetes." — Journal of Mycology, II : 125.

2. " Tilmadoche compacta, u. sp."— Proceedings Academy of Naitu-nl
Sciences, 1889 : 48.

3. "Notes 011 Enteridium Kozeamun. " — Prowrrfiiif/x Aeatlony of
Xn/i/ral SficiH-cs, 1889 : 156.

4. "The Spores of the Myxomycetes. "•— P/-o<r<v/n///x AcaiJony of
Snlural Sciences, 1889 : 188.

5. " Note on Orthotricha. " •— Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciem-i*,
1889 : 189.

6. " Oroadella operculata Whig, a New Myxomycete. " — ProceeiUni/x
Academy of Natural Sciences, 1889: 280.

HENRY TRIMBLE.

Henry Trimble, the son of Stephen M. Trimble, was
born May 22, 1853, at Chester, Pennsylvania. In his youth
he attended regularly the Westtown Boarding School in

364 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Chester County, Pennsylvania, receiving a very thorough
general education from that well-known school. He was
apprenticed in the drug business in 1872, and supplemented
this equipment by the regular course of study in the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy, from which he received his
diploma in 1870. Later, he passed two years at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, pursuing special studies in organic
and analytical chemistry. On May 28, 1878, he formed a
business partnership with C. W. Warring-ton, with whom
for five years he conducted a retail drug business at the
corner of Fifth and Callowhill Streets. Philadelphia. In
]S7(.) he was made asssistant to Professor Sadtler. at the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and four years later
was appointed Professor of Analytical Chemistry in the
college. In this connection he served, and during all the
time he had charge of the analytical laboratory, directing
many original investigations with students, the results of
which have been published in the American Journal of
Pharmacy, partly under the joint names of himself and
student, and occasionally in the name of the student alone.
His own investigations were directed largely to the study of
the tannins, with which investigation his name will cer-
tainly be linked indissolubly in scientific literature. These
investigations he collected together in a most valuable and
comprehensive monograph, "The Tannins," * of which Vol-
ume I was issued in 1802, and the second volume in Lsni.
This work was very favorably received both in this country
and abroad. His "Hand-Book of Analytical Chemistry."

* The Tannins. A Monograph on the Jlistori/. Preparation, Properties,
Methods of Estimation, and Uses of the Vegetable Astringents. By Henry Trimble.
Ph.M. Philadelphia, J. H. Lippincott Company. 1, ls:rj. octavo, pp. ir,s. II, ism,
pp. 172.

HENRY TRIMBLE.

o

66 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

13. "Canaigre." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1889: 395.

14. "Some Indian Plants Foods." — Aimrican Journal of Pharmacy,

1889 : 4, 556.

15. " Eupatorium purpureum." — American Journal of Pharmacy.

1890 : 73.

16. "California Soap Plant." — American Journal of Pharmacy.
1890 : 598.

17. " Peucedanum Canbyi. " •— American Journal of Pharmacy, 1890: 281.

18. "Some American Galls." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1890:563.

19. " Carum Gairdueri. " — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1891: 525.

20. " Purshia trideutata. " — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1892: 69.

21. " Proximate Principle from Phytolacea decaudra." •— American
Journal of Pharmacy, 1893 : 273.

22. "Four Oak Galls from India." — American Journal of Pharmacy.
1894 : 299.

23. "Cultivation of Ginseng." -American Journal of Pharmacy,
1894 : 399.

24. "Oils of Wiutergreen and Birch." — American Journal of Phar-
macy, 1895 : 560.

25. " Report on Tannins." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1895 : 516.

26. "Recent Literature on the Soja Bean." — American Journal of
Pharmacy, 1896 : 309, 350.

27. "The Tannin of Some Acorns." — American Journal of Pharmacy,
1896 : 601, 634.

2S. "North American Conifers?, with Professor Edson S. Bastiu."
American Journal <>f Pharmacy, 1896 : 21, 65, 136, 199, 242, 321, 383, 409,
554, 642. Republished in pamphlet form.

WILLIAM E. MEEHAN.

William E. Meehan, the oldest son of Thomas Meehan,
was born at Holmesburg, Philadelphia, August 31, 1853.
He was educated in the private schools and learned the
nursery and florist business, at the same time taking an
active interest in scientific matters. He was one of the
founders of the Germantown Natural History Society,
started in 1868. This society turned out a number of able

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 367

men, such as Carvill Lewis, the geologist, In 1S83 he
abandoned the nursery business for literary pursuits,
writing a number of stories for different papers. He became,
in 1886, a reporter on the Germantown Gazette, and later its
editor. He became, in 1887, a correspondent reporter for the
Philadelphia Ledger until 1889, when he was made an
associate editor, having charge of the science, including
botany. "When the relief expedition was sent out in 1892 to
the assistance of Lieutenant Peary, who had wintered in the
Arctic Regions, Mr. Meehan went as the botanist, the result
of his scientific work being published in the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences. Mr. Meehan contributed
to the Public Ledger a series of articles on " Notable Trees,"
and has written for various magazines. A large pamphlet
of his on " Fish, Fishing and Fisheries of Pennsylvania,"
published by the State, is a valuable resume of these
interests in the Keystone State.

JOHN MUIRHEAD MACFARLANE.

John Muirhead Macfarlane was born in 1855 at Kirk-
caldy, a busy manufacturing town within view of the
Scottish capital.

He received his early education first at a private school,
and later at the High School of his native place. In 1876
he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh, and began
the study of botany under the late Professor John Hutton
Balfour, in 1877. He was Senior Prizeman and Medalist in
the class of practical botany, and obtained honors in the
systematic class. At the same time he gained the Gilchrist
Prize for a report, illustrated by a series of specimens, upon
the fossil flora of the Edinburgh Coal Fields.

368 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

In the following year he was asked to assist in the class
of practical botany, and to undertake some work in the
University Herbarium. In 1880 he graduated Bachelor of
Science, and was appointed Private Assistant to the late
Professor Dickson, successor to Professor Balfour in the
chair of botany. This position he retained till 1888, when
he was appointed Principal Assistant by the University
Senate.

In 1881 he was chosen Lecturer on Botany in the
Royal Veterinary College, and was elected by the committee
of St. George's College tutor to its recently established
Correspondence Botany Classes. Here he was the first to
introduce the system of transmitting numerous specimens
at regular intervals for examination and description. This
plan was continued by him for seven years, and has since
been largely adopted by similar institutions.

In 1883 he graduated Doctor of Science, when he pre-
sented a thesis on " The Structure, Division, and History of
Vegetable and Animal Cells." Shortly afterwards he was
made Superintendent of the large herbarium of the Uni-
versity, located in the herbarium building at the Royal
Botanic Garden. This post he held till 1888, when he
resigned to aid in the development of the laboratory and
museum departments.

In lss.~> he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, and to its " Transactions " lie contributed
papers on botanical subjects. In the same year he accepted
the post of Acting Secretary of the Botanical Society, and
for six years thereafter he edited the Society's yearly
" Transactions."

In 1SS7 the Committee of the Association for the Uni-

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 369

versity Education of Women appointed him lecturer for
the year, when his class was attended by sixty-two students.
In 1888 he became Principal Assistant in the University,
and was thus called on to direct large classes in lecture and
laboratory work. He thus acquired exceptional opportuni-
ties for familiarizing himself with the work of all depart-
ments of a large botanical school, situated in the midst of
one of the richest botanic gardens in the world. Teaching
in the class-room, research in the laboratory, organization
work in the herbarium and museum, or demonstration in
the field, filled up the hours of a busy life.

In the early period of his Edinburgh life he amassed
large collections of fossil plants, and published a paper " On
Lepidophloios, a Genus of Coal Measure Plants." The fossils
he presented to the museum of the botanic garden, where
they are now deposited. His studies on cell structure, on
pitchered insectivorous plants, on the minute structure of
hybrids, on dicotyledonous stems, and many other topics,
extended from 1883 to 1891, but are only in part published
as vet,

«/

In 1891 the Research Committee of the Royal Society
voted him twenty-five pounds to publish investigations on
hybrid plants. His results embodied in the " Transactions
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" attracted the attention
of biologists to a large and important field for investigation.
In the same year he made some remarkable discoveries
regarding the sensitive movements of the Venus Fly Trap,
which later were laid before the Botanical Section at the
Washington meeting of the American Association. The
completed research was published a year later in " Contri-
butions from the Botanical Laboratory of the University of
Pennsylvania.

370 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Attracted by the wide field offered for earnest workers
in this country, Dr. Macfarlane resolved, in the summer of
]s'.il, to settle here, and during the winter of 1891 and
1892 elaborated several papers that have since seen the
light. He also conducted University Extension Classes at
Lansdowne and Haddonfield. The interest of the students
in these and other centres was aroused ; natural history
societies were instituted, and all of them affiliated about
three years ago as " The Delaware Valley Naturalists'
Union," with a membership between 300 and 400.

In the summer of 1892 he was elected Professor of
Biology in the University of Pennsylvania, and about
a vear later Professor of Botanv. Immediatelv on his

t/ I/ U

appointment to the latter chair, he submitted plans for the
establishment of a botanical garden on the land surround-
ing the Biological School. Various circumstances conspired
to prevent the accomplishment of this till the autumn of
1894, when he was asked to become Professor-in-Charge of
the Biological School. Thereafter, through the fostering
care of Provost Harrison and Vice-Provost Fullerton, the
woik steadily advanced, till now the University has a
suite of ten plant-houses, a set of seed pits, upwards of
eighty beds devoted to the natural orders of plants, rock
gardens, lily ponds, a hardy fernery and a small arboretum.
With parties of the botanical students, Professor Mac-
farlane has examined the flora of the Blue Mountains, the
Alleglianies, the southern states, as well as the region nearer
Philadelphia, Extensive collections have been made, on
these occasions, for the botanic garden, and in recognition
of his services, the University Trustees appointed him
Director of the (lardcn in June, 1S9(>.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 371

On October 10, 1897 was organized the Botanical
Society of Pennsylvania, largely through the interest and
energy of Professor Macfarlane. This Association has
already done much active botanical work.

His published writings, in recent years, have mainly
been on sensitive plants, and on the best methods of
organizing botanical museums and gardens.

He is a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, American
Philosophical Society, and others.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. " Notes on the Action of some Aniline Dyes on Vegetable Tissues."
— Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, XIV : 19Q.

2. "On Lepidophloios, a genus of Coal Measure Plants."-— Trans-
actions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, XIV : 181.

3. "The Structure and Division of the Vegetable Cell.' — Transactions
of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, XIV : 192.

4. " Observations on Vegetable and Animal Cells." Parti. — Trans-
actions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, XXX : 585.

5. " On the Distribution of Honey-glands in Pitchered Insectivorous
Plants."— Nature, XXXI: 171.

6. "On the Division and Conjugation of Spirogyra. "•— Transactions of
the British Association, Aberdeen, 1885. 1088.

7. "On a Microscopic Fungus in Fossil Wood from Bowling."-
Transactions of the British Association, Aberdeen, 1885, 1088.

8. " On a New Method of Preparing Epidermal Tissues of Pitcher-
plants."- — Transactions of the British Association, Aberdeen, 1885, 1088.

9. "Observations on Pitchered Insectivorous Plants." Part I.—
Annals of Botany, III, 1889.

10. "Observations on Pitchered Insectivorous Plants." Part II. —
Annals of Botany, VII, 1893.

11. " A Comparison of the Minute Structure of Plant Hybrids with
that of their Parents, and its Bearing on Biological Problems." — Transactions
of the E<»j«l ,SV/V// ,,f Edinburgh, XXXVII : 203, Plates 1-8, 1892.

372 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

12. "Contributions to the History of Dionsea Musciptila." — Contribu-
tion* from lite Botanical Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania, I : 7.

13. "Botanical Gardens and their Value." — Alumni Report of the.
Philadelphia Colleae of Pharmacy, XXXII, February, 1896, p. 112.

14. " Irrito Contractility in Plants." — Bioloyical Lectures, Wood's
Holl. Session of 1893, p. 185.

15. " Sensitive Plants under Colored Screens."

16. "Observations on some-' Hybrids between Drosera filiformis and
D. intermedia." — Contributions from the Botanist! Laboratory of the University

of Pennsylvania, II : 87.

17. "Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania. — Trans-
action* and PvoeeeiUni/s of the Botanical Snriity of Pennsylvania, I : 111.

CHARLES SUMNER DOLLEY.

Charles Sumner Dolle}', M. D., was born in Elyria,
Lorraine County, Ohio, June 10, 1S5G. As Professor of
Biology in Swarthmore College during 1885 and 188(3, and
as Professor of Biology in the University of Pennsylvania
until 1892, his main work was in zoology. His botanical
work was crystallized in a " Provisional List of the Plants
of the Bahama Islands," published in Proceedings of tJ/e
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1889, p. 349).
Since 1892 Professor Dolley has taught the biological
sciences, particularly botany, in the Philadelphia High
School.

CHARLES S. BOYER.l

Charles S. Boyer was of German and French parentage,
descended from settlers who came to Montgomery County
in 1750. His father was a strong Abolitionist, who, as a
volunteer in a Pennsylvania regiment, after hard service,
died in a Confederate prison.

He was born in Philadelphia in 1850, was educated in

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 373

the public school, and graduated, with honor, from the
Central High School in 1S74. In 1875 he entered the
Academic Department of Brown University, graduating in
the class of 1879. At the time of graduation Charles Boyer
was honored with the position of class poet. In 1885
he received from Brown University the degree of A. M.
Since graduation he has been engaged in teaching mathe-
matics and the classics, and is, at present, a school supervisor
of Philadelphia.

As a boy, his botanical education was chiefly gained
from rambles around Philadelphia, his botanical collection
quite extensively representing the flora of Pennsylvania,
together with portions of New England. But for many
years Professor Bover's entire attention has been given to

«/ «•-'

microscopical work, more especially to the group known as
the Diatomacese. His collection includes several thousand
slides of separate named forms, the result of hours of work.
His library includes as large a number of works on
Diatomacete as will probably be found in a private col-
lection in this country, the result of many years collecting.
Professor Bover's papers, thus far published, consist
entirely of contributions to scientific journals, including
articles on microscopic technique in the Observer, and others
on the Diatoms in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
His papers on botany are : " A Fossil Marine Diatomaceous
Deposit at St. Augustine, Florida " ; "A Diatomaceous
Deposit from an Artesian Well at Wildwood, New Jersey."
A translation of the latter paper appeared in a Parisian
journal, Le Diatomiste, Vol. II. " The Mounting of Diatoms,"
Practical Microscopy, January and May, 1895.

374 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

The work upon which he is at present engaged is a
" Synopsis of the Biddulphoid Forms of the Diatomacere,
with complete Descriptions of Species occurring in North
America and a Revision of the Classification." It is nearly
completed.

Professor Boyer is a member of the following societies :
American Microscopical Society, Torrey Botanical Club of
New York, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
Geographical Club.

CHARLES C. WILLIAMSON.

Charles C. Williamson was born in Philadelphia,
November 1, 1S57, and was educated in the private schools
of the city. In 1877 he graduated from the University
of Pennsylvania as a mechanical engineer. As a boy, he was
interested more especially in entomology, until he became
absorbed in botany, which was taken up as a side issue.
Removing to Harrisburg, during his spare time he col-
lected extensively about that place and around Johnstown,
Pennsylvania, w7here, after leaving Harrisburg, he spent
four years. Philadelphia then became his place of resi-
dence, Mr. Williamson being engaged as Professor of
Drawing in Girard College and in the Spring Garden
Institute. lie has taken several botanical trips to
Florida, two to Wilmington, North Carolina, and to the
mountains of North Carolina, where lie made extensive col-
lections. The living plants collected on the latter trip were
presented to the Botanic Garden of the University of Penn-
sylvania. His herbarium numbers some 2000 sheets. Mr.
Williamson is a life member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences and member of the Botanical Section.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 375

HELEN ABBOTT (MICHAEL).

Helen Abbott (Michael) was born in Philadelphia,
December 23, 1857. She left a musical career in 1883, and
began her scientific studies, attending some lecture courses
at the Woman's Medical College in Philadelphia, from
1883 to 1884. In 1884 she passed final examinations in
anatomy, physiology and chemistry. From 1884 to 1888
Miss Abbott worked at the Philadelphia College of Phar-
macy, under the direction of Professors Sadtler and Trimble.
In 1888 she was married to Arthur Michael, a chemist.
After her marriage she followed- chemical studies and
investigations with Mr. Michael, in their private laboratory
011 the Isle of Wight, for four years. For the last two years
they have been working at Tufts College, Mrs. Michael
working privately on the glucosides. Mrs. Michael is a
member of the American Philosophical Society, and corre-
sponding member of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.
The following is a list of her papers on the chemical side of
botany :

e/

1. " Nutritive Vahte of Condiments." — Pol yd in ic Journal, 1883.

2. "Analysis of the Bark of Fouquieria &plead.ei\s."-— Proceedings
Ann rii'iin Axxociation Ail rn in'/ mi-nt of Science, 1884, 190. Aweriwtn Journal of
Pharmacy, February, 1885, 81.

3. "A Chemical Study of Yucca augustif olia. "• — Proceedings American
Association Advancement of Science, 1886, 125.

4. "Preliminary Analysis of a Honduras Plant, ' Chichipate. ' :

5. " Certain Constituents of Plants, considered in relation to their
Morphology and Evolution.'' —Botanical Gazette, XI: 270.

6. "On Hsematoxylin in the Bark of Saraca Indica. "- —Proceeding's
Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1886, 352.

7. "Plant Chemistry as an Applied Science." — Journal Franklin
Institute, 3rd Ser., XCIV : 1.

8. "The Chemical Basis of Plant Form." — Journal Franklin Insti-
tute, 3rd Ser., XCIV : 161.

376 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

9. " Plant Analysis as illustrated by the Production of Sugar from
Sorghum."-— Proceed i HI/* Alumni Axxociotum Ainrri<-<in O »//<•//<• of J'Juii-intiri/,
1887.

10. ''The Chemistry of the Lower and the Higher Plants." — -Ann i-'n-mi
\«/i<ntli*t, 1887, 719, 800.

11. "The Occurrence of Solid Hydrocarbons in Plants." — Ainrrii-mi
( 'In niirul Joiinml, X : 439. ( 1888. )

JOSEPH CRAWFORD.

•Joseph Crawford was born December 20. 1858, within
sound of the water of the Perkiomeii, made famous by
Audubon, Say, Wilson, and others. His early education,
until he was fifteen or sixteen years of age, was spent at
the county schools, together with a two years' course at the
High School at Norristown, where he finished his scholastic
career. Even then his interest in botany showed itself.

V

He graduated in 1884 from the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy, where he attended the lectures and studied
botany under the late Professor John M. Maisch. While a
druggist at Tuckertoii, New Jersey, he collected plants in
that neighborhood and became much interested in the flora
of New Jersey. Entering business for himself in Philadel-
phia, in 1884, his botanical studies were carried on spas-
modically until 1892, when he associated himself with the
late Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, accompanying that botanist
in his outings. Through Dr. Brinton, Mr. Crawford became
interested in the Academy of Natural Sciences, and also of
the Botanical Section.

He, with Dr. Brinton, was instrumental in the founda-
tion of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, which meets
monthly and has for its object the study of the plants found
especially within a radius of sixty miles of the city. As
< ii;>, innan of the Botanical Committee of the Pennsylvania

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 377

Pharmaceutical Association, Mr. Crawford has entered
heartily into the plan of making a check-list of Pennsyl-
vania plants, his herbarium containing many plants of very
local distribution.

GEORGE MAHLON BERINGER.

George Mahlon Beringer was born in the city of Phila-
delphia, February 3, 1800, and was educated in the city
schools, being graduated from the Central High School in
the year 1876. He immediately began the study of the
drug business with the well-known firm of Bullock & Cren-
sliaw, with whom he remained until 1892, when he pur-
chased the store of the late Albert P. Brown, in Camden,
New Jersey. He was graduated by the Philadelphia College
of Pharmacy in 1880, taking for the subject of his thesis
" Citrate of Caffeine." He began writing for the American
Jou.rnal of Pharmacy in 1882. His papers, numbering over
forty articles, are of a very general interest, covering
formulas of practical pharmaceutical interest for every
worker in the drug store, such as syrupus aurantii. syrupus
lactucarii, tinctura moschi, tinctura strophanthi, essence of
pepsin, solution of ma late of iron, mullein oil, an improve-
ment in Liebig's condensers, phenol sodique, and resin of
podophyllum. In chemistry, his papers include " The
Nature and Manufacture of Aristol," " Quinine Bimurias,
Bromoform, Determination of Melting Points," " Formula
for Liquor Carbonis Detergens," " The Four Chlorides,"
" Ung : Boroglyceride," " Notes on the Oleo-Resins," and a
paper on " Oil of Bay," " Pimenti and Cloves," " Hypo-
phosphorous Acid," "The Tritration of Ammonium Car-
bonate," " Purification of Benzin, Aleates, Phytoxylin," and
one on " The Value of Ehrlich's Test in Urinalysis."

378 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

His papers on the literature of pharmacy consist of
translations, a critical revision of the United States Pharma-
copo3a of 1890, a paper on "The Apocynaceas in Materia
Medica," one on " The Recognition of Elixirs by the Phar-
macopoea," " Notes on the Rhus Poisoning," " Notes on the
Genus Myrica," on " The Different Commercial Varieties of
A'anilla," with illustrations; "Notes on Loco Weeds,"
" Sophistication of Insect Powder with Hungarian Daisy,"
"Adulterations of Elm Bark," and also one on "The Sophis-
tication of Flaxseed Meal," and a valuable paper on
" Expressed Oil of Almonds." These all appeared in the
American Journal of Pharmacy. The editor of Parr id < '*
Pharmacy received valuable assistance in the revision of
the fifth edition. He furnished a review of the " National
Formulary " for the Poly clinic, which was reprinted in the
Druggist Circular in 1889. A supplementary paper upon
" The Oil of Bay ': was published by him in the Druggist
Circular. He furnished an article for the Pharmaceutical
Journal and Transactions, upon " Pharmacy in America,"
which appeared in January, 1890.

Mr. Beringer has been active as a field botanist, and
has contributed many interesting plants to the Herbarium
of the Philadelphia Botanical Club.

T. CHALKLEY PALMER.

T. Chalkier Palmer was born October 23,1800, near

Media. Pennsylvania; the son of Lewis Palmer, a local
mineralogist and botanist. He was educated at Westtown

Boarding School, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and at

Haverl'onl College, Pennsylvania, graduating from the
latter in lS,s±

GEORGE M. BERINGER.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 379

Professionally, he is a chemist, having, as chemist of
the Sharpless Dye-wood Extracting Company since 1882,
paid especial attention to dyestuffs.

Since 1874 he has been a student of botany, his studies
being mostly confined to the local flora, especially that of
Delaware County. He has been enabled to make several
additions to the flora of the county, contributed to the
records of the Delaware County Institute of Science, Media,
Pennsvlvania. He has been a member of the Botanical

«/

Committee of that society for six years, Chairman of the
Committee two years, and President since 1894, having been
re-elected in 1894 and 1896. Lately, Mr. Palmer and his
brother, John Palmer, have interested themselves in the
study and collection of diatoms.

Mi\ Palmer has written several popular science articles
for The Student, The Friend, and the Philadelphia Weekly
American. A paper on " Isoetes Saccharata " appeared in
the Botanical Gazette for January, 1895, and one on " Respira-
tion in Diatoms," in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, 1897.

Mr. Palmer is a member of the Society of Chemical
Industry (British), the Society of Dyers and Colorists
(British), Societe Chimique de Paris, the Franklin Institute,
the Academy of Xatural Sciences, Philadelphia.

F. D. CHESTER.

F. D. Chester was born October 10, 1861. and was
educated at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri,
and at Cornell University, where he received the degree of
B.S. in 1882, and M.S. in 1885. From 1882 to isxr>, he
was Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in Delaware

380 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

College. Between 1885 and 1894 he occupied the chair of
geology and botany in the same institution. During this
time he was mycologist for the Delaware College Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, in connection with which insti-
tion he has done most of his botanical work. In 1887 he
was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science ; in 1880. a Fellow of the American
Geological Society, and 1802, a member of the Society for
the Promotion of Agricultural Science.*

IDA A. KELLER.

Dr. Ida A. Keller was graduated from the Girls' High
School of Philadelphia in 1883. From 1884 to 1886 she
was a student in the Department of Biology in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, and the year following ^vas assistant
in the herbarium at Bryn Mawr College.

From 1887 to 1880 Dr. Keller was a student at the
University of Leipzig with Professor Wilhelm Pfeffer, the
leading plant physiologist of the day, and with Professor
Friedrich Stohmann in chemistry. In 18*0 and 1800, she
was a student at the University of Zurich, where she received
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The two years following, Dr. Keller was Lecturer in
Botany at Bryn Mawr College, and from 1803 to the present
has been Teacher of Chemistry and Director of the Natural
History Department at the Girls' High School.

She is a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, and has undertaken,
under the auspices of the club, the compilation of a " Flora
of Philadelphia and Vicinity."

* For Geological papers see Am Jour. .Vet.; Proceedings of A. A. A. S.: I'/u'/n.
Acini. .\nl. .S'ci.; Second Geol. Survey of Pcnna. an<l I'. S. Geol. Surcvii. For
botanical papers see Reports of Del. College Ayr. Ezpt. Sta.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 381

In a paper * entitled " Notes on the Cross-Fertilization
of Flowers by Insects " (Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, 1S9G), Dr. Keller boldly challenged the asser-
tions of Darwin and others, that cross-fertilization of flowers
is of utmost value to the individual species, and supports
the contention of the opposing school that the great bulk of
colored flowering plants are self-fertilized ; that self-ferti-
lizers are every way as healthy and vigorous, and immensely
more productive than those dependent on insect aid ; and,
finally, that where plants are so dependent, they are the
worst fitted to engage in the struggle for life, the great
underlying principle in natural selection. As a result
largely of Dr. Keller's paper, the Gardener's Chronicle, com-
menting on her deductions, says :

" It will certainly be somewhat of a shock to some
conservative people to hear that the cherished convictions
have been ruthlessly undermined. It seems we must give
up believing that nature loves cross-fertilization, and adapts
herself to it, and that the lovely hues of flowers are due to
insects. The evolutionist must set to work and get some
new theories to suit these Jin de siecle opinions. How can
we account for the beautiful colors and beautiful scents
which please our senses, but apparently do not please
insects at all ? We must have more experiments before the
question of relation between flowers and insects can be
satisfactorily settled."

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "Tiber die Protoplasma Stromuug im Pflauzenreich." Zurich,
1890.

2. '"The Phenomena of Fertilization iu the Flowers of Mouarda
fistulosa." — Proceedings Academy XithirnJ Sciences, Philadelphia, 1892.

* See editorial, Public Ledger, Thursday, October 29, 1896.

382 THE BOTANISTS OF PPIILADELPHIA.

3. "The Glandular Hairs of Braseuia peltata, Pursh. " — Proc<rdi>ii/s
Academy Xnlnni! Sdi ni'cs, 1893.

4. "The Jelly-like Secretion of the Fruit of Peltandra uudulata,
Hal. "-—Proceedings Academy y<dnrt(J Sciences, 1895.

5. "On the Color in the Aril of Celastrus ecsmHeDS." —Proceedings
Ai-iiil< in// X«t iiml Sciences, 1896. Reported in the Public Ledger.

6. "Notes on the Study of the Cross-Fertilization of Flowers by
Insects.' '-—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, 1896.

A. ARTHUR HELLER.

A. Arthur Heller, the youngest of a family of five sons,
was born March 21, 1867, in Montour County, Pennsylvania.
Always averse to the life of a farmer, an opportunity to
learn the " arts and mysteries of printing " was given him
in 1881. Accordingly, his mother, a widow since his birth,
removed to Lancaster, where his oldest brother, now Rev. C.

B. Heller, of Mt. Crawford, Virginia, was just beginning his
course in the Theological Seminary of Franklin and Mar-
shall College. About September 10, 1881, he entered the
service of the Inquirer Printing & Publishing Company,
now the Wickersham Company. After two years' work as
a journeyman, he entered the Academy of Franklin and
Marshall College, and five years later, in 1892, graduated
from the college with the degree of B. A.

