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NEW BOOK

BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA.

VOL. II.

(uniform with the publications of the)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFOlhNlA,

J. D. AVIIITNEY, State Geologist.

BOTANY

VOLUME 11.

By SERENO WATSON.

BOSTON:

LITTLE, BKOWN, AND COMPANY.

1880.

I ROODTD 12517

QK

V. 1

Scv eoce
recor\

PREFATORY NOTE.

The collection of materials intended to serve as the basis of a work on
the Botany of California was begun under my direction, and with the author-
ization of the Legislature, in 1860. That the volume published in 1876 and
the present one could be laid before the scientific public in a style worthy
of the subject, and uniform with that of the other publications of the Geolo-
gical Survey, is chiefly due to the zeal and liberality of Hon. S. C. Hastings,
who solicited and obtained the necessary pecuniary means lor tliis purpose.
His fellow-contributors for the present volume were D. 0. Mills, Henry
Pierce, Leland Stanford, J. C. Flood, and Charles Crocker, all of San Fran-
cisco : to them I desire to return my sincere thanks in behalf of botanists
throughout the world.

J. D. WHITNEY.

INTRODUCTION.

rrUIE present volume completes the Botany of California so far cOs it can
--■- be at this time satisfactorily done. An attempt was made to add the
remaining Cellular Acrogens (the Ilepaticre and Characeje), but scarcely any
material has been collected in tiiese orders excepting that which was dis-
tributed by jNIr. Henry N. Uolander nearly fifteen years ago, much of which
is now scattered and not accessible. The services of the late IVIr. Coe F.
Austin were secured for the llepaticic, but the manuscript as left by him
proved to be too incomplete to allow of its publication. In the present transi-
tional and somewhat chaotic state of the orders of Thallogens it was found
inadvisable, not to say impossible, to furnish generic and specific descriptions
of Californian forms in anticipation of the results of the general revisions
which these orders are now undergoing at the hands of competent specialists.
Simple lists of such reputed genera and species as have been collected in
California were prepared, of the Lichenes by the kindness of Prof. Edward
Tuckerman, of the Algte by Prof. W. G. Farlow, and of the Fungi by Dr.
II. W. Harkness and Mr. J. P. :Moore. It was seen, however, that these
would add materially to the bulk of an already sufficiently large volume, as
well as delay its publication; and inasmuch as they would be of no use to
the many and could be of little good to any, they have been wholly omitted.
The list of Fungi has been published in the Proceedings of the California
Academy, where it is readily accessible.

Several of the more important and difficult orders and genei-a in this
volume have been furnished by sj)ecialists of tlie highest authority in their
several departments. Dr. (Seorge Kngelmann has elaborated the Oaks, the
Pines and their allies, and the Loranthace;e. M. S. IJebb, l'^S([ , has done the
same for the Willows. William P.oott, Esq., has supplied the j^wrtion uixni
the Carices, Dr. George Thurber the (Jrasses, and Prof Daniel C. Eaton the

viii IXTRODrCTlOX.

Ferns and other liigLer cryptogams. If tlie publication of tlie volume lias
necessarily been delayed on this account, the superior character of the work
is an ample compensation. The extent of the additions that have been
made to our knowledge of the flora of the State during the past four years
may be seen by reference to the many pages devoted to them. These addi-
tions are due to the interest and efforts of a comparatively few individuals,
to whom proper acknowledgment is given in connection with Professor
Brewer's account of the botanical collectors that have visited or resided in
California. There still remains ample opportunity for good botanical work
at almost any locality among the mountains, hills and valleys of the State, to
which it is hoped that these volumes may prove both an incentive and an aid.
Having thus brought to a close a work which has been far more laborious
and protracted than was ever anticipated, I here return my sincere thanks
to all those who have patiently waited for it, as well as to those who have
in any manner assisted in its progress.

SERENO WATSON.

Hekbarium of Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass., July 1, 1880.

ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND
ANOMALOUS GENERA IN THIS VOLUME

Laurace^, 81.

TlIYMELEACF.^E, 82.

Cercocaqms in RosACEiB, 32.

C'HENOrODIACE-E, 79.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMyE continued.

Division III. APETAL^E : corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. [Including the apetalous
genera of the preceding Divisions.]

A. Flowers not in aments.

1. Ovary and fruit superior, 1-celled and 1-ovulod, or carpels distinct if more than one.

Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes.

A tree : flowers monoecious in globose heads : calyx none. PLATANACEyB, 85.

Herbs : calyx usually corolla-like : akene triangular or lenticular. PoLYGONACEiE, 77. h.
Stipules not sheathing the stem or none.
Shrubs or trees.

Leaves alternate : flowers perfect.

Calyx 6-])arted : fruit a drupe: anthers opening by valves: odor

iferous evergreen.
Calyx 4-cleft : fruit a berry.

Calyx tubular, limb deciduous : fruit a tailed akene,
Leaves alternate : flowers unisexual : fruit a utricle.
Leaves op[)osite.

Flowers moncecious : capsule 1 -celled by abortion. BuxACEii;, 86.

Fruit an akene : leaves small and narrow. Coleogyne in Kosace^, 32.

Fruit a simple samara : leaves jnnnate. Fraxinus in Oleace^, 59.

Herbaceous, or sometimes woody at base.

Fruit a utricle : seed lenticular : embryo annular or spiral.

Flowers with scarious persistent sepals and bracts : no stipules. AMAUANTACEiE, 78.
Bracts herbaceous or none : no stipules. ChenopodiacEjE, 79

Stipules scarious. Illecebrace.*;, 15.

Fruit a more or less triangular akene : embryo curved.

B'lowers perfect, on jointL-d pedicels, involucrate. PoLYGONACEiE, 77.

Akene not triangular : embryo straight.

Flowers unisexual ; filaments incurved in the bud: leaves simple. UliTfCACE-B, 84.
Submerged : flowers axillary, naked : leaves sessile, filiformly

dissected. CERATOPnYLLACE.s:,

Flowers naked in a terminal spike : akene reniform : leaves tri-
foliate. Achlys in Berberidace*. 2.
Carpels several and distinct, 1 -several-ovnled : calyx usually
corolla-like. Ranunculace-b, 1.

2. As in (1), but ovary and fruit inclosed by the calyx and apparently inferior.

Shrub.s, with scurfy opposite entire leaves: flowers dioecious: fruit

baccate.

Herbs : calyx corolla-like : fruit an akene.
Leaves simple, opposite, entire, without stipule
Jjcaves compound, alternate, stij)ulatc.

EL.EAr.NACE.«, 83.

flowei-s involucrate.

Nyctaoinace.b, 76.
Rosace^,, 32.

3. Ovary and fruit superior, of 2 or more carpels.

Fruit 2- 4-celled, usually lobed : cells 1 - 2-ovulcd.

Fleshy maritime diceeious .shrub : ovaries 4-celled, coherent. BATinr.*:, 80.

Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed : juice milky : mostly herbaceous. EurnoRBlACEiE, 87.
Fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed, compressed, indehiscent : styles 2 : small,

aquatic, with opposite entire leaves. CAi.i,iTnirilACE;t;, 88.

Fruit fleshy, 3-celled, 3-lobed : .shrubs with alternate simple leaves. Rhamnace.t:, 27.

Fruit a double samara : trees with opposite pinnate leaves. SArisoACE.?:, 29.

Cruciferous herb : po<l small, obcompressed.

Lepidium in Ckvcifer.*:,

^ ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY.

Fruit capsular, l-culloil or more, several-oviilcd.

Flowers naked, crowded in an involucrate sjiikc: pungent herb with

entire leaves. Fii'KiiACE.t:, 89.

Shrub with yellow axillary (lowers : capsule 4 - 5-celled : leaves

alternate, lobed. SrEitcuLl.\CE.t:, 2L

Low herbs with op|)osite leaves.

Capsule 3 -5-celled : succulent. . FiCOIDK.t:, 4L

Capsule 1 -celled ; placentie central.

Style and slignni one : stamens alteinate witii the .sepals.

Glaux in Primulace.b, 57.
Styles or stigmas 3 or more : stamens opposite the se]ials. Cakyoi'IIYM.ack*, 14.

Herbs without green foliage. • Allotropa in EuicACE.t:, 54.

4. Ovary and fruit inferior.
Fruit many-seeded.

Capsule (5-cellcd : flowers peifect, with 3-lobed valvate calyx : per-
ennial herbs : leaves entire, alternate. AuisToi.ociiiACE.F,, 97.
Capsule 4-celled : stamens 4 : nnirsh herbs with entire opposite leaves.

Lndwigia in Onaouackje, 39.
Capsule 1 -celled with 3 parietal placentre : perennial herb ; leaves

pinnatitid. DATlsCACEiE, 42.

Capsule (half-inferior) 1 -celled with 2 parietal placental : leaves

cordate. SAXlFKAGACEiE, 34.

Fruit baccate : difccious leafless parasites. IkAFFLE.siACEA;, 98.

Fruit mostly 1 -seeded.

Flowers perfect : fruit nut-like : peiennial herbs with alternate entire

leiWeS. S.VNTALACE^, 99.

Dicecious parasites on trees, with ojiposite leaves and jointed stems :

berry with glutinous ipnl[). Lokanthacea;, 100.

Aquatic herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves. HALoitAuic.t;, 38.

B. Flowei-s unisexual, at least tlie staminate in aments. Trees or shnibs, with alternate leaves.

Monoecious : male flowers in aments ; female solitary or few : ovary inferior.

Leaves ]iinnate, without stipules : fertile flowers ami fruit nakeil. J re; land AC e.b, 94.
Leaves simple," with caducous stipules.

Anthers 2-celled : nut in a cup-like or spiny involucre. Cui'ULlFElt*, 95.

Anther-cells separate : nut in a foliaceous or tubular involucre. Ci)UYi-ACE.t;, 9ti.
I'lloncecious or dicecious, lloweis all in aments : ovary superior.
Fruit a 1 -seeded nutlet.

Bracts thickened :ind rigid in fruit : nut winged or angled. Betulack.'K, 91.

Bracts scaly : fruit wax-coated or drupe-like. . MvuicACE.t;, 92.

Fruit a many-seeded capsule : diiecious : biacts herbaceous : seeds

comose. Salicace.k, 93.

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERI\LE. Ovules naked upon a scale or bract or within a
more or less open jjeriantli. Moncccioiis or dia-'cious trees or shrubs.

Male flowers in atnents : female subsolitary, tlie ovule witliina double

coriaceous integument with .small terminal orifice : nearly

naked diiecious shrubs. Gnetack.K, 101.

Flowers di<ecious, .solitary, axillary : ovule becoming a bony seed

within a llesliy eiivelope or cuj). Taxacea:, 102.

Female flowers in aments becoming dry cones or berry-like : ovules

naked at the base of a .scale. CoNlFEU.t:, 103.

Class IL MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Woody fibres
of the stem scattered irregularly. Usually with the parts of the flower in threes ami
leaves parallel-veined. Cotyledon simple. Mostly herbaceous.

A. Ovary inferior : jierianth conspicuous, colored : perennials.

.\i|uatic : loaves opposite or whorUd, 1-nerveil : flowers diiecious,

regular, axillary, solitary. Hvdkoi'MAIUDAce.k, 104.

i'errestrial : lloweis jierfect.

Flowers irregular : stamens and style coherent ; anthers 1 or 2 :

leaves alternate, slieathing. OnrniOArE^, 105.

Flowers regular : stamens 3, perigynous : leaves equitant. Ikidack.i-:, 106.

Flowers regular : stamens tj, perigynous: leaves not eipiitaiit. Am Aitvi.i,ii>A(E.«, 107.

ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEV.

XI

li. Oviiiy superior or nearly so : i>criantl> regulnr or none.

(.'iivpels utiiti'd into a conipouiul ovary ; perianth corolla-liko rarely
partly herbaceous : seed albuminous.
Flowers not upon n spadix.

Terrestrial ; stems lron» a bulb, corm or rhizome : anthers 2-celled. LiliacR;?-:, 108.

.Smii,acka:, lO'J.

I'ONTKDEUIACEiE,
AUACEAC, 111.

Woody climl)er, with tendrils : anthers 1-eelled.
Submerged acpuitic, with lineiir grass-like leaves.
Flowers crowded upon a spadix : fruit fleshy and coalescent, 2-cellcd.
Carpels distinct (or separable) or solitary : a(iuatic or marsh lierbs.
Perianth none : seeds albuminous : fruit utricular or nut-like.

Flowers monoecious in heads or on a crowded spadix : leaves linear. TvriiA<;F..f;, 112.
Small floating disk-like jdants. * LKMNACEit:, 113.

Perianth herbaceous, jictaloid, or none : albumen none.

Carpels few : perianth none oi' in fertile flowers herbaceous and

valvate. Naiauace-E, 114.

Carpels numerous in a whorl or head : 3 sepals herbaceous, 3

petaloid. Amsmace^e, 115.

Perianth of C similar glumacoous segments : cajisulc 3-valved. Rushes

or sedge-like. JuN'CACEiE, IIG.

Perianth coriaceous in two dissimilar series : fruit a berry or druiio :

palms. Palma:, ll7.

Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, .spicate, without evident perianth.

Stems solid ; sheaths closed ; scales single ; anthers basilixed. CYPEKACEiE, 118.

Culms hollow, terete; sheaths split; glumes in pairs; anthers versatile. GRAMiNEiE, 119.

Series II.

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. Flowei-s without stamens or pistils, and
not producing seeds with an embr^'o.

Class III.

ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Plants growing from the apex, and mostly
with distinct leaves.

Subclass I. VASCULAR ACROGENS. Plants with both woody and vascular tissue.
A. Spores only of one kind.

Cylindric jointeil leafless plants with toothed sheaths : fructification

in a terminal .spike. Equisetace^, 120.

Fronds fern-like, erect in vernation : sporangia globose, coriaceous,

in a spike or panicle. Oniior.LOSsACE.t:, 121.

Fronds circinate in vernation : fructification on their under surface FiLiCEs, 122.

13. Sjiores of two kinds.

Fructification within the base of the leaves or in their axils. SEi.ARiNEU.K.f:, 123.

Spores contained within pednncled ca])s;nles borne by the rhizomes. Maksii,iace.1!, 124.
Floating fronds small, pinnately branched : Spores at the base. SALViNlACEiE, 125.

Subclass II. CELLULAR ACROGENS. Plants with cellular tissue only.

Cajisule usually opening by a lid, containing spores without spiral fd)res.

lirauches not regularly fascicled: areolation simple: spores of one kind. Mu.sci, 126.
Branches regularly fascicled : areolation of colorless cells and green

linear ducts : spores of 2 kinds. Si'Haonace.k, 127.

II. SYNOPTICAL KF.Y TO THE ORDERS, &c.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM.E continued.

Division III. APETAL.E : corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.

A. Ovary superior, free from the calyx though sometimes enveloped in it.

* Ovary 1-celled : ovules solitary, basal : embryo coiled or more or less cui-ved. Herbs or rarely

slirubs.

+- Fruit an .akene.

76. Nyctaginaceae, p. 1. Calyx corolla like, tubular to funnelform or canipanulate, the per-

sistent l>ase hardening and enclosing the akcne. Stamens liypogynous. Style simpU'.
Herbaceous, with opjiosite entire leaves, no stipules, and iuvolucrate llowers.

77. Polygonacese, p. ti. Calyx mostly persistent, of 3 to 6 segments, distinct in 2 rows or

united, tlie inner or all jietaloid. Stamens perigynous. Styles 2 to 4. Akene mostly

trianf'ular. Endiryo nearly straight. Herbs or rarely woody, with mostly alternate

entire leaves, with or without sheathing stipules ; flowers on jointed pedicels, often

involncrate.

-H +- Fruit a utricle : flowers sessile : leaves mostly alternate ; stipules none.

78. Amarantaceae. p. 40. Calyx persistent, of 3 to 5 distinct more or less scarious sepals

in one row. Stamens liypogynous. Style simple or none. Seed lenticidar, vertical.
Embryo annidar. Herhswith entire leaves ; flowers scariousdiracteate.

79. Chenopodiaceae, p. 43. Calyx of 5 or fewer mostly herhaceous sepals in 1 row, or none.

Styles or stigmas 1 to 4. "End>ryo annidar or sjiiral. Herbs or shrubby ; flowers often
unisexual, the perfect and standnato without bracts, the pistillate usually naked within
herbaceous bracts.

* * Ovary 4-celled ; ovules solitary, basal : cnd)ryo curved.

80. Batidese, p. 60. A fleshy maritime shrub, with dioecioiis bracteate flowers in sessile axillary

amentdike spikes. Ovaries coherent, becoming fleshy.

« * * Ovary 1-celled : ovules solitary, pendulous or sometimes erect : embryo straight.

-4- Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves and no stipules : fruit a berry or drupe : embryo
with large thick cotyledons.

+ t Flowers perfect ; calyx deciduous : ovide pendulous.

81. Lauraceee, p. CO. Calyx C-parted. Anthers opening by valves. Fruit a drupe. Aromatic

S'l Thymeleace«, p. 01. Calyx gnmosepalous, 4-cleft. Fruit a berry. Shrubs with very

tough bark,
.f +f Flowei-3 dia-cious: calyx persistent about the ovary, bcconnug thickened or baccate:

ovule erect.

83. El«agnace«, p. 62. Calyx of fertile flowers tidiular. Shrubs with scurfy foliage.

+- +- Herbs or trees, with unisexual flowers, and mostly lobed or serrate and stipulate leaves :

fruit an akene.

84. Urticace*, p. 63. Filann-nts inflexed in the bud. Akene flattened (jyoid. S.'ed erect.

Herbs with tough bark, mostly opposite and .serrate leaves, and usually cymose axillary

infloreseence. .,„,./. , i- ■ i i *• i *

!t() Ceratophyllacece, i.. 78. Subnu-rged aquatic, with sessde filiforndy divuieil ex.s ipnlate

leaves aiul axillary sessile floweis without calyx. Anthers ses.^ile. Akene beaked.

Ovule pendulous. , , ., , ,1111

85 Platauace^, p. 6,o. Inflorescence in dense globose heads. Akene obpyramidul, beaked.

Ovule pen.lulous. Trees with flaky bark and lobed stipulate leaves.

SYN01>TICAL KEV TU THE OHDER.^.

':■ ^"*^''<'■^"•»"S;,1:^^Sy:.;:;;,^■-''" «""■" ■»-• "■*•>• j"- -^ -«»

* * * ^,l,fn^o''*''^"'''''''^'^"■'V'''"^';''^■■'■• '"•^'"^^^•io"« ordi.Pcions: ov;uv]-2-rHlc,l- ilbu
n.en „one. 1 .e.-.s or shrubs, w.th alUTnate mostly tootla-d an.I stiiullate leaves '

nn,,lea mUlet ' Motecious^ " "'"''"''"" "'"''' "' ^•'^^'' "■"' •"^^"'"'"""^ -"'«<^J -

""■ ^^"^.'*f^'!',^;^^- ^^""^".^^ r^-^""' •'^•^'"•■^'■y' "itl. scaly bracts. Ovary l-celle,! uith nu
•■ject orthotropous ovule, becon.ing a arupclike ^vaxy nutlet. Mou'u.cious or dU^cio^s

!)3. Salicaceae p 82. A.nents axillary or terniinnl, uith herbaceous bracts. Ovary l-ccl led
u ith seveial basal anatropous ovules. Fruit a capsule with cou.ose seeds Dioecious

B. Ovary inferior.

♦ Monoecious trees or shrubs, male flowers in aments, the pistillate solitary or few : fruit a nut •
albumen none : leaves alternate.

"*■ '^"^'b.^-ominfn''V*'- 'l''^'-' ^•'T"'^""' "•'"' "" ''''' o'tLotropous ovule. Style 1. Calyv
..- n,, J % " ""'"''>■' <:"^''"^"'g 'I ''0"y "ut. Leaves pinnate, without stipules ^ ^ "'^ '^

T dh^r; 'V?'- / 'r'i"''''''" ''"^■^''•'' ^•'""'' <^ ^" ^> "' " ^"1-lik.^ invo l.ne ■ Ovary 2-6-

'llel. 4-12-ovule.l. beeon.ins a 1-celled l-see.led nut n a thickened senlv o^ Ijnv

involucre. Styles 2 to 6. Anthers 2.celled. Leaves pinnately veu.ed. wltl^'adu^";^

!tH. Corylaceae. p. 100. Pistillate flowers in a short an.ent. Ovary imperfectly 2.celle,l with

1, I e r;i" °'"''''; ^r' •" y'f,"^ ^■^•^^•^^'^ "^-^ *" '-^ foIiaceous.tulMUa, invol, re
Anther-cells separate. Leaves doubly toothed, plicate in vernation.

* . Herbaceous : flowers perfect or .li.ecious. with cohued calyx : stamens epi^vnous • ovary
compound, with numerous ovules: fruit a capsule or berry : seeds albumbujus ' '

■''■ ^"'sH°^!^'?f '';.;• p'- rr"';? r'-f'lf; <="'.vx regular or irregular. 3-lobed, valvate
u^ T, n^ !^ ^^°^^- ^"1«"1<' «-cellcd. Perennial herbs. " , >«naic.

h'^nnT' ''■ '"'■ ^"'"''' ^"'■"^''''' "''■' ■•-S"''"- "'°^^'3- <lia.cious (lowe.s. Fruit

' r-u- n^n'llTT"' "'• '''"°''^, •■ '''■'V'''', ?^^''''' "'■"'■'"'^^ 5 ^'"'"^"s "PPO-^it*- the sepals : ovarv 1-celled
f- .ovuled. beconnng a 1-seeded berry or nut-like : seeds alblnninous : leaves en ti.iU^h'

stipules.

unous : leaves entire, without

S>9. Santalacece, p. 10.3. Flowers perfect. Ovules 2 to 4. suspende.l from the top of a f.^e

100 Lorrn'^l';'r''''in/'"" .' »"Mi><^l -seeded. Herbaceous llith alternate leave
iuu. ijoraiitnaceae. n. 104. Pmnaiti,. <) .!««:«,■<, „„ ... i i

Loraiithaceae. p. 104. Parasitic direcious

lutrious'Vr'"'^'^'^ ''^'^"'^' *^^"''' ^°''^'"y' ^^'^''^' oitlwtropous." Fruit a'^beny with

SuRcr,AS.s n. GYMNOSPER.Af.?.. Ovulos naked upon a seal,., bract, or -lisk. or will.in
a more or less open pcriiintli. iMonoccious or ,li(ccioiis trees or slmibs, mostly ever-
greens, uith usually rigid needle-shaped, subulate, or scjile-like leaves.

101. Gnetaceae, p. 108. Nearly nnked jointed dioecious shnib.s. Male flowers in aments-

anthers opening by terminal slits. Female .subsolitary, bracteate. the ovule within an
m °°'°"o-"^o"i perianth, open only at the apex, becoming hanlcned-coriaceous in fniit

102. Taxacece, p. 109. Dioecious evergi-eens. Flowers solitary, axillary. Ovule solitary' in

fruit a bony seed within a fleshy envelope or cup-shaped disk.

103. Coniferae. p. 111. Mostly monrecious and evergreen. Femaie flowers in scaly .aments

becoming cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scpIb.

\.[y SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Class TT. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems without
pith or aniuilar hiyers, the woody fibres scattered irre<,'ularly. Parts of the flower
usually in threes ami leaves mostly parallel-veined. Emliryo with a single cotyledon.

A. Oviuy inferior : perianth conspicuous, colored: liurbaceons perennials.

• Aquatic, with regular dioicious (lowers in a si>alhe : cnibiyo distinct, without albumen.

104. Hydrocharidaceae, p. 129. Flowers a.xillary, .solitary, with tubular perianth. Fiiiit

indeiiisieiit. Leaves op[)osite or whorled, 1-nerved.

♦ ♦ Flowers perfect, irregular: seeds nu~iuerous, minute, with obscure embryo and no albiunen.

105. Orchldaceae, p. 130. Stamens and style coherent. Anthers 1 or 2. Capsule l-celleti,

with 3 parietal placeutiu. Leaves alternate.

* * * .Flowers perfect, regular : embryo distinct, with albumen : capsule 3-cel!ed.

106. Iridaceae, p. 133. Stamens 3, at the base of tlie perianth. Flowers spathaceons. Leaves

ecpiitant.

107. Amaryllidaceae, p. 141. Stamens 6, on the perianth-tube. Leaves not eipiitant.

B. Ovary superior or nearly so : perianth ri'gular or none.

* Carpels united into a compound ovary : perianth colored (outer series rarely herbaceous) : albu-

men present.

108. Liliaceae, p. 143. Stems from l)ull)s, corms or riiizomes : anthers 2-celled : fruit a 3-celled

cajisule (1 -celled in Scoliopas) or a beriy.

109. Smilaceae, p. ISO. Woody climber with tendrils. Flowers dioecious, small, G-jwrtcd.

Antliers l-eelled. Fruit a berry.

110. Pontederiaceae, y. 180. Herbaceous aquatic, with spathaceons tubular llowers. Ours

with grass-like leaves, solitary axillary llowers, and 1-ceHed 3-valved capsule.

111. Araceae, p. 187. Flowers crowded upon a spadix. Ours acaulescent, with 4-Iobed peri-

anth, 4 stamens, and 2-celled 2-ovuled ovaries lleshy and coalescent in fruit.

* ♦ Afpiatics : ovary 1-celled, utricular or nut-like in fruit : perianth none : seed albuminous.

112. Typhaceae, p. 188. Flowers momecious, in heads or crowded on a spadix. Stems solid,

leiete, witii linear leaves, from creeping rootstocks.

113. Lemnaceae, p. 189. Veiy small floating sten\less plants, with disk-like fronds.

* * * Aquatic or marsh plants : carpels distinct or separable (sometimes single) : perianth

herbaceous or petaloid or none ; albumen none.

114. Naiadaceae, p. 190. Carpels few (1 to G). Terianth of fertile (lowers of 4 to C lierhaceous

vidvate .-5(']):il.s or none.
11 fj. Alismaceae, j). 199. Carpels numerous, vertieillate or capitate. Penanth-segmcnts (3,
distinct, 3 herbaceous, 3 petaloid.

« * * * Perianth of 6 vt\\\\\\ persistent glumaceous segments : fruit a capsule.

110. Juncaceae, p. 201. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seed albuminous. Rushes or sedge-
like, with perfect (lowers.

« » ♦ * » IViianth of 6 herbaceous segments in two dissimilar series. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupe

or berry.

117. Palmae, p. 210. Flowers on a laauching .spadix, usually spathaceons. Carpels 3, distinct

or eoiierciit. Seeds large, albuminous. Trees, with fan-shaped or pinnate icave.s.

* «*««* Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, without evident perianth, in sfiikts :

stamens 1 to 3 : ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled: .seed albuminous. Sedges ami grasses.

118. Cyperaceae, p. "il-i. Scales single. Perianth none or rejilaced by bristles. Stamens liasi-

lixed. Fruit a triangular or lenticular akene. Stem solid, often triangidar, with clo.'-ed
sheaths.

119. Gramineae, p. 'IhZ. Ohiines in pairs. Perianth nqilaeed by minute scales. Anthers ver-

bulilo. Iwuil a caryopsis. Culm liollow, terete; slieaths split to the base.

SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE OIlDEllS. ^V

Skiues II. CRYPTOGAMOUS oil FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Flowers without
staiiKJiis or pistils, in Iniit jjioduciiif^ spores iiisteail of seeds.

Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Growing from the apex of a distinct axis,
mostly with distinct leaves.

Subclass I. VASCULAR ACROGENS. Plants willi both woody and cellular tissue:
reproductive organs of one or both sexes produced upon a prothalhis devehiped fr.mi
the spore.

Division 1. ISOSPOHOUS VASCULAR ENDOGENS. Spores only of one kind, the pro.
tlialius l)earing organs of both sexes.

120. Equisetaceae, p. 'Vl'.K Cylindric jointed hollow-stennned plants, with toothed slieaths.

Fnictiliriition in a tciniinal spike.

121. Ophioglossaceae, p. 3:il. Fronds often fern-like, erect in vernation. Sporangia glolwsc,

coriaceous, in special sjiikcs or panicles.

122. Filices, p. 3:32. Ferns, with fronds circiiiatc in vernation, bearing the fructification on the

under surface or beneath the margin.

Division II. II FTKHOSPOHOPS VASCULAR ACHOOKNS. Spores of two kinds, one pro-
ducing a prothallus with aiciicgonia, the other smaller and containing antherizoids.

123. Selaginelleae, p. 349. The two kinds of spores borne separately upon the upper side of the

base of linear grass-like radical leaves or in the axils of small leaves arranged in 4 ranks
U|)on a stem.

124. Marsiliaceae, p. Sol. Spores of both kinds together in jieduncled capsules borne upon a

rhizome. Leaves liliform or pedately (piadiifoliolatc. In mud.
12'). Salviniaceae, ]>. 352. Small floating jilants, the si)ores borne in sejiarate capsules at the
base of the frond.

Subclass II. CELLULAR ACROGENS. Plants with cellular tissue only : reproduc-
tive organs borne upon the stem or branches.
A. Capsules mostly opening by a lid, containing numerous spores without spiral fibres {cln(crs).

126. MuBci, p. 3ri3. Branches not regularly fascicled along the stem. Tissue of the leaves

homogeneous. Spores of one kind.

127. Sphagnaceae, p. 421. Branches regularly fascicled. Tissue formed of colorless cells and

intermediate green linear ducts. Spores of two kinds. Pale flaccid bog plants.

B. Cnpsule not opening by a lid : spores mixed with elaters.

128. Hepaticae. Stems procumbent, leafy with alternate or distichous leaves, or thalloid.
C. Sporangium consisting of a single large spore surrouiukHl by spirally arranged tulx-s.

129. Characeae. Submerged acpiatics, with whorlcd branches, consisting of tubular cells

placed end to end.

Class IV. THALLOGENS. Growth chiefly periplierical and horizontal, without
definite axis, mostly without leaves, and composed wdiolly of cellular tissue : spores
not developing a prothallus. [Added here to complete the Series.]

130. Lichenes. Not parasitic, on exposed surfaces, prostrate and crustaceous or fiondoso, or

erect, containing chloroi)liyllose granules. Reproductive organs of two kinds, apolhccia
and sprrmoqonia.

131. Fungi. Parasitic, wholly without chlorophyll, the orgnnsof vegetation (mi/celiuvi) uiostly

subterranean or concealed, the reproductive very various in form and structure.

132. Algae. Aquatic, mostly submeif;e<l, not parasitic, always coiitainiiig chlorophyll and

usually highly colored. Reproductive organs very various.

BOTANY

CALIFORNIA

Division III. APETAL^.

Floral envelope consisting only of a calyx (often petaloid), or wholly wanting.

Order LXXVI. NYCTAGINACE^.

Herbs (or rarely woody) with fragile stems and tumid joints, entire petiolate
exstipulate leaves mostly opposite and unequal, and perfect flowers with corolla-like
tubular to campanulate perianth, the persistent base indurated and constricted over
the 1-celled and 1-seeded free ovary; stamens few, hypogynous, with slender fila-
ments and rounded anthers ; style and stigma simple ; seed erect, anatropous, with
embryo encircling usually copious mealy albumen, the cotyledons foliaceous. —
Flowei-s with a calyx-like 3-5-cleft common involucre, often enlarging in fruit, or
with dilated and colored involucral bracts ; perianth plicate in aestivation. Stamens
often connate at base. Fruit consisting of the hardened base of the perianth, often
costate, striate, or winged, enclosing the free akene ; testa membranous. Embryo
in Abronia apparently monocotyledonous by abortion.

An order of about 20 genera and 100 or more spcnies, nliiefly of temperate and tropical America,
exclusively so with the exception of Bnrrhanria and Pi.ionia, whicli are represented in tropical
Asia and Australia. Most of the United States species (about 40) are peculiar to the drier
interior region. The purgative and emetic qualities in the roots of many species are well known.

Tkibe I. MIRABILE/E. Involucre calyx-like, 3-5-cleft or -parted, 1 - 12-flowered. Pcri-
antli tubular to funnclform or campanulate.

1. Mirabilis. Involucre 5-lobcd, not chatigcd in fruit. Fruit not angled nor winged, and

scarcely or not at nil ril)bcd. Stninens usually f>.

2. AUionia. involucre deeply H-lobed, ^-flowered. Fruit with a double line of tulnircles on the

back, surrounded by a rigid winged margin, toothed and inllexcd. Stamens usually 3.

Tribe II. ABRONIEyE. Involucre of 5 or more distinct bracts, subtending a many-flowered
head.

3. Abronia. Perianth salver-form, including the stamens and style. Fruit wing-angled.

2 NYCTAGINACE.K. Mimbllis.

Tribk tit. ACT.EISANTHE;E. Tnvolucre only of 2 or 3 small bractlets to each flower, or
wholly wanting : Btigma smooth, peltate or caji-slmped.

4. Boerhaavia. Tntlorescence usually paniculate or spicato. Fruit 5-anglcd.

Tribe TV. liOUOAINVIT.T.EiT^v. Involucral bracts dilated, mostly solitary on the pedicel of
each llower.

5. Hermidium. Perianth tul.ular'campanulate. Fruit smootii, not ribbed nor angled.

1. MIRABILIS, Linn. 1m)UU-o'clock.

Involucre calyx-like, 5-clelt or -parted, herbaceous, often large but unchanged in
fruit, 1 - 12-flowered. Perianth tubular or more or less broadly funnelforni, with a
spreading liiub. Stamens usually 5, as long as the perianth ; hlaiuents uniteil at
base. Stigma capitate, granulate. Fruit globose to ovate-oblong, smooth, obscurely
or not at all ribbed or angled. — Perennial herbs, with opposite leaves nearly equal
in the pairs : peduncles solitary in the axils or paniculate : flowers nearly sessile in
the involucres.

A genus of 10 or 12 species, of the Western United States and Mexico, the earliest known
syjecies also from South America and common in cultivation ^1"^ Four-o'clock or Marvel-of-I*eru,
M. Jalapa), now naturalized in many countries. In this, as in some other genera, the flowers
frequently are fertilized in the bud, in wliich case the peiianth remains small without opening.

§ 1. Flowers o or more in flie involucre, la rtje, with hnuj-tnlular or funnelforni
perianth. — Quamoclidion, Choisy.

1. M. multiflora, Ciray. Stout, spreading, roughish puberulent or nearly gla-
brous ; stems 2 ur 3 leet long : leaves rather thin, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
often somewhat cordate at base but decnrrcnt u])()n the petiole, acute or shortly
acuminate, 1 to 3 inches long, on slender jjctioles half an inch long or less : pedun-
cles i to 2 inches long : involucre large, about an inch long, 5-cleft a third to half
the way down ; the lobes acute or acuminate : flowers usually G (5 surrounding
a central one), bruadly funnelforni, pale rose-color to purple, with the ^ube somewhat
greenish, \h to 2 inches long: stamens 5, as long as the acutely 5-lobed perianth,
shorter than the filiform style : fruit ovate-oblung, 3 or 4 lines long, rarely nearly
globose, marked toward the base by 10 shallow furrows and as many intermediate
dark lines. — P.ot. Mex. Pound. 173. Oxi/baj>hns multijhrus, Torrey, Ann. Lye,
N. York, ii. 237. Ni/daf/inia (?) Torrei/ana, Choisy in DC. Prodr. xiii^ 430.
Qua mod /(lion mnltitforinn, Torrey, Am. Journ. Sci. 2 ser. xv. 321.

Var. pubescens, Watson. Very pubescent throughout.

A common sp(( ies eastward, ranging from Colorado to the Rio Grande and westward to S.
California; San Diego (Clurhuid). The variety is jieculiur to S. Calilornia, from mar Fort
Tejon {irallace, Kciiiicili/) to San Diego County, Palmer. A doubtful form occurs in cultivation
from Californian seed (Hook. f. Dot. Mag. t. 62()(j), still more glandular-i.ubesc.'cnt, tlie haves
broadly ovate, deeply cordate at base and iu)t decurrent u])on the very short petiole, oblu&e or
acutish : lobes of the involucre acutish, and those of the perianth retuse : fruit not at all furrowed
at base, sometimes very obscurely lined. It is perhaps the Oxybaphiis Frosbclii of ISehr. I'roc.
Calif. Acad. i. 69, from near Warner's Kanch in the mountains of San Diego County, but the
description is very defective.

2. M. Greenei, Watson. Very stout, somewhat glandtdar-puberulent : leaves
rather thick, ovate, a(;ute, attenuate to a short stout })etiole, 3 inches long : invo-
lucre acutely lobed, 1 to U inches long, 7 - 10-flowered : perianth funnelforni, a

' half longer than the involucre : fruit ovate-oblong, 3 to nearly 4 lines long, usually

abruptly contracted near the base, rather strongly 5-angled, the sides somewhat ridged

longitudinally and more or less irregularly tuberculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 253.

Collected by Ikv. E. L. Greene on mountain-sides about Yreka, Siskiyou County ; June, in

flower and fruiting.

''^''""'"- NYCTAGINACE^].

d

§ 2. Flowers 1 to 3 /m the involucre rather small ; the perianth hroa.l funnel form
from a short tube. — Uxybaphoides Gray "^

■l..o„. l,.y, .hong,, .escHbea .s «l»l.o,r\T.r»':£:i;l':iSf.;"f ^^iP^^
2. ALLIONIA, I.iiM,.
Involucro calyx-Iik., 3-,,arte.l, licrbaceou,,, scarcely cha„j;rf m fruit, 3-/l„wcre,l
I .■.■.a.ith fun.,clf„rm, witi, an obli,,„e 4 - Wobcd li.nb. Stamcs 3 to 5, included'
nearly distinct. Stign.a capitate. Fruit ovate, compressed, smooth and convex on
the inner s.de, ti.e back with a ri^id infloxed tootlied n.arsin encIo.siug a double line
"fstipitate tubercles. Embryo pficatc, the inner cotyle.lon shorter. - Annual or
l.eronu,al herbs, with opposite very uncpud leaves, and axillarv pedu,>culate
llowers.

rrobably only a sin-le very variable sj-ecies. common to North and South America.

..oron.'t'l'^n^T*^ M""- 1-^"""''' "' *'" '"^^^ sometimes biennial or perhaps
poonn.al, tl.e sender brancl.in^r stems prostrate, a foot or two long or mori •
I.ubescence v.sckI short or lloccose : leaves ovate, Uo l^ inches long, very unennal'
obtuse or acute, the obhque base acutish or rounded 'or cordate,°'exceodin'^ e
slender petiole: peduncles usually shorter than the leaves : involucres cleft Nearly
to he base; lobes concave, broadly oblong or rounded, U to 2.1 lines Ion. : .J.

;'b tor°tr' r 'I '""•; 'v" * ^'T ^""- = ^^^^^ omarginate,"one of them much
ho ter than the rest : fru.t a hue and a half long, usually somewhat carir.ate on the
convex sule, the margm varying greatly in the number an.l shape of the teeth,
Inch are usually 5 (1 o 7) on each side, very broad or sle'nder, sometin.e
gland-tipped. -Choisy, DC. Prodr. xiii^. 434. A. malachroides, lienth. Bot
ioUlpll. 44.

In Southern California, from Monterey {Edwnrch) to Fort Yuma (Tlmims), a„d more fre-
vTnezuela to Chili. '"^ ^outhwanl ; found also in Cuba, and in South America from

3. ABRONIA, Ju,ssieu.
Involucro of 5 to 15 distinct somewhat scarious leaflets, enclosing numerous se.<^-
sile flowers. Perianth salverform, the tube elongated, and the limb of 5 (or 4)
obcordate or emarginato segments. Stamens usually 5, unequal, included in the
tube and adnate to it. Style included : stigma linear-clavate. Fruit coriaceous or
indurated, 3 -5-winged, mostly reticulately veined, enclosing a smooth cylindrical
akene. Embryo by abortion monocotyledonous. —Annual or i)ercnnial herbs,
often prostmte, and usually more or less viscid-pubescent, with thick opposite
unequal leaves, and elongated axillary and terminal peduncles : flowers usually very
fi-agrant and showy.

^ XV(TA(HNArK.K. Abmnia.

A genus peculiar to Wcsteiii NoiUi Anurifa. Tlie wings of the fiuit an- often very unetiually
develojK'd.
§ 1. Wlfiffs coriaceous, lateral and not completclij encircliiuj the fruit. — Abhoxia

proiiur.
* Body of the fruit more or less rujld or lUjneous, the iclny consisting of a simple

lamina.

1. A. umbellata, Lam. Peronniul, prostrate, slender, viscidly puberulent, the
stems often .-longati-d, 1 to 3 feet long : leaves nearly glabrous, ovate to imr-
rowly oblong, 1 to 1 .', inches long, attenuate into a slender petiole, obtuse, the
margin often°'sonie\vha't siiniate : peduncles 2 to (5 inches long : involucral brads
sraaU, narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 3 lines long, 10- 15-lio\vered : perianth rose-colored,
6 to 8 lines long, with eniarginato lobes: fruit 4 or f) lines long, nearly glabrous,
the body oblong, attenuate at each end; the thin wings nearly as long, round.'d,
broadest above and often truncate, narrowing downward to the base of the fruit :
akene 1^ lines long. — 111. i. 469, t. 105; Hook. Exot. Fl. iii. t. 194; Watson,
Bot. King Exp. 47G, t. 31, tig. 7.

Common on the .sunds of tlie sea-coast, from the CoUnnbia River to Lower CaHfornia. Flowers
with little fragrance.

2. A. maritima, Nutt. in herb. Very stout, prostrate, somewhat pubescent
and viscid : leaves thick, broadly ovate to oblong, cuneate or rounded at base, about
an inch long, on short stout petioles : peduncles usually a little exceeding the
leaves : involucral bracts short, ovate oblong : flowers " bright red," half an inch
long : fruit viscid-pubescent, the wings somewhat coriaceous, otherwi.se nearly as in
the last.

On the sea-coast from Santa BarLara to San Diego ; resembling J. latifulia in habit.

3. A. villosa, "Watson. A smaller and more slender plant than A. umbellata,
apparently annual, covered Avith a more or less dense spreading glandular villous
pubescence : leaves nsually small, rarely an inch long : peduncles 1 U^ 3 in<-hes
long, 5-15-Howered : involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long:
perianth rose-colored or purplish, the lobes obconlate with a deep sinus : fruit 3
lines long, strongly reticulate-veined, the bnjad wings usually truncate and acute or
rounded above. -- Ainer. Naturalist, vii. 302.

Colorado Valley (Palmer), and eastward to Southern Utah, IVhcckr, Janvier, Pairy.

A nuAciLis, Benth. Bot. Sidphur, 44, from the coast of Lower California, may perhaps be dis-
tinguished from very slender forms of ^. umbellnia by the more strongly sinuate leaves, and by
the"body of the snudler fruit not attenuate above the wings.

A. MELLIFKHA, Dougl. (Hook. r.ot. Mag. t. 287'J). the only other species of the group, is found
in Washington Territory and Oregon, at a distance from the coa.st, and may be known from A.
umbellata by its stouter habit, much larger scarious involucre, and larger white flowers ; the fruit
4 or 5 lines long, with narrower wings, often laterally elongated.

* * Fruit wholly coriaceous and the central cavity extending through the wings.
4. A. latifolia, Eschscholtz. Perennial, stout and fleshy, very viscid-pubescent,
the stems a foot or two long, prostrate : leaves thick, broadly ovate or reniform, ^
to 1.^ inches long, obtuse, on short thick i^etioles : ])eduncles usually exceeding the
leaves : involucral bracts 5, rounded to ovate or oblong, 2 to 4 lines long : flowers
n\imerous, 5 or G lines long, bright yellow, the lobes emarginate : fruit 4 to 6 lines
long, coriaceous, acute at each end, the wings more or less developed, \isually nar-
YO^v.-^lUm. Acad. Petersb. x. 281. A. arenaria, Menzies ; Hook. Exot. Fl.
t. 193; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 476.

Common on the seashore from Vancouver Islan<l to Monterey,' and perhaps still further to the
south. The root is stout and fusiform, often several feet long, said to he sometunes eaten by the
Indians. The flowers are very fragrant, with the odor of orang.;-blossoms ; in spring and early
summer.

Boerhaaviu. NYCTAUINACE.E. c

9

f' ^' f"^^"^^*^' 'J''"'''«y- Anmml and slondor, visci.lly pul.csccMit or onlv
IH-bemcmt, the sLo.us ascending or procu.nbnut, i to ^ f.et on'^ • leave ovate o
Ob ong-anceola e, ^o U inches long, usually truncate^cordate or"ro n 1. I .'t b^e

eduncles slender, exceeding tbe leaves: involucral bracts usually 5, linear or kn-'
coolate, acuminate, somewhat scarious : perianth rose-colored, 6 to 8 1 nes lorn, the
tube very narrow and lobes deeply cleft: fruit thincoriaceous, 3 or 4 line bn^
either regularly 5-winged and the wings terminating above in transverse circuit;
K?ng Exp"2'8M Sl"^^^^ "''^'""' ^'"^"'- ^'^'^"^ '^ ^"^« long. - Watson, Lot'

From tlu' ea.sten, bonier of the State and Northern Nevada to Arizona and Western Texa.H ■
near the Mohave Kiver, Cooper. In dry valleys ; May to August. '

TTf^i' '''•"\«'''^^«' Nutt., is a very similar sj.eeies ranging from the Columbia Kiver (NiUtall) to
Utah and New Mexico, and eastward, not found in California. It is perennial dis^i pushed
cluefly by Its more erect and stouter habit, rather larger whitish (lowers, and esU^aKv he
broa^l^^seanous acute or acutish involucral lobes : the fruit is usually larger. S?S^s never

§ 2. Wimjs (mna/h/ 2 or 3) orfncular, wholbj encircling the fruit, menibranoius,
stronglij net-veined. Annuals. — Triptkuucalyx, Gray.

G. A. Crux-Maltae, Kellogg. A low spring annual, with procumbent stems
viscid-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves ovate-oblong, an inch Ion- or more'
usually cuneate at base, on slender petioles : peduncles shorter than the leaves'
niauy-llowered : involucre of 5 or more lanceolate acuminate lobes 3 or 4 lines Ion- '•
flowers rose-colored, 7 to 9 lines long, with very slender greenish tube and 4 larje
deeply cleft lobes: stamens 3 or 4 : fruit pubescent, 5 or G lines long, coarsely
reticulate-pitte<l, the ovate body long-stipitate ; akene 2A lines long. — Proc Calif
Acad. 11. 71 flg.lG; Watson, Proc. Am. Aca.l. xii. 253. A. cydoptera, Watson;
Dot. King Lxp. 285, in part.

A very showy and nretty spring flower of the valleys of Northwestern Nevada. Two other
species belonging to tfus section are found on tl.e eaj^tern plains from the Saskatchewan to New
Me.xico, but do not occur west of the Kocky Mountains. "iouL«aa lo new

4. BOERHAAVIA, Linn.
Involucre of 1 to 3 very small bractlets to each flower, often caducous. Pcriantli
funnelforni or campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 1 to 3. Stigma peltate. Fruit
clavate or obovate, jointed upon the pedicel, 5-costate, truncate at the apex or
rounded or acute. — Slender annual or perennial herbs, diifuse or procumbent, with
opposite more or less unequal leaves, and usually very small flowers in loose pan-
icles, verticels or spikes.

vp.t fn V 't ?LT^ "'■ f T'''\ ^.'^*7^ted through the warmer regions of the globe, manv of them

veiy illy dehned and of uncertain determination. Several species occur in Arizona and Im-stward

bord^rs'of the St'aJe.' '" California. The following are given as approaching the southen.

* Flowers fascicled.

B HiRsuiA, Willd. Perennial, hirsute and glandular-pubescent, the branching stems 2 or 3
leot long or inoie : loaves ovate, an inch or two long, acutish, rounded at base, with an undulate
sinuate margin, on short petioles : panicle looso and divaricate ; llowci-s nrarly sessile in smal
clusters tennmating slender peduncles : bractlets minute : perianth (red) and ovary a line long
Iruit 1 or 2 hues long, davate. obtuse, 5-costate. glandular- visci.l. — Choisv, DC Prodr xii^^^
451. — Specimens from the Biff Canon of the Tantillas Mountains, Lower California (PMvier)
are probably to be referred to this species, which is credited to the western coast of Mexico and
to South America The leaves, however, are small and rounded or reniform, mucronately anicu-
late, the petioles but a line or two long, and the fruit acute at each end.

B. ERECTA, Linn. Annual, often rather stout, scabrous-puberulent or ncarlv glabrous- leaves
hro.idly ovate to oblong, usually acute, an inch or two long, more or less exceeding the slender

late
11

Q NYCTAGINACE.K Boerhuavia.

petioles, Tniimtely black-clotted, lighter colored beneath : panicle very open : bracts minute and
liowers very small : la.scicles usually 3-5-llo\vered : fruit sessile or shortly pedicellate, nearly "J
lines long, glabrous, clavate, truncate at top, 5-costate and rugulose between tlie ribs. — Ciioisy,
1. c. 450. — Across the continent from the Tacitic to Florida and the West Indies. A form is
common in Lower California, Arizona and New Mexico, usually slender and very scabrous below,
mostly with narrow leaves on very siiort i)etioles.

• • Flowers spicnte.

B. SPICATA, Choisy, 1. c. 456. A low annual, resembling B. erecta, but the flowers mostly
solitary and scattered along the slender branches : fruit very sliortly pedicellate, glabrous, rounded
at the ape.\. — Lower California to Arizona and New ilexico.

• • • Flowers umbellate.

B. scANDE.Ns, Linn. Perennial, glabrous : leaves cordate or ovate, acute or acuminate, 1 or 2
inches long, on ratlier short petioles : umkds 6-10-flowered on simple a.xillary peduncles, or the
inflorescence somewhat paniculate : bractlets a line or two long : pedicels slender, 2 to 6 lines
long ; flowers greenish, 2 to 4 lines long including the base : stamens e.x.serted : fruit glabrous,
linear-clavate, terete and obscurely 10-costate, black-glandular toward tiie apex. — Choisy, 1. c.
454. B. Grahami, Cray, Am. Journ. Sci. 2 ser. xv. 323. — From Peru to the W. Indies, New
Mexico and Southern Arizona.

5. HERMIDIUM, Watson.
Characters as in Jlirabilis, but tlic involucre of distinct broail foliaceous bracts,
each adnata to tlio pedicel of a single tiower. Perianth campanulate-funiielfoini.
Stamens 5 to 7. — Flowers in capitate terminal and axillary racemes, A single
species.

1. H. alipes, Watson. Perennial, stout and fleshy, glabrous and glaucous, the
stems branchuil and ascending, a foot high : leaves bn)adly ovate to lanceolate, acute
or obtuse, somewhat cordate at base, 1 to 2h inches long, on very short thick peti-
oles : heads about G-flowered, on short peduncles : bracts corilate-ovate, somewhat
membranaceous and more or less colored, 6 to 10 lines long, acute : perianth about
equalling the bract, slightly 5 1obed, light i)urple : stamens and style not exserted :
fruit globular, smooth. — lint. King Exp. 28G, t. 32.

On low foothills in Northwestern Nevada, near the Humboldt and Truckee Rivers, Watson,
Lemmon, Flowering in May.

Order LXXVII. POLYGONACE^.

Herbaceous or woody plants, with tumid joints, alternate and entire leaves (ex-
cept in Fterostet/ia), or sometimes verticillate and often only radical, with sheathing
stipules or none ; flowers mostly jierfect, on jointed pedicels ; calyx more or less pcit-
aloid, usually persistent about the free 1-celled 1-ovnled ovary; stamens mostly 4 to
9, perigynous, Avith oval or oblong anthers ; styles 2 to 4, distinct or somewhat con-
nate, opposite the angles of the ovary ; seed erect, orthotropous, with the embryo
curved and at one side of the usually mealy albumen, or straight and Avithin it. —
Flowers rather small, the perianth of 3 to G distinct or more or less united segments,
the inner ones or all usually petaloid ; fruit an akene, compressed or 3 - 4-angled
or -winged.

An order of 30 genera and 700 species, mostly belonging to northern temperate regions, the large
tribe of Erioyonciv restricted almost exclusively to Western America. This tribe, largely repre-
sented in our flora, is wholly valueless except as a few species may become cultivated for orna-
ment. The larger group of Puli//joncce furnishes the ofliciiiai IMiubarb, as well as the ganlen
vegetable of the same name (species of Ilhcum), and the Vnukwhcut (Fatjo)njrum csculeniutn).
Many species abound in oxalic acid, some have been used in dyeing, and the roots are frequently
medicinal.

^'^""'«-^'- rOLYGONACE.'E. ^

'■ °'''''iW'i''^LtvSUt™ """•'" '''«'""'■ '"''"^- ^^^^'"^ -^'"''-

'■ ''""'keI'^'s\ig''nasVtSell';"''"^' '^' '"--"l-g-g -^ «I"I>--ed to the triangular

3. Polygonum. Sepals 4 to 6, equal, appressed to the triangular or lenticular akene Styles

2 or 3 ; stigmas cajutatc. "ij'ca

TiilDE II EIlIOGONEyR Flownis involurrate (except in Lnstnrriaut). I'eiianth 3-6-iwrte.l.

base, with nlternato or vertinllate leaves (opposite and sometinu's toothed in J'Uraslegia).
without stipules ; juico nearly tiusteless.

* Involucre unchanged in fruit or wanting : leaves entire.

-»- Flowei-s capitate, subtended by distinct herbaceous bracts.

4. Nemacaulis. Stamens 3. Akene ovoid. Annual, prostrate, with radical leaves.

+■ -f- Involucre tubular or campanulate : perianth corolla-like, 6-cleft or -parted.

5. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with 4 to 8 pointless teeth. Flowers exsertcd
- r^ ^*'''"en« 9- Akene mostly 3-angled. Annuals or perennials.

b. Oxytheca. Involucre (ew-flowered, herbaceou.s, with 3 to 5 straight acute or usually awned
lohes. I'lowcrs on exserted pedicels, pubescent. Stajnens 9. Akene lenticular. Bracts
ternate. Annuals.

7. Chorizanthe. Involucre 1- (rarely 2-3-) flowered, coriaceous or chartaceous, 3-6-angled

with J to f) cuspidate often hooked teeth and .sometimes as many cusi.idate divaricate spurs
at base. Flowers usually included. Stamens 3, 6 or 9. Akene 3-angIcd. Annuals.
•*"+■■•- Involucre none : flowers somewhat axillary. Low annuals.

8. Lastarriaea. Perianth tubular, subcoriaceous, cuspidutely 6-toothed. Stamens 3.

9. Hollistena. i'enauth campanulate, 6-cleft, wiiite-woolly. Stamens 9. See page 481.

• ♦ Involucre bract-like, enlarged in fruit, 2-lobed, Mlowered, 2-saccate on the back.

10. PteroBtegia Flower sessile, included. Leaves opposite, toothc^d or lobed. Slender annual.

1. OXYRIA, Hill. Mountain Soukel.

Flowers perfect. Perianth lierbaceous, of 4 distinct sepals ; the 2 inner erect,
appressed and unchanged in fruit, the outer smaller and spreading. Stamens 6.
Stigmas 2, sessile, tufted. Akene compressed and thin, broadly 2-winged. Seed
flat. Embryo axile in the mealy albumen, slender. — Perennial alpine and arctic
herbs, erect, with long-petioled round-reniform mostly radical leaves, and small ob-
liquely truncate scarious sheatlis ; flowers small and greenish, in narrowly panicled
racemes. — Meisner, DC. Prodr. xiv. 37.

Only one species is known, in the mountains of Central Asia, besides the following.

1. O. digyna, Campdera. Rather stout and fleshy, 3 to 18 inches high, gla-
brous : leaves an incli or two broad : flowers in scariousbracted fascicles, on short
capillary pedicels : sepals often reddish, spatiilate, thin, the outer half as long ns
the inner ones, narrower and carinato : akene exceeding the sepals, U lines in diam-
eter, entire or emarginate nt each end. — 0. reuiformis, Hook.

At high altitudes in the Sierra Nevada, in cold wet places among rocks, and in like localities
throughout the northern hemisphere, northward to the Arctic Ocean.

2. RUMEX, Linn. Dock. Sourel.

Flowers perfect or polygamous or dia-cions. Perianth of G sepals, distinct or
nearly so, the outer 3 herbaceous, spreading or rcflexed, the inner larger and some-

g POLYGONACE.^. Rumex.

what colored, usually becoming enlarged and reticulated (valves) in fruit, appressed
to the shorter 3-angled akene. Stamens G ; filaments very short. Styles 3 j stig-
mas tufted. I'lmbryo lateral, slender, slightly curved. — Coarse perennial herbs
(sometimes shrubs or trees in the tropics), rarely biennial or annual, with more or
less acid juice; stems leafy, with scarious obliquely truncate cylindrical naked
sheaths ; flowers small, fascicled or verticillate in paniculate racemes.

A genus of 125 species, widely distributed around the globe, several naturalized everywhere as
trouUesonie weeds, a few rarely cultivated as i)ot-heibs. The roots of our species are mostly
thick and fusiform, with astringent and alterative qualities. The specific chaiacters are largely
drawn from the fruit.

§ 1. Flovei's ]icrfi'rf. or j^ohjgnmous ; valves eiilan/ed, often hearing a rjraln-Uhe
callosity on the back : leaves never /lastate, jnnnateli/ many-veined, rarely
very acid. — Lapathum, Meisner ; the Docks.

* Valves wholly wlthoiit grains, mostly very large (3 lines long or more), entire or
denticulate : j^edlcels long, jointed near the base : glabrous perennials.

1. R. venosus, Pursh. Stems erect, a foot high or less, from running root-
stocks, stout and leafy, with conspicuous dilated stipules : leaves on short but
i-ather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate, 3 to G inches long, acute or
acuminate, only the lowest obtuse or somewhat cordate at base, the margin rarely
undulate : panicle nearly .sessile, short, dense in fruit : fruiting pedicels 4 to 9 lines
long: valves entire, cordate-orbicular witli a deej) sinus, 9 to 12 lines in diameter,
acutish or emarginate, bright rose-color: akene 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am.
ii. 130, t. 174.

From British Columbia to the Saskatchewan and southward to Nevada and Colorado ; near
Carson City, Nevada, Anderson. In dry sandy valleys.

2. R. hymenosepalus, Torrey. Similar but taller and still stouter : leaves
attenuate to a .slu.rt very thick and fleshy petiole, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, a
foot long or less, acute, undulate : pedicels 3 to 6 lines long : fruit smaller, 4 to G
lines in diameter: akene 2 lines long. — Bot. ^fex. ]>ound. 177.

In dry sandy places, near Nipoma (Braver) and Suez liiver (Bolandcrk Kelhxjij), and also east-
ward in S. Utah and New Mexico. The height of the stem and the character of the root have
not been noted. Dr. Parry states that the young shoots are used in Utah as a substitute for the
garden rhubarb.

3. R. OCCidentalis, Watson. Tall and rather slender, often 3 to 6 feet high :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lowest sometimes ovate, usually narrowing gradually
upward from the truncate somewhat cordate base, not decurrent on the slender often
elongated petiole, acute, often a foot long or more, scarcely undulate : panicle nar-
row, elongated, nearly leafless : pedicels filiform, 3 to G lines long, obscurely jointed
near the base : valves broadly cordate, with a very shallow sinus, becoming about 3
lines in diameter, often denticulate near the base: akene U lines long. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 253. Ii. longlfolius, of autliors, not of DC.

From Alaska to the Sacramento, and eastward to New Mexico, Colorado, the Saskatchewan and
Labrador; in wet places and along streams. It has been rarely collected in California, being
reported only from McCumber's in Shasta County, but is probably frcijuent in the northern part
of the State. Much resembling R. hmgifolius of the Old Worhl.

* * Valves smaller, one or more of them grain-bearing.

-1— Valves entire or only dentlcidate : glabrous perennials.

4. R. salicifolius, Weinmann. Slender, often low, 1 to 5 feet high, usually
branching and decumbent at base : leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the low-
est oblong, 3 to 6 inches long or more, acuminate, attenuate into a short petiole.

^"'"'•^- POLYGONACE^. O

not undulate, glaucous : panicle usually open, somewhat leafy, the flowere crowded

rCiifdS'iVtn't ^'r"'"' V""'"'? ^""^'= valves ovL-nioTub:;:;:?'

or a.u^ deltoid, 1^ t. 2 lines long, entire or denticulate, usually with very lar<re
callosities : akene a line long. — Meisner, DC. Prodr xiv 47 ^ °

wanl S?o::'l;^r£t!'^Sytthl:;;£lSf » -«•"« -^^-^ ^o M..,. a„d east-
forninn speciTn..i.s have more fre- «el y f v.h ^^ '!^"""'^' ',' ^"'''- ^'''"-

5 R Berlandieri, Meisner Steins stout, from a fusiform n.ot, 2 to 4 feet
high: loaves narrowly lanceolate, very undulate, usually acuminate m^rrowed
below to an abruptly attenuate or somewhat truncate base about TnciierWo
more, on very short petioles : panicle rather open with numerous den e vert d^^f

G

L

pei

trunrn^:^yT ' . A,""'l'''' •'^''""'' ^^'^^ *''' ^'"''^ ^''- "'0^" decidedly
Xels l,on r/^rV"" 7^''^'^''.'"g«r I-tioles: verticils less dense, the slender
-ditels being 2 to 4 lines long, jointed Jiear the base : valves ovate or cordate

,. , , „ - es ovate or cordate.

■ -.uyi inuui 01 tiic Mate, tiorn Europe, now naturalized in many parts of the world.
InJ: ^ C°fglo^eratus, .Murray. With broader ovate to lanceolate leaves, the
b^ n ].o' 'r 1 ' "^'''^'^ ^^^MM.: panicle open and leafy, with slender
blanches : pedicels very short, stout and geniculate in fruit, jointed near the base •
valves small, all grain-bearing, ovate-lanceolate, acute.

enJii^'l^^h'U^tttuf''"'" '"" '^""^^' ""' ^"""^^^^^^ '' ^^"'^^ '«-l'^'- tl'-"g'» '^^

■*- -^ Valves with slender awned teeth, qrain-hearhxg : sometchat pidjescent or

scabrous.

■ ^^ ^•^fyiti'nus. I^'n"- Annual or sometimes biennial, minutely pubescent,
simple or dUhusely branched, the low stems erect or procumbent : leaves linear-
lanceolate, usually truncate or cordate at base, 1 to 4 inches long, mostly on short
petioles, somewhat Avavy-margined : flowers in numerous dense verticils alon- the
slender branches, on very short slender pedicels : valves a line long, ovate-knce-
olate all gram-bearing an.l with 2 or 3 long-awned teeth on each side. - Meisner,
Ub. Irodr. XIV. 59. Ji. persicnrioides, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 130.

Not reported fronr. west of the Sierra Nevada, but common eastward in the valleys in moist
places ranging north to W ash.ngton Territory and east to New Mexico, the Saskatchewan, and on
the Atlantic coast ; also in Europe and Northern Asia.

9. R. obtusifolius, Linn. Perennial, more or less scabrous : stems erect tall
and rather slender: leaves ovate-oblong to oblong lanceolate, acute or the lower
obtuse, cordate or truncate at base, G inches to a foot long or more, on slender peti-
oles : flowers in numerous loose whorls, on long pedicels jointed below the middle •
valves ovate-deltoid, 2 or 3 lines long, with 1 to 3 setaceous teeth on each side,
usually a single valve grain-bearing.

A European an<l Asiatic species, sparingly introduced ; Alameda County, A'cllogg.

10. R. pulcher, Linn. Perennial, erect, with divaricate leafy branches becom-
ing rigid : leaves .scabrous beneath, oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the
lower cordate or obtuse at base : flowers in numerous verticils, on short stout and
rigid pedicels : valves ovate, 2 or 3 lines long, with 4 to G rigidly awned teeth on
each side.

A species of the Mediterranean region, sparingly introduced.

20 POLYGONACEJi:. Rumex.

§2. Flowers d'neclous or j)oli/fjaviom, small: valoes not grain4>earlng : leaves
often hastate, sparinr/ji/ veined. Glabrous 2'(^rennials. — §§ Acetosa and
AcETOSELLA, Mt'isiier.

* Valves enlarged in fruit : j>edicels filiform, jointed at base: roots thickened:

leaves not hastate nor very acid.

11. R. paucifolius, Nutt. Stems erect and slender, a foot or two high or
more, sparingly leaiy : leaves narrowly to linear-lanceolate, or the lowest broader, 2
to 4 inches long, acute or acutish, attenuate to a slender petiole : bmnches of the
naked panicle slender, erect : Howers reddish, in loose fascicles, half a line long or
less, fruiting sparingly : valves cordate-ovate, entire, nearly 2 lines long, twice longer
than the akene. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 314. R. Engelmanni, var. (1) Geijtri,
Aleisner, DC. Prodr. xiv. 64.

In the Sien-a Nevada (near Lake Teiiayo, Brewer) ajul northward to Washington Territory,
ranging east to Montana and Utah.

* * Valves not enlarged nor exceeding the small akene: pedicels very short,
jointed at the top : roots slender, running : leaves iisuallg hastate, very acid.

12. R. Acetosella, Linn. Very slender, G to 18 inches high: leaves ohlong-
to linear-lanc(;olatc or oltlaiiceolate, an inch or two long, usually hastate, the narrow
lobes often toothed at base ; petioles slender : panicle narrow, naked, becoming red-
dish : flowers very small, in loose fascicles : fruit triangular-ovate, two thirds of a
line long or less, exceeding the pedicels.

A very widely spread weed from Europe, the common " sorrel " of fields and gardens, spread-
ing rapidly in light soils hy its slender running rootstocks.

3. POLYGONUM, Linn. Knotweed.

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 5 or G (rarely 4) nearly distinct often petal-like
sepals, nearly equal and mostly not enlarging in fruit, erect and appressed upon the
3-angled or lenticular akene. Stamens 4 to 9. Styles 2 or 3, distinct or connate,
often very short : stigmas capitate. Embryo lateral, curved, half immersed at one
angle of the usually horny albumen; cotyledons usually narrow. — Annual or per-
ennial leafy herbs, rarely woody at base ; sheaths naked, ciliate, or foliaceous-mar-
gined ; flowers small, in axillary, spicate, or racemose fascicles.

A genus of 200 species, distributed over the globe, of little or no value, a few very widely nat-
uralized as wee.is. Tlie juice of some species is very pmigcnt or acrid, never acid ; roots ol'ten
astringent.

§ 1. Flower.^ in axillary fascicles or silicate, irifh foliaceous bracts: leaves and
bracts jointed v^ion a, very short petiole itdnate to the naked '2,-lubcd or
lacerate sheath, obsawely jnnnate-veined or veinlcis : perianth r)--()-
jmrted, usually more or h'ss herbaceous: stamens 3 to 8, the 3 inner fila-
ments broad at base: styles 3 : akene triangular. — Aviculauia, Meisn.
* Smooth perennials %oith chestnut-bro^on stems ivoody at base, the slender branches
leafy to the top: leaves thick; sheaths consjncuous : sepals colored, some-
what spreading even in fruit.
1. P. Paronychia, Cham. & Schlecht. Prostrate, branching, 1 to 3 feet long;
branches leafy or covered with old sheaths : sheaths large {h inch long or more),
brown and 5-nerved at base, flnely lacerate above, persistent : leaves linear-lanceo-
late, a half to an inch long, acute, the margin revolute : flowers densely crowded
at the ends of the branches in short more or less leafy spikes, rose-colored veined
with green or brown, 3 lines long, on very short jiedicels ; sepals oblong-obovate :

Polygonum. POLYGONACE.E. -i,

stamens 8 : styles as long as the ovary : akenc smooth ami shinin- 2 lines lonu or
,„ore. — Lmna'a, lu. 51 ; Meisner, ]JC. Prodr. xiv. 8!).

Siiing'ancf^nlli."' '""^'^' ^"•'' ''•"'" ^=^" ^■•'"'^^'^^° t° I'"««t So.uul, often i.. la,-go tufts.

2. P. Shastense, Jkewer. Prostrate or ascending, branc.hing, the woody
branches halt a toot long or less, nearly naked below: sheaths with an herbaceous
base, a line long and cjuallmg the joint, the 2-lobe(l and scario.is summit scarcely
acerate and usually deciduous by a regular tnmsverse division: leaves oblanceo-
Jate, 4 to G lines long, acute, often folded, margin not revolute : flowers 1 to 3 in
each of the lower axils of the leafy branches, rose-colored with a darker midvein or
nearly white, 1^ to 2.^ lines long, attenuate to a slightly exserted naked pediJel •
sepals round-obovate : stamens 8 : styles much shorter tiian tlie ovarv, persistent •
akcne smootii and shining, 2^ lines long. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 400-
Watson, Am. Naturalist, vii. 0G4.

In the Sien-a Nevada, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from Silver Mountdn to Mt Shasta
■fircr, lorrn/, Lcmmon. Ancjust and September. '

Bn

3. P. Bolanderi, Ihcwer. Stems numerous, erect from a woody base, G to 15
inclies high, slender, simple with short very leafy erect branchlets towards the top :
sheaths with an herbaceous base (a line long or less, niany times shorter than the
node), scarious and finely lacerate above, persistent : leaves narrowly linear to sub-
ulate, acute or cuspidate, 2 or 3 lines long, not revolute : flowers solitary in the
axils on the branchlets, involucrate with a slieath-like scarious bract on the joint of
the short pedicel, light rose-color, 1^ lines long; sepals oblong-ovate, slightly spread-
ing : stamens 8 or 9 : styles half as long as the ovary. — Gray, 1. c. ; Watson, 1. c.

Oil dry roeky liillsides oast of Napa Valley [Brnccr, IMamicr) and in the "Valley of the Sac-
ramento," Pickering. Kemarkable lor the lloral sheath.s.

* * Annuals, with striate stems : flowers In the nxlls of leaves or hi loose vlr-
gate sjukes ; sej}als herbaceous or colored onli/ on the marr/ln, close-appressed
to the akene.

•»- Branches leafy to the summit : sheaths shoH and mostly scarious, at length

lacerate.

4. P, erectum, Linn. Eather stout, erect or ascending, branching from the
base, a foot or two high or more, glabrous, usually tinged with yellow, the branches
very leafy throughout : leaves oblong or oval, i to 2 1 inches long, obtuse or acut-
ish : flowers mostly l^ lines long, usually somewhat drooping ujion the more or less
exserted pedicel, often yellowisli : sepals and stamens 5, rarely 6 : akene very
broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1 or 2 lines long, dull and granular to nearly smooth
and shining. — Watson, 1. c.

A vciy common ca.stern species, collected in Nevada ( Watson) and Oregon, and doubtless to be
found in California, at least as an introduced weed.

5. P. aviculare, Linn. A similar species, mostly prosti-ato with slender elon-
gated branches, bluish-green : leaves narrower, oblong to Lmceolate, acute or acut-
isli : flowers smaller, usually leas than a lino long, tinged with white or ro.se-color,
on included pedicels : akene broadly ovate, a lino long or less, dull and minutely
granular.

A European species very widely naturalized, growing about yards and roadsides ; apparently
not yet common in California.

6. P, minimum, Watson. Very low and slender, ascending, rarely 6 inches
liigh, usually more or less scabrous-puberulent : stems nearly terete, reddish : leaves
ovate to oblong, sometimes all narrowly lanceolate, half an inch long or less, acute
or apiculate : flowers in all the axils, usually small, a line long or less^ erect on

■J9 POLYGONACE.E. Polygonum.

slender exserted pedicels, often tinged with rose-color : stamens 5 to 8 : akene
smooth and sliining, exceeding the sepals. — Lot. Kuig Exp. 3 Id. P. Torreyi,
Watson, Am. Natnralist, vii. 604.

In the mountains of Northern Calitbniia and Oregon, and eastward in tlic Wahsatch and
Uintas {Watson) ; in the Sierra Nevada IVo.n the Yoseniite ^'alley northward {lorroj, Lcmuion) ;
on Mount St. Helena and Scott Mountains, Orciiie.

•t- •»- Branches shmder and v'mjate, am/led, ternilnatlng in more or less open
spikes, the narrow leaves duniniahiny upward and becoming/ hract-like.

7. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Erect or ascending, nsually 2 to 4 feet high,
often bnuu'hiiig only above, glahrons, the whole plant yelhtwish : wheatlis jtu.sc aii.l
scarions, beconung lacerate to the base : leaves lanceulate to linear, 1 to 2i inches
long, acnte, attenuate to a slender base : lh)wers an.l fnut ns m P. erediim, 1 or 2
lines long, erect, the sepals more freq\iently G, stamens 3 to G, and akene usually
smooth a'iid shining. — I^Ieisner, DC. Prodr. xiv. 97.

In the lower Siena Nevada, ranging northward to the Colunihia and across the continent, more
common east of the mountains.

8. P. tenue, Michx. Erect and slender, h to U feet high, glabrous and some-
what glaucous, 'sumetimes slightly scabrous at the nodes : sheaths with a close some-
what herbaceous base, sparingly scarious and lacerate above : leaves linear to lan-
ceolate, an inch or two long, acute at each end and often cusi)idatc, obscurely
3-nerved, usually nuich reduced above : lluwers often solitary and usually distant,
soon retlexed, 1 to 1 .^ or 2 lines long, the sepals margined with white or rose-color :
stamens 8 : styles a third as long as the ovary : akene ovate, black and shining. —
Meisner, 1. c. lOO ; Watson, 1. c.

In the Cuyamaea Mountains {Palmer) and Sierra County {Lcmimn) ; very common eastward,
from British Colunihia to i\rizona, and across the continent. A hroader leaved torm occurs, often
low (var. lalifoliam, Engelni.), and also a low slender variety with muuite flowers and fnut (var.
■)nkrosj)cnnuin, Engihii. ).

9. P. coarctatum. Dougl. Resembling the last in habit, but scabrous-pubeni-
lent and the stilus ol'tcn brown : sheaths with a short mostly scarious base and a
more conspicuous lacerate summit: leaves linear, 1 -nerved, acute: llowers more
crowded ami usually erect, the perianth more colored, rose-color or white : styles as
long as the ovary. — :Meisner, 1. c. 101 ; Watson, 1. c. BGf).

Near Borax Lake {Torrey) and Donner Lake {Lcnimou), and northward to the British
boundary.

* * * Annuals, low and slender : flowers in short dense spikes, with imbricated
bracts: sepals colored, appressed: leaves linear.

10. P. imbricatum, Nutt. Stems 1 to 8 inches high, smooth or slightly sca-
brous at the nodes, somewhat angled, often ditlusely branched : sheaths rather large,
2-parted or lacerate above the short scarious base : leaves a half to an incli oug,
acute, l-nerved : bracts loosely imbricate.l, linear or oblong, acute, 2 to 4 lines long,
with sometimes a narrow scarious margin : Howers nearly sessile, a line long or less,
rose-colored or white : stamens 3 or 5 : styles a third as long as the ovary : akene
three fourths of a line long, minutely tuberculate-striate or smoothish. — W atson,
1. c. 665.

Frequent in the mountains, alpine an.l sub-alpine, from Donner Lake {Torren) to the Columbia
l^iver, and eastward to Colorado. It has usually been referred to P. coarctatum.

11. P. polygaloides, ISfeisner, 1. c. Spikes closer, the closely imbricated bracts
oblong to nearly orbicular, with broad scarious margins, mostly obtuse : stamens 8 :
styles as long as the ovary. — Watson, 1. c.

Oregon and Central Idaho, collected by Spalding, Pickcrimj, and IIowcll, probably to be found
in Northern California.

I'objijonum. rOLYGOXACEyE.

i-O

§ 2. Flowers splcate, Manj and ses.ile in the axils offoUacoons bracts ■ leaves
<^fj'-acts notjouUcU at base, striately S-nero^l ; stipules /briate or
2-lobcd: penanth colored, ^-parted, at Icn.jtk appressed to the tria\undar
akeae: stamens^- cnncr filaments scarcely didLd : stylelV^^Sn
Svt'wLsoT "■"' '''"'"'"'^ annualsUoith narroi riyu/ !:::^::t

1 2. P. CaUfornicum, Meisner. Stems 3 to G inches Inyl,, striate and l.rownish
glabrous or nuuutey scabrous : leaves Hnear to filifor.n, gV 15 lu o To ' !

c ate : spikes very s ender, elongated, the bracts subulate,! or 2 linos lon'^^th,^ es
sheatlung deeply lacerato-fringed, a line long, nearly 'equalling th ro.^ co o ed
Mowers: akene nanouly lanceo ate, slightly exsertcd ; styles slightly dive^'t _
DC. Irodr. x.v. lOU ; Watson, 1. c., the fruit described from iminatu.e specimens

o..^'y SMS;'iS;;e;;t'"''lvI'' l7r''^ i" *'"^ f '^'•'^;^eva.la)to tl.e Columbia Hiver (A'.^/.//),
U.y sou, latlici lie.iue.it. Iwo a.l.iitional n.embeis of this .sectiou are described ou page 479

§ 3. Flowers fascicled, in usually dense spikes, with small scarious bracts • leavers
not jointed on the petwle, jrinnafcly many-veined: sheaths cflindrical and
truncate, scarajus, entire, naked or ciliatc-frin.jcd or man/i'ncd: perianth
colored, o-paned, appressed to the lenticular or t riany alar akene : stamens
4 <o » ; filaments filiform : stiymas 2 or o. — Persicaria, Linn.
* Sheaths and bracts not ciliate nor frinyed : sepals not punctate : style 2-cleft
and akene flattened or lenticular.
U P nodosum, Persoon. Annual, often stout, 1 to 4 feet hi-di, branching
mostly glabrous, often sparingly and minutely glandular on the i)eduncles : leaves
ratluu- narrowly lanceolate, attoTiuatc upward from near the base and acuminate
omioato at base and shortly pet i.. led, somewhat scabrous with short prickly haii-s on
the midrib and margins : spikes axillary and terminal, oblong and erect or often
inear and nodding, an inch long or more : flowers white or light rose-color a line
..ng or nearly so : stamens 6, and styles 2, included : akene ovate, less than a line
broad. — Meisner, 1. c. 118.

in O.oTnU'J'm ' S="'Jo«<:VnlIey and Santa Qvn?. {Bracer) and Alanieda County {Kellogq), also
n ).egon(//,,Oand New Me.xico (/.W/cr)-a form apparently identical with that of Euro,.e
Tit^aium'uX "'"'''' ""'""■''^^'^ sj'ikesand larger leaves, perhaps running into

P. PFNNSYi.VANictTM I inn A similar species, but the branches above and esj-ecinlly the pc-
d ncles beset with stii.i ate glan.ls : flowers larger and bright rose-color, in short erect spikes,
otten on exserted pedicels : stamens usually 8 : style bifi.l, exserted : akene nearlv orbicular, over
a line broad — Common in the Atlantic States and west to Colomdo and ^omv^ (Thurbcr), and
to be expected in Calilornia, at least as an introduced weed.

14 P. amphibium, Linn. Perennial, aquatic, stout and glabrous or nearly so
not branching above the rooting ])ase : leaves iloating, thick, smooth and shining
above, usually loug-petioled, elliptical to oblong or sometimes lanceolate, acutish or
acute, cuneate or cordate at base, 2 to 5 inches long : sheaths leaf-bearing at about
the iukUUo : spike terminal, dense, ovate or oblong, a half to an inch long, on a
usually short peduncle : ilowers bright rose-color, U to 3 lines long, the 5 stamens
and 2-cleft style exserted: akene lenticular, smooth. — Meisner, 1. c. 115.

Perhaps not found west of the Siena Nevada, but common in fresh waters about Mono Lake
and Lake lahoe, ranging northward to British Columbia, eastward across the continent, and to
Mexico ; 111 the Old World from W. Kuiopc to China. In shallow water or on mu(hly banks the
stems become erect, tiie p.^tiidcs shorter, and the whole plant more strigose pubescent

15, P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. I^erennial. in muddy or dry i)laces, scabrous
with short appressed or glandular hairs, especially upon the leaves and upper part
of the simple stem : leaves thinner, rather broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate,
usually rounde<l or cordate at base, 4 to 7 inches long : spikes more elongated, 1 to

2^ rOLYGUNACE.K. Pulijyunum.

3 inclies long, often in pairs : flowers and fruit nearly as in tlie last. — P. ani])hibhan,
var. terrestir, (iray, JMamuil, 41G, and others; not of Willdenow. P. amphibium,
var. (I) Muhkubtn/ii, Meisner, 1. c. IIG.

In Washington Tcriiloiy and Oregon, and collectt'd in Culifoiiiiii (Bluomcr) but locality not
given— extending eastward to the Atlantic Coast and Texas.

* * Sheaths and brads bi'istli/ cUlate or the sheaths sometimes foUaceouslij

marijlned.

-I- Sepals not jjunetate : style 2-eleft, and alcene somewhat flattened.

10. P. Hartwrightii, Oray. Perennial, closely allied to the two preceding spe-
cies, growing u.siiaily in nnid, the ascending stems rooting at base and very leafy :
dilfering from the form of P. ambiginim, growing in like localities, by being more or
less rough-liairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts, the former ciliate and often with
abruptly spreading foliaceous bonlers ; leaves rather narrow, 2 to 7 inches long, on
very short petioles, adnate to the middle of the sheath. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 294.

Plumas Co. (i//-s. M. E. P. Ames); Utah {JFatson, Ward); and eastward through the North-
ern States. It varies greatly in hirsuteness and in the characters of the sheath, and when grow-
ing in water the lower leaves are thick, smooth, and floating, a|)proaching P. amphibium too
closely.

P. Peusicaria, Linn. Resembling P. nodosum, but sheaths and bracts ciliate ; leaves usually
marked by a dark spot near the middle ; sjjikes short, erect ; liowers .shortly jiedicelled ; style
'2-3-cleft, and akene sometimes triangular. —A very common species in the Atlantic States, in-
troduced from Europe ; rejjorted from Califoi-nia only in Bot. Beecluy.

^ H_ Sepals conspkuouslif dotted and leaves 2^anctate: sti/le mostly 3-parted, and
akene trianyular : juice very aerld.

17. P. acre, IIPK. Perennial, rooting and decuml)ent at base, 2 to 5 feet high,
branching, sniootli or somewhat scabrous with short apprcssed hairs : leaves lanceo-
late to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate to a very short petiole : sheaths and
the short bracts bristly ciliate : spikes loose and Jiliform, 1 to 3 inches long, erect
on long peduncles : liowers greenish white or purplish, a line long : stamens 8. —
l^ov. Gen. ii. 17'J ; Gi-ay, Manual, 41G.

Common in the Atlantic States and ranging to Mexico ami South America ; collected in the
San Jose Valley (Prciccr), but perhaps introduced.

P. HvDiioi'iPKi;, Linn., is an allied amuial species, with shorter acute or often obtuse leaves
and more nodding .sj.ikes ; .stamens 6 ; style more freipiently 2-i)arted, and akene conse<iuently
often compressed. —A Euro])ean si)ecies which also ranges across this continent northward ; found
in Washington Territory and perhnps in Northern California.

§ 4. Glabrous alpine or subalplne herbaceous 2'ercnnlals, with thick creeping root-
stocks and slmjde stems: Jlowers In dense splke-llke racemes ; ]>frl(infh
colored, deeply i)-clcft, at length appressed to the triangular akene: stamens
f^,V'lfh filiform filaments: styles :\, long: leaves plnnately veined j petioles
not jointed : sheaths oblajnely truncate, naked, as well as the scarlous ovate
or lanceolate bracts. — Bistorta, Linn.
18. P. Bistorta, Linn. Stems usually a foot or two high : leaves few, the
radical ones on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute at each end, 2 to 8
inches long, the cauline much reduced, mostly obtuse at base and ses.sile ui)on the
sheath; the margin often slightly revolute : sheaths elongated: flowers 1^ to 2^
lines long, rose-colored to white, on slender i>edicels, in very dense ovate to oblong
spikes h to 1.', inches long and usually long-pcnlunculate : bracts ovate, acuminate:
stamens and styles exserted : akene li lines long, smooth and shining. — Meisner,
DC. Prodr. xiv. 125.

Throughout the northern hemisiihere ; fre(iuent in meadows and on stream-banks in the Sierra
Nevada at 6-10,000 feet altitude.

Pohjijonum. rOLYGONACE.E. jf^

19. P. viviparum, Linn. A similar species, but mostly dwarf and more ex-
clusively alpino : llowers smaller, nearly sessile in linear spikes 1 to 3 inches long,
at least the lower ones replaced by sessile bulblets a line long. — Meisner, 1. c. 124.

As widely distributed as the last; in the Clover Mountains, Nevada {WaLion), fietiuent on the
peaks of Utah and Colorado, and doubtless to be found in tlie Sierra Nevada, though it seems not
to have been collected south of the Cascade Mountains in Washington Territory, Lyall.

§ 5. Herbaceous hranch'uKj j)erenninls with runnUuj rootstorhs : floiccrs in terminal
and axillitrij racemose 2)anirles or cijmelets ; 2^f^t'i<"ifh colored, 5-parted,
attenuate at base, at h'nijfh looseli/ aji/tressed to the triamjnlar ahene :
stamens ?> ; Jilanients Jil'tform: sfi/les 3, s/iort : leanes pinnately veined;
petioles not jointed : sheaths naked, entire or bijid ; bracts S7nall. —
AcoNOGONON, ]\Ieisner.

20. P. polymorphum, Ledeb. Stout, erect, 2 to 7 feet high, glabrous or nearly
so : leaves ovate- to oblcjiig-lanceolato, acuminate, cuneate or sometimes rounded at
base, decurrcnt the whole length of the short petiole, 3 to 7 inches long, usually
scabrous on the margin : panich^s loose, many-ilowered, nearly naked, longer than
the Itjaves : llowers gn^enish white, a lino or two long, exceeding tho pedicels :
akene equalling or longer than the scarcely appressed sepals. — Meisner, 1. c. 13U ;
Watson, Bot. King E.xp. 317.

In the Sierra Nevada, in moist places, from the Yoscmite Valley northward to Alaska; East
Humboldt Mountains, Nevada ( U'nlson), a wholly smooth form with narrower leaves. Tlie species
varies greatly, and several varieties occur in Europe and Northern Asia.

21. P. Davisice, Brewer. Erect or somewhat decumbent, a foot high or more,
stout and leafy throughout, much branched, often flexuous, pubescent with short
spreading hairs or somewhat glabrous : leaves scabrous-ciliate, ovate to oblong, I or
2 inches long, acute or obtuse, cuneate or rounded at base and mostly sessile :
llowers few, yellowish or purplish green, in small axillary and terminal cymose
clusters or panicles much shorter than the leaves : perianth 1^ to 2 lines long, with
a very narrow base : pedicels very short : akene exserted. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
viii. 399.

In the Sierra Nevada, on dry slopes, from A]i)ine County {Brewer) to Oregon ;. first collected
by Miss N. J. Davis.

§ G. Herbaceous anmials or 2)crenniah, xvith fibrous roots, mostly twining or climb-
ing, and with cordate or sagittate leaves: flowers in loose 2)anicles or
racemes or in terminal or axillary clusters ; ]>erianth green with colored
margins, 5- (^rarely 4-) /mrted, enlarging or heeled in fruit : starnens mostly
8 : styles or stigmas 3. — Tiniaria, Meisner.

P. nuMETORUM, Linn., var. rcandf.ns, Gray. A smooth perennial, twining high over bushes,
with cordate or slightly halbert-shaped acute leaves, and flowers in slender axillary sparinglv
leafy racemes : perianth becoming 4 or 5 lines long in fruit, long-attenuate to the slender reflexeil
pedicel, the outej sepals strongly winged upon the keel : akene acutelv triangular, 2 lines long.
— From the Atlantic States to the Upper Missouri and Wasliington Territory {Lyall), may reach
Northern California.

P. Convolvulus, liinn. A low annual, twining or procumbent, minutely scabrous ; leaves
halbert-cordate, acuminate : flowers few, in axillary fascicles or small interrupted racemes, on
very short pedicels: perianth in fruit U or 2 lines long, equalling the akene, the outer sepals
sharply keeled. — An introduced weed from Europe, to be expected in California.

4. NEMACAULIS, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, each with a free herbaceous bractlet. Perianth G-clcft, colored,
enclosing the akene. Stamens 3, Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Akene short-ovoid,
ob.scurely 3-angled. I^adicle lateral, accumbent upon and longer than the strongly

IG

P(JLY(jiONACK.E. Xemaccntlis.

incurved orbicular cotyleiluiiri. — A slemler annual, witli spatulate wliite-woolly
mostly radical leavt-s and no stipules, stems sparingly and divaricately branched,
and very small flowi'rs in crowded sessile subglobose clusters in the axils and along
the naked branches.

1. N. Nuttallii, Benth. Stems prostrate or ascending, a half to a foot long,
glabrate, reddisli : leaves narrowly spatulate, an inch or two long, including the
petiole, densely woolly on both sides, radical with usually a few small ones in the
axils of the short oblong herbaceous verticillate bracts which subtentl the branches :
bractlets of the ilower-clusters obovate to spatulate, a line long or less, the outer
without llowers, the inner smaller, glabrous outside, very woolly within : flowers
yellowish, less than a half line long and slightly exceeding thj? bractlets, shortly
pedicellate, glabrous ; inner segments broadest : akeno a third of a line long. —
DC. Prodr. xiv. :i;i ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 146. ^\ Jenudaia & jUiosa,
Kutt. in Journ. Acad. Philad. 2 ser. i. 168.

On the sandy heacli near San Diego, Nutlnll, Cooper, Clcvrhmd.

5. ERIOGONUM, Mid.x.

Plowers perfect, involucrate ; involucre campanulate, turbinate or oblong, 4-8-
toothedor lobed, without awns, usually numy-ilowered (rarely 1 -few-flowered); the
more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with scarious narrow or setaceous bracts or
bractlets. Perianth 6-parted or deejjly 6-cleft, colored, enclosing the akene. Sta-
mens 9, upon the base of the perianth. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Akene triangular
(rarely lenticular), sometimes 3-winged. Embryo straight and axile, or (in all Califor-
nian species) more or less excentric anil incurved ; cotyledons foliaceous, mostly
shorter than the radii-le. — Annuals and herbaceous or somewhat woody perennials,
with radical or alternate or verticillate entire leaves, without stipules; varying
greatly in habit of growth, but rea<lily distinguisha])le from other genera. The 99
species are confined exclusively (excepting two in the Southern Atlantic States and
two Mexican ones) to the region between the T^lississippi Pdver and the Pacific
Ocean. —Torr. & Gray, Pvevis. Eriog. in Proc, Am. Acad. viii. 146. Watson, Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 254.

* Invohieres nerveless, 4-8-lobed or -tootlie.l : bracts foliaceous, 2 to 5 or more, not regularly

ternate.

Perennials : pediniclc naked, or verticillate-bracteate in the iniddlc
(in nos. 2, 'i k 13), bearing a sinijile or compound umbel or
head or a solitary involucre : base of flower stiiie-like.
Involucres deejily lobed ; lolxis becoming rellexed.

Flowers ]>ul)escent : involucres mostly solitary : low, ccsintose,
with leaves tomentose both sides.
Dwarf, densely matted : leaves ovate- to oblong-spatulate. 1. K cjespitosum.

Larger, more ditluse : peduncles (3 or 4 inches high) with a

° whorl of leaves in the middle. 2. L. Douglasii.

Similar, but leaves linear-spatulate, often revolute : often

with 2- 4-rave<l umbel, lateral rays bra.teate. 3. E. SPH^UOCEPIIALUM.

Flowers glabrous : umbel simple or compound : ditfusely branched
at base • leaves glabrate above, oblanceolate or si)atulate.
Tomentose : umbel simple, of 3 to 10 naked rays. 4. E. umukli^atum.

Glabrous: umbel few-rayed, the lateral rays bractcd mthe

middle and often divided. •'''• >- loiinKVANUM.

Tomentose : rays 2 to 4, usually and often repeatedly cymose-
divided ; nodes all biacteate.

6. E. STKU.ATIIM.

Kriogonum.

POLYGONACE/E.

17

Flowers glabrous : umbels usually coinjiouiid ; peduncles from a
thick short caudex : leaves round to oblong.
Leaves oblong-ovate and cordate : peduncle stout, tall : umbel

compound, of 6 to 10 elongated rays. 7. E. compositum.

Leaves oval or rounded : peduncle decumbent : rays few, usu-
ally very short and undivided. 8. E. Lobbii.
Involucres with short erect teeth.

Flowers villous : dwarf, with a short thick caude.x : umbel sim-
ple of 1 to 4 short rays : leaves glabrous. 9. E. pyrol^kolium.
Flowers glabrous : dilluscly branched at base.

Umbel compound, villous-tomentose : bracts consi)icuous. 10. E. vrsinum.

Umbel simple, tomentose, 5 - 8-rayed, often subcapitate :
bracts and leaves small.

Somewliat cespito.sc : leaves oblanceolate, shortly petiolcd.
More dilfuse : leaves ovate or oblong.

11. E. INCANUM.

12. E. MAUIFOLIUM.

Involucre solitary on a leafy-bracteate peduncle. 13. E. Kelloogii.

Slender annuals : involucres une(iually 4-cleft, i)edicellate, in diffuse
di- or trichotomous cymes or panicles : flower not attenuate at
base.
Leaves and bracts lincar-oblanceolate, hirsute : involucres 1-2-

flowercil : Howers nearly glabrous. 14. E. sl'EUfiULINUM.

Ikaets oblong, hispid: involu<:res 3 - Tt-flowered ; flowers very

hirsute. l,*). E. iiirtiflorum.

♦ ♦ Involucres nerveless, with 5 rounded erect teeth, pedicellate, in diffiise di- or trichotomous

cymose umbels or panicles : hnvis ternate, mostly small, triangular and ri"id : flower not
with stipe-like base. Annuals, juostly glabrous above, with radical rounded leaves.
Leaves all radical, or nearly so.

Flowers glabrous ; outer segments broad and .subcordatc, the inner
much smaller: pedicels very short, deflexed : leaves tomen-
tose.
Procumbent, glandular, rather rigid.
More erect, glabrous aljove the leaves.
Flowers glabrous ; outer .segments oblong or broader above, the
inner narrower : jjcdicels longer: leaves tomentose.
Pedicels deflexed : outer segments scarcely broader above.
Sjiaringly branched, low : pedicels minutely glandular : in-
volucres campanulate.
More diffuse, taller : pedicels glabrous : involucres narrowly

turbinate : leaves obtuse.
Involucres turbinate-cam[ianulate : leaves acute : flowers more

attenuate at base ; outer segiuents broader above. 20. E. CERNUUM.

Pedicels erect or spreading : outer segments much broader and
roundeil alwve.
Flowers mostly minutely glandular-hispid, longer than the invo-
lucre ; outer segments mostly ovate : pedicels long and fili-
form.
Leaves fioccose-tomentose : stem not inflated.

Greenish bracts and hemispherical involucres minutely glan-
dular : leaves rounded : akene thick-lenticular. 22. E. pusillum.
Bracts ciliate : involucres smooth, turbinate-campanulate :

leaves reniform or cordate.
Bracts glabrous, minute : involucres glabrous : leaves rounded-
ovate : outer segments of perianth often becoming much
dilated at base.
Leaves villous-itubescent : stem sometimes inflated.

Diffusely much-branched, very slender; stem rarely inflated :

involucres minute : flowere ^ line long.
Less branched and internodes more elongated ; stem usually
inflated : flower and akene a line long.
Leaves commonly at the nodes, in the axils of the bracts.

Tomentose: branches 4- 6-angled : uj)per leaves lanceolate : invo-
lucres hemispherical.

♦ ♦ * Involucres 5-6-nerved, with as many short erect teeth, sessile (rarely pedicellate) and
erect : bracts ternate, short and rigid, sometimes foliaceous : flowere not with stipe-like base :
more or less white-tomentbse.

If). E. RRACIIYPODUM.
17. E. UEFLEXUM.

18. E. NUTANS.

19. E. Watsoni.

21. E. Thurbeki.

23. E. RENIFORME.

24. E. TiioMASii.

25. E. TRICHOPODUM.

26. E. INFLATUM.

E. ANGULOSUM.

18

ruLYGONACEJ':.

ErioijOHuin.

Se<^meut3 of perianth very uueiiual, the outer broad and subcordate :
° cespitose perennials : inHorescence capitate or cyniose-iini-
bellate. , i v* i

Dsusely eesi)itose : leaves round or oblong : head solitary, rarely
cyniose. ,

Caudex more difTuse : leaves oblanceolate, acute : umbel J-rayed,
sparingly divided.
Segments sindlar, nearly eiiual, narrow at base.

Perennials with short-branched caudex and naked peduncles:
bracts small : heads or fascicles solitary, or lew in a long-

29.

E. OVALIFOLIUM.
E. DICHOTOMUM.

Dw

jointed cymose panicle (involucres sometimes solitary),
arf, densely cespitose : head solitary : leaves small. In

oblon.

Peduncles mostly tall and stout : caudex less branched.

Heads large and dense, 1 or few : pednncle vciy stout, not

listulous ; tomentose. •
Heads smaller, more numerous : leaves at least tomentose :

])eduncles n)ore slender, tistulons.
Leaves large, villous : peduncles tall, fistulous, smooth.
Woody branched perennials : stems very leafy : leaves tascicled
and bracts mostly foliaceous : heads more or less closely
cymose-unibellate. , ^ i .*

Flowers villous : leaves round to oblong, obtuse : bracts short :

heads few and o\iv\\.
Flowers glabro\is : leaves ovate to oblong, acute : bracts con-
spicuous : heads few, close.
Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute: umbel short and cymose,
often much contracted or capitiite. ,. • i i

Involucres solitary (terminal and alar) in a repeatedly divided
corymb-like cyme : bracts mostly small : leaves not fascicled.
Perennial and woody. , ^ x v .,^

Low and ditfuse, slender : leaves oblanceolate to linear : um-
bel short. , , ,
Stouter, more rigid, densely tomentose : leaves larger and
broader: umbel broadly cymose.
Annual : leaves mostly rosulate at base. •,in,v„a
Floccose-woolly throughout: leaves oblanceolate: m\olucies

2 lines long. ,, . , v

Glabrous above : leaves rounded, small : involucres a line

long : flowers minute.
Hirsute : leaves rounded : involucres glandular.
Involucres solitary along the often virgate branches of a naked
dichotomous panicle : bra(;ts mostly small.
White-tomentose perennials : panicle sparingly branched, usually
virgate : involucre toniento.se, teeth not margineil.
Much branched at base : leaves ol^lanceolate, acute, olten las-

cieled : bracts .small, triangular. , , , ,

Sparingly Inanched at base : leaves rounded : bracts laigei,

subfoliaceous : branches .short. .

Sparingly branched : leaves lanceolate to ovate : involiUTes
larger (3 lines long), distant on the few elongated
branches. . . , , 1 1 *

Woody perennials : panicle diffuse with short rigid braiichlets :
involucres short, teeth more or less margined.
Glabrate above, divaricately branched, the branchlets sub-
spinescent : involucres few, distant, camiuunilate.
,tn«P tnllpr ■ branchlets verv short-jointed : involucrei

30.

E.

Kennedy I.

31.

E.

LATIKOLIU.M

32.

E.

NUDUM.

33.

E.

ELATUM.

34. E. CINEREUM.

35. E. PAUVIFOLUIM.

36. E. FASCICULATUM.

37. E. MICROTHECUM.

38. E. CORY.MBOSU.M.

39. E. TKUNCATUM.

42.

E. MoiIAVENSE.

E. Le.m.moni.

E. Wriohtii.

E. SAX ATI I.E.

44. E. ELONGATU.M.

Tomentose, taller: branchlets very
narrowly turbinate.
Annuals : leaves rosulate at base. .

Tomentose throughout : branches virgate, few : involucres
narrow, 2 lines long.
Leaves oblanceolate : branches elongated : flowers glabrous.
Leaves rounded : more diffuse : flowers villous.
More slender and diffuse : involucres smaller.

Leaves rounded : rather diffuse, often glabrous : involucres
narrow, H lines long.

45. E. Heeumanni.

46. E. Palmeki.

E. viroatum.

E. DASVANTHEMr.M.

49. E. vimineum.

^•^>-io<Jon,nn. rULYGONACE.E.

Leaves roumled: very diirus..]y mucli-brancl.ol, oftc. nla-

t^rous : involucres niuMloweis very small. ^ 50Env.irv,

Leaves oblauceolate: more erect and virgate, ton.entose : ''"•

"'^olucres short, turbinate : bracts more produced 51 Vmuuv
Leaves rounded: intricately much-branched, tmnenS • ^- «"•^^'"'•

involucres very small : llowers larger, the segments
broadly cuneatcretuse. 52. E. P,,u«atella.

§ 1. Involucres herbaceorts and nerveless, more or less broadly turbinate (mo^th,
2 lines lon,j or more), A-H-toothed or -lobed : bracts foliarrousindZ^^^^
m number (2 to 5 or more). Mostl, perennial - EvLooo^"';, wXu
* Involucres m a simple or compound umbel, sometimes single or capitate ■ veri
anth attenuate to a more or less narrow and stlpe-uL baslpeLZ,

1Zir:-'l "Vr' 'T --f"^ "■ ^^^fy-^racteatipedunclcs; I'^IZ^'
woolly, at least beneath ; Jilaments pubescent at base: ovar, usuallu so ml
f^J^^ry above. ~(U Umu.ll.xa, Uonth., & Vs^.o-viuZZZiZ.

■i- Involucres deeply lobetl, the lobes becominy rcjlexed.
- P<^^<inth villom or pubescent: involucre solitary, without bracts (rarehj urn-
Mhslde^ ^'' ''^'"'"■'' '"'''' yelbno Jlowers, and leaves tolnenZe

.HudM ;-uT^'^°f ""' n"^^- ^:T^ ""^ '^'''''^^ "^'-^tted, tl,e short woody caudex
ato, 2 to 0 liues long, dense ywJnte- woolly, rosulate : peduncles scano-1 ike naked
1 to 3 inches Ingh, slender: lohes of the involucre linear-oblong, as lon^ as the tur!
.mate tul,o : 1 owers yellow, often tinged with purple, U to 3 li ,os lon^. nc hd .
the sfpe-l.ke base ; obes oblong-oval. -dourn. Acad. l>hilad. vii. 50. t. 8 : 'l' t
cV Uray, Jiev. hriog. in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 1.57. v, u o , loir.

On mountain sides and in dry valleys from Northwestern Nevada to Wyoming Territory.
2. E. Douglasii Benth. Somewhat larger, stouter and more dilLe, the leaves
omet.mes an inch ong : peduncles 3 or 4 inches high, with a whorl of 4 to 6 ob
lanceolate leaves in the middle. —DC. Prodr. xiv. 9 ; Torn & Gray, 1. c

In Sierra Valley, Sierra County {Lcmmou); Blue Mountains, Oregon, Douglas.
J.B. sphcerocephalum, Dougl. Still more diffuse and Icafv-stemiued ; leaves
ually narrower and hnear-spatulate, less tomentose above an.l margins often revo-
hite : peduncles 2 to 4 inches long, with a central whorl of leaves and solitary in-
volucre or the whorl subtending a 2 - 4-nvye<l umbel with the lateral rays also
b acteate : flowers bright yellow or yellowish, 2 to 4 lines long including the slender
stipe. — Ijonth. 1. c. 8 ; lorr. & Gray, 1. c.

Northern California (rocky hills about Yreka, Greene) and Nevada to Washington Territory
E. TUYMOinES, Benth., is most neariy allied to this group, thougli with the short involucral
lobes apparently always erect : dwarf, densely branching and'woodv.^vith rcvolu e n ar lea'S
1 0 5 hncs long; pedunc es slender. 1 to 3 inches high, with a whori of sin.ilar lea^^s i the
mid.llo ; flowers densely long-villous, purplish, 2 or 3 lines long, with rather broad lobes -
Oregon (Union County, Ctcsick) an.I Washington Territory. PickerTnff, Lyall.

•H. -H. Perianth glabrous, with elongated base: pedunclrs from a more or le.<is dif-
fusely branched woody base: umbel simple or comjmund {involucre rarely
solitary in n. 4): leaves 7iot large, often glabrous or glabrate at least above.
4. R umbellatum, Torrey. More or less tomentose, at least the upper side of the
leaves glabrate : leaves obovate- to oblong-spatulate or ol)IanceoIate, an inch or two
long or often smaller, margins not revolute nor undulate : peduncles 3 to 12 inches
high or more, naked, bearing a simple umbel of 3 to 10 naked usually short rays
subtended by a whorl of leaves : lobes of the involucre usually shorter than the

20 PULVGONACE.E. Erhyonum.

turbinate tube : flowers yellow or yellowish, 2 or 3 lines long. — Ann. Lye. K Y.
ii. 241 & Sitgr, liep. t. 12; Uentli. 1. c. 11 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. IGO.

Vur. monocephalum, Torr. & (Jray, 1. c, A dwarf alpine or higli-uiountain
form, with tlie umbel reduced to a single ray, i. e. the naked or braeteate peduncle
bearing a solitary involucre: leaves small. — E. I'olmieainna, Hook. Fl. lior.-Am.
ii. 134; Benth. 1, c.

A conimoii species in tlie inount.iiiis of Noitliern Califoniia and Oregon, and eastward to tlie
Koeky .Mountains, at 0,000 to 10,000 leet altitmie.

5. E. Torreyanum, Gray. (Jlabrous throughout excepting the involucredobes ;
leaves obovate- to nijlmigspatulate, an incli or two long, rather thick : ))eduncles
stout, naked or rarely with a single leaf in tlu; niiildle, G to lU inches high, bearing
a few-rayed umbel ; lateral rays leafy-bracted in the middle and often divitled :
flowers large (3 or 4 lines long), yellow often tinged with purple : ovary glabrous. —
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 158.

In the Siena Nevada, from Silver Mountain northward, Torrcy, Kellogg, Lcminon, etc.

G. E. Btellatum, Uenth. More or less tomentose, the stems rather more diffuse
and leafy : leaves ovate-spatulate to oblanceolate : jjeduncle naked, 6 to 12 inches
high, bearing an umbel of 2 to 4 mostly elongated rays which are usually and often
repeatedly divided in a cyniose manner; the nodes and lateral rays all leafy-bracted :
flowers as in A', umhellatnm. — Linn. Trans, xvii. 401) ; Hook. Fl. lior.- Am. ii. 134,
t. 177. E. ellipticiim, Nutt. Pi. (laml)el. in Journ. Acad. Philad. n. ser. i. IGl.
E. jwlyanthnm, 15enth. in ])C. Prodr. xiv. 12; Torr. & (Jray, 1. c. 158.

Yar. bahiseforme. lidlorescence much branched ; leaves mostly small and often
densely tomentuse on both sides. — E. iinlyanlhnm, var. bahueforme, Torr. & (Jray,
1. c. 159.

In the mountains from Oregon to Southern Califoinia, cliiefly in tlie Sierra Nevada, more rarely
in Arizona and S. Utah {Anderson, Palmer, Wheeler) ; the variety near Fort Tejon {Hum, Jioth-
rock) and on j\It. San Carlos, Urctrcr. Distinguished lioni J-J. tunbcllaluin princijially by the
cliaracter of the inflorescence.

E. JiKitAOi.KoiiU'.s, Nutt. ; Torr. k Gray, 1. c. ]59. A similar s]ieeies, densely tomentose with
the upper side of the narrowly oblanceolate leaves somewhat glabrate, and the peduncle nearly
always with a whorl of leaves in the middle, the margin of all the leaves usually somewhat revo-
lute ornndulate; nmbel aliout (5- (1-11-) rayed, sometimes simple, usually with some or all of
the rays once or larely twice divided ; (lowers often smaller. — Fiom the eastern part of "Wash-
ington Teriitory to Nevada and Utah, and may leach Northeastern Califonda.

++++++ Perianth r/Iahrous : peduncles stout and naled, fi-oni a thick and short
sparbujh/ hra)iched cuudcj- : and>el usuallif compound: leaves larye, broadly
ovate or oblomj.

7. E. compositum, Dough ^lore or less white-tomentose : leaves very densely
tomentose b(!in;ath, greener above, obloiig-ovate, cordate at base, acute or acutish,
1 to 3 inches long, on slender elongated petioles : peduncle very stout and fistulous,
erect, \\,o \\ feet high, nearly glabrous : umbel of G to 10 more or less elongated
rays, each bearing a sliort several-rayed umbellet, subtended by whorls of linear-
oblanceolate leaflets : flowers dull white or rose colored, 2 to 4 lines long. — Benth.
1. c. 11; Tori\ ik Gray, 1. c. 159.

From Washington Teiritory to Idaho and Northern Californiii ; on volcanic rocks near Long
Valley, Mendocino County, Bolamler.

8. E. Lobbii, Torr. & Gray. Gespitose, the very thick cauilex scarcely branched,
tomentose: leaves oval or rounded, ^ to 1^ inches long on rather stnut petioles,
thick and densely tomentose or somewhat glabrate above : peduncles 3 to 8 inches
high, decumbent : umbel of a few (about 3)^tout and usually very short rays, sub-
tended by 3 or 4 oblong or oblanceidate leaflets connate at base, the rays sometimes
divided : involucres very large, nearly half an iiuh long : flowers rose-colored, 2 or

/■Jriououiim. POLYGUNACEyK. 21

3 lines long, more shortly stipitate at Inisc : akeno smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad,
viii. 1G2.

Alpine or subaliiiiie in the Sierra Nevada, from Silver Mountiin {Brewer) to Siski3'ou County,
Greene.

•i— -t- Involucre with short teeth, erect or nearly so: 2^e(Z«;io/es naked {except

in n. 13).

++ Fcrlantli villous: peduncles from a short and thick sparingly branched cau-
dex : umbel simple.

9. E. pyrolcefolium, Hook. Leaves thick, glabrous, round-obovate to oblong,

3 to 9 lines broad, mostly abruptly attenuate into a short petiole, broad and villous
at base : peduncles smooth, 2 or 3 inches high, bearing a 2-bracteate umbel of 1 to

4 very shortly pedicellate involucres, which are sinuately toothed and villous :
(lowers rose-colored, 1.^ to 2 lines long, lather sparingly hairy. — Kew Journ. Bot.
V. 395, t. 10; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 1G2.

Mount Sliasta (Jcfrcij) ami Lassen's Peak, in voleanie ashes, Lcmmon. A more toinentose
form with narrower ami densely toinentose leaves (var. cori/p/ucnm, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) was col-
lected by Lyall in the Cascade Mountains.

E. FIAVUM, Nutt. Tonientose throughout, with oblanceolate long-petioled leaves, and rather
slender peduncles 3 to 8 inches high : umbel simple, of 3 to i) rays an inch long or usually much
shorter, sometimes reduced to a head of (one to several) nearly sessile involucres : bracts 3 to 8,
oblanceolate : involucre large, repandly toothed often obscurely, becoming brown and somewhat
membranaceous: flowers yellow, very villous, 2 or 3 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 156.
/;. crasnifolinm, IJenth. in Honk. Fl. 15or.-Am. ii. 134, t. 176. A common species, ranging
from Washington Territory and Oregon to the Saskatchewan and Western Arkansas, and may be
found in Northern California.

++ ++ Perianth (jlabrous: pc/liniclcs from a. diffusely branched woody base.

= Umbel compound, villous-tomentose : bracts consjiicuous.

10. E. ursinum, Watson. Densely tomentose, the peduncle and umbel some-
what villous : leaves ovate, acute, 4 to 6 lines broad, cordate or cuneate at base,
exceeding the petiole, greener above : peduncles stout, G to 1 2 inches high : umbel
G- 12rayed, with elongated oblanceolate or linear bracts : involucres large and tur-
binate, sharply toothed : flowers pale, 1^ to 2| lines long : filaments very villous.—
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 347.

In the Northern Sierra Nevada ; Plumas County, apparently abundant, Lcmmon, Mrs. M. E.
P. Ames.

= = Umbel simple, tonientose, the central involucre sessile or all subcapitate :

bracts small.

11. E. incanum, Torr. <fe Gray. Somewhat cespitose and matted, tomentose:
leaves oblanc^eolate or oblong-spatidate, a half to an inch long, on short petioles :
peduncles slender, 2 to 8 inches high : umbel of 5 to 8 slender rays, subtended by
a few small linear bracts, the central involucre sessile, or the umbel reduced to
a small head: involucres small (U lines long), strongly toothed: flowers yellow,
often tinged with red, 1 to 3 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. IGl.

In the Siena Nevada, Mariposa and Tuolumne counties, at 8,000 to 11,000 feet altitude.

12. E. marifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Very slender, tomentose, the base dif-
fusely branched : leaves ovate to oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, densely tomentose both
sides or at length glabrous above : peduncle 2 to 12 inches high : umbel of 5 to 8

•reduced or sometimes much elongated ray.s, with short linear bracts: involucre a
line long : flowers yellow or yellowish, 1 to 2^ lines long, the smaller apparently
only staminate.

In the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa County to Mount Shasta, at 7,000 to 9,000 feet altitude ;
.ilso near Pyramid Lake, Nevada, Lemmon.

22 rOLYGONACE.-E. Erlogonnm.

==== = Peduncle leafij-hracteate hi the middle, heai'iixj a soUtdry involucre.

13. E. Kelloggii, Gray. Low ami very sleiuler, villous tomentose : leaves ob-
lanceolate, '1 to 4 lines long, scarcely petiolate : peduncles 2 to 4 inches higli, with
a central whorl of 3 to 5 foliaceous bracts and bearing a single naked rather large
strongly-toothed involucre (2 lines long) : flowers rose-colored or -whitish, li to 2^
lines long. — Proc Am. Acad. viii. 293.

Ill fir-woods on Red Mountain, Mendocino County, Kellogg k Harford.

* * Involucres nncf/Udlli/ A-lohed, viosfl// small, pedicellate in di- or tric/iototnous
cymes or panicles {or sometimes sessile in the forks) : perianth not long-atten-
uate at base. Mostly leafy anmials : filaments and ovary ylabrous. —
(§ FoLiosA, IJenth.)

14. E. spergulinum, Gray. Very slender, 3 inches to 2 feet high, ditfusely
brancheil usually from the base, slightly glandular-hispid or nearly glabrous : lower
leaves scattered near the base, thin, linearoblanceolate, i to 2 inches long, more
or less hirsute, the margin somewhat revolute ; bracts similar : pedicels very slen-
der, 3 to 6 lines long, spreading : involucres turbinate, \ line long, deeply 4-cleft,
glabrous, 1 - 2-tlowered : bractlets none : llowers exserted, rose-colored, \ to 1 line
long, slightly glandular-puberulent at base ; segments cuneate-oblong, the outer
obtuse or retuse, the inner erosely 3-toothed : akene obovoid or lenticular. — Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 389 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 189.

In the Sierra Nevada at G,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, frequent, from Sierra County (Lcnnnon) to
Tulare County, Rolhrork.

15. E. hirtiflorum, f!ray. Diffusely branched, 6 inches high or less, somewliat
glandular-puberulent and viscid : bracts his|)id, oblong, 3 lines long or less, acutish :
involucres turbinate, half a line long or less, 4-parted, on slender erect or nodding
pedicels I to 3 lines long, or in the forks often nearly sessile : flowers 3 to 5, very
liirsnte, yellowish tinged with red, \ lino long ; segments oblong, obtuse : akene
triangular, exserted. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acail. xii. 259.

Collected by Dr. Gray, in 1872, and by Hooker k. Gnnj in 1877, in Tuolumne County, at
2,500 to 5,000 feet altitude.

E. piiARNACF.oinEs, Torrey in Sitgreaves, Rep. 167, t. 11. Tall and hoary-tomentose, leafy
and rather sparingly branched : leaves lincar-oblanceolate, smoother above, with revolute margin,
an inch long or more : involucres on elong.ated jiedicels, turbinate, deeply 6-8-cleft, 1 to 1^ lines
long, 8-12-flowered : flowers glalirous, whitisli, aline long; onter segments ovate, at length
bigibbons at base, the inner linear-oblong, retuse. — Fort Whijiple, Arizona {Palmer), and east-
ward to New Mexico.

E. ABEUTiANUif, Ton-ey, and E. vili.ifi.oiium, Cray, may also i)erhaps be found on the south-
eastern borders of the State, both villous species with deeply cleft involucres. The ^il^t an erect
branching annual, with ovate or subcordate leaves, the upper lanceolate or linear ; invohnres
4-8-cleft, 1^ lines long, scattered along the branches; flowers rose-colored, glabrous, the outer
segments round-cordate, becoming 2 lines long, the inner linear-oblong : E. Arizona and New
Jlexico. The second is a dwarf cespitose ])erennial, with small oblanceolate leaves crowded on the
very short branches of the thick caudex, and each branch terminated by a slender peduncle (an
inch long) bearing a loose cymose head ; involucres 6-cleft, 2 lines long: flowers silky within and
without, aline long, 6-cleft to the middle; the lobes oblong and nearly ecjnal : S. Utah, Siler,
Parnj.

§ 2. Involucres mostly campanulate or s/iorf-turhinate, s)nall, not (Dujlcd and very
rarely obscurely nerved, with 5 rounded erect often niembcanously mar-
gined teeth, pedicellate in diffuse repeatedly di- or tricliotomous cymose
umbels or panicles, visually more or less dc/ie.red or spreading : bracts ter-
nate, not foliaceous, small and mostly triangular and rigid : 2jerianth not
attenuate at base. Slender annuals (the Californian species), with radical
and rounded leaves: inflorescence and involucres usually glabrous : fila-
ments and ovaries glabrous. — Gaxvsma, Watson.

•.nogonum. POLYGONACE/E.

23

* Leaves all radical, only rarely occtirring in the axils of the hrnrts. — (§ Tedun-

CULATA, Uentli.)

•<- Outer segments of the glabrous j^erianth broad and subcordate at base, the inner

much smaller: pedicels very short, d e flexed : leaves floccose-tonientose.

16. E. brachypodum, Torr. & Gray, Low and depressed, very divaricately
imich-branched and rather rigid, beset throughout (except the leaves) by scattered
sliort glandular hairs : leaves densely tomentose both sides, orl)icidai', 3 to G lines in
diameter : stem very short : involucres turbinatc-cain})anulatc, half to two thirds of
a line long, on pedicels less than a line long, more or less deflexetl : flowers a line
long, rose-colored, the outiu- segments cordate-ovate, very obtuse, the inner half as
wide, obtusely acuminate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 180.

Collected only by Rcmij at Kingston Sjiiings on the northcastcin border of San Bernardino
County.

17. E. deflexum, Torrey. Taller and more erect, becoming a foot or two high,
glabrous al)ovo the leaves, which arc orbicular, somewhat cordate at ba.so, G to 15
lines broad : involucres and pedicels as in the last, but more secund along tho
branchlets : outer segments of the light rose-colored or yellowish i)erianth round-
cordate, becoming a line long, the inner very small, obovate and rctuse : pedicels
reflexed, less than a line long, or rarely a line or more. — Ives' Rep. 24 ; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. 181.

On the Mohave River {Palmer) and eastward to Utah and E. Arizona.

H Pauryi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 77, is anotlier species of this group, belonging to S.
Utah, resembling E. brachypodum, but less rigidly branched, the rather narrowly turbinate invo-
lucres a line long and on slender ])ediccls 1 to 3 lines long. E. Hookrri and E. insigne, "Wat-
son ined., also of Utah, are more nearly allied to E. deflexum.

■»- •»- Outer segments of the glabrous 2^'^>'i(t^i^tli' broadest above aiid somewhat pan-
duriform, or oblong, emarginate or retuse, the inner ones narrower : jiedicel-s
longer : leaves Jloccose-tomentose.

++ Pedicels deflexed : outer segments oblong or somewhat broader above.

1 8. E. nutans, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Slender, erect, 3 to G inches high, mostly
glabrous except the leaves, sparingly branched and few-flowered : le^aves rounded,
obtuse or acutish, 3 or 4 lines broad: involucres campanulate, a line long, mostly
glabrous, but the nodding pedicels minutely viscid-glandular, 2 to 4 lines long :
flowers rose-colored, a line long, rather obtuse at base, tho outer segments somewhat
broader above and emarginate (nearly obcordale), tho inner oblong and retuso. —
Watson, Bot. King Exp. 307, t. 33.

Lassen County (Bcckivi/h) ; Northwestern Nevada, Watson, Lcmmon.

19. E. Watsoni, Torr. & (h-ay, 1. c. ]\[ore diffusely branched, a half to a foot
higb, glabrous ; leaves rounded, obtuse, often somewhat cordate, a half to an inch
broad: involucres narrowly turbinate, 1 -to nearly 1| lines long, attenuate into a
slender spreading or reflexed i)edicel 1 to 4 lines long : flowers light rose-color,
rather, abruptly attenuate at base, the outer segments oblong and often retuse, tho
inner slightly narrower.

In the West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Torrey, Watxon.

20. E. cernuum, Nutt. Eesembling the last, but with broadly ovate acute
leaves, turbinate-campanulate involucres, and flowers more attenuate at base, the
outer segments broader above and retuse, the inner oblong and narrower. — PI.
Garabel. 1G2; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 21 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 182.

Reported as collected ])y Ikrku-ith, with E. nnlnns, on the eastern border of Lassen Countv,
and by Nutiall in Oregon ; E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {Watson), and frequent in Utah,
Coloi-ado and New Mexico.

24

roLYGONACE.i^:. /•;

++ ++ Pedicels erect or somenvhat spreading : outer segments much broader above.

21. E. Thurberi, Toney. Very slender, G inches high or less, the stem tomen-
tose below the panicle: leaves rounded-ovate, obtuse, 3 or 4 lines long: bracts com-
paratively large and thick, spreading : pedicels very slender, a half to an inch long :
involucres campanulate, nearly a line long, subviscidly j)uberulent : flowers rose-
colored or white, halt a line, becoming a line long ; the outer segments with a largo
rounded terminal lobe, the inner small and lanceolate. — ]]ot. ]\Iex. Bound. 17G ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 183.

Southern California, Los Angeles to San Bernardino (Thurbcr, Wallace, Parry) ; near ("amp
Grant, Arizona, Palmer. The remaining species of this group, E. rotundifoi.ium, Benth., is
i-ather stouter, more diffuse, and with larger leaves ; pedicels shorter and more rigid ; flowers
from less than a line becoming U lines long, tlie outer segments very broadly dilated above, the
inner narrowly oblong : New ilexico and Western Texas.

H- H- ^- Perianth mostly rninutehj glandular-hispid or -jmberulent, longer than
the small involucre, the outer segments mostly ovate: 2>edicels long and fili-
form, rarely defiexed.

++ Leaves fioccose-tomentose, not villous or silky : pedicels all in the forks or ter-
minal : stem not inflated.

22. E. pusillum, Torr. & Gray. Very variable in size, 2 to 20 inches high,
becoming rather stout and dillusely ranch-branched : leaves rounded or obovate,
obtuse, G to 12 lines broad, usually less tomento.se above: the greenish bracts and
involucres minutely glandular-hisi)id : pedicels smooth, 3 to 18 lines long or rarely
more, comparatively rather stout : involucres hemispherical-campannlate, a ball' to a
line long : flowers yellow or yellowish, often tinged with red, deeply parted, more
or less glandular-puberulent, becoming a line long, the outer Sfgments oblong-
obovate, the inner oblong : akene short and compressed-globose. — I'roc. Am. Acad,
viii. 184; Watson, liot. King Exp. 308.

A very peculiar species; of dry valleys, from Northwestern Nevada (IfatSDit, Lniuuoa) to
Arizona (Pabncr) and San Bernardino County, California, Newberry, Parry.

23. E. reniforme, Torrey. Low and slender, glabrous : leaves small, reniform
or cordate-orbicular and, with the petioles, densely white-tomentose both sides, not
at all hairy : bracts smooth, the margins lindiriate with loose hairs : pedicels half an
inch Ion" or less : involucres smooth, turbinate-campanulate, nearly a line lon^

flowers apparently rose-colored, half a line long, glabrous, segments ovate-oblong, the
inner a little smaller. — Fremont's Eep. 317 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 21 ; Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. 184, excluding Palmer's Arizona plant with smaller involucres.

Collected by Frcmmt "on the Sacramento," and hy Cooper at Fort ifohave : imperfectly
known. Spcct'inu'ns of E. mhreniformc have been referreil to it.

24. E. Thomasii, Torrey. Very .slender, a span liigh or often much less, dif-
fuse, glabrous ; leaves rounded and ovate, half an inch long or less, usually less
tomentose above: bracts minute, glabrous: pedicels filiform, 2 to 15 lines long:
involucres glabrous, turbinate-campanulate, \ to 1 lino long : flowers ytdlowish or
tinged with red, becoming two thirds of a line long, slightly hispid at ba.se or gla-
brous, the outer segments at length often nnich dilated below, the inner linear-
oblong or spatulate. -— Pacif. R. Pep. iv. 364 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 184.

In the valley of the Colorado, from Fort Yuma to Fort Mohave and eastward to S. W. Colo-
rado {Brandeyee) ; eastern base of San Bernardino Mountains, Parry.

++ ++ Leaves more or less villous-pvbescenf, not tomentose : pedicels often scattered
and secund on the branchlets : stem often inflated.

25. E. trichopodum, Torrey. Glabrous, diff"use, I to 1 tnot high, the stem
occasionally somewhat inflated; branches very slender: leaves round-cordate to

Krwijonnm. rOLYGONACE.K. o-

ol.Ioiig-oyato 3 to 12 linos long: bracts very small, smooth or ciliate : involucres
minute (a tlurd of a line long or less), turbinate-campanulatp, glabrous on very
slender divaricately spreading pedicels 3 to G lines long : llowers few, half a lino
long, yellowish, pubescent; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute. — Emory's Ifep 151
(as E. trichopcs); Bcnth. 1. c. 20; Torn & Gray, 1. c. 185.

V ''ir" ^^'f"r ?m'V'' ■'*S';r''^«V '"^'"Z'"" '"'''■ ^''^ souti.ern Lonndary {Palmer) ■ iu the Colorado
\ alley, at I'ort Moliavo {Cooper), and eastward to S. Utah and New Mexico.

26. R inilatum, T.n-rey. Taller, li to 2 feet high, less branched but dilfuse
the stem and inteniodes more elongated and usually more or less iiillutod, "labrous •
leaves rounded, h to 1^ inches long, usually cordate and m.jstly undulate T pedicels
6 to 12 lines long: involucres and llowers nearly as in the last, but the latter as
well as the akene larger, becoming over a line long. — Fremont's IJep. 317 ; Benth.
1. c. ; Torr. & ( Jray, 1. c.

Southprn California, and in the dry valleys of Western Nevada and Arizona; New Idria
{lirenxr) ; I'ort Moiiave, Cooper. The other allied si>ccies, Ixit with steins never inflated, are

E. suBKKN-rFouMK, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 260. {E. rnu/omc, Torr. & Gray 1 c 184
in part ) Sparingly villous at the nodes, the ronnd-ieniforin or -cordate leaves toinentose beneath
and silUy villous a. ove ; invohu-rcs turhinate-campanulate, glabrous, half a line long, e.nmllinc
the glabrous or slightly liispid lose-coloied (lowers ; segments oblong. — Arizona and S. Utah.

E. GOUDONI, Henth. 1. c. 20. Glabrous throughout or the i.etioles only slightly villous •
(lowers glabrous, light rose-colored, a Hue long, the outer segments ovate, the inner oblonz •'
nivolucres as in the last. — Colorado. * *

E. GLANniTi.osu.M, Nutt. Beset with short stipitate glands ; leaves .somewhat villous, obovate
.small ; involucres glabrous, turbiuate-campanulate, half a line long ; flowers slifhtly hispid'
nearly a line long, the .segments oblong-ovate, acutish. — Probably in Colorado or N^ew Mexico. '

E. scAi.AitK, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 261. Slender and glabrous, the branches and
hmnchlets opposite or alternate (sometimes in three.s), divaricate or ascending; bracts distinct,
linear, acute, 1 or 2 lines long, spreading or reflcxed, on the brnnchlets .smaller and erect : pedi-
cels .scattered on the braiichlets, 1 or 2 lines long, ascending, filiform : involucres narrowly turbi-
nate, two thirds of a line long, glabrous; Inacteoles spatulatc, naked : llowers slightly pui)eseent,
a line long; segments oblong, the inner a little narrower. —Canvas Point, coast of Lower Cali-
loriiia {Slrce(s) ; known only from inipcrfect specimens.

* * Leaue^ common/// developed at the nodes, in the axih of ordinary triangular
bracts. — (§ Pskuoo-stipulata, Torr. & (Jray.)
27. E. angulosum, Benth. More or less floccose-tomentose, 3 to 15 inches
high, dillusely branchiiig from near the ba.se, the branches mostly 4 - 6-angled :
radical leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, somewhat cordate or cuneate at base, obtuse
and often niululate, J to 1 inch long, on rather short petioles; upper leaves oblong
to lanceolate or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so : involucres on liliforin pedicels 3
to 15 lines long and mostly in the forks or terminal, hemispherical, a line or two
broad, many-flowered, smooth or minutely glandular : bractlets mostly firm and
dilated : flowers rose-colored or greenish, half a line long, nearly glabrous ; outer
.'segments ovate, concave, the inner longer, lanceolate. — Linn. Trans, xvii. 406,
t. 18, f. 1 ; DC. Prixlr. xiv. 22 ; Torr. <t Gray, I. c. 187.

From the bower Sacramento nml Northern Nevada to Arizona and S. Utah ; freiiuent in dry
valleys and cafions.

§ 3. Involucres ci/lifidrir-tKrhlnafe or prismatic, more or less s/rom/li/ B - G-ncrrcd
and ivith as many short erect teeth, often berominy rosfate or angled, rather
large (1 to 3 lines long), sessile (or rarely some of them pedunrulate), in
heads or chisters or scattered in cymes or along virgate panicled branches,
always erect : bracts tcrnate, connate at base, nsually short and acute and
more or less rigid, sometimes more or less foliaceous : j^crianth more abruptly
contracted to the base. Vcrennials, sometimes troody and leafy, vifh some
annuals or biennials, more or less irhite-tomentose : ovary and filaments
mostly glabrous. — OREGOXiu>r, Watson.

2(3 POLYGONACE.'E. Kriogonum.

* Perianth glabrous, not attenuate at base, the outer lobes broad and somewhat

cordate, the inner nmch narrower: cespitose perennials with a short and
closely branched caudeu; densel// tonientosc : involucres in (L,sin(jle head or
short cyme upon tlie naked peduncle : bracts very small, rigid and acute :
ovary scabrous above or the angles and Jilaments pilose. — (§ IIetkro-
SEi'ALA, Turr. A; iJmy.)

28. E. ovalifolium, Nutt. Low and densely cespitose : leaves orhicnlar, 2 to 6
lines broad, olitiise, rarely oblong or acutish, mostly abruptly narrowed into the
slender petiole : i)eduncles slender, 2 to i) inches hi<;h : involucres '^ to H, in a
single close hiuid, 2 to 2^ lines long: llow(!rs rose-colored, white, or yellow, 1^ to 2A
lines long, the outer lobes oblong becoming suborbicular, the inner spatulatt; and
often retuso. — .lourn. Acad. Philad. vii. 50, t. 8; Torr. iK: CIray, 1. c. IGl. JCnci/cla
ovalifolia i\: pur/>iin<(, iSult. i'l. Clambel. IGG.

Var. proliferum, AVatson. Involucres more or less difl'usely cyniose-umbellate.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 203. E. jjroHftrum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 104.

A very comnKJii uiul variable sjiecies in the niouiitains and on the foothills, mostly cast of the
Sieira Nevada, from California to the Rocky Mountains and northward to the British boundary ;
Scott Mountains, Siskiyou County {Greene), the variety, which is rather rare.

29. E. dichotomum, Dougl. Caudex more dilluse, with short leafy stems :
i to 1.^ feet high : leaves oblong or oblanceolate, acute at each end, an inch or two
fong, on slender petioles : peduncles rather stout, bearing a Srayed umbel, the
somewhat erect rays sparingly di- or trichotomous : lower bracts often ioliacoous ;
the upper appresseil : involucres nsually solitary, tomentose, about 3 lines long,
strongly toothed : flowers white tingeil with rose, U to 2 lines long, the outer
lobes broadly ellijjtical, the inner linear-spatulate. — Beuth. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 14.
E. (dbum, Nutt. PI. Uambel. 164. E. G'retnei, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 83.

Oregon ; rocky hills about Yreka (Greene).

K. NIVEIJM, Douf^l., is a very similar siiccies, distinguished by liaving most of the bracts more
or less foliaceous ami spreading, and by the usually shoitcr and bioadcr involucre with some or
all of the teeth produced and often recurved. —Washington 'I'erritory to Oicgon and Idaho.

* * rcrianth narrower but not stipedike at base, the lobes similar and nearly

etpual: ovary and Jilaments glabrous, or nearly so.

+- Perennials, loith short-branched scarcely woody cajid ex and naJced peduncles :
bracts mostly short and rigid: involucres capit((te or fascicled (or sometimes
solitary), the clusters mostly few, usually in a di- or trichotomous long-Jointed
cymose panicle. — ( §§ (Jaimtata & Caimtei.lata, Turr. & Gray.)
++ Dwarf and densely cespitose: head solitary.

30. E. Kennedy!, Porter. Densely white-tomentose, the numerous short
branches compacted with the crowded old and new leaves : leaves narrowly oblong,
revolute, U to 3 lines long: peduncles very slender and wiry, glabrou.s, 2 to 4
inches high: involucres 2 to 10, somewhat tomentose, 1| lines long, strongly
nerved, with short teeth : flowers glabrous, white veined with red, 1| lines long. —
AVatson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 2G3.

In Kern County, California, JF. L. Kennedy, 1876.

E. KiNr.ii, Torr. & Cray, 1. c. 165 (excl. var.), has oblanceolate or spatiilate leaves a half incli
long on slender ])Cti()les, more loosely woolly ; jwduncles and involucres villoustoinentose, the
latt'er deeply toothed and somewhat scarious ; heads dense ; flowers U to 2 lines long. — On high
mountains in Eastern Nevada, Watson. Several other species belonging to this group are lound
in the mountains of Utah and Colorado.

++ ++ Peduncles mostly tall and stout from a sparingly branched caudex.

31. E. latifolium. Smith. Stout, tomentose throughout, the short branches of
the indurated caudex usually very leafy : leaves oblong to ovate, an inch or two

Eriogonum. rOLYGONACE.E. OY

Ions, obtuse or acute, at base rounded or cordate or rarely cuneato, the luar^in often
undulate and upper surface becoming glabrate; petiole often slmrt and n.ar"ined •
pedunces erect or ascending, 6 to 20 inches high and very stout, not fistulous"
bracts triangular : heads large and dense, often compound, h to 1 inch in diameter
sohtaiy and terminal or few in a simple or nearly simple uiubel : involucres tomen-
tose, 2 hues long : flowers glabrous, light rose-color, 1^ lines long. — Torr. & Gray
]. c. 166 K oblon;,lfolinm, JJentli. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 167, the form with nar-
rower and more cuneatc leaves.

On tlie rocky spa-coast, from San Simeon Bay {Palmer) to IlumlwUlt County.
32. E. nudum, Dougl. More slender, sparingly leafy at base, mostly glabrous
above : leaves broadly ovate or ol)long, obtuse, ^ to 2 inches long, cordate or abruptly
cuneate at base, on slender petioles, undulate, densely tomentose beneath, becomiu"
glabrate above : peduncle (fistulous and sometimes inflated) and sfiaringly branched
panicle a foot or two high, smooth : involucres 2 or 3 lines long, glabrous or nearly
so, usually 3 to 6 in each cluster : flowers glabrous or sometimes more or less vil-
• lous, 1 to U lines long, white or reddish, sometimes sulphur-yellow. —Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. 167. K. umlnm Sc auriailafiim, Denth. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 13.

Var. pauciflorum, Watson. Involucres solitary or occasionally in pairs, much
scattered: peduncle often inflated. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 264.

Var. Oblongifolium, Watson, 1. c. Often somewhat tomentose throughout :
leaves oblong, acute or obtuse, an inch or two long, narrowed to a long slender
petiole: bracts occasionally foliaceous : perianth usually somewhat pubescent, at
least on the inner lobes. — E. ojjine, Penth. 1. c.

A very variables species, ranging f,om Washington Teriitoiy to Southern California, the last
variety more common liom Mcmlocuio County and tlie Upper Sacramento nortliwaid.

33. R elatum, Dougl. Leaves villous-pubescent or somewhat tomentose be-
neath, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acute, 2 to 6 inches long and on elongated
petioles, abruptly cuneato or rarely subcordate at base: peduncle (fistulous" and
sometimes inflated) and rigid panicle 1^ to 3 feet high, smooth and glaucous:
involucres smooth, in clusters of 2 to 5, usually rather broadly turbinate and
obscurely nerved, 2 lines long : flowers somewhat villous, grcenisli white or rose-
colored, 1^ lines long. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 168.

Dry mountain-slopes and valleys, from Washington Territory to Western Nevada • abundant
on plains near Yreka, E. L. Greene.

••- •»- Stout woody perenniah, the stems virrjatehj branched and vith numerous
short-j)etioled often fasr id exl leaves : bracts mosfly foliaceous : involucres capi-
tate, or fascicled and the clusters more or less closely cymose-umbellate. —
(§ Fascicul.vta, Benth.)

34. E. cinereum, Benth. Shrubby, 3 to 5 feet high in dense clumps, hoary-
tomentose throughout : leaves orbicular to oblong, 6 to 9 lines long, on very short
petioles, obtuse, undulate, strongly nerved : peduncles elongated, sparingly dichot-
omous, bearing few rather open heads : bracts short : involucres 2 hues long :
flowers very villous, rose-colored, 1 h hues long or less. — Bot. Sulph. 45 & DC.
Prodr. xiv. 8; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 168.

On tlie sea-shore, Southern California, at San Pedro {Hinds) and Santa Jlonica, Brewer.

35. E. parvifolium, Smith. Shrubby, 3 feet high, more or less white-tomen-
tose throughout : leaves broadly ovate to oblong, 4 to 9 lines long, acute, abruptly
narrowed at base to a very short petiole, revolute and undulate on the margin,
becoming glabrate above : peduncles usually rather short, bearing a few close heads :
lower bracts conspicuous, the up]ier smaller : tomentose involucres and glabrous
rose-colored flowers about U lines long. — Benth. 1. c. 12; Torr. & Gray, I.e. 169.

Near the sea coast from Monterey to Santa Barbara ; Santa Lucia Mountains, Palmer^

■23 POLYGON ACE.*;. Eriogonum.

36. E. fasciculatum, Bentli. 1. c. Slmibby, more or less tonientose and often
soniewluit villdus : leaves narrowly olilanceolate, aeuto, nearly sessile, nsually
strongly revolute, tonientose lieneatli, often glabrate above, 3 to I) lines long, luuch
fiiscieled : i)eiluneles short or elongated, bearing a short eyiuosely divided undjel
often much contracted or capitate : bracts more or less conspicuous : involucres
about 2 lines long, ])ubescent or glabrate : flowers rose-colored or whitish, glabrous
or often more or less villous. — Torr. ^ Oray, 1. c. E. rosmarinifolinm, Nutt. I'l.
Gambel. 164. E. polifolium, Benth. 1. c. E. ericce/oluim, Torr. <k Gray, 1. c. 170.

From the coast of Soutliern California (Santa Barbaiu and southward) east to Arizona and
Soutliern Utah. Very variable in imbcscencf, etc., but the tonus scarcely merit tlic rank of
varieties. E. poUfolium is a eommon hoary form with less revoUite leaves aiul elongated i)9dun-
cles. E. erimjiilium was founded upon veiy reduced specimens with short blanches and snudi
almost sessile heads ; it oii ins in Aii/oiui and S. Uudi.

^- H- ^- Perennials or anitnnls, leafy heJoio : leaves not fascicled : hracts small,
the hnver very rarely follaceous : involucres mostly solitary, in an oiien
and repeatedly di- or t'richotonious corymb-like cyme: 2'(^>'i(inth cjlahrous. —
(§ COHYMBOSA, IJenth.)

++ Perennial, woody and much branched, leafy below.

37. E. microthecum, Nutt. Low and dilfuse, rather slender, 3 to 12 inches
high, more or less white-tomentose : leaves oblanceolate to linear, usually narrow,
I to'l.\ inches long, acute, more or less strongly revolute, M'hitetomentose beneath,
becomnig glabrate above, shortly petioled : peiluncles short, bearing a short umbel
of 3 to 5° more or less (once to thrice or more) subdivided rays : involucres usually
small, § to 1| lines long, attenuate at base and especially the alar ones often pedun-
culate : flowers a half to a line long, from nearly white to deep rose-color or rarely
yellow. — Torr. <K: Cray, 1. c. 170.

A very variable species, frecpient in the mountains of the tireat Basin and in tlie T^ocky Moun-
tains from Oregon and the eastern side of tlie Sierra Nevada to Nebraska and New Mexico.
Reduced alpine forms are found at 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, Mono and Souora Passes, and
Silver Mountain, Bohindcr, Brewer. The var. efusiim, Torr. k Gray (A', cfusuvi, Nutt.), with
more diffuse and repeatedly branched inflorescence is common in the Rocky Mountains but not
westward.

38. E. corymbosum, Benth. Stouter and more rigid, usually densely tonien-
tose : leaves usually longer and broader, ovate- to oblong-oblanceolate, and less
revolute : umbel stiff, broadly cymose : involucres mostly sessile, a line or two
long : flowers 1 or 2 lines long. — DC. Prodr. xiv. 17 j Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. mia-o-
thecnm, var. (1) Fendlerianum, Benth. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

In dry valleys and on the foothills from the base of the Sierra Nevada eastward. Forms occur
apiiaieutly ((innecting this si)ecics with the last.

■H- -H. Annual: leaves mostly rosulate at the base, a whorl rarely subtending the

nodes.

39. E. truncatum, Torr. & Gray. A foot high, floccose-wooUy throughout,
slender: leaves oblanceolate, an inch long, attenuate to a slen.ler petiole, les.s
tomentose above, the margin undulate : pe.luncle short, bearing a lealy-bracted
umbel of 4 to 6 elongated rays, which are loosely once or twice di- or trichotomous :
bracts very small : involucres few, tomentose, oblong turbuiate, 2 lines long : flow-
ers light rose-color, a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 173.

On dry IdUsides at Aiarsh's Ranch, east of I^Iount Diablo, Brcvcr. In flower, May 29.

40. E. Mohavense, Watson. A foot high or less, very slender, glabrous above
the base ditt'usely biaiiclu'd : leaves rounded or ovate, tomentose, half an inch long
or less abruptly narrowed to the slender petiole, all radical : peduncle short, bearing
a naked uraberof 3 or more rays, repeatedly dichotomous with very slender joints :

I'Moijonum. POLYGONACE.E. 29

bracts very small : involucres glabrous, broadly turbinate, a line long : flowers yel-
low, very small, scarcely a half line long, abrutjtly narrowed at base. — Proc. Am
Acad. xii. 2GG.

Collected in the valloy of tlie Moliave River, Palmer, 1876.

41. E. Lemmoni, Watson, 1. c. Eather stout, a span high, more or less hir-
sute with very short spreading hairs, not at all tomentose : leaves orbicular-reniforni,
6 to 9 lines broad, on slender petioles, all radical : i)eduncles fistulous or inflated'
short, bearing a naked 3-rayed narrow umbel twice or thrice dichotomous : bracts
small: involucres glandular-pubescent, rather broadly turbinate, li lines long:
flowers palo rose-color, half a line long, with narrow lobes.

Oil saiid-IiillH nonr I?ciio, Wiislion County, Ncviidn, /. G. Lrwnion. A very ]>(>(nilinr simxmcs,
jiorliaps to 1)0 placed rather among the annuals of tlio following giouj) though "dissimilar in most
of its characters.

•*-■*-•*-■*-- Involucres sessile and solitary {often secund) along the ascending and
usually long-virgate branches of the open naked dichotomous ])anicle : 2)eren-
nials or annuals, with small bracts or the lowest sometimes foliaceous : jjeri-
anth glabrous, except in n. 48. — (§ Viugata, IJenth.)

++ Whitc-tomcntose 2^erennials with a woody branching base, leafy below : ptanicle
sparingly branched, the branches more or less elongated and virgate: invo-
lucre tomentose, the teeth not margined.

42. E. "Wrightii, 'I'orrey. j\Iuch branched and usually very leafy at base, a
foot or two high, rather slender : leaves oblong- to linear-oblanceolate* \ to 1 inch
long, often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils, tomentose on both sides or less
so above, acute, narrowed at base : bracts all small and triangular : involucres
loosely spicate along the ascending branches, 1 to U lines long; teeth rigid, acute :
flowers rose-colored, 1 to 1^ lines long: akene scabrous on the angles above, very
acute at base. — Torr. it ^'•■•'ty, I. c. 17G. E. Wrightii & trachygonum, Torr. ;
lienth. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 14. E. helianthemifolium, Jjenth. 1. c.

Var. subscaposa, Watson. The leafy branches very short.

A variable species ranging from the lower Sacramento (Corral Hollow, Bracer) to San Diego,
and eastward to New Mexico ; the variety in the Sierra Nevada and W. Nevada. At high alti-
tudes the inflorescence is sometimes reduced to 2 or 3 involucres almost capitate upon a slender
dwarfed scape ; Mt. I'inos, at 8,500 feet altitude, Rothrock.

43. E. saxatile, "Watson. Biennial or perennial (?), the densely leafy caudex
sparingly branched, a half to a foot high, rather stout : leaves rounded or obovate,
obtuse, G to 8 lines broad or less, cuneate at base, on a short thick petiole, densely
tomentose both sides : branches of the cymose panicle short and somewhat spreacl-
ing : bracts larger, subfoliaceous, triangular to acute-oblong : involucres \\ to 2 lines
long ; teetb acute : flowei-s rose-colored, 2 lines long, the sepals aj)pressed to the
nearly glabrous akene, which is more abruptly narrowed at base. — Proc. Am. Acad,
xii. 2G7.

On rocks almve San Bernardino (Parry, 187G) : in the Santa Lucia Jlountains, Palmer.

44. E. elongatum, Benth. Stems erect and slender from a sparingly branched
base, a foot or two high, often withcnit branches : leaves usually somewhat scattered,
oblong-lanccolato or sometimes nearly ovate, about an inch long, acute, narrowed to
a short petiole, becoming glabrate above : bracts ovate-triangular to lanceolate,
acute, rarely somewhat elongated : involucres 2^, to 3 lines long, obtusely toothed,
distant on the few elongated branches : flowers white or rose-colored, 1 to 1^ lines
long : ovary glabrous. — Bot. Sulph. 45 & DC. Prodr. xiv. 14 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

Near the coast from Monterey to San Diego.

E. STRlcTtTM, Benth. A very slender specie.s, the leafy branches of the caudex very sliort,
becoming glabrate above : leaves ovate to ohlunceolate, J to 1 inch long, on lonj; slender petioles,

QQ I'ULVGONACblJ*:. Enu(jouum.

m-eener above • panicle twice or thrice divided, with 1 to 3 invohicres on the short branches:
bracts short, the lower son.cwliat elongated: involucres glabrate, ^ lines long with acute tri-
angular teeth: llowers light rose-color, l-i lines long. -in the Blue ilounlams, t)rcgoii ; collected
only hy Douglas and Xcviiis.

■H- ++ Perennlah, wvoily and leaf;/ at base, tomentose or glahmte : j^anidc diffuse,
with short ruj'ul hranehlets : itirulitrre short, tite. teeth rounded and more or
less membra noits-nianjined.
45. E. Heermanni, Dur. & II il^. Shrubby at base, a foot high, yelkiwisli,
soon "liibrate above, ilivaricately dicliotomous, the short rigid branchlets sonunvliat
spinesceiit: leaves scattered at the base, obhmceolate, half an inch long, on slender
petioles ; bracts very small, triangular : involucres few and distant, campanulate,
a line long, the teetli rounded and margined, glabrous: llowers ]l lines long, rose-
colored or yellowish, tlie outer lobes obovate, the inner narrower. — Pacif. IJ. liep.
V. 14, t. 17 ; Torr. iV Cray, 1. c. 17'J.

In dry valleys of Calilornia and Nevada ; on Pose Creek (IIccrmcKin) ; Washoe and Humboldt
Counties, Nevada (7V//T//, Laamon); S. Nevada, Wluelcr.

4G. E. Palmeri, Watson. More tomentose throughout, and usually taller, with
a short branching leafy base : leaves lanceolate or oblauceolate, acute, half an inch
long, on short jietioles : stems somewhat Hexuous, mostly alternately branched, the
short branchlets divaricate or deilexed, very short-jointed : bracts vi-ry small : invo-
lucres rather numerous, narrowly tuibinate, a line long, nearly glabrous, the rounded
teeth pubescent : llowers a line long, white tinge.l with rose-color, the outer lobes
cuneate-obovate, the inner slightly narrower: akene somewhat i)ubescent. — Tr.-e.
Am, Acad. xii. 2G7.

Collected only by Dr. E. PaUncr at Julian and San Feliiic, San Diego County, and also in
Southern Utah.

.^ ++ ++ Annuals: lea res rosiilatc at the base, but sometimes also oenirrin;/ at the
nodes. Sjieeies mostli/ of diffietilt definition.

= Tomentose throughout: branches vin/ate, sj>arin;/fi/ divided: incolueres nar-
row, 2 lines loiuj.

47. E. virgatum, r.enth. Slender, a foot or two high or more : leaves oblau-
ceolate, an inch or two long, on slender i)etioles, the margin usually undulate :
branches elongated and ascending, strictly virgate or Hexuose : bracts lanceolate,
shorter than the involucres, sometimes including one or more h-aves : involucres
tomentose, 2 lines long : flowers a line long, rose-colore.l to white or ydlow ghi-
l.rous. — DC. Trodr. xiv. IG ; Torr. ,K: Gray, 1. c. 177. K roseum, Dur. i^ Hdg. m
Pacif. R. Hep. v. 14, t. 15 ; the exceptional more foliaceous and branching form.

From Siskiyou County {Orccnr) to bos Angeles, in the Coast Kaiiges, niid also in the Sicrni
Nevada as hi-h as tlic Yo.semite Valley. As ivsj-ects tomciitum it appears to be variable, ranging
towards E. viminnnn, iVom which it shouhl lie ilistinguished by the narrower leaves, larger invo-
lucres, and less ditluse habit.

48. E. dasyanthemum, Torr. .^ Oray, I.e. Less tall and more slender :
leaves rounded, half an inch broad or less, somewhat scattered upon the stein :
])anicle more branched and rather dilfuse : bracts very small : involucres scarcely -
lines long, very narrow, flowers a line long or less, villous at least at base.

Near Clear Lake {Dolanda; Torrqi); Borax Lake {Torrcj) ; also near Viiginia City, Bhnmcv.
= = Glabrous or somevhat tomentose, slender and more diffusely branched:
involuci-es 1 to 1), lines long, narrow or turbinate: bracts very small.

49. E. vimineum, Dougl. l^vather diffuse, the branches often elongated, a half
to a foot high, usually more or less tomentose at lea.st l)elow the panicle : leaves
orbicular to'^broadly ovate, 3 to 10 lines broa<l, undulate, less tomentose above; the

Oxylheca. rOLYGONACE.K. 32

])otioles about as Ion-,': involucres narrow ami often somewhat contracted above,
al)out 1^ lines long: llowers light rose-color or sonietin}es yellowish, a lino long or
more. — J3enth. 1. c. 17 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

From Washington Territory to San Diego County and N. W. Nevada; fre.iuent and variable.

50. E. Baileyi, Watson. Very diiFusely much-branched, a foot high or less,
glaucous and glabrous (rarely somewhat tomentose tliroughout) excepting the leaves,
which are densely white-tomentose both sides, orbicular to broadly ovate, 3 to G
lines broad: bracts short, triangular or lanceolate: involucres a line long or usually
less, mostly somewhat wider above, with obtuse teeth : (lowers liglit rose-color or
yellowish, very small {h to f line long). — Proc. Am. Acad. .\. ;U8. E. gracile,
var. efrn/^iim, Torr. (*c ^rray, 1. c. 178, in ])art.

Var. (?) toinentosum, Watson. Loosely floccose-tonientose throughout: bracts
more linear : involucres broadly turbinate and deeply toothed. — Proc. Am. Acad,
xii. 208.

Eastward of tlie Sierra Nevada in the valleys and on the foothills, from Northwestern Nevada
to Arizona and San Ikrnardino and Kern Counties, and aeross the boundary in bower Californiii
{Palmer) ; the variety in San Hernardino County {Lcmmon) and Tantillas Mountains, Palmer.

51. B. gracile, Ik-nth. Usually somewhat strict and narrowly panicled, mf)re
or less lloccose-tomentoso throughout, a foot high : leaves oblanceolate, or some-
times oblong, an inch long or less, attenuate to a slender petiole, tomentose both
sides or less so above: bracts more or less elongated or somewhat foliaceous, the
lower often including one or more leaves : involucres .scarcely a line long, Ijroader
above, with rigid acute teeth, often dark brown : flowers rose-colored or yellowish,
I line long. — P.ot. 8uli)h. 40, (\: DC Prodr. xiv. 17 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. "l78.

Southern Califoinia in the Coast Ranges, from Monterey or perliaps San Francisco to San
Piego. Variable in habit and pubescence ; sometimes spreading and iliffuse, with glabrate invo-
lucres and larger llowers (var. efiixiim, Torr. & (iray, 1. c), or densely white-woolly and witii
strict narrow panicle, either with naked stem and light-colored llowers (var. Ic'ucocladon, Torr. &
Gray ; E. hnrocladon, iJenth.), or the stem leafy and flowers reddish (var. acdoscUoides, Torr. &
Gray ; E. acctoxelloidcx, Torr.).

E. POLVci.ADON, Henth., of Arizona and New Mexico, is a similar stout white-woolly species,
the stem leafy its whole length, and the panicle erect and elongated : leaves oblong-oblanceolate,
an inch long or less : bracteoles much more villous than in the preceding species.

52. E. Plumatella, Dur. d- Ililg. Slender, 3 to 8 inches high, diffusely and
intricately much-branched from the base, grayish tomentose throughout, the whole
])lant often reddi.sh : leaves orbicular, 2 to 0 lines broad, on slender petioles : invo-
lucres very short, half a line long or le.ss, scarcely exceeding the short bi-acts :
llowers yellow, rose-colored, or white, | to at length U lines long, the segments
sliglitly unequal, broadly obovate-cuneiform and retuse. — Pacif. P. Rep. v. 14,
t. IG ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 179.

Frequent in the dry valleys of Northwestern Nevada ; on Pose Creek, Hecrmann.

E. iNTRltATUM, Beiith. Hot. Sulph. 46, t. 22, is the only other species of this group, from San
Rartolome, Lower California. The diffuse panicle is glabrous or glabrate, with numerous short
divaricate branchlets ; involucres very small and glabrous ; llowers also minute, sparingly hairy :
leaves rounded, on long petioles, viscid-pubescent.

6. OXYTHECA, Nutt.

Involucres few-Uowered, more or less pedicellate, campanulate or turbinate, herba-
ceous and not reticulated, 3-5-cleft, the erect or spreading lobes mostly terminated
by straight slender awns. Flowers (6-parted), bracteoles, etc., as in Eriogonum.
Akene ovate-lenticular (where known); the elongated radicle accumbent upon the
rounded cotyledons. — Slender diffusely branched (repeatedly dichotomous) annu-
als, the .slender internodes more or le.ss covered with small stipitate glands : leaves

n9 POLYGONACE.E. Oxyiheca.

rosulate at the base ; bracts ternate, foliaceous and more or less connate, often
awnecl : segments uf tlio glamlular-pubescent i)erianth similar and equal : ovary
glabrous. °Only the following speeios. — T<.rr. Sc Cray, Revis. Eriog. in Proc. Am.

Acad. viii. 190. , ^

* Bracts united only at base.

1 O inermiS, Watson. Low and slender : leaves broadly oblanceolate, an inch
lon<' -d'abruu:^, w'ith scabrous-ciliate margin : bracts linear-oblong, acute without
awns 2 or 3 lines long : involucres shortly peilicelled, 4-cleft nearly to the l)ase,
the oblon"-lanceolate lobes nearly equal, acute without awns, a hue long : llowers
rose-colored, half a line long ; segments oblong, the inner smaller and retuse. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 273.

Collected only by Mi^^ -1^- J- Bancroft, piobul.ly on Mount Diablo ; leniaikable for the total
absence of a\\ us.

2 O dendroidea, Nutt. Very slender, diifuse and much branched, a foot high
or "less or sl.niter and less divided ; the scapedike stem usually 1 or 2 inches high :
leaves 'linear-oblanceolate, hirsute, i to 1 .\ inches long, acute: bracts unequal, with-
out awns, linear-oblong to linear, "or oblong ovate in the stouter form, the lower
half an inch long or less, the upper much smaller : involucres turbinate, i to U
lines Ion" (excluding the short awns), unecpially 3-4-lobed, rather lleshy, those in
the forks°on slender pedicels 1 to 4 lines long, the rest more nearly sessile: llowers
li<dit rose-color, half a line long ; outer segments obovate, the inner narrower and
shorter. — PI. fiambel. 1G9 ; lienlh. in DC. Piodr. xiv. 23; Torr. & Cray, 1 c.
0. apiculata, Miers, Linn. Trans, xxi. 144, t. 17. Bnsegnoa Chilensis, <C^ixy,\^\.
Chil. V. 292, t. 58.

Ill dry canons from Noithwestern Nevada {Torraj, Watson) to Northwestern Wyoming,
(Nuttall, Parnj) ; also in Chili, the slender form with very numerous branches and inany-
iiowered, the involucres small.

3 O Watsoni, Torr. ct (Iray, 1. c A span high or less, glaucous : leaves ob-
lanceolate an inch long, glandular-pubescent : bracts apparently in pairs (one very
small or wanting), ovate to oblong-lanceolate, connate on one side and rellexed,
awned half an inch long or less : involucres turbinate, 4dobed, half a line long, the
awns e'longated, very shortly pedicelled, about 3-ilowered : llowers a third of a line
long, whit't'.; segmei'its oblong, entire. — Watson, Hot. King Exp. 311, t. 33, f. 5-7.

Valleys of Northern Nevada, Watson.

4. O. trilobata, Cray. Pesembling the last in bal)it, not glaucous : leaves
somewhat villous : llracts'ternate, oblong-lanceolate, awned, not rcHexed : involucres
broadly turbinate, r)-parted nearly to the ba.se, strongly nerved, U to 2 lines long,
with awns shorter than the lobes, on spreading pedicels 2 to 5 lines long, -^--J-ilow-
ered : ilowers light rose-color, a line long ; segments ligulale-oblong, 3-cleft, the
lanceolate lobes acuminate, slightly erose on the sides: ovary triangular. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 83.

San Bernardino County, rarry k Lanmon, 1876.

* * Brads united Into a rounded concave perfoliate dish:

5. O. perfoliata, Torr. & Cray, 1. c. Diffuse, a span high or less, glaucous,
often redilisli : leaves spatulate, ciliate, an inch long or less : lowermost bracts 3 or

4, small, united only at base, the rest large and conspicuous, perfoliate and 3-awned,
net-veined : involucres nearly sessile in the forks, more narrowly turbinate, deeply
5-cleft or -parted, 1 to \l lines long, with long awns, 4 - G-llowered : llowers white,
nearly a line long. — Watson, liot. King Exp. 311, t. 34, f. 1-3.

In dry valleys of Northwestern Nevada (;r«/.so/,, /.,;,///(..// ) ; on the Mohave Unx-r (Palmer) ;

5. rtah, Parrii.

(JItorizuiilhc.

ruLYGUx\ACE.E.

33

7. CHORIZANTHE, II. liiown.

Involucres 1 - 3-llowered, sessile, tubular, coriaceous or cliartaceous, more or less

reticulated or corrugated, 3-G-angled or -costate aud 3-G-toothed or -cleft, the

teeth cuspidate or rigidly avvucd. Flowers pedicellate or nearly sessile, included

ill the involucre or rarely exserted, G-partcd or -cleft. Stamens 9, rarely 3 or G.

Lractlets minute or usually obsolete. Ovary glabrous and akene triangular. In

other respects as J'Jn'oi/onum. — Low dichotoniously branched annuals (the Chilian

species mostly perennial), with usually rosulate radical leaves, and ternate bmcts. —

Torr. & Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 192. AVatson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 2G9.

Chorizanthe & Mucronea, Uenth. Acanfho(/uman, Torr. Centrostegia, Gray.

The species, as in Eriogonum, vary iniu.'h in habit and other characters, ami arc groujied into
several sections which liave been regarded as genera. Centrostegia is here also included, as too
closely connected with Mucronea to be separated from it. Besides the following, nine species are
found in Chili, jierenninls with a single exception. The characters are not always obvious, and
it will be noticed that several species are known from only a single locality or collector.

Glabrous or glandular, not villous nor fomentose : bracts foiiaccous,
connate : llowers 6-parteil, soft-pubcsccnt : stamens 9, at the base.
Involucres 1 -3-flowered, .spurred at base: biacts small.

Spurs 3, broad, straight : teeth short and broad. 1. C". TiiuiiBKKr.

Spurs 4 to 6, awn-like, hooked ; teeth narrow, attenuate. 2. C. leptockhas.

Involucres 1 -(lowered, not sj)urre(l : bracts conspicuou.s.

Sparingly hirsute : bracts jierfoliate : iicrianth-segments laciniate. 3. C. rF,UF()LiAT.\.
More hirsute: bracts unilateral : segments entire. 4. C. Califok.nica.

Villous-pubescent or hii-sute, not glandular : bracts not connate : in-
volucres 1-IIowered, G-toothed : llowers G-cleft (C-parted in n. [>):
stamens mostly 9, inserted below the middle.
Involucres capitate-glomerate ; teeth mostly more or less scarious-
margincd : stems usually leafy and bracts foliaccou.s.
Teeth united by a scarious petaloid margin : erect: heads few.
Floccose-tomentose, sleniler, lealy : leaves linear: margin broadly

dilated : flowers i)edicelled, pubescent : lobes spatulate.
Hirsute : leaves oblanceolate : margin narrower : (lowers glabrous.
Sessile, 2^ lines long : lobes obcordate : leaves .scattered.
Nearly sessile, a line long ; lobes truncate, the outer cuspidate,
inner retusc : leaves in 1 or 2 whorls.
Teeth distinct : usually more diffuse and decumbent, villous-pubes-
cent : heads more numerous.
Decumbent, slender : involucres and flowers 1 to H lines long,
heaves narrow : bracts acerosc : teeth long-awned, scarious :

flowers a line long.
Leaves ovate : bracts foliaceous : teeth .short, the sinus .scari-
ous : flowers 1 J lines long. 9. C. Hukweki.
Leaves oblanceolate : bracts foliaceous : teeth scarious : flowers

1^ lines long : lobes eipial. 10. C. ruxGEX.s.

Stout, erect : bi-acts foliaceous : involucres and flowers 2 to 2.\
lines long.
Teeth ecpial, straight: iterianth-lobes oblong, entire. 11. C. VAI.IUA.

One tooth lon"-awned ; margin none : lobes broad, the shorter

retuse, laciiiiate. 12. C. I'al.meri.

Involucres in loo.scr cymes or scattered, not scarioiisly margined :
leaves all radical.
Perianth-lobes lanceolate, fringed : bracts not foliaceous.

Lobes coars(dy fringed below the obtuse summit. 13. C.

Lobes finely fringed, long-acuminate. 14. C".

Perianth-lobes oblong, entire.
IJracts not foliaceous.

Leaves oblong, tomentose beneath : flowers pinkish, 2 lines

long : lobes oblong, unequal. 15. C

Leaves spatulate, not tomentose : flowers yellow, 1| lines long :

lobes equal, narrow. Ifi. C

.'). r. membp.anacea.

6. C. stellulata.

7. C. DOUGLASII.

8. C. DIFFl'SA.

FIMUnrATA.
I.ACI.NI.VTA.

STATICOIDES.

19.

C.

WllKEI.KUI.

20.

C.

UNlAltl.STAT.X.

21.

C.

IlKKVIfOKNl'.

22.

C.

I'OLYCJONOIDK

23.

C.

i:iGID.\.

24.

C.

COKIirOAlA.

25

c

WAT.S..NI.

•^4 I'OLYGUNACK.E. Chorizduthe.

Bracts more or less foliaceous : flowers 1 J lines long or more.
Leaves narrow, not tomentose : teeth long-divergent : lobes

undulate, uneciuai, oblong-ovate, aeiitish. 17. C Pakkyi.

Leaves and bracts ovate-oblong, small, tomentose beneath :
involucres tomentose, inditt'usecj'mes : flowers 2^ lines
long ; lobes narrow, very uneiiual : stamens often 6. 18. (\ Xanii.
Leaves and oblanceolate bracts tomentose Ijeneatli : involucres
more glabrous, in smuU cymes ; teeth short : flowers
l.\ lines long ; lobes broadly oblong : stamens 6.
Villous-fiubescent : one tooth long-awncd : flowers yellow,

uiUHiually deft : stamens 3 or !).
Pubenilent, thirkjointed : involucres narrow ; teeth very
sliort : lobes narrow, nearly ecjual : stamens 3 or (5.
Villous-pubescent : bracts distinct : involucres 3-5-tootlied, 1-flowered ;
flowei-s t3-clcft : stamens 6 or 9, on the throat.
Involucres broadly triangular: bracts foliaceous.

Leaves and bracts narrow ; floral bi-acts very sliort : teeth broad.
Leaves and bracts ovate, tomento.se beneath : floral bracts elongated,
stout, ligid and persistent : teeth 3, lanceolate.
Involucres narrowly cylindrical : bracts not foliaceous.
Leaves ovate ; involucres strongly corrugated, 3-toothed.
Leaves narrow ; involucres obscurely corrugated, .')-toothed.

§ 1. Involucres coriaceo-chartaceous, the awns of the erect or divergent teeth not
uncinate: Jioivers on slender pedirels, included or more or less exserted,
white or 2^tnkish: ]jeria7ith 6-jjarted, 2'idH-srent icifh soft hairs, the i)
stamens inserted upon the base: hractlets minute. Glabrous or f/landular,
never villaus-toinentose : bracts ternate, foliaceous, more or less connate and
unilateral: leaves all radical and spat ul ate : involucres axillari/ and
terminal in open dichotomous panicles. — Muchonea.

* Involucres 1 - S-flotcerecf, with 3 to 6 mostli/ erect teeth, and with 3 to 6 divari-
cate cuspidate or uwned spurs at base: bracts small. — [Centrosteyia, Gray.)

1. C. Thurberi, AVatsoii. IMore or less ;^'lamlular-pviberulunt, G inches high or
usually less, braiirliing iVoin near the ]>a.se : leaves an ineli long, glahrons, slightly
ciliate: Imiets (d)lung, more or les.s united, 1 to 3 lines long: involucres glal>ron.s,
chartaceous, triangiilur-prisniatic, ohscnrely reticnlated, 2 or 3 lines long and \ to 1
line broad, with 3 hroad straight-awned spurs at base, and with 3 to 5 l)road and
short erect teeth : flowers 1 or 2, rarely exseiled, nearly a line long, pul)escent at
hase : segments oblong-spatulate, obtuse or emarginate, the alternate ones slightly
shorter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 209. Centrostef/ia Thurberi, Gray; Benth. in DC.
Prodr. xiv. 27 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 192.

In the desert region of S. California and eastward, from Fort Tejon (Ruthruck), Sau Bernardino
(Parry) and San Felipe {T/iurbcr) to Southern Utah.

2. C. leptoceras, AVatson, 1. c. Very slender, nearly glahrous : leaves and bracts
as in the last : involucres 2 or 3 lines long, somewhat hii-sute, deeply 4 - G-cleft, the
coriaceous turbinate base surrounded by as many rigid usually uncinate awn-like
spurs ; lobes rigid, narrow, unequal, attenuate into straight rigid somewhat divergent
awns : flowers 2 or 3, occasionally exserted, villous-])ubescent, half a line long :
.segments narrowly oblong to ovate, nearly equal. — Cevtrosteyia leptoceras, Gray;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

Plains of San Gabriel (Lobb) ; near San Beinardino, not rare, Pdrri/.

* * Involucres '[-flowered, with 2 to 5 unequal stout diverf/ent teeth, not spurred
at base: bracts consjiicuous. — (§ Mucronea, Torr. & Gray.)

3. C. perfoliata, Gray. S))aringly hirsute and glandular, a foot high or less,
often bright r.;d : leaves an inch or two long : bracts connate about the stem, form-
in" a somewhat unilatrrul triangtdar reticulated ilisk, tlie lower often an inch broad :.

Chorizanthe. TULYGONACl'LE. 35

involucres scattered on tlie slender brandies, 1^ to 3 lines long, strongly angled and
silicate, becoming corrugated, mostly 4-tootlied : ilowers a line long, pubescent, the
equal oblong perianth-segments laciniately fringed. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 197.

Oil (by hills in the Coast Ilangcs, from Stanislaus County {Brewer) southwaid ; Fort Tcjoii
{Xanlus) ; on the Mohave Kiver, Pahiicr.

4. C. Californica, Gray. Kesembling the last, but soniewliat more hirsute :
liracts more lateral, rarely perfoliate, and the disk more deeply lobed : involucres on
contracted branchlets and often clustered in the axils, more obtusely angled and not
sulcate, usually 2 - 3-toothed and 2-3-sided : segments of perianth obovate, entire.
— Torr. cV: (iray, 1. c. Mitcronea Californica, IJenth. Linn. Trans, xvii. 419, t. 20.

Ill the Coast llaiigos from San Luis Obispo to San Diego.

§ 2. Involurres coriarcous, 1-Jiowered, (j-anr/led and -sulcate, the nnequal divergent
teeth tcnnhtafin;/ in stout rusjts or aivns, viostlij tuicinate : fowers nearbj
sessile, included or onh/ partialh/ exserfed, ()-(drft {rarclij \)-paHed), gla-
brous or bristlji-rilloHs on the midreins {rarelij jmhesrcnt) : stamens 9 {rarclif
'\ or G), mostlij adnate to the tube near the base or below the middle: bract-
lets obsolete. Jfore or less viUous-pubeseent or hirsute, not glandular,
fragile: bracts 1 to 3, distinct, often foUaceous, at least the uppermost
acicular-subulate : involucres ■usuallg more or less clustered or cajjitate. —
EuciioRiZANTUK, Torr. & (iray.

=.v Involucres in close cymes {heads) ; margins of the teeth often scarious: stems
more or less leafg and the bracts mainlg foliaceous.

■h- ]\[argin of the involucre becoming vjholhj scarious and 2>ctaloi<l between the
awns (those in the forks niarginless) : stem erect and heads dense.

5. C. membranacea, IJenth. Slender, floccose-tomentose, leafy, ^ to 2 feet
high, sjtaringiy branched above, the branches ascending : leaves linear, scattered
along the stem, an inch or two long, acute : bracts mostly similar, cusjiidate : heads
sessile, solitary or few upon the branches : involucres tomentose, 2 to 2k lines long,
with at length a broad dilated linil) and c(iual uncinate teeth, the triangular tube
coiitracte<l in the middle: llowcirs villous, i becoming Ih lines long, G-parted : seg-
ments spatulate, the inner narrower and slightly shorter : stamens at the base : pedi-
cel e(pialling the Uower. — Linn. Trans. 1. c, t. 17, f. 11 ; Torr. S: CJray, 1. c. 193.

Central California, from Mendocino County to San Luis Ohispo. The llower in this species is
tliat of tlic preceding section.

G. C. Stellulata, IJenth. Ilirsutely pubescent, 3 to G inches high, umbellatcly
branched above : leaves linear-oblanceolato, scattered or the upper ones opposite,
an inch long or less : heads few and terminal ; the upper bracts broadly acerose
and coarsely hirsute : involucres 2 or 3 lines long, strongly 6-costate becoming tri-
angular, e(]ually toothed, the margin not broadly dilated : flowers sessile, glabrous,
equalling tiie involucre, tubular, equally G-cleft : the segments obcordately 2dobed :
stamens adnate near the base. — PI. llartw. 333, & DC. 1. c. ; Torr. S: CJray, I. c.

Known only from Ifdrttcoj.i specimens, collected in the "valley of tlie Sacramento."

7. C. Douglasii, Benth. I'esembling the last, but the leaves verticillate in one
or two whorls upon the stem: bracts .setaceous, villous, purplish: involucres Ih
lines long, .somewhat uiuniualiy toothed : Ilowers distinctly pedicelhid, glabrous, a
line long, uot cleft to the midille: the broadly cuneate-obloiig segments truncate,
the outer cuspidate, the inner shorter and retuse : stamens adnate near the base. —
1)C. Proilr. xiv. 25; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

Collected only by Domilas. Specimens from Santa JLargarita Valley (501 & 893 Brcwrr),
referred here by Torr. k Cray, 1. c, are probably distinct, beiiifj more slender and more softly
jiubescent, and the stem naked exeeptinj? the .•? "leafy bracts subtending 3 slender rays; (lowei-s
sessile, bristly-viUous on the midveins, the longer sef,'nients scarcely mucronate.

^G

r(jFA'( iUN ACK J<:. Chorizaullu

■^ -1- Teeth of the involucre scariousbj manjlued or v^hollij herbareous : more dif-
fuse and decumbent or usceitdiiif/, with more numerous acuttered heads, rarelij
erect.

8. C. diffusa, IJenth. Very slemler, villous-pubescent, the steins at length ile-
canibent iiiid 0 iiiclies long, sparingly branched : leaves narruwly spatulate, mostly
iiulical, an inch long or less : bracts short and acerose : heads small and rather
loose : involucres a line long, uneciually toothed, the longer teeth etjualling the tube,
the alternate ones shorter, mostly broadly scaiions on the margin and long-awued,
uncinate : (lowers a line long, glabrous, very shortly pedicelled, shortly G-cleft : seg-
ments oblong, nearly equal, obtuse, the inner a little narrower : lilaments inserted
near the base ; anthers oval. — PI. Ilartw. 333, & ])(J. 1. c. ; Torr. ^^^ (iray, 1. c.

Near Monterey, ou the dry sainly iilaiu {J/arlti\y) ami on the seashore, Pan-ii.

9. C, Breweri, Watson. Slender, softly pubescent, ascending or erect, 2 to 4
inches higii : leaves ovate or rounded, 3 to (5 lines broail, on slender petioles : bra<:ts
loliaceous, linear-oblanceolate, i)ungent : iieads small: involucres U lines long, the
short slightly unequal teeth united at base by an inconspicuous margin, stout and
curved, shortly awned : llowers U lines long, glabrous or villous : segments broadly
oblong, the inner ones shorter : stamens at the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 270.

On rocky hillsides at San Luis Obispo, and in sandy soil-in Santa Margarita Valley, Bixwcr.

10. C. pungens, r.cnth. Usually slendiu- and more or less decumbent or at
lirst erect, villous-pulu'scent ; stems often a foot long or move, leafy: leaves spatu-
late or oblanceolate, about an inch long, mostly opposite : ])racts similar, narrower,
awned at the apex : heads small : involucres U to 2 lines long, unequally toothed
(the alternate teeth smaller), usually margined"; teeth strongly uncinate : flowers
very shortly pedicelled, narrowed at base, U lines long, glabrous or often villous ou
the nerves, shortly cleft : segments e(pial, oblong, entire : filaments more or less
adnate to the lower part of the tube. — Linn. 'I'rans. xvii. 419, t. 19, f. 2, ^ DC.
1. c. ; Torr. & Cray, 1. c 194.

Very coninion in sandy plains near San Francisco, to Monterey and probably southward.

11. C. valida, AVatson. ISIostly stout, erect, six inches high or less, villous-
pubescent, sparingly branched : leaves oblanceolate, an inch long; the bracts similar:
involucres in rather crowded heads, '2\ to 3 lines long, nearly ecpially toothed; teeth
slightly spreading, with straight awns, scarcely margined : llowers nearly sessile,
narrowly tubidar,"2.V lines long, villous or glabrous, cleft a third of the way down ;
segments obhjng, very unecjual, the shorter ones erose: lilaments adnate to the mid-
dle or nearly to the summit. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 271.

Sonoma County ; specimens in herb. Gray are from the Russian Colony (from herb. St. IV-tersb.
Aeud.), and aUo'iolhi'ted by Sauuich, probably in the same rej^ion.

12. C. Palmeri, Watson, 1. c Stout, erect and branching, villous-pubcscent, a
span high or less : leaves spatulate, 2 inches long : bracts oblanceolate, conspicuous:
involucres in large close terminal cymes, 2 lines long; the teeth not at all margined
and slightly divergent, one long-awned, the rest nc-arly equal : llo\v(!rs rose-colored,
2 lines long, nearly sessile, glal)rous, broadly lobed above : outer segments orbicular,
the inner shorter, truncate or bitid, shortly laciniate : stamens near the base.

Near San Luis Obispo, ralmer (n. 464), 1876.
* * Involucres at leiujth scattered or onlij loosehj cijnioseh/ clustered ; teeth un-
equal, not scariousbj manjined.

■\- Perianth dccplij chft, the lanceolate segments fimbriate: hares all radical:
bracts not foliaceous.
13. C. fimbriata, Xutt. Somewhat villous-pubescent or glabrate : stem erect
or branching fniui the base, becoming ditfusely much branched, 0 inches high or

Chorizanthe. POLYGONACE.E. ' qit

less, usually purplisli : leaves an incli or two long, spatulate or ol.long-ovate and
petiolate, mucronate : bracts linear-setaceous, rather conspicuous : involucres 2 or 3
linos long, or more, with very unequal teetli, the alternate ones often mucli enlarged
and widely spreading : flowers sessile, glabrous : perianth-segments exserted, obtuse
at the apex, coarsely fringed below. — PL Gambel. 168: Torrev, Pacif 1{ Ren
v. 3G4, t. 8 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ' ^' ' ^',

Frequent on dry liills from SanU Barbara to San Diego, and east to the Mohave River.

14. C. laciniata, Torrey. Very similar to the last: involucres U to 2 lines
long, the teeth less enlarged : segments of the periantli long-acuminate and copi-
ously fringed. — Pacif. K. Kep. vii, I'J; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

At San Felipe, Anliscll.

-t- -t- Short segments of the perianth oblong, entire.
++ Bracts not foliaceous.

15. C. Staticoides, I5enth. Krect or i)rocumbent, rather stout, often a foot
high or more, with sjireading branches, villous-pubescent, often purplish: leave.s
all radical, tonientose beneatli, oblong, obtuse, 1 to 2^ inches long including the
petiole: bracts all acerose : invohicres in rather close cymes, 1^ to 3 lines long,
the alternate teetli larger and nearly (Mpial, often much enlarged : flowers nearly
sessile, 2 to 2^ lines long, glabrous, cleft a third of the way down : segments rather
narrowly oblong, entire, the alternate ones nearly half shorter and usually narrower:
stamens at base. — Linn. Trans, xvii. 418; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

From Monterey to San Diego.

10. C. procumbens, Nutt. Slender and procumbent, branching from the base
and very ililfuse, villous-pubescent, and often yellowish : leaves spatulate, an inch
long or more, not tonientose : bracts mostly small : involucres 1 to 1 1 lines long,
the alternate teeth strongly divergent and about eiiualling the tube, uncinate^:
flowers yellowish, sessile, \\ lines long, glabrous or somewhat villous: segments
equal, narrowly oblong, obtuse and entire : stamens at the base. — PI. Gambel.
1G7 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.

Collected only about San Diego.

++ ++ Bracts more or less foliaceous.

17. C. Parryi, Watson, 1. c. Small (2 or 3 inches high), branching from the
base, villous-pubescent, leafy : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, an inch long, not
tomentose : lower bracts as large, similar, j)ungent: tul)e of the involucres a line
long, the very divergent alternate teeth as long or longer : flowers nearly sessile,
white or pinkish, U lines long, villous on the nerves, cleft nearly to the middle :
segments recurved and somewhat undulate, oblong-ovate, crenate, acutish ; the inner
ones narrower and scarcely shorter : stamens at the base.

Common on gravelly mesas near Crofton, San Bernardino County, Pavrii, 187G.

18. C. Xanti, Watson. Small (2 to 4 inches high), branching dillusely from
near the base, villous-pubescent and tomentose : leaves ovate-oblong, 2 to G lines
long, on slender petioles, tomcntoso beneath : the lower bracts similar or linear-
oblanceolate : involucres tomentose, in dilfuse cymes, the tube 2 lines long, with
very divergent teeth often half as long or more, the alternate ones much smaller :
flowers rose-colored, 2h lines long, sessile, villous : segments linear-oblong, entire,
acutish, the alternate ones a half shorter : stamens G (rarely 7 or 8), at the base. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 272. C. jmicumhens, Gray, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii.
148 ; referred to C. staticoides in Torr. & Gray, Kevis. 195.

Southern California, near Fort Tejon (A'a/i/ws, Horn) ; San Bernardino and San Gorgonio, on
sandy washes, Parry.

38

POLYGONACE.K. Chorizunihe.

19. C. Wheeleri, Watson, 1. c. Low witli sj»re;uliiij,' branclies, [\ or 4 inclies
high, villoiis-pubesci'iit and tomentose: leaves ami bracts tonientose beneath; the
latter oblanceolate, an inch Ion},' or less : invohieres in small terminal cymes, nearly
glabrons, a line long, with short stout teeth, the alternate ones smaller : Uowers
rose-colored, \\ lines long, sessile, glabrous, cleft a third of the way down : seg-
ments broadly oblong, the alternate ones slightly shorter and broader: stamens (5,
near the base.

Near Santa Barbara, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, on U. S. Geog. Survey uinler Lieut. 0. M. Wheeler.

20. C. uniaristata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Procumbent or ascending, villous-
pubescent, ditlusely branching from the base : leaves and bracts spatulate or oblan-
ceolate, an inch or two long, the latter diminishing upward and pungent : invo-
lucres numerous, scattered, the tube 1 to \\ lines long; one tooth with a long
straight awn, the rest short anil uncinate : llowers nearly sessile, yellowish, glabrous
or slightly villous, W lines long, shortly cleft: segments very uneijual, the outer
obovate, entire, the inner oblong, crenate : stamens 3 or 9, at the base.

At New Idria {Brewer), and at ilcGinnis" on tlie headwaters of the SaHnas, Palmer.

21. C. brevicornu, Torrey. Pulverulent or nearly glabrous, branching from
the base, erect or ascending, 6 inches high or less, very fragile at the enlarged
nodes : leaves broadly spatidate to linear-oblanceolate, an inch or two long : bracts
similar, acute or pungent: involucres scattered, narrow, triangular, 1^ to 2 lines
long ; teeth very short and hooked, the alternate ones smaller : llowers included,
sessile, glabrous, shortly cleft : segments narrowly oblong, nearly eipial : stamens
3 or G, at the base. — Lot. JMex. Lound. 177; Torr. -& ^'Vay, 1. c. 19(5; Watson,
Lot. King Exp. 312.

N. W. Nevada to tlie Colorado Valley, Arizona and S. Utah. No well-developed flowers seen.

§ 3. Involucres conareous, l-Jfowered, trlavgvlar or eylindrlcal, S-5-toofIied or
-luhed ; teetli vneijual, with stniiij/it or curved awns ; tube transverseli/ cor-
vxigateil : Jlowers included or nearly so, tnhulnr, shortly Gn-left, ylahrous :
stamens 6 or 0, with short flaments inserted on the throat. Low, branch-
ing and fruiting from the base, villous-jnibescent and tomentose: bracts
2 or 3, di.stinct: involucres scattered. — Acanthogonum, Torr. (t Gray.
(Acanthogonum, Torr.)

* Involucres broadly triangular: bracts foliaceous.

22. C. polygonoides, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Decumbent, villous-puhescent : stems
1 to 3 inches long : l.-aves and bracts narrowly oblanceolate, an inch long or less,
acute ; floral bracts very short : involucres rather crowded on the short branches,
broadly triangular-turbinate, 3-costate, with 3 stout and broad divergent uncinate
teeth longer than the (1 line long) tube ; the intermediate teeth very small : llowers
nearly sessile, slightly exserted : segments oblong, equal : stamens 6 or 9; filaments
very short.

Collected only on Keservoir Hill, Plaecrville, by lUitUin.

23. C. rigida, Torr. Sl Gray, 1. c. Erect, 1 to 4 inches high, villous-pubescent,
very shortly branched, usually dense with the conspicuously ])racted involucres,
the whole jilant becoming rigid and persistent : leaves ovate, 3 to 12 lines in diam-
eter, on long petioles, tomentose beneath : bracts similar, obtuse or apiculate ; floral
bracts linear-subulate, stout and spinescent, 6 to 15 lines long: involucres with a
broad-triangular 6-costate tomentose tube, a line long ; teeth 3, unequal, lanceolate
and carinate, spinescent or pungent, 2 to 9 lines long : flowers yellowish, nearly
sessile, equalling the tube : segments oblong, ecpial, somewhat villous : stamens 9.
• — "Watson, Lot. King Exp. 312.

From Northwestern Nevada to the Colorado Valley, Arizona and Southern Utah.

Plcroslcijia. IMJLYGUNACl'LK. 39

* * Involucr€.H cylindrical : bracts not foliaccoiis.

24. C. corrugata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Somewhat villous-i)ul)esceiit and toraen-
tose, luucli hiauclicd from the base and ascending, 2 to 4 inches higli : leaves ovate,
tomentose beneath, half an inch long, on slender petioles : bracts subulate-setaceous,
small : involucres numerous, the tul)e 1 or 2 lines long, narrow and attenuate at
base, scarcely angled, strongly corrugated, bearing 3 foliaceous ovate-lanceolate
short-awned and uncinate loljcs, somewhat tomentose al)ove and rather longer than
the tul)e : flowers white, included, less than a line long and aljout ecjualling the
pedicel : segments oblong, equal, villous above : stamens G or 9 on the middle of
the tube.

Near Fort Yuma {Gen. Thomas) and noitlnvard in the Colorado Valley, Palmer.

25. C. Watsoni, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Villous-pubescent and somewhat tomen-
tose, with si>readiug or ])rocumbent branches, 2 to 4 inches long : leaves narrowly
oblanceolate, an inch long or less, tomentose beneath : bracts subulate-setaceous,
short or somewhat elongated, rarely foliaceous : involucres clustered or solitary ;
tube narrow and scarcely angled, 2 to 2i lines long, obscurely corrugated; teeth 5,
uiHvjual, subulate and uncinate, the larger often foliaceous, 1 to G lines long: flower
yellow, at length slightly exserted, on a slender pedicel, a line long : segments
oblong, acute, slightly villous : stamens 9, at the throat, with very short filaments.
— Watson, I5ot. King Exp. 313, t. 34.

On the Mohave River (Palmer) ; Northern Nevada, Torrcy, JVatson, Lemmon.

8. LASTARRI^A, Uemy.

Involucre none. Perianth involucre-like, coriaceous or chartacef)us, tubular,
5 - G-cleft to the middle ; the narrow teeth rigid and awned, recurved and uncinate.
Stamens 3, inserted on the throat, with a small membranous tooth each side of the
very short iilament. Akene triangular, glabrous. Embryo curved ; the narrow
cotyledons longer than the radicle. — A small diffusely branching annual, native
of Chili, diffusely brancheil from the base and very fragile, with linear leaves, verti-
cillate oblong or lanceolate uncinately awned floral bracts, and floAvers sessile in the
forks and terminal.

A single si)eeies, with the habit of Eachorizanthe.

1. L. Chilensis, Kemy. ]>ranches ])rocumbent or ascending, 2 to 4 inches long,
hirsute : leaves an inch long or less, usually very narrow : lower bracts similar, in
whorls of 5 ; the floral ones U to 3 lines long, concealing the flowers : perianth 1
to 1.^ lines long, terete and becomimj chartaceous at base : styles very short. — Gay,
Fl. Chil. V. 289, t. 58, fig. 1; :Meisner in DC. Prodr. xiv. 18G ; Torr. & Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 199.

From Contra Costa County to San Diego ; poihaps introduced from Chili hy the agency of sheep
or cattle. It much rcsenil)lcs some species of Clii>riznnllir in appeamncc, and the flowers arc so
concealed by the bracts that the plant is liable to be overlooked.

10. PTEROSTEGIA, Fisch. k Meyer.
Involucre of a single bract, subtending and shorter than tlie solitary sessile
flower, rounded and more or less 2-lobed, at length becoming enlarged, scarious and
reticulated, loosely enveloping the akene and gibbously 2-saccate on the back. Peri-
anth G- (rarely 5-) parted ; segments oblong-lanceolate, equal. Stamens inserted at
the base of the segments, as many or fewer. Akene triangular, glabrous. Cotyle-
dons rounded, accumbent upon the radicle. — Very slender weak leafy annuals,

40 rOLYGUXACE.E. Jteruslcjia.

diffusely dicliotomous from tlie base : leaves ojtpusite, llie lower •J-loljed : bracts
opposite, small, fuliaceous : involucres uearly sessile iu the forks and terminal :
llowers very small, yellowish. Only the following species.

1. P. drymarioides, Fisch. & Mey. Sparingly hirsute, decumbent, the stems
often a foot or Iwo long : lower leaves ])etioled, 2 to 0 lines broad, I'an-shaped, the
lobes crenately toothed or again lobed ; upper leaves obovate to sjiatulate, entire or
toothed : bracts similar, about a line long : involucres very small, becoming 1 to U
lines long in fruit, somewhat 2-lobetl, the margin toothed or laciniate ; tlie dorsal
sacs or crests more or less developed. — Ind. 8em. llort. I'etrop. ii. 23 ; lienth. iu
DC. I'roilr. xiv. 27 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 200.

Hillsides ami dry places, from the Columbia River to Lower California, and from tlie eoast to
the foothills of ihe Sierra Nevada ; S. Utah (I'amj) ; (Juadalupe Island, I'almcr.

P. MACItoi'TKKA, lienth. Hot. Siili)li. 41, is deseril)e<l as a larger and stouter plant, with spatu-
late somewhat llesliy entire leaves, and the fruiting involucre half an inch broad with a sinuate
margin. — ilagdalena Bay, Lower California.

Order LXXVIII. AMARANTACEiE.

Herbs (as to our species), with entire leaves destitute of stij>ules, small flowtirs
■which are usually subten<led by scarious bracts and have a persistent perianth of
1 to 5 more or less scarious sepals (wanting in Aanda), mostly hypogynous stamens
as many as the sepals and opposite them or fewer, a 1 -celled ovary containing (in
our species) a single amphitropous ovule on a slender basal funiculus, utricidar in
fruit, and lenticular seed with crustaceous (black or brown) testa and embryo
curved around copious mealy albumen, its radicle inferior and cotyledons incumbent.
Flowers perfect or unisexual, solitary or clustered, commonly 3-bracteate, viz. with
a bract and a pair of lateral bractlets ; the latter usually more scarious, concave and
often carinate. Sepals imbricate in the buil, unchanged in fruit. Stamens either
distinct or monadelphous at base, with or without alternating teeth or scales (stami-
nodia). Stigmas 2 or 3, sessile or on an undivided style. Utricle either indehis-
cent or irregularly bursting or circumscissile. Seed always vertical.

An order of unimportant weedy plants, mostly tropical or subtropical, a few cultivated on
account of their oinauiental bracts or foliage. There are about 40 genera and 400 sj-ecies.
Readily distinguished from the Chcnojwduicccc by habit, and by the scarious biacts and sepals.

* Anthers 2-celled.

1. Amarantus. Annuals, with alternate thin strongly veined leaves. Flowers niona-cious or

di.vcious, in close axillary or spicate clusters. Sepals 5 or fewer. Utricle circumscissile.

2. Nitrophila. Rerenuial, with oi)posite tleshy leaves ; glabrous. Flowers perfect, axillary.

Sepals 5 to 7, connivent. Utricle indehiscent.

» ♦ Anthers 1 -celled : leaves opposite : tomentose.

3. Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, axillary. Utricle indehiscent.

1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amar.\nth.

Flowei;^ usually moncecious or polygamous, sometimes dioecious, 1-3- (mostly 3-)

bracted. Perianth of 3 or 5 sepals (rarely fewer in the fertile flowers), distinct or

united at base, scarious or scariously margined, erect or the summits spreading and

more or less dilated, glabrous. Stamens as many, distinct, with subulate or lili

Amarauiits. AMARANTACE.E. 4]^

form lilaiucnts aiul 2-colle(l aiitlicrs ; staminodia none. Stigmas 2 or 3, linear and

sessile. Utricle 1 -seeded, ovate, 2 - 3-1)eaked, circumscissile (or indeliiscent in

§ Euxolus), often deciduous with the perianth. — Annual weeds, with alternate

loaves decurrent upon tlio slender petiole and apiculate with a short setaceous

mucro ; flowers green or purplish, in axillary or spiked clusters or si)ikelets. Stam-

inate flowers usually mingled with the more numerous pistillate ones. — Amblo-

gyne & Euxolus, IJaf. Sarratia, Motpiin. ^fen(/ea, Schauer. Sclerojnis, Sclirad.

A gomis of wiile range, some of the species very widely difTused as weeds about cultivated
grounds. Among the Indians of Arizona several are cultivated for their abundant seeds. The
specific diflerenees are often obscure and badly defined, so that the numlwr of actual species is very
uncertain. The views of IJenth.im (Fl. Australicnsis, v. 212) are adopted respecting Amblogync,
and there seems also to be no suliicient reason for retiiining Mengca as a distinct genus.

* Scjmis distinct, oblong-lanceolate, erect : flowers monoicions.

+- Flowers in naked terminal and. axillanj mostly panidcd sjiikes : sepals 5:
stems usually stout and erect, tvith large lo7ig-petioled leaves. — Euamarantus.

1. A. retroflexus, Linn. Dull green, 1 to G feet high, roughish and more or
less pubescent, .simple or branched : loaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, 1 to 3 (or often 4 to G) inches long, not including the somewhat shorter petiole :
flowers green, in thick erect or scarcely spreading crowded axillary and terminal
spikes: bracts lanceolate, attenuate to a rigid awn, 1^ to 3 linos long: sepals 1 to
1^ lines long, narrowly oblong, acute or obtuse, or mucronate, at length deciduous
with the ha.se of the circumscissile utricle : seed ^ line broad. — ^[(xpiin, DC. Prodr.
\\\\\ 258.

From Mexico to British America, only as an introduced weed northward ; cultivated by the
Arizona Indians. It is also conunon through most of Europe, but probably not native. Dis-
tinguished by the thick erect s|)ikes.

2. A. chlorostachys, Willd. Spikes more slender than in the last, linoar-
cylindric, more or loss iloxuous, the lateral ones spreading or divaricate : whole
plant usually deeper green : the leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse or acutish :
sei)als more fre<piently acute or acuminate. — Moquin, 1. c. 259. A. retroflexus,
var. chlorostachys, Gray, ^lanual, 412.

Of like range and widely naturalized, but not yet certainly found in California. A. panicula-
Ins, Linn., may al.so occur in gardens, with numerous slender panicled spikes, the flowers and
often the leaves tinged with purple.

+- +- Flowers in very small axillary spikes or clysters : sepals 1 to 3 : stems low
or j}rostrate, with smaller leaves. — Pyxidium, Moquin.

++ Sepals three.

3. A, albus, Linn. Erect or ascending, \ to 2 feet high, diffusely brancho.l
from the base, glabrous or nearly so : stem light-colored : leaves pale green, oblong-
spatulate to obovate, Mo U inches long inchuling the slender ])otiolo, obtuse or
retuso, often undulate : rhachis of the 4-.5-llowored spikelots often somewhat elon-
gated {\ to 3 linos long) : bracts subulate, rigid, ])ungently awnod, 1 to 2\ lines
long, the lateral ones very much smaller or wanting : sepals 3, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, shorter than the slightly rugose utricle : seed small, a third of a line
broad. — Moquin, 1. c, 264 ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 274.

Near Monterey {Unrlvrcf; referred to A. Bfilum, vnr. (jrrrdznn.i, by Mofpiin, 1. c. 2()3), Snn
Diego (I'd/nicr), and conunon through the interior, where it is doul)tlc.s3 indigenous, and in the
Atlantic States ; also naturalized thioughout the; Mediterranean region.

4. A. blitoides, Watson. Much resembling tiie last, but prostrate or decumbent,
the slender stems | to 2 feet long : spikelets usually contracted : bracts ovate-ob-
long, shortly acuminate, nearly equal, 1 to H lines long, but little exceeding the

42

AMARANTACE.E.

oblong obtuse ami mucronulate or acute sepals : utricle not rugose, slightly longer
tlian the sepals : seed twice larger than in the last, nearly a line broad. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 273.

Also found in tlic interior from Mexico to Northern Nevada and Iowa, and spreading thence
eastward. Soniewliat lescnihling the J. Blitum, Linn., of tlie Old Worki, whicli is usually erect,
with shorter and more scarious bracts and a smaller seed like that of J. alius, notched at the
hilum. ,

-(- -i- Sepals and bracts in the fertile Jtowers solitary.

5. A. CaliforniCUS, Watson. Prostrate or ascending, glabrous, branching at the
base, the stems olten a foot long or more, with numerous short branchlets : leaves
obovate to oblong, an inch long or less including the petiole, often small, obtuse or
acutish, with white veins and margin : tlowers green or reddish, in numerous small
dense axillary clu.sters : bract often membranous and inconspicuous, lanceolate,
acuminate, slightly or not at all exceeding the utricle : sepals of the staminate
tlowers f line Tong ; that of the fertile flower shorter and narrower, lateral : utricle
slightly rugose, tardily circumscissile : seed half a line broad. — MeiKjea Californica,
J^Ioquin in^DC. Prodr. xiii^. 270 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 290.

From San Diego (Palmer) to Monterey {Hartwaj) ; near Carson City (Anderson, Turrey) ; and
northward in Idaho and Oregon.

* * Sepals (5) of the fertile flowers more or less dilated above and spreading,
distinct or united at base: flowers sometimes diwcioas : perianth deciduous
with the fruit. — Amblogyne. {Ambloyijnc, Paf., (jray. Sarratia, jMotpiin.)

6. A. fimbriatus, P)enth. 1. c. ISIona'cious, erect, slender, 1 to 3 feet high, si)ar-
ingly branched or tiinii)le, glabrous : leaves linear, an inch or two long, attenuate
into a slender petiole, obtuse or acute, obscurely nerved : tlowers in rather loo.se
clusters, scattered or approximate in a long terminal spike, which is leafy below :
bracts shorter than the perianth, narrow, acute : sepals of the sterile flowers obtuse,
oblong; those of the fertile flowers broadly fan-shajied, 1 to U lines long, with a
narrow thickened strongly^nerved base, slightly united, the ujiper inargin lindjriately
incised : seed round-ovate," less than half a line broad. — *Sa/m;/« Btrlaudieri, var.
jivibriata, Torrey, J5ot. Mex. Bound. 179. Amlbxjyne fmbriata, CIray, l*roc. Am.
Acad. v. 1G8.

From San Diego County eastward to S. Utah and the Rio Grande, and southward to Cape St.
Lucas, Xantus.

7. A. Palmeri, Watson. Dicccious, rather stout, erect, 2 or 3 feet high, branch-
ing, somewhat pubescent above or glabrate : leaves oblong-rhomboid, an inch or two
long and about e(jualling the petiole, the upper linear-lanceolate : flowers in clo.so
elongated linear spikes leafy at base : bracts solitary, mo.stly twice longer than the
flowers, spreading, subulate and rigid, narrowed into a stout awn : sepals of fertile
flowers 1 to 1^ lines l.mg, obl(»ng and somewhat broader above, obtuse or refuse,
two or three usually slightly larger and more acute or setaceously apiculate, dis-
tinct or nearly so : stigmas usually 2 : seed circular, half a line broail. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 274.

At Larkin's Station, east of San Diego, Pulmcr, 1875 (n. 323). Also on the banks of tlie \\\n
Grande, BerhnuUer, 1834 (n. 2407). Staminate flowers have not been detected on the Iruitiiig
specimens. What is probably to be considered the staminate foini has been collected on the Kio
Grande and in the Gila Valley by several collectors, on the Fort Yuma road, 80 miles ca!,t ol San
Diego {Palmer), and at Cape St. Lucas, Xantus. These accord in habit and foliage with the
pistTllate specimens, and have very narrowly acuminate or setaceous pungent bracts eiiualling or
usually exceeding the lanceolate long-acuminate sepals.

A. ToRREYi, Renth. {Amhlofjvne Torrei/i, Gray\ is a similar sjiecies of Colorado and New
Mexico, and also from Cai)e St. Lucas, distinguished by the less rigid bracts scarcely as long as
the Uowers and the broader obovate-sjjatulate sepals, rounded above ami entire or retuse or emar-
ginate ; sepals of the male tlowers (which are mingled with the iiistillate ones or on distinct plants)
oblong-lanceolate, acute.

AUernuHlhem. dlENOPODIACEvK.

2. NITROPHILA, Watson.

Flowers perfect, mostly 2-bracte.l. Perianth of 5 (rarely G or 7) equal erect con-
cave an, cannate sepals. Stan.ens as many, united at base into a very narrow peri-
gynous disk : anthers 2.celle.l : staminodia none. .Style short : stigmas 2, slender
Utricle subglobose, i.ulehisce.it, l-seeded, beaked by the persistent style, included
J.thm the connivent sepals. - A low perennial branching glabrous herb, with
Meshy opposite ainplexicaul leaves, ami axillary sessile or shortly pedicellate llowers
— JJut. King Exp. 21)7. Banalia § Idiopsis, Moquin, DC. Prodr. xiii^. 279.

1 . N. occidentalis, Watson, I. c. Stems ascending or decumbent, .3 to 8 inches
ugh, horn a pereiinnd running rootstock, branching from the base and angular-
o vermost leaves broadly ovate or oblong, 2 or 3 liner long ; the rest linear, o'to 1 2

i e lor'ortT 'T^r"'""" ""^ T^''^'"''-- '"'^''^ '^'-^'^ ^"t shorte;, mostly
tM,e longer than the flowers : llowers 1 to 3 in each axil ; the lateral ones frenuentlv
hort-ped.celled, 2-3-bracted, the central one often bra^-tless : sepals a lin in/

Halt a line broa.l, black and shining. ^ /ia,?fl//a occklentalis, Moquin, 1. c

3. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt.
Flowers perfect, 3-bracted ; bracts concave, hyaline. Perianth of 5 erect equal
oblong rigid-scarious sepals, somewhat pilose with verticillately branched hairs.
Stamens 5, the filaments united at base into a short cup : anthers large, oblong
1-celled. Ovary subglobose : style short ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle ovate-
globose, indehiscent, 1-sceded. — L6w annual, or erect and woody at base, densely
stcllate-tomentosc, with opposite small rounded entire petiolate leaves, and very
small llowei-s solitary or few in the axils. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. iii. 37.
Only tlie two following species are known.

1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. in herb. Annual, prostrate or ascendintr, diffusely
branched, densely white-tomeiitose becoming glabrate ; stems often a foot or two
long: leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, more or less attenuate at base 3 to 10
hues long, often in threes, two of them smaller : flowers mostly in pairs ; sepals less
than a line long, obt.isish, twice longer than the broader hairy-tipped bracts : utricle
glabrous, shorter than the ^v\y.i\^.— Arh>/rnn(hes lanu^finosa, Nutt. Fl. Ark IGO
Altenmnthera {]) lamuiinoRn, Torr. in Emory's Kop. 1.50," and Lot. Mex. Bound. 180 '
Moqmn, UC. Prodr. xiii^. 359. '

Hanks of tlie Colorado near Cliiniiicy Poak (A'cwbrrr;/), ami eastward to .-Xrkansas and Te.vas.

C. suFFKi'Tico.sA, IJenth. k Hook. Soniewliat woody at base, ere.-t nn.l nuioli branelu-d, I.alf
a loot liifrli or l.'ss : loaves lonnd.-d ,„• „vnte, truncate or usually ronml.-d at l.ase, 2 to 0 lines lon^
y(p- iihwUy \K-\\n\i'i\. — .IHamaulhcraiOsn/ruticusa, Toir. in Ijot. Ale.v. Bound. 181. VallcT
ol the Iho Grande, IVrUjht. ^

Order LXXIX. CHENOPODIACE^.

Herbs or shrubs, often succulent or scurfy, sometimes fleshy and leafless, usually
with simple and alternate leaves, without stipules ; the smalland sessile commonly
clustered flowers either naked or with herbaceous (not scarious) bracts, a perianth
of .5 or fewer usually herbaceous and pei-sistent sepals, often changed in fruit

44 CHENOPUDIACE.E.

(becoming appfiulaged, wiuged, baccate, etc.), or sometimes wanting in tlie fertile
llowers ; stamens as many as tlie sepals and opposite them or fewer, distinct, with
I'-celled anthers; ovary 1-celleil, containing a solitary amphitropous or canipylo-
tropous ovule on a funicle rising from its base, an akene or utricvdar in fruit ;
embryo slender, either annular, and surrounding the mealy albumen, or spiral with
the albumen lateral or wanting. Flowers either perfect or unisexual. Bracts often
enclosing the fruit. .Sepals imbricated in the bud. .Styles or stigmas 1 to 4.
— Moquin in DC. Prodr. xiii^ 41. AVatson, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 82.

A wide-spread ordur of about (JO genera and 400 species, mostly extra-troi)icnl and in hngn
ilegree peculiar to niaiitinie or saline localities, and including some cosmopolitan weeds. It is
extensively represented in the desert and alkaline regions of Western America (most of the vari-
ous plants that are popidarly known as " (irease Wood " belonging to it), as in Asia and the Medi-
terranean region. It lurnishes the Ik'et (/)t'<(t vulgaris, Liiui.), which has been cultivated for
ages, and the ilangel W'uizel {B. Ciclu, Linn.) ; several species, as Spinach {Spinucid olcracca,
Linn.) and the Garden Orach {Atrip/ex hortensis, Linn.), are used as jiotherbs ; and the seeds of
others are used for food by the Indians of North and South America. Some possess aromatic and
medicinal i)ropertie.s, and others contain large quantities of alkaline salts.

Tkibe L CHENOPODIE.E. Flowers perfect, without bracts ; the jierianth ])crsistent. Seed
free, mostly with crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Embryo annular. Stems not
articulated, nor leaves terete except in Kochin.

* Seeds horizontal (sometimes vertical in Cheuopodium).

1. Kochia. Perianth 5-cleft, at length transversely winged, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5.

Testa membranous and albumen none, rerenniul, with terete leaves and axillary
flowers.

2. Aphaiiisma. Perianth 3-cleft, not appendaged, persistent at the base of the fruit. Sta-

men 1. Glabrous annual, with ovate entire leaves, and minute axillary ilowei-s.

3. Teloxys. Perianth of i, carinate sepals, partly covering the fruit. Stamen 1 or none. An-

nual, repeatedly dichotoniou.s, with lanceolate toothed leaves, and axillary or terminal
solitary llowers.

4. Chenopodium. Perianth usually 5-cleft or -parted, nearly covering the fruit. Stamens 5 or

fewer. Mostly m.'aly or glandular, with the clu.stered llowers axillary or in axillary and
terminal spikes. Seed in some species often vertical.

♦ » Seeds vertical.

5. Monolepis. Sepal 1, bract-like. Stamen 1. Fruit naked. Low annuals ; flowers densely

clustered in the axils.

6. Roubieva. Perianth 3-5-toothed, becoming saccate and enclosing the fruit. Perennial

herb, with pinnatitid leaves ; llowers .solitiiry or few in the axils.

Tribe II. ATRIPLIOE^F.. Flowers monfrcions or dioecious; the staminate with 3-5chft
periantli ; the jjistillate without perianth, enclosed in a pair of more or less united bracts.
Seed free, vertical, with annular embryo and copious albumen. Stems not articulated nor
leaves fleshy.

* Bracts compressed : testa mostly coriaceous.

7. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate. Padicle

from inferior to superior.

* » Bracts obcompressed, completely united, not muricate : testii membranous : radicle inferior.

8. Eurotia. Peiicarp conical, somewhat obcompressed, densely liairy, not winged. Low and

bhrubbv, white-toinentose.

9. Grayia. PeVicarp flattened, orbicular, wing-margined, glabrous. Shrubby, somewhat spines-

cent, nearly glabrous.

Tkibe III. CORISPERME.E. Flowers perfect, bractless. Sepals 1 to 3, hyaline, niarces-
cent. Pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo annular around copious albumen.
Stems not articulated nor leaves fleshy.

10. Corispermum. Fruit compressed-elliptic, acutely margined, not muricate : flowers soli-

tary, axillary. Low annual.

Aj'lKiuisma. CIIENUPOUIACE.E. 45

Ti;iBE IV. SALICOllNIEyE. Flowers mostly perfect, immersod by threes in the depressions
of a close cylindiical sinke. Seeds vertical. Embryo annular, with little albumen.
Flcsliy saline plants, with jointed stums and scale-like leaves.

11. Salicornia. Flower-clusters decussately opposite: perianth saccate, becoming spongy.

Ibiinchos opposite.

12. Spirostachys. Flower-clusters in spirals : perianth 4- Scleft. Hranches alternate.

Ti;ii!K V. SUEDEiE. Embryo spiral, with little or no albumen. Leaves fleshy, terete.
Stems not articulated.

13. Sarcobatus. Flowers unisexual ; the staminate in aments, without jjerianth ; the pistillate

axillary, solitary, with saccate perianth. Fruit transversely winged. Saline shrub,
somewliat spincscent.

14. Suaeda. Flowers perfect, axillary ; perianth 5-cleft or -parted. Saline herbs, or woody at

base.

1. KOCHIA, Koth.

Fluwors perfect (or the staincns abortive), without bracts. Perianth herbaceous,
subglobose, 5-cleft, per-sistent over the fruit, ami at length usually developing an
entire or lubed horizontal wing. Stamens .5, usually exserted. Ovary depressed :
styles 2, filiform. I'ericarp membranous, persistent. Seed horizontal ; testa mem-
branous. Embryo nearly annular, green, enclosing scanty albumen. — Perennials,
woody at base, with scattered linear terete leaves, and the flowers solitary or few in
the axils of the virgate leafy stems.

An Australian and Old World genus of about 25 species, with a single representative in
America.

1. K. Americana, AVatson. Woody and branching at base : the erect stems
mostly simple and virgate, ^ to 11 feet high, leafy, villous-tomentose or nearly gla-
brous : leaves 3 to 12 lines" long, acutish, ascending: flowers 1 to 3 in the axils,
mostly with abortive stamens : perianth densely white-tomentose, nearly a line
broad in fruit ; the membranous wing as wide or wider, its lobes cuneate-rounded,
nerved and somewhat crenuhite : ovary ovate, tomentose above : styles elongated :
])ericarp nearly smooth : seed | of a line broad. — Pev. Chenop. in Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 93. K. prostrata, Hook, in Kew Journ. Pot. v. 2G2, not Schrader ;
Watson, Pot. King Exp. 293.

Valleys and foothills of the Great Basin, from Northwestern Nevada to W. Wyoming and
southward to Arizona; doubtless in Northeastern California.

2. APHANISMA, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, withotit lirac.ts. l*erianth 3-cleft, with concave segments, un-
changed in fruit. Stamen solitary ; filament short. Ovary depressed : style short,
shortly 2 - 3-cleft. Pericarp rather thick and indurated, somewhat 5-angled, the
base surrounded by the dry calyx. Seed horizontal, with very thin crustaceous
testa. Embryo annidar, surrounding the copious albumen. — A slender glabrous
annual, with alternate ses.sile entire leaves, and minute axillary mostly solitary
flowers. A single species.

1. A. blitoides, Nutt. Stems ascending, l)ranchcd, 1 to 2i feet high : leaves
thin, oblanceolate, ovate-oblong, the upper ones ovate, acute, 3 to 12 lines long:
segments of the minute perianth ovate, very obtuse, thin and closely appressed to
the base of the fruit : fruit half a line broad : seed punctulate-rugose, shining. —
Moquin in DC. Prodr. xiii'^. TA ; Watson, 1. c. 90.
Near San Diego ; very sparingly collected, NiitlaU, Cleveland.

^Q ClIENOrODIACl'LK. 7e/a.-//,v.

3. TELOXYS, Mo.iuin.

Flowers perfect or sometimes pistillate, without bracts. Periantli 5- (rarely 4-)
parted; the lubes more or less prominently carinate or somewhat crested, loosely and
only partially covering the fruit. Stamen solitary. Styles 2, distinct or united at
base. Pericarj) membranous. Seed horizontal, with a crustaceous testa. Embryo
annular around copious albumen. — Erect dilfusely branched annuals, with thin alter-
nate leaves, and minute solitary flowers, very shortly pedicelled, axillary and termi-
nal upon the repeatedly dichotomous nearly naked branches.

Only three species, of Nortlieni Asia, central North America, and the Bolivian Andes,
re.s|«'ctively.

1. T. COrnuta, 'rmrey. Glabrous or somewhat glandular-puberulcnl, I to U
feet high, slender : leaves lanceolate, an inch or two long, repand-dentate or coarsely
sinuale-pinnatihd : calyx resinous-dotted, the acute loljes carinate with a short thick
crest: seed \ of a line broa.l. — Pacif. 11. Rep. iv. 129 ; AVatson, 1. c. 91.

Near Prescott, Aiizoim {Pabner), and jjrobal.ly ianj,'ing into S. E. California, thence to Colorado
and Northern Mexico.

4. CHENOPODIUM, Tonrn. Coomckoot. Picwkko.
Flowers perfect or sometimes pistillate, without bracts. Perianth herbaceous,
5- (rarely 3-4-) parted; lobes usually somewhat carinate or crested, becoming dry
and more or less closely covering the fi uit, or rarely at li-ngth lleshy. Stamens 5 or
fewer. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 4, slender. Pericarp membranous, closely investing
the lenticular or subglobose horizontal or vertical seed. Testii crustaceous. Em-
bryo annular or curved around cojiious albuiuen. — Annuals, rarely perennial ; many
of them introduced weeds, usually more or less whiti--mealy or glanduhir ; leaves
alternate, petioled ; ilowers sessile and clustered, in axillary or terminal interrupted
spikes or panicled. — litittim, Tourn.

A widely distril)uted genus of about 50 species, .some of them among tlie most common weeds
in almost all countries. ° Eight or nine s))ecies are native to the interior and southern portions of
the United States. The limits of the genus, as distinct from Ji/ititiu, are very vague, and vari-
ouslv drawn. Any division based ui)on the variable i.osilion of the seed and consistence ot the
calyx appears to be unsatisfactory, and it has seeni..l be.-,t to include all our species m the one
genus.
§ 1. Annual, vsitaUi/ sowewhat ineahj, hut not jmhcsrent or fjlamluhir, nor aro-

viatie. : fraiiuKj rafi/.r. dry : seed lentlndar, liorhontdl : emhrijo completeli/

annulm: — ( 'ihaoi-ddiastuu.m, Mo(|uiii.
^^ Pericarp closc/i/ persistent : Icares more or less sinnate-dentate : seed lanjo
(^ line broad).

1. C. album, Eiun. Erect and often .strict, usually 2 to 4 feet high, simple or
branched, more or less mealy : leaves rhombic-ovate, 1 to 3 inches long, obtuse or
acute, at least the lower ones sinuate-dentate, the upjjcr usually entire and laiiceolato
to linear : flowers densely clustered in usually close spikes, the panicle strict and
close or somewhat spreading : sepals strongly carinate, nearly or quite covering the
fruit : seed | to nearly a line broad.

A common weed, introduced everywhere, originally fi'oni the Old World ; usually known as
"Pigweed "or " Lamb's Quarters." The var. viride, less mealy and with more open inllores-
cence, is less prevalent on the western coast than eastward.

2. C. murale, Einn. Stout, erect or decumbent, a foot or two high, more or
less mealy : leaves broadly rhomboidal or triangular to laiicrolate, 1 to 4 inches

47

long, acute, coarselv and dconlv qininfo f«Mj,„i «

hvy rather loose spicato vSls^^^^'^u r^' '" ""*'^" '^^"^^^^•^' ^" ^^'l"

nal panicle : seed sharply nmrghuHl ' '''"''' "•■ '" '" '"'^^'^ "P"" t^-^^'^'i-

r^J:^::u^:S\^^,S: ''^''' '-- ^^" '^-'^'- *« «- 1^*^.0. a,. o,a wom specie.

. . Pen:;,rj,srj,.r.>u„ readiUj fro,,, Ikeseed: leaves c„ti,^e or h.mM,j MM-

seed smaller. ''

CoW;l'':,',:/S mS"'' "'"' ""••"='' "" ""»"" f"'" "" I"- »f «l.e Sieira Nevada ,„

^ ^'' '^'"5 ;;o/ I'!C:!^' '"^rf ''; ^^'^^ (^{-'^^^'^^-r-pul^esrent, aromatic: seed very

* i^^/r.;-.^,«,»V..Z.,^. .;. .^,,>,,^,.. ,ee,h mostly horizontal, ohtusehj margined.
lenvp.^;^"*.*'^^;/^'""- ^•'"!"1^>''^'' throughout, erect, a f„ot or tw„ hi-d. branched-
lootnoa. loners somewhat solitary, in numerous slender difluse axillary innicles-

^i:^-^i:''l^:^;;-A i::^^^ l."t co„„no„ oa.twnr.l nn.l ov..r .nu-h of tl.c OI.l

C C. ambrosioides, Linn. Scarcely glaiulular. e.e.t or ascendin- usu.llv

iowe iiTfnr'""'^^^^^ ""n"^''"^ "''^"" •'""'^"' linoardaueeolalo and entire:

clduous ° ^ '" '' ^ ''''"'' "^'^"'^'' ■■^''i""*-'^^^*^^' ^« ^^"^ ^^"'t : pericarp do-
ns ^fvT.tTn;L'"z.i!"';;;:V!:;;:'''7^w' '^ conynon wend i„ many parts of the world, often used

Frandsco aiTso wa^^ '" «=>'t->"''»>«l.es and waste pla.-es about San

^g C'lIENOPODIACKJ-:. Chenopodiavi.

* * Flou-er-diisters all axillary : seeds vwsthj vertical, aniteli/ margined.

7. C. carinatum, 11. Uniwn. JStems i)rosti;itt'- ur prociinilteiit, a lialf to ii foot
long or more, Icaly : leaves oblong-lanceolate, sinnately pinnatilid, an inch long or
ofte°n much less, on slemler petioles : flowers small, in rather loose clusters in all the
axils : sepals incurved, linear-oblong, somewliat thickened on the back : stamen
nsually solitary : seed a fourth of a line broad. — lienth. Fl. Austral, v. 102. JJli-
turn carinatum & B. (jlandulosum, ilocpiin, DC. Prodr. xiii". 81.

An Australian species, found in yanls and lields in IMunias County {I.nnnvm, Mrs. Ainrs);
doubtless introduced.

§ 3. Ferenuial, soiin-irhat vical//, not (jlainltthtr-puheticoit ■ frultliuj calyx dry :
seed larye, sal>(/lol>osc, vertical, exsertcd: embryo annular. — Acjatiiui-hyton.
(BlitHni § Aijatliojdiyton, Tklocjuin.)

8. C. Californicum, Watson. Stout, erect, mostly simple, a foot or two high,
from a thick fusiinini root : leaves broailly triangular-hastate, 2 or 3 inches long,
acute or acuminate, truncate or sinused at base, shari)ly and unecpially sinuate-den-
tate : flowers in dense clusters in simple terminal spikes : perianth camjianulate,
more or less deeply 5-toothed, loosely enveloping the fruit : pericarp persistent :
seed somewhat compressed, | to 1 line broad. — C anihehniuticim, var. (?) ha.xtatinn,
]\Ioqnin, 1. c. 74. Blituvi Bonus-Henricns, var. trosmn, IMocpiin, 1. c. 85. Blittim
Bonus-Henricus, Torrey, Pacif. K. Fvep. iv. 129. Blitttm Californicum, Watson,
Kev. Chenop. 101.

From the Sacramento to Fort Tejon and San Diego ; known in the southern part of the State
as "Soap-plant," and used for cleansing purposes. It niueh resembles the Euroi)ean species,
C. BoHus-Hcnrkua, Linn., formerly often cultivated as a potherb.

§ 4. Annual, glabrous calyx becoming more or less fleshy in fruit and often
colored: seed subglobose, mostly vertical, small : floa-ers in croicded clusters,
axillary or in sjjikes — Blitum.

9. C. nibrum, Linn. Stout, erect, branching, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves triangu-
lar-hastate to lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches k)ng, acute, cuncale at base, sparingly sin-
uate-dentate, the upper narrowly lanceolate and entire : flower-clusters ileiisely
spicate upon the leafy branchlets : sepals 2 to 5, ol)tuse, rather fleshy : stamens 1 or
2, or 5 in the terminal flowers : perianth deciduous : seed occasionally horizontal,
the margin obtu.se or acutish, a third of a line broad. — Jltifum maritimwn, Nutt. ;
Gray, Manual, 408. B. j>nlymori>huni, C. A. Meyer; "Wat.son, Fut. King Exp. 288.
B. rubrum, Reichenb. ; Watson, Rev. Chenop. D'J.

Var. humile. Smaller, prostrate or ascending : leaves ovate to lanceolate, often
hastate an inch long or less, rarely toothed : flowers in axillary or somewhat spicate
clusters. — 6'. humile, Hook. Fl. For.-Am. ii. 127. Blitum rubrum, vav. humdc,
]\Ioquin, 1. c.

In sjiline or alkaline soils through the interior and eastward, and in Ihitish America ; Klamatli
Lake (Xcu-lcrni) ; San Diego desert, Palmer. A variable species, common also m hurope and
Northern Asia; ambiguous between Chcnopodium proper and the typical lihtuui.

10. C. capitatum. A similar species, with leaves usually more broadly trian-
gular, often somewhat hastate, more acutely sinuate-toothed : flower-clusters mostly
Farge, in interrupted termiiuil naked spikes and solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves: calyx becoming fleshy in fruit, and the clusters red and l)erry-like : seed
somewhat acutely margined, the jiericarp adherent. — Blitum aij'itatum, Linn. ;
Moquin, 1. c. 83; Watson, Rev. Chenop. 100.

In the mountains from Washington Territory to the Saskatchewan and southwanl to Utali and
New Mexico, also east al.mg the Creat Lakes; Sierra V unuiy {Lanm^ni) ; apparently identical
with the i.lant of Central Kuro,.e aii.l Siberia. The i-u^.v bright red caly.x gives to th.' arge clus-
ters when ripe the api..ar..n.c of strawberries, whence the popular name "Strawberry i.lite.

Rouhievit. CIIENOPODIACE^. 49

5. MONOLEPIS, Schiader.
Flowers polygamous, without bracts. Perianth of a single persistent scale-like
or bract-like sepal, not ai)pendage(l, becoming dry in fruit. iStamcn 1. Styles 2,
filiform. Pericarp membranous, jiersistent upon the vertical flattened seed. Em-
bryo annular or curved around coi)ious albumen ; radicle inferior. — Low saline annu-
als, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small alternate petioled fleshy leaves : flowers
small, in axillary clusters.

A small ^('inis, mostly coiifiiRHl to the interior of North America, including two northern
Asiatic S|ieciea hcsides the following.

1. M. chenopodioides, Motpiin. Jhanched from the base: stems 3 to 12
inches long, ascending, leafy : leaves lanceolate-hastate or sometimes narrowly spatu-
late, a half to one inch long, entire or sparingly sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse,
cuneate or attenuate at base, the upper nearly sessile ; lower jjctioles elongated :
flower-clusters dense, often reddish : sepal fleshy and foliaceous, oblanceolate or
spatulate, often much exceeding the fruit : pericarp fleshy, b(!Coming dry nntl
minutely pitted, adherent : seed lenticular, or often reniform with a curved embryo,
the margin acutish, half a line long. — 1)C Prodr. xiii^ 85, excl. var. ; Watson,
Pev. Ciienop. 102. Blitum chenopodioides, Nutt.

Throughout the interior, from the Saskatchewan to Northeastern California, Texas and Arizona ;
Sierra Countj-, Lnnmnn.

2. M. spathulata, (Ir;iy. Pescmbling small s])ecimens of the last; leaves all
Jiarrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, half an inch long or less, entire : flowers smaller;
sepal rarely exceeding the fruit : i)ericarp minutely papillose, separating from the
minute shining seed, which is less than a cpiarter of a line broad. — Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 389 ; Watson, 1. c.

In the SieiTa Nevada ; nt Jlono Pass {Bolnmkr) and in Sierra County, Lemmon.

3. M. pusilla, Torrey. Very slender, erect, diffusely and dichotomously much
branched from the base, 2 to G inches high, often reddish : leaves oblong, obtuse,
entire, scarcely petioled : flowers solitary or few in the clusters, minute: sei)als (1
to 3) much shorter than the fruit and evanescent : pericarp thin, adiierent, minutely
tuberculate : seed less than a cpiarter of a line broad. — Watson, Bot. King Exp.
21)1 ; Pev. C;iienop. 102.

On the dry alkaline flats of Northwestern Nevada, and doubtless of Northeastern California ;
a very distinct and interesting species.

6. ROUBIEVA, Moquin.
Flowers perfect or pistillate, without bracts. Perianth deeply campanulate,
3 - 5-toothed, at length saccate and contracted over the fruit, 3 - 5-nerved and net-
veined. Stamens 5, included. Ovary glantlular at the top : styles 3, somewhat
lateral, cxsertcd. Pericarp nif^mbranous, glandular-dotted, tliin and deciduous.
Seed vertical, lenticular ; testa crustaceous. Embryo annular, around copious albu-
men. — A perennial glandular heavy-scented South American herb, with alternate
pinnatifid leaves : flowers solitary or few in the axils.

1. R. multiflda, iMofpiin. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy; stems
a foot long or more: leaves lanceolate to linear, A to U inches long, acute, deejjly
pinnatifid with narrow lobes : fruiting caivx obovate, nearly a Hue long : seed
small. — DC. Prodr. xiii^ 80 ; Watson, 1. c. "99.

Very sparingly introduced ; Plumas County, Afrs. Amc.t. Allied to section Uolnjois of Chcao-
IMdium, to which geims it is sometimes referred.

50 CHENOPODIACE.E. AirlpJex.

7. ATRIPLEX, Touiii.
Flowers moiuccious or did'cious. Staiuiiiiite llowers witliout bnict.s : ])eri:uitli
3-r)-cl(!rt or -|tiuto(l : istamuiis as many. J'islillato llowcis 2-bi'acteati!, without
perianth or rarely with 2 to 4 distinct hyaline sepals. Dracts erect and ajjpressed,
distinct or more or less united, becoming enlarged and enclosing the fruit, the mar-
gins at length often dilated and the sides thickened or indurated and muricate.
Styles 2, liliform. Fruit compressed ; pericarp thin and membranous. Seed verti-
cal, with a thin crustaoeous or coriaceous testa. Embryo annular, surrounding coj)!-
ous albumen ; radicle inferior, superior, or lateral. — Herbs or shru1)S, mealy or
scurfy; leaves alttn-nate or rarely opposite; flowei-s usually clustered, axillary or
m simple or panicled spikes, the sexes distinct or mingled in the clusters. — Obioue,
!Moquin. Fterochiton, Torrey.

About 120 species, distributed over most parts of the globe, miiinly along the sea-eoasts or in
other saline localities ; a tew cultivated as ].otherbs. Fully a tliinl of the species is found in
the United Statis, especially in the dry and alkaline portions of the interior and southern regions,
forming a considerable part of the chaiacteristic vegetation of such ))lace3. The most obvious
specifie°characters are drawn in many cases from the fruiting bracts, which vaiy much with age ;
hence the satisfactory determination of young ilow(;ring specimens may be dillicult.

• Annuals, somewhat succulent and mealy : leaves triangular-hastate, large : bracts distinct,

mostly triangular or hastate, usually foliaceoiis-margined.

Spikes naked : male flowers small : lower leaves opposite : seed a line

broad. On the coast. . 1. A. patula.

Flowers axillary, subdirecio\is ; male calyx larger, 5-parted : leaves

nlteniate, entire ; styles included : s'eed small. Interior. 2. A. I'HVM.Ostk/ma.

Spikes naked : calyx large, 4-i)arted : leaves alternate, coarsely toothed :

styles exserted : .seed miiuite. Interior. 3. A. .sncAiA.

♦ ♦ Annuals, not succulent, mealy or scurfy : leaves smaller : bracts not greatly enlarged, more

or less united, sessile, rarely triangular or hastate.

Fruiting bracts very small, ovate, entire, not margined or appendaged.

Low, very slender : leaves ovate to oblong. 4. A. I'UsiLLA.

Fruiting bracts small, cuneate or rouiuled, herbaceously margined and
toothed : leaves alternate, not triangular or hastate,
l^racts cuneate-orbicular, not margined below the nuddle,

The truncate summit .shortly 3-toothed : leaves cordate-ovate, en-
tire : erect, rather stoiit. S. A. iltUKCATA.
Summit rounded, shortly 3 - 7-tootheil : leaves oblong, small, en-
tire : ileeumbent, slender. «• A. MlcKorAlil'A.
Margin rounded, gash-toollied : leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate :

branches spreading, tlexuous. 7. A. liiiACTKuiiA.

Margin rounded, with short blunt teeth : leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, entire : erect, slender, viigate. H. A. CuULTKliI.
l^racts orbicular, surrounded by a gash-toot he<l margin.

Erect, stout : leaves lanceolate, entire : bracts 2 to 2A lines broad. U. A. couoNArA.
Fniiting Inacts triangular-cordate, coriaceous, not margined : leaves

ovate-oblong, ojiposite, sessile : decumbent. 10. A. UECUMltENS.

Fmiting bracts 2 to 4 lines long, indurated or spongy, rhombic-ovate,
united, the convex sides usually conspicuously muricate and
the margin toothed.
Leaves broad oho vate to ovate-oblong, alternate, entire: decumbent. 11. A. i.iM'Conivi.LA.
Leaves triangular-hastate to rhombic-ovate, the lower oi)posite.

Staminate s}iikes short, dense : leaves petioled. 12. A. Ai'.cKN ika.

Staminate spikes long and slender: leaves sessile : branches distant. 13. A. kxi'ANsa.

* * * Perennial, mostly ditecious and woody, densely scurfy : leaves mostly alternate.

Fruiting bracts snuill, suborbiculaj-.

Somewhat sjmngv, muricate, margin toothed : erect shrub with small

entire sessile leaves. 14. A. i-oi.Ycakha.

51

A. CONFEiniFOI-IA.
HVMENELYTIiA.

iMpmhnnous or spongy, not nuiricate nor niargineil

iMoiKtcious, herbaceous ajid procumbent, lealy : leaves sessile, tlie

lower opiTOSite. K a r

Dicecious, ereet and shrubby: spikes in naked panicles: leaves ^^^'^o^^^<

]ietiolcd, ovate to triangular-hastate
Branches terete, divaricate, rarely spinescent : bracts compressed,

united to above the middle. ' K! \ ,,vr,..

Branches angled, spinescent : bracts compressed, distin.t. i r' V T Z, , . ,•' v'. '' '

Branches terete, unarmed: bracts convex, uinted to the mid.lie Is" a' Hi.Fv't,;
fruiting bracts large, thick and scurly, united at base, not mu.i'ate '5'-^-"^'='-

the rounded margins free and entire : erect shrubs
Bracts sessile: leaves ovate to oblanceolate, entire, nearly sessile ]<» A

Bracts ].ed,cellate : leaves rounded, acutely dentate, i.etioled. 2(»' A

I'liiiting bracts connate, not scurfy nor niuiicate, with four distinct
.loa.l veined and entire or toothed wings : erect shrub, with ob-
lanceolate to linear leaves. 21. A. canksckns.

* MomrrlousarmuaL,, mostly erect, hranchuuj, somewhat sucmlent and meal,,,
haves trmngiilar-hasfate, at least the lower ones, rather larae : bracts distinct
or vearh, so,ovnte-ohJong to hroadhj trianfjnlar or hastate, the marain and
apc.r vsualbj foliaceous in fruit : radicle inferior or ascending.
1. A. patula, Linn. Usually stout, decumbent or erect, 1 to 4 feet \\vA^ dark
green and smooth or somewhat mealy : leaves lanceolate to broadly triangular-
hastate, ol)tu.se or acute, entire or coarsely sinuate-toothed, 1 to 4 inches lon<'°i)eti-
oled, the lower opposite : flower-clusters dense, in naked sj.ikes or panicles usually
argely pistillate : staminate caly.x small, 5-paitod : bracts ovate-rhombic to broadly
triangular or hastate, very varialile, often Ijccomiu- 3 to G lines long, mostly sessile
tlie mar-in usually foliaceous, entire or toothed, the sides sometimes muricate • seed
dark, about a line broad : radicle lateral.

species common to this country and the Old World, ranging across the

based ujion the various forms of the plant

2. A. phyUostegia, Watson. Erect, I to 1 \ foot hi-h, scurfymealv or at len-'th
Klahious : leaves alternate, rliombic-ovate to triangular or hastate V to 2 inches
long, acute or acuminate, entire or sparingly sinuate, the lower on slender petioles •
llowers nearly (iKecious, mo.stly axillary: staminato caly.x r)-parted, a line broad-
bracts liiiear-lanccolate to cordate-ovate, acute or acuminate, becomin- 2 to G lines
long and 2 hues wule, sessile or pedicellate, foliaceous ; the si.les .<^omewhat indu-
rated in fruit, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves often bi-tuberculate and srion^v : pedicels
broader and often spongy alx.ve, 3 lines long or less : styles included : seed brown-
is i, scarcely J hue broad: radicle nearly superior. — j{ev. Clienop. 108. Ohione
plij/lloste'jia, iorrey; Watson, 15.,t. King Kx]). 291.

Hillsicles an.l valleys, in subalkaline soil, in Southern California nn.l AVestcrn Nevada- Mo-
have A alley ( ..V'f') ; I'-ar Ojai, IWH.nn. Apparently nearly „s variable .-.s the last ; very
ilistinctly marked in Iruit.

3. A. spicata, Wats-.n. Stout, ereel, 2 f.-et high, mealy : I.«avos alternate,
rhombic-ovate, acute, coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed, about 2 inches loii"'
attenuate to a short petiole: llowers mostly staminate, in dense axillary and terniin.al
naked and somewhat ])aniclpd .sj)ikes : staminate calyx large, 4-parte<l with l)road
rounded lobes: bracts nearly concealed bv the male' flowers, IJ lines long, ovate-
oblong, apparently not greatly enlarged in fruit: styles long and ex.^ertedT nearly
- ature seed | line broad : radicle inf(!rior. — IJev. Ohenop. 108.

San Joa.iuin Valley, east of Mount Diablo, in alkaline soil, Iheurr. Sparinglv collected ami
iture sjiecimeiis unknown. " " '

m

52 CHENOrODIACE.E. Alriplex.

* * MoncBcmis annuals, not s^icadenf, viosthj low, viore or less white-jmberulent
or scurf 1/ : leaves mostly small: bracts not /jreatl/j cnlurtjed in fruit, more or
less iinifeil, sessile: radicle superior (except in ii. 1).

-»- Fruitinij bracts very small, united, not indurated, ovate, entire, not margined or
in any ivay ajtpendayed.

4. A. pusilla, Watson. Very slender, mucli branched from the base and leafy,
ereet, 3 tu 0 inches high, hoary : leaves broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4
lines long or the floral ones much smaller, acute, entire, sessile : ilowers minute,
solitary, or one of each sex in the axils : calyx deeply 5-cleft : fruiting bracts half
a line long, acutish, compressed : styles exserted : seed nearly lilling the sac ; testa
i\\\ii, — lic'v. Cheno[). IIU. Ohione pusilla, Torrey ; Watson, Dot. King l-Ixp. 291.

In nlkaliuo valK'ys, Norlliwesteru Nt^viuhi.

+- -H- Fruitiny bracts small, more or less united, somewhat indurated, lierbaceously
marylned at least at the summit and toothed ; the sides sometimes muricate,
someivhat o-nervcd : leaves alternate, not trianyular or liastute.

++ Bracts euneate-orblt-ular, less than l.V lines broad, united to above the middle,
only the truncate or rounded summit niaryined.

5. A. tmncata, Oray. IToary, rather stout, erect anil mostly strict, 1 to 3 feet
hi"h, simple or sparingly branched : leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, acute, trun-
cate or cordate at base, sessile or the lower shortly petioled, ^ to U inches long:
flower-clusters mostly axillary and androgynous: calyx usually 3- 4-cleft : fruiting
bracts H lines long, cuneate-obovate or fan-shaped with a narrow herbaceous
coarsely (3-) toothed truncate summit, the more or less thickened and convex sides
often somewhat muricate : seed scarcely half a line broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
398; AVatson, 1. c. 111. Obione tmncata, Torrey ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 271.

Frequent in dry valleys from Oregon to Noitlnvebtern Nevada.

6. A. microcarpa, Dietrich. Minutely puberulent and slightly hoary, the
numerous slender reddish branches nearly glal)rous : stems A to 1 foot long, spread-
ing and decumbent : loaves oblong or oblong-ovate, 3 to 5 lines long, acute at each
end, sessile . flowers in small axillary clusters, the terminal ones usually more
staminate : calyx deeply 5-cleft : fruiting bracts round-obovate, nearly a line broad
or usually less, tlie rounded summit narrowly bonlered with 3 to 7 small herbaceous
teeth; sides frequently somewhat muricate or 1-nerved : seed \ line broad. — Wat-
son, 1. c. 112. Obione microcarpa, Ik-nlh. I5ot. 8ulph. 48.

Near San Diejjo. Specimens from the streets of San Diego {D. Chrdand) ditfer in being more
farinose, the deeimibent lierhaceous stems (6 inclies long or less) frtmi on a]iiMicntiy [lerenniul
caude.x ; fruiting bnuts larger, a line broad or more, and more lierbaceously margined, 3-nerved ;
seeil i line broad. Tliey are iicrliaps ./. Coull,ri, liielr.

7. A. bracteosa, Watson. Kather stout, subercct with spreading llexuous
branches, 2 or 3 feet high, mealy : leaves thin, sessile, lanceolate, very acute or
acuminate, A to 1 inch long, actitely sinuate-dentate or the uppermost entire :
staminate floVers in dense clusters in a naked terminal simple or compound spike :
calyx deeply r)-clcft : fruiting bracts in small axillary clusters, cuneate-orbicular,
1 to l.V lines broad, the upper rounded margin irregularly gash tocjthe.l ; the ."^ides
ofteji somewhat muricate: seed less than half a line broad. — iJev. Chenop. 115.
Obione bracteosa, Uur. & Hilg. in Pacif. P. Pep. v. 13, t. 14.

On Pose Cieek (Ilrennann), described as forming large bushes ; near San Diego, Palmer.

8. A. Coulteri, Dietrich. Erect, a foot or two high, slender, virgate, rigid,
branched and mealy : leaves lanceolate, attenuate at each end and mucronulate,
entire, rather thick, 4 to 6 lines long, a line broad or less : fruiting bracts in axil-
lary clusters, cuneate-orbicular, a line bmad, the rounded margin reaching nearly to

"^^">'^^- CHENOPODIACE^<]. co

00

tho baso with short l.hint teeth: seed fully a half line broa.l. -Watson 1 c 113
Obwne Conlteri, Moquin, 1. c. 113. ' *

Known only from scanty specimens in the herbari.un at Kew, collected I-v ConKn- nmh^hlv i.
Sont ,e.n Cal.lonua : said to be perennial and frnticose. The chan cEeras to lX\^.d fnl L.
IS t.k.n horn Mo4U,n's description and may be erroneous. See under ^ mLo;!?/"^ ^°'''«''

he mnrg,n above the mid e rounded, coarsely and ac.tely tootl e.l - At M S &

California, ISarchy ; only imperfect si.ecin.cns in the Kew herbarium. ° ^' ''

HH. ^ Bracts orbicular, 2 to 2^ lines broad, united, surrounded hj a gash-toothed
herbaceous margin.

n.p!lv^'i^°''°'^^*^' Tf^""''- ■ ^^?"^' "■''■^' "" ^""^ ""' ^"'° '''«'•' l^'-'-^'iching and leafy,
me. y : leaves lanceolate entire, 1 to 1 inch long, acute or acuminate, Attenuate t^o
stromrvJ' «^7;f''«= fl:•^ve,-cluste.rs axillary, an.lrogynous : fruiting bracts

St ongly compressed, the margin nearly as broa.l as the body, sessile or shortly ])edi-
ccllate, the sides rarely slightly muricato : seed f line broad. — Rev. Chcuon. 114

Near Fort Mohave {Cooper) ■ San Joaquin Valley, Contra Costa County, Brcvxr.
■^ -^ -^ Fruiting bracts coriaceous, triangular-cordate, not herbaceoush, marahied
nor muricate, united to above the middle : leaves oblong-ovate, opposite, sessile.
10. A. decumbens, Watson. Branching from the base, slender and decum-
bent or procumbent, the stems becoming somewhat woody at base densely hoarv
scurfy : leaves mostly opposite, cuneate-rounded at base, acute or acutish, \ to 1 inch
long or less : staminate flowers in dense clusters in short interrupted terminal spikes-
calyx o-cleft : fruiting bracts sessile, slightly cordate at base, acute, 2 lines lon'r and
broad, compressed, entire or slightly denticulate : seed nearly a line lon-^ — Proc
Am. Acad. xii. 275. °

Near San Diego, Pa/iucr.

■^ "^ "^ "V ^f""^'/'.'7 ^'"•^'■/•^- 2 /« 4 lines long, indurated or spom/>/, rhombic-ovate,
vmted ; the sides more or less convex and vsuallg conspicuousb, muricate ■
the margin somewhat herbaceous and toothed. ' '

•H- Leaves broadbj obovate to ovate^blong, alternate, entire: decumbent.

1 1. A. leucophylla, Dietrich. Stout, densely hoary-scurfy, decumbent or pro-
cumhent : stems a foot or two long, somewhat woody near the base • leaves thick
I to U inches long, obtuse or acutish, cuneate at base, sessile, 3-nerve.l • staminate
llowers in dense clusters in very short terminal spikes; calyx rather lar-e 5-cleft •
fruiting bracts in axillary clusters, sessile, 2i to 31 lines long, acute T ihe sides
usually conspicuously 2-crested ; the narrow margin obscurely toothed or entire-
Tc lol ' ^^o^^l--^^atson. Rev. Chenop. 117. Ohione leucophylla, Moquin,'

On the seashore, from San Francisco to Snn Diego. Described by Moquin as perennial but
probably only an annual like the last, which it much resembles in habit. ^ '^rennial, but

■w- -H. Leaves triangular-hastate to rhombic-ovate, the lower opposite.

12. A. argentea, Xutt. Stout, erect or subdecumbent, densely mealy or scurfy
1 to 1^ feet high, branching from the base : leaves rather thick, h to 2 inches lonrr'
acute or obtuse, petioled or the upper sessile : staminate flowers in dense clusters in
the upper axils or in short .spikes; calyx deeply .'.-deft : fruiting bracts shortly
pedicellate in axillary clusters; the more or less dilate.l margins not reachin" the
base, often bifid at the summit, sharply and deeply toothed ; the sides usually muri-
cate with herbaceously tipped projections or with a double toothed crest : seed a
Jine broad. — Watson, 1. c. Obione argentea, ]\Ioquin.

Sierra County, Lemmm. Frc(iuent in the valleys eastward to Colorado and the Upper Missouri.

ri CH EN 0 POD I AGILE. A triplex.

13. A. expansa, Watson. Resembling the last, bnt always erect and with more
Aviaely spreading virgate branches : leaves triangular and somewhat hastate, abrui)tly
acute, sessile or nearly so : staminate spikes usually slender and interrujjted, naked
above : fruiting brads more compressed, the sides often unappendaged and strongly
reticulated. — Kev. Chenop. IIG.

Santa Ikrbara County ( Torre y) ; dry rivur-bed near San Diego {Pa/mrr); and eastward to
S. Colorado and New Mexico.

* * * Percnn'ials, inosthf dUecinus and wood)/, dense/ 1/ scurf 1/ : leans (dtcrnate :

radicle viostlij sitperlor or ascendlinj.

■*- Fniltlnij bracts with a toothed marijui and the sides inurleate : leaves entire.

14 A polycarpa, AVatson. Erect, shrubby at base, 2 or 3 feet liigh, dilfusely
much" branched ; branches terete, shnider, rigid and leafy : leaves thick, obovato to
s|)atulate, 1 to T) lines long, mostly very small and fascicled, obtuse, sessde : llowers
in close pauicled naked spikes : fruiting bracts somewhat orbicular, 1 to 1 1 lines
Ion" often much broader, white-.scurfy and somewhat spongy, the broad margin
irregularly and sharply toothed, and the sides with two or more conspicuous toothed
cresls: seed half a line broad. — Rev. Chenop. 117. Ohlone polycarpa, Torrey,
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 130.

San Felipe Canon (Fnhncr); near Fort Mol.ave (Cooper), and eastward on ^VilHaI^s River and
in the valley of tlie Oila, Entory, liiijdow.

A Palmeki, Watson (Proe. Am. Aead. xi. 145). Stout and shrubby at base : leaves oVm-ate
or oblanceolate, roun.led or acutish above, attenuate to a short petiole, h to U u.eb.-s long : Iruit-
in- bracts cuneate-orbicular, eonipresse.l, not united, li lines bioa.l, niargined above the noddle
and irregularly gash-toothed, rarely somewhat nuuieate. — (iuadalupe Island, Palmer.

A NuTTALLii, Watson (Kev. Chenop. 116. A. cancscais, Nutt.). Kn-et, branching from the
shrubby base: leaves oblong-spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate. J, to 2 inches long obtuse or
acutish; narrowed to a short petiole or sessile : bracts ovate, strongly convex, united, U to 2 hues
loner, acute or acuminate, usually more or less margined ami toothed, and the sides more or less
crested. — Very fie(iuent from Northeastern Nevada to Colorado and tlie Saskatchewan.

-H -f- Fruiting hraets small, orhleular or ovate, me.mhranous or spongy, not mar-
gined or murleate: leaves entire.
^ MoncBclous, procumbent and mostly herbaceous: leaves lanceolate, small, the
lower opposite, sessile.
15 A Californica l^loquin. INFuch branched from the base, the slender leafy
stems 'I foot h.n- or less, densely mealy : leaves ovate- to linear-lanceolate, 3 to
S^es long acute at each end : flower-clusters all axillary, the upper ones more
staminate -.Calyx deeply 4-cleft : fruiting bracts rhomb.c-..vate, membranous, dis-
tinct 1^ lines Ion.', somewhat convex: styles included: s.-ed hall a hue broad:
radicle inferior. - DC. Prodr. xiii"'. <J8 ; Watson, 1. c. 110.

Near the coast, from San Francisco Ray to San Diego.
^ ^ nia^clons, erect and shrubby: leaves ovate to rhombic or frlangular-has-
tate, petloled, alternate : .flou-ers In naked axdlary and terminal pan wled
spikes.
IG. A. lentifoi-mis, Wat.on. PilTu.ely branched, 2 to 12 feet high the branches
terete with divaricate rigid occasionally somewhat spinescent ^^^^"^^'''f,^' '^^''f ^
.curfy • leaves ovate- to oblong-ihoinbic or somewhat hastate, cuneato at base, \ to
it h^hes long : flower-clusters small : calyx 5-parted : fiu.ting brae s or >-• - -
2;iines broa.l, f ^ngly c.^^essed luiited^ to^..ve t V;^ - ;"^- ^'^ 'Z^l^:^-
obscurely crenate : seed dark, ^ luie oroad. ut\. k .m.iwy.
formis, Torrey, Sitgreaves Rep. IfiO, t. 14.

■ In the desert region Irom Pose Creek (ffcnuunn,) to the southern boundary (P^'Imer), and east-
ward through Ari/cna.

Knrotia. CIIENOPODIACEyK. 55

17. A. Torreyi, 'Watson, 1. c. Diffusely and rigidly liranchod, 2 to 5 feet high,
strongly angled; the branchlets divaricate and spincseent: leaves triangidar-ovate
to -oblong or somewhat hastate, a half to an inch long, ahniptly acute : calyx
deeply 4-eleft : bracts orbicular to reniforni, a line or two bnKid, distinct, strongly
compressed, obscurely denticulate : seed light-colored. — Obioiie 2'oryei/i, Watson,
IJot. King Exp. 290.

East of the Sierra Nevada in the (hy valleys of Nevada, and on the Mohave (Cooper) ; Southern
Utah, Palmer.

18. A. Bre'wreri, "Watson. Stout, G feet high or more, grayish-puberulent ; the
branches terete, somewhat ilexuous : leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat rhombic, cune-
ate at base, obtuse or abruptly acute, an inch or two long : calyx deeply 4-cleft :
bracts spongy, ovate to rounded, convex, united at the margin to the middle, entire,
1 to H lines broad. — Rev. Chenop. 119.

On tlie seashore at Santa Jlonica {Breicer) and Santa Barbara, Torrcy.

-»-•♦--*- Fruifhig brarf.<t large, rounded; thick and scurfy, united at base around
the seed ; the diluted, murgins free, entire; the sides not muricate: erect
densely whife-senrfy shrubs.

19. A, confertifolia, AVatson, 1. c. Diffusely branched, 1 to 5 feet high, some-
what s])inescent : leaves ovate or obovatc to oblanceolate, 2 to 8 lines long, obtuse
or acutish, cuneate at base, shortly ])etioled or sessile, entire : flower-clusters small,
axillary : calyx 5-cleft : bracts sessile, 2 to 6 lines long, cuneate-orbicular : seed a
line broad. — Obione confertifolia, Torrey, Frem. liep. 318. 0. spiiiosa,'bil.O(i\xiT\,
1. c. 108.

Abundant in dry valleys in the interior from N.Nevada to Utah and S. Coloiwlo and south-
ward U) Northern Mexico.

20. A. hymenelytra, "Watson, 1. c. Diifusely branched, 2 or 3 feet high :
leaves deltoid, orbicular or rhombic, \ to H inches broad, coarsely toothed, truncate
or cuneate at base, on short petioles: flower-clusters paniculate-spicate : calyx
f) parted : fruiting bracts 3 to G lines broad, on a short thick ])edicel, reniform-
orbicular : seed a line broad. — Obione hymenelytra, Torrey, Pacif. E. Rep. iv.
129, t. 20.

In dry valleys from the Colorado eastward through Arizona and S. Utah.
H- H- -1- -1- Fruiting bracts connate and indicated, not scurfy or viuricate, with
four distinct broadly dilated icings, veined and entire or toothed.

21. A. canescens, James. Erect and shrubby, two feet high or less: leaves
oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or linear, ^ to 2 inches long, obtuse or acutish, nar-
roweil to the base, entire : flowers mostly dioecious, in panicled spikes : calyx 5-cleft :
fruiting bracts forming a thick and indurated body 2 or 3 lines long, shortly pedi-
cellate and with a narrow bilid apex, the 4 (rarely 8) broad lateral wings 3 to G lines
long, overtopping the free apex and somewliat decurrent upon the pedicel : seed a
lino broad. — Watson, lv(^v. Chenop. 120. J'ln-or/iifnn occidenfalf, TovToy, From.
Ifep. 318. Obione oceidcntalis & Berlandieri, Moiiuin, 1. c. O. (rfraptera, IJenth.
Bot. Suli-h. 48.

A very frequent species in the interior, from Northern Nevada and Colorado to Northern Mexico
and S. California ; San Bernardino to San Diego and eastward.

8. EUROTIA, Adanson.
Flowers dicccious or monoecious. Rtaminate flowers without bracts : calyx
4-parted : stamens as many, with slender exserted filaments. Pistillate flowers
bibracteate, without perianth. Bracts sessile, obeompre.ssed, united, becoming

5g CHENOPODIACEiE. Eiirotla.

enlarged and membranaceous, densely hairy, not winged or appendaged. Styles 2,
somewhat hairy, exserted. Fruit oblong-ovate, sessile, the pericarp membranous
and rather firm, pubescent. Seed vertical, obovate, Avith simple membranous testa.
Cotyledons broad and green: radicle inferior. — Low stellately tomentose under-
shrubs ; leaves alternate, entire ; Uowers in small axillary and somewhat spicate
clusters.

Only two otlier species are known, belonging to Asia and Southern Europe.

1. E. lanata, Moquin. White-tomentose throughout (becoming rufous), a span
or two high, woody below, with strict ascending leafy branches : leaves linear to
narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, i to li inches long, margins revoluto : calyxdobes ovate,
acute, hairy : fruiting bracts^lanceolate, 2 or 3 lines long, nearly covered by 4 dense
si)reading tufts of long .silvery-white hairs, and beaked above with two short erect
horns: utricle hlling the cavity and loosely enveloping the seed, which is U lines
long. — DC. Prodr. xiii''. 121 ; Watson, Uev. Chenop. 121.

In subalkaline soils eastward of the Siena Nevada from Oregon to the Saskatchewan, and south-
ward to Nevada and New Mexico. Abundant in some valleys and valuable as a winter torage
plant ; usually known as " White Sage," or " Winter Fat," and of good repute as a remedy for
intennittents.

9. GRAYIA, Hook, k Ain.

Flowers di^cious or sometimes monoecious. Staminate llowers without bracts :
calyx mostly 4-parted : stamens 4 or 5, with short subulate tilaraents. Tistillate
flowers bibracteate, without perianth. Bracts membranous, strongly obcompressed
and united into an orbicular sac with a small naked orifice at the apex, enlarged in
fruit, net-veined and wing-margined. Styles 2. Pericarp thin and membranous.
Seed vertical, orbicular, with thin membranous testa. Padicle inferior. — Slightly
scurfy or mealy under.shrubs ; leaves alternate, entire ; flowers small, in axillary
clusters or terminal spikes. Only the following species.

1. G. polygaloides, Hook. Sc Arn. Frect, diflusely branched, 1 to 3 feet
hi"h tlie branches fieipieiitlv spinescent : leaves glabrous or at lirst with the young
branches somewhat mealy, rather fleshy, oblanceolate or spatulate to obovate, 6 to
15 lines long, obtuse or acute, narrowed at base and sometimes i)etioled : staminato
flowers in axillary clusters ; the pistillate mostly spicate : fruiting bracts 3 to 6 lines
in diameter, sessile, glabrou.s, emarginate, thin, white or i)inkish, adherent below to
the pe(li(;el of the ovary : styles slender, at first exserted : seed nearly central,
about § line broad. — liot. P,eechey, 387; Hook. Icoiies, t. 271; AVatson, Rev.
Chenop. 122. G. xphiosu, jMoquin, 1. c. 119.

Frequent in alkaline soils eastward of the Sierra Nevada from the Columbia River to Wyoming,
Utah and Southeastern California.

O Br\ndfoei Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 101, of S. \V. Colorado, is lower and unarmed,
more mealy, with linear-spatulate leaves ; fruit smaller (!? lines broad), slightly inealy retuse at
base, sometimes 3-winged ; wings somewhat undulate ; ovary sessile ; style sliDrt, includetl.

10. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Jussieu. Bug-seed.
Flowers perfect, without bracts. Perianth of a single hyaline ovate or rounded
sepal, erose or lacerate at the apex (rarely of 2 or 3), sometimes wanting. Stamens
1 to 5, unequal. Styles 2, slender. Fruit vertical, compressed, piano- or concavo-
convex, elliptic, the margin acute or narrowdy winged ; i)ericarp membranous, closely
adherent to the seed. Finbryo green, slender, surrounding the copious somewhat

Spirosinchys. CIIEXOPODIACE.E. ^^

fleshy albumen : radicle inferior. — Low branching pale-green annuals; leaves alter-
nate, sessile, mostly narrow ; flowers spicate, solitary in the axils of reduced bracts.

A genus of 8 or 10 .species, of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a single speeies also American.
1. C. hyssopifolium, Linn. Somewhat iloccose- or villous-pubescent, at least
when young, ^ to H feet high, erect, rather rigid : leaves linear, f to 1^ inches
long, cuspidate ; the lloral bracts from linear-lanceolate to ovate, membranously mar-
gine<.l : spikes short and close, becoming more or less elongated : central stamen
longest, the lateral ones partially develoi)ed or wanting: fruit broadly elliptical, H
or 2 lines long, narrowly winged, obtuse, often mucronate with the i)ersistent styles".

A variahle species of wide range, found from Point Barrows and tlic moutli of the Mackenzie
to tlio Colninliia and N. Illinois, and soutliward through tlie interior to Ciiihualuui and New
Mexico ; not dillering from Old World forms.

11. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Gi.Assworir. SAMriiiiiE.
Flowers mostly perfe(;t, deeply sunk by threes in the rhachis of the jointed
spike, in the axils of cup-shaped decussately opposite bracts, the lateral ones of each
cluster lower and often only staminate. Calyx a fleshy rhoniboidal sac with an
anterior opening (or formetl by two bracts united above and below), enclosing the
flower and fruit, adherent by a narrow line to the rhachis, at length thickened and
spongy and finally deciduous. Stamens 1 or 2, with large oblong anthers on short
filaments, exserted in flower. Styles 2 or 3, short. Pericarp mendjranous, adherent
to the vertical obovate-oblong seed. Albumen very small, lateral : embryo folded,
thick, gi-een : radicle inferior. — Low fleshy leafless saline plants, mostly herbaceous,
with oppositely branched jointed stems ; spikes cylindrical.

Eight species or more arc recognized, distributed over most sea-coasts excepting on the Asiatic
side of the I'aeific, and in saline localities. The specific characters arc obscure, especially in
dried specimens, and tlie species are not easily defuied.

1. S. ambigua, ]\Iichx. Perennial and somewhat woody at base, the stems
decumbent and rooting at the joints or ascending, a half to a foot long or more,
with slender mostly simple branches : spikes slender (usually narrower than the
stem), \ to 1 inch long, short-jointed, with short acute or acutish bracts : flowers
nearly etpial in height and in fruit nearly cfpialling the joint : seed pubescent, J line
long. — Watson, Kev. Chenop. 125. yirtlirornemiim amhifjiinm iK: A. fniticoaum,
var. Cnlifornicum, Moquin in DC. Prodr. xiii^. 151. S. fnitiami. var. amhigna,
Gray, Manual, 410.

On the sea-coast from Oregon to San Francisco, and on the Atlantic side from New England to
Florida ; resembling S. frutkosa of the Old World.

S. iiEitBACEA, Linn. A low annual, erect, branching, with longer jointed spikes ; the middle
flower twice higher than the lateral ones. — It is reported as collected in Oregon, and occurs in
saline localities in the interior and on the eastern coast ; may be found in N. E. California.

12. SPIROSTACHYS, Ungern-Stemberg.
Flowers perfect, densely spiked, by threes in the axils of spirally ranked fleshy
sessile bracts. Perianth of 4 (rarely 5) concave carinate sepals, imbricated and more
or less united, becoming somewhat spongy and covering the fruit. Stamens 1 or 2 :
filaments slender, at length exserted. Styles 2, rarely 3, usually distinct. Fruit
oblong, with membranous free pericarp. Seed vertical, oblong, with double mem-
branous testa. Embryo green, nearly surrounding the rather co])ious albumen :
radicle inferior : cotyledons short. — Saline shrubs, with alternate naked branches,

58 CIIEXOrODIACE.E. Spirostachijs.

the branclilets green and flesliy, jointed, with short scale-like leaves. — Syst. Salic.
100. Heterostachi/s, Ung.-Sternb. in Att. Cong. Intern. JJot. 187(i.

The genus was I'oiiiulcil upon tlie one other species, S. Riltcriana of South America and the
West Indies. 'I'iic generic name has recently been changed by the autlior to //dtms^dcAf/s, but
upon liardly sullieient giciumls.

1. S. OCCidentalis, Watson. Erect, difFusely branched, 2 to 5 feet high : scale-
like leaves broadly triangular and acute, aniplexicaul, often nearly obsolete: spikes
luimerous, sessile or nearly so, cylindrical, 3 to 10 lines long, densely flowereil ;
bracts rhomboidal, crowded, persistent : flowers slightly ex.serted, at length decidu-
ous : seed less than \ line long. — Rev. Chenop. 125. ArthrocneiHum macro-
stacliyum, Torrey, Eot. ^lex. Bound. 184. llalostackijs occidtntalis, Watson, Bot.
King Exp. 293.

Confined to strongly alkaline or saline localities ; frequent in tlic Great Basin from Northern
Nevada to Arizona and Western Te.xas ; in tlie San Joaquin Valley, near the Sacramento, Brewer.

13. SU^DA, Forskal. Sk.a. Bute.
Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous, minutely bracteolate. Calyx 5cleft or
-parted, fleshy ; the lobes unappendaged or more or less strongly carinate or crested
or at length somewhat winged, enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2, rarely
3 or 4, short and rather thick. Pericarp mendjranous, free or slightly adherent to
the vertical or horizontal lenticular seed. Testa shining, black and crustaceous.
Embryo spiral, the radicle exterii)r. Albumen lateral and scanty or ^'anting. —
Saline herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate, fleshy, subtercte ; lU)wers axillary along
the branches, clustered or solitary, sessile. — Chenopodlna, Moquin. Schoheria,
C. A. :Meyer.

A widely distributed genus of nerha]>s 30 or more species. On account of their succulent na-
ture the jdants are much changed by drying and the speeilie dill'erenees obscuied. i5e.sides the
following, two or three other species are ibund on the Atlantic t'uast and in the interior.

* Aunuah.

1. S. diffusa, Watson. Erect, 1 to 1.^ feet high, diifusoly branched with usually
elongated slender flexuous branches, smooth or more or less juibescent, the whole
plant green or purple : leaves linear, semiterete, narrow at base, acute or acuminate,
a half to an inch long, the floral ones similar but shorter, usually rather distant on
the branches: clusters 2 - 4-flowered : calyx cleft to below the middle, not carinate
or appendaged : seeds mostly vertical, half a line broad, very smooth. — Bev.
Chenop. 88. .S'. viaritima, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 21)4.

Connnon in the alkaline valleys of the interior, from N. E. California to the Upj.er Missouri,
and southward to Northern Alexico and the Itio (irande.

2. S. depressa, Watson. Low and mostly decumbent, branching from the
base, with usually sluirt ascending leafy brauchlcts : leaves linear, broadest at base,
semiterete, \ to 1 inch long, the floral ones oblong- to ovatedancecjlate or ovate,
acute, rather crowded : calyx cleft to the middle somewhat une.pially, one or more
of the acute lobes strongly carinate or crested : seed vertical or horizontal, half a line
broad, very lightly reticulated. — lint. King I'.xp. 21) I ; Hev. Chenop. 81). SaUola
depressa, Pursh.

Var. erecta, Watson. Krecl, a foot or two high, with very narrow leaves and
narrower bracts. — Rev. Chenop. DO.

From the Sierra Nevada eastward to the Saskatchewan and Colorado ; near Fort Tejon, Blalc.

S. occiDENTAMs, Watson, 1. c., is a similar little known species of N. E. Nevada, erect and
slender, with tlexuous spreading branches ; leaves linear, narrow at base ; perianth at length sur-
rounded by a transverse irregularly lobed wing.

;^ara)b(itits. CIIKNurUDlACK.K. gfj

'k =.v Wooilij-bdscJ 2)eir)inials.

3. S. Califoniica, AVatson. Stout, '1 oi- 3 I'cet lii;,'li, with hoiliacoous a.sceu(lin<,'
very leafy branches, smooth or somewhat pubescent : leaves l)roa(lly linear, not
wider at base, a half to an inch long, acute, crowded upon the l)ranchlets : flowers
large, 1 to 3 or more in the axils; perianth cleft nearly to the base, the lobes not
appendaged : seeds vertical or horizontal, nearly a line broad, faintly reticulated. —
liev. Chenop. 89.

Ill snlt-iiiarslics on the const, about Sun Francisco.

4. S. Torreyana, Watson. Krect, 2 or 3 feet higli, witli herbaceous leafy
branches, smooth or tomcntose : leaves linear, subterete, narrow at base, ^ to lA
inches long, mostly acute, the lloral ones similar : clusters several-flowered : perianth
rather large, deeply cleft : seed vertical, | line broad, finely tuberculatc. — Rev.
Chenop. 88. Chenojjodina Moqidni, Torrey, Pacif. li. Ilep. vii. 18.

Santa P.ailiara to San Dioi^fo and eastward, and tlirougli the interior from Northern Nevada to
Colorado and Nortliorn Mexico. Kesenibling S. J'ruticosa of tlie Old World.

5. S. suffrutescens, Watson, 1. c. Shrubby or somewhat so, 2 or 3 feet high,
with slender diffuse or divaricate leafy branches, which are more or less tomen-
tose : leaves numerous, mostly small, half an inch long or less, linear to narrowly
oblong, narrow at base, obtuse or acute : flowers solitary or clustered, small, shortly
lobed : seed mostly vertical, less than h line broad, very obscurely tuberculate.

In alkaline valleys from Southern California to the Rio Grande.

14. SARCOBATUS, Nces. Grease-wood.

Flowers jnonoccious or diwcious, without bracts, dimorphous. Staminate flowers
in terminal aments, without perianth : stamens 2 to 5, irregularly arranged under a
stijjitate peltate scale ; fdaments very short ; anthers lleshy. Pistillate flowers axil-
lary, solitary or rarely clustered. I'erianth a compressed ovate sac, adherent at the
contracted somewhat 2-lipped apex to the base of the stigmas, laterally margined
l)y a narrow erect slightly 2dobcd border, which becomes at length a broad circular
horizontal membranous veined wing. Ovary thin and hyaline, nearly filled by the
ovule. Style lateral, slender, adherent to the perianth, and terminated by two
thick exserted iinequal stigmas. Seed vertical, with a double transparent mem-
branous testa. Embryo spiral, green, without albumen : radicle inferior. — A rigidly
and divaricately branched somewhat spinescent shrub, of saline localities ; leaves
fleshy, alternate, linear. — PI. Neuwied, 20. Fremnnda, Torrey.

1. S. vermiculatUS, Torrey. Erect and scraggy, 2 to 8 feet high, leafy, gla-
brous or the young twigs grayish pul)erulcnt ; branches with a smooth Avhito
bark, .''piny or spinescent : leaves \ to \\ inches long, a line or two wiile, narrow
at base: staminate sj)ikcs terminal, cylindrical, ] to 1 inch long, narnnv ; the per-
sistent scales si)irally arranged, rhondtic-ovsite, acute : stamens about 3, soon decidu-
ous : fruiting calyx coriaceous, 2 or 3 lines long, the wing 3 to G lines broad ;
pericarp distinguishable with difficulty: seed half a line in diameter. — P^raory's
liep. 149; Watson, Rev. Chenop. 8G ; Engelm. in Simpson's Rep. 44o. Bath {])
vermicitlnta, Ilook. El. Bor.-Am. ii. 128. Sarcohatus MaxiiniUanl, Nees ; Seubert,
]jot. Zeit. ii. 753, t. 7. Fremontia vermicnbtris, Torrey, Frem. Rep. 95 Sc 317, t. 3.
Freipient in the .nlkaline valleys of the Great Basin, from the Sierra Nevada eastward to the
Upper Missouri and the headwaters of the Platte and Canadian, .and southward to the Gila ;
tlie most prevalent of the several shrubs bearing the name of " Grease- wood." The wood
is very compact and hard, of a light yellow color, but the stems i-arely exceed 2 or 3 inches in
diameter, and are usually knotted'and twisted ; the bush, however, though small is valuable for
liiel, and often the only resource.

QQ BATIDE.E. Batis.

Order LXXX. BATIDE^.

Formed for a sinylo gciiiid ami species of wholly doubtful afiinity, a fleshy mari-
time shrub, which from its aspect rather than its characters is here placed next the
Chenopodiacece, its true relationship being undetermined.

1. BATIS, V. Browne.
Flowers dioecious, bracteate, in oblong axillary sessile ament-like spikes. Starai-
nate flowers free, with a campanulate 2-Iipped calyx. Stamens 4, alternate with as
many unguiculate petals. Pistillate flowers 8 to 12, united into a fleshy spike,
without perianth. Ovaries coherent (i)ecoming a fleshy ovoid-conical fruit), 4-celled,
with a single erect anatropous ovule in each cell : stigma sessile, thick and capitate.
Seed with a membranous testa and no albumen, erect, oblong. Embryo slightly
curved; radicle inferior, very small. — A hnv seaside shrul), with opposite entire
fleshy leaves, without stipules.

1. B. maritima, Linn. Glabrous: stems branched and straggling, 3 or 4 feet
long, usually prostrate : leaves linear to obovate-oblong, an inch long, narrowed to the
base: spikes solitary in the axils along the branches; the staminate 2 to 4 lines
long, 1 2 - 20-flowered ; the pistillate a line long, becoming 6 to 8 lines in fruit:
bracts obtuse or acute, entire, in 4 vertical rows, of the male spikes imbricate and
persistent, of tlie female deciduous : petals white, with rhomboidal limb : stamens
exserted : fruit with S])ongy peri(u\r[) and tough and coriaceous endocarp, the seed
a line long or less. — TcuTey, Sniithson. Contrib. 1853, t. 1 1 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvii.
35 ; Bailh Diet. 15ot. 1. 382, figs.

Collected only near San Die^'o (Parr;/), but fre(jiient in the West Indies and on the neighbor-
ing mainland (Tampa 15ay, Florida), and also found in the Sandwich Islands. With the habit
of the Chcnopodiacac, but dilieriiig widely in sonic of its characters.

Order LXXXI. LAURACEiE.

Aromatic trees and shrubs, completely distinguished by the minutely punctate
alternate simple leaves, always with entire (i. e. not sermte) margins, no stipules,
a jierianth of 4 or 6 sepals more or less imbricated in two series in the bud, anthers
opening by one or two uplifted valves to each cell, a single style and stigma, and
a 1-celled free ovary which contains a solitary suspended anatropous ovule and
becomes a druj)ace()us or baccate fruit. Embryo filling the seed, with large ])lano-
convex cotyledons and a short included radicle. Flowers either perfect or dicecious,
mostly in cymes or clusters, small ; the perianth usually colored (white or yellow-
ish). Stamens definite or somewhat indeflnite, in 3 or 4 series, some of them not
rarely sterile ; the inner ones often 2-glandular at base and with extrorse anthers.
{Cassytha, a troi)ical genus, is leafless, scentless, and parasitic-climbing in the man-
ner of Cuscuta.)

A large order of .^)0 genera and 000 species, chicdy of the tro]iical regions of Asia and America,
and yielding valuable timbers and otlier i)roducts." It includes various Cinnamon, Cassia, and
Camphor trees, the Laurel or Swi^et Hay, and the SassalVas. Seven species of five genera are
found in the Atlantic States, lait the only representative on the Western Coast is tht; following,
belonging in tlic priiiri|ial suborder LdiirincAC to tiie tribe Li/sinicicv, liaving the umbels or clusters
of flowers included before expansion in a t-Gdcavcd caducous involucre.

I^irca. TIIViMELEACE.E. p-,

1. UMBELLULARIA, Nutt. MorxrAix I.xvv.v.l. Simcf.-Trkk.
Flowers perfect, in pedunculate umbels which are inchuled before expansion in
involucres consisting of 4 broad caducous bracts : calyx deciduous, G-pnrted : stamens
9, inserted ou the throat in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a fleshy 2-lobed stipitate gland
on each side of the base, alternating with 3 ligulate staminodia; anthers 4-celled,
4-valved, the outer introrse, the inner extrorse : stigma dilated, somewhat lobed:
drupe subglobose, subtended by the thickened base of the calyx. — Arborescent,
with nlternato pctioled thick and evergreen loaves, very odorifeVous : inllorescence
terminal or axillary. A single species. — Jicnth. & Hook. Con. I'l. iii. 1G2.
, 1. U. Californica, Xutt. A handsome shrub or tree, 10 to 70 feet hi^h or
more, the young branches, petioles, and inllorescence somewhat iiuberulent : feaves
green and shining, lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end or sometimes rounded at
base, 2 to 4 inches long, short-pctioled : peduncles in an apparently terminal panicle
or solitary m the upper axils, G to 12 lines long, G - 10-flowered ; involucral bracts
ovate, imbricated ; i)edicels 1 to 5 lines long, usually bracteate at base : sepals yel-
lowish green, 11 to 2h lines long, oblong to ovate; stamens included: drupes on
short stout axillary or terminal ])eduncles, solitary or 2 or 3 together, ovate-elliptical
or globose, nearly an inch long, becoming dark puri)le with thin pulp and stone —
bylva, 1. 8<. /yiurus regin, Dougl. Comp. JJot. Mag. ii. 127. Tetranthera Call-
fornica. Hook, k Arn. 15ot. Beechoy, 1,59. Meissner, DC. Prodr. xv'. 193 • :New-
berry, Pacif. R. Pep. vi. 24, fig. 3. Oreodaphne CaUfornica, Neos, Svst. Lau'r. 463;
Hook. Bot. iMag. t. 0320. DnmophyUuvi paucijluriim, Xutt. Sylva, l 85, t. 22.

From Donglas County, Oregon {Douqlas), to San Diego, flowering in jMarcli and April the
fnnt npenmg in July and i-crsistent until tl.e next year. In the mote southern localities an'd in
the biena Nevada it rarely exceeds 10 or 20 feet in height, but noithwanl it becomes a large tree
4 to 6 feet m diameter and 100 feet high or more, the timber very handsome and valuable much
used lor ornamental wainscoting and furnishing. The foliage is exceedingly acrid, exhaling when
bruised a very pungent aromatic eflluvium which excites sneezing. The tree is known hv various
names, as California Olive, California I,aurel, Cajejmt, etc. The inflorescence is at firs't appar-
ently ternnnal but usually becomes axillary by the prolongation of the branch. Few of the flow-
ers set fruit, rarely more tiian one or two in a cluster.

Order LXXXII. THYMELEACE^.

Shrubs or small trees, distinguished by a very tough fibrous inner bark, perfect
flowers, a gamosepalous petaloid perianth bearing on its tube usually twice as many
stamens as there are lobes, introrse anthers dehiscing longitudinally, and a pistil of a
single cari)ol, the ovary usually containing a single anatropous ovule suspended from
the summit of the cell. Fruit usually a berry : embryo filling the seed, with plano-
convex cotyledons. — Flowers axillary or terminal, often fascicled.

An order of nearly 40 genera and over .300 species, largely of the warm extra-tropical regions of
Africa and Australia, remarkable for the toughness of the bark and burning acridity of the juice
Various species have furnished material for cordage and paper, and others have been employed for
medicinal purposes or for .lyeing ; some, as Daphne Mczcrcum, arc cultivated for ornament. The
lollowing IS the only Aorth American genus.

1. DIRCA, Linn. Leatheuwood.
Flowers perfect: perianth light-yellow, glabrous, tubular-funnelform, the limb
obliquely truncate, 4-lobed or repanrlly toothe.l. Stamens 8, attached near the

^2 TIIYMELEACI-LK. iJirca.

iniildle of the tube, exserted, tlie altuniate ones shorter. Ovary glahrous : style
lihtbrm, nearly terminal, exceeding the stamens : ovule solitary. Drupe oval; naked,
reddish. — Much branched shrubs, with short-jointed branehlets ; leaves alternate,
deciduous, oval-obovate, on very sliort {tetit)les, the bases covering the buds of the
next year; flowers iu axillary clusters of 3 or 1, involucrate with as many densely
hairy scales and iireceding the leafy branehlets. Only two species.

1. D. OCCidentalis, Oray. A diffuse shrub 3 or 4 feet high : leaves obovate to
oval, 1 to 2^2 inches long, rounded or cuneate at ])ase, obtuse or acutish, M'itli the
branehlets somewhat villous, becoming glabrous : scales of the involucnj white-
villous, 3 to 5 lines long : flowers nearly sessihi, 3 or 1 lines long, rather deei)Iy
3- -l-lobed, the rounded slightly spreading lobes a linis long : stamens inserted l)elow
tlie middle of the tube. — I'roc. Am. Acad. viii. G31. JJ. /ntlu.s(ris^ 'i'orrey, I'acif.
\l liep. iv. 133.

Freiiiient in ravines on the eastern slope of the Oakland Hills, flowering in April ; the mature
huit has not been euUecteil. It ditlers fioni />. pdlustris, Linn., of tiie Athmtie region, mainly in
the deeper calyx-lobes, lower insertion of the stamens, sessile llowei-s, and whiter involucre.

OiiuEH LXXXIII. EL^AGNACE^.-

Shrubs or small trees, without tough bark, the foliage scurfy throughout with
scarious silvery or brown scales, with regular flowers mostly dicecious, the perianth
herbaceous or colored within, its tube lined with a prominent disk bearing the sta-
mens, enclosing tlie 1 -celled ovary, and becoming indj)y or spongy Avithout and
bony within ; style terminal ; fruit a membranous akene, closely covered by the
drupe-like calyx-tube, and the seed erect, with scanty albumen ; radicle inferior and
cotyledons narrower : otherwise neaily as the last order. Flowers solitary or vari-
ously clustered in the axils of the branehlets.

A small order of 4 genera and about 30 species, chiefly of tropical or subtropieal Asia ; only 4
species of 2 genera arc North Ameriean. The second genus, Elaaijniis, of the Koiky .Mountains
and eastward, is distinguished by having perfect flowers with only 4 stamens.

1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. BriKAro-nKUUY.

Flowers ditecious. Staminate iierianth 4-parted, the lobes spreading, valvate in
the globular bud. Stamens 8, alternate with as many lol)es of a thick disk ; lila-
ments free, shorter than the limb. Tistillate flowers with oblong tubular perianth ;
limb 4-cleft, erect, and the throat closed by the lobes of the disk. Style i)ersistent ;
stigma lateral. Fruit berry-like, with a smooth shining compressed seed. — Leaves
opposite, deciduous ; flowers small (the stamiimte larger), shortly pedicellate. Only
the folloAving species.

1. S. argentea, Xutt. A somewhat spiny shrub, f) to 18 feet high : leaves
silvery on both sides, mostly ol)long, obtuse, cuneate at base, 1 to \\ inches long :
staminate flowers \\ lines long, tlie pistillate 1 line: fruit a smooth ovoid scarlet
berry, 2.V lines long, acid and edible, nearly sessile. — Genera, ii. 240. S. elacvj-
no'ules, Nutt. in Proc. Acad. Philad. vii. 50.

East of the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Lake northward to Britisli America and the Saskatche-
wan, and in the mount;iiiis soiUh to New Mexico. Flowers forming and sometimes opening in
the autumn : fruit ii|>ening in July, often abundant.

Mulus

S. Canadknsis, Nutt,

UllTlCACEyE.

63

nd insipid liiut lango.s li .i„ ti.e U.luinl.ia JJiver across tl.c cntineiit, aii.l in tl.c Itockv Monn
auis southwanl to New M.-xL-o. It may W lonn.l i„ tl.o inonntains o N r il , -fie o V

OiiDEii LXXXIV. URTICACE^.

Ilorbs (our species), ^vitll watery juice and tliin tou-1. llbrous bark, petioled
stipulate leaves, and often armed witli stinging l.airs; llowers monoecious or dioe-
cious, usually green, the perianth 3 - 5-parted or -lobed, with as many stamens
opposite tlie lobes, filaments intlexed in the bud and straightening elastically ;
ovary simple, free, ovoid, with an erect orthotropous ovule, becoming an akene or
drupe in fruit; style or stigma simple, the latter often tufted; seed albuminous,
with straight axile eml)ryo and superior radicle. Flowers usually in racemcd or
jianicled cymes, with small persistent bracts.

hoiVri^ "" V''^"'*'^ or subtropical onler, of ovor 40 gonora an.l 400 species, tl.e following genem
heing the only ones that are largely represented in temperate regio/is. The value of the ord T-
lies in the great toughness of the corti.-al fibre, which in the Heinie or China Grass (BcehZria
nii^_r.) ,s also remarkably whte an.l silky. The following onlers, which appear to ha^e lo
nidigenous representatives in the California., flora, are by some authorities considered as subordera

The CANNAnACE^ which include the Hemp {Cannabis sativa, Linn.) and Hop (Ilitmulm
Lnwhu^, I inn.), are distinguished by the fertile calyx of a single scale-like sepal, 2 stvlo.s a pen
d.i ous seed without albumen, and the embryo hooked or coiled. Hemp is an erect tall annual
with digitate leaves, a native of Asia an.l foun.l elsewhere fre.piently as an escape from cultiva-
tion. Ihe Hop, a twining herbaceous perennial with palmatcly lobed leaves, a native of K uroiK;
K i Ar.'^;'"' T, r^^''"-^17'y cultivated, IS in.li^cnous in the mountains from British America to
^ew JNle.xico, but has not been found in California.

The Ur.MACE.E and Cf.i.tidacic.e include trees or shrubs with fugacious stipules, straight fila-

vin". 1 JJ, f Vf X'^'Tti''''^ i '^'' ^"''"li'' ''^^■"'" ^'''^''' "°"'''-«- extrorse anthefs and a
V, ng.-.lorciested fnut ; the latter polygamous flowers, introrse anthei-s, and the fruit a drune
The [/maccre are repre.scnted in America by the Elms and I'lanera, which are confined to he
A antic States; the Ccnidacc^ by several species of the genus CW^/..o'r Hackberry, "m of wh h
approach the borders of the State. - C. iiKTicrLATA, Torrey. Somewhat pubei cent with short
spreading hairs ; leaves t hick, v..ry rough and strongly reticulated, 2 to 4 imdies long, obliquely
ovate, cordate at base and shortly acuminate, sharply serrate or .sometimes partially entire • fruit
3 lines or more in d.aineter, on slend.'r pedb^els 5 to 7 lines long. Of New Me.xiJo and Texas
Oregon {C.no^nJlas^l, Planch.), and apparently also f.-om the Cer.os Islan.ls of Louer California'
^M.-C. BUEvn-KS, Watson. Slightly pubescent; leaves rather thin, minutely scabrou;
above prominently reticulated beneath, 12 to 18 lines long, obli.piely ovate-oblong. acuminate
rounde. or shortly cuneate at ba.se, entire; fruit nearly 3 lines long, on .slen.ler pedicels 2 line;
long, about equalling the very slender petinl.ig. iNear Camp Gnmt, S. K. Ari/mia Dr J T
Rothrock (n. 360 on Lieut. Wheeler's E.xpedition, 1874; described as a tree 20 fee't hi-h and
18 inches in diameter, with light-colored l.ark. —Another form, referre.l to C. o<rirfrnfal% var
pmni/a, in iJot. lung L.xp. 321, but probably distinct, laiiges from Idaho to E. Nevada and s'
Utah.

The IMoiiArE.E are another closely allied order of trees or shrubs, with milkv juice fu^raeious
s ij.u les, minute monrecious or dicecious flowers in clo.se sjukes or heads or often on an onen or
closed receptacle, becoming fl.-shy in fruit. To this ve.y impo.tant onl.-r beloii" the Fi<T (Ficu.i)
whi.d, inclu.Ies the Haiiyau an.l many In,lia-rubb,,.r tics, the Poison V^.,^ (.In fin, -is (m-iraria),
the Mulberry (Moriifi), the Pajier iMulheny {/imnssonrfh papi/nYcm), the O.sage Oi-anfre O'^facliira
aurantmca), the Bieailfriiit, and niimeioiis otiiers yielding various useful products Scarcely
ha fa dozen sp..cies are natives of North America; only the following appio.aches the borders of
Sf rr-'-u~i^^'"'''' ^'''-''^''''^'L'-'^- 15'>'kley, Proc. Aca.l. Philad. 1862. 8. A small tree 15 to
20 leet high ; leaves more or less pubescent, at length scabrous, ovate, often somewhat cordate at
base, acuminate, serrate, sometimes lobe.l. usually an inch or two long; staminate aments less
than half an inch long; fruit .small, black and sour. Frequent in Texas and ranTinc west to
Pi-cscott, Arizona, I'ahncr. ° *'

(]4 URTICACE.E. Urtkn.

♦ Beset with stinging liairs : leaves opposite, dentate, stipulate : akene eonipressed.

1. Urtica. Sepals 4, distinct, the inner ones largest in the fertile llowers and enelosing the

akene.

2. Hesperocnide. Staniinate calyx -1 -parted ; pistillate tubular, uneipially 2 - -i-toothed and

enclosing the akene.

» ♦ Unarmed : leaves alternate, entire, without stipules : akene ovoid.

3. Parietaria. Inllorescenee iavolucrate-braeted. Staniinate caly.v 4-parted ; pistillate tubular-

canipanuhile, ■1-lobed, enclosing the akene.

1. URTICA, Tourn. Nettle.
Flowers mona'cious or dioicious, green, clustered in axiUary geminate racemes,
spikes or loose heads, without bracts : staniinate llowers on jointed pedicels, with
•4 sepals, 4 stamens, ami a iiidimentary cui)-shapcd ovary ; the jjistillato with 4
sepals, the 2 outer small and spreading, the inner erect, becoming membranous and
enclosing the flattened ovate akene : stigma sessile, capitate, tufted : albumen scanty,
— Herbs, armed with stinging hairs, with obtusely 4-angled sulcate stems ; leaves
opposite, serrate, with distinct lateral stipules ; fruit persistent.

A wide-spread genus in temperate and subtenij)eiate regions, of 30 or 40 species, about a third
American.

* Perennials, wltli rnnnuKj rootstucks : iiifloirsrencc nnidcnial ; ^venuV/t's usualli/
exceeduKj tlie petioles: stipules litrfje, entire.

1. U, holosericea, Nutt. Tall and stout, 5 to 8 feet high, more or less bristly,
finely and den.seiy tunientose especially on the lower side of the leaves : stipules
membranous, \ incli long, oblong, obtuse or acute ; leaves thick, oblong- to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long, rounded or sul)Cordate at base, coarsely
serrate, on short stout petioles : staniinate llowers in loose slender diffuse panicles
nearly equalling the leaves ; pistillate panicles den.ser and shorter : inner sepals
ovate, densely liispid, i line long, about ecpialling the broadly ovate akene. — PI.
Gambel. 183; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. o4*J. U. traclu/rarpa, Weddell,
Monogr. 95, ^ IJC. Prodr. xvi\ 58. U. dloira, var. occidentatis, M'atson, Bot.
King Exp. 321.

Througliout the State, and eastward to Utah ; especially common in S. California. Nuttall
describes the leaves as sometimes (probably the lowest ones) a span long and long-petioled.

2. U. Breweri, Watson. Tall and stout, grayish Avith a short somewhat hispid
pubescence or nearly glabrous, and Avith scattered bristles : stipules niembranous,
oblong-lanceolate : iJaves thin, finely ])ubescent, soon glabrate or roughish above,
ovate to oblong lanceolate, 2 to G inches long, acute or acuminate, rounded or
slightly cordate at base, coar.sely serrate, On slender petioles 1 to 3 inches long or
more : flowers in short open paiiicles scarcely exceeding the petioles : sepals obovato
or rounded, obtuse, minutely his[)id, nearly a line long and nearly twice longer than
the broadly ovate akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 348 ; Kt.throck, Dot. Wheeler, t. 25.

Frequent about Los Angeles (Z?/rurc) and ranging eastward to S. Colorado {Wolf) and W.
Texas, liiiirlotr.

3. IT. Lyallii, Watson, I. c. Tall, rather .slender, more or less pubescent, be-
coming nearly glabrous, with scattered bristles : stipules large, membranous, broadly
oblong, obtuse ; leaves ovate, somewhat cordate at base, acute, 3 to G inches long or
more, coarsely serrate, on slender petioles 2 to 4 inches long : flowers in loose slen-
der spreading panicles, equalling or shorter than the i)etioles : sepals broadly ovate
or rounded, obtuse, shorter than the broadly ovate akene, which is § line long.

A very large-leaved species, collected in Marin County (Kellogg) and northward in the Cascade
Mountains and at Vancouver Island, Lyall.

Parieturia. PLATAN ACE.E.

65

■■1= * AiDiuals: iiifovescenre of mbujled mule and female Jioicers, im(nlli/ shorter
than the 2Jetioles : stijmlcs veri/ small.

4. U. urens, Linn. Slender, erect or ascending, a foot or two liigli, with short
lateral brancldet.s, leafy throughout, with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous : leaves
thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, an inch or two long, coarsely and incisely toothed ;
stipules small, free : llowerclusters mainly pistillate, rather close and nearly sessile
or more loosely panicled : fruiting sepals ovate, hispid ou the margin, usually with
a single lateral bristle : nkene a line long.
An intnuhioi'il weed from Kuroi)p.

2. IIESPEROCNIDE, Tonoy.
Distinguished from the last group under Urtica only by the pistillate perianth,
which is a membranous compressed oblong-ovate sac, with a minutely 2-4-toothed
oritice. — Annual herbs ; only two species, the second belonging to the Sandwich
Islands.

1. H. tenella, Torrey. Slender and weak, often a foot or two high, simple or
branched, somewhat hispid with branching hairs and bristly : leaves tiiin, ovate,
^ to li inches long, on short slender petioles, obtusely serrate : flower-clusters loose,
shorter than the jjctioles : perianth thin, hispid with hooked hairs, \ to | line long
in fruit : akene membranous, striately tuberculate with minute rough points. —
Pacif. R. Kep. iv. 139 ; Weddell, DC. Prodr. xvi'. 68.

Ill the shade of rocks, Napa County and southward; Guadalupe Island, Palmer.

3. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Peuutorv.
Flowers perfect and pistillate, in axillary cymose clusters, involucrate-bracted :
perianth in the perfect flowers 4-parted, in the pistillate tubular-ventricose and
4-cleft with connivent lobes : style slender or none : stigma sjjatulate, recurved,
densely tufted : akene ovoid, shining, enclosed in the dry brownish nerved calyx :
albumen scanty. — Low annuals (our species), unarmed; leaves alternate, entire,
3-nervcd, without .stipules.
A widely distiiliuted genus of 8 or 10 species, two of them American.

1. P. debilis, Forster. Very slender, 3 to 12 inches high, usually diffusely
branching from the base, somewhat hispid : leaves small, broadly ovate, obtuse,
rouutled at base or abruptly cuneate, 2 to G lines long or more, about equalling the
slender petioles : clusters few-flowered ; bracts linear or narrowly oblong, short (^
to 1 line long), about equalling the flowers: akene \ line long. — "Weddell, DC.
Prodr. xvi\ 235«.

Southern California, from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and eastward in various forms across
the continent, southward to Cliili, and nearly everywhere within a like broad zone around the
globe.

P. Pennsvlvanica, JIuhl., is a more northern species, common in the Atlantic States and col-
! lected as far west as the mountains of N. Yj. Nevada. The leaves are lanceolate, more attenuate
I at base, and often 2 inches long or more ; bracts longer and e.xceeding the flowers ; akene some-
j what larger.

Order LXXXV. PLATANACE^.

Monoecious trees, Avith flaky bark, alternate palmately nerved and lobed leaves,
with sheathing deciduous stipules, and the hollowed petiole covering the bud ;

66 PLATANACEJO. }iatanu.f.

flowers in dense globose naked unisexual heads, without perianth, mingled with
clavate truncate and minute liairy scales ; akenes obpyramidal, coriaceous, 1 -celled
and 1-seeded, surrounded at base by a dense ring of long hairs ; seed pendulous,
orthotropous. Staminate and pistillate heads on diiferent branches, the latter termi-
nal, solitary or few and moniliform-spicate. Filaments very short : anthers clavate,
with a prolonged peltate connective. Ovaries in clusters on a globular fleshy recep-
tacle : style terminal, stigmatic on one side, persistent : ovules 1 (rarely 2), pendu-
lous. Seed with membranous testa and little or no albumen. Kadicle elongated,
inferior.

A single genus of half a dozen bpecios, one in tlie orient of tiie Old World, the rest Noitii
Anieiican und iMexicuu.

1. PLATANUS, Tourii. BunuNwuoD. Sycamouk.
Characters as of the order.

1. P. racemosa, Kutt. A widely branched tree, rarely becoming 100 feet high
and 6 feet or more in diameter : leaves very variable, densely tomentose when young
■with pale or rusty tomentum, which is mostly deciiluous, usually very broadly cordate
in outline, sometimes truncate at base, or cuneate and decurrent upon the petiole,
3dobed or mostly 5 lobed usually beyond the middle, often large (sometimes li or 2
feet broad or more) ; lobes acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate or sometimes
coarsely sinuate-toothed ; sinuses acute or rounded ; petioles an inch or two long ;
stipules ocreate, deciduous, scarious with a foliaceous often nuich dilated entire or
toothed Yunh, cleft next to the petiole : fertile heads 2 to 7 in a moniliform spike,
an inch broad in fruit : nutlets tomentose when young, becoming glabrate, 3 lines
long, beaked by a slender style one-half as long or more, the basal hairs two-thirds
as long. — Audubon's Birds, t, 302; Nuttall, Sylva, i. 47, t. If); Newberry, Pacif.
K. Hep. vi. 33, t. 2, and hg. 10. F. occideiUalis, Jlook. it Arn. liot. Beechey, 160
and 390. P. Cali/ontica, IJenth. ]jot. Sulph. 54.

A fref^nent and conspicuous tree from the Sacramento Valley to Southern California, liark
very white ; wood brittle, but is said to receive a good polish and to be more durable than that of
the eastern species. Tiie largest tree whose measurement has been reported is growiu" iu San-
tiago Canon, Los Angeles County. This was measured by Mias J. A*. Buah of San Jose, and
found to be 29 feet and 7 inches in circumference.

OuDEu LXXXVI. BUXACE^.

!N[onwcious trees or shrubs, or even herbs, with coriaceous simple evergreen

leaves, without stipules, and rogtdar 4 - G-parte<l perianth free from the compound

ovary ; distinguished from the following order especially by the watery juice,

loculicidal capsule, and inverted ovules, i. e. the anatropous ovules, suspended from

the summit of the cells, have the rliaphe dorsal or averse from (instead of next to)

the jdacenta or axis. Segments of the perianth imbricate in 2 rows : stamens 4 or

more : ovary 2- or 3-celled, with as many short mostly excentric styles, and 1 or 2

ovules in each cell.

An order of 5 genera and 25 species, of tropical and warm-temperate regions, of whicli the Bo.x
(valuable for its line-grained liard wood) is the type ; represented in tlie Atlantic States by a
single herbaceous s]»eeies {Pachysandra }>roci(i)ibciis), and on the I'aciHe by the following Cali-
fornian genus, which is ])eculiar in having central styles, solitary ovules, and exalbuminous seeds
with thin-coriaceous testa.

>Simmo,Hlsia. EUPHUJtlilACJvK.

0/

1. SIMMONDSIA, Niitt.
roriantl. 5- (nuely 4- or G-) parted. 8ta,uens lU cr 12, with very short filaments

cental s yles ; ovules sohtary. Fruifc by abortion usually 1-celle.l and l-seeded
Seed exalbunnnous w.th thin brown testa. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, coherent •
achcle nunute. - A low diffusely branched shrub, with opposite entire liVes ; stam-'
nrnte flowers clustere.l upon short axillary peduncles or in short terminal com-
l'""i.'l racemes, the j.isillate axillary and ....litary.

1. S. Californica Xutt. Younger branches, leaves and calyx covered with
H sho t more or less dense simple pubescence: leaves oblon^^lanceolate acu is
a each end, sessde or very shortly petioled, 1 to li inches long and rua; exce d

omr in ; r> , long or less: sepals in stuminate flowers obovate, 1 .4 li.ies

og, m the fertde flowers oblongdanceolatc. G to 9 lines long: ovary dabrois
tyles 2 or3 l,ne.s long: capsule ..oriaceous, ovate, obtusely S-anSled and somewhat

s ii' 0 oTi "'^' '"^M'Vt? ''T ^"^^'"^"^ -J -Hook. Lirjou :

xvP "i /; ^^A,'"'''^ H".S^^?- '^""'"'- 202, t. 49 ; Miill. Arg. in ])C. Prodr
(hwvAi LXXXVII. EUPHORBIACEiE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with milky acrid jnice, mon.ecious or di.ecious con.monly
apetalous and often naked flowers, a free and usually 3-celled ovary, having one
or a pair of collateral anatropous ovules (solitary in our species) pen.lulous from the
sumnut of each cell, and maturing into a mostly 3-celled and 3-lobed elastically
dehiscent capsule, the lobes septicidally separating and then loculici.lally splittin-^
int.) two valves, leaving a central axis; the crustaceous seeds with a lai-e and
straight embryo (having usually broad cotyledons) in the axis of rather 'scanty
-■' bumen. Stamens 1 to many. Styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as
the cells of the ovary. Leaves mostly alternate and simple, often stipulate.

Ml n^ /„,,/,n,h,,, tlu> aifTcst gi-um, a.i.l tho main „„.■ in cooI.t .•li.i.atr^ - 1,„v.. Mncr„l,„.lv
■'■'bi.r.l lI„wors tl... stununntc eonsistin- ot ,. .si„fr|,. stM.n...,, hut .... .•„ll,.,.t..,I „n,I nask ,V nn
u.voln.To as to unitate a pniect l.losso.n." Many of the spcvios viohl n.,..li i, a lo on e uso
T , r ;■ T^'"" ^T"" ••^^■^'^•^'ly.Poi^o"""" ''UHl others afior.lins wholeso.ne too, (a.M an oe Z\
Tainoea). Tho most nnpor ant m cuhivation is the Palnia Christi or Castor Oil plant S/»
M v"-"""'',V,""-V -^'^ ""'''''■ •' ^'^'"■"'«'-^' '■'■Pr.-s.'"te.l in California, nu.eh mon' abi n,lantlv n
]\ ex.eo anrl the a,l,o„ung parts of Arizona nn.l New MexL-o. Some a.Mitional species wif mob.
I'ly he fonnd ui the desert portion of San liernanlino and San Di.-go counties. '

* Botii staminate an.I pistillate flowers usually with a periaufh, without an involucre.
+- Anthers incurved in the l)ud.

1. Eremocarpus. Capsule 1 -cell...! l-seede,l Flowers in axillary clusters; the pistillate

without jK-mnth. A h..ary .lensely stellate-puhescent an.l hirsute annual

2. Croton ( apsul.. .S-celle.l, 3-se.'ded. Flowers in terminal spikedike ra.-emes ; all calvcu-

late, (r.rect gray-.scurfy perennials. )

58 EUPIIORBIACI'L'E. Eremocarpus.

+- +- Anthers erect in the hiul.
++ Lobes of tlic staminate calyx valvate (tlie jjistillate imbricate) : styles divided or none.

3. Argjrthamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Flowers in axillary spicate clusters. Styles bifid,

linear.

4. Bernardia. Petals none. Sepals 3 (or 4). Staminate flowers very .small, in axillary spicate

clusters ; pistillate terminal. Stigmas sessile, very short, 2-lobed. Densely stellately
pulicscent shrubs.

5. Acalypha. Petals none. Calyx 4- (3-5-) parted. Staminate flowers in axillary ament-like

s|iikes ; jiibtillate clustered ; all bracteate. Stigmas finely dissected. (A shrub, with
dense siniide pubescence.)

++ ++ Lobes of staminate calyx imbricate : styles simple : glabrous herbs.

C. Stillingia. Flowers in tenninal spikes, jtistillate below. C'aly.x 2 - 3-cleft. Stamens 2 or 3.

♦ ♦ Flowers all without perianth, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre.

7. Euphorbia. Pistillate llower solitary, soon exserted : the staminate numerous, each of a
single stamen. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded.

1. EREMOCARPUS, Benth.
Flowers monoecious, in axilhiry cyniose fascicles, without involucre and apetalous,
and the pistillate without calyx. Staminate calyx 5 - 6-parted, slightly imbricate.
Stamens 6 or 7, central on the liairy receptacle (disk obsok;te) : filaments exserted :
anthers inflexed in tlie hud. Ovary with 4 or 5 small glands at the base, 1-celled,
1-ovuled : style simple, liliforra, stigmatic at the apex. Capsule obovate-ublong,
2-valved. Seed smooth and shining : albumen fleshy. Cotyledons broad, cordate,
as long as the radicle. — A low heavy-scented annual, with alternate entire 3-nerved
petiolate leaves, without stipules.

1. E. setigerus, Benth. Iloary throughout with a very dense stellate pubes-
cence and hi.spid with stiif si)reading hairs : stems stout, dichotomously branched
from the base, mostly procumbent or ascending, a foot long or less ; leaves thick,
ovate, obtuse, cuneate or rounded at base, h to 2 inches long, on long petioles, the
upper crowded and apparently opposite or ternate : staminate flowers pedicelled ;
calyx with oblong obtuse segments a line long : pistillate flowers in the lower axils,
1 to 3 together : ovary and style densely jiubescent : capsule and seed 2 lines long.
— Bot. Sulph. 53, t. 2(3 ; ISliill. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv'^. 708. Croton sttigerus,
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 141.

Very abundant in diy valleys, especially near the coast, from S. California (San Pedro, Coulter)
to the Columbia.

2. CROTON, I-inn.

Flowers monu'cious or rarely diueeious, mostly in terminal spikes or racemes, with-
out involucre. Staminate calyx 4 -G- (usually 5-) parted, slightly imbricate in the
bud. Petals often present, but small or rudimentary, as many as the calyx-lobes
and alternating with the glands of a central disk. Stamens 5 to many, on a hairy
receptacle : anthers inflexed in the bud. Pistillate calyx usually 5-i)arted, but the
petals mostly obsolete. Ovary 3- (2-4-) celled, -with as many dichotomously
branched styles : cells 1-ovuled. Seeds smooth and shining, carunculate. Cotyle-
dons ovate, flattened, as long as the radicle. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, rarely
annuals, scurfy or stellately hairy or sometimes glandular ; leaves alternate, peti-
olate, mostly entire, distinctly or obsoletely 2-stipulate. — Miill. Arg. 1. c. 512.

About 450 species are enumerated, the genus being represented in most tropical and warm-
temperate regions, especially in S. America and Mexico. Twenty species are found within the

Argyihamnia. EUPIIORBIACE.E. gg

liiuitH of the United Slates, those of the Califoniiaii flora belonging to tlic section Drepadenium of
ililller, densely giay-sctirfy woody-lmsed piMennials, with a regularly S-jiarted calyx, petals obso-
leto or nearly so, and capsule 3-ceIled.

1. C. Californicus, jNIiill. Ar-,'. Perennial, woody at base, a foot liigh, with erect
or ascending brandies, hoary througliout with a dense appressed scurf or the upper
side of tlic leaves hnely stellate-pubescent : leaves oblong or sometimes broadly
elliptical, obtuse at each end or rarely acutish, an inch or two long, on slender
petioles 4 to 15 lines long : staminate flowers in short nearly sessile racemes; calyx-
lobes about a line long : disk obscurely S-lobed : lilaments hairy : pistillate Mowers
often solitary, on short pedicels : styles twice dichotomous : ca[)sidc scurfy, 3 lines
in diameter: seed 2^ lines long, witii a small appressed caruncle. — DC. Prodr.
xv^ GDI. Ileudeatndra procnmhens, Ksch. ; Hook. & Arn. Pot. J'eechey, 389, t. 91.

Var. major. Stouter and with large leaves, denser staminate racemes of larger
flowers, ami the pistillate flowers more numerous.

In sandy fields al)out San Francisco and southward to Los Angeles ; the variety at Santa Bar-
bara {NuHdU) and San Buenaventura, rcckhnm. The staminate racemes develop gradually, the
flowers soon deciduous after opening and leaving an at length elongated naked rhachis.

2. C. tenuis, Watson. Like the ordinary form of the last, but more slender,
decumbent, 1 or 2 feet liigh : leaves narrowly oblong, a half to an inch long, on
short petioles 1 to 4 lines long : staminate flowers small and in small racemes : cap-
sule stnaller : seed \\ lines long; the caruncle prominent, with a broad appressed
lobed base. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 297.

At Potrero, San Diego County (Clevdnnd), and near Foit Mohave, Cooper. Near C Neo-Mexi-
caims, Miill., of S. Utah and New Mexico, but ditl'ering in habit and fruit, as it does also from
the Mexican C. gracilis, HBK., which moreover has larger flowers in large dense racemes.

3. ARGYTHAMNIA, P. Browne.
Flowers usually monoecious, in terminal or axillary simple racemes or clusters,
pistillate below, without involucre. Calyx regularly 5- (rarely 3-) parted, valvate in
the staminate flowers, imbricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the caly.x-
lobes and with the lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5 to 15 in 1 to 3 whorls;
filaments united into a central column ; anthers erect in the bud. Ovary 3-celled,
3-ovuled. : styles once to thrice dichotomous. Seeds subglobose, roughened or retic-
ulated, not carunculate : cotyledons orbicular, flattened, as long as the radicle. —
Erect herbs or undershrubs, with purplish juice ; leaves alternate, usually stipulate,
toothed or entire.

A genua of 3.5 species, cliiefly of tropical America, represented in the region bordering upon
Mexico by G or 8 species belonging to the section Jphora, Miill. Arg., the stamens being in two
whorls, the glands of the disk more or less free from the stamineal column, and the styles
2-parted.

1. A. serrata, IVIiill. Arg. Annual, bninching from the ba.se, a foot high or
l(»ss, villous with rigid appressed centrally attached hairs : leaves oblong-obovate to
oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, attenuate to a short petiole or nearly sessile, acutely
serrate: racemes axillary, very short, 4-5-flowered, 1 or 2 of the flowers pistillate:
sepals linear-lanceolate, a line or two long, shorter than the purplish rhombic lan-
ceolate petals (2 to 4 lines long), which are adnate at base to the short oblong
obtuse glands and to the stamineal column : stamens 10, often with a terminal whorl
of more or less developed sterile hlaments : ovary very hispid : branches of the
style linear : seeds a line in diameter, reticulated. — DC. Prodr. x\\ 739. Apliora
serrata, Torrcy, Pot. !Mex. Bound. 197.

In the Colorado Valley ; near Fort Yuma (ScJio//), at the mouth of Williams River (Palmer),
and on the Gila, Parrg. Apparently the s;nne also at Cape St. Lucas, Xanlus.

0 EUPHORBIACEJ-:. Anjythamnia.

2. A. sericophylla, Clray in herb. Perennial, shrubby at base, with slender
virgate branches, appressud silky-vilious : leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
about 9 lines long : racemes axillary, very short and fcw-Howered : sepals 1 to 1 \
lines long, linear, acuminate, equalling the narrow acuminate hairy petals : glands
short, broad at base, narrowly acuminate above: stamens G to 10 : capsule hairy:
seeds a line in diameter, reticulate, the broad ridges rugose.

On tlie Verde lUver, Arizona {Dr. Smart) ; IMg Canon of the Tantillas Mountains, Lower Cali-
fornia, Palmer.

4. BERNARDIA, P. Browne.
Flowers dia'cious or mona'cious, in small spicate or racemose clusters, mostly
axillary, apetalous and without involucre. Staminate calyx valvate, 3-5-parted.
Stamens 3 to 20, distinct, on a central sometimes glanduliferous rece^jtacle ; anthers
erect in the bml. Pistillate calyx usually G- (sometimes 3- or 9-) parted, imbricate.
Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled : stigmas nearly sessile, stout, 2-lobed or -parted, the lobes
lacerate or papillo.se. Seeds not earunculate. — Mostly shrubs or undershrubs, pultes-
cent with stellate or simple liairs ; leaves alternate, 2-stipulate, mostly serrate.

A tropical American genus of 20 species or more ; only tlie following found witliin the United
States.

1. B. mjrricaefolia, AVatson. An irregularly branched shrub, 3 to 10 feet
high, grayish green throughout with a dense line stellate i)ubescence ; leaves thick
and reticulate-veined, oblong to ovate-oblong, usually obtuse, cuneate to cordate at
base, from 3 to 6 lines to 2 inches long, often small, repandly dentate, on very
short petioles : flowers dioecious ; the staminate very small, in axillary racemose
clusters ; jiistillato terminal, sessile : calyx 3- (rarely 4-) parted : stamens 3 to 20,
alternate with minute glands: ovary tomentose : .stigmas very short, ])apill(ise :
seed 3 lines long, nearly snu)oth, dull, slightly earinate. — Ti/ria myriaiful'm,
Scheele in Liniuea, xxv. 581 ; Torrey, IJot. iMex. Hound. 201. liicinella viyriav-
folia, Miill. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv^. 729.

On the headwaters of tlie Moliave {Parry k Lemmon) ; San Felipe {Parry) ; frequent in^New
Mexico and W. Texas, and in Northern Mexico. In luihit resemliling closely the otlicr .sficcies
referred by Muller to Bcrnardia § Tyria, from whicli there seems to be no good leason for sepa-
rating it.

5. ACALYPHA, Linn.
Flowers mono'cious, in the axils of whiilly glandlcss bracts, spicate; the staminate
very .small, in ament-like spikes, with the few or .solitary pistillate ones at the base
or sometimes separate : invohicre, jietals and disk none. Staminate calyx 4-parted,
valvate; the pistillate 3 - 5-partod and slightly imbricate. Stamens usually 8, dis-
tinct, on a central raised rece|)ta(le ; lilaments short ; anthers long, erect in the bud,
versatile, the cells separate and somewhat vermicular. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled :
styles 3, usually finely dissected or fringed, and red. Capsule often surroimded by
the enlarged bract. Seed smooth or roughened or pitted. Padide about erpialling
the ovate cotyledons. — Shrubs or undershrid)3, or often perennial or annual herbs;
leaves alternate, tooth(;d, 2-stipulate.

A genus of all trojiical regions, of over 200 species, very largely American but sjjaringly repre-
sented in tlie United States ; half a dozen or more si)ecies, annual or iierennial herbs, are found
in the Atlantic and Southern States and near the Mexican border.

1. A. Californica, P>enth. A shrub, with spreading rigid branches and brown-
ish bark, puberuleiit on the young twigs: leaves ovate, somewhat cordate, acute,
finely toothed, 3 - o-nerved at base, finely and densely pubescent wh«>n young, at

SUUingla. EUPHORBIACE^E. 7|

length nearly glabrous, a half to an inch long, on very short petioles ; stipules
subulate, caducous : spikes terminal or axillary, short ; tlie staininate 3 or 4 lines
long, nearly sessile, dense, with often a fertile llower at the base ; the i)istillate
3 - 8-flowered, crowded, at length more open and half an inch long or less: fertile
1)racts reniform, finely toothed and strongly nerved, 2 lines broad, somewhat
enlarged in fruit : sepals 3, lanceolate, acute : ovary densely tomentose : stvles with
lateral simple or forked branchlets : seed round-ovate, smooth and somewhat shin-
ing, nearly a line long. -^ Bot. Sulph. 51 ; Midi. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv'^. 822.

I5ay of Mnf^daloiia, Lower CaHfoniia (Ifinrfs) ; Sail I)ip;To County, near the I5()unilary Monu-
ment, "on stream-banks, " J'ulnirr. Tlit' latti'r specimens are in nn early llowering state, but rc-
taininj^ n matured ri-uitin<; spike ; Ibe yonnp b'aves ai(! all b-ss tban a liall' iiicli b>ng.