His mother at that time had several students in her
house as boarders, who were engaged just then in studying
botany. The plants which they brought in from their
trips seemed very beautiful to the boy, who had to spend
ten hours a day at the type case, with very few opportuni-
ties to get out into the country. To a girl friend, in lss-1.
who is now bis wife, and who was then in the High School,
and also studying botany, lie confided his opinion that
botany must be- a very nice study, and that he wished he

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 383

could have & chance at it. She offered her services as
teacher, and put him to work at Gray's Lessons.

In the fall of 1888, lie entered the Freshman class of
Franklin and Marshall College, where the acquaintance of
a classmate, John K. Small, who was much interested in
botany, was speedily made. The two at once became insep-
arable companions, and spent all their spare time in
botanizing. During the fall of 1888, and spring of 1889,
not a week passed without at least one collecting trip being
made. It was mainly during this time that the fifty or
sixty additions to the known phanerogamous flora of Lan-
caster County were made.

The vacation of 1880 was spent by Mr. Heller in the
neighborhood of his birthplace, the greater part with his
brother, A. C. Heller, at Berwich, Columbia County, Penn-
sylvania. While here, he began a correspondence with the
veteran botanist, Dr. Thomas C. Porter, of Lafayette College,
Easton, Pennsylvania, and collected a number of plants
for him.

Having decided to visit his oldest brother, Rev. B. C.
Heller, then located near Salisbury, North Carolina, during
the vacation of 1890, Dr. Porter and Dr. N. L. Britton, of
Columbia College, New York, kindly advanced funds and
assisted him in disposing of sets of the plants collected.

This visit to the " Tar Heel " State was a very enjoy-
able one, and introduced him to many new plants." The
greater part of the time was spent about Heilig's Mill, at
the parsonage, twelve miles south of Salisbury. Between
this place and Salisbury is a tract of granite containing
many rare plants. But the crowning event of the summer
was a visit to Blowing Rock, where some three weeks were

384 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

spent. This is a summer re-sort, in the crest of the Blue Ridge,
at 4000 feet elevation. Grandfather was the first mountain
visited. This grand old mountain, classic in the annals
of southern botany as the foraging ground of botanists
from the elder Michaux to the present time, stands like an
immense sentinel some ten miles west of Blowing Rock.
Trips were also made to Table Rock (which Dr. Gray always
would call Table Mountain), thirty-five miles distant, and to
Roan, fifty miles west. Three new species were collected :
Solidago Roancnsis Porter, on the slopes of Roan ; Liatris
Heller i Porter, on the " blowing rock," and Lotus Helleri
Britton, at Heilig's Mill. Pentsiemon Smallii Heller was
collected in fruit, but not named until four years later.

So well pleased were he and Mr. Small with the results
of this trip, that they decided to make it in company
during the next vacation. Accordingly, early in June they
started, stopping at Lynchburg, Virginia, to make a side
trip to Roanoke. Here they obtained a number of rare
plants, among them the recently published O.mlis grand i*
Small and Oxalis recurva Ell. A stop was also made at
Fall Creek, near Danville, and a number of species col-
lected, one of which was Senecio Smallii Britton. Only a
few days were spent at Heilig's Mill, and by June 10,
they were quartered at Blowing Rock. Pentstemon
Smallii, with its handsome rose-purple flowers, was in
full bloom, and so, too, was Rhododendron Catawbiense,
and occasional belated bushes of Azalea lutca. Two
delightful months were spent in the mountains. Grand-
father was visited three times, and Roan and Table
Rock once. On the slopes of Grandfather the long-
neglected Lilium Carolinianum Michaux was found in

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 385

quantity. Thai! drum coriaceum (Britton) Small, which
occurs all through that region, was collected at Blowing-
Rock, and Thalic/rum macrostylum (Shuttle), Small and
Heller, at Hickory, in a meadow. Thalidrum polygamum,
with which the latter has been associated as a variety, was
not seen, and probably does not occur in western North
Carolina. Upon returning from the mountains, a few
days were again spent at Heilig's Mill, and a trip made to
the falls of the Yadkin River, a very picturesque place,
and of much botanical interest, Solidago Yadkinensis
(Porter) Small and Acer leucoderme Small were obtained on
this day.

The distribution of the plants collected during this and
the preceding year brought Mr. Heller to the notice of
American botanists, and very unexpectedly in March,
1892, came an offer from Rev. George Vasey, Botanist of
the Department of Agriculture, to join a botanical expedi-
tion then being organized to make explorations in northern
Idaho. As the work of the senior class was almost over,
permission was readily granted him to take his examinations
in advance, and on April llth he started for Minneapolis,
Minnesota, where the party was organized. The party was
commissioned for five months, and in that time traveled
through some interesting country, from the mouth of
the Clearwater River to the north shore of Lake Pend
d' Oreille.

In December of that year he visited New York, and
became personally acquainted with Dr. Britton. In Feb-
ruary, 1893, he again went to New York, where he spent
two or three months, working with Dr. Britton. The col-
lecting season was spent in Virginia, principally in the

:;si; THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

south-eastern part. A trip was also made to White Sulphur
Springs, West Virginia, after the rare Clematis ovata Pursh
and Trifolium Virginicum Small. Two trips were also
made to the mountains of North Carolina after rare species.
During the season several new species were collected, and a
number added to the Gray " Manual Range."

Upon the opening of Columbia College, in October, he
entered upon a post-graduate course, but circumstances
compelled him to abandon it early in December. He
immediately decided to spend the following season in
Texas, and March 3, 1894, found him located at Corpus
Christi. Four months were spent at Corpus Christ! and
Kerville, a small town seventy miles west of San Antonio.
The Lone Star State proved the best botanical ground yet
visited. Some ten or fifteen new species were discovered,
and many rare ones collected. On the way to the collecting
field he spent a day with the Director of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, Dr. William Trelease. The results of
his visit to Texas were incorporated in a report entitled :
" Botanical Explorations in Southern Texas during the
Season of 1804." In it are 116 pages of descriptive matter,
including lengthy critical notes on many species.

Part of July and August was spent at Washington,
determining the Texas collection at the National Herbarium,
and later, some weeks at New York, verifying doubtful
species. As a member of the Torrey Botanical Club, and
an Associate Editor of the Bulletin, visits to the metropolis
now became rather frequent.

At the close of 1894, there being a vacancy at the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden, Professor Trelease kindly offered
him the position of Assistant, but the offer was regretfully

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 387

declined, as he had decided to visit the Hawaiian Islands,
long famous for their unique flora. Honolulu was reached
March 15, 1895, and eight months spent on the islands
of Kauai and Oahu. Of both flowering plants and
cryptogams, about seventy-five new species were discovered.

While at San Francisco, the botanists of the University
of California, at Berkeley, and of Leland Stanford, Jr., were
visited, and nearly all of the time spent at the herbarium of
the California Academy of Sciences.

Early in December he again arrived in Lancaster, and
after Christmas repaired to New York to verify the deter-
minations made from Hildebrand's " Flora of the Hawaiian
Islands."

In April, 1896, Mr. Heller and wife started for Idaho to
spend the summer in collecting. Two months were spent
at Lewiston, at the junction of the Clearwater and Snake
Rivers, and the same length of time in the Craig Mountains,
at Lake Waha and Forest, twenty and thirty-five miles
respectively, south of Lewiston. The usual number of
interesting species were collected, among them a dozen or
more new ones.

While at Lewiston an offer of the position of Assistant
Botanist of the Geological and Natural History Survey was
tendered him and promptly accepted. He was later
located at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, where
he had charge of the rapidly growing herbarium of that
institution. In March, 1898, was issued by Dr. Heller a
new check list of North American plants. It contains a
list of 14,534 names, an increase of 2000 names over any
catalogue previously issued. It is the direct outcome of
Dr. Heller's connection with the large herbarium at the

388 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

University of Minnesota. Dr. and Mrs. Heller started in
1898 on a botanical trip to the newly acquired tropical
island, Puerto Rico, under the auspices of the New York
Botanical Garden. They returned in June, 1899, with a
large collection of plants, especially from the northern side
of the island.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. " Notes on the Flora of North Carolina." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical
Club, XVIII : 186, 1891, pp. 7.

2. "A Botanical Trip." — College Student, Franklin and Marshall
College, 1891.

3. "On the Flora of North Carolina and Contiguous Territory." —
Memoirs Torrey Botanical Club, III, No. 1, 1892, pp. 39.

4. " Asplenium Bradleyi, Eaton." — Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club,
XX : 18, 1893, pp. 2.

5. " Preliminary Report on the Flora of Luzerne County, Pennsyl-
vania."— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XX : 55, 1893, pp. 13.

6. "Preliminary List of the Lichens of Lancaster County, Pennsyl-
vania, Lancaster, Pennsylvania," February, 1893, pp. 4.

7. " Plants from Virginia new to Gray's Manual Range, with Notes
on other Species."— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXI : 21, 1894, pp. 7.

8. "A Request,"— Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, XXI: 314,
1894, pp. 7.

9. "Botanical Exploration in Southern Texas during the Season of
1894." — Contributions to Herbarium, Franklin and Marshall College, Lan-
caster, Pennsylvania, No. 1, February 6, 1895. Plates 1-9, pp. 116.

10. " Notes on Kuhnistera, " — Bulletin To rny Botanical Club, XXIII :
117, 1896. Plate 262, pp. 9.

HENRY KRAEMER.

Henry Kraemer was born in Philadelphia on July 22,
18G8. His parents died when he was in his third year.
Thrown upon the world, he was admitted to Girard College,
from which institution he graduated in 1883, being awarded
the first prize scholarship. On January 1, 1884, he was

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 389

apprenticed to Dr. Lowe, and during the five years of
apprenticeship was a student of the Philadelphia College
of Pharmacy, graduating with the class of '89. Up to this
time the field of medicine was his ambition ; but the work
of the senior year, while he was engaged on a thesis on the
"Microscopical and Chemical Study of White Oak Bark,"
caused him to turn his energies in a pharmacognostical
direction. The result of this thesis brought him the John
M. Maisch microscope prize, as well as the Henry C. Lea
prize of one hundred dollars for the best thesis of the class.
For a short time he was an assistant to Professor S. P. Sadtler
at the University of Pennsylvania, and was called from this
position in 1890 as an Instructor in Pharmacognosy, etc., to
the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York. Here
he labored for two years, but in the meantime became con-
vinced that he needed further preparation for the work he
wished to do ; so, in the second year, he began a course of
study at the School of Mines of Columbia University. In
1895 he completed this course and was awarded the degree
of Bachelor of Philosophy.

In April, 1895, he became Professor of Botany,
Pharmacognosy and Materia Medica at the School of
Pharmacy of the Northwestern University, with the
privilege of spending a year abroad. During this year, an
" arbeit " was undertaken and finished, with the approval of
the Faculty of the University of Marburg. This, with the
successful passing of the required examination, brought
him his degree of Doctor of Philosophy.* In 1897 Dr.
Kraemer was elected Professor of Botany in the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy, to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Professor Bastin.

* Philadelphia Ledger, May 8, 1897, with portrait.

390 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

From 1892 to 1895 he was a reporter for the Progress of
Pharmacy, of the American Pharmaceutical Association,
and for a while was the editor of the Alumni Journal, of the
College of Pharmacy of the City of New York. He was Sec-
retary of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, during 1897
and 1898, and has been acting editor of the American Journal
of Pharmacy since the death of Professor Henry Trimble.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "Tannin of Quercus alba." — American Journal of Pharmacy,
1890, 236.

2. "Fungi." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1894, 424.

3. "A Microscopical and Chemical Examination of Cloves." — Amer-
iean Journal of Pharmacy, 1894, 479.

4. "The World's Columbian Exposition from a Botanical Stand-
point."— American Journal of Pharmacy, 1894, 80.

5. ' ' The Materia Medica of Ceylon. ' ' — American Journal of Pharmacy,
1894, 530.

6. "The Violet Perfume." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1895.

7. "Chinquapin (Castanea pumila, Mill)." — American Journal of
Pharmacy, 1895, 453.

8. "The Pharmacist and the Microscope." — American Journal of
rimrmacy, 1897, 398.

9. "Botanical Study of Viola tricolor." — Inaugural Dissertation,
rn, 1897.

10. "Examination of Powdered Drugs." -American ,}»nnnil of
, 1897, 523.

11. " Asaruin Canadense." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1698, 144.

12. " Note on Saffron." — American Journal of Pharmacy, 1898, 386.

13. "Qualitative Examination of Powdered Vegetable Drugs."
American Journal of Pharmacy, 1898, 506, 558, 607.

14. "The Study of Starch Grains and its Application." — American
Journal of Plun-macy, 1899, 174.

15. "Origin and Detection of Mucilage in Plants." — American Journal
of Phannai-i/, 1899, 267, 285.

16. "On the Morphology of the Genus Viola. " —Bulletin Torrey
Botanical Club, XXVI : 174.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 391

JOHN WILLIAM HARSHBERGER.

John William Harshberger* was born in Philadelphia,
January 1, 1869, of indigenous American stock, his ancestors
on his father's (Abram Harshberger, M.D.,) side having
immigrated to Central Pennsylvania from near Coblenz on
the Rhine, in 1735, and on his mother's (Jane Harris Walk)
side just prior to the outbreak of the French and Indian
Wars in 1755. He claims German ancestry on his father's
side (Hirschberger, Rhone), and on his mother's, by inter-
. marriage, Scotch-Irish (Brown, Oliver), English (Harris)
and Sclavic (Walk). He went while a child to the kinder-
garten taught by an aunt. Until nine years of age,
he was taught at home ; and during this time, in 1877,
was created his love for botany and plants, having
accompanied his aunt on the botanical excursions conducted
by Professor Jacob Ennis to the country in the immediate
vicinage of Philadelphia. At nine, he entered the public
school at Haddington, West Philadelphia, and, by succes-
sive steps, passed through the entire public school system of
Philadelphia, until his graduation from the Central High
School, in June, 188S, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
In 1888, he entered the Biological School of the University
of Pennsylvania on one of the public school scholar-
ships. His studies at the University engrossed all of his
time for the next four years, when, in 1892, he received the
degree of Bachelor of Science. In 1890, having spent some
time in study at the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University,
he was appointed Assistant Instructor in Botany, serving
under Professor Joseph T. Rothrock and Professor William
P. Wilson, from whom he received a practical pedagogical

* A half-tone portrait appeared in Traffic, IV : 18, Philadelphia, March,

392 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

training, his theoretical knowledge of pedagogy being
ol )tained in 1892-'93, while a member of the University
Extension Seminar.

Having combined with his studies for the bachelor's
degree the branches leading to the degree of Doctor of Philos-
ophy, in June, 1893, he was granted that degree by the Uni-
versity, having prepared as a thesis, "Maize: A Botanical
and Economic Study," which was published in Vol. I, No. 2,
Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory, University of Penn-
sylvania. This piece of work was noticed favorably in
buiaiiical journals, both at home and abroad. The pam-
phlet of one hundred and twenty-five pages was later trans-
lated into Spanish by Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Mexico.*

In 1893 he was appointed Instructor in Botany,
Biology and Zoology at the University, in the Veterinary
Department, where he teaches botany, general biology and
zoology, and in the School of Biology, where he teaches
botany. In order to make his lectures in the Veterinary
School more attractive and interesting, Dr. Harshberger
drew in colored crayons a series of three hundred or
more botanical and zoological wall charts. These are
mounted on muslin, the crayon being fastened perma-
nently to the black pattern paper by means of gum mastich
dissolved in alcohol. In the fall of 1896 Dr. Harshberger
was appointed a lecturer in the Philosophical Faculty of
the University, where, as one of the teachers, he will give
instruction to the student candidates for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy.

For three years, ending 1895, he was one of the staff of

* El Maiz. Estudio BoMnico y Econi'imico por John W. Hars[h]berger, Ph. D.,
(Universidad de I'ensilvania) Traduccion, octavo, 104 pp. Mexico. 1894.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 393

teachers at the Rittenhouse Academy, Philadelphia (Dr.
De B. K. Ludwig and Professor E. B. AYaples, Principals),
instructing the students in chemistry, physics and astro-
nomy.

In June, 1895, he was asked to revise the botanical
words and terms in Worcester's Dictionary, which was
undergoing revision at Lippincotts. This work, besides
the lectures delivered before the University Archeological
Association on ethno-botanical subjects, and his profes-
sional duties at the University, have given him little spare
time for exhaustive original research, to which he is most
inclined. During the month of July, 1896, he delivered
before a class of teachers and others interested in botany,
attending the Summer School of the American Society for
the Extension of University Teaching, a course of lectures
on "The Natural History of Field and Garden Plants," as
also during the fall of 1896 a course on fungi in the depart-
ment of the University for teachers. In 1897 he was one
of corps of lecturers in the Department of Lectures, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania.

Dr. Harshberger is a member of the Philadelphia
Botanical Club, in the meetings of which he takes a deep
interest, having made several communications to that body,
notably on his observations on Talinum teretifolium of the
serpentine barrens of Chester County, and on the flora of
Luray, ATirginia, and vicinity, which he visited in 1894.
He is also a member of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso-
ciation, the University Field Club, and of the Delaware
Valley Naturalists' Union, having been the Treasurer of
the latter association during 1895-1896, and President of
the Field Club at the same time. In 1898 he was elected

394 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Treasurer of the newly organized Botanical Society of Penn-
sylvania, to which he has made several interesting com-
munications.

Besides these duties, Dr. Harshberger has had time to
write articles for the botanical and educational press, a list
of which papers is given below. His private herbarium,
mounted and classified, consists of some 1500 sheets, repre-
senting so many species, and his botanical library some
300 volumes, very rich in the scientific bulletins and reports
issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, as
also in the more recent German works and translations.

He has done considerable collecting in the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary-
land, Virginia, West Virginia, and is conversant with the
flora of the pine barrens and cedar swamps of New Jersey.
In the summer of 1892 he visited Europe, and while
abroad spent some time at Kew, and the Jardin des Plantes,
visiting also Rothamsted, the celebrated experimental farm.

During the latter part of the summer of 1896, having
completed the revision of the botanical words for the
English dictionary, Dr. Harshberger took a trip to Mexico,
where he botanized extensively. The flora of the Valley
of Mexico was especially studied, the results of which
study are given in several publications, noticed at the
end of this sketch. During his sojourn in Mexico, side
trips were taken to the tropical forests at Cordoba, Orizaba
and the palm forests and tropical forests on the Tampico
Branch of the Mexican Central Railroad, as also to Guada-
lajara, where extensive collections of living, dried and
alcoholic plants were made. On the way to and from
Mexico, opportunity was afforded him to study the flora of

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 395

southwestern Texas, along the Rio Grande. The prelim-
inary results of this Mexican trip were published in a
paper in the American Journal of Pharmacy, November,
1896, a translation of which paper, by Dr. Nicolas Leon,*
appeared in a Mexican newspaper, El Tiempo, for December
4, 1896.

During the summer of 1897 he took a six weeks' trip
to California and the Northwest. While in California he
visited the primeval redwood forests on Humboldt Bay,
near Eureka, California, being accorded the privileges of
the lumbering camps situated there. He also visited the
Calaveras and Tuolumne big tree groves, and became thus
acquainted with the magnificent grandeur of Sequoia
gigantea, Pinus ponder osa and P. Lambertiana. The Yosemite
Valley was visited on this trip, and here he had the oppor-
tunity of botanizing. On the homeward journey a visit
was paid to the forests of the State of Washington, and
a trip of seven days was made through the Yellowstone
National Park, where the flora of the Park, especially of
the geysers and hot springs, was studied.

The summer vacation of 1898 was spent abroad. A
hasty run was made through Ireland, Scotland, England,
Holland and France, where the several important centres of
botanical interest were visited. Most of the time abroad
was spent in studying the laboratories and methods of the
German universities. The laboratories at Bonn, Berlin,
Dresden and Munich were inspected. " Here Dr. Harsh-
berger made the personal acquaintance of the leaders of

* Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Mexico, was born at Quiroga, State of Michoacan,
December 6, 1859. He adopted the career of medicine and obtained the degree of
Doctor of Medicine in 1883. He was Professor of Botany in the national colleges of
Morelia and Oaxaca. He has published a number of botanical papers and transla-
tions, noticed in his book, Biblioteca Boti'tnico Mexicana, octavo, 372 pp., Mexico, 1895.

396 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

botanical thought abroad. Two weeks were spent amidst
the alpine flora of the Bernese Oberland, the Mount
Blanc range and the neighborhood of Zermatt, within sight
of Monte Rosa and the Matterhorn. A number of botanic
gardens were visited : Dublin, Edinburgh, Cambridge, Kew,
Royal Society, Amsterdam, Bonn, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna,
Munich, Zurich, Berne, Paris and Oxford. Many sugges-
tions came to him in comparing the American botanical
institutes (most of which he has personally visited) with
those of England and of the continent. Much inspiration
was derived from this trip abroad. An inspection of the
museums suggested many lines of work in connection
with his ethno-botamcal studies.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. "A Few Pennsylvania Forestry Statistics."-— Forest Leaves, II:
37, March, April, 1889.

2. "The Wissahickon Woods."— Garden and Forest, IV: 129 (1891).

3. "Plants for the Seashore." — Garden and Forest, V: 45, January
27, 1892.

4. " An Abnormal Development of the Inflorescence of Dionoea." —
Contrlb. Bol. Lab., University of Pennsylvania, I: 45.

5. "Maize: A Botanical and Economic Study." — Contrib. Sot. Lab.
University of Pennsylvania, I: 75, 202.

6. " A Philadelphia Court of Honor." — Philadelphia Ledger, Decem-
ber 7, 1893.

7. "An Additional Poisonous Plant."-— Botanical Gazette, XIX : 159,
April, 1894, Garden and Forest, VII : 170.

8. "Geographical Biology."— Education, XIV : 513, May, 1894.

9. "James Logan, an Early Contributor to the Doctrine of Sex in
Plants."— Botanical Gazette, XIX: 307, August, 1894.

10. "Plant Forms on Mexican and Central American Tablets."
American Antiquarian, XVI : 299, September, 1894.

11. "The Origin of Our Vernal Flora. "—Science, N. S., 1:92,
January 25, 1895.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 397

12. "The Origin of Paper and Cloth.''— Traffic, IV: 18, March, 1895.

13. ' ' When is Rhus toxicodendron Most Active ? ' ' —Garden and Forest,

VIII : 239.

14. "Review of Dennert's Vergleichende Pflanzenmorphologie."
Science, N. S., II : 311, September 6, 1895.

15. "El Maiz Estudio Botanico y Economico." Translation of (6) by
Dr. Nicolas Leon. — Guadalupe-HidcUgo, Mexico, 1894.

16. "Museum and Garden."— Daily Evening Telegraph, Philadelphia,
XLIV : 5, October 26, 1895.

17. " The Botanists of Philadelphia. " A Preliminary List. Circular
Letter dated October 30, 1895.

18. "The Need of Competent Plant Doctors."— Education, XVI : 140,
November, 1895.

19. "Some New Ideas Ethno-Botany. "• —Brief of Lecture. Eccning
Telegraph, Thursday, December 5, 1895.

20. "Donations to the Botanical Museum.'' —The Pennsy Iranian,
December 2, 1895, p. 3.

21. " Ethno-Botanic Gardens."— Science, N. S., Ill: 203, February 7,
1896.

22. "The Purposes of Ethno-Botauy. " — Botanical Gazette, XXI : 146,
March, 1896. American Antiquarian, XVII : 73, March, 1896.

23. "Is the Pumpkin an American Plant ?" —Science, N. S., Ill:
889, June 19, 1896.

24. "Some Recent Mexican Publications." — Science, N. S., IV: 539,
October 9, 1896.

25. A Botanical Excursion to Mexico. ' ' — American Journal of Pharmacy,
LXVIII : 588, November, 1896.

26. "Fertile Crosses between Teosinthe and Maize." — Garden and
Forest, IX : 522.

27. "Una Excursion botanica a Mexico." Translation by Dr.
Nicolas Leon. — El Ticmpo, Diario Catolico, Ano XIV, number 3968. Viernes,
4 de Diciembre de 1896 (Friday, December 4, 1896).

28. "Would make a good Park." — Public Ledger, February 1,
1897, p. 9.

29. ' ' Notes on the Hybrid of Maize and Teosiuthe. ' ' — Garden and
Forest, X : 48, February 13, 1897.

30. "A Communication." — The Pennsylmnian, February 13, 1897.

398 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

31. "Natural History, Charts and Illustrations." — Education, XVII:
493, April, 1897.

32. " An Ecological Study of the genus Talinum, with Descriptions of
Two Species. "—Bulletin Torrcy Botanical Clul. XXIV : 178, April, 1897.

33. "John Evans and His Garden."— Garden and Forest, X: 182,
May 12, 1897.

34. "The Native Dahlias of Mexico."— Science, N. S., VI: 908,
December 17, 1897.

35. "The Vegetation of the Yellowstone Hot Springs." — American
Journal of Pharmacy, LXIX : 625, December, 1897.

36. " Water Storage and Conduction in Seuecio prsecox from Mexico."
Abstract of paper read at Ithaca. New York, before Society Botanical
Physiologists and Morphologists. — Science, N. S., VII : 120. Botanical
Gazette, February, 1898, p. 116.

37. " A Review of Our Knowledge of Phyto-Bezoars. "• — The Journal of
ComjKini/in Medii-ine «n<l Veterinary Art'hices, XIX : 143, March, 1898.

38. "A Few Ecological Notes."— Asa Gray Bulletin, VI: 37, April,
1898.

39. "Home and School Window Gartens."— Education, XVIII:
555, May, 1898.

40. The Uses of Plants among the Ancient Peruvians." —Bulletin of
the Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania, I : 146, April,
1898.

41. " A Mexican Tropical Botanic Station." — The Botanical Gazette,
XXIV : 362, May, 1898.

42. "Abnormal Flowers of Verbesina. " — Asa Gray Bulletin, VI : 67,
August, 1898.

43. " Botanical Observations on the Mexican Flora, especially on the
Flora of the Valley of Mexico."- — Proceedings Aeadcmi/ of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, August, 1898, 372, pp. 41.

44. " Peanut, Arachis hypogoaa." — Meehan's Monthly, VIII : 191,
December, 1898.

45. " Some Morphological Structure in Paulowniaimperialis." Paper,
read before Society of Plant Morphology and Physiology, New York,
December, 1898. Abstracted in American Xaturalist March. 1899.—
University Hull, fin, III : 160.

46. ' ' The Names of the Big Tree of California. ' '—Forest Lea res, VII : 25.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 399

47. " Water Storage and Conduction in Senecio praecox from Mexico."
— Confrib. Bot. Lab. University of Pennsylvania, II: 31.

48. "Statistical Information concerning the Production of Fruit in
Certain Plants. — Contrib. Bot. Lai. University of Pennsylvania, II: 100.

49. " Thermotropic Movements in the Leaves of Rhododendron
maximum L. " — Proceedings Academy of Nntural Sciences, 1899, 219, with 3
figures in text.

50. "Local Plant Names in New Jersey." — Garden and Forest, V:
395, January, 27, 1892.

51. "Transmitted Characteristics in a White Angora Cat." — Science,
N. 8., IX : 554, April 14, 1899.

52. "Origin of the Potato, Solanum tuberosum." — Median' ]s Jluiiilily,
IX : 111, July, 1899.

ALEXANDER MACELWEE.

Alexander MacElwee was born in Glasgow, Scotland,
January 28, 1869, — the first of a family that now numbers
eleven. At an early age he was sent to one of the primary
schools of his native city ; thence to the public schools,
where he received a good elementary education. At the
age of twelve, he passed the highest standard with honors,
and then went to work. His first experience was as an
ofrice-boy in a commission agent's office at a salary of three
shillings per week. He remained here nearly a year, and
then left for a better position in a wholesale drug ware-
house. Here Mr. MacElwee helped to mix up compounds,
bottle flavoring stuffs, and run errands. He remained here
until October, 1883, when he left Glasgow to join his parents
in the New World. He arrived in Philadelphia October 16,
1883, and shortly afterwards secured a position as gardener's
boy in the garden of A. J. Drexel, at Thirty-ninth and Wal-
nut Streets. At this time he knew absolutely nothing
about plants ; and so, shortly after, he conceived the idea of
studying botany. During the year 1886, he first attended

400 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

the meetings of the Botanical Section of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, and became at once interested. Mr.
Mac Kl wee remained at Drexel's garden for nearly four
years, then secured a position in the nursery of Hugh
<lruham, at Eighteenth and Thompson Streets. Here he
had charge of several houses — one entirely of ferns, another
of palms, etc.