6. STILLINGIA, Garden.
Flowers monoecious, in the axils of conspicuously 2-glandular bracts, in terminal
or rarely axillary spikes which are pistillate at base : involucre, petals and disk
none. Calyx imbricate in the bud ; the staniinate 2 - 3-cleft or 3-parted, the pistil-
late 3-parted or wanting Stamens 2 or 3, distinct or nearly so, central ; filaments
exserted ; anthers erect in the bud, with adnate rounded cells. Ovary 3-celled,
3-ovuled : styles 3, filiform, entire. Lobes of the capsule deciduous from a stout
horizontal 3-horned base [fn/nophore), often without a central column. Seeds
smooth or roughened, usually carunculate. Radicle equalling the broad cordate
cotyledons. — Smooth herbaceous or woody perennials, or some annual ; leaves
alternate, usually serrate, often 2-glandular at base ; pistillate ilowers solitary, the
staniinate 1 to 3 in each bract. — Miill. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv''. 1155. Gymno-
stillingia, :Mu11. 1. c. 1163.

Tbe genus as defined by Miiller inchides alwut a dozen widely scattered species, all perennials,
of wbicli two are found on the Atlantic coast, one of tbeni ranging west into New Mexico and
Nortbern Mexico. ]]i<i ^ennn Giiiunos/i/liiKjia, to wbicb tbe following species migbt be referred,
was founded upon two shrubby jilants of Mexico and Guatemala, but the cbaiacteis by which he
distinguishes it (the want of a calyx in the pistillate flowers, the solitary staniinate flowers, and
tbe ecarunculate seed) seem hardly sufficient for more than a sectional or subgeneric division.
The closely allied Schasfiania, Spreng., is distinguislied cliiefly by the absence of the gynophore.

* Perennials: spikes fermiiial: leaves narrow, entire or neartt/ so.

1. S. linearifolia, Watson. Herbaceous, bmnching from the somewhat woody
base, a foot higii or more: stems and branches slender, terete, ascending: leaves
linear, entire, or rarely very obscurely glandular-toothed, acute, a half to an inch
long : spikes very slender, open, 1 to H inches long, with 2 to 7 scattered pistillate
ilowers below : bracts very small, ovate, acute, minutely glandular on each side,
I -(lowered : staniinate fiowers very small; calyx turbinate: stamens 2: pistillate
calyx none : capsule li lines in diameter; the horns of the gynophore rather tliin,
and central column often persistent : .seed round-ovato, acute, a lino long, smooth,
somewhat viscid, not carunculate. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 297.

San Diego, near the Boundary Monument (Palmer, n. 449, 1875) ; San Bernardino County,
Parry & Lemmon, 1876, n. 376.

2. S. paucidentata, Watson. Herbaceous, the stout angled stems branching
above : leaves linear, acuminate, an inch or two long with 2 or 3 setaceous teeth ou
each side usually near the base : spikes slender, but stouter and denser than in the
last, with similar bracts and fiowers ; the pistillate fiowers more crowded : capsule
2 lines in diameter, with very prominent gynophore : seeds IJ lines long, oblong-
ovate, acute and slightly carunculate, smooth. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 298.

Colorado Valley, near the mouth of Williams River, Palmer, 1876, n. 517.

72 EUPHORBIACE^E. Stilliugia.

* * Anminis: spikes axillanj : leaves lanceolate, toothed, Z-nerved.

3. S. (?) annua, Miill. Arg. Low (2 to G inches higli), somewhat viscid, dicliot-
oraously hranchcd, tho steins angled and leafy : leaves ovate to lanceolate, acu-
minate, narrowed to a broad winged petiole, stoutly 3-nerved from the base of tho
petiole, ciliate- or spinulose-dentate, an inch long : spikes shorter than the leaves,
with 1 to 3 naked pistillate tiowers at base: staminate bracts minute, 1-llowered;
the pistillate with small glanils on long stout pedicels : capsule 2 lines in diameter,
with prominent gynophore ; central column wanting: seed oblong-ovate, li lines
long, smooth, with no caruncle or a very small one. — IJC. Trodr. xvl 1160.
S. spinulosa, Torrey, Emory's Kep. 152. Sajnum (1) annmnn, Torrey, Lot. ;Mex.
Bound. 201.

In the desert region of S. E. California and eastward ; on the Mohave {Emory, Parry, Cooper) ;
Fort Yiuna (SchoU) ; S. Utah, Bishop. A very iteculiar species.

S. ToiiREYANA {S(ii>ium cmnuum, var. dcntalum, Torrey, Bot. ilex. Bound. 201 ; referred
doubtfully to Scbastidnia TrccuUaaa by Mueller, 1. c.) is anoiliersoniewiiat similar annual species,
with sessile leaves, sharply and sometimes doubly toothed, rounded aliove, cuneate at base, faintly
nerved, with short fimbriate stipules: spikes terminal, short and slender : bracts very small,
ovate, acute, 1 -flowered, with shortly stijtitate convex glands: pistillate calyx of 3 triangular
sepals : capsule 2 lines in diameter, with stout gynophore : seeds H lines long, with conspicuous
caruncle. Valley of the Rio Orancie; distinct from Sebaslinaid Trcculiann, which is of the same
region and of similar habit, but with oblanceolate leaves and smaller subgloboso seeds.

7. EUPHORBIA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious, included in cup-shaped 4 - 5-lobed involucres, the lobes
usually alternating with as many fleshy glands which are rounded or often petaloid-
margined or crescent-shaped. Staminate flowers numerous, of a single naked
stamen, jointed upon a short pedicel which has usually a minute bract at base :
anther-cells globose, distinct. Pistillate flower solitary in the centre of the invo-
lucre, pedicellate and soon exserted ; calyx none or minute. Ovary 3-celled and
3-ovided : styles 3, usually 2-cleft. Seeds often roughened, rugose or pitted, with
or without caruncle, (cotyledons linear to or^-ate. — ^Mostly herbaceous (as to our
species) perennials or anmials ; leaves opposite or alternate or the upper ones verti-
cillate, entire or toothed, often stipulate ; involucres terminal or in the forks, solitary
or umbellate-clustered, sometimes pseudo-axillary. — Engelm. in Bot. Mex. Bound.
185 ; Boissier in DC. Prodr. xv^. 7.

A vast genus (of about 700 species) of all temperate and warmer regions, of very various habit
and characteristics. Nearly 100 species are found within the limits of the United States, chiefly
in the southern portion, low annuals or often taller herbaceous perennials, very rarely somewhat
woody, with a single exception not shrubby or arborescent as fretjuently in the tropics.

I. Glands of the involucre mostbj ivith a colored membranaceous margin, entire or
toothed (tvithoiit margin and concave in n. 1).

§ 1. Leaves all opposite,- oblique and unequal at base ; stipules persistent, scale-like
and entire or lacerate: involucres small. Our species mostly prostrute,
slender and repcatedhj branched from the base, with small leaves on verij
short petioles, the involucres solitary, rarely cymose, icith 4 glands (2 to 4
in n. 1); seeds ash-colored. — Anisophyllum, Koeper.

* Seeds smooth {occasionally wrinkled in n. 3) : leaves entire.

1. E. ocellata, Pur. & Hilg. Annual, prostrate or ascending, glabrous and
glaucous, the stems often 6 inches long : leaves thick, deltoid to ovate-oblong, acute,
often cordate at base, 2 to 5 lines long ; stipules setaceous, entire or sparingly cleft :

^"P^'orbia. EUPHORBIACE.'E. ko

involucres camimnulato, less tluin a line long, the Iol)os finely fringo.l : glands 2 to
4, shortly st.pitate, circular an<l discoid, more or less concave, inunar^nnate or
rarely w,th a narrow n.argin, yellowish or purplish : sta.niuate ilc:wers vexf numer-
ous : capsules near y a hue broad, the lobes roun.led on the back: seeds roun.l-
ovate, obtusely angled, smooth or often obscurely rugose. — Pacif. K. ]{ei). v. 15
t. lo ; J>oiss. 1. c. 28. ' '

(^-^a^d'^^rJIJva;;:.''""' ''"'^" '"'" '•" ''"™'""^« ^« ^--t ^'^-' "-'• Fort Mohave

2. R albomarginata, Torr. & (Way. Glabrous : stems numerous from a woody
perennial base prostrate or decumbent, 2 to 12 inches long: leaves nearly oi-

W "w-f? fl Tr'\ ''"f"''^'''' "^" '"^"'^ '"^^"^« •'^"'' somewhat cordate at

Kiso, with a tun wh.fsh edge ; stipules united into a conspicuous membranaceous
vl .to nangular scale, entire or shghtly lacerate: involucres mostly solitary, cam-
l>anulato or turbinate ess than a line long; the 4 orange or brownish gland with
a very conspicuous . date.l petaloid appendage, which is white or rose-colored and

bio ^ i V r^^'p' ■rT'^o" ^'■•','-"^' ^''^ ^"''^^ ^"oled on the back: seeds
oblong, 4-angled.-Pacif. K. Hep. ... 174; Boiss. 1. c. 30. E. UarUoegiana, Boiss.

S. Californin, from Fort T.joi, to San Diego, ami eastward to Te.xas ; also Mexican.

3. E polycarpa, ]5i-nth. r.labrous or somewhat finely pubescent: stems nu-
merous from a perennial at length woody base, prostrate or asce.uling, 2 to 12
inches long : leaves round-ovate to oblong, obtuse or acutish, usually ..lightly cordate
at base, 1 to 3 lines long ; stipules short-triangular to lanceolate, ciliate, minute •
involucres mostly solitary in the axils, turbinate-campanulate, half a line lon-r or
less; glands dark puri.le (sometimes yellow), the white or rose-colored petaloid
somewhat crenate margin varying from very narrow (or sometimes none) to very
broad and conspicuous: capsule small, with angled lobes: seeds oblong, 4-angled,
about half a lino long, smooth or sometimes obscurely rugose. - Bot. Sulph 50 •
-boiss. i. c. 50. V u 1 ,

Var. vestita.^ Iloary and more or less tomentoso throughout with short close
pubescence. — h. melanaUenia, Torrcy, Pacif. II. Rep. iv. 135.

From Santa Barbara to C.-ipe St. Lueas and eastward to the Rio Grande.' E. rinerascms En^elm
(Bot. Me.v. Bound. 186), is a form with the appendage of the glands very narriw or wan't.ng?

* * Seeds tmnaverscli/ undulate-wrinhled or eostnte.
■»- Annual or perennial : leaves entire.

4. R setiloba, Engelm. Annual, prostrate, pubescent throughout with soft
spreading somewhat glandular hairs, reddish : leaves round-obovate to obloncr 1 to
3 lines long mostly small, rounded above, cordate or slightly cuneate at ba"se on
sender petioles a half to a lino long ; stipules nearly obsolete : involucres solitary in
the axils and in small leafy clusters terminating the branchlets, narrowly turbiiiate,
nearly g abrous within, the lobes ciliolate ; glan.ls ere<;t, purple, with a narrow fim-
briate white or rose-colored margin : capsules pubescent, angled, scarcely over a half
lino long : seeds oblong, acutely 4-angle(l, somewhat rugose transversely. —Pacif
II. Pep. V. 364 ; Boiss. 1. c. 44.

San Bernardino {Parry), and in the Colorado Valley from Fort Yuma northward, 77wmrw.
rscicberry, Palmer. '

5. R pediculifera, Engelm. Usually perennial, hoary throughout with a close
puberulence : stems numerous, prostrate or ascending : leaves ovate to oblong, rounded
or obtuse above, broad and slightly cordate to cuneate at base, 2 to G lines lon^r :
involucres large, hemispherical, mostly solitary ; glands large, dark brown, witlfa
conspicuous (sometimes nearly wanting) Avhito or rose-colored crenate margin : cap-
sules pubescent, a line long, the lobes rounded on the back : seeds broad-oblon"

•^4 EUPIIOHBIACE.-E. Kuphorhm.

rather obtusely angled, suvroundeil hy 4 deep transverse grooves. — Bot. I\Iex.
Bound. 18G ; Boiss. 1. c. 48.

Big Caiion of tlie Taiitillas Jlouiitaiiis (Pnhncr), and tliioiigli Arizona {Srliolf, Pahncr, Roth-
rock) to New Mexico, Jl'right.

-I— -H- Animals: leaves serrulate.

6. E. serpyllifolia, Persoon. (ilabrous : stems prustnite or ascending, be-
connn<' a half tu one loot long : leaves obovate to narrowly oblong, often narrowed
toward the very oblicjue base, denticulate (sometimes obscurely) at the rounded or
refuse summit, 2 to C lines long ; stipules distinct, setaceous or lacerate : involucres
solitary or in loose leafy clusters, campanulato, \ line long or less ; glanils small, the,
narrow Avhitish margin crenate or entire : capsule angled, a line long : seeds sharply
4-angled, the sides somewhat rugose and slightly pitted or sometimes nearly smooth.
— Boiss. 1. c. 4;5. K. iu(i(2uila(era, luv^i'.hii. in Bot. I^lex. JJound. 187.

A coniiiion speities, esjiecialiy in the Great Basin, ran<,'inj,' from the Columbia Kiver to Mont, ivv,
eastwanl to the Saskateiiewan and southward to Iowa, Texas and Me.xieo.

E. GLYPTOSPEKMA, Engehu. (Bot. Mex. Bound. 187), is a simihir .species, distinguished by its
decidedly semieordate (tlie lower side produced) sharply serrulate leaves, and its .seeds with i or 5
sharp transverse ridges and notched angles. It occurs on the Columbia Itiver and eastward to
Wisconsin, but has not been found ia California or Nevada.

7. E. hirtula, Engelm. ined. Villous with soft spreading hairs, prostrate or
ascending, the stems 3 or 4 inches long : leaves very oblique, round-oval or oljovate
to broadly oblong, serrulate toward the rounded ajiex, 2 or 3 lines long ; stipules
distinct, limbriate-.setaceous : involucres solitary or in leafy cluster.s, deeply campan-
ulate, about eipialling the pedicels ; glands minute, with a narrow crenate margin :
capsules somewhat villous, angled, a line long : seeds broadly ovate, 4-angled,
irregularly and rather faintly wrinkled or i)itted.

Near San Diego (Chvchmd) ; at Talley's in the Cuyamaca Mountains, Palma: Nearly "allied
to E. slidospiira and E. vrlluicra" (Engelmann) ; distinguished .hielly by the narrower and more
incised stipules, and by the thicker smoother and lighter colored seeds.

§ 2. Shruhs, with scattered leaves, entire and not ohUqiie at base, on slender peti-
oles : (/lands 5 : seeds ovate. — 'ruiciiEiKJSTiGMA, Boiss.

8. E. misera, Benth. A much branched straggling shrub, 2 or 3 feet high :
young branches pubescent : leijves minutely puberulent or glabrate, solitary or few
upon the short branchlets, round-obovate, obtuse or refuse, mostly cuneate at base,
2 to 6 lines long, exceeding tlie petioles ; stipules limbriate : involucres hemispherical,
solitary and terminal, a line long ; lobes short, inflexed ; glands purple, with a
white crenulate margin : capsules 2 lines long, with rounded lobes, somewhat warty :
seeds round-ovate, reticulate-wrinkled or ob.scurely pitted, 1^ lines long. — Bot.
Sulph. 51 ; Boi.ss. 1. c. G9.

Southern California, from Santa Barbaia to San Piego, near tlie sea. Hinds, NulluU, Cleveland.

II. Glands of the {nvoluere without a colored margin, entire or dentindate or eves-
cent-siiaped. — The following sections have scattered {rarely opposite) leaves,
those of the terminal cgmose-coriimhose inforescence opposite or vcrtieiUatc :
our species erect or ascending, licrhareous.

§3. Glands ciip-shapcd (in ours cleft on the inner side) : involucres in terminal
clusters: stipules ghuid-Uke, minute. — roiNSK'rriA, Boiss.
9. E. eriantha, Benth. Stems herbaceous and slender, ascending from a woody
apparently perennial base, branching, nearly a foot high, glabrous : leaves scattered
and distant, narrowly linear, acute or obtuse and mucronate, often 3-toothed at the
apex, atteni'iate to a i^iort petiole, sparingly pubescent, entire, an inch or two long ;
the floral ones similar, opposite, much exceeding the flower.s : invohicres 1 to 3 at

Euphorbia. KUrilUKIJlACKJ';. ^r

thfl end of etioh l)rai)ch, hoary-puliescent, campanulate, nearly a lint; long, on short
pedicels ; the incurved lobes (imbriate-pectinato with densely pubescent teeth and tho
3 to f) thin glands with a broad similarly fimbriate margin cleft on the inner side ■
styles undivided : capsule finely pubescent, obtusely 3dobed, 2 lines Ion": seeds dull
white, rpiadratc-oblong and compressed, obtusely angled, coarsely and rlxther faintly
Avnnkled; caruncle conspicuous. — Dot. Sulph. 51 ; JJoiss. 1. c. 73.

Mngdalona Bay Lower California (///„r/.v) ; iionov^ {JVriglU) ■ P.ig f 'anon of Tantillas Moun-
tains, and fanip (.rant Arizona, IWmrr 1 l.e description is drawn from tlm latter specimens.
The original is .lcsr,,l,nl as l.aving tlic leaves sharply an<l remotely dentate or rarely entire, the
upper ones wl.itisl, at iase, tlie involucres 3 to f. on each l.rancli, nearly sessile, and" the (imma-
ture) seeds densely covered with depresseil tubercles.

§ 4. Glands Jlatfened or convex: stipules none: involucres in dlckofouious or often

unibellatc cymes, 4 - 5-lohed. — Titiiymalus, Uoiss.

* Glands rounded and discoid, entire.

10. R dictyosperma, Fisch. Sc IMey. Annual, glabrous, usually erect, A to

IL foot higli: stem simple below or often branching from the base, dicliotomou.sly

l)ranched above : cauline leaves scattered, oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse and

obtusely serrulate, often retuse, ^ to \h inches long; on the branches opposite,

broadly ovato to oblong, the floral ones round-ovate, subcordate, mucronate, 2 to 6

lines long : rays usually 3, 2 to 4 times forked : involucres and glands small : styles

bifid or parted : capsule with rounded and warty lobes, 1 to 1 L lines long : seeds

subglobose, delicately net-veined, dark-colored, 'witli tliin flattened caruncle.—

r.oiss. 1. c. 135. E. Arkansana, Engelm. Sc Gray, I'l. Lindli. 53.

From Oregon to Santa 13arl)ara County {Brrircr) and Mono Pass (Dolandrr), hut more fuMuicnt
ea-stward on the plains from Nebraska to Texas and New Me.xico.

* * Glands crcscent-shniml, 2-horncd or denticvlate : leares entire.

■*- Cauline leaves .-icaftercd, ohovate to spatulate : seeds ash-rjray, pitted or mottled :

capsidc smooth.

11. E. leptocera, Engelm. Annual or sometimes biennial, glabrous, erect or
ilecumbent at the branching base, a foot high : leaves obovate-spatulate, obtuse,
often mucronate, i to 1| inches long, the upper ones sometimes erose-denticulate ;
those on tlie branches and the floral ones opposite or usually ternate, deltoid or
broadly riiomI)ic-ovate, sonuaimes connate, acute, 3 to G or 8 lines broad : branches
2 or 3 times dichotomoiis, the upper nodes much the shorter: involucres turbinate,
the oblong lobes nearly entire; glamls large, crescent-sliaped, the slender horns
sometimes cleft : styles elongated, bifid : capsule 2 lines broad : seeds usually asli-
colored, oblong-ovate, conspicuously dark-pitted, .nearly IjL lines long, witii a promi-
nent caruncle. — Pacif. IJ. Pep. iv. 135; Boiss. 1. c. 143. E. crenulata, Eiurclm.
in Pot. iMex. Pound. 192.

Nearly tliroughout tlio State; from Ventura County (Ojai, r,rkham) to riumas County, and
Oregon, l[<ill.

12. E. Palmeri, Engelm. ined. Perennial, stout, glabrous, tho stem erect, a foot
high or more, witli a few short lateral branches and umbelliferous above, tho 4
or 5 rays once or twice dichotomous : leaves ovate, ol)tuse, shortly petiolate, 6 to 9
lines long ; of the inflorescence very ])roadly rhoinl)ic-ovato to subreniform, very
obtuse, mostly apiculate : involucres a line long, with rounded entire ciliate lobes ;
glands shortly stipitate, crenato above and slightly horned : styles short, united at
base, bifid to the middle: capsule ovate, 2 lines long: seeds ovate, rugose, \\ lines
long.

At Talley's I^anch in tlie Cuyamaca Mountains, Palmer (n. 450, 1S75).

13. E. schizoloba, Engelm. Perennial, glabrous or slightly puberulent above,
somewhat glaucous : tho herbaceous stems orpot or decumbent at base. fi to 10 inches

>jQ EUPHORBIACE.E. Euphorbia.

high, once to thrice trichotomous ; tlie upper nodes sliort : leaves oblung-ovate, acute,
4 to 6 Unes long ; floral ones ternate, very hroadly ovate, cuspidate : involucres
a line long, with truncate or eniarginate or bilid lobes; glands stipitate, broadly
dilated, crenate or irregularly indented : styles elongated (much longer than the
ovary), united at base. — Proc, Am. Acad. v. 173; Uoiss. 1. c. 148. E. incisa, En-
gelra. in Ives' Kep. 27.

W. Arizona ; Raihoad Pass in the Cerbat Range {Neichcrry), and at Cottonwood Creek, 75
miles west of Prescott, I'almcr. Some other jierennial species of this group are found in Arizona
and may reacli S. E. California: — E. campestiu.s, Cham, k Scbleclit. (£. csulaformis, Schauer),
glabrous, witii lanceolate acute leaves ; E. suupubens, Engcha., pubescent, witU oljtuse broadly
spatulate leaves ; etc.

-K- -1- Leaves ojiposlte, linear to ohloiKj-lanceolate, lanje.

14. E. LathyriS, Linn. Annual or biennial, glabrous, erect, stout, 1 to 3 feet
hi"h ; branches ot inlloroscence umbellate and twice or thrice dichotoujous : leaves
sessile, obtuse and cuspidate, 3 or 4 inches long, the lower linear, the upper oblong-
lanceolate, cordate at base ; the floral oblong-ovate : glands crescent-shaped, with
broad obtuse horns : capsule 4 lines in diameter, with rounded lobes, smooth becom-
ing wrinkled : seeds reticulate-rugose, carunculate.

Naturalized about Monterey and San Buenaventura ; a native of S. Europe and W. Asia, now
very widely distributed.

OuDEii LXXXVIII. CALLITRICHACE^.

Small slender herbs, mostly aquatic, with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, and
monoecious axillary flowers without perianth, but often with 2 membranous bracts ;
stamen 1, with slender filament and heart-shaped 4-celled anther; ovary 4-celled,
Avith 2 filiform papillose styles, mostly deciduous, and a pendulous anatropous ovule
in each cell ; fruit 4-lobed, flattened and eraarginate, 4-seeded, indehiscent ; embryo
slender, in the axis of oily albumen, the cotyledons very short and radicle superior.
Flowers mostly solitary, sometimes a male and female in the same axil. Cells of
the fruit separating at maturity.

A single genus of 15 to 20 or more rather obscurely defined species (tlie number much
reduced by some authors), found mostly in still waters or sometimes tenestrial, in almost every
part of the globe. Five other species are credited to the Athmtic States. Tlie alhiuties of tho
order are various and its jiosition disputed. It is often included among the Ifaloraf/cce, but on
the other hand lias many characters of the Euphorhiucccc, from which it dilfers most strikingly in
the two styles and 4-celied indehiscent fruit.

1. CALLITRICHE, Linn. WATKii-SrAUWoiiT.
Characters as of the order.

* Amphihimis : floating leaves ohnvate-spatuhite, S-nervcl, the submersed linear;

all uniform and narrow in terrestrial forms : carpels connate.

H- Fniit pedicellate, wing-margined : bracts none.

1. C. marginata, Torr. Often small and rooting in the mud, with linear or
linear-oblanceolate leaves 2 or 3 lines long or less, or sometimes floating with very
slender stems and rather broadly spatulate u[)per leaves : stylos elongated, reflexed,
soon deciduous : mature fruit on slender spreading i)e(licels(l to 4 lines long), deeply
emarginate above and below, broader than high, the margins of the thick carpels
widefy divergent and narrowly winged. — Pacif li. Rep. iv. 135; Uegelmaier, Ver-
handl. Bot. Verein. Lrandenb. ix. 12, fig. 19-23, and x. 102.

Anemoiysis. PIPERACE/K. t7»7

From Stanislaus and San Mateo Counties northwanl ; Arroyo del Puerto (Breiver); near Sears-
ville and Ul<iah {Bolandcr) ; Mark West Creek, liigdoio. Cllilian forms are also referred to it by
Ilegclniaicr.

C. SEI-Ul/PA, Watson, rcsomWos the terrestrial form of tliis species, prostrate and rooting, with
small narrowly linear leaves. The fruit, however, is on stout pedicels (1 or 2 lines long), with
acute slightly divergent margins, and is soon dellexed and buried in the soil. It is allied to
C. dcflcxa and C. Nuttallii. Collected in Oregon (£. Hall), and to be looked for in California.

■J- H- Fruit sessile {or very nearbj so), with acute or obtuse margins : bracts

present.

2. C. verna, Linn. Perennial, Avitli elongated stems and floating rosulate obo-
vate often eniarginate leaves, which are more or less narrowly petioled, the submerged
ones from spatulate to linear ; sometimes terrestrial and rooting, with short linear
leaves : bracts often exceeding the fruit, rarely wanting : styles erect or spreading,
usually shorter than tlie fruit, deciduous : fruit orbicular or slightly obcordate or
more usually elliptical, nearly a half of a line long, eniarginate, and with acute or
very narrowly winged slightly divergent margins.

From San JIateo and Sierra Counties northward, and eastward across the continent ; found also
in Europe, Asia and South America. The species is very variable, and C. stcnocarpa, Hegelm.
1. c, X. 114 (at Searsville and near Ukiah, Srnm Bolandcr, growing with C. mur(jinata), appears
to be only a form with somewhat obcordate fruit, usually tliicker below, and with elongated styles
and bracts.

3. C. Bolanderi, Ilegelm. 1. c. IIG. Very similar to C. verna, with stouter
elongated stems and rhombic-obovate floating leaves : styles elongated : fruit orbicu-
lar or somewhat obcordate, with obtuse closely approximate margins.

Near Auburn, Placer C'ounty {Bolandcr); Oregon, Hall.

* * Submersed 2^erennial,uiith numerous uniform linear l-nerccd leaves : flowers
without bracts: carpels separate nearly to the axis.

5. C. autumnalis, Linn. Stems very slender : leaves 2 to G lines long, trun-
cate or retuse at the apex : fruit sessile, round, deeply notched, nearly a line in
diameter, the margins thin or at length winged : styles long, reflexed, caducous.

Sierra County (Lcmmon) and north and eastward across the continent ; also in N. Asia and
Europe.

Order LXXXIX. PIPERACE^.

Perennial acrid herbs (in our species), with creeping rootstock and jointed or

scape-like stems, entire petioled leaves, and mostly perfect bracteate flowers in dense

terminal spikes or racemes, without perianth; ovary 1 - several-celled, with erect

or ascending orthotrojwus ovules ; stigmas 1 to 5 ; fruit capsular or follicular or

baccate ; seeds with thick coriaceous testa ; embryo minute in a small sac at the

apex of the albumen. Stamens 3 to G or more, free or more or less adnata to the

ovary. Leaves dilated at base or sheathing, without stipules.

The true Piperaccce, distinguished by a 1 -celled ovary containing a single erect ovule and becom-
ing a dry or fleshy berry, are confmed chidly to tropical or subtropical regions and are unknown
in the United States, with the cxccjition of a single Pfprrmnin native to Florida. The Asiatic
species are often shrubs or trees, luid furnisli thi! Black IVpper and Cuhclis of commerce. Tiie
Saicrurecc have the ovary 3-5-celled, or 1-celled with 3 to 5 parietal plarentir, and two br more
ovules on each ])!acenta. This suborder includes but three genera, belonging to China and Japan,
excepting the following genus and a single species (Saururus ccrmcus) of the Atlantic States.

1. ANEMOPSIS, Hooker. Yekba Mansa.
Flowers in a close conical spike with a 5 - 8-leaved persistent colored involucre,
each flower subtended by u free colored bract. Stamens G to 8, the short filaments

y^ PlPEliACEJ':. Antinujjsis.

adnate to the ovary at base. Ovary sunk in the rhachis of the spike, 1-celleel, of 3
or 4 carpels, with as many spreading sligmas and parietal 4-10-ovulate placentae.
Capsule dehiscent at the top. Seeds rounded, punctulate. — fStoloniferous saline
herbs, with a thick strongly pungent astringent and aromatic rootstock ; leaves
mostly radical, rather thick, minutely punctate. — Anemia, Kutt.

Only tlie following species ; nearly allied to HoiMujuia (of 1 or 2 species) of E. Asia.

1. A. Californica, Hook. More or less floccose : stems i to 1^ feet high, with
a broadly ovate ciaiiping leaf above the middle and a fascicle of 1 to 3 small i)eti-
oled leaves in the axil : radical leaves elli[)tic-oblong, rounded above, more or less
narrowed toward the cordate base, 2 to 6 inches long, somewhat ciliate; petioles
about ecjualling or shorter than the blade, dilated autl sheathing at the very base :
bracts of tlio involucre white, oblong, unetpial, G to 15 lines long: sjjike \ to \\
inches long : lloral bracts white, rounded or obh)ng, unguicidate, 2 or 3 lines long :
ovules G to 10 on (,'ach placenta. — Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 1 3G ; Hook. ^ Am. liot.
Beechey, 390, t. 92 ; Hook. L>ot. Mag. t. 5292 ; C. DC. Prodr. xviS 237 ; Watson,
l]ot. King Exp. 420.

In moist saline localities, from the Sacramento to Southern California, and eastward to S.
Utah and the Rio Grande ; Noithcrn Mexico. Connnon near the southern coast, and nnuh used
for medicinal purjioses by the Indians and Mexicans. A second species (J. jHilniitlni, (J. ]>('.,
binnaaa, xxxvii. 333) is described as smooth, with jjctioles elongated (8 inches long) and sheathing
for a third of their length ; veiidets 10 to 12 on each side of the midrib ; ovules about 4 on each
placenta. It is reported as collected by Bolander in California, but is known only from the de-
scription and is probably not distinct.

Order XC. CERATOPHYLLACEiE.

Perennial aquatic submerged herbs, with cylindric jointed stems and branches,
verticillate sessile lilifurmly 2 - 3-chotomous leaves without stijjules, and monoe-
cious axillary sessile flowers, without perianth, but surrounded by a persistent
8-12-cleft involucre; anthers inunerous, se-ssile, fleshy, 2- 3-cusi)idate at toj) ;
ovary solitary, 1 -celled, with a pendulous orthotropous ovule; akene beaked by the
slender persistent style, and usually with lateral spines or margined ; seed with
membranous transparent testa and no albumen ; radicle inferior, very short, the coty-
ledons thick and oval, and the highly dev(doped ])lumule consisting of several
nodes and leaves. — A single genus of few species (perhaps forms of one), widely
distributed around the globe.

1. CERATOPHYLLUM, Liiui. Huunwout.

Characters as of the order.

1. C. demersum, Linn. Stems very slender, a foot or two long, smooth or
nearly so : leaves in numerous Avhorls of G to 8 ; the liliform or linear segments
acute, more or less aculeate-dentate, J to 1 inch long : akene 2 lines long or more,
ellii)tical, somewhat compressed, shortly stipitate, with a short spine or tubercle on
eacli side near the base, not margined : style as long as the akene. — Schkulir,
Handb. iii. 253, t. 297; Penth. Fl. Austral, ii. 491. C. aj>iriilatiiiii, Chamisso in
Linnaja, iv. 503, t. 5, tig. e.

Near San Francisco (Cluimisso) ; the fruit is descri])ed ami figure<l as having a weak style,
smooth, and with only a small tubercle on each side near the base. It has also been collected iit
Clear Lake and other localities in Northern California, in Western Nevada, and in Washington

Betuhi. BETULACE.E. 79

Territory, but mostly without fruit. A single fruiting specimen from Sauvics Island, Willamette
Slougii, Oregon (IloircU), lias a stout straight style and a rellexed liorn on each side at base
3 lines long, the sides slightly tubercled, resembling Chamisso's C. tuhcrculatitm, 1. c. fig. d, also
ligurod in Wight, Icon. vi. f), t. 1948, fig. 3. In the several forms, common in various countries,
the fruit varies greatly, having the sides often more or less covered with small tubercles and some-
times crested, the margin wingless or surrounded by a toothed wing, or bearing 2 to sevemi
refle.xed prickles, and the style' variable in length and thickness.

Order XCI. BETULACE^.

Mona'ciou-s trees or shrubs, Avitli deciduous simple and toothed alternate leaves,
distinct caducous stipules, scaly buds, and flowers sessile at or on the base of scaly-
bracts of the terminal or lateral aments, usually 2 or 3 within each bract; the
staminate with a 4-lobed or scale-like perianth and 2 or 4 stamens ; the pistillate
naked J bracts enlarging and becoming rigid in fruit; ovary of two 1-ovuled cells
(one often empty), crowned with 2 sessile liliform stigmas, becoming a winged or
angled nutlet. Seed anatropous, pendulous, with 110 albumen. Embryo straight
and radicle superior ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous in germination. Young aments res-
inous-coated. The two genera are widely distributed through the temperate and cold
climates of the northern hemisphere.

1. Betula. Stamens 2, with bifurcate filamerts and separate anther-cells. Bracts 3-lobed,

becoming coriaceous and caducous. Nutlet broadly winged.

2. AIuus. Stamens 4 ; anther-cells contiguous. Bracts entire, becoming woody, persistent.

Nutlet not winged.

1. BETULA, Tourn. Birch.
Bracts of staminate aments shield-shaped, including 2 bractlets and 3 flowers ;
calyx of a single entire scale-like sepal Stamens 2, with bifid lilaraents, the
branches bearing the distinct anther-cells. Bracts of pistillate aments 3-lobed, 2-3-
flowered, imbricated, coriaceous in fruit and deciduous. Nutlets lenticular, sur-
rounded by a broad membranous wing and tipped by the spreading stigmas. — Trees
or shrubs with smooth laminated outer bark, the flowers appearing with or before
the leaves ; staminate aments long and drooping, solitary or in pairs, from leafless
lateral or terminal buds ; fertile aments oblong or cylindrical, solitary or racemose,
from lateral 3 - 5-leaved buds.

About 30 species are described, a third of which are found in the northern and eastern portions
of America. The wood is tough and usually fine-grained, valuable for cabinet-work.

1. B. OCCidentalis, Hook. B.ecoming 10 or, 20 feet high, with close dark-
colored bark (at length light brown); branches more or less resinous-dotted at the
extremities : leaves thin, broadly ovate, acute, truncate or rounded or somewhat
cuneate at base, 1 to 1^ inches long, with short glandular-tij^ped serratures and
often obscurely lobed, somewhat resinous above, smooth or slightly api)resse(l-villous
beneath; petioles slender, 3 to 5 lines long: fruiting aments oblong-cylimlric, 8 to
12 lines long, with pubescent ciliate divaricately 3-lobed bracts: Avings of the nut-
let as broad as the body or broader. — Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 155; Kutt. Sylva, i. 22,
t. 7; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 323, t. 35.

In the eastern canons of the Sierra Nevada above Owen's Valley, at an altitude of from 4,500
to 10,000 feet, where it is reported as abundant and often the main reliance of the settlers for
timber for fencing and other jjurposes ; Surprise Valley, Modoc (^iiiiity {Lnnimm), and common
along streams in Siskiyou County, wliero it is known ns "Black Biirh." ll is fi^iuent from
Wushingtoii Territory to the Saskatchewan, and in the Hocky Mountains to New Me.vico.

80 BETULACE/E. n.tida.

2. B. glandulosa, Miclix. A low bush, 4 to 6 fuet liigli or less, tlie dark-col-
ored brandies usually iiioro or less resinous-glandular : leaves small (a lialf to an inch
long), obovato to Dblnng-obovate, nic^stly cuneate at base, rounded and crenato above,
on slender petioles 1 to 3 lines long, smooth and often resinous-coated : fruiting
aments 3 to 12 lines long; the deeply 3-lobed bracts slightly ciliate : seed orbicular-
winged. — Flora, ii. 180; Kegel, DC. Prodr. xvi'-'. 172; Gray, Manual, 4G0.

Phimas County (Mrs. R. M. Austin); Oregon {Hall) ; nortliwaid to Sitka and cast tlirougli
British America to tlie Atlantic, in the Uoclcy Mountains, and in the colder portions of the North-
ern States.

2. ALNUS, Tourii. Ai.dek.
Bracts of starainate aments shield-shaped and stipitate, including 5 bractlets and
usually 3 llowers ; perianth regular, 4-lobed. Stainejis 4, opposite the lobes, with
very short filaments and contiguous anther-cells. Bracts of pistillate aments lleshy
and imbricate, inclu<ling 4 bractlets and 2 flowers, cuneate and slightly 4-lobed, in
fruit persistent and woody, thickened and truncate above, at length divergent.
Nuilets compressed, mostly wingless or nearly so. — Shrubs or small trees, in moist
places, with smooth bark, the llowers preceding or appearing with the leaves ;
aments terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles, the staminatc long and droop-
ing, the pistillate ovoid or oblong, erect.

A genus of about 15 species, half of them Amorican. The tinilier is almost imperisliaLle in
water, the wood is vahiaMe in cabinet work, tlie bark is useil for tanning and dyeing, and
the charcoal is usually employed in the manufacture! of gunjiowder. The (^difornian sjiecies
belong to section Gijiunufhijrsus, Spach, tlie llowers preceding the leaves, and the racemed aments
formed the previous yeai-.

« Fruit sin'roinidcd hij a narrow sowctrluit mciiiI>ranous toiuf/.

1. A. rubra, l>ongard. Jiranches rather stout, dark brown dotted with white:
leaves thick, rusty-})ubescent beneath, glabrate above, ovate to elliptic, 2 to G
(sometimes 8) inches long, acute, rounded or more or less cuneate at base, coarsely
and rather obtusely toothed, the teeth crenate and margin narrowly revolute : fruit-
ing aments roundish ovate to oblong, a half inch or sometimes an inch long, the
bracts much thickened above: nutlets 1] lines long, nearly orbicular or obovate.
— Veg. Sitch. 1G2; Kegel, DC. Prodr. xvil 18G. A. Orer/ana, Kutt. Sylva, i. 28,
t. 9. A. incana, var. rubra, Kegel, Monogr. 99, t. 17, Jig. 3, 4.

From Sitka to San Francisco; fie(iuent on the Oakland Hills. Described by Nuttall as be-
coming 30 or 40 feet high, and Dolander speaks of it as a large tree.

•^ * Fruit more or less acutdij maryincd, not 2v!nr/ed.

2. A. rhombifolia, Tsutt. Branches more slender, dark brown, scarcely dotted :
leaves slightly pubescent beneaUi, sinoothish above, ovate (or obovate) to ovate-
oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, rounded at the summit or acute, cuneate at base, irregu-
larly glandular-denticulate : fruiting aments oblong, 6 to 8 lines long, the bracts
rather thin above : nutlets a line long, very broailly obovate, with a thickened
margin. — Sylva, i. 33. A. glntinosn, var. serriilata, Kegel, Monogr. lOG, in part.
A. serruhdn, var. riKjom, Kegel, DC. Prodr. xvi'^, 188, in i)art.

From Oregon (Ihtll) to Southern California; at San Felipe {I'uhncr), known as "White
Alder." "The common Calilornia alder, 20 to 30 feet liigli and 2 or 3 leel in diameter," ac-
cording to Bolnndcr ; 30 to iJO feet high, Pcckkam. Bark light ash-gray.

3. A. oblongifolia, Torrey. Branches light brown, sparingly dotted : leaves
thick, slightly pubescent or glabrous beneath, smooth above, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to
6 inches long, acute or acuminate, cuneate at base, serrate, the teeth with scattered
glandular denticulations : staminate aments stout, 2 to 4 inches long : fruiting

Myriru. M VllirACK.l';. gj

aiunnts oLldiig to ovate, 4 to G lines long: nutlets very broadly ohovate, IJ lines
long, thinly margined or narrowly winged. — Hot. Mex. JJouiid. 2U4. A. serru-
(ata, var. oblonrji folia, Kegel, UC Prodr. xvi^ 188.

In the Cuyurnaca nionntaiiis, San Diego County, and eastward to New Mexico, and in North-
ern Alexico; growing 20 to 30 feet higii.

4. A. incana, Willd., var. virescens, "Watson. Ihanches grayish brown :
leaves more or loss broadly ovate, 2 or ;5 inches long, acute, rounded at base or
slightly cordate, acutely doubly toothed, light green and glabrous on both sides or
sparingly pubescent: staminate aments rather slender, \\ to 2 inches long: fruiting
aments ovate-oblong, 4 to G lines long: nutlets round-obovate, thinly margined, \\
lines long. — A. iiiciDia, \iu\ (/la itoi, Kegel, 1. c. 189, in ])art; Watson, 13ot. King
Kxp. 32;}. A. scrnilata, var. rwjosa, Kegel, 1. c. 188, in part.

From Oregon to the Saskateliewan and southward in the mountains to the southern Siena
Nevada and New Mexico ; Ireciuent on tlie eastern sh)j>e of the Siena, and rejtovted by Muir as
forming (h-nse thickets ahnig tiic branches of tlie San ,loai|uin, King's and Kern lliveis at an alti-
tude of 6,000 to 7,000 feet. It is sehiom huge, usually 8 to 15 feet high. In the Atlantic States
it has the leaves nnich more densely pubescent ami hoary, nearly resembling the typical form of
the Old World, or sometimes smoother and glaucous beneath.

Ordeh XCH. MYRICACE^.

Shrubs, monoecious or dicrcious, with alternate usually waxy-dotted and fragrant
leaves, mostly without stii)ules, and llowers .solitary and sessile in the axils of scaly
bracts of the axillary sessile ovoid or cylindrical aments; perianth none; stamens 2
to IG, sessile, or the filaments somewhat united; ovary with 2 to 4 small scales or
bractlets at ba.se, 1-cellcd, 1-ovuled, with 2 se.ssile filiform stigmas; nut small, drupe-
like, often waxy ; seed erect, orthotropous, with thin membranous testa and no albu-
men ; radicle su[ierior, elongated.

An order of ehiedy a single genus of 30 or 40 species ; one Ri)ecies European {Mijrica Gale), the
rest belonging to North America, S. Africa, and the mountains of Asia and Java. "Wax is ob-
tained in abundance from the fruit of several siiecies.

1. MYRICA, Linn. r>AYnEiiiiY. Wax-Myuti.e.
Characters as of the order.

* Jironarloiis : aments nndrofpjnoua, the- sfavihiate Jimvera hoJow : hradlets viinute

at the base of the (jlobulav waxy fruit.

1. M. Californica, Cham. An evergreen shrub or small tree : leaves thick and
coriaceous, usually slightly tomentose below, oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, acute,
attenuate to a short petiole, serrate above the base: aments simi)le or somewhat
compound, 3 to T) lines long; the small very broadly ovate obtuse bracts more or
le.ss lacerately ciliate, especially near the base : staminate llowers few ; stamens about
10 (G to 15), the filaments united into an exserted jjanicle : bractlets usually 2,
oblong, ciliate : fruit i)urple, ))ai»illose, thiidy coated with grayish white wax, 2
lines in diameter. — Linn;ea, vi. 535; Lindl. in Journ. llort. Soc. Lond. vii. 282,
with fig. ; C. DC. Prodr. xv'\\ 153.

From the Sacramento to Washington Territory, in moist jdaces or on hillsides. Of close erect
liabit and dark evergreen foliage, in the neighborhood of San Francisco sometimes attaining
a height of 30 or 40 feet, with a diameter at base of 2 feet or more.

* * Floivers dioicioiis : bractlets exreeditif/ and adnate to the sitbcomjn-essed

nahed fruit.

2. M. Hartwegi, Watson. A dilluse shrub, 3 to G feet high : branches more
slender an<l elongated : leaves deciduous, thinner, oblanceolate, 2 inches long, acute,

82 SALlCACK.l-:. Myrica.

attenuate to a sliort petiole, serrate above the base, pubescent esjiecially on the mar-
gin, as also the branchlets : ataminate aments cylindrical, 5 tu 8 lines long, niany-
ilowered ; bracts imbricated, glabrous, brown with a scarious border, very l)roadIy
ovate, acute, U lines long: stamens 3 or 4, shorter than the bracts, the lilaments
united at base : pistillate aments 2 lines becoming 4 or o lines long, the bracts similar
but much smaller : nutlets a line long, laterally compressed and winged by the
thickened acutely tijiped bractlets, naked or with scattered resinous globules. —
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 350. M. Gale, IJenth. in PL Hartw. 33G.

Collected by Jlttrticq/ on tlie Saciaineiito, l)y Fionont, near Wv^ Tree Ct\o\Q(Bolandcr) am\ near
Clark's Station on the South Fork of tiie iMeived liy Mnir. Ahuh icsenibling M. Guh; Linn., ot"
Euroi)e, subarctic America and tiie Atlantic States.

OuDKK XCIII. SALICACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simi)le leaves, scaly and deciduous or leafy and
persistent stipules, and diujcious flowers in terminal aments, each flower subtended
by a membranous bract, without j)erianth ; stamens '1 to several, central or scat-
tered upon a glandular disk ; ovary 1-celled, with 2 often sessile stigmas, and 2
parietal many-ovuled ])lacent;e ; capsule 2-valved, with munerous erect minute
comose seeds ; albumen none ; radicle inferior.

Only the two following genera, belonging to the northern lieniisiihere, usually i>referring wet or
danij) jilaces. The wood is light and soft, and the baik contains bitter iirinViiiKs (.sv^//t//( and
pjpiilin) used in the cure of interniittents as substitutes for (|uinine. The slender liexihle twigs
of some species of Sali.v am in general use for liaskctniaking, and several are extenbivciy culti-
vated for ornament ; of ra})id growth, and ready propagation b}' means of cuttings.

1. Sallx. Bracts (scales) entire. Flowers witli small glands ; disks none. Stamens few.

Stigmas short. Buds with a single scale.

2. Populus. Biacts lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cui)shaped disk. Stamens numerous.

Stigmas elongated. Buds scaly.

1. SALIX, Tourn. \Viu.ow. OsiEii. (By M. S. Beub, Es-i-*)

Aments ])receding or accompanying the leaves, with entire bracts, each flower with
1 or 2 small glands at ba.se. Stamens 2 (very rarely solitary or the 2 wholly con-
nate, in some species 3 to 12); filaments filiform, free or more or less connate;
anthers mostly yellow\ Ovary and capsule more or less conical ; stigmas short,
entire or lobed. — Trees, shrul)S or under.shrubs, mostly conflneil to the neighbor-
liood of water ; branches terete, biuls covered with a calyptriform scale, and leaves
mostly long and pointed, feather-veined. — Andersson, in DC. I'rodr. xvi^. 191.

A large and diflicult genus of about 160 .species, often very variable ; about 60 si)ecies are
North American, the remainder belonging to Kuropo and e.xtra-tropical Asia, excepting lialf a
dozen found in S. America and S. Africa.

Staminato and pistillate aments on short leafy branchlets.

Trees. Stamens 3 to .'i: scales yellowish; those of fruiting anient deciduous.
Petiole's not glandular : staminato aments slender, llexuose.

Leaves lineal', green on both sides : s<ahs entire or nearly so. 1. S. .MCjitA.

Leaves lanccidate, glossy above, glaucous beneath : scales denticulate. 2. S. I-kvigata.
Petioles glandular : staminate aments oblong. 3. S. l.AsiANlHiA.

* I would here acknowledge my obligations to Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker and Professor David
Oliver for tracings and fiagmeiits of rare ty|)e-si)eciinens in the Kew llerl)ariuin, which have aided
me greatly in the identilicatioii of several otherwise very obscure species. — M. S. B,

ki'dix.

SAIJCACE.E.

83

Shiubs. Stamens 2 : scales pale ; those of fniitin;^ anient subJeciduous.
Leaves 1 to 3 or 4 inches long.

Stigmas very short, thick : leaves smooth or silky. 4.

Stigmas bifid, with linear lobes: leaves hoary-pubescent. 5.

Leaves ^ inch long, yew-like : aments short and thick. 6.

Dwarf creeping alpine slirub : scales dark, persistent. 17.

Staniinate aments sessile or nearly so; pistillate sessile or on short peduncles,

with or without bracts, the scales persistent.

Stamens .solitary : .scales densely villous : leaves rigid, i)ersistent, densely

tomcntose beneatli.
Stamens 2 to each usually dark colored scale.
Capsules glatjrous.

Shrub. Leaves lincly si'rrate, soon smooth, j)alcr beneatli. 7.

Tree or shrub. Leaves une(iually subserrate, pubescent, rusty-
glaucous beneath. 8.
Cajisiiles tomcntose, sometimes glabrous in n. 16.
Style none.

Aments oblong, sessile, apjiearing before the wedge-obovate leaves. 9.
Aments roundish, peduncled, appearing with the silky lanceolate

leaves. 10.

Style evident.

Aments small, roundish : capsules sessile, 1 line long : leaves

myrtle-like. 18.

Aments elongated-cylindrical : capsules sessile, 2 lines long: leaves

narrow, sage-like. 14.

Aments oblong or cylindrical : capsules more or less pedicelled.
Alpine shrubs, 4-6 feet high . branches short and stout : cap-
sules shortly pedicelled.
Leaves entire. 15.

Leaves glandular-serrulate. 16.

Large shrulis, 6-15 feet high : branches slender : capsules pedi-
celled.
Leaves green above, densely silky-pubescent beneath.
Leaves soon glabrate or scarcely pubescent beneath.

Aments preceding the leaves, sessile. 13.

Aments produced with the leaves, more or less peduncled. 12.

S. LONGIFOLIA.
S. SESSI 1,1 FOLIA
S. TAXIFOLIA.
S. AKCl ICA.

19. S. COULTKRI.

7. S. CORDATA.

8. S. LASIOLEI'IS.

S. FLAVESCKNS.

S. Gf,yekiana.
S. Monica.

S. BUEWERI.

S. OLAITA.

S. Califorxica.

11. S. SlTCHEXSIS.

S. Ai'sTix.t:.
S. Le.\i.moxi.

§ 1. Stamens 3 to 5 : scales yelloiuish, faUing before the maturity of the fertile
ament : filaments hairy below. Trees.

* Petioles not (jlundular.

1. S. nigra, Marsh. Trunk sleiulcr, often crooked or leaning, with rough dark
hark, hranclies hrittle at hase ; leaves hnear-Ianceolate, tapering from near the acute
base to an extremely long point, often falcate, 4 to G inches long, 3 or 4 lines wiile,
closely serrate, smooth and green on hoth sides, the midrib prominent ; stipules
semicordate, often wanting : aments with leafy peduncles, elongated, the fertile be-
coming ratlier lax : scales entire or only slightly dentate, villous with crisp haii-s :
capsules ovate-conical, glabrous, brownish-tawny, more or less i)edicelled : styles very
short; stigmas slightly notched. — Anders. Sal. Monogr. 19, iig. 15, and 1)(J. Prodr.
xvi.'-'. 200.

Growing on the banks of streams and lakes, and bending over the water. Cache Creek, near
Clear \.nkc {BolaadT) ; "Saciamento Valley," Wilkes's Kxploring FA'pedition (n. 1234); Fort
Mohave, C'oo/yrr. Collected hy Fremont in Utah and by Wviijlil in New Mexico; not before re-
corded from west of the Sierra Nevada. Everywhere common between the Gulf of Mexico and
the Great Lakes.

2. S. IcBVigata, I'ebb. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, 3 to 7 indies long and | to 1.^ inches wide, the earliivst oliovate with a mucro-
nate point, glabrous, dark green, glossy and juominently nerved above, paler or
glaucous beneath, minutely serrulate : ])etioIes downy, not glandular ; stipules semi-
cordate, usually small or none : aments leafy-pediincled, elongated, flexuo.se, 2 to 4
inches long, rather densely flowered : scales pallid, villous, dentate ; in the male

g^ SALICACK.'K. SalLr.

anient round ish-obovate and cucullate, in tlie female narrower and truiieate, -with
2 to 4 irregular teetli at the a\w\ : capsule conical from a thick base, acute, glabrous :
pedicel 3 or 4 times the length of the nectary : style obsolete or short ; stigiuas
emarginate.

Var. angustifolia. Leaves narrower, taper-pointed, falcate, 3 or 4 inches long,
9 lines broad near the roundish base: approaching ^'. 7iif/ra.

Yar. congesta. Auients short, densely flowered, scarcely exceeding the amide
leaves of the peduncle : capsules globose-conical, shortly pedicelled.

Fioiii Sail Difgo County {F(d,mr) to SacraniPiito Valley anil Sierra County (Lcmmon) ; distin-
<;uislio(l tVouj :S. uitjiK hythe bioml coriaccou.s haves, glossy aliovu and k1iuii;oiis licneatli, and by
Tin; dentate scales. Tlie aniiiij,'uous variety anijusUfolia was colieeted l)y Ucv. E. L. (•ircnc near
Ynka. "An erect lyraniidal tree, 15 to 50 feet liii^h, f,'ro\vinf,' on bottom lands near stieams :
trunk strai'dit, a loot or two in diameter, witli lissured dark brown baik." — 7V. ('. L. Andcrwn.

* * I'etlules (/haul til (I)'.

3. S. lasiandra, l>enth. Leaves lanceolate, tajier-pointed, attenuate or round-
ish at base, smooth, paler or glaucous beneath, margin closely and sharply serrate ;
petioles glandular at the upper end ; stijjides semilunar, glandular-serrate, often
large and cons^jicuous, sometimes small or deciduous : aments leafy-peduncled :
scales yellowish, thin, more or less dentate, hairy at base or in the fenutle
anient somewhat glabrous: stamens 5 or more: capsules lanceolate: style short;
stigmas bifid. — PI. llartw. 33G. «S'. J/oJfiaaiiiiiana, Hook. & Arn. l>ot. J>eechey,
159. aS". speciosa, Xutt. Sylva, i. 5S, t. 17. >S'. ar^/uta & luncij'uHa, Andersson in
DC. Pro.lr. xvi'-. 2()G.

Var. typica. Leaves lineardanceolate, acuminate, attenuate at base : stiptdcs
small: scales of tlie Jlexuose staminate anient deeply and irregularly glandular-
dentate : " brauchlets red and leaves darker." — A', an/nta, var. intu'dmlra, Aiideis. 1. c.

Yar. lancifolia, liebb. Leaves tai»ering regularly iVom near the roundish or sub-
cordate base to a long attenuate point (sometimes f) to 7 inches long and 2 inches
wide) ; petioles very glamlular ; stipides on vigorous young shoots large and glandu-
lar-seri-ate, on llowering branches small ami (leciduous : scales in the female anient
linear, acute, somewhat glabrous, in the male broader, hirsute, and dentate as in tlu^
narrow-leaved forms. — .S'. lunci/ulla, Anders. Sal. IMonogr. 34, lig. 23. A', liicldn,
var. macrophf/Ua, Anders, in DC. Prodr. xvi'^. 20"), ex descr.

Var. Fendleriana, Lebb. Staminate aments thick, densely flowered, on shorter
and less leafy i)eiluncles : leaves more coriaceous in texture and green both side.s. —
S. pentandra, var. caiuhdn, Nutt. Sylva, i. Gl,t. 18. S. Fendleriana, Anders. Sal.
Lor. -Am. 115. S.an/tda, Anders. Sal. Monogr. 32, fig. 22.

Sacramento Valley and northward to Britisli Columbia ; the var. Faidlrriana in tbe Sierni
Nevada (Mrs. R. M. Anslin, Lcmmon) ; also New Mexico {Fcndlcf) and Colorado. A tree 2(»
to CO ieet high, growing along streams: "bark lissnre<l, grayish brown on tlie trunks of old
trees ; bi-anchlets shining yellow, drooiiing: the somewhat straggling stem .sen.ls iip long branches
bearing large leaves near the top, making the tree top-heavy."— /V. Amirrsoa. Nuttall de-
scribes the "summit" of the tree as "tufted and .spreading." Very near A', //((-/(/(t (especially
the var. Fcndhriano), but the leaves are rather tliinner in texture, usually narrower, the male as
well as the female aments leafy-peduneled, and tbe scales distinctly dentate. The Pacific Coast
forms have been sulidivide.l into two sup].oseil species, based uj-on minute elinracters .irawn from
the length of the i.edicels, form of the scales, caiisiiles. stipules, etc., but these prove to be very
unreliable and do not always <(.rrespon<l with each other nor witb the form of leaf assigned to
each species respectively.

§ 2. Stamens 2 : scales pallid, somewhat deciduous : aments home on short lat-
eral leaf 11 branches, often clustered: leaoes linear to lanceolate, remotehj
denticuiate or entire. Shi-uhs. Species e.rceedin-(jlij variable and appar-
ently p)assing into each other.
4. S. longifolia, INLihl. Leaves varying from linear to lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, tapering at base, sessile or nearly so, 3 or 4 inches long ami 1 to 0 (usually 2

'^'"^'■^•- SALICACK.K. gg

.S. m„„-o,,„r/,,„ &/,m„lili,. N„lt Kylva i 72 73 ' '• "' ' -'*■

wil:."-T!,";:;„':i',;;, 's;r rT'' """"• ^ " ^ ■"-''- ''■■•«■>"- "■'■-''■'"

on both siilos, bacomi,,.. nearlVs" foot! ,t?, nl'f ^ ^ tomentos. or softly villous
^vl.on joun.' • stylo sZtn.t.h" fin f ' T" " V' "'"''^^ ^"' '^^"^'^^y Pilose

lo„! bv 1 o,-m"''/ "I"" '''^"^=' "»"»"'y '"'-""I--""'. ■•'I'""' »" i"ch and a \,M

rai'if. iV."];;;. u::',|!."""«--- »"• ««• ^' (■'"■■). -'' ^<^- i'.«h-.'xvi'. 215 MX;

Klill •.malic- ll,a„ i„ v. s«,,7,^ ,V « //,i; ,, , 1 ' ' '"' ^■'"°"'"''' ?'"<>-|>"l»scn.t Kmvc,

glal«-,,,>s,rales,„,,asnio„ll,4.,J.rova'fe ri i,,rt ,it ■'■""^

X hmjifMa. '"' ''""' "'"'' slig"'«»- l'cllia|.s a reanced form if

a on tiK. n,„rjj,,,: capsnl™ sossilo, ovafo-conioal : sti.n.as bili.l. - An I , S

§ 3. ^te»/e;i5 2 : scaler persistent, darker at the apex. ShruOs or small trees.

* Cajmiles (jlabrons.
7. S cordata, Muhl Loaves oblon-laiicoolate, acunnnate, conlate or acute at
.ase. sharply senate, glabrous (usually ,uore or less silky when youug), pa and

anients leafy at base, cyl.ndnoal, the fertile elongating in fruit : seales dark villous

g(5 SALICACE.E. Salix.

with long Avliite hairs : capsules ovate-conical, glabrous : pedicel 4 to 7 times the
length of the nectary: style short; stigmas bitifl. — Anders. .Sal. Monogr. 157, fig.
1)1 ; DC. I'rodr. .\vi-'. 252. S. liUea, :Nutt. Sylva, i. 63, t. 11).

Yar. Mackenziana, Hook. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, narrowed at base, sub-
entire ; sti[)ules .small or none : aments shortly ])edun(:led : i)e(licels lung and slen-
der, much exceeding the small sparsely villous tawny scale. — Fl. 15or.-Am. ii. 149;
Anders. 1. c. IGO, lig. 1)1* (not good).

Var. Watsoni, 15ebb. Difl'usely branched, the short and divaricate yellowish-
green or grayish branches very smooth and polished : leaves smaller, oblong, short-
acuminate, 1 to 2 inches long, serr\date or nearly entire : anuuits 1 inch or less in
length, usually crowdeil. — S. amhUa, var. (1), Watson, lUtt. King Kxp. .'{25.

From the Nortlicni .States to tlie .\r(:tie Coast ; frenueiit tlirou;,'h Nevada and Ulali, in Colo-
rado and iiorlliward, aiiiian-nlly rare in CaHlornia. Collcctud liy lUihimdr in the Voscnnte N'alli'y,
and at Yreka by Urccuc • the variety ]l'atsuni, jieculiar in lialiit, near Carson City {ll'dtson), and
in Sierra County, Lcnnnoii : the vaiiety MiicLcir.iana (easily mistaken lor a form of .b'. lasiandra)
from Lake County (.hulcrson) and far northward ; certainly not a hybrid between -S'. cordata and
S. roslrata as conjectured by Andersson.

8. S. lasiolepis, Benth. Leaves oblanceolate or rarely oblong-oblanceolate,
obliquely acute or acuminate, 4 to 6 inches long, \ to 1 inch wide, the lower spatu-
late, obtuse, more or less pubescent especially at lirst, at length glaucous and ferru-
ginous beneath ami coriaceous in texture, the margin unequally subserrate ; stipides
mostly wanting: aments sessile or scarcely peduncled with a few deciduous bracts
at base, H to 3 inches long, erect or somewhat llexuose, cylindrical, densely llow-
ered ; scales roumlish, dark, densely clothed with crisp white hairs : stamens yel-
low, 3 times the length of the scale ; filaments .slightly united at base : capsules
acute, smooth, dark green, shortly jiedicelled : styles medium sized ; stigmas short,
erect. — PI. Ilartw. 3.35; Amlers. DC. Drodr. xv>. 2G4.

Var. Bigelovii, P.ebb. Leaves obovate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, entire (at
least the earliest), grayish silky-pubescent beneath : aments on short and villous
often somewhat leafy peduncles : pedicel about the length of the villous scale. —
S. Biqeluvii/Vow. \n Pacif. P. licp. iv. 13'J ; Anders. Sal. Monogr. 103, fig. 94,
& DC. Prodr. xvi2. 255. S. ? Watson, Pot. King Exp. 325.

Var. (1) fallax, Pebb. Leaves lanceolate-obh»ng, abruptly contracted or even
rounded at base, glaucous and pubescent beneath ; stipules semilunar, denticulate,
])ersistent : aments smaller and less densely villous.

Throughout tlie .State, from San Diego to Yreka, and in tlie Siena Nevada, tlie commonest of
CaHfornian willows and exceedingly variable, fn tlie neighborliood of San iMancisco and .south-
ward it attains under favorable conditions tlie lieight of -10 to (50 feet, but iiovthwaid and in tlie
mountains at 4,0(lO feet elevation is reiluced to a bush, less than 10 feet liigli, branching near the
ground. IJark smooth, grayish-brown, scarcely fissured even on old trees. Aments apjiearing
before the leaves, or southward, near i.os Angeles, etc., in the axils of the persistent leaves of tho
jnevious season. S. Ihiiiiiciji, IJcnth. (.V. /itnui/is, var. (0 H<(rturi/i, Anders. 1. c. '2'M\), is clearly
founded on this serotinous state. I'lofessor Andersson was ajiiiaicnlly deceived by the remarkable
resemblance which the leaves of tliis si)ecies bear to ,S'. huyailis when he asserts (1. c.) that he saw
S. humilis "in Calil'ornia, very common "

* -A Cajjsnles tonieatose.

•»- Stijles obsolete.

9. S. flavescens, Nutt. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute or sliortly acu-
minate, only the lower obtuse, wedge-shaped at base, 2 or 3 inches long, 1 to \\
inches wide, downy but very soon glabrate and dull green above, glaucous and
rufous-pubescent beneath or often when young clothed with a com])act lustrous bilky
tomentum ; the margin entire or irregularly serrate ; sti{)ules semicordate, denticu-
late : aments sessile, oblong, recurved, densely flowered, appearing before the leaves;
scales blackish, obovate, villous with long silky hairs : capsules ovate-lanceolate.

^nlix. 8ALICACE.K. o»t

silky-toinentose, on pedicels Imnlly as long as the scales : styles obsolete ; stigmas
long, entire or deeply jjarted, the linear lobes inllexed. — Sylva, i. 05. S. bmchy-
s(,fchi/s, JJenth. VI. Hartw. 330; Anders. Sal. Monogr. 82, lig. 48, and DC. Prodr.
xvil 224. S. sta</na/is, Nutt. Sylva, i. 00 1 ^. Scoiifenana, IJarratt ; Hook. Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii. 145, in part. aS'. cn^Ji-eoides, Anders. Sal. I'or.-Ani. II.

Santa Harbara (Mrs. Elwond Cooper) ; wootls near iMonterey {Ilarlivccj); also collected by Coid-
trr, but the locaUty uuceitaiii ; Santa Cruz Mountains, Dr. C. L. Anderson, who says that this
wiUow i3 "gi'ncrally found on mountain-sides near sprinj^y [daces and as a kind of undergrowtli
for trees: ohl trees, HI to 20 feet hif;li, have a round bushy top, very strag^jlinj,' and \vith"a pro-
fusion of brauclilets ; bark tissure<l, bro\vnish-<,'ray ; twigs with a very strong niephitie odor at
sonic seasons wlieu bruised." Couiiuon through Oregon and Britisli Coiunibia, and uti the
coast to Ivodiak Island, where it has been collected by Dr. Kdh»rt. Tlie leaves did'er much
in outline, even the earlier and later of the same bush ; at first usually more or less ferruginous-
pubescent, but often satiny white-tomentose bcueath, and tlicn easily mistaken for .S'. S'ilc/icnsis.
We follow Audersson in rejecting the older name of the Flora Horeali-Americana, on the ground
that 6'. SconlcriaiKi, Barratt, was founded on the leaves of ^'. ,SV/c/iC)(Ais and aments of S. Jfavescens.
Even the " small staminate aments 2 or 3 lines thick," referred to var. tcnnijulis, by Anderssou
(DC. I'rodr. xvi'^. 225), from Fort Vancouver {Tulmir, in Dr. Gray's herbarium), belong to
.S'. Sitc/iensis, showing not only how easy it is to mix herbarium specimens of these two species,
but how far the confusion may be overlooked even by the most (!ritical observers. After Barratt's
name there can be no question that the next in point of date is Nuttall's, which is here restored.
Recent collections have confirmed the accinacy of his description in some particulars wherein
it has heretofoie been regarded as ambiguous,' excepting however "stigmas pubescent," which
still remains nnac(!ountable.

10. S. Geyeriana, Anders. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2 or 3 inches
long by 4 to 0 lines wide, downy above, grayish beneath with soft silky hairs,
entire ; stipules none : aments at lirst small, subglobose, nearly e(pialled by the 3 or
4 silky bracts at their base, becoming sliort-pedunclcd in fruit: scales tawny,
obtuse, sparsely villous: capsule tapering from an ovate base, silky tomentose :
pedicel slender, puberulent, 4 or 5 times the length of the nectary : stigmas sessile,
bilid. — Sal. Monogr. 80, lig. 50, ami DC. I'rodr. xvi^ 220.

Sierra County (Lemmon) ; IMumas County (3frs. Ames) ; Oregon and the Hockv Mountains,
Gei/er. A bush growing on the " borders of streams and rivulets, most abundant about springs,
10 to 15 feet high"; the branchlets usually coyered with a glaucous blooni. l^Iature fertile
aments rather more than half an inch long. A beautiful and distinc-t s).ecies, which lias been coin-
l>ared with .S'. rostrcUa ; the resemblance is, however, not obvious. It is more nearly allied to
S. pefiolaris or .S'. rejicns. The leaves bear a cherry dike gall, similar to one that is fre(iuently
found on S. jKliolaris.

-t- •»- Stifles evident.

++ UsuaUij lartje shrubs (0 to 15 feet hir/h), hut smaller in subulpine refjions ;
branches lonij and slender.

11. S, Sitchensis, Sanson. A straggling arcuate shrub, 0 to 15 feet high, over-
hanging streams : branches slender, brownish, downy at Hrst, soon smooth, some-
times covered with a glaucous bloom : leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, acute
or the earliest obtuse with an abrupt point, narrowed at base into a short petiole,
dark green above excejjt the whitish-pubescejit midrib, covered beneath with a lus-
trous white and satiny tomentum ; margin entire or obsoletely crenulate ; stipules
reniform, usually wanting : aments with a few small bracts at base, erect, slender,
densely llowered : scale yellowish or tawny, sparsely villous : capsule ovate-conical,
acute, tomentose : pedicel 2 or 3 times the length of the nectary : style elongated :
stigmas scarcely emarginate, thick, erect. — I>ongard, Veg. Sitch. 102; Anders. Sal.
]\[onogr. 100, lig. 59, and DC. Pr.xlr. xvi-. 233. .S'. cunenta, Nutt. Sylva, i. GO.

Var. angUStifolia, IJebb. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, an
inch or two long, 3 or 4 lines wide, the margins entire and revolute ; stipules none :
mature fertile ament an inch long. — S. chlorojiht/llo, vin: ])ellii<(, Audeis. in DC.
Prodr. xvi^. 244.

gg SALICACE.E. SalU.

Santa Barbara {.Urs. El wood Conpcr); Santa Ti-u/ (Anderson), ['.car ValU>y {TSohindcr), and ex-
temling noithwaril to Alaska. A most beautilul and (listin('t species, leniaikable for the silvery
under-siul'ace of the leaves. Leaves about an ineb bmad above tlie middle : IViiiting aments 3
or 4 inches long: style and pedicel of about eiinul length. Niittall ealls this " Velvet Willow."
The variety «/(!7i(s///('//«, collected on a "high mountain near Donner Tass" by I)i: Turrcij, 1865,
accords essentially' (excepting the pointed leaves) with the description of S. c/ilurojiliijlla, var.
pcllita, Anders., though when compared with Dr. Lyall's specimens from tiie Hocky Aiouiitains,
cited by the author, tlie discrepancy is greater; here we tind the leaves 6 to l) lines or nearly an inch
wide, thin and papery in texture, and only the lower siiatidate ones obtuse. Similar forms have
been collected in Oregon and British America by Ila/l and Muanin, apiiearing like ,S'. Sitc/icasii
modified by growing in the shade. Unlike the tyjiical form as Dr. Torrey's specimens apjx-ar
at first sight, a careful examiuatiun fails to adord any distinction not fairly attributable to diller-
cnce of station.

12. S. Lemmoni, iVlil), liraiidics slender, at iirst eovered willi a short ap-
]»vosse(l puliivseeiice, heeoiiiiiig siiioolli : leaves laiice(dale, aciilo ov ai'tiliiiiiati! at hnlli
ends, entire or remotely snl)seiTato, .silky-pnliesceiit, very .soon j^laltrate, paler or
scarcely glaucous beneath ; petioles slender (4 to G line's long) ; stipules small, semi-
ovate, acute, serrate, deciduous : aments oblong or cylindrical, rather densely flow-
ered, appearing with the leaves, on short peduncles l)earing 2 or 3 small acute leaf-
like bracts : scales obovate, obtuse or somewhat acute, black, thinly pilose : capsules
ovate-lanceolate, acute, grayish-tomentose, 2 or 3 lines long: i)edicel -1 to (i times the
length of the, nectary : style medium si/eil ; stigmas erect, entire,

Var. melanolepis. .Scales pitch-black and slightly or not at all hairy.

Var. macrostachya. Aments large and sol't-villons (resembling those of S.
discolor) : capsides ta|)ering to a produced style : peduncles more leafy.

Var. sphaerostachya. Aments about half an inch long, subglobo.se; leaves
linear-lanceolate, entire, an inch long. — A divaricately much branched little shrul) ;
seemingly a depauperate or subalpine form.

Sierra County (/. O. Lcmvum, for whom it is named); Plumas Comity (.'A-.s'. T'nlsifcr Aui'S,
Mrs. Atislin) ; near Carson City, U'nisuu. A shrub rarely attaining the heiglit of 16 feet, with
smooth olive-colored bark on the older branches, it exhibits much diversity in tlie character
of the aments, but the different forms apparently jiass into each other ilirougliout the series, and
the leaves fiunish no distiui'tions. ,S'. viticroniri„i, Nutt., a little known species from Oregon,
diliers especially in its smaller pale ac\ite scabs, glal)rate capsules, and nearly sessile stigmas.
Among Dr. Bolander's si)ecimens from West Falls Meadows, 7,000 or 8,000 feet altitude, we find
stamimite aments in winch the filaments are united nearly to tiie antlieis and unusually pubescent.
The material is too scanty to wariant more than a conjecture that this may Ijc uj'ur,iia inonstrosa
of S. Loniiioni.

13. S. Austillce, Debb. A shrub or small tree, with very smooth light-gray bark ;
recent branches slender and but little divided, shining yellow or bronzed, very tough :
leaves narrowly oblanceolate, ol)li(iuely acuminate or lalcate, attenuate' at base,
smooth and bright green above except the yellowi.sh midrib, glaucous and pidiescent
beneath, the margin very slightly and obscurely subserrate ; stipules none : aments
appearing before the leaves, sessile, the small bracts at Ijase early deciduous, erect,
cylindrical-oblong, densely flowered ; scales obovate, dark, clothed with silky hairs :
capsules tapering to a beak, tomeutose, about 2 lines long, shortly pedicelletl so that
they are partially covered, even when mature, by the scales : styles produced; stigmas
erect, entire.

Indian Valley, Plumas County, Mrs. II. M. Auslin, — \\\\n in doing much to advance i)ur
knowledge of the botany of the Sierra Nevada has not neglected the Willows. Aments somewluit
as in S. Jakrata, Anders., but tliat has proportionately siiorter and broader leaves, ".scarcely '2
inches long by i to 1 inch bioad," thinner in texture and dull green above, and large serrulate
sti))ules. The ligure given by the author (Monogr. lig. 73) conesponds ncitlier with his de-
scription nor witli a sketch of Seeiiiaiiii's specimen ^ill Ileib. Kew) on which the species \Uis
founded.

14. S. BrCTVeri, r>ebb. TJranches long, very slender and pliant, pubescent at
first, becoming snutoth : leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sessile or nearly

Salix. SALlCACEyK

su

so, 2 or 3 inches long by 3 or 4 lines Avide, at first downy above esjiecially along the
whitish midrib, at length glal>rate and dull green, beneath glaucous, imbcscent and
prominently rugose-veined ; the margin undulate-entire or remotely and unevenly
glandular-dentate ; stipules small, lanceolate, acute : fertile anient sessile, with two
or three small bracts at base, elongated, slenderly cylindrical, densely llowered, Avitli
thickish pubescent rhachis ; scales spatulate, pale, scantily villous : capsules short-
conical from a gibbous base, acute, tomentose, sessile, 2 lines long : styles elongated,
slen<ler; stigmas spreading, bifid: nectary linear or filiform, nearly as long as the
scale.

(")!» Sail Carlos jroniitain in a dry ravine, at ^.nOO foot nllitiidc, //'. //. Brnrn: An intpipstiiifj
discovery of a gcmiinn Anicriran icincscntativd of llio Vimiwilm, — a f^ionii widely (Ustrihutod
tliroughoiit JMuopo and Hiissian Asia (except in the extreme noilli), in the teiniieiale ic-'ions of
India, and in Japan. Our plant, the leaves of which lesemlilc those of ,V. salvUcfulia, Link, is
abundantly distiiiguislied from all the forms of the Old World.

■H- ++ Aljiine. sitriibs, ^ to G feet high, with short and stout branches, or dwarf
and jyroeuinbent or crecj^ifirj.

15. S. glauca, Linn. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, usually silky-villons both sides,
obscurely glaucous beneath, entire : aments loafy-peduncled, cylindrical, rather
thick, somewhat densely llowered : scales subacute or obtuse, tawny at base and
darker aliove, villous with long white hairs : capsules ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse,
densely white-tomentose, scarcely or shortly pedicelled : pedicel e(inalling the nec-
tary : style produced, usually bifid ; stigmas laciniate, divaricate. — Anders, in DC.
I'rodr. xvW 280.

\'ar. villosa, Anders. A diiruse shrub, 3 to 7 feet high, with short and stout
branches : leaves oblanceolate, acute or short acuminate, attenuate at base, 2 to 4
inches long, varying from soft villous to .scarcely pilose when young, at length gla-
brale and rigid, more or less glaucous beneath; stipules linear-lanceolate ("semicor-
dafe," Hook.), rather persistent: aments short-iieduncled, the i'ertilc when mature
sometimes very large, 2 or 3 inches long, ^ inch thick ; scales obloiig-obovate, rather
acute, brownish : capsules lanceolate-acuminate, tomentose, at length subglabrate,
shortly pedicelled : style short or scarcely produced ; stigmas bifid or entire. — Sal.
J'.or.-Am. 22. S. vilhm, (Don?) Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 144. S. glaucops, Andei-s.
in DC. Prodr. xvi^. 281.

The gennine <S'. tj/niica has not l)peii found, and probalily does not orenr, within our boundaries.
The variety Tilh>sii, collected in the Siena Nevada at froin <),(ion to 1'2,(I(10 (eet altitude {Dram;
Jinlnndcr, Rothrock), lan^es northward in the monntnins to I'.iitish ('dlmuliia and to the Saskatch-
ewan. This coniprelieiids a nuniher of forms dilfcring fioin .S'. (j/'iiim mainly in their less tomen-
tose and more pointed capsules, entire styles, and less <leeply cut stigmas : sulseciueiitly interposed
liy Andersson as a (piasi-species between .S'. fjlaiica and 6'. dcscrtoriuii.

IG. S. Californica, Wvhh. Usually 4 to 6 feet high: leaves lanceolate to ob-
ovate, acute, 1^ to 3 inches long by 4 to 7 lines wide, abrujitly contracted or even
rounded at base, glandular serrulate, villous-tomentose when young, at length gla-
brato and green both sides; stipules lanceolate, acute, serrulate: aments cylin-
drical, densely llowered, ap|)earing with the leaves, when in llower about an inch
long, the fertile when in fruit lengthening to 2 inches or more ; the leaf-like bracts
at base closely studded on the margin with minute glands : .^scales lanceolate, acute,
dark, villous with long silky hairs : capsule ovate-conical, rather obtuse, grayish-
tomentose, 2 or 3 lines long : pedicel short but distinct, about the length of the
nectary : style elongated, entire ; stigmas mostly entire, erect.

This occurs in the Sierra Nevada at lower altitudes (8,000 to 9,000 feet) than the lueeeding,
from JIariposa County northward {lircjtrr, Bnhmdcr, Lciniimn, (hrcnc. Mm. Auslin). Easily dis-
tinguished from genuine S. fffauca by the glandular-serrulate leaves, elongated entire styles, and
shorter erect mostly entire stigmas ; but some of the forms are not so clearly separable from the
\ny\vty villosa. It is nn evident transition toward S. mlcnopln/l/d (ahow!^ of the Great Lakes,
Labrador, etc.), the .stamiiinto nments, with glandular-margined brncts at base, liciiig very much

1)0 SALICACE.E. SolU

as in tliat speries. .S*. suhcordnfa, Anders., similarly distingnislieil tVoni S. gluKcc, dilVcis in its
orliicular-oval leaves and large seinicoidate denticulate stii)nles.

17. S. arctica, Tiillas. Leaves obovato, oval, or spatulate-lanceolate, entire or
obsoletely ami reinottly serrate, at length sniootli, glaucous beneath : anients lateral
and soni(!\vhat terniiMal, upon long strict leafy jK'duncles, erect, ratlier thick and
densely flowered : scales obovate, ol)tuse, i)ale or ilark colored, jiilose : capsule conic
from an ovate base: style medium sized, becoming l)ro\vn : stigmas divaricately
parted. — Anders, in DC. Prodr. xvi"'^. 28G ; Watson,"" Dot. King E.xp. 32G.

A'ar. petraea, An'ders. I. c. A dwarf creeping shrub, with suberect branches leafy
at the top, oidy 2 to 4 inches high, though often covering considerable surface :
leaves ]ancei>late, tapering somewliat equally to tlie base and ajjex (an inch long by
3 to 6 lines wide), entire, green on botli sides, sliglitly i)aler and ])roiuinently nerved
beneatii : uments terminal, erect, at length tldck and densely llowcreil, an incli or two
long : scales thin, browni.--h, s|)arsely pilose : capsules ovalci-eonical, 2 or 3 lines long,
silky, subsessile, tlie ne tary rather exceeding the base of the capside : style very
mucli elongated, slender : stigmas bihtl, divaricate.

In vaiious forms from difonland and Lalnador to Alaska. Tlio variety piira'a in the Sierra
Nevada at 'J.OOO to ll.OOu Ir.i AuiwAi^ {Anderson, llrcvcr, lUda uder, l.ct,uun,i\ mm\ ;i1.m) on al|iiiie,
siimniils of the lloeky iMunntains from C'olora<lo, wlieie it is lrei|nently ((dleeted, northward to
Ihitish America (IJonn/ciiH, Lyall); an alpine form of the species, and the only one known to
occur within the boundaries of the United Slates.

18. S. Monica, r<e1)b. A small alpine shrid), ])rofusely branched, jirocundieut
but not creejiing; branches smooth : leaves oblanccolati; or oblong, ^ to 1 inch long,
3 or 4 lines wide, acute at botii ends, or the lower obtuse, entire or obscurely ser-
rate, glabrous, bright green ami with regtdarly radiating parallel impressed nerves
above, paler but not glaucous beneath; sti|)ules none: anients lateral, diminutive,
roundish, densely ilowered, sessile or on very short but distinct jjedunclcs, with two
oblong leafdike bracts at liase; scales in the fertile anient roundish-ovate, rather ob-
tuse, dark colored and slightly villous, in the .staniinat(i anient liiigulate, much nar-
rower, longer, jialcr, very acute and nearly smooth : iilaments long; anthers after
llowering brownish : capsules minute, a line long, ovate-conical, silky-tomentose,
sessile : styles medium sized, not produced ; stigmas mostly entire, spreading.

Mono Pass summit ; June, liolandcr. A clear species of the MijrlosaUx section ; diflering
widely from S. tcncra, Ander.s. (from the Cascade Mountains, 7,000 iet-t altitude, Li/c//), witli which
alone it can be comjiaied, — that having gracefully slender anients terminating lateral branches,
Ungulate leaves, and the relative form of the scales of the male and female anients singularly re-
versed, as it weie, from what they appear in S. Muaiai.

§ 4. Stamen solitdri/. Aineiifs tJiicl:, denseli/ villous, (ippcitrtnf/ in iJie axi/s of the
rif/id jjerslstent Irdves. (A jiurc/i/ (irb'ttrarj and jjiorisioital (irraiujcnient.)

19. S. Coulteri, Andeis. Recent branches very stout, furrowed, and densely gray
ish-tomentose : leaves crowded, thick and becoming rigid, oblong, about two inches
long l)y an inch wide, acute at each end, dull green and glabrate above except the
■whitish impressed midrib and nerves, beneath very densely clothed with a soft per-
sistent white tonientum, the nnvrgin revolute and entire ; petioles short and stout,
dilated ])elow and (Jiiilnacing the large roundish obtuse silky buds; stipnhis varying
from renifonn to lanceolate with an oblicpie j)oint : staminate aments sessile [always!],
cylindrical, erect, densely ilowered ; scales spatulate, ])ale, di^nsely villous with very
long silky hairs, which conceal the lilament of the single stamen found under each
scale.

Known only from staminate aments collected by Coidler,\mi locality uncertain, and by luduiidcr
near San Francisco ("a single tree, 15 feet high ; common in Marin County"). In oiw specimen
the aments (about an inch long) a])peai in the axils of the jieisistent leaves. The dense wool-
liness of the under surface of the leaves is dull white rather than silky, at length apparently fer-
ruginous, disappearing only from the piominent midrib.

Popnhis. SALICACE.E. gj^

2. POPULUS, Tourn. rorLAit. Cottonwood. Asif.n.

Aincnts preceding the leaves, pendulons, axillary, sessile or nearly so, the pistil-
late longest and loosely Howered : bracts lacerately toothed or fringed. Stamens
few to many, inserted on the face of an oblicpiely trn^icate disk, with distinct filiform
filaments and purple anthers. Ovary surrounded by a more or less cup-shaped disk :
styles 2 to 4, often united at base, lobed or divided. Capsule ovate-oblong to glo-
bose, 2-4-valved. — Trees with scaly and often resinous buds, caducous stipules,
and glandular-crenato leaves. — WesuKud in JJC. I'rodr. xvil ',Vi:\.

AliDut 20 siiccics, of nnrllicrn c\tra-troiii<-al regions, riiUMJIv divided lietweeii the Old niid New
AVoilds. The wood is li.!,'lit(oloie<l, soft and light, durable if kept dry. The fragrant resinous bal-
sam, whieh eoals abundantly the buds of some species, is occasionally eolleetcd for medicinal use.

* Stijldi 2, with 2 or 3 linear lobes: capsules small, ohloiuj-conlcah thhi, 2-valoed :

stamens G /o 20: leaves hroadbj ovate, crenulate ; petioles jtattened.

1. P. tremuloides, Michx. Trunk straight and slender, 20 to 50 feet high,
■with smooth grayi.sh-winte bark ; branches not angled : buds long, viscid : leaves
round ovate, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, very shortly acuminate, slightly cordate to
somewhat cuneate at base, villous-ciliate when young; petioles slender, much flat-
tened above, as long as the blade : staminatc aments dense, an incli or two long,
with longciliatc l)racts : stamens 7 to 10, with very short lilaments : pistillate
aments 2 to 4 inches long, the rha(;his pubescent : disk small : cai)sules on short
slender pedicels (a half to one line long), glabrous, 2 lines long : seed light brown,
a half line long. — Michx. f. Arb. Amer. iii. 285, t. 8, tig. 1.

From the Sacramento eastward across the continent and northward through liritish America to
the Arctic Ocean ; in the I{ocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico. I'sually in dense copses,
covering moist slopes and Iwttoms, at an altitude varying from (5,000 to 10,000 feet or more,
{icncrally known as " (^)uaking Asp."

* * Styles 2 to 4, with dilated lobes : eapsitles large, subfjlnbose to ovate-oblonrj,

2 - 4:-ralved, often tltlek.

-K- Stamens itsaalhf 20 to 30 : leaves cordate or ovate to lanceolate, frenate ;

jieflolcs terete: seed a line lony : yomuj bark brownish.

2. P. trichocarpa, Torr. Sz dray. A tree of ojien growth, 30 to 50 feet high
or more, with thick cracked l)ark, the young barren branches somewhat angled:
buds shining and viscid : leaves broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cor-
date (sometimes rounded) at base, 2 to 4 inches long, finely jjuberulent when young,
becoming somewhat lighter colonel beneath ; petioles usually an inch or two long :
staminate aments dense, 2 inches long ; bracts slightly villous; rhachis pubescent;
disk broad, somewhat pubescent ; filaments as long as the antiiers : pistillate aments
2 inches or more (becoming G inches) long, witii pubescent rhachis, the bracts and
much dilated disk nearly glabrous : ovary densely pubescent ; styles 3, broadly di-
lated and lobed : capsules nearly .sessile, sul)globose, pubescent, 3-valved, 3 lines
in diameter: seed light-ccdored. — Hook. Icon. t. 878 ; Watson, Hot. King Exped.
328, and Amer. Jourii. Sci. 3 s(!r. xv. 13(5. P. bahamifera, var. y, Hook. Fl. IJor.-
Am. ii. 151. /'. bahamifrra, var. {]) Callfornira, Watson, 1. c. 135.

Var. cupulata, Watson, 1. c. 13G. liisk of the pistillate flowers very large and
somewhat iierbaceous, carapanulate and twice longer than the ovary, pubescent :
bracts somewhat villous, and joedicels a line or two long.

From San Diego northward to British Columbia and extending into Western Nevada : the vari-
ety from Plumas Countv, J/r.i. Jusfiii. Acconling to Douglas it attains in Washington Territory
a height of (JO to 100 feet, with a diameter of 2 to 6 feet. I-ike the following species it is gen-
erally found scattered or in open groves along stream-banks and in river bottoms, at an altitude
not exceeding 6,000 feet. The narrow-leaved species of the Ilocky Jlountains (P. iiutjnsti/olin,
James) is found in the mountains of Central Nevada (Shoshone Mountains, IVcUsoii), and uorth-
westward to the valley of the Columbia.

Q2 SALICACE.K. Popiilus.

^_ +. Stamens 60 or more: leaves deltoid, sinuateli/ crenatc ; jietloles Jiattened :
seeds li oy 2 lines long: youiuj bark yellowish, hecoiuiiuj light <jratj.

3. P. Fremonti, Watson. A large tree, with gray craokeil bark and terete
branches: lea\es broadly deltoid or often somewhat reniibim, with a broad acute
apex and usually more or less of a sinus at base, few serratiires (4 to 12 on each
side), and petioles 1 to 2\ inches long; the petioles, branchlcts, and margins of the
leaves often with short spreading pubescence when young : aments with glabrous
rhachis and bracts ; the staminate loose, with pedicels 8 to 10 lines long and con-
spicuous disks 3 or 4 lines broad : styles 3 : fruiting aments 3 or 4 inches long :
capsules ovate, 3 or 4 lines long, on sliort stout i)edicels (a line or two long), the
disk 3 lines broad ; valves 3, thick-coriaceous : seeds white. — Proc. Am. Acad. x.
350 and 1. c. 13(5. P. moniiiftra, Newberry, Pacif. P. Pep. vi. 81); AVatson, Pot.
King Exped. 327.

Var. (0 Wislizeni, Watson, 1. c. 137. I^eaves sharply acuminate, truncate or
slightly cuneate at base : staminate aments with shorter [)edicels and less dilateil
thin disks : pistillate aments very slender, 2 to G inches long : ilisk 2 or 3 lines broail :
capsides ovate to ovate-oblong, somewhat angled, 3- or usually 4-valved, 4 or 5 lines
long, on slender pedicels 2 to 8 lines long. — P. moniliftra, Torrey, Dot. ISIex. Bound.
204, etc.

The typical form of the species is found on the U|)per Sacianiento River anil eastward in Nevada
and to S. Utah {I'alincr, I'arri/) ; the variety is the i)ievalent Cottonwood in the more soiilhcru
districts, ranging from Sun fiiego County (Jamul Valley, I'ahncr) and tlie Colorado Valley (Ft.
Yuma, Scholl) to S. Utah and the Rio Grande.

Order XCIV. JUGLANDACE^.

^[onoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate leaves without stipules, sterile
flowers in aments with usually numerous stamens and a 3 - G-lobed perianth adnato
to a bract, fertile flowers solitary or few and spicate, with a 2 - 5-lobed (sometimes
double) perianth more or less adherent to the 1-ovuled 1-celled (at length imper-
fectly 2 - 4-celled) ovary, and a fleshy indehiscent or 4-valved fruit containing a
bony nut and a large exalbuminous 2 - 4dobed orthotropous seed. Stamens with
very short filaments and the connective usually prolonged. Style short ; stigmas
2_4-lobed. Embiyo fleshy and oily, covered by a membranous testa; radicle very
short, superior.

The pnncii)al genera are Jtu/hms and Cari/n, almost wholly North American, tlie latter in.'lud-
ing the Hickory and Pecan Nuts of tlie Alhuitic States. Three otlier small genera are Asiatic.
The total numher of s])eeies is 25 or 30.

1. JUGLANS, binn. Walnut.

Staminate aments from the previous year's wood, long, solitary or in pairs ; peri-
anth unequally 3-C)-lobcd; stamens 12 to 40. Fertile flowers solitary, or few in
a short terminal spike, the calyx adherent to the ovary, 4-toothcd and with 4 small
petals. Style short ; stigmas 2, linear or clavate, fringed. Pericarp fleshy, indehis-
cent, enclosing an irregularly rugose nut, 2-valved in germination. — Trees or large
•shrubs, with somewhat resinous-aromatic bark and foliage, nearly nakeil buds, and
unequally pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets ; pith in plates.

Including the Black Walnut (/. nigra), very valuable and extensively used for ealiinet pur-

<2"^''^'"«- CUl'ULIFEIl/K. Q3

poses, tj.0 Butternut {J. dnr.rca) hoth of tl.e Atlantic Statos, the English Walnut (J. rcma) a
silcdes ' " ^"Itivntccl throughout teniperatc Europe, an.l fom- or five other less known

1. J.^Californica, AVntson. More or less tomentose, sometimes nearly "labrous •
ieallets .) to 8 i.air.s, u))lon-r-lanceolate, acute, narrowiiifr upward from near the base
^ to ^h niches long: aments often in pairs, 4 to 8 inches long, loose: lobes of the
perianth m tlio stamiuato llowors lA lines long, acute or obtuse, veined : stamens 30
to 40; anthers a uie long, witli tlio ai.ex of the connective very short and bifid:
ruitgbbose slightly compresse.l, f to 1 inch in diameter: nut shallowly sulcate,
tlie walls rather tlim, with 2 broad cavities upon each side. — I'roc. Am. Acad x
349. J. rupcKtris, var. mnjor, Torrey in Sitgr. JJep. 171, t. IG.

A troe or la r-c shrub, in the vicinity of San Francisco and along the Sacramento ovhere it is
son.etMucs cultivate, growing to the height of 40 to 60 feet, and 2 to 4 feet in diameter; rand n J
7huTr ""''"' "■'" """'^'''""^ ^^'''"°'' S'^"^''*^'" Arizona to New Mexico and Soimra?

J. KUi'KSTRis, Engehn. Sitgr. Hep. 171, t. 15, is smaller (G to 20 feet lii^li), with

more numer-

ous (b to 12 pairs and usually more acuminate leaflets ; aments only 2 inches long, with smalle.
penanth, 20 to 30 stamens, shorter anthers an.l more prominent connective ; nut globose 6 or 7
lines II. diameter, with veiy thick nearly solid walls. Frequent in Texas and New Mexico-
\\ aliiut Grove, Arizona, Palmer. '

Order XCV. CUPULIFERiE.

]^[onn^cious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple i)innately veined leaves, cadu-
cous stipules, staminate flowers naked or bracteate, in cylindrical or globose aments,
with a lobed or cleft perianth, and the pistillate sessile in a cup-like involucre
(1 -5-flowered) covered with bractlikc or spinescent appen<Iages, with G-Iobed peri-
anth adherent to the 2-G-ceIled and 4- 12-ovuled ovary, which becomes a 1-celIed
1-seeded nut seated in or covered by tlio enlarged involucre. .Stamens 4 to 20,
with distinct filaments ami 2-celled antliers. Styles 2 to G. Ovules erect or pen-
dulous, anatropous, usually all but 1 abortive though persistent. Seed without
ali)uineii ; testa double. Embryo straight, with small superior radicle, and fleshy
cotyledons.

A most important order, though including but four genera, extensivelv distributed espcciallv
throu-h northern temiM-rato regions. The ('hestunt (Cas/ci>,ra) and l5eecli"(/'>'7".^) occur in North
America oiily in the Atlantic States; the former also represented in the Old World by a siii^de
species, am the lattor by a few .scattered species in Europe, Japan, South America, New Zealand
and Australia.

1. Quercus. Involucre 1-flowered, scaly and entire, becoming a cup.

2. Castanopsis, Involucre 1 - 3-llowered, becoming a hard prickly bur.

1. QUERCUS, Linn. Oak. (My Dr. Of.ouok En.-.ki.maxn.)
Staminate flowers in slender aments; bi-acts mostly caducous : raly.x 4-8-parted
or -lobed : stamens 3 to 10 ; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers single or in clusters
or sometimes in spikes, consisting of an incompletely 3-celled G-ovuled ovary, bear-
ing three styles or sessile stigmas, and enclosed by a .scaly bud like involucre which
enlarges into an indurated cup {ciijmlc) arouml the ba.se of the single rounded or
elongated 1-seeded nut or acorn, the 5 undeveloped ovules remaining as rudiments
at the base or top of the i)erfect seed. Cotyledons continuing underground in germi-
nation; radicle very short and included. — Flowers greenish, develojiing with the

94

CIUMJLIFKK.K. (JwrciL-!.

leaves. Very large trees, or sometiines shrubs. — Engelmaiin, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iii. 372.

A large nml iliiriciilt goiius of nlto\it 250 siiccioa, distributed tliioiiglioiit llic tcniiicnito and
warm regions of tlie nortlieiii iienii>,|ili(ie, chiiciallv ahmidaiit in Kasteiu A.-,ia and in Mexieu. Of
tiie 40 speeies found williin the limits of tlie I'liitud .States, 2.') are limited to tlie region eastward
of tlie lioeky Mountains. A single speeies {Q. tinilalntu) is found in Colorado and Utah, ranging
also into S. California, all the other Californian forms, exeepling Q. ohlumjifolia of the southern
border, being peculiar to the Western Coast. One other speeies {Q. Einonji) belongs to Arizona
and New Mexieo, but does not enter California. The wood of the genus is mostly hard and
durable, and most valuable for its economic uses. The bark also, from the amount of tannin
which it contains, is extensively used in the manufacture of leather.

Staminate aments pendulous, below the pistillate (lowers : lilamcnts not .
longer than the anthers : stigmas dilated.
Abortive ovules at the biise or sidetd' the seed : stanu'ns C to 8: stignia.s
subsessile: baik light-colored.
Acorns glabrous within, maturing the first year.
Leaves ileeiduous : large trees, with large aeoins.

Branches slender, glabrous : leaves deeply lobed, 4 inches long or

iu.ss; buds oval, small: nut long-eoni.al. 1. Q. I.on.VTA.

Bianehlets thieker, pubescent : leaves larger, rongher : buds

large, lanceolate, tomcntosc : nut ovate. 2. Q. Oarkvana.

Branchlets pubescent : leaves less lobed, 1 or 2 inches long :

buds small, oval, slightly pubescent: mit long-oblong. 3. Q. Douolasii.

Leaves deciduous, .small, deeply lobed : a shrub with slightly pu-
bescent bianehlets : buds oval, subpubescent : nut oval. 4. Q. Br.KWEiM.
Leaves persistent, coriaceous, small.

Shrub : leaves broadly oval, 1 inch long, s]nnoscly lobed-dentate :

cup 3 or 4 lines wide : nut elongated, slender. f). Q. UiNPULATA.

Shrub or small tree : leaves oblong, A to ] inch long, entire or

sinuate or sjiinose-toothed : cup 4 to 10 lines wide : nut oval. G. Q. du.mosa.
Small tree : leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, entire or with few

blunt teeth : nut oblong. 7. Q. uiU.uNciKoi.iA.

Acorns biennial, pubescent or (in n. 10) tomcntosc within: leaves
persistent, coriaceous.
Large tree or shrub: leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, entire or
sharply-toothed: cupycUow-tomentose, olten very thick, hemi-
spherical: nut oval, (d.tu.se. 8. Q. ciiKYSoi.F.n.s.
Tree : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, erenate-dentate,

strongly ribbed : nut ovate, in a shallow cuj). 9. Q. TOMKNTKLI.a.

Shrub : leaves ronnd-oval, rigid, 1 inch long or less, spinose-den-

tate : cup turbinate. 10. (^ Pal.mi:!:!.

Abortive ovules at top of the .seed : anthers 4 or ;'. : styles long : nuts
tomentose within: bark dark: leaf-lobes setaceously mucro-
nate.
Acorns annual: leaves snbpersistent.

Large tree or shrub : leaves oblong to orbicular, 2 or 3 inches long,
"^sinuately spinose-dentate : cup turbinate : nut elongatetl,
ji,,„te. 11. Q- AOltlFOl.rA.

Acorns biennial.

Tree or shrub: leaves i)ersistent, strongly reticulated, dark green
and shining, entire to spinosely sinuate-lobed ; iietioles .short :
cup turbinate, very <leep : nut .slender, acute. 12. Q. "Wisi.iZKNi.

Tree or shrub: leaves deciduous, jtinnatilid-lobed ; petioles long:

cup hcmisph.MJcal ; nut oblong, obtuse. 13. Q. Ki;i.i.u(;(ili.

Aments erect, pistillal.' at base or wholly staminate : fdaments elongated :

stigmas linear : fruit biennial : leaves jicrsistcnt. 14. Q. DKN.slKl.or.A.

§ 1. Staminate amcnia nakeAl, from lust i/ear's huds or from the lower part of
this years sJioots, jiendnhms ; filaments not lontjfr than the anthers; jtol-
len lan/e (.Ola -.020 lines in diameter): 2Ji-'ftillate Jlowers above the
staminate aments, from the axils of youny leaves; sti;/mas dilated. —
Leimuouala.nls, Kiull.

Quaxui;. CUPULIFEU/E. 95

* Abortive ovules at the Jxisc or rarclij (it the side (iii n. 8) of the seed : stamens
5 to 10 (xsHulli/ G (0 S) : stir/mas sessi/e or subsessile. Bark usually liylit-
colored : wood dense and durable. — White Oaks.

-{- Acorns inaturinrj in the first season, (jlabrous within.
++ Leaves deciduous.

1. Q. lobata, Nee. A largo stately tree, \vitli glahrous slendor often pendent
luanelies : leaves pubescent lu'neatli, oblong t»r obovate, deeply lobed or pinnatilid,
usually 2\ to 3 or rarely 4 in(dies long, on short petioles (2 to ('» lines long) ; lobes
obtuse, retuse, or sometimes lobe-dentate : calyx with G or 8 triangular-lanceolate
pubescent and ciliate lobes, bearing as many orbicular anthers : acorns subsessile ;
nut elongated-conical (\.\ to 2] inches long), usually pointed; cup dee[)ly hemi-
spherical, almost always strongly tuberculated. — Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii. 278 ; A. D('.
Prodr. xvi2. 2\; Terr. Dot. AVi'lkes Exped. t. 15; Engelm. 1. c. 388. Q. Ilindsii,
I'.enth. Bob. Sulph. 55 ; Newlicrry, Pacif. P. Rep. vi. 29, t. 1 and lig. 7. Q. Han-
som i, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 25?

Common throughout tlie State, on the phuns nnd in the foothills, or in the southern part of the
State somewhat higher in the mountains. A majcstie tree, sometimes 15 or 21) feet in girth, 100
feet high, and with a wider spread of hranehes (Ihrirrt), which often hang down to the ground :
bark gray and in old trees often 4 or 5 iuehes thick: winter-buds oval, only about 2 lines long,
pubescent on the edges of the bright brown scales : young leaves canescent on both sides. The
wood is said to he brittle. "Ivoiile" of the iMe.xicans.

2. Q. Garryana, D(nigl. A large tree, with thicker more rigid tomentose or
pubescent bran(ddets and coarser foliage : leaves 4 to G inches long by 2 to 5 inches
■wide, on petioles \ to 1 inch long, coarsely h^bed-pinnatilid ; lol)es broad, obtuse or
sometimes acutish, entire or again notched or lobed, dull-green above, beneath
strongly reticulateil, pale or yellowish, and somewhat inil)e.scent : calyx-lobes 7 or 8,
linear-lanceolate, ciliate : anthers G or 8 : acorns sessile or shortly j)etluncled ; nut
oval, often ventricoso, obtu.se, \\ to H inches long; cups small and very shallow,
with small lanceolate slightly pubescent scales, or sometimes thicker with inllated
.scales. — Hook. Fl. Por.-Am. ii. 159; Nutt. Sylva, i. 1, t. 1. Q. Xeod, Licbm.
Dansk. Vidensk. 8elsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173.

A conunon oak of the lower country and in the valleys north of San Fi-ancisco Ray, extending
into Oregon and to Ihitish f'olund)ia, wliere it is the only species. It is a largi- tree, often 10 or
12 feet in circumference and (iO or 70 feet high [Brnrrr, or even 100 feet high according to Xitl-
tall), with hard but, it is said, brittle wood : bark thinner than in the last, only 1 or l.V inches
thick even in large trees. This species has often been confounded with the last and with the fol-
lowing species, but the thick strongly reticulated leaves, and especially the large lanceolate
and densely tomentose winter-buds (4 or 5 lines in length), •tc characteristic and readily dis-
tinguish it.

3. Q. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. A rather large tree, with pubescent branchlets:
leaves smaller (usually only an inch or two Imig), ol)long, sinuate or with shallow
lobes or sometimes almost entire, on short petioles (3 lines long), bluish-green and
at last glabrate above, pubescent beneath : acorn sessile or on a short peduncle ; cup
hemispherical, with ovate-lanceolate Hat rarely tubercled scales ; nut long-oblong
(^ to \\ inches long), mostly tapering and acutish. — 15ot. Pecchey, 391 ; Hook.
Icon. t. 382, 383; Nutt. Sylva, i. 10, t. 4.

On ilry foothills of the Coast Ilanges, from JFonte Diablo an.l Mount Oso to Sacramento Valley,
but not observed in the extreme noithein or southern i>arts of the State. A line tree, but smalltT
than the last, and known as the Mountain White Oak or Blue Oak. It resembles a middle-
sized White Oak of the Eastern States (Q. nlhn) in its size, i)ale scaly bark, an.l .piality of its tim-
ber. The largest trees seen l>y Professor Ihewer had a circumference of 9 feet. The winter-bu.ls
are oval, about 2 lines long, reddish brown and only slightly pubescent. The three j>reeeding
species have often been confounded and certainly vary much in the size and shape of the leaves
and ncorns (both nuts and cups), but they are believed to be well-di'^fingnislied species, always
recognL;!al)le by the characters above enumcrateil.

1)G

crriMFKiLK.

4. Q. Breweri, Kn^ohn. A slnub 2 to G feet hiyli, vitli slij^litly pubescent
branelilets, al la.sl -labiate : leaves siuall (U, to 2 or rarely 3 iiiehes long), deeply pin-
uatilid; lobes obtuse (rarely aeutisli) and eniarginate, sonietimcis again lobed, on
petioles 2 or rarely 3 lines long: acorns sessile or on peduncles G to 1) lines long;
cups ratber sballow, mostly strongly tuberculate ; nuts oval, ol)tuse, an incb or more
in lengtb. — Q. lobatu, subsp. fruticosa, Engelni. 1. c. 389.

On the midaic or liightT elevations of tin- SitMia Ncva<l;i, from Calaveras Comity to tlie Oregon
line, fonning " oak-elKiiipaiai." The foliage greatly resembles tliat of Q. lohabi, tlie aeoms
lather those of Q. (/urri/dua, and the oval brown slightly imbes.ent wuiter-liuds, only 1 to 1 i
lines long, are similar to those of Q. Doiujlasii.

++ ++ Leaves persistent thr.nKjh icintev and most!// until the ajijieanince of new

leaves.

f). Q. undulata,Torr., var. pungens, Kngelm. 1. c. 392. A .sbnib 2 to 8 feet liigb,
mucb branched and of scraggy bal)it : leaves small (an inch long), broadly oval,
sjiinosely lobe-ilentate, rarely nearly entire, coriaceous, pale green, on very short
petioles, pubescent or hoary beneath, mostly glabrate above : aments short (f to 1
inch long), woolly : calyx with 5 oval lobes and 5 to 8 (usually G) small orbicular
anthers :''acorns sessile or peduucled; cups mostly hemispherical, only 3 or 4 lines
in diameter; nut slender, elongated, G to 10 lines long. — Q. ]Miu(/eHs, Liebm. 1. c.
171, in part.

In the California Desert (Dr. P<(rr>j), the western limit of this variety, which is very eommon
in Arizona ami eastward. I take this to lie an extreme form of Q. uiulitlahi of the liorky Moun-
tains, the large-leaved variety of whieh (var. Gambdn), with dark gieen obtusely lobed deciduous
leaves, has not yet l)eeu found so far to the .southwest. The aeoins are sweet and edil)le.

G. Q. dumosa, Nutt. A tall shrub or small tree, 4 to 10 or 20 feet high, mostly
with slender straight branches, woolly when young : leaves coriaceous, mostly small
(a half-inch to an inch long, or rarely larger), on petioles a line or two long, oblong,
obtuse, rounded or rarely acute at base, entire or usually sinuate or siiuiate-toothcd,
on young shoots spinosetoothed, dark green above, pubescent beneath, the margins
rather revolute : aments about an inch long: calyx with 5 to 8 ovate-laiiceohite
pubescent lobes and as many stamens : acorns sessile, exceedingly variable in size ;
cups ileeply hemispherical, 4 to 10 lines wide, dark-colored and usually strongly
tuberclod, rarely with rather flat scales ; nuts oval, an inch long or nmre, sometimes
slender and sn^aller. — Sylva, i. 7; Kngelm. 1. c. 393. Q. berbefl,lijotia, Liel)m.
1. c. 172, ill part. Q. acutalens, Torr. I'.ot. :Mex. liouiid. 207, t. b\, a large-leaved
form.

Var. bullata. Leaves rounder, thicker, paler, convex above, hoary on both sides

or only below.

Common in the eanons and on the arid slopes of the Coast Itangesfrom San Diego to San Fian-
cisco Bay; the variety in the Santa laaia Mountains (L'rcc.r/) and iiorthwar.l to i.ake County,
Dr. Torrcij. Closely'aUicd to the last and freciuenlly eonfounded with it, but oeeiiiiying a dil-
ferent .'eo-Manhieal area and bearing very dilferent fruit. Th.' leaves also are mueli less spiny,
except on young .shoots, and more sinuate or sinuate-toothed. The variety has a peculiar a.spect,
but can hardly l)e separated specifically. It appears to extend iaither north than the principal
form.

7. Q. oblongifolia, Torr. A middl(!-si/ed tree, 20 to 30 feet high, with jialc
smoothish bark, as in Q. alha : leaves oldong, 1 or 2 inches long and half as wide,
on very short petioles (a line or two huig), entire or with a few blunt teeth, obtuse
at eacii end or subcordate at base, at lirst soft-downy, the older ones entirely gla-
brous, coriaceous and almost without reticulation : caly.x-lobijs short, oval, woolly :
acorns sessile or iieduncled ; cups liemispherical, tubercled ; nuts oblong, I to 1 inch
long. — Sitgreaves' Kep. 173, t. 19; Kngelm. 1. c. 393.

In the mountains of Southwestein California, from S.m Di.'go to I.os Angeles, ami ea.st\vard
into Chihuahua and New Mexico; known as the Kveigieen White (Jak or l.ivc Oak. The

CUPULIFEILE

97

wood is said to \w hard but hiittle. A beautiful tree, 2 to 2\ feet in diameter (Brewer), with tiie
asjiect of tile eastern Live ()al<. Young siioots have acutely dentate leaves, and a specimen
from San Gabiiel (n. 114, Brcircr) has very Iarj,'e ones, 3 in.h'es long and half as wide. Q. ob-
lonijifolia of 13ot. Wex. Hound. 20() is iirincipally Q. undulala, var. tjrisca.

+- -*- Acorns matiir'uuj the second season, the nuts often jnibescent or tomentose
(in ?t. 10) within : leaves persistent.

8. Q. chrysolepis, Liehm. 1. c. 1 73. One of the largest uaks (on the higher moun-
tains otton low and shrubhy), with llaky ash-gray bark : leaves oblong, acute or
cuspidate, obtuse or subeordato at ba.se, mostly entire on mature trees, on younger
ones often sharjjly dentate or sinuate-ilentate, or both forms on the same braneh,
coriaceous, about 2 inches long and half as wide, rarely larger or in the mountain
form often much smaller, at hrst fidvous-toniento.so beneath, after a year or moro
glabrate and bluish or whitish ; petioles about 3 lines long : aments sometimes
branched, tomentose, soon glabrate : calyx-lobes 5 to 7, broadly ovate, acute, ola-
brous, ciliate : anthers about 10, conspicuously cuspidate : pistillate flowers .sessile or
rarely in S|)ikes : cups covered with small triangular apprcsscd scales more or less
hidilen in a dense yellow or fulvous tomentum, very variable in shai)e and size, \ to
an inch wide, hemispherical and rather thin to tlat-saucershaped and very thick
with a broad thick rim : nut oval, obtuse, ^ to 1 i inches long and half as thick,
often somewhat pubescent within. — Engelni. 1. c. 383. Q. Jnlvescens, Kellogg,
I'roc. Calif. Acad. i. G7, 71. Q. crasxipocnta, Torr. Pacif. \\. Rep. v, 3G5, t. 9.

Var. (?) vacciniifolia, Kngelm. 1. c. 31)3. A shrub 2 to G feet high, with entire
oval and obtuse or ovate-lanceolate and acute leaves, | to LV inches long by 2 to 4
lines wide, on petioles H to 3 lines long : acorns f to 1 inch long. — Q. vacciniifulia,
Kellogg, 1. c. i. 9G. "

The Californian Live Oak, one of the most conspieuous and beautiful oaks of tlie Coast Ranges
and Sierra Nevada throughout the length of the State, at tlie higher altitudes often a low siirub.
It frequently attains a diameter of .3 to 5 feet, anil a tree was found by Prof. Hrewcr in Emidio
Canon 28 feet in ciieumferenee and with 15i) feet spread of braneiu^s. The fertile branehlets very
olten spend their force in the perfection of the fruit and do not grow beyoml it, so that the
fruit may have the appearance of maturing the first year though in fact biennial. The [lubes-
cence of the cu]is and of the lower side of the leaves is not scaly, but consists of a dense furze of
articulated glandular hair. The abortive ovules arc usually found scattered over the sides of the
seed. The variety is certaiidy |ieculiar in its habit, and the leaves ajipear to be always entire,
but no other dillerence is discoveiablc.

9. Q. tomentella, Kngelm. 1. c. 393. A middle-sized tree witl> tomentose
branehlets : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, on petioles 3 or 4 lines
long, obtuse at base, acute, crenatc-dentatc or rarely entire, roriaceous and strongly
ribbed, with revolute margins, densely tomento.SG when young, becoming glabrate
above : aments and oval calyx-lobes stellate-pubescent : anthers about 10, cuspidate : •
acorns subsessile ; cup shallow, 10 or 11 lines wide, fulvous-tomentose ; nut ovate,
about IG lines long.

Guadalupe Island, Dr. K. Palinrr. Sometimes 40 feet high : closely aliieil to the last, but
apparently well distinguished by the dentation and strou'^' ribs of the leaves, and by the pulws-
cence, which is only sparingly mixed with articulated hairs. ' The pubescence upon the brandies
]iersists for several years.

10. Q. Palmeri, Eugelra. A tall shrub, with small coriaceous and very rigid
leaves (G to 10 lines long), on petioles a line or two long, round-oval, obtuse or sub-
cordate at base, with undulate and strongly spinose-dentatc margins : calyx-lobes 5
to 7, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, .slightly ciliate : anthers 10, emari-inate : acorns sub-
sessile; cups turbinate, G to 9 lines wide, the niitnite scales covered by a dense ful-
vous furze ; nut densely tomentose within ; abortive ovules basal. — (J. chrysolepis,
var. Palmeri, Kngelm. 1. c. 383.

In the mountains of San Diego County, near the Boundary ; at Ivarken's Station and Las Juan-
tas, Dr. E. Palmer, 1875. About S or 10 feet high : leaves resembling those of V- nndulala, but

98 ClIPULIFElLi!:. Qiiercus.

tliicker and more spiny. It is closely allioil to Q. chnjsolcpis, but distinguished !)y tlie shape of
the anthers and cui>, by the basal ovules, and by liiu douse coating on the inside of the siiell,
which it has in conmion with the Black Oaks.

* * Abortloe ondcs borne at the (op of the seed: ant/iers nsudU if larger and
fetcer (4 or 5) except in n. 11: stujmas on long spreading or recurved
stgies: nut sillcg-toiuentose witlcin. Ihirlc dark or black: wood generally
more porous and perishable : lobes and teeth of the leaves setaceouslg mu-
cronate. — IjL.vck Uaks.

-»- Acorns maturing the first season : leaves subpersistent.

11. Q. agrifolia, Nee, 1. c. 271. A .stately tree of tlie largCbt dimensions, some-
times slinibb}', with very thick gray or leatlier-colored smootliish bark (becoming
cracked only in the oldest trees), and with brittle wootl : young growth with a slight
soon deciduous stellate pubescence : leaves oval to orbicular or oblong, about 2 or
rarely 3 inches long, usually obtuse or conlate at base, siiuiately spiuose-dentate or
rarely entire, on downy i)etioles 3 or 4 lines long, mostly conve.v above, pale-green
without lustre and only slightly reticulate, jiale and smooth beneath : aments at la^t
glabrate : calyx-lobes 5 or G, ovate, nearly glabrous : anthers about G, .sometimes 8
or 10, obtuse or cus[)idate : acorns subsessile or sessile, solitary or sometimes clus-
tered ; cup turbinate, 3 to 5 lines wide and about as deep, with imbricated lanceo-
late brown sliglitly pubescent scales; nut elongated, tapering, 1 to 1 ^ inches long
by 3 or 4 lines thick, — xsutt. Sylva, i. 5, t. 2. Q. vxyadtnia, Torr. in Sitgr.
liep. 172, t. 17.

Var. frutescens. Shrubby, 3 to 5 feet high, with smaller leaves, often oidy an
inch long : acori.s j to 1 inch in length, often crowded.

Conunon in the niniitinie jiortions of Cnlifomia, piinciimlly south of San Francisco Ray, rare
as far noitli as Mendocino County. A most jiictuiesiiue oak, with a stout low tiunk oltcn 8 to 12
feet, sometimes 16 to 21 feet, in circundVrence (base ol ^b)unt Dialilo, Urcver), and with a spread
of branches of 120 feet. It is the " En( ino" of liie Mexicans. The shrubby vaiicty grows wiili
it, especially soutliwanl, but also on the Oaklaml Hills and near Mendocino, Bolandcr. Tliis
tree behaves curiously in many respects. Tliough jiropeiiy an cveigieen, it loses its leaves grad-
ually during tiie winter and in some specinuiis entiivly before tlie spiing slioots appear, wliile
others in the same neighborhood retain them several weeks or sometimes months longer. Dr.
Bolander has observed that the trees that (lower abundantly lose the old leaves caiiier, while tho
reallv eveigieen trees are apt not to (lower at ail. The aments often spring from the a.xils of
young leaves. Sometimes, especially wliere the (irst growth has been injured by locusts, fresh
sprouts l)earing (lowers are formed later in the summer, and their young (Vuit is apt to persist
through winter and even to cidaige somewhat in the (ollowing spring, Ijut it never matures.
Such aitergrowth may easily be ndstaken for a biennial maturation (E. IliUjurd).

-J- -1- Acorns maturing in the second season.

++ Leaves persistent.

1 2. Q. Wislizeni, A. DC. One of our largest oaks, but sometimes a low .shrub :
bark black and nni-h : leaves coriaceous, smooth, stnmgly reticulated on the upper
surface, dark green and shining, 1 to 3 or rarely 4 inches long by i to 2 inches wide
varying exceedingly in shajie, from imrrowly laaioeolate to broadly oval, mostly oblong-
lanoeojate, truncate or subcordato or the narrower ones often acute at base, entire or
serrulate or .serrate, or often sinuate-denlab! or -lobed ami even with the lobes den-
tate ; i)t!tioles 2 to I lines long, at lirst pubescent : am(!iits pubescent, like the young
leaves, with .s.h.u deciduous" .st.'llal(! hairs: calyx-lobes f), broadly oval, glabrous,
ciliate: anthers 3 to G (ii.sually 4 or T)), slightly apieulate : styles very slender, recurved,
often more than 3 : acorns sessile or peduiicled or evt-n spicate ; cup turbinate, very
deep or even tu]julai(.V to 1 inch deep), covered with l)rown lancecjlate siibpubescent
imbricate scales; nut' sleudiir, tajrering, f to U inches long. — Prodr. xvi^. G7,
where the s])ecies is erroneously assiqned to Northern Mexico : Engelm. 1. c. 396.

Calif. Acad. ii. 36 ]

k>uacus. CUPULIFER.E. qq

Var. frutescens. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with smaller oval entire or spinose-
clentatc leaves, 1 to U inches long.

Conmion in the valleys ami on the lower mountains throughout the State and ascending into the
Siena Nevada; the variety is the "Desert Oak" of the southeastern desert region, ranging
northward to Shasta. A magnificent tree, with very dense dark green and shining foliage, sonu°
times 10 to 12 or even 18 feet in circumference (Shasta, Brewer) and 50 or CO feet high ; bark
paler and smoothish when young, very rough and black in old trees : wood said to be tough and
durable. The leaves persist 14 or 15 moutiis, longer than in the last, but rarely until maturity
of the fruit. Winter-buds oval, a line or two long, brown and .shining and slightly ciliate. Cups
very variable in size, often deeper than in any other N. American oak. This species has been
confounded with Q. aijrifulia, but is readily distinguished by its biennial fruit, the strongly retic-
ulated shining leaves, etc. Some forms closely approach the ne.\t species, which, however, has
broader more deeply lobed and deciduous leaves and obtuse acorns.

-^-^ ++ Leaves deciduous.

13. Q. Kelloggii, Newberry. A middle-sized tree, with rough black bark;
branchlets soon glabratc : leaves thick, broadly oval, jiinnatifid-lobcd (like those of
Q. coccuiea), 3 to 4^ or rarely 6 inches long, the lobes tapering and entire or broad
and lobe-dentate, at first tomeutose or nearly glabrous, at length glabrate ; petioles
slender, 8 to 15 lines long : aments stellate-pubescent or smoothish : calyx with 5
broad ciliate lobes, bearing 4 or 5 anthers : acorns mostly on peduncles ^ to an inch
long, often several together ; cups hemispherical, often very deep (G to 8 lines Avide
by 8 to 12 lines deep), with ovate-lanceolate obtusish imbricate scales ; nuts oblong,
obtuse, 12 to 16 lines long, by 10 to 12 wide. — Pacif. K. Kep. vi. 28, f. G. Q.
rubra, Benth. PI. llartw. 337. <^. tindoria, var. Californica, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep.
iv. 138. Q. S'onomensis, IJenth. ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi2.'G2.

Common in the Coast IJanges tlnoughout the State, and also higher up on the western side of
the Sierra Nevada, where it olten is reduced to a shrub. The representative of the eastern Black
Oaks, and distinguished from them chiefly by the form of the cup and nut. The species is now
generally known as Q. Sononioisi.'^, but Dr. Newberry's name, honoring the indefatigable botani-
cal pioneer of California, has a priority of seven years.

§ 2. Aments erect, pistillate at base and staminate above or entirely staininate :
slonlcr filaments mani/ times longer than the very small anthers: pollen
only half as large: stigmas linear: fruit biennial: leaves j^ersistcnt. —
ANUROGVNt:, A. DC.

14. Q. densiflora, Ilonk. ^ Am. A middle-sized tree or shrub, Avith mostly
smoothisii bark and tonientoso branchlets : leaves oblong, acute, obtuse or rarely
acute at base, entire with revolnte margins or sometimes dentate, tomeutose espe-
cially beneath, at last glabratc and whitish, 2 to 4 or 5 inches long by i to 2 inches
wide ; j^etioles 3 to G lines long : aments 4 to G inches long, tomeutose ; flowers in
glomerules of 3, supi)orted by 3 bracts ; calyx of 5 broad woolly lobes : anthers 10 :
acorns solitary or in short-peduncled clusters ; cujis very shallow, ^ to 1 1 inches
wide, covered with long-linear rigid rough spreading or recurved scales, silky-tomen-
to.so inside; nut oval or oblong, acuto or obtuse, 1 to U inches long, Avith a very
thick shell, densely tonientoso within. — 15ot. Reechey, 31)1; Hook. Icon. t. 380;
Nutt. Sylva, i. 11, t. o. Q. echinacea, Torr. Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 137, t. 19.

From the Santa Lucia Mountains {Pnhncr) through the Coast Knnges and especially the Iled-
woods to the Shasta region. A pretty large tree, 50 to 60 or rarely 80 feet high (Santa Cruz
ISlountains, Brciccr), ami a foot or two in diameter ; often a mere shrub, 5 to 7 feet high : bark
light gray, rough only in tlie oldest trees. Acorns bitter. Leaves in .some forms smaller, thicker,
.strongly riblxid and more freiiuently serrate ; in others larger, thinner, an<l without conspicuous
ribs, intermediate between Oak and Chestnut, and approaciiing .some L. Asiatic forms.

2. CASTANOPSIS, Spach. "Western Chinquapin.
Staminate flowers in slender axillary and panicled aments upon the young shoots,
with regularly 5 - G-lobed perianth and usually twice as many stamens. Pistillate

100 CUPULIFER^. Castanojisis.

flowers 1 to 3 in a scaly involucre sessile at the base of the aments ; lobes of the
perianth G, in 2 rows. Styles usually 3. Ovary 3-celleil, with 2 ami)hitropous
ovules at the lower aiiylo of each cell. Nuts 1 to 3, enclosed in the subylobose in-
volucre, which is densely covered with stout branched prickles, at length irregularly
dehiscent. Seed solitary. Cotyledons thick, plano-convex, edible. — Trees or some-
times shrubs, mostly with entire coriaceous leaves ; fruit maturing in the second
year.

A peculiar genus of Eastern Asia and the adjacent islands, of a dozen or more species, repre-
sented in Calil'ornia only by the follow in^,'. It is intermediate between Qucrcus and Castanca,
tlie former dillering in its cupular l-llowered involucre, imperfectly 3-celled ovary, and unisexual
aments ; the latter in the usually 6-ceIled ovary, pendent anatropous ovules, ami the cotyledons
convolute-plicate. The shell of the nut is much linner and harder than in the other genera.

1. C. chrysophylla, A. DC. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, lanceolate or ob-
long, 1 to 4 inches hmg, acuminate or only acuti.sh, cuneatc at base and shortly peti-
oled, entire, green and glabrous above or sometimes scurfy, densely scurfy beneath
with more or less yellow scales : male aments 1 to 3 inches long, densely pubescent :
styles 3, stout, glabrous, divergent: fruiting involucre with stout divergent spines,
i^ to 1 inch long, subverticillately many-branched : nut usually solitary, obtusely
triangular, G lines long. — Seem. Journ. Hot. i. 182, & I'rodr. xvi'^. 109; Wat-
son, Bot. King Exp. 322. Castanea chrysophylUi, Dougl.; Hook, in Lond. Journ.
Eot. ii. 49G, t. IG, and T.ot. Mag. t. 4953; Newberry, Pac. R. Itep. vi. 2G, lig. 4.
Castanea sempervirens, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 71.

From Oregon to Monterey, and in the Sierra Nevada to an altitude of 6,000 feet. Often only a
shrub of 2 to 6 feet in height (var. minor, lienth. PI. Hartw. 337), fruiting freely, but in Mendo-
cino County and northward becoming a large tree 50 to 125 leet high and 2 or 3 feet in
diameter.

Order XCVI. CORYLACEiE.

Distinguished from the CujmlifercB by the male flowers consisting of a staminifer-
ous scaledike bract without perianth, and by the fuliaceous or tubular laciniate invo-
lucre of the fruit ; stamens several, with short often divided filaments and distinct
anther-cells, usually hairy at the apex ; pistillate flowers in a short spike, 2 to each
bract, with small bractlets which become much enlarged and involucrate in fruit;
ovary imperfectly 2-celled, with 2 pendulous anatn>p()Us ovules ; seed solitary, with
simple integument. Leaves doubly toothed, plicate in iiistivation. Livolucre acid
to the taste.

Small trees or shrubs of the northern liemisphere, the order comprising the Hornbeam and
Ironwood {Ostrija and Carpinus) of the Atlantic States and Old AVorld (a half-dozen species), a
small genus ])eculiar to Japan {Distecjocaiyus), and the following one. The wood is usually very
hard and heavy.

1. CORYLUS, Tourn. IIazI'I.nut. Fili!i;i:t.

Aments drooping, axillary from scaly buds, densely i)ubescent. Stamens 4 (or 8
with one-celled anthers by division of the filaments), 2-bracteolate, on a cuneate-
obovate bract. Pistillate spikes terminal on leafy shoots. Ovary tipped with the
irregularly lobed limb of the adherent perianth ; style short, with 2 linear elon-
gated stigmas. Practlets 2, becoming a leafy or somewhat coriaceous often tubu-
lar involucre, with lacerately lobed margin, enclosing an ovoid bony 1 -celled 1 -seeded

Asarum. ARISTOLOCIIIACEyE. JQ^

nut. Cotyledons tliick and edible, plano-convex, the base including tlio short
radicle.

Five other species are found in Europe and Asia, and one in the Atlantic States.

1. C. rostrata, Ait. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, 1 to 4 inches long, acumi-
nate or acute, cordate or rounded at base, somewhat pubescent beneath on the nerves ;
petioles slender, nearly smooth : fruiting involucre densely hispid, of united bracts
more or less prolonged and narrowed into a tube above the nut, 1 to 1^ inches long,
often recurved : nut 5 or G lines in diameter. — Var. Californica, A. J)C. Pubes-
cence more abundant, villous and often glandular : leaves an incli or two long, less
acuminate and on rather shorter petioles : tube of the involucre shorter, often
scarcely exceeding the nut. — Prodr. xvi^. 1,3.3.

A shrub 3 to G feet high, ranging from JMiddIc California to Oregon. The typical form of the
Atlantic States occurs in Washington Territory and tiie Kocky iMountains, and'is nearly repeated
in Northern Asia.

Order XCVII. ARISTOLOCHIACE^.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, -with alternate entire mostly cordate or reniform pedately

nerved petioled leaves, no stipules, and perfect ilowers, the lurid or greenish perianth

■with a valvate regularly or irregularly 3-lobed limb, the tube more or less adnate to

a 6-celled ovary, which becomes a many-seeded berry or G-valved capsule; stamens G to

1 2, on the ovary and more or less adnate to the style, with extrorse anthers ; styles

usually 6, united at base ; seeds anatropous, in 1 or 2 rows on the central angle of

each cell, with fleshy rhaphe, and minute embryo in copious albumen.

An order of 5 genera and nearly 200 species, chiefly of the wanner regions of the globe and
especially of tropical America. Most of them ])Ossess bitter-tonic or stimulant and often aromatic
properties, and some have long been known for tiieir value in medicine.

1. Asarum. Perianth short, 3-cleft. Stamens 12. Capsule globose. Acaulescent herbs, with

ajiparently terminal Ilowers.
2 Aristolochia. Perianth tubular, contracted at the throat. Stamens 6. Capsule oblong.

Twining shrubs, with supra-axillary flowers.

1. ASARUM, Tourn. Wild Ginger.
Perianth regular, campaiuilate, with the limb spreading or recurved, persistent,
3-cleft, the tube adherent to the ovary ; tips of the segments infolded in the bud.
Stamens 12, nearly free from the styles, at first reflexed, the alternate ones shorter;
connective continued beyond the anthers, pointed. Ovary more or less inferior :
styles 6, more or less united. Capsule globose, fleshy, usually bursting irregularly.
Seeds large, thick, in two rows in each cell. — Nearly acaulescent herbs with
creeping aromatic rootstocks, the branches bearing 2 or 3 membranous sessile
caducous bracts at base and 2 closely approximate long-petioled reniform-cordato
leaves, with a pedunculate flower in the axil of the lower leaf.

Resides the following species, three are foiunl in the Atlantic States, one in Europe, one in the
Himalayas, and tiiree or four in Japan. The Californian species have the ovary wholly inferior.

1. A. Hartwegi, "Watson. Pather stout, tufted, floccose-pubescent especially
below : leaves usually large (2 to 6 inches long), thick, cordate with large rounded
auricles, usually acute, quite glabrous above and mottled, the margin ciliate : pedun-
cle stout, a half to an inch long : ovary G lines broad : lobes of the calyx ovate, nar-
rowed to a linear apex, 1 to li- inches long : filaments rather stout, nearly free from

-102 ARISTOLOCHIACEJi:. Asariim.

the style ; anthers about a line long, the produced connective setaceous, a line or
two long : styles short, nearly distinct, scarcely ^lualling the anthers : seeds ovate,
2 lines fong. — Proc. Amer. Acad. x. 34G. A. llookeri, var. majus, Duchartre, DC.
Prodr. xv\°424.

Frequent in the Sierra Nevada, at an altitude of 4,000 to 7,000 feet ; "growing in thiek tufts,
the leaves strikingly mottled," Gray.

2. A. caudatum, Lindl. !More slender, with elongated rootstocks, rather
sparingly pubescent with loose tioccose liairs : leaves cordate-reniform, somewhat
cucuUate, shortly acute or acutish (the smaller sometimes obtuse), sparingly pubes-
cent above at least on the veins, 2 to 4 inches long : jjeduncles slender, G to 15 lines
long : ovary about 4 lines broad : calyx-lobes oblong, more or less long-attenuate
(1 to 2.^ inches long) : lilanients stout ; the free apex of the connective much shorter
than tlfe anther : sryles united, eciualling the stamens : seeds ovate, 1 \ lines long. —
Bot. IJeg. xvii, undJr t. 1399 ; Watson, 1. c. A. llookeri, Fielding, Sert. Plant, t. 32.

In the Coast llangcs from Santa Cruz to Oregon and British Columl.ia, in dami) woods and
canons.

3. A. Lemmoni, Watson. Closely resembling the last, but leaves flat, all
rounded at the summit, and nearly glabrous above; calyx-lobes short (4 to 6 lines
long), obtuse or acute : seeds narrower. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 294.

In the Sierra Nevada ; Plumas County, J. G. Lemmon, Mrs. R. M. Austin.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Pipe-Vine.

Perianth tubular, irregular, inflated above the elongated ovary and deciduous, the
limb variously lobed or cleft. Anthers 6, sessile and adnate to the short simple
style. Stigma 3 - 6-lobed or angled. Capsule 6-angled and 6-valved, septicidally
dehiscent. Seeds horizontal, in one row in each cell, numerous, flattened. — Mostly
twining shrubs, with axillary flowers.

A widely distributed genus of 170 species ; of which six are found in the Atlantic States.

1. A. Californica, Torr. Woody, climbing to a height of G to 10 feet, more
or less densely pubescent with short silky hairs : leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse or
acutish, 2 to 4 inches long, on short petioles : peduncles slender, an inch or two
long, w'ith a small cordate or obovate foliaceous bract in the middle : calyx-tubo
broadly saccate and closely doubled upon itself, 15 to 18 lines long from the base to
the top of the curvature, half an inch broad, not much contracted at the throat,
sli<^htly pubescent ; limb 2-lipped, the upper lip of 2 broad obtuse lobes with a disk-
lik°e thickening on the inner side : anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3
broad obtuse lobes of the stigma : ovary lincar-clavate, pubescent : capsule spongy-
coriaceous, obovate, attenuate to a slender base, G-winged, 1 \ inches long : seeds
cuneate-ovate, deeply concave on the upper side, with a very prominent spongy
rhaphe. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128.

Near the coast from Monterey to Marin County, rather rare ; also in the Upper Sacramento
Valley, near Fort Reading (Bigclow), and at Chico, ^frs. J. BidwM. Flowers described as dull-
purple 'at base and summit, paler in the middle. March and April.

Order XCVIII. RAPPLESIACE^.

Leafless parasites on the roots or branches of dicotyledonous plants, with regular
mostly direcious flowers, numerous sessile anthers, and 1-celled more or less inferior
ovary with several raany-ovuled distinct or confluent placentcc ; fruit baccate ; seeds
numerous, minute, with bony testa, and embryo without cotyledons.

Comindra. SANTALACE^. ^^o

A small order of half a dozen rather heterogeneous genera and 20 widely scattered species the

1. PILOSTYLES, Guillem.
Flowers dioecious, minute, purplish, subsessile on the branches of chiefly legumi-
nous trees or shrubs; bracts and segments of the perianth scarcely distinct, hub -
catoin several rows persistent Anthers numerous, in 1 or 3 rows below the dilated
top of the stamineal column, l-celle,!, transversely dehiscent. 8u.nmit of the ovary
depressed and truncate, surrounded by a stigmatic ring. I'r.iit a lleshy berry with
numerous minute rounded seeds covering the inner walls of the cavity. -Solms-
Laubach, ]<1. Bras. fasc. Ixxvii. 123. ^

wiur 0^:^ AfS'i^iJc^I:; hfsr"" " '"^^'^^^ ^""'''^^' '^^^ ^^^^^^^ '° ^-^^^ -^ chiu.

1. p. Thurberi, Gray. Flowers scattered, sessile, I^ lines in diameter: bracts
and sepals similar, rounded, glabrous, adnate to the lower half of the globose-ovoid
ovary : s igma disk-shaped, with a thickened margin and slightly prominent centre •
seeds orthotropous, oval, acutish at both ends, on a slender funiculus of their own
length. — PI. ihurb. 326 ; Torrey, liot. Mex. Bound. 207, t. 52 ; Hook. f. in DC
Prodr. xvii. 115. > , i x^kj.

^mo^vV^TheTrin!? T" *^' ^'\ ^''" ^" ^^- ^"^°"^ {Thurhcr), on branches of Dalca
j^moryi. ine staminate llowers are unknown.

Order XCIX. SANTALACE.^.

Herbs or shrubs, usually root-parasitic, with angled or striate branches, entire and
mostly alternate sessile leaves without stipules, and mostly perfect flowers with
3-5-cleftvalvate perianth adherent to the 1-celled 2 - 4-ovuled ovary, which be-
comes an in.Iehiscent 1-seeded usually nut-like fruit; stamens 3 to 5, opposite to
the periauth-Iobes, at the edge of an epigynous often lobed disk ; stvle 2 -Slobed •
ovules suspended from the top of a free central placenta; seed without testa the'
small straight embryo axile at the apex of the abundant albumen; radicle supe-
rior.

An order of 20 genera and about 200 species, distributed through the temnerate and tron.Vnl

Kr;t'ife'^r " '""'■ "''"- "" '■"'°"'"«' "■- »"-■ -" s™- " ".pSS',1

1. COMANDEA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
Flowers perfect, the cami)anulato or urn-shaped perianth with a 5- (rarely 4-)
lobed persistent limb. Disk with a free lobcd margin. Stamens included, with
linear lilaments ; anthers attached by tufts of hairs to the base of the calyx-lobes
the cells distinct at base. Style filiform. Placenta contorted, filiform, 'about 3-
ovuled. Fruit nut-like or drupe-like, the cavity filled by the globular seed. - Low
herbaceous smooth perennials, with subterranean rootstocks ; leaves alternate, nearly
sessile, glaucous, the lowest scale-like ; flowers greenish-white, in small terminal or
axillary umbellate clusters. A third species is found in British America and one
other in S. Europe.

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stems leafy, G to 15 inches high: loaves oblon-
Obtuse or acute, ^ to ^ inches long : umbels few-flowered, coryinbosely clustered at

2Q4 SANTALACE^. Comandra.

tbo smnmits of tlio stems : flowers U to 2 lines long, on slender pedicels, the white
oblong erect or slightly spreading lobes about eipiidling the green tube, which is
continued conspicuously above the ovary : stylo slender : I'ruit dry, glubidar, 2 or 3
lines in diameter; fruiting pedicels 2 to 3 lines long.

In tlie footliills of the Siena Nevada from Mariposa County northward to Washington Terri-
tory and thence across tlie continent to the Saskatchewan anil the northern Atlantic SUites.

2. C. pallida, A. DC. Diii'ering from the last in its narrower more glaucous
and acuter leaves, which are linear to narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the main
stem oblong), all acute or somewhat cuspidate ; fruit larger, ovoid, 3 to 4 lines long,
sessile or on short stout pedicels. — Prodr. xiv. G3G ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 319.

From Oregon to Colorado and New ^lexico, frequent in the mountains of Nevada ( Watson) and
collected by Newbcrnj in Northwestern Arizona ; probably to be found in California eastward of
the Sierra Nevada.

Order C. LORANTHACE^. (By Dr. Ceorge Engelmann.)

Evergreens, parasitic on shrubs or trees, dull yellowish-green or brownish, with
dichotomous branches and swollen joints, the opposite thick and coriaceous exstip-
ulate and entire leaves foliaceous or reduced to mostly connate scales : flowers
dioecious (in our genera), of 2 to 5 sepals coherent at base and valvate in aestiva-
tion ; anthers as many as the sepals and inserted upon them, 1 - 2-celled aiid sessile
(in our species) ; ovary inferior, 1 -celled, with a solitary erect orthotropous ovule,
the style short or none ; fruit a berry with glutinous endocarp ; seed with copious
fleshy albumen, enclosing a straight axile embryo with superior radicle. — Flowers
in our species small and inconspicuous, greenish.

A considerable order, of about 15 genera and 300 species, distributed mostly through the trop-
ical regions both of the Old and New World, with a few species in the temperate zones of both
liemispheres. Only two genera are represented in tlie Ihiited States. The fruit contains a pecu-
liar viscid and tenacious clastic substance known as IJird-linic.
1. Phoradendron. Flowers globose, mostly 3-lobed. Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 pores or

slits: pollen-grains smooth. Berry globose, pulpy and scmitransi.arent. Cotyledons

foliaceous. Leaves foliaceous or scale-like.
2 Arceuthobium. Flowers mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate

2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a cucular slit ; pollen spinulose.

Berry compressed, fleshy. Cotyledons very short. Leaves scale-hke, connate.

1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Mistiktoe.

Flowers globose, immersed in the rhachis of jointed spikes. Calyx 3- (rarely 2-
or 4-) lobed. Anthers sessile on the base of the lobes, 2-celled, the cells opening by
a pore or slit : pollen-grains smooth. Stigma sessile, obtuse, entire or more or less
2-lobed. Berry globose, pulpy, semitransparent, crowned with the persistent sepals.
Embryo with foliaceous cotyledons. — Parasitic on the branches of various kinds of
trees : spikes single or in i»airs in the axils of opposite leaves, or rarely terminal, the
lowest joint sterile, the others (1 to many) bearing solitary or sevenil flowcMs on each
side; the stannnato spikes usually with more numerous and more Horiferous joints
than the pistillate. Flowering in February or ^larch and maturing its fruit the
next winter. — Nutt. PI. Gambel, 185.

An American genus, of about 80 species, ranging from the southern Atlantic States and Oregon
to Brazil and Peru, mostly tropical. Only the following si^cies are found within the limits ol the
United States.

Phoradcndron. LORANTHACE/E. |05

* Leaves foliaceons, mostly dilated upward from a narrow base.

LP. flavescens, Nutt. Branches terete, pubescent when youn;:; (as also the
spikes), often a tout long or more : leaves oblanceolate to obovate or orbicular, i to 2
inches long, obtuse, 3-nervo(l, at last glabrous : bracts connate into a short truncate
cup : llowers depressed-globose, the calyx-lobes ciliate on the margin : staniinate
spikes opposite or verticillate, usually shorter than the leaves, 3 - 7-jointed, the
numerous flowers mostly in 4 to G rows on each side and occupying nearly the
whole joint, very fragrant with the odor of pond-lilies ; anthers transverse, opening
by 2 pores : pistillate spikes usually opposite, shorter (rarely 5 - G-jointcd), the flow-
ers (2 to 7 on each side of a joint) in not more than three series: berries white, 2
lines in diameter. — J'Jigehn. I'l. Lindh. 212. Viscum JIavcsccns, Pursh, the com-
mon glabrate spatulatc-leaved southeastern form.

Var. macrophyllum, Engelm. Leaves large (2 to 2i inches long), broad,
often 5-nerved, glabrate: flowers larger, in stout short jointed spikes. — Wheeler's
Rep. vi. 2r)2.

Var. villosum, Engelm. 1. c. Leaves small or middle-sized, orbicular to spatu-
late, permanently ])ubescont or tomentose : spikes slender, rather short. — P. vil-
losum, Nutt. 1. c. ; Engelm. PI. Lindh. 212.

The latter variety is common thiouf^hout the State, cliiedy on oaks, from S. California to Ore-
gon, and eastward to Nmv Mexico and Texas ; tiie former oo(;urs on PopuJm, Platanus, Fraxinus
and otlier trees, from S. California to New Me.xico. Var. 'roMENTOSiTM {Fisciim (omenlosum, DC.)
is found in Northern Mexico, on Mimosccv, and is densely tomentose, with slender elongated
spikes.

2. P. Bolleanum, Eichlcr. Puberulent, at length glabrous : branches terete,
less than a span long : leaves thick, spatulate to linear, 6 to 12 lines long by 1 to 3
wide, nerveless, obtusish : spikes op[)osite or rarely in fours, with connate minutely
ciliate bracts; the staniinate of two G- 12-flowercd joints, the fertile of a single 2-
flowered joint : anthers transverse, oiiening by pores : fruit white, li lines in diame-
ter.— Fl. Bras, v^ 134"". TiV^wt Bnlleannm, Seem. Dot. Herald, "295, t. 63. P.
paucijlorum, Torrey, Pacif. li. Pep. iv. 134.

On conifers, mostly Jnnipcrmt, from the Geysers {Brewer) to San Felipe {Palmer) and into
Arizona and Mexico ; also on Guadalupe Island, Palmer. A specimen on Abies coiicolor, from
DuIField's Ranch near Auburn (Bigcloir), is larger and with larger broader leaves.

* * Leaves reduced to short mostly connate scales: spikes opposite, mostly few-
flowered.

3. P. Californicum, Nutt. Pubescent or at last glabrous : branches terete,
slender, a foot or two long ; scales broadly ovate, acute, spreading ;■ staniinate spikes
of 2 or 3 (rarely 5) flower-bearing joints, each with 2 to 6 ovate-subglobose flowers :
anther-cells oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit : fertile spikes sometimes with
nearly as many joints and flowers, the joints elongated (often an inch long) in fruit :
berries reddish, 2 lines wide. — PI. Gambel, 185 ; Engelm. PI. Lindh. 213.

Southern California and Arizona, on various Mimosca: and Cassicce, Larren, etc.

4. P. juniperinum, Engidm. Glabrous, stout, densely branched, G to 9 inches
bigh : branches terete, tlio ultimate branchlets <piadrangtdar : scales broadly triangu-
lar, obtusish, connate or distinct, ciliate: staniinate spikes of a single G-8-flow-
ered joint (rarely two) : anthers transverse, opening by pores : pistillate spikes 2-
flowered : berry globose, whitish or light red, 1^ lines wicle. — PI. Fendl. 58.

Var. Libocedri, Engelm. Branches a foot long or more, slender : joints more
elongated, the ultimate ones more sharply quailrangular.

On difTorent species of Juiu'pcric.i, from Truckee Pass sotithward and through S. Nevada and
Arizona to New Mexico ; the variety on Libocedrws decurrcns, from tlie Yuba River to San Ber-
nardino.

206 LORANTHACE^. Arceuthobium.

2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb.

Flowers axillary ami teriniiuil, sulitary or several from the same uxil. Starainato

flowers 2-5- (mostly 3-) parted, compressed or the terminal ones globose before

opening. Anthers udnate to the lobes, circular and 1-celled, dehiscing by a circular

slit at base ; pollen-grains spinulose. Pistillate flowers ovate, compressed, 2-toothed,

subsessile and partly enclosed ; the pedicel at length elongated, exsert and recurved.

Berry fleshy, compressed, dehiscent at the circumscissile base. Cotyledons very

short, only indicated by a notch. — Parasitic on conifers, glabrous, with rectangular

branches and connate scale-like leaves : flowers often crowded into apparent spikes

or panicles, opening (in our species) in summer or autumn and maturing their fruit

in the second autumn, when the berries suddenly and forcibly eject the glutinous

seeds to the distance of several yards.

A small genus, re]nvscnteil in S. Europe l)j' a single species, and in America ranging from tho
northern border of the United States to Mexico, chielly in the mountains.

* Staminate flowers all (or nearly all) terminal on distinct 2^eduncle-like joints,

jKaiiculate.

1. A. Americanum, Nutt. Slender, dichotomously or verticillately much-
branched, greenish yellow ; staminate jjlants sometimes 3 or 4 inches long (l to a
line thick at base), fertile plants much smaller : flowers small, tho staminate a lino
broad or more, with ovate-orljicular acutish lobes, the pistillate a half to one line
long: fruit 2 lines long. — Engelm. PI. Lindh. 214, and Wheeler's Pep. vi. 252.

Only on Finns contorta (and apparently P. Banlnuata in the Saskatchewan region), from
Wyoming to Oregon and southward to Colorado and California (Little Yosemite Valley,
Bolandcr). Flowering mostly late in autumn apparently, but found by Parrij in Wyondng in
flower in July ; fruit mature in August and September. Its .shoots creep along within the tissue
of the bark on young branches of the pine, and in the autumn bud out in the form of little knobs
among the bud-scales at the end of three-years-old limbs, developing into flowering iilants the
ne.xt season. When once established it maj' continue to sjuout from the same base for many (30
or more) years, causing hy])ertrophy of the wood and baik of tlie limb and often its linal destruc-
tion. Fruiting and llowering branchlets are often seen in juxtaposition in the same whorl, but
without leaf-buaring branchlets, and never in superposition.

The type of the genus, A. Oxyccdri, Bicb., of the Old World, is allied to thi.s, but distinguished
from it and from all American s|>ecies by its staminate flowers being all terminal on short branch-
lets and usually in threes, scarcely a line wide and with orbicular lobes, and by the much smaller
oblong fruit, less than 1.^ lines long. The nortlieastern A. piisillum, Peck, of the Adirondacs,
growing on Picca nigra, also belongs to this section.

* * Staminate flowers axillary {vnth a terminal one), forniinrj sinijtlc or com-

2)0Hnd spikes.

-I- Slender, greenish-yellow: accessory branchlets of fruiting sjjccimejis flower-
bearing.

2. A. Douglasii, Engelm. Similar to the last, but smaller, ^ to 1 inch high :
branches suberect, solitary, or with accessory ones behind (never beside) the primary
ones : flowers in short (usually 5-llowered) spikes ; tho staminate less than a line
wide with orbicular-ovate acutish lobes : fruit 2^ lines long. — Wheeler's Pep.
vi. 253.

Var. abietinum, Engelm. A larger form, 1 to 3 inches high (tho fertile smaller)
with spreailing or even recurved few-flowereil branchlets : staminate flowers 1^ lines
wide : fruit scarcely 2 lines long.

On Pscudotsuga Thugiasii, from New Mexico to S. Utah and N". Arizona ; tho variety on Jbics
concolor in Sierra Valley (J. G. Lcnimon) and S. Utah, Parrij. Flowering apparently in Oct<d)er.
Distinguished from the last by its usually smaller size, the superimposed (never verticillate) ac-
cessory branchlets, lateral flowers, and larger fruit. Its creeping stroma buds out all along tho

Arceuthobium. LORANTHACEyE. ^^Q*^

branch, and not between the bud-scales only as in the last. Another variety, with very small
fruit, is found on Picea Eiujelmanni in Northern Arizona.

-t- -1- Stouter, gveeyiish-hroivn : accessory hranchlets of fruiting specimetis mostly

leaf-bearing.

3. A. divaricatum, Engolm. Stouter than the last, 2 to 4 inclies high and a
line in diaiut'ter at base, olive green or pale brownish ; branches spreading, often Ilex-
nous or recurved : staininato ilowers few and scattered or in 3 - 7-flowered spikes, a
line wide, with ovato acute lobes: fruit U to 1^ lines long. — PI. Wheeler, 1874,
IG, and Wheeler's llei). vi. 253. A. campylopodam, var., Engelm. I'l. Lindh. 114.

On Pimis cdalis and P. monnphylla, from New Mexico and S. Colorado to Arizona and S.
Utali, and to be looked for on the latter species in S. California. Flowcrinj^ in August and Sep-
tember. Intermediate in size and color between A. Duitcjlasii ami the following species, but well
characterized by its slender habit, spreading growth, and small and rather scanty male flowei's.

4. A. OCCidentale, Engelm. Stout, 2 to 5 inches high, 2 to 2^ lines thick at
base, i)anieu lately much-branched : staminato plants brownish yellow, smaller, the
pistillate commonly of a darker olive-brown color: staminate flowers in long dense
spikes, often 9 to 17 on a single axis, their bud.s ventricoso with the upper edge
curved outward ; calyx 3-5- (usually 4-) i)arted, 1^ to 2 lines wide ; anthers sessile
below tiie middle of the lanceolate acuminate lobes : fruit 2^ lines long.

Var. abietinum, Engelm. More spreading and less densely branched, the acces-
sory branches in the fruiting plant bearing fertile flowers as often as they do leaf-
buds. — A. abiednum, Engelm. Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. 401.

On various conifers of the Coast Ranges and Sieri-a Nevada (Pinics insignis, P. Sahiniana, and
P. poncferosa), from Salinas Valley and Walker's Basin to Oregon. It is the only American species
found also on Juniperus (Silver ^lountain. Braver). Tlie variety occurs on Abies ijrandis in
the valley of the Columbia, Hall. Flowering in August and September.

Tiie closely allied A. VAOIXATUM, Eichler (J^isciuii vncjinntum, HBK.), upon the pines of the
Mexican mountains, of which oidy incomplete material has been collected, has shorter spikes and
smaller mostly 3-parted staminate Mowers with broader and .shorter lobes. A. uobu.stum, Engelm.,
on Piiuis pnndcrosa in the Kocky Mountains and Arizona, has shorter spikes than A. occidmtale,
with shoitcr flat appressed .staminate buds, the 3-parted Jiowers (opening in June) with shorter
and broader lobes, bearing the anthers above their middle. Of the only remaining known species
of this curious gemis Seemann gathered on the Sierra Madre of Jlexico a staminate specimen, in
bud only, which is distinguishe<l from all others by its "reater thickness and by the long spikes
of large verticillato 4-parted flowers, mostly 6 in a wliorL It may therefore bear the name

A. VEUTICILLIFLOUUM.

2Qg GNETACEyE. Ephedra.

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMiE.

Ovules (always orthotropous) naked upon the surface of a scale or bract or within
a move or less open perianth, fertilized by the direct contact of the pollen with the
nucleus. Flowers montecious or dioecious. Cotyledons 2, or often several in a
whorl. Wood composed mainly of disk-bearing tissue without proper vessels.

Order CI. GNETACE^.

Shrubs or small trees of very various habit, inostly with jointed opposite or fas-
cicled branches and foliaceous or scale-like opposite (or ternate) exstipulate leaves,
the flowers mostly dioecious, with decussate persistent bracts ; the staminate in
aments, with solitary or monadelphous stamens within a membranous bifid calyx-
like perianth, the anther-cells (1 or 2) dehiscent by a pore or chink at the apex:
fertile flowei-s of an erect sessile ovule, with simple integument (sej)arating above
into two) terminated by an exserted style-like process {micropyh), included within
an urceolato perianth which becomes hardened and often thickened in fruit.
Embryo axile in fleshy albumen, with superior radicle and two short cotyledons.

An order intermediate between the coniferous and tlie angiospermous orders, being allied on
the one side to the Taxaccce and on the other to the Loranlhacae, etc. It contains only two gen-
era besides Ephedra; viz., Gncluvi, of a dozen or nioie sj^ecies native to tropical Asia and America,
with broad petiohite leaves, verticillate tlowers, and often dru))aceou3 fruit with double integu-
ment, and U'clwUschia, a remarkable S. African genus of a single siR'cies, having a thick de-
pressed platform-like stem and only a single pair of very lai-gc permanent leaves.

1. EPHEDRA, Tourn.

Inflorescence dicecious, axillary ; aments small, of decussately imbricated oppo-
site or ternate and more or less connate bracts. Staminate flowers solitary at the base
of each bract, with compressed 2-lobed membranous perianth, and the 3 to 8 fila-
ments united into a clavate stamineal column. Anthers 2-celled, rounded or sub-
cuneate. Fruiting aments with all the lower bracts empty, the flowers (1 to 3)
sessile at the apex. Perianth coriaceous, hardening in fruit, 3-4-angled, perforated
only for the passage of the micropyle. Ovule solitary ; luicropyle slender, entire.
Seed with thin testa. — Slirubs with numerous e<iui.sctum-like branches, the leaves
reduced to sheathing (at length distinct) scales, persistent or deciduous.