In 1XSX he entered on a three years' apprenticeship as
a bricklayer. This calling gave him a great deal of spare
time, which he devoted to collecting plants, insects, min-
erals, etc. It was during this time that he mounted a mag-
nificent collection of plants presented by the late Isaac C.
Martindale to the Botanical Club. As soon as his appren-
ticeship had expired, he secured a position as assistant
gardener in the garden of Hon. John Wanamaker, at
Jeiikintown, Pennsylvania. Here he remained for a time
until he obtained a better-paying situation in the city.

Mr. MacElwee still continued his botanical rambles,
hunting everywhere for strange plants. He traveled a great
deal in the company of the late Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, who
kindly helped him in many ways.

In April, 1804, he left the garden in Germantown to take
el large of the Martindale Herbarium, which had been pre-
sented to the College of Pharmacy. Here, with the aid of
about ten persons, he labored until the immense herbarium
was in place. Over 1000 specimens were mounted, and up-
wards of 100,000 sheets labeled, representing over 250,000
specimens, completing the work about midsummer.

In September of the same year (1894), he was asked
to become gardener of the proposed Botanic Garden at
the University of Pennsylvania, where he spent some
time, until the laying-out of this garden was completed.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 401

Mr. MacElwee resigned his position as gardener to accept a
position elsewhere in a private demesne. Recently he has
become Curator of the Herbarium started in connection
with the Philadelphia Commercial Museums, and has begun
its development by initiating a correspondence and exchange
with botanists in different parts of the world. He has
written these articles :

1. "Notes on some Species of Cuctimis." — Garden and Forest, VIII:
475.

2. il Vitis pterophora." — Garden tinil Forest, IX : 315.

3. "A Few Mormodicas. " — ','nnli n mid Forest, IX : 66.

MORRIS E. LEEDS.

Morris E. Leeds, born in Philadelphia, March 0, 1S( '>'.»;
educated at Westtown Boarding School and Haverford Col-
lege, graduating B. S. in isss ; taught natural science
at Westtown, 1SS8-'S9 ; studied physics and mathe-
matics at the University of Berlin, 1892-'93. Engaged in
the manufacture and sale of scientific instruments with
Queen & Co. Member of the Philadelphia Botanical Club
and the Torrev Botanical Club.

V

JOHN QIFFORD.

John Gifford was born at May's Landing, New Jersey,
February 8, 1870. When about sixteen years of age, he
entered Swarthmore College, and was graduated from that
institution with the degree of B. S. While at college, he
devoted considerable of his time to general natural science,
and after graduation he spent one year as a special student
of mycology at the University of Michigan. The following
winter, 1892-'93, Mr. Gifford traveled through the Bahamas
and Florida. In company with Rev. John E. Peters, he
has botanized considerably through southern New Jersey,
and is one of the best posted persons on the flora of that

402 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

region. The year following his residence at Ann Arbor
found Mr. Clifford at Johns Hopkins Hospital, studying
bacteriology, accompanying the Johns Hopkins expedition
to Jamaica, in the spring and summer of that year. The
three years following he was Instructor in Botany at
Swarthmore College until the end of his third year, when
lie was allowed leave of absence for four months, which he
spent in Louisiana, British Honduras, Yucatan, Guatemala
and Spanish Honduras. In the spring of 1894, Mr. Clifford
was appointed Forester of the Geological Survey of New
Jersey, and has since been devoting his entire energies to
the prosecution of this laudable object, the protection and
reforestratiori of the timber lands of New Jersey. As editor
of The Forester, he has had the opportunity of molding public
opinion both in his own and neighboring states in further-
ance of the forestry cause. His " Report on Forestry " from
the Annual Report of the State Geologist, for 1894, is both a
valuable contribution to botany, especially ecological botany,
and to forestry. Mr. Gifford, having pursued the forestry
course, in the German Forestry School at Munich, will take
his degree from that institution in 1898-'99, as a Doctor of
Forestry. A few articles from his pen have appeared in
Garden and Forest, as follows :

1. " Distribution of the White Cedar in New Jersey."— IX : 63.

2. " Reforesting Waste Lands in Holland."— IX : 4'23.

ARTHUR N. LEEDS.

Arthur N. Leeds, born in Philadelphia, October 14,
1<S70; educated at Westtown School and Haverford Col-
Lege, graduating 15.8. in 1889, and M. A., 1890; Treasurer of
the Philadelphia Botanical Club, member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 403

JESSE M. GREENMAN.

Jesse M. Greenman, a graduate of the University of
Pennsylvania, in the Natural History course, was identified
with the Biological School of the University (1889-1893), as
one of the instructors of botany, taking charge also of its
greenhouse, until he was called to Harvard University in
1894. As Assistant in the Gray Herbarium, connected with
the Cambridge Botanical Garden, he has separately and
in conjunction with Dr. B. L. Robinson, the Curator,
published numerous papers describing new plants, mainly
Mexican, which have appeared serially in the Proceedings
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences from 1894 to
the present.

GENERAL LIST OF BOTANISTS.

The names of persons in the following list comprise
many of botanical importance ; but, for lack of information
concerning them, or because, upon application, a biographical
account was not forthcoming, they have been incorporate! I
in a ( Jeiieral List, and have been excluded from the descrip-
tive portion of this book. Many of the persons so listed are
worthy, from their contributions to botanical science, of
more extended notice, but, for the reasons stated above, it
was found impossible to include a biographical sketch of
them :

ADLUM, MAJOR JOHN.* A horticulturist of note, who
wrote two books upon the grape, the first edition
being the first American grape book. Florists' K.r-
change, March 30, 1895, contains a note of his horti-
cultural work by Professor L. H. Bailey. See also
Uniley, " The Evolution of Our Native Fruits," fron-
tispiece and pp. 50 and 59 (189.S).

A i. LAM, G. EDWARD. Bethlehem, Pa.

ALLKN, An;rsT.\ A. Germantown, Pa.

ALLEN, MRS. JULIETTE B. Caimleii, X. J.

AIITIIII;. PKOF. J. C., of Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind..
and Botanist to the Indiana Agricultural Experi-
ment Station: was for over a year a resident of
Philadelphia. (Physiology.)

A>IIM BAD, SA.MTEL.* (Algie.)

BAUI'.KCK, WILLIAM. :|: (Cryptogams.)

BAKNAKD, JOSEPH M.:;:

* Deceased.

404

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 405

BARNARD, VINCENT.*

BASSETT, WM. J. Hammonton, N. J.

BEAL, DR. GEORGE N.

BEAVER, DR. DANIEL B. D. Reading, Pa.

BELL, JOHN. A botanist, gardener, and lover of plants, of
Haddington, Philadelphia.

BITNER, HENRY F. Millersville State Normal School, Lan-
caster County, Pa.

BLAIR, DR. T. S. Harrisburg, Pa.

BOHN, I. G. Lickdale, Lebanon County, Pa.

BOLTON, DR. B. MEADE. Chief of Bacteriological Depart-
ment, City of Philadelphia.

BOYER, HOWARD N. Reading, Pa.

BRADFORD, JAMES G. Reading, Pa. (Cryptogams.)

BRASIER, A. J.* Philadelphia.

BRIDGES, DR. ROBERT.* Philadelphia.

BRINCKLE, WILLIAM D.* An experimenter with the rasp-
berry, Philadelphia, 1820-1863. See Bailey, "The
Evolution of Our Native Fruits," p. 282.

BROMFIELD, E. T., D. D. Philadelphia.

BROWNE, PETER A.*

BUCKLEY, S. B.* Philadelphia.

BUNTING, DR. MARTHA. Special student in biology, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania ; graduate student in Bryn
Mawr College, where she obtained her Ph. D ; teacher
in Woman's College, Baltimore, and Philadelphia
Girls' High School ; author of " The Structure of the
Cork Tissues in Roots of Some Rosaceous Genera,"
Contributions from Botanical Laboratory, University
of Pennsylvania, II : 54, with plate.

* Deceased.

406 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

BUSSIER, Miss K. Germantown, Philadelphia.

CHAMBERS, Miss SARA D. Assisted in botany at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

COCHRANE, PROFESSOR. West Chester, Pa.

COLLINS, ZACCHEUS.* Vice-President American Philosophi-
cal Society and member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, where he did good work on the herbarium.
Born 1764, died June 12, 1831, aged 67.

COLSON, Miss JESSIE. Prominently identified with the inter-
ests of the Woodstown Natural History Club, and a
trained botanist, having studied at Swarthmore Col-
lege and the Biological School of the University of
Pennsylvania, where she was Assistant for one year.

CONARD, HENRY S. A teacher in the Westtown School and
Fellow in Biology, University of Pennsylvania.
Author of a paper on Painter's Arboretum.

CORREA, ABBE.* In 1815 he published, for the use of his
classes in Philadelphia, a reduction of the genera in
Muhlenberg's Catalogue, according to the natural
families of plants of Jussieu. This was appended
to the second edition of the catalogue, issued in
1818 by Solomon Conrad, and was probably the
earliest attempt in the United States to group our
plants by the natural method. See page 154 of this
book.

CRESSMAX, NEWTON F. Pelham, Germantown.

CKKSS.MAN, PHILIP.*

CROSS, DR. LAURA B. Student and graduate of the Depart-
ment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania.

DAVIS, NELSON F. Lewisburg, Pa,

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 407

DEHART, WILLIAM. A contemporary of William Bar-
tram, the owner of a garden at Fifty-fifth and

O «/

Woodland Avenue, where grow many rare plants,
such as Gordonia pubescens, Direct, palustris, Pyrus
coronaria.

DICK, JOHN. Nurseryman and florist. Was born in 1818,
and died December 29, 1898.

DROWN, EDWARD. Florist and botanist, Welclon, Pa.

ESREY, DR.*

FEBIGER, CHRISTIAN,* of Wilmington, Del. A diatomist who
labored incessantly for twenty years, amassing a col-
lection which is now in possession of the Micro-
scopical Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

FETTEROLF, DR. DANIEL W. Philadelphia.

Fox, HENRY. Student in the Department of Biology,
rniversity of IVnnsylvania.

GARRIGUES, S. S.* Philadelphia.

GODDARD, DR. PAUL B.* Philadelphia.

GREEN, DR. EDGAR M. Easton, Pa.

GRIFFITH, R. K*

GROSS, CHRISTIAN. Landisville, Atlantic County, N. J.

HACKER, WILLIAM. Philadelphia.

HAINES, WILLIAM S.* A lawyer of note, resident in West
Chester. Was well known for his devotion to
scientific pursuits, having added many interesting
species to the mycologic flora of Chester County.
He died February 22, 1884, in West Chester, Pa.

HARVEY, PROFESSOR F. L., of Orono, Maine, formerly a resi-
dent of Philadelphia.

* Deceased.

IDS THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

HARRIS, ROBERT ('., M. D.* Studied the evolution and
variation in our cultivated plants by experimental
culture. He was especially interested in the cucurbits,
having raised nearly all sorts.

HARVEY, Miss MARGARET B. Bryn Mawr, Pa.

HEUBENER, DR.,* of Bethlehem, Pa., who published " Cata-
logue of the Plants of Northampton County " in Sil-
limaris Journal.

HILGARD, DR. T. G.

HIMES, WM., JR. Bonview, Lancaster County, Pa.

HOLMES, Miss MARY E. Philadelphia.

HOLT, DR. J. F. Professor of the Natural Sciences in the
Philadelphia High School.

HUBNER, REV. MR.* A contemporary of Humphry Mar-
shall, mentioned in Darlington's "Memorials of
Bartram and Marshall " (page 572).

HUNT, DR. EMILY G. Philadelphia. A very entertaining
lecturer on plants.

JACKSON-, JOHN, and his son,*

JACKSON, WILLIAM.* Were friends and neighbors of
Humphry Marshall in the year 1777. They com-
menced a highly interesting collection of plants at
their home in Londongrove, which, in 1849, was still
in good condition.

KAMI-MAX, DR.* A contemporary of Humphry Marshall.

KENDKKDINE, ROBERT S.* Philadelphia.

KKRCIIKI;, DR. D. E. Philadelphia. (Myxomycetes.)

KITCHEL, H. S. Bethlehem, Pa.

KNIGHT, D. ALLEN. Philadelphia.

KKAMSII, RKV. SAMUEL.* A contemporary of Humphry
Marshall, with whom he corresponded.

* Deceased.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 409

LAUBACH, S. H. Riegelsville, Bucks County, Pa.

LE BOUTILLIER, ROBERTS. An orchid connoisseur, German-
town, Philadelphia.

LEGAUX, PETER.* A vine grower at Spring Mills, Pa.,
about 1800. See Bailey, "The Evolution of Our
Native Fruits," pp. 19, 25, 42.

LEIDY, DR. JOSEPH.* A distinguished biologist, His
herbarium is in the possession of the University
of Pennsylvania.

LEWIS, MAY.

LEWIS, DR. F. W. A diatomist and microscopist.

LEWTOX, FREDERICK L. One of the curators at the Phila-
delphia Commercial Museums, familiar with the
local flora and author of a paper on " The Classifica-
tion of Gums and Resins " —American Journal of
Pharmacy, 1899.

LOCHMAN, CHARLES L. A photographer of flowers and
plants, Bethlehem, Pa.

MACK, I. LATHROP. Hammonton, N. J.

MACLURE, WILLIAM. f A member of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, and its president for more than
twenty years ; was a successful London merchant. He
resided for many years in Philadelphia. He made a
geological survey of the United States, a description
of which was published in 1809. After him was
named the osage orange, Madura aurantiaca.

MAISOX, ROBERT S., M. D., of Chester, Pa.

MARCH, BENJAMIN S.

MATOS, Louis J. Philadelphia Commercial Museums.

* Deceased.

t The Gardeners' Monthly (Meehan), II, p. 3(30. See for more extended
biography, Appleloris Cyclopedia of American Biography.

410 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

MKEHAN, JOSEPH. A horticulturist and botanist (brother of
Thomas). Germantown.

MILNER, NATHAN.*

MILLER, DR. MORRIS B. Media, Pa.

M'MiNN, JOHN.*

MCKENNEY, RANDOLPH E. B. Student in the Department
of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, where he
took the degrees of B. S. and M. S. Author of " Obser-
vations on the Development of Some Embryo-sacs,"
Contributions from Botanical Laboratory, University of
Pennsylvania, II : 80, with plate.

NIEDERLEIN, GUSTAVO. A German botanist from South
America ; Chief of the Scientific Department of the
Commercial Museums. He has traveled extensively
in South America, Europe, and the far East, and is
the author of a number of valuable botanical papers
in German, Spanish and English.

NULL, AMOS B. Bon. view, Lancaster County, Pa,

OMENSETTER, JOHN K.

OTIS, Miss Lois M. Assistant in Botany, Girls' High School,
Philadelphia.

PEIRCE, JOSHUA,* and

PEIRCE, SAMUEL,* of East Marlborough, Chester County,
Pa., in 1800 began to adorn their premises by
tasteful culture and planting until they produced an
arboretum of considerable interest and importance.
The trees planted by them were many of them still
st;ii id ing in 1896, when the place was visited by the
writer, in company with Dr. AV. T. Sharpless, of
West Chester. A large and fine tree, in full flower,
of Magnolia macrophylla, was especially noted.

* Deceased.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 411

PENNINGTON, DR. MARY ENGLE. A careful chemico-ph}Tsi-
ological worker, late Fellow in Botany, University
of Pennsylvania, and author of a valuable paper in
the Botanical Contributions of the University of Penn-
sylvania, 1 : 203, entitled, " A Chemieo-Physiological
Study of Spirogyra nitida."

PENNOCK, EDWARD. Dealer in botanical and medical sup-
plies, Philadelphia.

PETERS, REV. JOHN E. A botanist and collector of con-
siderable insight, located as pastor successively at
May's Landing, Pleasantville and Camdeii, N. J.

PORTER, DR. HOB ART C. Graduate of Princeton in 1881 ;
received the degree of B. L. from the University of
Pennsylvania in 188-4, and Ph. D. from the Univer-
sity of Rostock, Germany in 1894; Instructor in
Botany, University of Pennsylvania, and translator
of " A Text-Book of Botany," by Strasburger, Noll,
Scheiick, and Schimper, 1898. Dr. Porter has special-
ized on the algae and the vascular cryptogams, hav-
ing, as Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy
and Department for Teachers, given extended labora-
tory courses on the same.

POTTS, CHARLES.

PRICE, FERRIS W. Swarthmore College, Pa.

PUGH, EVAN.* Mentioned as a collector of plants in the
" Flora Cestrica."

PUTNAM, Miss BESSIE L. Harmonsburg, Pa.

PYLE, Miss GHERETIEN G. Wilmington, Del.

RAND, THEODORE.

RAU, EUGENE A., of Bethlehem, Pa. A student of mosses
and fungi.

* Deceased.

412 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

RAVEN EL. DR. MAZYCK P. Bacteriologist to State Live
Stock and Sanitary Board, and Instructor in Bacteri-
ology, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Ravenel
has published extensively on bacteriological sub-
jects.

READ, JAMES.

REMINGTON, PROFESSOR J. P. Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy.

RICHTER, WALTER H. Ashbourne, Pa.

RORER, MRS. S. T. Interested in fungi as a valuable food
supply. Philadelphia.

ROTHROCK, DR. HARRY. West Chester, Pa.

RUSCHENBERGER, DR. W. S. W.* A distinguished Phila-
delphia scientist, who, in the early days of his career
in 1831 and 1833, published, in tiilliinaii's Journal, a
translation of a paper by Dr. C. P. Bertero, entitled,
" A List of the Plants of Chili." Later, he published
" Elements of Natural History," embracing zoology,
botany and geology (two volumes, 1850).

RUSHMORE, DR. EDWARD. Plainrield, N. J.

RUTH, DR. HARRY F. Lehnenberg, Bucks County, Pa.

RUTTER, A. C. Sellersville, Pa.

SATNDEits, C. F. Philadelphia, Pa. A popular contributor
to the botanical and horticultural press.

SAYERS, MRS. EDWIN S. Philadelphia.

SCIIIVELY, DR. MARY. Philadelphia.

SCHIYELY, DR. ADELINE F. Received from the University
of Pennsylvania, in 1«S(.)2, a certificate in biology,
and in ]S(.»7 the degree of Ph. D. from the same
institution. She was made Honorary Fellow in

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 413

Botany in 1897, which Fellowship she still holds.
Dr. Schively, as Assistant in the Department of
Biology, Girls' Normal School, has done much to
stimulate an interest in botany among her students.
She is the author of several botanical papers, viz. :
" Contributions to the Life History of Amphicarpsea
monoica," Contributions Botanical Laboratory, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, 1 : 270 and II : 20.
SCHMUCKER, DR. SAMUEL CHRISTIAN. A graduate of Muh-
lenberg College in 1882, with the degree of A. B.
From the same institution, in 1884, he received the
degree of S. B. ; 1885, A. M. ; S. M., 1891. He is
Professor of Biology in the West Chester State

o«/

Normal School, and Honorary Fellow in Botany,
University of Pennsylvania, 1897, to date.

SENSENIG, DAVID M. West Chester, Pa.

SHAFER, JOHN A., Ph. G. Carnot, Pa,

SHAW, C. H. Graduate Student Department of Biology,
University of Pennsylvania, and Teacher of Biology
in Temple College, Philadelphia.

SHULZE, JOHN A. Philadelphia, (Diatoms.)

SIMMONS, JOHN.

SIMONS, Miss ELIZABETH A. Assistant in Botany, Girls'
High School, Philadelphia. Author of ;' Compara-
tive Studies on the Rate of Circumnutation of Some
Flowering Plants," Contributions from Botanical
Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, II : 66.

SMITH, BENJAMIN H. A botanist of repute, actively engaged
in the scientific work of the Academy of Natural
Sciences. He has one of the finest private herba-
riums in the city.

414 THE I50TAXISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

SMITH, Miss AMELIA C. Student in the Department of

Biology, University of Pennsylvania. Author of a

paper on " Aphyllon uniflorum."
SNYDER, JACOB.*

STAUFFER, JACOB.* Lancaster, Pa.
STENZ, CHARLES F. Natrona, Pa.
STOKES, A. S.

STOWELL, WILLARD A. Trenton, N. J.
SUTTOX, HARRY I. Philadelphia.
THOMPSON, Miss CAROLINE B. Student in the Department

of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, and author

of a paper on " The Structure and Development of

Internal Phloem in Gelsemium sempervirens, Ait,"

Contributions from Botanical Laboratory, University of

Pennsylvania, II : 41, with plate.
TRIMBLE, WILLIAM. A botanist familiar with the plants of

Philadelphia and vicinity.

TRIMBLE, DR. SAMUEL. Lima, Delaware County, Pa.
TROTH, HENRY. A noted photographer of plants and

flowers. Philadelphia.
VAN VLECK, REV. JACOB. A contemporary of Humphry

Marshall.
WALMSLEY, W. H. A diatomist, micro-photographer and

noted optician.
WATTERS, PROF. LEON H. Media, Pa. A microscopist of

some note.

\VKAVEK. GERRITT E. H. Philadelphia.
WILLIAMS, Miss, New Hope, Pa. A maker of excellent

water-color sketches of wild flowers.

; [>frr;iseil.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 415

WILSON, DR. LUCY LAXGDON WILLIAMS. Teacher of the
Natural Sciences in the Philadelphia Girls' Normal
School ; graduate (Ph.D.) University of Pennsyl-
vania, and author of several books and papers on
science subjects. A recent paper is noteworthy :
" Observations on Conopholis Americana," Contribu-
tions from Botanical Laboratory, University of Pennsyl-
vania, II : 3, with six plates.

WISTER, CASPAR.*

WISTAR, CASPAR, JR.*

WOLLE, JACOB,* of Bethlehem, Pa., was born at Bethany,
on the Island of St. John, West Indies, August, 1788,
and died at Bethlehem, April, 1863. He was for a
number of years Justice of the Peace, and had a fine
collection of plants.

ZANTZINGER, AVM. S.

ZELL, MRS. LYDIA DIELER. Librarian Linnseaii Society,
Lancaster, Pa.

* Deceased.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX I.

Members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club,

who are actively collecting and herborizing.

Corrected to November 26, 1895.

BIDDLE, CHARLES J.,
BASSETT, FRANK L.,
BROWN, STEWARDSON,
BROWN, DR. A. P.,
CARSON, DR. ELWOOD M.,
CHENEY, JESSE S.,
DAY, RICHARD H.,
DAY, FRANK MILES,
EVANS, DR. WILLIAM,
HOLMES, JESSE H.,
JAHN, ALBRECHT,
KERNISKI, PROFESSOR J. B.,
KIRK, ELWOOD J.,
KROUT, PROFESSOR A. F. K.
KIMBALL, C. W.,
KITE, NATHAN,
LONGSTRETH, M. R.,
LIPPINCOTT, CHARLES D.,
LIGHTFOOT, DR. THOMAS M.
LOESSLE, HENRY A.,

Philadelphia.

Hammonton, N. J.

Germantown.

German town.

Norristown, Pa.

Philadelphia.

Germantown.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Xewtown, Pa.

Philadelphia.

Lancaster, Pa.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Haddonfield, N. J.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Swedesboro, N. J.

Germantown.

Philadelphia.

416

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

417

MOMS, J. BERNARD,
MOERCK, FRANK X.,
MOYER, DR. J. S.,
OBERHOLTZER, JOHN E.,
PENNYPACKER, J. T.,
REED, DR. W. H.,
SAURMAN, B. F.,
SCHNEIDER, Louis,
SPENCELY, CORNELIUS,
SERRILL, WM. J.,
STONE, HUGH E.,
STONE, WITMER,
STILES, HARRY,
STAHR, PRESIDENT J. S.,
SAUNDERS, C. F.,
TURNER, ALEXANDER,
THOMAS, DR. JOSEPH,
WOODBURY, DR. FRANK,

Yeadon, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Quakertown, Pa.
Norristown, Pa.
Wilmington, Del.
Norristown, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Coatesville, Pa.
Germantown, Pa.
Haddonfield, N..J.
Lancaster, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Quakertown, Pa.
Philadelphia.

APPENDIX H.

Members of the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania,

1897-1899.

ABBOTT, Miss E. 0.,
ABERNETHY, Miss E. G.,
ASHMORE, Miss L. J.,
BANCROFT, Miss MARGARET,
BARR, Miss E.,
BARKER, Miss D.,
BELDEN, Miss J. C.,

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Haddonfield, N. J.

Wayne, Delaware Co., Pa,

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

418

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

BENGARD, Miss L. E.,
BERRY, Miss,

BOYER, PROFESSOR CHARLES S
BROCK, ROBERT C. H.,
BROCK, MRS. C. H.,
BROWN, Miss,
BUNTING, DR. MARTHA,
BANES, R. C.
BARCLAY, F. W.,
BROCK, JOHN W.,
BANCROFT, Miss MARGARET,
CLARK, Miss EDITH,
CLAYE, Miss C. B. F.,
CLIFF, Miss ETTA,
COLES, MRS. J. W.,
COLES, Miss,
CONARD, HENRY S.,
CORNMAN, MRS. MARY,
CROW ELL, Miss H. W.,
CROWELL, Miss M. C.,
CROFT, SAMUEL,
CRAIG, DR. W. F.,
CURTIS. Miss,
COLFELT, MRS. R.,
CARR, MRS. CASSANDRA,
DOUGHERTY, T. HARVEY,
DISSEL, CHARLES,
EHINGER, PROFESSOR C. E.,
Fox, MRS. L. R.,
FREE, DR. G. B. M.,
FINDLAY, WILLIAM,

Moorestown, N. J.
Philadelphia.
, Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Haverford, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Haddonfield, N. J.
Philadelphia.
Moorestown, N. J.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Westtown Academy, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
West Chester, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Williamson School, Pa.
Philadelphia.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 419

GENDELL, Miss LUCY, Philadelphia.

GARDINER, Miss ELLA J., Philadelphia.

GARRETSON, Miss MARIAN, Philadelphia.

GIBSON, Miss MARY, Philadelphia.

GILBERT, Miss, Philadelphia.

HARRISON, PROVOST C. C., Philadelphia.

HARRISON, MRS. C. C., Philadelphia.

HAIGH, MRS. M. B., Philadelphia.

HALL, ANNIE B., Philadelphia.

HALLOWELL, MRS. SARAH P. F., Philadelphia.

HARSHBERGER, DR. J. W., Philadelphia.

HESTON, MRS., Newtown, Bucks County, Pa.

HEAD, Miss HARRIET, Philadelphia.

HOMER, MATHIAS, Lansdowne, Pa.

HODGSON, Miss E., Philadelphia.

HOUSTON, S. F., Philadelphia.

HUNT, DR. EMILY, Philadelphia.

HENRY, MR. & MRS. C. W., Philadelphia.

HARRIS, MRS. W. T., Cynwyd, Pa.

HARPER, W. W., Philadelphia.

IDE, Miss NELLIE, Philadelphia.

JAMES, Miss S., Philadelphia.

JONES, Miss JULIA F., Philadelphia.

JOHNSTON, MRS. EMORY R., Lansdowne, Pa.

KRAEMER, PROFESSOR HENRY, Philadelphia.

LATHROP, DR. RUTH, Philadelphia.

LARKIN, MRS. SOPHIE, Chester.

LINDSAY, Miss, Philadelphia.

LE BOUTILLIER, ROBERTS, Philadelphia.

LONGSHORE, M. ELIZABETH, Cynwyd, Pa.

LOWBER, Miss, Philadelphia.

420 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

LUDWIG, Miss FLORENCE, Philadelphia.

MACKENZIE, Miss ADELE, Philadelphia.

MACFARLANE, PROFESSOR J. M., Philadelphia.

MANNING, Miss KATHERINE S., Philadelphia.

MARSHALL, MRS. H. R., Philadelphia.

McMicHAEL, C. Emory, Philadelphia.

MICHENER, PROFESSOR, Philadelphia.

MILLER, DR. ADOLPH W., Philadelphia.

MORTON, CHARLES, Philadelphia.

MORWITZ, JOSEPH, Philadelphia.

MYERS, Miss JANE V., Cynwyd, Mont. Co., Pa.

MAROT, PHILIP, Philadelphia.

MANNING, KATHERINE S., Philadelphia.

NASSAU, MRS. C., Philadelphia.

NEWLIN, Miss SARAH, Philadelphia.

NICHOLSON, Miss KATHERINE, Philadelphia.

OLIVER, GENERAL PAUL A., Forest Roads, Fern Lodge,

Oliver's Mills, Pa.

PALMER, T. CHALKLEY, Media, Pa.

PENNOCK, ALDRICH, Lansdowne, Pa.

PENDLETON, Miss C., Philadelphia.

PORTER, DR. H. C., Philadelphia.

PEART, MRS. MARY, Philadelphia.

ROBERTS, Miss C. E., Bala, Pa.

ROBERTS, Miss F. A., Bala, Pa.

ROBERTSON, MRS. A. D., Ridley Park, Pa.

ROBINS, THOMAS, Philadelphia.

RORER, MRS. S. T., Philadelphia.

RORER, MR., Philadelphia.

RAVENEL, DR. M. P., Philadelphia.

SABOLD, Miss E. C., Philadelphia.

SAYRE, PROFESSOR, Philadelphia.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

421

SCHMUCKER, DR. S. C.,

SCHUYLER, MlSS,

SHAW, C. S.,

SCHIVELY, DR. ADELINE F.,
SCHIVELY, Miss M. S.,
SILL, MRS. HAROLD,
SMITH, Miss ETHEL,
SMITH, Miss C. M.,
SHALLCROSS, Miss REBECCA,
SNOWDEN, Miss LOUISE,
SPEAR, MRS. LOUISE M.,
STALEY, Miss S.,

STRAWHOWER, Miss E. F.,
STETSON, JOHN P.,
SNOWDEN, MRS. A. LOUDEN,
SELL, MRS. PAULINE W.,
TOWNSEND, EDGAR N.,
TRAINOR, MRS. NEWLIN,
TUNDLE, Miss,
VANSANT, Miss BELLE,
WALMSLEY, W. H.,
WETHERILL, ANNA T.,
WILLIAMS, DR. TALCOTT,
WATTERS, PROFESSOR LEON,
WOODBRIDGE, MRS.,
WILLIAMS, MRS. MARY,
WICKS, MRS. M. B.,
WINDEL, FRANCIS,
WILLIAMS, THYRZA C.,
YARNALL, Miss,
YARNALL, Miss,

West Chester, Pa.

Lansdowne, Pa/

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Wallingford, Pa.

Layfayette Hall,

Montgomery Co., Pa.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Rutledge, Pa.
Chester, Pa.
Haddonfield, N. J.
George School, Bucks Co., Pa.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Philadelphia.
Media, Pa.
Chester, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Rutledge, Pa.
West Chester, Pa.
Haddonfield, N. J.
Philadelphia.
Yeadon, Delaware Co., Pa.

422 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

APPENDIX III.

PHILADELPHIA Moss CHAPTER.

The Philadelphia Moss Chapter was organized in
February, 1899, by those interested in the study of the moss
flora of the neighborhood. The following officers \veiv
elected : President, Dr. A. F. K. Krout ; Recording Secre-
tary and Treasurer, Mr. Alexander McElwee ; Correspond-
ing Secretary, Mrs. Josephine B. Lowe. The object of the
Chapter is to gather and classify the Musci hepatictr and Musci
frondosi of the neighborhood, and to gradually make an
herbarium of the typical forms found in the vicinity of the
city.

APPENDIX IV.

AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT

of the

Scientific Journals and Serial Publications

Issued from Philadelphia.

(Containing articles on botany, and from related departments of science.)

1. Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, compiled
by one of the secretaries. From the Manuscript Minutes of
the Meetings from 1744 to 1838. Philadelphia, 1884, pp. iii,
1875, with index.

2. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge.
Volume I, octavo, for the years 1838, 18:5!) and 1840.
This publication has been continued to date.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 423

3. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,
held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge.
Volume I, from January 1, 1769, to January 1, 1771 ;
Philadelphia, 1771, large octavo. Second edition corrected
1789, runs until Volume VI, 1809, the size of the page
gradually increasing. Volume I, new series, Philadelphia,
1818, runs to Vol. XVI, 1890.

4. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia. Volume I, Part 1, 1817. Part 2, 1818, running to
Vol. VIII, Part 1, 1839, and Part 2, 1842, when it was
enlarged to quarto. Volume I, second series, 1847-1850,
running to the last number issued, Volume XI, Part 2, 1899.

5. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, Volume 1, 1841, 1842, 1843, octavo; printed
in 1843, running to present year.

6. The Franklin Journal and American Mechanics'
Magazine, devoted to the Useful Arts, Internal Improvements
and General Science, under the Patronage of the Franklin
Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, Volume I, Phila-
delphia, 1826, octavo running to Volume IV, 1827, when it
was named : Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State
of Pennsylvania, devoted to the Mechanic Arts, Manufactures,
General Science, and the recording of American and other
Patented Inventions. Volume I, new series, 1828, ran to
Volume XXVI, 1840, when the third series was hegim,
running to date (74th year). In Volume XVII, 1836, the
title was again changed to read : Journal of the Franklin
Institute of the State of Pennsylvania and Mechanics"
Register, devoted to Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil
Engineering, the Arts and Manufactures, and the recording
of American and other Patented Inventions. The title was

424 Till-; JJOTAMSTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

changed at Volume XLII (third series), 1861, to read:
Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsvl-

t.

van in, for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, devoted to
Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Engineering, the
Arts and Manufactures. At Volume LIV (third series),
1867, the present title was adopted : The Journal of the

*

Franklin Institute, devoted to Science and the Mechanic
Arts.

7. Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.
Volume I, octavo, Philadelphia, 1830, ran to Volume VI,
when it became the American Journal of Pharmacy. Volume
I, new series, running to Volume XVIII, 1852, when it
became third series. Volume I, 1853, running to Volume
XLII, 1870, when the fourth series \vas started. Volume I,
1871, running to date, 1899, the last volume being No. 71,
of all the series.

8. Also under the auspices of the College of Pharmacy,
the Alumni Report, published by the Alumni Association,
beginning with Volume I, 1864.

9. Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical
Association, published in Philadelphia from 1852 to date,
Volume XLVI, 1898.

10. The Gardeners' Monthly and Horticultural Adver-
tiser, devoted to Horticulture, Arboriculture, Botany and
Rural Affairs. Edited by Thomas Meehan. Volume I. ls.~>',i.
The title was changed to read (Volume XVI, 1874), The
< iardeniTs' Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser, devoted
to Horticulture, Arboriculture, and Rural Ail airs, running
to Volume XXIX, 18S7, and one number, Volume XXX,
January. 1SSS, when it ceased. Later, under the editorial
supervision of Thomas Meehan & Sons, a new journal was
started under the name: Median's Monthly. A Magazine

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 425

of Horticulture, Botany and Kindred Subjects. Volumes
I and II, 1891-1892, running to date.

11. The American Naturalist. Volume I, published at
Salem, Mass., 1868 (octavo), until Volume XX, 1876, when
it was printed at Boston, until Volume XII, 1878. when the
publication was transferred to Philadelphia, where it still
continues to be printed.

12. Transactions of the AVagner Free Institute of Science
of Philadelphia. Quarto, Volume I. May, 1887. Volume
II, December, 1889. Volume III, Part I, August, 1890.
Part 2, December, 1892. Part 3, March, 1895. Part 4,
April, 1898. Volume IV, January, 1896, begun. Volume
V, January, 1898, begun.

^1 13, Forest Leaves, started July, 1886, has run to Volume
VII, No. 4, August, 1899. Published bi-monthly by the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

14. Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of the
University of Pennsylvania. A serial publication, begun
in 1892, and devoted to botanical articles by the professors,
instructors and students of the School of Biology. The first
two numbers of Volume I were published under similar
cover, and the title of the plates were similarly printed
(Bot. Cont. Univ. Penna.), but No. 3, Volume I, 1897, was
published for the LTniversity of Pennsylvania, with the
authorization of the Committee on Publication. The covers
now conform with Publications of the University of Penn-
sylvania (new series). As set forth in the classification,
the Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory belong
to Group II, Serial Publications, Series in Botany. The
articles that have so far appeared are as follows : *

* The headings of the plates in Volume I. Xo. 3T and Volume II, No. 1, were
changed, the numbers being unbracketed, as in the two previous numbers, and the
title reading "Bot. Contrib. Univ. Penun. '

420 THE I50TAMSTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

VOLUME I — Xo. 1.

( Plates I-XIII.)

1. "A Monstrous Specimen of Rudbeckia hirta, L." By J. T.
Rothrock, B. S., M. D.

2. " Contributions to the History of Dionsea Muscipula, Ellis." By
J. M. Macfarlane, D. Sc.

3. "An Abnormal Development of the Inflorescence of Diomea." By
John W. Harsh berger, A. B., B. S.

4. " Mangrove Tannin." By H. Trimble, Ph. M.

5. " Observations on Epigsea repeus, L." By W. P. Wilson, D. Sc.

6. "A Nascent Variety of Bruuella vulgaris, L." By J. T. Roth-
rock, B. S., M. D.

7. " Preliminary Observations on the Movements of the Leaves of
Melilotus alba, L., and other plants. By W. P. Wilson, Sc. D. and J. M.
Greenman.

VOLUME I— No. 2.

(Plates XI V-XVII.)

8. "Maize: A Botanical and Economic Study." By John W.
Harshberger, Ph. D.

VOLUME I — Xo. 3.

(Plates XVIII-XXXVI.)

9. " A Chemico-Physiological Study of Spirogyra nitida" By Mary

E. Pennington, Ph. D.

10. "On the Structure and Pollination of the Flowers of Eupatorium
ageratoides and E. coelestinum. By Laura B. Cross, Ph. D.

11. " Contributions to the Life-History of Amphicarpsea monoica. " By
Adeline F. Sdiiv.-ly, Ph. D.

VOLUMK II— XO. 1.
(Plates I-XII. )

1. "Observations on Couopholis Americana." By Lucy L. W.
Wilson, Ph. I)., Head of the Biological Department, Philadelphia Normal
School for Girls, i With plates i-vi. )

2. "Recent Observations on Aniphicarpa-a Mouoica." By Adeline

F. Schively, Ph. D., Honorary Fellow in Botany.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 427

3. "Water Storage and Conduction in Seuecio pnecox, D. C., from
Mexico." By John W. Harshberger, Ph. D., Instructor in Botany. (With
plates vii-viii. )

4. "Structure and Development of Internal Phloem in Gelsemium
sempervireus, Ait. By Caroline B. Thompson, B. S. (With plate ix. )

5. "Structure of the Cork Tissues in Roots of some Rosaceous
Genera." By Martha Bunting, Ph. D. (With plate x. )

6. " Comparative Studies on the Rate of Circumnutation of some
Flowering Plants." By Elizabeth A. Simons.

7. "Observations on the Development of some Embryo-sacs." By
Randolph E. B. McKeuney, B. S. (With plate xi.)

8. " Observations on some Hybrids between Drosera filiformis and D.
intermedia." By John M. Macfarlane, D. Sc., Professor of Botany. (With
plate xii ) .

9. " Statistical Information Concerning the Production of Fruits and
Seeds in Certain Plants." By John W. Harshberger, Ph. D., Instructor in
Botany.

15. The Forester, an Illustrated Bi-monthly Pamphlet,
devoted to the Development of our Forests. Official Organ
of the South Jersey Woodmen's Association, begun at May's
Landing, N. J., January, 1895, by John Gifford ; later pub-
lished at Camden, N. J. Later it became The Forester. An
Illustrated Journal devoted to Forestry, Volume I, No. 4.
The size of the page and the title were changed with Volume
III, No. 3, March, 1897 : The Forester, an Illustrated
Monthly Journal of Forestry, devoted to the Conservation
of Forests, the Proper Utilization of Forest Products, the
Forestation of Waste Lands, and the Preservation of Game.
Published at Camden ; John Gifford, editor and publisher,
Princeton, N. J. With Volume IV, the cover and the title
were again changed to read : The Forester, a monthly
magazine, devoted to the care and use of forests and forest
trees, and related subjects. Published monthly by the

428 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

American Forestry Association, at Washington, D. C., run-
ning to June, 1800, Volume V. Xo. G.

16. Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical
Society of Pennsylvania. Session 1897-1 SOS, published IM >'• '.
This publication, Volume I, Xo. 1, 1808, is a reprint of Volume
1 1, Xo. 1, Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of
the University of Pennsylvania, and contains pages 111-
123, inclusive, the Proceedings of the Botanical Society of
Pennsylvania, for Session 1897-1808.

17. Philadelphia Mycological Center Bulletin. This
publication is issued by those interested in the fleshy fungi,
especially the edible kinds. The author has seen only two
Bulletins and the preliminary announcements.

18. Monographs of the Philadelphia Commercial
Museums. Three of these have been issued as follows :

"The Republic of Guatemala." By Gustav Neiderlein, Phila-
delphia, 1898.

"The State of Nicaragua of the Greater Republic of Central America."
By Gustav Neiderlein.

" The Republic of Costa Rica." By Gustav Neiderlein.

19. In connection with the Philadelphia Commercial
Museums, and under the auspices of that institution and the
Franklin Institute, the following publication is issued :
Bulletin of the National Export Exposition, Volume I,
Number 1, which appeared May 18, 1SOO, running to date.
The cover gives a portrait of those prominently identified
with the movement, and numerous illustrations give an
adequate conception to the reader of the buildings under
construction, of the plans and the architectural appearance
of the Exposition buildings when finally completed.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 429

APPENDIX V.

HORTICULTURAL HALL,

Fairmount Park.

A history of the botanists of Philadelphia would not
be complete without an account of the horticultural build-
ing erected in Fairmount Park for the Centennial Exposi-
tion of 1876. Without doubt, the horticultural, botanical,
forestal and floral exhibits at the Philadelphia Centennial
Exposition stimulated the scientific interests of the country
and also the horticultural, lumber and florist industries
established in the United States. The horticultural build-
ing erected then, still stands, and is, in itself, a great
botanical institution, supported by the City of Philadelphia.
A sketch of the structure, written for the " Historical
Register of the Centennial Exposition,* will give a better
idea of its arrangement and size.

'' It is located on the Lansdowne Terrace, a short
distance north of the Art Gallery, and has, like the latter, a
commanding view of the Schuylkill River, and a portion of
the city. The design is in the Mauresque style of archi-
tecture of the twelfth century, the principal materials,
externally, being iron and glass. The length is 383 feet,
the width, 193 feet, and the height to the top of the lantern
seventy-two feet.f

" The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory,
230 x 80 feet, and fifty-five feet high, surmounted by the
lantern, 170 feet long, twenty feet wide, and fourteen feet

* 1876. Frank Leslie's Historical Register of the United Slates Centennial
Expedition, 7676. Edited by Frank H. Morton, New Y'ork, 1*77, folio pp. oL'l.

t A number of years ago this lantern was removed, and the entire roof
arched over with glass lights for the better growth of the plants.

430 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a
height of twenty feet, is a gallery five feet in width. On
the north and south sides are four forcing-houses. Each

house is 100 x 30 feet, and covered with a curved roof of
iron and glass. From the vestibules, at the centre of the

east and west ends, ornamental stairways lead to the
internal galleries of the conservatory, as well as to the four
external galleries, each 100 x 80 feet, which surmount the
roofs of the forcing-houses. These external galleries are
connected by a fine promenade, formed by the roofs of the
rooms on the ground floor, and having a superficial area of
1800 square yards. The east and west entrances are
reached by flights of blue marble steps, from terraces
80 x 20 feet. This building cost $251,937." At the four
corners of this building were situated, in 1876, four large
rooms. The two eastern rooms have been converted into a
temperate house by the removal of the outer wood-work and
the substitution of glass. Of the two western rooms, one
is used as an office, the other as a museum, which is never
opened to the public. On the terrace to the north is found
the lily-pond; to the south a range of greenhouses and
propagating frames, and to the west the celebrated sunken
garden. The main propagating greenhouses and frames
are removed from the hall a considerable distance toward
the north-east. According to the "Official Catalogue,"
the architect of this building was H. J. Schwarzman ; the
coi il rat-tor, John Rice, of Philadelphia : the wrought iron
being furnished by the Keystone Bridge Company, Pitts-
burg, Pennsylvania; the cast iron by Samuel J. Cresswrll.

* International Exhibition, i^?a, Official Catalogue, Complete in one \'<ilitme.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 431

Philadelphia ; the painting was done by Joseph Chapman,
Philadelphia, and the masonry, by Moore & Scattergood.*

Surrounding the horticultural building is an extensive
arboretum of many noteworthy trees. Gordonia pubescens
is one of the rarest and most interesting specimens found
here. Many of the old forest trees still remain to give
vigor to the landscape. Japanese cut-leaved maples,
oriental plants and exotic shrubs, make the place an
attractive and profitable one for the botanist to visit. The
ornamental grass bed, the cactus beds, the flower borders
and lily tank, display a large series of interesting plant
forms. The lotus pond, along the principal driveway, and
the rhododendron thickets, add to the landscape effects pro-
duced by judicious planting, f

APPENDIX VI.

A Short Sketch of Philadelphia Trees

noted for their

Historical or Botanical Interest.

The North Brook Chestnut Tree, This tree at North
Brook, Chester County, Pennsylvania, is on the property of
Mr. Abraham Marshall (Forest Leaves, II, p. 35, with illus-
tration). At three feet above the ground it was twenty-five
feet and two inches in girth when measured on January
1, 1889.

* See for account of Centennial Conservatory The Gardeners' Monthly
(Meehan's) XVII, p. 93 (1875).

t See page 33.

432 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Original Penn Treaty Elm. On the Delaware River, at
Shackamaxon Street. It measured twenty-four feet around
the base, and one branch extending toward the Delaware
River was 150 feet long. It blew down in March 3, 1810,
and by count its age was found to be 283 years.

Pennsylvania Hospital's Descendant of the Penn Treat;/
Elm. This tree is found on the grounds of the Hospital.
The minutes of the Hospital, dated 3 mo. 26, 1810, state
that " A scion from the root of a tree called the Great Elm
of Kensington, said to have been the same tree under which
William Penn, the proprietor of Pennsylvania, held the
first treaty with the Indians, was presented by Matthew
Vanduzen, and planted by Peter Brown, Esq., near the
centre of the western-most lot belonging to the Hospital, for
which Peter Brown is requested to return to Matthew
Vanduzen the thanks of the managers and to procure a box
to defend it from injury. The parent tree was blown down
in a late storm."

General Oliver's Descendant of t)ie Treaty Elm. A shoot
from the roots of the old tree which blew down in 1810 was
carried to and planted on the Oliver estate, at Bay Ridge,
New York, where it grew for more than fifty years, until it
was dug up and removed to Oliver's Mills, on the moun-
tains near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (Forest Leaves, III,
pp. 124 and 149, with illustrations).*

The University of Pennsylvania's Descendant. A shoot
from the Oliver tree at Wilkes-Barre was obtained and
planted in front of the main college building of the Uni-
versity, on Arbor Day, April 10,

* Two other descendants are known — one in Cooper Square, Camden : one in
the yard of the Friends' Meeting on Twelfth Street. See an interesting article by

Kthcl Austin Shrigley, of l.:m><ln\viie (Forest Leaves, VII, p. l-i.

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 433

The Dundas Elm. The finest tree in the City of Phila-
delphia, at Broad and Walnut Streets, which is variously
estimated from 150 to 400 years of age. It was once a part
of the Vauxhall gardens. On September 8, 1819, when a
mob, incensed at the failure of an announced balloon
ascension, set fire to the garden, the flames spread to the
branches of the tree several times, but were promptly
extinguished by the firemen. For an illustration of this
tree see Forest Leaves, IV, p. 136.

Bartram Oypress. This tree (see ante, page 05) still
standing, although dead, is seven feet in diameter, and was
planted about 17(39. (Forest Leaves, V, p. 120, for full-page
illustration.)

The Rodman Buttonwood Tree. Standing at a place
called Flushing, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on the
Newportville Road, about one half-mile from Newportville,
and about two miles from Croydon Station, Pennsylvania
Railroad. Planted about 1745 by William Rodman. The
tree measures twenty -nine feet six inches at a point two feet
from the ground, and twenty-eight feet, four inches in cir-
cumference at a point six feet from the ground. It appears
to be in a perfect state of preservation (Forest Leaves,
VI, p. 12).

Trees in Bartram' s Garden. See description of the
garden under the biographical sketch of John Bartram, for
the Petre Pear Tree, Christ's Thorn, Smyrna Box-wood,
Turkey Box-wood, Bartram Oak, Silver Maple, European
Cornel (Cornus ma*), Papaw-tree. Yellow-wood (Virgilia
lutea) ; a tree of extremely large size, and perfectly healthy,
growing near the Bartram house.

DeHart's Gordonia pubescens. On Woodland Avenue,

434 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

opposite to the entrance to Bart nun's garden, is a plain
brick building, covered with ivy. In the garden of the
owner. William Dellart. near the rear end on a plot of
ground, sloping to the north, is a fine tree of Gordonia
pubescens, a descendant of one previously in existence in
Bartram's garden. Another descendant is found in Fair-
mount Park, along the south driveway near the Horti-
cultural Hall, also of good size.

The Michanx Grove. One-half of the money left to the
American Philosophical Society, in 1S25, by Michaux, the
French botanist, was given to the Fairmount Park Associa-
tion. A grove called the Michaux Grove has been begun in
West Park, near Horticultural Hall. It is to consist of two
specimens of every oak suited to the climate.

Tlie Woodland Ginkgo Tree. In " Downing's Landscape
Gardening " (7th edition, 1865, p. 20), the following occurs :
" The attention of the visitor to this place is now arrested
by two very large specimens of that curious tree, the
Japanese Ginkgo (Salisburia), sixty or seventy feet high,
perhaps, the finest in Europe or America." It was intro-
duced by William Hamilton, the owner of Woodlands,
from England, in 17>S4. It is a male tree. It is still
regarded as one of Philadelphia's arboreal treasures, and
tree lovers from distant parts of the globe, when in the city.
journey to the cemetery to see the magnificent specimen.

Zelkova creiwto. Mr. William Hamilton, who lived at
Woodlands, planted many exotics for the first time in
America, and his garden was one of the most famous estab-
lishments of the kind in America. Among other trees he
introduced the Lombardy Poplar and the Norway Maple
into this countrv. Woodlands was lonu auo converted into

THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA. 435

a cemetery, and many of Hamilton's trees have thus been
spared. The most conspicuous and interesting of these now
are four plants of the Caucasian Zelkova crenata, about four
feet in diameter, probably the largest specimens of this
interesting tree in America. Zelkova, which belongs to the
Elm family, consists of two species, one of the type of the
genus Zelkova crenata, being found only in the Caucasus,
while the other species, Zelkova Keaki, is confined to Japan.*

Blunston Oak. Situated a short distance over the city
line in Darby. This tree has served for generations as a
landmark for surveyors. It was mentioned in a deed of
1683 as an ancient tree, and yet it is still in a luxuriant
condition.

The Original Seckel Pear Tree. The original Seckel
Pear Tree was standing (August 31, 1880) in the Twenty-
sixth Ward of Philadelphia, near Girard Point, on the
farm of John Bastian. It takes its name from Lawrence
(Laurence ?) Seckel, a former owner, who first introduced it
to public notice, upon coming into possession of the farm.
A reference to the tree will be found in Watson's " Annals
of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania " (Vol. II, p. 487), also
The Gardeners' Monthly, of February, 1865, and September,
1880, with illustration.

The Robert Morris Sago Palm. This tree, growing in
Horticultural Hall, Fairmouiit Park, was presented to the
Centennial Exhibition of 1876. The following label
attached to it tells its history: " 1776, Cycas revoluta, owm-<l
by Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, before and during the
Revolutionary War, presented by Jacob Hoffner, of Cincin-
nati, 1876."

* Garden and Forest, X, p. 48S.

436 THE BOTANISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Meng's Magnolia macrophylla. This tree, undoubtedly
the earliest cultivated one of this species, was brought to
the property of Mr. Meng, a wealthy Philadelphia banker
(now Vernon Park), by Matthias Kin, the noted collector.

Vernon Park Papaw Trees. They are forty feet tall,
with trunks ten or twelve inches in diameter, and with
broad pyramidal heads of dark foliage.

TJie Germantown Yellow-wood (Cladrastris flava). The
first Virgilia planted in the United States, standing by the
fence of the Germantown Cricket Club.

NuttaU's Pecan Tree. An old pecan tree, one of the
n mst famous in the city, stood, until recently, on the
grounds of the M. E. Church, Germantown and High
Streets. The seed was carried by Xnttall, the botanist,
from Arkansas.

If space would permit, an account could be given of

•

the traditional trees and the stories connected therewith.*
Many of the old landmarks, familiar to persons living
in the city one hundred years ago, have been removed, and
all traces of them lost through the growth of the city
and the modern improvements substituted for the things of
old. There are many fine private country places in and
near Philadelphia, kept up at great expense by their
owners. Rare and costly shrubs and trees have- been
planted, and greenhouses have been erected, to contain the
rare and interesting exotics imported from all parts of the
world. A book could easily be written descriptive of the
botanical and horticultural aspects of these rural demesnes,
but space, and the difficulty of exploration, forbid even
a liriel' mention of the most noteworthy of these places.

* Throughout this book reference is ni.-idu to the introduction and cultivation
of many i>hmts anil trues. The reader is referred to the text, illustrations and foot-
notes, also to Forest Leaves, VII, p. -12, article by Ethel Austin

INDEX.

INDEX.

For the names of botanists included in the General List (pages kOU to Iil5)
and the names of persons given in Appendices I and II (pages 1,16 to !,%! inclu-
sive), the reader is referred to the above pages, of this book. A descriptive account
of the illustrations is given in the fore part of this work.

Aaron's Prong, Ghost of, 314.

Abies amabilis, '289 ; Apollinis, 290 ; ceph-
alonica, 290; cilicia, 290: concolor,
289 ; lasiocarpa, 289 : Lowiana, 289 ;
Nordmanniana, 289 ; Parsousiana, 289.

Abolition of Faculty of Natural History,
14.

Acacia Julibrissin, 70.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila., 97;
herbarium of, 23 etseq.; foundation,
2:;-. Journal of, 423; location of, 188;
Proceedings of the, 423.

Account of Bartrani's library, 71.

Acer leucoderme, 385; luacrophyllurn,
256.

Acorns of mossy-cup oak, 349.

Acorns Calamus, 19.

Action of Aniline Dyes on Vegetable
Tissues, 371.

Additions to our Native Flora, 212.

Adlumia, 147.

Adulteration of Drugs and Chemical Pre-
parations, On the. 277.

Adulterations of Elm Bark, 378.

Aerating Organs of Swamp Plants, 339.

Aesculus Hippocastanum, 66.

Agassiz, Professor L. and Penikese, 304.

Agricultural Botany, Darlington's, 140.

Aitchoon. Major J. E. T , 2*.

Aitou, William. 96.

Alaska, Flora of, 310.

Alaska Lichens, 310.

Alaskan plants, 29.

Albertini. J. B. d', 128.

Alectoria Cetrariza, 357.

Alexiowitz, Iwan, story by, 59.

Algerian plants, 2.x

Alieghany River, 54.

Alluvium". 2.

Almonds at Bartram's, 70.

Aloes, •_•!.

Alpine flora of Switzerland studied, 396.

Alstnumeriafecula. 207.

Alterations by Eastwick, 61.

Alumni Report, Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy, account of. 424.

Algfe, freshwater, 222 : of the New Jersey
coast, 323: Prodromus of Freshwater,
317 : study of, 411.

Anianitine, 315.

American Birds. List of. x7.

American forestry exhibit, 37.

American Gardener's Calendar, The, 118.