A genus of about 20 species, in the warmer temperate regions or mountains of the tropics,
chiefly in desert or alkaline localities. Half of the S].ecie3 belong to the Old World ; the rest,
with the excejitiou of the following, are South American. Our s})eeies have the aments solitary
or few in the axils, and the scales, branches and bracts sometimes ternate — the last character
bein" exceptional in the genus ami order. Of little value excej)t for their well known medicinal
virtues, respecting which see Rothrock in "Wheeler's liep. vi. 50.

* Srahs 1-lohed and branches (not splnosc) opposite: bracts opposite and evi-
dently connate, scarious only on the viar^jin: fruit smooth, solitary or in
jxiirs.
1. E. Nevadensis, Watson. An erect shrub, 2 feet high or more, with erect
or sjm'ading usually somewhat scabrous branches : scales (1 to 3 lines long) sheatli-
ing, with short blunt lobes or with more or less elongated tips, at length mostly
deciduous: staminate aments sessile or rarely shortly pedunculate, ovate, of 4 to (i
pairs of bracts ; the -i to 8 anthers usually closely sessile upon the exserted stamineal

Eplmlra. TAXACE^. |Q9

coluiuii : n-itile aiuciits pedunculate; the peduncle ^ to 3 lines lon^ or more, with
reduced bracts or rarely naked ; bracts of the anient 4 or 5 pairs, round-ovate : fruit
3 or 4 lines long, oxserted, acutish : niicroitylo a line long. — I'roc. Aiuer. Acad.
xiv. 298. E. antisyphilitica, Watson, Dot. King Exp. 328, t. 39.

From N. Nevada and the eastern base of tlic Sierra Nevada to tlie Colorado Valley (Fort
Jlohave, Cooper), Northern Mexico and the Rio Grande. Rather varial)l(', the more northern
and westein form with the fruit more freiiuently in ]iairs and the aments longer pedunculate, but
the form with long naked pediniclcs rare. The older bark usually becomes white and shreddy.
S[)ccimens without (lowers or fiuit from the Santa \\\n Mountains {Brewer) and Fort Tejon,
probably Ixdong to this species, though with distinct persistent scales.

E. ANTlsYriilMTK'A, C. A. Meyer, of W. Texas and Northern Mexico, has very weak stems
several feet long, nearly prostrate or su[)i)orted by other shrubs, with very short or setaceously
tipped distinct subpeisistent scales ; jieduncles veiy short: bracts of the staminate aments 4 to 6
pairs, of the i)istillate 3 or 4 pairs : filaments distinct above : fruit 3 lines long.

* * Scales 3-loljC(l and branches ternate : bracts in threes o.nd scarcely connate,
of the pistillate aments viostbj scarlous and more or less unfjuicidate : fruit
solitary, rarely in threes.

2. E. Californica, Watson. Stems decumbent or suberect, the branches not
spinose : scales oblong, acutish, sheathing but soon splitting to the base and recurved,
long-persistent and often dark-colored, H to 3 lines long : staminate aments globose,
sessile, of 4 whorls of nearly distinct bracts : perianth broad, included : filaments
(4 or 5) united to the summit : fertile aments sessile, of 4 or 5 whorls of rather
rigid reniform-orbicular entire bracts with a very short broad claw : fruit solitary,
ovate, 4-angled, acutish, smooth, 3 to 3^ lines long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 300.

San Diego County ; promontory opposite San Diego and in Jamul Valley, Pulmcr. The other
two species of this jieculiar group liiive mucli more conspicuously scarious bracts with narrow
claws scarcely at all connected at base, and are found from S. Utah to the Rio Grande ; viz., E.
riUFintCA, Torr., erect, with spinosely tijiped branches and consi)icuous persistent sheathing
acuminate scales (3 to 6 lines long) becoming white and shreddy; staminate perianth cuneate-
oblong, includeil ; the fertile aments of numerous whorls of entire bracts 5 or 6 lines long ; fruit
smooth, 6 lines long: —and E. Tokiikvana, Watson, similar but the branches not spinose and
the short acutish .scales less persistent and not becoming shreddy ; staminate perianth round-
ovate ; fertile aments with fewer (6 or 7 whorls) ofteu creuulate bracts 3 to 5 lines long ; fruit
scabrous, about 4 lines long.

Order CII. TAXACE^.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, sparingly resinous, with scaly buds, and (in our genera)
scattered linear leaves spreading in 2 ranks, the flowers dicEcious, axillary and soli-
tary, achlamydeous and naked or surrounded l)y the imbricated and usually decus-
sate bud-scales ; staminate flowers with the filaments monadelphous in a column,
each filament surmounted by several more or less united pendent anther-cells, de-
liiscing longitudinally on tlio lower side ; pollen globose : fertile llowor of a solitary
orthotropous ovule, which in fruit becomes a bony-coated seed raised upon or more
or less surrounded by or consolidated with a fleshy disk, cup, or other coating.
Embryo axile in fleshy or farinaceous albumen ; cotyledons oidy 2, scmiterete.

An onler, usually incduded in the Conifnrai, approaching the CitprrssinrK through the inter-
mediate Podocn.r])CfV. The Tfuancre i)roper are conlined to temperate Asia and America, a single
S]iecie3 extending its range through Europe. The larger suborder Podoca rp>ir are peculiar to the
warmer regions of Asia, Africa, Australia and the adjacent islands, and S. America.

1. Torreya. Ovule within an urceolate disk ]ieiforate at the apex, which becomes drupe-like iu

fruit. Albumen fleshy, ruminate. Anther-cells 4.

2. Taxus. Ovule on an annular disk, which becomes a small berry-like cup surrounding the

seed. Albumen farinaceous. Anther-cells 5 to 9.

220 TxVXACE.E. Toneyu.

1. TOEREYA, Arnott. Calikoknian Nittmeg.

Flowers solitaiy, from small scaly biuls, nearly sessile, tlie staminate in adjacent
axils along the branchlets, the fertile fewer and more scattered ; bud-scales decus-
sately oi)i)Osite, 4 to G i)airs, larger in the fertile llowers, acutish, persistent. Stamens
naked upon the axis of the male flower, divaricate, subverticillate in G or 8 close
Avhorls of four, each stamen with 4 slightly united pendent anthers. Ovule en-
closed within a fleshy ovate sac, which becomes large and drupaceous in fruit.
Embryo small in the fleshy ruminate albumen. — Trees, with mostly verticillate or
opposite spreading or drooping branches, and linear decurrent rigid and mucronate
scattered leaves, spreading distichously, not carinate, bisulcate beneath.

Four species are known, belonging to Florida, Calil'iirnia, Jajian and China, resjiectively.

1. T. Californica, Torr. A tree 50 to TT) feet high or more, and 1 to 3 feet in
diameter, Mitli slender di'ooping branches: leaves 1 to 3 inches long by li lines,
broad, nearly flat, acuminate and pungent, on a short stout apiu'cssed jietiole (so
twisting as to bring the blades into two ranks), bright green and shining above, and
■with a lighter colored sulcus beneath on each side of the midvein : staminate
flowers 4 or 5 lines h)ng, the inner basal scales scarious and toothed ; anthers nearly
a line long: fruit obovate to oblong-ovate, 1 to U iiudies long, the fleshy envelope
thin and resinous, adnate at base to the nut, which is more or less strongly sulcate
longitudinally. — N. Y. Journ. I'harm. iii. 49 ; Kewl)crry, Pacif K. Kep. vi. Gl, lig.
27 (very poor); Parlatore, DC. Prodr. xvi'^. 50G. 7'. Myristica, j\Iurr. Kdinb.
New Phil. Journ. x. 7, t. 3; Hook. Bot. iMag. t. 4780.

In the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, from Mendocino and Maiin to Yuba and Mariposa
Counties, but not abundant. The bark is gray or brown, thin and longitudinally cracked ; the
wood is light-colored and close-grained ; branchlets becoming reddish.

2. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew.

Inflorescence as in Torreya, but the flower-buds somewhat smaller, Aj;ith rounded
scales, and the fertile flowers on short scaly peduncles. Stamens fewer (usually 8
or 10) in a globose head, the 5 to 1) small anthers peltately united. Ovule upon a
circular disk, which becomes cup-shaped and in fruit globular, fleshy, red and berry-
like, surrounding and nearly enclosing but free from the small bony seed. Albu-
men farinaceous. — Small trees or shrubs, with scattered branches, and similar but
carinate leaves ; bark scaly.

Seven species are recognized, confuiod to the tenii)erate and cooler regions of the northern licnii-
sphere, two belonging to the Atlantic Coast, one to the I'acilic, and another to the niountanis
of Mexico. All are very similar and distingui.shed by slight characters. The wood is only
slightly resinous, heavy, tough and elastic, enduring, and capable of a high polish.

1. T. brevifolia, Nutt. A tree 20 or 30 feet high (in Oregon 40 to GO feet
high by 2 or 3 feet in diameter), with slender drooping branches: leaves G to 12
lilies long, acuminate and cuspidate, the margin somewhat revolute, bright green
above, glaucous beneath, abru)itly narrowed at base into a short slender j.etiole :
staminate aments \\ lines broad: fruit amber-rod, much flattened : seed broadly
ovate and somewha't flattened, acute, over 2 lines long. — Sylva, iii. 8G, t. 108;
Newberry, Pacif. P. Pep. vi. GO, fig. 26. T. Bonrsieri, Carr. Pev. Ilort. 1854, 228.
T. Lindieyana, Murr. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. i. 294.

In the Sierra Nevada and northward to British Colunil)ia. Much larger than T. Cunadcnsis of
the Eastern States, which is a low shrub and otherwise dibtiuguished by smaller and more slender
staminate aments and by a smaller and less flattened rather oblong-ovute nutlet.

CONIFERyJ-:.

Order CIII. CONIFERS.

Ill

Resinous and mostly evergreen trees or slirubs, with usually awl- or needle-shaped
or scale-like mostly rigid leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious achlamydeous
flowers ; male flowers reduced to the stamens only, which are indefinite in number
and often numerous, the filaments upon a central axis, with the anther-cells (2 or
more) cither adnate to the back of the connective or suspondi^d from the under side
of its scale-like or peltate summit, the cells dehiscing variously ; fertile amcnts con-
sisting of f(!w or many scales, becoming a dry coiio in fruit or fleshy and berrydiko
(in Juniperus) ; ovules naked, 2 or more, at or on the base of each scale, aduate or
free, erect or inverted ; seeds naked or winged, with chartaceous or crustaceous or
sometimes bony testa. Embryo straight, axile in fleshy oily albumen ; cotyledons
2, or often several in a whorl.

A large and most important order, cosmopolitan, but found most abundantly in the temperate
and cooler portions of the northern hemisphere ; valuable above all others for its timber and for
its resinous proihuts (the Abictincw especially), and very extensively planteil for shade and orna-
ment. The following tribes and genera are represented in California, the chief remaining tribe
yira near tree largely replacing them in the southern hemisphere. The morphology of the Howers
in this order has been the subject of much controversy, and some points are still by no means set-
tled. It is now generally admitted, however, that the staminate inflorescence is to be considered
as a single polyandrous flower, rather than as an anient, and that view is here adopted, though it
is found convenient to occasionally make use of the ordinary terminology in the descriptions. The
distinction of bracts and carpellary scales in the female aments, which is so evident in the Abie-
(incce, is obscure in the preceding tribes, the two organs being consolidated into one body in the
Taxodinece, while in the Ciiprcftsinra; the presence of anything corresponding to a carpellary scale
may be considered as questionable, the e.visting "scale" answering pretty evidently to the "bract "
of the Abietincoa.

Tkibe I. CUPRESSINEyE. Scales of the fertile anient few, decussately opposite, apparently
simple, becoming a small cone or connate into a drupe-like gnlbiihis. Ovules 2 to several
in their axils, orthotropous and erect. Cotyledons 2, very ritrely more. Anther-cells 2 to
8, introise on the lower part of the face of the more or less peltate connective-scale : pollen-
grains simiile. Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, often dimoriihous, usually scale-
like and mostly adnate, the earlier free and subulate : leaf-buds not .scaly.

♦ Flowers dioecious : fruit drupedike with bony ovate seeds : leaves opposite or in threes ; foliao'e

never 2-ranked.

1. Juniperus. Ovules in pairs or solitary at the base of the fleshy (4 to 6, or 3 to 9) scales.

Seeds 1 to 5 or more. Berry globose, reddish, or blue or blackish, ripening the second
year.

* ♦ Flowers nioncecious : fruit a cone : leaves opposite.

+- Cone subglobose, of spreading peltate or wedge-shaped scales : seeds 1 or more to each scale,

angled or narrowly winged.

2. Cupressus. Seeds several to each thickened woody peltate scale, maturing the second year.

Foliage never 2-ranked.

3. Chamaecyparia. Seeds 1 or 2 to each thin scale, maturing the first year. Leaves and

branches more or less 2-ranked.
-1- 4- Cone oblong, of imbricated or valvate oblong scales : seeds 2 to each scale, maturing the
first year : foliage 2-ranke(l.

4. Thuya. Scales 8 to 12, rather thin, imbricnte. Seeds e(pinlly 2-wingiMl.

5. Libocedrus. Scales G, thick-coriaceous and valvate, only the middle pair fertile. Seeds

une(iually 2-winged.

Tkibe II. TAXODINE/E. Scales of the fertile aments more numerous and spii-ally arranged,
in fruit forming a woody cone. Ovules er<'ct or in some genera inverted. Leaves alter-
nate. Otherwise as Cupvcssinecc, and intermediate lietween that tribe and the Abidincoe.

6. Sequoia. Tall trees, with short-linenr to ovate-lanceolate acute cariuate leaves, and ovate

cones with thick wedge-shaped spreading scales.

•in 2 CONIFER.E. Juniperus.

Tribe III. ABIETINEiE. Scales of the fertile anients numerous, sj)irally imbiicated, cur-
I)ellary, each in th« axil of a thin distinct ju'isiitent bract (in ilower often exceeding and
in fruit mostly exceeded by the scale), in fruit becoming coriaceous or ligneous and form-
ing a sLrubilc or cone. Ovules 2, adnate to the inner face of each scale near the base, in-
verted. Si'eds sei>arating from the scale at maturity, currying away a conspicuous si'arious
win<'. Cotyledons a to IG. Male llowers si)irally arranged and subtended by involucrnl
scales. Anther-cells 2, extrorse, i)arallel and contiguous u]inn the sides of a very narrow
connective which is often surnuxmted by a S(-arious dilated inlhxed tip. Leaves scattered,
or fascicled in I'lnas, from linear to needle-shaped : leaf-buds scaly.

» Cones maturing the first year, their bracts remaining membranaceous : leaves solitaiy, mostly

entire : llowers on last year's branchlets.
+- Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised : bracts of the female anient much larger than the

scales.

7. Abies. Leaves sessile, leaving eircuhir scars, (.'ones erect, their scales deciduous from tlic

axis. Seeds with resin-vesicles.

8. Pseudotsuga. Leaves petioled, the sears transversely oval. Com;s pendulous, their scales

persistent on the axis. Seeds without resin-vesicles.
+- T- Branchlets rough from the prominent persistent leaf-bases : bracts of the female anient
smaller than the scales : cones pendulous, their scales persistent on the axis.

9. Tsuga. Leaves petioled, with a single dorsal duct. Seeds with resin-vesicdes.

10. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both the ui)|>er and lower sides, with two lateral (sometimes

incomplete) ducts. Seeds without resin-vesicles.
♦ * Cones maturing in the seciond year, their bracts becoming corky and thickened : leaves of
the perfect plant in bundles of 2 to 5 (rarely solitary) from the axil of scarious bracts, their base
surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales, usually serrulate.

11. Pinus. Pollen 2-lobed. Kesin-ducts inconstant in number and variously placed.

Lauix occidentalis, Nutt. Sylva, iii. 143, t. 120 (Pinus Xattullii, Parlat. in DC. Prodr.
xvi'2. 412), the Western Larch, occurs on the headwaters of the Deschutes IJiver, Oregon, and
northward to British Columbia, but has not been .seen in California. The genus is distinguished
from Jbics chiefly by the small cones with persistent .scales and bracts, mostly vertical on the
slender drooping branches and crimson when in Ilower, and conspicuously by the deciduous soft
and very slender leaves, llatteiicd or somewhat tetragonal, and mostly fascicled at the extremities
of .short lateral undeveloped branchlets. 1-. .kciukntams is a tall .slender tree {sometimes \[A)
feet high), witli glabrous branchlets and nearly glabrous bud-scales, and ovoid cones marly an
inch in length, the conspicuous bracts with an excunent foliaceous midvein usually exceeding
the scale. L. Lyallii, Parlat., in the Cascade Mountains of Washington Territory, is a smaller
tree with densely pubescent bud-scales and branchlets, and with longer and more oblong cones.

1. JUNIPERUS, Linn. Juniper.

Flowers didecious or sometimes monoecious, the small solitary aments axillary, or ter-
minal upon short lateral branchlets ; scales few and (like the leaves) decussately
binate or ternate. Staniinate llowers oblong-ovate ; anther-cells 4 to 8 under each
shield-shaped scale. Fertile anient of 2 or 3 series of fleshy scales, with 2 erect
ovules to each seal.-, in fruit becoming united into a blue black or reddish drupe,
ripening the second year. Seeds 1 to 12, ovate, bony. Cotyledons 2 (in a single
species more). — Low shrubs or trees, with mostly tliin shreddy bark, and with
evergreen binate or ternate, free and subulate or adnate and scale-like leaves ;
branches and leaves not 2-ranked.

A "cnus of the northern liemis)ihere, including 20 species belonging to the Old World (of
which two are also .Americnn), 4 M.'xican and W. Indian species, and as many l»ruliMr to the
United States. The woo.l of all the species is line-grained, not resinous, exceedingly durable, the
heart-wood usually reddish and more or less fragrant.

* Aments axlUarij : haves lernnte, free and joii^tcd at hast\ linear-sidndate,
pungent, channelled and tvhlte-fjlaucons above, nut glandulur-jjitted. — OxY-
CEDRUS, Spacli.

^'"i""^''''^"'- CONIFERyE. -, -, „

1. J. communis Linn. A shrub or small troo, with sproa.lin.' or pendulous
hranchcs : Icav.s r.,ul, n.oro or less spreaclin-s T. to !) lines lon^: iViIit laK e 3
.nes m dia.ne er or n.oro, 1 - 3-seedcd. _ Van alpina, Gaud? Low an I d urn-
bent or prostrate : leaves shorter (2 to 4 lines long) and less spreadin-r

Brewer) and in tl.e Northern Coast Ilan-es (Del Nort ■ ("o v // ,, / \ "^ ^''""^ ^ '?'''

Maine, nn.l is scarcely n.ore than a rechu^] finn of "he si'dS: *''^' "' "'" '^ '^^''""'^ '"^

-.v * Amevfs tcnnhnl on short lateral hraiwhlets : haves trrnate (or opposite)

oftu'o forms, mostbjadnatc and scale-Uke, doseh, oppressed and crowded upon

mluZT-^^^^^^ «««/«/«,;«//,/ more distant, free and

■^ Fruit reddish, dry and sweetish.
2. J Californica, Carr. A shrub or small tree (sometimes 20 to 35 feet hi'rh)
corneal with stout spreading branches and thick branchlets : leaves ternate, shori
and hick, mostly acute : fruit oblong-ovate, 5 to 7 lines long, of G or rarelv 4 scales
usually 1-seeded : seed 4 to G lines long, very thick and bon^ smooth, often anS
or grooved, brown with a whitish 2-3-lobe<l hilum : cotyledons 4 to G - Kev
lort. Ill 3o2; Lngelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iii. 588. J. tetragona, var. osteo-
spenna, lorr. Pac.f. K. ]Jep. iv. 141. J. Cerrosianus, Kellogg, Proc Calif Acad
H. 37. ./. orcidentalis, Parlatore, DC. Prodr. xvi^. 489, in part

.,..1?!; Y*^^^'^^'^' ^'"^'r'"- '• '• ^^^^'i^-l^Jets more slender: fruit globose and
smaller, 3 or 4 hues m diameter.-./, occidentalis, Watson, Eot. Kincr Exn 336
mainly. ° -^a^'. uuu,

Tlie tyi)i<'al form is found cliiofly in flip Coast Kano-es from tlic Snnin.pntrv t« «.„ n- xi

vanety is fe-iuont from the Sieri Nevada ^non^^l^Z: S:\&:ZZ.l^Z£:^^
Uah. An on^n.al Iruitin. specinu-n of J. andlna, Nutt, in herb. Gray, iKdon's he^ s.^^^^
mens coilec'te,! by Dr. E. Palmer in Guadalupe Island have large globose bhnshiVuit ^

■^ Fruit smaller, hlue-black, rcsinous-feshij.
3. J occidentalis, Hook. IMuch resembling the variety of the last species
from which It ,s distinguished chiefly by the blue and resinous fruit, whieh ir3 «;
4 lines in diameter : seeds 1 to 3, deeply pitted : cotyledons 2. - Fl. ]]or..Am. ii.
IGG ; Lngelm. 1. c. 590. J. amlina, Nutt. Sylva, iii. 95, t. 110]
^^ Oregon, Idaho, and southward in the Sierra Nevada, at a ra'thcr higher elevation than the

2. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cypress.
Flowers mona^cious. Aments terminal, of few <lecussately opposite scales Starai-
nate flowers small; anther-cells 3 to 5 under each ovate obtuse subpeltate scale-
pollen-grains simple. Fertile aments erect on short lateral branchlets, of 6 to 10
very thick peltate valvate scales, becoming a globose or subglobose woody cone,
maturing the second year. Ovules numerous, in several rows at the base of the
scales, erect. Seeds acutely angled. Cotyledons 2 to 4. — Evergreen trees, with
small scale-like aduate and appressed decussately opposite and imbricated leaves,
usually glandular-pitted ; branches and leaves not 2-ranked.

in AnleH,^^ n.P "iV,,^ •' ^ '•«"''? T I^'l^ '" ^^'"*"^ ^"'•'^ """^ ^^'^ ^leditcranean region, while
graltaluiduSble. ■"'"■ '"" '''" "'"* "^ •^'"">"^'-'". being close-grained, fra-

1. C. macrocarpa, Hartw. A tree (l)ecoming 40 to 70 feet high), with rou"h
bark, spreading horizontal branches, and flattened top ; the branches with dark ^xly
and somewhat rugose bark ; branchlets rather stout : leaves bright green, ncuri.<*h,

114 CONIFERiE. Cupressus.

obscurely pitteil on tlio back, often witli a longitudinal furrow on eacli sido : scales
of very young cones witli conspicuous foliaccoiis tips j mature cones clu'stered on
short stout peduncles, oMoiig-ovatc (1 to U inches long by *J lines broad), of f) or
usually G pairs of scales, with a broad thickissh or on the u})perniost a suhconical
boss : seeds numerous (about 20 to each scale), mostly 2i lines long. — Journ. Ilort.
Soc. ii. 187; Gordon, sime, iv. 200, with lig. ; 'I'orr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 211 ; Parla-
tore, DC. Prodr. xvi"''. 473. C. Lambert iana, Gord. ; Carr. Conif. 124. C. Ilart-
ivey'd, Carr. Conif. 2 ed. 1G8.

On granite rocks near tlie sea, from Point Pinos near Montcrej' southward 4 or 5 miles to Pesca-
deio Hanch. The trees at this the only certain locality very much resemble tlie Cedar of Lebanon
in liabit, with dense I'ar-spieading bianciies. The larj,'est measurement recorded (by Piof. W. JI.
lirewer) is a circuml'crence of 183 I'eet at a height of 5 or 6 I'eet from the ground. It was early
introduced into Kngland and is there fre(jucnt in cultivation under vaiious forms and names.

2. C. Goveniana, Gurdon. A shrub or small bushy tree, G to 10 feet high or
more ; branches spreading and somewhat pendulous ; branchlets rather more slender
than in the last, ami tlie leaves slightly smaller, thick and mostly without lateral
depressions, the dorsal gland often wanting or very obscure : mature cones smaller,
globose (8 to 10 lines in diameter), of G or 8 scales: seeds mostly 1^ to 2 lines
long. — Journ. llort. Soc. iv. 296, with fig. ; Torr. Bot. ^lex. Bound. 211 ; Parlat.
1. c. 472.

In the Coast Ranges from about Monterey to Sonoma County. In Marin County it is said to
sometimes attain a height of 40 or .00 fiet (it. It. Vaacij). A doubtful I'orm is reiiortcd from
Cedar ^Mountain, Alameda County {lh\ Kdloiyj), described as a handsome tree 30 or 40 feet high,
of dense symmetrical growtli ; the globose cones have (i very thick .scales with stout prominent
bosses.- To this s])ecies also jirobably belongs the cypress of the mountains of San Diego County,
which is a low antl slender true, 15 or 20 feet high, with nearly smooth reddish bark, and slender
branchlets : leaves with usually a conspicuous gland ; cones rather large (9 to 12 lines in diame-
ter), globose, with G very thick scales ; seeds very numerous, 2 lines long.

C. OuADALi'i'ENSls, AVatson, is another similar syiecies, of Guadalupe Island (Palmer), a widely
spreading tree, 40 feet high or more and 2 to 5 feet in diameter, the bark flaking oif iu thin
plates and leaving a smooth daret-red surface : branches drooping and branchlets very slender :
foliage glaucous-green ; glands obscure : cones globose and strongly bossed, an inch or more in
diameter, of G or S very tliick scales; seeds large, 3 lines long or more. In cultivation about San
Francisco, and will )irobably prove a valuable ornamental tree.

3. C. Macnabiana, i\Iurr. A shrub or small tree (G to 10 feet high or more),
Avith numerous short slender branchhits : leaves very small, deep green and somewhat
glaucous, conspicuously pitted on the back : mature cones small (G to 8 lines in
diameter), subgiobose ; scales G, or rarely 8, with thin prominent bosses, the upper-
most usually very prominent and incurved : seeds very numerous, 1 h or mostly 2
lines long. — Edinb. New Phil. Journ. i. 203, t. 10; Parlat. 1. c. 473?

About Clear Lake {Torrcij, liol ancle r); originally reported by JellVey from Slount Shasta at
5,000 feet altitude.

3. CHAMJECYPARIS, Spach.
With the characters of Citpressus, but with flattened 2-ranked branchlets and the
small globose cones maturing the first year; seeds faw (1 to 4) at the base of each
obpyramidal thinner scale, angled or more or less winged ; anther-cells 2 or 3 to
each connective-scale. — Retinospora, Sieb. i^' Zucc.

Represented in the Atlantic States by a single species, and by 4 or 5 species in Japan and
Eastern Asia, besides the following of the Paciiic Coast.

1. C. La-WSOniana, Parlat. A tree, often tall (sometimes 100 to 150 feet high by
2 to G feet in diameter), with slender spreading or pendulous branches : leaves small,
deep green, with a glaucous margin when young, acute or acutish, more or less glandu-
lar-pitted : cones 4 lines in diameter, glaucous when young, of 8 or 10 scales with
the flattened summit crossed by a narrow transverse ridge acute in the middle : seeds

Libocdnis. CONIFERS, 115

2 to 4 to eacli scale, wing -margined, 2 lines long. — DC. Prodr. xvil 4G4. Cnpres-
siis Lawsoniana, Murr. Edinb. New I'hil. Jouin. i. 2!)2, t. 9 ; Hook. f. 15ot. Mag. t.
5581. Ciipressus Nulkanus, Torr. liot. Wilkes, t. 1(3. CiipressHS fnujrans, Kel-
logg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 103. Cupressas attemiata, Gordon, Pinet. 57.

A handsome tree, in moist grounds, in the Sliasta Mountiiins and northward in the Coast
Ranges of Oregon, veiy valuable tor its timber and admired in cultivation. The wood is white
and veiy fragrant, fine and close-grained, free of knots and easily worked, elastic and very dura-
ble. It is known as "Oregon " or " White Cedar," and also as "Ginger Pine." It is extensively
cultivated for ornament, and numerous garden varieties Iiavo been produced.

C. NtlTKAF.N'sis, Si)ach, a more northern species of the const from the Columbia IJivcr to
Alaska, probably does not reach California, it is distinguished by its less slender habit and less
flattened branchlets, with larger more acute leaves, obscurely glandular ; cones somewhat larger,
of 4 or G more conve.x scales (tiiicker and greener) with very i)rominent central '

4. THUYA, Tourii. ARBOu-ViXiE.

Flowers monoecious. Amcnts terminal, of few scales decussately imbricated in
pairs. Stamiuato flowers numerous, very small, with 3 or 4 anthers under each of the 4
or G .stdjpeltate broadly ovate pointed scales; polleu-graiiis simple. Fertile aments ter-
minating stouter branchlets, of 8 to 12 erect scales, with a pair of collateral erect
ovules at the base of each : cone soon strongly rellexed, maturing the first season,
small, ovate and cinnamon-colored ; the thin-coriaceous scales ovate, slightly mucro-
nate at the ape.x, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile. Seeds lanceolate and
somewhat compressed, made suborbicular by nearly equal lateral wings. Cotyledons
2. — Evergreen trees, with thin fibrous bark, scattered branches and distichous foli-
age ; leaves opposite, adnate and imbricate in 4 rows, oblong, with free acute tips,
somewhat dimorphous.

Only three species are known, closely similar to each other, of which one belongs to the Atlan-
tic States and one to Japan.

1. T. gigantea, Nutt. A tall graceful tree (often 100 to 250 feet higli or more,
and 3 to 12 feet in diameter), narrowly pyramidal, with spreading and somewhat
drooping branches : foliage light green au(l shining ; leaves acuminate and subpun-
gent, very obscurely glandular : male flowers a line long : cones somewhat clustered
near the ends of the branches, a half-inch long, the scales with a thin acute usually
appressed mucro : seeds a little shorter than tlie wings, which are 3 lines long, dis-
tinct, and slightly unocpial. — Journ. Philad. Acad. vii. 52, and >Sylva, iii. 102, t.
Ill ; Newberry, 'Pacif K. Pep. vi. 50, fig. 22; Parlatore, DC. 'Prodr. xvil 457.
T. plicafa, Donn ; Parlat. 1. c. 2\ Menziesii, Dougl. ; Carr. Conif. lOG.

A fine tree, frec[uent in the Coast Ranges and Cascade Mountains of Oregon, but rather mre in
California. It is said to range from San Diego County to Sitka. It lias much resemblance to the
Liboccdrus, except in fruit, and may readily be conlbunded witli it. The eastern species, T. occi-
denfah's, is smaller and much less graceful, and has more conspicuously glandular leaves niul
smaller cones with scarcely mucroiiate scales. The wood is soft, fine-grained, light-colored, easily
split and very durable.

5. LIBOCEDRUS, Endl. White Cedar of California.

Staminate flowers with 12 or more filament-scales. Cones not reflexed, of 4 or 6

erect subverticillate and somewhat valvate thick-coriaceous scales, the lower pair

smaller and sterile, the third pair (when present) also sterile and connate. Seeds

very unequally winged. Otherwise as Thuya.

Only four species are recognized, of which two arc natives of South America from Chili to Cai>e
Horn, and one is found in New Zealand. Our species differs so far from the others as to have

116 CONIFER.E. Lihocednis.

been separated by Koch under the name of Ifcijderia, the chief differences being the third connate
pair of scales in the cone, the somewhat dillerently winged and shaped seed, and the arrangement
of the leaves in four ranks.

1. L. decurrens, Turr. A tall tree (becoming 100 to 150 feet high or more,
by 4 to 7 I'eet ill diameter), with scattered lax spreading brandies: leaves bright
green, in two decussate pairs at each joint, closely adnate excepting the short acute
tip ; the lateral without glands and nearly covering the llattened obscurely pitted
inner ones: staminate flowers ovate, of 12 to 16 scales: cones 9 to 12 lines long,
scaly-bracteate at base, oblong, the lower scales very short, the upper connate into
a longitudinal septum, the middle pair oblong, convex, obtuse at the tip, all with a
short acute somewhat recurved mucro : seeds oblong-lanceolate, 4 to G lines long,
the narrow outer wing scarcely longer, the inner one broad and nearly equalling the
scale. — PI. Frem. 7, t. 3 ; Parlatore, DC. Prodr. xvi^ 'if)^. Tliinja Cruijiaita,
Ball". Oreg. I'lxp. 2, t. 2\ (/i(/ait(e<i, (Jarr. Fl. Scsrres, ix. 199, fig. 3-5, and Conif.
105. llti/Jerui dtcavrtns, Koch, Dendrol. ii. 177.

In the Coast Jvan^'cs from Oregon to San Difgo and in the Sierra Nevada to an altitude of 8,500
feet or more ; in foliage and habit much resembling Tliuya <iiiiuiitcii. The tree is conical in shape,
with loose somewhat fibrous bark : wood very light and soft, light-colored, durable in water or
under cover, but said to decay when exposed.

6. SEQUOIA, Eiull. ItEDWooD. Mammoth Ti;ke.

Flowers monoecious. Aments terminal or axillary upon young shoots, of rather
numerous spirally arranged scales. Staminate flowers small, involucrate Avith scale-
like leaves, Avith 3 to 5 anthers under each ovate subpeltate connective scale; pollen-
grains simple. Fertile aments oblong-ovate, erect, with 3 to 7 inverted ovules at the
base of the spreading scales. Cone maturing the second year, woody, oval ; the
scales divergent at right angles from the axis, thick and wedge-shaped with a rhom-
boidal rugose umbilicate apex, setaceous-mucronate. Seeds compressed, oblong-
obovate, with thick spongy margin. Cotyledons 4 to 6. — Tall trees, with straight
columnar trunk and short spreading branches ; leaves scattered, decurrent, short-
linear to ovate-lanceolate, compressed and carinate, acute, the upper mostly sjjread-
ing distichously (especiallj' on younger trees and branches) ; bark very thick and
fibrous-spongy, cleaving longitudinally ; wood red, soft and easily split. — Welling-
tonia, Lindl.

A remarkable and noted Californian genus.

1. S. sempei'virens, Endh Leaves bright green, glaucous beneath, spreading
distichously, acute or acuminate and mostly i)ungent, 6 to 9 lines lung and about a
line broad ; those on the main stems and peduncles, and usually the lower ones on
the spreading branchlets, appressed and sliorteV : staminate flowers 1^ to 2 lines
long: cones oblong, 9 to 12 lines long ])y a half-inch broad, of about 20 scales:
seeds brown, 2 or 2.^ lines long. — Syii. Conif. 198; Decaisne, Pev. Ilortic. 1855,
9, t. 11, fig. 2 ; Newberry, Pacif. P. Pep. vi. 57, fig. 23 ; Parlatore, DC. Prodr. xvi''.
436; Bolander, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 231. Taxoilhim sempervirens, Lambert, Cen.
Pin. 2 ed. 107, t. 48, & 3 ed. 120, t. 64. Schuhertia sempervirens, Spacli.

The most valuable tree of the Californian forests, occupying the Coast Hanges with few breaks
from Oregon to San Luis Obispo, wherever they are exposed to the fogs from the octaii, but most
extensively northward of San Francisco. In size it usually averages 8 to 12 feet in diameter and
from 200 to 300 feet in height, with a straight cylindrical trunk naked to the height of 70 or 100
feet or more. The bark is of a bright cinnamon color, G to 12 inches thick, and the wood a rich
brownish red, light but strong and durable, straight-grained and taking a handsome finish. The
species is remarkable for its tenacity of life, the roots and stumps of the older trees being almost

Abies. CONIFERS. -1^^.^

indpstnictihle. Universally known as tlio " Redwood." It was fust discovered hy Mrmics on
Vancouver's voyage (about 1794), and not again noticed until collected l»y Domjlas in 1833.

2. S. gigantea, Decaisne. Leaves paler and smaller, not distichous, slightly
spreading or closely appressed, ovate-acuniiuute or lanceolate, rigid and pungent', the
free portion 1 to 3 lines long ; on very young plants linear and much narrower,
more spreading : brancldets pendulous : staminate flowers 2 or 3 lines loii" : cones
ovate-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, of usually 25 to 30 scales, which are 8 to°I4 line.s

long ])y 3 to G broad : seeds 3 to 7 to each scale, brownish, 2 to 3^ lines long.

Jiull. Jjot, Soc. Franco, i. 71, and Jiev. Hortic. 1855, 9, t. 10, iig. 1; Torrey,°lid«;
Gray, Anier. Journ. Sci. 2 ser. xviii. 280 ; I'arlat. 1. c. 437 ; Muir, Proc. Amer.
Assoc, x.w. 212. WelluKjtnnin i/i<j(tntea, Lindl. in Card. Chron. 1853,823; Hook.
13t)t. Mag. t. 4777, 4778; Naudin, Fl. 8erres, ix. 93, t. 892, & 121,. t. 903. Wasli-
ingtonia Californica (or Taxodium Washinytonidnurn), Wijislow, Calif. Farmer, Se})t.
1854 (Kew Journ. Eot. vii. 29). Sequoia WeUingtoniana, Seem, in lionpl. iii, 27.
'Taxodium r/iganteum, Kell. & Behr, Froc. Calif. Acad. i. 53.

The " Big Tree," and pride of the Californian woods, occuriing in groves or isolated groups,
always accompanied, however, by other trees, along a line some 240 miles in length, extending
froTu near tiie southern border of Tulare to a little north of the south line of Placer County.
Toward the north the groves become smaller, although the individual trees retain their full size.
This is the largest and tallest tree known to exist on the American continent. The height of the
highest one yet discovered, which is in the Calaveras Grove, is 325 feet. One of the tinest and
laigest trees of this giovo was cut down, and its age ascertained to be abo\it 1300 years ; it is ]>os-
sible that others considerably exceed tliis in age, as for instance the so-called Grizzly Giant of the
Mariposa Grove, which is a little over 93 feet in circujnference at the ground. The present
species is less graceful than the last, having shorter branches and paler appressed leaves. Tho
Lark on the lower portion of the tnnik becomes very thick (1 or 2 feet) ; the color of the wood is
a duller red. For a fuller account of this tree see Whitney's " Yosemite Guide-Book."

Tribe III. ABIETINEzE. (By Dr. George Engelmann.)

7. ABIES, Link. Fir.

Flowers from the axils of last year's leaves : male flowers in the form of an oval
or cylindrical stamineal column, its short stipo surrounded by numerous bud-scales ;
commissure of the anthers terminating in a knob ; cells bursting transversely ; pol-
len-grains large (.05 to .07 line long), with 2 air-sacs. Female anients erect, the
bract much larger than the scale. Cones maturing in tho first year, erect, their
scales and enclosed or exsert membranaceous bracts falling at maturity from the per-
sistent axis. Seeds covered with resin-vesicles and partially but permanently en-
closed in the pergamentaceous base of the wing, which covers the outer and laps over
upon the inner surfiice. Cotyledons normally 4 to 10. — Magnificent trees, of pjT^m-
idal form and rapid growth, but witli brittle and easily decaying wood ; leaves
sessile, with a circular never prominent base, mostly more or less flattened and often
emarginate, on the horizontal brancldets appearing 2-ranked by a twist near the
base, bearing stomata only or mainly on the lower surface, with two longitudinal
resin-ducts mostly close to the epidermis of the lower side or, in some species,
within the parenchyma. — Engelm. in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 593. Abies,
Tournefort, in part. Firms, Linn., in i)art. Pinus, sect. Abies, Endlicher; Parla-
tore. Picea, Don.

The 10 or 18 species of this geinia are confined to the moMulMinous regions of the northern
hemisphere, one half to the 01-1, the other half to the New World. Of these two are found
northward and eastward, one in Mexico, and the rest in the mountains of the I'acitic sloi)e.

118 CONIFER.E. Abies.

* Leaves flat or flattish.

•t- Upper side of the leaves dark green, glossy and without stomata.

++ Leaves acute: linear tip of the bracts long-exserted.

1. A. bracteata, Xutt. A Uill slciuler strictly pyniuiidal tive, 100 to 150 feet
lugh and 1 ur 2 Icet in diameter, with brown bark : leaves mostly somewliat 2-
ranked, linear or linear-lanceolate, an inch or two long by 1 to 1^ lines wide, with
two pale (or in young leaves white) bands beneath : cones oval to subcylindric, 3 or 4
inches long and 1| to 2 inclies thick; bracts cuneate-obcordate, scarcely exceeding
the transversely oval glal)rons scales, terminating in elongated linear f(;liaceous mid-
ribs or awns (1 to U, inches long) : seeds as long as the obovate rounded wing. —
Sylva, iii. 137, t. flS; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4740; j\rurr. in Edinb. New I'hil.
Journ. X. 1, t. 2; Engelm. 1. c. GOl. Linus venusta, Dougl. in Comp. Dot. Mag. ii.
152, P. bracteata, Don, Trans. Linn. 8oc. xvii. 442. Picea bracteata, Loud.

Tlius far only known from the Santa Lutia Mountains, at an elevation of 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
The pointed buds are unusually large for the genus (about half an ineli long), covered witli im-
bricated scales.

++ ++ Leaves obtuse or emarginate: bracts enclosed.

2. A. grandis, Lindl. Very tall (200 to 300 feet high and 3 or 4 feet in diame-
ter), with smooth brownish bark : leaves channelled above and glossy, with two
pale or white bands beneath, an inch or two long and somewhat 2-ranked on the
younger or lower branches, on the higher branchlets shorter, somewhat cuneate, and
crowded on their upper side: cones cylindric, retuse, 2 to 4 inches long, with scales (13
or 14 lines wide) nearly twice broader than high, the quite short obcordate or 2-
lobed bracts with or witliout a short point : wing of the seeds very oblique, about
as broad as long. — Penny Cyc. i. 30 ; Engelm. 1. c. 598. Pinns gi-andis, Dougl.;
Parlat. P. amabilis, Di)ugl. ] ; not of hiter authors. Picea grandis, Loud. Arbor, iv.
2341, fig.; Newberry, Pacif. P. Pep. vi. 46, fig. 16 and t. 6.

Confined principally to the nortliern Pacific Coast, where it extends from British Colnndna to
Nortliern California, as far soutli as Mendocino. Probably the largest fir known ; in Oregon one
of the important tiinbei-trees, tliough tiie wood is inferior to that of tlie Douglas and Sitcha spruces.
Readily distinguished from the mountain lirs Viy the glossy green upper surface of the leaves, and
by the other cliaracters enumerated above.

•»- -t- Leaves pale and with stomata on both sides.

3. A. COncolor, Lindl. A large tree, 80 to 150 feet high with a diameter of 2
to 4 feet, with rough grayish bark : leaves mostly obtuse, pale green, those of
younger trees and lower branches elongated, 2 to 2i and even 3 inches long, 2-
ranked, often slightly channelled and nutched, those of old trees and of upper cone-
bearing branches shorter (an inch long), broader, thicker, convex above and often
falcate, covering the upper side of the branchlets : cones oblong-cylindrical, 3, 4, or
even 5 inches long and 1^ to 1| inches in diameter, pale green or sometimes dull
purplish; scales (12 to 15 lines wide) nearly twice wider than high; bracts short,
enclosed, truncate or emarginate, with or without a short mucro : wing of the seeds
oblique, as long as broad : cotyledons 5 to 7. — Journ. Ilort. Soc. v. 210 ; Engelm.
1. c. 600, and Wheeler's Pep. vi. 255. Picea concol6r, (Jordon, Pin. 155. Pinus
concolor, Engelm. ; Parlat. in DC. Prodr. xvi'^. 426. Abies Lowiana, Mtirr. A.
grandis of the Califitrnian botanists. A. amabilis {]), Watson, JJot. King I'l.xp. 333.

A common fir throughout the Californian Sierras, from 3,000 or 4,000 to 8,000 feet elevation,
extending into Southern Oregon and through the mountains of Arizona to Utah and S. Colorado.
Always readily ivcogniz.'d by the gray bark of the trunk (whence often called in California
"White Fir"), and by the pale color of the foliage, which at last becomes dull green. A very
ornamental tree, esi)ecially the jtaler variety, but the timber is not much esteemed. J. Lowiana,
known also in nurseries as A. Parsoniana, lasiooirpa and anmbUis, distinguished by its longer
flatter straighter leaves with fewer stomata on the upper side, is a young and vigorous state of
this si>ecies, which has not yet fruited in cultivation.

Pseudotsiuja. CONIFERS.

119

* * Leaves more or less quadrangular, short and curved upward.
H- Bracts exsert.

4. A. nobilis, Lindl. A ma-nilicent tree, 200 feet liigli, witli thick cinnamon-
brown bark (red inside) : leaves rigid, curved upward, covering tlie upper side of the
branchlets, glaucous and stoinatoso and kcieled both on theuppcT and under side
acute or obtuse, about an inch long, only on the youngest trees or lowest brandies
longer (1^ inches), Hatter, slightly grooved and somewhat 2-ranked : cones cylin-
drical-oblong, thick, G to 9 inches long by 2\ or 3 inches broad, obtuse, ahuost
covered by the exsert rcllcxod cuncate cuspidate bracts; scales comparatively nar-
row (1^ inches wide, by an inch long or more) : seeds slender, with a cuneate-trian-
gular somewhat retuse wing : embryo with 7 or 8 cotyletlons. — Penny Cyc. i. 30 ;
JS'utt. 1. c, t. 117; Engelm. 1. c. GOl. Pimis nobilis, i)ougl. ; Parlat. Picea nobilis
Loud. 1. c. 2342, tig. ; Newberry, 1. c. 49, lig. 17.

The " Red Fir" of Noitherii CaUfoniia, tbnuiiig large forests about the base of Moinit Shasta,
at 6,000 to 8,000 feet altitiule, ami exteiuliiig tliiough the Cascade Mountahis to the Cohunbia
River. The timber is said to be better than that of other (ws. Forms are found with almost
enclosed bracts, often accompanying the others, which may connect with the followhig species.

•t- -t- Bracts enclosed.

5. A. magnifica, Murray. Similar to the last, even more than 200 feet high
and 8 to 10 feet in diameter, with the same kind of thick red-brown bark, and with
similar very rigid foliage, but the leaves never grooved nor notched even on the
young trees, on older branches shorter and thicker, so tliat tlicy are mostly only a
fourth wider than thick or even perfectly sfiuare, ami often only G to 9 lines long :
cones G to 8 inches long, 2^ to 3| inches thick, purplish brown ; bracts lanceo-
late, acuminate, sJKjrter than the very wide scales, which are 1| to 13 inches broad
by scarcely an inch high : seeds slender, the wing broader, very obliquely obovate-
cuneate : cotyledons 8 to 10. — Proc. Ilort. Soc. iii. 318 ; Engelm. 1. c. GOl. Abies
amnbilis of Californian botanists.

The "Red Fir" of the higher Sierras is not rare at an altitude of 7,000 to 10,000 feet, but forms
no Ibrests by itself. Easily distinguished from the last by the enclosed bracts. Forms, however,
are said to oc(;ur (Mount Silliman, Brewer) with exsert bracts, and it remains to be seen whether
tlie sliglit dillerences in the leaves, scales and seeds will suffice to keep the species separate.

8. PSEUDOTSUGA, Carrifere. Douglas Si-nrcE.
Flowers from the axils of last year's leaves. ^Male flowers an oblong or subcylin-
drical stamineal column, surrounded and partly enclosed by numerous conspicuous
orbicular bud-scales ; commissure of the anthers terminating in a short spur, the cells
opening obliquely by one continuous slit : pollen-grains ovate-subglobose. Female
flowers with the scales much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed and long-
pointed or aristate bracts. Cones maturing in the first year, with persistent scales
and exsert bracts. Seeds without resin-vesicles, the wing at last breaking off.
Cotyledons G to 12. — A very largo tree, at first pyramidal and spruce like, often at
last more spreading, with yellow or reddish rather coarse but very valual)lo wood,
which is distinguished from that of all the allied conifers by the abundance of
spirally marked wood-cells. Leaves flat, distinctly petioled, somewhat 2-ranked bj'
a twist at the base, stomatose only on the lower surface, with two lateral resin-ducts
close to the epidermis of the under side, leaving on the branchlets scarcely prominent
transversely oval scars. — Conif. 2 ed. 25G. Finns, sect. Tsuga, Endl., in part;
Parlat. Abiea, Lindl., in part.

A single species, which extends through the Rocky jrountaiiis and moiuitains of California,
from Oregon far into Mexico, and is in Oregon tlio largest and most important tiniber-tieo.

220 CONIFER.'E. Pseiulotsufja.

1. p. Douglasii, Carr. 1. c A gij^nnitic tree (200 to over 300 feet higli and 8 to
15 feet in diameter), with very thick brown deeply lissured bark : leaves linear, dis-
tinctly petioled, mostly obtuse or obtusish, 8 to 12 lines \o\v^ or on robust shoots
even ll> lines long, Ly f line wide: male tiowers oblong-cylindrical, 5 to 10 lines
lonf^, half enclosed in large loose orbicular involucral scales : cones 2 to 3 or rarely 4
inches long, subcylindrical ; bracts more or less exsert and spreading or retlexed :
seeds trian<'ular, on the upper side convex and redilish brown, on the lower flat and
white, 3 lines long ; wings 3 to 4^ lines long, broadest at base, acutish : cotyledons
(5 to 8. — Engelm. in Wheeler's Kep. vi. 257. Fimis fJoiif/lasii, Sabine; Hook.
Fl. Bor.-Am. n. I(i2, t. 183; Parlat. in DC. Prodr. xvi-. 430. ALies J)oii[/lasii,
Lindl. ; Nutt. Sylva, iii. 129, t. 115 ; Newberry, I'acif. K. Pep. vi. 54, t. 8. Tsi((/a
Douglasii, Carr.

Var. macrocarpa. A smaller tree, 40 to 50 or rarely 80 feet higli, U to 2 or
3 feet thick, with long spreading branclies, ami narrower often acutish leaves : male
llowers nearly an inch long : cones 5 to 7 inches long, 2 inches thick ; scales largo
in proportion; bracts not as long as in the typical form : seeds and wing both 5
lines lon<' : cotyledons 9 to 12. — Abies Douglasii, var. viacrocarjxt, Torr. in Ives'
Rep. 28. A. viacrocarpa, Vasey in Card. ISIonthly, Jan. 187G.

Throughout the Coast K;uiges and in the Siena .Nevada up to 6,000 or 8,000 feet, and also
northwa°d near the coast, attaining its largest inoportions in Oregon, and extending in a smaller
foini to the Roeky Mountains. A beautilul tree, readily distinguished by its fringed cones, or
else by the flat always petioled leaves. The variety occurs in the canons of the footliills of the
San Bernardino Mountains, and in the San Felipe C'ahou. at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 feet,
with oaks and below most of the coniferous trees. It looks very distinct, but with the exception
of the proportions of the cones and seeds no reliable specific charactei-s can be discovered. Tran-
sitiou forms between the two have not yet been fouiul.

9. TSUGA, Carriere. HuMLOCK Si'Ui'CE.

INIale llowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils »)f last year's leaves,
the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; commissure of the anthers ter-
minating in a sliort spur or knob ; cells opening transversely by a continuous slit.
Female araents terminal on last year's branchlets ; bract somewhat sliorter tlian the
scale. Cones matin-ing in the first year, pendulous ; scales and short enclosed bracts
persistent on the axis. Seeds with resin-vesicles on the surface ; wing at last break-
ing off. Cotyledons 3 to 5 or G. — Large trees, with slender often drooping terminal
branchlets ; leaves Hat or angled, appearing 2-ranked, with a single dorsal resin-
duct, conspicuously petioled, articulated on a prominent and at lengtli ligneous ami
persistent base. — Conif. 185. Piuus, Linn., in part. Piuus, sect. Tsuga, Endl. ;
Parlat. Abies, Miclix., in part.

Of the 5 species of this genus, two belong to eastern Asia, one to eastern and two to western
North America. Four of these species arc so closely allied that they can be distinguished only
with difficulty. The single species of our second section has somewhat aberrant characters.

* Leaves flat, obtuse, sfomatose only beneath : pollen-grains discoidal : rones small,
an inch long or less. — Eutsuoa.
1. T. Mertensiana, Carr. A very largo tree (100 to 200 feet high), with
rather thick red bmwn l)ark ; ultimate branchlets very slender, roughish, and wdien
young long-hairy : leaves linear, 4 to 9 lines long and about f line wide, abruptly
petioled, entire or usually minutely spinulose-serrate toward the rounded tip, shining
above, when young with two white bands beneath : male flowers 2 or 2^ lines in
diameter, shorter than the stipe : cones oblong-cylindrical, pointed, slightly pubes-
cent; bracts truncate ; scales longer than wide : seeds 1 to U lines long, the wing
twice as long or more, scarcely wicleneil toward the base : cotyledons 3, sometimes 4.

Picea. CONIFERyE. 121

— Conif. 2 cd. 250. Pimis Mertensimia, Dong. Veg. Sitch. 45; Parlat. Abies
jVertnisiana, Liudl. & Gord. A. Albcrtiana, j\luir. A. Br'uhjei, Kell. Proc. Calif.
Acad. ii. 8.

Peculiar to the Paoilic Coast region, from Marin County {0. R. Vasry) and especially Mendo-
cino (Bo/andrr, Kcllo(j<j) to Alaska. Closely allied to the northeastern T. (Janadcnsis, but a
larger tree, with finer and straigliter grained wood and redder bark, principally distinguished by
the more elongated scales of the cone and the proportionately much longer and straigliter win^s
of the seeds ; in tho eastern species the scales are almost as wide as they are long and the seeds
larger, but the wings, very broad at base and almost triangular, are only \ or i\ longer than the
seed. Another character taken fnnn the leaf-structure, tlu; jiresence of hyjioiierm cells on the
edges, midrib and keel of the leaf, is not reliable, as these cells arc occasionally found in leaves of
T. Canadensis, though usually absent.

* * Leaves viosthj convex or keeled above, acutish, stomatose both sides: -pollen-
grains bilobed: cones laryer. — IIesperopeuce.

2. T. Pattoniana. A tall strictly pyramidal tree (100 to 150 feet high and 2
to rarely 4 feet through, in high altitudes only a shrub), of graceful habit, M'itli
slender pubescent branchlets and light green foliage : bark thick, much cracked and
apt to scale off, reddish gray : leaves G to 12 lines long, angular, acutish, attenuate
at ba.se, often curved : male flowers about 2 lines wide, on a very slender stipe : cones
cylindrical oblong, 2 or 3 inches long : seeds 2^ lines in length, tlie M'ing not twice
as long (about 4 lines), obliijuely obovate, widest above. — Abies Pattonii or Pat-
ioniana, JellVey. A. Ilookeriana, Murray. A. Williamsonii, Newberry, Pacif. K.
Pep. vi. 53, t. 7. Pinus Pattoniana, Parlat.

In the highest timber regions of the Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from
Ebbett's Pass at the head of the .San Joaquin lUver northward, ami through the Cascade Moun-
tains, near Crescent City descending to near the coast (Lrcwcr). At the tinibcr-liiie its jiropor-
tions are much stinted. Though dili'ering in the shape of the leaves, the disposition of the sto-
niata, and especially in the form of the pollen-grains, which resemble those of the true ])ines, yet
I cannot sejiaiate this species from Tsiujn, with which the single resin-duct of the leaves, the
form of the male (lowers, and the glands of the seed unite it.

10. PICEA, Link. Spruce.

Male flowers axillary or sometimes terminal on last year's branchlets, with an
oblong or cylindrical stamineal column, its short stipe surrounded by numerous bud-
scales ; tho commissure of the anthers expanding into a broad nearly circular erect
crest ; cells opening longitudinally : pollen-grains as in Abies^ (.045 to .OGO line long).
Female aments at the end of short or longer branchlets, the scales much larger than
the bracts. Cones maturing in the first year, pendulous : scales and enclosed bracts
persistent on the axis. Seeds without resin-vesicles, imbedded in the membrana-
ceous base of the wing, which leaves their under side nearly free and permits them to
drop o\it. Cotyledons 4 to 8. — Stately trees of j>yrajnidal form and slower growth,
with white .soft close tough highly valued timber; leaves keeled above and beneath,
more or less (juadrangular or (in our spec-ies) flattened, articidated on a prominent
at last ligneous and per.sistent rhombic base, spirally arranged all around the branch-
lets or (by a twist of tho base) somewhat 2-ranked, tho stomata usually more on the
upper than on the lower surface, or, on the flat leaves, often only on the upper side
(which is then apt to be turned downward) ; resin-ducts irregular, 1 or 2 lateral
ones close to the epidermis of the lower side or none. — Abies, Tourn., in part ; DC,
in part ; Pinus, Linn., in part. Pinus, sect. Ficea, Endl. ; Parlat. Abies, Don.

An important genus of about a do7.en species, peculiar to mountainous and northern regions, of
which 2 belong to Europe, 5 to Asia, and 5 to America ; of the latter 2 arc northeastern and 3
are western sjiecies.

122 CONIFER.E. Picea.

1. P. SitchensiS, Can-. A tall strictly pyramidal tree (150 to 200 feet high
and 6 to y feet in diameter), \vitli thin scaly red-brown bark ; branchlets thick and
rigid, rough witli the very prominent persistent leaf-bases, glabrous : leaves 5 to 8
lines long and a line wide or less, flattened, short-pointed (rarely obtuse or very
acute), stomatose (and the young leaves white) only on the upi)er surface or very
slightly so on the lower : cones cylintlrical-oval, 1^ to 2.^ or rarely 3 inches long, an
inch thick or less, pale yellowish, the conspicuous lanceolate rigid bracts J or ^ the
length of the oblong rounded denticulate scales : seeds slender, 1 1 to H lines long,
the wing 2^ to 3 times longer (-1 to ih lines long by 1| wide), narrowly oblong,
oidy slightly obli(pie : cotyleilons 4 to 6. — Conif. 200. Pinus /Sitcheiisis, Uow^.
Veg. Sitch. id. Abies, Lindl. & (Jord. Pinus Mtnzicsii, Dougl. ; Lamb. Pin. 2 ed.
t. 89. Abies Menziesii, Lindl. in Penny Cyc. i. 32; Loud. Arbor, iv. 2321, lig. ;
^^itt. Sylva, t. IIG; :Newberry, Pacif. li. Kep. vi. 50, t. U.

Peculiar to the noitliern rucilic coast, mostly iu wet sandy soil and near tie nioutlis of streams,
from Mendocino and Crescent City noithwaid to Alaska ; liow far inland or how liigh above the
ocean it may be A)und is at present unknown. This is ^nobably tiie tallest spruce known, an
excellent timbei-tree, probably the best in Oregon, but too rare in California to be of much im-
portance tliere. Tlie older specific name, Silchcnsis, nmst be substituted for the more generally
used Menziesii, which represents absolutely the same species. The IJocky Mountain S})ruce,
which has heretofore been known under the same name of il/tHJie«'i, is P. yuiigcHS, Engelm., with
more pungent ami less flattened leaves, longer cylindrical cones, undulate retuse scales, and
minute bracts, and with larger broadly winged seeds. — In Strawberry Valley and other valleys
and slopes about Mount Shasta, at an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet, a y)eculiar sjiruce occurs of
which at present we know nothing but that its lower branches are very long, slender and pendu-
lous, and the leaves much narrower than those of P. Sikhcnsis, 7 to 0 lines long and two thirds
of a line wide, quite obtuse, strongly keeleil ami stomatose on the upper side and without sto-
mata beneath ; cones unknown. The name of Picca jjaidnla suggests itself for this form, if in-
deed it should not prove to be a mountain variety of )■". Sitclicusis.

11. PINUS, Tourn. ; Link. Pine.

Staminate flowers an oblong or cylindrical often mucli elongated stamineal column
surrounded by a somewhat definite number (3 to 18) of caly.\-like bud-scales, the
outer ones lateral and strongly keeled, from the axils of scales and crowded into a
capitate or spicate inllorescence around the base of the same spring's shoots : anther-
cells opening longitudinally, the connective terminating in a mere knob or short
dentate or usually larger semicircular erect crest : pollen-grains bilobed with 2 air-
sacs, smaller than in Abies and Picea (.02 to .03 line long). Female aments also
in the axils of bud-scales, higher up on the growing axis, either next to the ter-
minal bud (subterminal) or on the side with leaves and sometimes other aments
above them (lateral), solitary or several together ; scales much larger than the bracts.
Cones maturing in the second year, spreading or reflexed (very rarely erect), and
subterminal (so called even in case of the elongation of the axis in the second year)
or lateral ; bracts thickened and corky and assisting in the formation of cells for the
seeds under them ; scales more or less thickened and corky, upon the free exposed
surface {apophysis) bearing a terminal or dorsal unarmed or prickly protuberance
{umbo). Seeds without resin-vesicles, usually surrounded by the rim-like base of
the (.sometimes veiy short) wing, which often spreads partly over the outer side of the
seed. Cotyledons normally 5 to 15. — Trees of very various size and aspect, usually
not as large as in the preceding genera, nor often of the same pyramidal growth ; wood
soft or hard, often very resinous, of surpassing importance for man's uses : primary
leaves (only on seedlings and young shoots) flat, subulate and serrulate, the secondary
in bundles of 1 to 5, from the axils of bud-scales and surrounded at base by a more

Pinus. CONIFERS. 123

or less persistent sheath of membranous scales, needle-shaped, terete or semiterete or
triangular according as the fascicles are of 1, 2, or more, mostly delicately serrulate,
■with stomata on all sides or rarely only on the upper inner sides; resin-ducts periph-
eral (close to the epidermis) or parenchymatous (within the cellular tissue) or
internal (close to the cellular sheath surrounding the pith and vascular bundles),
varying in number in the same species ; strengthening cells (thick-walled longitudi-
nal hypodenn cells) distributed under the epidermis, especially at the angles and
keel, and often around the ducts, very rarely absent : spcds becoming detached from
the wing at maturity, or rarely remaining adherent and at last breaking oil'. —
Finns, Linn., Endlicher, Parlatore, in part.

Tlie Ifirpost and, f5colos;i("ally, the oldost conilerons genus, of 60 or 70 recent species, of wliicli
24 belon" to the Old World and nearly twice as many to the New. About h' species are Mexi-
can and West Indian, 11 belong to the Atlantic States, and 15 to the Uocky Mountains and the
Pacilic slope.

§ 1. Apoplnjsis generally thinner, with a terminal unarmed umbo: anthers
terminating in a knob or a few teeth or in a short incomplete crest : leaves
in fives, with peripheral ducts (in our species), their sheaths loose and decid-
rious : cones snbterminal. — Strobus.
* Wings longer than the seeds : leaves serrulate and (at least when young) den-
ticulate at the blunt tip: female aments long-peduncled, erect: cones pendulous
in the second year.

1. P. monticola, Dougl. A tree 60 to 80 feet high and sometimes 3 feet in
diameter, witli suiootiiish pale bark splitting into sipiare plates; leaves mostly 2
(occasionally 4) inches long, with 2 to 6 lines of stomata on the sides, rarely any on
the back; teetli very small and distant: male flowers oval, surrounded by 8 invo-
lucral scales ; anthers knobbed or short-crested : cones cylindrical, slender, 5 to 8
inches long, yellowish brown : seeds pale, 3 to 3^ inches long ; wings twice as long,
Avidcst in the middle, 2)ointcd : cotyledons 6 to 9. — Lamb. Pin. 2 ed. iii. t. 67;
Loud. Arbor, iv. 2291, tig.; Parlat. in DC. Prodr. xvi^. 405.

On the higher Sierra Nevada, from 7,000 or 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from the Calaveras
and Mount Raymond northward ; common in the Shasta region and on the Trinity Mountains,
and extending to On-gon and Washington Territory. It is the western representative of the
nortlieastcrn White Pine, from which it may be re:idily distinguished by the larger cones and
stiller and much less serrulate leaves, in which strengthening cells underlie almost tlie whole
epidermis (but do not surround the ducts), while they are absent in tlie softer leaves of P. Strobus.
The wood is said to be white and soft, as in the White Pine.

2. P. Lambertiana, Dougl. A tree of gigantic dimensions, 150 to 300 feet
high and 10 to 20 feet in diameter, with light-brown smoothish bark splitting in
small sections : leaves 3.^ to 4 inches long, rigid, with 5 or 6 lines of stomata on
each of the 3 sides: male flowers oval, half an inch long, with 10 to 15 involucral
scales; anthers denticulate-crested : cones cylindrical, bright brown, 12 to 18 inches
long and 3 or 4 inches wide, on peduncles 3 inches in length : seeds smooth, black,
6 lines long ; wing not quite twice as long, widest below the middle, obtuse : coty-
ledons 13 to 15. — Linn. Trans, xv. 500; Lamb. 1. c, t. 68, 69; Loud. Arbor, iv.
2288, fig.; Nutt. Sylva, iii. 122, t. 114; Newberry, Pacif. K. Kep. vi. 42, tig. 14 ;
Parlat. 1. c. 406.

Throughout the State and northward to the Columbia IJiver, on both slopes of the Sierra
Nevada, in a forest belt with P. pom/n-osa and /iln'rs coucnhr at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 or
sometimes 7,000 or 8,000 feet ; in the (,'oast Ranges only on the liighest points, from the Santa
Lucia Mountains to Humboldt County. Leaves stouter than in its allies, with a layer of
strengtliening cells under the whole epidermis and around the ducts. The wood is lilie that of
tho White Pine nnd similarly used. The exudation from the jmrtinlly burned tree loses its
resinous ipialities and ncipiires a sweetness similar to tliat of sugar or manna, for which it is some-
times uscil, wlicnce the name of " Sugar Pine."

224 CONIFER.E. Pinus.

* * Wings of the large seeds narrow : leaves entire or nearly so : cones subses-

sile, sj)7'eadlng or declined.

3. P. flexilis, James. A tree about GO feet liigh and 3 to 5 feet thick, with
furrowed gray Itark: leaves IJ to 2 iuelies loiij;, rarely luore, with few rows of sto-
mata on the sides and usually "very few on the back : male flowers in a short spike,
oval, 6 or 7 lines lonj,', with 8 or*9 involucral scales; anthers tipped by a spur or
sometimes an incomplete crest : cones oval to snbcylindric, 3 to 5 inches long, light
brown, with somewhat squarrose scales : seeds oval, compressed, 4 to 6 lines long,
the inconspicuous wing less than a line wide, usually remaining attached to tho
scale: cotyledons 6 to 9. — Long's Exp. ii. 27 and 35; Nutt. 1. c, t. 112 (very
poor) ; Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 208, and Wheeler's IJep. vi. 257 ; Tarlat.
1. c. 403.

Var. albicaulis. A tree of 40 or 50 feet in height, on the highest elevations
low and shrubl^y, with very pale bark : cones oval or sul)globose, U to 3 inches long
and U to 2:1 thick, i)urple-brown ; scales much thicker and somewhat pointed. —
P. albicaidis, Engelm. 1. c. 209. P. cembroides, Newberry, 1. c. 44, iig. 15. P.
Shasta, Carr. Conif. 2 ed. 390.

The species has been found in Cahfovnia only on INfount Silliman (Brewer) with the variety,
and on the Inyo Llountains {Huffman), and thence eastward on the mountains of Nevada and
Arizona to tlie Rocky Mountains, wliere it is coninion from New Mexico to Montana. The
variety occurs on all the aljiine peaks of the Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass to Mount Shasta and
Scott Mountains, and northward to British Columhia. and also in Montana. More closely re-
sembling P. Ccmbra of the Old World than our White i'ines, but distinguished by the ieaf-
strncture, which in P. Ccmhra shows parenchymatous ducts in the serrulate leaves. The
peripheral ducts in our species are destitute of strengthening cells. P. alhicaulis is probably
onli' an alpine form, occupying a higher belt on the mountains, and marked by its short thick
and thick-scaled cones. Tlie large seeds are used for food by the Indians.

§ 2. Apophysis with a mncronate or {very rarely) blunt protuberance on the back :
anthers terminating in a semi-orbicular or almost orbicular crest, exccjtt in
the first three species. — Pinastku.

* Resin-ducts ^)er//j7iemZ.- leaves with entire margins and loose deciduous

slicatlis.

-H- Leaves 1 to 5: cones ovate-subglobose, with few very protuberant scales : seeds
large, almost xvingless.

4. P. monophylla, Torr. & Frem. A small tree, 20 or 25 feet high, with
irregularly spreading branches and pale fissured or flaky bark: leaves rigid, spiny-
tipped, solitary and terete or rarely in pairs and semiterete, 1^ to 2j (mostly U)
inches long, the sheaths 4 or 5 lines long : male flowers oval, with 0 involucral
bracts; anthers terminating in a knob or a few teeth : cones U to 2i inches long
and nearly as thick: seeds oval, 6 to 10 lines long, thick-shelled, yellowish brown
and mottled: cotyledons 7 to 10. — Fremont's Kep. 319, t. 4; Parlat. 1. c. 378;
Engelm. Wheeler's Pep. vi. 259. P. Fremontiana, Endl. Conif. 183, in part.

In the Coast Ranges only about Fort Tejon, and from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada
through Nevada and Arizona to S. Utah,'fre(pn'nt in the mountains and often in the most arid
localiHes ; well known as the "Nut Pine," and the seeds invaluable to the Indians as an article,
of food. It was long considered probable that the terete leaf was in reality a connate pair, but
the structure shows a singh; bundle of vessels and therefore a single leaf. The ducts, always
peripheral, vary greatly in number, from 2 or 3 to 1'2 or 14.

5. P. Parryana, iMigelm. A .small tree, 20 or 30 feet high and 10 to 18 inches in
diameter, with a round top : leaves 3 to 5 (mostly 4) in the sheath, 1| to U inches
long : male flowers oval, with 4 involucral bracts in the axil of broadly oval acute
bracts: cones subglobose, 1 .V to 2 inches thick, with strongly elevated knobs: seeds
oval, 5 to 8 lines long, with a thin light-brown mottled shell : cotyledons 8. —
Amer. Jonrn. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv. 332, note ; l»arlat. 1. c. 402. P. Llaveana, Torr. Lot.
Mex. Bound. 208, t. 53.

Pinus. CONIFER.E. 125

Thus far found but onco, by Dr. C. C. Parry, 40 miles southeast of San Diego, just across the
boundary line, at an aitituile of 2,000 or 3,000 feet. One of the four nut jiines, and distinguisliod
from the last priueipally by the number of leaves in a sheath.

-J— -t- Leaves in Jives: cones ovate to suhci/lindrical, with munerous scales: seeds
small, xcinged.

0. P. Balfouriana, JcllVcy. A luediuin-sizcd tree, seldom over 50 feet liigli
and sometimes 5 I'eet in diameter, of regular pyramidal growth : bark red-ljrown,
deeply fissured : leaves 1 to 1} inches long, rigid, curved, crowded and appressed to
the stem and p(>rsistent for 10 or 15 years : male (lowers oval, a half-inch long, with
4 iiivolucral bracts ; anthers with a sliort irregularly ilenticulate crest : cones pendu-
lous from the slender branchlets, subcylindrical, 3| to 4 or rarely 5 inches long,
dark purple ; apophyses thick, with short deciiluous ])rickles : seeds pale, mottled,
3^ to 4 lines long; wing 6 to 10 lines long, widest about the middle : cotyledons 5.
— Gordon, Pin. 2 17.

Yar. aristata. Tree 50 to sometimes 100 feet high: anthers with scarcely a
knob : cones ovate, with thinner scales, and with shorter recurved or sjender awn-
like prickles : seeds smaller, 3;^ lines long, the wings 3^ to 5 lines long : cotyledons
0 or 7. — P. aristata, Engelm. 1. c. 331, and Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 205, t. 5, G ;
Parlat. 1. c. 400.

Alpine, on mountains near Mount Shasta {Jeffrey) ; on the flanks of Scott Jlountains, form-
ing a dark green belt from 5,000 to 8,000 feet altitude between the lighter colored P. monlicola
below and /'. flexilis, var. atbiraitlis, above it {Lcmmon) ; on the head-waters of King and Kern
Kivers {Prerccr, Stegman), and on Mount Whitney, Rothrock. The variety, with recurved
prickles, on the Inyo Mountains {Slrgman) and thence sparsely scattered on the higher moun-
tains through Nevada, Northern Arizona and Southern Utah ; the form with awned scales in
Colorado. Mr. Lenimon describes the bark as reddish brown ; the Colorado form has reddish
gray bark. The reddish wood is of extremely slow growth, hard and tough. Hypoderm cells
surround the leaf and also the ducts, distinguishing the leaves from tliose of P. flexilis.

* * Resin-ducts j^cLrenchymatons : leaves serrulate, with stomataiqion all sides;
sheaths j^ersisfent.

-f— Cones suhterminal.

++ Leaves in fives.

7. P. Torreyana, Parry. A small tree, 20 or 30 feet high and 12 to 15 inches
in dianjeter : leaves crowded at the ends of the thick l)ranchlefs in the axils of
lanceolate strongly fringed bracts, very stout, 8 to 11 inches long; young sheaths
15 to 18 lines long, old ones 6 lines long : cones ovate, 4 to 4| inclics long by 3^
thick, patulous or deilexed on peduncles an inch long ; umbo short and stout or
sometimes elongated and inflexed : seeds oval, 8 to 10 lines long, twice as long as
the wing, which encloses the seed Avith a thick rim: cotylodotis 13 or 14. — Bot.
^lex. Bound. 210, t. 58, 59. P. lophosperma, Lindl. in Card. Chron. 18G0, 46;
Parlat. 1. c. 391.

On the coast of Southern California, from Snn Diego to San Pedro, buffeted by the sea winds
and generally crooked and nmch defaced. The leaves are perhaps the stoutest of any known
pine ; seeds large and edible.

++ ++ Leaves in threes.

8. P. ponderosa, Dougl. One of the largest pines known (200 to 300 feet
high and 12 to 15 feet in diameter), with very thick red-brown bark, deeply fur-
rowed and split in large plates : leaves on stout branchlets in the axils of strongly
fringed somewhat jiersistent bracts, 5 to 9 or even 1 1 inches long ; the thin sheaths
at first 9 or 10 (later 3) lines long : male flowers cylindric, flexuous, H to 2 inches
long, crowded into a short head ; involucre of 10 or 12 bracts ; anthers with a large
semicircular scarcely dentate crest : cones oval, 3 or 4 (rarely 5) inches long, 1^ to 2
inches thick, of a rich l)rown color, sessile or sub<?essilp, spreading or slightly re-
curved, often 3 to 5 together; timbo high, with a stout straight or incurved prickle :

126

CONIFER.E. Piinis.

seeds dark brown, 4 lines loni,' ; winj^ 10 to 12 lines lonfj, widest above the middle :
cotyledons G to 9. — L(nid. Arbor, iv. 2l»4;5 ; ^^ewlH■^ry, 1. c. 30, t. 4; Parlat. 1. c.
395 ; Kngehn. Wheeler's b'ep. vi. LMil. P. JkidltamiaiM, llartw. Journ. llort. Soc.
ii. 189. 1\ JU'itnlsli'!/t iwA Craujaim, I^Iurr. Kdinb. iNew Thil. Journ. i. 28G.

Var. Jeffrey!. A tree 100 to 200 i'eet liigli, with a more rounded top, more
finely cleft and darker bark, and paler leaves 4 to 9 inches lony : male llowers 1 \
inches long: cones larger, 5 to 12 inches long, lighter brown, on short peduncles,
fewer in a cluster, with thinner apophyses, and slender prickles hooked backward :
seeds 4 to 7 lines long ; wings 12 or 13 lines hing : cotyledons 7 to 1 1. — P. Jtffreiji,
Murr. 1. c. xi. 224, t. 8, 9 ; Parlat. 1. c. 393.

Var. scopulorum. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) : leaves 3 to 6 inches
long, often m pairs : male flowers an inch long : c(Uies smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4)
inches long, grayish brown, with stout prickles : seeds 2i to 3^ lines long, the wings
9 to 12 lines : cotyledons G to 9. — P. ponJerosa of the'jtocky Mountain Horas.

Tlie widest spread western piuc ; the oiigiiial fuiiii in Calitoniia and Oregon, at low and liigh
altitudes ami even in tlie plains, often associated witli /'. Lambert iana am\ Abies concolor ; the
var. Jeffroji usuallv on mountains above f),000 feet altitude, especially on the eastern slope of the
Sien-a Nevada, where it is apt to grow in the most aiid localities, ranging nito Oiegon. The
third form is found throughout the Kocky Mountains. A magnifieent tree, known throughout
the west as the "Yellow I'me," and wing with the Sugar Pine and Sefjuoias, with very thick
bark (in large trees 3 or 4 inches thick) and unusually thick sai)-wood, wliich slu.ws ]0(J to 200
annual rings before it becomes heart-wood. The latter is yellow, heavy and very icsiuous. The
var. JetFrcyi lias often been considered distinct, but connecting foinis are not rare ; one of these
is P. ilejlexa, Torr. Hot. Me.\. Hound. 2i.\[), i. f-C. The rows of stomata are olteii, but by no
means always, more distant in var. Jeffrci/i than in the tvi^ical form. The leav.s persist about
three years and are therefore always found brush-like at the end of the branchlets, e.xccpt in
vouii" shoots. The i.arenchvmatous duets (2 or 3 or more) of all the forms are generally very
small" and are always surrounded with .some (often many) strengthening cells, which are also
found within the shVath. P. Jqlrcyi is one of several si.ecics (/'. BaJfourinnn, P ^furrn!/mta,
Abies Pattoniana, etc.) which were collected by Mr. Jeffrey, and described by Prof. Balfour
anonymously (with iigures by Greville) in what is sometimes cited as the " Keport ol the Oregon
Committee." The authority for the specific names is given variously by dillereiit aiitliors ; lor-
tuuately most of them may be referred to other species.

++++++ Leaves in jxiirs.
9. P. COntorta, Dougl. A low tree, 5 to 15 or rarrly 20 to 25 feet high and
G inches in diameter, with a rounded or depressed t<.p aiul thin smoothish bark:
leaves 1 to 1'; inches long by half a line wide, strongly an.l closely serrulate ; bracts
scarcely fringed : male flowers cylindrical, ^ inch long, in a spike 1 or 2 inches in
length"; the outer jiair of the 6 involucral bracts nearly as long as the inner ones;
anthers with semicircular crests : cones clustered, oval or subcylindric, very obli.pie,
with strong knol)3 and delicate prickles, or rarely almost without knobs, very otten
serotinous" (remaining closed for several or many ycar.s) : seeds black, grooved, 2
lines long ; wings G lines long, widest above the base, tapering upward : cotylclons
5, rarely"4. — I^oud. Arbor, ii. 2292, and Encyc. 975, lig. 915. F. inops, ]]ong.
Veg. Sitch. 45 ; Honk. Fl. P,or.-Am. ii. 101. P. Bolainln-i, Parlat. 1. c. 379.

Var. Murrayana. Much taller and straighter, 80 to 120 feet high and 4 to G
feet in diameter, with a conical head and thin scaly light grayishhrown bark :
leaves 1 to 3 (mostly abont 2) inches long, f to 1 line wide, light green, delicately
serrulate; sheaths 4 to 0 lines long, or old ones 1 to 1 J : male flowers with 0 to 8
involucral bracts: cones very randy lateral, less obliipie, often oi)ening at maturity
and deciduous: wings of seeds longer. — 7\ cnntorta, Newberry, 1. c. 34, t. 5, and
of the Califoriiian botanists; Parlat. 1. c. 381, in part. P. h>nps, Penth. PI. Ilartw.
337. P. Murmyana, Murr. 1. c. 220. P. cnntorta, var. lalifolia, Engelm. m Pot.
King E.\-p. 331,' Porter's El. Colorado, 129, and Wheeler's Pep. vi. 202.

Tlie original Douglasian P. conlorta, which came from the mouth of tlu^ Co1und)ia Kiver, is a
small narrow-leaved "tree of the wet sandy coast of the Pacific from Mendocino to Alaska, a dis-
tance of perhaps l,r)00 miles. Its narrow leaves, persistent and long-clo.sed very oblupie cones,
which cover the tree so that sometimes scarcely any foliage remains visible, well characterize it.

Pinus. CONIFER.E. 227

Tlio vnrk'ty is a common tree on tlie higher Sio-rra Nevada to an altitude of 8,000 or 9,000 feet,
('xtcndinj^ into Oregon and in the Uot^ky Mountains southwaril to Colorado and Utah. In the
Sierra Nevada the cones are more deciduous, but in Colorado they are as |)ersistent as on the
coast. JellVcy's specimens on wliich F. Marraijnna was based came fiom tlie liigli Sierras and
are undoubtedly P. conloria, while P. mnricala, with wliich they have been confounded, never
occurs far from tlie sea and is otlierwise very distinct.

P. MURICATA may be looked for here, as a form of it is found that seems to have sometimes
terminal cones.

-»- -I- Cones lateral.

++ Leaves in threes.

10. P. Sabiniana, iJougl. An opou-branched round-topped tree, with rough
ash-gray hark, sK-ndcr glaucous branchlets and sparse foliage : leaves drooping, slen-
der, liglit-grcen or glaucous, 8 to 12 inches long and half a line w'mXc, their sheaths
an inch long, or later but half that length ; bracts deciduous : male llowers oblong,
about 10 lines long, in an elongated sjiike ; involucral bracts 10 to 15, the exterior
pair minute ; crest of anthers semi-orbicular: female anient on a jwduncle 1| inches
long: cone short-oval, acutisli, massive, 6 to 10 inches long by 4 to G in diameter,
dec'p mahogany-brown, persistent, with stout projecting apophyses and robust some-
what incurved points : seeds subcylindric, 9 to 12 lines long, dark; wing scarcely
half as long, with broad rim : cotyledons 15 or 16. — Lamb. Pin. 1 ed. 146; JSTutt.
Sylva, iii, t. 113; Newberry, I. c. 39, lig. 13 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 57.

Abunilant, but scattered or in small groves, over the dry and hot hills of the Coast Ranges, in
the Sacramento Valley, and on the foothills of the Siena Nevada through the whole length of the
State, not over 4,000 feet above the sea, and occasionally on their eastern slope (Owen's Valley,
Rothrock). One of the " Nut Pines," and most important to the Indians, in appearance very dif-
ferent from all other pines.

11. P. Coulteri, Don. A tree 1 or 2 feet in diameter, with very thick rough
and almost black bark : leaves crowded at tlie ends of the thick branchlets, stiif,
erect, 6 or 8 to 10 or 11 inches long and | line wide; young sheaths 1^ inches
long, a half-inch when old; bracts much fringed: male flowers cylindric, 18 to 20
lines long, surrounded by 8 or 10 bracts, the outer lialf as long as the inner ; anthers
crested : cones shortly peduncled, long-oval, pointed, 10 to 14 inches long and 4 or
5 thick, yellowish-brown, jiersistent many years ; scales with a broad elongated
apophysis and a very stout long incurved point (sometimes 2 inches long) : seeds
oval, slightly ridged, black, G to 8 lines long ; wing 10 to 15 lines long : cotyledons
11 to 14. — Linn. Trans, xvii. 440; Parlat. 1. c, 392. P. macrocarpa, Linill. Bot.
Iveg. xxvi. misc. 61.

In the Coast Ranges, at moderate elevations, from Monte Diablo to the southern border of the
State. Wood brittle. Similar to tlie last species, but readily recognized by the thicker and
stiifer liranchlets and leaves. The cones are sometimes shorter and thicker than usual, with very
short spurs, and may then be mistaken for those of P. Sabiniana, but the seeds and wings (or
their iin|)ressions on the scales) will always tlistinguish them.

12. P. insignis, Dougl. A tree 80 to 100 feet liigh and 2 or 3 feet in diameter,
with thick mucli-lissured bark : leaves 4 to 5 or rarely 6 inches long, slender (only
lialf a lino wide), very closely serrate, bright green, their bracts not fringed : male
flowers oblong, half an inch long, in a spike 1 to U inches in length, and surrounded
by 10 involucral bracts ; anthers small, crested : cones shortly peduncled, in clusters,
dellexed, very obliquely short-oval, jiointed, 3 to b\ inches long and 2 or 3 thick,
deep chestnut-brown, very persistent and often remaining closed for many years ;
scales on the outer side and especially toward the base enlarged, very thick and
hemis[iherical, rarely flat, on the inner side flat and much smaller ; all at last nearly
unarmed: seeds grooved and tuberculated, black, 3 or 4 lines long; wing 8 to 10
lines long, widest above the middle: cotyledons 5 to 7. — Loud. Arbor, iv. 2243,
fig. 2132-7 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 55 (poor). P. Californiana, Lois, in Nouv.
Duham. v. 243? P. adunca, Bosc ; Toir. in Lam. Diet. Suppl. iv. 418? P. radiata

12^

CONIFEILK. Pinus.

and P. tuherculata, Don, Linn. Trans, xvii. 441 (also earlier names, but only based
one on larger and the otlier on slenderer cones).

A tree peculiar to tlu' sva-ooast from Pescailero, south of San Fiancisco, to Monterey and San
Simeon Bay, and known as tiie "iMonteruy Pine." Much interest attaclu-s to the species, not only
on account of its vapi.l growth and beautifully fresh green foliage, which make, it ornamental in
cultivation, but also beeause it is probably the old P. Califuvniaaa, which has never been iden-
tified but was saiil to have come from Monterey and to resemble in its cones the Mediterranean
P. Pinaster and in its large seeds P. Ccmbra, such as we do not tind near that town. P. Sin-
ciairii, Hook, k Arn., Bot. Beech. 392, t. 93, is a factitious species founded upon a cone of P.
MoaffZHincv {h-i>u\ Tepic) and the foliage of P. insi,jnis, while P. radiala of the .same authors,
1. c. 392 and 443, is made up of the foliage of the lormer species and cone of the latter, as is
jiroven by the specimens in Herb. Kew. A variety, binata, has l)een collected by Dr. I'almer on
Guadalupe Island, with tint normal cones of i'. insiijnis but the leaves in pairs.

13. P. tuberculata, Cordon. A small tree, 3 to 20 or exceptionally 30 to 40
feet higli, h to 1 loot ill tliametcr, with a loosely branched conical top and tliin lighl-
l)ro\vn'i-oiigliish bark : leaves 3 or usually 4 to 7 inches long, I to I lino wide, slightly
and distantly serrulate ; sheaths at lirst'C) lines long ; bracts slightly fringed : male
llowers in an elongated spike, cylindrical, 7 to i) lines long, with G involucral bracts,
the outer not much shorter than the inner ones ; anthers crested : cones in verticils
of 2 to 4, several of which often form on the same year's shoot, pale leather-brown,
at last silver-gray, persisting for many years often without opening, peduncled,
strongly rellexed, 3 to 5 inches long by 1^ to 2 inches thick, conic-cylindrical,
pointed, very oblicpie at base ; outer scales much enlarged conically, angular, the
inner Hat, all with sharp prickles : seeds black, grooved, 3 lines long ; wing 7 or 8
lines long, widest at or above the middle: cotyledons 5 to 8. — Tin. 211 ; Parlat.
1. c. 394.'^ P. CaUfornica, Ilartw. Journ. Ilort. Soc. ii. 18'J.

On the Coast Eana'es from San Bernardino and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the Shasta re-
crion, and here and tliere on the foothills of the Siena Nevada (Forest Hill, between the loiks ot
the American River, at 2,500 feet altitude, Bolundcr). This Californiaii Scrub Pme is a small
and unsi'ditly tree or bush, which on the east side of Mount Shasta is found tuU ot cones when
only 2 oi°3 feet hi'di {Brewer). The name /'. tahereuUita, originally given to a lonn of the last
species, was transferred to this after Jeffrey's discoveries in lSr.2, and having been so used invaria-
bly since should still be retained, inasmuch as Hartwcg's name ol ( \ilijnr,ncu, though much o der,
was applied only through a mistaken identification of the species with Loisclcurs idant above
mentioned, and must therefore be dropped.

++ ++ Leaves ill pairs.
14. P. muricata, Don, 1. c. A middle-sized tree, 25 to 50 or rarely 80 to 120 feet
high,'m()stly slender (1 or 2 or ran^y 3 feet thick), with reddish-brown roughish
ba°k'and a patulous top : leaves rigid, 4 to G inches long, I to 1 line broad, strongly
serrulate ; bracts lightly fringed, subpersistent ; sheaths U lines long, at length re-
duced to 1 line : male ilowers oval, 6 to 8 lines long, in spikes an inch long ; invo-
lucre half as long as the Howers, of 6 or 8 bracts, the outer as long as the inner :
cones sessile, sjireading or more or less recurved, in chusters of 4 to 7, often remain-
ing closed and long-persistent, ovate and very oblitjue, chestnut-brown, 2 to 'i\
(usually 3) inches long and 1^ to 2 inches thick; i)rickles short and stout or (in the
southern form) making long straightish or incurved spurs on the outside : seeds 3
lines long, grooved and rough, black ; wing G to 8 lines long, widest above the
middle : cotyledons 4 or 5. — Torr. 1. c, t. 54. /'. I'JdjnrUuui, llartw. 1. c. iii. 217.
Only near the coast, where it is exposed to the sea win<ls and fogs, to an altitude of 2,000 feet,
from Mendocino, where it grows tallest (in peat-bogs), to Tomales I'oint (in the most sterile soil)
Monterey and San Luis Obispo, hi many respects similar to the last, but iva.lily di.slinguished
by the leaves being in pair.s and by the short thick cones. The si.eeiniens collected at Tomales
Yomt {Brewer, Bulandcr) hsiVe suijterminal cones, but .seem to dilfcr m no other respect. Ihe
cones are said to persist over 30 years.

Amiclmris. IIYDROCIIAIUDACE/E. 129

Class II. INIONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with the woody fibres scattered irregularly, not forming a separate zone
of annual woody layers between the bark and pith. Embryo with one cotyledon.
Leaves mostly parallel-veined, alternate, entire, and sheathing at base. Floral
whorls usually in threes.

ORDER CIV. HYDROCHARlDACEiE].

A(iuatic herbs, with dia-cious or polygamous flowers in membranous spathes ;

regular G-parted i)eriantli, in two series (calyx and corolla), more or less tubular at

base; stamens 3 to 12 ; ovary inferior, 1 -several-celled, with ascending ovules on

parietal placent;ii ; fruit indehiscent ; and send without albumen. — Distinguished

from the JVaiadacece and allied orders mainly by the inferior ovary. Perianth more

or less tubular at base. Staminate flowers usually several and pedicelled : stamens

distinct or united, the 2-celled anthers mostly introrse. Pistillate flowers usually

solitary : style single : stigmas 3 to G, more or less deeply bifi<l. Fruit submerged,

a utricle or berry, usiially many-seeded. Mostly perennials, with radical or in our

species opposite or whorled leaves.

A widely distributed order, of a dozen genera and perhaps 30 species, very sparhigly repre-
sented in Nortli America, and especially so on the western coast.

1. ANACHARIS, Richard. Wateh-wf.ed.
Flowers polygamo-direcious, solitary and sessile in an axillary sessile tubular
2-cleft spathe. Perianth small, in the sterile flowers with 3 scarcely united greenish
sepals and as many narrower petals ; in the pistillate flowers with a greatly elon-
gated filiform tube and a G-jjartcd spreading limb. Stamens 3 to 9, Avith short
filaments united at base ; anthers oval, or in the pistillate flowers oblong or want-
ing. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentiP, few-ovuled. Style coherent with
the perianth-tube : stigmas 3, bilid or emarginate. Fruit a subglobose utricle. —
Slender perennials, with elongated leafy branching stems, and numerous opposite or
whorled sessile thin 1-nerved leaves; two or three temperate or tropical species.

1. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Stems very slender and brittle, 1 to 4 feet
long, terete, rooting at the nodes : leaves dark green and ])L'llucid, in threes or fours,
or tlie lower opposite, linear- or lanceolatc-o])long, 3 to G lines long, acute, minutely
serrulate, sessile : tube of the perianth in the pistillate flowers 2 to 8 inches long;
limb 1^ to 2 lines in diameter, greenish-purple; sepals concave; petals recurved:
stigmas long, terete, emarginate: utricle included within tlie small membranous
s[)athe, nearly a line in diameter, 4 - G-seeded. — Ann. S: ^hxis.. Xat. Hist. 2 ser.
i. 8G. Elodra CamuJenxh, Michx. ; Caspary, Ilydrill. 83 <^ 123. rihmt, Xutt.

In Mendocino County ( fVr.w/) ; Oregon (//i//, Hnurll) \ common in the Atlantic States, in
ponds and slow streams, and naturalized extensively in Europe. The staminate Howcin, which
liavo rarely heeii noticeil, are desciihed ns l)ref\'<iug from the stem and discharging their iwllen
upon the surface of the water, to which the ])istil!ntc arc raised by the elongated perianth-tulx?.

j^30 ORCIIIDACE.E.

Order CV. ORCHIDACE^.

Perennial herbs, with perfect irregular 3-nierous flowers, an inferior 1-celled
ovary with 3 parietal placeutie and very numerous ovules, 1 or 2 gynandrous
stamens, and waxy or more or less coherent pollen. Flowers usually inverted
by torsion of the ovary, the sepals and the two lateral petals similar, the superior
petal (ajjparently inferior) dissimilar and called the lip. Stamens coherent with the
style, forming the column, with usually oidy the anther opposite to the lower sepal
perfect and two rudimentary lateral ones (in Ci/pripedium the lateral ones perfect and
the third sterile) ; anthers 2-celled : pollen more or less coherent in 1 to 4 masses,
rarely wholly granular. Stigma obli(pie and concave, mostly viscous, the upper
margin often i)roduced into an erect beak. Capsule coriaceous or membranaceous,
dehiscing usually by 3 placentiferous valves, which separate from the persistent
midveins of the carpels. Seeds very numerous and minute, scobiform (like saw-
dust), without albumen. Stems simple or scape-like ; leaves alternate, sheathing,
parallel-veined, sometimes scaledike. IJoots often tuberous or thickened, some-
times parasitic.

A very large order, except Graminccc the largest among Monocotyledons, occurring every-
where, and especially abundant in tropical America, tliough sparingly represented in the United
States, and still more so on the Pacific coast.

Tribe I. M.\LAXIDEiE. Anther one, terminal and resting like a lid upon the column,
decid\ious. Pollen-masses 4, smooth and waxy. — Our species without green herbage (a
single green radical leaf in Aplcdrum and Calypso). Flowers pedicellate.

1. Calypso. Scape 1 -flowered, from a solid bulb. Lip saccate. Column broadly winged. Pol-

len-masses sessile on a large gland.

2. Corallorhlza. Flowers racemose, si)iirred or gibbous at base. Lip exjianded or concave,

biluncllate-crested. Column semiterete. Pollen-masses free, without glands. Roots
blanched, coralline.

3. Aplectrum. Flowers racemose, not spurred nor gibbous. Lip expanded, deejily 3-lobed,

3-lanullate. Column nearly terete. Pollen-masses in distinct pairs, without glands.
Kootstock bearing annually a solid bulb and a single large green leaf.

Tr.lBE IL OPHRYDE/E. Anther one, connate with the column and persistent upon its face
immediately above the stigma. Pollun-inasses 2, of coarse grains united ])y an elastic
web, each mass attached at base by a stalk to a visrid gland. Stems mostly leafy and
flowers spieate or racemose.

4. Habenaria. Flowers numerous, white or greenish. Lip flat, spurred. Glands exposed.

Tribe IIL NEOTTIE/E. Anther one, erect and sessile or nearly so upon the top of the
column and more or less covering and declinate upon the back of the stigma, persistent.
Pollen-masses 2 or 4, of loosely cohering granules, becoming attached by their upper ends
to a viscid gland on the beak of the stigma (or remaining free in Cfjiluilantlum). Our
species without sjiurs, mostly somewhat pubescent.

.5. Spiranthes. Perianth obli(iue upon the ovary, the sepals and ]ietals connivent : lip oblong,
embracing the column, with 2 callosities at base. Flowers small, white or greeni.sh,
1 - 3-rankcd in a twisted spike. Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots.

fi. Goodyera. Like .S/)ir<iiitlns, but lip .saccate, entire, without callosities and free from the
column. Leaves all radical, white-rcticulated.

7. Liatera. Pciiauth spreading. Lip flat, 2-lobcd. Stem low, from a fibrous root, witli a pair

iif sessile leaves in the middle. Flowers small.

8. Epipactis. Perianth spreading and ovary rec-urved. Lip somewliat jointed in the middle,

concave and auriculate at base, dilated above. Column short. Anther sessile behind
the beaked stii^ma. Stem leafy, stout.

9. Cephalanthera. Flowers erect, the perianth more connivent. Column slender. Anther

shortly stipitate and stigma beakless. Otherwise as Epipactis, but our species without
green herbage.

Corallorhiza. ORCniDACEJ^. 131

TuiBK IV. CYPRirEDIE/E. Perfect antlieis '2, Literal, the sterile one forming a dilated
ilcshy n]ij)on(liigc above tlie terminal slignm. Pollen pnlpy-grannlar.

10. Cypripedium. Perinnth sjircading. Lip an inllated sac. Stems leafy, the few flowers
showy.

1. CALYPSO, Salisbnry. Calypso.

Petals aiul sopals ascendiuf,', similar and nearly equal ; lip saccate, with two

short spurs below the apex. Column erect, broadly winged and petaloid, oval and

concave, bearing the hemispherical anther on the summit. Pollen-masses in two

pairs, the lower smaller, coni])ressed, sessile upon a nearly sijuare membranaceous

gland. — A low herb, in bogs, the 1-ilowered scaly-sheathed stem from a small

solid bulb, and with a single radical broad thin leaf. Plowers showy.

A single spe(;ies, very rare in Northern Europe and Siberia, rather more common in America.

1. C. borealis, Salisb. Stem 3 to G inches high, with two or three membrana-
ceous brownish green sheaths, and a linear acuminate bract at the summit ; the
radical leaf broadly ovate or slightly cordate, an inch or two long, petioled : flower
])C(licelled, drooping: sejKils and petals lanceolate, acuminate, light rose-color, 6 to
9 lin(>s long; liji usually slightly longer, ovate-inllated, brownish-pink mottled with
])urple, the edge margined at the ape.x. and bilid or entire, about e(pialling the tooth-
like spurs and with a tuft of yellow hairs at base : column half the length of the
])etals : capsule oblong-cylindric, an inch long, about equalling the slender pedicel. —
Parad. Lond. t. 89; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 12, & Pot. Mag. t. 27G3. C. Americana,
P. Prown in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. v. 208.

In the mountains of Mendocino Comity, very rare {Miller, Vnscy) ; more common in Oregon
and Colorado, thence through Pritish America and along the northern border of the Atlantic
States.

2. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. ConAL-Roor.

Flowers ascending. Petals and sepals ascending, the upper somewhat incurved,
similar and nearly equal, but the lateral sepals oblique at base and either decurrent
in a short spur adnate to the side of the ovary, or forming a projecting gibbosity
above it; lip dilated and more or less recurved, flat or concave, with a pair of
somewhat prominent longitudinal ridges near the base. Column semiterete and
narrowly margined, broader at base, somewhat incurved, bearing the caducous
anther on the summit. Pollen-masses in two pairs, <listinct, sessile upon a short
oblong gland. — Without green lierbage and probably parasitical, the solitary
scapes with 2 to 4 membranaceous sheaths, and bearing a simple raceme of brown-
ish, yellowish or purple flowers : rootstocks much branclied and coral-like : pedicels
redexcd in fruit.

Of the following species one only is also fouiul in Europe and Siberia. There is In'sides a
species jieculiar to the Atlantic States, two others are described from Jlcxico, and a third from
Central Asia.

* Sjmr 2>resent (sometimes ohsciire) : flowers small, i/rl/nwi^h-rjreen or ichitish,

often tinged or mottled ivith 2)}irj}le.
■i- Spur more or less prominent: sepals and petals 3-iicrved: capsule ohlong-

ojVnulric.
1. C. multiflora, Nutt. Scajie a foot or two high, jnany-flowered : sepals and
petals 3 or 4 lines long; sjnir manifest, but wholly adnate to the ovary, a line long
or more; lip broadlv ovate and nearly sessile, somewhat convex and the ridges

132 ORCIIIDACEvE. Corallorhiza.

prominent, 3-lobed by a deep cleft on each side, the lateral lobes usually narrow
and acutisli, the nuddle one rounded or eniar^inate, with undulate or denticulate
margin : column stout, two thirds the length of the petals, the margins broader and
somewhat thicker at base and aitproxiniate : cai)sule (5 to 1) lines long, narrowed to
a short rather stout pedicel. — Journ. Acad. Thilad. iii. 138, t. 7; Hook. Exot.
Fl. iii, t. Hi.

In the niountains, from Sfin Diego to British Cohmibia, an.l eastward to the Atlantic. Flowers
whitish, tinged and more or less veined or mottled with imi[Ae ; July to Sei>tember.

2. C, Mertensiana, Bongard. Scape many -flowered, 8 to 15 inches high :
sepals and petals Imear-lanceolate, 3 or 4 lines long ; sjmr a line long, the lower
half free from the ovary ; lip entire, broadly oblong, attenuate to the narrow base,
thin and concave, the ridges only slightly i)rominent : column nearly equalling the
petals, slender, the narrow margin scarcely broader or thicker below ; stigma pro-
jecting and cucullate : capsule 5 or G lines long or more, attenuate into the short
slender pedicel. — Veg. Sitch. IGf); Hook. Fl. 15or.-Am. ii. 194.

From Sitka to the Culumlda and prohably soiUhward. Desrribed by P.ongard as with red
flowers : the teeth at euth side of the base of the lip, mentioned by him, do not seem to occur
even in the sjiecimens of his own collection.

4_ ^_ Spur very short or not at all jn'ominent : sepals and j^^tals \-nerved : capsule
shorter, elUptlc-ohloiuj.

C. INNATA, Pi. Brown. S<^ape slender, 4 to 10 inches high, 3- 15-flowered ; npper sheath
often expanded at the ai)ex : sejjals linear-lanceolate, acutish, U to 2 lines long ; jietals a little
broader and obtuse ; lip broad-oblung, obtuse or emarginate, somewhat 3-lobed by a lateral cleft
or indent, abruptly attenuate to the base, rather strongly crested : column a thud shorter than
the petals, stuut, constricted in the miildle : capsule 2 to 4 lines long, abruptly narrowed to
a short very slender pedicel. — Washington Territory {Lyall), and perhaps southward ; in Colo-
rado {Parry), eastward through Canada and the Atlantic States, and common northward to the
arctic regions. Flowers in spring, olten tipped with purple, the lip sometimes mottled.

* * Spnr none, the lateral sepals oblique and with the base of the column stronf/hj
gibbous oner the top of the ocarij : lip entire, more or less concave, somewhat
fleshy : flowers larger, purple and veined, not spotted.

3. C. Bigelovii, AVatson. Scape .stout, G to If) iuches high: sepals and petals
oblong, obtuse, about 4 lines long, twice longer than the column ; lip darker and
strongly veined, fleshy, deeply concave, elliptical, broad and somewhat auriculate,
vvith°two thick laminai : column rather slender, broadly margined below: capsule
oblong-ovate, G to 9 lines long, briefly attenuate into a short pedicel. — Proc. Am.
Acad.^xii. 275. C. striata, Torrey, Pacif. \l Kep. iv. 152, t. 25, not Lindl.

In the Sierra Nevada and mountains of Northern California ; Big Tree Grove {Urcwcr, Ilohiu-
(Icr)- Plumas County (Mrs. Anstin); Marin County, Jlijc/oiv. In llower, June and July.
lteco"nized by Dr. Torrey as distinct from C. Mncrai, with which the C. striata of Lindley is lo
be identified. The ligure cited fails to represent tlie peculiar gibbosity of the perianth.

4. C. Striata, Lindl. Very similar to the last, but the flowers still larger, often
G or 7 lines long : lip rather less fleshy, somewhat narrowed below, reflexed above
the base and bearing the prominent lamiiue upon the arch : scape stout, many-
flowered, 1 to 2 feet high. — Orch. 534. C. Macrai, Cray, I\IanuaI, 510.

Plumas County (Mrs. Justin); a common species in Washington Territory and Oregon, ranging
eastward to the Crcat Lakes.

3. APLECTRUM, Torrey. Putty-uoot.
Perianth not at all gibbous or saccate at base : lip deeply 3-l(jbe.l, 3-ridged.
Column nearly straight, not broader at base. Scape lateral from a thick globose
solid bulb upon a slender horizontal rootstock, the bulb bearing at summit a single

Hahenaria. ORCHID ACE^E.

133

large petiolod plaited leaf. Flowers rather large, soon dcflexed. — Otlicrwise as tlio
last genus. A single species.

1. A. hiemale, Torn Scape a foot high or more, with 3 or 4 greenish sheaths :
the radical leaf ovate-oblong to broadly oblanceolate, 4 to 8 inclies long, many-
nerved, continuing through the winter: llowers G to 20 in a loose raceme, tlie ovary
attenuate into a slender pedicel : perianth G lines long, narrow at base ; .sepals and
petals linoar-ol)long, greenish-brown, .O-norved ; lip whitish or somewhat spotted,
many-n(>rv(!d, slightly shurli-r than the sepals, bioadly obovatn, iittcnuato into a tlis-
tinct claw; the middle lobe undulate-margined: column nearly uniform in thick-
ness, very narrowly margined. — Compend. 322, i^ Fl. N. Y. ii. 270, t. 127. Cym-
bidiam hiemale, Willd.

Collected by Nuttnll in Oregon ami probably to be found in Nortliern California, though not
otherwise known from west of tlie IJocky jMountains : eastward it ranges from the Saskatchewan to
Arkansas and the Atlantic, in rich woodlands, not common. The bulbs are renewed each year
and are pei-sistcnt to the number of 4 or 5 upon the slender rootstock, G to 12 lines in diameter,
their substance exceedingly glutinous. The capsule is described as ovoid-oblong, rather large.

4. HABENARIA, WiUd.

Perianth ringent ; sepals and petals nearly alike, convergent, or the lower sepals

spreading. Lip flat and spreading, 3-lobed or entire, with a slender spur at base,

without ridges or callosities. Column very short. Anther persistent upon the face

of the column immediately above the stigma, the cells parallel or divergent at base.

Pollen-masses one in each cell, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each

attached at base by a pedicel to an exposed viscid gland on the tipper edge or at

the side of the stigma. — Stems leafy or bmcteate, often tall, from fleshy-fibrous or

tuberous roots : llowers spicato or racemose, in our species not showy : capsules

erect. — Gi/mnadenia, II. Brown, and PUdanthera, Eichard.

A large and widely tlisjierscd genus ; twenty or more .'species are found in the Atlantic States,
several with handsome wliite, yellow or juu'plo flowers and the lip often fringed. The following
species all belong to the section PlatanOicra, having the anther-cells widely divergent at base and
the glands distant.

* Stem mostly slender, from a7i ovate or oblong tuber nn inch long, bracteate, with
2 or 3 leaves at base: flowers small, greenish, the lip scarcely exceeding the
uniform 1-nerved sej)als.

1. H. elegans, Bolander. Stem rather stout, a foot or two high : leaves lan-
ceolate, acuminate, 4 to 8 inches long : spike usually dense, many-flowered ; the
subulate acuminate bracts a little shorter than the flowers : sepals and petals equal,

2 lines long, the former oblong, obtuse, the latter ligulate and fleshy, obscurely
3-nerved ; the lip similar, with a flliform spur equalling or exceeding the ovary,

3 to 5 lines long : pollen-masses large, half a lino long : beak of tlie stigma promi-
nent, broad and rounded : capsule oblong, nearly sessile, 3 or 4 lines lung. — Cat.
PI. St. Franc. 29. Platanthera elegans, Lindl. Orch. 285.

Near the coast, from Jlontercy (Harlwcg) to Vancouver Island (Lyall), on hillsides, under oaks,
pines, etc.

2. H. Unalaschensis, "Watson. ]\rore slender, with nn elongated and more
open spike of smaller white or greenish flowers : leaves narrowly lanceolate to
linear : bracts ovate, acutish, or rarely acuminate, not exceeding the ovary : sepals,
petals and lip about a line long, the narrow or somewhat clavate spur scarcely or
sometimes nearly twice longer : capsule ol)long, sessile or nearly so, 3 hues long. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 277. Sjnrauthcs (/nalaschcensis, Sprcng. Syst. iii. 708. //.

134 ORCHIDACE.E. Habenaria.

Schisclanarejlaiia, Chum, in Liiuiu'a, iii. 32. Platanthera JcetUla, Geyer. Gymna-
ilenia longispica, Dunuul, .[ourn. Acad. Pliilad. 2 ser. iii. 101. //. fatida, Wat-
son, Bot. King Exp. 31 1.

In tlie mountains from Mendocino County, and Yosemito Valley to Unalaska ; also in the
Wahsatcli and Uintas, Walson. July and August.

* * Stem stouter from a fusiform tuber, often t<ili, leafy throwjhout : sepals
^-nerved {except in 11. Cooperi), the lateral oblupue at base, the upper one
broader : pjetals thin: Up fleshy, several-nerved.

■i- Spur elonyated, much exceeding the sejnds.

3. H. leucostachys, Watson. Stout, 1 to 4 feet liigli, bearing a niany-
lloweied densu or u|ii;ii .spike of rather large white llowers : leaves lanceolate, acute,
diminishing upwaui : hracts linear-subulate, acuminate, ecjualling and usually
exceeding the ovary : lateral sepals oblong, the \\\)\)GV ovate-oblong, 2 or 3 lines
long j petals lanceolate and subfalcate, obli(iue at base, more or le.ss connivent with
the bases of the sepals; li[) 3 or i lines long, rhombic-lanceolate; spur narrow, 4 to
6 lines long : beak of the stigma very prominent, ovate, more than half tiie length
of the connective : glands linear-oblong, vertical : capsule oblong, sessile, 6 to 9
lines long. — Platanthera leucostachys, Lindl. Orch. 288. //. dilatata, Watson, Bot.
King Exp. 340.

In moist places in tlie mountains, from Mariposa County to Oregon and Idalio ; also eastward
in Nevada and Arizona : July to September. Specimens collected by Bulandcr in swiiniiis
near San Francisco appear to be tlie same. Very similar to 11. dilatata, Oray, of tlie Rocky
Mountains and eastward, from which it is distinguished by its narrow elongated spur. It
includes //. Thurkri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. ysi), excluding the variety, from wliich the
characters were chieliy drawn and which is the following.

4. H. sparsiflora, Watson. Stem rather slender, a foot or two high : leaves
narrowly iuuceolatf, acutish or acute : bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, usually
much exceeding the greenish flowers, which are few (10 to 20) ami distant: peri-
anth thin and delicate, apparently spreading ; lateral sejjals oblong or lanceolate, 2
or 3 lines long, the upper ovate and a little shorter; \\\) narrow, linear or lanceolate,
3 or 4 lines long, nearly ecpialling the narrow spur: anther emarginate; stalks
of the pollen-masses very slender: glands orbicular ; beak of the stigma broadly
triangular : capsule oblong, sessile, G lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 27G. J/.
Thurberi, var.. Gray, 1. c.

A species of peculiar habit, apparently common in the Sierra Nevada and in the mountains of
Northern California.

5. H. pedicellata, Watson, 1. c Raceme loose, 20- 30-flowered, with linear-
lanceolate bracts shorter than the long-pedicellate flowers : sepals 2^ lines long,
oblong, the upper ovate ; lip oblong-lanceolate, half broader at base, 3 lines long ;
spur filiform, twice longer than the sepals : pollen-masses attached to the oblong
glands by a short thick pedicel : beak of the stigma ovate-triangular, prominent :
capsule ovate-oblong, 4 lines long, attenuate into a slender pedicel about as long.

A single specimen of this very distinct species was collected by Brewer in the Shasta Mountains
(n. 1453, in part); September.

■1— +- Sjnir short, scarcely exceeding the sepals.

G. H. hyperborea, K. Ihown. Stout, \ to 2 feet high, with the habit of
H. leucostachys : lluweis greenish and smaller: lip lanceolate, scarcely broader at
base, not connivent with tlie bases of the sepals ; spur 2 or 3 lines long : glands
orbicular : stigma not beaked.

Specimens apparently of this species, which ranges far northward and eastward and is also
found in Europe, have been collected near Mono Lake {Brciocr) and in Kuby Valley, Nevada,
Watson.

Goodijera. ORCHIDACEiE. |or

7. H. Cooperi, Watson, 1. c. Stout and tall (3 feet lu^h) : flowers numerous

2 mes long, ateral sepals oblong, th. upper ovate; lip ovate, truncate at base
Av.t la broad claw; sp.u- shor and thick : glands orbicular: beak of the stigma tri!
angular: capsule oblong, sessde, 4 or 5 lines Ion"

c.5!::;'i;;;:;;:;;ti;t^dEr'"^'^ ^^'^^"""'' ^-'^^^^^ °" ^'^^' "^^'^ -- ^-> ^-^o ly n.

n, 1* ,^\^''f.?'^'^.',7f'""; !• '• , "^^'^ ''''"^>=^'' t'^ ^^- ^7'«^*':/7ora, but rather taller
and stouter (J or J feet high) and thn llowors more numerous in the loose elongated
sp.ke : l.p linear shorter, but exceeding the sepals ; spur short and saccate, dilating
downward. — yVa^a^Mm/ r/?rrc///5, Lindl. Orch. 288.

Oregon and Wnsl.iiigtoi, Territory (Dou,,las, Lyall, IMl, Newberry), and nrobal.lv in Northern

5. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tkesses.
Perianth ringent, oblique on the ovary; the lateral sepals somewhat decurrenfc
the upi.er and the petals coherent; lip oblong, sessile or nearly so, the base
embracing and adherent to the column, and with a callous protuberance on each
side, the dilated summit spreading and undulate, usually entire. Column very
short, oblique, terminating in a stout terete stipe bearing the ovate stigma on the
face, and the beak above usually acuminate and at length bifid by tlie°separation
of the oblong viscid gland. Anther sessile or nearly so at the base of the stipe
behmd, mostly acuminate. Tollen-masses 2, thin and powdery, becomincr attached
above to the gland. _ Flowers small, white or greenish, 1 -3-ranked in a spirally
twisted spike. Stems leafy, at least below, from fascicled-tuberous roots; leaves
rather thin, mostly narrow and elongated, not petioled.

A genus of 50 or more species, widely distributed through both hemispheres Our 10 or 12
spec.es are exclusively American and chiefly confined to the^astern siroftl.e continent.

1. S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Glabrous, rather stout, 4 to 18 inches high,
leafy, bracteate above: leaves oblongdanceolato to linear: spike dense, 3-ranked
conspicuously bracteate, to 4 inches long: perianth white, about 4 linos long
curved the sepals and petals all connivent ; lip recurved, ovate-oblong, contracted
below the narrower rounded wavy-crenulate summit; callosities smooth, often
obscure : the oblong-hnear gland and very slender bifid beak three fourths of a line
long : capsule oblong, 3 to 6 lines long. - Linmea, iii. 32; Reichenb. f Fl. Germ.
t'477 fi^ 1-3 ^ ^'''' ^- ^^^^- '^- ^"«"">''''-«' Lindl.; Keichenb. f. 1. c.

Preyio''S;lT 7^''"^u "-r ""P'^^''^^' ^^"^'"g »^™«^ the continent; also "near the
I resirtio, Bolander. 1 he callosities in western si)ecimens are usually obscure.

2. S. porrifoUa, Lindl. Very similar in habit, a foot high or more, but ^vith a
narrower spike and smaller flowers, the perianth 3 lines long : callosities at the base
ot the lip very prominent and nippledike, pointing downward. — Orch. 467.

In the Coast Rannres (/?o«<7M, and wet i)Iaces, Sacramento Valley, Hartweq. The closely

pronifer.Tninnir L ^T"-r ""'T Y'^'' ""^ver and especially the iip more recurved, and the
promuient nipple-like callosities often hairy.

■ 6. GOODYERA, R. Brown. Rattlesnake-Pi.antain.
Distinguished from Spimnthes by the saccate or vontricoso lip, sessile, entire,
and without callosities. — Scapes fow-bractcate ; leaves thickish, rosulato at the

136 ORCIIIDACE.E. Goodijera.

base, petiuleil, usually white-reticulate, liootstock creeping, with librous lk'.shy

rootlets.

A ilozeii or more si)w:ies arc widely distributed around tlic filobc, mostly in the tropics. The
two other North American hjiecies, one of them common in N. Europe and Asia, are not found
west of the liocky iMoiuitain.s.

1. Gr. Menziesii, Lindl. Scapo ami inflorescence pubescent, G to 15 inches
liigli : leaves siuoolh, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolato, acute, 2 or 3 inches long,
narrowed into a short petiole, usually somewhat reticulated with light greenisli
markings : spike many-Howered, rather dense, secund : bracts ovate-lanceolate,
equalling the ovary: perianth white, puberulent, 2 to 4 lines long ; lip strongly
concave and erect, narrowing above into the slightly spreading summit : column
short and straight : anther acuminate : gland and l)iiid beak very narrow and
elongated (a line long or more) : capsule ovate-oblong, very nearly sessile, -4 lines
long. — Orch. 41)2. Spirantltes decipiens, Hook. Fl. 15or.-Am. ii. 203, t. 204.

In mountain woods from Mendocino and JLiiiposa Counties to the British Boundary, and east-
ward along the northern border to Western New York : August and September. DilTering
remarkably from the other species in the less saccate lij) and in tlie acuminate instead of ])lunt
anther, as well as in the elongated beak of the stigma, in these respects more nearly resembling
a Spirantlus.

7. LISTERA, 1!. Brown. TwAvnLADi:.
Perianth spreading or reilexed : sepals and petals similar : lip free, longer than
the sepals. Hat and dilated, mure or less deeply bilid. Column free and naked,
bearing the ovate anther at the back of the summit. Pollen-masses 2, powdery,
united to a very minute gland upon the rounded and entire beak of the stigma. —
Stems low, from fibroiis and creeping roots, and with a pair of broad sessile oppo-
site leaves in the middle ; flowers small and greenish, in a loose raceme.

A genus of 5 or 6 species belonging to the nortliern liemispherc, scarcely distinguished from
Ncotlia but by its herbaceous foliage. Besides the following another species is found in the S.
Atlantic States, the rest belonging to the Old World.

1. L. convallarioides, Xutt. Stem slender, 3 inches to a foot high, naked
excepting one or two sheaths at base and the i)air of orbicular or ovate acutisb
leaves (1 to 3 inches long) just below the raceme : inflorescence pubescent; flowers
6 to 20, purplish ; bracts acute, shorter than the slender pedicels : sepals and petals
linear, 2 or 3 lines long ; lip oblong-ovate and cuneate, 2 to 5 lines long, emar-
ginate or 2-lobed, Avitli a small tooth on each side near the base : column slender, a
line long : capsule erect, ovate-oblong, 3 lines long and about ecpialling the ]iedicel.
— Hook. Fl, Bor.-Am. ii. 204, t. 205. L. Eschscholtzktna, Cham. Xiottla K&ch-
scholtziana, Reichenb. f. Fl. Germ. xiii. 148, t. 478.

In the Sien-a Nevada from the South Fork of the .Toaiinin {Muir) noithwaul to Alaska, and
across the continent ; in damp cold woods.

b. conDAT.\, R. Brown, collected in Oregon and "Washington Territory {Hall, Lyall) and of
like range north and eastward, should be found in California. The leaves are smaller, triangular-
ovate and somewhat cordate ; flowers minute, on short pedicels in a smooth raceme ; sepals ovate ;
lip linear, 'J-clcft, 'J-toothed at Imsc; ctdumu very short. Belonging also to Northern Euiope.

8. EPIPACTIS, Ilaller.
Perianth si)reading, the sepals and petals nearly equal : lip free, deeply concave
at base, without callosities, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the mid-
dle, the upper portion dilated and petaloid. Column short (equalling the anther),
erect. Anther sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender jointed base,
2-celled, obtuse : pollen-masses coarsely granular, becoming attached above to the

Cypripedium. ORCHIDACE.E. i o^

10/

glan.l capping tho small rounded beak of the stigma. - Caulescent and leafy from
creeping rootstocks ; flowers few an.l pedicelled, rather largo in our species with
conspicuous bracts, divergent and the ovaries at right angles to the stem

beh,^t'^i"„r'"'''""°'"''"'°'" ""' '"^''^^ ""^'^ the only American representative
1. E. gigantea Dougl. Stout and loafy, 1 to 4 feet high, nearly smooth-
loaves from ovate below to narrowly lanceolate al,ove, 3 to 8 inches lon^ aaUetr
acunnnate, sonunvhat scabrous on the veins beneath: raceme pubescent TlCrs 3
to 10, greenish strongly veined with purple, with largo foliaceous bracts/on seeder
pedicels 2 or .3 lines long: sepals ovate-lanceolate, G to 8 lines long, the u per on
cave; peta s slightly smaller; lip as long, tho saccate base ^vith ere t vin'- iko
margins, strongly nerved and the nerves callous-tuberculate near the base ho
dilated summit ovate-lanceolate, entire, somewhat .vavy-crested : anther nearly 2
lines hmg : capsule oldong 8 1 nes long, reHexed or sp/eading. - Hook. ii. 220^ t
202 ; Watson, Lot. King Exp. 341. E. Americana, Lindl. Orch 4G2

on^s=,Si;S;.S;^?Zi;:;.f:;;?j:;^^'^™' '-' -'''--' ^° «• ^-^ -^ ^^^-^em Texas,

9. CEPHALANTHERA, Kidm-,1
Flowers very similar to those of Fpipaclis, differing in the longer and more
slender column, tho stigma wholly beakless, and the anther shortly stipitate so as
to be nearly or quite above the level of tho top of the stigma ; pollen-masses not
connected nor attached to a gland ; flowers erect, the perianth connivent or the
lower sepals somewhat spreading. — Caulescent and leafy, with small bracts (our
only species leafless and scarious-bracted) ; rootstocks cree])ing.

A crcnus of about half a dozen species, peculiar to Europe and Northern Asia. The S. Ameri-
can frcnus Chhrav, to which the following species was fn-st referred, has the stems leafy at base

, ,, • , •'..', ,. ' J ^'■"->^' >" luui.-j <i,-5 ill ill! DiiRT ijpiieia. in its nee

way (lillers lioin all Its congeners.

1. C. Oregana, Reichenb. f. Parasitic, whole plant white, a foot or two hi'-li
with 3 to 5 somewhat dilated sheaths and usually a few free linear-lanceolate bracts
above, an inch or two long ; floral bracts very small : flowers few to many, sessile or
nearly so: perianth about 6 lines long, gibbous at base; sepals and petals oblong-
lanceolate, nearly equal; lip a little shorter, the saccate base with broad win^-like
margins as in the last species, tho nerves somewhat tuberculate-crested within •
upper portion very broad and suborbicular, the nerves in tho centre wavy-crested :
column 2 lines long, about twice longer than the anther. —Liniwa, xli. 53. C/do-
rwa Ansfuice, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 83.

Northern California and Oregon : Shasta County, under firs (Brcicer) ; Plumas County OVrs
^)M^m); Mendocino County (O. II. Vnscy) \ near Cahto. in open forests, and at the Dalles'
Oregon, " m water, Krllo^jfj k Ifnrford. First collected by NuUnll in Oregon. Flowers de-
scribed by Professor IJrewer as readily falling from the pedicels.

10. CYPRIPEDIUM, Linn. Lady's Slipper.
Sepals spreading, the lateral often united into one under tho lip : petals similar,
usually narrower : lip an inflated sac, with tho incurved margin auricled near the

238 ORCHID ACE.E. Cypripedium.

base. Column very short, incurved, bearing at each side a 2-ccllcd antlier on a
sliort filanient: stigma terminal, disk-like, broad and obscurely 3-lobed, covered
above by the lloshy triangular and pcdicelled sterile anther. Pollen pulpy-granular.
— Stems lierbaceous and leafy, from tufted fibrous roots ; leaves large and many-
nerved, plaited, sheathing at the base ; flowers few or solitary, large and showy,
pedicellate and leafy -bracted.

A genus of 25 or 30 species, a third belonging to Europe and Asia, the remainder to America
from the Arctic Ocean to Peru — chietiy North American.

1. C. montanum, Dougl. ]\Iore or less roughly and glandular-pubescent, stout,
a foot or two high, leafy : leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6
inches long : flowers 1 to 3, shortly i)etlicell(;d : sei)als anil wavy-twi.sted petals
brownish, narrowly to liuear-lanceulate, U to 2^ inches long, the lower sepals united
nearly to the apex ; lip oblong, an inch long, dlill white veined with purple : sterile
anther ovate-triangular to oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 lines long, on a sltauler filament,
deeply channelled above, yellow with purple spots, somewhat longer than the
stigma: capsule erect or nearly so, oblong, 10 lines long. — Lindl. Orch. 528.
C. occideiitule, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147.

Frequent in the mountains from Santa Cruz and JIariposa Counties to Washington Territory.
Flowers very fragrant ; June and July.

2. C. Californicum, Oray. Pubescent, leafy, a foot or two high: leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute, the upper lanceolate and acuminate, 3 or 4 inches long: flowers 3
to 6, shorter tlian the bracts: sepals broadly oval, the lower united to the apex,
acute, half an inch long, equalling the oblong-linear acutish petals, all^ greenish-
yellow ; lip obovateglobose, white or light " rose-color and spotted," a little
exceeding the sepals, pubescent within at the base : sterile anther rounded and arch-
ing, nearly sessile, 2 lines long, equalling tlie roughened stigma: capsules reflexed,
oblong, 8 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 389.

In damp soils in open woods in the northern i)art of the State ; on the Upper Sacramento in
an upland swamp with Bar/ini/tonia (Brewer) ; Ked Jlountaius, Meuilocino County, Kellogg &
Harford. August and September.

Order CVI. IRIDACEiE.

Perennial herbs, with equitaut sheathing 2-ranked ensiform or linear leaves, and
perfect triandrous regular flowers, the petal-like divisions of the superior 6-cleft
perianth in 2 series and convolute in the bud; stamens on the base of the sepals,
distinct or monadeli)hous and with extrorse anthers ; ovary 3-celled, becoming a
somewhat 3-lobed or triangular loculicidal capsule, with few to many anatropous
seeds; embryo straight in usually fleshy albumen.— Flowers showy, few or soli-
tary, spathaceously bracteate. Style usually 3-cleft at the apex, the stigmatiferous
branches often petaloid-dilated. Stems commonly from creeping rootstocks or
corms, which are more or less acrid.

A large order of .50 or more genera, chiefly S. African, S. American, and Mexican, sparingly
troi>ical The following are the only genera occurring in the United States, excepting Acmu.sli/lis
in the S. Atlantic States and a few species of Mexican genera found in Texas and New Mexico.

1 Iris Outer segments of the flower recurved, the inner erect. Branches of the style petaloid,
oiiposite t"o the anthers. Filaments distinct. IJootstocks creeiang. Seeds ilattened.

2. SiByrinchium. Segments similar, spreading. Stigrnas filiform, alternate with the anthers.
Filaments connate. Roots fibrous. Seeds globular.

Iris. IRIDACE^.

139

1. IKIS, Tourn. Flo\ver-de-Luce. Flag.
Periantli-tiibe more or less prolonged above the ovary, tlie outer segments obovate
above tlie narrow claw, spreading or recurved, the inner narrower and erect.
Stamens distinct, with linear or oblong anthers, beneath the arcliing petal-like
branches of the style. Base of the style connate witli the periantlitube ; the
divisions declinate on the sepals, stigniatic at the thin apex, above which is a
broad 2-parted crost, this docuiicnt on the inner side to the base of the stylo form-
ing a narrow covered channel. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cell. Seeds
horizontal, flattened or more or less turgid. — Stems rather stout, mostly terete,
from usually thickened rootstocks : leaves ensiform or linear : llowers large and
showy, solitary or few in a forked corymb : spathe of 2 or more valves, the inner
scarious. — Baker, Revis. in Gardener's Chronicle, 187G, & Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi. 136.

A genus of nearly 100 species, distributed tlirougli the extra-tropical regions of the northern
hemisphere, most abundant in Asia. Of tlie 16 or 18 sjiecies of the United States the following
are mostly confined to the Pacific slope, and all belong to § Apogon, in which the divisions of the
j)eriaiith are wholly without crest or board.

* Perianth-tube narrow and ci/Undrical, more or less elongated: stems leafy:
leaves linear: bracts of the spathe closely aj^proximate, foliaceous.

1. I. macrosiphon, Torr. Stems low and very slender, 1 to 10 inches high,
somewhat flattened, from slender rootstocks (a line or two in diameter) : radical
leaves often mucli elongated (G to 15 inches long and a line or two wide), narrowly
acuminate : bracts linear-lanceolate and usually long-acuminate, 2h to 4 inches long
and 3 or 4 lines broail : (lowers 1 or 2, shortly pedicellate, with a'liliform tube 1 to
3 inches long, bright lilac-purple; sepals 1^ to 2 inches long: capsule oblong-
ovoid, shortly acute at each end, an inch long : .seeds compressed, angled. — Pacif.
K. Ptep. iv. 144; Baker, Gard. Chron. ISTG^, 144.

Common in the Coast Ranges from San Francisco to Humboldt, on hillsides ; blooming in
JIarch and A)>ril. The llowers are said to be sometimes cream-colored ; well marked by the long
tube and slender habit.

2. I. Douglasiana, Herbert. Stouter and usually taller than the last (G to 18
inches high) : railical leaves 3 to 5 lines wide, much exceeding the stem: bracts
broader and less acuminate : flowers 2 or 3, somewhat larger and on longer pedicels
(G to 18 lines long), the narrow perianth-tube G to 12 lines long, pale lilac, the
sepals with a white centre veined with purple : capsule oblong, acutely trian-
gular, 1| inches long: seeds nearly globular. — Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 395;
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. G083 ; Baker, 1. c. 22G.

Apparently of the same range with the last.

* * Perianth-tube short and funnelforni above the ovary.

•»- Bracts foliaceous, separate and often, distant: stems leafy: leaves narrowly
linear: rootstoc/cs slender.

3. I. Hartwegi, Baker, 1. c. 322. Stems slender and flattened, 2 to 9 inches
high, from slender rootstocks, 2-flowered : leaves linear, 2 or 3 lines wide, long-
acuminate, the lower exceeding the stem, often much elongated : bracts linear-
lanceolate, rarely nearly contiguous, 2 or 3 inches long : pedicels ^ to 3 inches
long : flowers " white, or i)ale blue with flue lines, becoming yellow " ; tube thick,
about 3 lines long; segments narrow and with long claws, 1^ to 2 inches long, the
petals scarcely shorter : anthers equalling the filaments : styles with long crests : cap-
sule oblong, 3-angled, acute at each end, an inch long : seeds flattened and angled.

Common in the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa to Plumas County ; June.

]40 IRIDACE.E. Iris.

1. TENAX, Dousl. (Bot. R.'-. t. 1-218 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3343 ; Baker, 1. c. 323), ranging
from Oregon to liritish CoUnnbia, may perliaps be found in N. California. It is a similar sjucies,
but taller and l-tlowered ; ilowers larger, on short jiedicels, bright lilac-jpurple, the segments 2 to
2^ inches long and broader : seeds scarcely flattened, somewhat angled obtusely.

-•- -^ Bracts confifjiious or rarely separated : stents nahed or nearly so, vsually
tall : root stock stout.

4. I. longipetala, Herbert. Stems stout, 1 to U feet liigli, 3 - 5-flowereil ;
leaves about us liigh, 3 to 5 lines broad : bracts foliaceous, large and acuminate, 3
or 4 incbes long : flowers very large, bright lilac, on stout pedicels an inch or two
long; tube funnelshaijed, 3 lines long; sejjals 2J, to 3 inches long and 1 to 1|
broad, narrowed to a short claw, Avhite below and veined witli violet, tlie niidveiu
yellow ; petals oblanceolate, 2 inches long : anthers shorter than the stigmas : styles
broadly crested : capsule oblong, narrowed at each end, 2 inches long : seeds llat-
teiied, nearly 3 lines long. — Hook & Arn. J>ot. lieechcy, 3G'J ; Hook. lUtt. Mag.
t. r)2<J8; IJaker, 1. c. G15.

In nicndows about San Francisco Bay and to Monterey ; May.

5. I. Missouriensis, Nutt. Stem ratlier slender, terete, naked or with 1 or 2
leaves, i to 2 I'cet liigh, (1 -3-) usually 2-llowered : leaves 2 or 3 lines broad, mostly
shorter than the stem : bracts dilated and scarious, 1 to H incbes long, acute or
acuminate : flowers pale blue, on pedicels i to nearly 2 inches long ; tube 3 or 4
lines long, narrowed below ; sepals 2 to 2i inches long, the i)etals a little shorter, all
with narrow claws : antliers not exceeding the filaments, ecjualling or exceeding the
stigmas : capsule olilong, triangular or subterete, 1 to 1 ^ (rarely 2) inches long, acute
at each end : seeds obovate, acute at base, 2 lines long. — Journ. Acad. Philad.
vii. 58. /. Toinueana, Herbert in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 396 ; Watson, Bot.
King Exp. 342 ; Baker, 1. c. 226.

On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo to Siskiyou County (Yreka, Greene) and the
Columbia, common in the mountains of the inteiior eastward to Colorado and Montana, and
south to Arizona ; apjiarently the only species of tlie Great Basin. What appears to be the same
is also found near Fort Tejon, Kennedy. It was erroneously described by Nuttall, from dried
specimens, as having the outer segments yellow. Very variable in size, but well marked by its
scarious bracts ; llowering June and July.

2. SISYRINCHIUM, Linn. Blue-eyed Grass.
Perianth 6-parted, the segments equal and similar, spreading. Stamens more or
less monadelphous ; anthers oblong or lanceolate. Style short : stigmas filiform
and involute, alternate with the stamens. Capsule membranaceous, subglobose.
Seeds several, rounded. — Stems simple or branched, usually geniculate and winged,
from fibrous roots, with linear-lanceolate or grassdike radical leaves, and fugacious
flowers on slender pedicels, clustered within 2 sheathing herbaceous bracts, with a
scarious bractlet subtending each pedicel.

About 40 species, all American, mostly Mexican and South American (one species also found
in the Bermudas and perhaps native to Europe). Three species or more are found in the Atlantic
and Gulf States.

* Filaments united to the top: antliers short-sagittate: stigmas short : flowers
blue: stems ancipital, usually branched.

1. S. bellum, Watson. Stems J to 2 feet high or more, smooth or scabrous on
the margin, with a single or often 2 or 3 nodes : leaves a line or two wide, shorter
than the stem : ])eduncles 1 to 4 (usually 2) at each node, 2 to 4 inches long and
about equalling the bract : spathes of 2 mostly nearly equal bracts, a half to an
inch long, scabrous on the keel, 4-7-flowered: flowers 6 to 12 lines broad, some-

Sisyrinchiian. AMARYLLIDACE.E. 24 ^

wliiit pubescent as also the ovary, light iJurplc, darker below and yellow at base,
the segments 3-toothed or mucronate, and shortly ciliate : stamens 3 lines long,
the anthers very small : stigmas scarcely exserted : capsule depressed-globose or
obovoid, 2 or 3 lines long : seeds two thirds of a line iu diameter, obscurely
pitted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 277.

From San Diego to tlio Coluiiihia River, in moist pLices ; JIarch to May. It resembles
S. anccpn, Linn., ol' the Atlantic States, which difFers in its more slender habit, narrower leaves,
smaller and nsnally (glabrous flowers, and mncli smaller seeds. Sometimes it ocrnrs with only a
sinj,do terminnl sessile s]iatiio, in whicli lorni it resenibU-s S. MiicuoNATiiM, Mi(^hx., idso an
Eastern species, bnt ranging westward to beyuml the Hocky Mountains, collected in N. Nevaila
{fVatson) and jMobably oixuriing in N. California. It is low and slender, always with a single
sessile spathe, tlie long-a<-uminate lower bract nsnally exceeding the smaller flowers, the segments
of the i)erianth setoscly mucronate, and the capsule globose..

* * Filaments united on! >/ at base; anthers Unear-sagittate : scapes ivith asolitanj

sessile spathe.

-<- Flowers yellow : style very deeply cleft : scape l-edyed.

2. S. Californicum, Ait. f. Scajie broadly winged, G to 15 inches high, much
exceeding the broad leaves (2 or 3 lines wide): outer bracts G to 15 lines long,
more or less unequal, the longer about ecpialling the pedicels : flowers 3 to 7, bright
yellow; segments 4 to G lines long, 5-7-nerved, obtuse or aciitish : anthers \\
linos long, about ecpialling the lilaments : style cleft below the middle, the linear
branches as long as the anthers : capsule obovate-oWong, 4 lines long : seeds half a
line in diameter. — Ilort. Kew. iv. 135. Marica Californica, Ker, Bot. Mag. t.
983. S. lineatmn, Torrej^ Pacif. R. Piej>. iv. 143. S. Jlavidum, Kellogg, Proc.
Calif. Acad. ii. 50, f. 3. aS'. convobttnm, Klatt, Linna?a, xxxiv. 735.

Common near the coast, in wet places, from San Diego to Oregon ; Indian Valley, Plumas
County, Lemnion. Another yellow si)ecics (S. Arizonicuui, Rothrock) is found in the mountains
of Arizona, with leafy branching stems and large truncate capsules.

-K- -J- Flowers large, purple : style cleft at the apex : scapes compressed hut not

margined.

3. S. grandiflorum, Dougl, Scapes rather stout, G to 12 inches high, exceed-
ing the long-sheathing leaves : spathe 1 - 4-tlowered : bracts broad, very unequal,
the larger usually much exceeding the broadly campanulate ilowers : perianth-
segments G to 10 lines long, dark reddish purple, rarely white : Hlamcnts broad at
base, 3 to G lines long, mucli shorter than the style ; anthers 2 lines long. — Lindl.
Bot. Keg. xvi. t. 1364; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3509; Don iu Sweet's Brit. Fl. Gard.
2 ser. t. 388. aS'. Donglasii, Dietricli.

A showy species of N. California, ranging to British Columbia, Idaho and N. Nevada ; May.

Order CYII. AMARYLLIDACE^.

Ovary inferior ; otherwise \\\iQ Liliacea; — differing from Iridacece iy having six
stamens and leaves not equitant ; its typical rej)resentatives acaulesccnt herbs with
tunicated bulbs. The only Californian genus is Agave, which with Fourcroya forms
the tribe Agavece, remarkably distinguished from the rest of the order by the stouter
often caulescent habit, the roots not bulbous, leaves thick and often spiny-toothed,
involucrate sheath none, restivation valvate, and the horizontal flattened black seeds
with a filiform embryo as long as the albumen.

An order of 70 genem and nearly .'iOO species, of temperate and tro])ical regions, largely of the
Cape of Good Hope and South America, very sparingly represented in the United States.

142 AMARYLLIDACE.E. Agave.

1. AGAVE, Linn. Ameuican Aloe.

Perianth tubular at base or campanulate, tliick and fleshy and somewhat persist-
ent, G-cleft ; the valvate divisions siniihir and nearly etjual. Filaments more or less
adnate to the tuhn, yeniculately inflexed in the bud, at length exserted : anthers
linear, versatile. .Style tubular, stout, and elongated : stigma thickened. Capsule
coriaceous, with numerous horizontal ilattened black seeds. Embryo as long as the
horny albumen. — "With short stems or usually acaulescent from a thick fibrous-
rooted crown ; the clustered leaves thick and fleshy, spiny pointed and usually with
spiny teeth ; flowers numerous, on very short jointed bracteolate pedicels, spicate or
paniculate upon a stout and tall bracteate woody scape. — Engelmann, Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii. 291 ; IJaker, Gard. Chronicle, 1877.

An American genus of jieiliaiis 100 sjteeies, eliiedy ^le.xican, about a dozen being found in tlio
dry region between the Colorado River and Texas, and a .single speeies in the S. Atlantic States.
The wnus is divided into three seetions aeeording as the llowcrs ore solitary at eaeli braetlet and
loosely sjiieate (no speeies west of New Jlexieo), in pairs at each axil and densely spieate (of
whieh A. Schottii, Engelni., and J. p<trviJiora, Torr., with fdanientous leaves, are found in S.
Arizona), or with the llowers clustered and jjaniculate at the ends of the branches of the scape, as
in the following speeies and in all the typical Ayaves.

* rerlantli-tuhe viany times shorter than the lobes.

1. A. Ne'wberryi, Engelm. Acaulescent: leaves lance linear, 7 to 10 inches
long, narrowing lium a base 9 lines wide, rigid and entire, the terminal spine brown
and semiterete, grooved above : scape slender, 8 feet high : flowers in a long and
loose narrow raceme-like panicle, with short (G lines long) lanceolate bracts ; the
branchlets an inch or two long and 1 to 3 inches apart, 2 - 5-flowered : perianth
and ovary about an inch long, the tube very short and campanulate ; lobes oblong :
stamens on the base of the tube, short; anthers 4 or 5 lines long. — Trans. St.
Louis Acad. iii. 300. A<jiive, «. s/>., Torrey, Ivcs' Kep. 29.

Collected only at Peaeoek Spring in Northwestern Arizona (Ncuberry), in early flower (in
March); fruit therefore unknown.

2. A. deserti, Engelm. 1. c 310. Acaulescent : leaves densely clustered, thick,
deeply concave and very glaucous, ovate-lanceolate, G to 12 inches long and ^- to 2
Avide, slightly contracted above the broad spiny-toothed base, attenuate above the
middle into a long (I or 2 inches) slender laterally compressed narrowly grooved
spine; margin herbaceous below the nnddle, horny above, with strong hooked
teeth : scape slender, 4 to 10 feet high, with distant herbaceous attenuate-lanceolate
toothed bracts : branches of the panicle 2 or 3 inches long or less, the lower hori-
zontal, the upper erect : flowers biight j'ellow, on very short fascicled pedicels :
perianth nearly an inch long, a little longer than the ovary, with a very short fun-
nelform tube and oblong lobes : stamens on tlie throat, twice longer than the lobes;
anthers 9 lines long: capsule oblong, shortly pointed, 1^ inches long: seeds
2\ lines broad.

At the eastern base of tlu^ Coast Ranges in San Diego County, and on the adjoining desert ; first
discovered by Lieut. W. IL Emory in 1846.

* » Perunith-tii/ie not (jrcatJij shorter than the lobes: stamens inserted on its

m iiiii/e.

3. A. Sha"wii, I'-ngelm. 1. c. 314, t. 2-4. Nearly acaulescent, the short trunk
(8 to 12 inches long) covered with deep green ovate leaves 8 to 10 inches long
and 3^ to ih Avide, slightly contracted above the dilated scarcely denticulate
base and acuminate witli a stout broadly channelled spine ; margin brown and
horny, with very large close-set flat variously curved or straight spiny teeth : scape

LILIACE.E.

143

stout, 8 to 12 feet liigli, nearly covered with large triangular foliaccous bmcts (4 or
5 in(;lie3 long), acariousiy margined : branches of the broad oval panicle very stout,
horizontal or the upper ascending, 4 to 9 inches long, eacli with a terminal compact
cluster of 30 to 50 nearly sessile flowers involucrate with large foliaceous bracts :
flowers greenish yellow, 3 to 3^ inches long, the ovary a little shorter than the
perianth ; tube broadly funnelform, nearly half shorter than the suberect linear-
oblong lobes : stamens slightly exserted, shorter than the at last elongated style :
anthers 14 lines long: capsule acute, 2} inches long and nearly an inch broad:
seeds 4 lines wide.

On dry hills overlooking tiic Pjicific near tlie Boundary ]\roiunnent in tlio southwestern corner
of San Diego County. One of the most striking and beautiful species of tiie genus, named in
honor of Henry Shaw of St. Louis, as the founder and donor to tliat city of tlie " iMissouri Botanic
Gardens." Now introduced into cultivation ; a detailed account of the flowers and flowering is
given by Dr. Engelnianu in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iii. 537, t. 4.

Order CVIII. LILIACEiE.

Terrestrial plants, mostly herbaceous, with perfect flowers, a regular corolladike
6-cleft or divided perianth (the 3 outer segments rarely dissimilar and more or less
foliaceous), stamens opposite the segments, with 2-celled anthers (or confluently 1-
celled), and a superior 3-cclled ovary becoming a few - many-seeded 3-celled capsule
or berry ; seeds anatropous or amphitropous, with small embryo surrounded by
copious albumen. — Stems chiefly from tunicated or scaly bulbs, or corms, or more
or less thickened rhizomes. Leaves sometimes net-veined. Flowers not spa-
thaceous except in a few umbelliferous genera, dimerous in Maianlhemum, dioe-
cious or polygamous in Nolina and in some Melanthaceous genera. The stamens
are only 3 (and ovary 1-celled) in Scoliopus, occasionally 3 with alternating staminodia
in a few other genera. — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 213.

A very large and important order, distributed all over the globe, excepting the polar regions,
as now generally defined including about 180 genera and 1900 species, of which 50 genera and
235 species are North American. ^L'xny are remarkable for the bcautj' and fragrance of their
flowers and have always been favorites in cultivation, as the Ijily, Tulip, Hyacinth, Lily of tlu
Valley, etc. Some othei-s are cultivated for food, as Asparagus and various species of Allium ;
and many are valuable in medicine, among them the S(|nill {Scilla), Colchicum, Aloe, and Helle-
bore ( Vcratnun). The order forms a marked feature in the flora of California, and several of the
genera are either peculiar to the State or to the western coast of the continent.

\. Flowers with scarious bracts, a pei-sistent jierinnth with 1 -several-nerved segments, perigy-

nous stamens with introi-se anthers, and an undivided and mostly persistent style. Leaves with

numerous longitudinal nerves and transverse veinlets. Pedicels often jointed.

♦ Inflorescence umbellate upon a naked scape from a bulb or corm : fruit a loculicidal capsule :

seeds more or less turgid, with close black testa.

-t- Bracts broad and spathaceous: bulb mostly tunicated : taste and odor alliaceous.

1. Allium. Perianth deeply parted ; segments 1-ncrved. Filaments naked, in 1 row. Ovary

globose-obovate, 3-lobed. Style filiform, jointed upon the very short axis. Seeds 1 or
2 in each cell. Pedicels not jointed,
-f- +- Bracts several, distinct : corm coated, not alliaceous : capsule scarcely lobed, beaked,

several-seeded.
++ Perianth 6-parted ; segments spreading, closely 2-3nerved : stamens in 1 row : capsule sub-
globose, subsessile.

2. Muilla. Flowers greenish white. Filaments filiform, naked, adnate at base. Pedicels not

jointed.

3. Bloomeria. Flowers yellow, on jointed pedicels. Filaments elongated, free, surrounded at

base by a cup-shaped winged appendage.

144 liliacejE.

+<■ +t Perianth-segments more or less unitetl, witli the stumeiis on tlie throat, 1 -nerved : peJieels
jointed, exeept in n. 7.

4. Brodiaea. Perianth funnel-form, not contracted at tlie tliroat nor saccate at hase, purple to

wliile or yellow. Stamens tJ, in 1 or 2 rows, with winged or naked fdumenls, or 3 and
alternate with as many staminodia.

5. Stropholirion. Perianth pinkish, with short broadly turbinate 6-saccate tube, contracted

at the tiiroat; lobes spreading. JStaniens 3, with alternate ligulate staminodia; lila-
ments \\inged.

6. Brevoortia. Perianth deep scarlet with short yellowish lobes, the broad tube 6-saccate at

base. Stamens 3, with alternate broad truncate staminodia.

7. Androstephium. Perianth pale lilac, the cylindric-turbinate tube about equalling the

lobes. Stamens G, in 1 row, the lilaments united into an erect toothed tubular crown.
» • Flowers on subterranean pedicels, in a sessile umbel, with long linear scarious bracts, upon
a short rootstoek : capsule and seeds as in ».

8. Leucocrinum. Perianth white, .salverform, with very narrow tube and several-nerved seg-

ments. Stamens ti, in one row. Leaves linear, elongated. Hat.

♦ ♦ * Inflorescence racemose or paniculate : root a bulb or corm : fruit a loculicidal capsule.
+- Flowers rather large, on jointed pedicels, in a simple open raceme : segments several-nerved :

capsule obovate or oblong : seeds black, several in each cell : bulb tunicated.

9. Camassia. Scape naked. Flowers blue (rarely white) ; segments distinct, spreading. Seeds

several, ovate, angled.

10. Hesperocallis. Sti-m leafy. Flowei-s white, funnelform, 6-cleft to below the middle.

Seeds numerous. Hat and horizontal.
-J- -t- Flowers smaller, racemose-paniculate: capsule triangular-obovate ; cells 1 - 2-seeded.
++ Stems sparingly leafy, from tunicated bulbs : i)erianth-segnu-nts distinct, 3-nerved.

11. Hastingsia. Flowers white or greenish, numerous ; perianth lax, scarious, the segments

a])parently 1-nerved, e.xceeding the jiedicel. Style short.

12. Chlorogalum. Flowers white or i>inkibh, scattered ; jx-rianth at length twisted over the

ovary, the segments distinctly 3-nerved. Style long.
++ ++ Stem leafy at base, from a coated corni : perianth salverform, deciduous, with 5-nerved

segments.

13. Odontostomum. Flowers yellowish, .scattered. Stamens very .short, alternating with

small linear coronal-lobes ; anthers subglobose, dehi.scent at the apex. Style deciduous.
Seeds dark brown.

♦ ♦ « » Inflorescence racemose or paniculate, the pedicels jointed : stem leafy, from a fibrous-

rooted caudex or rootstoek : fruit a berry, or diy and regularly or irregularly dehiscent,
-f- Flowers small ; segments distinct, 1-nerved : seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, snbglobosc, light-
colored.
++ Fruit a berry : stem slender, from a creejjing rootstoek : leaves cordate to lanceolate : flowers
in a smalt terminal raceme or panicle.

14. Smilacina. Stem leafy. Flowers trimcrous, paniculate or i-acemose, solitary. Filaments

subulate. Leaves sessile.

15. Maianthemum. Stem low, 2-3-leaved. Flowers dimerous, solitary or fa.scieled, in a

sinijile raceme. Filaments fdiform. Leaves mostly petiolate.
++ ++ Fruit thin-membranous and bursting irreg\ilarly, deeply 3-lobed: stem stout, leafy, from a
thick woody eaudex or rootstoek : leaves numerous, linear-elongated, rigid, serrulate.

16. Nolina. Flowers polygamo-dinecious, in a loosely racemose simple or compound panicle.

Naked eaudex dilated at base and bearing a dense crown of leaves.
+- +■ Flowers large, with di.stinct several-nerved segments, racemose-paniculate on a stout leafy-
bracteate stem from a stout caudex or rootstoek : seeds many, horizontally flattened, black.

17. Yucca. Fruit baccate or capsular. Leaves linear-lanceolate, thick, rigid and si>ine-

tii)ped.

n. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Flowers with distinct mostly net-veined and dcciduoits
segments, hypogynous stamens with more or less extrorse antiier.s, and usually deciduous styles
united at least at base. Leaves mostly with anastomosing veinlets. Pedicels not jointed. Seeds
brownish. {Caluchorlus and TriUiuiu exeejitional.)

♦ Flowers showy, terminal or axillary or subumbcllate, upon a more or less leafy stem from a
bulb or corm ; segments bearing a nectary or gland : capsule many-seeded, mostly loculicidal.

+- Perianth-segments similar, naked : style long.

LILIACE/E

145

+ f Hull) scaly: stem simple, strict, leafy nml leafy-Liactcate: anthers versatile: seeds flat, liorizonUil.

18. Lilium. S(<,'iiiciils ohiaiu'eolate, witli u linear neclarireroiis groove, usually spolteil. Stylo

uiidivitleil. 15uU)-scales lanceolate.

19. Fritillaria. Segments broader, concave, often mottled; nectary a sliallow pit. Styles

united or distinct to the middle, liulb-scales short, very thick.

++ ++ Stem low, la.x, 2-leaved, from an oblong corm : anthers basili.xed : seeds turbid.

20. Erythronium. Segments oblanceolute, callous-toothed each side of the grooved nectary.

+- -1- Outer pcrianth-.scgments smaller, somewhat sepal-like ; the inner broad and usually bearded :

stigmas sessile.

21. Calochortus. Stem usually lax or lle.Kuous, from a coated corm. Anthers basifi.xed. Cap-

sule usually seiiticidal.

LLOVnrA .sf.rotin.v, Ueichenb., a widely distrihuteil arctic and al|)ine plant, not yet discovered
in California, has slender tunicated riiizomatous bulbs, grass-like leaves, low slender sparingly
li'afy stems, and a small solitary Mower with spreading persistent 3-nerved segments (wnite, vcnTed
with jmrplc), minute basilixe(l anthers, an entire persistent style, and an obovate capsule with
Hat seeds. It has been found in the Clover Mountains, Nevada, and in Colorado.

• • Flowers terminal or apparently axillary, solitary or subumbellate, without bracts, the leafy
brandling stems (scape-like i)eduiicle in Clintnnia) from a rootstock ; segments oblauceolate,
with a nectariferous groove. Fruit a berry. Leaves broad.

22. Streptopus. Flowers apparently axillary, mostly solitary on a geniculate pedicel. Fila-

ments broad, very short. Anthers apiculate. Seeds striate. Leaves with transveree
veiiiiets.

23. Prosartes- Flowers terminal, solitary or fascicled. Filaments slender. Anthers obtuse.

Seeds smooth. Leaves net-veined.

24. Clintonia. Flowers solitary or umbellate. Filaments slender, pubescent. Ovary 2-celled.

Seed smooth, crustaceous. Leaves few, ciliate, with transverse veiiilets.

» » • Flowers terminal, solitary or in a sessile umbel, subtended by two or three broad leaves
ui)oii an otherwise naked stem from a stout rootstock. Perianth-segments unlike. Stigmas
sessile, persistent.
2."). Scoliopus. Flowers umbellate, upon a very short stem ; outer segments lanceolate, the
inner linear, deciduous. Stamens 3. Capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta;.
Leaves a paii.
2G. Trillium. Flowers solitary; segments persistent, the outer foliaceou.s. Anthei-s introrse.
Fruit fleshy. Leaves 3, in a whorl.

111. Flowers in a simple raceme or panicle, with distinct persistent sevei-al-nerved segments,
subhypogynous stamens with small anthers, anil distinct persistent styles or stigmas. Bracts
greenish or sometimes scarious. Leaves with transverse veiiilets. Pedicels not jointed. Cap-
sule deeply 3-lobed.

• Flowers usually polygamous. Anthers 1-celled, peltate on opening. Stems leafy. Leaves not

rigid nor eijuitant.

27. Veratrum. Stem tall and stout, from a thick rootstock. Inflorescence paniculate, pubes-

cent. Leaves broad, strongly nerved and plicate.

28. Zygadenus. Stem from a coated bulb. Inflorescence a raceme or subpanicuhitc, glabrous ;

iloweis erect, the segments glandular at base. Leaves linear.

Strnantiiium is distinguished from Zi/fi'iflniu.t hy it<i nodding flowers and narrow ncuminatc
"landless perianth-segments. S. orciDi'-NrAi,!;, Gray, with a loose usually sinijile raceme of yel-
lowish-pui j)le (lowers (fJ to 9 lines long), is found in northern Oregon and in Washington Ter-
ritory, on streambanks in the mountains.

• • Flowers perfect on bractcolate pedicels in a simple raceme on an eipiitant-leafy stem from a

creeping rootstock. Anthers 2-celled, introrse Seeds numerous.

29. Tofieldia. Flowers involucrate with 3 scarious united bractlets. Filaments naked. Styles

short. Capsule ovate, 3-beaked. Seeds horizontal, not caudate.

30. Narthecium. Hractlet linear. Filaments woolly. Style none. Capsule oblong, attenuate

upward. Seeds ascending, caudate at each end.

• » ♦ Flowers perfect on naked pedicels in a simple dense raceme upon a very leafy stem from

a thick rootstock. Styles reflcxed. Leaves very narrow, rigid and rough-edged.

31. Xerophyllum. Flowers white, on long pedicels ; segments .5 - 7-nerved. Seeds few, not

ajipendaged.