American Gardener, M'Mahon's, 1x3.

American Journal of Pharmacy. 2:',: edi-
torship of, 276 ; account lit'. 124.

American Naturalist, The, 125.

American Ornithology. The, 87.

American Philosophical Society, 27. 40, 90,
94, 95, 96, 97, 108 ; Proceedings of, 422.

American Weeds. Two Centuries of, 291.

Auiphicarinea monoica, Life History of,
413.

Analytical Chemistry, Hand-book of, 364.

Anatomy, Elements of, 354.

Anatomy, a special department of bot-
any, 355.
j Anders, J. M., biography of, 350.

Anderson, F. W., 266.

Andnecium of the Fumariacese, 310.

Andropogon, Notes on, 360.

Anemone of the Section Pulsatilla, 158.

Aniline Dyes, Action of, 371.

Animal temperatures, essay on, 200.

Animal and Plants, Geographical Distri-
bution of, 192.

Angelica dichotoma, 218.

Annual Fruited Oaks. 2:;.">.

Antidote of Amanitin, :;]5.

Antidromy, Internal ; Observations on,
294.

Ants, Chapters on, 301.

A] igar, Austin Craig, biography of, 304.

Aphyllon uuiflorum. Paper on, 414.

Apocynacese in Materia Medica, 37x.

Appendices. 416-436.

Apples at Bartram's, 70.

Apricots at Bartram's, 70.

Appropriations by Congress, 39.

Arachis hypogtea, 39X.

Arbeit of Professor Kraerner, 389.

Arboretum of J. K. Eshlemann, 208 ; of
the Jacksons, 408 ; of the Painter
brothers, 185; of the Peirce brothers,
410: of the University of Pennsyl-
vania. 18 : Arnold, 391.

Arbor Vitae, 256.

Arbustuni Americanum. 7, 80, 98, 120.

Arbustrum Americanum (see ante).

Aristol, Nature of, 377.

Arizona Potato, The, 310.

Arizona plants, 2X2.

Arkansas Territory, Travels in. 159.

Arnold Arboretum, 391.

Arrangement of Lewis and Clark expe-
dition, llx.

Artemisia Rothrockii. 309.

Articles by Durand, 175 ; Raflnesque. 148 ;
Solomon Courad. 126 ; Mrs. Treat, 301.

Arthur. Prof. J. ('.. 404.

Asarum Canadense, 218, 390 ; structure of.
385.

Ascent of Mount Washington, 19.

Asclepiadacese, Genus of, 309.

439

INDEX.

Ascomycetes. Rehm's. 270.

Asimiiiii trilobu, Cultivation of, ''•">.

A-II, The White. ::il.

Ashmead collection of marine alg:e, 2.~>.

Aspiiliuiu aculeatnin, 21* : Loiichilis. '2\*.

A-pleiiium P.radlcyi. :',** : ebenoides. 21\

Aster cordifolius, 242 ; Ton-eyi, 212.

A»terina, Synopsis of. 21*.

Astragalus ]nolli»iimis, 242.

Astronomic work of .lacoli Knnis, 198.

Atlantic City Iiiatoins. 352.

Al lantic ( iccan. I.

Atlas of the United States. 2:'>!i.

Attractiveness of the Philadelphia Dis-
trict. 1.

Audibertia Vaseyi, 212.

Austin, Col. ]•'.. •_•:,: Collections of. :;iv,.

Austin. Mrs.. Collections of. '2*2.

Australian fungi, 267; palm. 33; plants.
28, 29.

Autobiographical Notes of Ezra Miche-
ner, 17*.

Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine, endow-
ment of, l.'i. |s-_>.

Azalea caleiidulaeea, *7 : lutea. :;si;
white. 2ii.

Babbington. Prof. C. C., 21;i.

Rache, Franklin, Biographical Memoir
of. 1S2.

Bachelor's Hall, a poem, -1;',.

Bacteriological papers, 412.

Bahamas and .lamaica. < >b~ervations on,
312.

Pa hama Plants. :-',72.

Bailey. I'rof. I.. IL, 401: letter from, ti7.

Bald Cypress. Studies on. :!:;*.

Baldwin, Or. William, 24, 219 ; biography
of, ll'.t : papers of, 124 : travels of. 122,
123.

Balfoiir, John Huttou, :;C7.

Paliour. Prof.. :-;c,s.

Ballast plants, 211, 220. 32*: at South
Bethlehem, 21::.

Pa Nam of Pern. 20*.

Rambusa ~lem-and 1 licalldesceut Light-
illy. 310.

Banks' herbarium, llii.

Panks. Sir .Iose)ih, 102: correspondence

with Moses Marsliall, lul.
Parli.-i'loo, History of, l!H).

Barton, Dr. Beiij. S., li!0: biography of,

los; 1 k oi'. 7: botanical teaching

of, 12: portrait of. 10*: and Nuttall,
112. lf.2 ; patron of Pursh, 114.

Barton's Elements of Potany. .*7.

P.artoii, W. P. C., 1; biography of, 159;
book of. 8.

Marlon. Prof., in 1S22, 1 I.

Bartoniati Collection catalogued. 330.

I'.artrain, .lohn, I, 5, 7, 86, 111. 171, 2S."> :
biography of, 111 el seq.; letter from,
44; P.otanie Harden, lii'.i, I'.U: ap-
pointed King's botanist. .">:!: book of,
"il: creed of. •<! : library of, 71.

Bar-tram's Harden, 2.~>U, 2."il,::i;i; bought,
2.">:l: described, »i:!; purchase by Phil-
adelphia, J I : visit of Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society to, 88.

Part ram Park. 40.

Bartram : coat of arms. f'.O : rypre--. I:::',:
house built, .M : hou^e described, til ;
and I.iiinieus, .">:!; and I.ogan. :">0 ;
oaU,ri,s. I:;:1,: oak,notes on, 323 ; room,

(12 ; \\ oo.Nheil, i',::.

Bartram's Preface to Medicina Britan-
nica, oO.

Bartram'* -lave. Harvey. »>: navels. 54;
treatment of servants, "in.

P..-I i Irani. Ann. married to Col. Carr. 69.

Bartram, William. ]•>'•'• : biography of. *ii :
elected professor in University of
Pennsylvania. *('.: travels of, 7. *ii'.

Basidiomycetes. 2;i3.

Bastin. Edson s.. 2:;. :;*'.! ; l)iography of,
330.

Bay window in Mar-shall'* house. >,:>.

Bean. Dr. T. H., collection of lichens.
310.

Bechdolt. Robert H.. biography of. 31C, :
travel* of. 31*.

Beech. The, 311, 236

Beetles' work on Lewis and Clark plants,
28.

Belsatter, Dr. Thomas. 249.

Benjamin Franklin and the University
of Pennsylvania 12.

Bentharn. George, 21.

Benzin, Puritication of, 377.

Herberts. The Colorado. ::io.

Beringer, George M.. biography of. ::77 :
and herbarium fund. 30.

Berlin, Botanical Museum. 2'.i.

Berlin, laboratories in. :;'.i"i.

Bernhardi. 21.

Bessej , Professor < 'harles E..

Bibliography of Joseph (/arson. 2i«i:
Frank Lamson-Scribner, 360 ; George
Martin. 21*: Nuttall. l->. LV.I ; Thomas
C. Porter, 241: John 11. Redti.dd. 217 :
Rev. Francis Wolle. 223: J. T. Roth-
rock, 310: W. P. Wilson. 338; C. H.
Kain. ::">2 : E. A. Ran. 3.V2 : Henry
Trimble. :\t>~> : J. M. Macfarlane. 371;
Ida A. Keller. :',*! : A. A. Heller. :;** ;
Henry Kraeuier. 31 K) : J. W. Harsh-
berger, 3%.

Biddulphoid Forms of Diatoms, 374.

P.ig cyi>ress. I'M.

Bigelow's Medical Botany. '.>i.

BIL; tree. !*">: (.'alifornia. Name* of. :','.i*.

Bilgram. Hugo, biography of. :: l"i.

Binomial system of nomenclature. ('<.

Biological ' and Microscopical section
Academy of Natural Sciences,
founded. 2."i7.

Biological School, 11 : sketch of. 12.

Birch, black. 312; river. 311 : white. 20:
yellow. 312.

Birds of America. List of. *7.

1 Slack rot. :-!( >1.

Blanc's farm. In.

Blue Ridge. 1. 3.

Bluuston oak. 43.">.

Rod ley. Rachel I... biography of. 283.

POL: warden. I'.i.

Bojsser. collections of. 2*.

Bonn, laboratory at. :','.>:>.

Bonpland Aimc. ;i7.

BOOK of Evergreen*. '_'si''.

Booth's Laboratory. 2"'*.

Boroglyceride, :;77.

P.orraniliaceie. 24.

P.otauic Hanlen of University. IP'.: in-
ception of, 17; established, 870 ; de-
scription of. 17 ft seii-

Botanic Harden at Marshallton. S2.

Botanic Station. Troiiical Mexican. 398.

Botanical Check List, 212.

Botanical Gardens. Value of. 37-'.

INDEX.

441

Botanical (Jlub of Philadelphia, organ-
ized, 297: mentioned, 30.
Botanical Explorations in Southern

Texas during the Season of 1*94, 3*6.
Botanical Society of Pennsylvania, or-

gani/.ed, 371; description of, 22:

Transactions and Proceedings of,

428.
Botanical trips of A. A. Heller, 384, 385

et seq.

Botanist of Peary Expedition, 367.
Botanists. General List of, 404.
Botany at College of Pharmacy, 23.
Botany, Elements of, 334.
Botany, Foreign and Home Teaching of,

310.

Botany, Stimulus of, 15.
Boundary of Venezuela and Guiana, 190.
Boxes for fungi, 207.
Boxwood, 6*.

Boyer, Charles S.. biography of, 372.
Bradbury. John. 153.
Brandywine Banks, 311.
Brandy wine Ureek,2: region, 2.
Brasenia peltata, Glandular Hairs of, 382.
Breathing organs of bald cypress, :;::*.
Breiutnall, Joseph, 51.
Bridges, Robert, 25 ; biography of, 195 ;

oil painting of, 195.
Briosi, Giovanni, 270.
Brinton. Dr. .1. Bernard, 30, 359, 376, 400;

biography of. 291 : death of. :;l'.i.
British Empire in India. History of. 182.
Britton, Dr. X. L., 23! I. 327, 359. 3*3. 385.
Britton A: Brown's Illustrated Flora, 147.
Bronirield, \V. .1. (?), 164.
Bromoform. 377.
Bromus Kalmii, 341.
Broomfleld, Dr.. 219.
Brown, Peter. Esq.. 132.
Browne, Robert H., obituary Notice of,

218.

Brown rot, 361.
Brown. Stewardson, 25; and herbarium

fund, 30.
Brunella vulgaris, A Nascent Variety of,

312.

Bryarium, The, 20.

Buckhout, Professor of State College. 261.
Bucks County, Catalogue, 341 ; plants, 340.
Buist. Robert, biography of, 193; and

Bartram's Garden, 72 ; and Thomas

^eehan. 250; farm of, 40.
Bulletin National Export Exposition,

account of. 42s.
Buuge's collections, 281.
Bunting, Dr. Martha, sketch of, 405.
Burdock Fruit. Bitter Principles of. 365.
Bureau of Education, Circular of Infor-
mation, 12.
Bureau of Information, Commercial

Museums. :;s.

Burial Ground, Warmer, 4(5.
Burk, Charles.
Burk, Isaac, 25. 211. 359; plants from, 16 ;

biography of, 220 : herbarium of, 220.
Burk, Rev. Jesse Y., 221.
Burk, Dr. William H., 221.
Burpee's farm, 40.
Bush honey-suckles, 53.
Buttonwood, A Rare, 312.
Buttonwood Tree, The Rodman, 433.

Cabinet of Sciences, Chester County, 9 :
letter from, 13.

soap

Cacao, Starches in, 334.
Calaveras Big-tree Grove, 395.
California ; Nutmeg, 207 ; plants, 29 ;

plant, 366 ; travels in, 395.
Calisaya Bark, 207.
Calkins, Col. W. W., 2(56.
Call, Richard Ellsworth, book by, 144.
Callitriche deflexa var Austiui, 341.
Cambium, Internal, of Gelserniuin, 312.
Cambridge Botanical Garden, 403.
Cambridge, seeds from, 18.
Campanulaceee, new plants of 159.
Camellias at Bartram's, 70.
Camellia houses, 193.
Camellia Landrethii, 193.
Camerarius, Jacob. 5.
Canadian Mosses, 272.
Canaigre, 366.

Canby, Win. M., 16, 2(5, 29, 299,327; bio-
graphy of, 278 ; herbarium of, 279 :

travels of, 2*u.
Cape Henlopen. 1.
Cape May, 1.

Carboniferous Flora of the U. S., 317.
Carburetted Hydrogen and Exotic Plants,

245.

Card Index of Ellis's fungi, 271.
Carex torta,341.

Carex, American Species of, 131.
Carices, Monograph of, 131; of Peuua.,

List of, 241.

Carpenter, William C., 26(5.
Carr, Col. Robert, 69, 87, 88, 153 ; nursery

of. 70.
Carson, Dr. Joseph, 25 ; biography of,

199: bibliography of, 206: death of,

318.

Carson. Hampton L.. 202.
Carum Gairdneri, 366.
I'.-iry.-i tonientosa. 312.
Castanea Americana, Sexual Variations

in, 323.

Castanea pumila, 390.
Catalogue of Plants at Bart ram Garden,

67.
Catalogue of Plants of Delaware County,

Pa., 1*9.

Catalogue of Plants collected by Say, 130.
Catalogues Plautarum Americte Sep-

tentrionalis, 7. 95.
Catechu. 365.
Catesby's herbarium, 116.
Cat-fish, 1.
Cavara, Fridiano, 270: Fungi Lango-

bardue Exsiccati, 270.
Cedar red, 53 : white, 53 ; of Lebanon, 185.
Cedar swamps, 3.
Cedar Swamp Society, 4.
< 'edrela sinensis, 255."
Celastrus scandens, Color in Aril of. 3*2.
Cell Wall, Manner of Growth of, 355.
Celtis occidentals, 64.
Cemetery, Laurel Hill, is:;.
Cemeteries, movement to modernize, 183.
Centennial Exposition. 33, 429.
Centuries of Fungi, 263, 264: of North

American Fungi, 29.
Ceylon, Materia Medica of, 390.
Chamsecyparis obtusa, 291 ; pisifera, 291.
Chapman, Dr. A. W., 353.
Chapters on Ants, 301.
Chara, 19.

Characteres Plantarum, 45.
Chart of Class of Birds, 234; of Geology,

234 : of the Races of Men, 235 : of the

Vegetable Kingdom, 234.

442

INDKX.

Charts. Natural Hi>t<>ry. 3U8 ; of Trees,

335.
Chartists, 249.

Cheek List i.f tin- Botanical club of

Nurtli America. 117: of Pennsylvania

I'lants. :;77: of North American

1'lants, :XT.

Chelidonium inajns. ("in. 1277.
Chemical side nI liolaiiy . '_':'..
cherry Marks. Structure of, :;;;:>.
( Sherries al r.artram's. 70.
('he.-ter. F. I)., biography of. '•'•''.>.
Chester (.'ounty. botany of. '.> \ Cabinet of

Sciences. 9, l:;s.
Chestnut Tree. :;il.
Chevalier's Cross, Order Merite Agricole,

359.

Chia. :;IO.

Chicipate, Analysis of, :;7\
Chilian plants, 21, ll'J.
Chimaja, :;l(i.
Chinquapin, 390.
Chisati, I'rof., 337.
Chori/enm. 21.

Christ in Song, Dr. Schalfs. 2:',7.
Christianity in India, History of, 1*2.
Christ thorn, us. 1:;:;.
Chronological History of Plants, P.I:;.
Church of St. Michael's, m.
Cicero's De Senectute, 12.
Cider press at KartramV. 68.
Cinchona bieolorata, 207.
Cinna, Observations on. :;iin.
Circumnutation, Kate of in Flowering

Plants, 11:;

Citrate of Caffeine, 377.
City Hall and Economic Museum, 36.
City Museums, Report on, 339.
Civilization of the Indian Nations, 223.
Cladrastis, 117 : tlava, •!:;»'> ; lutea, 65.
Cladoniae, Rehm's, 272.
Class of Birds, Chart of, 234.
Class of '73, memorial gate erected by,

22.

Classes in botany of Dr. Traill (ireen, 209.
Clay. :;.

Clayton, John, 65 : herbarium of, 116.
Clematis ovata, :l*6.
Cliftonia ligiistrina, fit!.
Clintonia borealis. 1 17.
(/looks, first, in America, 46.
Cloves, study of. :;;KI.
Coat of Anns. Uartram. 60
Cockerel!. T. D A., 26H.
Coilin made of Paulownia. ISO.
Cole. Ke\. .1. Augu-tus. 267.
( lole'S Latin Dictionary . 7'.i.
( 'olleetions of Duraml. 17'''.
< 'oil eei ions for an K--ay toward a Materia

Mediea of the I". S.'. 110.

Col lee i ion v from .la pan. :','>: of Ledebour,
281.

College P.oiimy, :::; I.

College of Pharmacy, city of New York
purchases ( 'anby's heri>ariiim. 'J7'.l.

College of Pharmacy of Philadelphia,
description of botany at. 'J:; : herba-
rium of. •_':;: laboratory of. '-':'..

College of Philadelphia. 89, In'.i.

Collins, /.aecheus. 1,24,95, !."''•'•: corre-

-polldelice of. 21*.

Collinsia. a ne\\ genus of plants. 151.
Collinson. Peter. I. 51. 52 : Letter to, II.
( 'olorado plants. '.".I.

Colorado. Synopsis of the Flora of. 2::*.
Columbia College and llosack's (iarden.

lie.

Columbian Exposition. 33, ".1 : from a

botanical standpoint. :;;ni.
Commercial and Kcoiioinie Museum. :;:',:

established. :::!*.
Commissioner of Foresty. 307,
Committee of Penna. Horticultural So-
ciety visits Bartram Garden in 1830

till.

Commons. Albert, biography of. 272.
Compendium Flora- PhiladelphiCffi, 8,

162.

Commerce of the Prairie-. 21i'..
Commercial Museum, herbarium of. -101.
Common Councils, Thos. Meehan's career

in, 2f>2.

Communities, Ecologic, I.
Comjiass of Bartram. 52,
Conard. Henry S., Is.,.
Condiments. Nutritive Value of. '•>'•<.
Cone-bearing Plants of the World. 2*6.
Cones of hemlock, ."i:;.
Cones of spruce, r>3.
Congressional Library, In.
Coniferfe, North American. Contributions

to, 335; studied by Henry Trimble

and E. S. Bastiu. 366; work on. 2::;

study and planting of, -JN.'I ; TreatiM-

on. 286.
Conopholis, Americana, Observations on,

415.
Conrad. Solomon W., «.i. 24. 15: biography

of. 125.

Conservatory, lean-to. 17.
Conspectus Fungorum. !-.'.
Con>tancy of species, doctrine of. s.
Contributions from Botanical Labora-
tory, University of Pennsylvania,

account of, 425 : contents of. -i'2i\. 127.
Cooke, Dr. M. ''., 264, 26(i. 267: Fungi

Britannici, 270.
Cooking of mushrooms and toadstools,

315.

Corema Conradii, 217, 21*. 2P.i.
Coreopsis discoidea. :ill: >enifolia. :-:i:i.
Cork Tissues in Rosaceous (ienera, 405.
Cork Wings, Development of. :;55,
Corn Smut and Superstition. 2;i::.
Cornus tiorida. 255 : mas, 4:;:'..
Corpus Chri^ti, Texa>. botanical trip to,

386.

Correa, Abbe, S.

Correa da Serra, biography of. 151.
(;orres(>ondence botany classes, :;6*.
Costa Ilica. Account of. l.s.
Cost of Horticultural Hall. Fail-mount

Park. l:;t).

Coulter, Dr. .lohu M.. 327, 359.
Crawford. Joseph, biography of, :-;,6 :

mentioned. 'J:'.7. 2:;;i.
Creed of Mart ram. ."iT.
Crepis tectorum. 341.
( 'relaeeous green sand. :',.
Cretaceous (.eriod, 2.
Critraria minutissima. ::i I.
Crittendeii Resolutions, 252.
Cro-'- fertilization, current views of,

challenged, :',*!.
Cro>s Fertili/.atioii of Flower- by Insects,

Notes on. :;*!

Cro-M'- of 'I'eo-inlhe and Mai/c. S'.I7.
Crui-e to Wot Indies. 16.
Cruise of White < 'up. :',u7.
Cuban Fungi. Wright's. 271.
Cucumis, Notes on. inl.
Cucurbits, study of. li's.
Cuprcssus. variclies of. 2**.
Currants at Bartram's, 70.

INDEX.

443

Cnrtiss, Rev. Mr., I:'.:1,, 281, 320.
Cymopterus, 1 17.
Cyperacete, Monograph of, 124.
Cypress. Bart ram, 43:5.
Cypripedium, Evolution of, 334.
Cypripedium pubescens, 244.
Cyrilla racemiflora, 66.

Dahlias, Native, of Mexico, 398.

Daisy, the, and John Bartram, 47.

Damiana, 310.

Dana, Professor, 192.

Darlington, Dr. William, 4. 9, 12. 120, 164,
166, 180, 285, 305 ; biography of, 134 ;
book by, 5, 83; herbarium of, 142;
public services of, 137 et seq.;
Reliquife Baldwiniame, 97. 121.

Darlingtonia, 140, 279.

Darrach, James, biography of, 25s.

Darwin. < harles. book of, 10 ; criticised,
299: Origin of Species, 5; and Thomas
Meehan, 253, 254; views challenged,
3*1 ; Insectivorous Plants, by, 299.

Datura Tatula. Vitality of Seeds, 242.

Dearness, Mr. John, 266.

Death of Hart ram, 58 ; of Lyon, at Ashe-
ville, X. C., 133; of John H. Redtield,
resolutions on. 215.

De Bary, Professor, laboratory of, 310.

Decadon verticillata, 19,

De Candolle, Professor, of Geneva, 140.

De Hart, William, 434 ; sketch of, 407 ; his
Gordouia pubescens, 66, 433.

De Lavatione Frigida, 88.

Delaware County, Catalogue of Plants,
189 ; History of, 189 ; Institute of Sci-
ences, founding of, 189 ; sketch of In-
stitute, 32.

Delaware Indians, 1.

Delaware plants, 273.

Delaware River, 1, 3, 54.

Delaware Valley Naturalists' Union, 370.

Demetrio, Rev. C. H., 266.

Demoralization of Plants, 300.

Dencke, Rev. Mr., 24, 96.

Dennert's Vergleichende Pflanzenmorph-
ologie, Review of, 397.

Deposit of Lewis and Clark's plants, 28.

Descendants of Penn Treaty Elm, 432.

De Schweintz, L. D., 4

Descriptio, Uberior graminum. 95.

Description of Plants collected by Wil-
liam Gambel, 15;», 232.

Descriptions of Sphaeria, 131.

De Senectute, Cicero's 42.

Desmazieres, Plantes Cryptogames de
France, 268.

Desmids, 223 ; of the United States, 222.

De Thumen's Fungi Austriaci, 268 ; My-
cotheca Universalis, 26s.

Detwiler, H., biography of, 246.

Development of Natural System, 8.

Development of University Garden, 17.

DeWitt, 42.

Diachoea Thomasii, 344.

Diaries of Bartram, 52.

Diary of Pursh, 115.

Diatomaeeee, fossil, 352: of North Amer-
ica, 222 ; papers on, 373.

Diatoms, Notes on, 352: Respiration in,
379: slides, 352; study of, by C. S.
Boyer, 373; studied by C. H. Kain,
351.

Dickinson, Park, 253.

Dickson, Professor, 368.

Dies Iree, 237.

Diftenbach, Elias, 211 ; biography of, 353.

Dillenius, 96.

Dioruea muscipula, 70, 279 ; Abnormal
Inflorescence of, 3%; History of, 372;
Mrs. Treat's studies of, 299.

Dimerosporium, Synopsis of, 248.

Diplopappus ericoid.es, 310.

Dirca palustris, 407.

Discovery of Pursh's diary, 115.

Discovery of Victoria reg'ia, 190.

Dispensatory, National, 277 ; of the
United States, 182, 318.

Distribution of White Cedar in New
Jersey, 402.

Divination by hazel-rod, lii.

Doctrine of constancy of species, s.

Doctrine of sex in plants, 41.

Dog-tooth violets, ..:;.

Dolley, C'harles S., biography of, 372.

Dome, The (see Hermitage)", 43.

Donations of seeds, 18.

Dothidea, 96.

Downy mildew of grape, 362.

Dreer's farm, 40.

Dresden, laboratory in, 395.

Drexel, A. J., garden of, 399.

Drimys chilensis, 207 : Wiiiteri, 207.

Drose'ra, 279: Mrs. Treat's studies on,
299 ; filiforniis and intermedia, hy-
brids of, 272 : rotundifolia, 19.

Drude, Professor O., 337.

Drugs, 36: examination of, powdered,
390.

Drummond's Mosses, 29.

Drunkenness of Plants, 300.

Dublin, seeds from, 18.

Duke of Richmond, 52.

Dundas Elm, I::::.

Dunes of Lewes, Delaware, 312.

Durand, Elias, 4, 9; collections of, 23;
lamented, 26; article by, 151; bio-
graphy of, 174 ; herbarium of, 177 ;
and Rafinesque, 176 ; Index of, 325.

Dwarf trees. 340.

Dye stuffs, 36.

Eastwick, Andrew, engages Thos. Mee-
han, 250 ; fondness for Bartram's gar-
den, 71 : house burnt, 75 ; house torn
down, 76: a locomotive builder and
machinist, 71 : mortgage, 71 ; prop-
erty purchased, 72. 75.

Eatonia, 147.

Eckfeldt, John W., biography of, 356;
lichens of, 29.

Ecologic : Communities. 4 : Notes, :\:>* :
Study of Genus Talinnm. :',9S ; ques-
tions, 11.

Economic botany, 16, 334; at Univers-
ity, 16.

Economic fungi, 270.

Economic Museum, 33.

Edible fungi, 315.

Edict of Nantes, 149.

Edinburgh Botanic Garden, curator of,
193; seeds from. is.

Edinburgh Coal Fields, fossil flora of,
367.

Eisenhower, Chief, 75.

Electric Lighting and Stems of Bamboo,
340.

Elements of Botany, Barton, 7, 87, 110.

Elementary Botany. Macloskie. 294.

Elements of Plant Anatomy, 355.

444

INI) K X .

i lementa of Natural History. ii'J.

I-:icvjitinii ot'MiiitlnTii New Jer-.-y.

Klliiin. Stephen, IM. % ; book of, v.'i :
llora <>t'. :>•_'.

Ellis, Job. I!.. 11. 345,346; biography of.
_.")'. i : centuries of fungi, L".» : associated
with 1!. M. Everhardt, i!i'7 : moves to
Newtield. N. .1.. -Ji;.'.

Ellis's fuiiLri. card index to. '111.

Elm. Tin.- AnuTican : The White. :'.11.

El Maix: Estndio Botanico y Econ<'>mico,
392.

Klin Hark. Adulterations of. '.'',*•.

Ely. Mrs. Theodore. '.','-.

Kniliryn Sacs. Development of, 410.

Emesby, Reply to. ::in.

Empire Building. :iii.

Endowment of an Auxiliary Faculty of
Medicine, lv_'.

Engelman. Dr. George. •_'*(). I'SL'. »;.

Engler and I'rantl System. !->.

Eii'jli-h ilic-I i' >na ry. '.','.> 1.

Engraved stone of south gable, Bart-
rani house. :")'.!.

Engraved stone over \vindo\\ . east front,

57.