146

LILIACE.K. Allium.

1. ALLIUM, Linn. Oniox.

rcrianth of G nearly eciuiil ami distinct segments, lanceulatc to linear, usually
somewhat spreading, 1-nerved, mostly white or rose-colored, often gibbous at base,
persistent. Stamens G, on the base of the segments ; filaments naked, liliforni with
a more or less dilated deltoid base ; anthers ovate-oblong, versatile. Ovary sessile,
subglobose, deeply 3-lobed, with a very short axis : ovules 2 at the base of each
cell (rarely 1 or sevend), ascending; style iiliform, persistent, the lower part nearly
free between the cells and jointed on the axis ; stigma rarely thickened or 3-lobed.
Capsule obtusely 3-lobed, obovate-globose, often crested, loculicidally dehiscent.
Seeds obovoid and wrinkled, with thin dull black testa. — Scafm from a tunicatud
sometimes rhizomatous bulb, very rarely from a coated corm, bearing an umbel sub-
tended by a 2-valved (rarely 3-5-valved) spathe ; pedicels not jointed; odor and
taste strongly alliaceous.

One of the largest genera of tlie order, numbering about 2.'>0 species, and confined ahiiost ex-
chisively to the northern temperate zone ; only 2 or 3 are Soutii American and as many Mexican.
Several of tiie Old World species have been largely cultivated from very early times, as the Onion
{A. Cepa), Garlic (./. salicain), Leek {A. Pornun), Schallott {A. Ascaloutcum), and Chives {A.
Sch(emprastim) ; the latter species is also in.ligenous to America, from the Great Lakes to Waali-
ington Territory and nortlnvard. Many of the Californian sjiecies are peculiar either in their
more or less solid VmU>, m the markings of the bulb-coats, iu their amipital scapes, or in other
chamcters. Jlost of the groups are reailily recognued by a peculiar habit. The reticulation of
the bulb-coats, when it occurs, is in some sjiecies recognizable by the naked eye or with a simple
lens, but in others needs a glass of moderate power for its clear deHnition ; the markings are
usually conrtned to a few among the outer coats.

Scape stout, tall, terete, from an ovate coated coini and jirojiagating by
a lateral bulb-bearing olfshoot : leaves 2 or more, lint'ar.
Bracts acuminate : (lowers large, on long pedicels : stamens inchuled :

capsule not crested. ^ 1. A. I'NIFOI.IU.M.

Scape compressed, from an oblong coated bulb crowning a rhizome .
leaves several, linear : bracts short, united : Mowers small,
on short i>edicfls.
Stout : bracts 2 to 4 : llowers numeious : segments narrowly acumi-
nate : stamens exserte.l : capsule not crested : bulb white. 2. A. VAI-IDUM.
Slender: bracts 2: i)erianth-segments acute: stamens included:

capsule shortly (tested : bulb deep red. 3. A. U.t.M.vrocurm.N'.

Scape terete, sh nd.r : bulb small, ovate, not rhizomatous : leaves
narrowly liuciir : stamens included, except iu n. 6.
Leaves 2 or more, sheathing : st-ape 4 to 10 inches high or more.
Ovary obscurely crested ; i.erianth-scgmcuts serrulate, rose-
colored.
Reticulation prouiinent, ipiadrate : flowers deep rose-color, tlie

segments with acuminate recurved tijis. 4. A. ACU.MlN.vruM.

Reticulation more obscure, undulate-serrate : segnu'uts narrowly

acuminate: filaments fdiform. 5. A. BoL.\Nni:i:l.

Ovary 6-crested : segments entire.

Scapes usually ratiier tall : {lowers numero\is, white or light-
pink, the jieriantii brcouiing thin and lax.
Bracts 4 : .segments obloug-huueolale : stamens exserted. G. A. S.vnuouni.

Bracts 2 : segments ovate-laucoiate : stamens included. 7. A. ATTK.NlUFol.lir.M.

Scapes low: perianth rose-colored, becoming rather rigid.
Filaments deltoid at base.

Reticulation evident, transversely zigzag : segments ovate-
lanceolate : crests narrow, central. 8. A. siu;uatum.
Reticulation indistinct : .segments oblong-lanceolate, acund-

iiate : crests conspicuous. 9. A. iilscKi'TKi'M.

Reticulation distinctly cpiadrate : .segments oblong-lanceo-
late, aeumiuate : ei'ests obscure. 10. A. I.Aci'Niisr M.

AlUuDi.

LlLlACEyE.

. 147

13.

A.

rAKRYI.

14.

A.

FI.MUlilATUM.

1.'').

A.

NF.VAnr.NsE.

1(J.

A.

ATROllUUKNS.

17.

A.

TUinRACTE.VrUM.

18.

A.

PAKVUM.

Filaments filiform : crests ronspieuous.

Segments broadly ovate-lanceolate. 11. A. CAMrANULATUM.

Flowers small ; segments narrowly-lanceolate. 12. A. liluwELLliE.

Leaf solitary, narrowly linear or filiform : capsule prominently 6-
crested : .scape low.
Scape very slender : leaf revolute-filiform: stigma 3-cleft : perianth
much e.xceeding the stamens. S. California.
Perianth rose-colored, 3 or 4 lines long : crests emarginate or

erose.
Perianth deep rose-color, .") lines long : crests fimhriate.
Scapo stout, 1 to.'? inches high : leaf Hat : stigma entire : pcriantl
little e.xceeding the stamens. N. W. Nevada.
Perianth nearly white : crests entire.
Perianth dark red : crests acute, toothed.
Leaves 1 to several, linear, much e.xceeding the very short scape ;
capsule not crested : perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate,
not gibbous.
Scape an inch or two high : bracts 3, long-acuminate.
Scape shorter : bracts 2, abruptly acute.
Scape flattened, 2-edged, low, from a coated bulb : leaves 2, thick,
broad ami Hat, falcate.
Bracts 2 : stamens included : ovary crested.

Perianth-segments narrowed and spreading above, serrulate : crests

3, narrow, central. 19. A. FALCIFOHUM.

Segments deej) rose-color, lanceolate, erect, not serrulate : crests

3, thick, slightly lobed. 20. A. Bueweui.

Segments nearly white, narrowly lanceolate, la.x, scarcely gibbous

at base : crests (i, broad, obtuse. 21. A. ANCEPS.

Scape taller ^6 inches high) : segments pale ro.se-color, ovate-ranceo-

late, gil)bous : crests G, obscure. 22. A. Lem.MON'I.

Bracts 3 to 5 : stamens somewhat exserted : ovary not crested.

Segments 4 to 7 lines long, very narrowly acuminate. 23. A. pi.atycaule.

§ 1. Scope, stout (1)1(1 tiill, tcri'tr, from a s)»(t// oiurte coated conn, and propa-
(jati/Kj by a lateral bulb-bear hi (j offshoot: leaves linear: capsule not
crested.

1. A. unifolium, Kell. Bulb deep-seated, 6 to 8 lines long, with a white
somewhat chartaceous coat, marked by a close contorted reticulation, .separated from
the younger bulb above by a rooting rhizome | to 1 inch long : leaves 2 to 4, sheatli-
ing below the ground, flat or somewhat carinate, 1 to 4 linos broad, shorter than tlio
scape, which is a foot or two high : bracts 2, large, acuminate : pedicels 10 to 30,
usually l.V inches long : flowers bright rose-color fading to wiiite, the broadly oblong-
lanceolate acute or somewhat acuminate segments 5 to 7 lines long, a thinl longer
than the stamens and style. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 1 1 2, tig. 3-5 ; Watson, Bot.
King E.xp. 48G, t. 3G, (ig. 9, 10; Baker, Bot. Mag. t. G320. A. falci/olium, Torr.
Pacif. R. Bep. iv. 148, in part. A. Boti(/lasii, Wood, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1SG8,
170, in part.

In the Coast Ranges from Mendocino County to San Diego; Howering from March to May or
June. A unique species in the character of the iiulb.

§ 2. S(^ape somewhat compressed and 2-ed(p'd, the oblong/ tunicatcil bulb crown-
ing a horizontal rhi-:ome: leaves several, linear: capsule scarcely or not
at all crested.

2. A. validum, Watson. Scape very stout, 2-edged above, angled lielow, 1 to
3 feet high : bulb-coats white: leaves 2 to 8 lines broad, somewhat carinate, nearly
C(pialling the scapo : bracts 2 to 4, nniteil at base, broad, acute or shortly acuminate:
uml)el often soniowhat nddding ; pedicels numerou.s, 3 to G lines long : llowera rose-
color to nearly white, the lanceolate narrowly acuminate segments 3 or 4 lines long,
about equalling or shorter than the stamens and style : capsule subglobose, not
crested, 2h lines long.— P»ot. King E.\p. 350 ; Proc. Amcr. Acad. xiv. 22G.

148 . LILIACEJ'J. Allium.

In the Sierra Nevudii, IVoiii above Owen's Lake (Brewer) to ()iej,'ou (Xeciiis, CnsieL), in moist
places at an altitude ol" 7,000 to 11,000 feet or more ; also iu tlie E. Ihniiboldt Mountains,
Nevada (Watsun) ; July to September.

3. A. hcematochiton, Watson, 1. c. 227. Scape low, slmuler, 4 to 12 inclies
high : coats of llie narrow bulb deep reddish purple, shining : leaves Hat and rather
thick, a line or two broad, about e(jualling the scape : bracts 2, short, connate :
xuubel erect or somewhat notlding ; pedicels 10 to 20, a hall-inch long or less:
flowers deep purple or rose-color, the ovate lanceolate acute segments 3 or 4 lines
long, a little exceeding the very slender stamens and stylo : ovary truncate, with
very short rounded crests : capsule obcordate, 2 lines long.

On sides of dry rocky hills near San Luis Obispo {Brewer) and near Ojai (PecUutm) ; April.

§ 3. Scape terete (rarelt/ anr/led), slender, from a small ovate or glohose hiilh
without rlihome : leaves narroivly linear: l>iiJI>-('i>ats menthrunous, often
more or less distinctli/ reticulated: stamens included, except in n. G.

* Leaves 2 or more, shorter than or about equalling the scape (4 to 10 inches
Icifjh or more).

H- Ovarij ratJier ohscurelij crested : perianth-segments {at least the inner ones)
serrulate, bright rose-color.

4. A. acuminatum, Hook. Outer bulb-coats with a distinct mther coarse anil
prominent cpiadrate to hexagonal reticulation : scape G to 10 inches high, usually
exceeding the leaves which are a line broad or less : bracts narrowly acuminate :
pedicels (12 to 30) G to 12 lines long: flowers deep rose-color, the lanceolate seg-
ments 4 to 7 lines long, with acuminate recurved tips, rigid in fruit, a third longer
than the stamens : lihnnents slightly dilated below : crest very short, becoming ob-
solete. — Fl. l!or.-Ani. ii. 184, t. lOG ; Lindl. in Taxt. Fl. Oard. t. 25; Watson,
]3ot. King Exp. 352, t. 37, flg. G (reticulation). A. Jfurrai/anum, llort. Edinb. ;
liegel, Gartentl. 1874, t. 770. A. A'livcsii, b'egel, Fl. >s'ov. fa.sc. 5.50 J

From Washington Territory to N. Oalil'ornia and eastward to N. Utah, but rarely odleeted
within our limits. It is repoited IVom Cajie Mendocino {Dauylds), and specimens from tlie Kacis-
niento River (Brewer, n. 555) appear to belong here.

5. A. Bolanderi, Watson. Uescmbling the last : bulbs (or rather coated
corms) sometimes clustered, oblique, the coats with an obscure delicate close umlu-
late-serrate reticulation: scape lateral, very slender: pedicels 5 to 15, slender, 4 to
'J lines long : tiowers rose-color or jtinkish, the very narrowly acuminate segments
iieaily straight, 4 or 5 lines long, twice longer than the stamens and style : lilaments
flliform, adnate to the middle. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 229.

Humboldt County, on the Eureka trail (Bolmidcr, n. 6556 ; R(itlan) ; also by KeUot/g d: liar-
ford (n. 1011), probably in tiie same region. Tiie species is peculiar in often sending olf one or
two secondary bulbs from tlie base of tlie stem, which take root at tlie distal end and send up a
scape from the same point.

H_ ^^ Ovary distinctli/ Qt-crested (obscure! // so in n. 10) : perianth-segments nut

serrulate.

-1-+ Scapes rather tall : Howers numerous ; perianth wliite or light-pinh, becoming

til in and lax.

■ G. A. Sanbornii, Wood. Scape slender, a foot or two high, from a white ovati;
bulb: reticuhilinn niinutu and very irregular : nndjcl erect or nodding, subtemled
by 4 lanceolate acuminate bracts : pedicels 3 to G lines long : Howers light rose-
color, small, the ovate-lanceolate segments 2^ or 3 lines long, shorter tlian the,
stamens and style : capsule very thin. — Proc. Philad. Acad. 18G8, 171 ; AVatson,
Eot. King Exi).'48G, t. 37, fig. 7 (Hower).

In the Sierra Nevada from Yuba Comity to the Yoscmite.

Allium. LILIACE/E.

149

7. A. attenuifolium, Kcll. Bull)-coats (often mldisli) witli a delicate trans-
versely sinuate or serrate reticulation, the vertical lines especially also minutely sinu-
ous : scape slender, G to If) inches high, somewhat leafy: leaves narrow and
becoming convolute-filiform above the sheathing base : bracts 2, short, abruptly
acute : umbel erect, usually dense ; pedicels 3 to 8 lines long : flowers white or
nearly so, the oblong-lanceolate acuminate segments 3 or 4 lines long, more or less
exceeding the stamens and style. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 1 10, iig. 34 ; Watson,!, c.
t. 37, fig. 8, y (llower and reticulation). A. redruladnn, JJenth. PI. Hartw. 339.
A. amplectena, Torr. Pacif. M. Rep. iv. 148. A. ncmnhxttuin, \av. cjracile, Wood,
1. c. 170. A. ocridentale, CJray, Proc. Anier. Acad. vii. 3'JO.

Frequent in tlie Sierra Ni'vada from Mariposa County to Oregon {Hall), and also in the Coast
ranges from San Franeisco nortlnvaril. Tlie reticulation is usually more regularly sinuate or
serrate than is rejjresented in the figure in Bot. King Exp., often approaching that of yi. scrra-
turn, from wliieh species this may be distinguished hy the lax whitish flowers and obtuser bracts.
Dr. Torrey's name is the earlier, but is apjdicable only to the undeveloped state of the plant
when, as in other species, the umbel is enclosed in the spathe.

++ ++ Seaj^e low : perianth rose-colored, not becoming lax.

= Filaments more or less deltoid above the discoid adnate base.

8. A. serratum, Watson. AVith the habit of A. acuminatum : bulb-coats with
a distinct close horizontally serrate denticulation : bracts narrowly acuminate : peri-
anth-segments broadly ovate-lanceolate, 4 to G lines long, acute or somewhat acumi-
nate, nearly straight and rather rigid, the inner narrower, somewhat shorter and
rarely serrulate : filaments all -with a narrowly deltoid base : crests very narrow,
central. — Bot. King Exp. 487, t. 37, fig. 4 (reticulation). A. acnminatum and
falcifolium, Torr. Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 148, mainly.

In the Coast Ranges, from Marin County southward, and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada ;
apparently also from San Diego, on gravelly hills, Cimpcr ; April to June. A common fomi has
rather close umbels, the small flowers (4 lines long) on pedicels a half inch long or less. The
dried outer bulb-coats are readily fissile along tlie transverse lines of reticulation.

9. A. bisceptnlm, Watson. Bulb-coats light-colored, Avith an indistinct some-
what <piadrilateral reticulation, the cells under a strong power showing an exceed-
ingly sinuous outline especially along the vertical lines : scapes 4 to 10 inches high,
often in pairs, rarely compressed above or angled : leaves 1 to 3 lines broad, or more :
pedicels 15 to 40 : flowers deep rose-color to nearly white, the ovate-lanceolate acute
or acuminate segments 3 or 4 lines long, erect, slightly exceeding the stamens :
crests thin, conspicuous. — J>ot. King Ex}). 351, t. 37, fig. 1-3. A. falcifolium,
Torr. 1. c, in part. A. Jhmrjlasii, AVood, 1. c, in part.

A rather connnon species in the mountains from the Sierra Nevada to Utah.

10. A. lacunosum, Watson. P)ulb-coats light-colored, thick and distinctly
jiitted by tiie ([uadrate or transversely obhmg reticulation, the oiitlinos of the cells
very minutely sinuous : .scape 3 to G inches high : flowers (5 to 20) on pedicels 3 to
5 linos long, the oblong-lanceolate acuminate segments 3 or 4 lines long, a little ex-
ceeding the stamens : filaments narrowly dtdtoid at base : ovary-cells with an obtuse
thickened ridge toward the summit on each side. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 231.

On JIariposa Peak, Santa Clara County {Brewer, n. 1284).

= = Filaments filiform : crests conspicnons.

11. A. campanulatum, Watson, 1. c. Bulb-coats with a very minute and
extremely sinuate reticulation : scape 4 to 10 inches high : uml)el erect or somewhat
nodding, many-flowered, the slender pedicels G to 15 lines hjug : fiowers light rose-
color, the thin spreading broadly ovatedauceolato acute or abruptly and shortly
acuminate segments 3 or 4 lines long, a third longer than the stamens : ovary dis-
tinctly crested.

250 LILIACE.K. Allium.

In the Sierra Nevada, Mariposa ami riuiiias Counties {Bolamkr, n. 41*43, ami Mrs. .1/. E. P.
Ames) ; on Klamatli Iv'iver, Rnttun.

12. A. Bidwelliae, Watson, 1. c Bulb-coats unknown : scapo 2 or 3 inclies
liigh : umbel ratiiur lew-Ho\vere(l, the pedicels a half-incli long : Howers bright rose-
color, the erect narrowly lanceolate acuminate segments 2i or 3 lines long, scarcely
exceeding the stamens and style : crests conspicuous.

In tlie Sierra Nevada, above Chico, Mrs. J. Bidwcll.
* * Leaf solitary, narrowly linear or filiform, equalling or someivhat exceed-
iny the low seape (2 to G inclies) : crests 6, prominent : stamens included.

-t- Stiff ma of 3 linear lobes: scape very slender: leaf revolutefiliform : bracts
abruptly setaceous-acuminate.

13. A. Parryi, Watson, 1. c ]5ull)-coats reddish-brown, without reticulation :
pedicels (12 to 3(») -i to 8 lines long : Howers rose-colored, the lanceolate acuminate
segments 3 or 4 lines long, a third longer than the stamens : crests emarginate or
erose.

In the Coast Ranges of San Bernaidiuo County, Dr. C. C. Parry, n. 390, 1876.

14. A. finibriatum, AVatson. Bulb unknown : scape 3 inches high, shorter
than the leaf : Howers cleep rose-color, on pedicels 3 to G lines long, the lanceolate
acuminate segments nearly twice longer than the stamens and style : crests iimbri-
ate. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 232.

Oil the Mohave Iviver, /)/-. E. Palmer.

-H -i- Stigma not divided: scape stout,! to 3 inches high: leaf fiat : bracts
more acuminate.

15. A. Nevadense, Watson. Bulb-coats liglit-colored, with cli-stinct very
much distorted reticulation : bracts 2 : tlowers white or pinkish, on pedicels a hall'-
inch long, the lanceolate acute or shortly acuminate segments 4 lines long, little
exceeding the stamens and style : crests acutish or obli(piely truncate, entire or
nearly so. — Bot. King Exp. 351, t. 38, lig. 1 - 3.

From the eastern base of tlie Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Watson) to Utali ; Jlay to July.

16. A. atrorubens, AVatson. Bulb-coats Avithout known reticulation : leaves a
line or two broad : bracts 3 : pedicels (about 20) a half-inch long : Howers reddish
purple, the spreading lanceolate acuminate segments 5 or G lines long, little exceed-
ing the very slender stamens : crests acute, laciniately toothed. — Bot. King Exj).
352, t. 38, hg. 4, 5.

On dry footiiiils in N. "W. Nevada {Watson) ; June.
* * * Leaoes usually 2 or more, linear, much cvceeding the very short scape :
capsule not crested: periantJi-scgments narrowly lanceolate, not gibbous.

17. A. tribracteatum, Torr., 1. c Btdb-coats thin with distinct transver-scly
oblong reticulation : scape slender, rarely 2 inches high : leaves h to 3 lines broad :
l)i'acts 3, long-acuminate : ]K;(licels slender, 2 or 3 lines long : Howers pinkish with
darker midveins, the narrowly oblong-lanceolate acutish segments 3 lines long, little
exceeding the stamens. — Watson, 1. c. 353 (excl. var.), t. 38, lig. G, 7.

In the Sierra Nevada, Mono and Neva<la Counties, to an altitude of 10,000 feet ; Duflleld's
Ranch {lii(jdi,w) ; near Ciseo {Bolandcr) ; }teak above Mono Lake, Ihxwtr.

18. A. pai'vum, Kell. Besembling the last: scape scarcely rising above
ground, and bulb cuats without reticulation : bracts 2, short, abruptly acute : peri-
anth-segments broader, more obtuse, 3 or 4 lines long. — I'roc. Calif. Acail. iii. 54,
fig. 13. A. tribracteatum, var. Andersojii, Watson, 1. c.

In the valleys and on dry ridgi-s on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada ; near Carson City
{Anderson, Watson) ; Sierra Valley, Lcmmon.

Muilla. LILIACEyE. 15X

§ 4. Scape much flatten cd and 2-e(lged, short, from an ovate coated bulb: leaves
2, thick, broadlij linear, flat and falcate.

* Bracts 2: stamens included : ovary mostly crested.

19. A. falcifolium, Hook. & Arn. Bulb-coats not reticulated: scape 2 or 3
inches liigli, 1 or 2 lines broad : leaves 3 or 4 lines broad : flowers rose-colored, the
lanceolate segments attenuate and spreading above, minutely glandular-serrate, 4 to G
lines long, nearly twice longer than the stamens and style : ciipsule acute with 3
short narrow central crests. — ]>ot. l>(!oclioy, 400 ; Watson, 1. c. \^^, t. 30, lig. 7, 8
((lower).

In tlio Const Raiif];''s, from Sononin to lIuinboKlt Counties (/to/^yArv, Holandcr) ■,\m\ soutliwestcrn
Oregon {Ratldii); Siskiyou County, Lcmmon.

20. A. Breweri, Watson. Bulbs large, G to 9 lines in diameter, tlie coats with-
out reticulation : scape an inch or two above ground, a line or two broad : leaves 2
to 5 lines broad : bracts acute : flowers deep rose-color, the lanceolate acute segments
nearly erect, 5 or G lines long, a third longer than the stamens : ovary and capsule
with a thick slightly lobed crest upon each coll. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 233.

Summit of Mount Diablo, in dry sunny places {Brewer, n. 1060) ; May.

21. A. anceps, Kell. r>ulb-coats with minute transversely oblong reticulation:
scape 2 or 3 inclies high and 2 lines wide : bracts acute : pedicels lax, G to 8 lines
long : flowers nearly white with purplish midveins, the very narrowly lanceolate
acuminate lax segments scarcely gibbous at base, 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding
the stamens: crests G, broad, obtuse. — - Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 109, fig. 32; Watson,
Bot. King Exp. 352, t. 3G, lig. 4-G (capsule faulty).

East base of the Siena Nevada, from Carson City to Oregon.

22. A. Lemmoni, Watson. Scape G inches high : leaves nearly straight :
flowers rather numerous, pale rose-color, on pedicels 6 to 8 lines long, the ovate-
lanceolate acuminate segments gibbous at base, 4 lines long, a little exceeding the
stamens : crests G, broad, obscure. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 234.

In the Sierra Nevada, Sierra County, J. G. Lcmmon.

* * Bracts 3 to 5: stamens somewhat exserted: ovary not crested.

23. A. platycaule, Watson, 1. c. Bulb-coats without reticulation : scape stout,
3 to 5 inches high, 2 to 4 lines broad: leaves G to 12 lines broad: bracts acumi-
nate : pedicels very numerous, an inch long or less : flowers rose-color, the lanceolate
very narrowdy long-acuminate segments 4 to 7 lines long. — A. anceps, Baker, Bot.
Mag. t. G227.

In the liigli valleys of the Sieira Nevaila, from near Cisco to Phnnas County.

2. MUILLA, Watson.

Perianth subrotate, persistent, of G nearly equal slightly united oblong-lanceolate
segments, greenish or yellowish white with darker 2-nerved midveins. Stamens
near the base, with naked filiform fdamcnts slightly thicker at base ; anthers ovate-
oblong, versatile. Ovary sessile, ovate-oblong; cells 8-10-ovuled; style clavate,
persistent and at length splitting. Capsule globose, scarcely lobed, loculicidally de-
hiscent. Seeds ascending, oblong, compressed and angled, with thin dull-black
testa. — Scape from a fibrous-coated corm, bearing an umbel subtended by several
small scarious bracts ; leaves very narrow, semi-terete ; pedicels not jointed ; not
alliaceous. A single species. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 215.

1. M. maritima, Watson, 1. c. 235. Conn small (less than a half-inch thick),
with thin fibro-membranous coats : leaves several, not sheathing at base, scabrous,

152 LILIACE.E. tlbanncna.

equalling the very slender scabrous scape (3 to 12 inches high), a half to one line
wide: hracts 4 to G, lanceolate to linear, 2 io 4 lines long: pedicels f) to IT), very
slender, uneiiual, 2 to 12 lines k)ng : iierianth-segnients 2 or 3 lines long, sonii!-
Avhat sacculate at the tij) : anthers \ line long : style about ccpialling the acute
ovary: capsule 3 lines long, abruptly beakeil by the short stout style: seeds 1|
lines long. — Iltsperoscorduim (?) viaritimum, Torr. Tacil'. IJ. Hep. iv. 148. Alliuni
maritimum, Lenth. PI. Hartw. 339; Torr. l>i)t. Mex. liound. 217; iJegel, All.
Monogr. 219. MiUa maritima, Watson, I>ot. King Kxp. 354.

Near the coast, I'loin Marin County to Monterey ; also in Western Nevada, in somewhat ali<a-
line localities, from Carson City to Sierra Valley, aji[):irently iilentieal, though with slightly
larger llowers.

3. BLOOMERIA, Kellogg.
Perianth persistent, of G nearly etjual distinct linear-oblong segments, somewhat
spreading, orange with a darker closely double or triple midnerve. Stamens G, on
the base of the segments and a little shorter ; lilaments iiliform, with a somewhat
cup-shaped winged and bi-cuspidate appendage surrounding the base, not adnate to
the" perianth ; anthers oblong, attached near the base but versatile. Ovary sessile,
subglobose : ovules several in each cell : style filiform-clavate, persistent and split-
ting with the capsule. Capsule subglobose, membranous, obtusely 3-lobed, loctdici-
dally dehiscent. Seeds 4 to 8 in each cell, subovoid, angular and wrinkled, with
thin dull black testa. — Scape from a hbrous-coated corm, bearing a many-rayed
umbel subtended by membranous bracts; leaves linear, carinate; jjcdicels jointed
at the summit. A single species. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 11.

1. B. aurea, Kell. 1. c. Bulb small (a half-inch in tliametcr), becoming densely
covered willi brownish fibres : leaf solitary, equalling or exceeding the scape, 3 to G
lines broad : scape scabrous, 0 to 18 inches high : bracts several, narrowly lanceolate :
pedicels numerous (15 to GO), 1 to 2^- inches long: perianth subrotate in bloom ;
segtuents 4 to G lines long : appendage at the base of the lilaments nearly a line
long, minutely papillose, the lateral cusps variable in length : capsule beaked with
the persistent style, nearly 3 lines long. — Watson, l^roc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 235.
Allium {Chrysoscordiam) croceiim, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 218; Pegel, All.
Monogr. 215. Nutlioscordum aureum, Hook. f. ]>ot. Mag. t. 589G.

Southern California, in the Coast Ranges from Monterey County to San Diego, and eastward ;
Kern County {Kcnncdij) ; near Jloliave River, Palmer. May to July.

4. BRODIiEJA, Smith.
Perianth ])ersistent, fnnnelform, often narrowly so, not contracted at the throat,
nor saccate or but slightly so at base, blue-purple or sometimes yellow or white ;
segments 1-nerved. Stamens 3 on the throat opposite the inner lobes and alternate
with as many oblong or linear staminodia, or 6 in one or two rows Avith the lila-
ments naked or appendaged ; anthers basilixed or versatile. Ovary stipitato or
sessile; stylo per.'^isteut, about equalling the anthers, with short diverging entire
stigmas; colls 3-8-ovuled. Capsule ovate to oblong, nu)re or less attenuate above.
Seeds angled, black. — Scape usually erect, with linear leaves, from a libro-mem-
branous-coated corm, bearing a several-bracted umbel of few to many flowers on
jointed pedicels : brown-coated corms small, ^ to | inch in diameter or less. —
Hookera, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 98. Brodlw.a, Smith, Linn. Trans, x. 2 ; Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 375, in part. Triteleia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. tinder t. 1293, in
part. Ife.tperoscordii/n, Lindl. 1. c. Caflipmra, Lindl. Bot. Peg. under t. 1590.

Brodina. LILIACE.E. J 53

Dichelostemma and Senhertia, Kuntli, Enum. iv. 4G9 & 475. Themis, Salisb. Gen.
85. Milla, Baker, 1. c. in part, not Cav.

A genus peculiar to California and the adjacent region, not reacliing the southern boundary.
Thougli i>olymori)hous in its cliaracters, yet it is on tlie wiiole distinctly marked, and clearly sepa-
rated IVoin the Mexican genus Milla, to which many of the species arc referred by Mr. Daker.
The latter is distinguished by its salverforni ])eriant]i with 3-nerved segments, its inarticulate
jiedicels, sessile ovary, and southern haliitat. Tlie single Mexican species, M. bijlorn, Cav., is
also toiiud in New i\iexico and southeastern Arizona.

■•It Stamens in one, row on the throat,' anthers hasi fixed: cnpsntc snthfessile:
perianth purple, niostli/ broadly funnelforni, the tube shorter than the limb.

EUBIIODLKA.

-1- Stamens 3, opposite to the inner segments, the outer stamens being reduced to
staminodia : segments 2 or 3 times longer than the tube.

++ Pedicels more or less elongated.

1. B. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves a lino broad, thick and somewliat terete,
about e(iualling the smooth scape, which is 4 to 10 inches high: peilicels 3 to 10
(or rarely solitary), unequal, ^ to 2 (or even 3 or 4) inches long: perianth varying
from purine to light rose-color, 10 to 20 linns long, the linear-oblong obtuse or acutish
segments strongly 1-nerved : Jihiments rather slender, 1^ lines long or more, the
antliers twice longer ; staminodia ligulate, entire, obtuse, whitish, about equalling
the anthers : capsule sessile, narrowed at base, oblong, and attenuate into the stout
rigid style; cells G - 8-seeded : seeds a line long. — Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 2; Lindl.
]}ot. Reg. t. 1183; Hook, JJot. Mag. t. 2877; Baker, I. c. 376, in j^art.

Var. (]) major, Benth. Taller and stouter, a foot or two high; scapes often
scabrous ; leaves I to 3 lines broad and flattened : pedicels G to 20, mostly 1 to 4
inches long : perianth often 1^ inches long or more, with long narrow segments and
staminodia ; anthers and iilaments twice longer : capstdes sometimes strictly sessile
with a broad base and the seeds 2 lines long. — PI. Hartw. 339 ; Baker, 1. c. B.
Californica, Limll. Trans. Hort. Soc. iv. 84, & fig.

From S. California (on tlie Mohave Hiver, Pulmn-) to tlie British Boundary ; in the Sierra
Nevada and footliills. The brown-coated (!ornis are from half an inch to nearly an inch in diame-
ter. Tlie broader leaved variety, with broader capsule and larger seeds, may prove distinct.

2. B. minor, Watson. Scape very slender, 3 to G inches high, smf)oth, bearing an
nmbel of 2 to G rays an inch or two long : i)erianth 7 to 14 lines long : anthers ob-
long, 2 lines long, shorter tlian the broadly ligulate usually emargiiiate staminodia:
capsule obovate, .sessile or nearly so, 3 lines long, acute, the cells 3-seedeil : seeds a
line long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. .\iv. 236. B. graudljlora, var. minor, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 340. B. gramUjlora, Baker, 1. c, in ])art.

In various ])arts of Califoinia {Ilariwej, JFallacc, Coulter) and Oregon, Kellogg k Hiirfirrd.

3. B. terrestris, Kell. Leaves nearly terete : .scape very short, scarcely rising
above the surface of the ground : pedicels 2 to 10, very slender, 3 or 4 inches long :
perianths to 10 lines long: anthers oblong, sagittate, \\ lines long, slightly longer
than the filaments, shorter than the yellowish emarginate staminodia : capsule \
inch long, including the short stout style, sessile, acute at base; cells 6 -8-seeded :
.seeds nearly a line long. — Proc. Calif Acad. ii. G. B. grandiflora, var. macropoda,
Torr. Pacif. Ii. Rep. iv. 149. B. Torreyi, Wood, Proc. 'Phila.'l. Acad. 1868, 172.

A very common species about San Francisco and through Central California, from Mendocino
County (sandy plains near Fort Bragg, Bolandrf) to Monterey.

++ ++ Flou'ers subcapitatc, on short pedii'cls.

4. B. congesta, Smith. Conn often deep-seated : scapes 2 to 4 feet high,
smooth ; leaves 2 to 6 lines broad, carinate, glaucous : und)el often more or less pro-
duced into a short dense raceme : pedicels 6 to many, 1 to 3 lines long : perianth 8

154

LILIACEyE. lirodiou.

or 9 lines lony, the oblong-lanceolate segments twice longer than the tuho : anthers
very nearly sessile, deeply emarginate at eacli end, 2 to 3 lines long : staniinodia
deeply cleft, exceeding flie anthers : capsnle sessile, ovate, T) lines long including the
short thick style ; cells several-ovuled, usually Iseeded : seed 2 lines long. — Trans.
Linn. Soc. x. 3, t. 1 ; IJaker, 1. c. 377. iJicJtdusttmma congeduvi, Kunth, Enuni.
iv. 470; Wood, 1. c. 173.

From San Francisco to Wasliington Territory, coimiioii.

5. B. multiflora, I'.enth. j\Iuch resembling the last, but the corm less deejily
seated, and llowuring a month or two earlier: scape a foot or two high, somewhat
scabrous ; umbel not produced : staniinodia entire, broad and obtuse, about equalling
the anthers: seeds several in each celL — I'l. Ilartw. 339; ]>aker, 1. c. ; Hook. f.
Bot. Mag. t. 5989. B. parvijhra, Torr. ^ Oray, Pacif. li. Pep. ii. 125 ; Wood. 1. c.
172. JJ. gnunlijlora, var. bnic/ii/poda, Torr., same, iv. 149.

From the Sacramento Valley to Oregon, and in the Sierra Nevada.
•«- 4- Stamens G, the inner with a free lanceolate appendage on each side, the
oxiter ones naked: Jlowers snbcapltate ; segments little longer than the tube.

6. B. capitata, Penth. Leaves a foot long or more, 2 to 10 lines wide, cari-
nate, usiially glaucous : scape a foot or two high, sometimes nuich shorter than tlie
leaves : flowers few to many, nearly sessile, or on pedicels 1 to G lines long : perianth
rather broadly funnelform, G to 10 lines k)ng, from blue or purple to white : inner
anthers nearly sessile, linear, 2 lines long, slightly shorter than the oblong-lanceolate
appendages ; "the outer smaller, on short naked iilaments broadly dilated at base :
capsule ovate, sessile, 3 lines long, beaked by the slender style, nearly as long : seeds
several in each cell, 2 lines long. — Tl. Ilartw. 339. Ilookera pulchtlla, Salisb.
Parad. t. 117 ^ Dichelostemma capitata, ^Vood, 1. c. 173. Mil/a capitata, I'.aker,
1. c. 381 ; Oliver, Hook. ]5ot. Mag. t. 5912.

Fre(iucnt tlivongli California from San Bernardino noitliwani ; also eastwanl in the mountains
to S. Utah. February to May.

* * Stamens in 2 rows {except in n. 8), n'lth more or less distincthj versatile
anthers and naked filaments : capsule stipitate : perianth-tube mostlg narrow,
equalling or longer than the segments. — Sklueuti.x.

-1- Periantlt, broadhj tubular: flowers subcapitate.

7. B. Douglasii, Watson, 1. c. 237. Leaves 2 to G lines broad, carinate : scape
smooth, a foot or two high, erect and usually stout: pedicels few to many, 1 to 12
lines long: perianth 8 to 12 lines long, blue ; tube subsaccate, about e(iualling the
lobes: anthers oblong, a line long; the lower on the throat opposite the outer seg-
ments, the upper on the iinier segments, on a short free tilament which forms below
a prominent wing within the tube : capsule ovate, 3 lines long, a litth; exceeding the
stipe and the slender style : seeds several in each cell. — Triteleia gramlijlora, Lindl.
Pot. Ifeg. under t. 1293; Hook. Fl. P,or.-Am. ii. 18G, t. 198, P. B. grandijhra,
Torr. in Stansb. Pep. 397. Milla grandlfiora, Paker, 1. c. 380.

WasliinKton Territory and Orpf!;on, and eastwanl to W. Wyoming and the Walisatch ; proliably
to lie found in Northern Califoinia.

^_ ^_ Perianth more or less aftcnnate at base: umbel open.
++ Floircrs blue or purplish, rarch/ -white.

8. B. Bridgesii, Watson, 1. c Scajie a foot high or more : i)edicels 10 to 20,
I to 2 inches long: perianth 12 to 15 lin(;s long, the tube very narrow and exceed-
mg the lobes : stamens in one row on the throat, the nearly ecjual Iilaments dilated
downward, 1 h lines long : anthers linear, 2 lines long : capsule ovate, 4 lines long,
shorter than 'the stipe, beaked by the very slender style : seeds 2 or 3 in each cell.
H lines long.

Bro(U(ta. LILTACE/lil,

155

Collpctpd by WilHnm. Bridr/rs (n. 338), in Contral rnlifornia ; near riiico (.Vrs. J. BidwcU) ;
other sppciiiiens arc in lierb. Gray, but tlio collectors ami locality arc uiiccrtjiin.

9. B. laxa, Watson, 1. c. Scapes smooth or scabrous, i to 2 feet high, erect :
])edicels few to many, 1 to 3 inches long: perianth very narrow below, 12 to 20
lines long, the tube ccjualling or exceeding the lobes : anthers oblong to linear, Ih to
2i lines long, on very slender short or more or less elongated filaments, the upper
on the throat opposite the inner segments, the lower on the tube : cai)sule on an
elongated stipe, oblong, 4 to G lines long, beaked by the rather sliort tliick style :
seeds several in each cell, a lino long. — Tritelcia laxa, Benth. in Trans, llort. 'Soc.
i. 413, t. 15; Lindl. JJot. Keg. t. 1G85. Seuhertia laxa, Kunth, Euum. iv. 475.
Milla. laxa, l?aker, 1. c. 384. Flowers sometimes white.

Ill the Coast Ranges from Iliiniboldt County {IlaUan) to San Francisco.

10. B. peduncularis, AVatson, 1. c. Scaj)es erect, slender, 1 to 2 feet high,
smooth : ixmUccIs 10 to 20, very slender, 2 or 3 inches long : perianth 6 to 9 lines
li)ng, the lobes a little exceeding the turbinate tube: anthers narrowly oblong, 1^
lines long, the lower sessile on the tube, the upper on short filaments upon the inner
segments : capsule on a stipe a line or two long, beaked Ijy the short style ; cells 3-
5-sce(led. — Triteleia peduncularis, Lindl. Dot. Jieg. under t. 1085. Milla peduncu-
laris, JJaker, 1. c. 384.

Apparently rather rare ; collected by Douglas, Fremont, anil in Lake County by Dr. Torrcij.
++ ++ Flowers yellow, with brown nerves.

1 1. B. crocea, Watson, 1. c. 238. Leaves 2 to G lines broad : scape rather stout,
a foot i)igh or more, smooth : bracts narrowly linear, acuminate, elongated : pedicels
G to 15, slender,^ to 2 inches long : perianth 7 to 9 lines long, tiie segments rather
exceeding the turbinate tube : anthers scarcely a line long, on short filaments slightly
dilated downward, the lower nearly sessile on the tube, the upper on the inner seg-
ments : ovary pubescent on the angles : capsule obovate, on a short stipe, rather
abruptly narrowed into the style; cells 4-seeded. — Senhertia crocea, Wood, Proc.
Acad. IMiilad. 18G8, 172. MUla crocea, IJaker, 1. c. 384.

Near Yreka, Siskiyou County, H'ood, Greene. In flower, May and .Tune.

12. B. gracilis, Watson, 1. c. Leaves solitary, 1 to 3 lines broad, exceeding
the slender scape, which is 2 to 4 inches high, purplish and scabrous : bi-acts short,
lanceolate : pedicels rather few, a half to an inch long : perianth 5 to 7 lines long,
deep yellow with brown nerves, the narrow segments about e([uailing the narrow
tube : anthers half a line long, on very slender elongated filaments inserted near the
throat : capsule ovate-oblong, on a slender stii)e, attenuate into the narrow style :
cells 2-see(led.

On Spanish Peak, Plumas County, near Gold Lake, }frs. R. M. Austin.
* * >.t Stamens in one row, with deltoid, or irinq-dilated filaments and versatile
anthers: capsule stipitate: perianth-tnhe tnrhinate, ahnnt Jialf as lonrj as the
segments: pedicels more or less elongated. — § CAi.iiinumA.

13. B. ixioides, Watson, I. c. Scape mostly erect, 3 inches to 2 feet high,
usually scabrous : pedicels few to many, usually an inch or two (sometimes 3 or 4
inches) long: perianth yellow or yellowish, more or less tingetl with purple, or
nearly white, with a brown midvein (often double or triple), 5 to 10 lines long:
filaments winged their whole length, the inner ones longest; the narrow cusps of
the wings usually eqiialling the oblong anthers (a line long or less): capsule ovate-
oblong, with a short narrow beak, on a stipe 2 or 3 lines long : seeds several in each
cell, a line long. — Ornithnqalum ixioides. Ait. f. Hort. Kew. ii. 257. Calliprora
Ivtea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1590 ; Hook. T.ot. Mag. t. 3588.' Themis ixioides, Salisb.
Calliprora a^irantea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acatl. ii. 20. Milla ixioides. Laker, 1. c.
383.

-[56 LILIACE.E llrodimi.

Frequent from Santa Barbara and Fort Tcjnu to Oregon ; also in the Sierra Nevaila to an alti-
tude of 9,000 feet.

14. B. lactea, AVattJon, 1. c. Scapes usually a foot or two liij^'li, smooth or sca-
brous : pedicels few to many, slender, ^ to 2 inches long : perianth white with a
green midvein, or sometimes purplish, 4 or 5 lines long : iilaments equal, deltoid,
usually about a line long : anthers small, oblong, yellow or purple : capsule subglo-
bose, abruptly beaked by the short sleiulcr style ; stipe usually a line or two long :
seeds 2 to G (ovules 8 or 10) in each cell, a lino long. — Ile^peroscordam /ii/acinlhi-
num, Lindl. Bot. Ileg. under t. 1293. //. ladeum, l>indl. 1. c. t. l(j;59 ; Wood, 1. c.
171. H. Lewlsil, Hook. Y\. P,or.-Am. ii. ISo, t. 198. Allium ladeum, 15enth. PI.
Hartw. 339. VeatcJna cri/stalliiia, Kellogg, I.e. ii. 11. Jlilla hyacinthina, Baker,
1. c. 385. Allium Tilingi, IJegel, All. :Monogr. 124.

Var. lilacina, Watson, 1. c. A stout form, with large flowers (5 to 7 lines long),
from white becoming more or less tinged with lilac.

Frequent tlirou;^]i California, from ^lonterey to britisli Columbia ; above Carson City (Ander-
son) ; I'hunas County, Mr^. ^liistin. Tlie variety from l^k-ndocino and Humboldt Counties.

5. STROPHOLIRION, Torr.
Perianth persistent, rose-colored, sbort-funnelform, contracted at tbe tliroat, the
6-saccate and 6-angled tube nearly equalling tbe spreading 1 nerved segments.
Stamens 3, on the throat oppositi; tlie inner segnnuits, alternate with 3 ligulate,
emargiuate stamiuodia ; filaments very short, with a lanceolate wing eacb side;
anthers linear-sagittate, basifixed. Ovary nearly sessile, with short persistent style ;
cells 4-ovuled. Capside ovate, acuminate, on a short stipe. Seeds angled, black,
usually one in each cell. — Scape elongateil and climbing, from a coated conn, bear-
ing a many-flowered und)el with jointed pedicels ; leaves broadly linear. A single
Californian species. — Rupallei/a, ^Moriere.

1. S. Californicum, Torr. Corm nearly an incli in diameter: leaves a foot
long or more, 4 to 6 lines broad, carinate : scape roughish, 2 to 4 (or even 12) feet
long, lax and often twining over bushes: pedicels inimerous (15 to 30), slender,
mostly a lialf to an inch long : j)erianth 5 or G lines long, with oblong lanceolate
segments : anthers 2 lines long, equalling the lanceolate acute wings and narrow
often jjube-'^cent staminodia : capsule 4 lines long, including the style, narrowed at
base: seed 2 lines long. — Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 149, t. 21. Ritjxtlleija voluljilis,
IMoriere, liull. Soc Linn. Norm. viii. 313, t^ jdate. JJirholestemma C'lli/aniiai,
Wood, JVoc. Acad. Philad. 18G8, 173. Bnnlina culnhills, P.aker, Journ. Liini. Soc.
xi. 377; Hook. f. P...t. i\lag. t. G123.

Conuuon in tlu! foothills of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Count}' northward, and in the
valley of the Saeramento.

6. BREVOORTIA, Wood.
Perianth persistent, deep scarlet, rather broadly tidjular, sbortly G saccate at the
truncate base, slightly constricted above, the short yellowish segments erect or
sometimes reflexed, faintly 1-nerved. Stamens 3, on the throat opposite to tbe inner
segments, alternate; wilh 3 very broad truncate coronaliko staminodia; Iilaments
•very short, naked ; anthers narrowly oblong, basifixed, emargiuate at each end. Ovary
stipitate, with elongated persistent style ; cells 4 - G-ovuled. Capsule triangular-
ovate, acuminate. Seeds angled, black. — Scape erect, from a coaled corm, bearing
a few-flowered undjel with jointed pedic(ds ; leaves linear. A single species. — Proc.
Philad. Acad. 18G7, 82.

Lrncocrimnn. LILIACE.K. ir'r

1. B. coccinea, Watson. Corm G to 9 linos in diameter, witli reticulated and
somewhat libruus coats, and often with lateral bulblets : leaves a foot or two long or
mfirc, 2 to 4 lines witle, carinate, glaucous : scape slender, erect, 1 to 3 feet liTgh,
bearing an umbel of G to 15 flowers: pedicels KJ to 12 lines long or more, slender:
l)eriantli 12 to IG lines long ; the segments ovate, 2 or 3 lines long, greenisli-yellow :
anthers equalling the limb ; staminotlia a half shorter, yellow : capsule on a stipe 2
or 3 lines long, ovate-oblong, attciniate upwartl into the somewhat i)ersistent style :
seeds 2 liiu\s long. — Proc. yVm. Acad. xiv. 239. Jl Idn-Maia, Wood, 1. c. Br<xli<ea
corrinm, (Jray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380; JJaker, Journ. l.inn. 8oc. xi. 378; Hook,
f. Pot. Mag. t. 58.57.

In v'u'h soil ill tlie inoiuitains from lliuiiholdt to Shasta Counties ; (lowuring in May .and June.
A sliowy species, very distinct in its coloring.

7. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Toir.
Perianth persistent, pale lilac or purplish, funnelform, G-cleft, the cylindric tube
nearly erpialling or shorter than the spreading narrowly oblong 1-nerved segments.
Stamens in one row on the throat, the lilaments united to form a tubular corona
with erect bilid lobes alternate with the oblong versatile anthers. Ovary ovate,
sessile, with elongated' persistent style. Capsule subglobose, triquetrous. Seeds
several in each cell, large, black. — Scape from a somewhat fibrous-coated corm,
bearing a few-flowered umbel with inarticulate pedicels ; leaves narrowly linear,
channelled. Only two species. — Pot. j\Iex. ]>ound. 218.

1. A. breviflorum, Watson. Corm small : leaves scabrous, a line broad or
less : scai)o rather stout, 4 to 12 inches high, scabrous eR})ecially below: flowers 3
to 12, on pedicels ^ to U inches long, light ])urple, about half an inch long, the tube
much shorter than the segments ; corona half tlie length of the limb or more, its
lobes e(iualling or shorter than the antliers (U lines long): capsule broader than
long (4 or 5 lines), somewhat deeply 3-lobed : seeds 3 or 4 lines long, usually G in
eacli cell. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 303.

On gravelly hills near Fort .Alohave, rare (Dr. J. G. Cooper, in fruit in February), and eastward
to S. Utaii, MrK. Thompson, Bishop, Parnj. Tlie second species (./. viol((ccitiii', Torr.) is found
from Texas to Western Ivansas, and differs esjieeially in its larger flowers on sliorter pedieels, the
tube of the periantli comparatively longer and nearly eipialliiig the limb, and the crown e.\ceeding
the anthers ; scape usually very low.

8. LEUCOCRINUM, Nutt.
Perianth salver-form with a very slender elongated tube, white, persistent ; seg-
ments narrowly lanceolate, several-nerved. Stamens G ; filaments filiform, inserted
below the throat; anthers lint^ar, attached near the base, introi-se. Ovary sessile,
ovate-oblong : stylo persistent, elongated and filiform, c(pialling the stamens, tubu-
lar, the orifice somewhat expanded and slightly 3-lobed : ovules sevend in each cell.
Capsule triangular-obovate, subcoriaceous, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds obovate,
strongly angled, Avitli a dull black testa. — Acaulescent, with a short deep-seated
rhizome and fleshy roots, narrowly linear leaves surrounded at base by .scarious
bracts, and a central sessile umbel of showy fragrant flowers ; floral bracts sheathing
the pedicels. A single species.

1. L. montanuiu, Xutt. Leaves 8 to 12 or more, flat and rather thick, 4 to 8
inches long an<l 1 to 3 lines broad, the narrow underground bases (1 to 3 inches
long) surrounded by broad scarious acutish bracts ; inner bracts very narrow : flowers
4 to 8, on short peilicels (G to 18 lines long) from the summit of the rhizome ; tube

ICO LILIACEJO. Catudssia.

of tho pei'ianth an inch or two long ; segments G to 9 lines long : anthers 2 or 3
lines long: capsule somewhat wrinkled, truncate 'above, 3 or 4 lines long: seeds 4
to G in each cell. — («niy, Ann. Lye. N. York, iv. 110; Kunth, Knum. iv. 151 ;
Watson, Bot. King Kxp. 341), t. 3U, lig. 1-3.

In low valleys IVoia Nortlieastem California to Colorado ; near Yreka, in moist alkaline soil on
Sha.sta Eiver (A\ L. Greene) ; Lassen County (Mrs. Jt. M. Austin) ; in dry sandy soil near Caison
City and in HiunboUlt Valley, Anderson, fl'alsoa. IJlooniing in early spring, the pine wliite and
very fragrant Howers appearing just above the ground.

9. CAMASSIA, Lindl. Camass.
Perianth of 6 distinct oblanceolate 3-7-nerved segments, somewhat spreading,
blue (or white), persistent. Stamens G, on the base of the perianth, shorter than
tho segments; lilanutnts iiliform-subulato ; antlufrs linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary
sessile, ovate : ovules several in each cell : style liliform, slightly trilid at the apex,
the base persistent. Capsule subgloboso or oblong-obovate, 3-lobed an<l angled,
thick-membranaceous, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds several in each cell, ovate, often
more or less compressed or angled, with a thin black and shining wrinkled testa. —
Scape slender, from a tunicated bulb ; flowers in a simple raceme, with narrow
scarious bracts ; pedicels jointed at the summit ; leaves linear.

An American genus of only two species (the second in the Atlantic States), allied to Scilla of
the Old World, to which genus it has been referred.

1. C. esculenta, Lindl. Scape stout, a foot or two high, from a bulb often an
inch in diameter : leaves usually shorter than the scape, carinate, 3 to 8 lines broad :
raceme loosely 10- 20-llowered ; pedicels 3 to 12 lines long, mostly shorter than the
narrowly attenuate bracts : flowers from dark blue to nearly white, 7 to 15 lines long;
the segments 3-, 5- or 7-nerved : ovary oblong-obovate; ovules IG to 18 in each
cell : style about eiiualling the i)erianth, the stamens usually a thir<l or fourth shorter :
capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat attenuate at base, G to 12 lines long: seeds 1|
lines long. — r.ot. lieg. xviii. t. ]^f<{\; Torr. Pacif K. Pep. iv. 147; Pern. Fl.
Serres, t. 275. JVi(i/(tiitjii(m Qnmnash, Tursh. SriUa tscaU-nta, Hook. Jlot. jNlag.
t. 2774 (white var.).

In meadows and marshes from Middle California (Punta de los Reyes, IJiijclow ; Mariposa
County, Torrcij, &c.) to Washington Territory ; also in the Wahsatch Mountains and northward.
The bulb is largely collected for food by the Indians. The eastern sjiecies (C. Frascri, Torr.) has'
smaller light-blue llowcrs, more slender pedicels, and a short acutely angled subglobosc capsule.

10. HESPEROCALLIS, Cray.
Perianth regular, white, persistc'ut, f'unnelform, G-cleft, the narrowly spatulato
segments nearly e(pial, somewhat spreading, closely 5 - 7-nerved, twice longer than
the cylindrical tube. Stamens G, on the throat ; filaments ccpial, shorter than the
segments, filiform ; anthers versatile, linear. Ovary sessile, oblong : ovules numer-
ous : style filiform, equalling the perianth, persistent ; stigma depressed-capitate.
Capsule subglobose, deeply 3-lobed, membranaceous, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds
horizontal, flattened, in 2 rows in each cell, Avith dull black thin testa. — Stem
stout, somewhat it'afy, from a tunicated bulb; leaves linear; flowers large, in a sim-
ple raceme, with cons[iicuous scarious bracts; jieilicels jointed at the summit. —
Proc, Amer. Acad. vii. 3'JO. A single species.

1. H. undulata, Oray, 1. c. Pulb ovate : leaves somewhat fleshy, carinate with
more or less umluhite margin, a foot long and 3 to G lines wiilc, tlie 2 or 3 cauline
ones shorter: stem a foot or two high, 5 - S-tlowered : bracts dilated, acuminate,

Chlorognliim. LILIACE^E, 159

twice longer than tlio pedicels which are 3 to G lines long : periantli U to 2 inches
long, tiie segments 3 or 4 lines broad : capsnlo half an inch long, acute with tlie
base of the style : seeds thin, 2 L to 3 lines broad. — Am. Journ. fSci. 2 ser. 1. c. 427 ;
]>aker, .Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 3G0.

Colorado Desert, near Fort Yiitna (Srhof/) ; near Fort Mohave, in gravelly soil (Cooper) ; at
Jessup's Hapids, Kcicberry. Flowering in March and Apiil ; bulb eaten by the Indians.

11. HASTINGSIA, Watson,
rerianth white or greenish, la.x and becoming scarious but persistent, of G distinct
oblong closely 3- (ai)parently 1-) nerved segments. Stamens 0, adnate to the base
of the segments ; anthers linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary ovate, very shortly stipi-
tate ; style short, persistent ; cells 2-ovuled. — Stem naked or sparingly leafy, from
a coated bulb, bearing a densely many-flovvered sparingly panicled raceme, with
small scarious bracts ; leaves flat, linear ; pedicels very short, stout, jointed at the
summit. A single species. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 217.

1. H. alba, Watson, 1. c. 242. Lulb membranously coated or the outer coats
.somewhat tiljrous : stem and branches erect, often stout, 2 feet high or more : leaves
Hat, elongated (12 to 18 inches long), 2 to G lines broad : racemes elongated, usually
dense : pedicels (a line long or less) much shorter than the very narrowly acuminate
bracts : llowers white or somewhat tinged with green or pink, 2 or 3 lines long :
mature fruit unknown. — Schoenolirinii album, Durand, Journ. Acad. Philad. 2 ser.
iii. 103; Gray, Amer. Naturalist, x. 552.

In the .Sierra Nevada from Nevada and Plumas Counties and northward to Siskiyou (in meadows
on Shasta Hiver, IVond, Oirrur), in swamps of the Ited Mountains, Humboldt Vonuiy {Jiolaudrr),
and IVeciuent on the Klamath River, J^. Unthiji. The genus eommemonites the eoutinued active
interest and liberal generosity of Hon. S. Clinton Hastings, of San Francisco, in behalf of the
" 15otany of California."

12. CHLOROGALUM, Kunth. Soap-plant. Amole.

Perianth white or pinkish, persistent and at length twisted over the ovary, of G
distinct oblong or narrowly ligulato segments, more or less spreading, with 3 close
but distinct greenish or purplish nerves down the middle. Stamens G, somewhat
shorter than the segments, adnate to their base ; anthei-s versatile, linear-oblong.
Ovary sessile or very nearly so, subglobose : ovules a pair in each cell, ascending :
style hliform, slightly 3-cleft at the apex, deciduous. Capsule thick-membranous,
broadly turbinate, 3 lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, obovate,
with a close thin somewhat rugose blackish testa. — Stem stout, scarcely leafy, from
a fibrous or membranously coated bulb, bearing a sjireading sparingly branched
racemose panicle with small scarious bracts ; leaves linear, somewhat fleshy and
flaccid, the margins more or less undulate ; pedicels scattered, jointed at the sum-
mit. Only the following species.

* Perianth-segments 'narrowly lirjulate, sjireading nu'delg from the base in the
open flower : pediceh nearly equalling the flowers.
1. C. pomeridianum, Kunth. I'ulb large, oblong-ovate, densely covered with
coarse brown fibres : stem and spreading panicle 1 to 3 feet high, brownish : leaves
broadly linear, G to IS inches long, 4 to 10 lines broail, carinate and the margin
strongly undulate; the caulino one or two much shorter and atteiuiate : pedicels
slender, ascending, 2 to 9 lines long, mu(;h exce(>ding the bracts : perianth-segments
8 to 10 lines long, white, purplish-vein<-d : capsule 3 lines long, the valves pinnatdy

2(^Q LILIACE.K. Chkmxjulitni.

nerved: seeds li to 2 lines lung. — Eiiuiii. iv. GS2 ; 'Purr. Mt;x. ]5ouik1. t. GO.
Sci/la, DC; Ked. Lil. t. 421. Authericum, Ker, But. ]{eg. t. oG4. Phalanyium,
Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 381. Ornitluxjalnm divaricatuvi, Lindl.
Bot. Eeg. xxviii. t. 28.

In the valleys and foothills from the Ujiper Sacramento (McCiunhers, Ncwhcrrji) to the Stanis-
laus, Monterey ami Santa Barbara (Cassetas Pass, llvlhruck). Tiie biilli is one to four inches in
(lianieter, covered with a thick coat of coarse dark brown hbies. It is fiennently used as a sub-
stitute for soaji, and the bulbs of the other species probably possess the same deteigent qualities.
The Howers open only after midday, whence the specitic name.

« * Periauth-sei/ineiits ohlong-oblanceolate, somewliat spreadlmj from above the
base : pedicels very short.

2. C. parviflorum, Watsou. Bulb smaller (an inch thick), witli thin mem-
branous cuats, tiie outer dark-colored : stem erect (2 feet high), with slender divari-
cate branches : leaves narrowly linear and grass-lik(! (2 or 3 lines broad), with undu-
late margins : pedicels very sliort (rarely 1 or 2 lines long), mostly shorter than the
bracts: llowers 3 or 4 lines long, pinkish : cajjsule small (scarcely 2 lines in diame-
ter),— Proc. Amer. Acad, xiv, 243.

In Cajon Valley, near San Diego {D. Cleveland); flowering in May and June. The bulb-coats,
as in the next sjjecies, show none of the fibrous character which is so conspicuous in C. jjonicridi-
anum.

3. C. angUStifolium, Kellogg. Bidl) short-ovoid, mem1)ranously coated : stem
1^ to 3 I'eeL Ingh, liglit green, with sineading br.inches : leaves linear-lanceolate, 4
to 8 inches long, 2 to 5 lines broad, flat or nearly so, becoming revohite : pedicels a
line or two long, about equalling the bracts : iiowers white with yellowish green
lines, 5 or 6 lines long : ovary oblong-ovate, shortly stipitate. — Proc. Calif. Acad.
ii. 105, fig. 30.

Dr. Kellogg's description and figure were based upon cultivated specimens said to have been
originally from Shasta ; it has also been collected by /'/<;/'. If'uod, on gravelly hills near Yniia,
and is probably not rare on tlie ujiper Sacianiciito.

13. ODONTOSTOMUM, Torr.

Perianth white or yellowish, somewhat persistent, tubidar with a spreading or
retlexed 6-parted limb; segments oblong, about eijualling the cylindric 12-nerved
tube, the outer 5-7-nerved, the inner 3-5-nerved. Stamens 6, on the throat,
alternating with as many very short linear staminodia; filaments very short, nar-
rowly subulate, slightly unecpial ; anthers ovate-quadrate, basifi.xed, dehiscent at the
summit. Ovary globose, sessile : ovules a pair in each cell, ascending : style fili-
form, slightly 3-cleft at the apex, deciduous. Cajisule triangidar-obovate, 3-lobed,
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds solitary, obovate, with a close thin dark brown some-
what rugose testa. — Stem leafy at base, from a fibrous-coated conn, bearing an
open racemose panicle with small scarioiis In-acts ; leaves flat, liroadly linear ; pedi-
cels bracteolate in the midille, not jointed. A single species. — Pacif. ]i. L'ep. iv.
150, t. 24.

]. O. Hai'twegi, Torr. 1. c. Conn deep-seated, an inch in dianieler: stem a
foot or two liigli, branching from near the base : leaves sheathing at base, 4 to U
inches long ami 3 to G liin's bntatl ; thii cauline short ami attenuate : bracts and
bractlets very narrow or lib form, about etjualling the slender i)edici;ls (1 to G lini'S
long or more) : flowers rather numerous, 4 to G lines long, the si^gments at length
strictly reflexed : style equalling the tube : capsule nearly 2 lines long (Iiroader than
high). — r>aker, Journ. Linn. Soc xi. 43G.

In the footldlls of the Sierra Nevada, liutte tn .Amador Cmnties. Hardy collected ; llowciing
in April.

Smilurim. LILIACEyE. -iqi

14. SMILACINA, Dcsf. Fai.sk Solomon's Skai,.
Perianth persistent, of G distinct spreading white 1- (rarely 3-) nerved segments.
Stamens 6 ; filaments subulate, inserted at the base of the segments ; anthers rminded
or oblong, versatile, introrse. Ovary sessile, ovate, 3-celled : style short and thick,
3-lobed at the summit, persistent : ovules 2 in each cell, usually collateral. Fruit
a berry, globose, 1 - 3-sceded. Seeds subglobose, with thin testa and horny albu-
men,—Stems simple, leafy, from running rootstocks, bearing a terminal raceme or
panicle of small flowers with minute bracts ; leaves alternate, mostly sessile, oblong
or lanceolate, many-nerved ; i)cdicels jointed at the summit. — Tovaria, :Necker"
J'.aker, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 304.

A genus of 19 species, of Ciistern Asia and North America from tlie Arctic Ocean to Guatemala
Seven sjiecies are exclusively Asiatic, ami as many more belong to Jlcxico and Cential America'
while two are common to the noitliei n iwrtions of both continents. Neckei's name for the genus
IS the older and has been adopted by Mr. Pniker in liis revision ; as, however, a genus Tovaria
had already been estaldished iii another order, it seems best, in order to avoid confusion, to retain
Deslontanie s familiar name.

* F/owcrs 2->an{dcd, venj small: stamens exceedinrj the ohlong-lanceolate jyerianth-

segments.

_ 1. S. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Ttootstock stout, elongated: stem 1 to 2^ feet
high, covered wi^tli a short spreading pubescence or rarely glabrous : leaves ovate to
lanceolate, 3 to 7 inches long, strictly sessile and ample.xicaul or sometimes with a
very short dilated clasping jictiole, acute, rounded at base, usually Avitli somewhat of
a very short spreading still' pubescence : i)anicle sessile or shortly poduncled, oblong,
2 to G inches long; pedicels solitary, very short (usually less' than a line longf:
perianth less than a line long : lilaments more or less broadly subulate, often broader
than the segments : style nearly as long as the ovary : berry light red finely dotted
M'ith purple, 2 lines or more in diaiueter, usually 1 -seeded : seed whitish, U lines
l)road.— Journ. Philad. Acad. vii. SS. S. 7-acemosa, yaw anip/exica ulis, ^Vatsun,
r>ot. King Exp. 345. Tovaria racemosa, Laker, 1. c. 570, in part.

In the Coast I'anges (Monterey County, Bvever) :\m\ Sierra Nevada to the British boundary,
and in the mountains eastward to Utah and New Mexico. It differs from the eastern .S'. racemosa
Jnost evidently in its usually sessile leaves more aliruptly rounded at base and less distinctly or
not at all acuminate, in its much longer style, and considerably smaller seeds. In the Coast
lianges it usually has a larger and broailer panicle, the leaves not unfierpiently somewhat petio-
late and occasionally shortly acuminate. Specimens collected near Oakland (Sanborn, Brcuxr)
have softer and longer pubescence, jjcdicels slender and 1 to 2.i lines long, the stamens twice
longer than the iterianth, and the ovary narrowed toward the base.

* « Flowers larger, in a simple feiv-floicered raceme: stamens shorter than the

segments.

2. S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Pootstock slender : stem a foot or two high, usually
fle.xuoiis above : leaves lanceolate, 2 to G inches long, acute or acuminate, sessile and
clasjiing, usually flat and spreading, more or less pubendent : raceme open, sessile or
shortly i)cdiincle(l, the spreading solitary jiedicels 2 to 7 lines long : jierianth-segments
H to 4 lines long, lanceolate, rarely 3-ncrved : stamens half as long: style nearly
equalling tjie ovary: berry nearly black, globose, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, 1-3-
seeded : seeds brown, subovoid, \h lines long. — Tovaria sessilifolia, Baker, 1. c.
OGG. S. stellata, "Watson, I>ot. King Kxp. 345, mainly.

Fre([uent in the mountains on stream-banks and in damp places, from ftfonterey County to
British Columbia and eastward to the Wahsatch. It has been usually confounded with the fol-
lowing species, which it sometimes closely approaches.

3. S. Stellata, Desf. JS'^ear the last: leaves usually ascemliiig and foMed,
closely clasjjing the stem : pedicels of the shorter and more crowded raceme only a

2Q2 LILIACEvE. Maiantlianum.

line or two long : segments of tlie perianth 2 or 3 lines long. — Tovaria sldlata,
Neckor; ]>iiker, 1. c. CHt^h

III the llocky iMi)uiiliiiiis from Hiilisli Ainorica to Now Ltexico iiiul castwaid to lliu Atliintu' ;
nlso ui>])arciitly u\\ llio I'lislciii side ol' tliu Siuini Nuvmlii I'idiu Klunialli ViiUuy (Crunkhiti) to
Carson City, Anderson, Lluumcr.

15. MAIANTHEMUM, Weber. Dwauk Solo.mon's Seal.
■ Perianth-segments and stamens 4. Filaments filiform. Ovary 2- (or rarely 3-)
celled and stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf, with 2 (rarely 3) ovate- to lanceolate-cordate
mostly petioled cauline leaves, and often a single long-petioled leaf from the root.
Otherwise as Smilacina. Flowers in a usually simple raceme ; pedicels solitary or 2
or 3 together.

Only two species, one of wliidi is peculiar to tlie Atlantic States.

1. M. bifolium, DC, var. (1) dilatatum, Wood. Glabrous : stem often stout,
3 inches to a iuut high, from a slender running rootstocU, Hexuous above : leaves
(2 or 3) ovate- or subreniform-cordate, with a deep sinus and rounded auricles,
acute or acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long, on petioles i to 2| inches long, the upper
petiole much the shorter; the third leaf, when present, sessile, narrower, usually
cuneate at base: raceme pedunculate, i to 2 inches long, simple or somewhat jianicu-
lato at base ; pedicels a lino or two long : perianth white, the segments oblong-
obovate, 1 to 1.', lines long, becoming dellexed : stamens a third or a half shorter:
style stout, shorter than the ovate ovary : berry red, globose, 1 - •4-seeded, about 3
lines in diameter: seed ovate, brown, over H lines long. — Proc. Philad. Acad.
18G8, 174. Convalloria bi/ulia, var. Kamtschutica, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linnaa,
vi. 587.

Frequent in the Coast Ranges, in swampy places, from JIarin County nortliward to Alaska ;
also in eastern Sibeiia and Japan. The onlinary Eumiiean and Asiatic form dilfers in its lower
and more slender luiljit, narrower and more attenuate leaves, which witli the petioles are nioie or
less pubescent, and a more slender style ; the tlowers, fruit, and seeds are also somewhat smaller.

16. NOLINA, Michx.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious, small. Perianth persistent, of 6 distinct whitish
oblongdanceolate 1-nerved segments. Stamens 6, included, near the base of the
segments, mostly abortive or wanting in the fertile llowers ; iilaments very short,
liliform ; anthers cordate-ovate, versatile, introrse. Ovary sessile, deeply 3-lobed,
rudimentary in the sterile llowers ; ovules 2 at the base of each cell ; styles veiy
short, distinct and recurved or slightly coherent, stigmatic on the inner side. Cap-
sule mostly membranaceous and somewhat inflated, subglobose, lobed nearly to the
middle, loculicidal or the thin Avails usually bursting irregularly and often before
the maturity of the seed. Seeds solitary, globose to ovate-oblong, with a close thin
light-colored slightly wrinkled or reticulated testa. — Perennials, with a thick woody
caudex or truidc (often elongated with a much dilated base), numerous narrowly
linear and mostly rigid serriilately margined leaves, and a stout nearly naked llow-
ering stem bearing a compound racemose many-ilowered panicle, the main branches
subtended by foliaceous long-attenuate bracts; pedicels solitary, short, jointed
usually near the base, subtended by minute scarious bracts. — Watson, Proc. Amer.
Acad. xiv. 24G. Beaucaruea, Lemaire ; l>aker, Trim. Journ. Bot. x. 323,

A genus of about a dozen species, of Mexico and the southern borders of the United States,
many of them only imperfectly known.

Yucca. LILIACEyE. i(jy

* Fruit injiated, the cells not burst by the maturing seed.

1. N. Bigelovii, Watson, 1. c. Loaves Hat, nearly an inch wido above tlie broad
deltoid base, not carinate, 3 or 4 feet long, the margin roughish : "scape 3 feet
high " : bi-auchlets of the compound panicle slender, an inch or two long : perianth-
segments a line long : fruiting pedicels very slender, 2 to 4 lines long, jointed near
the middle : fruit yary thin, 4 or 5 lines in diameter, deeply emarginate at both
ends: seeds ovate-oblong, 2 lines long, whitish, sliglitly reticidaled. — JJasi/lirioit
JJiijelovii, Torr. Pacif. U. Ivep. iv. lOl. Jieaitcaniea Jilijclovii, i>id<er, 1. c. 32G.

On iiioiiiitaiii-siilos above Williams lUvor in W. Arizuim, niul likely to oeeiir in the mountains
of San IJeniardino County bordering the Colorado Desert. Tlie ehanicters of the caudex and
llowering stem are unknown.

2. N. Parryi, Watson, 1. c. Caudex 3 to G feet high : leaves resembling those
of the last species, but thicker and somewhat concave above, especially toward the
stout apex, very strongly serrulate on the margin : branchhits of the panicle and the
pedicels stouter: perianth-segments H lines long: fruit G lines in diameter, rather
more thickly membranous : seeds subglobose, the very thin transparent testa linely
antl irregularly wrinkled.

On the western border of San Bernardino Desert, Dr. C. C. Parri/, 1876.

* * Fruit smaller and soon bursting, leaving the globose seeds exposed.

3. N. Palmeri, Watson, 1. c. Loaves as in the [)receding, flat, very strongly
serrulate : tlowering stem smooth and glabrous : panicle very narrow, 3 feet long,
tlie partial panicles pyramidal, only 3 inches long or loss, and the branchlets an inch
long; primary bracts large and dilated: pedicels 2 lines long: ilowers very small,
the segments less than a line long : stigmas upon a short style : fruit 2 lines broad
before rupture : seeds globose, witii very thin transparent smoothisli testa.

Near tlie southern border, in the Tantillas ^Mountains, Lower California, Dr. E. Palmer, 1875.

17. YUCCA, Linn. Spanish Bayonet.

Perianth large and campanulate, or spreading, of 6 white or whitish somewhat
persistent ovato-Ianceolato many- nerved segments woolly at the apex. Stamens in-
cluded, adnato to the base of the segments ; filaments clavate, often paiullosc ;
anthers short, oblong, sagittate or didymous, versatile, introrse. Ovary sessile,
oblong or subglobose; stigmas 3, emarginate and more or less connate, sessile or on
a stout tubular persistent style. Fruit more or less fleshy and baccate, or a dry and
septicidal or loculicidal capsule, the cells incompletely divided by a partition in-
truded from the back. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, flat, horizontal, with
thin black testa. Embryo diagonal, straight or curved. — Caudex woody, soft and
fibrous, simple or branched, very short or becoming tall and palin-like, bearing the
sessile or pedunculate inflorescence or often a tall bracteate flowering stem ; leaves
numerous, crowded, thick and rigid, persistent, linear or narrowly lanceolate, usually
spine-tipped, with smooth or serrulate or filameiitoso margins ; flowers in an ample
compound panicle, usually solitary and nodding, opening at ovoning; pedicels
jointed near the summit. — Engolmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 17.

An American genus of a dozen or more species, most abundant in tlie southern United St.atea
and northern Mexico, one species ranging iiortliward to Dakota and two or more belonging to
Guatemala.

* Perianth cavrponulate : f laments nhtuRe, papillosr, at length spreading or
recurved; atifhers cordate-sagittate : stigmas papillose, more or less distinct:
fruit mostly Jleshy and indehiscent. — Euyucca, Engelm.

104

I.ILIACK.K. Vucca.

H- Fruit baccate: seeds thick, undulate, with ru)niuate albumen: leaves fila-

incntose.

1. Y. baccata, Torr, Stulonirerous : ciuulex usually short, covercil with tho
refracted dead leaves, or none : leaves narrowly lanceolate, contracteil above the
dilated base, 1 to 3 feet long and an inch or two wide, thick, very rigid and usually
scabrous, concave and often deeply so, terminating in a very stout brownish spine,
the margin at length bearing coarse recurved threads : i)anicle pedunculate, pyram-
idal, mostly smooth : lower bracts ovate-lanceolate, pungent, somewhat coriaceous,
Avhitish within, the upper narrower : llowers usually large, the segments of the peri-
anth 1 to 3 inches long and 6 to 12 lines wide: stamens G to 9 lines long: ovary
oblong, prismatic, an inch or two long including the slender more or less elongated
style : fruit pendulous, baccate, dark puri)le, ovate to cylindrical, 2 to 5 inches long,
beaked : seeds often very large (4 to S lines broad) and thick. — Lot. Mex. JJound.
221 ; Kngelm. Hot. King K.\p. 4'JG, and 1. c. 44; 111. Ilort. 3 ser. t. 115. Y. jila-
vieidosa?, Wood, Troc. Philad. Acad. 18G8, 167.

From Monterey to San Diego, ranging to S. Utah, W. Texas and Northern Mexico. A varia-
Lle species, tlie more northern form often acanlescent, but soutlavanl heeoming 8 to 10 feet liigh
or more. The Iruit is sweet and edible ; flowering from March to June, according to latitude.

H- H- Fruit becoming dry and sponi/y : seeds ihickish, smooth, with entire albu-
men: leaves serrulate.

2. Y. brevifolia, Engelm. Caudex erect, tall (15 to 30 feet high, often a foot
or two in diameter), with rough cracked bark, branched above : leaves short (usually
6 to 8 inches long and 3 to 6 lines wide), very rough and rigid, linear from a broad
base, attenuate into a sharp stout spine, somewhat convex above, the margin very
rough with small stout teeth : llowers fetid, erect, crowded in a sessile ovate panicle :
bracts ovate to lanceolate, white and scarious-margined, nearly ecpialling the ilowers :
pedicels very short : segments of the narrowly campanulate i)erianth greenish-white,
narrowly lanceolate, l.V to 2.V inches long : stamens 4 or 5 lines long, about half the
length of the oblong-i)yramidal ovary : stigmas short and nearly sessile : fruit erect,
ovate, 2 or 3 inches long (U inches thick or more), slightly G-angled, somewhat
])ointed, with thick spmigy pericarp. — liot. King K.xp. 4'JG, and 1. c. 47 iV 213.
y. Draconis, var. (?) arburtsctns, Torr. Pacif. li. IJep. iv. 147.

In the desert region of San Bernardino County, and eastward to Southern Utali and Norlli-
we.stern Arizona, often abundant and even fornung "straggling forests."

* * Perianth rotate-spreadinff : filaments acutish, smooth, erect ; anthers dldi/-
mons, transverse: stir/ma hairy-jiapillose, peltate : fruit a loculicidal caj/siib- :
seeds thin, smooth, with entire albumen: acaulescent, with serrulate leaves
and tall bracteate scape. — IIe.spekuyucca, Engelm.

3. Y. Whipplei, Torr. Stoloniferous ; caudex none or very short : leaves
glaucous-green, rigid, linear-subulate from a broad base, 10 to 20 inches long and 4
to 7 lines wide, attenuate to a sharp triangular brown spine, nearly Hat, deeply con-
cave near the apex; margin finely serrulate : scajic 4 to 12 feet high, beset with
broad sheathing and imbricated foliaceous pungent bracts G to 9 inches long : panicle
narrow and si)ike-like, dense;, snuxjth ; lower bracts large and foliaceous, the upper
small and scarions, much shoiter than the slend(!r ))edicels which are (tonspiciiously
jointed at or above tho middle {\ to 2 inches long) : segnient.s of the grei'nish-white
pendulous perianth spreading horizontally, 1 to 2 incluis long, oblong-lanceolate or
somewhat spatulate : stamens spreading, 4 to 7 lines long, eipialling or longer than
the oblong deeply lobed ovary : style short, conical, bearing the green capitatei)eltate
slightly 3-lobed stigma : capsule globose-cjbovate, an inch long or nu)re ; valves re-
maining entire after dehiscenee and seeds escaping at either end of the false ])arti-
tion. — r.ot. Mex. Hound. 222; Kngelm. T.ot. King Kxp. 497, and 1. c. 54 ; P.aker,
Card. Chronicle, n. ser. vi. 190, li-. 42. )'. alnihdia, Torr. I'acif. I!, b'ep. iv. 147.

Lilium. LILIACE^. 265

On dry rocky hills from Monterey to San Diego and eastward into Arizona. V. (jrnvunifolia,
Wood, 1. c., from the mountains east of Los Angeles, ajipears to be a form or variety with longer
and narrower leaves (20 inehes by 3 lines), iaxer and more deeply channelled, revolutc toward
the apex and terminated by a more slender spine : pod 18 lines long, transversely rugose.

18. LILIUM, Linn. Lily.

Perianth deciduous, funiielforni, of G distinct equal oblanceolate s[)reading or re-
curved segments, with a nectariferous groove toward tlie base, net-veined, wliitc,
yellow, or red, often spotted with brown. Stamens G, liypogynous, included ; fila-
ments elongated ; anthers linear to oblong, versatile, cxtrorse, dehiscent laterally.
Ovary sessile, many-ovuled ; style long, clavate, deciduous; stigma 3-lobed. Cap-
sule coriaceous, loculicidal, erect, somewhat G-angled. Seeds numerous, flat, hori-
zontal, in 2 rows in each cell, with brownish thin testa. — Stems leafy, simple, from
scaly bulbs ; leaves narrow, sessile, whorlod or scattered, net-veined ; flowers largo
and showy, solitary or racemose or subumbellato ; pedicels not jointed, with folia-
ceous bracts. — Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 225; Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad,
xiv. 255.

A genus of nearly 50 species, of the northern temperate zone, extensively cultivated for their
showy and often fragrant flowers. More than half are natives of Eastern Asia, and 4 or 5 species
are found in the Atlantic States. The C'aliforniaii species have lately been introduced into
European gardens, and some of them are very handsome.

* Floiucrs spotless or only finely dotted, white or purplish or pale yellow, the
spreading segments with long narrow claws.

-)— Flowers horizontal, large.

1. L. Washingtonianum, Koll. P>ulbs large, somewhat rhizomatous and
oblique (becoming G or 8 inches long), the thin imbricated lanceolate scales 2 or 3
inches long and not jointed : stems terete, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous or slightly
scabrous : leaves in several whorls of G to 12 (tlie upper and lower usually scattered),
oblanceolate, acute or acutish, 2 to 5 inches long and 8 to 12 linos wide, more or
less niididate : flowers very fragrant, pure white becoming purplish, or often sparingly
and finely dotted, 2 to 20 or more in a thyrsoid raceme, horizontally declinate on
stout nearly erect pedicels 1 to 4 inches long ; segments 3 or 4 inches long and 4 to
8 lines wide, the upper tliird spreading : stamens a little shorter, with yellow anthers
5 or G lines long : ovary 7 to 10 lines long : cai)sule obovate-ol)long, truncate, ob-
tusely G-angled or sometimes narrowly winged, 15 lines long or more. — Proc. Calif.
Acad. ii. 13; also independently by Wood, Proc. Philad. Acad. 18G8, IGG; Hegel,
Gartenfl. t. 710 ; Fl. Serres, t. 1795.

In the Cuyumaca Mountains, San Diego County (Palmrr), and on the western slope of tlio
Sierra Nevada at an altitude of 3,000 to 6,000 feet, northward to the Columbia Hiver. A beauti-
ful sj)ecies, growing in loose soil on ridges or liglitly shaded hillsides.

2. L. Parryi, Watson. Pulb small, somewhat rhizomatous, of numerous thick
jointed scales about an inch long: stem slender, glabrous, 2 to 5 feet high, 2-10-
llowered : leaves usually scattered, sometimes the lower in a whorl, linear-oblanceo-
late, 4 to 6 inches long by about half an inch wide, mostly acuminate : flowers pale
yellow, sparingly and minutely dotted, on stout pedicels about an inch long ; seg-
ments 3 inches long or more, 5 or G lines wide, somewhat spreading above or the
tips at length recurved : stamens and style a little shorter ; anthers oblong, brownish,
3 lines long: capsule narrowly oldong, acutish, nearly 2 inches long by G lines in
breadth. — Proc. Davenport Acad. ii. 188, t. 5, G, ami 1. c. 25G.

In a marsh in San dorgonio Pass, in the Coast Ifanges of San l.ernardino County ; fii-st col-
lected by Dr. C. C. Parry in July, 1876, in flower.

|gg LILIACE.E. Lilium.

•i- -I— Flotvers erect or ascending, smaller.

3. L. rubescens, Watson. Bulb as in L. Washiuf/foniannm, but much snmller
(about 2 inches in ilianieter), the tliick broadly hxnceohvte scales an inch long : stem
usually stout, 1 to 7 feet high, smooth : leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath, unilulato
or tiat, the lower scattered, the upjier in 3 to 7 whorls, oblanceolate, acute or acutish,
1 to 4 inches long and (J to 12 lines wide: llowers usually several, on ascending
pedicels 1 to 3 inches long, i)ale lilac or nearly white, becoming rose-purple, some-
what dotted with brown ; segments Ij or 2 inches long, the ni)per third revolute :
stamens and style a third shorter ; anthers 2 or 3 lines long : ovary wing-angled,
attenuate downward, half an inch long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 256. L. Wash-
inc/tonianum, \a.\'. purpureum, IMasters, Gard. Chron. 2 ser. ii. 322, fig. 67; Elwes,
same, vi. 24-2 ; ]]aker, 1. c. 233.

On wooded hillsides iu tlie Coast Ranges, from Marin {Bolandcr) to Humboldt Couiitips, llattuii.

* * Flowers orange-yellow or reddish, mostly conspicuously sj/ot(ed : segments

oblanceolate.

H- Flowers erect or horizontal, small.

4. L. pai'VUm, Kell. Bulbs small, of short thick juinted scales a half-inch to
an inch long, upon a branching rhizome : stem slender, U to 6 feet high or more :
leaves .scattered or in whorls, 2 to 5 inches long and an inch broad or less, sometimt\s
linear, acute or acuminate : llowers 2 to very many (30 to 50), erect or nearly so on
slender suberect pedicels 2 to 4 inches long, scattered or somewhat verticillate, yel-
low or orange within and usually spotted with purple, reddish above ; segments nar-
rowly oblanceolate, 1 to U inches long, more or less spreading or the tips recurved,
pubescent toward the apex : stamens an inch long, nearly or quite equalling the
style ; anthers ol)l(inir, 1 or 2 lines long : capsule subspherical, 6 to 9 lines hing,
truncate above. — J'n>c. Calif. Acad. ii. 170, lig. 12; Begel, GartenlL 1872, 1()3,
t. 725; Elwes, ]\lonogr. Lil. t. 24. L. Canadense, var. Walkeri, Wood, 1. c. IGG.
L. Canadense, var. parvuni. Baker, 1. c. 241 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 61 46.

In the Sierra Nevada at an elevation of 4,000 to 8,000 feet, and northward into Oie^'on.
Distinguished from L. Coliunblanuvi by the dilfercnt bulb, and by tlie smaller less nodding
flowers, their segments less recurved.

5. L. maritimum, Kell. Bulb conical, 1 to Ii inches in diameter, with close-
pressed scales ; .stem a foot or two high or more, slender : leaves scattered or very
rarely somewhat verticillate, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 1 to 5 inches long and
3 to 6 lines wide, obtuse : llowers 1 to 5, on long peduncles, horizontal, deep reddish
orange, spotted within with purple; segments lanceolate, 15 to 18 lines long, the
upper third somewhat recurved : stamens scarcely an inch long, exceeding the style,
with oblong anthers 2 lines long: "capsules long and narrow." — Proc. Calif. Ac^ad.
vi. 140. L. Canadense, vav. 2i(irvijloruni, Bolandcr, same, v. 206.

Near the coast, in low black peaty meadows, from San Fianeiseo to Humboldt County {KcIUkhj
k Harford, n. 997) ; Albion and Noyo swainjJS {Bolandcr, n. 4827, (5557) ; (lowering from May to
August. According to Bolander, it grows when in sheltered situations to a height of 3 to 5 feet,
bearing numero\is llower.s.

^- -1- Flowers nodding, larger, witli revolute segments.
++ Bulhs rhiuomatoiis.
(). L. pardalinum, Kellogg. Bhizomes thick and branching, forming mat-like
masses of roundisii oblate bulbs, the .scales jointed near the base : stems 3 to 7 feet
high : leaves usually in 3 or 4 whoils of 9 to 15, scattered above and below, nar-
rowly lanceolate and sharidy acuminate, 3 to 7 inches long and 9 to 12 lines broad,
deep green, thin and faintly 3-nerved, glabrous and glaucous, as also the stem :
flowers few to many, racemose or the lower in whorls, on long spreading pedicels ;
segments 2 or 3 inches long and 6 to 9 lines wide, lanceolate, strongly revolute,

FritiUaria. UlAACEM

167

bri-^lit oraiigo-ml with a lir^htor oraiigo centre and largo purple spots on tlio lower
lialt: stamons and style a third shorter; anthers red, 4 or 5 Uuv.h long : ovary 12 to
U lines long : capsule narrowly oblong with acutish angles, 1^ inches long or more,
unibilicate at the suniniit, — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 12; Laker, 1. c. 242.° L. Cali-
fonticnm, Lindl. ; Florist, 1873, t. 33. L. superhiim, var. parJalinum, Baker,
Journ. Hort. Soc. 1873, 45. L. Canadense, vars. pardalitimn and Californicum,
Lolander, 1. c.

Var. angustifolium, Kcll. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves scattered or
somewhat verticillato, linear (3 or 4 lines hroail), obscurely 3 - r)-nervetl : llowci-s 1
to 10, with narrow segments. — Watson, 1. c. 258. L. Canadense, var. llarlwecji,
Laker. L. RoezU, Kegel, Gartentl. 1870, t. GG7 ; Baker, 1. c. 243.
^ From Central California probably to Oregon, in the Coast Itangos and I'ootliills of the Sierra
Nevada to an altitude of 4,000 feet, on stream-banks and in wet localities ; the variety on moist
slopes in the lower foothills. Roezl's reported locality for the variety (nionntains of Utah) was
doubtless a nustake. It has also been found in the Santa Cruz ilountains (//ar/u'cj/) and in
Humboldt County, Kdlogtj.

++ ++ Bulbs ovoid, iv'ith fleshy lanceolate imbricated scales.

7. L. Humboldtii, Boezl & Leichtlin. Bulbs large, 2 to G inches in diameter,
white or j)urplish, the very lleshy ovate lanceolate acute scales 2 or 3 inches long :
stems stout, i)urplish, puberulent or glabrous, 4 to 8 feet high : leaves usually in 4 to
6 whorls of 10 to 20 each, oblanceolate, undulate, 4 or 5 inches long and 9 to 12
lines wide, acute, bright green, somewhat scabrous or pubescent on the margin and
beneath : bracts often ovate : tlowers few to many, on usually stout and widely
spreading jiedicols 3 to G inches long or more, scattered ; segments 3 or 4 inches
long, G to 12 lines broad, strongly revolute above the short abruptly narrowed claw,
reddish orange with purple spots, papillose-ridged toward the base: stamens U to
2 inches long, about eipialling the style, with red oblong-linear anthers 4 to 8 Hues
long: capsule large, obovoid, acutely G-angled. — Duchartre, Obs. 105; Eegel,
Gartenfl. 1872, t. 724 ; Fl. Serres, t. 1973 ; Krelage, Not. de Lis, 27, t. 4. L. Cana-
dense, var. 2)id)endm)i, Torr. Pacif. R. Kep. iv. 14G. L. Bloomerianum, Kellogg,
Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. IGO, and var. ocellatnm, same, v. 88, t. 4.

In dry open localities in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada nt 2,500 to 3,.500 feet altitude, south-
ward to San Diego County (Palmer) and Santa Rosa Island olf Santa Barbara, Harford.

8. L. Columbianum, Hanson. Bulb small (1^ to 2 inches in diameter), with
lanceolate acute closely appressed whitish scales : stems 2 or 3 feet high or more,
slender : leaves in whorls of 5 to 9 or sometimes more, the upper and lower scattered,
oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long and G to 15 lines wide, acute, smooth : flowers few
to many, scattered, on slender curving more or less divergent pedicels 3 to G inches
long; segments 1 i- to 2 inches long and 4 to G lines wide, strongly revolute, bright
reddish orange thickly spotted with purple : stamens about equalling the style, 12
to 15 lines long, with yellow oblong anthers 2 or 3 lines long : capsule short-oblong,
an inch long, acutely G-angled. — Baker, Card. Chron. 1871, 1257, and 1. c. 243.
L. Canadense, var. p<trvijlornin, Hook. Fl. l)or.-Am. ii. 181. L. Canadense, vans.,
AVood, 1. c. IGG. L. lucidnm, Kellogg, 1. c. vi. 144.

Frequent in "Washington Territory and Oregon, and southward in the Sierra Nevada to Plumas
and Sierra Counties.

19. FRITILLARIA, Linn.
Perianth campanulate to funnelform, deciduous, of G distinct equal oblong-oblanceo-
late concave segments, somewhat spreading, more or less blotched or tinged with
])urple, or sometimes yellow or white, and with a smooth shallow nectariferous pit
near the base. Stamens G, inserted on the base of the segments, included ; fdamcnts
.slender ; anthers oblong, versatile, e.xtrorsc, dehiscing laterally. Ovary sessile or

1G8

LILIACE.E. FnltlUuiu.

Dearly so, many-ovuled : styles sleiulcr, \isually exceeding the stamens, nnitcd to

the middle or throughout, deciduous. Capsule membranaceous, broadly obovate or

shortly oblong, obtusely or acutely fi-angled or fi-winged, loculicidally 3-valved.

Seeds numerous, horizontal. Hat, in 2 rows in each cell, with thin light brownish

testa. — Stems erect, simple, leafy, from scaly bulbs ; leaves scattered or verticillate,

narrow, sessile ; tlowers solitary or racemose, leafy-bracteate, mostly dull-colored,

nodding : bulbs (in our species) of very thick lleshy scales, small, the scales usually

terminating in a scarious appendage, sometimes 1 or 2 of them leaf-bearing in early

spring, occasionally surrounded by thin membranous coats. — l>aker, Journ. I.inn.

Soc. xiv. 251. Amhlirlon, Kaf. LUiorhiza, Kellogg.

A genus of over fJO .species, (listribiited throughout the uortliein teuiiieiate zone, hut in Anieiiiu
eouliueil to tlie I'aeilie eoa.st. About 30 species are .Asiatic, ami lialfas many are liuropean. One
only of the following .Vmcricau species is also Siberian. Some are very ornamental ami have long
been familiar in gardens, ami most of the Californian species are worthy of cultivation.

* Stijics distinct above ; stlf/)nus lt)iear.

•1- Caj)SHlcs rather ubtUMlij ant/lcd : JloH'crs vwstlij laryc (an hick Ion;/). —
LiLiuiiiiiz.v, Ijaker.

1. F. recurva, Centh. Bulb of numerous thick scales 3 or 4 lines long or less:
stem rather stout, 8 to 18 inches high, 1 - 9-llowercd : leaves linear-lanceolate,
usually 8 to 12, mostly in 2 whorls near the middle of the stem, 3 or 4 inches long :
flowers described as scarlet outside and yellow sitotted with scarlet within, though
dried specimens appear thickly blotclied and tinged with light reildisli pur|ile or
scarlet; segments narrowly oblanceolate, with tijis usually recurv(;d, 12 to 18 lines
long ; nectary obscure : stamens a little shorter, equalling the very slender styles ;
anthers nearly 2 lines long. — PI. Ilartw. 340; Uaker, 1. c. 272, and Hot. iMag.
t. G2G4.

In the Sierra Nevada, from Placer County northward into Oiegon. The tigurc cited docs not
represent the ordinary form of the sjiecies, either in the scarlet and yellow colors of the small
llowers or in the stout obscurely 3-lobcd style.

2. F. liliacea, Lindl. Bidbs of few very thick scales 3 or 4 lines long : stem
slender, 6 to 12 inches high, 1-5-tlowered : leaves 5 to 10, usually approximate or
verticillate near the base, oblanceolate to linear, l.l to 3 inches long : llowers greenish
Avhite, not blotched; segments rather broadly oblanceolate, spreading, 8 to 12 lines
long : stamens 4 lines long, shorter than the stout style ; anthers 1 to U lines long,
oblong, mucronate: cai)sule distinctly stipitalo, half an inch long and broad, truncate
at each end. — l!ot. b'eg. xx, under t. l(i(;3; \Ukrv, 1. c. 273. /'. alba, Kellogg,
Proc. (."alif. Acad. i. 4G. LUiorhiza lanceolata, Kellogg, same, ii. 4(5, lig. 1 ; Pegel,
(JartenH. 1871, t. 715.

About .San Francisco, and proLably throughout the lower .Sacramento Valley.

3. F. biflora, Lindl. 1. c Tiulb of a few very thick and fleshy ovate scales, 3
to 5 lines long, often tipjied with a small ovate .scarious blade : stem usually stout,
G to 18 inches high, 1 - 3-llowered : leaves 2 to G, mostly near the base, scattereil or
somewhat verticillate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or sometimes linear, 2 to 4
inches long : llowers dark brownish pur|)le tinged with green ; segments widely
spreading, obIong-(d)lanceolate, about an inch long, with obscure nectaries : stamens
4 or 5 lines long with mucronate anthers 2 lines long : style stout : capsule broadly
obovoid and somewhat G-angled, G to 9 lines long. — Uaker, 1. c. F. Junnlschat-
censis, Torr. Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 14G. /'. lanceolata, Torr. Pot. Mex. Pound, t. Gl.
F. O'rai/ana, Peichenb. f. iK: Paker, Trim. Journ. Pot. 2 ser. vii. 2G2.

In the Coast Ranges from San Diogo to Mendocino Count}'. Flowering at San Diego in Feb-
ruary and abundant there in stony places.

Frilillaria. LILIACEyE.

1G9

•t- -I- Capsule short and thicic, acutely aiujled or whujed. — (Joniocarpa, Baker.
++ Flowers usualli/ larrje (an inch lonrj or more).

4. F. lanceolata, Pursli. Bulbs of thick scales half an inch long or less : stem
a foot or two hiyli, 1 - 2-llo\vered, deep green and glaucous throughout: leaves
usually 6 to 12, in 1 to 3 whorls on the upper part of the stem, linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long: llowcus on slender pedicels (at least the lower ones
an inch long or more), broadly campanulate, dark purple somewhat mottled with
greenish yellow ; segments narrowly oblongdanceolate, strongly arched, with a largo
oblong nectary: stamens G to 8 lines long; anthers 1^ to 3^^ lines long: capsule
broadly winged, nearly an inch long. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii." 181, t. 193, B.

Var. floribunda, Benth. Flowers several (1 to 8), usually lighter coloreil,
coarsely blotched with brownish pur|)le ; segments broad (4 to G lines), acute, the
iuari,dn linoly crenulate-undulate. — PI. Ilartw. 338. /'. mntica, Limll. 1. c.

Var. gracilis, Watson. Flowers smaller than in the last, with narrower and
more acuminate segments : filaments short and. anthers often scarcely loiiger than
broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 259. F. lanceolata, var. (?), Benth. PI. llartw. 340.

Tlie typical form raiigps from British Columbia southward near the coast into Northern Cali-
fornia (Mendocino County, Bolnnda; n. 4707). The varieties are connnon in tlie Coast Ranges
froni Santa Cruz to Marin Counties, the var. rjracilis the less frequently (Corte Madera, Hartweg,
n. 2005 ; near the Geysers, Bolandcr, n. 3909 ; also by Brirfr/rs, n. 3.50 ; at Cainj) Bidwell, Mat-
thews, and near Chico, with very dark llowcrs, Mrs. J. BidvcU). Tlie F. viridia of Kellogg,
Troc. Calif. Acad. ii. 9, from near New Idria, api)eai3 to be a form with light-colored unmottled
flowers. The raiUcal leaves are sometimes very large, ovate or elliptical.

■H- ++ Flowers smaller : leaves linear.

5. F. parviflora, Torr. Bidb as in the last : light green, not glaucous or
the slender stem slightly so, 18 inches high, 3 - 2()-llowered : leaves narrowly
linear-lanceolate, G to 15, more or less vorticillate, 3 or 4 inches long: llowers on
short (G lines long or less) and strongly recurved pedicels, yellowish Avith more or
less of purplish brown ; segments concave, oblanceolate, spreading, G to 8 lines long,
Avith shallow nectaries: statuens 4 or 5 lines long; anthers oblong, unequal, \h to
3 lines long: capsule G-winged. — Pacif. II. Pep. iv. 14G. F. midtijlora, Kell.
1. c., i. 57, apparently.

Near Jluri)hys, Calaveias County {Bicjdotv) ; Big Tree Grove, Torroj, Brcirn: Distinuuislied
from the last by its more numerous smaller and lightei-colored llowei-s on shorter pedicels, the
segments less arched.

G. F. atropurpurea, Xutt. Bulb of numerous thick scales, half an inch long
or less : stem usually slender, 8 to 15 inches high or more, 1 -G-llowered : leaves G
to 20, scattered on the upper part of the stem or somewhat verticillate, 2 or 3 inches
long : flowers on slender pedicels, dull purple with more or less of yellowish green ;
.segments 5 to 9 lines long, si)reading, with obscure nectaries : stamens about 4 lines
long; anthers 1^ to 2 lines long: style slender: capsule acutely angled, broadly
obovate. — Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. 54.

In the Sierra Nevaila from Placer County to the Columbia, and eastward to the "Wnhsntch.

* * Sti/les connate and stigma shortli/ 3-lol)ed: flowers not spotted: capsule
obtusely anyled.

7. F. pluriflora,Torr. Bulb of large thick scales, a half-inch to an inch long: stem
stout, a foot high or more, 4 - 12-llowered : leaves 8 to 15, nearly covering the stem,
somewhat verticillate, narrowly lanceolate, 3 or 4 inches long : Ihuvers nodding on
long pedicels, uniformly reddish purple ; segments somewhat spreading, 9 to 12 lines
long, oblanceolate ; nectaries obscure : stamens une(]ual, 6 or 7 lines long, shorter
than the style; anthers 2 lines long. — Benth. PI. Hartw; 338; Baker, 1. c. 270.

On the Upper Sacramento (Ifarticrg), and on the Feather River, Firvuvil. Peculiar in the size
of its bulb.

170

LILIACE^E. Fritillaria.

8. F. pudica, Sprengel. Bulb of numerous very small ntuuded scales : stem 3
to 8 inches high, 1 - G-llo\veml : leaves 3 to 8, Ihiear to narrowly oblanceolate,
scattered or somewhat verticillate, 2 to 4 inches long : ilowers usually solitary, nod-
ding, yellow or orange and tinged Avith purjjle, with very obscure nectaries ; seg-
ments 5 to 9 lines long, obloug-spatulate, obtuse, somewhat spreading : stamens
nearly equalling the style, 6 to 8 lines long ; anthers 2 lines long : capsule oblong to
subglobose, G to 12 lines long. — Syst. ii. 04. Lilinm pudicum, Pursh, Flora, 228,
t. 8. Amblirion pudicum, IJaf. ; Torr. in Stansb. IJep. 390, t. 9. Theresia piuUca,
Klatt.

In the mountains from Carson City to Biitish Cohimbia and eastward to Jlontana and Utah.
Floweiing in early spring.

20. ERYTHRONIUM, Linn.
Perianth broadly funnelform, decitluous, of G distinct nearly equal lanceolate seg-
ments, mostly strongly recurved from near the base, yellow (varying to white or
])urplish), the inner usually auriculate below and callous-toothed on each side of a
nectariferous groove. Stamens G, hypogynous, with rather short slender filaments,
and linear anthers attaclied by the base and laterally dehiscent. Ovary nearly ses-
sile, many-ovuled : style slender, entire with short 3-lobed stigma, or 3-cleft and the
linear stigmas at length revolute, deciduous. Capsule mend)ranaceous, obtusely tri-
angular, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds oblong-obovate, ascending in 2 rows in each
cell, with brown rugulose testa somewhat loose at the apex. — Stem simple, low,
lax, from an oblong membranous-coated corm, bearing near the base a pair of closely
approximate flat dilated net-veined leaves ; flowers showy, solitary or few in a naked
raceme or rarely subumbellate. — Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 296.

An American f^enus, with the exception of a sinf^le species which ranges througli Europe and
Asia. Three otlier species are found in the Atlantic States,

1. E. grandiflorum, Pursh. Corm narrow, often 2 inches long : leaves not
mottled, always clusely approximate, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish and with
broad and usually short petioles, 3 to G inches long by one or two wide : flowers
solitary or often in a raceme of 2 to G or more, yellow or cream-color with a more or
less orange base ; i^egnients lanceolate and somewhat acuminate, strongly recurved,
1 to 2 inches long: iilaments long and slender; anthers 3 to b lines long: ovary
and capsule narrowdv oblong, narrowing to a short stii)0 ; ea])sule an inch long or
more. — Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 1780 ; Kegel, Cartenfl. 1870, t. 874, iig. G.

Var. (?) Smithii, Hook. Flowers large, tinged with i)urple or rose-color: fila-
ments often short and broadly dilated : .ovary broader and more obtuse. — Fl. Bor.-
Am. ii. 182. E. revolulum, Smith, Bees Cyc. E. yrandijhrum, var. revulutinn,
Baker, 1. c.

The various forms referred to this species are imperfectly known and need investigation. The
tyjjical form, common in Washington Territory and Oregon, apjieurs also to \)C found in Korthcrn
California. The jiurplish variety, collected in the redwoods of Mendocino (lUdiDuhr, n. 470l»), is
probably identical with tlic form of the jilant described by Smith and lirbt discovered by Menzies
at Vancouver Island, and may prove distinct. A variety witli smaller Howers than tlie type, but
apparently otherwise the same [war. viiiior, Morren, Belg. Hort. 1876, 109, t. 6), is common in
the mountains of Utah and Colorado and northward. What is called var. all/ijlonnn, Hook.
(Hegel, Oartenfl. 1874, t. 767, and figured as E. gujanlcum in Hot. Ma^,'. t. 5714), of Wa.sliiufjton
Territory, is descril)ed as liaving mottled leaves nntl very largo white Ilowers with a yellow and
orange base. The fruit and bulbs as well as the fresh Ilowers of tlicse varieties need to be com-
pared.

2. E, Hartwegi, Watson. Bulb small (G to 8 lines long), ovate-oblong : leaves
often more or less distant, apparently mottled, oblanceolate : flowers solitary, or 2
or 3 in a sessile umbel, light yellow and orange ; the lanceolate acuminate segments

Calochortus. LILIACE^E.

171

an incli or two long, spreading or scarcely recurved : fdaments rather short, slender;
anthers 2 to 4 lines long : ovary ovate-oblong, 2 or 3 lines lung, — Proc. Aiuer.
Acad. xiv. 2G1. E. (/rand/Jlorum, lienth. PI. Ilartw. 339.

In tlie Sierra Neva.l.i ; Butto County (Ifnrlwrg) ; Cliico (Mrs. J. Bidwrll) ; nrnr Anlnirn
{BoJandcr, n. 4527) ; Plinnas County {Mrs. Anus) ; also found by Bridges (n. 332). The capsule
and seeds are unknown.

3. E. purpurascens, Watson. Pulb narrowly oblong, an inch or two long :
leaves undnlate, oblong- to narrowly lanceolate, 4 to (5 inches long and \ to 2 incli"s
wide, acute or acutish and narrowed to a very broad and siiort petiole : i)eduncle
stout and occasionally divided, racemosely or somewhat unibellately 4 - 8-llowered
or more ; pedicels very unequal, the ui)per becoming 2 to G inches long : (lowers
light yellow more or less tinged with purple, deep orange at base ; segments lanceo-
late, 9 to 12 lines long: stamens 4 or 5 lines long, equalling the clavate style;
anthei-s oblong-linear, 1 or 2 lines long : capsule narrow, 12 to 15 lines long : seeds
about 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 277. E. gramlijlornm, var. mnllijiorum,
Torr. Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 14G. Frilillaria mullismpidea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif.
Acad. i. 4G.

Var. uniflorum. Peduncles slender, 1-flowered. — E. grandlflnrum, Torr. Pacif.
E. Pep. iv. 14G. E. revohdinn, Paker, Gard. Chron. 2 ser. v. 138.

In the Sierra Nevada, from Placer to Plumas County ; a clearly marked species.

21. CALOCHORTUS, Pursh.
Perianth deciduous, of 6 distinct more or less concave segments, the 3 outer
{sepals) lanceolate, greenish and more or less sepaloid, the inner (petals) mostly
broadly cuneate-obovate, usually with a conspicuous glandular pit near the base, and
very variously colored. Stamens G, on the base of the segments, included; anthers
linear to oblong, basili.Ked, dehiscent laterally. Ovary sessile, tricjuetrous and 3-
celled, many-ovuled : stigmas sessile, recurved, persistent. Capsule ellij)tical to ob-
long, membranaceous, 3-angled or 3-winged, mostly septicidally dehiscent. Seeds
numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, somewhat flattened, with a thin meml)ranous white
or brownish often loose testa. — Stems usually llexuous and branching, from mem-
branous- or rarely fibrouscoated corms ; leaves few, linear-lanceolate, radical and
cauline, the latter alternate and clasping, all with many nerves and transverse vein-
lets ; flowers few, showy, terminal on the branches or umbellately fascicled. — Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 302 ; Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 262.

A fjenus confined to AVcstern America, ranging from British Columbia to Mexico and from
the Pacific to tiie Rocky Mountains. Tiie half-dozen Mexican species are soniewhat peculiar and
form a distinct section. The whole genus is unique, in some of its chai-acters allied to the Tulip
of the Old World, in others to tlie Melanthaceous group of genera. The colors of the Howera are
in some of the species very variable.

♦ Flowers or fruit nodding : petals incurved or strongly arched ; gland transversely crested or

hairy : capsule with broad thin acute or winged culls.
Flowers subglobose, nodding.

Petals white, bearded ami ciliate. 1. C. AMius.

Petals yellow, very deeply pitteil : anthei-s obtuse. 2. C. pulchellus.

Flowers campanulate, the petals less arched.

Pedicels slender, nodding in fruit: (lowers small.

Flowers yellow : nit shallow : anthers acute. 3. C. Bknthami.

Flowers white or lilac, mostly umliellato.
Petals covered with haiis and ciliate.

IjOW : ])etals white or i»urplish ; claw with a transverse scale :

anthers acuminate : bracts over an inch long. Coast Hanges. 4. C. Mawean'US.
l.ow : petals lilac ; scale fringed : anthers obtuse : bracts shorter :

capsule suborbicular, obtuse. Sierra Nevada. 5. C. CiERL'LEUs.

172

LILIACEi-E.

Ciituchorltu

6.

c.

KMCGANS.

7.

c.

TuLMlEI.

8.

c.

Nl'DUS.

9.

c.

I.II,AC1NU.S.

10.

c.

UMFLOUUS.

11.

c.

GllKEXEI.

12.

C.

CLAVATIS.

U.

C.

Wkf.oii.

14.

C.

Kennkdyi,

16.

C.

VENU.SIU.^.

17.

C.

bl'LENDKNS

18.

C.

Talmkiu.

19.

c.

MACIIOCAUI

Low : petals white ; gland with a transver.se fringe of aseemliiig
hairs: anthers long-aonniinate. Nortlu-rn.

Taller : jxtals lilac ; fringe of the glaml relluxeil : anthers aeunii-
nate : caiisule clliittic, acntish. Korthcrn.
Petals not hairy or only at base : low : anthers ohtuse.

Petals naked ; glanil with an ai)pressfil scale : anthers 2 or 3
lines long : capsnle ohlong, acnte. JSierra Nevada.

Gland with a. scale and ciliate : anthers a line long : capsule ellip-
tical, ohtnse. ("oast Ihinges.

Floweis usually solitary : gland densely hairy. Coast lianges.
Pedicels stout, usually erect iu fruit : flowers large, lilac, hairy at base :
anthers acute.

* * Pedicels erect : llowers open-canipanulate : gland densely hairy :
capsule narrowly oMong with thick obtusely angled lobes, acute, sep-
ticidal : seeds somewhat turgid, with loose white spongy testa.

Flowers yellow or orange, marked with purple or brown. Coast Kanges.

Hairs upon the petals clavate.
, Hairs upon the jietals very .^lender.

Petals deep yellow or purfilc, hairy and ciliate.
Petals reddish-orange, decji purple at base, nearly naked.
Petals usually yellow, purple at base and lined or spotted with brown-
ish purple iu the centre, slightly hairy below. l.*"). C. Lb'TF.U.s.
Flowers white or lilac: petals .'-lightly hairy below.
Of the Coast Ranges and S. California.

Petals with a reddish sjiot near the top, a brownish spot in the centrt

and a brownish base.
Petals clear lilac, paler below: anthers purple, 3 to 6 lines long.
Flowers small, white, yellowish at base : anthers yellow, 3 lines long
stem very slender.
Of N. California and the Sierra Nevada.

Stout, erect, leafy, 1 -2-flowered : p<'tals lilac : anthers acutish.
Slender, often low, umbellately 1-5-tIowered : petals whitish above
with a purple spot above the yellow base : anthers obtuse,
sagittate. 20. C. Nuttam.ii.

* * * Pedicels erect : capsule narrowly oblong with thick obtusely
angled lobes, obtuse, locnliciilal : seeds Hat, horizontal, with thin close

testa. 21. C. C.vtai.in.i-:.

§ 1. Fetah stvowjlij incvrvcd or arched, with a hroad transvcrsehj crested or wore
or less liainj })it at/ore the Ixise : sejxils nahed, rarely spotted : capsule ellip-
tical or broadly oblong, deeply triquetrous and septicidal, the thin co>n-
2)ressed lobes acute or winyed : Jlowers or fruit more or less noddiny :
seeds ascendiny, the testa mostly brownish, close aiid pitted. — Eucaly-

CHORTLS.

* Flowers subylobose loith concave petals, noddiny: stem usually tall and

branchiny.

1. C. albus, T>on'^\. Glaucous and branchings a foot or two liigli, with elongated
radical leaves k to 2 inches wide, and large foliaceous bracts : petals i)ure white (the
claw purplish)", ovate-orbicular, acutisli, 12 to 15 lines long, bearded above the
gland and ciliate with long white liairs ; gland lunate, shallow, with A)ur transverse
imbricate scales fringed with close short yellow or white glandular hairs : antliers
linear-oblong, obtuse, nnicronate : ovary attenuate above: capsule an inch or two
long, G to 12 lines broad, abruptly short-beaked : seeds brown, jiittcd. — C'i/rl"l>othra
alba, r.enth. in Traii.s. Ilort. Soc. i. -Ii;}, t. 14, iig. 3; Lindl. llot. l{eg. t. l(i(il.

Var. paniculata, Hakei', 1. c. Stem more slender and less branched, with nar-
rower leaves and bracts : llowers smaller, on short solitary pedicels. — Cyclobothra
paniculata, Lindl. 1. c.

Frerpient on the foothills of the Coast Ranges from Los Angeles County to Sonoma ; also in the
foothills of the Sierra Nevada (Placer County, Bulaiider).

2. C. pulchellus, Dougl. Stem somewhat flexuous, with spreading branches,
a foot high or more, or sometimes only 2 or 3 inches high and 2 - 3-Howeied : radical

Calochorfii.s. LILIACEJi;. J •73

leaf c([nalling or exceeding tlio stem, 4 to 12 linos broad; bracts linear-lanceolate,
exceeding or eiiualling tlio, flowers: sepals yellow or greenisli, 8 to 12 lines long, a
little sliortor tlian the yellow or orange oblong- or broadly ovate acntisb jx'tais, wliich
are glandular-ciliate and sparingly sin-inklcd with short erect yellow hairs; gland a
deep pit projecting npward and covered by tlie stilF appressed yellow hairs growing
on the npper margin : anthers broad, obtuse or acutisli : capsule elliptical, 12 to 15
lines long and G to 8 broad, obtuse. — Wood, Proc. Piiilad. Acad. 18G8, 108. Cj/do-
bot/ira jiHlchella, IJcnth. 1. c, t. 11, lig. 1 ; Lindl. T.ot. Peg. t. lG(i2.
In the Coast Itaiigcs from ]\Ioiitcrpy to Jleiidociiio ("ouiitv.

* * Flowers cnmpannlate with less incurved and less arched pefti Is, erect jvhen

open: i^edicels slender, recurved in fruit : stem low.

■i- Floiuers yellow.

3. C. Benthami, Paker. Pesembling the last : low and slender (3 to G inches
high), 2-G-llo\vered : leaves mucli elongated, 2 to 5 lines broad : flowers smaller and
nearly erect ; petals G or 7 lines long and mostly obtuse, rather densely covered with
yellow hairs, and with a shallow lunate gland above the brownish or often deep
brown claw : anthers acute : capsule nodding, G to 9 lines long. — Journ. Linn. 80c.
xiv. 304. Gycloboihra eleyans, var. Intea, Penth. PI. Hartw. 338. (J.nitidiis/Yoxr.
Pacif. Pt. Ptep. iv. 14G, not Dougl.; Wood, 1. c. 1G9.

Ill the Sierra Nevada, from ^laiijiosa to Butte Counties.

-K- -I- Flowers ivhite or light lilac.
++ Petals covered with hairs and mostly ciliate.

4. C. Maweanus, Leichtlin. Stem low and flexuous (3 to 10 inches high),
usually branched and 3- G-llowered : leaves glaucous, exceeding the stem, 4 to G
lines wide ; bracts lanceolate, an inch long or more : petals white or puriilish blue,
at least at base, G to 8 lines long, exceeding the purplish sepals, broadly obovate,
acute, somewhat i)itted and arched, the broad naked claw covered above by a trans-
verse semicircular scale, and the rest of the surface more or less densely covered with
long erect white or purplish hairs : anthers lanceolate, acuminate, 2 or 2i lines long:
cai)Sulo oblong-ellij)tic, acutish. — Paker, 1. c. 305, under 0. eleyans. Cyclobotkra
elegans, Torr. Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 14G. Calochortus eleyans, Hook. f. Pot. Mag.
t. 597G.

Near the coast from San Francisco (at Punta do los Reyes, Bigclow) iiortinvard to Humboldt
County {Ra/tan) ; Butte County, near Ciiico, Ah'S. Bidwell.

5. C. Cceruleus, Watson. Low and very slender {3 to G inches high), the soli-
tary leaf (I to 3 lines broad, strongly nerved) much exceeding the simple luubel-
lately 2-5-flowered stem : bracts small, 4 to 9 lines long: i)edicels very slender,
H inches long or less : sepals G or 7 lines long, about equalling the rhombic-obovate
acute rather deeply pitted and arched petals, which are lilac more or less dotted and
lined with darker blue ; claw narrower; gland transvei'sely divided by a broad semi-
circular fringed scale which is closely appre.ssed over the upi)er half; the rest of the
petal covered and fringed with slender hairs : anthers oblong, obtuse, U or 2 lines
long : capsule orbicular or nearly so, 6 lines long, not beaked. — Proc. Amer. Acad,
xiv. 2G3. Cyclobothra eleyans, var., Penth. PI. Hartw. 338 (n. 1988). Cyclobotkra
coirnlea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 4. C. ylaiicus, Pegel, Act. Hort. Petrop.
iii. 28.5 ]

In tiie Sierra Nevada, from Placer to Plumas Counties.

G. C. elegans, Pursh. Pesembling the last: leaves rather broader (3 to 8 lines
wide) : flowers greenish Avhite, purplish at base ; i)etals not ciliate on the margin or
sparingly so, and the upper part of tlie gland covered by a very narrow deeply
fringed ascending scale: anthers long-acuminate: otherwise like the last. — Fl. i.
240 ; Dougl. in Ti-ans. Hort. Soc. vii. 278, t. 9, lig. B.

2^4 LILIACE.K Calochvrtiis.

A^ar. nanus, AVood, I. c. Dwarf ami slender : leaves very narrow : petals more
hairy and ciliate, often acute or even acuminate. — C. Lyallii, liaker, 1. c. 305.

Oim)ii uiul I(liilii) ; the ciirlicst known »\wv\vh of llii; pnns, to wliicli tliu last two imd hi'VciuI of
the following liuvc usually been referrecl. The variety has been coUecteil on the mountains west
of Yreka {Wood), on Mount liooil, and northward to IJiitish Columbia, Lijall.

7. C. Tolmiei, Hook. & Arn. Another similar species, hut stouter and taller
(ahout a foot lii-li) and usually branched : leaves 4 to (5 lines hroad, not greatly ex-
celling the stem ; bracts larger : llowers larger, tinged or marked with lilac ; i)etals
9 to 15 lines long, very broadly obovate and scarcely acute, rather deeply i)itted,
covered and fringed with long purple and white hairs ; gland without scale, but the
upper circular edge with a dense fringe of reflexetl hairs : anthers lanceolate and
acuminate, 2 or 3°lines long: capsule broadly elliptical, acutish at each end, 10 to
15 lines long. — Dot. Beechey, 3D8. C deyans, var., J]aker, 1. c. 305,

Oiegon ; loot of Mount Shasta, Wood.

C. Al'icULAXiis, Baker, of Northern lilalio, resenililcs this species, but is taller and stout, with
a single umbel of larger straw-colored lloweis.

++ ++ Petals hamj only toward the base or ichoUy naked.

8. C. nudus, "Watson, 1. c. Low and often slender (2 to 10 inches high), with a
single elongated leaf 3 to 10 lines broad ; bracts usually small (an inch long or less) :
llowers 1 to G, usually in a single umbel : sepals about equalling the broadly fan-
shaped petals, which are 4 to 10 lines long, white or pale lilac, denticulate above,
and wholly witliout hairs ; gland shallow, divided by a broad transverse denticulate '
appressed scale : anthers linear-oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long, about equalling the
hlaments : capsule oblong, acute at each end, 8 or 10 lines long and 4 or 5 wide:
seeds yellowish, papillose, with a white vesicle at base. — Cydubuthra dtyans, var.,
Eenth. PI. Hartw. 338 (n. 198G); Torr. 1. c. Calodiortns degans, var. siihcalvatus,
Baker, 1. c. 305.

In the Sierra Nevada, from the Yosemite Valley to Plumas County.

9. C. lilacinus, Kell. Stem bulbiferous near the base, Ioav (4 to 8 inches high),
rather stout, usually branched, with broad elongated leaves (4 to G lines wiile), and
long conspicuous bracts : llowers 4 to 10, in 1 to 3 umbels or close coryndjs, on long
flex°uous pedicels: petals broad, G to 12 lines long, pale lilac, with a more or less
purplish claw, somewhat hairy below the middle ; gland very shallow, ciliately mar-
gined and with a narrow scale : anthers oblong, obtuse, 1 to U lines long, much
shorter than the filaments : stigmas slender : capside elliptical, obtuse at each end,
an inch long. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 5 ; Baker, 1. c. 30G. C. vvibdlatus, Wood,
1. c 1G8. C. unijlnrus, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5804.

On hillsides about Sau Fraucisco Bay {Biydow, Uuluudcr, Kello(jij) and northward ; at the
Geysers, Bulandcr.

10. C. uniflorus, Hook, & Am, Stem low and slender (3 to 6 inches high),
1 - 2-ilowered : leaves 2 to 4 lines broad ; bracts near the base, elongated : sepals G
to 8 lines long, purplish, sometinies spotted : petals 10 to 12 lines long, the upper
margin denticulate, lilac with a purplish base aiul suiall very shallow purple den.sely
hairy gland, the lower half of the ])etal above the gland covered with scattered hairs :
anthers obtuse, 2 lines long. — Bt)t. Beechey, 398, t. 94; Wood, 1. c, 1G8 ; Baker,
1. c. 30G.

From Monterey {DoikjJus, Parry, Brewer) to Sonoma County, Kciclcrry. The .stem is bul-
bil'erous at the base of the leaf; capsule not known.

§ 2. Flowers and fruit erect on stout pedicels : flowers open-camjmnulute: (jland
usually densely hairy : capsule {except in group *) narrowly oblong, with
thick lobes, acute, septicidal sejnds often hairy or subglandular or spotted
within: seed ascending and somewhat turgid, with white, loose and
sj)ongg, minutely tessellated testa. — Mahipus.k.

Calochortus. - LILIACE^. l>jr^

* Capsule as hi § 1 : Jlowers large, lilac.

11. C. Greenei, Watson. Stem stout, branclung, often a foot liigli or more,
2 - r)-flowered : leaf about eciualling the stein, an inch broad; bracts narrow, elon-
gated : sepals greenish with more or less of lilac within and with a yellowish liairy
spot above the base: petals broadly fan-shaped and obtuse, 1 1 to Ih inches long,
lilac, somewliat barred with yellow below, strongly pitted and arched, the lower
l)art densely covered with very long yellow hairs; upi)er part of tiie blade uioro
thinly hairy, not ciliato ; pit densely villous above a broad transverse laciniato scale:
anthers broad, acute or obtuse, ^ inch long : capsuh; an inch long, 4 to G lines broad,
attenuate into a stout beak. — Proc. Anier. Acad. xiv. 204.

Mountains near Yieka, and top of Table Uock on Little Shasta River, Jicv. E. L. Greene, July,
1876 ; also in Multnoniah County, Oregon, T. J. JIowclL

C. NITIDUS, Dongl. (C. cnrijcarpux, Watson, Rot. King Exp. 348), has a sinii)lo umbellately
1 - 3-ll()werc(l stom, witli a short biaet-like leaf in tlio niid.lle and a single narrow radical leaf;
sepals naked ; petals creani-eolored witli a lilac spot in the centre, and a narrow shallow i)it, not
strongly aiched, the lower part of the blade usually with thinly scattered jjurple or yellowish
hairs ; gland oval-oblong, densely covered with entangled yellow hairs, without crest ; anthers 2^
to 4 lines long ; capsule round to broadly elliptical, with short stout beak. Oregon to N. K.
Nevada.

* * Cajysiile narrowli/ oblong, with thick ohtusclij angled cells.

•4- Floioers yellow or orange, more or less marked with brown or jnuple.

12. C. clavatus, Watson. In habit resembling C. luteus: distinguished from
other species of the group by the strongly clavate hairs which cover the lower half
of the petal around the deep and broad circular gland : se[)als acute, naked, yellow
within with a brownish spot at base and greenish on the outer side : petals 15 to 18
lines long, yellow s(jmowhat tinged or lined with brown, rather strongly arched :
anthers purple, obtuse, 4 or 5 lines long: ovary attenuate above, narrow, 10 lines
long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 2G5.

Near San Luis Obisfjo {J. G. Lemvimi) ; near Santa Barbara, Mrs. Elwood CoojKr.

13. C. Weedii, Wood. Corm deep-seated, fibrously coated : stem usually
branched, leafy, ilexuous, a foot high or more, 1 - 3-tlowered : leaves convolute-
linear, liliform-acuminate : sepals equalling the petals, orange within, with a brown
slightly bearded spot at base: petals 12 to 15 lines long, fan-shaped, obtuse or
abruptly acute, deep yellow, dotted and often margined with brownish ]iuri)le, ciliate
and covered with slender purple or yellow hairs ; gland small, circular to oblong,
densely hairy : anthers broad, acute or acutish, 4 to G lines long : cai)s;ule narrow,
attenuate upward, 1^ inches long. — Proc. Acad. Pliilad. 18G8, 1G9. C. luteus, var.
Weedii, IJaker, 1. c. 309. C. citrinus, Baker, Bot. :Mag. t. G200.

Var. purpurascens, Watson, 1. c. Petals wholly covered or blotched with
purple ; gland somewhat larger.

In the Coast Ranges, San Diego County and northward ; the variety at Santa Barbara and
Cajon Pass.

14. C. Kennedy!, Porter. Usually stout, 4 to 18 inches high, glaucous, 2-4-
flowered ; pedicels often short and stout : leaves shorter than the stem : sepals broad,
scariously margined, orange within with a purple spot at base, about equalling the fan-
shaped petals, which are 12 to 1.5 lines long, of a uniform clear reddish orange, the
round-oblong gland densely hairy and surrounded by a broad deep-imrple slightly
hairy spot : anthers 4 lines long, on very short lilaments : capsule H inches long or
more. — Coult. Bot. Gazette, ii. 79.

Southeastern California, from Fort Tejon to the Providence Mountains, Wallace, Cooper, Pal-
mer, Kennedy.

15. C. luteus, Uougl. Stem bulbiferous near the base, usually a foot or two
liigh, 1 -G-llowered, exceeding the usually very narrow (1 to 3 lines wide) leaves:

170

LILIACE.K. Calorhortus.

sepals nearly e(]nalliiij,' the petals, narrowly lanceolate and aciiniinate, greenish yel-
low and purplisli with a brown spot at base : petals very broadly Ian-Shaped, obtuse,
an inch or two long, from yellow to deep orange, lined with brownish purple on
especially the middle third where it is also usually slightly hairy ; claw ])urplish ;
gland broad, rounded or somewhat lunate, densely covered with ascending yellowish
hairs and with scattereil spreading hairs surrounding it: anthers yellow, linear, ob-
tuse, 2k to 5 lines long: capsule attenuate upward, 1 to li inches long. — Lindl.
Eot. lieg. t. 15(;7 ; Fl. Serres, ii. t. 104, iig. 2 ; Ikiker, 1. c."309.

Var. oculatus, Watson, 1. c. Petals white, lilac, or yellowish, with a central
dark brownish purple spot, which is us\ially bordered with j'ellow and sometimes
more or less broadened transversely ; claw yellow and purplish ; gland usually nar-
rowly lunate, covered with brownish or yellow hairs.

Var. citrinus, AVatson, 1. c. The whole petal deep or lemon yellow, sinnlarly
marked with brown. — C. venustits, var. citriiuts, Uaker, 1. c. 310.

Fiequent from San Diego to ]\Ieiulooino County and in the foothills of tlie Sierra Nevada. Ex-
ceedingly variable in its color and markings, ami perhaps running into C. vcnustus.

C. AURKUS, Watson, of S. Utah, is another species of this group, 3 to 6 inches high, the petals
naked and clear yellow or with a narrow crescent of purple aliove the well-detined roundish gland,
which is densely covered with retlexed hairs.

•I- -t- Flowers white or lilac.

IG. . C. venustus, Benth. Like the last : petals white or pale lilac above, with
a more or less conspicuous reddish spot near the to}), a brownish spot bordeied with
yellow in the centre, and a brownish base : gland large and conspicuous but much
narrower than the claw, oblong, usually densely hairy and surrounded by scattered
hairs: capsule 1 to 2.', inches long and 4 or 5 lines broad. — Trans. Hort. Soc.
n. ser, i. 412, t. 15, iig.'S ; Lindl. 15ot. Leg. t. IGGU ; Fl. 8erres, 1. c. iig. 3; Legel,
Garten H. t. SG.').

Var. purpurascens, Watson, 1. c. The petals deep lilac or purplish, with simi-
lar markings. — \'ars. lilacinus .xud j)irrj>iir(:'iis, Laker, (!ard. (Jhron. 2 scr. viii. 70.

In tlie Coast Ganges, from Jlount Dialdo {Brewer) soutliward ; fre<iuent and very variable in
its colors and in the ddinition of its markings. The variety in Kern County, U'ullacc, Kcnncdij.

17. C. splendens, Dougl. Like the preceding: petals clear lilac, paler below
(the claw somewhat darker), with scattered white hairs below the middle, and with
or without a round densclv hairy gland : anthers purple, obtuse or acute, 3 to G
lines long. — Lenth. 1. c. 411, t. 15, Iig. 1; Lindh 1. c, t. 1G7G ; Fl. Serres, 1, c.
iig. 1.

Freipient from Monterey to Siin Diego.

C. Fi.KXUosi'.s, Watson, of S. Utah, is a similar sjiccics, distinguished esjieeially t»y shorter
oUusish sepals, the shorter anthers (\S to 3 lines long), and the shorter oblong cai)siile (an inch
long) less attenuate at each end : .stem'lower and very Ilex nous, not bulbiferous.

18. C. Palmeri, Watson, 1. c. Stem very slender, lax and flexuous, a foot or
two high, 1 - 7-llowered, bulbiferous at base : leaves shorter than the stem, a line or
two broad : sepals equalling the petals, Avith narrowly acuminate recurved tips, yel-
lowish within and with a purple spot at base : petals a half to an inch long, obtuse
or acutisli, white, or yellowish towai'd the base, with a brownish claw ; gland roundish
iind ill-delincd, nearly as broad as the claw, densely hairy and surrounded above by
.scattered yellow hairs : anthers obtuse, 3 lines long : cajjsule very narmw, alleiuiate
tipward, an inch long or more.

Near the iMohave Kiver, Palmer (u. 527, 1876).

19. C. macrocarpus, Dougl. Often stout, erect and rigid, a foot or two high,
1- rarely 2-tlowered, leafy : leaves shorter than the stem, the caulini; (3 to 5) narrow
and convolute : sepals about eqimlling the jjctals, acuminate, u.sually tinged with
lilac within, darker at base with sometimes a yellowish hairy spot : petals obovate.

titrcptopus. LILIACEiE. j^'j-'j-

acute or acmniimto, 1 ^ to 2 inclios lony, purple-lilac, paler at base, with a greenisli
Hue dowu tlio middle, the lower third above the glaud covered with scattered glandu-
lar hairs ; gland oblong, densely hairy : anthers purple or yellow, lanceolate, acutish,
4 to G lines long: capsule attenuate upward, 1| to 2 inclies long: seeds llattened,
2^ lines long. — Hort. Trans, vii. 27G, t. 8; Liiidl. Bot. Jieg. t. 1152.

At Soda Sprin;;;.s on the Little Shasta Uivcv (Grrmc) ; Camp Bidwell (Matllicus) ; and northward
to Wasliington Territoiy (Li/all) and Idaho, Spaldluij.

20. C. Nuttallii, Torr. tt Gray. Erect, slender, usually a foot high, bulbiferous at
base, simple and undndlately 1 - G-lloweriHl, witii a single or rarely 2 or 3 narrow revo-
lute cauline leaves : sepals ovate-lanceolate with scarious margins, yellowish within,
with often a dark sometimes hairy spot near tlie base : petals cuneate-obovate, obtuse
or often abrui»tly acute, an inch or two long, white above tinged with greenish yellow
or lilac and with a purplish spot or ])and above the yellow base ; gland round or
oblong, densely hairy, surrounded by long scattered hairs : anthers obtuse, sagittate
at base, 3 or 4 lines long : capsule attenuate upward, 1 to 2^ inches long : seeds as
in the last. — Pacif. I{. Tiep. ii. 124 ; Ikker, 1. c. 30G, excl. syn. FritiUaria alba,
Nutt. Gen, i, 222. 6'. Iiitcas, Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. 53. G. LeicIUlinu,
Hook. f. Pot. Mag. t. 58G2.

In tlie Sierra Nevada from Ehhctt's Tnss (at 13,000 feet altitude, Brewer) in Siiasta IJiver and
eastward to the headwaters of the Jlissouri, the Black Hills of Dakota, S. Utah and New Mexico;
the most widely distributed species of the genus. Tiie color sometimes varies to deep lilac. The
liigh mountai!! form is often dwarf and has the anthers more sagittate.

C. Gn.N'NisoNr, Watson, common in the Rocky Mountains from Nebraska to New Mexico,
is a similar species, readily recognized hy its acuminate anthers, the light-lilac petals yellowish
green below the middle, banded and lined with purple, the lower part hairy and the transverse
gland nearly as broad as the claw.

§ 3. Fni it i lie/ pedicels erect : capsu/e varroichj oblouf/, obtuse, locuUcidalbj dehis-
cent at the summit : seed fiat and horizontal in, one rote in each cell, with
close irhite testa.

21. C. Catalillce, AVatson. Stem 2 feet high, branching, from a small oblong-
ovate conn : leaves and bracts very narrowly linear : ovary winged : capsule triangu-
lar, very obtuse, an inch or two long by 4 or 5 lines wide : seeds thin and very
numerous, 2 lines in diameter ; testa minutely pitted. — Proc. Amer. Acad,
xiv. 2G8.

On Santa Catalina Island, off Los Angeles. Collected by Mr. Paul Schumaeher, June, 1878, in
fruit only.

22. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twi.stf.d-Stai.k.

Perianth narrowdy campanulate, of G distinct lanceolate deciduous reticulately
nerved segments, with recurved tips. Stamens 6, on the base of the segments ;
filaments short and deltoid or subulate ; anthers sagittate, acute or acutely attenuate
above, or each cell sctaceously apiculate, attached on the inner side near the base,
with nearly lateral deliiscence. Ovary sessile, ovate, 3-celled, many-ovuled : style
filiform, deciduous ; stigma 3-cleft or Sdobed. Fruit a thin globose or ovate-oblong
reddish berry, the cells several seeded. Seeds oblong with close thin brownish
testa, longitudinally striate. — Stems leafy, dichotomously branching, glaucous, from
slender creeping rootstalks ; leaves alternate, sessile or clasping, lanceolate, many-
nerved with trixnsverse veinlets ; flowers solitary on slender extra-axillary simple or
once-forked peduncles, the second flower and ])edicel often rudimentary.
Two Asiatic species are known in addition to the following.

1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Glabrous throughout and glaucous : rhizome short
with crowded rootlets : stem 2 or 3 feet liigh : leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate.

278 LILIACE.E. Sti-cptopus.

deeply cordate and claspiucf, 2 to 5 inches Ion-,', very rarely slightly scabrous on the
margin : peduncles lateral and twisted heneath the leaves, mostly forked or genicu-
late, a half to an inch long : perianth gnsenish white, 4 to 0 lines long, recurved
above the middle: anthers H or 2 lines long, attenuate to a single slender awn;
lilament deltoid : style elongated ; stigma slightly ^Mobed : berry globose to oblong-
ovate, 4 to G lines long, the cells 10- 14-seeded. — aS". di^iortiiti, Michx. ; Hook. Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii. 173, t. 188.

Common in the temperate ref!;ion.s of Europe, Asia niid N. Aiiu'iii'a ; in tlie United States
ranging soutli in tlie mountains to Pennsylvania, New Mexico ami Utah, Oregon, and more rarely
Northern Calilornia. Collected only liy Uolundcr, in a deep gulch near Noyo, Mendoeino
County ; June.

S. iiosKUs, Michx. Fl. ii. 201, t. 18 ; nsually lower and more slender than the last, and some-
what puhescent ; leaves scabrons-ciliate, less cordate or only clasiiing ; jiedicelsi rather sliorter ;
flowers rose-purple, 3 or 4 lines long ; aiither-rells each aiiiculate ; stigma 3-eleft : fruit globose,
the cells 6 - 8-seeded. From Silica to Oregon, and perhaps Korthern California ; also in IJriti.sh
America and the noithern Atlantic States.

S. nuKVli'KS, baker, .lourn. Linn. Soc. ,\iv. 592, is known only from small fruiting spceinu'us
collected l)y Dr. Li/a/l in the Cascade Mountains of ^Va^^lnngton Territory. It is glabrous
throughout, witli very slender rootstoeks ; leaves sessile, not at all cordate at base nor ciliate ;
fruit globose, on pedicels 3 or i lines long, tlie cells 'i-8-sceded. It is perhaps only u reduced
smooth foini of the lust.

23. PROSARTES, D. Don.

Perianth narrowly campamdate, of G distinct oblanceolate deciduous 3-5-nerved
and net-veined white or greenish segments. Stamens 0, hypogynous; filaments
filiform, mostly elongated ; anthers oblong, obtuse, attached within above the base,
dehiscent laterally. Ovary sessile, linear, oblong or ovate, 3-celled, mostly with 2
suspended ovides in each cell : style slender, entire, or with 3 short spreading stig-
mas, deciduous. Fruit a reil 3 - G-seeded berry. Seeds subglobose, with thin close;
testa and horny albumen. — Stems scaly-bracted below, widely branched and leafy
above, from running rootstalks ; leaves alternate, sessile (at least the lowest clasp-
ing), thin, ovate or lanceolate, several-nerved and net-veined, the uppermost oblique ;
flowers solitary or fascicled at the ends of the branches, the slender pedicels not
jointed, usually nodding. — Watson, Proc, Amer. Acad. xiv. 270.

A wholly North American genus ; two otlier species are found in the Atlantic States.

* Perianth broad and (jlbhonsli/ tmncate at base: stamens included, with elon-
gated filaments : style 3-cleft: fruit acute: leaves acuminate, rarelij somewhat
cordate.

1. P. Menziesii, Don. ]\lore or loss woolly-pubescent : stems 1 to 3 feet high :
leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acuujinate or the lowest acute, rounded at
base or sometimes slightly cordate, 2 to 5 inches long, often minutely resinous-
dotted, at length shining beneath, 3 - 5-nerved, the fainter secondary nerves solitary :
flowers 1 to 5 : perianth-segments nearly erect, acute, G to 11 lines long : .'^tamens a
third shorter: style ustially more or less woolly above and slightly 3-clel't at the
summit : ovary nCarly smooth : capside oblong-obovate, attemiate above into a short
usually .somewhat vilhrns beak, triangular, 3 -G-seeded, about G lines long, bright
salmon-color. — Linn. Trans, xviii. 533. Uvidaria Smithii, Hook. Fl. 15or.-Am. ii.
174, t. ISl).

In the Coast Ranges from l^lendocino County to Biitish C.dumbia ; in moist jdaces. May and
June. A strongly marked species ; the leaves are lather thicker and less transparent than in the
following.

* * Perianth narrower and less gibbous at base : sti/le entire: leaves acute or

shortlg acuminate, viostUj cordate and clasjjing.

^'^'"''""'«- LILIACEJE. -^^g

■^ Filaments elongated, longer than the anthers.

i.i'l.^: ^°°^®"; '^'"'''■- , ^^'T- ?' ^f ' i-^"Sl>-l'"besccnt with d.urt usually sj.read-
n- hail. : stcu a loot or two high : leaves ovate, mostly deeply cordate, rou-d, on
the uar,.n and nerves beneath, 11 to 3 inehes long, the uppcnno.st very ohFi.jue
secondary nerves often 2 or 3 : llowers 1 to G ; segments spreading above, .-3 ir 6
Hies long, narrowed at base: stamens nearly equalling or a little exceeding the
. ] or anth; anthers 1 to 1^ lines long: ovary narrow, ,nore or less pubescent: the
sylo entire, exserted, glabrous : fruit usually somewhat j.ubescent, obovate.
obtuse, 4 lines ong, G-seeded. - Pacif. \l. JJep. iv. 144. P. lanurjinosa, var.
7Vcad''viii !'>''' ""'"■ ""■■'''''■ ^^*'" ^'''"''"'^''' "• •'^l'- i^''ll-'t,%"l'ruc. Calif.

Var. Oblongifolia, Watson. Leaves mostly oblong, acuminate.
In the Coast Ranges from Marin County to Santa Cruz; April to June.
3. P. trachyandra, Torr. Very similar to the last : leaves less deeply cordate
(he upper ones often not at all so) and usually less acuminate: stamens a third
shorter than the perianth ; anthers minutely hispid : ovary glabrous : fruit smooth,
Bake; 1 c "" ^'■"''- -^ •'^''^- ^^- ^^^'l'- '''■ 1^^- ^'- l^tau.jiaosa, var. trachyaadra,
M^'AuMin!'"'' ^''"'''''' ^''""' '^""'"'""'^ ^'«""ty (Bigcloiv) to riun.a.s County, Lanmon, Mrs. P..

P. Okegana, Watson, of Oregon and Washington Territory, is distin^uisi.ed by its lon<r
ncnmu.ato conlate leaves ; pedicels and upper portion of the Wanches C den llj vooSf
pubescent ; spreadnig perianth-segments (5 to 7 lines long) more distinctly (offen purplish) lei
3-6l;,fer""' ' '"'""'^'' .pubescent, ovate, acutish, neady haf " T ilS lo" g,

rn!i;ina3'w//i;!.i,u?*r"' ''•""","'■', '"'*'^'" species of the AS^ahsatch and Rocky Mountains,
in fr m"",";'- ^ ''"' ''"^' ■■'•''''"'^ »«* ^•"••^'•'^t" ^^^''■^^' •'Stamens ^about e.uul-

hng the perianth, a slightly clelt style, rounded ovary, and obovate obtuse papillose G-lsJeded

-t- H- Anthers much exceeding the very short filaments.
4. P. parvifolia, Watson, inod. Jfather stout, much branche.l, woolly-inibes-
cent: leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, the lower cordate and clasping 1 to H-
inches long, acuminate: flowers rather numerous, 4 lines long; se-ments sli<ditlv
spreading, twice longer than the lanceolate acute nearly sessile anthers • ovarv°very
small, slightly pubescent ; style slightly exserted.

Siskiyou Mountains; collected in flower, June, 1879, by V. Rnttan.

24. CLINTONIA, Raf

Perianth campanulate, of G distinct oblanceolate deciduous several-nerved seg-
ments. Stamens G, on the base of the segments ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblon°g
to linear, versatile, attached on the inner side above the base, dehiscing laterally!
Ovary sessile, ovate-oblong, 2-3-celled: cells 2 - several-ovuled ; style slender,
slightly 2 - 3-lobed at the summit, deciduous. Fruit a smooth ovoid thin few - many-
seeded berry. Seed with smooth brownish crustaceous testa, somewhat compressed
and angled. — Stems very short, few-leaved, from a slender creeping rootstock, bear-
ing a scape-like peduncle with solitary or uinbelled flowers ; leaves apparently radi-
cal, alternate, large, oblanceolate, sheathing, many-norvcd with transverse veinlets,
ciliate.

A genus of lialf a dozen species, divided eipially between the Atlantic States, the Pacific coast,
ami Lastern Asia.

1. C. uniflora, Kunlh. ]\I()ro or less villous-pubesoent throughout: stem very
short (an inch or two long), mostly subterranean : leaves 2 to 5, acute, attenuate

2gQ LILIACE.E. Clintonia.

Lelow, 4 to 8 inches long and 1 or 2 broad : peduncle sliorter than the leaves,
usually with one or two small hracts : flowers solitary, rarely 2, white, *J to 12 lines
long, |)ul>esienL : lilanients nearly a half shorter, puhesceiit, very attenuate at tho
apex; anthers 2 lines long: style exceeding or shorter than the stamens : fruit 4 to
6 lines long, the cells G- lOseeded. — Enum. v. 1.")'.) ; P.aker, Journ. Linn. .Sue. xiv.
58-i. Siiiilacina unijiuni, Menz. ; Hook. Fl. Dor.-Am. ii. 17o, t. 190.

Northern Cidifoniia to British Cohunliia ; Big Tree Grove (Brewer) ; riunias County (Mrs.
R M. Austin) ; near Eagle Lake (Miss Flummcr) ; Humboldt County (Rnltan) ; Scott Moun-
tains, Greene.

2. C. Andrewsiana, Torr. Stout, nearly glabrous, tho inflorescence more or
less pubescent : btem 2 to 6 inches long : leaves usually 5 or G, broadly oblong to
oblanceolate, 6 to 12 inches long and 2 to 4 wide, acute or very sliortly acuminate :
peduncle a foot or two high, usually with a foliaceous bract : llowers deep rose-colur,
numerous, in a terminal umbel and one or more lateral umbellate fascicles ; pedicels
slender, uneq\ial, an inch long or less : jjeriantli gibbous at base, -1 to 7 lines long :
stamens a half shorter, about equalling the style ; iilaments pubescent ; anthers a
line long : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, the cells 8- 10-seeded. — Pacif. li. Hep. iv. 150 ;
Baker, 1. c. 585.

In the Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz (Kclloijg, Anderson), to Ilumljoldt County (Raltan\ ;
April to June.

25. SCOLIOPUS, Torr.

Perianth purplish, of G distinct spreading deciduous segments ; tho 3 outer lan-
ceolate, several-nerved, punctate ; the inner narrowly linear, 3-nerved. Stamens 3,
at the base of the outer segments; iilaments liliform-subulato ; anthers oblong,
2-celled, extrorse, attached above the base. Ovary sessile, narrow and attenuate
upward, strongly triipietrous, 1-celled, the thickened angles jdacentiferous : style
very short : stigmas linear, recurved, deeply channelled down the inner side, per-
sistent: ovules several (10) in 2 rows on each placenta, ascending. Capsule thin-
membranous, bursting irregularly, oblong-lanceolate. Seeds oblong, slightly curved,
sulcate-striate longitudinally, with thin close light-colored testa, a conspicuous dark
chalaza, and crested rhaphe. — ]S^ early acaulescent glabrous perennials, with a short
coarsely fibrous-rooted rhizome; the very short stem bearing a pair of thin oval
to lanceolate sessile leaves, many-nerved with transverse veinlets, subtending an
umbel of long-petioled llowers. The whole plant is more or less punctate with
purple dots.

Only the following species are known. A rcmaikahle genus of ratlier ohscure atiinitits, but
apparently to be grouped with TrillUua and the eastern munotypical genus Mcdeulus.

1. S. Bigelovii, Torr. Stem scarcely rising above ground : leaves oval-elliptic
to narrowly uhhuiceolate, 4 to 15 inches long and \\ to 4 inches wide, acute or
acutish, dilated and sheathing at base : pedicels 3 to 12, slender, 3 to 8 inches long,
lax and becoming tortuous in fruit : perianth 7 to 9 lines long : stamens a third as
long : ovary linear-oblong, 3 to 5 lines long including the short stout style : stigmas
2 lines long : capsule light-colored, acute at each end, 9 to 14 lines long not includ-
ing the style, which is 2 or 3 lines long: seeds few to many, 1 to 1 1 lines long. —
Pacif. I{. Kep. iv. 145, t. 22.

In the Coast Itanges from Maiin to Humboldt County ; flowering in February.

S. HAbLir, Watson, from the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, is distinguished by its smaller
leaves (3 to 5 inches long) more narrowed and somewhat ]jetiolate at base ; the very slender jiedi-
cels 2 inches long or less ; ovary less narrowly oblong ; style more slender, and stigmas only a
Ime long ; capsule brown-purple, 5 lines long. The stem is scarcely an inch in length, and the
rhizome and rootlets are more slender ; llowers unknown.

Trillium. LILIACE^. T[g]^

26. TRILLIUM, Linn. Wake Robin.
Periantli of 3 herbaceous lanceolate persistent sepals and as many larger dis-
tinct more or less spreading colored (white to purple) several-nerved marces-
cent petals. Stamens G, on the base of the perianth and much shorter tlian the
segments ; iilaments short and stout ; anthers linear, the cells separated by a broad
connective, usually introrse. Ovary sessile, ovate-globose, 3 - 0-angled, 3-cclled,
several-ovuled : stigmas nearly sessile, linear or subulate, recurved ab(jve, channelled.
Fruit an ovate berry, 3-cclled (or sometinics imperfectly 1-celled with parietal pla-
ceiitre), red or purple. Seeds ovate, with tliick rha[)hc and close thin scarcely striate
testa. — Perennial glabrous herbs, with short tuber-like rhizomes, and stout simple
stems scariously sheathed at base, and bearing at top a whorl of 3 dilated mostly
rhombic-ovate 3 — 5-nerved and net-veined leaves, and a large solitary flower. —
Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 273.

The dozen species are cliicfly American ami of tlic Atlantic States. Two are found in E. Asia,
of which one is considered a form of an eastern species. Tlie roots are acrid and produce ennesis.

* Flowers sessile.

1. T. sessile, Linn. Stems usually several from tlie same root, about a foot
high : leaves closely sessile, ovate-elliptic and often rliombic, usually mottled with
brown, acute : petals dull purple or sometimes greenish white, oblanceolate or spatu-
late, acute or obtuse, A to 2 inches long, erect or spreading: aiitiiers 3 to 7 lines long,
equalling or exceeding the stout stigmas, which are 3 or 4 lines long and sessile upon
the broadly civate ovary.

Var. Californicum, Watson, 1. c. Larger in all its parts : leaves very broadly
rhombic-ovate, 3 to 0 inches long and usually broader than long, acutish : petals
oblanceolate to rhom1)icobovate, 1 to 4 inches long, purple or rose-color or some-
times white : anthers G to 9 lines long, usually considerably exceeding the stigmas.
— T. sessile, vars. rfirfniitenm and chloropetalum, Torr. in Pacif. li. Pep. iv. 151.

Var. angustipetalum, Torr. 1. c. Leaves narrowed at base and somewhat
petiolate : petals narrowly oblanceolate to linear. — 1\ sessile, var. giganteinn. Hook.
& Arn. Bot. Bcechey, 402.

Frequent in rich moist valleys and Iiillsides, from San Luis Ohispo to Orprjon, especiallv the
var. Californicum. Tiie strictly typical form of the Eastern States seems not to be found in Cali-
fornia. Very variable in the size, form and color of the flowers. Flowering from JLirch to lilny ;
the fruit of the western forms has not been collected.

T. PETioLATUM, Pursh, of Oregon and Washington Territory, is distinguislied by tlie short
stem scarcely exserted from the basal sheaths (3 or 4 incites long), and by the ovate-elliptic to
reniform leaves with petioles equalling or exceeding the blade ; petals narrowly oblanceolate, but
little longer than the sepals. Not yet collected in California.

* * Flowers j)e(hmculate.

2. T. ovatum, Pursh. Stem ratlier slender, a foot high or more : leaves rhom-
bic-ovate, 2 to G inches long, acute or shortly acuminate, narrowed at l)ase or slightly
petiolate : peduncle erect, 1 to 3 inches long : petals spreading, lanceolate or rarely
somewhat oblanceolate, acute, 1 or 2 inches long and 3 to 10 lines broad, white soon
turning to deep rose-color, little exceeding the sepals : stamens 3 to 6 lines long :
stigmas slender, sessile : capsule broadly ovate, somewhat winged, G to 0 lines long :
seeds 1^ lines long. — Fl. 245. T. Cdlifornicum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii.
50, fig. 2.

In the Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz (Ifoml) to Oregon and British Columbia. This sjiccies
nuK'h resembles the eastern T. grnvdifJonnn, to which it has .sometimes been referretl, but the
])etals are never obovato and rarely even oblanceolate, and the stigmas arc less slender and more
recurved.

]^g2 LILIACE.E. Veratrum.

27. VERATRUM, Toiirn. False HELi.KRonr.
Flowers polygaiiiDUs, mostly creuin-color or grcL'ui.sh ; si'gmeiits distinct, sprorul-
ing, persistent, ohlong-obovate or oblanceolate, severul-nerveil, ^landless or with a
thickened greenish margin toward the base or somewhat biglandular, slightly adnatc
to the base of the ovary. Stamens free ; filaments subnlato ; anthers cordate, con-
fluently 1-celled, peltate after opening. Ovary sessile; styles distinct, stigmatic at
the apex. Capsule membranous, 3-beaked by the persistent divergent styles, septi-
cidal to the base. Seeds sevend in each cell, ascending, oblong-lanceolate, com-
pressed and margined or winged, with close thin whitish testa. — Stem stout, tall
and leafy, from a short thick rhizome, hearing a pubescent panicle mostly staminato
below, with green or greenish bracts ; pedicels short and stout, not jointed ; leaves
ovate to lanceolate, sheathing, strongly nerved and plaited,

A genus of nine species, of which four are European and Asiatic and three belong to tlie
Atlantic States. The roots are poisonous, and those of sevci-;d species are employed in medicine.

* Perianth-segments entire or serrulate, thichened hiteralb/ at base, very sliorfhj
(tdiKite to the oblong-ovate many-seeded membranous capsule.

1. V. Californicum, Durand. Stem very stout, 3 to 7 feet high : leaves ovate,
acute, the ujjper narrowing to lanceolate, 4 to 1 2 inches long, all sheathing, some-
what pubescent or nearly glabrous : inllorcscence and upper part of stem tomentose-
pubescent ; branches of the panicle (a f(jot or two long) mostly simple and ascend-
ing, sometimes compound and more spreading, the lower usually sterile ; bracts
ovate-lqjiceolate, somewhat membranaceous, usually exceeding the pedicels (h to 2^
lines long) : segments of the j)erianth oblanceolate, obtuse, whitish, with a greener
base, thickened and brown at the sides, the upper margin often somewhat denticu-
late irregularly, 3 to 8 lines long : stamens 3 to 5 lines long : capsule an inch long
or more : seeds 12 to 15 in each cell, whitisli, broadly winged, 5 or G lines long. —
Journ. Philad. Acad. iii. 103. V. alb/an, "Watson, liot. King Exp. 344.

Frecjuent in the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges of Jlendocino County, and northward
to the Columbia ; also in the East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and tlie Wiihsatch {U'litsuii),
Mount Graham, Arizona {liodtrock), and the Itocky Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico.
It appears to diiler from ail the Old WorUl tonus of /'. a/liu,n, especially in the daiker thickened
bases of the more adnate perianth-segments, its larger capsules, and more numerous seeds.

V. viniDE, Ait., of tiie Eastern States, also occurs in the mountains of Oregon and northward.
Its flowers are giecii, in a moic slender jjanicle with more or less drooping branches, the segments
more narrowly oblanceolate, and stamens shorter. The upper leaves aie more acuminate, and tlie
bracts more foliaceous, usually longer and narrower.

« * Perianth-segments fimbriate, the ridged base dirided by a narrow longitudi-
nal snlcus, slightly adnate to the subgtubosc obtusely lobcd tliin-tncmbranous
capsule.

2. V. fimbriatum. Gray. Stem 2 to 5 feet high or more : leaves lanceolate, G
to 18 inches long and 2 to (i inches wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed to the ba.se,
somewhat pubescent : panicle tomentoso, spreading ; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate ;
pediccds stout, 2 to f) lines long : perianth-segments rhombic-ovate, greenish white; (?),
.3 to f) lines long, irregularly limbriato from above the broad base, which is marked
by two oblong subglandular spots separated by a narrow furrow and reaching to tlie
middle of tin; segiiieiit : lilanients stout, 2 lines long: styles long atid slender: cap-
sule depressed and somewhat emarginate at the apex, 4 lines long ; cells f) - 7-ovuled,
2-4-seeded: seeds nearly 3 lines long, oblong, scarcely margined. — Proc. Amer.
Acad. vii. 391.

Frequent on the plains west of the Redwoods in Mendocino County, Bulaudcr, KclUxjfj k Har-
ford (n. 102?). A very jyeculiar sjtecies.

Zijgadenus. LILIACEyE. igo

28. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Zyoapexf..
Flowers pL'i-fect or polygamous, greenish white, erect on slender i)e(Iicels in gla-
brous simple or juniculate racemes ; perianth often adnate to the base of the ovary,
the oblong-lanceolate to ovate segments more or less distinctly glandular at the rather
broad or shortly unguiculate base. Stamens on the base of the segments, the filiform-
subulate filaments at first recurved. Seeds brownish, angled and somewhat mar-
gined.— Stem from a coated bulb crowning a short rhizome, with narrowly linear
obscurely nerved leaves mostly near the base. Otherwise as Vemtrum.

A genus of half a dozen American species, with one in Siberia and another Mexican.
« Flowers all perfect, rather large; outer segments not unguiculate, the inner
abruptly contracted to a broad claio.

1. Z. Fremonti, Torr. Lulb oblong, ^ to 1^ inches long, with dark outer
coats : stem glabrous or rarely somewhat pubescent, from 3 inclies to a foot or two
or even 4 feet high : leaves 2 to 12 lines broad : raceme simple or compound, few-
many-flowered ; bracts mostly green ; lower pedicels an inch or two long : perianth
wholly free from the ovary, rotate ; segments 3 to 7 lines long, oblong-ovato to
lanceolate, obtusish, the greenish-yellow gland extending upward along the nerves
and so toothed on its upi>er margin : stamens nearly free, a half shorter than the
segments : styles short : ovules 10 to 20 or more in each cell : capsule oblong, G to
10 lines long : seeds 1^ to 2 lines long. — Pacif. K. IJcp. vii. 20 (as Z. Douglasii).
Z. glaberrimus, Hook. & Am. Lot. Beecbey, 160. Z. cldoranlhus, Hook. & Arn.
1. c. 402. Antlclea Fremonti, Torr. 1. c. iv. 144.

In the Coast Ranges from San Diego {Clcrclnnd, jroo'i) to Hnmboldt County ; very frequent
and sometimes known as "Soap-iilaiit." It varies greatly in size (the var. minor of Hook. & Ami.
being the early dwarf form), as also in the size and form of tlie [letals and gland, and in the num-
l)er of ovules. The gland sometimes occupies the whole base of the i)eta1s or may be much nar-
rower. The sindlar Z. ei.egans, Pursh (Z. (jlauciis, Nutt., and Z. chloranthvs, Richards.), of the
northern Atlantic States and ranging to Behring Strait and Oregon, is found in Nortlieastern
Nevada and PLastern Arizona, but seems not to reach California. It is more glaucous, has the
perianth evidently adherent to the ovary (especially in fruit), and the segments with an obcor-
date gland covering tlie base.

* * Flowers smaller, the lower sometimes sterile: segments of perianth all
abruptly contracted to a short glandular claw.

2. Z. venenosus, Watson. Bulb oblong-ovate, rather small (about h inch in
diameter), witii dark outer coats : stem slender, ^ to 2 feet high : leaves"narrowly
linear, rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, carinato and" usually folded, scabrous at least
on the margin, the cauline scarcely or not at all sheathing : raceme simple (very
rarely slightly compound at base), short, becoming 4 to G inches long or more ; bracts
foliaceous or membranous, setaceous-acuminate; pedicels slender. 3 to G lines or the
lower sometimes an inch long, mostly erect in fruit : perianth free from the ovary ;
segments triangular ovate to elliptical, 2 or 3 lines long, obtuse or rarely acutish, the
blade rounded or subcordate at base : gland extending slightly above the claw and
terminated by a well-defined irregidar line : stamens equalling the perianth, and
somewhat adnate to the claws : ovules G to 8 in each cell : capsule 4 to G lines long,
oblong-ovate, the cells abruptly contracted at the apex : seeds (usually 2 in each cell)
H to 2| lines long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 279. Aminnthimn Nuttallii, Oray,
and others, as to the plant of the western coast. Ant idea Nuttallii, Torr. Pacif j^.
Eep. iv. 144, etc. Z. Nuttallii, Watson, ])ot. King Exp. 343, mainly.

Very frequent in meadows or on stream-banks from Monterey and Mariposa Counties to British
Columbia and eastward to the Wahsatch ; May to ,Fuly. The l)ulb is poisonous and is known
among the northern tribes of Indians as " Death-Camass." Dr. Bolnnder imtes, however, that in
Sonoma County it is eagerly eaten by the hogs and is lience called "Hogs' Potato " by the fnrmei-s
of that region. The plant of the Californian Coast Ranges is often stouter than that of the Sierra

284 LILIACE.'E. Zygadtnus.

Nevada and northward, with tlie raoenie occasionally compound, and the jierianth-scgments
usually with a shorter claw and tlie blade cordate at base. The species has been Cdnlounded with
Z. Nuttallii of the eastern jilaiiis ami Texas, which dillers in its stouter habit, broader leaves,
etc., tho perianth-seguients not at all nnguiculate at base, the tree stamens, and the nnich larger
seeds and capsule.

3. Z. paniculatus, Watson. Very siniihir, but usually stouter ; the stem from
a larger bulb, 1 to 2}j feet high : leaves 3 to 8 lines broail, often all sheathing at
base : raceme compounil ; bracts lax and scarious : flowers of the lower branches of
the raceme usually sterile and on short pedicels : perianth-segments about 2 lines
long, deltoid, acute or acuminate ; gland less detinitely margined and often reaching
nearly to the middle of the blade : stamens equalling or exceeding the segments :
pedicels spreading in fruit : capsule oblong-ovate or oblong, ^ to 1 inch long, the
cells attenuate at the apex : seeds 3 to 5 lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 344. Ilelonias
paniculatus, Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. 57. Amianthium Nuttallii, var.,
(Jray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 121.

At Ebbett's Pass (Brewer), Cliico {Mrs. J. Bidwcll), and especially freijuent on the eastern side
of the Sierra Nevada, on thy hillsides and in blossom a month earlier than the last ; ranging
from Idaho and Nevatla to Soutliera Utah {Pidmcr) and the Saskatchewan. Bulb also poi-
sonous.

20. TOFIELDIA, lludsoi. Fai.sk Aspuodkl.

Perianth spreading, of G distinct greenish white oblanceolate 3-nerved persistent
segments. Stamens 0, equalling the segments and inserted at their base ; filaments
narrowly subulate ; anthers round-cordate, attached by the base, dehiscing laterally.
Ovary sessile, ovate or somewhat obovate, 3-lobed and 3-celled : styles short, dis-
tinct, with small terminal stigmas ; ovules several in each cell, attached to the inner
angle. Capsule membranous or rigid, obovate, acute, beaked by the persistent
spreading styles, septicidal. Seeds seveval to many in each cell, with thin mem-
branous testa and often tailed. — Herbaceous perennials, with slender running root-
stocks and mostly radical equitant linear leaves, the simple stem bearing a short
close raceme or spike of small flowers ; pedicels not jointed, usually with a small
involucre of 2 or 3 more or less united bractlets near the llower.

A genus of about a dozen species, confined chiefly to the northern temperate and arctic zones.
The following, with an additional species of the Atlantic States, belong to a subgenus Triantha,
which is distinguished by having tlie liowers by threes in a raceme, but developing from above
downward, the anthers innate, .seeds caudate at one or both ends, aud the stem and inllorescenco
somewhat glandular-pulH.srcnt.

1. T. OCCidentalis, Watson. Stem (1 or 2 fei-t high) and pedicels below the
involucres viscid-pubescent : leaves shorter than the stem, 2 lines broad : raceme an
inch and pedicels becoming 3 to 5 lines long : involucre a short distance below tho
flower, 3-lobed nearly to the middle, often reddish: perianth 1| to 3 lines long:
capsule obovate, mend^ranous, 3 or 4 lines long : seeds 0 to 8 in each cell, angidar-
ovate, with a loose spongy white testa and a sliMider tail at the outer end about
equalling the seed.

Near cold springs in the Red Mountains, Jleudocino County {Kellogg & Harford, n. 1022) and
northward; Jlount Hooil {Wood); Cascade Mountains, Oregon {Howell), and near the British
boundary, Lyall.

2. T. glutinosa, Willd. IMore slender and less tall (6 to 16 inches high): pedi-
cels shorter, witli the scarcely lobed involucre near the flower : perianth 1 1 or 2 lines
long : capsule smaller : seeds numerous, linear, with close thin testa and a long
slender contorted tail at each end twice longer than the seed.

Near the Columbia River (Hull), in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon (Hoivetl), and porhajis
ranging southward into N. California. It is the more common American species, found from
Sitka and Bear Lake to Maine and Indiana and in the Alleghanies to N. Carolina and Tennessee.

A'erophyllum. LILIACE^. 285

30. NARTHECIUM, Moehring. Bog Asphodkl.
Perianth of G distinct yellowish-groen narrowly lanceolate obscurely 3-nerved seg-
ments, reflexed or spreading in flower, soon erect, persistent. Stamens 6, hypogy-
nous, distinct ; filaments subulate, woolly ; anthers linear, basifixed, introrse. Ovary
sessile, linear-oblong, 3-celled and many-ovuled, attenuate upward to the small
slightly lobed stigma. Capsule thin-chartaceous, attenuate above, loculicidally 3-
valved. Seeds numerous, ascending from very near the base, small and linear, with
tliiu transparent testa, and with a long bristle-liko tail at each end. — Stem lierba-
ceous and slender, from a creeping rhizome, with narrowly linear etiuitant leaves,
and flowers in a terminal raceme ; pedicels not jointed, bracteolate near the middle.

A gcmis of four closely allied species, of Europe, E. Asia, the Atlantic States, and California,
rcsi)cctively.

1. N. Californicum, Baker. Rootstock slender, with scarious scales at the
nodes : stem a foot or two high, much exceeding the mostly basal loaves, which are
about U or 2 lines Ijroad and usually 7-nerved ; cauline leaves 2 or 3, short : raceme
loose, becoming 3 to 5 inches long, 30- 40-llowered ; pedicels 3 to G lines long, twice
longer than the linear-lanceolate bracts and bractlets : perianth 3 or 4 lines long, a
third longer than the stamens : filaments densely woolly exce])t near the top : cap-
sule exscrted ; cells 10- 1.5-seeded ; seeds a line long, or including the tails 5 lines
long. — Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 351. JV. ossi/ni (juiii, var. occidentale, Gray, Proc.
Amer. Acad. vii. 391.

Swamps on Red Mountain, Mendocino Comity (BoJandcr, n. 6548 ; K'cUogg k Harford, n.
1031); on Downievillo Piutte, Siena County, ionmoi ; Delnorte County, Rattan. The" ripned
capsules are of a biiglit salmon color.

31. XEROPHYLLUM, Miclix.

Perianth white, of G distinct spreading oblong-lanceolate several-nerved persistent
segments. Stamens at the base ; filaments subulate-filiform ; anthers rounded, ex-
trorse, dehiscing laterally. Ovary sessile, ovate, 3-lobed ; styles distinct, linear,
stigraatic on the inner side, reflexed or recoiled, persistent : ovules 1 or 2 pairs in
each cell. Capsule chartaceous, loculicidally dehiscent to the base and occasionally
also septicidally. Seeds 2 to 4 in each cell, ascending, oblong, somewhat triangular-
flattened, with thin longitudinally wrinkled rather light-colored testa. — Perennials,
with a short and thick woody tuber-like rootstock, numerous radical elongated very
narrowly linear dry striate and serrulate leaves, and a stout simple leafy stem bear-
ing a many-flowered raceme • pedicels slender, not jointed, the bract often borne
upon the pedicel and resembling a bractlet.

An .American genus of three species, the third confined to the Atlantic States near the coast.

1. X. tenax, Nutt. Pootstock an inch thick or more : radical leaves 2 or 3 feet
long by about 2 lines broad, Hat above and somewhat carinato, ratlier rigid : stem
2 to 5 feet high, with scattered ascending leaves dilatecl at base : raceme dense, be-
coming a foot or two long, tlie lower bracts foliacoous and serrulate, tlie upper scarious
and often upon the lower j)art of the pedicel ; iiedicels an inch or two long, erect in
fruit : flowers fragrant ; segments 4 or 5 lines long, scarcely ecpialling the stamens :
styles 2 lines long, exceeding the ovary : capsule broadly ovate, acute, nearly 3 linos
long, loculicidally 3-valv(^d : seeds narrowly oblong. — //eluiiids (niajr, Twrsh. X.
setifolinm, Lindl. IJot. Peg. t. 1G13, not iMiclix.

In the Coast Ranges, from ]\Ionterey {Parnj) to Hritish Colmnhia, sometimes oceui>yiiig exten-
sive meadows; also in the northern Sierra Nevada (Plumas County, Laitmon, Mrs. Anslhi).

2gg LILIACE.E. Xtropliijllum.

X. DouGLASil, Watson, fouiid in tlie mountains from tlie Columbia to Montana, is a similar
species witii a narrower raceme of smaller (lowers ; stamens includuil ; styles a line long ; caiJsule
cordate-ovate, 2 lines long, the very abruptly acute cells usually separating and then dehiscing
loculicidally ; seeds shorter and broader.

Order CIX. SMILACE^.

Shrubhy (or rarely lierbrit-eous) phiiits, climbing by petiolar tendrils, often prickly,
tlio leaves net-veined betwcten the nerves, with sinuU diieeious greenish usually G-
parted flowers ; perianth regidar, deciduous ; stamens at the base of the segments,
with introrse basihxed 1-celled anthers ; ovary superior, 3-(.elled (rarely 1- or several-
celled), with as many sessile linear spreading stigmas, and 1 or 2 suspended ovtho-
tropous ovules in each cell; fruit a berry; seeds with minute embryo, the testa
closely adherent to the horny albumen. — Rootstocks often elongated or tuberous ;
leaves alternate, petiolate, the petiole usually bearing a pair of opposite tendrils
above the dilated clasping base ; tiowers in axillary pedunculate umbels or racemes.
Eepresented almost solely by the following genus.

1. SMILAX, Tourn. Gkekn BitiEU.

Characters as of the order. Flowers in umbels. Anthers bilocellate.

A widely distributed genus of 150 species or more, chiefly of the tropical and temperate regions
of Asia and America. A <lozen species are found in the Atlantic States. The single representa-
tive of the genus in California belongs to the section Eusmilax, liaving solitary ovules, and the
perianth-segments of the male flowers recurved. The roots of many species are employed in medi-
cine under the name of Sar.saparilla.

1. S. Californica, (iray in herb. Ghdn-ous ; stem woody, terete or somewhat
angled, naked or covcri'd with weak spreading jiricklcs (becumiiig black) : leaves
broadly ovale, abruptly acute, somewh;it cordate at base, \\ to 4 inclu-s long, tliin
and deciduous, rougliish on the margin : ])eduncles slender, Hat, 2 or ;5 times longer
than the petioles, which are about an inch long : flowers few to many (20 or le.s.s) ;
segments {\ to G) green, narrowly oblong, 2 lines long : fruit black, 3 lines in diame-
ter.— S. rotundifoda (]), Denth. PI. Ilartw. 341. S. rotundifolia, var. Call/ornica,
A. DC. :Monog. Phaner. i. 75.

On the Upper Sacramento, near Cliico (ffarticrg, ami other.s) ; on McCloud's River, in fruit,
Lemmon. Near S. hispida of the Atlantic States, but leaves less acuminate and more cordate.

Order CX. PONTEDERIACEiE.

Perennial aquatic herbs, with spathaceous perfect flowers, an irregular funnelform
or nearly regular and salverforra G-cleft persist(int perianth, G or 3 perigynous more
or less unequal or dissimilar stamens with introrse anthers attached near the base,
a superior sessile 1 - 3-celled 1-many-ovuled ovary, and a simple style; fruit a
many-seeded 3-celled (or 1 -celled with 3 parietal ])lacenta;) membranous 3-valved
capsule, or a (by abortion) 1-celled 1-seeded utricle; seed anatropons, with fari-
naceous albumen, and straight axile embryo. — Stems from creeping rootstocks, with
alternate sheathing or clasping leaves, an(l spicate or axillary and sessile solitary
flowers.

An order of 7 genera and 20 or more species, mostly of the tropical and temperate regions of
America, i-are in trojiical Africa and .\sia. In the Atlantic States there area single species of Pon-
tcdcria {i\\v. principal genus), and two of Hclcranthcra, besides the following.

Lysichiton. ARACE/E. 187

1. SCHOLLERA, Schreber. Water Star-grass.

Perianth salverfonn, with elongated filiform tube and G-{)arted limb, the segments
linear-lanceolate and nearly equal. Stamens 3, on the throat oi)posite the inner
segments, equal ; filaments subulate ; anthers linear to oblong. Ovary oblong, 1-
celled, with 3 parietal placenttu ; style exserted, clavate above, slightly 3-lobed :
ovules many, alternate in 2 rows on the placentae : capsule membranous, oblong,
enclo.sed in the withered base of the perianth, 3-valved. Seeds oblong, striate. —
Stems submersed, from slender creeping rootstocks, slender and branching, with
linear grass-like loave.«?, and axillary solitary yellowish llowcrs, which alone reach the
surface. A single s[)ecies.

1. S. graminifolia, Willd. Stem becoming several feet long: leaves 1 to 3
inches long and a line or two wide, clasping at base, obtuse : spathe herbaceous with
a short foliaceous apex : i)erianth tube 1 to 3 inches long, the segments of the limb
spreading, 3 or 4 lines long: capsule torulose, 3 or 4 lines long, 8-15-seeded. —
Nov. Act. Soc. Berl. iii. 438. Leptnnthus gramineits, Michx. V\. i. 25, t. 5, lig. 2 ;
Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 94. Ileteranthera graminea, Vahl, Enum. ii. 45 ; Torrey, Fl.
N. York, ii. 313, t. 133.

Coininon in streams in most of the Allaiitic States from Canada to Texas ; more rare westwaril.
In Mendocino County {G. Ii. Vaanj) ; Willamette River, Oregon, Howell. A low terrestrial form
sometimes occurs, growing on muddy shores.

Order CXI. ARACE^.

Perennial glabrous herbs, with large radical or alternate leaves, and perfect or

visually monoecious or diceoious flowers sessile and crowded on a spadix, which is

surrounded by a simple spathe; perianth none, or 4-G-sepaled in perfect flowers;

fruit a berry, 1 - 4-celled, 1 - many-seeded : seeds mostly albuminous, minute.

A large order, hut mostly tropical and scarcely represented in California. About half a dozen
species, of nearly as many genera, are found in the Atlantic States and northward.

1. LYSICHITON, Schott.
Spathe sheathing at base, with a broad colored lamina or none, at first enveloping
the cylindrical spadix, which becomes long-exscrted upon a stout peduncle. Flowers
perfect, crowded and covering the spadix, with 4-lobed perianth, and 4 stamens
opposite the segments. Filaments short, flat ; anthers 2-celk'd, opening upward.
Ovary conical, 2-celled, 2-ovule(l : stigma depressed : ovules horizontal, orthotropous.
Fruit fleshy, somewhat immersed in the rhachis and coalescent. — Acaulescent
swamp herbs, with large leaves from a thick horizontal rootstock. A single Japanese
species besides the following.

1. L. KamtSChatcensis, Schott. Leaves (1 to 2.} foot long and 3 to 10
inches broad) oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed to a short petiole or sessile : spathe
with a broad acute blade : peduncle very stout, shorter than the leaves (becoming G
to 12 inches long): spadix broader, 3 or 4 inches long. — Prodr. Aroid. 421;
Itothrock in Smithson. Pep. 18G7, 455. Arctiodracon Camtschnticam, Gray, Smithson.
Contrib. n. ser. ix. 409.

Common in swntn]is near Fort Bragg, Mendocino County (liohudcr), and near Humboldt Bay
(li'ittnu), ranging northward to Sitka and also found in Kaintseliatka. May and June, in flower.
I'esembling the Si/mploarrpiis fcefidus, or Skunk Cabbage, of the Eastern Sutes.

238 TYPHACE.E. Sparcjaniam.

Order CXII. TYPHACEiE.

Aquatic perennial liorbs, witli creeping routstocks, cylindric solid steins, alternate
linear entire sessile leaves, and inona'ci'uus llowers in heads or on a spadix, Avitliout
perianth, the upper spikes staniiniferous ; stamens and ovaries intermixed with
bristles or scales; anthers linear, longitudinally dehiscent; ovaries 1 - 2-celled,
1-ovuled, with a slender style and 1-sided stigmas, becoming dry and nut-like ; seeds
pendulous, anatropous, with copious albumen and a straight axile embryo. — Oidy
two genera, scarcely reaching California.

1. Spargaiiium. Flowers in f^lobular heads with foliaceoiis bracts.

2. Typha. I'lowers in a c^'liiuhical coniiiact terminal sjiike : spatlie-like bract ileciiliious.

1. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Bi:ri-ui;Ei).

Flowers in dense separate globose heads on a leafy-bracted simple or branching

spadix, the upper heads staminate. Stamens with slender elongated iilaments,

mingled with minute scales. Ovaries sessile, 1 -2-celled, surrounded by 3 to G

very narrowly linear-subulate scales. Fruit indehiscent, wedge-shaped or clavate.

Seed ovoid, smooth.

Four or live species are widely distributed through the cold and temperate ref,'ions of the
northern hemisphere.

1. S. simplex, Hudson. Stem erect, a foot high or more, rather slender, with
simple inlluresceiice : leaves triangular or ilattened, exceeding the stem (often 2 or 3
feet long, and as many lines broad) : heads 2 to 4 of each kind, the lower often
above the axils, and sessile or pedunculate ; the sterile very small : stigmas single,
linear or oblong : fruit nearly terete, attenuate at each end, 3 or 4 lines long in-
cluding the linear style: scales half as long. — Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Cerm. ix.
t. 325.

In the Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass to Oregon and northward, and eastward across the conti-
nent ; also European. Several varieties are described. July to September.

2. S. eurycarpum, Engelin. Erect, stout, 2 to 4 feet high, with branching
inflorescence : leaves mostly flat : heads 2 to G or more : fruit sessile, wedge-shaped
and many-angled, 3 or 4 lines long, with a broad dejjressed summit (2i to 3| lines
wide), abruptly tipped with the sliort style. — Gray, Manual, 481.

In the Humboldt River, Nevada (JFatson), and northward, and eastward across the continent.

2. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-taii. Flag.
Flowers in a dense cylindrical terminal spike. Stamens with very short connate
filaments, mixed witli numerous long hairs. Ovaries long-stipitate, 1 -celled, sur-
rounded by numerous bristles and clavate rudimentary ovaries. Styles liliform.
Fruit minute, usually splitting on one side. Seed linear, striate. — The staminate
and pistillate portions of the spike are either contiguous or separate, naked or sub-
tended by a spathe-like deciduous bract.

A genus of about 0 species, distributed through tlie tropical and temperate regions of the globe.
The roots are farinuccou.s, and the tough Hat leaves are used for various domestic purposes.

. 1. T. latifolia, Linn. Stout and tall, 4 to G feet high, the flat sheathing leaves
3 to G lines broad or more, exceeding the stetn : pistillate and staminate parts of the
spike each 3 to G inches long, usually contiguous, the pistillate dark brown with
the crowded rhombic-lanceolate stigmas, and at length an inch in diameter ; jiistil-

^■'«'»««- LEMNACPL-E. -,j,q

l:vtc flowers without bracts : pollen-grains in fours. - Eohrbacli, Vcrl,.Ver. Brandenb
XK 38, and Anier. Journ. Sci. 3 ser. ii. 375 ; Keiclienb. Icon. Vl Germ i' r s's

A,^S°;n;n,;'^"'SKl''wo..ld" '^^""""^^ '"'•^''"•^^^•' ^''^ '"""^ ^>-o'-t .noslof I^lnh

bnr^i; .^'l^'fF!'^*'^';^'?' ^ ■'""; ■^?,'''' ^''"'"^ narrower, somewhat convex on tlie
back : MS , Hate a.id stammato inllorescence usually separated by a short interva^^

witif^: Ih. rT'"' ' "[ V"-'ir ;'""'",^'^ ■ I-'^--o'-- 3i'»Ple : pistillat io V rs
I c ; lleichenb'rc^'f sVr." ' ^"^ ^''''"^^ "' ''^' «"'"'"it- -liohrbach,

CoUectejl at So.la Lake in Soutlieastern California {Dr. Cooper) and at Los An<relp, (Rrv T r
Nevm) ; also m the Atlantic States, but less conunon than tlie last, ami in tL uf.l wS"

Order CXIII. LEMNACE^.

Very small floating herbaceous perennial stemless plants, consisting of flattened
disk-liko fronds, with usually one or more rootlets from the middle below • florets
imbedded in the frond, without perianth, nake.l or bracteate, with 1 or 2 stamens
and a sessile 1-celled 1 - several-ovuled ovary (each organ by some botanists
sidered a distinct flower) ; style simple, with funnelform stigma ; ovules at the ....
of the cell; fruit a utricle; seeds comparatively large, albuminous with straic^ht
axile embryo, the testa operculate at the apex. - Ilegelmaier, Die Leranaceen °

Rushed by Its nunute size, the thick rootles/ fronds being only i toloTal.tbm d The

ilouers are naked, and have a sin^de stamen with a 2-cellea a^nther, Ld a 1-ovuled ova.y

1. Lemna. Frond 1 - .-i-nerved, with a single rootlet.

L Spirodela. Frond 7- ll-nerved, with several rootlets.

1. LEMNA, Linn. Duckweed. Duck's-meat.
Flowers marginal, bracteate, diandrous. Filaments slender; anthers didymou.
each cell bilocellate by a transverse partition, dehiscing transversely. Seeds 1 to g'
mostly ribbed. -Frond 1-5-nervcd, containing numerous acicular raphides pro-
liferous from a lateral slit (usually on each side) near the base, with a sin<^le rootlet
which is destitute of vascular tissue. ° '

* Ooule solitary, orthotropoHs or nearbj so : froidl - 3-nerved, thin.—.

ts con-

Lemna
proper.

-1- Fronds ohlong, stalked at base, remaining connected.

1. Ii. trisulca, Linn. Fronds thin, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 9 linos
Jonrr, attenuate at base, into n bIp.., lor =.t..ii. ,.„„„ „u., i.. o ,' .. «'. ;""^s

lOUt

ike

iong attenuate at base into a slender stalk, very obscurely 3-nerved, often witho,
rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining connected : bract sac-like •

seeds ovate, amphitroi)ous, with small round operculum. — Hegelm. 1. c 134 t 6 G-
Iveichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. vii. 9, t. 1.5. >"•">",

^J'Zt^jT'''^ "'^"'1°" S^?" f;--^^"'"! ^'^^^ (Bigclota) ; Plnmas County (Lcmmon) ; Oregon,
and eastward thro.igh most of North America, as also through Europe, Asia and Australia.

-»- •»- Fronds oblong to elliptical or round-ovate, sessile, soon separating.
2. L Valdiviana, Philippi. Fronds elliptic-oblong, small (a lino Ion- or
usually less, rarely more), rather thick, obscurely l-nervcd : bract broadronifiTrm :

|r^Q LEMNACE.K. Lnnna.

seed orthotropous, oblcii-, wiUi a i)roiniiient acute operculum. — Liniiiea, xxxiii.
2;51); lle^'olni. 1. c. l.'Ui, t. 7, lij,'. 1-8, uikI F1. Uras. iasc. 7G, t. 1, lig. iv. L.
Torrei/i, Austin; (Imy, Manual, 4 79.

Ill si)rin"8 Liikc Comity (lli>land,r) ; iiboiit Sail Fraiicisoo (liolaiulcr, Kellogg k H"r/urd) ; Los
Angeles {Brewer) ; Northern Nevada (Z/'a/io/t) ; Arizona (/'a ///tcr), and eiistward to ihe Atlantic ;
also South American.

3. L. minor, Linn. Fronds round- to elliiitic-obovate, 1 to 2\ lines in diame-
ter, rather thick, very obscurely 3-nerved : bract sacdike : seed obloiig-obovate,
am'phitropous, with prominent rounded operculum. — Nees, Oen. iii. t. 4l' ; llegelm.
1. c. 112, t. I), 10; Ueichenb. 1. c. 8, t. 14.

l?ei)orted from various localities in California (Lobos Creek, Bolandrr, etc.), and ((mimon in all
quarters of the f^lobe — the most widely distributed of all the species, and UMialiy abundant,
closely covering the surface of stagnant pools.

L. I'AircicosTATA, llegelm., may perhaps also be found in California, resembling L. viinor, Uyt
with orthotropous seed, and the .sheaths at the base of the young roots with broad wmg-hke
appendages ; bract reiiiform ; frond with a minute dorsal si)ine near the apex.
* * Ooules 2 to 7, anatropous: fronds venj thick and sponyy, Jlat above, very
ohscurelif 5-nerocd. — TELMAToniAot;, Hegelni.

4. L. gibba, Linn. Fronds obovatc-elliptic to nearly orbicidar, almost hemi-
spherical, soon separating: bract sac like. — llegelm. 1. c. 145, t. 11-13;
Ueichenb. 1. c.

Near San Francisco (Bohmdcr, in flower) ; Santa Barbara (7Vrm/) ; Arizona {rahner);\\\ the
Atlantic States, but rather rare ; in Mexico, the West ladies, and all .juarters ol the Old \\ oild.
A very peculiar and easily recognized si)ecies.

2. SPEIRODELA, Schleiden.

Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary
2-ovuled. Frond 7- 1 1-nerved or more ; rootlets several, with axile vascular tissue.
Otherwise nearly as Ltmna. — A single species.

L S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Fronds round-obovate, purple beneath, 2 to 4 lines
in diameter, distinclly about 7-nerved ; roots clustered, usually 3 to 5 : l)ract sac-
like : ovules amphitropous. — llegelm. 1. e. 147, t. 10, and Fl. Lra.s. 1. c. iig. vi. ;
Austin, Torr. Lot. JUill. i. 37, ligs. ; Fngelm. same, i. 42. Lemna pulyrrldza, Linn. ;
lieichenb. 1. c., t. 15.

Truckee River, Nevada (Watson); Oregon {Hall); and found in all (piarters of the globe,
but not yet reported from within the limits of California. It is very rarely detected in llower or
fruit, though often very abundant.

Order CXIV. NAIADACE^.

INIarsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy or (in
Triglochin) naked and scape-like, leaves sheathing at base or stipulate, and flowers
perfect or unisexual, often spathaeeotis, with perianth of 4 or G herbaceous distinct
valvate segments, or membranous and tubular or cup-shaped, or none ; stamens 1,
2, 4 or G, with extrorsu anthers; ovaries 1 to G, distinct or more or less ct)herent,
1-celled, usually 1-ovuled, in fruit follicular or capsular or an indehiscent berry or
utricle ; albumen none ; embryo large, often curved.

An Older (as liere undeistoo<l, embracing the Jnncai/iueci:) of about 20 genera and 70 or more
specie.s, widely distiibut.d chielly through temperate and cooler regions, both in fie.sh and saline
waters. Th.M-e is much diveiMty in the chaiaetns of the gern'ra. Will, lew ex.eptions the
Californiau species are the same as those on the Atlantic coast, and are also lound lu the Old
World.

Zostem. NAIADACE.E.

191

• liiiiiiersed niiualics, with Hat linear leaves : ovaries solitary or (listiiict, 1-oviileil. — Naiadka;.

4- Perianth none, or membranons and cni)-sliiiiic(l.

+t Flowers monccuious or diuecious : ovary 1, sessile : stamen 1 (wliere known).

1. Naias. Flowers diwcions, solitary or clustered, axillary. Pcriantli none in fertile flowers,

cup-shaped and inenibranous in the staniinate. Style with 2 to 4 awl-shaped stigmas.
Stems floating, with opjiosito or ternate leaves.

2. Zostera. Nakeil ovaries and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a mar-

gined leaf-like enclosed si)adix ; ovaries pendulous. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem creeping.

3. Phyllospadix. Ovaries naked, alternate in 2 rows on the inner side of a margined folia-

ceously appendaged enclosed spadix, ascending. Stigmas 2, linear, sessile.

4. Lileea. Fertile flowers in an cxserted slender spike. Stigma capitate.

+ t +f Ovaries about 4, nearly sessile, becoming more or less stipitate.

5. Zanuichellia. Flowers mon(ccious, axillary, sessile or nearly .so. Stamen 1, naked ; fila-

ment slender. Fertile flowers solitary, with a cup-shaped membranous spathe or peri-
anth. Stigmas jieltate. Leaves opfiositc.

6. Ruppia. Flowers perfect, 2 or more on an enclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without

perianth. Anthers 2, .sessile, the cells distinct. Stigma depressed. Leaves alternate.
+- +- Flowers perfect, with herbaceous 4-.sepaled perianth, in a peduncled spike.

7. Potamogeton. Ovaries and anthers 4, ses.sile. Stigma sessile, unilateral.

» » Marsh plants with terete bladeless leaves : flowers perfect, .spicato or racemose, with her-
baceous 6-lobed perianth : carpels 3 or ti, more or less united, separating at maturity : seed
erect or ascending, anatropous, with straight embryo. — Jun'OAGINK^e.

8. Triglochin. Ovaries 3 to 6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bractless, in

a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape.

9. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate in a

loose raceme upon a leafy stem.

1. NAIAS, Linn. Naiau.
Flowers mostly dioecious, a.xillary, solitary or clustered, sessile. Male flower of
a single stamen and a membranous tubular 4-lobed perianth within a small cup-shai)ed
membranous spathe ; anther 4-celled, nearly sessile : pollen granular. Fertile
flowers without perianth or spathe, the oblong ovary terminated by a short style and
2 to 4 narrowly subulate stigmas. Fruit a very thin membranous utricle, filled by
tlie single erect anatropous seed. Outer testa subcrustaceous. Embryo straight,
entire, with the minute plumule near the upper end. — Slender immersed aquatics,
with jointed brandling floating sterna, and opposite or verticillate (often crowded)
linear toothed leaves, sessile and somewhat dilated at base.

Ten or twelve species are known, foiu- of which are found in the Atlantic States.

1. N. major, AUione. Stem rather stout and often armed with broad prickles :
leaves broadly linear, 3 to 18 lines long, coarsely and sharply toothed, the dilated
ba.so entire : fruit 2 to 2^ linos long : seed very linely lineate, oblong, slightly com-
prcs.sed. — Noes, Gcmi. t. 44.

In Clear Lake (liolnndrr) ; Huntington Valley, Nevada (Whrclcr); Santa Crnz T^iver, Arizona
{Dr. Smart); Utah, Purrii. It is also found in the salt springs of New York, in Kurope, the
West Indies, and the Sandwich Islands.

2. N. flexilis, Rostk. Sc Schmidt. Stems very slender : leaves very narrowly
linear, a half to an inch long, very minutely serrulate : fruit 1^ lines long, narrowly
oblong. — N. Canadensis, Michx. ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 170, t. 184.

Near San Francisco (Chamis^n) ; Clear Lake (IMnndrr) ; Washington Territory {Lyall) ; com-
mon in the Atlantic States, and found in Mexico, the West Indies, and Euroj)e.

2. ZOSTERA, Linn. KKL-t:itA.s.s. C.iiAss- whack.

Flowers montKcious and without perianth, the single stamens and ovaries arranged
alternately in 2 rows upon the face of a linear-oblong leaf-like sessile spadix en-

192 NAIADACE.E. ZosUra.

closed in the dilated membranous base of a leaf. Anther 1 -celled, sessile ; pollen
thread-like. Ovary attached near its apex, beaked by a short style, with 2 linear
deciduous stigmas, and a single pendulous orthotrupous ovule. Fruit utricular,
oblong. Seed with subcrustaceous testa. Embryo split longitudinally and enclosing
the long linear curved plumule. — Stout submersed marine perennial herbs, with
creeping and rooting stems or rootstock, and alternate elongated grass-like ribbon-
shaped entire leaves.

Only 4 sjiecies, two of them peculiar to Australia and one to the OKI World.

1. Z. marina, Linn. Stems rather Heshy, often elongated : leaves with long
sheathing bases, 3 - 7-nerved, obtuse, one to several feet in length, 2 to 4 lines
broad; fruiting leaves jointed at the base of the sjjathe, wliich terminates with a
more or less elongated leaf-like summit: spadi.x 2 to 4 inches long, 10 - 20 fruited,
without appendages: seeil thiek-oblong, \\ lines long, longitudinally striate. —
JS'ees, Gen. iii. t. 42; IJeichenb. Icon. Fl. (Jerm. vii. t. 4.

Common in the shoal water of bays, etc., below low-water mark, from Alaska to Oregon, and
probalily farther soul li ward ; also on the Arctic and North Atlantic coasts, the shoics of Europe,
and of norlhcasteiii Asia. 'I'ho smaller form (var. (tiKjnuti/oliit, Hornem. ; Z. uii</itsti/iilui,
Keichenb. 1. c, t. 3), with narrow 1-nerved leaves, is also reported from Alaska.

3. PHYLLOSPADIX, Hook.

Flowers dioecious (?), the staminate unknown. Ovaries without perianth, sessile
in two vertical rows alternately upon the face of a submembranous broadly linear
sessile spadix, which is enclosed in the dilated membranous base of a leaf-like spathe
and has within the margin on each side a series of short dilated foliaceous ap-
pendages as many as the ovaries ; attachment of the ascending ovaries above the
base : stigmas 2, linear, sessile, deciduous. Ovule pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit
coriaceous, indehiscent. Embryo straight, entire, somewhat pitted on one side. —
Perennial submerged marine herbs, with tliick rootstocks, slender stems, and elon-
gated linear leaves.

Only the following species, peculiar to the western coast.

1. P. Torreyi, Watson. Stem slender, and leaves mucli elongated (3 to 6 foet),
less than a line wide, with very long sheaths (2 to 10 inches), tlat, faintly 1-nerved,
coriaceous : ])eduncles short, broad and somewhat channelled, one or two axillary at
each joint of the stem: the dilated jiortion of the spathe IJ, to 2 inches long, leaf-
like above: the enclosed s[)ailix U, lines wide; appendages ovate-obhuig, acult", 2'
to 3 lines long, within the margin of the spailix and above the attachment of the
corresponding ovaries: ovaries 15 to 20 or more, cordate-sagittate and somewhat
dorsally ilattened and carinate, 2h lines long ; stigmas half as long. — Proc. Amer.
Acad. xiv. 303.

Collected at Santa Barbara, in flower (Dr. Torre;/), and with immature fruit. Miss S. A. Plitm-
vur. Tiie fruiting specimen described and figured by Kujirecht (iMem. Acad. I'etersb. vii. 58,
t. 1, and 2, figs. 5-16) under the name of R Scoulcri, from the mouth of llussinn liiver,
would seem from the shajte of the fruit to be probably tliis species, though it is represented as
having the i)edun(les short, with a single spathe, and tlie leaves broader. Oidy one or two ripe
fruits were louu<l by lum, and none other have hitherto been collected.

2. P. Scouleri, Hook. Very similar to the la.st, but stems short, peiluiicles
short and with a single spathe, leaves broader (2 lines wide) and 3-nerved ; and
ovaries ovate-oblong, roundetl at base : fruit unknown. — Fl. l>or.-Am. li. 171, t. 18G ;
Puprecht, 1. c. in part, t. 2, figs. 1-4.

Dundas Island, in the Columbia Hiver (S'ninic?-) ; Vancouver's Island (Lijull) ; apparently also
with the last at muuth of Hussian Uiver, ll'tisuniscnski.

^•'VV""- NAIADACJ'L'E. mo

I'Jo

4. LILJEA, 1II5K.
Flowers moua^cious, M-itl,out perianth. Male llowors mingled with the pistillate
or in distinct spikes, of a single nearly sessile 2-celled rounded anther subtended by
a hyaline bract. Ovaries naked, sessile and erect, in the axils of radical leaves and
ni pedunculate exserte.l spikes, the upper with short styles, but the lower styles
much elongated ; stigmas capitate ; ovules solitary, erect. Fruit coriaceous, oblon-
lanccolate, mdehiscont, compressc.l and riblmd, the upp.>r iiarn.wly win-'cd tlm
lower wingless and laterally toothed at the summit. .Seed with membrano°us 'testa
and straight mirrow and entire embryo. — An aquatic or marsh annual (?) herb
with fibrous roots and radical grass-like leaves sheathing at base. Only the follow-
ing species. — Heterostylns, Hook.

1. Ii. subulata, HBK. Leaves i to 1 foot long or more, a line or two broad
•several-nerved, thin : spikes crowded, a half to an inch long,' on peduncles shorter
than the leaves : staminate bracts narrowly oblong, obtuse, half a line lon<r twice
l.»nger than the anther: radical fruits 3 lines long, the filiform style often 1 to 3
inches long; upper fruits elliptical, acute, somewhat smaller. — 2s' o v. Gen i 2n
t. 03. Jleterosti/lus gmmineus, Jlook. Fl. JJor.-Am. ii. 171, t. 185.

fi;S?oO^-l>''ti;n'r''; ^T- ^.'■""''•-;? (y^^/'W/); iu po.uls near Searsville, San Mateo County
K I •^ ' ■ <^° !""'"/' }^'\^''^ ''x^^^"^"-- Ai.i.a.ently not distinct fron. ti.e Cliifian plant on
wel^ ev o^Jd'Tern'o'T'l'^ usually la,^..,-. The Sea.svillc specin>ens are eipe blly

Men ueveloped, being 2 feet high or more and the fruiting spikes I^ inches long.

5. ZANNICHELLIA, Aficheli. IIuiinei. Pondweed.
Flowers mona-cious, axillary, sessile or nearly so. Male flowers of a sin-le naked
stamen, with elongated filament and 2-celled anther. Fertile flowers usuaHy in the
same axils, of 2 to o.sessile or shortly stipitate ovaries in a membranous cup-shaped
perianth or spathe ; style short; .stigma peltate; ovule solitary, suspended, ortho-
trop(,u.s. 1 nut an obli.piely oblong coriaceous nutlet, somewhat compressed, beaked
Seed with membranous testa. Embryo slender, the attenuate cotyledonary end
b.-nt into a coil. — Very slender immersed branching aquatics, witli very narrow
ami filiform flattened mostly opposite leaves, not sheathing, and with small free
membranous stipules. Several species are described, perhaps all varieties of a siu'de
one. "

1. Z palustris, Linn. Stems 2 inches to 2 feet long or more, branching and
ea y : feaves ^ to 2 or 3 inches long : fruit somewhat incurved, often more or less
toothed on the back, 1 to 11 lines long, about twice longer than the stvlc, usually
becoming shortly stipitate and frequently also j)edunculate. — Z. major Lonu •
iNees, (Jen. in, t. 4G ; IJeichenb. Icon. Fl. (Jerm. vii. 9, t. 10.

In fresh-water pomls and slow streams ; collected in California bv D,mr,In,, i„ stuinrrs nt th.-
aTrflV,r1r'"''^'l ^f"'W' -^"'V:"'^"-: °" O-^'^''-^"'' "''"^^ (B"hnrfr.r), nnd near 4nta B ha a
quaiters of the globe, e.\cepting South America and Africa.

6. RUPPIA, bin... Diirii-oKAss.
Flowers perfect, without perianth, 2 or more approximate on a spadix enclosed
in the sheathing base of a leaf, becoming long-exserted. Anthers 2, sessile, of 2 dis-
tinct cells, transversely dehiscent. Ovaries 4, at first sessile, with nearly sessile
depressed stigmas, and .solitary suspended campylotropous ovules. Fruit obliquely

194 NAIADACI'LE. ii'^p/^m.

ovoid, very sliortly beaked, on elongated slender stipes, liard and dru[)e-like. Seed
with membranous testa. Embryo ovoid, with a short cotyledon and short lateral
plumule. — Very slender branching herbs, growing in salt or brackish water, with
liliform or capillary alternate leaves, broadly sheathing at base. A single variable
species.

1. R. maritima, Linn. Stems elongated, filiform, a foot or two long or more,
leafy : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, with usually broadly dilated bases : llowers 2 to G
or 8 in a short close spike : fruiting peduncles mostly very long (3 to G inches) and
contorted : fruit U> lines long, the stipes 1 or 2 lines or often G to 12 lines long. —
Nees, Gen. iii, t. 47; Iveichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. vii. 10, t. 17.

Near Santa Baibaia {Mrs. Ehcood Cooper) ; in Clear Ijoka^Bolandcr) ; Russian Itiver (7?n/<«)t) ;
Oregon and Wasliington Tunitory, on the Atlantic Coast, and in ail (luartuis of llie globe, ex-
cepting perhaps South America.

7. POTAMOGETON, Touvn.* Pondwekd.
Flowers perfect, in peduncled axillary spikes, with herbaceous perianth of 4
rounded valvate segments, 4 stamens opposite to the segments, and usually 4 sessile
ovaries. Anthers 2-celled, nearly sessile. Ovaries with oblique depressed nearly
sessile stigmas, and solitary ascending campylotropous ovides. Fruit somewhat com-
pressed, ovate, drupe-like, witli a crustaceous nutlet within. Seed with mem-
branous testa and strongly curved or spiral embryo. — Slender jointed and branching
submerged perennial aquatics, of fresh or brackish water, with mostly alternate linear
or dilated (often dimorphous) leaves, and scarious stipules, free and axillary or united
to the base of the leaf. Spikes enclosed in the bud, at length long-exserted.

The largest genus of the order, of about 40 s|)eeies, many of them wiilely distributed around the
globe. Of the "24 North Ameiican species one-half are peculiar to the continent. Mature fruit is
in most cases necessary for their positive determination.

Floating leaves thick, dilated : stipules free : si)ikes dense.
Submerged leaves mostly narrowly grass-like or liliform.

Floating leaves subcordate, mostly shorter than the petioles, the sub-
merged very narrow and elongated : stipules long and con-
spicuous : spike long : embryo nearly circular. 1. P. natans.
Floating leaves attenuate at base, on short i)etioles, the submerged
linear : stipules short, deciduous : si>ike 1 inch long or less :
embryo sjjiral. 2. P. Ci.aytoni.
Submerged leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear.

Floating leaves 10-20-nerved ; the submerged narrow.

Floating leaves attenuate to a very short petiole ; the submerged

narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sessile : fruit beaked. 3. P. khfescexh.

Floating leaves abruptly narrowed to a long ])etiole ; submerged
linear-lanceolate, ohen elongated, the lower sessile : fruit
acute. 4. P. LONcurrKs.

Floating leaves small, ronndeil or cuneate at ba.se, on slender
petioles ; submerged linear-lanceolate, short, attenuate to a
.sessile base : fruit small. 5. P. oiiamineiis.

Floating leaves 30-50-nerved ; the submerged large, falcate, undu-
late, jtetiolate : fruit large. 6. P. AM1'I.IK0LIU.S.
Leaves all submerged, innnerous, lane<'olate to oval, mostly sessile :
spikes dense, on stout ])ednneles.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, attenuate to a very short

]ietiole : fruit rounded, acute. 7. P. M'cENS.

» The determinations of the Californian species, and to some extent the fcdlowing descriptions,
are from the notes of the late [)i;. ,1. "W. RoiuiiNs, who carefully studied most of the material that
has been collected and at the time of his death had done much toward a revision of the western
species.

11.

r.

PAUCIFLORU.S.

12.

P.

NiAGARENSIS.

13.

P.

PUSILLU.S.

14.

P.

PECTI.VATL'S.

15.

P.

MARINUS.

16.

P.

ROBBINSII.

l\>tamn(jdnn. NAIADACE.E. 295

Stem stout, flcxiious a])ovc : kavos laticcolato, obtusp, cucullatf* at the
apex, rounded and sessile at base : fruiti. large, senucireulitr,
beaked. 8. P. pi:^;i,ONr,us.

Stem slender, straight : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, clasping : sti-
pules small : fruit nearly orbicular. 9. P. PEUFOLrATU.s.
Leaves all submerged, sessile, narrowly linear or setaceous.
Stipules free from the narrow base of the leaf.
Spike linear-cylindric.
Stem flattened : leaves gra.ss-likc, 3-nervcd, clasping : stipules

conspicuous : peduncle longer than the spike : fruit large. 10. P. zostervefolius.
S])ikc capitate (or intcurupted in n. 1:5) : stems very slender.

Leaves very narrow, 1 or 2 inelies long, ] - 3-nerved, narrowed at

base : peduncles very short : fruit small, undtdate-carinate.
Leaves larger, 2 or 3 inches long by a line wide or less, 3-5-

iierved.

Leaves narrowly linear, 1 or 2 inches long, sessile, 1 - 5-nervcd :

peduncles long, slender : fruit more obscurely keeled.

Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf : spikes interrupted.

Stem filiform : leaves very narrowly linear or setaceous, 2 to G

inches long, 1 - 5-nerved : peduncles long : fruit large, acute.

Similar : leaves setaceous : peduncles usually short : fruit small,

tipped with the broad stigma.
Stem stouter : leaves many, distichous, linear-lanceolate, shorter,
many-nerved : peduncles short, stout : fruit large, keeled,
acutely beaked.

* Floating leaves more or less coriaceous, with a dilated petioled blade (the ttpper-
viost approximate and often opposite), different in form from the thinner siib-
merged ones ; stijndes free : spikes cylindrical, viostlij dense, not interrupted.

•1— The submerged leaves reduced to narrowly grass-like or filiform sessile

phyllodia.

1. P. natans, Linn. Stem rather stout, simple or spariii^'Iy bninclicd : floating
leaves thick, ovato-clliptic to lanceolate, acutish, slightly cordate at base, 21-29-
iierved, usually 2 or 3 inches long, mostly shorter than the petiole ; stipules long
and conspicuous, acute or acuminate; upi)er submerged leaves with a small lanceo-
late Idade, the lower (only formed early or late in the .season) reduced to very nar-
row thickish elongated phyllodia : peduncle stout, bearing an emersed spike I J or
2 inches long : fruit turgid, oblicpiely obovate, acute, 2 lines long : nutlet with a
small deep i)it on each side : embryo nearly circular. — lieichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ.
V\\. 26, t. 50.

In ponds and ditches ; Plumas County {Mn^. Austin) and northward to Washington Territory
{LyaU, Hall, Ifonr.n)sim\ Sitka, in Northern Nevada and Utah {jrafsoii), and common eastward;
also Euro|)ean and Asiatic. Fruit maturing in August and September; ni deeper or flowing
water the plant becomes more slender and often wholly submerged.

2. P. Claytoni, Tuckerman. Stem compressed, from creeping rootstocks : float-
ing leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic, 11 -17-nerved, obtuse or acutish, atteimate
behjw into a flattened petiole usually shorter than the (1 to 2h inches long) blade;
stipules sheathing, soon deciduous, an inch long or less ; submerged loaves very thin,
linear (2 to 5 inches long by 1 to 2^ lines wide), 5-nerved, with a close cellular re-
ticulation between the middle nerves : spikes ^ to 1 inch long, on short stout
l)eduncles : fruit obovate, 3-kcelcd, slightly apiculate, li lines long or less : nutlet
slightly de[)ressed on the sides: embryo spirally incurved, forming about H coils.
— Amer. Journ. Sci. xlv. 38, and 2 ser. vi. 227.

Li still or flowing water ; Yosemite Valley {Rnhindcr) ; ColiunI)ia V;illey (//'(//, HoiceU) ; com-
mon in the Atlantic States.

■t- -t- Submerged leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear.

3. P. rufescens, Schrad. Flojiting leaves (often wanting) rather thin, 11-17-
nerved, narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, acutish, attcnu-

295 NAIADACD.E. Potamoijdon.

ate into a very broarl short petiole ; stipules broad, usually acumitiate, i to 1 inch
long or more ; submerged leaves as large as the lloaliiig ones, sessile or nearly so,
mostly alternate, narrowly oblongdaneeolate (."i to G lines hnjad), obtuse or acute,
the midrib bordered by rows of narrow longitudinal cells : spikes I or 2 inches long,
rather slender, on stout often elongated peduncles: IVuit round-obovate, li lines
long, eompressetl, acutely margined, beaked by the rather long style : nutlet pitted
on each side: embryo nearly circular. — Keichenb. 1. c, t. '3'2.

Ill streams or j)on(ls ; collected only in Silver Valley, Alpine ("ounty (Brewer) ; fouml also in
Montana and Colorado (Rickardson, Junes), and coiniiion in the Atlantic States, from New Eng-
land to Texas, as well as in Europe.

4. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem rather slender, branching : floating leaves
thickish, 1 1 - I'.i-nerved, long-elliptical to oblongdanceolate, usually 2 to 4 inches
long by 9 to 15 lines wide, acute or acutish, rather abruptly narrowed into a petiole
usually longer than the blade ; submergeil leaves thinner, mostly linear-lanceolate,
3 to 12 inches long by 2 to 12 lines broad, more attenuate at base, the lower sessile ;
stipules large : spikes dense, 1 or 2 inches long, on stout peduncles : fruit obliipiely
obovate, H or nearly 2 lines long, oarinate, acute: nutlet somewhat 3-keeled, the
sides scarcely im[)ressed : cotyledon incurved above the base of the embryo. —
Amer. Journ. Hci. 2 ser. vi. 220 ami vii. 350. P. viontdnuui^ I'resl, IJel. Iheiik.
i. 85 and 351 ] P. natuus, yav. Jlnifdiis, l>enth. IM. llartw. 341.

In streams or rarely in ponds; near Santa Cruz (Iltirfiue;/, n. •2017); Wasliington Territory
(Lyall); Humboldt Tass, Nevada {Wdlson); and in tlie Atlantic States from Hiitisli Amciica to
Mexico. Picsl's description of the Monterey plant of Ilaenke leaves its identity very uncertain.

5. P. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Stems often stout, simple : floating leaves
(sometimes wanting) 30-50-nerved, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly
rounded or slightly conlate at base, 2 to 4 inches long, on stout jietioles about
equalling the blaile; stipules large ami conspicuous; submerged leaves often very large
(4 to 7 inches long by 2 inches Avide or more), mostly falcate and somewhat undu-
late, acute, attenuate to a usually short petiole : spike thick antl often dense, 1 to
3 inches long, on a very stout peduncle : fruit large (over 2 lines long), 3-k<Mded,
with a broad stout beak : sides of the nutlet not pitted : embryo slender, the coty-
ledon incurved. — Amer. Journ. Sci. 2 ser. vi. 225 and vii. 341).

In i)onds and streams; Sierra County (Le7nmr)n) ; Orcf^on {IlalD; common in tlie Atlantic.
States fiom New England to Kansas and New Mexico.

G. P. gramineus, Linn. Stems very slender, branching : floating leaves rather
thin, 9- 15-ncrved, small (usually an inch or two long by G to 9 lines wide), olilong-
elliptic, acutish, rounded or cuneate at base, on slender petioles mostly eipialling or
exceeding the blade ; stipules broad, obtuse, an inch long or less ; submerged leaves
linear-lanceolate, variable in length, more commonly short (1 or 2 inches long by I
to 3 lines broad, var. heterophi/llits, Fries), acute or acuminate, narrowed at base :
spikes about an inch long, rather loose, on stout often elongaleil peduncles: fruit
round-obovate, a line long, acute, scarcely keeled : (;mbryo st(nit ; cotyledon in-
curved.— P. heteropIiijUns, Schrel). ; lieichenb. 1. c. 24, t. 41-43.

In still or flowing water ; Soda Spring, near Mono Pass (/?/T»rr) ; Hid'y biil<<'. Nevada ( //'<//■
so)i) ; Yellowstone Basin, Montana {Uirliurdson) ; cDiiimon eastward, fVuiii Canada to North Caio-
liiia, and also European.

* * Leaves all suhmerf/ed and uniform, thin and dilated (lanrenlate to ocal),
minieroHS, vwstly sessile: spikes dense, on stout peduncles.

7. P. lucens, Linn. Stem stout, branching : leaves mostly thickish, usually
large (2 to G inciies long), oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, rather abruptly acute or
acuminate, mucronate, often undulate-serrate, narrowed at base to a short i)etiole or
subsessile ; stipules large, often spreading : spikes 1 or 2 inches long ; peduncles
often elongatetl : fruit rounded, \}f lines long, acute, slightly keeled : cotyledon in-

rolmmijdm. NAlADACEyE. iny

rr%To'f Ir"'" '■ '• '''" '■ '"'■ "• ''■ ''"""' '"'"'■'' *^''»'"- '■" Li-na^a, ii. 197,

ohtuso an.l snn.ow hut c,.,-ullato at thn apex, rouM.lo.l an.l das,; „. at l.aso, u.Kl„Iat..:

don;,^ated: ln.it sein.c.rcular, 2 J.nos hnv^, acutely koolo.l, ..ronuiuMitlv l.oakod •
cnlnyo s ondcr, the cotyledon pointing to tl.e base of the radicle. - Cham. J c 19 "
t. o, hg. 14; lieiclienb. 1. c. 21, t. 33 '

Inl'li^' Pyf°lf *"S Linn. Stem more slender, not flexuou.s, branching: leave
a o^.'Ih r --I'^te-Ianeeolate, i to U, inches long, obtuse or acute,°claspin
atba.e; St. Hies sn.al ami not persistent: spikes rather loose a..d so.newhat ro„,

in' 1 / ^ 1...0S long „r ra,-ely n.o,-e), o.i n.ostly short peduncles : fruit

l.nnoni f ^ ^^^^^^olatus, liobbins. Leaves longer (2 to 4 inches or more), and mo.e
a.iceo ate, ac,..n.nate u..dnlate : pedu.icles thickened upward : fruit broader, nearly
oi-l)icular. — Gray, Manual, 488. ' "^

* * * Leaves all rnhmerrjed and unifonn, narrowli/ linear or setaceous, sessile.
•1- Stipules free from the narroiv base of the leaf.
++ Flowers in a linear cylindrical spihe.
10. P. zosteraefolius, Schum. Stem flattened and somewhat win-ed branch-
ing : leaves g.-ass-l.ke, 3 to 8 inches lo..g by U lines wide, 3.nerved, abruptly acute
not narrowed oward the clasp. ng base ; stipules co..spicuous, obtuse : spike rathe
loosely flowered ^ to 1 inch long, shorter than the peduncle: fruit large (2 lines
ong), broadly oblong beaked by the stout style, somewhat undulate-keded • coty-
ledon nicurved. - Cha.n. 1. c. 182, t. 4, iig. 10 ; Iteicl.e.ib. 1. c. 17, t. 27 P Jn-
pressus, ir.es, not Linn. herb, nor Oeder ; Robbins in Grav's Manual, 488.

li'fo^Sl °'.-firr°r'';" ''•'•*"■ ' ""r"!"^ '" ^Z*'""" (^^«^^' "• ''«^^' '-""I ^« I'e expected in NortI.e.n
: F , rj ' ^^'""■''' ""'' ^^' ""'■^''^''•" ^''•-^"^''^ States, but not con.mon, and in north"

Califoinia
ern Euioiie.

•H- -H. Spike subcapitate, or (in n. 13) often loose or interrupted.
on^-^" F' P^"«^i^O^"S, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattish, much branched, 8 to
20 inches high : leaves narrowly linear, 1- (obscurely 3-) nerve.l, an inch or two
long by rarely half a l.ne wide, acute, nari'owed at base ; stipules small obtuse be-
coming setose : spikes 2 - 10-seeded, on very short clavate flattened ped.incles • fruit
roundish, a lino long, abruptly beaked by the rather slender st.-aight style, and with
a more or less broad undulate-.lentate keel: embryo slender, with incurved cotyle-
don. _ Cham. 1. c. 170, t. 4, fig. 7. ^

i.. U.o'AUrnt-Ttator ''^'" ^ '•'^"^i-'"=« (C-^ammr,, G. F. Vasnj) ■ Or.^on (Hall, Ilonrll) ■ common

12. P. Niagarensis, Tuckcrman. Stem often lo..g('r (1 to 3 feet)- Icave.s
larger, U to 3 A (about 2) inches long by a line wide or less, 3-5-norved at base,

293 NAIADACEJ-:. rutaniojdun.

very acute ami mucronate, narrowed to tlie eubpetiolate base : otlierwise like the
last, of which it is scarcely more than a variety. — Aiuer. Jourii. Sci. 2 ser. vii. 351.
Walker's Hivsiii {llnthruck, n. 21)2) ; in the Atlantic States, IVoni the Great Lakes to South Caro-
lina, but not couinion.

13. P. puslllus, Liiin. Stem filiform, hranching: leaves narrowly linear, 1 or 2
inches long, rarely a line wide, often nearly setaceous, 1-5-nerved, obtuse and
mucronate or acute, biglandular at base and sessile ; stipules obtuse, becoming setose :
spikes capitate, or somewhat elongated and open, or interrupted, on slender ilatteneil
peduncles h to nearly 2 inches long : fruit as in the preceding, but more obscurely
and obtusely keeled : embryo less incurved. — Keichenb. 1. c, t. 22. 1'. (richoides,
Uenth. ri. Ilartw. 341.

In iiools and ditches ; near Santa Cruz {Ilartwcg, n. 201G) and at Soda Sprin|Ts on the Upper
Tuolumne (Bolaiulcr), the foiin with subsetaeeous acute or cuspiilate leaves, distinf^uished as var.
tenuissimiis, Murt. k Koch. The typical European i'oiin occurs in the northern Atlantic States
and in British America.

•h- -f- Stipules united with the s/ieathi/if/ base of the leaf: spikes interrupted.

14. P. pectinatUS, Linn. Stem hliform, repeatedly branched : leaves very
narrowly linear, 2 to (i inches long, rarely over half a line broad, often setaceous,
1-nerveil, acute: peduncles elongated, slender: spikes \ to 2 inches long: fruit in
often dense verticils, large (2 lines long), obli(iuely obovate, compressed, obtusely
keeled, acute: nutlet very thick: emljryo spirally incurved. — lleichenb. 1. c. 11,
t. 10.

Var. (0 latifolius, Robbins. Stem stouter: leaves short and broader (1 nr 2
inches long by a line or two broad), 3-5-nerved with luimerous transverse veinlets,
acute or obtuse : sheaths large, with scarious margins, exceeding the obtuse scarit)us
stipules. — Bot. King Ex[). 338.

In various parts of California {Chamisso, Coulter, Douglas); Santa Barbara (J//-s. i^/wood Coo;>c/');
Oregon and Washington Territory (Li/all, Hall) ; Northern Nevada and Utah ( )\'utson), and com-
mon in the Atlantic States as well a.-, in l*;uroi>e. The variety has been collected in King's Hiver
and at GuUing's Hot Spring, Lassen County (Lcininun), and in the lower Humboldt liiver
(iratso)i); it appears to scarcely dilier from the European marine species /'. zostiracfiis, Fries, to
which it might perhaps well be referred.

15. P. marinus, Linn. Resembling narrow leaved forms of the last species,
low and very leafy: peduncles much elongated : fruit much smaller (a line long) and
thinner, round-obovate, not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with the broad
sessile stigma : embryo annular.

Var. (?) OCCidentaliS, Robbins. Often taller and less leafy : peduncles usually
rather short : sjjikes interrupted : nutlet slightly 3keeled. — l5ot. King Ex}). 339.

The variety only has been collected in Tiuckee hiver and Huby Lake, Northern Nevada (JTat-
sail), and is apjian-ntly a eonunon species of the interior eastward to Jlontana (JliiJianhou) and
Colorado (//((// k ll(irlour), sometimes nearly approaching European forms.

16. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem rather stout, often much branched and fre-
quently Hexuuus : hiaves numerous, distichous, the close shuaths neaily covering tlie
stem, linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long by 2 lines broad, many-nerved, acuminate,
ciliate-serrulate ; stipules obtuse, becoming setose : spikes usually several, on rather
stout pedicels about an inch long, loose ami more or less interrupted, about half an
inch long: fruit obloiig-obovate, nearly 2 lines long, keeled with a broadisii wing,
acutely beaked: end)ryo stout, ovally annular. — Hov. Mag. vii. 178; Robbins, in
dray's Manual, 490.

In ponds and slow streams ; not yet found in California, but to he expected ; Oregon (Hall);
Yellowstone region (C. Richardson); eonunon in the northern Atlantic States.

Scanty specimens of what seems to be an nndescribed spec'ies of this group have been collected
in Pyramid Lake (.)//,ss S. A. rininincr), without flowers or fruit. The stem is broad and flat-
tened ; the leaves thick, 6 inches long by 1^ lines broad, 3-nerved with transverse veinlets, con-
spicuously sheathing and with broad stipules.

Sckeuclr.cria. ALISMACEJD. 299

8. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. Arrow-grass.
Flowers perfect, in a naked slender raceme upon a scape-like peduncle, with an
herbaceous deciduous perianth of 3 small concave sepals and as many similar petals.
Stamens 3 or 6 ; anthers oval, nearly sessile. Ovary 3 - G-celled, with sessile stig-
mas and solitary ovules, separating at maturity from the central axis into as many
distinct pods. Seed anatropous, erect ; testa membranous. Embryo straight, with
minute included plumule. — Marsh perennial herbs, with fibrous roots, radical
sheathing terete or semitercte fleshy leaves, and erect scapes.

A {;cnn9i of about a dozen species, of whicli the two following are the more connnon and widely
distiil)uted.

1. T. maritimum, Linn. Eather stout, a span to 2 or 3 feet high: leaves
shorter than the scape, a lino or two broad, thickish : raceme usually crowded, 4 to
12 inches long : flowers a lino broad : fruit oblong or ovate, obtuse at base, G- (rarely
3-5-) carpcUed, 1| to 2^ lines long and about equalling the pedicels. — IJeichenb.
Icon. Fl. Germ. vii. 38, t. 52.

Near the sea-coast from about San Francisco to Alaska and the Arctic Ocean, and in saline
places in the interior across the contiiicnt ; also common in Europe and Asia.

T. PALUSTRE, Linn. Slender, J to IJ feet high : leaves less than a line broad : flowers smaller,
iii a loose raceme : fruit narrow, attenuate at base, 3-carpellcd, 2J to 4 lines long, exceeding the
pedicels, sej)arating from l)elow upward. — A common siieoies of nearly the .same range as the^last,
but not yet reported from California nor from localities nearer than Utiih and Alaska.

9. SCHEUCHZERIA, Linn.
Flowers perfect, in a loose few-flowered bracteate raceme, with small herbaceous
persistent perianth of 3 oblong sepals and 3 narrower petals. Stamens 6, with
linear-oblong anthers on slender exserted filaments. Ovary of 3 nearly distinct
ovoid 1 - 2-ovuled carpels, becoming divergent coriaceous subglobose pods, dehiscing
ventrally : stigmas flat and sessile. Seeds ascending, anatropous, with coriaceous
testa. Embryo straight, thick. — A marsh perennial herb, with a creeping jointed
scariously sheathed rootstock, ascending flexuous simple stems, and sheathing chan-
nelled teretish leaves. A single species.

1. S. palustris, Linn. Stems a span high or less : leaves exceeding them, pitted
at tlio tip: raceme 4 - fi-flowered, with sheathing bi-acts, the u]ipor ones small:
j)erianth about 1^ lines lung: carpels 3 lines in diameter: seeds half as long. —
Eeichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. x. t. 419.

Sierra County {Lcmmon) ; Washington Territory {Lya.U, Sidsdnrf), and eastward of the Rocky
Mountains to New Eiifjland and Canada ; also in Europe and northern Asia. Said to have the
odor of hydrochloric acid.

Order CXV. ALISMACE^.

Marsh herbs, with scapedike stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect or unisexual
flowers ; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as many often conspicuous
white deciduous petals, which are imbricate or (in Alisma) involute in the bud ;
stamens 6 or more, included ; ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled and mostly 1-
ovuled, becoming akenes in fruit ; seeds erect, campylotropous, with membranous
testa ; albumen none ; embryo strongly recurved or uncinate. — Roots fibrous ;
leaves radical, petiolatc, and strongly nerved with transverse veinlots, the earlier

200

ALISMACE.E. Alisma.

sometimes without Llado ; flowers long-pedicellate, mostly verticillate, in a loose
raceme or panicle, with lanceolate scarions bracts slightly connate at base.

An order of 4 pencm ami iicihaps 50 siiecies, sparingly clistiibnteil through the tuiniicmto ami
tropical regions ol' the globe.

» Flowers perfect : stamens usually 6 : carpels verticillate.

1. Alisma. Carpels numerous, distinct, ohovate-oblong, llattcned.

2. Damasouiuin. Carpels 0 to 12, united at base, acuminate and radiately divergent.

» ♦ Stamens rarely few : carpels capitate.

3. Echinodorus. Flowers perfect. Carpels several to many, turgid and ribbed, often lx>ake(l.

4. Sagittaria. Flowers montccious or dia^cious. Carpels numerous, llattcned and niendjranously

winged.

1. ALISMA, Linn. W.\teu-Pi,antain.
Flowers perfect. Petals small. Stamens G, rarely more, with short tilaments.
Ovaries distinct, numerous, on a disk-like receptacle, 1-ovuled ; style very short,
ventral. Akenes in a crowded Avhorl, obovate-oblong, flattened, obtuse, somewhat
channelled on the back. — Perennial herbs, in shallow water or mud, with small
flowers in a verticillately branched panich;.

Alx)ut a dozen si)ecies, distributed through the northern temperate zone and tropical America ;
represented in the United States only by the following.

1. A. PlantagO, Linn. Stout; scape a foot or two high, diflusely paniculate
above: leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate, often somewhat ct)rdate at base, acute,
usually 7-nerved, 2 to 8 inches long, when growing in water .sometimes narrowly
lanceolate or linear : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals, a line long or less, white
or pinkish : carpels forming a circular or somewliat triangular whorl 2 or 3 lines in
diameter. — Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 57.

About San Francisco and throughout Northern California to Uritii^h Columbia, and eastward
across the continent ; also throughout Europe and noithern Asia, and in Australia. The nio^t
common species, and very variable as respects foliage, the forms being determined chiclly by the
place of growth and not deserving to rank as varieties.

2. DAMASONIUM, Juss.

Flowers perfect. Stamens 6, with slender filaments. Ovaries 6 to 12, united by
the short ventral side, flattened, ovate and attenuate upward, 1 - 2-ovuled ; stigma
terminal. Akenes long-acuminate, radiately and horizontally divergent. — Perennial
herbs, with the habit of Alisma, but scapes simple.

Two or three other species occur in the Mediteirancan region, and one in Australia.

1. D. Californicum, Torrey. Scapes usually nu)re than one, from a somewhat
enlarged base, (3 to 1« inches high: leaves witJi usually much elongated slender
petioles, the blade ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, acutisli or obtuse,
3_5.iierved : flowers in 3 or 4 whorls, on pedicels an inch or two long: petals 3 or
4 lines long, rounded, incised at the summit, exceeding the oblong obtu.se sepals :
carpels usually 8 or 9, abruptly narrowed to a long rigid beak, much compiessed, 4
or 5 lines long, 1 -seeded. — Pacif. P. l{ep. iv. 112, t. 21 ; ]}enth. PI. Ilartw. 311.
Alisma Cdli/oniiat, Holander, Cat. 20.

Valleys in the Sierra Nevada ; lone Valley, Amador County, in water (Bigclow) ; Sierra Valley
(Leinmoa) ; also found by IIartwc<j.

3. ECHINODORUS, Richard.
Flowers perfect. Petals small. Stamens 6 to many, with short slender filaments.
Ovaries usually numerous, crowded in a globose head, distinct, more or less attenuate

Siujittaria. .lUNCACEvE. 201

into the tcrniiiial style. Akenes obpyramiJal, sliarply rlbljcd. — j\[o.stly annuals,

with tbo habit of Sagittaria, the naked stems sparingly l)ranchcd or sinjple, and the

flowers on rather short pedicels, in whorls of 3 to G or more.

A genus of 8 or 10 spccios, bolongiiig to tropical America and the Atlantic States. Only one
species npproaciics the holders of California.

1. R rostratUS, Engelm. Annual, with one or more stems from tl>e same root,
erect, usually a foot or two high : loaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base,
obtuse or acutish, rarely lanceolate with a cuneate base, I to 4 inches long, on rather
stout petioles : pedicels half an inch long : petals scarcely exceeding the sei)als, 1 to
U lines long: stamens 12 : akenes very numerous, a line long, \vith a beak nearly
half as long, 4-5-ribbed and with intermediate veins. — Gray, Manual, 492. '

On Mohave Creek {Bi(jdow), and fre(iiient eastward from Texas to Illinois and Florida.

4. SAGITTARIA, Linn. Arrow-head.
Flowers moncocious (or sometimes di(ecious), the staminato ones above. Petals
usually conspicuous. Stamens numerous, rarely few. Ovaries very many, crowded
in globose heads, distinct. Akenes flat and membranously winged, abruptly beaked
by the very short style. — Stoloniferous perennials, with milky juice, broadly sheath-
ing leaves often without a blade, and mostly simple stems bearing one to few whorls
of llowers usually in threes.

A genua of both the Old and New Worhl, including about 20 species, of whicli lialf are found
in the Atlantic States and Texas. But one lias been detected on the Western Coast.

1. S. variabilis, Engelm. 1. c. Kootstock slender, tuberiferous : scape ^ to 2 feet
high or more, angled : leaves very variable, ovate-sagittate or more or less narrowed
or even linear, acute, the similar lobes more or less divergent, acuminate; the larger
leaves often G inches long or more : petals white, rounded, 4 to G lines long, exceed-
ing the sepals : filaments usually as long as or longer than the anthers, attenuate
upward : fruiting heads nearly half an inch in diameter : akenes rather broadly ob-
ovate, 1 1 lines long, M'ith a conspicuous acute horizontal beak at the upper angle.

In Pitt River, among tules (Broarr) ; Phinias County (il//-5. ylmrs, Mrs. Austin) and in North-
ern Nevada, and northward to Uritisli Columbia; common east of the IJocky Mountains to the
Atlantic in numerous i'orms. The large tubers (an inch or more in diameter) are used for food
by the Indians. .S". Chinensis, Sims, a very similar species, is cultivated by the Chinese for the
same pui]iose, and is reported as introduced by them into California and to have been occasionally
found growing in marshes near their settlements.

Order CXVL JUNCACE^.

Flowers perfect, with a regidar persistent perianth of G similar glumaceous seg-
ments in 2 rows, G nearly hypogynous included stamens (rarely 3) with pei-sistent
fiiliforra filaments and 2-celled anthers, and a superior 3-celled ovary (sometimes
1-celled with 3 parietal placentae) with 3 or many ascending anatropous ovules, a
single very short style, and 3 filiform stigmas (flowers very rarely dimerous through-
out) ; capsule loculicidally 3-valved ; seeds with membranous or cellular testa, often
caudate or appeudaged ; embryo minute, thick, enclosed within the base of the
fleshy albumen. — Rushes or sedge-like herbs, mostly cespitose perennials or with
creeping rhizomes, with terete hollow or spongy usually simple stems, and alternate
sheathing leaves, either flat, channelled, or terete ; flowers small, usually sessile,
scarious-bracteolate, in cj^mes or panicles, subumbellate clusters or spicnte heads.

202

JUNCACE.i'l Lnr.ulu.

A heterogeneous onler of a dozen genera or more, of whicli most are jjecnliar to Australia, the
two following tyiiical genera the most important, and chictly lontineJ to temiierate and arctic
regions.

1. Luzula. Capsule 1 -celled, with 3 parietal 1-seeded plaeentie. Leaves Hat ami soft, often vil-

lous. Stems hollow, leafy. In dry ground.

2. Juncus. Capsule mostly 3-eelled, many-seeded. Leaves terete or Hat, not villous. Stems

usually with spongy pith. In moist ground or water.

1. LUZULA, DC. Wooij-KusH.
Stamens always 6. Capsule triangular-ovate, l-celled, with 3 erect seeds or often
1-seeded. — Perennial and grass-like, with hollow leafy slender and simple stems
and flat or somewhat carinate lax leaves, often villous ; flowers solitary in loose in-
volucrato umbels or panicles, or more or le-ss densely clustered or spicate ; floral
bracts small and scarious. Growing in dry woods or open grounds.

A widely distributed genus of about 30 species, with rather obscure characters. A half-dozen
species are found in Nortli America, most of them belonging also to the Old World.

* Pedicels l-Jiowered, in a loose compound cyme.

1. L. spadicea, DC'. Glabrous or slightly villous: stems 0 to 18 inches high
or more : leaves broad (2 to 5 lines) : inilurcscence lax and nodtling, much exceed-
ing the usually small involucral bracts : perianth straw-color or more or less tinged
with brown ; segments lanceolate, acuminate, about a line long, slightly shorter
than the acute apiculate capsule : anthers much exceeding tlie filaments : seed oblong,
brownisli, not ap[)endaged. — ]\Ieyer, Linniva, xxii. 391) ; Keichenb. Icon. Fl. (Jerm.
ix. t. 387.

Var. parviflora, ^[eyer. Inflorescence often 3 to G inches long, with elongated
unequal ilrouping branches and slender jiedicels : flowers usually smaller : anthers
about equalling tlie filaments. — L. parvijlora, Desv. ; Kunth, Enum. iii. 300 ;
Iieichenb. 1. c, t. 388.

Var. melanocarpa, IMeyer. Capsule dark brown ; otherwise as the preceding.
— L. melanomi-jni, Dusv. ; Kunth, 1. c. 299. L. jiarvijlora , var, mdanocarpa. Gray,
Manual, 53G.

Var. subcongesta. Like the preceding varieties, but the pedicels short and
more or less fascicletl at the ends of the branches of the cyme.

A very variable species, of Euro])e, Siberia, and the northern part of America, ranging from the
Arctic Ocean southward in tlie mountains to California, Colorado and the northern Atlantic
States; ehielly the varieties. Ifuniboldt County, along water-courses {Ratlun), the mw. pani-
Jim-a; in the Sierra Nevada, near Donner Lake {Toncij, Greene), the var. sulicoiKjestd, which has
also been collected on Mt. Haiiier (7'(<///i/V), in the Clover Mountains, Nevada ( //'«/««(., n. 1191
in part), and in the Itocky Mountains, Hall k Hurbuar, n. blt^t.

2. L. divaricata, "Watson. TJesembling var. parviflora of the last species, but
the cyme dilfuse witli divaricately spreading branches and pedicc^ls : stem low (G to
8 inches or less) : perianth tinged with brown : seeds pale, with the basal end
darker. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 302.

In the Sierra Nevada, apparently frequent ; above Mono Lake at 10,500 feet altitude and at tlio
Big Trees (Breivcr) ; above Sununit Station (Greene) ; near Castle Peak, Lcminon.

* * Flowers spicate: spikes erect, mostli/ jm^unculate in a ci/mose uinhel.

3. L. COmosa, I^Ieyer. Villous: stems G to 15 inches high, leafy : leaves flat,
1 to 3 lines broad ; the foliaceous bract usually exceeding the inflorescence : i)edun-
cles 2 to 12, unequal, the longer 1 to 3 inches long : spikes simple, usually oblong,
loosely flowered : perianth pale or somewhat tinged witii brown, about 1 ), Hues long ;
segments narrowly acuminate, equalling the obtuse capsule : anthers small, equalling
tlie filaments : seed dark, with a white coni(;al a]i])endage sonu^,times half as long as
the seed. — Syn. Luz. 23, Pel. Ihcnk. i. U5, and Liinuea, -xxii. 413.

"^""'^"'- JUNCACEvE. 203

c.InL'^.S'J^r^ ^'"''^r^ ' '' ' ^'"^^ ^""- ^'^''^'^ «-^^«^'l'"".^ tl.e broad obtuse

A^r. SubsessUis. Spikes solitary or few, nearly sessile, loose- perianth-se-
ments lax au.l s.-anous : otherwise as the last variety " ^ °

l.c■y^■^S^ In." wn'^U V'"''T'' ''''''V^"'^ ^^^•^^' ^^^^^^S a somewhat pyra.ni.lal

£=:?~^

segn,.„ts 1 l„ 1 J lines long, „a„„ J.^k brown. - Jloycr, 1. ,. 4(17 ; Iteici.e' ,b. 1 c!,

2. JUNCUS, Linn. BoG-r!usH.
Stamens G, or sometimes 3 by suppression of the inner ones. Capsule globose to
pyramnlal, many-seede.l, S^valved, 3-celIed with central plaeentic or 1-celled witli
parietal plawMitio. — Perennial or sometimes annual, in water or moist places, gla-
brous, with simple terete often pithy stems, leafy or leafless; leaves terete, channelled,
or llat, sometimes e.piitant, in some species knotted ; ilowers solitary or clustere.l, in
cymes, panicles, or heads. — Engelm. in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 42-1.

Ovt^SS^snecies'^rVNorPht'' '"""^ ' t,''"'" '''^';'>' ^>'«tributo,l and a few almost cosmopolitnn.
nhces bu are of TmiP n<,^f T7''"^^ ^'''^ T f'-^"l"''"t'y ab""<la.it, forming bogs in marsl.y
places, but are of little use and furnish poor and innutritions fodder.

* Perennials, with naked terete stems : leaves terete or none : panicle lateral, sessile.
Flowers clustered: inner sheaths leaf- bearing : stem and leaves stout
and i)ungont.
Inner perianth-segments obovate, emarginate, a line lone • capsule

subglobose, obtuse. " ' j I nonusTUS

begments lanceolate, acute, .3 lines long : capsule ovate, obtuse. 2.' }.' Cooi'Eki "

Flowers solitary : sheaths leafless (except in n. 5 and n. 10): less lic^id ^""' *•''••

and mostly more slender. "

Flowers large, in compound panicles : capsule oblong-ovate.

Often stout : panicle lax and spreading : flowers 3 lines long : cap-
sule acute, not beaked. ,3 T I KSF.l'Rtl
Flowers smaller : capsule angle<l, mncronate or beaked. 4' j' IUiticu.s'
Low and very slender : panicle loose, few-flowered : sheaths fre-

((uently leaf-bnaring. r, j comit.e^us

Stem stouter, somewhat flattened : panicle .small and dense. 6. J. Bufweri

1- lowers .smaller, in compound panicles : capsule obovate or subMo-
bose. °

reiianth a lino long: stamens 3 : capsule clavnte-obovato, obtuse
p . "'•••'■t"«c. 7 J KKFUsrs.

1 eriantli longer, more spreading : stamens 6 : capsule subglobose,

obtuse, aj)iciilate. g j p^^tf.ns

Flowers few (1 to 3): low and alpine : cnjiside oblong.

Inner sheaths bristle-tipjied : capsule irtusi!. 0. J. DiurMMoxmi.

Inner sheaths leaf- bearing: capsule acute. 10. .F. Parkvi.

204

JUNCACE.E. Juncus.

♦ ♦ Panicle or head terminal on the naked or leafy stem : leaves flat,

channelled, or semitciete, not knotted.
Low annuals, with lihrous roots : stems leafy, branched.

StamensG : capside oblong : branching from the base : flowers remote. 11. J. BUFONius.
Stamens 3 : cajisule ovate, njiiculate.

Stem very shoi t with several scape-like peduncles : floweis in a

small liead. !-• J- tuiformis.

Stem very sliort and very much branched : peduncles l-2-tl()wered. 13. J. Ki;i,i,oo(;ii.
Taller perennials : stems simple : stamens (i.

Stems naked : flowers solitary in a ditl'use (rarely compact) cyme. 14. J. tenuis.
Stems leafy : leaves flat and grass- like (not e(piitant): flowers capi-
tate or clustered.
Stem low, mostly equalling the leaves : ligules none : heads soli-
tary or few.
Spathes short : ])erianth equalling the capsule. 15. J. falcatits.

Spathes elongaled : jperiantli .shorter than the capsule. 17. J. oinu.sATli.s.

Stem taller, exceeding the leaves : ligules present : lu-ads 5 to 0. 10. J. longi.stvlis.

» • « Stems leafy : leaves terete or laterally flattened, knotted trans-
versely : inflorescence terminal : flowers capitate.
Leaves terete or subcompressed.

Stamens 3 ; anthers shorter than the filaments : heads few.

Dwarf : early leaves caiiillary and floating : heads few-flowered. 18. .1. .si'PINIFOKMIs.
Tall : ligules conspicuous : heads many-flowered. 19. J. Hulanueki.

Stamens 6.

Stout : capsule narrow, acuminate.

Leaves divergent : heads few, very many-flowered : anthers

shorter than the filaments. 20. J. nodosus.

Heads numerous in a compound panicle : anthers longer than

the filaments. 21. J. i)Uiiiu.s.

Slender : capsule oblong, abruptly acute.

Leaves very narrow : heads small, one to many : anthers longer

than the filaments. 22. J. Nkvadensls.

Leaves flattened and eipiitant.

Stems stout, ancipital : leaves broader.

Heads small, n\imerous in a compound panicle : perianth-scgment,s
linear-lanceolate : anthers exceeding the filaments : capsule
narrow, attenuate, exserted : ligules present. 23. J. oxvmekis.

Heads usually many and larger : segments lanceolate : anthers

short : capsule oblong, acute : ligules none. 24. J. xiniioinES.

As the last ; anthers much longer : stigmas long-exserted. 25. J. I'II7Eocei'1IAI.u.s.

Stems low, slender, compressed : leaves very narrow, with ligules.

Heads 1 or 2 : perianth-segments pale and scarious, often ohtuse. 26. J. chi.ouocepiiai.u.s.
Head solitary, manv-llowered : segments very dark, naiiowly

aanninate. " 27. J. Meutensianus.

* Ste77is leafless and scape-like, from matted roofstocks, sheathed at base ; the
sheaths sometimes hearing terete leaves like the scape: Jlowers in sessile appar-
enthj lateral panicles. — Juncus proper.

^- Flowers clustered, hexandrous : scapes stout, the inner sheaths leaf-hearing :
spathes usuallg shorter than the injhrcsvenre.
1. J. robustUS, Watson. Scape ami leaves 2 to 4 feet liigli or more, stout,
rigid and pungent : panicle compound with very unetpial brandies, usually 3 to (»
indies long, erect and strict, about equalling or exceeding tlie spatlie : secondary
spatlies and bracts long-acuminate, ecpialliiig or exceeding tlie Uowers : clusters
2_4-flo\vered : i)eriantli-segments scariously margined, tlie outer bn)ad]y lanceolate,
acute, the inner obovate and deeply emarginate, a line long, exceeding tlie stamens :
style nearly equalling the stigmas : capsule subglobose, narrower at base, rounded at
the summit, apicidate, brown, nearly 2 lines long : seeds acute at each end or sHglitly
caudate, about \ line long, very finely ribbed. — 1^-oc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 302. J.
aciitus, Engelm. 1. c. 138. J. acutiis, var. spha'rocarpiis, Kngdiu. in Wheeler's
Kep. vi. 37B.

•^ '"""'' JUiNCACE^. «..^

n.ore spreading panicle, ihorter spat ,es and brae a t n.uhr n,i .' ''"''' '"^ ' ■^''T'^'^'" ""^
inore distinctly eandate seeds. The tough sSesare if w 1 1 " T ^i '"'r''' f"^ "'"'''"y
together tlieir baskets. ^ ^ i*"*^ '^^ ^''*^ Indians and used in binding

l..nLT\^°°^®";i^""'^"'- A similar species: outer perianth-sefr.nents subulate

■i- -i- Flowers soldainj, hoxandrom {triandrous m n. 7): 5m;>es 5^';;r/^r • ^h^ntl
«• i^/<.,«™ ;„ compo,md panicles, large (3 ;«« fo„^ „, ,„„,,): „y„„,, ^j,,,,^.

ovate.

finul. f fp- ' '^°",^ ''''I""" ^^•'^"••ie: panicle lax ami spreading manv-

loweml, the floux-rs somcM'hat secand on the branches : perianth-stme t^'oi J" 3
mes long, lanceolate, acuminate, with brown margins, the inner on'sf I ttTo^hoiter

au.te, not beaked, equalling or a little shorter than the perianth : seeds ovate "oUuse
scarcely ap,culate,sniooth,sh or somewhat reticulate. _ Proc. Calif. Aca'ii 79

iiaa xxMii. M>S. ./. Balticus, var. Paajicns, Engelm. 1. c 442

4. J Balticus, Dethanl. Distinguish..! from the last by its rather more ri-nd
•scapes (usually 1 or 2 feet high), smaller flowers (U to 2.1 line lorn ) t 0 ca.S
moro acutely angled (in our forms) and mucronate^or beaked, an 1 tl/j s ed 0 le
distinctly reticulated. -Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. ix. t. 411; Engeln, 1 c. 441

ih^LeJ'^f'foT^ "f-^ M ^'^'^^^ ^-.^ ■^'^"•'^r forms of J. Balticus, but
h^XT ■ n n '' '^'"''^ «o'newhat llattene<l, and the sheaths frequently leaf-

beaiig .spathe equalling or much excelling the small loosely few-Hou-c ed panicle :
capsule shorter Uian the paler perianth. -x\ov. Gen. i. 235; Kunth, Enum. iii. 317 •

foi , .

Peckkam.

tw-t^ls'^V^^"' ranging to New Moxico (Fn„Urr), Arizona (Patn,rr) nm\ Southern Cnli-
^a>n "^ ^ "'"■^' rortTejon(/.V>^/,m-A-); Santa Clara and Buena Ventura valleys.

G. J. Breweri, l-:ngelm 1. c Scapo stouter, a foot high, from a perpendicular
rhizome, .somewhat ila ened and often twisted : spathe many times longer than the
small and .lense usually few-fl„w.'re,l panicle : perianth-segments brown, oblong-

206

JUNCACEJ^:. Junctu

ovate, acuniinate, the inner acnte, 2 lines long : antliers much exceeding the fila-
ments : cai)3ulc and seeds unknown.

Near Mouloicy (/.'/•«,/(•<;•); Suntii C'liu, H'oikL

++ ++ Flowers in couipound panicles, smaller : capsule ohovate or suhcjlohose.

7. J. efifusus, Linn. Scapes soft, usually 2 to 4 feet high : inner sheaths tijjped
■with a sluni awn : panicle slender and usually dilfiise, many-llowered : perianth
j)ale, a line long, the sfguients lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the triangular clavate-
ohovate obtuse or retuse ca])sule : stamens 3, the anthers equalling the filaments :
seeds apiculate, finely ribbed, about \ line long. — J. communis, Meyer ; Kunth,
Enum. iii. 320.

Var. brunneus, Engelm. 1. c. 491. Panicle usually very short and compact:
perianth and capsule dark brown. — J. procerus (]), Engelm. 1. c. 442.

The typical form is distributed throughout most of the northern temperate regions of both tlie
OKI and New Worhls, and is also found in Australia ami New Zeahin<l. It is very common in the
Atlantic States, and is found in Oregon, in the Sierra Nevada (Mariposa County, Holandcr and
others), about San Francisco, and in the Cuyamaca Mountains, Palincr. The variety is a coast
form, common in the salt-mamhes about San Francisco Bay, collected also at Santa Barbara
( Wood), and in Oregon.

8. J. patens, Meyer. Eesendjling the ordinary form of the last : flowers some-
Avhat larger (I2 lines long), the jiale or brownish peiianth more spreading in fruit :
stamens 6 : capsule subglobose, slightly angled, obtuse, apiculate, e(|ualling or a little
shorter than the perianth, with thin se|)ta, the valves breaking from the central
lilacentaj. — P^el. Ihenk. i. 141 ; Engelm. I. e. 443.

From Santa Barbara County (Santa Inez Mountains, Mrs. Kltrood Cooper ; Santa Lucia Moun-
tains, Jircwer) to Oregon, //(///. The iianicle is usually spreading, an inch or two long, some-
times more compact ; llowers soniewhaL secund on the blanches.

++++++ Flowers few (1 to 3) : loio and alpine.

9. J. Drummondii, IMeyer. Cespitose : scapes very slender, a foot high or
less : inner slii;allis bristle-tipped : sitathe usually a half to an inch long, e(piidling
or exceeding the inflorescence : perianth-.segments 3 lines lung or more, with brown
margins, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the inner a little shorter : anthers a little
longer than the filaments : capsule brown, oblong, retuse, nearly ecpialling the peri-
anth : seeds ovate, caudate, a line long, very finely stiiate. — Ledeb. El. lutss. iv.
235 ; Engelm. 1. c. 445.

In the Sierra Nevada, at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, and northward to Alaska ; also
in the Rocky Mountains.

10. J. Parryi, Engelm. 1. c. 44G. Cespitose : scapes liliform, 3 to G inches high :
inner sheaths k-af bearing ; the leaves sulcate at base, terete al)ove, much shorter than
the scape : spathe exceeding the inllorescence, \ to U inches long : perianth-segments
3 lines long or more, more or less tinged with brown, lanceolate and acuminate or tlie
inner obtuse : anthers much longer tlian the filaments : capsule oblong, acute, about
equalling the perianth : seeds as in the last.

In the Sierra Nevada, in alpine meadows (I'.olnmlcr), and northward to British Columbia ; in
the Kast Hund)ohlt Mountains ( ;/^,(Asv;/,) and Hocky Mountains of Colorado.

* * Leaves fl<tt, rliannc/lnl, or senii-tcrrfc, not knotted : panicle or Iiritd evi-
denthj terniinnt npon tlie, vahed or teafu stem, the spathe usnal/i/ short.

■*- Dwarf or low .^lender annuals, with Jihrons roots: stent leaftj, hrancUed.

11. J. bufonius, Linn. Stem usually brandling from the base, 1 to 12 inches
high : leaves very narrow, usually revolute and bristlefbrm : flowers greenish, nwstly
remote and secund upon the spreading branches : perianth-segments lanceolate,
acuminate, with scarious margins, 2 or 3 lines long, the inner .shorter : stamens G ;
anthers about equalling the filaments : capsule oblong, obtnse, shorter than the i)eri-

JiiHciis. J UNCAGED. 207

antli : seeds ovate, obtuse, very finely striate and cross-lined. — Keichcnb. Icon. Fl.
Genu, ix, t. 395 ; Engeliu. 1. c. 451.

A foinmoii spocips, foiiiul in nearly all countries, very variable in size ; fioni On-gon to Lower
California, on Iwth sides of the Sierra Nevada.

12. J. triformis, Kn.m'ini. 1. c 4'J2. .Stem almost none, bearing several erect
liliibrm scape-like peduncles 2 to 4 inches high : leaves an inch long or less, liliform,
channelled. Hat above: flowers usually .'5 to 7 in a small lieail : perianth brownish,
1 to U lines long; .segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, nearly ciiual, a little
exceeding the 3 stamens and the ovate obtuse apiculate capsule : style ex.serted, with
elongated stigmas : seeds ovate, obtuse, iaiiitly lew-ribbed and cross lined.

Var. brachystylus, Kngelm. 1. c. Smaller (1 or 2 inches high), the peduncles
1-3-llowered : stamens half the length of the perianth, the oblong anthers shorter
than the lilament : style and stigmas short, included.

Var. uniilorus, Engelm. 1. c. Very small (a half to an inch bigh), the solitary
flowers mostly dimerous. — J. saginoides, Engelm. 1. c. 43G.

In tlie nionntains from Yoseniite Valley and Mendocino County to Oregon ; Clover Mountains,
Nevada, at 9,000 feet aUitiide, ll'olsoii.

13. J, Kelloggii, Engelm. 1. c. 494. Stem very short and very much branched,
forming a small dense sessile globose cluster ^ to h inch broad, with a tew exserted
1-2-llowered peduncles: leavt!s G to 10 lines ""long, filiform, channelled above:
perianth-segments pale green, mostly scarious, 1 \ lines long, lanceolate, acuminate,
exceeding tlie stanjens and thin ca})sule : seeds m"ore strongly ribbed.

Sandy soil, San Francisco {KcUof/rf); April, in (lower and fruit.

■*- ■*- Taller perennlah : stems simple : Jlowers hexandvoits;.
++ Stems naked : Jiowers solitari/ hi a diffuse {rarely compaet) pa)iiele.

14. J. tenuis, Willd. Stems slender, erect, 1 or 2 feet high, leafy at base:
leaves very narrow, flat or more or less channelled or involute, shorter than the stem :
spatlie exceeding the inflorescence : panicle usually loose and spreading : perianth-
segments i)ale, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, U to 2 lines long, spreading in fruit
and ecpialling or usually exceeding the ovate retuse greenish capsule : seeds white-
api)cndaged at each end, very finely ribbed and cross lined. — Keichenb. 1. c, t. 398.

Var. congestus, Engelm. 1. c. 450. Panicle contracted and somewhat capitate,
3 to 9 lines broad : perianth and capsule darker.

A very conunon species in tlie Atlantic States, ranging across the continent and to Me.\ico and
the West Indies, and also foinid in western Kumpe. On the Pacific Coast it is fouml from Oregon
to Soulhcrn California (Santa Inez Mountains, ^fr.1. Klimod Cnoprr), though the variety, winch
is peculiar, is perhai)3 the more conimoii form, at least near the coast.

++ ++ Stems more or less leaf//; the leaves fat and (jrass-like {not equitant) :
Jiowers clustered.

15. J. falcatUS, Meyer. Stems low, rarely a foot high, from .slender stolonifer-
ous rootstocks : leaves usually eipudling or exceeding the stems, 1 to 1 .^ lines wide,
the open somewhat oblirpie sheaths without ligules : heads mostly solitary, some-
times 2 or 3 : spathe short : perianth-segments dark brown or with a green midvein,
2^ to 3 lines long, ovate, the outer shortly acuminate, the intier obtuse, roughish :
capsule oblong, refuse, apiculate, C(jualling the jierianth : seeils oblong-ovate, obtuse,
a third of a lino long, with loose pale testa longitudinally reticulate. — Engelm. 1. c.
452 and 495. ,/. Mmziesii, K. T.r. in Hook. Fl. I'.or.-Am. ii. 192.

Var. paniculatUS, Eng(dm. I. c. 495. Heads smaller (about 5-llowered), in a
simple or somewhat compound panicle.

In drift sand on Lone Mountain, nt^ar San Francisco, and northward in the Coast RnngC3 to
Oregon and Unalaschka ; the variety in spliagnons swamps m-ar Mendocino City, IMoiidcr. In
Ontral Oregon a taller slender form oci'iirs, 1 or 2 feet high, with a loose panicle 3 to 5 inches
long, IFood.

0()g .IINCAOK.K. Juncius.

IG. J. longistylis, Tonoy. Taller (a foot or two liigli) ; leaves much shorter
than the stems, the sii(!aths with didtiiict ligules : heads usually 5 to D, in a short
sparingly hranclied panicle, exceeding the very short spatlie, sometimes fewer or
solitary, few-llowered : ))eriantli paler, the segments rather narrower and usually
more acuminate : seeds ohlanceolate, hrownish, nmch smaller, faintly rihbed. — JJot.
Mex. ]]oun.l. 223 ; Engelm. 1. c. 453.

Var. (?) latifolius, Engelm. 1. c. 490. Leaves short, hroader (2 to 2\ lines
broad), tlie sheaths without ligules : anthers more elongated.

On the eastern side of tlie Sierra Nevada from Washington Territory to Arizona, New Jlcxico,
and the Saskatchewan ; Mono Lake {Bolaader); Trnokee Valley, Bailcij. The variety Ixlonj^s to
the Sierra Nevada ; in the Yoseniite Valley, at 4,000 feet altitude, and on the Upper Tiiohimne
at 10,000 feet (Bulaadcr), and fretpient on the eastern slope, Andcrnuu.

17. J. obtusatus, Engelm. 1. c. 495. Stems 6 inches high, from a creeping
rootstock, ahout e(jualiing the narrow (a line broad) leaves: sheaths without ligules :
spathes much exceeding the inlloresceuce : heads few in a simple panicle or solitary,
few-tlowered : perianth-segments shorter (U, lines), greenish, the outer ovate and
acutish, the inner very obtuse, shorter than the oblong-ovate obtuse very shortly
apiculate capsule: seeds brownish, very small, ovate, obtuse, minutely reticulate.

Near the Big Tree Omve, Marijwsa County, in large tufts on the sandy hanks of streamlets,
nol,(„>l,.r.

* * * Stems Icnfti : hdves terete or latera/lt/ Jfatfcned, wore or less (l!st!nct/i/
knotted bij internal transverse partitions : Jlowers capitate: pcrciDiial.

-)— Leaves terete or only sliyhtlij conijircssed.
++ Stamens 3.

18. J. SUpiniformiS, Engelm. 1. c. 4G1. Early leaves elongated and capillary,
floating, pale green : stems low (2 to 4 inches), shorter than the erect subterete cauline
leaves : panicle simple, of 3 to 6 small heads, which are about 5-llowered : perianth-
segments brownish, narrowly lanceolate, acute, nerved, 1 i or 2 lines long, shorter
than the oblong acutish stoutly beaked capsule : anthers oblong, shorter than the
filament : seetls obovate, rather large, apiculate at each end.

In ponds near Mendocino City {Dolundcr); Humboldt County, Kdlo(jij k Harford, n. 1041,
1042.

19. J. Bolanderi, Engelm. 1. c 470. Stems slender, 2 feet high or more, about
equalling the siihtcrete leaves: ligules of the sheaths conspicuous, sometimes elon-
gated and leaf-Hke : heads subglobose, usually 2 or 3, very many-llowered : |)erianth-
segments greenish brown, narrowly lanceolate and setaceously acuminate, U lines
long, exceeding the clavate-oblong obtuse apicidate 1-celled capsule : lilaments several
times longer tlian the oblong-linear anthers : seeds very small, obovate.

Found in swamps near Mendocino City (Dolandcr) and in Humboldt County KcJhvjcj k Har-
ford, n. 10o'2.

++ Stamens 0.

20. J, nodosus, Linn. Stems slender, from a very .slender creeping tubcriferous
rootstock: leaves somewhat compressed, erect: heads few, 8 - 20-llowered, su])glo-
bose : perianth-segments brownish, 1 ^ to 2 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate, nearly
e(iualling the narrow acuminate cai)sule : anthers oblong, shorter than the iilamcnt :
.seeds ovate, rather abruptly apiculate at each end, reticulate, brownish. — Var. mega-
cephalus, Torr. Stems stout, 1 to 3 feet high : leav<!S thick, divergent : heads
larger and very many-Howered, on short stout jjeduncles or sessile ; jjanicle some-
times compouml : perianth paler, about 2i lines long, the segments very narrow and
setaceously acuminate.

The typical form has not been collected in California or Oregon, though common eastward : the
variety was collected in California by Coulter, and is fre(iuent in Ori'gon and the interior (Nevada,
Watson ; Ari/.una, I'alinrr), ranging to the Atlantic Slates.

-^ '"''"'■ JUiNCACE.E. 209

21 J. dubius Engohn 1. c. 459. Stems rather stout, 2 to 4 feet l,ij,^h, fro.u
f; l''>'i,'H"l,P I'i' r V r'^^l'^,tf"'"'^^^''';^t compressed : panicle co.npoun.I, dilfuse,
3 to 1 2 inches long ; heads G - 20-llowcred, mnnerons : perianth brown or bi'ownish
1^ hues long ; the segments lanceolate, acuminate : anthers elongated, exceeding the
lilament : capsule ami seeds as in the last.

Big Tree Grove, Mariposa County {Bolnndcr); Wnlke.-s Basin, Kern County (Ruthrock n 287V
Cnyan.ac^ Moun ams /'a/ju.r, „. 384, distributed as J. nodosus); and an a cm UyS^^
^.SC^'i'' '''' '"''''"'^^' "'^ ■"■ — •""'"■^'- 'Lowell), but fie seJa'tlta sore.S:t

f ^r' f\ ^,®7^.^,®°f ^^' ^^''^?"- ^^^''" ^'^'T sl^"^l«'-, from a slender creeping root-
stock,^ to 2 leet high, somewhat compressed, as also the very narrow (rarely a line
broad) leaves : hgu es present : heads small, few to rather many in a short open
panic e, or fre.iuently solitary : perianth-segments brownish, lanceolate, acuminate 2
lines long: anthers linear, excelling the iilament : stigmas long-exserted : capsule
oblong, abruptly acute and beaked, nearly equalling the perianth : seeds minute
narrow, apicu ate at each end. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 303. J. p/uvocephaUs var'
f/ntahs, Engelin. 1. c, 473. '

Frequent in the Sierra Nevada, from Kern County (Rot/irorl) to Oregon.
-K- ^ Leaves flattened lateralbj and cquHant, mostly broader: stem compressed

and usnalbj acutely edged.
_ 23 J. oxymeris, Engelm. 1. c. 483. Diflering from J. dubius only in the an-
cipital stems, the broader and llattened leaves (U to 3 lines broad), and in the seeds
whicli are lighter colored an-l more finely reticulated : capsule usually more attenuate
above exceeding the Imeardanceolate i)erianth-segments : anthers twice longer than
tile hlament. °

i„J«r.;^^T'''?r ^"""^^ ■""' tl.e .Saeran.cnto Valley to Oregon. Distinguished from the follow-
uig speci.'s by the numerous small heads, narrower segments, and narrow attenuate capsule.

24^ J. Xiphioides, ^[eyer. Stems from a thick creeping rootstock, ancipital 2
to 4 feet high : leaves usually broad (2 or even 3 lines wide or more), the sheaths
without hgules: heads numerous, few - many- (3-20-) flowered, in a compound
panicle: perianth-segments brownish, U lines long, lanceolate, acuminate, about
equaling the oblong acute capsule, twice longer than the G stamens: anthers very
small, oblong linear, e.pialling or much shorter than the hlaments : seeds very small
ovate-oblanceolate, reticulate and iiiiely crossdined within the veiniu". — En^elra'
1. c. 481. o o •

Var. auratus, iM.gclm. 1. c. Ilea.ls few-dowered, pale straw-color: capsule ex-
ceeding tli(> perianth, with a loiigiu- slender beak.

Var. montanus, Engelm. 1. c. Low.u- (usually 11 feet high or less) and leaves
narrower (a lino or two wide) : heads few (1 to 9), usually many- (12 - 50-) flowered •
perianth usually e(pialling the acute capsule.

Var. triandrus, Engelm. I. c. 482. A foot or two high : heads solitary or few
many-flowered (sometimes several and few-flowereil) : stamens 3 : perianth rather
larger, often dark brown, equalling or shorter than the acute capsule. Heads often
very large and .almost black.

_ A very vaiia))le species, ranging from Alaska to California and New Mexico. The typical form
IS mostly confined to the Coast Ranges (San Francisco to Fort Tejon), but l.as also been collected
in Iruckee Valley {Bloomer, JFalson); the var. aurafui is found on Monte Diablo (^rnrcr) • var
vioiUanu^ is a common widely distributed form eastward of the Sierra Nevada ; var. triaiufrm is
very similar to it, occurring in the Sierra Neva.la (.•ommoii in the Vosemite Valley, Bolandcr,
lorrcij) and also m the Coast Hanges, and northward to Alaska.

25. J. phaeocephalus, Engelm. 1. c. 484. A similar an<l veiv variable species,
dustingui.shed chiclly by the larger antlier.s, usually much exceeding" the filaments and
nearly ecpialling the perianth, and by the more do.scly reti(Milated .seeds without
cross-lineation ; the typical form (S to 2 feet high) has somewhat larger flowers

210 JUNCACE.W. Juncus.

(about 2 lines long), usually dark brown, in few many-flowered heads : perianth-
segments narrowly acuminate : style long and stigmas exserted : capsule acute : seeds
ovate, comparatively large.

Yar. paniculatUS, Eugelm. 1. c. Heads more numerous, few-flowered, in a com-
pound ])aincii; : stums 1 to 3 feet high, from a stout rootstock.

The ty[)iL'.il foiiii near tlie coast, from Mendociiio County to Santa Barbara ; the variety in tlie
lower Sacianiento Valley and also iu the Sierra Nevada (near Big Trees, Uolandcr).

2G. J. chlorocephalus, Engelm. 1. c. 485. Stems low and slender (8 to 15
inclies high) lium a blender rootstock, not ancipital : leaves very narrow (a line
Avide or less), tlie slieatlis with ligules : heads one or two, many-flowered : perianth
pale and scarious, the segments 2 lines long, very obtuse or acute : anthers as in the
last species.

Ill tlie Sierra Nevada, at 4,000 to 10,000 feet altitude ; mature seeds not known. Very like the
form of /. Ncvculensis with few heads, except iu the pale scarious and more obtuse segments of tlie
perianth.

27. J. Mertensianus, I^feyer. Stems weak, from slender matted rootstocks, 6
to 18 inches liigli, not ancipital ; leaves very narrow (a line wide or less), the sheatiis
with ligules : heads solitary, densely many-flowered, dark brown : perianth nearly 2
lines long, the lanceolate narrowly acuminate segments equalling the obtuse obovate
capsule : anthers eipialling or shorter than the lilaments : seeds as in J. xijJiiuidts.
— Veg. Sitch. 167; Engelm. 1. c. 479.

From Alaska southward in the mountains to California and Colorado ; on the eastern slope of
Mono Pass, at 9,000 to 10.000 feet altitude. Uolandcr.

Order CXVII. PALMiE.

Perennial woody plants, mostly tall, with a terminal crown of large pinnately
divided or ilabellilbrm i)etiolate leaves sheathing the stem, and small usually diclinous
and sessile flowers upon a simple or branched axillary spadix, Avhich is at first
usually enveloped in a raonophyllous deciduous spathe ; perianth inferior, persistent,
coriaceous, of G segments in two series, the outer imbricate or united and cup-like,
the inner mostly valvate ; stamens G (or 3), hypogynous or perigynous, included ;
ovary 3-celled or of 3 distinct carpels, two of the cells or carjiels often abortive ; ovules
1 or 2 in each cell ; stigmas short and thick, usually sessile ; fruit a drupe or berry,
with an often thick spongy, fleshy, or fibrous exocarp, and membranous, crustaceous
or bony endocarp ; seed with abundant cartilaginous or horny albumen, and a small
embryo in a small basal or dorsal cavity.

A noble order of nearly 100 genera and over 1,000 sjieeies, confined almost exclusively to the
tropics and the hottest portion of the temperate zone, and sparingly represented within the limits
of the United States. Four species are found on the Atlantic coast, reaching as far north as hit.
33°, and a single species attains a like latitude on the western side. In the warmer regions of
Mexico the s])eci('s are more numerous. Scarcely any order is ijioro remarkable for the useful
juii'iioses which its various jjioducts are made to subserve. The fruit, foliage, and timber, the
fibrous tissue, the starchy pith, aii<l the fermentable or iiicdieinal sap are luought into use in
manifold ways, and are sulhcieiit of themselves to supply all the wants of a piimitive iiopuhition.
No tree of the tropics is more oriianieiilal in cultivation. The United States genera all lieloiig to
tlie group Corijphiaa-- or Sabidinai, distinguished Ijy their fan-shaped leaves and peifeet lloweis.

1. Washingtonia. Leaves nabelliform, copiously filiferous ; ]ietiole armed and with the ligulo

glabrous. Spatlies and spadix glabrous. Berry small, oblong-ovate, bearing the abor-
tive carpels at its summit. Albumen entire.

2. Erythea. Leaves Habellifonn, bjiaiingly liliferous ; petiole armed or unarmed, somewhat

))ubescent ; ligule tomentose. Sjjathes and sjiadix tomentose. Berry larger, globose ;
abortive carpels at its Ixise. .Mbunien deeply pitted on the ventral side.

^'''■•'/''^''"- PALM.E. 211

1. WASHINGTONIA, WKsr.LANi..
Flowers unknown except f.on. the rcnnuns of the perianth found at the base of

hilb ricl t 7 '' .'^, ^^°"--I^''^"°-. -th a cylindncal tube as long as

Ob of ;^7-l--unded lobes ; pedicel short. Fruit a sn.all shortly stipftate

b 0 g.ova e lack rupe, w.th thin pulp and crustaceous endocarp, 1 -celled, and bear-

yie Seed oblong-ovate, somewhat flattened on the ventral side, brownish with

nn esta ; albumen entire, horny and oily ; embryo basal. - A tree, with circular

flabell.form leaves; petioles armed with stout hooked marginal spines; ligule lar-^e

11:7,7 ',"""'7' ?'''"^"' ^'"^"^ ^'"^^^ ""''"^^ ^-P')^ ^J«ft ^I'-g the
Pier folds and copiously hliferous : paniculately branching spadix glabrous. siLder
and elongated, from a narrow glabrous spathe. - A Californian genus.

1. W. filifera, Wendl. ]5ecoming 20 to 40 feet high, with a cylindrical trunk
more or less enlarged at base (often 2 or 3 feet in diamet r), an.l c^v re w tl ho
persistent bases and sheaths of dead leaves: petioles very stout dab -ou 1-uo

^i:7z:S^ixTni- '!^ ""T'l'-' --i--tiveiy{hin towa;:r;h: mi^^;

L 1 , 11 T ^," ^^ ""'"' •'•'^'■'^'^ "*' t''« «"""»it in well developed leaves '

fe AorGoV?:;';:"^^ conspicuous lacerate; blade tomentose on the^na.g n of

tl^ie (40 0 GO) lolds, 3 to 5 feet in diameter, cleft on the upper side nea.lv to the

bZ^I n{^ thin sweet pulp: seed 3 lines long. - Bot.°Zeit. xxxvii. G8.
PkZ^n%^' Cooper Smithson. Kep. 18G0, 442. Brahea niamentosa, Hort.
^to^l-^xl^^"' "^"•' ^'"^'' ^'''- ^-"^'- '^■^-^'^^- «07;" Fenzi, Jhill. Soc.

2. ERYTHEA, Waison.
Flowers perfect, sessile, in a loose decon.poun.l panicle ; calyx campanulate, some-
what scarious, 3-parted, shorter than the thick valvate 3.cleft corolla. Stamen. G •
/.laments thick, connate and adnate to the corolla, free and deltoid above and seta-
ceously tipped; anthers small, round-oblong, obtuse. Ovary of 3 nearly distinct
oblong carpels, with very short united styles; two of the carpels usually abortive.
I'ru.t a globose black drupe, the thick fleshy emlocarp somewhat adherent to the
subglobose seed. Hilum at one side of the base. Albumen excavated to the mi.l-
dle on the ventral side and filled by the brown thickened testa. Embryo near the
base.— Tall trees, with nake.l trunks, flabelliform plicate fdiferous leaves and
densely tomentose .sheaths and inflorescence. Spathes sheathing. Flowei-s solitary
or in clusters, scattered along the numerous branches of the pendent panicle.
Fetioles pubescent or glabratc, unarmed or with stout hooks on the margin ; ligulo
appressed, densely tomentose ; rhachis of the leaf short, and the blade deeply deft
down both the upper and lower folds and more or less fibrous on the margins.

Only the following speries are known. Th.' genus is very nearly nliie.l to Lh-uifoita, ofAus-
tralia and eastern Asia, wlncli difiers in its distinct (ilanients, ol.long fruit will, hard crustaceous

2]^2 PALM.E. Enjlhm.

pericarp, broadly excavated albumen and dorsal embryo, and the leaf-scf^ments entire or nearly
so, not filifi TOILS on tlie margins. Wiiidland refers our species to the Mexican g.^nus Bnihm,
which has much smaller llowers, \inc(|Ual hlaments and comparatively large acute unlhcrs, united
cari>els, oblong I'ruil \vith thin pericaip, the albumen excavated vertically nearly to the njiex ami
embryo dorsal, and the segments of the leaves barely clelt and not hljrous on the margins. In
the mythology of the Greeks, Eriftlica was one of the liespcrides, daughters of Evening or tlie
West, " who ilwelt on an inland of the ocean, on the western edge of the world, and guarded a
garden with golden apiiles."

1. E, edulis, Watson. The slender trunk sometimes 30 feet liigli and 15 inches
or more in diameter, covered with a thick corky cracked bark : the iibrous sheathing
bases of the leaves at length glabrons : petioles stout, over an inch broad at the sum-
mit, plano-convex with acute unarmed margins, somewhat iibrous-pubescent or gla-
brate above ; ligule 2 or 3 inches long, very densely silky-tomentose ; blade 3 feet
long, the (70 or 80) folds at lirst tomentose, cleft to the middle (less deeply on the
under side), lacerate at the apex and somewhat iibrou.s on the edges : panicle 4 feet
long, much branched, densely tomcntosi", Ijecoming glabrate : llowers numerous, in
clusters of 3 or 4, the corolla (U lines long) twice longer than the calyx ; segments
of the corolla lanceolate : carpels glabryus : fruit over an inch in diameter, the thick
pulp sweet and edible : seed 7 to 9 lines in diameter, slightly llattened on the inner
side, with smooth and grayish, thin but very hard and bony epidermis : embryo
near the base on the dorsal siile. — JJrahtu edulis, AVeiuUand ; Watson, Proc. Anier.
Acad. xi. 120, 14G.

On Guadalupe Island (Dr. E. Pahncr), and becoming introduced into cultivation. Each tree
bears one to four panicles, blossoming late in March ; the fruit-clusters are said to weigh 40 or
50 [lounds.

2. E. armata, Watson. Taller and more graceful than the last (40 feet high) :
leaves glaucous, llie petioles narrower, more concave above, amX margined with numer-
ous stout more or less hooked slightly spreading spines ; folds (30 to 40) si)lit nearly
to the middle on both edges, scarcely lacerate at the apex and but slightly Idiferous :
branches of the panicle more sleiuler : car[)els densely tomentose : fruit smaller (i)
lines long), the seed half an inch in diameter: embryo at the base. — Brahea (t)
armata, Watson, 1. c. 146.

In the Big Canon of the Tantillas I\lountains, Lower Califoriua, Dr. E. Palmer. The tloweis
have not been collected.

Order CXVIII. CYPERACE^.

Sedgy or rushdike herbs, mostly perennial and rhi/.omatous, Avith triangular or
terete solid stems, and alternate mostly radical leaves with closed sheaths or lealless ;
spicate llowers perfect or unisexual, without ])erianth or with a series of hypogynous
bristles or scales in its place, solitary and sessile in the axils of imbricated glume-
like bracts (scales) ; stamens usually 2 or 3, hypogynous, with basilixed anthers ;
ovary 1-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule and a 2-3-cleft style, in fruit a len-
ticular or more or less triangular akene, membranous, crustaceous or bony ; embryo
minute, lenticular or turgid, at the base of copious albumen. — Spikelets of one to
many llowers in two or more raidcs, solitary or clustered, or often in simple or c(jm-
pound spikes or um])els or panicles, the inllorescence involucratc with usually leafy
bracts or naked.

A very large order, distributed over the globe, especially abundant in the temiierate and cooler
portions of th<; northern hemisphere, and usually foun<l in wet or damp non-saline localities. It
includes 50 or 00 genera and ))robably 2,000 species, 1)nt is sjiaringly represented in California.
As compared with the Gramincie the order, though so large, is iuiimi)ortant, the coarse herbage
alfordiug little nutriment, and no species furnishing a grain of any value.

Cypcrus. CYPERACEyE. 213

« Flowers nil perfect : spikclets few- many- flowered, solitaiy or spicate, the spikes capitate or

vinibellatti : only 1 or 2 of the lower scales usually empty.
+- Spikelets more or less flattened, the scales being in 2 ranks : inflorescence involucrate. —

Cypeue/e.

1. Cyperus. Perianth (bristles, etc.) none. Style slender, deciduous. Sjiikelets spicate or

clustered.
DliF.if.'linrM Hi'ArilACF.iT.M, Pors. (the only species), distiuf^uished by its very leafy jointed
fitems and axilliiry solitary peduncles bearing .sessile many-flowered spikelets, and by the linear-
oblong nutlet acute witii the base of the long 2-cleft style ami surrounded by (i to 9 ri'trorsely
barlied bristh's, occurs on thi- Columbia iiivcr and is common in the Atlantic States. Tiie erect
terete hollow culm is nearly covered by the sheaths of the short flat linear o-ranked leaves (the
lower sheaths without blades) ; spikelets in a 2-ranked sjiike, linear-lanceolate, the naked rha-
chis articulateil at the base of each scale.

-1- +- Spikelets many-flowered, not flattened, the scales imbricated all around. — Sciri'E.e.
++ Stylo not dilated at base.

2. Scirpus. Spikelets .solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel, the stem often leafy at

base and inflorescence involucrate. Style deciduous or only the base persistent. Barbed
biistles ))resent at base of the nutlet or wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Perennials.

3. Eriophorum. As Scirpii.i, but the numerous naked bristles long-exserted and silky in fruit.

Spikelets few. Stamens 1 to 3. Perennial.

4. Heniicarpha. As Srirpu.';, but without bristles and with a minute hyaline bractlet between

each flower and the rhachis. Spikelets solitary or few in a sessile apparently lateral clus-
ter. Stamen 1. Low annuals.

++ +t Style enlarged at base.

5. Eleocharis. Spikelet solitary, terminal u})on a leafless bractless stem. Base of the style

persistent. Bristles usually jjresent. Stamens 3.

6. Fimbristylis. Spikelets in an involucrate umbel. Stem leafy at base. Style usually wholly

deciduous. Bristles none. Stamens 1 to 3. Perennials.
• » Spikelets polygamous, few-flowered, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, the scales loosely imbricate all
around, only the terminal ones fertile. — Kiivnciiospore.e.

7. Cladium. Spikelets in cyme-like panicles. Stems tall, leafy. Bristles none. Style not en-

larged at base, deciduous. Nutlet corky at the apex. Stamens 2. Perennial.
PnvNCiiosponA, Vahl, is distinguished from Cladium by the presence of bristles and the nutlet
crowned by the persistent tuberculate base of the style. \\. AMiA, Vahl, has been collected in
Oregon (//"//), a slender species with narrowly linear leaves, the lanceolate tawny spikelets in
a close terminal corymb ; perfect flowers 1 or 2, with 3 stamens, 9 to 12 or more bristles minutely
barbed downward, and a smooth oblong-obovate nutlet bearing a long flattened awl-shaped tuber-
cle. It is connnon eastward and also in Europe.

« » • Flowers moncecious, in the same or distinct spikelets, or dioecious; pistillate flowers en-
closed in an inflated sac-like persistent perigynium. — Carice^.

8. Carex. Spikelets solitary, spicate or jianiculate. Hypogynous bristles or scales wholly

wanting or a single short bristle at the base of the ovary.

1. CYPERUS, Linn. Gaungale.
Flowers perfect, in few - many-flowered flattened or sometimes terete spikelets ;
the concave more or less carinate scales in 2 ranks, often decurrent npon the rhachis,
at length deciduous, 1 or 2 of the lowest usually sterile. Hypogynous scales or
hristles none. Stamens 1 to 3. Style not thickened at hase, 2 - 3-cleft, deciduous.
Nutlet lenticular or triangular, not beaked, smooth or nearly so. — Perennials or
annuals, with mostly triangular and nearly naked simple stems, sheathed at base by
the nearly radical leaves ; inflorescence subtended by a mostly conspicuous foliaceous
involucre, usually irregidarly umbellate with unequal rays, the spikelets in spikes
solitary or clustered upon the rays, the central spike or cluster always sessile, and
the whole often contracted into a single nu)re or less den.so head.

A very large genus, numbering 500 species or more, es]iecially abundant in tropical and sub-
trojucnl regions. About 50 species are found within the limits of the United States. Most of the
following sections have been ny some authorities regarded as distinct genera.

214 CYPERACE.E. Cyperus.

§ 1. Sti/h 2-cleft and nutlet lenticular, the edge turned to tlie r/tac/iis: spihelet
Jlattened, manj/-f{oivered, the scales folded and sliarplij carlnate : rhachis
narroiv, not wimjed. — Pvchkus, Toir.

1. C. diandrus, Torr. Annual, witli fibrous roots, and very slender triangular
clustered stems h to 2 feet high : leaves elongated, very narrow (rarely a line wide) :
involucre 2 - 3-leavetl : spikelets in a sessile compound cluster or in loose clusters
upon the few sliort raya, linear-oblong, acute, 3 to G lines long : scales pale or brown-
ish, thin and usually lax, rather obtuse, 1 to 1;^ lines long, twice longer than tlie
light or dark brown oblong-ovate dull nutlet : stamens 2 or 3 : style elongated, often
cleft nearly to the base.

Var. castaneus, Torr. Scales more firm and often brown : styles less elon-
gated, cleft to tiie middle. — C. castautus, liigel. C. tenellus, Presl, IJel. Ilajnk.
i. 170? C. rivnlaris, Kunth, Euum. ii. G; Loeckeler, Linuica, xxxv. 452.

The variety only has bi-eii collectetl in Californiii, in swamjis near San Francisco (liafandcr) axn\
in tlie valley of the Sacramento (l'icLcri)i(j), but both forms are common in the Atlantic. States
and west to Texas anil New Alexico. Nutlet rather longer and less pointed than in the eastern
forms. It is probable that the C. comprcssus, as well as the C. tenellus, of Haenke's collection,
reported as found at Monterey, is to be referred to this species.

§ 2. Style 2-cleft and nutlet pla7iO'Convex, flattened parallel with the rhachis:
spikelets flattened but thick, the concave scales scarcely carlnate, and the
broad rhachis not ivimjed. — Juncellus, Griseb.

2. C. laevigatus, Linn. Perennial, Avith slender creeping rhizome : stems
numerous, sleniler, 3 to G inches high or more, terete, naked excepting 2 or 3 short
brown sheaths at base, of which the upper bears a short erect subtriangular leaf : in-
volucre of usually 2 bracts, one erect in continuation of the culm, the other very
short or wanting : spikelets 2 or 3 or more, sessile in an apparently lateral cluster,
linear-oblong, many-flowered, 2 or 3 lines long, obtuse or acutish, pale green or
sometimes lirown : scales broad and concave, obtuse, scarcely nerved, nearly a line
long : rhachis deeply pitted transversely : stamens 3 : nutlet broadly obovate, \ line
long. — Boeck. 1. c. 48G. C. mucronatus, Ifottb.

At Los Angeles (Brewer) and at hot springs near San Bernardino, IF. G. ITriifht. A widely
distributed species in warm regions, collected in Mexico by llarlweg, and founil in ri-ru, the
Sandwich Islands, Australia, India, at the Caiie of (Jood Hope, and in the Mediterranean region.

§ 3. Style 3-cleft and nutlet triangular : spikelets many floivered, flattened with
carinate scales, the rhachis naked or very nearly so. — Eucypkkus.

* A small annual: spikelets with acuminate scales, in a few dense heads:

stamen solitary.

3. C. aristatUS, Pottb. Stems ^ to 6 inches high, about eciualling the flat
leaves, with conspicuous involucres : spikelets linear-oblong, 2 to 5 lines long, in a
dense compound sessile head or in close clusters upon 2 or 3 usually short rays :
scales with .strongly recurved setaceous tips, chestnut brown, about a line long, twice
longer than the oblong-obovate obtuse apiculate brownisli nutlet. — C. inflexns,
Muhl. C. aureus, Presl, 1. c. 1G8.

A common species througliout the State, from Lower Onlifornia to Oregon and across the con-
tinent ; it is also found in Mexico, Africa and the East Iiulies.

C. ACUMlNATUs, Torr., is somewhat taller and stouter (3 to 12 inches high), with fewer and
broadei' oblong-ovate straw-colored spikelets, and short-acuminate spreailing or very slightly re-
curved scales : nutlet oidong-obovate, acutish at each end. A species of the Mississippi \'alley,
from Illinois to Texas, which has been found iu Oregon, Hall, Ilorcell.

* * Tall p)erennial : spjikelets short, with green obtusish spreading scales, in

dense heads.

4. C. virens, I^Iichx. Stout, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves and bracts of the involucre
very long, broad and strongly keeled : umbel compound, often much reduced and

Cijperus. CYPERACEJi:. 215

spikes densely crowded : spikelcts ovate-oblong, acute, 2 to 4 lines long : scales
aeutish, obscurely S-nerved, a line long or less : nutlet oblong, triangular, acute at
each end, brown, half a line long. — C. sordidas, Presl, 1. c. IZH

In the valley of tlie Sacramento {Pickerhuj); perhaps also collected by Hacnkc. Otherwise
known only in the Atlantic States from Delaware to Texas.

§ 4. StyU 3-drft and nutlet triangular: sjnkdcts many-floivcred, flattened ivith
carinate scaler which are deeurrent vpon the rhacliis as narrow wings :
spikes in compound itnihcls. — rAPYiiL's, Kunth.

* Wings of the rhachis soon scj)arating to the base, scarious and scale-like.

Annuals.

5. C. erythrorrhizos, ]\ruhl. Stems usually 1 to 3 feet high, stout, triangu-
lar, soiuetiujcs much reduced : leaves Hat, 2 or 3 lines broad, those of the involucre
(4 to 8) greatly elongated : rays 4 inches long or less, bearing a cluster of sessile
simple or compound oblong spikes h to 1 inch long : spikelets 2 to 6 (usually 3)
lines long, narrowly linear, numerous, spreading horizontally, nearly Hat, bright
chestnut : scales oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, acutely carinate, ^ line long, exceed-
ing the light-colored round-ovate aeutish comi)ressed-triangular nutlet. — C. cupreus,
Presl, Pel. Hoenk. i. 172. C. occldentalis, Torr. Cyp. 259.

Colorado Valley (iVcR-icrr;/); near Monterey (/r<'c)^^•c); Clear Lake (5o/(7?i*r); near Sacramento
{Picki-rhig, Grcriic); Oregon {Domihis, Hall, Unwell), and common in the Atlantic States.
Presl's species, as well as that of Torrcy, was founded upon a very depauperate form.

* * Wings of the rhachis persistently attached.

G. C. phymatodes, Muhl. Perennial and fibrous-rooted, with slender root-
stocks bearing small globose tubers : stems rather stout, i to 3 feet high, triangular :
leaves nearly as long and involucral leaves elongated"': umbel often compound,
4 - 7-rayed, the light chestnut-colored s[)ikelets scattered and spreading in somewhat
distichous spikes (often an inch long or more), linear, acute, 3 to 12 lines long:
scales oblong, aeutish, conspicuously several-nerved, thin and scariously margined,
rather acutely carinate, a line long or slightly more: nutlet oblong, obtuse and ob-
tusely triangular, ^ of a line long. — C. repeiis, Ell. C. Ihvnkei, Presl, 1. c. 1

Var. Hermanni. Spikes contracted and more or less clustereil at the summit
of the rays and involucellate : spikelets sometimes bracteate. — C. Ilennanni, Buck-
ley, Proc. Piiilad. Acad. 18G2, 10.

Yosemite Valley (IJolandcr, a low form); San Luis Roy {Parr ij); Fort Ywm^ {Tlwmn,i); Truekee
Valley, Nevada ( IValsmi), and frecpuMit in the Atlantic States from Canada to Texas. The variety
lias been found on Kern lUver {Hcniwnn) and on the San Joa(iuin, Lcmmoit. The species resem-
bles C. (sadcntus of the OKI World (from the Mediterranean region to India), and has been re-
ferred to it by Boeckeler, Linn, xxxvi. 287.

7. C, Stenolepis, Torr. Resembling C. phymatodes in habit : the straw-colored
spikelets more slender and with fewer (4 to 8) flowers, 3 or 4 lines long, somewhat
flattened or nearly terete at least when young, attenuate above ; rhachis with slender
joints : scales oblong, aeutish, nearly 2 lines long, several-nerved, the lower usually
l)ersistent after the falling of the spikelet : spikes usually rather dense, | to 1 inch
long, in a more or less compound umbel: nutlet linear, nearly cylindrical, obtuse, a
line long, dark brown. — Cyp. 263.

In the valley of the Sacramento {Pickering); near Placerville (Rattan); in the southern Atlan-
tic States from North Carolina and Florida to Texas and New Mexico.

§ 5. Sjjikclets 71 arrow, terete or nearly so, few to several-floivered, the scales closely
aj^presscd and the broad wings of the rhachis embracing the triangular
nutlet: style 3-cleft. — DicLiniUM, Griseb.

8. C. Michauxianus, Schult. Annual : stem usually A to 2 feet high but
often low : leaves 1 to 3 lines broad : involucres largo : spikelets dull browu, some-

21Q CYPERACE.E. Cypcrns.

what flattened, G- 12-flowere(l or more, spreading in rather loose dustored spikes
upon the more or less developed rays of tlie usually crowded unihel (often sessile on
the lower stems) : scales ovate, obtuse, a line long, hut slightly carinate and dhscurely
nerved : joints of tli<i rliachis thick, hroadly winged : nutlet hiuwnish, ohlong-ovate,
compressed-triangular, acute at each end*.

Near Fort Yuma (Do Jiurii) and in marshes along the Colorado and Gila {Sclwtf); New Mexico
{Emory, fyrujid), and common in the Atlantic Status.

9. C. ferax, llichard. 8tcm stout and tall, with hroad and much elongated in-
volucral leaves, and hearing an open spreading compound umbel of numerous rays :
spikelets pale, scattered, horizontally si)reading in loose subdistichous spikes, terete,
6 to 10 lines long, usually 8- 10-flowered : scales oblong-ovate, ol)tuse, strongly con-
cave and scarcely carinate, obscurely 7 - O-nerved, nearly U lines long, at length
spreading, twice longer than the thick broadly winged joints of the rhachis : nutlet
obovoid-oblong, obtuse and obtusely triangular, closely embraced by the Avings. —
Kunth, Enum. ii. 89 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 286.

A species widely spread through the tropical regions of tlie glohe ; collected in California only
by Muir, the locality unknown.

§ 6. Spikelets 1-o-Jiowered, slender and suhtcrete, often Jlexnous, acute or acumi-
nate (the upper Jlower vsuuUij iDidevelojwd) : scales appressed, obtuse, sev-
eral-? leroed : Joints of the rhachis short, slender, narroudij winged: sti/le
3-cleft and nutlet triangular. — Mariscus, (Iriseh.

* Sjnkelets scattered in open spikes: umbel compound.

10. C. CaliforniCUS. Stem stout and tall, triangular : involucre about 5-leaved,
the leaves much elongated, nearly 6 lines broad, very rough on the margins : rays
about 10, elongated (4 inches), bearing involucellate und)els with slender rays an
inch long or less : spikes 1 to U- inches long, the spreading or somewhat retlexed
llexuous spikelets tereti-, attenuate upward, very sh-nder, 2 to 4 lines h)ng, 2-4-
ilowered : scales oblong-ovate, a line long : nutlet unknown. — C. speciosits, Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound.. 22G.

Collected in California by nai Mr. A. Filch, but U-)cality uncertain. In habit resembling forms
of the eastern C. sfri'jositfi.

=k * Spikelets in dense cylindrical sessile spikes.

11. C. flavamariSCUS, Oriseb. T'eretinial, with creei)ing rootstock : stems
usually slender, acutely triangular, 1 or 2 feet high, exceeding the leaves : involucre
3-4-leaved : spikes about 5 (4 to G), very dense, G to 8 lines long : si)ikelets spread-
ing, oblongdanceolate, acute, U lines long, 2-fluwered, 1-fruited : scales yellowish or
brownish, ovate, about 11-nerved : nutlet triangular-obovate, g of a line long. — Fl.
Brit. W. Ind. 5G7. MariscnsjlavHS, Vahl. M. Ilaiikei, Presl, Bel. Iheiik. i. 181.
C.favus, BoQckeler, Linn, xxxvi. 384.

From Mexico and the West Indies to Brazil ; reported as collected by Ilaenke at Monterey.
C. piLhescens, Presl, of the same collection and from the same locality, may perhaps be a radiate
form of this species, though described as pubescent throughout, which is a character otherwise
unknown in the genus.

2. SCIRPUS, binn. nni.itusu or Cmn-RiTsii.
Flowers perfect. S[iikelcts usually many-flowered, with the scales imbricately
and clo.sely arranged around the rhachis, the lowest one or two often empty, lly-
pogynous bristles 3 to G, barbed or ciliate, or wanting. Stamens 1 to 3. Style
2 -3-cleft, scarcely or not at all thickened at base, deciduous or only the base per-
sistent. Nutlet lenticidar or more or less triangular, obovoid. — Tufted annuals or
mostly perennials with creeping rootstocks, the stems sheathed or leafy at base, and

Scirpus. CYPERACEyE. 217

t.lie spikelets in a terminal (or apparently lateral) involucrate cluster or compound
umbel-like {)anicle, or solitary.

A cosmopolitan genus of nearly 250 species, of wliieh about 30 are found in tlie United States.

§ 1. Spikelet solitari/, small, with a siuf/le erect involucral bract : bristles none :
stems low and slender. — Lsolepis, Bentli.

1. S. riparius, Spreng. Stems tufted, from fdjrous roots, very slender and often
setaceous, 2 to G or rarely 10 inches high, sheathed at base, the upper sheath usually
bearing a short slender leaf : involucral bract 1 to 10 lines long or nearly wanting :
spikelet ovate to oblong-ovate, 1 ^ to 2i lines long : scales pale or often deep brown,
with a palo prominent midvein, concave, obtuse or pointed : stamens usually 3 :
stylo 3-cleft : nutlet triangular-obovoid with distinct angles, the sides convex, smooth
or minutely granular, not striate nor ribbed, dark brown when mature, less than half
a line long. — l>enth. Fl. Austr. vii. 327. lsolepis riparia, K. Br.: Hook. f. Fl.
Tasm. ii. 89, t. 145. S. Savii, Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ, viii, t. 301. lsolepis
leptocanlis, Torr. Pacif. K. liej). iv. 153. -S'. p)/gm(tns, Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. vii.
31)2. S. setaceiis, Linn., var., Doeckeler, Linniea, xxxvi. 500.

Frequent in niarsliy nlaces near tlie coast from Santa Barbara to Oregon ; also in South America,
Australia, Africa and the Mediterranean region.

2. S. carinatus, Gray, 1. c. IJesembling the last in habit, the slender stems
triangidar and ciiannelled, 1 to 4 inches high, with a short leaf at base : spikelet
(rarely 2 or 3) greenish or tinged with brown, 5- lO-flowered ; scales in 4 ranks,
very broadly ovate, strongly carinate and boat-shaped, acute, gibbous in fruit and
retaining the brown nutlet, which is very broad, acutely triangular, smooth, over
half a line long, with a broad scar at the summit. — Boeck. 1. c. 498. lsolepis cari-
nata, Hook. Sc Arn. ; Torr. (Jyp. 349. /. koilolepis, Steud. Cyp. 318.

In swainiis about S.in Francis-o. abundant witb the last {Bolandrr); Santa Rosa Creek {Bigc-
loiv); Mendocino County {Bu/dudcr); in the Gulf States, from Alabama to Arkansas and Texas.

§2. Bristles present, retrorschj barbed or ciliate, not elongated: stems mostly
tall and stout. — Eusciupu.s, Benth.

* Lijlorescence apparently lateral, with a single erect involucral leaf.

H— Stem terete or nearly so.

++ Stem leafy at base : spikelets in a sessile cluster.

3. S. Nevadensis, Watson. Stems clustered, from a running rootstock, a foot
or two high, very slender, somewhat llattened above : leaves nearly equalling the
stem, deeply channelled or revolute, very rough on the margins, sharply acute :
spikelets 1 to 8, ovate-oblong, acute, 4 to 10 lines long; scales brown and shining,
ovate, slightly carinate, acutish : bristles 1 to 3, not half the length of the nutlet :
style 2-cleft : nutlet broadly ovate, plano-convex, acute;, a lino long, — Bot. King
Exp. 3G0.

Borders of Mono Lake, on alkaline soil (Brewer, n. 184G); at Soda Lake, Nevada, JVntson.

++ ++ Stem leafless or nearly so : spikelets umbelled.

4. S. lacustris, Linn. Stem stout and tall, from creeping rootstocks, terete or
very obtusely triquetrous above, leafless or the upper basal sheaths with a short
terete leaf: involucral bract stout, shorter than the iidlorescenco : spikelets numerous,
solitary or more or less clustered, in an irregularly compound umbel, oblong-ovoid,
3 to 6 lines long ; scales broadly ovate, very obtuse or usually emarginate and mucro-
nate, ciliate : bristles usually 6, slender with scattered barbs, about equalling the
obovato plano-convex nutlet: style usually 2-cleft. — Peichenb. 1. c, t. 306-308;
Boeck. 1. c. 712 ; Bonth. 1. c. 33;3. S. vaiidm, Vahl.

218 ■ CYrERACE.E, Scirpus.

Var. OCCidentalis. Scales often pubescent, especially on the niidvein, usually
pale with hnu bruwn lines : filaments at length broad and exserted : bristles not ex-
serted : nutlet broadly obovate, rounded at the summit, terminating abruptly in a
rather short beak.

The species is wi.lely distributed, uiuler several forms, being foiuid in Europe and Asia, tem-
perate and tropii'ui North America, the Sandwich Islands, New Zeahind and Australia. Only the
variety is found in California, ranging from San Diego County to Biitish Columbia and eastward
to Te.\as and Colorado. In common with the next it is familiarly known under the name of
"Tule," occupyi)ig large areas in overlloweil bottom-lands and marshy jjlaces throughout the
State. It is sometimes 8 to 12 feet high and an inch or more in diameter at base. The eastern
form (S. validiis, Vahl), of the Atlantic States (from Lake Winnipeg to Florida) and the West
Indies, has rather smaller and broader spikelets, shorter and narrower filaments, bristles at length
exserted, and a narrower nutlet somewhat attenuateil at top.

5. S. Tatora, Kunth. Very closely resembling the last, but readily distin-
guished by the bristles of the perianth, which are 2 to 4, very dark brown, stout or
somewhat flattened and retrorsely plumose M'ith short curved hairs, shorter than the
nutlet : scales brown, not pubescent : lilaments broad, rarely exceeding the nutlet,
which is narrowly obovate, shortly attenuate into the stout beak. — Enum, ii. IGG.
El i/trospermuvi (UiJifornicum, C. A. Meyer, Cyp. Nov. 7, t. 2. S. ripariits, Pre.sl,
]vei. llaink. i. ID;), not Sprong. Malachochate rijHiria, Noes <S: Meycn ; Gay, Fl.
('hil. vi. 170, t. 7. A'. pscndofrifjiKli'i; Steud. ("yp. 8G.

From tlie Sacramento Valley to Me.\ico and eastward to Louisiana ; also in South America from
Peru and Chili to Brazil.

-1- -i- Stein acutely triangular or triquetrous.

++ Stem leajiess or with a single short leaf at base: involiicral bract stout and

triangular.

6. S. Olneyi, Gray. Stem stout, 2 to 7 feet high, from a stout running root-
stock, more or less deeply triquetrous or Aving-angled, continued as involucre an inch
or less beyond the inHorescence: spikelets 2 to 12 in a crowded sessile cluster,
oV)long-ovate, acute or rather obtuse, 2 to G lines long, usually short : scales thin,
brown, broad and obtuse, glabrous or slightly ciliate : anthers shortly acute : bristles
4 or 6, rather shorter than the narrowly obovate plano-convex prominently beaked
nutlet: style 2-cleft. — PI. Lindh. 30. >S'. pungens, Benth. PI. llartw. 27. ^S". tri-
queter (?), Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 153.

From San Francisco (/?/{7c/oj(') to San Diego and across the continent ; Mexico, Grcgij, Ilarlireg.

•H- -i-t- Stem sonnucJiat leafg: leaves ohversclg flattened, cJiannellcd : involucral
bract more slender and channelled.

7. S. pungens, Vahl. Stem usually slender, 1 to 4 feet high, acutely triangu-
lar: leaves 1 to 4, shorter than the st(!m ; the more or less channelled bract 1 to 4
inches long : spikelets 1 to G, closely crowded, ovate to ovate-oblong : scales brown,
often very dark, broadly ovate, emarginate and usually consjiicuously tipjjcd with a
straight awn : anthers narrowly acuminate : bristles 2 to G, shorter than the obovate
plano-convex pnuninently beaked nutlet, which is somewhat narrowed at base,
nearly 1 .V lines long: style 2- rarely 3-cleft. — lioeck. 1. c. 708. S. badius, Presl,
Pel. llAiuk. i. 193. S. Rothii, Iloppe ; Reichenb. 1. c, t. 30-1.

Less frequent than the preceding in California, though common in the Atlantic States : Arroyo
del Twevio {Brewer); Monterey, near the avii {/facidc, Bir.urr); Mono Lake and the (Jreat Salt
Lake, and southwanl into Mexico ; also in South America and the West Indies, in Australia, and
the western Jlediterranean region.

* * Involucre follaceous, spreading : stems triangular, leaf g at base : leaves flat.

-)— Spikelets large, few, in a sessile cluster or sparingly umbellate, rufous.

8. S. maritimus, Linn. Stems stout, 1 to 3 feet high, from running often
tuberiferous rootstocks : leaves equalling or exceeding the stem ; involucral bracts

Kriophorum. CYPERACE^. 219

unequal, one much the longer and more erect : spikelets ovate to oblong-ovate, acute,
6 to 10 lines long : scales ovate, 2 or 3 lines long, dull brown, emarginate, tipped
with a long slender soon recurved awn : bristles 1 to 6, unequal, deciduous, or some-
times none : lilaments elongated ; anthers 2 lines long : style mostly 3-cleft : nutlet
broadly obovate, plano-convex or slightly angled on the back, obtuse and only
slightly apiculate, \\ lines long. — Keicheidj. 1. c, t. 310, 311 ; Benth. Fl. Austr.
vi. 335. *S'. robnstus, Presl, 1. c. 194.

In saline Incalitit-s tbrongliout tlio Stato and noitliwanl to British Columbia, as well as cast-
wanl a(!ioss tlui continent. Tlio sj>('(;ics is I'ound under several lornis in most of the tenqicrate and
tn)i)ical ref^ions of tlio gioho.

-»- -t- Spikelets small, numerous, tjreenish or lead-colored, in a comiiound or de-
compound umbellate panicle.

9. S. sylvatiCUS, Linn. Stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high, obtu.sely triangular, leafy
to the t(q) : leaves broad (usually half an inch wide), elongated; involucre of simi-
lar bracts : panicle deconq)ound, large and open, the spikelets in clusters terminating
the branches and in the axils, H to 2 lines long, oblong-ovate: scales ovate-lanceo-
late, obtuse or st)nietimes acute : bristles barbed to the base, about e(iualliiig the
small {\ line long) pale nutlet, which is obovate, j)lano-convex, slightly angled on
the back, abruptly short-beaked: styles 3-cleft. — lieichenb. 1. c, t. 313.

Var. digynus, Boeck. Style bilid and the nutlet not at all angled on the back :
stamens 2 and bristles 4. — Linufea, xxxvi. 727. -S". microcarjms, Presl, 1. c. 195;
Gray, Manual, 5G4. S. lenticidaris, Torr. Cyp. 328.

Only the variety has been collected in California, where it is rather frequent, ranging from San
Diego County (Cuiainaca Mountains, Pdlmrr) to British Columbia, and across the continent north-
ward. The typical Eurojican form is collected rarely in New England.

10. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Very similar to the last: panicle more contracted,
the smaller spikelets (li lines long) crowded in denser and larger clusters : scales
narrower and narrowly acuminate : bristles scarcely barbed below the middle : style
3-cleft : mitlet oblong-obovate, more acuminate, slightly angled on the back. — .V.
st/lvaticus, var, atrovirens, Boeck. 1. c.

Plumas County {Mrs. Austin); Oregon (Howell); Colorado, and eastward from the Saskatche-
wan and Indian Territory to New Englaiul.

§ 3. Bristles elonqated, the barbs directed upward: stem leafij, bearing a sessile
head of spikelets subtended by a few involucral scales.

11. S. criniger, Gray. Stems slender, 3 inches to 2 feet high or more, from
densely matted rootstocks, triangular and striate, rough above : leaves flat, rough on
the margins, the radical one elongated but shorter than the stem, the cauline only
an inch or two long, distant, the uppermost usually very near the top : in-volucral
bracts broad and scale-like, acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long : spikelets 5 to 9, oblong, 3
or 4 lines long; scales tliin and .soft, brownish, oblong: lilaments very slender,
much exserted and exceeding the six bristles : style 3-cleft : nutlet oblong, triangu-
lar, acute and shortly beaked, a line long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. vii. 392.

In the Sierra Nevada ; Wood's Peak, above Amador Pass near snow (Brcircr); Plumas County
(.Vrs. Austin) ; Modoc County (iVm S. A. Plummer) — also in the Red Mountains of Mendocino
County, Bolander. The bristles are not naked and silky sus is the case in § Triclwphorum.

3. ERIOPHORUM, Linn. Cotton-Guass.
Bristles usually very numerous, naked, silky, becoming greatly elongated. Other-
wise as Scirpus. — Spikelets single or clustered or umbellate, usually involucrate
Avith erect scale-like bracts, upon a leafy or naked stem ; scales membranaceous,
1 - 3-nerved. Style very slender and elongated, 3-cleft, Nutlet acutely triangular.
Perennials with creeping rootstocks.

220 CYrEUACE.E. Eriop'lwrum.

A small genus, of only 6 or 8 spcii's, peculiar to northern temperate and arctic regions. Nearly
all are common to North America and the OKI World.

1. E. gracile, Koch, Stems very sleuiler, a foot or two high, terete or sliglitly
triangular, willi one or more erect very narrow triangular leaves : involucre of 2 or
3 erect brownish ovate-lanceolate bracts or the lowest somewhat foliaceous : s})ike-
lets 2 to 0, on short tomentose-scabrous slightly noiKling rays (usually a half-inch
long or less), oblong, 3 or \ lines long ; scales ovate, obtuse, slate-colored or brownish :
nutlet linear-oblong, broadest above, 1^ lines long. — Ifeichenb. Icon. FI. Germ, viii,
t. 290.

Swamps near Santa l!(isa, Sonoma County (Biijclow) ; Big Trees {IliUchrand) ; Sierra County
(LeiiDitoii) ; eastward in the northern border States and Canada, and also Europiiaii.

E. poLYsTACiivu.M, Liun., has been collected in marshes near Mount Hood {Hou-dl) and may
enter California. It is a stouter si)ecies, witli mostly Ihit linear leaves and a more conspicuous
involucre; spikelets more numerous and larger, upon longer nodding and usually smooth rays ;
nutlet broader. The most common species eastward and iu Europe, under several forms.

4. HEMICARPHA, Nees.
Distinguished from Scirpus § IsoUpis by a minute liyaline scale at the base of the
flower on tlie side next to the rhachis of the s|)ikelet. llypogynous bristles none.
Stamen 1, anterior to the ovary and more or less lateral. Style 2-cleft. Xutlet
oblong-obovate, nearly terete. — Low or dwarf setaceous annuals, witii flattened
stems, somewhat leafy at base, bearing 1 to 3 small spikelets sessile in an involucrate
cluster.

Besides the following American species there is another found at the Cape of Good Hope and
in the East Indies, and perhaps one or two more. Boeekeler refeis the species all to Scirpus, con-
sidering the hypogynous scale as only a sterile tilanient or staniinodium. Its constant position
next to the axis and its inseition below that of the stamen seem, however, to indicate the })roba-
ble correctness of the view taken by Nees.

1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Stems numerous, tufted, 1 to G inches high,
brown-sheathed at base, with 1 or 2 very short liliform leaves : principal involucral
bract continuous with the stem, often i to 1 inch long, the others much smaller or
none: spikelets 1 to 3, brownish, ovate, 1 to U lines long; scales numerous,
cuneate-obovate, shortly acuminate and slightly spreading at the tip or erect, very
small, little exceeding the obtuse nutlet {\ of a line long). — Fl. IJras. i. Gl, t. 4,
flg. 1. Scirpus snbsqmu-rosHs, i\Iuhl. *S'. micmuthiis, Yahl ; Doeck. in Linn;ea,
xxxvi. 49.

Valley of the S-MvamGnto (Pickering) ; Aiizona. (Ruthrock-) ; New Mexico, and eastward through
the Atlantic States ; also in Mexico and Hrazil. The delicate scale above the ovary varies much
in form, often broadly cuneate-obovate and investing the ovary, somewhat adherent to the nutlet,
truncate or acutely 3-toothed and faintly 3-nerved, or sometimes narrow and 2-cleft nearly to the
base, and sometimes apparently wholly wanting.

2. H. OCCidentalis, Gray. Similar in habit, but the stems only an inch or
two high : spikelets greenish, broadly ovate, with si)reading lanceolate long-acumi-
nate scales nearly a line long and twice longer than the nutlet : hyaline scale trun-
cate or erosely toothed, 2-4-nerved, shorter and not adherent to the nutlet. — Proc.
Amer. Acad. vii. 391.

Yosemite Valley {Balandcr) ; foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Lemmon.

5. ELEOCHARIS, H. Brown. Spikk-Rl-sh.

Flowers perfect, usually many, in a solitary naked spikelet terminating a leafless

stem ; scales closely indiricated all around the rhachis, rarely somewhat distichous

or 3-ranked, only 1 or 2 of the lower scales sometimes empty. Perianth of 3 to 9

(usually G) short retrorsely barbed bristles, rarely none. Stamens mostly 3. Style

Klcodiaris. CYPERACEyE. 221

usually 3-cleft, the conical or flattened tuberculato base persistent and mostly jointed

upon the summit of the turgid-triangular or lenticular nutlet. — Stems tufted, from

matted or creeping rootstocks, terete or angular, tlie base covered witli closely

appressed sheaths. Lower scale of the spikelet sometimes enlarged and bract-like.

A genus of iioarly a huiKhcd species, distributed over tlie tropical and temperate regions of the
glohe, a few even arctic. Twenty species or more are lound in North America. Tiie genus is re-
lerred liy some autliorities to Scirpus, and on tlie other liand is divided into several by Nees and
others. ^

-•.': Spike small and fcn'-Jlouwred, the scales somewhat distichous or only ^-ranked:
style 'S-rleft and nutlet trianyular. Low and slender.

H- Tubercle contracted at its junction with the nutlet.

1. E. acicularis, R. Br. Stems tufted, with fibrous roots and very slender
running rootstocks, usually setaceous, 1 to 8 inches high : spike 3 - 9-flowered, 1 to
3 lines long ; scales ovate-oblong, acutish, ^ to 1 line long, more or less deeply
tinged with brown : bristles 3 or 4, often wanting : nutlet oblong-obovate, obscurely
triangular and faintly ribbed on tlic sides, half a line long; tubercle broad, short
and blunt. — Scirpus acicularis, Linn.; ]{eiclienb. Icon. Fl. Germ, viii, t. 294:,

A common species, on sandy or mud<ly stream-banks, from Santa Harbara {Rothrock) to British
Columbia (A?/''//), and across the continent; also in We.Kico, and in Europe and Asia.

2. E. pygmaea, Torr. Stems an inch or rarely 2 to 4 inches high, flattened
and grooved: spike 2 - 4-flowered, rarely more, greenish, the lowest scales usually
.soujewhat the largest : bristles often wanting : nutlet obovate, acutely triangular,
smooth and shining. — Cyp. 313, and Pacif. \{. Kep. iv. 152.