Engraving of Baldwin. 1 1'A
Ennis. .lacol). biography of. I'.i" : conducts

field excursions. 198; excursions of,

:;;il : missionary labors in .lava and

Sumatra. I'.iT.
Enslen, Aloysius, 11(5.
Enteridium Royeanum, 363.
Enumeration of publications of Rafin-

esque. 1 is

Epigaea repens, Observations on. :::','. i.
Eiiuator, Accumulation of Plant Life at,

348.

i ragrost is I'ursliii. :;i_.
Kranthis liyema lis. :il'.i
Erieace:c. new plants of. l.'v.i.
Eriksson's Fungi Parasitic! Seandiuavici

Exsiccali. L'li'.t.
Kriochloa. A Ne\v. ililn.
Eriodictyon glutiuosum. :;in.
Erythrica chileiisi-, L'uii : Muhlenbergii.

' ;»;.
Kshlemann. .lacob. L'lis; bioyrajiliy of,

208.

l^say on Scaminony. 'JOT.
Estate of William Hamilton. 11:;.
Estate of Nuitall. I:.T.
Kstimate of the work of. I. 1!. Ellis. L'I;."I.
Kthno-botany. :;;i7.
Ethiio-bolanical subjects, lectures on,

393.

Eugenia (iarbcri. :;irj.
Eui>atorium |iiirpureum, :niii.
Euphorbia hcterophylla. 70.
Kuphrasia oiliciiialis. 'JP.i.
European botanists, \ic\\sof. 10.

European cornel, i:;:;.

European trip of .1. \V. Ilar^hberizer. :'.'.i">.

Evans, John, I, ls.">: biography of. li',7 :
garden of. ir,;i : location of. 17'J; and
his i iardcn, "ills.

E\ eryrc-eiis. I'.ook of. 'jsi;.

Kverhart, Henjamin M.. 11. 'Jt'.i; : associ-
ated with '.I. 11. Ellis. L'lil, 'J^7 : bio-
graphy of. 'JU7.

h'.\ olnlioii iu plants, study of, 10s.

Evolution. Kalines<iiie's views on. 1 17.

Examination of l'o\\dered Drugs, :','.iii.

Excursions of the I'.olanical Soi'iely of
Pennsylvania, 22 ; of J. Bernard Urin-
tou. •_".«;.

Exhibits from Argentine Republic. :;."> ;
from Mexico. :;:, ; of World's Fair.
•J.">:;, :;:;s : iirocnred from foreign coun-
tries. ::i.

Exploring expeciition of Lieut. Wheeler,
:;IM; : to South Seas. I'.H.

Exploration of White Mountains. l'.»l.

Experimenta et Meletemata I'lantarum,
5. 41.

Ex]ierimental beds, 17: farms near citv,
40.

Exposition of Is'.c.i. :;;i.

Exsiccati of J. B. Ellis. L'71.

[•"acuity of Natural History, institution
Of,] I.

Fahnestock, George \V.. biography of.
245.

Fail-mount Park. '_'. :-;:;. Hi; llora of. _"JO :
pi nting of trees in. ::4'.i.

Family Kitchen Garden, l'.i">.

Family of Muhlenberg. '.'_.

Farlow. Prof. W. ii.. -jr,:;. 359.

Fee ula of Alstro'ineria. iiu7.

Fcdias of eastern I'nited State-. I'll.'.

Fendler. plants of. 2i"> ; Venezuelan fungi.
271.

Ferns. Dr. Eckfeldt's collection of. 358;
of North America. L.'lv: from Hock
Castle. :'.L'7 : in South Florida. 303.

Fertilization of Flowers. :;iti.

Field excursions. :;1 : l>y Jacob Ennis.
198.

Field and garden ]'lants. lectures on, 393.

Figliting Rocks. Waifs of. :•;! I.

Filberts at I'.artram's. 7o.

Finland Funsri. iVi'.i.

Finnish literature, l>r. Porter's contribu-
tion to. i!:1,1.!.

Fire, at Bartrarn's. 7"> : in Herbarium of
Lafayette College. ii::s

Fire sand. :;.

First liotanical professor in America. 7.

First period of botany in Philadelphia. f>.

Fish. Fishing. Fisheries of Pennsylvania,
pamphlet on. :-',ii7.

Flaxsei-d Meal. Sophistication of. :;:-.

Flora of Alaska. ::lo.

Flora Americ;e Septentrionalis, s. -7.
111. 116.

Flora Boreali Americana. 111.

Flora Cestrica,9, I lo. 167,180,224,234,273;

illdebled lo Joshua Hoopcs. lilii.
I'lora of Fairmonnt Park. llL'O.
Flora of geysers, studied. :','.i.">.
Flora Lancaslriciisis. ;M.
Flora of L.-hiuh County. 'J'.i'J. :;:;0; of

Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.

L'l'.i : of Mount Desert. Me.. JP.i : of

Ne\\ Jersey, studied by Mrs. Treat.

299; Of North America, ino. ir,j : of

the Northern and Middle Stales, l.'il :

of the \\"esttown Farm. .11.
Mora l'hiladelphic;c. 1711.
Flora Philadclphic:e Prodromus, liij.
Floral Structures, origin of. :'.!'_'.
I'lorida Plants, Two new. '_M'J.
Florida plants. L'.'I.

Flornla Cestrica, 9, 1:;-. ] lo. M^, l^o.
Flowers. Fcrtili/ation of. :;IO.
l''lo\\ er Garden Directory, P.I.'I.
Flowers ami Ferns of tlie United States.

The Native, 'J.M.
Flowers, water color sketches of. tl 1.

Food-lishes. 1.

INDEX.

445

Foreign Plants, Introduction of, 327.
Forest Growth, Sanitary Influence of,

327.

Forest Leaves, 32, 311 ; account of, 425.
Forest Leaves, paintings of, 234.
Forest primeval. 311.

Forest Preserves, sections suited for, 309.
Forest Trees of America, translation of.

193.
Forest Trees, Pennsylvania and New

Jersey, 1.

Forester, 'The, 402; account of, 427.
Forester of New Jersey. 402.
Forester of Philadelphia, 75.
Forestry, 16.

Forestry Commissioner of the U. S., 29.
Forest Commissioner of Pennsylvania.

32, 307.

Forestry Commission Report, 30S.
Forestry, Report on, 307, 313.
Forestry School at Munich, 402.
Fothergill, Dr. John, 5: biography of, 86.
Fotterall Square, 117 : Park, 263.
Founders' Day at Lafayette College, 239.
Founding of M'Mahon's Garden, 11H.
Fouquieria splendens, Analysis of Bark

• if. 375.

Fourth period of botany in Phila., 10.
Frank ford Park, 253.
Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, 6, 102.
Franklinia, 66.

Franklin Institute, 40; Journal of. 423.
Franklin stove. 24li.
Fraxinus Greggii, 246.
Free Library Company, 40.
Fresh-water Algte of the United States,

222

Fretz, C. D.. biography of. 340.

Fuchsia, hybridizing of, 249.

Fullerton, Vice-Provost, 18, 370.

Kuiiiariarea.-. Andnrrium of, 310.

Fungi, 273, 390; boxes for, 267; edible,
315 : poisonous, 315.

Fungi Americaui, Ravenel, 267 ; Aus-
triaci. 26s ; P>ritannici, 270; Caro-
liniani Kxsircati Havenel, 287;
Europsei, 268 ; Kxsiccati Scandinavici,
270: Gallici, 271: Guarauitici, 269;
Hungarici, 352: Langobardise Exsic-
cati, 270; Nova < >sariensis. 263:
1'arasitici Scandinavici Exsiccati,
269: Saxonici Exsiccati, 269 ; Selecti,
271.

Fungi, habitat list of, 346 ; host index of,
346 : study of, by P.. M. Everhart, 227 :
by Dr. Herbst, 21)3.

Fung'icides, 362.

Funghi Parassiti del Piante Coltivate od
Utili, 270.

Fussell, Edwin, biography of, 247.

Fussell, Linnrens, M. D.", biography of,
328.

Galls, Four Oak, from India. 366.

i ..-ills. Some American, :;6ii.

Galveston Advertiser. 216.

Gambel, William, biography of, 231 ; fate
of, 232; plants of. 157.

Gambelia speeiosa. 2:12.

Gambler. :;i;.">.

Garber. Dr. A. P., 4, 25. 2*2, 317: bio-
graphy of, 302 : excursion to Puerto
Rico. 303.

Garberia, 303.

Garden of Bartram started, 58.

Garden, Botanic, at University of Penn-
sylvania, 17.

Garden of John Evans, description of,
lii'.i et seq.

Garden of Dr. Hpsack, 115.

Garden of medicinal plants on Lower
Wissahickon, 5.

Garden Pets. My. 301.

Gardeners' Monthly, account of, 424.

Ganrinefe, North American, 310.

Ghost of Aaron's Prong, 314.

Gitl'ord. John, 427; biography of, 401;
travels of, 402.

Gingko biloba, 113: at Woodlands. 434.

Ginseng. 53 ; cultivation of, 'M.

(iira rd College, History of, 1S2.

Girdled Limb, Vitality of, 304.

Glacial gravel deposit, 17.

Glass sand, 2.

Glossary wall, 225.

Goddard, Dr. Paul B., 25, 195.

Ga-the's Hermann and Dorothea, 237.

Goodale, Prof. George L., 336.

Gordouia Altarnaha, 256; pubesoen-,
•107. 131.

Gordonia pubescens collected by the
Bartrams, 66 : De Hart's, 433.

Gottingen, University of, 336.

Governor Logan, 5.

Gelsemium sempervirens, Internal <'am-
bium of, 312 : Internal Phloem of,
414.

Genera of North American Plants, 8, 153.

Genera Plantarum.Beutham and Hooker,
325.

Genera of Rafinesque, 147.

General List of Botanists, 404.

Gentiaua alba, 242 ; Audrewsii, 293 ;
Chirayita, 207.

Geographical Biology, 396 ; botany, 16 ;
distribution, 11.

Geographical Distribution of Animals
and Plants. 192.

Geology of Philadelphia, 2.

Geology, Chart of. 234.

Geranium maculatum, Structure of. 335.

Gerard's Herbal. 79.

German Pietists. 5.

Germantown yellow-wood. 436.

Geyser tlora studied. 3'.i.5.

Graham, Hugh, nursery of, 400.

Grammese. papers on, 360, 361, 362.

Grapes at Bartram's, 70.

Grape, books on, 404.

Grape vine diseaso. 361.

Grandfather Mount visited botauically,
384.

Grass herbarium of F. Lamsou-Scribner,
359.

Grass Names. Index of, :;r,i.

Grasses, American (illustrated). 362; Eco-
nomic, 362: of Muhlenberg. ;iii: of
Pennsylvania, List of, 242; of Phila-
delphia. 330: papers on. 360. 361, 362;
as Sand and Soil Hinders, 362 : Useful
and Ornamental. 362.

Gravel banks. 17.

Gravel, yellow. 2.

Grave of Rarinesque. 146.

Grave-stone of Bartram's slave, 68; of
Dr. William Darlington. 14:;.

Gray, Dr. Asa, 25, 26, 246, 2*0, 2*2. 2*6, 2'.'7,
327. :',:;i>; tries to dissuade Mrs. Treat.
:;oo: remarks on death of. :;12. :-',4o ;
and John II. Redlield, 213: writes to
Edward Tatnall. 225. 226.

IXDKX.

< •ray 1 lerha riillii. In.;.

(, ray's Atlasof the liiitcd States, 239.
i.rayS Manual. 117; Keview of Sixth

Edition, -i-.

Greal i-g_ Harbor liiver. ;'..
i ,tvcian plants, jsi.

Greet iii'cnptioii on Bartram house, >'.'.
Green, l>r. 'I' raill, biography of. ai'.i. I'M).
Green, Prof. K. I... -jsj, ;;•_':.
(.reeiieria fuliginea. :;ri'J.
Greenhouse, cost of erection. 11.
Greenhouses, description of rniver-ity.

•ju ct seq.
i .:. enmaii. Jesse M.. l's. •_'::i.i ; biography

of. lu;;.

i rreen -ami. cretaceous, :;.
liivgg. Jo'iah. biography of. L'li'i.
i , iet;.uia. L'lli.

Uregory, Emily L.. 11 ; biography of. 353.

<;ro\\ [h of small parks. 4J.V_'.

Guatemala, accounl of Kepnblic of. us.

< .niana. pa per on. P. MI.

c.uiana anil Veiic/.uela. boundary of. 190.
Kesins. c]a>siiication of. Iti'.i.

Hahenaria c.arberi, 'JI-. :'.()_: grandillora,
244.

Helenia Kothrockii. :'.():'.

Halcsia Meehani. 'J.Vi.

Hillslead. 1'rof. Myron. 'J'.H.

Haines, Uciibeii, 1 .">:;.

llamiltoii. William. 1 :;:', ; estatL- of. 11:',;
of \\ oudlamls. l;;l.

Hamilton Walk, I'l.

Hanhury <iolil Medal, 'J7^.

Hiiml-book of Analytical < 'lii-inistry. :;ill.

Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, 2.">1 ;
written at Mart ram ilardeii. r>:'>.

Harfordia. Note's on. I'll!.

Harkness Dr. II. \V.. 1'iiii.

Harrison. Dr. ( '. <'., 17. is. 7:1, 870: gener-
osity of. 20.

HIUTOU gate I'ark. '2'<:',.

Harsh ber.srer. John \\'., 11. lii. •_':'.: article
by, .".. 17-: teaching of, IB ; biography
o'f. :;;il : Knropcan triji of. :','.»."\

Ha\\ aiian Islands. I'lora of, :;s7.

Ha/el-roil in divimuioii. lii.

llarxey. slave of I'.artram, CiS.

Heermann'a collections. 10.

Ili-Mrr. .lolni I'..I".IL'; biography of, isii.

Ileleliium Hoopesii, liiii.

llelleboi-ns nii,rer, L'07.

Heller. A. A., biography of. 382.

Heloiiias biillata. in : in New Jersey, 352.

Ilemiarcyria clavata. :'.! I.

Hemlock, The, 3U.

lleniliick Harks, Strnctnre of. :;:;.">.

Hemlock cone.-. 53.

Hen-low. Kev. Heo. and Thus. Median.
254.

Heii'low. Rev. Geo., book of. :;ii>.

Hepaticn . 25, _7:;.

Herbal of Parkinson, ."ill.

llerbalisls. i

Herbarium of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 218; sketch
of, -J.1 el 360.; and .1 II. Uedlield. L'l 1.

Herbaria of <'laylon. Pallas. I'lukeiiet,
Catesby, Morisoll, Sherard, \Valter.
Hank'." I li'i.

Herbarium of Isaac i'.nrk. 'J'Jll: \\'illiam
I'anby. J7'.i : Colleue of Pharmacy.
•_':; : i 'olumbia I'nn er'ily . :'.u : of
i oinmercial .Mu-eiim.-. Inl' ; Dr. Dar-

linuton. 1 1.1 : Department of Asjri-
culture, 30: of DC ^chweinit/.. J30;
of Dnrand. 177 : of Ivl :;ibnri;li Holanic
iiardcii. 368; of .1. \\ . llai-'libef^er,
394; of Harvard. Mil: of I.atayctte
College, L':;^; of Lambert. L'7 : of J.
C. Marlindale. :"JI : of Meiike. I'l.
!'.«'. : Missouri Motaiiieal < .aiden. :;n ;
of Muhlenberg, 96, 218 ; Noi-th Ameri-
can. L'I',: of Pennsylvania. !':;•<; of
Rafinesque, i ir. : of Aubrey II. smith.
-In : of the I'niversity of Peiin^yl-
vania. ir,.

Herbst. Dr. Win., isc,, L".il. :;:;o: biography
of. •_".).

Heritage. Menjamin. liioL;ra|iliy of. •_".(.

Hermitaire i incorrectly Monastery I, gar-
den at. I;;.

lleiichera Americana. Structure of. :',:',"i.

Hibbertand I'.uist. P.M.

llibbei't's ilorist establishment. 1:>I.

llickorii's. The. j;;i;.

Hickory. The butter Nut. :;il ; Shell
Bark. nil.

Hicks, <i. H., Article by. 1 II.

Hieracinm aunml iaciiin. :2l!(.

Hililcbrand's Flora of the Hawaiian
Islands. 387.

Himalaya seeds, lii'.i.

Historic Mausionsand Buildings of Phil-
ailelphia. !'_'.

Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 40.

History of Marbadoes. p. in : 'of the Mritish
lunpire in India. IsJ: of Christianity
in India. ISL' : chronological. of
I'lants. I'.i:;; of Delaware Co., 107.
I Xi: of liirard College, isj ; of Haver-
ford College, 171: of the Medical
Department of the I'niv of 1'a..
LUi. 'Jos; of the Pennsylvania Ilos-
jiital. 1X12: of the Univ. of I'a.. ls-j.

Histoiie des arbres fon-stiers de I'Amer-
iqiie, 7.

Histoire de' i IhtoeS de 1' Anieri'iiU1. 7.

Hitchcock. Dr. Kdward. 292.

Holcus bicolor, a substitute for choco-
late, n;j.

Holway. K. W. I).. 266.

Some Studies in Nature. L".I:I.

Honey < .land' of Pitcher plants. :'.71.

Honey l.ocii't. :;p_'.

Hon.yos Sud Americanos. 'Jii'.i.

Hooker, sir Wm. J., -.'I. Id:;. P.c.. 250.

Hoopea, Joshua, i. ir,i. •-'>..; biography of.
285.

i Coopesia, ii'.i;.

Hop hornbeam. :;!'_'.

lloio'i-opy prai'ticed. lii.

Horticultural ISuilding. Fairmount I'ark.
'•'>'•'> '. account of. IH'.i.

Horticultural Society of Penna., in.

Horticulture in Philadelphia, strides of.

I'.I I.

Hot house' at HartranrS. 7u.

Hot springs. Vegetation of. :;;is.

House of Bartram described, 61 ; of l-'.ast-

\\ick. 7s; of II. Marshall. M
House Plants as Sanitary Agent-. ::>u.

1 lou'c of Kalinc'.|uc. 1 1(1.
ll<i\ cilia dulciS, -.'i"i.

ilo\\ IIP Kiio\\ Trees, -m.
llumboldt. Ale.xainler \ on. ;i7.
Hungarian Fungi, I.inhan. LViv
lluni;aiian Daisy, Sophisticated \\ith In-
sect l'o\\ dc-r. :;7S
Hunt. J. Gibbons, 11: bioyrai'hy of. _">7.

IXDEX.

447

Huxley, Professor, 235.

Hyacinths. Water, in.

Hybrids of Drosera fiiliforniis and D. in-
termedia,:;?'-1.

Hybrid of .Maize and Teosinthe, Notes
on, 397.

Hybrids, Minute Structure of, 371.

Hybrid Plants, publications on, 309.

Hybridity of Bartram Oak. US.

Hydrocarbon* in Plants, 370.

Hydrocharite Society, 4.

Ilydrographic features of Philadelphia.
13.

Hyoscyam.ua niger; 109.

Hypophosphorous Acid, 377.

Idaho, botanical trips to, 385, 387.

Ilysanthes, 147.

Illustrated Flora, Britton and Brown's,
147.

Illustrations of Medical Botany, 203, 207.

Imbibition of Seeds, Heat of, 294.

Immigration of Maisch to America, 274.

Imperial Academy of Erlaugen, 97.

Improvements at Bartram's Garden. 75.

Inception of the Lewis and Clark expe-
dition. 105.

Independence Hall, 42.

Index Flora Lancastriensis, 94.

Index of the Genera in the Herbarium of
the Academy of Natural Sciences,
195.

India Cinnamon. 207.

India Opium. 2117.

Indian Food Plants, 365, 300.

Indian fungi. 207.

Indian Plant Hunter, The, 184.

Indian plant*. 24.

Indians. Delaware, 1.

Injurious Insects of the Farm ani Gar-
den. 301.

Inoculation for Smallpox, 101.

Inscription on Gravestone of Dr. Dar-
lington, 143.

Inscription over window. 57, 00.

Insect Menagerie. 299.

Insectivorous plants, articles on, 279;
Pitchered. 371.

Insectivorous Plants, Darwin's. 299.

Inside of Bartram house, 01: Marshall
house. S4.

Institution of Natural History Faculty, 14.

Insular vegetation. 219.

Intramolecular respiration. 339.

Introduction. I.

Introduction of Loinbardy Poplar and
Norway Maple, 131.

Introduction to Systematic and Physio-
logical Botany, 155.

Iris bed. In.

Iris. Structure of. 335.

Iron wood. 312.

lroc|iioi>. 1,,-iki', 51.

Irritable stamens in the Flowers of Por-
tulaea gramlitlora. l'1'.i.

Irrito-contractility in Plants. 372.

Isoete* KiiLTclnianni. 31 ; saccharata. 379.

Italian collections. 2S1.

Ithan Creek. 17'-'.

Ivy Lodge, Germantown, 183

Jackson arhoretum, Londongrove, Pa.,

t08.
Jackson. Halliday. biography of, 22:;.

Jalap plant, 200.

James. Thomas P., 11 : biography of, 186 ;

and Pursh's Diary, 115; removes to

Cambridge, 187 ; associated with Les-

quereux, is?

Jardin des Plantes. s, iso.
Jaune des Prez, 194.
Jayne. Dr. Horace, liberality of, 15.
Jefferson, 27 ; and Lewis and Clark expe-
dition, 55 ; and Western exploration,

105.
Jefferson Medical College, newly started,

14.

Jena, seeds from. 1*.
.load. Geo. Curling, 29.
Job, Thomas. 272.
Johnson, Wm. Poyntell. 2ii3.
Jones, Commodore T. Ap. Catesby, lit.
Jordan, David S., 304.
Journal of the Academy of Natural

Science, account of, 423; article in,

10.
Journal Franklin Institute, account of,

423.

Journal of Pharmacy, The American, 23.
Journeys of De Schweinitz. 129.
Jujube tree, 250.
Juncus, 19; species of near Lancaster.

242.

Juuiata Park, 253.
Juniperus, 20, 290.
Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, 8.
Jussieu. Bernard de, s.
Jussieu's System, 8.
Justice of Peace, Moses Marshall as, 107.

Kain. Charles Henry, biography of, 350.

Kalrn, Peter. 4, 6 ; biography of, 77 ; book
of. 77 : and Linnceus ; travels, 6.

Kalinias, 20.

Kalevala. The, 237.

Kansas fungi. 27U.

Karsten, Dr. P. A., of Mustiala, Finland.
209.

Keck, Karl, specimens of, 281.

Keen, Dr. G. B., 117.

Keller. Dr. Ida. 11 ; biography of, 380;
work on local flora. 31.

Keller mann, Dr. \V. A.. 200.

Kellermann and Swingle Kansas fungi,
270.

Kellogg, 20, 2S1.

Kelpius. 5 : death of. 42.

Kelsey, Rev. F. D.. 266.

Kentucky coffee-tree, 70, 311.

Kew Garden. 19. 1::'.'.

Key West, Fla.. collecting trip to. :;K

KilVington, Robert, biography of. !*.«..

Kimber, Abigail, biography of. 107 ;
teacher of Grace Anna Lewis. 2:'.4.

Kin. Mathias. 430; biography of. 1M.

King's. Clarence, expedition of. 1*7.

King>c*MiiL:. 17. 7*. so. 105.

Knees of bald cypress, :;:;s.

Kraemer, Dr. Henry, 11, 22, 23: biogra-
phy of. 388.

Kramph, Rev. Samuel. 90.

Krieger's Funni Saxoiiici F.xsiccati. 209.

Krout. Dr. A. F. K., 422: biography of,
328.

Krug. Prof. Leopold. 29.

Kuhn. Dr. Adam. 1. o, 12; biography of,
ss ; medical study of. >s : election to
College of Philadelphia, v : lecture*
of, 90: and Linna-iiv ss : portrait of. 88.

ENDEX.

Kuhnia, vl.

Knhuistera. Nun -s on, :».

Kmiders. ThoJleS. iL'.'i.

Knn/c's Fungi Seledi, L'71.
Kurani Valley. Afghanistan,

Kylliiigia,. iL'i.

Lahialie. L'l.

Laboratories .-it i:«mn, Berlin. Dresden.
Munich. 395.

Laboratory ut' the College of Pharmacy,
L':; ; of Professor I>e Bury. ::l(i.

Laboratory F.Nerdses in P.olany. :'.:',!.

Lafaycite College, 209 : herbarium of, L'ss.

Lambert's Herbarium. L'7.

Lam-on-.-cribiier. Frank. :'>'>*; bibli-
ography of, :;i;n.

Laiicasicr < 'ounty, Licheii< of. :;sx ; plants
of. 241.

Langlois. Rev. A. B.. ui;i;.

l.aiirlmarks of old Philadelphia fast dis-
appearing, l:;r>.

Landreth. David, biography of. Hi :
nursery of, l!i:;. I'.M.

l.andreth's fiirm, ID : mansion, !U.

Laudreth Public School. !H.

Latilude of Philadelphia. 1.

Laurel Hill Cemetery, is:;.

Lea. 'flm-. i ... of Cincinnati. •_>">.

Leaf --cab of orantre. :;ii'_'.

Le Boutillier , Roberts. L'l. L'L'.

Le Conte. .lohn Katton. biography of,
1 I'.i : portrait of, 1 I'.i.

Lectures of John F. \\';iterhouse, 17:;.

Legend of Polecat Hollow. :'.!•">.

Legunnnosic. Poisonous Properties of,
310.

Lehigh County flora. L".iL', :;:;o.

Leidy. Hr. Joseph. 259,338; plants of, 16.

Lemmon. Professor, It). L'C, L'SL>, :;L'I;.

Lemna trisiilca. :'.!!.

Lemon Hill. Fairmount Park, lt)4.

Leon. I>r. Nicolas. :;:>L' ; sketch of. :',',)">.

Lepidophloios. paper on. :;c.;i ; on. :-',71.

Lepidoptcra. colleftion of, :;L'|,

Lespede/.a striata, L'LM.

I,e-.|!ieri'ii.\'s alira-. L'.'i.

Lesipieri'iix and James. IST ; Manual of
Mosses by. :\~>'2.

Lewis and Clark plants, account of, 26 et
-i'<|.: re-discovered, ll(i.

I.e\\is and Clark's expedition, inception
of. llir>; arrangement of, 1 IS.

l.e\\i-. lirace Anna, ]ii7; )>iography of,
L':;:;.

Lewis. John I1'.. 7~>.

Letter of Cell. I. J. \Vistar to Prof. C. S.
Sal-Kent. L'liJ.

Liairis i.jirberi, :;HL'; Helleri, 384.

l.ialris, A new, L' IL'.

Library. P.artram Memorial Botanicul, 7C,.

Library of P.artram family, 71 : of Com-
mercial Museum, :;s ; of Painter, Is..;
of John II. Kedlield. L'17.

Library facilities of Philadelphia. Kil.

Library. Lotraniau. II.

Libriform tissue. Pores of, :',."i").

Lici-a minima. :;l I.

LiChenS,273; of Alaska, :',lll: collection
of, L'7L'; hi. F.cUl'eldt's, :;,.7; ].apers
on. by \>r. Kckfelilt: of Lancasier
( 0., Pa., 388.

Lichenotheca I'niversalis, L'7-.

Life and Liibors of St. Auirustine. L':',7.

Life and \\ ri I inns ol Ka lines, pie. 111.

Life and Time^ of I'lric Zwinj,'li. L':;7.

Lilinm iiuratnm. L'ls ; Caroliniannm, 38-1;

Lilley, Robert I!.. 85.

Lincoln. Mrs., botanical book of. L"JL'.

Lindbladia, :;l:;.

Linden, The American. :;| 1.

Lindheimer, ]. hints of, L'I!.

Lindley's Vegetable Kingdom used.L'si.

Linhart's Hunga_rian Fungi. LT.S.

Linnaean enthusiasm, 6 ; ideas, 5; -ystcm,

C; Society of Lancaster. 238,
Liuna^iis and Bartram. 53; and Kalm, 77 ;

and Knhn. ss.

Linna-us' Characteres I'lanlarnm, -!.">.
Liparis liliifolia, L'C.n.
l.ippincott. Win.. :;i I.
Li.|uoi- Cai'bonis detert:en~. :;77.
List of American Birds. ST.
Loan bill of Philadelphia. :v.i.
Lobeliace;c, New plants of, I.V.I.
Loblolly pine. Mil.
Location of the Academy of Xatur.-il

Sciences. ls.s ; of M'Maiion's Garden.