Near Cocomungo (Bigclow), as referred by Dr. Torrey, tliough tlie specimens are too young for
positive determination. The species is found in brackish marshes in tlie Atlantic States and
westward to New jMexico. Boeckcler refers it to tlie Euroi)eaii Scirpn/i parvulus.

■h- -t- Tubercle continuous with the nutlet and not contracted at base.

3. E. pauciflora. Stems tufted, erect, from slender running rootstocks, 3 to
8 inches high, striate : spike ovate-oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, the dark brown oblong
acute scales nearly 2 lines long : bristles 3 to G, usually eipialling the nutlet : fila-
ments and stigmas long-exserted : nutlet oblong-ol)ovate, obtusely triangular, a line
long excluding the rather stout pyramidal tubercle, which is nearly a third as long
as the nutlet. — Scirj->us paucijlorus, Lightf ; lieichenb. 1. c, t. 299 ; Gray, jNLinual,
560.

Soda Springs, head of Tuolumne Kiver {Ihrnrr) \ Klamath XwWvy {GaJih, k'ronkhitc) ; Wyo-
ming and ("okirado, and in the iiorfliern Atlantic States ; also in iuirope and Asia. Tlie species
lias usually been included under .Sfir/mt, but tliere aiipeais to be no good reas(ui tor separating it
from ElcocharLt, inasmuch as it lias ail of the characters Avhich distinguish that genus from Scir-
2ms. The tubercle is iilentical in character witli that of E. rosfrf/nfns and its allies, and such as
is not found in Scirpus, where the style is slender and never tubercle-like at base.

* * Sjyike terete, many-Jloivered.

-t- Tubercle somewhat contracted at its junction with the nutlet.

++ Style 2-cleft and nutlet lenticular.

4. E. palustris, Jl. Br. Stems usually shnuler, from running rootstocks, terete,
striate, h to 4 (usually 1 or 2) feet high : s])ike oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute, 3
to 12 lines long; scales ovate-oblong or the lowest ovate, obtuse or the upper
acutish, thin, brown with white margin and greenish keel : bristles 4, about eipial-
ling the obovate turgid smooth nutlet, which is a line long including the broad-
deltoiil acutish or acute, rarely acuminate tubercle. — Scirj)us palustris, lieichenb.
1. c, t. 297.

Very common in water or wet grounds and veiy wididy distriluited, being found throughout
the United States and British America, and in most parts of the Old World.

222 CYPERACE.E. KUmhan.'^.

E. OLIVACEA, Torr., with very sIi'IkKt tuftcil sjneading stems 1 to 6 inelies liigli, ovate or
ol)loiij,'-ovate spikes 1 to 3 lines loii^', ami a simiiar nutlet neuilva liaU'-line long Imt sliorter than
the 6 or 8 bristles, has been collerted in Colorado (Grcaic) and "Oregon (//"//), nnd will ])rotinlily
be also found in Northern Califoniia. The Oregon R])C(imen has shorter bristles than the eastern
form, and the tubercle is less sharply contracted at base.

++ ++ Sti/le 3-cli'ft and nutlet tn'aiujulur.

5. E. arenicola, Torr. Stems very slender, silicate, G to 18 incites high, from
rather sleuder running rootstocks, erect or sometimes reclining and rooting at the
extremity : hasal sheaths hrown, hecoming nearly black : spike ovate or usually ob-
long, 2 to 5 lines long, the nuuierous closely imbricated scales ovate and very obtuse,
thin, brown with greenish midvein and pale border : bristles 4 or (5, about etpialliiig
the very obtusely triangular oblong-obovato nutlet, which is nearly ^ of a line long :
tubercle much broader tlian the apex of the nutlet, thick, deltoid, acute. — Tl.
Liudh. 29, and Hot. Mex. Bound. 228. A\ Dwibez/ami, lioeck. in Linn, xxxvi. 4r)0,
as to Drummond's plant.

Frequent in Southern California ; at hot springs near San Bernardino (Wood, W. G. Wriijlit) ;
Santa Barbara ( Roth ruck, \\. 58); I^os Angeles (AVt!/;t) ; '"uianiaca Mountains (/'((//ncr, ii. 380);
also collected by Coulter, n. 7i)9. It is common eastward from New Mexico ( J/ViV//;/, n. 1958,
10J9) to South Carolina and Florida, and is the E. En(]chnnnni of Hall's Te.xan collection (n. 69G),
but not of Steudel, which is a form of E. ohlusn. TJic Mexican E. tniuci/d, Schlecht. (E. vimi-
tana, Benth. PI. Hartw. 27), which Boeckeler also refers to tlie Peruvian E. Domheiinnn, Knnth,
is much like the ])resent species, but lias larger and less crowded scales, and a somewhat larger
and broader nutlet, with longer bristles.

-t- -t- Tubercle continuous vnth the nutlet and not at all constricted at base.

++ Tubercle flattened, broader than long.

6. E, obtusa, Schult. Stems tufted, numerous and erect, from fibrous roots, G
to 15 incites high, nearly terete, striate : spike ovate and obtusish to oblong and
acute, 2 to 5 lines long ; scales very numerous and densely crowded, ovate-oltlong,
obtuse, brown with a paler margin, a line long : style 2-cleft : bristles G or 8, nearly
twice longer than the obovate lenticular shining nutlet, which has somewhat thick-
ened margin.s, the broad summit bearing a broadly deltoiil tubercle. — Oray, Man-
ual, 558.

In the Yoseniite Valley {Bolamlrr); Plumas County {Mrs. Ames) ; Oregon {IIowcU) ; Cascade
Mountains {Lyeill) ; common in the .\tlantic States from Canada to Florida. Referred by Boecke-
ler erroneously to the European E. ovalu. It nuicli resembles the last species, but is at once dis-
tinguished b}' the nutlet.

7. E. Bolanderi, Oray. Stems tufted, from rather thick rootstocks, very slen-
der, 3 to 10 inches high : spike oblong-ovate, acute, 2 or 3 lines long; scales dark
brown, ovate, obtuse, rather few, in 3 or 4 ranks : style 3-cleft : bristles 3 or 4,
unequal, very short, several times shorter than the nutlet, which is olttusely tri-
angular, oblong-obovate and compressed, with a short broadly deltoid tubercle. —
Proc. Amer. Acad. vii. 392.

On stream-banks near Clark's, Mariposa County {Bolnnder), and in the Sierra Nevada near snow,
E. L. Greene.

++ -H- Tubercle pyramidal-subulate, longer titan broad.

8. E. rostellata, Torr. Stems slender, compressed, strongly sulcate, 1 to 2 J
feet high, often rooting and proliferous at the apex : basal sheaths light-colored :
spike oblong, 3 to 5 lines long, rather few-ilowered ; scales light brown or straw-
color, ovate, obtuse, somewhat rigid ami carinate, nearly 2 lines long : style 3-cleft :
bristles G, exceeiling the obovate obtu.sely triangular nutlet, which is \\ lines long
inchuling the stout mirrowly pyramidal tubercle (half as long as the nutlet).

Yar. OCCidentalis. Nutlet narrower, oblong obovate : bristles mostly shorter.
Near Fort Tejon {l,>r. Horn) and in San Bernardino County, Parry k Lcmmon, n. 398. The
typical form belongs to the Atlantic States.

Fimbrishjlis. CYPERACE.E. 223

6. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl.
Flowers perfect, usually numerous, the scales closely imbricated around the rhachis
of the spikes, which are solitary or in clusters usually in a simple or compound in-
volucrate umbel upon a stem leafy at base. Perianth none. Stamens 1 to 3.
Styles 2 - 3-cle('t, often flattened and ciliate, somewhat dilated at base, at length
■wholly deciduous from the nutlet, or the base rarely persistent. Nutlet lenticular
or triangular, usually attenuate at base or sub3ti])itatc.

A jrenus of 150 species or more, ehieny of tropical or subtropical regions, barely a lialf-dozen
occiUTing witliin tlie limits of the United States.

* Spihrs umbellate, soUtanj.

•»- Style 2-cleft, Jlattened and ciliate : nutlet lenticidar : tidjercle soon deciduous.

1. F. thermalis, Watson. Stems from short matted rootstocks, afoot or two
high, flattened and more or less scabrous, striate : leaves 1 or 2 lines broad, flat be-
coming channelled or revolute, nujre or less pubescent, very rough on the margin :
involucres and involucels of several linear-subulate acuminate .scabrous bracts shorter
than the rays (^ to 1 inch long) : spikes 2 to 8 (rarely only the central sessile one),
ovate to linear oblong, 3 to 10 lines long; scales dull brown, pubescent, ovate, ob-
tuse, mucronate : stamens 2 or 3 : nutlet obovate, obscurely striate, g of a line
long. — Jjot. King Exp. 3G0.

Margins of hot springs near Kernville (Ilolhrocl; n. 303) and San Bernardino (IF. G. Wright),
and in Ihiby Valley, Nevada {JFatson) ; first collected by Brewer (n. 2832), at warm springs in
Owen's Valley.

I'lesl (Rel. Hiunk. i. 192) describes another species of this group under the name of F. verru-
cnsfi), the typical form of whicli is doubtless F. rfipliifUn, Vnhl {F. laxn). His variety /9, said
to have l)een collected at Monterey and also credited to Me.vico, with nutlet longitudinally cos-
tate, transversely striate, and tuberculate toward the top, is more uncertain and probably not
from California.

•I- -K- Sti/le 3-cleft, filiform and not ciliate: nutlet acutely triangular.

++ Tubercle soon deciduous: nutlet yramdar-tuberculate.

2. F. miliacea, Vahl. Apparently annual : stems tufted, 4-angled, | to 2 feet
higli, very leafy at base : leaves with broad open sheaths, linoar, very narrowly
attenuate upward : umbel diffusely compound, the involucres and involucels of sev-
eral filiform bracts broad at base : spikelcts subglobose, about a line long ; scales
luimerous, closely imbricated, pale brown, broadly ovate, obtuse : stamen 1 : nutlet
very small, obovoid, wiiitish, Sribbcd and muricate-tuberculate.

A species of tro[)ical Asia and Australia, collected near San Francisco (J. Jl'ood), but doubtless
introduced.

GnssoNiA CVPEROIDES, Presl, 1. c. 183, t. 33, described as from Monterey, California, is re-
ferred to Abibhjiiardia by both Nees and Kunth, and with evident correctness, nor does the
species seem to dill'er nt all from a few-llowereil form o{ A. fuscn, Nees. Mr. Henthnin in the
Flora Australiensis includes Ahildifaixrdia as a section under FimhristrjUx, distinguished by its
flattened distichous spikelets ; otherwise' its characters correspond nearly witii tliose of the piesent
group. Inasmuch as the localities of Haenke's collections aie known to have been much confused
and not to be relied upon as given by Fresl, it is jirobable that his specimens of this species were
not collected in California. Should it be found, however, it may be known by its lanceolate
2-ranked s|)ikelets, with carinate .scales decurrent upon the short joints of the rhachis in the
manner of Cijpcrus § Marixus; stamens 3 ; nutlet densely tuberculate.

++ -H- Tubercle more or less i)crsistent : mdlet faintly wrinkled transversely.

3. F. capillaris. Gray. Annual, tufted, the bristle like stems 2 to 10 inches
high, much e.xceeding the filiform leaves : umbel simple or C()n!i)ound, rarely re-
duced to a single apparently lateral spikelet : involucral bracts short, setaceous :
spikelets oblong-ovate, few-flowered, I to 3 lines long ; scales dark brown with
green midvein, ovate, acutish : stamens 2 : nutlet broadly obovate and rather acutely

224 CYrEllACE.K. FimbristijlU.

triangular, ^ of a line long, usually bearing the small deltoid tubercle. — ^lanual,
5G7 ; Bentli. I'l. Austr. vii. 322. Ki'cirjjus capillar is, Linn. ; l>oeck. Linniea,
xxxvi. 75'J.

In the Yosemite Viilley {Bolandcr) ; Oregon (//((//) ; Xxuow.x {Roth ruck) ; coniinon castwanl, as
well as in most tropical and subtroiiical regions.

* * Sj)ikes clustered: style 2-cleft, slender : nutlet lenticular, tvithout tubercle.

4. F. apus. Annual, cespitose, dwarf, antl nearly acuulescent : leaves and in-
volucral bracts' an inch or two long, light green, liat-liliforni, roughish, with whitish
dilated bases: s[)ikelets in nearly sessile clusters, lanceolate, 2 lines long; scales
lanceolate, acuminate, jjale and thin with a strong niidvein : stamen 1 : nutlet obo-
vate, nearly white, very faintly tuberculate. — Scirpus apus, (Jray, Proc. Amer.
Acad. X. 78.

Sliores of Clear Lake, Bolandcr.

F. JUNClKou.Mis, Kunth (/''. brcvifoUa, Presl, Rul. Ilienk. i. 192, ehangeil to F. bmclii/plii/lln,
1. c. 351 ; /•'. Ihcakci, Dictr.), is an East Indian speeies with small elustereJ sjnkes in an ojun
nmbel, and a very small triangular tuherenlate nutlet ; though reported as from Jlonteii) in
Haenke's collection it is probably not Calilornian.

7. CLADIUM, I', r.rowne. Saw-Okass.
Spikelets small, usually clustered, in terminal and lateral mostly compound
corymbs, panicles or cymes, of about 5 closely imbricated brown scales, the lower
empty, the terminal one fertile, and the one or two below it staminate. Perianth
none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2 - 3-cleft, somewhat thickenetl at base continuous
Avith the ovary. Nutlet ovate or (djlong-ovate, smooth, acute with the scarcely dis-
tinguishable persistent base of the style. — Perennials with stout rhizomes, the typi-
cal species with tall stout stems leafy throughout with elongated channelled leaves.

The genus proper is limited to three species, one belonging to Europe, Asia and Australia, to
which the Caliloinian form is referred, and two to the Atlantic Slates and the West Indies,
though one of these (C. c[f'itsuiii or oa-idratiilc) is al.-,o placed in (.'. Mmiscas by H.<cck(!er. To
these is added an Old World ((ddelly Austialian) group of If) or 2l) species, less Icaly or lealless,
and with the nutlet usually more triangular.

1. C. Mariscus, P. P>r. Stems numerous, in dense tussocks, very stout : loaves
equalling the htem, a half-inch broad or more, strongly ribbed, channelled above,
very sharply and rigidly .serrate on the edges and keel : lateral i)anicles usually G or
8, from the axils of short sheathing channelled triangular-tii)i)ed leaves : sinkelets
light brown, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, narrowly oblong, 2 or 3 lines long;
scales ovate to lanceolate, usually very obtuse : .stamens 2 : upper llower perfect, the
next lower oidy staminate : nutlet brown, ovate, attenuate upward, U to 2 lines
long, with a truncate circidar somewhat cup-shaped base.- — Peichenb. Icon. Fl,
Germ, viii, t. 287 ; Penth. PI. Austr. vii. 402.

Var. Californicum. Stems G to 8 fret liigh, with diirusc; dn.oping i.anicles :
lower scal(!s ovate and acutish or acute, the; up[)cr lancccdali; and acute or at iinn-
nate. — C. effnsum, Watson, Cat. PI. Wheeler, 18.

The variety has been collected in a swamp near San Gabriel (Brnrcr) and in Southern Nevada,
Ulirchr. Prof. I5rewer describes the .stems as nearly an inch in diameter at base, and the hum-
mocks which it forms as 4 or .'') feet higli and U to '1 feet thick. It much resembles tlie larger
tlowcred and fruitcil European form, but has r.'markably acute and ratlicr strongly nerved scales.

8. CAREX, Linn. Skdce. (P.y Wii.i.ia.m Boott, Esq.)
Flowers diclinous. Spikelets monrjecious or aiulrogynous or rarely dia>cious, several-
flowered, the male .simple, the female sometimes compound ; scales equally imbri-
cated around the axis, 1-ilowered. Stamens 2 or 3. Perigyuium a more or less

Car ex.

CVl'ERACEyE.

225

inflated sac enclosing the ovary, with rarely an liypogynous bristle (racheohi) between
them. Style 1 : stigmas 2 or 3. Nntlet lenticular, plano-convex, or triangular.
— Perennial herbs, with triangular stems, more or less scabrous on the angles,
rarely smooth. Spikelets terminal and solitary or with additional ones borne in the
axils of leafy or scale-like often sheathing bracts. Leaves grass-like, commonly rough
on the margins and keel.

The largest genus of the order, incliuling iicmiy 700 species, ubuiiilnut in tlio ti'mjicrate nnd
cooler regions ol l)otb lienusi.heres nn.l oeeiuiing more siKuingly in mountainous districts witliiii
tlic tropics. About 180 species arc lound in tiie Atlantic States (many ol' tlieni also of the. Old
World), and the lloiii of the interior region adds some others. The following key embraces only
such as have been detected within the limits of California. The genus is a very intricate cue and
the determination of species often diliicult or even impossii)le in the case of imperfect or imma-
ture specimens. In collecting, care shouM be taken to secure mature fruit if possible, a.s well us
rootstocks and foliage.

♦ Spike solitary and simple, terminal, androgynous, male at top : stigmas 3.
Bracts scale-like, colored.

I'erigynium spindle-shaped, rcllexed : stigmas rarely 2.
Perigyiiium obovoid, hairy at top : scales very broad : le

form.

leaves fili-

Perigynium a large much inflated sac.

Biacts foliaceous, green.
Spike linear : perigyiiium triangular-ellipsoidal, closely applied to
the rhachis, 1-iierved on two of its sides.

» • Spike composed of sessile androgynous or rarely dioecious spike-
lets : stigmas 2.

Spikes diuicious, or the spikelets androgynous with the male and
female llowers irregularly situated.
Perigynium narrowly lanceolate, sjtongy at base.
"NViile creeping : perigyiiium ovate-lanceolate, abruptly long-beaked.
Extensively creeping : spikelets numerous : perigynium ovate, less

tapering, the margins not united to the top.
Some of the spikes occasionally wholly female : perigynium ovate,

stipitate, concealed by the scale, at length nearly black.
Nearly dioecious : perigynium coriaceous, chestnut-colored, shining,
ovate with short minute beak, gibbous on the outer sides.
Dioecious : spikelets crowded, large : bracts and scales largo.
Spikelets amlrogynous, aggregated at the top of the stem.
Sjiikelets male at top.

Spikelets ovate, 8 to 10, light chestnut : perigynium ovate, sharply

bidentate.
Spike ca[pitate, roundish, of many crowded dark chestnut spike-
lets : i)erigyniuni ovate or elliptical, bidentate, stipitate.
Spike oblong or cylindrical, of 4 to 10 spherical spikelets, shorter

than the awned bracts.
Spike elongated, of very many small spikelets or clusters of spike-
lets, shorter than the setaceous bracts.
Spikelets ferruginous, oblong, crowded, sessile : perigynium ovate
or deltoid, coriaceous, spongy at base.
Spikelets male at bottom.

Si)ikelet3 usually 3 : perigynium oval and gradually or obovate
and abruptly short-beaked, nerved, coriaceous; margins

1. C. Pykenaica.

('. KII.IKOLIA.
C. BuiiWEUl.

4. C. Geyi£ri

5.

c.

nilOMOIDES.

G.

c.

S ICC ATA.

7.

c.

DisriciiA.

8.

c.

MARCIDA.

9.

c.

Oayana.

10.

c.

DoLTGLASlI.

11. C. Iloonii.

12. C. FiKTIDA.

13. C. MUlilCATA.

14. C. GI.O.MICIIATA.

C. PANICULATA.

obtuse or slightly serrate above. 16. C. lagopina.

Leaves and often the Kliform bracts far exceeding the stem :
s[)ikelets 3 to 6, lance-ovate : perigynium membranous,
gradually beaked, shar])ly maigined, serrate, nerveless. 17. C. I'llVLLO.MANlCA.

Spikelets 3 to 6, dark brown : perigynium attenuate-lanceolate;
margins not winged, smooth or rarely scabrous.

Spikelets 6 to 12 or more, crowded in a round or oblong ferru-
ginous head: perigynium ovate or elliptical, beaked, sei
rate on the winged margins, divergent.

Sjiikc oblong, tawny, of 4 to (i small contiguous spikelets : peri-
gynium ovate, abruptly short-beaked, very convex outside,
strongly nerved, serrate on the nariow wings, spreading. 20. C. suiikI'sca.

18. C. BoNri.ANnii.

IS). V. FliSTIVA.

22. C. STRAMIN'EA..

24. C. TENEI.LA.
25. C. CAN ESC ENS.

2G. C. Deweyana.

Carex.
CYPERACE.E.

'i2G

1 1 of 5 to 20 M.ikekts : bracts expanded
'^'^SZ:S^^^ Se ste.u : Fngyuium ovate-lauceo- ^^^ ^ ^,„,osTAcnVA.
late,%.oi.gy°at base. ^u\..d<.bose, of 3 to 8 vatber

Spikolcts dibtuict.

ovate nuicrouate s^^^^^-. g^^. perigynium oblong, bicon

aceous, longer than the scale.
Snikelets male at bottom. . pcigynium ovate, abruptly

'^^-'i;^ni:^::i:^=^ SnfflJ'a^s.a.e. .0--, ;

eiiualling the scale. ovate-lanceolate from a round

^p^^^^"n;^t^^;o;:i;ES'^-S^'i"^"-^^^^ '^^'" ^s. c. echnata.

SpiUelS^ll^^l^^eJli^soidaMt^ 29. C. au.oa.

^P^^'laJceolate, aevuninate rostnUe tvuc. a^s^l^^^o^^. ^,^,^^.^^^^^^,

"i'^^'^S^.rMiSynS^-^^^^ 30. C. «corAUiA.

tnvte, l''"^^''' ^^f ' .''\?iUnsoidal. obovoid, crowded or con-
^^^"^'IHris'^l-'iS- :iui.tic.d. gradually beaked, longer ^^_ ^ ,,,,,,,,,,..

spike ±.j"-tl0.m...m^^^^^ C. cs-rA-rA.

^ perigyuium ovate, xMUgul to uiL •i.,.i^ts, the lower

r....: — ^;i„n not araiiulai, niMi- '> , ,.. ...i^,,, .u'lveless. '^"- ^

Perigynium not gr'i""';"\"!-'''''t,-a,'I!rul!u- below,' nerveless.

Pevii^'uimnconunyssedabo . tu.m ,,.,ves and 2 sho.. „^,.,,,oNEUUA.

Perigynium »*^>-^,f^:;f;:;i ,^^ ,,,, the base of the beak. '•

uerves diveiging null ,tKr ^iiifle • the rest

_ . . Spikelets unisexual; the upper male, mostly SU..1C,

female or sparingly androgynous.
'^SSy^aum beakless. globose or pear-shaped, coriaceous. st,on„ y ^^_ ^ ^^,^^^^
nerved.
PerigY"bmi short-beaked perigynium ovate, tapenng

nutletabruptlyprolongedut't^ c u^^ aLnj.tly beak.., ^...^^..s.

Perigyniuni vouiul-obovate o ov.a u^^^^^^.^ .tlgn.as 2 or : . 40. C. vu.x.A.

,,ilice entire or c.;^'>;>^- .^, ,,,i,^,,, «tipUate, l^ap.l- ^,_^^^^_

Perigynium "V'il.'"''t^''''^Xll -iduous : nutlet globose. -J^- ^-

«"^ ts:.,'^;t;.s.! S"'Ki:°i-."'-"»'f-u„,, ..... O....C.

Carex.

CYPERACE.K.

22'

46.

47.

C. ANGUSTATA.
C. «r,NTA.

C. LENTICULAUIS.
C. SAUNA.

48. C. SiTCHENSIS.

49. C. Jamesii.

50. C. laciniata.

51. C. PllESCOTTIANA.

entire : lower bracts exceeding tlie stem : alientlis not
lil.ioiis-reticulate. 4,^. (\ aquatilis.

Male s|>ilvcletM 1 to 3, the fciiinle 1 to 4, coninioiily ninlo nt top:
bracts scliloni exceeding tiie stem : lower sheaths conspic-
nonsly lihrous-reticulate : jierigyniiini nerveless or 1-4-
iierved, broader than the scale.

Lower sheaths scabrous, fibrous-reticulate : male spikelets 1 or
2 ; female 2 : bracts shorter than tlic stem : perigynium
ovate, toothed on the margins : npjter scales mncronate.

Male9]»ik(dets 1 or 2, often femaleattnp : i>erigyiiium pale, broad-
ly oval, ending in a short cylindrical entiie beak, iiiconvcx,
stipitate, nerved : bracts longer than the stem : scales
1 -3-nerve(l : slieaths entire.

Stem 2A to 5 inches high : bracts exceeding the stem, sheathed :
perigynium oval, nerved, the orifice entire : scales clasping,
liroadly oval, obtuse or the female awned, 3-nerved.

Stem 1 to 4^ feet liigh, stout: lower sheatiis fibrous-reticulate:
male sjjikclets 1 to 4 ; female 3 to 5, 1 to 4 inches long :
perigynium purple, orbicular-obovoid, turgid, stipitate, co-
riaceous, nerveless : bracts far exceeding the stem.

Male spikelets 1 to 4 ; female 3 or 4 : perigynium oval or obovate,
abruptly ending in a bidentate beak with serrate teeth,
biconvex above, strongly nerved, resinously dotted : scales
acute or cuspidate : bracts about the length of the stem.

Male spikelets 1 or 2 ; female 3 or 4, remote : perigynium oval or
obovate, lenticular-compressed, sparingly toothed on the
upper margins, nearly entire or bidentate with serrate
teeth, punctate, more or less nerved : scales ciliate, acute
or awned : bracts far exeeeiling the stem.

Spikes long-cylindrical ; male 1 or 2 ; female 4 to 8 : perigynium
ovate, rostellate, emarginate, nerved: scales purple, broadly
ovate, emarginate, 3-nerved, cuspidate : bracts much longer
than the stem.
Stigmas 3.

I'erigynium beakless or short-beaked, the orifice entire or emarginate
or bidentate.

Perigyniujn smooth.

Stem obtusely angled : sjiikes oblong ; male 1 ; female 1 or 2,
rarely 3 : perigynium ovoid, obtusely angled, ending in a
short straight point, nerved, granular. 52. C. livida.

Stem sharply angled : leaves and bracts broad : spikes cylin-
drical, 4 or 5 ; male 1 ; female loosely flowered : perigyn-
ium ellipsoidal, many-nerved, acute at each end, erect or
bent at the apex, the orifice hyaline and entire. 53. C. laxiflora.

Spikes 3 to 6, ellipsoidal or club-shaped ; male 1, rarely 2 ; the
lower female pednn(de(l, pendulous : perigynium oval or
ovate, abruptly rostellate with entire or liidentate beak,
obscurely nerved. 54. C. roDOCAlirA.

Spikes 3 to 6, oblong or obovoid ; male 1 : pcrig}Tiium yellow-
ish, obovoid, ventricose, abruptly rostellate with purj)le
emarginate beak, nerved, divergent. 55. C. Raynoldsu.

Spikes 3 or 4, oblong or club-shaped : perigynium elliptical, ros-
trate, bidentate, the spreading teeth serrate-toothed. 56. C. sekuatodens.

Perigynium jnibescent.

Spikes 2 to_4 ; male 1 : perigynium obovoid, abruptly rostellate,
the orifice entire, nerveless : bracts i)urple, leafless, subu-
late : scales ciliate. 57. C. Ivichakosoni,
Spikes 4 to 6 ; the male 1; the lower female subradical : jieri-
gynium globose, tajwring to the base, coriaceous, abruptly
rostrate, nerved, bidentate : scales 1 - 3-nerved. 58. C. globosa.
Spikes 3 or 4, loosely few-flowered ; male 1 ; lower female sub-
radical : perigynium coriaceous, hispid, triangular-subglo-
bose, tapering to the obscurely striate base, the beak
straight or bent, bidentate : scales clasping, 1 -3-nerved. 59. C. nuEVllTS.
Hairy: spikes 2 to 4 ; male 1, often female at top; female
cylindrical, loosely flowered, the lower remote on long
erect peduncles : perigynium triangular-ellipsoidal, acute
nt base, abruptly rostrate, beak bidentate. GO. C. imnis-siMA.

CYPKU.U'K.K.

„U„.,g-c>lin,l,ical;tl.e.,
;.la\.roM, ovoid or loliceo"
fte orifice el't'ro «'»' ''>'',.

tellate, the ohlupie onfice 1} ■ Ijne ^ .

ireaV."S^:oit:Afo;...-c«^

■-■'^•'\°tS5'S.n;'or'Sfi^

^'•'^''r,:a'Vis^v:.'it:rii;,lV'--''"''''*^^^

!S'x Hl^»;-e^<-»i^^,5;s^ll:i'=>:
ii.uic o.itice eutiic : scaks 1 -3■nt>^ul.

CC. C. SAurwia.i.iAN-^-

Beak Ijiileutate.

rerigvmum smooth. ^i„,,.u.r ■ the iiuilcl : lu'vigynunu

of the sharp teeth emau. ^ peri-yni""' ellirsoi-

teeth cUiate. ^ ^ ,,cii<ryniuiu ohloi.g or

leaves 1 liii'' ^'>""^^-
rerigynium hirsute. neriKynimii coriaocous hisi-ia,

«'*l,'oU™.l'r»»Sle-. '...r!u.tf;.i.o..U,,U», «..1. a.v.r. ^^ ^ ^,_,^„,,,„„

\ase, hirsute at top. ^^j^jjl^jya Jolcept n. 78), hieusi-idate.

;;3s^»^vfr'.ri.,.i,..o.oi„or.o„i.,,„„^^^,„,„..

asceiuliug, uiauy-uerve. perigvniuur ellilisoi.hil or

L'lobose-OVOm, Olieu avj. ....■"■-

^t base : leaves -•-l''-'-^ ^ i',', ^'"^^vigyniuu. suhtuvKi-l,
spike 1 ; feuKile 3 to 5, ^^'^i;\''°,Ji,a, attenuate to a U.U5i

b^'S^^ui: WIC'JI^'S'- '- •"-■«•- ^ ,S. r. r.. vrr,„.».

seuh-s hispiaiy awued. ,.„;,,„/,. »/ ^v> -• sti'jinas 3.

§ 1, S„7.-e .Mar,,, ten.u.,..l, an,r..,:,»"''^, «"«"""■ "' "
. Bmds cohreJ, sade-Uke.

, 1 i_ ,,.a<>.l:iiiPi'()liltt! "I nini'ii„ii

feiualo davkcv, ovatc-luuceulat

Varcx. CYI'ERACE.K. 229

cuspidate or subfoliaceous : perigynium mcmbranons, lanceolate or spindle-shaped,
gradually attenuate to an acute obli(piely cut subentiie hyaline-margined orihce,
compressed triangular or biconvex, nerveless or rarely 2 - 3-nerved on the outer
side at base, long-stipitate, shining, reflexed at maturity, rather longer than the
scale : style enlarged at base ; stigmas rarely 2 : nutlet oblong, lenticular or un-
equally 3-sided, stipitate. — Meyer, Cyp. Nov. 212, t. 7 ; lleichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ.
viii, t. 198; Boott, III Car. iv. 148, t. 475, 476.

Oil Mount Sliastn, nt 8, -100 fcot nltitiidn {Brnrrr, ii. 1.179) ; in the. nioiintain.s IVoin Colorado
and Northorn (Jtiili to Alaska, as also in Asia, Europe and New Zealand.

2. C. filifolia, Nutt. Cespitose : stems G to 10 inches high, obtusely angled,
leafy at ba'se and there enclosetl with bundles of sterile leaves in long chestnut-
colored sheaths that break up into reticulate fibres : leaves rigid, liliform, involute,
at first equalling and finally shorter than the stem : spikes narrowly oblong, fer-
ruginous fading to chestnut, naked : perigynium triangular-obovoid, pale below,
ferruginous and sparsely hairy above, nerveless or obscurely nerved at base, rostel-
latc, with entire wliite-hyaline orilice, nearly etjuallingtlie suborbicular clasping hya-
line-margined scale : stigmas elongated : nutlet triangular-obovoid, tipped with the
enlarged base of the style, chestnut-colored, longer thaji the linear white-tii)ped
racheola. — JJoott, 1. c, i. 13, t. 37.

In the Sierra Nevada, at Soda Springs on the Tuolumne Kiver, at 8,700 feet altitude, and in
the Mono and F.l)bett Passes, at 11,000 feet {IhciLrr, n. 1(597, 17.'53, 2029), in the Calaveras
(iiovc (Bohnuhr, n. 2318) and in Siena County {Loinnoii) ; also on tlie dry plains and moun-
tains from Colorado to the Saskatchewan and Upper Columbia.

3. C. Breweri, Boott. Iiootstock creeping, stoloniferous : stem 5 to 18 inches
high, obtusely angled, smooth, leafy at base : leaves ligid, filiform, the cauline
shorter than the stem : spike of a dark fulvous or chestnut color, oval or ovate, 6 to
12 lines long by G lines thick, naked; male flowers few: perigynium oval, much
inflated an<l very thin, delicately nerved, Avith a very short obliquely cut entire beak,
Avhitish at the orifice, longer and broader than the lanceolate obtuse hyaline-margined
scale: nutlet oblong-obovoid, triangular, shorter than the filiform racheola. — 111.
Car. iv. 142, t. 455.

In the Sierra Nevada, in dry soil, from Mount Shasta, at 9,000 feet altitude {Brcvcr, n. 1391,
1392 ; Hooker k Gray), and Lassen's Teak at 10,000 feet (Brewer, n. 2176), to Mount Dana and
Mount Brewer {Brewer, n. 1863, 2839); Oregon, Hall, n. 570.

C. POLYTRiciioiDEs, Muhl., growing on the Rocky ftfountains and from Cumberland House to
Florida, will probably be found in Califoinia. Stem filiform, 12 to 18 inches high: spike greon,
oblong-linear, few-llowered : perigynium oblong, conqiressed-triangular, obtuse with entire orilice,
apprcssed, striate-nerved, much longer than the white ovate acute or cuspidate scale : uutlct tri-
angular, oblong-obovoi<l : stigmas 3 or 2.

* * Bracts and lower scales green and leaf-like.

4. C. Geyeri, Boott. Kootstock creeping : stem slemler, stiff, i to 2 feet high,
leafy at base : leaves rigid, ^ to 1 line broad, carinate, scabrous on the margin and
keel : spikes pale green, linear, 10 to 15 lines long, the male portion 5 to 10 lines
long ; female flowers 1 to G, alternate, apprcssed to the rhachis ; scales whitish be-
coming ferruginous, green in the middle, ciliate, in the male flowers oblong and
obtuse, the female clasping and cuspidate, the lower foliaceous and equalling the
stem: perigynium triangular-ellipsoidal, tapering 'to the base, with a very short en-
tire beak and hyaline ciliate orifice, membranous, smooth, 1 -nerved on the middle
of two sides, shorter than the scale : stylo enlarged at base, deciduous : initlet
conformed to and closel}'^ invested by the perigynium, chestnut-colored. — Linn.
Trans, xx. 118, and 111. Car. i. 42, t. 105 ; Kunze, Car. 186, t. 47.

In the Coast Ranges between Santa Rosa and Ukiah (Bnlandrr, n. 3906\ and frequent in the
Sierra Nevada from the Yosemife Valley {Torrri/, n. .'ill) to I'lumas County (Mrx. Ainrx) ; also
in the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Norlhein Idaho (Gci/cr), and in the Wahsatch near
Salt Lake City.

230

CYrERACE.E. ' Carex.

§ 2. Spikes composed of sessUe aiuh'ofjijnoas spikckts, rarehj diwcious : stlfjmas2.

* Spikes dioecious, or the spihelets androgynous with the nude and female Jlowers
irretjularlij situated.

5. C. bromoides, Schk. Stems densely tuftetl, 1 to 2| feet high, very slender,
often decumbent, sliaqjly angled, scabrous : leaves tlat, grass-like, 1 to U lines broad,
shorter than the stems : bracts scale-like, the lowest clasping, setaceous, sometimes
longer than their spikelets : spikes pale, becoming ferruginous, linear or narrowly
oblong, -an inch or two long, of from 4 to 8 elli})soidal loosely-Howered spikelets, con-
tiguous or the lowest somewhat remote, male or female or androgynous (male at top
or at bottom), 3 to 7 lines long by 2 lines thick, the terminal one the largest ;
scales membranous, hyaline, white with green midnerves, becoming ferruginous,
ovate-lanceolate, acute or cuspidate : perigynium membranous, linear-lanceolate, at-
tenuate to a long obli(iuely cut entire or biileiitate beak, spongy at base, plano-con-
vex, scabrous on the sharp margins, nerved, with a long hssure on the outer side,
longer than and as broad as the scale : nutlet closely invested by the perigynium,
oblong-ovate, obtuse, narrowed at base, lenticular, chestnut-colored, shining : style
enlarged at base, deciduous. — Car. tig. 176 ; lioott, 1. c. ii. 82, t. 227.

In the Calaveras (Jrove (Bohnidcr, n. 2315) ; in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, atitl last-
waril IVom Hritish AiultIcii to Florida.

6. C. Siccata, Dewey. IJootstock crcej)ing extensively, clotlied with short lance-
olate scales and l)eaiing slender sharply angled stems J, to 2 inches apart and i to 2
feet high ; leaves rather rigid, i to 2 lines broad : bracts scale-like, the lowest
roughly cuspidate, mostly shorter than the spikelt;ts : spikes oblong, f to 2 inches
long by 2 to 4 lines thick, ferruginous, of fn)m 4 to 12 ovoid alternate simple spike-
lets 2 to 8 lines long by 1 to 4 thick, crowded or the lower subremote, the ter-
minal female or female at base and the intermediate ones male, or the male and female
flowers variously mingled; scales membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, ferruginous,
with broad hyaline n)argins : iierigynium membranous, oval or ovate, acuminate to a
long sharply bidentate beak, hssured on the outer side, unequally serrate on the
winged margins, plano-convex, nerved, about ecjualling the scale : nutlet oblong,
plano-convex, dark chestnut, shining. — Am. Journ. Sci. x. 278; Loott, 1. c, i. ID,
t. 52, 14G. C. pallida, ]\leyer, Cyp. Nov. 215, t. 8.

In dry soil, in the Sacramento Valley (Ilarltccij, n. 2023) and near Mark West Creek (Hk/clow),
and in the Sierra Nevada northward to the Columbia Itiver, in the llocky Mountains iVoiu Hiitish
Anieiica to Colorado, and in the northern Atlantic Statea ; also in northeastern Asia.

7. C. disticha, Hudson. Rootstock creeping, clothed with lanceolate brown
scales: stems 1 to 3 J feet high, scabrous above on the sharp angles : leaves a line or
two broad, mostly shorter than the stem : ])racts cuspidate fmm a lanceolate base,
the lower prolonged beyond their spikelets, the lowest sometimes e(iualling the stem :
spike ferruginous, 1 to 3 inches long by 3 to 8 lines thick, oblong, lanceolate or
linear, obtuse, of numerous ellijjsoidal or ovoid or sul)s})herical spikelets, contiguous
or the lower distinct; arrangement of the llowers Vfuy variable, the upper and mid-
dle spikelets being frecjuently almost wholly staminate and the lower jtrinciiJully
or entirely female, or rarely all entirely fen)ale or male at to[) ; scales lerruginous
with hyaiine margins, nuMubranous, ovate, acute : iierigynium ovate or oval, grad-
tially tapering to ii ruther short ()bli(|uely cut entire (at ](;nglli bidenticulate) beak,
long-lissured on the outer side, sti|)itate, plano-convex, nerved, punctate, serrate above
on the sharp or narrowly winged margins, about equalling the scale : nutlet loosely
invested by the perigynium, ovate or orbicular, lenticular, chestnut-colored, shining.
— Boott, 111. iii. 125, t. 410. C. intermedia, Good.; lieichenb. 1. c, t. 210.
C. Sartwellil, Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. xliii. 90.

Collected hy Bvhnulcr, but locality uncertain, and near Carson City (Stretch, Watsmi) ■ from
the Saskatchewan to the northern Atlantic Slates, and in the llocky Mountains southward to
Colorado and Utah ; also through Eurojie and northern Abia.

^"'■^■^- CYI»ERACE.E. 231

W.' l^.i "'^^^f*^^,^^'^"^ • Stem 1 to 21 feet l.igl,, sleiulor, scal.rous : leaves a line
broa 1, shorter tl.an the stem : spike 8 to 15 lines lon<s 3 to 5 lines thick, sometimes
nearly dia^cious, of a dull brown color, composed of n.any ovate crowded or con-
tij^uous closely imbricated sp.kelets 2 or 3 lines lon<( and a line thick, the upper
simple, the ower compound : bracts clasping, scale-like, setaceously pointe.l, the
lowest exceeding its sj.ikelet : perigynium nearly black at maturity, orbicular w th a
short, orovato with a longer bidentate beak, stipitate, plano-convex or the sharp
margins incurve.l nerved serrate above, equalling the ovate acute or cuspidate hya-
l.ne^margmed scale : nutlet ferruginous, oval, lenticular, produced at base. - Hook.
±1. Eor.-Am. ii. 212, t. 213, and 111. i. IG, t. 45.

Fion, Oregon a.,.1 tl.e Saskatcliewan to Soutlieni Califon.in, Utali and New Jfexico • on tl>P

9. C. Gayana, pesv Rootstock creeping: stem 1 or 2 feet high, scabrous :
eaves a bne or^two broad, shorter than the stem : spike dark chestnut, 8 tolO lines
Jong and 4 to , tluck, oblong or ovoid, cai)itatc, dioecious or very nearly so, naked
or with 1 or 2 setaceous bra<;ts shorter than the stem, of numerous crowded spike-
Jets J to 4 lines long, the lower compound; scales mend.ranous, chestnut-colored
with hyaline margins, ovate, acuminate, cariuate, cuspidate : j.crigynium chestnut-
colore<l and shining, thick and spongy, broadly ovate or triangular in outline, very
convex or gibbous below on the outer sides, flat on the inner, long-li.ssuied on the out-
side, lew-nerved at the somewhat cordate stipitate base, serrate above on the sli^rhtly
winged margins, ending in a very short minute conical beak with a nearly e'^itire
Avhitish orifice shorter than the scale : nutlet dark cliestnut, orbicular, produced at
base. — Gay, II Chil. vi. 205, t. 73, fig. 3; ]]oott. 111. iii. 120, t. 411.
T^nnTr I?'' <^'''"'''").: in tl.e IJocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, also in Chili

10. C. Douglasii, Boott. Rootstock creeping : stem about a foot high, obtusely
angled, smooth : leaves 1 or 2 lines broad, tapering to an extremely slen<ler trianou-
Jar summit : bmcts scale-like, clasi-ing, cuspidate or the lowest prolonged beyond tlio
stem : spikes dia-cious or nearly so, oblong, pale or chestnut-colored or ferruginous
an inch or two long and G to 9 lines thick, of many ellipsoidal or ovoid crowded
spiJjelets, the upper simple, the lower compound and sometimes branchincr, often
Jia f an inch long : perigynium ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate to a slender
oblupioly cut entire (at length bidentate) beak, stipitate, nerved, very convex on tho
outer sule, tho obtuse margins incurved, serrate above, sliorter than the ample mem-
branous oblong or lanceolate acute or cuspidate hyaline-margined scale- nutlet
chestnut-cQlored, suborbicular : stigmas very long. — Hook. FI. I3or.-Ain ii 213
t. 214. C. Nntlallii, Dewey, 1. c. Ixiii. 92, t. 2, fig. 97. ' '

Var brunnea, Olney. Taller, 10 to 22 incl'iesliigh": leaves equalling or loncrer
than the stem, which very rarely bears a second spike on a long (10 inches) filiform
subradical j.edunclo : lower bracts long-awned : spikelets fewer, tho lowest distinct :
scales chestnut-brown, — Bot. King Exp. 3G0.

Frequent from Washington Territory and the Rocky Mountains of British America to New
Mexico and Northern Mexico ; in the Yosen.ite Valley (Boh.mlcr, n. 6199^ and in Mono Valley
Jirewer n. 1813 riie variety near Auburn and Sacramento Vity {Bolander, n. 4503, 4549, 4550),
and in Washoe Valley, Nevada, Stretch, JVcUson. . . ;,

* * Spikelets androffi/nons, aggregated at the top of the stein.

•»- Spi/celets male at the top.

11. C. Hoodii, Boott. Stems very slender, sharply angled, scabrous: leaves

1 to Ii lines broad, tho upper the longest, e(]ualling or exceeding the stem : bracts

scaledike, ovate or the lowest setaceous, shorter than'thc stem : spike ferruginous, of

0O9 CYl'EKACE.E. Carcx.

9 or 10 or more ovate spikelets closely aggregated in an cllipsuiJal or ovate head S
to 10 lines long and 5 or (1 thick ; scales nienil)ranous, ferruginous with green niid-
nerves and hyaline luargins, ovate, acute or nuicronate, striate : iierigyniuiu ovate,
Leaked, sharply hidentate, lissured on the outer side, niend)ranous, smooth, nerved,
serrate 'on the sharp margins, longer than and as broad as the scale ; nutlet chestnut-
colored, orbicular, proiluced at base, lenticular : style enlarged at base. — Hook. Fl.
Eor.-Ara. ii. 211, t. 'Jll, and 111. i. 17, t. 40.

In the Sierra Nevada from the Yosomite Valley {Bolandcr, n. 6215, G218) to Oref;ou ; at Soda
Springs on the Tuolumne at 9,000 feet altitude {Bmtcr, n. 17U-2, 177-2) and in Sierra Valley
(Leininon) ; found also in Kaintschatka.

'12. C. foetida, All. Eootstock stout, cree])ing : stem 3 to 18 inches high,
sharply angled, rough above, leafy toward the base : leaves a line or two broail,
spreading, tapering to a very sleiuler triangular summit : bracts scaledike, cuspidate,
shorter than the stem : spike dark brown, ovoid or subglobose, f) to 7 lines long and
4 to 6 thick, of many densely crowded si)ikelet3 : perigynium membranous, elliptical
or ovate, attenuate to a hidentate beak, plano-convex, stipitate, rough above on the
sharp margins, slenderly nerved at base, longer than tlie ovate lanceolate acute or
mucronate ferruginous pale-margined scale: nutlet (ddong or obovatc, lenticular,
tipped with the enlarged base of the style, nearly black at maturity. — Schkulir,
Car. lig. 00 ; Ueichenb. 1. c, t. 109.

In the Sierra Nevada, at El.hctt's Pass near snow (Urnrcr, n. 20ti(;) an.l in the Calaveras
Grove {Bolandcr, n. '2304), and in the Cuiainaea iMonntams {I'almcr, n. 389) ; hi the mountains ot
Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, and in the Alps and I'yrenees of Europe.

13. C. muricata, Linn., var. gracilis, Boott. Tootstock creeping, clothed with
imbricated sln^ngly nerved purple scales : stem very slemler, 'I to 2 feet high,
sharply angled, scabrous : leaves shorter than the stem, a line broad, tapering to a
very slender setaceous summit : bracts ovate, awned, commonly exceeding the spike-
lets, the lowest setaceous and often an inch or two long : spike chestnut-colored,
f to U inches long, oblong or cylindrical, of from 4 to 10 ovate crowded or ai^proxi-
mate spikelets ; male ilowcrs fJw ; scales ovate or lanceolate, very acute or muciu-
iiate, chestnut-coh)red with green midnerve and hyaline margins : i)erigynium oval,
acute at base, rather abruptly acuminate to a sharply hidentate beak, convex on the
outer side, serrate above on the sharp incurved margins, nerved or nerveless, shorter
than the scale : nutlet oval or obovate, slightly narrowed to the base, lenticular.
— 111. iv. 193. C. Jlookeriana, Dewey, 1. c. xxix. 248 ; Loott in Hook. 1. c, t. 212.
Near the coast, from about San Francisco Hay (Bi(jchir, Bolandcr) to Mendocino County (Fort
Bra"<' Bolandcr n. 47(5;".) ; also in the Kocky Mountains from British America to New ilexico,
UtaTr'tml Northern Nevada. The typical form is found in tiie northern Atlantic States, as well
us in the liocky Mountains, Northcrii Nevada and Orcgmi, and is also European.

14. C. glomerata, Thunb. Kootstock creeping: stem 10 to 30 inches high,
firm, slightly scabrous above : leaves 1 to 2i lines broad, shorter than the stem :
bracts setaceous, exceeding the spikelets, the"lowest sometimes exceeding the stem :
spike ferruginous, 0 to 20 lines long and 3 to 8 thick, ovate, ohlong, or cyhndiical,
of immerous small roundish crowded spikelets or clusters of spikelets, the lower
often distinct ; scales ovate, acute, cuspidate : ])erigynium divergent, membranous,
ovate, rostrate and hidentate, plano-convex, nerved, serrate above on the somewhat
winged margins, longer and broader than the scale : nutlet suborbictilar, lenticular,
narrowed toward the base: style bulbous at base. — lioott, 111. ii. 81, t. 222. G.
Browiniartii, Kunth; Gay, Y\. Chih vi. 208, t. 73, lig. 10; I5oott, 111. iv. 124,
t. 401 - 403.

From about San Francisco Bay {Biiiclow, Bolandcr) to ^^Icmlocino City (Bolandcr) and at Maii-
posa (Thurbcr) ; also in Mexico, Chili, ami at the Cajie of Good Hope.

15. C. paniculata, Linn. Densely cespitose : stein 3 to 5 feet high, sharply
angled with Hat sides, very scabrous : leaves 3 or 4 lines broad, tlat, serrate-scabrous

Carcx. CYPERACE.E. 233

on tlic margins, the uppor ofton oxcooding tlio stem : liracts cnspidato or setaceous :
spiko pale or ferruginous, nearly linear, simple witii oblong sessile spikelets, or com-
l)oun(l and branching, 4^ inches long and an inch broad, the branches 1 to \h inches
long, or elongated to a foot in length with branches 3 inches long; scales ineni-
liranous, ferruginous with broad hyaline margins, ovate, acutish or miicronulate :
perigynium ferruginous, shining, coii-iceous with spongy base, ovate or deltoid,
attenuate to an oblirpiely cut bidentato beak with herbaceous serrate wings and
liyalino orilico, [)lano-convex, faintly many-nerved on both sides, longer than the
scale : nutlet ovate, produced at base, biconvex, punctate : style bulbous at base. —
Fl. Dan. t. IIIG; Keichenb. 1. c, t. 223.

In suit niarslips iioar Snii FraiiiM.sco (Bolnndcr, ii. 1568 in part), a variety with contracted
spikes. Tiie species belongs to Europe and western Asia.

('. sTirATA, Mulil., native from Arctic Ameiiea to Florida and in the Roekv Mountains to
Colorado and Oregon, is likely to l)e foujid in California. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, very sharply
angled and scabrous • inner face of the sheaths commonly transversely corrugate : spike oblong or
lanceolate, of many aggregated spikelets, the lower compound : perigynium stipitate, lanceolate,
taju'iing from a .spongy truncate base to a long slender bidentate sharply margined serrate l)eak,
diverging, many-nerved, much longer than the lanceolate acute or cuspidate .scale : nutlet chestnut-
colored, ovate, producetl at base : style enlarged at base.

-»— -»— Spikelets male at hottoni.
IG. C. lagopina, AVahl. Ce.spitose, with short stoh)ns : stem 4 to 12 inches
high, often obtusely angled, .scaln'ous only at the summit : leaves flat, ^ to 1 line
broad, nearly equalling the stem : bracts .scale-like, clasping, cuspidate, the lowest
rarely exceeding its spikelet : spike reddish ferruginous, ellipsoidal or oblong, 6 to
12 lines long aiul 3 to 6 thick, of from 3 to G (usually 3) crowded or contiguous
ellipsoidal or subglol)ose spikelets, the terminal one largest, the lower sometimes
wholly female, and the lowest subremote ; scales fuscous with broad hyaline margins
and green midnerve, ovate, obtuse: ])erigynium coriaceous, oval or elliptical, with
acute base and slender beak, or roundish obovate and abruptly rostellate, with entire
liyaline orifice, not winged, fissured on the outer side, smooth or serrate on the upper
margins, plano-convex, many-nerved, longer than the scale : nutlet orbicular or ovate,
plano-convex, punctate. — Keichenb. 1. c, t. 204.

In the Sierra Nevada, at a small lake near Ebbetfs Pass {Bmirr, n. 206-3) ; Uinta Mountains
(WaK^on) ; Arctic America and Greenland, and in the Rocky Mountains of British America; also
in Europe.

17. C. phyllomanica. Stem G to 18 inches high, smooth : leaves rigid, a line
or two broad, attenuate to a subuhite triangular summit, much exceetling the stem :
lowest liract liliform, often far exceeding the stem, the others scale-like and shorter
than their spikelets; auricles minute, connate, chestnut-colored: spike chestnut-
colored, oblong, f of an inch long, of from 3 to G spikelets, contiguous or the ui)per
ones crowded, the up[)ermost the largest (3 or 4 lines long) and linear-club-shaped,
the others elliii.soidal ; scales broadly ovate or roundish, obtuse, chestnut-colored
with green midnerve and hyaline margins : perigynium (immature) lance-ovate, ol)-
tuse at base, gradually tapering to an oblicpiely cut nearly entire beak, the orifice
and long fissure on the outer side reddish brown, .serrate above on the acute wing-
less margins, not nerved, a little longer than the .scales : imtlet orbicular.

In sphagnous swamps near Mendocino City, Bohcnch-r, n. 4746. Dilfering from C. laiiopinn,
Wahl., in the much longer leaves and bracts, and in the more roughly serrate and sharper mar-
gins of the i)erigynium, the orifice of which is not liyaline. The lateral spikelets are always
androgynous and not, as in C. lagopina, often entirely female.

18. C. Bonplandii, Kunth, var. angustifolia, P>oott. Stem filiform, about a
foot high, scabrous : leaves | to 1 line broad, grass-like, shorter than the stem :
bracts scale-like, clasping, the lowest rarely setaccously jiointed, shorter than the
stem : spike dark brown, ellipsoiilal or ov.-ite, 3 or 4 lines long and 2 or 3 broad, of
from 3 to G ovoid or roundish crowded spikelets ; .scales membranous, broadly oval.

234 CVrERACE.E. Carcx.

acutish: perigynium spreading, ovate or lanceolate, attenuate to a dark-colored
obliquely cut entire beak lissured on the outer side and not winged, smooth on the
margins, nerved, equalling or longer than the scale : nutlet chestnut-colored, oblong,
produced at base, lenticular. — 111. iii. 115. C. Bonplamlii, var. minor, Olney, IJot.
King Exp. 305.

In tlie Sierra Nevada, from tlie Yosemite Valley and Mono Trail (Bolandcr, n. 4903, 6207) to
Donner Pass (I'orni/, n. .'jr)0) ; also in the mountains of Colorado and Utah. The original species
is found in the Andes of tropical South Ani(!iiea. In Bolanders specimens from the Yosemite
Valley the spikelets are mostly female and have rarely a few male Howers at top. Kunth jdaces
the species in an androgynous section with si»ikclet3 male at top, but describes it as furnislied
"s{)icis mere feiuineis."

19. C. festiva, Dewey, Cespitose : stem i to 2 feet high, sharply angled:
leaves 3 to 5, the upper the longest, commonly shorter than the stem, 2 or 2i lines
broad : spike dark-ferrugincjus, G to 12 lines long and 3 to 12 thick, of from G to 12
or more nearly ecjual roundish or ovoid spikelets, contiguous in an oblong or crowded
in a spherical or ovoid heail, naked or subtended by a scale like or foliaceous bract,
that sometimes exceeds the stem : i)erigynium membranous, spreading or divergent,
ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptical, attenuate to a longer or shorter obliquely
cut entire (at length bidentate) fuscous beak with a white orilice and markeil by a
long iissure on the outer side, phino-convex, narrowly wingeil, serrate above on the
sharp margins, slenderly nerveil, longer than the scale : nutlet oval or nearly orbicu-
lar, lenticular, chestnut-colored, shining. — Am. Journ. Sci. xxix. 24G ; Fl. Dan.
t. 23G7 ; Anders, (^yp. 63, t. 4, fig. 27.

Var. Haydeniana. Stem 4 to 8 inches high : l)racts scale-like and cuspidate :
spike dense, ovate or nearly round, of about G spikelets : perigynium tawny, ovate,
tapering to a long obliquely cut beak : nutlet elliptical. — C. llayJeniana, Olney,
Eot. King Exp. 306.

Var. gracilis, Olney. Stem very slender, nodding at top, 2 to 1\ feet high :
spike oblong, 1 to li inches long, of from 3 to 0 roundish contiguous or approxi-
mate ferruginous spikelets : perigynium of tlie normal form : nutlet orbicular or ob-
ovate, larger in proportion to the perigynium.

In the Coast Ranges, from Monterey (in woods among grass, the stems sonu'times rooting,
Brewer, n. 697) to Ukiah {Bolamlcr), and in the Sierra Neva<la, at 4,000 to 9,000 feet altitude ;
ranging from Greenland and Arctic America southward in the mountains to New Mexico and
California, and in the Andes of South America to the Straits of Magellan. The variety gracilis
is peculiar to California and is found both in the Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Nevada. It is
taller, more slender and more loosely llowered tlian the species jiroper, luit is connected witli it by
intermediuto foims. It is like Coulter's n. 16'J"J, which Dr. Hoott in 111, Car. 154 referred to
C. propimjua, Nees k Meyer. Hut Ivunth describes (,'. jinijiimjaa as having a nerveless peri-
gynium, spongy at base, while the iierigynium of the Californian jdant is nerved, wholly mem-
branous, and sharply margined at base. As these dilferenees appear to distinguisli it from C.
propinqtui, the name suggested by the late ]Mr. Olney is liere atlopted. The var. Haydcniiina
lia^s been found on Mount Dana {Bohuulcr, n. r.074), and in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, Jlu/jden.
C. festiva in its looser flowered forms is probably not distinct from C. Icporiiui.

20. C. subfusca. (Cespitose : stem 1 or 2 feet high, slender, rather obtusely
angled, smooth : leaves Hat, 1 to 1| lines broad, shorter than the stein : bracts scale-
like, the lowest subulate-pointed, rarely exceeding its spikelet : spike oblong, 6 to 9
lines long, of from 4 to 6 crowded round or oblong spikelets, 3 lines long, the lowest
often distinct; scales tawny with pale midnerve and hyaline margins, acute or cu.s-
pidate, the midnerve scabrous at top : perigynium pale, \l lines long, ovate or round,
acuminate-rostrate, the obliquely cut beak entire with a long Iissure on the outer
side extending as far as the nutlet, narrowly winged to the base, very convex on the
outer si<le, strongly nerved, spreading, a little longer than the scale.

Lake Tahoe (Kcllutjij), and near Virginia City, Nevada, JJloumcr.

21. C. athrostachya, Olney, Cespitose: stem acutely triangular, leafy, 8 to
24 inches high : leaves narrow, shorter than the stem : bracts with an expanded

Curcx. CYPERACE.E. 235

strongly nerved hyaline-margined base, the lower 3 to 5 f()liacef)ns, much exceeding
the stem : spike globose, capitate, in vol aerate, straw-colored, of tVoin f) to 20 densely
crowded spikelets, or the lowest distinct ; scales membranous, i)ale-rerruginous, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate : perigynium ovate-lanceolate, attenuate to an elongated sharply
bidcntato beak, the winged margins serrate, slenderly nerved, sjjongy at base, about
as long and broad as the scale: nutlet oval, lenticular, — I'roc. Amer. Acad. vii.
393, and Bot. King Exp. 3GG.

■ In tlie Sierra Nevada, from the Yuscmite Valley nnrthward ; near Virginia City and on tlie
Truckec Kiver, Nevada ; also in Coloiado. Allied to C. sijchnncrjt/mla, Caivy, iioni which it dil-
fers in its shorter leaves, more numerons spikelets, bracts expanded at base into a membranaceous
border, and broader and more ovate irrefjuiaily nerved perigynium. — Olnei/. Tlie perigyniinu
is marked with a dark fissure extending from the beak as far as the nutlet.

22. C. straminea, Schk., var. congesta, Boott. Stem ^ to 2 feet high, ob-
tusely angled, nearly smooth : leaves Hat, U- or 2 lines broad, shorter than the stem:
bracts membranous, scale-like, not exceeding the spikelets or rarely the lowest foli-
aceous an<l exceeding the stem : spike variegated, pale green and chestnut, | to 1
inch long, | of an inch thick, oblong, triangular-ovoid, or subspherical, of from 3
to 8 crowiled ellipsoidal spikelets a half-inch long and 3 lines thick or less; scales
chestnut-colored, pale in the middle, with narrow hyaline margins, ovate, acute :
perigynium chestnut-colored in the middle, pale green on the sides, broadly ovate or
roundish, abrujitly attenuate to a shar[) minutely bidentate beak, with a long fissure
on the outer side, broadly wing-margined to the base, finely serrate on the indented
margins, compressed, wrinkled and nerved, longer and broader than the scale : nut-
let (immature) oblong, lenticular. — Olney, Proc. Amer. Acad. vii. 393.

In the Sierra Nevada, in dry soil, at an altitude of from 5,000 to 11,000 feet, from Ebbett's
Pass to Lassen's Peak and Mount Shasta. The s[)ecies is a very variable one, and ranges from
Arctic America to Pennsylvania, Texas and New Mexico.

* * * Spikelets distinct.

-K- Spikelets male at top.

23. C. vallicola, Dewey. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, very slender, slightly
scabrous : leaves half a line broad, shorter tlian the stem : bracts roughly cuspidate
from a broad hyaline-margined base, the lowest equalling or exceeding its spikelet ;
spike A to 1 inch long, linear-oblong, of from 4 to 7 narrowly oblong contiguous ses-
sile sj)ikelets ; scales chestnut-colored, membranous, with very broad hyaline mar-
gins, clasping at base, broadly ovate, acute or the scabrous keel prolonged to a short
mucro : perigynium pale brown, c>bovate, abruptly attenuate to the base and to the
obliquely cut entire beak, the maigins of the orifice white, convex on the outer side,
concave on the inner, nerveless, sparsely serrate above on the obtuse margins, about
as long as and narrower than the scale. — Am. Journ. Sci. 2 ser. xxxii. 40.

In sphagnous swamps near Jlendocino City {Dolandcr, 4746 in jtart) ; Soutlieastern Idalio,
Ilaijden.

24. C. tenella, Schk. Loosely tufted, stoloniferous : stem filiform, 5 to 20
inches high, scabrous above : leaves | to f of a line broad, flat, al)out equalling the
stem : bracts ovate-lanceolate, more or less cuspidate or the lowest filiform, an inch
long or less : spike pale, linear-oblong, 8 to 14 lines long and a line thick, of 2 to 6
small round 2-G-flowered spikelets, the upper contiguous, the lower remote, the
male flowers (I to 3) inconspicuous (the upper two spikelets rarely wholly male and
the lowest sometimes compoimd) ; scale's hyaline with green midnerve, the male
lanceolate, acute, the fenndo ovate, obtuse or acute or nmcroiiate, pale ferruginous :
perigynium ellipsoidal or oblong, contracted at base, biconvex, obtuse, abruptly or
gradually narrowed to a niinnte entire beak, coriaceous, (dosely striate-nervetl, dark
brown at maturity, longer than the scale: nutlet closely conformed to the peri-
gynium, oval, biconvex, ferruginous, shining : stamens 2 : base of stylo persistent.

236 CVrERACE.K. Canr.

— Car. fig. 104; Boott, 111. i. 47, t. 125, 120. C. dlspenna, Dewey, Am. Juuin.
Sci. viii. 2GG. C. gracilis, CJray, same, 2 ser. iv. 19.

In the Sierra Nevada, Dutterlly Valley {Lcmvion) ; Oregon {DoiKjlas, Scoulcr) ; from Arctic
America to the northern Atlantic States, New Jlexico ami Utah; also in northern Enroiie.

H- -t- Spikelcts male at bottom.

25. C. Canescens, Limi. Stolonilurou^i : stem weak, a foot or two high : leaves
flat, I to 1| lines broad, aeuminate, the U|)[)er eiiualliug or exceeding the stem :
spiko [)alc or glaneons, 10 lines to 5 inches long, of from 3 to 10 densely ilowered
ellipsoidal or oliovoid .spikelets 2 to 7 lines long and \\ lines thick, approximate or
remote, or the up{)er contiguons and the lower remote, the uppermost tapering to the
base and the lowest rarely compound, naked or the lowest subtended Ijy a narrow
bract that rarely surpasses the stem ; scales membranous, hyaline, white or fulvous
Avith prominent green keels, the male lanceolate, tin; female ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute or nmcronnlate : perigynium oval or ovate, abruptly termiiuited by
a very short in;arly entire beak, short-stipitate, jdano-convex, many-nerved, granular,
scabrous on the upper margins, spongy at l)ase, Cipialling or longer than the scale :
nutlet oval or obovate, lenticular, nearly as long as the perigynium. — Fl. Dan.
t. 285; Eeichenb. 1. c, t. 200 ; Boott, 111. iv. 154, t. 490. G. curta, Good. ; Eng.
Bot. t. 1308; Schk. Car. 53, Ug. 13.

At Clark's Ranch on the Merced, Toncij, n. .^)48. From Antic America to the northern Atlan-
tic States, and rarely in tlie Ifocky Monntains to Colorado ; also in the Andes from Chili to
the Straits of Maj^'cllan, and in liurope and nortiiern Asia.

26. C. De"weyana, Schwein. Cespitose : stem ^ to 4 feet long, sharjily angled,
scabrous, slender, weak and often decumbent : leaves flaccid, I or 2 lines broad,
shorter than the stem : lowest bract setaceous, seldom exceeding the stem, the upper
shorter or scale-like : spikelets 3 to 0, whitish-green becoming yellowish, ellipsoidal,
loosely few-flowered, sparingly male at base (rarely some wholly male, or male at
top and bottom, or wholly female), the upi)er contiguous, the lower one or two
remote; scales ovate or lancciolate, acute, miu'.ronate, white-iiyaline, st)mewhat 3-
nerved : perigynium very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate to a rough serrate
margined bitlentate beak, spongy at base, plano-convex, ob.soletely nerved, longer
than the scale : nutlet closely invested by the iierigynium, oblong-ovate, prodmied
at base, lenticular, chestnut-colored, shining: style enlarged at base. — Ann. Lye.
K York, i. 62 ; Boott, 111. i. 27, t. 70.

Var. Bolanderi. Stem stouter and leaves broader : spikelets 5 or 6, or rarely 4
to 10, and with nu)re numerous (10 to 30) flowers; the scales hispid-awneil. - C.
Bolanderi, Olney, Proc. Amer. Acad. vii. 393.

In Najia Valley (Tharbnr, lUijihw), on shady liillsides. From Arctic America to the northern
Atlantic States, and in the llo'cky Monntains to New Mexico ; on the Fraser Www {Lyall) and
Colnmbia River, Scoulcr. The variety is rather frciinent in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosenute
Valley northward to the Columbia ; also found near Caklaml, JJulandcr, n. '2±

27. C. Sterilis, AVilld. Cespitose : stem 9 to 22 inches high, scabrotis : leaves
^ to 1 line broad, often involute : spikelets 4 to 8, male or rarely female or more
commonly an<lrogynous (male at either or both ends), or the upper male and the
others female or androgynous (sparingly male at base), the male elliiisoidal and
female spherical, mostly contiguous or the lowest subremote, naked or the lowest
setaceously bracted and very rarely compound : i)erigynium at maturity olive-colored
or ferruginous, ovate, tapering from a sliarply margined cordate base to an acutely
bidentate beak, compressed, nerved, serrate on the upper margins, divergent or re-
curved, about equalling the ovate acute or cuspidate chestnut-colored liyaline-mar-
giiied scale : nutlet suborliicular, lenticular, jiroduced ut bas(!, yellowisli, apicidate
with the enlarged base of the .style. — Schk. Car. fig. 140; lioott. 111. i. 55, t. 140.

Swamjis near Mendocino City (Bolaiuler, n. 47;il), G193) ; eastward, from Canada to Texaa.

^'"■'•*' cvi'EKACEj.;. 237

28. C. echinata, ^[urr. CV-spitose : .st(3in i to 2 foet l.igli, fou'-leaved • leaves
flat and gra«s-I,ke, to hue bn,acl, nuu=h shortLr than the st^n/: low. 1 act subu
lato h-oni a lancoolato baso, Ion,.-.- or shnrt.r than its spikclot : M^Vovi
approxnnato or romo o, s,.lu.rical, tho uppor.nost taporin^^'at base ; -..dos nenla:
nous, forrugu.ous or wlute-hya ino with o,v.n nudnor '-.s. ovate, obtn e or aout ■' -

gynunu greenish .straw-colored, ovateda.iceohue from a round or ovate spo IVbase
attenuate to a sharply bidentate l,eak, plano-convex, serrate-ciliate above on he a te
inargms, nmny-^.erved, s.p.arrose-spreading or recurved, twice longer than t e sea e
nuU,.t suborb.cular, lent...ula, yellowish, tipped with the enlarged base of tie s V
~C. stellulata, Good.; Schk. Car. iig. 14: Keichonb \ c \ '>\i n ".'•>"•
Huds. ; Fl. Dan. t. 284 i^eiclanb. J. c, t. J14. C. muncata,

han the stem sheathing about two-thinls of its length, the inner side of the sheath
herbaceous, entire : bracts scale-like and cuspidate, or the lowest herbaceous and 1 lit
form exceeding the .stem : spike pale, 2}^ to 31 inches long, oblong-cylindrical of 8

o 0 elliptical spielets 8 to 14 lines long and lA to 3 lines thick,'acute at each
end, simp e or the lower compound ; a second spike of 4 or 5 spikelets rarely occurs
^ to 4 inches be ow the upper and on a peduncle I to 1 J- inches long ; scales hyaline'
jvhite or ot a palo fulvous hue, with a green midnerve, the male ovate, obtuse the
female lanceolate and acute : perigyiiiuin 4 or 5 lines long and 1 broad, lanceolate
produced at base, acuminate-rostrate, bili.l, winged, ciliate-serrate on the shari. mar'
g,ns, 4-.,-nerycd ,n the middle, more than twice the length of the scale : nutlet
ii near-lanceolate, sessile, dark brown. — Cyp. 312, t. 24; IJoott, 111. i. 20 t .'34
Kenlucky^'"'"' ^'''''•' ^^''""'''^' '"'''''*>' "°' ""*'^'' = ^^"'^"^'^ states from Oliio to Wisconlin and

2 htS:.- ^^°P^';^' '^.^J'kv var. fulva. Stem 2 feet high or more, smooth : leaves
2 lines b.oad, shorter than the stem : spike ovoid or oblong, of 8 to 12 crowded or
contiguous sessile .spikelets, naked or the lowest with a setaceous bract dilated a
base and shorter ban the stem : perigynium pale fulvous, narrowly lanceolate
atteiuate-rostmte, sharply bidentate, narrowly winged, serrate on the margins, lon-^e;
than he membranous fulvous or ferruginous lanceolate sharp-pointed scale • nutlet
oval, lenticular short-stipitate, chestnut-colored, shining, much shorfrr than'the peri-
gynium. - Schk. Car. fig. 175, aiul Uoott, 111. iii. HG, t. 3G8, the typical form

31. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Cespitose .- stem 2 to 21 feet high, sharplv
angled, scabrous, many-leaved below the middle: leaves l.l to 3 lines ])road tape;'
ing to a very s ender summit, the upper erp.alling the sf.nn ; sheaths sharply trian-
gular loose enlarging upward : lowest bract foliaceous, often far exceeding the stem •
spikelets pale green becoming stmw-color, numerous (10 to 15 or more), ellipsoidal
or obovoid, obtuse, crowded in an oblong head or contiguous, the lowest often remote
on a, long peduncle and componn<l ; scales membranous, acute or acuminate • peri-
gynuim closely imbricated, elliptical or lanceolate, gi-adually more or less beaked
narrowly winged, the margins serrate, nerved, longer than the scale : nutlet loosely
invested by the perigynium, elli])tical, stipitate, lenticular, chestnut-colored — Car
hg. 1/7; IJoott, 111. iii. llfi, t. 370, 371. ' '

('ollect.>.l in rnlif.,rMiH I.y TMcr, but locality nn,.i(ain. Tl..> species ran^res castwara fron,

annda in Sdiit h ( nm nm flint 'I'..v.it. "^

Canada to Soutii Carolina and Te.xas.

238 CYPEKACE.-E. Carcx.

32. C. Cristata, Scliwein, Cespitose : stein 2 to 2i foot high, sliarply angk-d,
scabrous: leaves 1 to 3 lines Avide, attenuate at the apex, their sheaths sharply tri-
angular, loose : bracts scale-like or the lowest luliaeeous and exceeding the stem :
spike oblong or cylinilrical, 1 to H inches long and 4 to 0 lines thick, of 8 to 12 or more
closely aggregated globular spikelets; scales inembraiious, lanceolate, obtuse : ])eri-
gyniuni oval or ovale, rostrate, bidenticulate, narrowly winged, ciliate-serrate on the
sharp margins, spreading or recurved, much longer than the scale : nutlet round-
oval, lenticular, ferruginous : style slightly thickened at base. — C'yp'. 1, c. 315, t. 25,
iig. 1 ; lioott, 111. iii. 117, t. 372,373.

Var. mirabilis? Less rigid : spike looser and spikelets less spreading: ])erigyn-
iura longer beaked : scales pale chestmit, acute. — JJoott, 1. c, t. 37-i. C. mirabilis,
Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. xxx. G3.

Ill tlie Yosemite Valley and from Santa IJosa to Ukiali, Huhaidcr, ii. 16-12, 3864, 6216. The
typical form of the hpecics ranges from Arctic America to the iiortlicni Atlantic States and Ore-
gon ; the vaiiet)' from New England to Ohio, and has also been collected on the Columbia lliver.

33. C. adusta, Boott. Cespitose : stem 1 or 2 feet high, obtusely angled, often
inclined at top : leaves Hat, a line or two broad, shorter than the stem : bracts with-
out sheaths, the lower foliaceous, the upper scale-like: spike oblong, of 4 to 10 cla-
vato or roundish pale or straw-colored spikelets, the lower more or less remote and
occasionally compound ; scales membranous, white or ferruginous or straw-colored,
lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, acute: perigynium ovate, oval or Orbicular, gradually
rostrate, bidentate, the upper margins narrowly winged and serrate, the lower obtuse,
turgid on the outer face, ilat on the inner, strongly many-nerved, about equalling
the scale : nutlet suborbicular, biconvex, sessile, chestnut-colored. — Hook. Fl. J>or.-
Am. ii. 215, and 111. iii. 119, t. 379-383. C. argi/ran(ha, Tuckerman ; Dewey,

I. c. 2 ser. xxix. 3-1 G, a delicate form.

Var. congesta. 8|)ikelets of a light fulvous color, G to 8, crowded in an ovate
or oblong head : perigynium witli longitudinal furrow.s, which conceal the nerves.

In the Siena Nevada, at the Calaveras and JIarii)osa Groves and at Westfall's meadows (Ho-
lander) ; tlie variety mostly at liigher altitudes, from Silver Valley and bassen's I'eaU (Ilnir,),

II. 1977, 217S), ami also from Calaveras Crove, llilkbrand, u. 2310. The sjiecies ranges from
Greenland and Arctic America to rennsylvania, the Itocky iMountains of I5riti.sli Ameiica, ami
Oregon.

§ 3. Uppermost spikefet androfjijnons, male at base ; the rest female : stitjmus .*>.

34. C. Euxbaumii, Wahl. Stoloniferous : stem 1 to 2] feet high, scabnms
above on the sliar]) angles : leaves firm, a line or two broad, shorter tlian the stem,
the lower surface densely punctate and the purple sheaths librousreticulate : bracts
clasping without sheaths, the lowest rarely exceeding the stem : sjiike of from 3 to
5 erect purple and glaucous spikeli;ts, f to 2 inches long and 2 to 4 lines thick, the
uppermost obovoid or club-shaiied, male at bottom or rarely at both top and bottom,
or entirely male and cylindrical, the rest female, oblong or oblong-cylindrical, densely
flowered, contiguous and sessile or the lowest H to 3 inclies distant on a short
peduncle; scales purple, pale in the middle, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate or cuspidate, the cusp mostly smooth : perigynium glaucous, ellipsoidal,
ventricose, unequally 3-augled below, very short-beaked with the orifice emarginate
or rarely entire, granular, smooth on the margins, more or loss jiromineiitly nerved,
broader and shorter than the .scale : initlet obovoiil-triangular, much shorter than the
l>erigynium, che.stnut-colored. — Fl. ])an. t. MOG ; IJeichenb. 1. c, t. 235; lioott,

III. iv. 13G, t. 438, 439.

At Soda Springs on the Tuolumne, nt 0,700 feet altitude (/W«wr/r>-, ii. f)0r>6) ; ranging from
Sitka and Hritish America to Georgia, and in the Kocky Mountains to Colorado ; also in Europe,
Asia and Australia.

35. C. bifida, Boott, ined. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, acutely angled, slightly
scabrous at top : leaves pale, 2 lines broad, shorter than the stem, the lower surface

Civrx. CYPERACE/E. 239

densely punctate and the lower reddish sheaths sparingly fibrnus-reticnlate : bracts
foliaceous, without slieaths, the lowest much exceeding the stem, tlie next above ex-
ceeding its spikelet and sometimes the stem ; auricles ferruginous, oblong : spike 1^
to 2 inches long, of from .3 to 0 pur[)lo and glaucous densely llowered spikelets 3 to
y lines long and 3 lines thick, tlie u[iperniost obovoid or clavate, male at least below,
the others female, ellipsoidal, sessile and contiguous or the lowest an inch distant on
a very short included iicilunde ; scales pur[)le, pale in the middle, oblong or ovate,
.acute, ciliato at top or roughly cuspidate : i)erigynium triangular-ovoid, ventricosc,
tapering to a bid(!iitato orilico or short bcai<, the upper margins serrate an<l the tooth
hispid, sessile, nerved, not granular, longer and broader than tlu>, scale : nutlet tri-
angular-obovoid, produced at base, nuich shorter than the perigynium, punctate,
chestnut-colored.

In tlic Coast Ranges ; Salinas Valley, in rather diy soil (Brcvrr, n. r>74) ; Paclieco Pass, Santa
Clara County {Bolamler, n. 4837) anil Kcul iMountain, Hnniholdt County, Bo/ander, n. 6476.
Diirering from the last in the longer bracts, the serrate margins of the |ierigyniuni, the longer
liis[>i(l teeth, and the shorter scales. Dr. lioott in a letter of 24th April, 18tJ3, named the Sali-
nas plant C. bifida, but gave no character.

3G. C. atrata, Linn. Cespitose : stem \ to 2\ feet high, often cernuous at top :
leaves 1^ to 4 lines broad, shorter than the stem : bracts without sheaths, the lowest
about equalling the stem ; auricles purple, often connate : spike ^- to 1| inches long
and 4: to 8 lines thick, of 3 to G ellipsoidal or oblong-cylindrical s})ikclets G to 18 lines
long, contiguous, sessile and erect or peduncled and drooping, the lowest rarely sub-
radical, the uppermost male at base or rarely entirely so, the rest female or very
sjjaringly male at bottom ; scales dark or reddish purple, ovate and obtuse or acute,
or the upper lanceolate and acuminate or cuspidate : ]ierigynium membranous, yel-
lowish or more or less ferruginous, elliptical, round-oval, or obovate, compressed
above, triangular below, abruptly or gradually rostcllate Avith an emarginate or
bidentato purplo orifice, smooth, gramdar, nerveless, broader and longer or shorter
than the scale : nutlet olive-colored, triangrdar-ellipsoidal, attenuate at base, much
shorter than the loosely investing perigynium. — Eeichenb. 1. c, t. 23G (f. aterrivui,
Hoppe), 237; Boott, 111. iii. 114, t. 3G2-3G5.

Var. nigra, Doott. Spikelets roundish, ca]ntate : scales obtuse or abruptly apicu-
lato with the nerve projecting : perigynium often scabrous. — 111. t. 3G3. C. nigra.
All. ; Reichenb. 1. c, t. 23G.

Var. erecta. Stem \\ to 3^ feet high, sharply angled, smooth or scabrous
above : leaves Hat, 1 to 2^ lines broad, the sheaths purplo : lowest bract foliaceous,
about equalling the stem, the rest scah* like and cnspidate, shorter than their s|)ike-
lets : spiko purple, oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, of 3 to G erect spikelets \ to 1 inch
long and 1 to 3 lines thick, the uppermost clavate (rarely wholly male and cylindri-
cal), the others oblong, crowded, sessile, or the lowest U- inches distant, or less, and
peduncled; peduncle not exceeding \\ inches in length; scales purple with pale
midnerve, ovate or lanceolate, cuspidate : perigynium membranous, more or less pur-
ple or ferruginous witli pale margins, obovoid, compressed-triangular, abruptly end-
ing in a very short cylindrical sharply bidenticulate beak, granular and nerveless or
obscurely nerved : nutlet chestnut-colored, stipitate, much shorter than the peri-
gynium.

In the Sierra Nevada, not rare, from r>,nOO feet (Big Trees, Bnlnndrr) to 10.000 or 12,000 feet
altitude, both the typical form and the varieties. The sjiecies is a very variable one and widely
distributed, ranging in America from Greenland and the Arctic Ocean to the White MountJiins,
Colorado and Utah, Northern Nevada and California, and also frequent in the alpine regions of
Europe and Asia. The stamens, according to Goodenough, are sometimes only 2 ; stigmas 3 or 2.
An emi>ty short-sheathed bract is often found an inch or two below the spikes.

37. C. heteroneura. Stem 2 feet high, slender, sharply angled, smooth : leaves
\\ or 2 lines broad, Hat, shorter than the stem : bracts clasping, the lower two foli-
aceous, about equalling the stem ; auricles small and scarioiis, pale : spikelets 4 or 5 ;

240 CVI'EILVCE.K. Viircx.

the male cylindrical or sliyhtly clavate, oLtuse, pedunclcd, .siii;^lo or with a much
smaller one at ita base ; the leiuale 3, oblong or clavate, 3 to U lines long, the upper-
most sessile (sometimes male at base), the rest short-pedunded, contiguous or thti
lowest rarely 4 inches distant; scales purple with pale midnerve and hyaline mar-
gin, obtuse, the male oblong, the female shorter and ovate : perigynium oval, sub-
compressed-triangular, obtuse, ending abruptly in a minute purple emarginate beak,
pale or tinged with i)urj)le, nerveless excepting 2 intramarginal nerves and 2 short
ones diverging from the base of the beak, much longer and broader than the scale :
nutlet triangular-ellipsoidal.

lu tlie Sierra Neviula ; Lake Talioe to Bear Valley, Kcllogt).

§ 4. Spikes unlaexiuil (the male above and inosthj slnrjle, the rest female), or
sparuiffl// andi'of/ijiious.

* StUjinas 2.
-t- PerUji/nluni heahless or nearly so.

38. C. aurea, Nutt. Stoloniferous, glaucous : stem 1 to 15 inches high, slen-
der: leaves Hat, 1 to 1 ^ lines broad: bracts foliaceous, sheathed, the lower much
exceeding the stem : sheaths 1 to 15 lines long: s])ikes 3 to 6, the uppermost cylin-
drical, male, or female at top, 4 to 6 Hues long, the rest female, oblong, 3 to 10
lines long and 2 broad, loosely flowered, peduncled, the npjjcr contiguous, the lower
remote, the lowest often radical and con)i)ound ; peduncles from 2 lines to G inches
long ; scales ferruginous, pale in the middle and with hyaline margins, broadly
ovate, obtuse or abruptly cusjiidate, 1 -3-nervt;d : perigynium globose or pear-shaped,
turgid, obtuse or abrujitly and minutely beaked with entire orilice, coriaceous, spongy
at base, orange-coloreil becoming ferruginous, strongly nerved, longer than and as
broad as the scale : nutlet dark brown, orbicular, produced at base, biconvex or
rarely triangular : stigmas rarely 3. — Schwein. <Si Torr. Cyp. 328, t. 25, fig. 2 ;
Boott, lU. i. 21), t. 70.

In the Siena Nevada, at Soda Spriiif^s on the Tiiohunne River (Bohiiulcr, ii. G2'20) and rimnas
County {Airs. Aaditi), and at Mono I-ake, Brcucr, w. IS^t). A strongly marked b|iecie.s, pin uliiu
to North Anieriea, ranging I'roni subaretic regions to tlie northern Atlantic Stales and in the
western mountain ranges to Colorado, Southern Utab, Nevada and California.

-1- -)- Perigynium short-leaked.

39. C. Kelloggii. Stem very slender, 12 to IG inches high, sharply angled and
scabrous above : leaves 1.', lines broad, the caidine shorter, the sterile rather longer
than the stem ; bracts without sheaths, the lowest slightly exceeding the stem, the
next above its sjjike ; auricles oblong, ferruginous: spikes 4 or 5, narrowly cylin-
drical or clavate, contiguous, sessile or the lowest \\ inches distant, short-i)eduneled
and loosely Holered at base, the nude (rarely female at top or at bottom) '^ of an
inch long, the female 3 to 12 lines long, about a line thick ; scales purple witli pale
nudnerve, the male obovate, the female oljlong, obtuse : perigynia jiah;, ovate, taper-
ing to a short beak, the orilice entire, purfjle, acute at base, short-stipitate, biconvex
below, compressed ami slightly excurved at top, smooth, obscurely nerved, longer
than the scales : nutlet of a (bdl chestnut, obovate, abruptly tippeil with the jier-
sistent style, half the length of the perigynium.

In tlu! Sierra Nevada, at Alia and IVoni Lake T-dioc to I'.rar Valley (/w/A"/:/, L<i,imu„);
AValisaleb Jlountains, Utab, M. K. Jvius.

40. C. vulgaris, Fries, var. alpina, Boott. Stoloniferous: stem 12 to 18
inches high, siiarply angled, several leaved at ba.se : leaves 2 lines broad, lance-
liiuiar, flat, erect, etpialling or shorter than the stem ; auricles puri»le, the lowest
small, round, separate : spikes 3 to 5, tlark-puri)le, 3 to D lines long and 2 thick,
short-peduncled, contiguous or the low(!st 1 or 2 inches distant, the upper one or

^'"■'•^- CYPERACE/E

241

two male or sometimes female at top or at the bottom H... m f r ^
lowers at top; scales dark purple oblom or ovfT;. /?'"''f ''' '''^'^ '"'"^'^

pori,y„i,„u ferruginous or l^do \e'l<n; Turnip a" ^Jnu^ i^ ' "^/.^"-.-' '-^-t-
sl.ort entire beak, or ovate ami acute curvi.,^nn* n 7 ' ^''^^P^'y <'"'•"';.' m a very
uppor mar-rins, iompresse.l, .er I's lo ^er or 1 ' Tl' '' ^r'''''^'"'^ °" ^'»«
obovate, lenticular: Itiguias 2 or 3 "'l iV T IG ' 5 «' "" "^'^ '"^^! -^ ""^^^^
L..n Trans. ii^lO^ t. 2. ; l.eichenb. 1. .^ ll^] ^•^^-- ^- ^^^ /j^''

eral fon„s fVo.n Grc-.-nland a„.l Melnin'^. StraTt t^ n^ o '"Ivr^l""^ '^'"^'•'••"' "' ««^'-

w.-stuara. n„a also fo.nul i„ Chili, and in t OM Vo M C A t 1 1 . ''''' ^"'?'.°''''^'' "'"'
<;f K.uo[„., Asia and Australia. The var h>mrr/>o,ra m1 ^'"^ *"'':""-' «'' ^"''•^''' '''Sio-'s

thick, the rest female and solitary or in cl , ter o two m- it r "'?/,"' ' "'' '^
or more by 2 to 4 thick • snle. d.rl- .,r. i i ., ^'"^^' ^ *" ^^ ^"'^^ long

.uale obtui or the n 'dnc^f 1 I t ^ ^':jt/: ^i't ^ "^'''^J ^'^'^''-r^^' ^'-
female sometimes lanceolate and m cL te >i "ni n.T^'r^^ "''' '^f ^'"^"^

late Avith an entire beak, stipitate stroV, ne'r.!! ^^ fei'ruginous. oval, rostel-

jnargins, papillose, deciduouf;:t?::'^:^rnrti:^^
lar, punctate. — Linn. Trans, xx. 119, and 111. i. G3, t. 1 70
AVestcin coast of Patagonia and tho FnlUm.l id.,,, i„ • i i ' ,

;4.^ b^^h .^r^;i: ^li;;:^-,si;; t"- 1;,;^ -t^-sr'' ^^^^--

:;;ins-^3siLXfii^^

:^:^r^^:;rbSr^rf2'hri:m«^^^

a second smaller one at its base, loo rs.l^

thick, the highest close to the inkle and es^i / f '-It ' r ""/"'^ ^ "•" '

clos or rarel/the lowest radical on ^ Lhlndt^t, t. r"^^;:;,? ^^.r^T"
long, obtuse, or the lower female lanceolate and acute "^icrn,,, „, ^ ' ' ""
straw-colored below, elliptical, attenuate to ai en ire cyl 1 Sa nl ' '' ^
and empty above, plano-convex below, delicately no ed in ' ' ^o^^^Z^^^t
very deciduou.s, longer or shorter than the scale • niitlef /vnnnTi '^" """'"'•> ^^""^d,
the perigynium and half its length, orbicular ^^ "^^ ''"'"'^ ''''''^'"^ ^^

In the Coast Pannes from San Francisc-o Bay to Ukiah. Bolanclcr, n. 2299. 3836 4038 6202

sp^^y^; WlJr '3^)S^big^"t;ST:i- inoii;t:t^t T'^ -f'

the stem : bracts fldiaceous, clasping, witl^ont' J^^.^^ uTl^:^"]:::::^
the stem ; auricles small roundish, separate or connate : spike G to 12 ii c^es 1 '
of from 4 to 8 cylindrical or clavate spikelets, the male 1 ti 4. ap, roxmnte an cli
or two long, the lowest often bracted, the female 2 to n, .lens;iv\ u emf obtuse o
0 upper one male at top, U to 3 inches long ami 2 or 3 lin L fluVl ;,not set
de or the ower peduncled and loosely ilowered at base ; scales purple or hlm-
colored, pale in the middle and on the margins, oblong or la u-eolate ob u'o or
acute or the lower rarely 3-nerved and cuspidate: perigynium pale, obol^ate u.u
or elliptical short-beaked with entire orilice, stipitate, biconve.v, nerveless o^ 1-9-
iierved on the outer side, resinously doited, b.oader than the scale : nutlet round or

242 CYPERACE.E. Carex.

obovate, lenticular or oval ami triangiiliir, cliestnut-colored : stigmas rarely 3. —
Eeichenb. 1. c, t. 234 ; Boott, 111. iv/l(i3, t. 542-545.

Saiitii Clara Viillcy, 1- miles fioni 8aii Jose, linUtiukr. Kroin Aictic America to the iioitliciii
Atlantic States, \V30111iug and Wa.'^liingtoii Tenitoiy; also in Euioi»e ami uorthera Asia.

44. C. angustata, lioott. Densely cesi)itose : stem 2 to 3^ feet high, sharply
angled and vtiy acabruiis : leaves green or glaucous, 1 or 2 lines broad, scabrous,
shorter than the stem ; lower sheaths conspicuously iibrous-reticulate : bracts foli-
aceuus, without sheaths, the lowest shorter than or slightly exceeding the stem ;
auricles purple or ferruginous, small, round or oblong : spikelets 3 to 6, i to 3^
inches long and 1 to 3 lines thick, tlie male 1 to 3 and contiguous, the female 1 to
4 (the upper or all male at top or to below the middle) contiguous or remote, sessile
or the lower peduncled and loosely flowered at base ; scales jnirple with green mid-
nerve, lanceolate, obtuse or acute : perigynium oval, ovate or elliptical, beakless or
gradually or abruptly short-beaked with entire or emarginate orifice^ com])ressed,
granular, smooth or rarely 1 - 2-toothed on the upper margins, nerveless or 1-4-
nerved, broader and longer or shorter than the scale : nutlet chestnut-colored, or1)icu-
lar. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 218, and 111. iv. 173, t. 58G-588. C. strida, Torr..
etc., not of Goodeuough.

Oil the American River, anions; rocks (Bolandcr, n. 4534) ; also in Matilija Canon {Peckha)ii) ;
froia Canada to Florida and Texas, and in Colorado.

45. C. senta, Boott. Stem (lower part wanting) 18 inches high, sharply angled,
scabrous : leaves glaucous, 2 lines broad, shorter than the stem ; lower sheaths pur-
ple, scabrous, the margins hhrous-reticulate : bracts without sheaths, narrow, the
lowest shorter than the stem ; auricles puri)le, roundish, small : spikes 3 or 4, ])ur-
ple, 1 to 1^ inches long, cylimlrical-oblong, densely flowered, erect; female two, the
upper sometimes male at top and in the middle, on very short included peduncles
(1 or 2 lines long) and enclosed at base in a purple sheath ; scales purple, pale in the
middle, oblong, obtuse or the nj)per acute or tii)ped with an abrupt short rough
mucro : perigyniuiu more or less purj)le, ovate, rostellate with entire orifice, com-
l»ressed, slenderly nerved, toothed on the upper margins, longer and broader thau
the scale: nutlet (immature) orbicular. — 111. iv. 174 (under C. anyustuta).

Santa Inez Mountains, in canon 20 miles northeast of Santa Barbara, on road to the "Coal
Mines," Breiver, n. 3.'j0. Dr. Boott in mentioning the si)ecie3 simply notices the scabrous sheaths
and tlio toothed marr,'ins of the perigynium.

46. C. lenticularis, j\richx. Cespitose : stem slender, 12 to 18 inches high:
leaves 1 or 2 lines broad, ))a]e, often longer than the stem : bracts foliaceous, often
sheathed, the lower much excelling the stem ; sheaths 2 to 8 lines long : spikelets
C or 7, ])urplish, cylindrical or clavate, the uppermost 8 to 12 lines long, often female
at top, simple or with a smaller one at base, the rest female or the upper sparingly
male at base, attenuate and loosely flowered, from 3 lines to H or even 3 inches
long and 1 to 1^- lines thick, crowded or a])proximate, sessile or the lower peduncled ;
peduncles 2 lines to Gh inches long; scales 1 - 3-nerved, oblong or ovate, (jbtuse,
purple with the middle and margins pale : perigynium pale, ovate and attenuate or
broadly oval and abruptly ending in a sliort cylindrical beak with entire orifice,
biconvex, stipitate, nerved, granular, longer and i)roader than the scale : nutlet dark
brown, oval or obovate, lenticular. — lioott. 111. i. 30, t. 77.

In the Siena Nevada, in Y oscmHo VnUi-y (IManikr, n. filOS^) and at Silver ]/,i]ni (llrnr, ,-,
n. UO'Jlt) ; also by Krlloij,/. The species is found from Arctic America to the northern border ol ilie
Atlantic States, au.l was collected by Lyall in the mountains of AVashiugton Territory.

47. C. salina, Wahl., var. minor, Boott. Bootstock creeping: stem 2^ to 5
inches high, obtusely angled, smooth: leaves pale, 1 to U lines broad, exceeding
the stem : bracts foliaceous, sheathed, commonly all exceeding the stem ; sheaths 1
to G lines long: spikes 2 to 0, erect, ellipsoidill, the single male 3 to ("> lines long
upon a peduncle 0 lines long, the female 3 to 8 lines long and 1 to 1.', lines thick,

Varc.r. CYPERACE.E. 243

f'c\v-(lo\voro(l, tlio upper contiguous, the lower remote and tlic lo\ve.>;t soiuotimes on a
subradical peduucle 2 inches long, rarely compound at Uase ; scales purple or cliest-
nut-colored, pale in the middle, broadly oval, the male mostly obtuse, the female
ol)tuse or tipped with a bfoad rough awn, clasping the base of the i)erigyniuiu, more
or less 3-nerved : perigynium pale, broadly oval, nerved, the reddish orifice entire,
shorter or longer than the scale ; a rough whitish racheola occasionally exserted
from the orihce : nutlet obovate. — 111. iv. IGO, t. 525-530. C. snbspathacea,
Wormsk. Fl. Dan. t. 1530; Kunze, Car. 98, t. 24. C. lanceata, Dewey, 1. c.
x.xix. 249, t. 10, lig. 77. G. lloppneri, Boott, Hook. Fl. P.or.-Aln. ii. 219, t. 220.

In swninjis near MpikIocIiio City, Bolander, ii. 4702. Fioin GrccnlaiKl and Arctic IJritish
America to New England, and on the western coast to Nortlicrn California ; also in Scandinavia.
(-'. stihapnthacca is uescrihcd as liaviiig evaginate liracts and oidy 2 or 3 icniale spikelets. Dr.
]5oott, however, in 111. Car. t. 530, figures a specimen with a long sheath, and the greater iium-
lier of the female sjjikelets in these specimens does not adord sufficient reason for separating them
from C. salvia, var. minor, with which they agree in other respects, even in the occasional pres-
ence of the racheola noticed by Bocckclcr.

48. C. Sitchensis, Proscott. Stem 1 to 4^ feet high, stout, shar[)ly angled,
scabrous, nianydeaved at base ; hjwer sheaths fibrous-reticulate : leaves 3 or 4 lines
broad, rigid, tlio caulinc shorter, the radical longer than the stem : bracts without
sheaths, foliaccous, the lower far exceeding the stem ; auricles ])urple, clasping :
spikes dark purple, cylindrical, the male 1 to 4, sessile, Ii to 3 inches long and 2 or
3 lines thick, the 3 to 5 female sessile or more or less peduncled, 1 to 4 inches long
and 3 to 5 lines thick, the upper rarely all male at top, contiguous or remote, the
lower nodding and loosely flowered and rarely compound at ba.se; peduncles 2 to 12
inches long; scales jjiirple, the niale oblong, ol)tuse, the female ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate or awned, rarely obtuse : perigynium purple, somewhat shining at ma-
turity, orbicular-obovate, turgidly biconvex, abruptly short-beaked v.'ith an entire
orifice, stipitate, coriaceous, nerveless, smooth or sparingly toothed on the obtuse
upper margins, spreading, narrower (at base) and shorter than the scale : nutlet dark
olive-colored, oblong, lenticular, indented on the sides. — Bong. Veg. Sitch. 168;
]5oott. Hook. Fl. ]]or.-Am. ii. 220, t. 221, and 111. iv. 195, t. 518, 519.

In s.a\i mar.shes, about San Francisco Bay {llohtntlir), and northward along the coast to Sitka.
Dr. Boott notices the occasional presence of a wliitisli racheola in this species as in the last, and
there is oftPii an abortive purple scale at the summit of tlie perigynium. Boeckeler (in Liniifea,
xl. 419) refers C. Sitchnisia to C. acuta, Liiui., as a variety, while Dr. Boott thinks it merely a
fuller develojied form of C. salina.

49. C. Jamesii, Torr. Stem a foot or two high, sharply angled : leaves glau-
cous, firm, linear-lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines iiroad, shorter than the stem : l>racts foli-
aceou.s, the lowest rarely short-sheathed, ecpialling or exceeding the stem ; auricles
oblong : spikes purple and green, cylindrical or oblong, erect, the upjier 1 to 4 male,
contiguous, 4 to 12 lines long and 1 to 4 thick, the ui)permost the largest and rarely
more or less female at top, tlie rest female or the upper sometimes male at top, 10
to 20 lines long and 2 or 3 thick, densely flowered, sessile or the lower peduncled,
the lowest sometimes attenuate at base and loosely flowered on a subradical pedun-
cle ^ to 3 inches long ; scales oblong or lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, purple with
])ale midnerve : perigynium oval or obovate, abruptly ending in a short bidentate
beak with the teeth serrate, biconvex above, compressed below, smooth, strongly
nerved, resinously dotted, longer or shorter than the scale : nutlet orbicular. — Cyp.
398 ; Boott, 111. iv. 175, t. 592. C Nehrascencis, Dewey, 1. c. 2 ser. xviii. 102.

In the mountains from Washington Territory and Northern Maho to New Mexico, Southern
Utah, and California ; southward u\ the Sierra Nevada to Kern Kiver, Rolhrock. Also a yaiiety,
with a shorter-beaked perigynium, often obscurely nerved, the orifice emargiuate or entire, and
the scales obtuse or tipped with a very short mucro ; in the Saiita Susanna Mountauis {Brewer,
n. 218), Ojai Eanch {Pcckham), and at Clark's llanch and the Yosemite Valley, Bolander.

50. C. laciniata, Boott. Stem stout, shari)ly angled, scabrous, 2 to 3i feet
high : leaves 2 to 4 lines broail ; lower sheaths fibrous-reticulate : bracts without

244

CVPKRACE.'E. Carex.

sheaths, very long, the lowest sometimes 2i feet; auricles purple, entire, truncate:
spikes 4 to 6, of a yellowish ferruginous color, cylindrical, the male 1 or 2, com-
monly ])e(luncl(!(l, the ujjpermost 1 to 3\ inches long ami 2 or 3 lines thick, some-
times with a few female llowcrs above the middle or at the base, the rest female (the
upper ones or all male at top), 2 to 3i inches huig and 2 to i\ lines thick, remote,
densely llowered, the upper sessile, the lower nodding on long j)eduncles (2^ inches
long or less) and loosely llowered at base ; scales purj)le or ferruginous, pale in the
middle, lanceolate or oblong, ciliate, acute or with a rough awn, rarely obtuse :
perigyiaum oval, ovate, round, or obovate, abruptly or gradually beaked with
the orihce varying fiom nearly entire to bidentate with serrate teeth, coriaceous,
sparingly toothed on the upper margins, more or less distinctly nerved, com-
pressed-lenticular, punctate, broader than the scale : nutlet ovate, dark olive. — III.
iv. 174, t. 594.

In tlie Coast Ranges and near the sea, from Santa Baikua (Xutldll) to Oregon.

51. C, Prescottiana, Boott. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, smooth, leafy at base:
leaves 4 lines broad, about equalling the stem : bracts without sheaths, the lower
foliaceous and much exceeding the stem : spikes G to 10, cylindrical, sessile, the
male 1 or 2, 1 to 2\ inches long and a line thick, the rest female, 2h to 4 inches
long and H to 2.V fines thick, contiguous, erect or drooping, the ui)per male at top :
scales puri'le, ]y,\\ii in the middle, ovate or obovate, oljtuse or emarginate, roughly
cus[)idato : pt-rigynium broadly ovate (when young ol)ovate), rostellate with an
emarginate beak, divergent, nerved, longer and broader than the scale : nutlet
chestnut-colored, obovate, lenticular, much shorter than the perigynium. — ill. i. 45.
t. 115. C. Barbarce, Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 2 ser. xx.xi. 24.

Banks of streams at Santa Barbara {Pami) ; also in the island of Hawaii.

C. ScHOTTil, Dewey, 1. e. 25, an imperfectly defined species from Santa Barbara (Parrii),
would appear to belong here. The spikes are cylindrical, very slender, the male 3 to 5, and 3
inches long, the ft-niale 3 or 4 and 4 to 8 inches long, loosely flowered, umniually pednncled :
bracts foliaceous, with long sbeatlis ; leaves and bracts glaucous : scales dark red, oblong, obovate,
scarcely acute : fruit abortive.

C. Wat-soni, Olney, Bot. King Exp. 370, is founded upon specimens too young for satisfactory
description. The stem is 18 inclies high, sliorter than the ujiijer leaves : spikelets 7, the male 4,
the uppermost largest and the rest short, all aggregated ; scales claret-colored, lanceolate, hispid,
aristate, ciliate at the apex, the male 3-nerved: i)erigynium deeply cleft, the bifid beak spreading
and slightly hairy. Collected at the base of the Wa.shoe Mountains, near Carson City, Nevada,

* * Stiijmas 3.

■»- Perigynium healdess or short-beaked, the orifice entire or emarginate.

++ Perigynium smooth.

52. C. livida, Willd. Stoloniferous, glaiicous : steni 4 to 17 inches high, ob-
tusely angled : leaves rigid, 1 to U lines broad, shorter tlian the stem : bracts clasp-
ing or sheathed, the lowest equalling or slightly exceeding the stem ; sheaths 2 to 4
lines long : spikes 2 to 4, oblong, erect, the uppermost male, 5 to 12 lines long and
^ to 1 line thick, mostly peduncled, the female 1 or 2 (rarely none), 10- i5-flow-
ered, 4 to 8 lines h)ng and 2 to 2^ thick, approximate, sessile or short-peduncled,
with rarely another i)orne on along radical peduncle; scales more or less purple
with greeji midnerve and hyaline nuirgins, ovate, obtuse, or the female scimetimes
cuspidate: pcM'igynium ovoid, with a straight obtuse entire point, obtusely 3-anylcd,
nerved, graindar, rather exceeding the scale : nutlet ellipsoidal, 3-angled, pro-
duced at base, chestnut-colored, two-thirds as long as the perigynium : base of the
style enlarged. — Schkuhr, Car. fig. 211 ; iJoott, lU. ii. 78, t. 214, 215. C. Gray-
ana, Dewey, 1. c. xxv. 141, t. S, lig. 59.

In sphagnous swamps near Mt-ndotino City, Bohimkv, n. 4745. From Sitka and subarctic
America to the northern Atlantic States ; also in northern Europe.

Mo

long or niorc, tl,o nwie sii.-l. T 1 fc^"! f' ? 1," '' I" "• '}'""'"<^^'l. "•' md,

ovate, «,.aj.,any or ab„„rt./e,K,i„K i,. ';';,!^;;;:i ': „ , o "oT':?;.,- li,.:

beak, co„,p,csse<l above, triangular bcl„«-, otecure y nervej o.eeplL" t .f 1 „

ram^gnjal vcn^ e,,.,al|i„g or shorter than the Jale : nutlet it l} tl^ ed u

ami mud, s,„a ler tl.an the perigyuium, ohovohl-triangular or leutic, kr slTpTtate

o^.ve.eolore,l : sfgrnas 3 or 2. - Hook. Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii. lu, t. 22 1, a ,1 1 1 ^ 97'

^iCTw'Z-it'''- """■ "*"" '''■ '• ''■ '^^ ■''*""'■'"' I'-^y. ' « xxix:

.uiouui (hiatei, n. 2319) the pengynia are stainiiiifeious.
55 C. Raynoldsii, Dewey. Sholoniferous : stem 1 to 3^ foot hicrl, slnrnlv
angod: leaves gluucou., 3 or -i lines l.roa.l, Hat with revolutn^na^.M•^ °n, ^

spikes 3 to G, oblong or obovoul, tlie male single, 4 to 9 lines long sessile the female

low St . t'l in?,;;:',-' ''\ ' '''''' r \'« r ^'-^H-auncleclTcontiguo!;: or U
Joucst .to 21 inches distant on a pe.luncle 1 to 1 ^ inches long, occasionallv com-
pound at base, the upper often staminate at top; slales purple,^;, pa h" the mi 1-
c le and on the margins oblong or ovate, acute or acuminite ! p;,igyniuu d ei e t
ad deciduous, pale yellow, obovoid, ventricose, obtusely S-angled abruptly ist
nu le ttL' T''^ r emarginate beak, nerved, longer and broader than 'the see:
" er xxxii"39'" ' ' ' ' '°"'''' ^'''^'' «l-«-'^'>I-'-<^J- - Am. Journ. Sci.

In w!I'^;^'!'■''^!^'''•''.'^''' "^^'""^ *° ^2.n00 fePt altitu.Ie, from Mount Dana to Silver Vallev • also
in Waslnngtou Terntory iL,j,dl), an.l from Wyon.ing Territory to Northeru Utah ^ '

1 ^^ ?; ^^^a^O^ens. Stem 1 to l^L f,,fc ]„• ] gj^^^th : leaves 11 lines broad
shorter than the stem ; lower sheaths sparingly fibrous-reticulate : bracls fol ac oi^'
clasping, narrow, the lowest exceeding the stem and the next its spikelet ; auricles
oblong, purple, separated or united : spikes 3 or 4, the male single, clavate, 1 to 1 '

246 CYPERACE.E. Carex.

inches long, the female 2 or 3, ohlong or the lowest clavate, ^- to 1 in(;h long, the
uppermost contiguous to the male spikelet, the others i to 1 incli distant, sessile ;
scales reddish cliestnut, clasping at base, ovate or lanceolate, acute, the female
rougli-awned : i)erigynium (young) olive-colored, elHptical, acute at base, taj)ering to
a slightly scabrous biilentate beak witii spreading hispid teeth, smooth, granular,
obscurely nerved, longer than the scale.

From Cahfornia ; in liurb. Olney, but locality aiul collector not stiituil.
++ ++ Perigynium puhesceyit.

57. C. Richardsoni, R. Br. Stoloniferous : stem G to 12 inches high, obtusely
angled, scabrous : leaves rigid, | to 1 line broad, shorter than the stem : bracts
sheathing, with a very short subulate scarious-margined free apex ; sheaths purple,
1 to 4 lines long: spikes 2 to 4, purple and green, oblong-cylindrical or clavate,
contiguous or subremote, the uppermost nude and peduncled, 4 to 12 lines long
and 1 or 2 thick, the female 4 to 9 lines long and 2 thick, on enclosed or sliglitly
exserted peduncles, sometimes compound ; scales membranous, purj)le, pale in the
middle and with l)road hyaline margins, ciliate at top, the male oblong and obtuse,
the female ovate or lanceolate, clasping : perigynium pale green, obovoid, nnetpudly
3-angled, attenuate at base, abruptly rostellate with an entire hyaline orifice, mem-
branous, pubescent, nerveless, shorter and narrower than the scale : nutlet con-
formed to the perigynium : style enlarged at base. — IJoott, Hook. Fl. Ijor.-Am.
t. 223, and 111. ii. 100, t. 298.

In the Red Mountains, Mendocino County [Bolaiulcr, n. Gt78) ; eastward from Arctic Ameiica
to Illinois and New York.

C. Pennsylvanica, Lam., with a range from Arctic Ameiica to the Southern States and also
found on the Rouky Mountains, is very likely to occur in California. Stem 6 to 1-2 inches liigh :
lower sheaths librous-reticulate : biacts without sheaths, scale-like, tlic lowest raivly subulate and
equalling the stem : .spikes 2 to 4, green and purple, the male sometimes female at top, the ujjper
female contiguous, the lowest sometimes subiadieal and long-peduncled : perigynium globose,
abruptly conically Iniaked, with an obliquely cut entire or bidentate orifice, produced at base,
nerveless, about equalling the ovate acute or cuspidate purple scale : nutlet globose, taiieiing to
the base : style enlarged at base.

C. Kossii, Boott, of Oregon, may reach Cahfornia. Stem capillary, 6 to 9 inches high, sca-
brous : lower bniets sheathed, shorter than the pcdunchss : spikes 4 or 5, pale, the female witli 3
to 6 alternate flowers, the upper close to the male, the lower remote, unequally long-ixduncled :
perigynium ellipsoidal, long-beaked, bifid, stipitate, nerveless, about equal to the lanceolate acute
or cuspidate scale : nutlet bubtriangular-globo.se. Referred to C. PaDisijli-aniai by Boeckeler.

58. C. globosa, Boott. Stoloniferous : stem 4 to IG inches high, very slender,
scabrous, clothed at base with reddish purple sheaths that break up into thread-
like fibres : leaves firm, 1 or 2 lines broad, the lower longer than the stem : lower
bracts short-sheatlied, longer than their spikelets : spikes 4 to G, the male cylindrical,
I to 1 inch long and a line thick, the female oblong, loosely 2-9-llowered, 3 to G
fines long and 2 thick, the upper sessile, close to the male and staminate at top, the
others remote and pedunculate, tlie lowest on a rough capillary subradical peduncle
a foot long or less; scales 1- and 3-nerved, oblong or lanceolate, acute or cuspitlate,
purple with green midnerve and hyaline margins: iierigynium more or less purple,
globose, produced at base, abruptly beaked with a biilentate hyaline-margined orifice,
coriaceous, nerved, hirsute-scabrous, ])roader than the scale : nutlet chestnut-colored,
oblong or globose, obtusely 3-angled, slightly produced at base. — Trans. Linn. Soc.
XX. 125, and 111. iv. 188.

In the Coast Ranges (Santa Barbara, Brewer, to Oakland among redwoods, Bolaiulcr), and in
the Sierra Nevada, from the Yosemite Valley northward.

59. C. brevipes. Cespitose and rootstock creeping : stem G inches liigh, oIj-
tusely angled, slightly scabrous, several-leaved at base, the reddish purph; sheaths
breaking up into separate fibres : caidine leaves I or 2 lines broad, tapering to a
sharp triangular sc^alirous summit, shorter than the stem : ])racts without sheaths.

Carex. CYPERACE/E. 247

ono or two of tlio upper exceeding tlio stem : si)ikes 3 or 4, rather loosely few-flow-
ered, the one male liiiear-obloiig, 3 to 5 lines long, erect or ubli(iiie, the femalo
oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, the upper contiguous to the male and short-pedunded, tho
lowest remote or subradical on a peduncle an inch long or less ; scales purple on tho
side, pale in the middle, 1 - 3-nerved, obtuse, acute or more or less rougiily cuspi-
date, tho male oblong, tho female broadly ovate, clasping at base : perigynium cori-
aceous, hisi)id, triangular-subglobi)se, much attenuate at base, conically beaked, the
beak straight or bent with a minutely bidentate orifice, obscurely striate on the lower
half, longer or shorter than the scale : nutlet triangular-ovoid.
In the Sien-a Nevada ; Lake Taiioe to Bear Valley, Kellogg.

GO. C. hirtissima. Stem 15 to 18 inches high, obtusely angled, smooth:
leaves pale, flat, the cauline 1 to H lines broad, somewhat 3-nerved, about half
the length of the stem, hairy beneath, ciliato on the margins ; sterile leaves 9
inches long and 4 to G lines broad : bracts foliaceous, exceeding the spikes, the lower
with hairy sheaths 1 to 3 inches long : spikes 2 to 4, the male oblong or clavate, |
to 1 j inches long, commonly female at top and rarely at bottom ; female 2, rarely 3,
cylindrical, | to 1| inches long, rather loosely flowered, the upper close to the male
and subscssile, the rest remote, on erect peduncles 2^ to 4^ inclies long ; scales mem-
brano\is, very pale ferruginous with broad hyaline margins, obovate or orbicular,
obtuse, ciliate on the margins, the lower abruptly hispid-awned, tho upper and the
male mucronate : perigynium olive-color, hirsute with stiff white hairs, triangular,
ellipsoidal or obovoid, acute at base, abruptly ending in a stout cylindrical minutely
bidentate beak, the lower shorter than tho scale, the upper about eijualling it : nutlet
olive-colored, obovoid, stipitate, punctate.

In the Sieri'a Nevada, Kellogg.

Gl. C. triquetra, I'oott. Stem 5 to 18 inches high, slightly scabrous : leaves
pale, 1 to 2| lines broad, equalling or shorter than the stem : lower bracts sheathed,
e(|ualling the stem, or the lowest remote and shorter : spikes 3 to 5, oblong, tlie male
9 lines long and 1 thick, subsessile, the female 6 to 9 lines long and U or 2 lines
thick, erect, the upper approximate, the lower on enclosed peduncles or the lowest
remote on a long-exserted peduncle, all with abortive flowers at top and the lowest
also at bottom ; scales pale chestnut, ovate, mucronate, acute or obtuse, with hyaline
margins : perigynium pale, covered with long white hairs, ellipsoidal, sharply trian-
gular, acute at each end, with a very short bidentato beak, 1 - 4-nerved on one or
more of the sides, longer and broader than tho scale : nutlet dark chestnut, con-
formed to and filling the perigynium. — Linn. Trans, xx. 12G, and 111. iv. 219,
t. 417. C. mnnticola, Dewey, 1. c. xxxi. 2G, and ]}ot. I\Iex. Bound. 229.

Mountains east of San Diego (Parry) ; Matilija canon, near Ojai [Peckham); first collected by
NiUlall, probably near Santa i5arbara.

■*— -J— Beak of perlf/i/nium more or less elongated.

++ Beak emarglnate or obliquely truncate.

62. C. polymorpha, Muhl. Rootstock creeping : whole plant densely granu-
lar : stem 1 to 1^ feet high, sharply angled, smooth, clothed at base with lanceolate
purple leafless sheaths : leaves rigid, 1 or 2 lines broad, with revolute margins, much
shorter than the stem ; lower sheaths fibrous-reticulate : bracts of the female spikes
sheathed, exceeding their spikes but shorter than the stem; sheaths 3 to 12 lines
long : spikes 2 to 4, cylindrical, purple, the male 1 or 2, rarely 3, G to 15 lines long
and 1 or 2 thick, tho up[)ermost the largest, and the lowest subtended by a clasping
bract ecpialling or exceeding tho stem ; female spiki's 10 to Ki lines long and 2 to 4
thick, tho upper sometimes male at top, loosely flowered at base, the lowest often
remote on a short sul)radical peduncle, rarely compound ; scales i)urple with hyaline
margins, the male obovate-oblong, obtuse, tlio female broadly ovate, obtuse or mrely

248 CYPERACE.E. Carex.

acute, 3-nervecl at l)ase : perij;;yniuin olive-colored, triangular-ellipsoidal, tin;L;id,
abruptly ending in a cylindrical purple beak with an oblicpiely cut entire conspicu-
ously hyaline oritico, nerved, divergent, huiger tlian the scale : nutlet olive-colored,
triangular-obovoid. — Boott, 111. i. 21, t. 57. C IlaUeyana, l)e\vi!y, Am. Journ.
Sci. xi. 313, t. ^', tig. 43.

Swamps near ireiuloL-iuo City (Bolandii; ii. 4741) ; alho eastward from Massaduisetts to Peim-
sylvaiiiu.

G3. C. amplifolia, r>in)tt. Stem 2^- to 3i feet high, shar[)ly wing-angled, sca-
brous : leaves lanceolate, exceeding the stem, 5 to 8 lines broad : brads 4 or f) lines
broad, the lower two longer than the stem, the lowest sometimes with a sluiath ^
to 1 inch long : spikes 5 to 7, cylindrical, the one male purple and peduncled,

2 to 3i inches long and 2 lines thick, the female ferruginous, U to 3^ inches long
and 2 or 3 lines thick, the upper subsessile, the lower peduncled, densely or at base
loosely flowered, the lowest occasionally remote on a scabrous peduncle G to 14 lines
long; scales ])urple, pale in the middle, membranous, 3-nerved, oblong, the male
obtuse or short-cuspidate, tlie female ema'rginate, with a longer cusp : perigynium
membranous, ferruginous, ellipsoidal, ventricose, glabrous, abrujitly beaked, the beak
l)ale below and purple above with an oblique entire hyaline orilice, nerveless, reticu-
late, divergent, longer antl broader than the scale : nutlet triangidar-ellipsoidal,
chestnut-colored with pale angles, apiculate with the eidarged base of the style. —
Hook. Fl. Lor.-Am. ii. 228, t. 226, and Ilk i. 17, t. 48.

In the Siena Nevada; Mariposa Giovo {Bolaiulei;.n. 5011); Phnnas County (Mrs. Auslin);
northward to Oregon and Northern Idaho.

64. C. Cherokeensis, 'Schwein. Stem I to 3^ feet high, slender above, smooth:
leaves flat, 1.'? to 2 lines broad, hrm, shorter than or equalling the stem : lower bracts
sheathed, sometimes ecpialling the stem; sheaths 1 to \\ inches long: spikes 5
to 11, pale, oblong-cylindrical, the 2 or 3 male 8 to 20 lines long and i to 1 lino
thick, the upper largest and rarely female at base, the lowest bracted ; female spikes

3 to 9, 6 to 20 lines long and 3 or 4 tliick, sometimes male at top, remote, the upper-
most often sessile, the rest oxsertly i)edunch'd and nodding, simple or the miihllo
spiko of 2 or 3 clustereil spikelets ; lower peduncle 2 or 3 inches long, setaceous,
.scabrous ; scales lanceolate, the male obtu.se, the female acute, acuminate or hispidly
cuspidate : perigynium membranous, pale straw-color, ovoid or lanceolate, attemiate
to a short beak with an obliquely cut entire hyaline orifice, inflated, obsoletely
nerved, smooth or sparingly toothed on the upper margins, longer and broader than
the scale : nutlet triangular-obovoid with concave sides, loosely invested by the peri-
gynium and half as long, punctate. — Schwein. & Torr. Mon. Cyp. 369, t. 25, fig. 1;
I)rej. Symb. 25, t. 12; Ijoott, 111. i. 31, t. 79. C. Chi-isti/a)(,a, Uoott, iJost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. V. 115.

On Santa Rosa Creek [Thurbcr) ; eastward, from Alaliama to Texas.

65. C. Whitneyi, Olney. "Whole jjlant exce[)t the perigynium and scales
whitish or glaucous |tul)escent, the sheaths densely so : stem 1 to 3 feet high, erect,
acutely triangular : leaves 3 or 4 lines wide, shorter than the stem : bracts shorter
or the lowest a little longer than the stem : s})ikes 4, rarely 3 or 5, erect, whitish
green, the terminal male (larely 2), oblong or cyliudni:al, rarely peduncled, the rest
f(!raale, without sheaths, rather loo.sely flowered, oblong, contiguous, the lowest
})eduncled, rarely remote o\\ a very long-exserted jjeduncle; scales nuunbranous,
ovate, cu.spidate, ciliate at the apex, 3-nerved, green in the middle : perigynium
oval, acutely 3-angled, rostrate with slightly oblique emarginate hyaline orifice,
nerved, smooth, huiger than or equalling the scale : nutlet ovate, acutely trique-
trous, conformed to and nearly as long as the perigynium, dark chestnut-colored. —
Proc. Amer. Acad. vii. 394.

In tlie Sierra Nevada, <>m dry Idllsides ; Marijjosa to Calaveias Counties, Ilirwcr, JloUnn/ci:

Carex. CYrERACE/E. 249

GG. C. Sartwelliana, Olney, 1. c. 39G. Stem 2 or 3 foet hi-li, -laucous and
the wliolo plant pubescent, the sheaths densely so : bracts without sheaths, the lower
exceeding the stem, or the lowest sometimes sheathed, remote and sterile : spikes 5
or G (rarely 4 or 8), chestnut-colored, cylin<lrical and erect, densely llowered, the
terminal one male (or partially female), the rest feniale (or the n])per one male at
top), approximate and sessile, snbsquarrose, 1 to If inches long and 2 or 2i lines
thick : perigynium chestnut-colored, obovoid, triquetrous, abruptly beaked wfth an
obliquely cut entire orifice, pubescent or densely tomentose, broader and longer or
shorter than the chestnut-colored and green-nerved ciliate and j)ubesc,ent cuspidate-
lanceolate or ovate scale : nutlet conformed to the perigynium, triquetrous with the
angles ribbed.

In tlie Yospniite Valley (Bracer, n. lG3(i ; Bolandrr, w. 6221) ; allied to C. scabrata, Schwein.,
and i'. ainpli/olia, Boott.

++ ++ Beak bidentate.
= Feriffi/nium smooth.

G7. C. Cinnamomea, Olney, 1. c. Stem 1| to 2 feet long, erect, with short
and narrow scabrous leaves, the rudimentary ones dark purple : bracts sheathing,
longer or shorter than the stem, the inner sides of the sheaths ferruginous and sca-
brous: spikes 3 to 5, erect, 1 to H inches long, the terminal one male, cinnamon-
colored, fusiform and long-peduncled, the rest female (the upper rarely male at top),
cylindrical, densely flowered, the upper approximate, the lower on long-exserted
peduncles, attenuate and loosely flowered at base, the lowest remote : scales cinna-
mon-colored, green in the middle, membranous, ovate, obtuse, ciliate at top : peri-
gynium elliptical, 3-angle(l, green, rostellate with the bidentate orifice ciliate within,
glabrous, nerved, longer and broader than the scale : nutlet obovate, 3-anglcd.

In swamps on tlic H<mI Mountains, Mnidociiio ("oiuity, Buhnidry, n. G477. I5i'lonf:;in^ to tlie
Dchika f^vonp, and ajtrcoing witli the eastern C. Sn/Ucnnlii, 15oott, in its erect fertile spikes, and
with C. ijfdhrii, Hoott, in its sliarply 2-toothed ])roininently nerved and smooth perigynium.

G8. C. Mendocinensis, Olney, ined. Stem very slender, rather obtusely
angled, smooth : leaves 2 to 2^ lines broad, flat, the upper about equalling the stem:
bracts clasping and .sheathed, the lowest and often the next above exceeding the
stem, the uppermost shorter than its spike ; sheaths 2 or 3 inches long : spikes 3
or 4, chestnut-colored, linear, erect, 1 to 1^ inches long, the male single, the female
loosely flowered, the uppermost sessile, close to the male and often of equal height,
the rest approximate or the lowest ^ to 2 inches distant on a capillary mostly en-
closed peduncle; scales membranous, chestnut-colored with scabrous green keel and
scarious ciliate margins, the male oblong-obovate, obtuse or short-cuspidate, the
female oblong or ovate, acute or cuspidate, 1 - 3-nerved : perigynium triangular-
ellipsoidal, rostrate, with bidentate beak and the obtuse hyaline teeth ciliate, smooth,
nerved, a little longer than the scale : nutlet triangular-obovoid.

In swamps near Mendocino City, Bolandcr, n. 4701. Named by Mr. Olney, but without de-
scription.

69. C, luzulina, Oluey, 1. c. 395. IJootstock creeping : stem 7 to 1 2 inches high,
leafy at ])ase, obtusely angled, smooth : leaves short, 2 to 4 inches long and 3 lines
wide, smooth, flat, tlie lower recurved : bracts shorter than the stem ; sheaths | to I
inch long • spikes 4 or 5, rarely G, dark ferruginous, the upper contiguous, short-
oblong and densely flowered, sessile, the terminal one male, the lower female bracted
and long-sheathed, the lowest sometimes remote and long-peduncled ; scales ovate,
obtuse, chestnut-colored with y)ale green miduerves, ciliate : perigynium oblong-oval
or ovate, with bihd serrate beak, glabrous, obsoletely nerved, shorter than the scale:
nutlet obovate.

In spliajjnous swamiis near ^lendocino City, Bolandcr, n. 1740. Allied to C. pracor, Jacq., of
Europe and western Asia.

250

CVrEllACE.IC. Carex.

70. C. luzulaefolia. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, curving at top, ohtusuly angled,
smooth, 1- or 'J-luaved at or bt;U)\v tho miihUc, many-leaved at base : leaves lance-
linoar, 4 to 10 inches long and 2 ti> 4 lines broad, a(;uminate to a shar[) longh tri-
angular apex, much shorter than the stem : bracts sheathed, tapering to a short sharp
pouit, shorter than the peduncles; sheaths 2i to 3 inches long, enlarging upward :
spikes 3 to G (usually G), the male 1 to 3, clavate or obovoid or ellipsoidal, 3 to 9
lines long and 1 to 3 thick, often crowded so closely as to appear a single one, rarely
female aftop or at bottom, the female 3 to 5, clavate, G to 14 lines long and 2 or 2^
thick, the upper often sessile at the base of the male and occ;xsioiially overtopping
them, the others or all remote on exserted scabrous peduncles 2 to G inches long,
rather loosely flowered at base , scales purple or pale on the midnerve, oblong or
ovate or lanceolate, ciliate, obtuse or acute or roughly cuspidate : perigynium tawny
or purple, membranous, compressed-triangular, oval to lanceolate, acuminate to along
cylindrical bidentate beak, tlie orifice not hyaline, stipitate, often curving outward
at top, smooth, slenderly nerved, slightly serrate on the upper margins, longer and
broader than the scale : nutlet olive-colored, triangular-oljovoid, stipitate, loosely
invested by the perigynium and not half its length.

In the Siorra Nevada, at hi^^h altitudes, from above Yosemite Valley to Ebbett's Pass and
northward. Brewer, n. 1701, 201i), 2131 ; Bulandcr, n. 6210, 6219 ; KcUo<jg.

71. C. fulva, Good., var. Homschuchiana, r)Oott. Stem slender, 1 to 2i
feet high, smooth : leaves Hat, a line broad, mucli shorter than the stem : bracts
sheathing, the lower exceeding their spikes ; sheaths i to 1 inch long : spikes 3 to G,
chestnut°colored, the male 1 or rarely 2, cylindrical, 6 to 9 lines long, the female
oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, densely flowered, the upper usually close to the male and
often male at top, the rest approximate or remote on short peduncles or the lower
peduncle longer (an inch long) ; scales chestnut-colored with hyaline margins, ovate,
obtuse or rarely acute : jterigyniuin membranous, obtusely and unequally triangular-
ellipsoidal, with a seabr.ms hyaline-toothed beak, smooth, nerved, divergent, longer
than the scale: nutlet chestnut-colored, triangular-obovoid. — 111. iv^ 137, t. 443.
C. Homschuchiana, Iloppe. C. speirostachi/a, Smith ; Eiig. Dot. t. 2770.

In tlie Yosemite Valley, at Inspiration Tlock.s, and in tlie Mariposa Ciove (Bolander, n. 4905,
4995); also in Newfoundland, and in Europe.

= = Perif/i/ninm hirsute.

72. C. filiformis, Linn., var. latifolia, Bocckeler. Stoloniferous : stem 1 to 2|
feet high : leaves Hat, 1 or 2 lines broad, often exceeding the stem ; lower sheaths
fibrous°reticulate, scabrous on the outer sides : bracts without sheaths or the lowest
with a sheath 2 inches long or less, those of the female spikes exceeding the stem :
spikes 3 or 4 (rarely G), purple, the male 1 to 4, linear, sometimes female at top, tho
upper the largest, IG to 2G lines long, more or less i)edunculate, the lower sessile
and the lowest setaceously bracted ; finnale spikes 2 to 4, oblong or cylindrical, h
to 2 inches long and 3 or 4 lines thick, often male at top, densely flowere<l, remote
and sessile, or the lowest i)eduncled, loosely flowered at base, and rarely compound ;
peduncles scabrous, 2 lim^s to 2 inches long; scales purple, pale in the middle,
lanceolate to ovate or oblong, acute, ciliate at top or roughly cuspidate, 1 -3-nerved :
perigynium olive-colored, coriaceous and hispid, ellipsoidal or ovoid, obtusely angled,
turgul, abruptly ending in a short bicuspi<late beak with divergent scabrous teeth,
nerved', broader and usually shorter than the scale : nutlet che.stnut-colored, triangu-
lar-ellipsoidal or obovoid, stipitate: style often contorted. — Linmea, xli. 309. C.
lanm/inosa, Michx. ; I'.oott, 111. i. 48, t. 129. C. pe/lila, jNluld. ; Schk. Car. 84,
fig. 149, 150.

Var. rematorhyncha. Spikes 4, cylindrical, the male 2, the others fcMuale,
conti"uous ; lower male scales obtuse, rounded, the upper apiculate, the lower female
lanceolate and the upper ovate, acute : perigyniuia ovate, emarginate-bidentate, pale

Carex. CYrERACE^. 251

at base, the beak purple, very rough with long hairs, shorter or a little longer than
the scale: nutlet oval. — C. cematorhi/ncha, iJesv. ; Gay, Fl. Cliil. vi. 224, t. 73,
fig. 22 ; Ijoott, 111. i. G7, t. 183, tig. 1.

Ill tlie Sierra Neviula, Yospiiiiti! Viilloy ami Marijiosa (Jrove (lirriirr, Bnhuulcr) ; almiulant in
JIoiio Valley (Dreircr, ii. 1814), and al.so collected in alkaline soil in Tidare plain, Breiccr, n.
1592. Both the typical form (wliicii is also European) and tiie variety In/ijh/ia arc i'rei|uent from
Arctic America to the northern Atlantic States, the variety on the west ran<,nng southward to
New jMexico, Utah, Nevada and California. Var. ctmator/ii/iidia has been collected in the Mari-
jiosa drove, and in the .Ionian Valley, Utah, and is also Chilian.

73. C. gynodynama, Olncy. (Jcspitoso : stems 10 to 18 ini;lH's high, leafy and
with long .sheaths : leaves Hat, eiliate, much sliorter tlian the stem : bracts involute,
ciliate, the lowest nearly <!(jualling or shorter than tlio stem : spikes 4 or 5, erect,
cylindrical, ferruginous, the terminal one male, female at the top or often in the
middle or at base, the rest female, the upper far overtopping the male, the lowest
remote, long-sheathed, peduncled ; scales ovate, membranous, ciliate, mucronate or
acute, chestnut-colored, pale in the middle : j)erigynium elliptical, olive-colored,
the purple summit covered with long white hairs, glabrous at base, the beak bifid,
slightly nerved at base, broader and shorter than the scale : nutlet obovate, olive-
cohued. — Proo. Amer. Acad. vii. 394.

In swamps near Mendocino City, Bolander, n. 4700.

•♦-■♦- -t- Perifjynium larrje and inflated, the elongated beak mosthj deeply hicus-

])idate.

74. C. trichocarpa, Muhl., var. imberbis, Carey. Stem 2 or 3 feet high,
smooth : leaves 1 to 3 lines broad, the lower siieatlis tibrous-reticulate : bracts of the
female spikes foliaceous, exceeding the stem, all or oidy the lower with sheaths 2
to 8 or rarely IG lines long: sjiikes 5 to 12, cylindrical, erect, alternate or-lho upper
ones crowded, the male 3 to 9, ferruginous, linear, 4 to 18 lines long and I or 1^
thick, the lowest 1 or 2 bracteate ; female spikes 2 to 4, H to 2i inclies long and
4 to G lines thick, approximate or remote, densely or loosely flowered and attenuate
at base, the upper rarely male at toj), the lower on peduncles ^ to 2 inches long ;
scales purple with green midnerves and broad hyaline margins, ovate or lanceolate,
acute or hispidly cuspidate : perigynium smooth, ovoid or lanceolate, tapering to a
long deeply bicuspidate beak witli the scabrous lanceolate lobes membranous on the
margins, strongly nerved, longer than the scale : nutlet triangular-ovoid, olive-
colored. — Gray's Manual, .'597; Boott, III. i. 58, t. 152, the tyjiical form, with
pubescent perigynium and very scabrous stem.

In swamps at Cahto, Long Valley, Mendocino County, Bolandn-, n. 408!). In the Atlantic
States from Canada to Georgia, and westward from the Saskatchewan to Colonulo and Utah.

75. C. monile, Tuckerman. Stem rather slender, 1 to 2^ feet high, sharply
angled, scabrous : leaves 1 or 2 lines broad, flat, shorter than the stem, the lower
sheaths sparingly fibrous-reticulate : bracts longer tluin the stem, tiie lowest rarely
with sheaths 2 to 4 lines long : spikes 3 to G, elongated, cylindrical, the male 2 to 4
(usually 3), 1 to 2^ inches long and 1 or H linos thick, sometimes female at top,
the lowest setaceously bracted ; female spikes 2, rarely 1 or 3, terete, 1| to 2i inches
long and 8 lines thick, remote, the upper rarely male at top, the lowest sometimes
attenuate and loosely flowered at base and nodtling upon a peduncle 1^ inches long
or less ; scales purple, pale in the middle with hyaline margins, ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, 1 - 3-nerved : perigynium inflated, glohular-ovoid, alnniptl}' contracted to
a cylindri(;al bidentate beak, glabrous, or the beak and lobes serrate, 8-10-nerved,
shining, longer or shorter and broader than the s(;ale : nutlet chestnut-colored, tri-
angular-obovoid. — J>oott, 111. i. 28, t. 72. V. Vasei/i, Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci.
2 ser. xxix. 347, a form with the teeth (if the beak serrate.

Ostrandcr's Meadow, Bohinrfrr, n. 6211. Fiom subarctic Hritish America to the northern
Atlantic States. A variety of 0. vrsinin'a ar'cording to Boeckelcr.

252 CYPERACE.*;. Carex.

76. C. vesicaria, Linn. Rootstock creeping : stem 1 to 3^ feet liigli, sliavply
angled, scabious : leaves 2 or 3 lines broad, the upper exceeding the stem ; slieaths
tibrous-reticulate : bracts exceeding the stem, the lowest rarely with slieaths 2 to 9
lines long: spikes 3 to 8, the male 2 or 3, contiguous, 1 to 1| inches long and
1 to li lines thick, the lowest setaceously bracted ; female spikes 2 or 3, rarely 4,
an incii or two long, 4 to G lines thick, oblong or cylindrical, a))proximato and
densely llowered or the lowest remote and loosely llowered at base, the upper sessile,
the lower on nodding peduncles \ to li inches long; scales membranous, purjjle,
l>ale in the middle with hyaline margins, the male linear-oblong, broadest near the
top, acute, the female ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not awned : perigyn-
ium straw-colored, ovoid-conical or subglobose ovoid, obtusely angled, gradually
tapering to an obliipiely cut bidentate beak, glabrous, shining, nerved, ascending,
longer and broader than the scale : nutlet chestnut-colored, triangular-obovoid, punc-
tate : style contorted. — 8chk. (Jar. tig. lOG.

Var. p, Boott. Leaves and bracts much longer : perigynium conical, the beak
very long and teeth minute : scales ciliale at top. — 111. iv. 102, t. 537.

Var. y. Leaves and bracts much exceeding the stem : male spikes 2, rarely 3,

1 to If inches long, the female 1 to 3, | to 1^ inches long, the lowest short-pedun-
cled ; scales purple, broadly hyaline on the upper margins and at the summit, obtuse,
the female ovate : perigynium purplish at top, broadly ovoiil, abruptly conti-acted to
a longer or shorter minutely bidentate beak, the length of the scale : stigmas very
rarely 2.

The tyjiical form, of Europe and Kamtschatka, rarely found in North America, has been col-
lected in the Yosemite Valley (Brewer, n. 1654 ; Bolandcr, n. 6200), and in Oregon. The first
variety, found by Lyall on Saturna Island, Britisli Columbia, occurs also at Tomales Bay
(Bola'iukr, n. 2303) ; and the .second at Soda Springs on the Tuolumne, Brewer, n. 1781.

77. C. utriculata, Boott. Stoloniferous, glaucous : stem stout, spongy at base,

2 to 3 ieet high or mure, smooth below the si)ikes : leaves closely nodose-reticulated,
2 to G lines bu)ad, much excelling the stem, carinate, the margins recurved : bracts
much longer than the stem, the lowest sometimes with sheaths | to 1 inch long :
male spikes 2 to f), linear, 1 to 4i indies long and a line thick, often female at top,
the lowest bracted; the female 2 to G, cylindrical, obtuse, \ to 7i inches long and
4 to 8 lines thick, approximate or remote, the upper sessile, often cons])icuously male
above and rarely at bottom, densely llowered, the lowest peduncled, often attenuate
and loosely flowered at base, sometimes compound ; peduncles 8 lines to 10 inches
long; scales membranous, pur[)le, pale in the middle with hyaline margins, oblong
or lanceolate, acute or roughly awned : perigynium straw-colored, shining, smooth,
ellipsoidal, ovoid or globose-ovoid, inflated, gradually or more or less abruptly con-
tracted to a cylindrical bicuspidate beak, spreading or squarrose, nerved, broader and
mostly longer than the scale : nutlet triangular-obovoid, olive-colored : style con-
torted. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 221, and 111. i. 14, t. 39.

In the Sierra Nevada, freiiuent, from Fresno ("ounty noitliwanl ; eastward, from subarctic
British America to the noitliern Atlantic States, Colnniiio and lUah. i5oeckeler (Liiiiuva, xli.
318) refers to this species C. lau-irosiris. Fries (Knnze, Suppl. 1. 194; t. 49), of noithein
Europe and Siberia, wliich is similar in most of its (liaracters, but the bra(;ts are described and
tiguied as about equalling the stem, and the scales as acute and not as awned.

78. C. pseudocyperus, Linn., var. comosa, Boott. Stem 1| to 2^ feet high,
stout, very scabrous on the sharp angles: leaves rigid, nodose, 2^ to 5 lines broad,
tapering to a long slender triangular apex, the up[)er exceeding the slem : brads nf
the female spikes much excectling the stem, the lowest sometimes Avith a sheath
1 to 3i inches long, usually sheathless : sjiikes 4 to 0, densely flowered, the upper-
most male, linear, 1 to 3.^, inches long, often female at top or sotnetimes almost
wholly so ; female spikes 1^ to 3 inches long and 4 to 7 lines thick, stout, cylindri-
cal, rarely male at top and compound at l)ottom, drooping or ))endulous, a])])roximato
or the lowest remote ; peduncles 2 to 18 lines long, or the lowest 4 to 10 inches ;

UKAMINE.-E. 253

scales pale or ferruginous, attenuate to a long hispid awn, tlie male linear-lanceolate,
the female lanceolate or oblong, shorter or with the awn longer than the perigyniuni:
perigyniuiu coriaceous, pale olive, ovate or lanceolate, unequally .'i-angled, stipitate,
attenuate to a very long slender hicuspidate beak (the smooth sulndate lobes recurved,
nearly a line long), strongly nerved, divergent or recurved : nutlet triangular-ellip-
soidal or obovoid, chestnut-colored. — 111. iv. 141. C. comosa, Boott, 111. i. 14, t. 38.
Swamps near San Francisco (Bolnndr.r, n. 2301) ; Oipgon [Howell), and in the Atlantic States
from New England to Georgia and I^onisiana. Tlie typical European form occnrs eastward from
the Saskatchewan to New England, and other forms prevail in South America, Australia, and
southern Asia.

Order CXIX. GRAMINE^. (By Dr. George Tiiurber.)

Flowers hypogynous, perfect or unisexual, in 1 - sevcral-llowcred si)ikclets con-
sisting of small green or more or less scarious bracts imbricated in two ranks, the
lower and exterior pair in each spikelet called glumes. These are close together upon
the rhachis of the spikelet, one lower than and more or less embracing the other
{loiver and dipper glume). The proper flowers are inclosed in usually two bracts
(palere or palets), which together with their contents are termed -a floret ; this is
stalked or sessile within the glumes, and persistent or deciduous. The lower palet,
usually quite different from the glumes in size, shape, texture and number of nerves,
is herbaceous, membranaceous, chartaceous, or coriaceous, or even indurated in fruit,
and frequently awned. The vpper palet, usually wrapped within the lower, from
which it differs in texture and size, being often very delicate or hyaline, is 2-nerved,
mostly with infolded margins, usually smaller, sometimes much reduced or obsolete.
Opposite the upper palet are two (rarely three or sometimes wanting) very small hya-
line scales (perianth of some, also sqiiamulre or ludicuke), rarely longer than the
ovary. Stamens 3 (rarely 2 or 1, or G or more), with very slender fdaments and
linear anthers, without prominent connective, versatile and pendulous ; pollen vsome-
timos purjilish or reddish, mostly yellow. Ovary sometimes stipifato, smooth or
hairy above, with one (M'ect anatropous ovule. Styles 2 (rarely 3), distinct, or partly
united below, stigmatic above with simple or brancluid hairs. l''ruit erect, free, or
luore or less adherent to the inclosing palets, the seed completely filling the pericarp
and adherent to it (a car)/opsis), or rarel}' quite free from and loosely surrounded
by it (forming a ntricle). Seed erect, longitudinally furrowed, with a very thin
adherent testa. Embryo small, nearly globular, seated in a pit at the inner side of
the base of the albumen, which is farinaceous, or between farinaceous and horny. —
Tufted annual or perennial herbs, with terete usually hollow culms, simple or branch-
ing from the solid nodes, sometimes stoloniferous or rhizomatous. Petioles sheath-
ing the culm more or less closely, the sheath split usually its whole length on the
side opposite to the mostly long and narrow, often convolute-fdiform blade ; at the
base of the blade is a more or less conspicuous scarious ligule {stipule of some), soiue-
times appearing only as a cartilaginous ring or as a fringe of hairs. Inllorescenco
very various, spicate or capitate, racemose or paniculate ; in a few genera, as Cen-
chi'iis, Coix, etc., the spikelets are surrounded by a hard bony involucre, formed by
a peculiar development of some portion of the inllorescencc.

254 GRAMINE.E.

Grasses are widely (listribiited I'loni eijiiatorial toaretic rc^'ions, some genera especially abuinlant
in the troi)ies, but tiio majority belonging' to the temperate zones. In the nunxber of individuals
tliey probably exceed all oilier llinvrrinj,' plants, while in the number of species the family stands
third, the first and second places l.elonj;in<,' to CninposUtv. and Laiiuninosic. In nsel'ulness to
man they easily take the first rank, as ihey are at the foundation of all agriculture, their herbage
atfording the larger share of the fooil of animals, while their seeds supply, in the cereal grains,
the chief food of the world. Kice, Dnrra, Maize, Wheat, l{yc, Oats, Harley, and Sngar-("ane,
need only to be mentinncd to show the economical importance of the family. It is a singular fact
that the most useful of the family, tho.se which furnish the cereal giains, are none of them known
with certainty in the wild state, even their native countries being in doubt. Uut few grasses
present marked properties. Anthoxanthuvi, Jlieruchloc, and a few others, have a pleasant Va-
nilla-like odor, due to a principle like cuumarin. Some oriental si>ecies of Andropoijon ali'onl in
their foliage the oils of Lemon-Grass, Citronella, and Geranium, and from the roots of another
species is obtained the perfume " N'^ettiver." The rhizomes of Triticum re))ens and of Ci/nodou
Dactylon liave long had a reputation for usefulness in diseases of the bladder. The many u.ses
which the steins of si)ecies of Bambusc, the Hamboos, are made to serve in China and other eastern
countries give them a high rank among the useful grasses. In ornamental gardening, besides
furnishing the carpet of verdure without which our gardens would lose nnich of their attrac-
tiveness, grasses play an important part. From the humble Fcstnai ijlanai, the striking blue
foliage of which is used for eilgings, up to the stately Gijacriuin ai<j:iUcum, the Pampas-Grass,
the list of ornamental species and varieties is a long one.

In describing the structure of the spikelets, both Bentliam and Hooker make n.se of difTereiit
terms from those here given. They designate the (jliunca as "empty glumes," and the lower pnlct
as the " llowering glume," while they have but a single " palet," which is our upper paid. The
usual terminology is here followed, as the one universally taught in our text-books, and as not
involving any theoretical views of the structure of the llowers. In the grouiiiug of the genera of
this immense family into subgenera, or into tribes and subtribes, botanists diller widely, accord-
ing to the prominence given by the authors to i)ailicular characters. The arrangement here
presented is not made to express any views as to the rehttioMshi|) of the genera, but solely with
the object of leading the student to the genus by the most direct path.

Tkibe I. rANICACE.E. Spikelet articulated with the ])edicel below the glumes, mostly
2-flowereJ : one llower fertile ; the staminate or barren lloret, when present, below it.

Subtribe I. PANICE/E. Spikelets of one terminal perfect floret with an imperfect (stami-
nate or neutral) one below it, the latter often reduced to a single palet ; .sometimes apjiear-
ing as if 1-llowered by the suppression of the lower glume and the upper palet of the neutral
floret. Grain incloseil in the coriaceous or chartaceous palets of the perfect lloret.

» Spikelets apparently 1-flowered by absence of the lower glume, the palet of the neutral fioret

taking its place.

1. Paspalum. Spikelets plano-convex, on one side of a flattened rhachis.

» ♦ Spikelets 1|- or 2-flowered : lower floret staminate or neuter, of 1 or 2 palets.

2. Panicura. Spikelets without an involucre. Lower glume usually minute.

3. Setaria. Spikelets with an involucre of bristles proceeding from the pedicels.

4. Cenchru8. Spikelets inclosed, 1 to 3 together, in a hard bristly or spiny bur-like involucre.

Subtribe II. ANDliOPOGONE.E. Spikelets in pairs, very dissimilar, one rudimentary.
Palets of the fertile floret scarious, thinner than the indurated glumes.

5. Ischaemum. Spikelets on one side of a single spike.

TuiisF. II. PHALAUIDE.E. Spikelets not articulated below the glumes, of one terminal j.er-
fect Hower, or with two male or neutral or rudimentary florets below the perfect one.
Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes sometimes united below.
• Glumes wanting : inflorescence iJanicled.

6. Leersia. Siiikelets much flattened. Palets rigid. Stamens 1 to 3 or 6.

♦ ♦ (ilumes ])resent.
+- Spikehits l-llow(!red, densely spiked : glumes eipial, boat-.shaped, strongly keeled.

7. Alopeciirus. (Jlumes united at base. Lower jmlet awm-d, upper wanting.

8. Phleum. Glumes distinct. Lower palet uwidcss, upper present.

+- +- Spikelets 1- 2-flowered, ]ianicled.

9. Beckmannia. Spikelets (ours 1 -flowered) crowded in two rows upon the branches.

-1- -1- -i- Spikelets 3-llowered, the lateral staminate or neutral : plant sweet-scented.

10. Hierochloe. Lateralflorets staminate. Panicle loose.

11. Anthoxauthum. Lateral florets neutral, of a .single awned hairy palet.

GRAMINE.E. 25/-

iiJ. faalaris. Glumes boat-sliaped.
TltlCK III.

poll

» Callus not manifest ; floret sessile within the glumes.
+- Spikelots of two kinds, in pairs or threes
13. ^gopogon. One spikelet in a cluster perfect, the others staminate or neuter.
_ _, -^ +- Spikelets alike and perfect.

1' fr?w ^"o^"f-, Spikelets in small umbellate clusters.

16. Sporobolus. Sp.kelets in usually open panicles. Seed free from pericarp (utricle)

♦ * Callus present, the floret raised within the ghuues ou a short rounded or stalk-like base,
+- Glumes long-awned.

17. Polypogon. Glumes nmch longer than the floret.

+- 4- Glumes awnless (except in one AgrostLi).

18. Agrostis Lower gl»'ne s,ig,.t,y ^ ,„,i ^^^ ,i^„ ^,^^ ^^.^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^

10 Gastridium ri^nill ft '" , -'"'."^times awned on the back, the uj.per often wanting.
9n" rfn,;. T ^•"">*'s with a shining ventncose base. Inflorescence .si^ike-like

thet!ro;:af,rr'"'""- ^^'""^ ^l-tinctlystlpitate. Lower pallt .short awned below

21. Muhlenbergia Glumes variable, sometimes minute. Lower palet awned from the apex

J loret mostly bearded at base and early deciduous. ^

4- 4-^ Glumes longer than the floret, which has a more or less conspicuous tuft of hairs at base

22. Vaseya. Awn terminal. No rudiment of a second flower.

23. Calamagrostis. Awn from below the tip of palet. Ihidiment present and mostly bearded

^^"'''deH ll.nn^^^r^^^''"^,- . ■''•'"V''"'^ ''''''^y l-flowercl. Floret with a sharp-pointed callu.
deciduous Lower palet mv.dving the upper and the grain, coriaceous and i Xrated iri
fru.t aiHl terminated by a (usually long) simple or triple^w,,: indurated m

2^: SUprT^n ^mlihiXISlM £o;-r^'"^°"^- '''''''' ^'"^^'^^ '''''' '^^ ^^^^ ^--
20. Aristida. Awn triple, continuous or (rarely) articulate.l with the palet

'"''mpewl!:t or'rluibm^Ii'vi " '''""';' V • f ?-'-"— ^ («- "'• >-- of the np,,er florets
iSVi'doi digitair^^ ^^^ '""' '^"'^ ''"'"'•" "1'°'"^ J""'t>^"«« .hnchis; the spikes

♦ Spikelets l-nowercd.

"• ^'''Si..'';Jl?£l\Z';:;.,i"""™''' '"'='»">■• '" '«» "»» >■■»" »~ »•-' .3-con.„.a

. • Spikelets 2-l1oweied or mere, o„e llolel porreel, will, l.o or ,„o.e i,„|.crr,,.t or nentrnl (lowers

above it.

^^- ^°"S!.°"^vnJ.^°"'"" ^'"''^ ^"''^^ ""^^ ^"'""'^^ "^ ■''I'"-'- ^'"l"^'''*^^'^ ""^^•^■■^ "^^«'' reduced to

29. Cynodoii. Floret and rudiment awnless. Spikelets in digitate spikes.

* * * Spikelets 3 -several-flowered with more than one perfect floret.

30. Leptochloa. Spikes slender, racemed.

^"^'si.il'elL ^^V7«I'"«I''E.E. Spikelets 1 - mnuy-noweied. perfect or staunnate, in a

el min^'''''''\ i^\T' I"'"^' i^-^-} 'V'^' •'"*'"•'' »'• ^■'•■'^•'■t, ^vith the nerve; often
exLuiieut as .seta3. I'alets entire m- 2-toothcd, often awned.

31. Pleuraphis. Spikelets in threes at each joint of the rhachis. subtended by a hairy tuft,

the middle one perfect, the others staminate.

Subtribe V. AVENACEJ^. Spik.dets panicled, O-scveral.nower.d, the ihi.chis, often bearded
prolonged into an iinpei feet rudiment. Glumes mostly apialling or exceeding the flowei^.

256 GRAMINEJ-:.

Lower palet usually beaiinj,' on tlie hack or k-twecii its teetli a twisted bent or straiglit
awn. Ovary bonietinK's liairy at toji.

♦ Sjiikelets with two or more lower llorets perfeet.

32. Danthonia. Spikelets several-tlowered. Lower jialet rounded on the back. Awn formed

Irom till! three uniteil middle nerves, proeeediug from the elelt at the ajie.x.

33. Aveua. Spikeht 'i-several-llowered. Lower palet rounded on the back, •2-lootlied at tip.

Awn Irom the nddiiervc only.
3L Trisetum. Spikelet 2-several-llowered. Lower i)alet compressed and keeled, 'i-toothed or
2-pi)inted at apex. Awn from near the cleft, fiom the nddiiei ve only.

35. Aira. Sjiikelet 2-tlowered, with or without a rudiment of a third liower. Lower floret

awiied from near the base.

* * Spikelets 2-flowered, with one flower staniinate.

36. Arrhenatheruni. Lower flower stiinnnate, awncd ; ujiper }ierfeet and usually awidess.

37. Holcus. Lower flower jierfect, awnless; upper staminate and awned.

Subtribe VL FESTUCACE^. Spikelets panieled, several -(rarely 2-) many-flowered, the
rhachis usually prolonf,'ed and bearing an imperfect floret or a bristle. Palets pointless,
or the lower tipped with a straight and (except in JJruiitus) tciuiinal awn.
* Abortive flowers of several empty palets in a separate spikelet from the perfect ones.

38. Lamarckia. Paidcle unilateral, spike-like.

* ♦ Abortive or standnate flowers in the same spikelet with tlie perfect ones.
-1- liOWer 1 or 2 florets standnate or nculial.

39. Pliragmitea. Spikehts in an amj.le ]ianiclc, with 1 staudnalc floret below 2 to 4 iierfect

ones; riiM.his l>eanl,-d with lung hairs.

40. Eremochloo. SpUahts in a short ncaily simple panicle, with 2 neutral florets below on(!

fertile one, beyond which is a triple hairy rudiment.
+- +- Lowest flowers all perfect : grain not adherent to the palets : joints of the rhachis bearded
only in I'rinisjiis.

41. Tricuspis. Lower palet bearded on the 3 nerves, one or all of whicli project into short

awns.
++ Lower palet pointed, awned or acute, the nerves, when present, running into the point.

42. Dactylis. Glumes and lower palets herbaceous, awn-pointed, compressed-keeled. Spikidets

in ilense 1-sided clusters in a 1 -sided panicle.

43. Koeleria. Glumes aiui lower palet membranous, keeled, acute or mucronatc. Panicle con-

trauted, spike-like.
+t ++ Lower palet pointless and awidess (except in Mdka), blunt, tlie nerves parallel.
= Lower glume 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved.