117 : of Kv.'iiis' i iarden, 17-.
LOCO Weeds, Xi ites i m, :;7S.
Locust. Honey. :;lL'.
Logan, .lames. 1. .") ; mid Bartram, ,"iO;

biography of, II : iiaintini;.- of, IL'.
'

l..i.;ini;ui Library. -11.

Lojka's Lichenotheca i'ni\ ri-^nii--. L'7_.

Lombardy poplar, introduced. -l:;i.

Longitude of Philadelphia. 1.

Lonicera tartarica. lls.

Lord 1'etre, .'iL'.

Lotus Helleri. :M.

Lowe. L)r. Clement B.. L':;, 389; biography

of. 344.

Lowe. Mrs. .losejihine B., ILL'.
1-ower and Higher Plants. Chemistry of,

376.

Lo\\ rie. J. R., L'4'J.
Ludwig. Dr. He B. K., 393.
Luzerne County, Pa., Flora of, :;<s.
Lychnis vesiiertina, -JL'I;.
Lygoilium palmatum. L'l^. L'I'.II.
Lyon. .lolin, 111; l)iognighy of. !:'•:'> :

plants of, 1 li;.
Lyonia. 1;;;-;.

MacKhvee, Alexander. 1-L' ; biography of,
399.

Macfarlane. John M., 11, L'L' : and Bar-
tram's Garden. 7~> : biography of, :'.(17;
plans for garden. 17 ; teaching of, lii.

Macloskie. George. bi<igraphy of. L".I:;; re-
ceives medal. L".U.

Madura aurant iaca. origin of name. In1.'.

Maelure, Win., L'l.

Maconn. JM\ John, L'l'ii'.. :',27 ; Canadian

Mosses of. L'7'_'.

Miignoliii acuminata. (i.'i, s:; ; l-'raseri. i',:.,
s7 ; glanca. L'l:;: ui-andillor;i. 11:'.:
inacrophylla. L85, llu : umbrella. !>:. ;
s\\ amp. I'd. :;lL'.

Magnolia inacrophylla, Menu's at \'er-
noii Park, l:'.ti.

Mahonia, !">:'..

Miiisch, Prof. John M., 844, 365, 389; ad-
dress of. '.r_>; biogniphy of. L'7:;: at
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy,
276.

Mai/.e. Work on, 11; and Teosinthe,
Crosses of. :;'.i7.

INDEX.

449

Maize : A Botanical and Economic
Study. 392; translation of, 392.

Malate of Iron, 377.

Manual, Gray's. 148.

Manual of tin- Mosses of North America,
1*7; review of, 852.

Manual of Organic Materia Medica, 277.

Manual of the Ornithology of the United
States and Canada, 155.

Maple, Silver, 311 : Soft, :ill ; The Sugar,
311 ; White, 311.

Marl beds, 3.

Martha's Vineyard, Flora of, 219.

Mai tin, Dr. George, 2!),2<!<;, 310; biography
of, 'in ; studies of fungi. 248.

Martindale, Isaac, 4, 20, 2, 11 ; notice of,
219. 203. :;.v.i ; biography of, 322 : collec-
tions of, 23 ; herbarium of, 324, 334,
400; collections of Lepidoptera, 324.

Martins, Von, 24.

Marshall, Humphry, 4, 7, 102, 111, 171:
Arbustuui Americanum, 7; biography
of, 77.

Marsh all ton, Botanic Garden at, 82.

Marshall's house, inside of, 14.

Marshall, Moses, 120: biography of, 'J7 :
travels of, 102, 105.

Marshallia, si, 103, 104.

Marsilia <|iiadrifolia. Hi.

Masters, Dr. Maxwell T., 2SG.

Materia Medica at College of Pharmacy,
23 : Treatise on, 31cS.

Maupay's garden. T.il.

Mauvaises Terres, Plants of. 241.

McC.-illa. Kdiniind G., biography of. :;is.

McDowell family at Asheville, N. C., 1:;::.

Mcllvaine, Capt. Charles, 32; biography
Of, 313.

M'Mahon, Bernard, biography of, 117.

M'Mahoii's American Gardener, 1S3 ;
garden, 91. 194 : location of garden,
117.

McNab, James, late Curator Edinburgh
Garden, I'.r,.

Michael, Helen Abbott, 375.

Michener, Ezra, biography of, 17*.

Michaux, Andre, 4, 7 ; book of, 7.

Michaux, the elder, 3S4.

Michaux, Grove, Fairmount Park, 4:;i.

Michaux Lecture Fund, 30'.).

Miehaux's Flora Boreali Americana, 111 ;
Forest Trees of America, translation
of, is:;.

Micro Fungi Britanniei. 270.

Microscope, A Convenient, 310.

Microscope, perfection of, 5.

Microscopic Studies, 224.

Miscroscopes of Zentmaycr, 224.

Migration of Plants. 31*.

Mill, John Stuart, collection of, 25.

Miller, Dr. Adolph W.. 22 ; biography of,
319.

Mimicry in Plants, 312.

Medical Botany, Bigelow's 94 ; Illustra-
tions of, 203.

Medical Department of the University,
History of, 205, L'li*.

Medical garden of Rosicruciau Mystics, I:;.

Medieval scolasticism, 5.

Medlars at Bartram's, 70.

Medullary Rays and Timber Strength, ::I2.

Meehan, Prof. Thomas, 11. 25, 20. 29, 33;
and Bartram Garden. 63, 72, 71: biog-
raphy of, 219: Handbook of Orna-
mental Trees. 251; and herbarium
fund, 30 : observations on plants, 251 :

elected a visitor of Harvard Univer-
sity, 251.

Meehan's Monthly, started, 252; sketch
of, 424.

Meehan's Nursery, description of. 254
et seq.

Median and Wandell, 250.

Meehan, William E., 29; biography of,
3(56.

Meelings organizing Bartram Memorial
Library. 70.

Meissner Herbarium of Columbia Col-
lege, 247.

Melicfe. Revision of. 3<;o.

Melitotus alba, Movements of Leaves of,
339.

Meliola, Synopsis of, 24*.

Mcllichamp, Dr.,2S2.

Memoranda of the Effects of Carburetted
Hydrogen Gas on a Collection of
Exotic Plants, 245.

Memorials of Bartram and Marshall, 83,
111.

Memorial botanical library, 70.

Memorial Fund, Redtield, 217.

Memorial, gate-way, 21.

Memorial Meetings, Dr. Traill Green, 209.

Meiig, Mr., 1S4 ; Magnolia macropnylla
of, 436.

Menke's Herbarium, 24, 190.

Menyaiithes trifoliata, 171.

Mexico. Botanical Excursion to, :'.9,.

Mexican Flora, Observations on, 398.

Mexican plants, 25, 29, 2*2, 403.

Mexican Publications, Recent. 397.

Mexican Tropical I'.otanic Stalioii, 39*

Monarda listnlosa, Fertilisation in, :;*!.

Monastery (written wrongly for Hermi-
tage), garden at, 43.

Monograph of Cyperaceir. 12-1 ; of N. A.
Carices, 131: on Paspalum, 150; on
Khyuchospora, 124 : on Tannins, 3<i-l ;
on Viola, l:'.o.

Monographs of Philadelphia Commercial
Museums, account of, 12*.

Monnodicas. A Few, -101.

Morphology, advance of. 11.

Morphology, 1C.; of the Andnccium of
the Funiariaeea-. :',!(!.

Morison's herbarium, 11C>.

Morocco, Mora of, 2*2.

Morong. Dr. Thos., 2'.i.

Morris. Robert, Sago Palrn. 1:15.

Mortgage Of Eastwick on Bartram's Gar-
den, 71.

Moss Chapter of Philadelphia, descrip-
tion of, 422.

Mosses, Macoun's Canadian, 272: Manual
of, 1*7, 352; of Pennsylvania. 22:; :
Study of, 1*7: of the Rocky Moun-
tains and British America. 29.

Mount Desert. Flora of, 219.

Mountain laurel. 53.

Mount Washington, first botanical ascent

of. 191.

Movement tor modernizing cemeteries.

183

Movement of Protoplasm, 3*1.
Movements of Rac.es of Men, 192.
Mucilage, Origin of, in Plants. 390.
Mueller. Baron F. von, 2*. 29.
Miiller. l>r. Christian. 97.
Muhlellberu. Gotlhilf II. Iv. I. 1*1 : and

Dr. Ba'dwin, 121: biography of 92:

boo I; of, 7 : correspondence of, ',i:l, 97 ;

and the masses, 90.

[NDEX.

Muhleuberg family. 92.

Muhlenberg's Catalogue, reduction oJ -

liui: Herbarium. 96, 21".
Muhleiibcrgia. '."'•.
Mulberries ;il lianram'.-. 71).
Mullein nil. ".77.
Mullica River. ::.
Miinicli, Forestry School at, 102.

Munich, lalmrntury al . 395,

Musei, catalogue of N. A., ">52 ; froiulosi,

122 ; hepaticn , 122.
Mushrooms nr Toadstools,, 2'.i:i.
Mushnionis. cooking of, •">!•">.
Museum of Kcoiioinic liotany, Hi.
.Museum Buildings in West Philadelphia,

39.

Museum ami garden, 3!i7.
Museums of Philadelphia, 25",.
Myecto/.oa, Study of. :',i',:;.
Mycologic Center, liulli'tin of, 12s.
Mycological Club. Sketch of. :',1 : herba

rium of W. C. Stevenson. :;|ii.
Mycologic Flora of Chester County, -107;

work of (leo. Martin, 21s.
Mycotheca Marchica, 2ii!i : I.'niversalis,

2»;x ; Veneta (Saccardo) , 268.
Myrica inodora, s7.
Myrica, Notes on lienus. ",7s.
Mystics of ttermantown. Ill
Mystic sciences. 1'.-'.
Myxoinycetes. Mr. Hilgram's colleclion

ni'. :;ir>: New American. 344; \ new

genus of, K<;:;: study of, 342, 343, "15

16

N:igeli at Munich. SS7.

\.-i ma Rothrocki. 309

Name of Schweiuit/., von or de '.' 1LI7.

Values of California l!ii,'-tree, :'.'.<*.

Nantucket, Flora of. 'Jl!».

National Dispensatory, 277.

National Export Exposition, account of,

128.

Native Flora, Additions to our, 1M12.
Nativities cast, lii.
National Museum, -10.
Natural History, Elements of, 11:2.
Natural System, development of. -18.
Nectandra Puchurv — major and minor,

207.

Nectaries, Secretion of Water from, ",:'.'.i.
Nectarines at Kartram's, 70.
Neiderlein, (instav, Sketch of. 111).
Nelumbium luteuui, rreliminary Notes

on, '_".il.

Nereid Society, I.
Neviusia Alabamensis, 17.
New Caledonia, 1'lants of, L'.sl.
New Jersey l''oresier, MIL'.
New Jersey llora, -tudied by Dr. .1. 1',.

lirinldii, li'.lii.

STeM lersey jilants. Catalogue of, L'I'J.
New Jersey llora ami Mrs. Treat, 299.
New Mexican plants, LVI, I'M'.
New Remedies, editor of. ",ls.
New York Kotanicul < iarden, L'7..
New /.ealaml jilants, 'J.si.
Nicaragua, :;iHi ; Account of. I'.'s
Nilclla, I'l.
Noisctle Hose P.I I.

Norn de, illume of ('apt. Me llvaine, ",1 1.
Ninth American fun:,'!, '_'»;:!.
North American l''un,i,'i. description of

ccnluries. '2l\~.
North Ameiieaii Herbarium. L'(i.

North American 1'lants. Che(-k List of,
387.

North American Pyrenornycetes, The,
265.

North American .-viva. 1">7.
North Brook Chc-tnut Tree. 131.
North (.'arolina. Flora of. :;s,s.
North 1'acilic Survey. L".i.
Norway maple, introduced, |:;|.
Norway ]>ine. 311.
Norway sjiruce. li'.i.
Northwood Park. 71.

Nostoc. L!L':;.

Notable trees, article- on. :',ii7.

Notes on some Species of ( 'ucumis, 101.

Notes of Travel. lv>.

Nursery of Josiah Hoopes, '_>7.

Nursery of Thomas .\feelian A: Sons, 'J51.

Nut^rove, estate of Nuttall, ir>7.

Nuttall. Thomas, I. L'l. 25, 111: assistant
of, L':;l ; and 11. S. liarton. Ill'; bibli-
oKraphy of, l,>s. i.v.i; biography of
1-M : book of, s; at Cambridge, l.V>
collections of. L'l : lectures of. I'.i7
paper by. L'",L' ; pecan tree of. l".ii :
portrait of, l.M : return to Kn«land,
I."i7 : return to America. l.'>7; travels
of. ll'J, I .VI. 150.

Nntlallia. l.Vs.

Nymph;ea oilorata. UN.

NVSNI nacelle. 1:;:1; sylvatiea, :',11.

dak: Pin, 312; The Kock, :;11, 312; The
Swamp White, 311.

Oaks, The, 2::ifi; of North America, 7.

objects of Commercial Museum, :;r>.

observations on the Inhabitants. Cli-
mate, Soil, etc., Bartram's. 54.

Observations of Mr. Meehan, 251.

Observations on Some Parts of Natural
History, JU'.i.

Odes of Horace, 2:;7.

nil of Bay, 877, ",7N.

Oil of Birch, :r,r,.

nil paintings of Logan. 12.

old Held pine. ::11.

Oleo-resins. Notes on. ",77.

On Plants and Animals in their Wild
State, I '.12.

On the Colonies of Plant- observed Near
Philadelphia. 210.

( Ultimo Lake, 51.

( Mila rio Park, 25:',.

npuntia Ralhiesc|uii. 1 17 ; vulgaris in New
Jersey, H2s.

Oranv leaf scab. :'.('>•_'.

( ircadella operculata, :!(i:;.

( )rchids, :;:;.

Orchis spectabilis. 211.

Order of Worship, Reformed Church. 2: ',7.

Ordinance setting aside llartram (iarden.

74.

( iivgon maple. 256

Organic Materia Medica. Manual of, 277.
Origin of Moral Structures, ;?PJ.
Origin of Siieeies. Darwin's, 5, 10.
Origin of Stars. The. I'.is.
Ornamental bed, T.i.
Ornamental Trees, Handbook of. 2...
Ornithology. The American. ,S7.
orobanche minor in New Jersey, ".2s.
( irontiuni ,-u|uaticum, l!i.
( )rlhotriclia. Note on. :;(>:'..
< iry/.opsis. l.vs.

orange, 11*: introduction of, 9,

INDEX.

451

Osmorrhiza, 147.

Osmuudo cinnamomea, var. frondosa,

328.
OntliiH's of Lee-lures on Matcria Medina

and liiitany, 16::.
Over-cup oak, :-!H.
oxiilis, 21 ; grandis. 38-1 ; recurva, 384.

Painters' Arboretum, 185: paper on, 400.

Painter, Jacob, biography of, 210.

Painter. Minshall, biography of 184.

Painting in oil of Robert Bridges, 19"> ;
of Geo. B. Wood, ISO.

Paintings of Forest Leaves, 234.

Paintings of Logan, 42.

Palamedea canmta, Skeleton of, 348.

Paleo-botany, Hi, 187.

Paleozoic hills. :;.

Palm house of University, 21.

Pallas's herbarium, 116.

Palmer, T. Chalkley, biography of, 378;
articles by, 379.

Palmer, Lewis, biography of, 348.

Palmer, Dr., 16, 2.5,26, 29,282,326.

Palmetto, The, 340.

Palmettos, Tannins of, 005.

Papaw-tree, 433 ; at Vernon Park, 430.

Paper and Cloth, Origin of, 397.

Parasitic Plants, Germination and
Growth of, 328.

Pardee Hall, burning of, 238.

Parker, Charles F., 26, 211, 323, 321;
.biography of, 229; and the flora of
New Jersey, 231.

Parkinson's Herbal, 50.

Parlatore, Prof., of Italy, 281.

Parmentier, Nicolas S., 21.

Parry, Dr. C. C., 16, 25, 24, 26, 280, 282,
286, 326.

Partial Flora at Nazareth, A, 128.

Paspalum, Monograph on, 150.

Pathological botany, 16.

Paulownia, coffin made of, ISO.

Paulownia imperialis, Structure of, 398.

Peaches at Bar tram's, 70.

Peanut, 398.

Pears at Bartram's, 70.

Pear Tree of Lord Petre, 67.

Peary, Lieut., arctic expedition of, 307.

Peary expedition, botanist of, 221, 367.

Pecan tree of Nuttall, 436.

Peck, Professor of Cambridge, 116.

Peck, Prof. C. H.,266, 293.

Pediastrums of the U. S., 222.

Peirce arboretum, 410.

Peltandra undulata, Jelly-like Secretion
of Fruit, 382.

Penikese, Mass., 304.

Penn's colonists, 272.

Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 32 ;
Flora, Sketch of, 239 : Forestry Statis-
tics, 396; Herbarium, 23x ; Historical
Society, 40 ; Horticultural Society,
40: Hospital, History of. 1X2: Plants,
Check List of, 377": Railroad Com-
pany's Building, 36.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, first
exhibition of, 194.

Penn Treaty Elm, 432 ; descendants of,

432.

Pentstemon Ireyigatus, 341 : Smallii, 3x1.
Peppermint, Oil of. :;05.
Pepsin, Essence of, 377.
Pereira's Materia Medica, 203.
Permanent Objects for Microscope, 310.

Persimmon, 255. 311.

Personon laurifolium, 66.

Peters, Rev. John E., 401.

Petre Pear Tree, 67, 433.

Peucedanum Canbyi, ::66.

Pfeffer, Dr. William, 337, 380.

Phallus, A New, 352.

Pharmacy, American Journal of, 424.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Text-book
book of, 365.

Pharmaceutical Side of Botany, 23.

Pharmacopoeia by Geo. B. Wood, 1*2 ;
revised, 204.

Phenol sodique, 377.

Phenological inquiries, 11.

Philadelphia, a botanic centre, 40.

Philadelphia Botanical Club, sketch of,
30; founded, 376.

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 173 ;
Alumni Report of, 424.

Philadelphia Court of Honor, 396.

Philadelphia's distance from Atlantic-
Ocean, New York, Washington, 1.

Philadelphia, first settlement of, 1 ;
grasses of, 330 ; Library Company of,
40 ; Moss Chapter, description of, 422 ;
Museums, 253 ; Mycological Center,
31, 428.

Phloem in Gelseiniurn sempervirens, 414.

Phlox Carolina, Analysis of, 365.

Photographs of Marshall house, 85.

Phyllostictas of North America, 248.

Physalospora Bidwellii, 361.

Physic, study of, by Bartram, 449.

Physiology, advance of, 11.

Phyto-Bezoars, Review of our Knowledge
of, 398.

Phytolacca decandra, Properties of, 366.

Picea Engelmanni, 255, 290; orientalis.
290 ; pungens, 290 ; Sitchensis, 290 ;
Smithiana, 290.

Pickering, Charles, 4, 11, 24, 25; biogra-
phy of, 190 : travels of, 192.

Pietists, German, 5.

Pike's Peak, Plants of, 323.

Pirnenti and Cloves, 377.

Pines, Articles on the, 301, 302, 288, 289.

Pine, Norway, 311 ; The Red. 311.

Pine Street removed from City plan, 21.

Pinetum of Josiah Hoopes, description
of, 2ss.

Pinguicula, Mrs. Treat's studies on, 299.

Pin Oak, Robust, 365.

Pinus Austriac-a, 2ss : Ranksiana, 219:
Bungeana, 2x9; densiflora, 289; ex-
celsa, 2SS; flexilis. 289: inops, 2x9:
Koraiensis, 2S9 ; Lambertiana, 2xx. L'95 ;
Laricio, 288; monticola, 288; palus-
tris, 2x9 ; Pence. 2xx ; ponderosa, 395 :
pungens. 213. 2X9: resinosa, 2S<) ;
rigida. 2x9 ; rigida at Cape Henlo-
pen. 311; Sabiniana. 2x9: Strobus
nivea.2XS: sylvestris ; Ta-da, 2X9.

Pioneers of Science in America, 92.

Pitchered Insectivorous Plants, 371.

Pitcher-plants, Preparation of Epidermis
of, 371.

Plan to explore western territories. 55.

Plankton Society. 4.

Plant Analysis. 304 ; Chemistry, 375 :
Communities, 3 : Doctors, Need of,
397; Form, Chemical Basis of, 375:
Forms on Mexico Tablets. 396 ; Hairs.
334 ; Names in New Jersey, 399.
Plantfe Heermanniame. 10, 177.
Plantce Kaneanee Groenlandicee, 177.

452

ixm:\.

Plantrv Prattciiiiina , 177.

Plantau'o Pataironica \ ar Aristata. :'. 11.

Plantes Cryptogames de Kranee. jc.s.

Pl.-intini: df coniferous trees, i>7.

Planting of trees in l-'ainnonnt Park, :;i'.>.

Plants Appearim; in Mower in the N<

burl 1 of Philadelphia from Keb-

mary 1<> November. J..'.'.

Plants Of Arctic Kciiions. Jl; from Asia
Minor. J'.i: Australia. Js : of IJahama-.
:;7J ; of I'.nlivia.. J'.i: of Hrax.il. -J'.i : of
I 'Inapas Mexico. J'.i : of Chili, J'.i; of
China. Js : of Melau arc. •-'7:'.: of
Formosa. Js ; of France. Js : collected
hy Win. (iamhel. J:',J : of C.ermany.
jsl ; from Greece, 'J'.i: from Urecn-
laml. 'J'.i ; from Guatemala, J'.i ; of tin-
Holy Land, JSJ : of Japan, Js ; from
Kurdistan, 29 ; of Lancaster Co.. Jll ;
of Lebanon, jsj : of Lewis and Clark,
I hi ; of John I. yon. 1 1C, : from Mace
donia. 29 ; of Mauvaisea Terres. -jn :
from Mesopotamia. L".i : of Tabasco.
Mexico. J'.i : of Ne\\ Caledonia. Js| :
Calalomic of Neu Jersey. JIJ: of
Pike's 1'eak. :','_':;: of South America.
•_".i ; of 'I'asmania. Js ; from West In-
dies, J'.i.

Plnkenet's herbarium. lid.

Plums a! r.ai i ram's, 70.

rodophyllnm Ucsin. :;77 . Structure of.
336.

Podophyllum peitainm. Variations of,
j u. '

Poems by Heo. Webb. I:;.
Poems of llalliday Jackson. L'J::.
Poinsett, Mr.. .Mexican Minister, T.if>.
I'oinsellia pulcherrima, inl rodnetioii of,

I1. 15.

Poisonous fnn.u'i. 31 •
Poisonous Plani , \n Additional, :v.i(i.
Polecat Hollou , Legend of. 315.
rolemolliaecii , J 1 1 .
Polyyonaee.". Jll.
P(>ryp<.re:e, •Jf.'.l.
Pond of I'niversily. I'.i.
Poplar Tree. :;l I.
I'oi .•- of Lihril'orm 'I'i-^snes. ; . .
I'orler. Dr. II. ('.. II. 1C.. •_':: : skelr-h of. III.
Porter, Prof. Thos. c., II. UNI. :;J7. :-^:: ;
biography of. 'J:',ii : tribnle to, '!:::i :
bibliography of. -JM : em-onraL:.'- i;.
(,. Becbdoldt, ::i7.
Portlandia, I is.
Puerto Kican Plants, 2S2.
Portrait of \Vm. I'.artram. sr, ; of ,T. \V.
llarshbei yd . :','.il : of Adam K'nhn.
ss ; of Le ( 'onle. 1 I'.i : of .Mnhli-liber.u.
;)'_> ; of Italiiir-iine, 1 17 ; of Thos. Nnt-
lall. l.M ; of I >avi«l To\\ nsend. |i',| ; of
Mr. Casper \\ i>iai', Ins.
Porlulaca uramlilloni. Irritable Stamens

of. Jl'.i.

Po-t uraiiuate Clas< in I'.otany. 1C,.
Post, Mr., of Syria, 'jr.. L'sl.
Potamogeton crispus, Misco\ery of in

America. 'Jl!;">.

I'olaio, The Ari/ona, ::i(); Origin of. :i'.i'.i.
I'oller s Clay. :;.

Po\\ erfnl Temperance Sketches. ::i I.
Practice of Medicine, Treatise on, Isj.
Pratt, Henry, garden of, I'.tl.
Pi-alien's collections. Id.
Preface lo M<-dicina P.rilannica. .".n
1'reliminnry Notes on Nelmnbinm lu-
tcnni, J'.d.

Pi-e -l.inna an Period. ."•.

I'rimeN al forests. :;l 1. ::;i.~>.

Primeval l-'orest, ::l 1.

Prin.ylc. 1'rof. C. 'i.. 1C,. •_•:>. jc,. JO. 282, ::'jc,.

I'rocccdiiiLj- of t lie Academy of Natural
Sciences, accoiinl of. IJ:', : American
Pharmaceutical Associaion. account
of. IJI: American Philosophical So-
eiety, UJ.

Pi-oili-cimns of Fresh Water Alsra-. ::17.

Production of Krnil. Stalistio of. :;c.i'.i.

Progress of Systematic llotany in North
A inerica. address on. J:'.'.i.

Proposition of Moses Marshall for \\e--i
el n exploraliolls. I (If).

Primus AllcL'lianieiisis, a new ]'lnm. jr.?.
Jl:;; serolina. \\ eepins; variety of. •-'>>-

Pterostyrax hispidum. J.">c,.

I'lyi-lio-pcrma eletians. :'.:;.

Public career ofThoma- Median. jr.J.

Public services of Win. llarlin.LTlon. 1:',7.

Public School, J>andreth. ;i].

Puerto Kico. botanical exploration of,
388 : \ isited by Mr. (larber. 303.

Pumpkin. An American Plant. :;:i7L

I'nrchasc of Partram's (Garden. 7J. 71;
of l-:ili- - heioaria. J7J : of Martin-
dale's herbarium, :;J7.

Pursli. Frederick, l. 24, 96, 111. 1:;:;. ::::ii:
book of. s; and Lewis and Clark
plants. J7 : biouraphy of, 1l:>; travels
Of, HI, L15; diary of, 115.

Pnrshia triileiitata. :;M;.

Pyienoinycetes, The North American,
265.

Pyrrhopappus Uothrockii, 309.

Pyrus coroiiaria, 107.

i.Miaker seltlers. early, 2.

Quassia amara, 207 ; c-xcelsa, J07.

(.Mii'cn I Irica of Sweden. 5J.

Queletia miraliilis, J'.i:;.

i;m-reus deiilata. J.V> : flambelii, J:::'.;

helei-ophylla. C,s, 323, ::'JS : held..

phylla. hybridity of, 68 ; beterophylla

ai Marshallton, 83 ; Phellos. c,i; ; mae-

loc.-i i p;i, is... :: I'.i.

' jnesiioiis on CollcLTe I'.otany, :'.;'.!.
i/ninces at I'.arl ram's 7(1.
(jniiicy's Medical Lexicon. 7'.'
^uinia, l-'.stiination of. 365.
Quinine I'-imnrias. ::77.

Kabeiihorst's Funsri Knrojia'i, JC.s.
Kaeesof Man. Chart of. J:;l: movement
of, I'.ij; iiieir Geographical Mistribn-

lloll, I'.lJ.

Italiiiesiinc, C. S.. I. lid: biography of,
III: candidacy of Tniversity of
Pennsylvania. I:',: and Murand, 17C. ;
vie\\s on evolntian, 117: iceiiera of,
117; j,rra\eof, lid; herbarinin of. lid;
and Charles F. Parker, j;;o : jiori rails
of, I 17.

l:alines.|iiia. I 17.

Kamblesin Kast Florida, 303.

Kamsey. William II. , 17J.

Kami, Theodore, :',J.

Kannncn laecie, s

Kanunciilus aborlivns var. mirranthns,
341.

Karer Planls of Ka-ton. 1;:1.

Kare vhriibs at Stelilon. U.

Ka>-pheiTie- al P.arlram's, 70.

INDEX.

i:,::

Raspberry experiments on, 405.
Kate of Circumnutation in Plants, -II.0,.
Rattlesnake, Fascinating Faculty of, 110.
Kavenel. Dr. II. W.,25. ISO, -J66. U71 ; death

of, 261 ; Fungi Americans. 267 ; Caro-

liniiini Exsiccati, 261, L'liV.
Ran, Eugene A., biography of, 352.
Read, Mr. James, 24.
Red cedar, 53. :;i I.
Re-discovery of Lewis and Clark Plants,

116.
Redrield, John II., 4, 11. 25, 2(5, 282, 359;

article by, ll'.i ; be<|iiest of, 30; biogra-

phy of, 211; bibliography, 217; Con-

servator of Botanical Section, 213;

resolutions on death of, 215.
Redfleld Herbarium Fund, 30, 217,
Redfieldia llexuusa 215
Red shale, 3.

Rei|-\V(M.»i, 1.S5 : forests visited, 395.
Reedy Swamp Society, 4.
Reforesting Waste Lands in Holland, 402.
Rehm's Ascomycetes, 270;

.

Reichert, John, lor,.
Keinke, 1'rof., 337.
Reliquiae Baldwinianae, 97. 121, 111.
Removal of Thomas P. James to Cam-

bridge, 1S7.
Report on Forests. ;;t>7, 313; of Forestry

Commission, ;',us.

Report on Forestry, Gilford's, 402.
Reserves, forest, section suited for, 301).
Resins, Classification of, 409 ; work on 23.
Resin of Podophyllum, 377.
Respiration in Plants, 339; in Diatoms,

379.
Resolutions on death of John II. Red-

field, 215.
Retinospora ericoides, 2r.il ; pisifera, 256 ;

s.|iiarrosa, 25(i ; Japanese, 2'.H.
Revision of the Pharmacopoeia, 20-1.
Rex, George, 11; biograpliy of, 342;

authority on Myxomycetes, 342 ; por-

trait of, 342.
Rhamnus Purshiana, discovery of, f.6 ;

introduction of, 66.
Rhododendrons in Evans' Garden, 170 ;

Notes on, L'42.
Rhododendron Catawbiense, :is( ; maxi-

mum, movements of leaves, :J99 ;

punctatum, S7.
Rhus-poisoning, :;TS.
Rhus-toxicodendron. when most active

397.

Rhynchospora, Monograph on, 124.
Kibes aureum, 11*.
Richards, Dr. Herbert M., 3:>4
Ridgway, C. s.. 32.
Rittenhouse Academy, 393
Rivers, Delaware, Schuylkill, 1.
Roan, Mt., 384.
Robinson, Dr. B. L., 403.
Rockery, Tniversity (iarden, 19, 20.
Rockhill, Thomas G., a merchant, 246.
Rodman Buttonwood Tree, 133.
Romell, L., Fungi Exsiccati Scandiua-

vici, 270.

Ronaldson's Cemetery, 146.
Rooms in Bartram House, 59, 61.
Root Hairs, Action of, 312.
Rorer, Mrs. S. T., 32.
Rosaceous Genera, Structure of Cork

Tissues in, 405.
Rose bay, 65.
Rose Manual, 195.

Kosicrucian Mystics, 46.

Kothroek, Dr. Joseph T., 11, 16, 26, 32, ISO,
3'_'(i, 359, 391 ; article by, 12 ; biography
of, 305 ; botanist to Wheeler expedi-
tion, 306 ; collections of, 29 ; cruise to
West Indies, 16; election of, 15; lec-
tures by, 309 ; teaching of, 16 ; travels
of, 306.

Rothrockia cordifolia, 309.

Roumeguere's Fungi Gallici, 271.

Rovirosa, Prof., 29.

Royal Botanic Museum, Berlin, 29, 18-1.

Royal Garden at Kew, 249.

Rudbeckia hirta, A Monstrous Specimen
of, 312.

Rugel,Dr. Ferdinand, 326.

Rule, Robert J., 60.

Rushy, Dr., 282, 326.

Ruschenberger, Dr. W. S. Wr., 24; sketch
of botanical work, 412.

Russian translation of Elements nt
Botany, 110.

Saccardo's Mycotheca Veneta, 26s.
Sachs' History of Botany, 5.
Sachse, Julius K., book "by, 5, I'J.
Sad tier, Prof. S. P.. 365. 375, 3*9.
Satl'ron, Note on, 390.
Sagittaria ealycina, 226.
Sago palm at Bartram's, 70; of Robert
i Morris, 435.

Salisburiu adiantifolia, 431.
Salix Muhlenbergiana, 96.
Salmon, 1.
Salt Lake Basin, Sketch of the Botany of,

177.

Saml garden, 170.
Sandwich Island plants, 24, 2si>.
Sanguinaria Canadensis, 331 ; further

remarks on, 335.

Sanitary Influence of Forest Growth, 350.
Saraca Indica, Bark of. 375.
Sargent, Prof. C. S., 282; suggestion of,

27 ; Silva of North America, lit;.
Sarmcenia, Description of New Species

of, 15; i.
Sarracenia flava, 19: ]iurjnirea, 19; pur-

pnrea relations to S. variolaris, 340 ;

variolaris, 299.

Sarracenia, Mrs. Treat's Studies of, 299.
Sarracenias, Southern, 21.
Sartwell, Dr., 2SO.
Sassafras, 255; Trees, 311.
Savin, 311.

Sawdust used to smother weeds, 170.
Scabiosa australis, 219.
Scli:'iffer, Dr. Charles, biography of, 303.
Scammony, Essay on, 207.
Schively, Dr. A. F., sketch of, 412.
Schizfea pusilla, 217, 297.
Schizophytic Society, 4.
Schleiden, book of, 10 ; views of, 10.
Schmaltz, C. S. Raflnesque, 144.
Schmucker, Dr. C. S., 32; sketch of, 413.
Schnor, Dr., 281.
Schobbenhausen, Frederick, lands of,

bought by Bartram, 58.
Schomburgk, Robert H., biography of,

190 : line of, 190.

School of Biology, erection of, 15, 17.
SchOpf. Dr. Johann David. 9::.
Schrader, Heinrich Adolph, 96.
Schreber, 96.
Schultes Bipontinus, 281.

Schuvlkill River, 1, 54.

I.' I

INI> I-! X .

Sch\\a-griehen. Dr. I). K.. •_'!. l:;n.

Scliwurt/, Prof. Olof. 96.

Seliwarl/mann. H. .1., architect (if llor-

ticultnral Mull. Fairmoimt Park. l:;n.
Bchwendener, Prof.. :;:;7. :!5i.
Schu chut/., L. I), ilc. I. 21 : bci|iicst of,

'21 : biography, PJ7 : I k hy, '.);

herbarium of. 1:',0 : journeys of. 129;

published species of. 2<;r,.
Seh\\ eilliUia oilorata. I :!'_'.
-ciadopitVs. 290.

Scientific Journals, historical account of.
122.

Scolaslicism, medieval, .">.

Scot I, Prof. William P.., addtv^ of. 2:19.

Scrophulariacese, 211.

Scntellaria nervosa, 225: rcsinosa, 'J-l"> ;

saxalilis. 225.
Scytoncma, 22:1.
Sea I irass Society. I.
Seashore Plants" :;<)(;.
Sea sickness, description of. 201.
Sea Weeds, articles on, 'js.5.
Seckel. Lawrence, !:',.>.
Seckel Pear 'free. The Original. !:'..">.
Second period of botany in Pliila., 5.
Seed business of Robert P.nisl. I'.il.
Seed catalogue of Hart ram's garden. ('.9.
Seeds from Himalayas, ir.'.i; of sugar

maple, 5:;.

Selfish Flower, The, 293.
Seneca Indians, 22:'..
Seiiecio pr;cco\. \\atcr Storage in, :',9s,

:'.99; Smallii. 584.
Senna Cassia, 20ii.
Sensitive 1'lants under Colored Screens.

372.

Septoria, Synopsis of Species of. 2 is.
Sei|iioia gigantea, 1:'.5, :;95 : sempervirc'iis,

185.

Sequoia, A Pennsylvania!!. :;12.
Serial I'ublir-ations, historical account of,

422.

Serpentine Rocks of Mobokcn, 151.
Sex in plants, I.
Sexes of Plants, doctrine of, !>.
Sexual System, li.
Sexual Yariationsin Cnstanca Americana,

323.
Seymour and Karle, Economic Funyi.

270.

Shad, 1.

Sharpless, Dr. Win. T.. H7. 227, 110.
Shaw garden, St. Louis, Is.
Shepherdia ar.uentca, :'.'M.
Sherard's herbarium, 1 1(>.
Shorl. Dr. Charles \\'., 2."> : herbarium of,

2;'., liii.

Short's Medicina I'.ritannica, 50.
Shrigley, Ethel Austin, jiaper by. l::2.

136.

Siberian plants, 21, 2S1.
Sierra Leone, collections of fungi, 2(!7.
Siphoplyehium ('asparyi. :: I:1..
Sisy rynchium Ari/.oliicuin. :;l(l.
Sium ( '.-irsonii. :;!! .
Sketch of Klora of Pciina.. 2:'.'.).
Sketch of the I'.otaiiy of Salt I. alec I'.asin,

177.
Sketch of the Botnny of South Carolina

and < ieorfjia. 121.

Sketches. Powerful 'reinperanee. ",1 I.
Small, .John K.. :;s;;.
Small ]iarks. Mr. Meehan interested in.

252.
Smilax rotundifoliaand Thomas Nuttall.

162.

Smith. Aubrey H., 29, 259 ; biography of,

210: herbarium of, 210; plants from. lt>.

Smith, Charles E., 259, 353, :;.v.i ; biograpay

of. 227.
Smith. Daniel I!., biography of. 17:'.: COl-

lei-i ions of. 2:;.
Smith, George, l>iography of. iss; book

of. lt!7.

Smith. John .lay. 11s; biography of. is:;.
Smith. Kline, French A: ( 'o. purchase

Maitindale Merbai'ium. :;27.
Smilh, I'selma ('.. biography of. :'.!'.>.
Sniit hsonian Institute, lo.
Smyrna box-wood, I:'.:;.
Societies, plan), I.
Soda Waler, lirst manufacture of. in

Philadelphia, I7.\
Soja bean, :',(ii;.

So'lannm tuberosnin, Origin of. :',!!'. i.
Solidago humilis. 212 : Muhleiibergii. !iii :

Koanensis. :;s) ; (Jadkineiisis. 385.
Sorghum. Sugar from. :;7i'..
South African plants. 2--I.
South American plants. 21.
~i.ni h l'"loriilan plants. 2S2.
South Seas. K.xjploralion of, lid.
Southworth. Miss Kllie, :'.>!.
Spanish plants, 2si.
Spalding. Mrs. Volney M.. :151.
Sparassis, Ilerbstii, 2'.i:',.
Sparganium enryearpum, 19.
Spearmint. < >il of. :;i;;i.
Specimen Flora- Americpc Septentrionalis

Cryptoganiica-, l:;i).
Spectral tlanies. li1,.
Spegazzini.2G7; Hongos Sud Americanos.

269.

Siih.-rria. Descriptions of. l:'.l.
Sphagna. Additions to Habitats of. :'.">2.
Sphagnuin bogs. :', : Hog Society, I.
Spiralism, Vegetable, L".ll.
Spirogyra Cells, Abnormal (irowth of,

:;5:>:

Spirogyra. Conjugation of, :',71.
S]>irogyra nil iiia. Cheniieo-physiological

study of, n i.

S] k Hill, in.

Spores of My.xomycetes, :',ii:',.

Sprengel Kurt. '.»',.

Spruce, The Jied, cones, 5:',: tidewater,

290.

Slaehys cordata. 212 ; Kothroekii, :',(l'.i.
-laining of \'cgetable tissue-, di .uhle. 2.">7.
Staining of vegetable I issues. :',!().
Staircase in P.artram house. (12.
Starches in Cacao, :;:', 1 : of Hoot and

Khi/ome I 'rugs. :;:; I.
Starch lirains, Study of. :;;io.
Stale Botanist of Pennsylvania, 251.
Statistics of Pennsylvania Forests, :','.ii",.
St. Augustine, Life" and Labors of. 2:!7.
St. Domingo (ilanls. 21.
Steironema. I 17.
Stellaria hnmifusa, 219.
S ten ton, German town. 12 : Park. 71,25".

Sle\eiison, \Vm. ('., .Ir., ;; 15; biography
of. ::iii.

SI. John (|lloted. 59.

St. Michael's ('linrch, (iormantown, l(i.
Story of big cypress. i'.5 : of the daisy and
Karlram, -17.

st. Petersburg, seeds from, is.

Straw berries at P.artram's. 70.

Si length of Timber and Medullary Rays,

312.
Strides of horticulture in Philadelphia,

191.

INDEX.

155

Stuartia pentagyna, 87.
Stmly of Mosses, 187.

Study iu Forestry, with original Paint-
ings of Forest Leaves, 234.
Sugar Cane, 237.

Sugar Maple, The, 311 : seeds of, 53.
Sugar from Sorghum, 376.
Suitability of Philadelphia as a botanical

centre, 10.

Suksdorf, William. 266, 282.
Sullivan t, W. T., 187, 280; collections of,

281 ; letter of, 22ii.
Summer Schools in Botany, 331).
Superstition and Corn Smut, 2'J3.
Susi|uehauna River, 54
Swamp magnolia, 20.
Swamp Plant, Aerating Organs of, 339.
Swamp Society, 4.
Sweet fern, 53.
Sycamore, 255.
Sydow's Mycotheca Marchica, 209;

Uredine:e, 26;>.
Syllabus of Lectures on Materia Medica,

ir>3 : of Natural Orders, 345.
Sylva Telluriana, 66.
Symphpricarpos racemqsa, 118.
Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado, 238.
Synopsis Fnngorum, 9.
Synopsis Fungorum in America Borealia,

131.
Synopsis Fungorum Carolina; Superioris,

130.
Synopsis of the North American Species

of Septoria, 248.
Syrian plants. 25.

Syrupus aurantii, 377 : lactucarii, 377.
Systematic beds of I'niversity garden. 17.
System of Englerand Prantl, 18.
Systema Natune. 6.

Table Rock, 384.

Taccacese, 206.

Talinum teretifolium, 103; communica-
tion on, 393: Ecological Study of, :'•'.<*.

Tanning of Some Acorns, 366 ; of (}uer-
cus alba, 390; Value of North Ameri-
can Trees, 305.

Tanning material, 3ti ; Properties of Bark
of American Trees, 365.

Tannins, A Monograph on, 364; Report
on, 366 ; of Palmettos, 365 ; work on,
23.

Tatnall, Edward, biography of, 225.

Taxodium distichum, 65, 185.

Taxonomy, advance of, 11.

Taxonomy, 16.

Teaching of botany. 310.

Telegraph Company, headquarters of,
306.

Teosinthe and Maize, Fertile Crosses of,
397.

Tertiary period, 2, 3.

Testing department, 37.

Testudinaria elephantipes, 70.

Tetramerisrn in Lilium auratum, 218.

Texas Sarsaparilla, 207.

Texas Southern, botanical explorations
of, 388.

Texo-Mexican plants, 2s.

Text-book of Botany, Strasburger, Noll,
Schenck. Schimper, 411.

Text-book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
365.

Thalictrum coriaceum. 385; polygumum.
385 ; macrostylum, 3*5.

Thelephorese, 269.

Theosophical colonists, 42.

Therapeuticsand Pharmacology, Treatise
on, 182.

Therapeutics, Treatise on, 318.

Tbermotropic Movements in Leaves of
Rhododendron, 399.

Thesis of B. S. Barton, 109.

Third period of botany in Phila., 8.

Thorn at Bartram Garden, 68.

Thuja occidentals, 256.

Tilhea, 158.

Tillandsia, 150; Notes on, 303.

Tilmadoche cpuipacta, 363.

Timber line of high mountains, Meehau's
views on, 218.

Tim Price Yarns, 314.

Tinctura moschi, 377.

Tiuctura strophanti, 377.

Tiuicum Island, 210.

Toadstools, cooking of, 315; edible, 31,
315 ; poisonous, 315.

Tobe Hodge, 314.

Toms River, 3.

Topographical Atlas of Pennsylvania,
Walling A: (iray, 239.

Topography of Philadelphia, 2.

Torrey, Prof. John, 151, 280; and Gray,
96.

Torrey's Peak, 21 s.

Tower of Bartram house, 59.

Townsend, David. 4, 285: biography of,
163; portrait of. 164.

Townsendia, 163, 164, errata.

Townsendia Rothrockii, 309.

Townsend, John K.. 156.

Tracey, Prof. S. M., 266.

Transactions American Philosophical
Society, account of, 423. ; Wagner
Free Institute, 425.

Transactions and Proceedings of the
Botanical Society of Pennsylvania,
account of, 42.s.

Trans-Continental Survey, Villard's, 283.

Translation of German Text-book of
Botany, 411 ; of Greek inscription,
Bartram house, 59 ; of Michaux's
Forest Trees of America, 183.

Transpiration and Leaves, 340 ; of plants,
350.

Transylvania University, 145.

Trau tvetteria palmata, 87.

Travels into Arkansa Territory, 159.

Travels of Dr. William Baldwin, 122 ; of
Bartram, 51, 54 : of Wm. Bartram, 7,
86; of Wm. Canby, 2SO ; of Wui
Gambel, 231: of John Gilford, 402
of Kalm, 77 ; of Moses Marshall, 102
of J. C. Martindale, 323; of Nuttall,
1 IL'. 153, 156 ; of Dr. Pickering, l'J2 ; of
Pursh, 114 ; of Rothrock, 306.

Travels through North and South
Carolina, etc., 86.

Traveler's tree. :;::.

Trelease, Dr. William, 380.

Treat, Mary, 11: articles by, 111; biog-
raphy of, 298 ; mentioned by Darwin,
299.

Treatise on Conifers. 2Si; ; on Materia
Medica and Therapeutics, 31* ; on
Navigation, 79; on the Practice of
Medieme. 1S2; on Therapeutics ami
Pharmarology. |S2.

Treatment of servants l>y Bartram, 50.

Treaty Kim Park, 25:;.

Treaty Kim, 432.

[NDEX.

Tree Charts, 'j:tr,; ferns, 33: form, :;!'.':
'-crowth. 311 : photography. ".PJ.

Trees in Bartram Garden, I:1.:; ; of Phila-
delphia, sketch of noted. l:;l.

Trianea l.oL'iiteiisis. 1'.).

Tribute to I'rof. Thomas ('. Porter, L>:;;>.

Trichins. Banded-spore. :ill.

Trii'olinm Viruiniemn. :;st;.

Trimblo, I'rof. Henry, 11. 23, 375, 390;
biography of. :;i;;;.

Trinidad plants, 'J,s-J.

Trips of Moses Marshall, in."..

Tritrution of Aiiiiiioniiini » 'arboiiatc. :;77.

Trojiical Botanic Station

Tropical forest, imaginary, :;:',.

Trout, 1.

Trustees of rniversity, letter to. 1:;.

TsiiKa 1'attor.iana. 290.

Tubers of Dioscorea species, 'J77,

Tubulitia eyliiidrica, Notes on hevclop
incut of, 313.

Tnckerman, Dr., INI. 356.

Tulip poplar, :;i 1.

Tulip tree, '-':">.">.

Tunnel Rock, Fairmouut Park, planted
with trees, ::i'.i.

Tuolnnine BiK-tree Grove, 3U5.

Tupelo, 255.

Turkey boxwood, 433.

Tyler, John J., is:>.

Typha latifolia, 111.

Tweedy, F., '-".>, in."., •>•-'.

Tweedia, 1')!}.

Twins of Weasel liraucli, 311.

['linns Americana, L'.">r..

I'lrica, tjneen, of Sweden, 52.

Uncle Isaac, 17.

Underwood, I'rof., :;'J7.

I'uitas Fratrinn, 127.

University Extension Classes, 370.

University of retinsylvunia. -10, 1»7 ; chair

of botany at, 7 ; Botanic Garden of,

17; History of. IS'j; oldest botanical

centre, 1 1.

University of Upsal, s>.
Umbilicaria, %.

x; M'Mahon's. called, 117: I'm

\ iT-ily of. ss.
Uredineae, Sydow's, '.v.i.
Utricularia, 1 ;'.(); Mrs. 'I real's studies on,

299.
Use of Plants among Ancieni Peruvians,

398.

Vacation Crnisinu, ''.III.
Yaccine'e, new plants of, l,"i!i.
Yalerianella \\'ooilsiaua var. l>atellaria.

341.

Valsei, Additions to. :'.1i>.
Valley of Mexico. Flora of. :;:is.
Value of Koia n ica i Gardens, '.'.7-.

Vandii/.en, Matthexv. I:'.'.'.

Viinillii. Varieties of. :\~*.

Van Vied, . .laeob. '.17.

N'ariation in plants, -tudy of. IIPS.

Variation in l.ea\ <•>. :',•_'".

Vascular cryptogams, study of, ill.

Vasey. Hr. George, n1.. '.MI, 327, 3f •

Vanxliall Garden. I:1,:;.

Vegetable Bbres, 36.

Vegetable and Animal Cells. Slructure

and IM\ isioii of, :;ii.s.
\"ei;elal.le Cell. Slnieliire anil hl\ish.n

Of, :;7I.

Vegetable H .

\'e;,'etalile Kingdom, C'iiart of. L':;l.

N'e.uetable Kiiiu'doin. l.indleyS. J.SJ.
Vegetable Maleria Medica." 1DU; of the

U.S.. ic.--'

X'etreialile Tissues, staining of. :;i(i.
N'eyetation of Yellowstone Hot SpriiiL'>,

398.
Venu> lly trap. 'Jl ; iiioveliiellt of lea\c^

of. :;r,;i.

N'elle/Uela l''llll^i. 271 .

Yetie/.uela and Guiana, boundary of. 1110.

Veralruiu \ iride, Stnii-tnre ol. :;:';"i.

Verbena Tweediana. l;i."..

Verbesiiia. Abnormal Flou er>. of. :;;is.

X'ernal Mora, origin of, :','.»',.

\'eriion r.-u-k, 1M. •_'.">:;; Jiapaw tree> of,
i '£ . trees of. l:V\.

Viburnum plicatum. '_'"..'>.

Victoria rei;ia discovered, I'.i'i.

N'ic-loria lank. 111.

Villard's North Trans-Continental Sur-
vey. 283.

Vine, Fungous l>isea>e> of. :',''.j.

Vim- i;rowini; at Spring Mills. Pa., •lii'.i.

\iola. l.)d: monograph on, 1:10; Morph-
ology of, :',;io.

Violet Perfume, :',HO.

Viola tricolor, Botanical Study of, :_1'.IO.

Viola tricolor, var. arvetisis, 'JL!.

Virjjilia Intea, 1:;:;.

N'isit. of Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society to Bartram Garden, ss

Yi lal Force, Correlation of, 310.

Vitality of Girdled Limb, :;oi.

Yitis pterophora, lui.

Votl Sehweinil/.. I,. 1)., 1. '.I, Ul.

\\a-nei Free Institute, sketch of, 32;

Transactions of, -12.").
Walmslcy. W. H.. 'J2.
\Viiifs of Fi^htinR Rocks. 314.
Walling it liray'a Tojiograiihical Atlas.

239.

Walnuts. The. L'MC,.
\Valnuts al llartram's, 70.
Walnut, "I'he Mlaek. ::il ; The Row Farm,

:in.

Walter'> herbariiini. 111'..
Walton, Joseph, article by. '_'l.'>: biu-

sraphy of, -'I::

Wanamaker, John, garden of, 100.
Waples, Professor F.. P.. :','.i:;.
Wanner barial-Ki'oiind , lii.
\\ a-h in,i;ton. Arbor, ii7.
WushiiiKtonia. 117.
\\'ashin.LTtollia lilameiitosa. Salt and

Suuar in. '•'•<'>•<.
Wntson's P.otany of clarence K i •

Kxpedit ion. is".

Water color >kelehe> of !lo\\ ers, 11 I.
Watson, Gavin, biography of. L'l'i.
Watei house, John F., biography of, 17L'

lecl urea of, 17:;.
Water Inannlh.-. In ; lilies. P.I
Water Storage and Conduction in Senecio

pra-cox, :;:i>., ii'.in.
Wax Palms. :;:;.
Weasel P.ralich, Twins of. :'.! I.

\\ ebb, i leorge, Poem of. i:;.

Weeils. T\\ o ( 'eniui-ie.-, of American. l".il :

of Maine. 358.

U eli'ome Sprini; l''lo\\ ers, 2fl !
\\'esl Indian trees in Florida. :;(!'_'.
\\ e^i Indies visited by 1'r. Uol liroek . :;nv.

INDEX.

457

Westtown Farm, flora of, 24 1.

Wheeler, Lieut., explorations of, 306;

report of, 310.
White azalea, 20; birch, 20; cedar, 53;

pine, 288, 311.
White Cap, Cruise of, 307.
White Cedar, Distribution in New Jersey,

402.

White Mountains, exploration of, 191.
White Oak Bark, Chemical Study of, 389,
White Sulphur Springs, trip to, 386.
Wigand, Dr., death of, 355.
Wilder, Prof. BurtG., 304.
Wilkes, Lieut. Charles, 191.
Will of Rafinesque, 146.
Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Talcott, 32.
Williamson, Chas. C., biography of, 374 ;

botanical trips of, 374.
Williamson, John, Notice of, 219.
Wilson, Alexander, and Bartram house,

62, 87.
Wilson, Prof. E. B., 354.

Mrs. George, presents orchids,

Wilson
21.

Wilson
Wilson

Dr. Lucy L. W., Sketch of, 415.
Dr. Thomas B., 188,

Wilson; Prof. Wm. P., 11, 33, 354, 391 ;
biography of, 335: bibliography of,
339 ; studies on bald cypress, 338 ;
teaching of, 16.

Window Gardens, Home and School,
398.

Wingate, Harold, biography of, 363.

Wintergreen, Oil of, 366.

Wissahickon, colonists on, 42.

Wissahickon Creek, 2 ; region, 2 ; woods,
396.

Wistar, Dr. Caspar, biography of, 108 ;
portrait of, 108 ; and western ex-
ploration, 105.

Wistaria, 108.

Wistaria or Wisteria ? 108.

Wistar, Gen. I. J., letter to Prof. Sargent,
232.

Wister, Charles J., 196; biography of.
144.

Wister, W. Wynne, 144 ; biography of, 196.

Witch hazel, 53.

Witt, Christopher, biography of, 42 ; gar-
den of, 43.

Wolle, Rev. Francis, 11, 352 : biography
of, 221 ; bibliography of, 223.

Wood, Dr. George B., election of, 316, 317,

15 ; biography of, 180 ; oil painting

of, 180.
Wood, Dr. Horatio C., 11, 15; biography

of, 316.

Woodland Avenue, 19.
Woodlands Cemetery, 113.
Woodlands, 113, 133 ; gingko tree, 434.
Woods of America, 36 ; of Berks County .

186 ; of Mexican Republic, 37.
Woodshed at Bartram's, 63.
Woodstown Natural History Club, 406.
Woodwork over porch, Bartram's, 59.
Work of J. B. Ellis, estimate of, 265.
World's Columbian Exposition, 338.
Wright's Cuban Fungi, 271.
Wyeth, Captain, plants of, 155.
Wyoming plants, 241.

Xanthoxylum emarginatum, 302.

Yellow gravel, 2.

Yellow snow, 242.

Yellowstone Hot Springs, Vegetation of,

398.

Yellowstone National Park visited, 395.
Yellowstone plants, 29 ; 241.
Yellow-wood, 65, 433.
Yellow-wood of Germantown, 436
Yosemite Valley, trip to, 395.
Yucca angustifolia, Chemical Study of.

375.

Zamia, 70.

Zamia integrifolia, 207.

Zanthoxylum Americanum, 113.

Zantzinger, 25.

Zelkova crenata, 113 ; account of Wood-
lands, 434.

Zelkova Keaki, of Japan, 435.

Zentmayer, Joseph, 257, 345.

Zentmayer microscopes, 224.

Zinzendorf, Count, 127.

Zizyphus vulgaris, 256.

Zoological and Floral Distribution of the
United States, 209.

Zoology, professorship of, 14.

Zwingli, Ulric, Life and Times of, 237.