44. Eatonia. Glumes very iinlike, the upper much broader than the linear lower one and

wrapped around the flowers.

= = One or both glumes 5-nerved or more.

45. Melica. Lower palet flatfish on the back, 7-nerved or more, mend)ranous at tip. Fertde

flowers 1 to 3, the upjter enwraj)ping th(! 1 to 3 imiierlect ones.
4o. Distichlis. Lower jialet much compressed laterally, many-nerved, somewhat coriaceous.
Elowi'rs diacious.

= = = Glumes 1 -3-ncrved.

47. Lophochlcena. Low.r palet prominently 7-nerved, its nddnerve jiroduccd as an awn at the

2-lootlicd or truncate scarious apex. U]iper palet appendagcd on the nerves. (Jlumes
much shoiter tiian the florets.

48. Grlyceria. Lower palet rounded on the back, the 5 to 7 nerves not reaching the scarious

mostly blunt apex. S]iikelets many-flowered, deciduous at maturity, the rhachis break-
ing up into joints.

49. Atropis. Lower jialet chartaceous, convex or rounded on the back, faintly 5-nerved, the

nerves not reaching the obtuse subdenticulati; or mucronulate ajiex.

50. Poa. Lower jialct laterally comjircssed, mostly keeled, 5-ncrved, miMnbranous, the margins

or nerves below with cobwebby hairs or pubescent; upiK'r ])alet falling with the lower.

51. Eragrostis. T,ower palet 3-nerved, keidcd, deciduous, leaving the persistent upper one,

.Spikrh-t flattened, usually many-flowered.

52. Steiiochloa. Glumes long and nariow, much exceeding the 2 or 3 deciduous florets. Lower

palet 3-nerved.

-i- +- Lowest flowers all jicrfect : grain adherent to the palct.s.

53. Briza. Lower i)alet rounded, very ol)tu.sc, pointless, mauy-iierved, becunnng ventricose.

Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped.

^'"'^'"''""- GRAMINEyE.

'■'^ ''"S;,,.'°s:;i*';^i7;i:;',,''''' '■ "-'- ■ >'"^"'-i ■•■■ -■ ■ ^.' '.- «,*c,.,,

"■ ^'°r'« ir^C; ;reS,,:,^;;:«,™ "■= ^~k. — --. -'-b- »..,».. ,„.,„„. ,„.

Siibtribe VII. IIOHDEACE/l'. SnikHets 1 -scv,.,-,! n,.„. i •, • ,

tl.e opposite .sid.-s of azigza- .1 ad s eiti.e. sol f i! " ' "f^"'' "1 '"'"""•''•'^ ""^'^''^'^ '"'
awncd or unawi.ed. ° ' '"'"'"^ "' ''^'■^''■••^' together. Glinnes entire,

♦ Spikelet single (2 in one Lrp(urus) at each joint of the rhachis

58. Lolium. Spikelets nm ny-llo v 7 niSvif. V'"'""** ped.celle.I sj.ikelet.

stundingJlgl'and left. """'"'• ^'"'""^ "''^"'^'^ °" ^1- rhachis, both glumes present,
» ♦ Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis
r.. Hnr^ "^ T'', '!'*"■'"'■• ^"'"''"^ " '"''^ "'' '"^■"'"'^'••' <■"'■ tl'e cluster of spikelets

P„ ^ ,. t"^ """ "°'"'' "■■ ^ ""■ 2 «"n.like nulin.ents in their ,,lace

62. GymnosUchum. Spikelets few-flowered, son.ewhat pedicelled, 1 to 3 atleh joint.

1. PASPALUM, Linn. P.vsi-alu.m.
Spikes or racemes solitary, either few and digitate or many an<l panicled Spike-
lets in two to four rows upon one side of a flattened or fdiform jointless rhachis
Jo,nted upon the. short pedicels, plano-convex, awnless, apparently one-flowered'
Glumes two, nearly equal, few-nerved. Palets two, roundish or ovate, coriaceous
the outer large, convex and enclosing the smaller flattened upper one, rarely mucro-
nate or with a few nnnute hairs at the apo.v. Scales 2, wed^e-shaped or quadrate
cmargmate. Stamens 3. Ovary oblong, smooth : styles elongated ; stigmas hairy'
Oram enclosed m the hardened palets '

f ^ ^- ^^fV«=^"»»'J.inn. Culms from a strong jierennial widelv creopin- root-

.'^tock, , to 12 inches hgl, and clotlmd below by-tile son.owhat crowde reat^s •

aves flat, hnear-lancoolate, 2 to 3 inches long, glaucous, rou-d. above and w h le

heaUis smooth or ha.ry : sp.kos two (rarely throe or four), spreading, one sess 1 a d

nt.f. rr ;?' "^' \^'^' r^''^ '""- ^'^"^'^'>' "^^^-^'--i ^p'^^'i^ts in two row

ovate, acute. U hues bng: glumes 3-nerved, more or less pul,escent. - P. ra,.

m Australia. The appearance of the plant is greatly modified bv the lo a H The roi stock

sometnnes ns large as the little finger, often runs jimt' below the ^nrf^.p ( ,, ,,n," - ft '?"^*'t«\'^.
tlu. ascen,ling ste.ns are clothed wUh'sharp.po/^e!rscni;;!7 XX^. ^ [Z 'hav^^nft

a few proper leaves at the top. In son.e eases the elongation of the ten ts tVd t

being injured by son,e insec't, and only the sheath is produced as a broad scale W;,hisom,rs
a the base of the sten, the rootstock appears as if It bore scnly bulbs, like tho e of so e sn
hly. It is oftener near the top of the stem, which looks as if it were terminated by a sZl cone

A fragment of a Paspahim in the Torrey herbarium is mnrked " 70!), Coulter California "
There is probably an error as to the locality, as no other collector has met with it. ^"'"°'^"'^-

258 GRAMlNEJi:. J'unicam.

2. PANICUM, Linn. Panic-Ouass.

Panicle various, either loose and spreading or close and spike-like, sometimes with

tlie inflorescence crowded upon one side of a narrow rhachis. Spikelets without

involucre or bristles at base, 1 1- or 2-flo\vered, articulated with tlieir pedicels. Glumes

two, herbaceous, the lower smaller, often minute and sometimes wanting, the upper

equalling the perfect floret. Lower floret stamiuate or neutral, often reduced to a

single (lower) palet resembling the upper glume ; its upper palet, when present, very

thin auil hyaline : upper floret coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually closed and mostly

flattened parallel with the glumes, awnless ; lower palet enclosing the upper. [Scales

2, fleshy, truncate. Ovary smooth, oblong : stigmas usually purple and longer than

the styles. Grain compressed, plano-convex, inclosed in the hardened palets.

A vast largely tro]iical genus, over 800 sjiucies being reconled, of wliicli it is estimated that
some 500 are really (iistinct. Tlie Horn of C'aiilbrnia ditlers lemarkalily from tliat of tlie Atlantic
States in the small number of native Panieums, as, while 35 to 40 s[)ecies aie found on the easteiii
coast, not more than four can be regarded as natives of the western. lUit few of the genus are
useful to man ; the couiuion Millet, P. inilinccum, was formerly more cultivated than at present,
both for its seeds and as a forage crop. Some botanists arrange the siiecies here enumerated in
three dilferent genera, as indicated by the following sections.

§ 1. Sjnhehts in pairs, one sessile, the other pedirclled, croivded on one side of
simjjle fattened branches, which are digitatebj clustered at the toj) of the
culia : loicer floret neutral, of a siufjle palet. — DioriAUiA.

1. P. sanguinale, Linn. (Crab-Ghass or Finger-Grass.) Culms 1 to 2 feet
long, usually spreading and creeping at base, then ascending or erect : leaves and
sheaths smooth or hairy : spikes four to six or more, 2 io 4 inches long ; s[)ikelets
1 to 1^ lines long: lower glume very minute, the upper glume lialf the length of
the floret. — Torr. Fl. oS'. York, ii. 423, t. 146. Dic/itaria saiijninalis, Scop.;
lieichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. i. G8, t. 187. P. fmbriatum, Presl in IJel. ILenk. i. 298.

Introduced; a common annual weed in most countries, apiiearing late in the season and by
means of the roots at the lower nodes taking such a iirm hold of the soil as to be very diliicult to
remove. The spikes, and sometimes more or less of the plant, are purple. This is undoubtedly
the plant collected by Haenke. In the Soutliern States it is miuh valued for both hay and pas-
turage. It makes a very light hay, but affords a much-e»teenied pasturage in midsummer.

P. glabrum, Linn., the Smooth Crab-grass, of Europe and Asia, is very common in tlie Atlan-
tic States and is likely to be found here as a weed. It may be distingui.-hed by having its ujiper
glume as long as tlie floret, while the spikes are sliorter, fewer, and less regularly digitate.

§ 2. Spikelets dis/)oscd in jninicles, scattered, awnless. — Panicum proper.

* Panicle elonyated, racemose: spikelets small, short-pedicelled.

2. P. agrostoides, Spreng. Culm from a ])erennial root, erctct, abcMit 2 feet
high, more or less flattened : leaves long and with the sheaths smooth : i)anicle
pyramidal, 4 to 8 inches long, often onesided and freciuently piu-plish ; spikelets
crowded and one-sided upon the branches, aboiit a line long, ovate, acute : lower
glume half the length of the neutral fl(jret ; tip])er glume 5-ncrved : perfect floret
shorter than the upper glume, smooth except a few minute hairs at the apex. — Triu.
Spec. Gram, iii, t. 2G1 ; Torr. Fl. N. York, ii. 429, t. 148.

This, whicli is a common species in the Atlantic States, is given as a native from its occurrence
in the collection made by Dr. Pickcruuj and labelled " Valley of the Sacramento."

-^ Panicle diffuse and spreading.

■i- Spikelets jiointed.

3. P. capillare, Linn. (Old-Witch Grass.) Cidnis ot'ten brandling at ])ase
and forming large tufts 1 to 2 feet high, frmn an annual root: slicaths, and usually
the leaves, very hairy : panicle half the length- of the culm, very open, its long

Panicam. GRAMINEyE. 259

slender branches S(jlitary or in pairs, at liist creet, then spreailini,' and when oM
oflon rellcxed ; spikelets U lines lunj;, ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed and often
piir|ilisli, scattered, on mostly nuioh longer pedicels: neutral floret of a single palot,
twiiHi the length of the acute 1-ncrved lower glume; upper glume H-nerved, pointed,
nearly a lialf longer than the somewhat obtuse perfect Uower. — Jieichenb. 1. c.,
t. 192.

Uistributed throughout the State and the adjoining States and Territories. Tliis is an abundant
grass, mostly in sandy soil, from the Atlantic to tlie Pacific, and varies considerably at the East,
but tiie western si>ecimeiis are more robust and the brandies of the panicle stronger than in the
eastern |ilant, while tiie spikelets aie somewliat longer on shorter pedicels ; but there are no per-
manent differences. Of no agricultural value ; indeed it is said that animals will not touch it.
Tlie dry panicles break off in autumn, and are blown about liy the winds, often collecting in great
heaps in fence-corners, etc.

4. P. Urvilleanum, Kunth. Culms perennial, 12 to 20 inches higli and, like
the wiiole plant, clothed with whitish hairs: leaves rigid, 12 to 18 inches long, 3
lines wide at the flat base, convolute above and ending in a very long tapering point :
panicle G to 10 inches long, open, the not numerous branches solitary or in pairs,
bearing towards their enils a few very hairy large spikelets, which are 2 to 3 lines
long, ovate, acute: lower glume 7-nerved, two-thirds the length of the 15-nerved
upper one, the nerves in both distinct and greenish : sterile Uoret staminate, with
two palets, the lower 15-nerved ; perfect floret oblong, smoi:)th except a fringe of long
silky hairs upon the margins. — liev. Gram. t. 115; Brongn. Voy. Coquille, Phau.
1 1 7, t. 9.

San Diego County (Parr;/ & Lcnnuon) ; also in the State Survey collection, a single specimen,
without ticket ; a native of Chili. Several of the lower joints of the culm are naked, indicat-
ing that it grows in blowing sands. The sheaths are much crowded, the outer ones weather-worn.
The whole plant when young of a very pale glaucous green, when old yellowish throughout.

•^ -t- Spikelets obtuse.

5. P. SCOparium, Lam. Culm from a i)erennial root, G inches to 2 feet high,
geniculate at the lower nodes and at length branched and reclining : leaves lanceo-
late, 3 to 5 inches long, about G lines wide, indistinctly 9-nerved, mostly erect and
somewhat rigid, haii-y beneath and fringeil with spreading hairs at base ; sheaths
hairy : panicle 2 to 3 inches long, nearly simple, the hairy slender branches bearing
a ^Gw largo (1^ lines long) tumid obovate usually hairy s])ikelets : upper glume
9-nerved, twice or three times the length of the roundish lower one : perfect flower
(under a strong lens) miinitely dotted in longitudinal lines, the lower palet with a
transverse furrow or fold near the base. — Kncycl. iv. 714 his (tlu're is much con-
fusion in the paging) ; Chapin. Fl. G75. P. paKcijiovam, EH. ?; Cray, Manual, G48.

Oregon, Pickerinij, Spaiihlinrj, Hnll, Ilour/l. Not found as yet within the State, but .so fre-
•lucnt ill (Jregon and elsewhere that its occiirrenee is very prol)able. It extends from New Eng-
land westward, also southward, where the jilant is much larger than any Oregon spcfcimens. Late,
in the season it blanches, taking on a variety of forms, some of which are velvety hairy. The
fold or crease at the base of the iierfect floret appears to have been overlooked ; it seems to be
quite characteristic of this species.

G. P. dichotomum, Linn. Culm from a few inches to 2 feet high, erect and
simple or, late in the season, decumbent and variously branched : lower leaves
usually ovate, the upper linear-lanceolate, smooth or hairy or velvety : terminal
panicle open, ovoid, those of the branches short and often included in the sheaths ;
spikelets a lino long, oblong-obovate, smooth or hairy : lower glume roundish, one-
tliird the lengtli of the 5 - 7-nerved upper one. — P. thennale, IJolander, Proc. Calif.
Acad. ii. 181.

Yosemite Valley, the Geysers, and on Lassen's Teak, at nn altitude of •fj-'ino feet. Found nil
over the country, and .presenting an endless variety of forms, many of which have been described
as species. It assumes a very different appearance after the first flowering, when it begins to
flower upon the numi-rous branches. Some forms smooth and shining, but all thus far collected in
the State are hairy. P. Ihcrmalc was described honi a densely velvety low and much branched state.

2G0 GRAMINE.E. rankaui.

§ 3. Sjnkelets crowded in 3 or 4 roics or irrcijularhj on the one-sided splke-llke
branches of tlie panicle. — J'^ciii.nuchloa.

7. P. Crus-galli, Linn. (1!ah.\-vaiuj Guass.) Annual, witli culms fiuui a
few inches to 4 led liigii, stout, branching from the base : leaves lanceolate, i incii
wide or more, lough on the margins and, with the sheaths, usually smfx»tli "other-
wise : panicle nujstly dense and pyramidal, olten secund, rarely with distant and
somewhat appressed branches; spikelets 1 to 2 lines long, often clustered and
densely crowded upon the numerous one-sided branches, which usually bear coarse
liairs, especially at base : glumes rough upon the nerves, ovate, abru[)tly pointed :
lower palet of sterile lloret awl-pointed or short-uwned, but mostly with a rough awn
an inch long or more; perfect tloret pointless or with a short point. — Trin. 1. c,
t. 161. Echinochlua Crus-yaUi, l>eauv. ; Keichenb. 1. c, t. 191.

Common in rich giounds. A native of Europe and jiossibly indigenous to some parts of tliis
continent ; widely intnHlueed as a weed of eultivation in all warm countries. Exceedingly varia-
ble, and as many of tlie forms have received names the synonyms are many. In the Bad Lands
of Nebraska perfect plants are found only two inches high, while in rich spots live feet is not an
unusual height. There aie all degree.s, from perfectly smooth sheaths and leaves to those with
long hairs, and a veiy rough pubescence is not rare, the panicles and sometimes the sheaths are
often tinged with purple, but are sometimes so pale tliat one form has been called var. ijlaucam.
From the large pyramidal conipouml jMnicle there is every grade down to a nearly siuijile one,
with scarcely branclied spikes eiect, appressed and distant iijion the ihachis, in win. h condition it
is liable to be mistaken fur P. colunuiti. Tiiis, which was formerly regarded as a worthless weed,
has been, within a few years, cultivated in Illinois and some neighboring States as a hay-crop.

8. P. colonum, Linn. Cidms G inches to 2 feet high, annual, branching or
simple, usually decumbent and rooting at base : leaves linear and, with the sheaths,
glabrous : panicle of three to twelve or more short (i to 1 inch) perfectly simple dis-
tant usually erect spikes, which are mostly bearded at base ; spikelets in two to four
rows, a line long or less, awnless : glumes and lower palets nearly smooth or hispid
on the nerves, pointed l)ut not awned : fertile llower barely pointed. — Trin. 1. c,
t. IGO. P. Walttri, Ell. Sketch, i. 115; Chapm. Fl. 557.

San Diego County ; Arizona and Northern Mexico ; also in tlie Southern Atlantic States. Com-
mon in the warm countries of the Old World ; also in Australia. Tliis much resembles some of
the small and smooth forms of P. Cnis-galli, but in this tlu' sjiikes or branches of the .slender
panicle are entirely simple and unbraneiied, wliile in tlie otiur tiny are niuie or less c()m|ioiind,
though the subdivisions are sometimes obscine and small, rcrlect liuict much less ]n)inted than
in the preceding.

P. Califohnicum, Bentli. Bot. Sulph. 55, was collectetl in Lower California ; it i)rolably does
not extend into the State, as no sj)ecimens according with the desciiption occur in the various
collections.

P. STHUMOSITM, Presl, Pel. Ihenk. i. 303, is accredited to the State. Trinius (PanicciU, 255)
suggests that it is very near P. ijibbtun. Ell. It is diliicult to identify Presl's species from his
descriptions.

3. SETARIA, Beauv. Bim.sti.v E.»x-Taii. Or.Ass.

Panicle dense, cylindrical, spike-like, sometimes interrupted below. Spikelets

as in Panicum, awidess, with the short i»eduncles pnjduced beyond tliem into one

or several awn-like bristles which are at one side, not fornung a complete involucre.

A genus of annuals, of about 20 species, natives of tropical countries, and introduced in most
temperate climates. By some botanists it is placed as a .section oi' Pdnkiini, from which it dill'ers
in its spikc-iike in(lores<-ciiee and the bristles subtending tii.' spikelets. ,S' I/,flirii in .some of il.i
varieties is euHivale.i as " Millel,"Hnd its var. (.'cniiiniini, known as llungaiiun (Ini.ss, is a u.sefnl
forage plant, often sown to supplement a short hay-i-io]).

1. S. glauca, Px'ativ. Culm erect, 1 to 2 ft'ct high : spike 1 to 4 inches long,
cylindrical, compact and usually tawny yellow : bristhis in clusters of G to II, much
exceeding the sjiikelets, barlied with jnimerous miiuite teeth which point upwards:
j)erfect floret with numerous tratisverse wrinkles, especially when mature. — IJeichenb.
Icon. Fl. Germ. i. G8, t. 188. Paiticum tjtaiicinn, Linn. ; Trin. Sp. Gram. ii. t. 195.

Ischcemum. GRAMINEJE. 261

Sacramento and oIspwIipi-p ; found as a wpod nnarly all over Enropn and tlin T^^nitcd States. The
closely n'liit(>(l .S'. virulh, Hcniiv., is also a ooininon weed and may he cxiMvtcd to orriir in Cali-
fornia; it dillers fioni the above in its j^reen color, shorter bristles, and tfie aljscnce of the trans-
verso wrinkles to the perfect lloret, wiiieli is striate lenfjthwise and dotted.

S. CAUDATA, Hocni. & Schult., almndant from the Rio Grande westward, was collected by tho
lyes Colorado Expedition, and may be met with in the eastern counties. It is about two feet
high, with a long narrow spike, which is often nodding and usually nuieh interru[tted below.

S. Califouxica, Kellogg (Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 276), was described from a specimen collected
in Shasta, said to have been 10 to 12 feet high. In his account of it. Dr. Kellogg says that it is
" i|uite similar to ,S'. Ha/iai and .S'. Grrnymiai." As so striking a grass as to size has not been
found l)y later collectors, it seems jirobable that he was misinformed as to its being ii native, and
that it was introduced without becoming established.

4. CENCHRUS, Linn. Bur-Grass. HEDOEiroo-GRAss.
Spike simple, tlic flowers inclosed in an involucre at length coriaceous and bristly
or spiny, containing one to live two-flowered spikelets, with one floret abortive as in
Panicnm. Glumes two, membranaceous, the lower small (sometimes wanting), tho
upper 3 - S-nerved and more or less shorter than the florets. Lower floret stami-
nate or neutral, with one or two palets ; the lower acute or acuminate, 5 - 7-nerved.
Upper or perfect floret lance-ovate, acute ; lower palet somewhat chartaceous, closely
embracing the upper. Scales none. Stamens 3. Ovary oblong : styles 2, united
below ; stigmas somewhat plumose. Grain oblong, smooth, free.

A small genus, mostly tropical, extending on this continent to the temperate regions. Culms
inostly branching. The inllorescence surrounded by involucral scales united below, and forming
when mature a head wliich is often hard and spiny.

1. C. tribuloides, Linn. Culms from an annual root, 1 to 2 feet long, ascend-
ing : leaves linear, flat : spike of 2 or 3 heads, or oblong of 8 to 20 erect or spread-
ing spherical usually whitish heads, which are wedge-shaped at base, 2 to 4 lines
long, covered with spreading barbed more or less downy short sj)ines, and contain-
ing 2 or 3 spikelets. — C. spinifex, Cav. Icon. v. 38, t. 4G1. C. 2)aHc?JJo7-us, Benth.
Bot. Sulph. 5G, a few-flowered form.

Sandy localities, from New England westward, especially on the margins of lakes and rivers.
It is a troublesome weed, as the spiny lieads, parting readily from the stem, cling to clothing
and to the bodies of animals, and it should be exterminated in sheep-raising districts especially,
as it fastens itself most tenaciously to the fleece and diminishes its value. It is known in dif-
ferent parts of the country as Hedgehog-, Bur- and Cockspur-(Jrass. The form called C. pnuci-
fioriis was originally collected in Lower California and since on Carmen Island by Dr. Palmer.

C. MVosuROiDES, HBK. (Nov. Gen. i. 115, t. 35), grows in Sonora and eastward and may
be expected in the southern part of the .State. It is a robust erect species, 2 to 6 feet high, with
a narrow spike 3 to 5 inches long, of small densely imbricated heads with erect spines and con-
taining but a single spikelet.

5. ISCH^MUM, Linn.
Inflorescence in a simple articulated spike. Spikelets in pairs at each joint of
the rhachis, one sessile, the other pedicelled ; sessile spikelet much flattened, im-
bricated, 2-flowered, the lower floret starainate, the upper perfect: pedicellate spike-
let (in our species) reduced to a single abortive flower consisting of but one glume.
Glumes unequal, the lower and outer larger, chartaceous or somewhat coriaceous,
5 - 9-nerved ; the inner 3 - 5-nerved, sometimes awned. Florets completely in-
closed ; palets very thin and hyaline, the upper sometimes very small or none, the
lower palet of the upper floret sometimes with an awn. Stamens 3. Styles 2,
distinct. Grain inclosed in the palets but free.

A genus of a dozen or more species, ehieny Asiatic and Australian, a few being found in tropi-
cal America and Africa. The genus is by some included in AndropcKjon.

9g2 GRAMINE.E. Ischcemum.

1. I. leersioides, ^runro. Culms slender, a foot high or more, roughened and
hoarded at leaat at tin; upper nodes : leaves narrowly linear, the lower 3 or 4 inches
long, tlio n|)i)er shorter, ami upi)ermost with little or no lilade, scahrous ahovo and
strongly ciliato near the base, the point subcartilaginous ; ligule very short, trun-
cate; sheaths scariously margined, very loose, nu)stly much shorter than the inter-
nodes, crowded bek)W : si)ikes 1 to 4, about an inch long, solitary on slender
pid)escent peduncles (4 to G inches long) from the upi»er sheaths, unilateral, erect or
somewhat curved ; joints of the rhachis strongly concavo-convex, smooth or very
minutely pubescent: sessile spikelets loosely imbricate, about 1^ lines long, the
broad outer glume somewhat oljtuse, 9-nerved, the stout marginal nerves conspicu-
ously ciliate with long spreading bristles; upper glume shortcir, acute, broadly 2-nerved,
carinate in the middle; sterile spikelet nearly a half shorter, of a single closely con-
volute glume : awns none. — Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 3G3.

ColleeteJ in San Francisco, near a Chinese warehouse, Bolandcr. A native of southein China,
evidently introdiicetl, but whetlier it has become naturalized is not known. It is near /. pcdi-
natum, Trin., which has much longer spikes and larger si>ikelets, with the lower glume winged
as well as fringed. Our grass is aiiparently an annual.

6. LEERSIA, Soland. Fai.si:-T?ice.
Panicle loose, its base often enclosed by the upi)er sheath. 8i)ikelet3 much llat-
tened, more or less crowded and overlapping one another, awnless, jointed with the
pedicels, one-flowered. Glumes none. Palets hard, strongly flattened laterally,
fringed on the keel with bristly hairs; the upper 1-nerved, the lower as long but
much broader, 3-nerved, enclosing the flattened grain. Stamens 1, 3, or G. Ovary
smooth : styles short; stigmas feathery with branching hairs.

A small genus of perennial marsh grasses, mostly American, with a few species in the tem-
perate and warmer portions of the Old World antl in Australia ; live species are found in the
Eastern States, of which but one occurs on the Tacilic. The leaves and sheaths are very rough.
The spikelets upon the loose portion of the panicli; are usually sterile, the ovary in these being
abortive, while those enclosed by the sheaths are fertile. Closely related to the cultivated Rice
(Onjza) and to the Wild-lJice {Zizaaia), but of no agricultural vahie.

1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (TIice Cut-Grass.) Culms 2 or 3 feet high, hairy
at the joints : leaves long, flat, spreading, i inch or more wide and, with the sheaths,
very rough upward : panicle much branched, spreading, G to 8 inches long ; spike-
lets 2| to 3 lines long, pale green : stamens 3. — Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 181.

Lake County (Bolandcr), who regards it as introduced, thougli it is indigenous to Oregon.
Very common in the Atlantic States in wet places, where it is known by several common names
besides the above, as Cut-grass, White-grass, and in the Southern States as "Rice's Cousin."

7. PHLEUM, Linn. Cat's-Tau, C.hass. Tlmotuy.
Panicle dense and spike-like, ovoid or cylindrical. Spikelets much compressed
laterally, flat, 1-flowered (rarely in sonte exotic species with the rudiment of a second
flower). Glumes boat-shaped, equal, keeled, mucronate or short-aAvned. Floret
shorter than the glumes. Lower palet very thin, truncate, sometimes with a minute
awn at base, usually awnless ; the upper equalling the lower. Scales 2, hyaline,
toothed above. Stamens 3. Ovary smooth : styles long, distinct ; stigmas slender,
hairy. Grain compressed, enclosed in the palets.

A genus of about ten perennial and annual species in the temperate and arctic portions of both
hemispheres, and best known through its cultivated I'epresentative P. protensc. The other si)ecies
liavc the s;une harsh freliug when the spike is handled that is characteristic of tliis.

1. P. pratense, T.inn. Culms from a perennial root, 1 to 3 feet high or
more, becoming bulbous at base: leaves short, flat, rotigh on the edges; sheaths

Alopecurus. GRAMINE^.

263

close ; ligiile long : spiko 1 to 6 inclies long : glumes about a line long, with scarious
Tnargiu8 and green keel, which is ciliato with still' hairs and i»iolongcil into a rigid
roiigii awn shorter than itself.

A native of Eurojie, imtiuiilizi'd in vaiions lonalities ; also rxtcnsivcly cultivated under tlie
name of Timothy (but in New England and New York coninioidy known as Herds-grass), and
fmnishmg by far the greater portion of tiie cultivated iiay of the country.

2. P. alpinum, Linn. I'erennial, with culms 1 to 2 feet high : sheaths of tho
iipper l(«ives very loose or inflated, the lower oiu-s close; ligule short: spiko ovoid
or ohlong, rarely more than an inch long, usually i)uri)lish : glumes strongly fringed
on the back, bearing an awn about their own length. — Trin. Spec. Oram, i, t. 21 ;
lieichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. i. G3, t. 179. P. IIcenLeanum, ]*resl, Kel. llienk. i. 245.

Occurring sparingly near San Francisco, but common ih the Sierra Nevada and northward.
Found also in tlie alpine regions of Europe, Asia and North America.

8. ALOPECURUS, Linn. Fox-Tail Gkass.
Panicle dense, cylindrical, spike-like. Spikidets much compressed, 1-llowered.
Glumes boat-shaped, nearly equal, somewhat united below, keeled but not awned.
Floret equalling or barely shorter than the glumes. Lower palet hyaline, l-nerved,
with a very slender awn on the back at or below the middle ; upper palet entirely
wanting. Scales none. Stamens 3. Ovary smooth : styles long, mostly united ;
stigmas long with simple hairs. Grain laterally compressed, inclosed in the palet.

There are about 14 mostly perennial species, widely spread over the temperate and colder por-
tions of the globe, one of which, A. pratensis, the Meadow Fox-tiil, is much valued in Europe as
a i)astnre grass. With much of the aspect of Phlcum, but soft to the touch, and readily distin-
guisheil from that genus by the absence of the upper palet.

* Culm erect.

1. A. pratensis, Linn. Cnlms from a perennial root, stoloniferous, npright,
1 to 3 feet high : leaves roughish, flat ; sheaths smooth, the upper inflated and
longer than its leaf: spike 2 to 3 inches long, obtuse, dense, pale green, soft to tho
touch : glumes 2 lines long, with short hairs on the keel : palet equalling the glumes,
its edges united below ; awn variable, usually projecting more than half its length
beyond the glumes. — Trin. Spec. Gram, i, t. 44 ; Jleichenh. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 178.

Probably introduced by the Spaniards, as it was collected in 184fi in Sacramento Valley (Hart-
rccfj); Walnut Creek (Brewer); Ukinh City, Bohvuirr. A widely distributed species, native of
tlie Old World, now naturalized in most tempeiate countries. It is much esteemed as a pasture
grass on account of its early and rapid growth.

* * Culms decumbent.

2. A. aristulatus, Michx. Culms ascending from a decumbent base, 1 to 2
feet higli : leaves glaucous : spike about 2 inches long, slender and very pale green :
glumes obtuse, the palet slightly exceeding them ; awn attached just below the mid-
dle of the palet and barely exceeding it: anthers oblong. — A. geniculatus, var.
aristulatus, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 92.

Wet places, Klamath Marshes (Bigelow, Lemmon) ; Virginia City (Bhovicr) ; Oregon and
northward. This grass, which is common in the Eastern States and in Continental Europe, has
little agricultural value.

3. A. geniculatus, Linn. Culm procumbent at base, ascending from the lower
nodes wlu're it is bent, 6 inches to 1 foot high or more: leaves narrow, glabrous;
sheaths loose, but not inflated, the upper leaf 0(pialling its sheath : s[>ike 1 to 2
inches long, closely imbricated and slender; spikclots about a lino long: glumes
connate at base, silky-hairy, obtuse : jialet slightly shorter than the glumes ; awn
from near its base, and projecting half its length beyond it: anthers linear, purplisli.
— Trin. 1. c, t. 42 ; Reiclicnb. I. c.

254 GRAMINE.'E. Beckvmnnia.

Moist meadows ami marshy planes (Bolandcr) ; Cascade Mountains {Lyall) ; Oregon, Howell.
Though introduwd at tlic East, it is ap])arently indigenous on this coast. It is luund in
Europe, Asia, nortliern Africa and Australia, where as well as in New Zealand it is "truly in-
digenous." As it yields Imt a scanty herbage, winch is nut much relished by stock, it has lillle
value to the farmer.

9. BECKMANNIA, Host. BkcivMann's-Gu.vss.
Panicle long and narrow, with the spikelets crowded upon its branches in two
rows. Spikelets two-Howered, or by abortion one-flowered. Glumes boat-shaped,
inflated, abruptly pointed, with scarious margins. Florets sessile. Lower palet
membranaceous, 5-nerved, in the lower floret terminating in a very acute often
curved point. Stamens 3. Styles 2, short, densely covered with simple hairs.

A genus of a single perennial species. In all the American specimens we have thus far exam-
ined the upper floret is wanting. It has a wide range from southern Europe to Japan, i\orth
America, etc.

1. B. erucaeformis, Host. Cidms 2 or 3 feet higli : leaves 4 to 8 inches long
and about 3 lines wide, roughish, witli an elongated ligule : panicle often a foot
long, its usually erect branches solitary, or in twos and threes, ami sometimes sub-
divided : spikelets about 2 lines long, nearly orl)icular, green on the keel and some-
what wrinkled transversely. — Gram, iii, t. 2UG ; lieicheiib. Icon. Fl. Germ. i. 57,
t. 171.

Common northward, extending to Oregon and British America. Mr. Bolander states that this
grass forms the greater part of the herbage in the wet meadows of the northern part of the State.
According to H. Engelniann the seeds are colhtcted for food by the Utah Indians. Some speci-
mens have much the ap[iearance of a Puspalum. The specific name means calcrpillar-sluqjcd, re-
ferring to the resemblance of the branches of the panicle to .some green larva.

10. PHALARIS, I-inn. Canauv-Okass.
Panicle clustered or crowded to form a cylindrical or ovoid spike. Spikelets broad
and flattened, with one perfect floret, on each side of which is a neutral one reduced
to a mere rudiment or scale. Glumes equal, boat-sliaped, usually with a winged
keel. Perfect flower shorter than tlie glumes, flattened, awnless. Lower palet
shining, becoming cartilaginous when ripe, enclosing the smaller upper one. Scales
2 and minute, or wanting. Stamens 3. Ovary smooth : styles elongated, uniteil
below; stigmas slender, hairy. Grain flat, closely inclosed by, but free from, the

A small genus, chieny belonging to the Mediterranean region and Central Asia. The most im-
])ortant species is the one which furnishes the Canary-seed of connnerce.

§ 1. Panicle deuse and spike-like: the glumes heeled. — Piialaris proper.

'k Glumes with a broad keel: annuals.

1. P. Canariensis, Linn. Culms 1 to 3 feet high : leaves flat with the upper
sheaths much inflated: spike 1 to H inches long, ovoid or somewhat cylindrical,
very dense: glumes broad with a conspicuous keel, white on the margin, with a
distinct green line witliin it : rudimentary florets as small lanceolate smooth scales ;
perfect floret with minute silky hairs.

An introduced annual fi.Miucntly found near settlements where tlie rubbish from birdcages has
been ilirown. Largely cultivated in Europe and occasionally in tliis country for the seed, wliieh
is a favorite food of cage-birds.

2. P. intermedia, Lose. Culm variable; sometimes 4 or 5 feet high, smooth :
leaves .short, tiie upper an inch long or less, often glaucous; sheath.s, especially the
uppermost, inflated : sjjike 1 to 2 inches long, ovoid ; sjiikelets 3 lines long: glumes
pointed: rudimentary florets linear, hairy, less than half tin; length of the perfect

Hierochloc. GRAMINE^. 265

one, wliich is long-pointed, hairy, and one third shorter tlian the ghiinos. — Poiret,
Encycl. Suppl. i. 300. P. microstachya, DC. ; Trin. Spec. Gram, i, t. 77. 1\ Cali-
funiic'i, Hook. <Sc Arn. IJ(;t. Beecliey, IGl.

Var. angusta, (Jhapiu. Spikes cylindrical, 3 to 0 inches long, narrow and often
interrupted toward the base. — J\ an>justa, Nees, Fl. Bras. i. 28, t. 9; Trin. 1. c, t. 78.

A widely difTused annual species, connnon on the southern .\tlantic coast, and on the Pacilic
from northern Mexico to Oregon, where it varies Ironi six inches to six Feet in height ; in the
large forms the stems are as thick ns the little finger and the spike, (I or 8 inches long, is often
interrupted at the base. It is known to fanners as "California Timothy," hut is of no agricul-
tural value.

* * Glumes with a narrow keel, often purjjlish.

3. P. amethystina, Trin. Culms from a perennial root, forming clumps 2 to 8
feet high : leaves and sheaths, often purplish, much as in the preceding : spike ob-
long, 1 to 2 inches long, usually purple ; spikelets 2 lines long or more : glumes but
sligiitly keeled : rudimentary llorets hairy, more than half tlie length of the hairy
perfect floret. — Phalarid. 10.

Gulches and ravines; Oakland {Bohindcr); jMonterey (Drciccr), and southward ; also in Chili.
Sometimes the plant is green throughout, when it closely reseml)les I'orms of P. intciinedia, from
which the very narrowly keeled glumes and longer abortive llorets distinguish it.

§ 2. Panicle branched: glumes not keeled. — DiGU.vrms.

4. P. arundinacea, Linn. (Pceed Canary-Grass.) Pereninal ; culms 2 to 4
feet high, with long Hat leaves about half an inch wide and with the sheaths smooth :
panicle 4 to 8 inches long, its roughish branches spreading only at flowering time ;
spikelets 2 lines long, ovate : glumes pointed, 3-nerved : rudimentary florets reduce(l
to narrow silky scales, one tliird as long as the perfect one, which is smooth or
silky, and one third shorter than the glumes.

Not common in the State, but collected near Sacramento by the Wilkes Expedition; found in
Oregon and nortliward, and connnon in the northern Atlantic States and in the temi^rate and
arctic portions of the northern hemisphere. Wet grounds and river lianks, where it is sometimes
abundant enough to cut for hay, but not nnicli valued. The " Ribbon-grass" or "Striped-grass"
of the gardens is a form of tliis with variegated leaves.

11. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. Holy Grass.
Panicle loose and spreading. Hpikelels laiorally comproased, 3-llowpre(l, the two
lower and lateral ones staminate, the upper or central one perfect. Glumes about
equal, acarious, 3-nerved, as long as or exceeding the florets. Slaminato flowers ses-
sile, with three stamens. Palets scarious, the lower 5-nerved, sometimes with a
short awn ; the upper 2-nerved. Perfect flower short-pedicelled ; the lower palet
chartaceous, 5-nerved, awnless; the upper 1-nerved. Scales 2, lanceolate. Stamens 2.
Ovary smooth : styles long; stigmas hairy. Grain terete, free.

A genus of about a dozen species of perennial grasses, with (lat and sometimes broadly linear
leaves, natives of cold and arctic regions. When dried the plants give off a ])li'asant vanilla-like
odor, on which account they were formerly strewn before church doors on tMuistmas and other
holy days, whence the name " Iloly-grass," the generic nan\e having the same meaning.

1. H. macrophylla, Thurb. (Large-lraved Vanilla-Grass.) Culms 2 to 3
feet high, forming large tufts, witli leaves 12 to 18 inches long and 4 to 8 lines
broad, rough upon the upper surface and margins : panicle with rather distant
branches in pairs : glumes greenish along the very distinct nerves, obtuse and barely
equalling the staminate florets, the lower palets of which are strongly fringed on the
margin, notched at the liroad apex, and often with a slight mucro or awn ; perfect
floret pubescent towards the apex, otherwise smooth and shining, the lower palet
very obtuse and fringed on the margin. — IJoland. in Tran.s. Calif. Agric. Soc.
1864 -G5, 132. //. borealis, Torr. in I'acif. P. Pep. iv. 154.

266 GRAMINE.E. A nthoxanthwn.

Redwoods of the Coast Ran^'e, Bolandcr, n. 2279. A very robust species, differing in its in-
florescence from any largi'-ltavcd form of J[. Itorca/is tliat we liave seen, and distinyni^iiialile from
it lit once by tiie •;ieenisli color of tlic luiniclis, wbieli in tbal are uluiiys brownisii. 'i'iiat siieeies,
the " Seneea-grass " of the Eastern States, has been found in Washington Ti'rritory and Oregon,
and is Ulvely to occur within the bonU'rs of tlie State. It may be reeognized by the brown color
of the spikelets, even wIrii young, its pointed ghinies and pulets, and its much smaller leaves.

12. ANTHOXANTHUM, Linn. SwiiEX Veunal Okass.

Panicle cyliiulricitl, spike-like. 8pikelets 3-flowered, the lateral florets neutral

and consisting of a single palet ; the upper or central one perfect. Glumes thin,

unequal, the lower smaller, 1 -nerved, the upper about twice the length of the lower

and 3-nerved. Palet of tieutral florets awiied. Perfect floret small, of two char-

taceous smooth obtuse palets, the ujjper one 1 -nerved. Scales none. Stamens 2,

large, linear, yellow. Ovary glabrous : styles long ; stigmas feathery. Grain ovate,

enclosed in the palets.

A perennial genus of three species, whicli some botanists regard as one, found in temperate re-
gions all over the workl. Like Hicrochloc it gives otf a pleasant odor in drying.

1. A. odoratum, Linn. Culm erect and rather slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves
flat, hairy ; sheaths often hairy, the ligule short, obtuse : panicle 1 to 5 inches long,
interrupted below, often brownish ; spikelets 3 to -i lines long : neutral palets
2-lobed, hairy, one with a bent awn from near the base, the other short-awned below
the tip ; the longest awn sometimes protruding beyond the glumes. — Trin. Si^ec.
Grain, i, t. 14; l^eichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. i. 6G, t. 183.

Meadows, Bolandcr. A well-known grass, introihiced from Europe. It is not regarded as very
nutritious, hut its ju'csence in meadows is welcomed, as it imparts its odor to other grasses, and is
supposed to give a tlavor to butter. It (lowers in spring, and often again in autunni.

13. ^GOPOGON, Willd. Goat's-beard Grass.
Panicle raccnioso and nu)stly secund. Spikeli;ts in pairs or threes, one perfect,
very shortly pedicelled, often larger than the one or two other longer pedicelled
ones, which are staminate or neuter. Glumes eijualling or shorter than the floret,
with one nerve prolonged beyond the apex as an awn between two lateral shorter
awns or teeth. Lower palet of perfect floret 3-nerved, awned at the acute tip or with
three awns, the lateral much shorter ; upper palet acute or bearing two short awns.
The sterile spikelets similar in structure, but often smaller. Scales 2, minute. Sta-
mens 3. Ovary linear-oblong, smooth : stigmas plumose. Grain free.

A genus of about six small annuals and perennials, natives of South America and Jle.xico ; they
have much the aspect of Chforulcw.

1. JSj. cenchroides, Willd. Culms G to 12 inches high, slender, decumbent
and bent more or less at the nodes : leaves linear, flat, 1 to 2 inches long and less
than a line broad, and with the sheaths barely scabrous ; ligule H lines long, bilid ;
lower sheaths shorter than the interuodes : panicle 2 or 3 inches long, slender, loo.se :
spikelets in threes, nearly ecpial, upon a short scabrous strongly curved or lient ray
or branch, all very shortly pedicelled : glumes nearly equal, about half the length of
tlie floret, mostly reddish, scabrous, wedge-shaped, 1-nerved, bijid at apex with a
straight awn about its own length between the shorter teeth : palets nearly equal,
the lower slightly longer and 3-nerved, the central awn about twice the length of the
two lateral ones ; the upper palet with two short set;e between two lobes ; the cen-
tral awn to the lower palet <>[' the perfect floret usually longer than the others in the
cluster. — IIBK. Nov. (Jen. iV: Spec. i. 132, t. 42 ; Trin. Agrost. i. 7.

Sent by Mr. Bolandiir without locality, and i)iol)ably intioduced from lower down the coiist.
According to Kunth all three spikelets sometimes have perfect flowers.

^W«- GRAMINE/E. 267

14. COLEANTHUS, S-idrl. Riipatii-flowkkint. Grass.
Panicle, like the whole plant, niimite, Hi.ui)le or branelied, the llowers in nnibel-
lato clusters of short l-llowered rays. Spikelcts ],et\veen one lialf and one lino long.
Cluraes none. Palets membranaceous, very unequal, the lower lo.iger, 1 -nerved,
acuminately awncd ; the upper one-half shorter, with two divergent nerves, 2-keeledi
bitid at apex, the divisions acuminate. Scales none. Stamens 2 ; anthers oblong.'
Ovary sessile, smooth: stigmas sessile, denticulate with subulate hairs. Grai'ii
oblong, somewhat longer than the palets, which are persistent and surround its base,
the surface roughened with minute dots.

Trh!in,"?^!!.Vr".'^'f'"i''' I'l.t a single annual specins, with flowers of excoedingly simple structure.
Innu s leganl.-d the series of floral envelopes as glumes, and described a palet which others fail

to make out

1. C. subtilis, Seidel. Culms slender, forming loose tufts, 1 to 3 inches hi"h
decund)ont at base, ascending, geniculate, often branched below : leaves about i incli
ong and wulo in proportion, curved, smooth ; ligido elongated, acute ; sheaths all
oose and dilated, scarious on the margins, tlie upper inflated : panicle A to U inches
ong, Its base included in the upper sheath, mostly siiiii)lo with three or four umbel-
late clusters, sometimes with one or rarely two short branches, with an umbel at
the end; pedicels longer than the spikelets, scabrous: palets roughened on the
keel. — IJeichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. i. GI, t. 177. Schmidtia ulriadosa, Sternb. ;
Nees, Uen. t. 27. '

Sauvics Island, Oregon, Howell. This, which until Mr. Ilowell's discovery was only known
OS a rnre grass in northern Europe, is so very small that it may readily escape n"otice. It is to be
looked lor along the muddy marguis of rivers, especially in the northern part of the State.

15. VILFA, Adans. Rush-Grass.
Panicle narrow, dense and spike-like or sparsely flowered, sometimes included by
the upper sheath. Spikelets l-flowered, membranaceo-chaitaceous. Glumes l-nerved,
not awned but sometimes pointed, the lower usually smaller. Floret sessile or with
a very minute callus, usually longer than the glumes. Palets similar in texture to
the glumes, mostly equal, the lower 1- or indistinctly 3-ncrv('d, often obtuse, awn-
less, but sometimes terminated by a very short point or seta. Scales 2, small.
Stamens 3. Ovary oblong: stigmas with simple hairs. Grain oblong or cylin-
drical.

Perennials ami annuals, with mostly wiry culms and involute leaves, the sheaths of which are
soinetimes fringed at the throat. The species are widely distributed ; three or four occur in the
Atlantic States. See note to Sporobolus.

1. V. depauperata, Ton-. Culms tufted, very slender, 3 inches to 2 feet long,
decunibent and geniculate, often much branched : leaves from 3 to 12 lines long,
often involute, very minutely scalirous on tlie upper surface ; ligule elongatcil, acute";
sheaths i-ather loose, crowded and overlapping below : panicle h to 2 inches long'
very narrow, of few solitary distant erect rays, which are branched'and flower-beariiig
nearly to the base : sjiikelets a line long or less, short-pedioellod : glumes ovate"
obtuse, nearly equal : floret about twice the length of the glumes, often blackish,
deciduous : palets nearly e(pial, the lower obscurely 3-nerve(I, the midnerve often
terminating as a minute mucro. — Hook. Flor. Bor.-Am. ii. 257, t. 23G ; Watson,
Pot. King Exp. 376. V. vtilis, Torr. in Pacif P. Pep. v. 3G5.

High Sierras (rireiccr); Yosemite Valley [Bolnndrr) ; Tejon Pass (Blah); Hermit Valley,
Hooker and Grny, and other mountain localities by Lcmmmi and others. l\nnging fiom Oregon
{Hall) to Colorado and the Saskatchewan, and southward to Northern Mexico and Western

2Qg ORAMINE.E. Vilfa.

Texas. A peienuiiil species, varying so greatly with tlie locality that it is not praLtirahle to indi-
cate any well-ildiueit varieties. Specimens IVoni the high Sierras are very dwarf, with capillary
culins ; those collected at Tcjon Pass l.y Mr. I51ake are like lho.se IVoni Northern Mexico, a tangled
mass of long llexuose lilirorui and very tongh culms. This appears to he the form assumed hy
the plant in"the southern localities, where it is much sought after hy the Mexicans, who use it for
stuffinf their large leathern iiparejas, or pack-saddles, a purpose to which its toughness and elas-
ticity especially ;"lapt it. It was this use of it which led Dr. Torrey to give the name T. utilis.

2. V. gracillima. Culms annual, capillary, smooth, much branched at base,
forming siiiiiU iUmlsu tufts, 3 to 12 but usually about 6 inches high, the leafy por-
tion about 2 inches high : leaves 6 to 9 lines long and less than a line broad, Hat,
involute at apex, very minutely scabrous on the upper side and margins ; ligtde
about a line long, obtuse and lacerate, decurrent ; sheaths equalling the internodes,
loose, striate, smooth with hyaline margins : panicle long-exserted, narrowly linear,
few-tlowered, interrupted below ; rays in pairs or threes, erect, appressed, 1 - 3-llow-
ered : spikelets about a line long, on shorter i)edicels : glumes subequal, or the
upper larger, membranaceous, colorless, very obtuse, distinctly 1-nervetl, mucronate
or erose-toothed at apex, about half as long as the oblong-lanceolate floret, which has
a small callus : palets about equal, blackish, the lower 3-nerved, with a few very
minute hairs on the nerves below, mucronate or tipped with a small s('ta.

In the Sierra Nevada, in wet .soil, at 11,000 f.rt altitude (llrewn) ; Yosianite Valley (lUnithr) ;
also collected hy Mrs. Anslia and Lcminmi, and near Santa IJarl.ara l.y Mrs. <'o„prr: Oregon,
//<(//. This occurs in dense nm.vs-like tufls 'J (.r a in. lies aen.ss, the hriglit green hdiage l.cing
ahout two inches high ; ahove this the n\inier.Mis dcpau|terate panicles are horno l.y wiry shining
naked culms, .scarcely larger than a horse-hair. At lirsl taken for a variety of T. dcpaiipcradi,
Torr., but its habit and annual root abundantly distingui'.h it from any of the many forms of that
species ; with F. citspiditfa, Torr., and one or two other species, it ajiproaches closely to Mahlai-
beryia.

16. SPOROBOLUS, H. Br. Diioi-sEEn f;ii.\.ss.

Panicle usually open and pyramidal, sometimes contracted with erect rays. Spike-
lets 1-flowered. Glumes chartaceo-membranaceous, 1-nerved or nerveless, mostly
obtuse, awnless, the lower one smaller. Floret without callus and longer than the
glumes. Palets similar in texture to the glumes. Scales 2. Stamens 2 or 3.
Grain globular, the seed loose within the usually hyaline pericarp, which ultimately
bursts and allows it to fall away.

Annuals and perennials, widely distributed ; there are 7 species in the Atlantic States. There
is much confusion in dilferent works as to Sporobulus and I'Ufx, some authors adopting the one
or the other name, according to their views of priority, and not admitting that there are two
genera. Dr. Gray long ago (Manual) adopted the free or adherent .seed as a sullicient generic dis-
tinction, placing thd.sc" species having a spiked panicle and the fruitatiue oiri/o/isis, the sce.l
iulherent to the pericarp, in n/jn, while those with the generally open panicle and the fruit u
nlricle, i. e. the seed free from the (usually) hyaline pericarp, are included ui Sjiuruholtts.^ 'J'liis
arrangement is f(.llo\ved here. The j.ericari) usually bursts spontaneously when <piito ripe ; in
immature specimens a brief soaking of the fruit in water will cause the separation to take place.

* Spikelets a I hie long : glumes very xineqiial

1. S. cryptandrus, Gray. Culms 2 or 3 feet high, usually geniculate and
branched below : leaves flat, about 2 lines wide, acuminate, scabrous especially
above ; ligule a mere fringe ; sheaths smooth, strongly bearded at throat, the lower
shorter than the internodes : panicle narrowly i.yramidal, more or less inclosed by
the upper sheath, 4 to 8 inches long, its rays mo.stly in pair.s, spreading, lluwer-
bearing to the base and sometimes hairy in the axils : spikidets 1 line long, short-
pedicefled, ratlier crowded, lead-colored : glumes somewhat acute, the njiper twice
the length of the very narrow lower one : floret e(iualling the upper glume. — JNIanual,
2 ed. 5-12 (5 ed. GIO). A(jros(is cri/ptamlm, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. York, i. ITil.
Vilfa cri/ptandra, Trin. Agrost. i. 47; Steud. Syn. Gram. 150; Watson, Bot. King
Exp. 375.

Spowbolus. GUAMINEyE. 2G9

Viir. flexuosus, 'rimrl). Panicle elongated, somewhat narrow but open, the
rhachis very slender and flexuose, the shorter rather distant rays spreading and
sometimes rellexcd ; spikelets usually much darker colored than in the normal form.
— Vasey, JJot. Wheeler's Kxpl. 282.

Siena Nevada (Torrcy) ; Colorado River (Xcivbcrrii) ; the variety. The typical form, which lias
not yet been collected witliin the State, occurs in Oregon (HuN) and in the valleys of Northern
Nevada, in Colorado and the Rocky Jloiintains, eastward to New Kngland, and sontlnvard to
New Mexico and Texas. An nnnnai, with a ratlier nariow j)ani(de, which is sonietinies very
slowly liberated from the upper shcatli ; in tlie variety it is verv .slen(h'r and wavv, but there is
no other dilhMvnce.

2. S. airoides, Torr. Culms forming large tufts, clothed below by the dea<l
sheaths, rarely branched at base, 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat rigid, smooth : leaves
very pale, convolute and tapering to a filiform apex, those of the radical tnft about
half eijnalling the ctdm, those of the culm 4 or 5, the np[)ermost reduced to a mere
filiform appendage to the sheath less than an inch long; ligule nearly obsolete;
sheaths smooth with a few long hairs at the throat, the lower two overlapi)ing, the
others shorter than the intcrnodes, the uppermost dilated and loose : panicle broadly
pyramidal, soon exserted, G to 12 inches long, few-llowere<l ; rays solitary or in
pairs, slender, spreading or reilexed, with rather distant branches, which are naked
below : spikelets a line long, brownish, on rather longer pedicels : glumes rather
obtuse, the lower narrower and ^ to ^ the length of the u|)per : floret slightly longer
tlian the npper glume ; palets about equal. — Marcy's li(i\). 300. Agrostis airoides,
Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. York, i. 151. Vilfa airoidex, Steud. Syn. Gram. 162; Wat-
son, 1. c. *S'. {Vilfa) diffusissimus, I'uckl. Proc. Acad. Philad. 18G2, 90.

San Joaipiin Valley {Bolnnihr) ; Fort Moiiave, Cooper, Lcmmon. Extends eastward to Nebraska
and sontlnvard to New Jlexico and Texas, growing chielly in alkaline soils. A rather showy
perennial, on account of its remarkably pale foliage and broad brownish or brown-purple panicles.
Mr. C. J. Croft, U. S. Army, states (I'roc. Calif. Acad. iii. 20(>) that it is very abundant in th.'
Gila Valley, and that animals eat it readily when green. It is, however, .said to be a powerful
diuretic.

* * Spikelets less than a line long : glumes nearly equal.

3. S. ramulosus, Kunth. Annual, the culms tufted, 3 to 8 inches high, very
slender and branchecl below: leaves from ^ to 2 inches long, flat or involute, sca-
brous on the margins ; ligule short, obtu.se, often split ; sheaths very loose, mostly
longer than the internodcs : panicle very long for the size of the plant, constituting
three-fourths of its height, the capillary few-flowered mostly solitary rays rather dis-
tant and spreading, the secondary branches I -2- (randy 3-) flowered : spikelets less
than i line long, on nuich longer pedicels : glumes nearly erpial and mostly ciliate-
fringed on the margin, at least at the apex : floret \ or \ longer than the glumes ;
palets nearly ec^ual, the lower somewhat acute and scabrous on the back. — Kunth,
Enum. i. 215, and Suppl. 172. Vilfa ravudosa, HKK. Nov. Gen. i. 137, t. 684.
Agrostis minutissima, Steud. Syn. Gram. 171.

Mono Lake (Bohmder) ; banks of the Truckee River ( //V^/.w») ; Colorado, New Mexico, Texas
and Mexico. The spikelets are often brownish or lead-eolor.-d, and the glumes sonietimes lack
the frhige of hairs, which is usually conspicuous. The leaves and sheaths soon wither and in
some specimens there is little besides the panicle.

4. S. asperifolius. Culms 6 to 15 inches long, branched, decumbent at base
and by taking root at the joints forming broad matted tufts : leaves flat, 1 to 3
inches long, about a lino broad, scabrous, especially on the margins and upper
surface ; ligide very short, truncate ; sheaths smooth, loose, much crowded and over-
lapping below and longer than the internodes : pani(de included at base, open, 3 to 5
inches h)ng, pyramidal or ovoid in outline, the .scabrous rays solitary or in pairs,
bearing nearly to the base 3 - 4 flowered capillary branches: spikelets le.>^s than a
line long, on pedicels 6 lines long : glumes nearly equal, acute, minutely scabrous :
iloret slightly exceeding the glumes, the lower palet with sometimes a minute mucro

270 (iRA.MlNE.E. Poltjpoijon.

at its obtuse tii). — IVZ/c/ asper/fulia, Xees i^ Meycn iu Tiiii. Agrost. i. 73 ; Steiul.
Syn. Gram. IGO; Watson, 1. c. 375. ^Sjiuruboliis [Vilj'a) arenactas, ]>uckl. in Proc.
Acad. Phihul. 18G2, 81).

Mono Lake (Bulanikr), and IVfciuent in alkaline soils tlirougli northern Nevada to Oregon
(Nuttall), eastward to Keliraska, and southward to Texas and ilexico ; also Chilian. While the
Californian specimens appear as it the species was an annual, those troni the llocky Mountains
have the root ol'a jierennial ; the leaves are j)ale green, sometimes erect, much crowded and rather
rigid, but none are sullicicntly rough to make the specilic. name descriptive. Specimens were
collected in Colorado by irolf in which the ovary was ergotized and the sjiikelets 2- and 3-tlowered,
an abnormal state which might be ascribed to a diseased condition did not specimens api)arently
l>erfectly healthy, collected by Dr. Torrey in Nevada, have almost uniformly two florets in the
spikelet, giving the plant much the appearance of an Enujrostis.

17. POLYPOGON, Dcsf. Hkakd-Gkass.
Panicle dense and spike-like or somewhat branched or li>bed. Spikelets l-flo\v-
ered, very small, rarely exceeding a line in length. Glumes nearly equal, com-
pressed, 1-nerved and bearing a long awn at or below the apex. Floret much shorter
than the glumes, without manifest callus, and naked at base. Lower palet hyaline,
broad, 1-nerved (or obscurely 5-nerved), truncate, toothed, awned at tlie apex.
Scales 2, falcate, entire, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3 ; anthers small. Styles
short, with long feathery stigmas.

A genus of about a dozen mostly annual and widely distributed species, especially iu warm
countries, usually growing upon the sca&hoie ami in sandy waste places. It is closely allied lo
Agroslis, from which it is distinguished by its conspicuously awned glumes. Of no known eco-
nomical value.

1. P. Monspeliensis, Desf. (Annual IjEaud-Grass.) Culms G inches to 2|
feet high, procundjeiit and geniculate at base, rarely erect, often branching from the
lower nodes : leaves broad. Hat, somewhat scabnjus ; sheatlis smooth ; ligule 2 or 3
lines long, obtuse : panicle 2 to G inches long, cylindrical or somewliat interrupted,
yellowish, dense and soft: spikelets about a line long : glumes notched at the apex
and emitting an awn two or three times their length : lower palet with an awn
equalling or slightly exceeding the glumes. — Keicheidj. Icon. PI. (ierm. i. 15, t. 91 ;
Doell, PI. Bras. fasc. Ixxix. 44, t. 12.

From Oregon to San Diego County, chiefly in the mountains, not rare ; also in Northern Nevada
and Southern Utah, and on the Atlantic, cdast. It occurs neaily throughout Eiuope, also in Asia
and Africa. On account of the light color of its dense panicle it is a rather conspicuous grass.

2. P. littoralis, Smitli. Culms from a jierennial root, forming large tufts, 1 to 2
feet long or nmn; : leaves rather narrnw, scabrous on both sides ; ligtde 1 to 3 lines
long, acute : panicle narrow, nnich lobetl its whole length and sometimes com])letely
interrupted below, usually puri)lish : glumes more or less pubescent and distinctly
aculeate on the keel, tapering into an awn of about their own length : awn of lower
])alet slightly exserted beyond the glumes.— Peichenb. 1. c, t. 1)2 (n. 172). F.
fugax, Poland. Cat. 3-1.

Wet places, San Francisco and Oaklaml (Bolandcr, Lcmmon) ; Oregon, Howell. Coasts of
western Europe ami the Mediterranean ; South America. This was at first referred to P. /wjax,
Nees (which Trinius places as a variety of the jireceding), and is so given in Bolander's Catalogue.
It is readily distinguished from the other by its narrower, often inteiruptcd jianicle, which on
account of "its shorter awns feels much har.sher, also by its fre(pient imrplish tinge or, when that
is not present, by the darker green color of the iianiclc. Mr. iJulaudcr regarded it as an annual.
but the specimens aie all without roots.

18. AGROSTIS, Linn. Uknt-Okass.
Panicle open and spreading, sometintes contracted anil narrow, the rays whorled,
often in clusters of several. Spikelets small (i t(j 2 lines long), 1-llowered or (rarely)

A<jroslis. CJllAMINEiK. 271

witli the rudiment of a second. (Jliiincs somewhat unequal, tlie lower rather longer,
obtuse or acute, but pointless or awnless (except in n. 11), membranaceous. Floret
mostly shorter than the glumes, with a very short naked or liairy callus. Palets
one or two, very thin, the lower 3-5-nerved, pointless, naked, often bearing a slen-
der straight awn on the back usually much below the apex ; upper palet obsolete, or
present and shorter than or equalling the ovary, rarely nearly as long as the lower
palet. Scales 2, entire. Stamens mostly 3. Styles 2 ; stignias feathery. Grain
free, terete, smooth.

A rather lar;,'e genus, widely distrihuted in cold and temj)erate climates ; the number of species
is estimated at about 60, though over 200 are recorded. In iiigh latitudes the species vary
greatly, especially as to the awn, tlie jHcsence or absence of which has little value as a character.
They are mostly perennials, with slender low culms which form dense tufts. A few are useful as
pasture grasses, but on account of the general sparseness of their foliage are not much valued for
mowing.

* Spikelcts with the rudiment of a second floret. — rouAono.STis, Griscb.

1. A. eequivalvis, Trin. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, erect, slender, smooth : leaves
Hat, 4 to G inches long, the uppermost very short, and about a line wide, smooth or
nearly so, very pale green ; upper ligules about a line long ; sheaths smooth, shorter
than the internodes : panicle 2 to 6 inches long, loose, ver}' narrow, smooth and
shining, the distant rays in whorls of 5 below, in pairs or solitary above, very un-
equal, the longer U to 2 inches long, nearly smooth and mostly ilower-bearing above
the middle: spikelets from 1 to 1^ lines long, mostly in pairs, one with a pedi-
cel shorter and the other with one longer than itself, sometimes pur})lish : glumes
nearly equal, acute, the u|)per 3-nerved : lloret equalling the glumes, with a minutely
hairy callus, and a small hairy rudiment \ or \ its length : lower palet acute,
5-nerved ; upper palet about as long as the lower. — Agrost. ii. 116. A. canina,
var. (vquivalvis, Trin. in liong. Veg. Sitch. 171. A. Hillebrandii, Thurber; Boland.
in Trans. Calif. Agric. Soc. 1864, 136.

Calaveras County {Dr. HUlchrand); Mariposa Crove (Bolandcr) ; Oregon, ILiU. Also Sitka
and Unalaschka. A perennial accoiiling to Trinius, but all our specimens l;u-k the root and the
weak culm has much the apjiearance of an annual. Trinius describes the rudiment in the far
northern specimens as two-thirds the length of the floret, but it does not reach that in those col-
lected in California and Oregon. In the Oregon i)lant the panicle is shorter and the flowers pur-
plish, while the Calaveras County specimens are noticeable for the unusually pale green of both
jianide and fcdiiige.

* * Spikelets st.rictlij 1-flowered, without the rudiment of a second floret.

•»- Uj)2)er imlet present, one third (or more) the lenflh of the lower. — Agrostis

proper.

++ Panicle elongated.

2. A. alba, Linn. Culms varying from a few inches to 2 feet high, sometimes
decumbent at base : leaves flat, short, smooth or roughened ; sheaths smooth ; ligule
short and truncate or long and acute : panicle slender, usually spreading when in
flower and more or less contracted afterwards, green, purplish or brownish, rays
roughish : spikelets one line long or less : glumes nearly eipial, the lower slightly
longer : floret slightly shorter than the glumes, the brief callus with some very minute
hairs ; lower palet very thin, 5- or 3-nerved, rarely with a short awn ; iq>per palet
^ to I the length of lower. — A. slolnnifern, Linn. ; Keichoid). Icon. V\. Germ. i. 9,
t. 133-137, 139. A. vid<jaris, With.'; lleichenb. 1. c, t. 130-132.

A native of Euroj)e, introduced in most of the cultivated portions of the State and of the
country, and exceedingly variable, its didercnt forms having given ground for over 30 nomi-
nal species. In most woiks A. nlba and A. viihjnris are kept distinct, perhaps from the fact that
they are recognized as dillcrent in agriculture, the oidy botanical ciiaracter that can separate them
being the didereiice in theleiigth of the ligule. They may be distinguished as follows : — vnr. alba

Z(Z

GRAMINE.E. Ayro^tcs.

proper, with elongated acute ligule, and the panich; contracted after flowering ; known as Fiorin
Grass, White Bent, Creejiing Kent, Marsli Bent, or White Top; — var. vahjnris, with the lifjule
short and truncate, and the panicle alter lluwtring more or less sjjreading ; usually called Bed
Top, or Herd's-Grass (in some oi' the Kastern States), al.-,o Fine Bent or Fine Toji. This grass in
its ditterent forms makes up a considerahle part of the permanent pastures of the older States,
and Red Top is sometinu's sown for hay ; on account of its line close turf it is one of the Lest lawn
grasses, especially in light sandy soils.

3. A. vei'ticillata, Vill. Culms 1 ov 2 feet lii^li, (lecuiiibeiit and taking' root
below, several cd' the lower nodes yeiiiculato : leaves short. Hat, 1 tt) 3 lines wide,
roughened, especially on the upper surface and margins; ligule 1 or 2 lines long,
truncate ; sheaths loose, shorter than the interuodes : ])anicle 2 to 0 inches long or
more, dense, lobed and interrupted ; rays crowded, branched and liower-bearing
from the base : spikelets scarcely a line long, often purplish : glumes about ecpial,
acute, 1-nerved and roughened with minute pubescence, often open : Horet about
half the length of the glumes ; lower palet 5-nerved and minutely 5-toothed at its
obtuse apex, the nerves often indistinct below ; ujjper jjahjt nearly as long as the
lower. — Trin. Spec. Gram, i, t. 3G, and Agrost. ii. 112. I'il/a stolunifera, llook. &
Arn. Lot. IJeechey, IGl, probably.

San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and other localities along the coast ; common in Texas, New
Mexico and Northern Mexico, and found also in Soulhein Kurojieand Asia. A widely distrihuted
species, sumelimes with a regidarly hjbed ])aiiicle nearly a foot long, hut more freiiuently with a
.shorter and much inlerrui)ted one, the lower part of the axis having naked spaets of an inch.
The jianicle is sometimes purplish. Found in moi>t plaees, Cbpecially near water-courses, and of
no agricultural value.

++ ++ Panicle short, dense and spike-like.

4. A. mucronata, Presl. Culms in tufts from an annual iibrousand pubescent
root, 3 to 9 inches high : leaves mostly Hat, slightly rigiil, erect, the uppermost
about an inch long, the lower longer, about a line wide anil slightly ronghened on
the margins ; ligule obtuse or truncate, decurrent ; sheaths longer than the internodes,
very loose, crowded at the base, smooth : panicle 1 to \\ inches long and 2 to 3
lines in diameter, at length e.xserted from the upper .sheath ; rays in crowded fasci-
cles, appressed, ami like the common axis scabnnis : si)ikelets rather exceeding a
line in length, on pedicels as long or shorter, very pale, occasionally purplish :
glumes very acute and mucronate, tlie lower barely longer, hispid on the back and
very minutely scabrous throughout : lloret nearly equalling the glumes, the minute
callus smooth ; lower palet minutely pubescent, obtuse with four minute teeth, the
raidnerve excurrent just below the apex as a short rather stout rough awn, barely
exserted beyond tiie i)oint!; of the glumes ; upper i)ah-t ne;irly half the length of the
lower, extremely delicate: stamens 3, linear-oblong. — Kel. Ihenk. i. 238; Trin.
Agrost. ii. lOG.

Sea-coast, Mendocino County, Bolandcr. This agrees very well with I'resl's description of a
grass in Ihenke's collection, the locality for which is not given. Ap|)arently an annual, which
makes its growth of foliage in autumn', as the stems are thickly clothed below with withered
sheaths. The specimens liave the half-blanehed ajipearance often presented by .sea-side ]ilants.
The scabrous jmbescence of the glumes ami lower palet is so minute that it can only be seen
with a strong glass. No one except ]\Ir. Boluuder ajipcars to have met with this sj)ecies, and he
collected at the same time what is apparently a mueli WL-ather-worn awnless form of it, but it is
too imperfect for satisfactory determination.

-1- -1- Uj^per palat i^resent, scarcelij longer tlian the ovary.

5. A. Scouleri, Trin. Culm strict, a foot high or more, from a [>erennial root,
somewhat rigid: Itjaves 3 or 4 inches long, the uppermost I to l| inches, Hat or
involute, U lines wide, tapering to a long point, minutely roughened above; ligule
about a line" long, obtuse, often lacerate ; sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth :
panicle long-exserted, lanceolate, open and few-Howered, the lower rays over an inch
long and eijualling the intervening spaces, clustered, the longer few-Howered above
the middle : spikelets barely exceeiling a line, very pale or tinged with purple :

Aijroslis. GRAMINEJil. 273

j^lunics acute, tl>e lower a little lonj^er and aculoatc-roupliened for the whole length
of its iiiidiiei've, while the upper is only so at the tip : lloret hut lilth; shorter than
the j^'lunies ; lower palet O-nerved, entire and somewhat truneate iit apex, the up[)er
hyaline, exeeedingly minute. — Agrost. ii. 8."$.

Collected by Bolamlcr, but no locality given ; also by Lcmmon in tlie Sierra Nevada. The
original specimens were from Nutka Sound. Tliis is referreil as above from tlie description only.
The ])ale rather rigid foliage and culms, and the long narrow open panicle give it a distinct
appearance.

G. A. ezarata, Trin. Culm erect, 1 or 2 feet high or more, from a perennial (or

annual?) root, at length naked for some distance below the panicle : leaves mostly
erect and flat, 1 to 3 lines broad, the radical 2 to 4 and those of the culm 6 inches
long or more, roughish or very rough ; ligule obtuse, more or less decurrent ; sheaths
longer than the internodes, usually smooth : panicle erect, rather narrow, dense to
very dense and crowded and somewhat lobed, pale greenish, rarely tinged with pur-
l)le; rays 3 to 5, semiverticillate, rough, mostly llower-bearing to the base : spikelets
li- to 2 lines long: glumes nearly ecpial, the lower a little longer, toothed on the
ke(;l, acute : lower palet J or ^ shorter than the glume, somewhat acute, 4-r)-nerved
and marked on the back by a longitudinal furrow, sometimes awned above the mid-
dle ; upper palet usually shorter than the ovary, sometimes longer : stamens 3 ;
anthers oblong. — Gram. Spec, i, t. 27, and Agrost. ii. 87. A. albicans, Buckl.
Proc. Acad. I'hilad. 18G2, 91. Poh/pogon alopecuroides, Buckl. 1. c. 88.

Occurs in its various forms in nil the collections made in tlie State, ranging from Sitka to Cali-
fornia and eastward to Colorado and New Mexico. No other grass found upon the coast presents
such a variety of puzzlitig disguises as this. Specimens from wet grounds are 3 or 4 feet high,
wliile those from dry mountain aides are only as many indies. The panicle, sometimes nearly a
foot long, is usually very dense, but in some specimens the rays are sprea(Hiig, and it is not rare
to rind it interrupted below. The leaves, usually Hat, are in dry mountain localities narrow and
involute, and vary strikingly in their roughness. Tlie usually pale green of the panicle, with a
slightly satiny lustre, lias sometimes a strong purplish tin^e. The presence of awns is more com-
mon in the dwarf forms, though not coiilined to them, and the larger upjier jialet does not appear
to be associated with any other character. The sjiecific name was given with reference to a slight
groove upon the back of the lower palet, but it is far from constant, and the palet often has five
nerves. Mr. Bolander states, in the Transactions of the State Agricultural vSocicty for 1 864 - (!.'),
that the root is annual, but in some of the specimens it has every appearance of being perennial.
The following, described as species, are apparently forms of A. cxanita : —

yl. graiidis, Trin. (Agrost. ii. 70), described from a very large panicle only.

y/. iixpr.rifolia, Trin. (1. c. 71), witli exceedingly rough leaves. The specimens referred to this
liave very broad as well as narrow leaves, and have the awn [)resent or absent ; there are a few
very minute hairs at the base of the floret.

A. jmllr.ns, Trin. (1. c. 82), is a strict form with usually narrow and sometimes involute leaves,
and a rather loose panicle, which is very jiale with little trace of green, but specimens occur
like it in all respects except in having the panicle strongly tinged with jnirple.

A. Californica, Trin. (1. o. 113), may be a form of this; at least the specimens which Mr.
Bolander thought might belong to this species are A. cxarnta with a much interrupted jianicle.

A. viicru])h}/fla, Steud. (Torr. in Pacif. R. Hep. iv. 1.54; yl. cxarnta, var., Watson, Hot.
King Exp. 377), is a small long-awned form, which we should hesitate to refer to A. cxarnta had
not Mr. Bolander traced it in the living plant from 3 to 6 inches high, through a regular series,
up to the large awned specimens that undoubtedly belong there.

-I- •»- -4- Upper palet entireh/ wantincj, or present as a barely vianlfcst hyaline
scale. — Tkiciiodium. {Tricliodimn, jMiclix.)

+-f Sjiikelets aivnless.

7. A. varians, Trin. Culm slender, erect, from a fibrous (perennial?) root,
smooth, 3 to G inches high : leaves very narrow, often involute, slightly scabrous
above, the uppermost on the culm about an inch long ; upper ligule about | line
long, acutish ; sheaths longer than the internodes : jianicle 1 to 2 inches long,
blackish purple, the rays an inch long, erect or somewhat spreading : spikelets a line
long or less : glumes nearly ec^ual, roughish on the keel toward the apex : Horet a
little shorter than the glumes. — Agrost. ii. G8.

274 GKAMliNE.K. Ayrvstis.

On the Upper TiKilmniie, at 10,000 feet altitiule, iiiul Mount Dana (Bulandci); t'ulaveras
Grove, Ilillcbrand. The spfLiiiieiis tioiii tliese localities, dilieiiiii^ in the jianiile, which is spivad-
inj< in some iimi narrow in otlicis, all a;;ree with the itocky Mountain specimens (" Kocky Mts.,
217 Hooker") in llerh. Torr., wliich Trinius (piotes us the original of the species. Aeconling
to Trinius tlie upjier palet is sometimes present.

8. A. elata, Tiin. Culm erect from a perennial root, rather stout, 2 or 3 feet
high, bmouth : radical leaves 4 to G inches long, very narrow, those below becoming
involute, the upper ones Hat, 3 to G inches long and 1 or 2 lines wide, scabrous
especially below ; ligules long, the upi)er 2 to 3 lines, acuminate ; sheaths nearly
smooth : panicle spieading, elongated (G to 9 inches), green or ])urplish, the rays
scabrous, about '1\ inches long, in clusters of 5 to 7 below and in jiairs above, at
intervals on the axis of about 2 inches, branching above the middle: spikelets 1^
lines long, somewhat crowded on the branches, on pedicels shorter than or twice
their own length : glumes very acute, strongly rougliened on the keel, the lower
slightly longer and a little exceeding tiie lloret : lower palet with a few very minute
hairs at base, obtuse; upper palet wanting. — Agrost. ii. 71 ; (iray, Manual, Gil.
A. vulgaris, IjoI. (Jat. 34.

Yosemite Valley {Bohindcr, n. 6103) ; near Wahoe Lake, Nevada, Dr. Torrni. On the Atlantic
coast I'rom New Jersey southward.

++ ++ Spikelets aimless or short-awn eiL

9. A. SCabra, AVilld. (Haiu-Ouahs. Fly-away-CIhas.s.) Cidm slender, enct,
1 to 2 feet higii : leaves short and narrow, mostly involute, the radical very slender,
the ui)permost 1 to 3 inches long, scabrous ; ligule of the upper leaves nearly a line
long, the lower short; sheaths slightly roughened: panicle mostly purplish, very
loose, 6 to 12 inches long or more; lower rays in clusters of G or more, the upper-
most in pairs, all rough with minute bristles while the common axis is smooth,
capillary, branched abuve the middle, the subdivisions llower-bearing toward the
summit : spikelets a line long, mostly on longer pedicels : glumes uuecpial, the lower
longer, very acute, scabrous and often greenish on the keel : lower jialet shorter than
the glumes, very thin, sometimes short-awned, the ui)per when present very minute.
— Trichodium laxijiorum, JNIichx. Flora, i. 42, t. 8. A. laxijlura, Ivich. ; K until,
(«rara. t. 130. A. Michaujcii, Trin. Agrost. ii. 79. A. scairiiiscula, Ihickl. I'roc.
Acad. Philad. 18G2, 90.

Occurs in all tlie collections, being common, an<l extending northward to Alaska, as well as
quite across the continent from east to west ; also in Siheria. This, which is ])robably a biennial,
when young has its long rays erect and apj)ressed, presenting a very dillerent appearance t'rom the
mature plant with the jianiele fully developed and the branches diveigently sjireading ; when
ripe the panicles break away and are blown to long distances.

++++++ Spikelet awned.

10. A. canina, J>inn. (1>rown Bent-(Ika«s.) (.'ulms G to 24 inches high,
sometimes stoloniferous : radical leaves involute-setaceous, those of the culm Hat,
a line broad or less ; ligule obtuse ; sheath mostly longer than the internodes, smooth :
panicle 2 to G inches long, spreading, the uneipial rays in clusters of five below, iu
pairs or solitary abuve, roughened, branching above the middle : spikelets purple or
brownish, 1 to H lines lf>ng, on shorter or longer pedicels : glumes slightly unecpial,
very acute : lower palet one-third shorter than the glumes, bearing on the back at
or below the middle a more or less exserted and bent awn ; upper palet wanting or
very small. — Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. i. 8, t. 74.

Mendocino County {Bohindcr), and northward to Oicgon and Alaska. .\ jioiennial siieeies
found in nearly every ]iait of the world and, especially the mountain forms, with many synonyms.
Of little or no agricidtural value.

11. A. Virescens, Hl'.K. Culm 1 to 2 feet high or more, ])erennial : leaves
erect. Hat, aliout (i inidies hmg and 4 lines broad, rough on both sides ; ligule over
a line long, truncate; sheaths much shorter than the internodes, mostly smooth:

(hustn.lium. GllAMINE.E.

z75

llo,v„r-b<,ui„(; al,„v„ th, i 1 ,'■'""" I ".'' V™ "'' ""™ '""««'''

lon« . glu,ne,?very acute, .'w s ^ ^ i: i: u I ■"""' \'';' "'"^ ,' "'"^^

as to foliage of the larger forms of A cMa T „ „» H^ '"'''•• ^ ^'''' *'"^ S^'^"''^' ^P^ct
in any form of tl.at. ft also d (fe s in iN , Si. . :,'» f " '"'^"'' '" ^'■°''^^'^'' '"^"^ '"o^^^^ tl'^"
its strongly truncate -lis? n t rtoo led pa et and ^^^r^^^ f';*^''''"" '" *''« g^""''). and

placed at the middle of the palet ^ ^ ^'" '""""'^ '^°'"''^> '" *!'« stouter awn

two setK ; „|,|,„r palot not .nanifcst or a mere scale /stamens 1 ()) ' '

19. GASTRIDIUM, Hcauv. Nit-Grass.
Panicle contractor into a son.owhat loose tapering spike. Spikelets 1-flowered
Glumes with an enlarged ventricose shining base, very acute above, obscurely keeled
the lower longer. Floret less than one-fourth the length of the lower glume, havin-
a very short callus, which is clothed with n.inute hairs. Lower palet very thin"
truncate and dentate at apex, just below which is a very slender awn equalling or
exceeding the glumes (or sometimes absent); upper palet equalling the lower. Scales
2, linear, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, subsessile

r^^z:;;l's:t::s::^;^^^^^ ^ ----^ «'--^'-"-. ^-.n ...i.. it di.

]<> J;.,.?" i''"^**'^^®', ^'^^^V""; ^"^'" ^ "'"''"•'^ ^" 2 f^'-^t high, smooth, branching at the
ab^^u Tt'J^'T^' ^'^'':^ r ''"? ^^'« ^^'"'^''"'^^ ■■ J-^^'-^ '''^t. -^ to r. inches long,
ra .r!l f T, ' y"^:!"*'"^^' ' ^^'^^"-""-^ «" ^^-tl' sides, pale groon ; sheaths mostl^
1. tu^ shorter ban the mternodes slightly roughened ; ligule 2 lines long, lacerate
iiinged : panicle 3 to G inches in length and about half an inch wide, in lar-e speci-
mens somewhat lobod, very pale green, shining with a satiny lust.v : spikele'ts al.out
2 imes loii'' very acute, the p iiimps sH<rI,tlv c,...!.,.,^,,. nK , „i. ;..:.... i .i ... i

, .-_, J f,.v.v,.,, o. lining » 11.11 ci .-^.inii^) iii.sLitr : spiKt

very acute, the glumes slightly scabrous abt)ve, sliining bel.

lowe!

276 GRAMINl'LK Cinna.

palet liairy. — Ijeauv. Agrost. 21, t. G, fig. G. C lendujerum, Gaudin; rjeicheiib. Icon.
Fl, Germ, i, t. 73.

San Francisco {Bolandcr) ; San Diego County, Pultncr. Coninion in Europe and tlie Mediter-
ranean region ; also found in Ciiili. Tiiis latlier handsome grass is very toninion on the coast
and, according to Ur. Uolander, hite in the season covers the diy hills everywhere. Of no recog-
nized agricultural value ; animals on the continent of Europe are said to eat it.

20. CINNA, Linn. Wood Keku-Gkass.

Panicle oj)en, flexuose with spreading ray.s, or narrow with rigid erect branches.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, more or less flattened. Glumes lanceolate, acute, 1 -nerved,
tiie lower shorter, the upper equalling or slightly longer than the floret. Floret with
a manifest callus, or even stipitate within the glumes. Palets similar in texture to
the glumes, the lower S-nervcd, acute and awnless, or bearing a short awn or seta
just below the apex, the upper indistinctly 2-nerved, or with the nerves confluent
and apparently 1 -nerved, slightly shorter. Scales 2, very short. Stamens 1 to 3.
Ovary oblong, smooth : styles 2, elongated ; stigmas plumose. Grain linear-oblong,
free.

A small genus of iierennials, formerly including several sjieeies now placed in Mahhnbcnjla.

1. C. arundinacea, Linn., var. pendula, G>ray. Cuhn 2 to G feet high,
smooth, with conspicuous brownish nodes : leaves flat, lanceolate, 4 to 8 lines broad,
rough on both siiles and margins ; ligules conspicuous, 2 to 4 lines long ; sheaths
shorter than the internodes, smooth or slightly rouglnnied : panicle 8 to 12 inches
long, drooping at apex, the capillary rays clustered, <listant, flexuose, very unequal,
the longer flower-bearing above the middle, very scabrous : spikelets about H lines
long, pale green, strongly flattened : glumes very acute, pubescent, ciliate-hisi)id on
the keel : lower palet minutely hairy, especially on the nerves, the terminal mucro
distinct or ipiite wanting iii the same specimen ; stipe very distinct wilh sonietimi's
a minute ruilin)ent : stamen solitary, oppt)site the uppL-r palet. — Manual, 2 ed. r)4r).
C. pendula, Trin. Agrost. ii. 34. Malikuha-fjia 2>t'itdiila, IJong. Veg. Sitch. 172.
Blyttia suaveoleiis, Fries. C. latifolia, Griseb. in Ledeb. Flor. Poss. iv. 435.

Big Tree Grove (Bolandcr) ; Oregon and Washington Teiritory {Li/all, Hall) ; and north to
Sitka. Ea.stward it is found in the northern border States and in tlie mountains southward, and
it also belongs to northern Europe and Japan. The rarer typical form, ranging from Canada to
Louisiana, has not thus far been detected within the State. It has a nuieh denser ami nariower
lianiele, longer sj)ikelets (sonietinu'S 3 lines), and is often tinged wilh purple. The type ami
vaiiety have a rather [)leasant scent, but neither appears to be sought after by cattle.

2. C. macroura, Kunth. Culm 3 or 4 feet high, erect and rigid, smooth or
slightly pubescent IjcIow the nodes, clothed below witli broken and withered sheaths :
leaves narrow, convolute and attenuate at apex, rough-pul)escent, the lower 3 to 4
and the uppermost 1 to 2 inches long, all very rigid ; ligule 2 or 3 lines long ; sheaths
much longer than the internodes, loose, rough : panicle 1 or 2 feet long, erect, very
narrow, dense and tapering above, loose and interrupted below, the base sometimes
included ; rays fascicled, very uneipial, the longer (1 to 4 inches long) flower-bearing
above, the shorter for their whole length ; all, with the common axis, more or less
roughened: spikelets H to 2 lines long, scarcely compresseil, niiinitely scabrous-
])td)escent and on rough pedicels about their own length : glumes acutt; at apex or
blunt with a juinute i)oint, the lower somewhat longer ami iinlistinctly 3-nerved :
floret usually somewhat exceeding tlie glumes, with a brief ami minutely hairy callus ;
j)alets very delicate in texture, the lower minutely pubescent, more or less acute,
3-nerved, broad ami involving the very thin distinctly 2-nerved upper one, which is
about the same length: stamens 3, witli linear anthers. — Gram. i. G7 ; Trin. Agrost. ii.
3G. Crypsis macroum, II HK. Xov. iiau. i. 140. Vil/a ricjeus, oi Bolander's dis-
tribution, not Trin.

Muhlenbcnjiu. GRAiMlNE/E. 277

Tulare Valley {DInkc) ; Deer Creek Canon {Brewer) ; Soiiora {Bohinder) ; Sail Diego County,
I'almer. Also in Mexico, and eastward in New Mexico and Western Texas. A very rigid wiry
grass, of a pale yellowish green color throughout, growing in subalkalinc localities and apj)arently
in tul'ts, but the specimens generally lack tlie root. In general appearance it has little in common
with the preceding but much the aspect of a Vilfa, from which its very brief callus is the chief
character that separates it. The ligule is described by Kunth as being an inch long ; neither in
the specimen examined by Triniiis, nor in those above cited does it exceed one-fourth tir.it length.
The rigid stems are used by the Indians for making baskets.

21. MUHLENBERGIA, Trin. Duop-skki) Ouass.

Piiiiiclc contracted, or open with spreading rays. Spikelets l-llowercd. Glumes

mostly shorter than the floret, often very small, the lower usually smaller, persistent,

obtuse and toothed, or acute and bristle-pointed ; the lower 1- the upper rarely

3-nerved. Floret deciduous, with a minute callus or sessile, usually bearded at base.

]x)wcr palet herbaceous, 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex ; the upper equal

or somewhat shorter. Scales 2, very small. Stamens 3, Ovary oblony, smooth :

styles 2, plumose on the upper half, (iraiu lance-oblong, dropping inclosed in the

palots.

The genus includes about 50 species, mostly American, of which 8 belong to the States east of
the Mississippi ; they are more numerous in Texas and in Mexico.

1. M. gracilis, Trin. Culms from a perennial tuft, erect, rigid, clothed be-
low witli withered sheaths, from 0 inclios to 2 feet high : leaves iialf a line wide
or less, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly convolute and filiform, scabrous, and with the
whole plant very pale ; ligule a line long or more ; sheaths longer than the internodes,
roughish : panicle 3 to 0 inches long, often bronzed or blackish, very narrow, the
erect rays mostly solitary an<l floriferous for nearly their whole length : spikelets
pedicelled or sessile, about 2 lines long exclusive of awn : glumes very variable, the
lower usually a little shorter, 1-nerved and more or less acute ; the upper about half
the length of the floret, 3-nerved, obtuse, erose at apex or with several teeth, some
of which terminate in short awns : lower palet with a short-bearded minute callus,
pubescent especially on the midncrve and margins for a portion or the whole of its
length and often thickly marked with blackish green spots, terminated by a slender
roughish awn 4 to 9 lines long. — Agrost. ii. 50. Podomvinuin t/nfcile and P. qnad-
ridenUtlnm, HHK. Nov, (Jen. i. 130, 131, t. G82, 083, Cafi/coJoa montnnum, Nutt.
ri. Gamb. 18(').

Yosemitc Valley {Bolandcr) ; Lassen's Teak (J/";s. R. M. Anstiii) ; Colorado and southward to
Arizona and Mexico. Very variable in stature and foliage, and especially in the glumes, which
sometimes j)resent curiously cut forms.

2. M. pungens, Thurber. Somewhat resembling the preceding, but the very
pale green foliage liard and rigid, each leaf terminated by a hardened point : culms
1 to 1^ feet high: panicle very open, its solitary rays fasciculately branched just
above tiie base into long 1-flowered divisions : spikelets, including the awn, 2| lines
long : glumes half as long as the floret, pointed by a distinct bristle : floret with a
very minute rudiment (sometimes developed into an imperfect floret); lower palet
acute, the awn a line long or less ; upper palet with 2 setose tcctli, wliich nearly
equalling the awn give the appearance of an undeveloped Aristida. — Proc. Philad.
Acad. 1863, 78,

On the Colorado River, above Fort Yuma {Newberry), and eastward through Arizona nnd
Southern Utah ; also in Nebraska. According to V.. J. Croft (Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 205), it is
regarded in Arizona as most valuable forage, under the names of JMack C.rania and Grama China.

3. M. debilis, Trin. Guliys 3 to 18 inches high, ascending from a geniculate
base, branching from the h)\ver notles : li-aves mostly Hat, I to 2 inches long, about
h line wide, acuminate, puberulent on both surfaces and with the whole plant purple

278 (.ilLVMINE.E. Vu6,>ja.

tinged or dark purple tliroughuiit ; ligide nearly a line long, lacerate ; sheaths some-
what intlated : panicle 2 to G inches long, the few mostly solitary rays spreading,
distant, a little longer than the intersi)aces, included below by the npi)er sheath :
spikelet 1 to U lines long ; lloret very early deciduous : glumes | to ^ its length,
equal or the lower slightly shorter, the upper or both eroded at the obtuse or truncate
apex, hyaline! : lower palet st^abrous throughout, ternunated by a slender awn 1 to 1.',
inches long; upper palet eejual or slightly the shorter. — Agrost. ii. 4'J. Jf. jiur-
purea, Nutt. Plant. Gamb. 18G. Podoscemum dtbile and /*. tittosian, HI5K. 1. c. 128,
129, t. 681.

Southern Califoniia, from Santa 15arliara to Nortlioni Mexico, and eastward to the valley of the
Kio Unuulo. A very slciidfr annual, which is often of a deep jiniidc color tliioughout. The
llorets drop very early and it is often collected with only tlie pcihistcnt niinnte colorless glumes,
when it presents a very tlili'erent appearance from the plant when its long slender-awned florets
are present.

22. VASEYA, Thnrl.. Vasf.va.

Panicle dense, sometimes interrupted below. Spikelets 1 -flowered, herbaceo-

membranaceous. Glumes 1-nerved. Floret equalling the glumes, with an oblique

callus bearing hairs as long as the floret. Lower jjalet 3-nerved, terminating in a

slender awn ; the upper eipialling it and acute. .Stamens 3. Ovary stipitate :

styles long ; stigma of simple hairs. — Proc. Pliilad. Acad. 18G3, 71).

But one sjiecies at jiresent known, a perennial, with the aspect of a Multlcnlicnjia or of a I'ofij-
pocjuii, while it rescnihlcs a CulatiHujroslis in the long hairs around the iloict.

1. V. comata, Thurber, 1. c. Culms 1 to 3 feet high, smooth, except at the
nodes where tliey are retrorsely pubescent : leaves (aliont (i) Hat, 4 to G inches long,
2 to 3 lines wide, dull green and roughish on both sides ; ligule a short lacerate
fringe ; sheaths slightly roughened, the lower equalling, the \ipj)er somewhat shorter
than the internodes : panicle 3 to 4 inches long, j)ale green, lead-colored or purplish,
either narrow throughout or lobeil below, the lower rays two or three together, the
upper solitary, all very densely many-llowered : spikelets on very short j)edicels,
flattened, pubescent, a line and a half long : glumes narrow, very acute, the lower a
little the longer, serrulate on tlie keel : awn 3 to 4 lines long, llexuose, rough, often
purplish. — Watson, IJot. King Exp. 378.

Yoseniite Valley and Mono Lake (Bu/midcr) ; Huntington Valley, Nevada ( liaison) ; Nebiaska
(Hall & Harbour) ; (Colorado, ^^^ol/. First dcserihed from Nebraska sitecimens, which are much
less luxuriant than those since collected in California, the very narrow lead-colored jjaniclesof the
lirst presenting a very different aspect from the broader purplish inflorescence of the latter. Such
an unusually leafy species may be worth a trial under cultivation, ilature specimens are still
desired.

23. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. 1!kei) BiiNT-GnAss.

Panicle either open and spreading or contracted and spike-like. Spikelets 1-flow-

ered, and mostly with a bristle-like bearded (or naked) rudiment of a second flower :

glumes usually nearly equal, concave, acute, unawned. Floret shorter than the

glumes, sessile or pedicelled, surrounded by usually copious white silky hairs at base.

Palets thin, the lower 3-o-nerve(l, mostly truncate and sometimes toothed at the

apex, and bearing on tlie back, below the tip, a slender usually bent and twisted

awn, or rarely awnless ; u[)per palet much siiorter, or sometimes ecpialling the upper.

Stamens 3. Scales 2, .acutfi. Ovary smooth : styles distinct and short, with feathery

stigmas. Grain inclosed but not adherent to the palets. — Perennials with running

rootstocks and mostly tall erect and rigid culms.

There arc about (iO s]H'cies, widely distrilmted throughout the temperate jiarts of the globe.
All of the species here given belong to the section Dcycicxui, which inclutks tiio.si; h.iving liie

Calaimujrostis. GllAMINE.E. 279

riiiliinent of a second lloret. Sonu! botanists give this section the rank of a genus, leaving in
CdhnninjroHlis only the speeies in which the rudiment is lacking. \Vliih> none of the species are
cultivated as pasture or meadow grasses, C. Cdnadoisis is of considerable agricultural importance,
as it forms a large share of the " wild hay" cut ui)on the western i)rairies. (J. arcnuria, Roth,
witli very large (\ inch) spikelets crowded in a dense cylindrical spike, though abundant upon
both sliores of the Atlantic, does not appear to have been fouiul upon the western coast. In some
parts of Europe and on the New England coast, it has been planted to restrain blowing sands, its
tough rootstocks extending for 20 or 30 feet and binding the sand very elfectively. It is a coarse
rigi<l grass and distasteful to cattle except when very young. Some European botanists refer it
to P.minma, Beau v., and others to Avimophiht, Host.

Panicle loose and open, tlie spikelets mostly tinged with purple.

Hairs of the hyaline lower palet copious, aboiit equalling it or some-
times a little shorter.
Spikelets less than 2 lines long. 1. C. Canadensis.

Spikelets 2 lines long or more. 2. C. Langsdoufkii.

Hairs copious and one-third to one-half shorter than the palet. 3. C. desciiami'sioidk.s.

Hairs .scanty, less thail one-fourtii tlie length of the palet.

riant tall (2 to 3 feet). I^eaves ample and Hat. 4. C. Bi)i,AM)i:ur.

riant dwarf (6 to 15 inches). Leaves convolute-setaceous. 5. C. Buicwkiu.

I'anich- strict and narrow, its short branches erect and appressed after
flowering : lower jialet membranaceous, sometimes of similar
texture to the glumes.
Hairs at base of the lloret nearly e(iualling or about one-third siiorter
than the palet and exceeded by those of the rudiment.
Spikelets 2 to 2^ lines long. Glumes very tliick. 6. C. ckassiglumis.

Spikelets 1^ lines long. 7. U. stkicta.

Hairs short, barely half as long as the palet.

Awn from below tin; middle of the palet and but little exceeding it. 8. ('. Alf.UTIga.
Awn from near the ba.se of the palet and long-exserted. 9. ('. sylvatica.

* Pdnlclc lonse and open, mostly t'lnyed with 2)U7'j)le.

1. C. Canadensis, IJeauv. Culms tall, (uect, sinootli, 3 to 5 feot high, rarely
branching below : leavL-s about a foot long, 2 to 4 lines wide, flat, minutely scabrous :
ligule short, lacerate ; slieaths closely appressed, shorter than the internodes, smooth
or slightly roughened : panicle 4 to G inches long, oblong, the common axis and rays
scabrous: spikelets from Ij to If lines long: glumes lanceolate, acute: lower palet
nearly as long, obtuse and more or less 2-toothed at the apex, surrounded by copious
white hairs, and awned on the back from near the middle with a very delicate bristle
not much stouter than the hairs, and usually barely eipialling or rarely slightly ex-
ceeding the pah'-t ; upper jvdiit a little shorter : rudiment very miinite. — Torrey, l'"l.
N. York, ii. 444, t. 150; Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. 77, and Man. G15, t. 8.
Arundo Conaden.tix, Michx. V\. i. 73. C. Mexicana, Nutt. (Jen. i. 4r), excl. syn.
Pers. Cinna (?) Fiirxhii, Kunth, Einim. i. 208.

Moist places, mostly in the Sierra Nevada (Hillr.hrnnd, Bolandcr), to Oregon {Hninell), and
British Columbia, and from subarctic America to Pennsylvania an<l New Mexico. In the older
States, where this gi-a-ss is abundant, it is known by the not very flescriptive name of " Blue
Joint," and is regaided as a valuable meadow grass, though it is encouraged rather than culti-
vated. By some the hay is considered nearly as nutritious as that from Timothy {Phhum prutensc).
Large quantities are cut on the prairies, it yielding in rich soil very heavy crops.

2. C. Langsdor£Eii, Trin. Culm, leaves and panicle as in C. Canadensis : spike-
lets 2 to 3 lines long : glumes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, atteiuiate-acuminate,
often cinereously strigose-pubescent : awn stouter than in the preceding and often
slightly exceeding the palet. — dram. Uni-Se.squitl. 225 ; Oray, Proc. Amer. Acad,
iv. 77. C. Orefjonensis, Buckl. in Proc. Phil. Acad. 1802, 92, in part; Gray,
same, 334.

Calaveras Countv (Ilillcbmnd) ; Oregon (Tnhnir, NnttdU), ami nortiiward to Arctic America.
Found also in the Whit(^ MounUrins of New Hampshire, tlie Rocky Mountains, and in the north-
ern regions of both continents. Liable to be confounded with C. Ci(Jin<lr».tt\ from which it is
mainly distinguished by its longer ami mon^ acute glumes and its stouter and (usually) exscrted
awn. In the ('alilbrni;iu specimens the glumes barely exceed two lines long, l>eing jirecisely like
the Oregon specimens of Nuttall {C. Vohunhinuvs, Nutt. in herb.), which Dr. Gray (Revision of

2^0 GltAMINE.E. Caliunuijiu6tis.

the Dci/curia section of tlic ;,'<Mnis, 1. c.) lAcvs to tliis hiiffius. Tlie panicle is liglit brown or
ilarkcT purplisli-lirown, sonletinu^s jmrplish. In botli ca^cs tlie awn exceeds tlie palet by nearly
a line and Is attached about one-third imlow the tip.

H. C. deschampsioides, Trin. Culms tut'led, erect IVom a (leciiinbeut Lase,
wliich is thickly cDVercil by withereil remains of sheaths, 5 to 10 indies high, smooth,
halt' eiiiialleil liy the basal leaves : culm leaves 1 to 2 inches lont,', loosely convolute,
smooth, the uppermost erect, smaller ; ligule about a line long, split ; sheatlis as long
as the internoiles, smooth: panicle ovate, 1 to 1^ inches long, open, lew-tloweretl ;
rays in pairs or ternate, ilivided above the middle and bearing about 5 llowers, and
with the rhachis smooth : si)ikelets 2 lines long, more or less piu'ple-tinged : glumes
etjual, broadly lanceolate, acute, as long as or barely ecpialling the lloret : lower palet
nearly smooth, membranaceous, lacerate-toothed at apex, slightly scabrous on the
nerves, bearing at or below the middle a stout somewhat divergent awn which is
exserted about one-third the length of the palet ; hairs at l.ase delicate, fairly eoi)ious,
one-half to two-thirds its length ; upper palet (piite eijualling and similar in texture
to the other, 2-nerved and irregularly 2toothed : ruiliment a brief process, scarcely
one-liftb the length of the palet and naked, or somewhat longer with very short
liairs. — Trin. .Spec. (Iram. iii; t. 354:; CJriseb. in Ledeb. Flor. JJoss, iv. 427. ('.
rubesceiis, IJuckl. in Proc. IMiil. Acad. 18()2, 02 (!) ; (Jray, in same, 33-1.

Alaska and Arctic Asia, but not certainly foiunl within our territory. The plant called C. rii-
besccHS by I5uckley is doubti'uUy referred here iiy (iray, of which only an imperfect fragment is
found in tlie herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy, said to iiave been collected in Oregon liy
Nuttall. It is a spi'cies likely to occur, and fnun its close re.send'lance in habit to C. Jlirircri
migiit readily Ik- confounded with that sjiecies. In our norliiern specimens the rudiment is no
more than barhellate, but Trinius's ligure gives it as distinctly though not copiously plumose.

4. C. Bolanderi. More or less sca])rous throughout : cidm 2 to 3 feet liigli,
geniculate : leaves Hat, 6 to 10 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, the uppermost a half
smaller, pale yellowish-green : ligule about 2 lines long, truncate, erose or lacerate ;
sheaths scarcely half as long as the internodes, rather loose : panicle 3 to 8 inches
long, loose, blackish purple, becoming browni.sh ; rays in threes and lives, very slen-
der, rather erect, at length spreading or even dellcxed, the l)ranches few-li(jwcred
above the middle : spikelets 1^ lines long on longer pedicels : glumes e(|ual, lanceo-
late, acutisli, miinitely hairy, rough on the keel, the margins above minutely ciliate :
floret barely shorter ; lower palet minutely rough-tuberculate, often bilid, the lateral
nerves slightly ex(;urrent ; hairs at base few and unetpial, short, mostly at the sides ;
awn attached nearly at base, the lower half twisted and lodged in a dorsal groove,
divergent above and exserted just below the tips of the glumes ; upper ])alet slightly
sliorter, of .similar texture, broad, 2-nerved, 2-t()otbed, and somewhat rougli-tubt;rcu-
late between the nerves : rudiment half the lengtli of the lluret, with long hairs. —
0. varia (]), I>oland. Cat. 3-1,

Swamps, Mendocino County, Bolnnder, n. 0471 (in j.art). A strikingly handsome siiecies ; the
yellowish-green color of the jilant contrasted w ith the lilackish-purple of the jiaiiiele must make it
conspicuous, while a closer inspection .shows the bright whiteness of the lloret in strong contrast
with the deep color of the glumes. The roughness of the jialets is unlike anything we remember
to have seen in grasse.s, appearing under the micioscope like minute glistening grains of silex. In
the specimens the groove running lengthwise of the lower ]ialet and h)rming a lodgment for the
awn is very distinct ami well-defined ; whether it remains in fruit is uncci tain.

5. C. Breweri, Thurber. Culms densely tufted, 6 to 15 inches higb, erect,
very slender, bearing 2 short distant leaves : radical leaves 2 or 3 inches long,
setaceously involute, minutely scabrous above ; up))er ligule acute, decurrent, 2 lines
long, the lower lacerate ; sheaths closi;, strongly striate : panicle loose, 1 to 3 inches
long; rays solitary or clustered, divaricate or more or less erect, barely ecpialling the
interspaces, 1 - 3-tlowered : spikelets blackish-purphi, \\ or 2 lines long, smooth or
slightly rouglitMied above: lower palet nearly equalling the acute glumes, ndnuttdy
4-toothed, slightly roughened, more or l(;ss lined witii purple, and witii a .small tuft
of minute unecpial hairs at each side ; awn from above the base, exserted about a

Calamayrostis. GliXMl^EJE. 9c i

line, little divergent ; upi)or palet usually nearly equalling the lower, very thin,
2-nerved and mostly 2-toothed : anthers very large, dark iturple <jr purjjlish : rudi-
ment largo and conspicuous, its al)undant hairs nearly e(iualling the lloret. —
JJolander, Trans. Calif. Agric. 8oc. 18G4-G5, 1.3G.

Near summit of Carson's Pass {Brewer, n. 2128); on tlie Tiioliminc, at f>,700 feet altitude
{Bolandcr, n. 601)8) ; also by Lcmvion, locality not f,'iven. A neat well-maiked species, with a
strong general resemblance to C. dcschampsioides, but (tillering widely in tlie structure of the (lower.

0. sTitic;osA, liong. (Oiay, Proc. Am. A(;a(I. iv. 78), may ]>ossibly occur in nortliern localities.
It will be recognized by its very large glunics, 2^ to 3 lines long, terminating in a long subulate
jtoint, strigoscly pubescent all over, and especially so on the keid ; tlie lloret considerably shorter ;
the awn attached well below the mid<llc, exsertcd and about eciualling the pulet ; hairs copious
and one-third shorter Mian tlie acute palct and about etpialled by those of the conspicuous rudi-
ment. What appears to be Bongard's plant was collected in Alaska by Mr. Harrington.

* * Panicle narrow, the erect branches oppressed after flowering : loiuer paht
sometimes like the (jliimcs in texture.

0. C. crassiglumis. Culm about a foot high, erect, rigid : radical leaves
nearly as tall, culm leaves 3 or 4 inches long, divergent, the upper smaller, erect,
usually reacliing the panicle, all convolute, 1 or 2 lines wide, acute, rigid, strongly
stiiate, rough above and on the margins, very pale green ; ligule loss than a line long,
erose-tootheil and cartilaginous ; sheaths loose, the U])per es|)ecially, mostly otpialling
the internixles, smooth : i)anicle scabrous, about 2 inches long, very (leiise, occa-
sionally interrupted below, the short very rough rays appressed, densely iiowered :
s|)ikelets 2 to 2^ lines long on shorter pedicels, brownish-purple above: glumes
nearly ecpial, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rather abru[)tly pointed, the upper
often mucronate, minutely scabrous, subcartilaginous, with thin margins : lower
palet scarcely shorter, very broad, acute, lacerate-fringed and obscurely toothed at
a}iex, scabrous, with hyaline margins, the delicate hairs two-thirds as long ; awn
attached just below the middle, rath(>r stout, straight, very slightly exceetling the
j)alet, sometimes barely exsertcd ; up|)er j)alet thin, scarcely one-fourth shorter,
2-nerved, erose-toothed : rudiment very small, its abundant hairs about eipial to the
upper palet.

Swamps, Jlendocino County, Bohimlcr, n. 47*3(5, 4787. Plant with the habit of C. Lapjmiicn,
Trin., under which name it was distributed, but very unlike in its llowers. The glumes in this
are nuich broader and less acute, and are remarkably thick and tough. The lower palet is much
broader, with fewer ami shorter basal hairs ; the awn is attjiched just below the middle of the
jialet, while in the other it is just above the base ; the rudiment is much larger, with more copi-
ous hairs ujion its whole length : in (L Lnpjxmiai they ])roceed from the apex only. The glumes,
wherever exposed, are dark brownish-purple; on iIk; back and Ixdow they are very jiale green.
The palets arc more or less purple-tinged along the nerves.

7. C. Stricta, Trin. Culm erect, rather rigid, 1 to 3 feet high, somewhat
scabrous below the panicle : leaves narrow and mostly setaceously involute, erect,
scabrous on both sides ; ligule short ; sheaths smooth : patiiclc at first included at
base, at length exsertcd, 2 to 5 inches long, erect, narrow, somewhat lobed, inter-
rupted below, the roughened and erect branches mucii crowded, flower-bearing
mostly to tlie base : spjkelets rarely exceeding H lines, often blackish purple, some-
times straw-colored : glumes ovate-oblong, acute, nearly efjual, rough upon the keel
and minutely scabrous all over : floret very slightly shorter ; lower ])alet roughish,
bearing the straight awn at or a little below the middle and slightly exceeding it ;
hairs at base about two-thirds the length of the jjalet ; upper palet hyaline, one third
the shorter, 2-nerved antl 2-tootheil : rudiment conspicuous, its hairs about ecpiailing
the palet. — Gram. Uni-Sesquill. 22G ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 7S, and Man. GI5.

Sierm County {Lemm<m) ; Klamath Valley (Cronkhi/r) ; and freipient eastward to the Rocky
Mountains and along the northern border through Wisconsin, etc., to Vermont ami Canada.
Andersson, in Gram. Scaiid., and (iriseliach, in Ledeb. Flor. Iioss., place C. slricfa, Trin., as a
synonym of 0. vnjlcctn, (Jacrtn. What is known to American botanists as C. stricta differs from
authentic .specimens of the European C. ve[ilecta in the much lirmer texture of its glumes, the more
copious and longer hairs at base of lloret, the somewhat stouter awn, and longer rudiment.

232" GRAMINE.E. CalamcKjrostis.

Varies with the h'aves flat exccjit near tlie a])ex, or nil strictly convolute ; very iiah; green. The
jianicle is soiiietinn'S coiitiiiuoiis, but usually the lowest and sometimes the lower two fascicles
ol' rays are scnaratcil l>y au iucli or so of the naked axis ; color dark brownish or blackish jiuriile,
greou and dark i»iii|ilc, or straw-cohired throughout.

8. C. Aleutica, 'I'rin. Culms stout, 2 to 5 feut liiyh, erect or sul)j,'eniculate
below, smooth except at top : leaves erect, rather rigid, those of the culm Hat, long-
attenuate, about a foot long and 4 or 5 lines })road, rough on both sides ; ligule ovate
or truncate; sheaths very loose, mostly much shorter than the internodes : panicle
very rough, 6 to 10 inches long, an inch wide or less, rather loose, subflexuose at
top, somewhat intermitted ;' rays 2 inches long or less, in crowded clusters, the
branches tlower-bearing to the base : spikelets 21 to 3 lines lon^', mostly exceeding
the pedicels, pale or brownish : glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, mem-
branaceous, roughish all over : palets like the glumes in texture and but slightly
shorter, the lower acutish, minutely 4toothed and soon lacerate, nearly smooth, its
straight or curved awn inserted just below the middle and barely as long; hairs
scarcely half as long and about e(iualling the sparse tuft of the very minute rudi-
ment ; upper palet roughish on the two conspicuous nerves, shortly 2-toothed and
ciliate at apex. — Bong. Veg. Sitch. 171 ; Hook. Fl. IJor.-Ani. ii. 241 ; Griseb. in
Ledeb. Fl. Iioss. iv. 427 ; (iray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 80. C. albicans, IJuckl. I'roc.
Acad. Philad. 1862, 92 ; Gray, same, 334.

San Franci.sco, Oakland, etc. (Bolandcr), and northward to Washington Territory and Alaska.
This is the most robust sitecies of the coast and forms dense tufts on the hillside.s. The lower
leaves break oil near the sheath, leaving th('se erect and rigid. The iianiclo is sonictimes ]>alc
straw-color, but generally more or less tinged with brownish-iairple and sonietinu's of the bronze-
color so noticeable in some species of yi//-« from the northwest coast; the palets are sometimes
slightly colored also. It varies with the lower glume acuminate, considerably longer than the
upper and over 3 lines long.

9. C. Bylvatica, DC. Culms erect, rather rigid, 1 to 2 feet liigli, clothed at
base by crowded dead sheaths : radical leaves reaching nearly to the jtanicle ; culm
leaves 3 to 8 inches long, the ui)permost shorter, all less than 2 lines wide, attenuate-
pointed, more or less scaltrous and involute ; ligule about a line long, lacerate ;
sheaths more or less equalling the internodes, rarely fringed at the throat, the ujtper-
most very loose : panicle inclosed at base when young, si)ikc-like, strict, 3 or 4
inches long, about i inch wide, very dense, often slightly interrupted below, pale to
dark-puri)le throughout ; rays mostly in lives, an inch long or less, appressed and
like the rhachis very rough : spikelets 3 to 3i lines long, on short roughened pedi-
cels : glumes ovate-lanceolate, very acute, the upper distinctly 3-nerved, scabrous,
a little exceeding the palets : lower palet in texture like the glumes, acute, 4-toothed,
scabrous, grooved on the back ; awn attached very near the l)ase, twisted and rough
below, bent at the middle and exseited more than half the length of the ghnnes ;
hairs unequal, the longest at the sides about \ as long as the i)alet ; upper palet thin,
hyaline, broadly 2-nerved, 2-toothed ; rudiment stout, including its hairs about )| the
length of the palet. — Keichenb. Icon. Fl. (Jerm. t. 138; Griseb. in Ledeb. Flor.
Itoss. iv. 42G ; Gray, 1. c. ; "Watson, 15ot. King Fxp. 379. C. pnrpiiiascens, 11. 15r.,
App. IJichards. Voy. 3.

Mount Dana, at V2,500 feet altitude, and on the .sea-coast {Bohindcr) ; Oregon (NultalJ) ;
Humboldt Mountains, Nevaila {Walsmi) ; Rocky Mountains of Colorado by several collectors.
Also in northern and nuddle Eurojte and Siberia. All the North American specimens have a
much denser and stricter jmnicle than any from Kurojte with which we have been able to comiiari!
them, though those collected in Mendocino County by liolander (without number) approach tlu'm
in this respect. The plant seems to be much more leafy at the coast than upon the mountains,
the latter usually having more rigid culms and the leaves mostly involute. The Mendocino
specimens also show a distinct ring of hairs at the junction of the blade and sheath, a character
given for the European plant. The color of the panicle is very variable, running from greeni.sh
straw-color through various degrees of ^tnrjile to deep purjtle all over ; these ditb lences some-
times occurring in specimens of the sanu- set show that the purple form cannot be regarded as a
variety even. Sometimes the lower sheaths are purple-tinged, and in specimens with dark-colored
glumes the lower palet also pal takes of this color more or less.

Eriocoma. GRAMINE.E. 283

24. ERIOCOMA, Niitt. Silky-Grass.
Panicle few-ilowereil witli spreading slender dicliotomously branclied rays, or very
narrow with lew 1 - 3-llowered erect rays. Spikelets solitary, l-flowcrcd. Glumes
nearly equal, membranaceous, acuminate or att('nuate-j)c>inted, the lower 3-, the
njiper 5-nerved. Floret much shorter than the glumes, ovate, with a short distinct
callus. Palets at lirst herbaceous, becoming coriaceous or even cru^taceous, the lower
much l)road('r, involving the ui»|)('r, clothiMl with very long white silky hairs, bear-
ing at or just below the apex a short straight or curved obscurely tritpictrous cadu-
cous awn. Scales 3, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3 ; anthers bearded or naked.
Ovary stipitate. — Urachne § Eriocoma, Trin. & Rupr. Fendleria, Steud.

To this iiitcicstinw gptiiis, for a long timn known only by a single widely distributed species, a
second species is doiibtlnlly referred. In both, but consjucuously so in tlie fiist, tlie fibres of the
root are clothed with a dense covering of matted cottony hairs, which mnkt; them appear three
times their real size. Perennials, forming dense tufts crowded l)elow with the remains of the
sheaths of former years ; foliage very pale and rigid. Steudel founded his FcniV.cria on Fendler's
n. 970, whii'li he desciibes as having a second and neuter tlorct as a slender and very thin ])alet
shorter than the glumes. An examination of otlier specimens collected under this number, and of
many others from a wide range of localities, fails to discover this second floret; there is at most,
as noted by Watson (1. c. ), "a veiy short and thick process at the base of the upix!r palet."

1. E. cuspidata, Nutt. Culms 1 to 2 feet high, mostly simple, sometimes
geniculate at the upper node : leaves setaceously convulute, rigid, scabrous, the radi-
cal ones often equalling the culm ; cauline three, the up|)ermost nearly equalling
the panicle or reduced to a fdiform point ; ligide a line long or more, acute, mostly
bilid ; sheaths roughish, the middle one shorter than its internode, the upper very
loose: panicle at length exsortcd, about 0 indies long and nearly as broad, the
capillary often tlexuose rays mostly in pairs, the lower several times dichotoraously
branched, the upper branched but once, at their extremities, tlie branches 1-ilowered :
spikelets 3 or 4 lines long : glumes ventricose below, attenuate-rostrate, pubescent,
colorless except the green nerves, the mid nerve only extending the whole length :
floret about half the length of the glumes ; lower i)alet broadly oval, green and herba-
ceous when young, shorter tlian its long hairs, becoming hard, bnjwn, and finally
black and shining and naked, the 5 nerves conlluent near the oliscurely bifiil apex ;
upper palet ecpial, narrow, 2 nerved, entire ; awn mostly longer than the i)alet, nearly
straight : antlier-cclls bearing usually f) hairs about \ their length. — Nutt. Gen. i.
40 ; Watson, ]>ot. King Exp. 379. Stipd membrnnncen, Pursh. Sfi/xi ht//neiioi<les,
Poem. & Schult. Syst. ii. 339 and Mant. 188. Urarhne famtta, Trin. Panic. 38;
Trin. & Rupr. Stipacere, 19. Fendleria rhj/nchelytroide^, Steud. Syn. Gram. 420.

"From the Sierras eastward" {Bnlnndcr), and northward to British Anieiica; common in
Nevada and Utah, at 4,000 to 8,000 feet altitude {IFatsnn), extending eastward to Missouri and
southward to New Mexico and Texas. A remarkably handsome grass, the regular bratiching of
its panicle, with a few large white spikelets, making it especially noticeable. Valued by travel-
lers as one of the several kinds of " Mmich-grass." The awn falls so soon that specimens are fre-
quently quite awnlcss, but the large seeds inclosed in the hardened palets remain a long time.

2. E. "Webberi. Culms densely tufted, 3 to 6 inches high, slender and wiry :
leaves convolute, rigid, pungent at the apex, scabrous, the radical 2 to 3 inches long,
numerous ; culm leaves 4, the uppermost an inch long or less ; upi)er ligules mani-
fest, rounded, the lower obscure ; lower sheaths crowded, the up{)ermost dilated :
panicle 1 to 2^ inches long, very narrow, few flowered ; rays slender, erect, the
lower in threes and 1 - 3-flowere(i, the upper solitary, 1 -flowered : glumes 4 lines
long, acuminate, often purple tinged : floret about 3 lines hmg, witli a short callus,
deciduous ; lower palet (when young) herbaceous, 5-nerveil, the lateral nerves arched
towards and meeting the central one, apex minutely 2-lobed, covered throughoiit with
copious silky white hairs a lino long ; upper palet ec^ual and siuularly hairy on the
back : awn 2 lines long, very slen<ler, roughened, curved : anthers long, naked.

234 GIIAMINEJ":. Stipa.

Sierra Viillty, lUihimlcr, Miiy, 1871. Tlic .s]M'cimiMi.s are iiiiiiiatinv, and lcav(! it fur rijicr
materials to coniiilttc the (icsrri|.ti()ii. Except in its very (liUVreiit iiaiiiclc it acconls well with
Eriocoma, ami it is invlVrnMl to iiioilify tlic -^iMifrir cliaractiT rallicr than ad.i a new j,'cn\is. Tlu;
awn ill tliis falls even earlier than in A'. cii.-^i>itl((t(i, and is rarely to lie foimd except in tliosu
spikelets that are still included liy the upper sheath. The collector sent this j,'rass several years
ago with a set of his species of ,SV(>f, to which ^'enns he snjiposed it to belong, with the recpiest that,
should it be new, it be named in honor of Dr. Webber of Sieira Valley, an esteemed ])hysieian wlio
bad aided iiini in his botanical explorations, and npon whose estate the grass was discovered.

25. STIPA, Linn. Fi:atiikii-Gi!.\ss.

Panicle open, with few spreacliug branches, or sometimes crowded and narrow.
Spikelets l-Uowered, the cylindrical floret with an obconic bearded and often elon-
gated sharp-pointed callus, in our species shorter than the glumes, and readily fall-
ing at maturity. Glumes suljccjual, membranaceous, often terminated by a long
subulate point. Lower palet coriaceous, cylindrical-involute, inclosing the mostly
shorter upper one, entire at the apex or terminating in two minute sometimes hya-
line teeth, naked or with a crown of short hairs, coii^[iicut)Usly awned. Awn articu-
lated with the palet, often caducous, genicidate below, glabrous or jxibescent or
plumose with spreading hairs. Scales 3. Stamens usually 3, sometimes 1 or 2 ;
anthers often bearded at the apex. Ovary stipitatc, smooth : styl(>s 2, short ; stig-
mas i)lumoso with simple hairs. (!niin cylindrical, smooth, frtie from but inch)scd
in the palets.

A genus of perennials, with mostly involute leaves and early deciduons florets, rcjiresented in
almost every j)art of the world. Some of our species, under the not very distinctive name of
" Binich-grass," are among the valued kinds of forage in the Sierra Nevada. Sfi/xi (Macro-
chloa, Kth.) tenacissinm, of southern Europe and northern Africa, forms a portion of the
"Esparto grass," largely used in paper-making. .S'. pcnuHta of Europe (a vaiicty of which occurs
in Arizona) is an old garden plant, cultivated for its beautifully plumose awns; the jianicles,
which are G to 12 inches long, are imported in considerable ipiantities for "ornamental" pur-
poses, usually dyed in various biilliant and unnatural colors.

* Awn for a part of its length plumose w ith silky hairs.
Foliage, panicle, etc., ])ale green.

Lower palet 2-lobed at apex. 1. S. si-Ecio.sA.

Lower palet entire at apex. 2. S. occidicstai.is.

Foliage, panicle, etc., tawny yellow. 3. S. clluvsoi'iivi.i.A.

* * Awn not jdumose, often strongly pubescent.
Panicle open with spreading often secund rays, which are few-llowered
above the middle.
Awn 6 inches long; lloret eoar.sely hairy. 4. S. comata.

Awn 3 inches or less in length.

Lower palet tuberculate, partially hairv. .'). S. SETKiF.r.A.

Lower palet hairy all over. «. S. kminkns.

Panicle narrow, with mostly erect lay.s.

Panicle small, 2 inches long ; floret 2 lines long, purplish. 7. S. KiMiii.

Panicle large, 6 inches long or mori\
Lower palet with two distinct herbaceous teeth. 8. S. Srii.i.MANil.

Lower ])alet with two more or less manifest hyaline teeth.
Floret less than three Unes long. 9. S. SimiiicA.

Floret 3 to 5 lines long.

Lower palet with copious long silky hairs. 10. R. coiionata.

Lower palet with short .scattered hairs. 11. S. vUMlnn.A.

* Awn for a part of its leiKjth distlnctlij I'Uimose with slllcij hairs.

1. S. speciosa, Tiin. it Ilupr. Culm 1 to 2 feet high : radical leaves half as
long as the culm, tlie others much shorter and with the sheaths minutely puberulent ;
upper sheath iidlatcd, its leaf about 4 inches long, its ligule less than a line long,
tliat of the lower slieaths mintite and fringccl : panicle (J to 8 inches long, included
below, contracted, its appiessed rays mostly in pairs and G-8-fluwered: glumes

''■">'• GUAMIN1.LE. 285

i«iow ,1,0 i,.,„i, ,ij „4 ^f I'c a";;'Ui:r!;;,i;;:'»;;i'"'' """• "" ""'>■ '""" ""■'"s "^■■"■•"y

2. S. OCOidentalis, Tl.iirbor. C.llms slender, 1 to 2 feet l,ic-l, soniewlnf ',r,

loiirti. mu,, tliaii tl o upper, bruwmsh when ripe, pubescent with an,)ressed hair,
especja 1^ below; ca k.s short acute, the apex ^lith'a short clistiuct c' Liro ^ irs '•
aun 1, niches long, twice bent, ami plumose to the upper geniculation with rXi'
coaeha.rs which are loss than a line long below and shorter above : anthe niked
-r.ot. Wilkes Lxped. 483 ; Watson, JJot. King Kxped. 380.

in the Siena,, oxtcndin^ into O.ogon ; also Neva.la. Mr. P.olan.lPr ren.ark.s in Pro.

. . . '^xped. 380.

toninioii in the Siena,.,
("aiif. Acn.I.
IV furred to t!

3. S. chrysophyUa, E. Dosv. Culms forming very dense tufts, G inches to '>
tlL tu '"T' '''''''' '^^ bninched, and clothed below with withere.l sheaths-

•^.d J; ur 1^' '' '''', '"'? ".' ''''''' '^'''^y •''"•^ setaceously involute and'
1 gid shghtlj scabrous an.l with the sheaths and panicle tawny yellow • li^aile
short ; upper sheath usual y inflate.l : panicle contracted, mostly included beFow
4 to G inches long, with short appros.sed 1 - 3-nowerod rays: glumes about 8 line;
long, nearly cpial acuminate, hyaline, r)-nerved : iloret including a medium callus
4 to 5 ines long; lower palet twice the length of the upper, covered with spreadim'r
white hairs, bearing two minutn lobes at the apex and an awn 1 to IJ indies Ion-
which is bent near the middle, plumose below the bend with silky hairs 2 lines Ion-
and smooth above: anthers naked.— Gay, Flor. Chil. vi 278 t 7G fi- 2

Giam. Mex. Bound, med.), theothei in the mountains of Colorado, S. MomjoUca, furcz.

* * Axvnnot plumose, often strongly imbesccnt.

•*- Panicle open with spreadinr/, often scciind, fcir-flowered rays.

4. S. COmata, Trin. & Rupr. Culms 1 to 4 feet high, stout, mostly scabrous ;
leaves involute, roughened, the mdical ^ or J the length of the culm, the leaves on
which are much shorter, the uppermost very small or reduced to a mere sheath ;
hgulo conspiciums, acute, 2 or 3 lines long ; sheaths loo.so, the uppermost somewhat
inflated, smooth, at length shorter than tiie iuternodes : panicle included at base by

2 y (j ( i K A M I N J'J A<:. St ipa.

the upper sheatli, open, 8 to 12 inches long; rays tenuite ov in pairs, distant, few-
llowered ; glumes about an incli long, nearly ecjual, 5-nerved, with a Kjug subulate
point : iioret (inchiding calhis of 2 lines) (i lines long, readily deciduous ; lower
palet rather sparsely ])ubescent with coarse hairs, but with no distinct corona ; awn
4 to 6 inches long, seldom distinctly geniculate, scabrous esi)ecially above, shining,
variously curled and twisted, soon deciduous ; upper ]>alet equalling the lower :
stamens 3 ; anthers inucioiudate at a{)ex (but not barbulate as described by Trin.
& Eupr.). — Stipaceie, 70 ; "Watson, Bot. King Exped. 380. aS'. juncea, Nutt. (Jen.
i. 58, not Linn. *S'. capillata, Hook. Flor. IJor.-Am. ii. 237, not Linn. *S'. occi-
dentalis, Lolander, Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 1G9, in part.

Mono Lake {Bolaudcr) ; Western Nevada ( iratson) ; Oregon (Spauhling) ; and fiom tlie Upper
Missouri to II tali, Nebraska and New Mexico. A jiaie green species, which presents very different
aspctts according to age ; when young the ]ianicle, all save its long awns, is inclosed by the
upper slieath ; later it is e.\serted, witii its f<w rays spreading, but as its liorets are early decidu-
ous it at that time rarely hasanytiiiug but empty glumes. It is very near .S'. capillata, Linn., of
Europe, from which it diil'ers in its broader leaves, longer and acute ligule, more spaisely iiowered
panicle, and longer and more attenuate-])ointed glumes. The plant cited by Mr. liolander as a
smooth-awned ,S'. occidentalis is this species with rather shorter awns than usual.

5. S. setigera, Presl. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, pubescent at the nodes, with radi-
cal leaves about one-third as high ; culm leaves Hat, 2 or 3 lines wide below, long-
attenuato above, rough-pubescent and sometimes ciliate on the margins, the
upi)ermost nearly ecpialling the panicle; ligule about 1 line long, truncate and sjdit ;
sheaths two, jiilose at throat, the lower shorter than the interr.oile, the upper loose :
panicle about ti (sometimes 12) inches long, mostly included btdow, loose, llexuose,
more or less secund when young, the slender rays in pairs ; pedicels shorter than the
sj)ikelets : glumes (J to 9 lines long, long-acuminate, the up])er rather shorter, usually
purplish, .strongly 3-nerved : Iioret (including a callus of 1 line) 5 lines long, con-
.stricted below a distinct corona; lower palet tubercular-roughened, silky hairy
especially on the nerves; upper palet hyaline, scarcely a thinl as long; awn 2 to 3
inches long, slender, tlexuose, more or less distinctly bent above the middle, strongly
pubescent below, minutely so above, i)ersistent : anthers bearded at the apex. —
Kel. Ilajnk. i. 226 ; Trin. k, Itupr. Stipacea", 28. hi. avenacea. Hook. tV Arn. Pot.
Peecliey, 403, not Linn. *S'. Neesiana and leHcotricha,'\\-\\\. ^ Pupr. 1. c. 27 and r)4 ;
Torr. in Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 154. aS'. ciliata, Scheele in Linmea, xxii. 342.

Common from San Diego County (Parrij), northward to Oivgon (Ifiilsc) ; New Mexico and
Texas, and in South America. A rather variable siiecies, often with closely involute leaves. The
Uj)per glume has sometimes one or two additional nerves (" r>-nerved," J'iral) ; in the Calitornian
specimens the gliunes are generally purple, and in those from Texas they are scarious. The palets
ditfer as to their pubescence, which, so tar as noticed, never comiiletcly covers the surface. It is
common on the Coast Kanges and on the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and, according to I'rof.
lirewer, is the most common and valuable " Bunch-Grass" of the dry hills.

G. S. eminens, Cav. Culms 1 to 3 feet high, slender, pubescent at the nodes :
leaves all convolute-setaceous, somewhat rigid, slightly scabrous, those of the radical
tufts about half as long as the culm ; lower culm leaves C to 8, the uppermost 2
inches long ; ligule very minute ; sheaths striate, smooth : panicle 4 to G inches
long, soon exserted, somewhat secund, the very slender rays short, in pairs, few-
Howered : lower glume about 5 lines long, the upper 4 lines, acuminate, 3-nerved,
l)nrplish : floret a little more than half tlie length of the lower glume ; callus less
than i line long ; corona short, but distinct ; lower palet hairy throughout, the upper
about one-third as long and hyalint; ; awn about 1 inch long, vi-ry slender, bent near
the middle, minuttdy and oveidy scabrous, readily falling away: stamen 1, small,
oval. — Icon. v. 42,1 4G7 ; Trin. & Un\)r. Stipaceie, 30.

Coast Ranges and foot-hills ; also from Quito in South America. Often confused with the pre-
ceding by collectors, some slender forms of which closely resemble this. The longer Iioret, with
more conspicuous callus and corona, the pubescence not covering the whole palea, and the nuich
longer more pubescent ami peisisteut awn of that species as well as the longer gbunes and pilose
sheaths will ruadilv disting\iish it.

-^ -^ Pa«/./« narrow., ,./</, „,,,, ,, ;,.„ ,,,,^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^.^^^^^ ^.^^^_
^ Lower palet less thayi 3 //«e.s ^«y.

.lm„cs obt„.a, eroJa,! an.l .„,„„timo» n.ucx.nL, h;a ,o „i f. X „ f u ' ^'1^
Imso, til,, ,m,l„ofvo cxtmiiicly .idioatc, ami ll,o oti.e,-, „„t „,a, ,Lf " i ^ T

of uhUlH^Jh'"?^' ^'""- ^'"''"' ^^ ^"°^ ^'^^ ''■^'^'' ^^^^''^^1 '-^t base by tbe remains

nodes t..o upper so.L.hati..H.tecl, ^^. t:n^ ^{t\^t:\^^1Z
«reen tlircgboufc : pan.do G to 1 2 inci.es Icn^, erect, narrovv ; nryrUi ta. ^1 e lo wt

ong. glumes nearly equal, acuminate in a slender point, .3-nerve,l niinutelv sT.
brous and onc-tourtl. longer than the fusiform short-calLsed floret 1 ^ ale L,o^^^^^
2h lines long, nnnutely 2-toothed at the apex, brownish at maturity with W nthe
coarse ha.rs; upper palet nearly equal ; awn G to 9 lines lon.^ II •';, se v Sou t
near the nuddle, below which it is strongly pubescent (^r^oJ^^^^fZ^
above: anthers conspicuonsly beardcl. _ 111. i. 158; Trin. .^ I upr. SUnacerS
A. Bloomen, Jloland. in Proc. Calif. yVcad. iv. 1G8. '^"pacex, OJ.

Mono Lake and near Sonora Pass, liolandcr, n. 6110 ; "rare." Siberia, etc.

++ ++ Lower palet 3 to 5 lines long.
0. S. StiUmani, Holand. Culms tnfled, stout, 3 to 5 feet hi-di, .'enieulato below
smoot except the pubescent nodes : radical leaves 12 to 18 i^c ^.s 1 I , se ,'
he culm (our or U.o) much shorter, all glaucous, involute at least at the Ion atten
uate apex the lower 3 to 4 lines wide at base, mostly smooth beh,w abro us abo^'e
and on the margms ; ligulo minute; sheaths loose, shorter than t^ i t rn^^^^^^^
striate, smooth, slightly beanled at the throat : panicle 5 to 10 inclu' lo ^'0;
and spike-l.ke, interrupted below, nearly white and lustrous, the .xi puUn len
with an incomplete pilose ring at tlie nodes; rays crowded and fasciculate mo e o

nteirirf m" '"'/ 7'"""r"""^ = "'"""■^ "^'^^^^ •^'i"^^'' '-^bout 9 lines Iong,Tc un -
nately bnstle-po.nted, membranaceous-hyaline, the lower 3-, the upper mor^ or le.s
r,-nerved at base : floret D lines long with a short one-sided white-hai'v callus -Tower

diW ionTSTb. "f r;-"'' '^f''"^ ^r'''^^ ''''''"^^y I'"'^'^-^'^'^"^ tl.rougho'ut, the

VIS ons of the 2-cle t tip nearly ah ne long ; upper palet similar ; awn i.rserted be- *
1 w the tip of the palet, 12 to 15 lines long, tortuous, slightly bent above the mid-
»lle, scabrous : stamens 3; anthers long, mucronulate. — Proc. Calif. Acad, iv 168 "

mue Canon, Siorra Neva.la Bo/an>ir.r. Tl.e stout culms, ns Inr^re as « goosomiill arc' from' a
arge tor uous uhnost woo.iy rl.izon.e, wl.ich is hairy, as are the rootl.-ts proceeclin " mn it TI.e
large and lustrous panirles are strikingly handsome. ' '"' ^

10. S. coronata. Culm 4 to G feet high, 3 or 4 lines thick at base, where it is
clotlied with the remains of oM sheaths: lower culm leaves about 3 feet lon<- 4 to G
inos wide at base, graduiUly attenuate to a long involute point, the uppermost about
0 inches long, almost filiform and rigid, all slightly scabrous on both surfaces and

288 GRAMINE.K. Stipa.

margins ; ligule very sliort, lacerate-fiiiigeil ; slicatlis somewhat loose, the uppermost
lunch dilated, striate, smooth except the margins, which are mostly ciliate, esitecially
at the throat : jiaiiicle 12 to IG inches long, at first spike-like anil included lor one-
third or one-hair its length, at length exserted and loose, hut narmw with erect
branches; lower rays in i)airs or threes, long and lluwer-heaiing above, the upper in
fascicled clusters and Hower-bearing to tiie base : 'spikelets «hortpeilicelleil, pale-
greenish becoming purplish : glumes uneipial, the 3-nerved lower about 8 lines, and
the 5-nerved ui)i)er G lines long, both acuniinato and somewhat bristle-pointed,
slightly scabrous on the nerves : floret, including the brief curved callus and long
hairy crown, 5 lines long ; lower palet scarcely cluutaceous, bilid with delicate hya-
line teeth less than a line long, clothed with silky shining hairs, those below about
a line long, the upper more numerous, forming a dense tufted corona 2 lines long;
awn about an inch long, sleiuler, bent mostly below the middle and minutely sca-
brous ; upper palet about half the length of the lower : stamens 3 ; anthers naked.

Hills near Juliuu City, San Diego County (Bolandcr) ; near San Hernanlino, I'arry k Lcmvwn,
n. 422 (1876). The tallest and most robust of all North Anieiican Stii)as ; when young, with the
paniele partly inehuled, it appeals somewhat like ^'. Sti/lniani, but it lacks tlie marked and
peculiar lustre of that species. Later the j)anicle is exserted, becoming wider and loose and taking
on a purplish tinge, and the resemblance is no longer noticed. The reniaikably long hairs ujinn
the lloret have a peculiar silvery lustre ; when higldy magnified each hair is .seen to be flat and
spirally twisted.

11. S. viridula, Trin. (^ulms l.l, to sometimes T) feet high, witli numerous
"withereil slu-aths at basi; : leaves all involute setaceous at apex, smooth or slightly
scabrous, pale green, the radical about one-third as long as the culm ; upper culm-
leaf 1 to l.V inches long ; ligule very short ; sheaths half the length of the internodes
or less : panicle G to 18 inches long, narrow, loose, the short erect rays in twos or
threes : spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, on shorter pedicels : glumes nearly e(pial, ovate,
bristle-pointed, the lower 5-, the ui)per 3-nerved, sometimes tinged with purjile :
lloret fusiform, about one-fourth shorter, the callus very short ; lower palet with
short scattered hairs which form a rather irregular crown and with 2 very minute
hyaline teeth ; upper palet more than half as long; awn 1 to U inches long, slender,
fiexuose, usually twice b(>nt, pubescent below and scabrous above, at length <ltH'.idu-
ous : anthers naked. — Act. Petroj^. 183G, 31) ; Trin. ct Kupr. Stipacea', 57 ; Watson,
]>ot. King Exped. 380. S. parvi flora, iSutt. Geif. i. 58, not ])esf. S. qxirtni,
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 237, not Trin.

In the Coast Kangp.s and Sierra Nevada, northward to Oregon, the upper Missouri {(/ri/n)
and British .America. Very variable in tlie size of the culm and character of the jKUiicle, which
is usually .slender an<i loo.sely Howered, sometimes reduced to a mere raceme of a few l-liowcred
ray.s, and at the other extreme crowded and spike-like. The young states of this and ,S'. Siluricd
very closely resemble one another, but that has longer rays naked lielow, the lloret more cojiiously
silky and the anthers conspicuously beanled. The lower palet in S. viridula slightly projects
on each siile of the insertion of the awn, and when that at length falls the scar is oblicpie. The
floret in both sjiecies becomes fuscous at matuiity.

26. ARISTIDA, Linn. Tkipm -awnko On.\ss.
Panicle racemose or s})ike-like, rarely spreading. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes
unequal, the lower shorter, membranaceous, sometimes with a bristle-like pt)int.
Floret oval or cylindrical, with an ol)conic mostly hairy callus ami readily falling at
maturity. Lower palet chartaceous or coriaceous, longer than and inclosing the
upper, entire at ajtex where it bears a three-parted awn, with or witliouta joint at its
base. Scales 2. Stamens 3; anthers beardless. Ovary stipitate : styles distinct.
Grain cylindrical, inclosed in the lower jialet, but free from it.

Over L'JO species are enumeratetl, of which the laiger .share btdong to warm countries. Tin;
culujs, from an annual or perennial root, aie often much branched ; lln' leaves narrow and mostly

Siimihin. GRAMINI'L'E. 289

involuti'. Tlu' tiiiilc awn scpamtcs tlio f,'.>nii.s fioiii S/ipcr, wliirli it in otlicr iosiii>ct.s much re-
scinl.K's. Ill the Kastciii States Aris/itla is ivpioscntod by about a <b>ziMi si.cics, wliile S/ipa has
but tliivc ; ui.oii tlie Tarilir. Coast tliesc ininibcis are very nearly level scd. In tlie division of
tlie f,'eiiuH, those having tlie jieisisteiit stiaij^ht awn continuous with and divided down to the
palet are plaeed in the scetion Cluihai,,. Those with the aw^n divided above and twisted below
to lonu a stipe, which is articulated with the palet and caducous, loriii the section Arlhral/icrum,
which is regarded by some as a genus.

1. A. bromoides, IIUK. Culms fix.iu 3 to 12 inches lii^^li, foimiiig close tufts,
sleiulor an. I often gcnicniljite below : radical loaves few and short ; those of the culm
two, 1 or 2 inches loii<,', involute-setaceous and rather rigid, smooth below, minutely
scabrous above; ligule minute, fringed; slieaths shorter than the internodes : pani-
cle 1 to 3 indies long, spike-like, somewhat secund, the rays solitary or clustered,
branched nearly to the base : spikelets purplish, 4 to 5 lines long, on shorter i)edi-
cels : glumes narrow, mucronate, scabrous on the back, the lower about 2 lines long,
the upper twice its length : lloret mostly e.pialling the upper glume, its short callus
with brief, very Avhite hairs; lower jiahit greenish with numerous dark purple
blotches, smooth except on the scabrous midnerve ; middle awn rather longer than
the palet, the lateral ones somewhat shorter, idl minutely scabrous ; upper palet very
short, scarcely exceeding the ovary. — .\ov. (len. & .Spec. i. 122. A. Jisperm, var.
bromoides, Trin. & liupr. 8tipace;c, 130.

Colorado Desei t {SclioN) ; Sail Diego (llo/aiulrr) ; Sonoia, New Mexico and Texas ; Quito. A
variable species, lorms of which have l)een described under several names ; these have been brouglit
togethi'r by Trillins and Kupieclit as varieties of one species, to which they gave a new name
A. di.'^/ifrxii. In this case it seems projier to continue one of the older names. The plant i.s
probably an annual, though none of the sjx-cimcns have roots. The same tuft has culms from 3
inches to a foot high ; in tiie shorter ones the base of the panicle is includ(-d, but in the taller it
is long e.xserted. In the young plant the panicdes are dark purple ; in older specimens, they be-
come light brown.

2. A. Californica, Thurlier. (,'ulms 5 to 10 inches high, very densely tufted,
geniculate below and branched above, i)ubescent, especially at the nodes : leaves
involute, jiubesceut above, scabrous below, the radical from 1 to l.V inches long,
those of the culm shorter, the u|)permost minute or reduced to a mere sheath ; ligule
a fringe of hairs ; sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose, striate, pubescent or
hirsute : panicle 1 or 2 inches long, racemose, few-llowered, the lower spikelets in
pairs (one sessile, the other short-pedicelled), the upper solitary : glumes scabrous on
the. keel, la(;erate-fringeil at apex, usually purple with wiiito margins, the lower 4,
the upper C) lines lung: (huvt sliorter than the lower glume, with a conspiciuuis
white-hairy callus one-third its length ; lower palet miinitely scabrous, especially
above, pale greenish and marked with purplish-blaek blotches, the upper palet about
one-fourth as long ; awns about e.pial, very slender, minulely siiabrous, 1 .1 to 2 inches
long, twisted below into a slender stipe (5 to 8 lines long), which is articulated with
the upper palet and deciduous at maturity. — IJolander in Trans. Calif. Agric. Soc.
1804 -G5, 134, without descri|)tion.

Colorado Desert (Scfiott) ; Fort Mohave, Ompcr. Apparently nn annual, which by its numerous
branches and long awns forms a complex tuft. It is the only species of tlie se.-tion with articu-
lated, caducou.s awns (^Arthra/hermn) thus far found in North America. According to Mr. Sobott
it is known to the Mexicans ns Zacafc dc lirhir, " Ilare'.s-grass."

27. SPARTINA, S.direb. Conn-GnAs.^.
Panicle of mostly erect racemed spikes. Spikelets crowded in two rows upon one
side of a triangular rhachis, subsessile, l-flowered with no rudiment, much flattened
laterally. (Humes rigid, more or less rough bristly on the strongly compressed keel,
acute or short-awtied. Floret sessile, shorter than the uiiper glume. Lower palet
membranaceous or chartaceous, awnless, the upp(^r slightly longer. Scales none.
Stamens 3. Ovary smooth : styles very long, more or less united below ; stigmas

290 GRAMINE.E. Spartina.

feathery. Grain lateral!}'' coni])resse(l, free. — Perennials, with creeping scaly root-
stocks, and simple reed-like culms bearing long tough leaves with smooth sheaths.

Tliere are about 8 spc'cics, tliouj^li three times as many are descrilieil, foiuid chiefly in warm
climates. Four occur in the Athtntic States ; though usually growing in salt marshes, some
extend far inland.

1. S. Btricta, Koth. Culms erect and stiff, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves coriaceous,
smooth, a fout long or more, G to 8 lines wide at base, tapering to a long narrow
convolute point; ligule a short fringe; sheaths rather loose, overlaj)ping and quite
clothing the culm : panicle i to 6 inciies long, of 3 to 8 sessile erect spikes 1 to 3
inches long, the projecting point of the rhachis once or twice the length of the upper
spikelet : spikelets G to 8 lines long, loosely imbricated, soft: glumes very unequal,
smooth or merely scabrous on the keel, the larger 1-nerved : upper palet exceeding
the lower. — Trin. Agrost. i. 90; Kees, Gen. i, t. 41. ,S. foliosa, Trin. 1. c. 9'2, a
very leafy form.

Salt marshes near San Francisco, Bolander. Common on both shores of the Atlantic, where it
varies so much tliat several nominal species have been made of it. The stems and foliage, though
coarse, are succulent and greedily eaten, but conununicate a strong and rancid flavor to the milk,
butter, and even to the ficbh of animals that have fed upon it. It forms a more durable material
than straw for thatching roofs, and it is known in some juirts of New England as "thatch," and
the unj)leasant flavor given by it to milk and butter is called " thatehy."

2. S. cynosuroides, Willd. Culms 2 to G feet high, rather slender ; leaves
2 to 4 feet long, 4 to G iuu!s wide at base, tapering to a long slender involute point,
smooth except on the margins ; ligule bearded : spikes 5 to 20, scattered and spread-
ing, at least at maturity, 2 to 4 inches long on i)edicels about h inch long, the pedi-
cels and common axis strongly hispid on the angles : spikelets closely imbricated :
lower glume very narrow, the upper broad, spinulose hispid on the keel and tapering
to a rough awn about 3 Hues long : lloret ecjualHng the lower glume ; the lower pah'fc
very rough on the midrib which terminates just below its tip ; upper palet about
equalling the lower, rough at apex. — Torrey, Fk)ra N. York, ii. 448, t. 153.

Oregon, Howell. Connuon on the Atlantic coast, growing along the lakes and the borders of
rivers quite across the continent, and very likely to be found within the State.

S. GRACILIS, Trin., a slender species 1 to 3 feet high, with rough and rigid leaves and shorter
and closely apprcssed spikes. Hanging from Oregon to Texas and found in alkaline soils in all
parts of Nevada, IFatson. It doubtless occurs in Northeastern California.

28. BOUTELOUA, l.agasca. Gkama Grass.

Spikelets in solitary or racemed spikes, sessile and crowded in two rows upon one

side of a flattened rhachis, 2 - several-flowered ; only the lowest floret perfect, the

others more or less rudimentary and neutral, or rarely staminate. Glumes mem-

branou.s, convex, keeled, the lower a half shorter. Lower palet of the perfect floret

chartaceous, 3-toothed or 3-cleft at the apex ami terminati.'d by 3 subulate awns ;

upper palet 2-nerved, 2-toothed. Stamens 3, usually orange-colored or red. Scales

2, fleshy. Styles 2, terminal. Imperfect floret staminate and similar to the other,

or more frequently incomplete and pedicellate, of a single palet with 3 teeth and 3

set.e, or reduced to 3 awns with or without scale-like palcts. - — Very slender gra.sses,

often geniculate at base, with short leaves less than a line broad ; ligule a hairy

fringe.

A rather large American genus, most abundant in the warmer jiortions, but three species reach-
ing the Northern States. Kutr'uiiut, Trin., Choiulrimiiiin, Desv., .■l/lnrojuKjon, Muhl., and Diiubra,
Beauv., are some of the genera under which they had been placid before Dr. Gray properly re-
stored Lagasca's earlier name. The species are numerous in Western Texas and all the I'io
(Jrandc region, Northern Mexico, etc., where they are "fiicrally known as Grama-gra.ss and form
the larger share of the pasturage of the dry and elevated plains.

Cijiwilon. GRAMINE.E. 291

^^ Sj)ikcs pectinatclij mnnij-Jiowcn'tl, erect or ajnrtuJinij, tlie rhachis not proloncjcd
beyond tlic spikclcts.

1. B. oligOStachiya, Torr. Pcrcimial, G to 18 inches liif^h : leaves smooth or
biiivly roughened ahuve : si)ikes 1 to T), remote, 1 to li inches long, often much
curved, on very sliort iiairy pedicels; rhachis smooth or sparingly hairy : spikelets
(including setre) about 3 lines long : glumes (tlie upper 2 lines long) strongly keeled,
Avith a few minute hairy papilhe : lower palet equalling the u])per glume, copiously
hairy on tlie back, its long middle lobe 2-cleft ; central seta longest (aline long);
upper palet equalling the lower, with lateral tufts of long liairs at base : pedicel of
sterile Horet about a line long, hairy at top and bearing a rudimentary hooded palet
and 3 very short awns. — Gray, j\lan. G21. Atlwropoijon oh'ijostachi/um, Nutt. Gen.
i. 78. Chonilrosium oh'gostachi/inn, Torr. in Marcy liep. 300.

Summit of Providence Jlountaiii, Cooper. Tliis sjiecics, wliicli extends horn "Wisconsin west-
ward, is common in Nebraska and southwestward to Northern Mexico. The specimens from Dr.
Coojier, wlio alone seems to liave met witli it in CaUfornia, are only 6 inches high.

2. B. polystachya, Torr. Culms 3 to 15 inches long: leaves scabrous, often
with a few hairy pa[)ilhe on tlio margins and midnerve ; sheaths loose : spikes 3 to G
or n)ore, | to 1 inch long, rarely slightly curveil, the scabrous rhachis hispid-ciliate :
spikelets about 2 lines long : glumes often irregularly 2-toothed, the up|)er broadly
ovate, a lino long, rough-pubescent, short-awned below the apex : lower palet very
hairy on the nerves below, otherwise smooth and shining, the central lobe rather
obtusely bilid, the lateral narrow and acute ; lateral sette stoutest and longest ; upper
palet equalling the lower, silky-hairy on the margins and on each side at base : im-
l)erfect lloret of 2 small (mostly) hoodeil palets and 3 setse, upon a hairy pedicel which
also bears a very minute rudimentary third lloret. — Pacif. W. IJej). v. 36G, t. 10.
Chnndrosinm ])o/i/sfiic/i>/)im, l>enth. I'ot. Sulph. 5G ; Torr. in Emory Kep. 153. B.
pnmila, liuckl. Proc. Acad. I'hil. 18G2, 1)3.

Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; Colorailo River {A. Schott), and eastward ; very common in the Rio
Grande region and southward. Varying from nearly prostrate to erect with very slender culms ;
the spikes generally dark purple and the foliage more or less tinged. The seta; of the lower palet
also vary considerably in length, and sometimes the imjierfect lloret has a broad cordate palet
awned between the lobes, and the second imiicrfect iloiet becomes more conspicuous.

* * Spikes short, few-flowered, at length reflexed : j^oint of rhachis prolonged.

3. B. aristidoides. Gidms G t(» 18 iniihes liigh, bniiu^licd above : leaves soon
involute, scabrous above, margins with scattered 1-haired jvipilhe ; sheaths very loose,
Hmonth (ixcept a haii'y tuft at throat on each side: spikes \ to S, distant, seeund,
8 to 10 lines long, on white hairy jiedicels 2 lines long; rhachis scabrous, the tri-
quetrous point equalling the terminal spikelet : spikelets 3, distant, appressed, about
3 lines long; lower glume almost sctiform, tlie upper subulate, strongly keeled, some-
times 3-toothed : perfect floret with a slightly bearded callus ; lower palet coriaceous,
silky-pubescent on the nerves, minutely punctulate, nearly equalled by the upper :
imperfect llower on a short jiedicel slightly hairy at top, of 3 unecpial awn.s, one
3 lines long, the shorter slightly dilated below.- — Dinehra aristidoides, IIBK. Nov.
Gen. i. 171, t. G95. Eutriana aristidoides, Kunth, Enum. i. 280, and Suppl. 233.

Fort Ynma. {^[ajor Tlwmcis) ; San Diego County, Palmrr. Common in Arizona and Mexico.
Api)arently monocarpic, the cluster of withered sheaths at the base indicating that it takes a rest
and completes its growth the second .season. The young plant, with its spikes erect and appressed,
presents a strikingly dilferent appearance from the old one, when its fully developed spikes are
refracted. The long awns to the sterile floret give it so strong a resemblance to an Arislida that
the specific name is especially descrii)tive.

29. CYNODON, Riclmnl. Do(j's-tootii Giiass.
Inflorescence in several one-sided flattened spikes which are digitate at the end of
the peduncle. Siiikelets l-flowered, with a ruiliment consisting of a naked pedicel

292 GRAMINE.E. Cijiiudun.

or a pedicelled imperfect floret, awnless, sessile in 2 rows. Glumes keeled, point-
less, somewhat uuecpial, spreading, shorter than the lloret. I'alets pointless, awn-
less, the lower larger, boat-shaped, prominently keeled, tlie upper 2-nervetl, concealing
the rudiment in its fold. Stamens 3. Styles 2, rather long with featlu.'ry stigmas.

A genus of whiuh about a ilozeu sjn'cics are dcscribcil, but luobt of thcui are supimsi-d to be
forms of the witkly (HssLiuiiiated ijcreuuiul one here given.

1. C. Dactylon, Pers. Culms prostrate, stout, often creeping several feet,
clothed with undeveloped sheaths, ;ind throwing out prostrate brandies, as well as
ascending geniculate tlowering ones G to 10 inches high : leaves about an inch long
and a line wide, with a rather obtuse scabrous apex, still and sometimes involute, glau-
cous ; ligule short with very long hairs ; sheaths much crowded, loose, strongly
striate : spikes 3 to G, an inch or two long, the rhachis concavo-convex : spikelets
rarely over a line long, imbricately appressed : glumes ovate, usually spreading and
rough on the keel ; lower palet broadly boat-shaped, smooth, the keel and margins
ciliate ; upper palet narrow ; rudiment half as long as the lloret, sometimes minute.
— lieicheub. Icon. Flor. Germ. t. 2G ; Nees, Gen. 1, t. 39.

Near San BernunHno (Parry k Lenihion) ; San Jose, M. Jackson Lewis. Tliis is the "Doub"
of the East Indies, tlie " Dog's-tooth Grass" of Europe, but in tliis country always called " Ber-
muda Grass." It is very connuon in all warm countries, inuludiui^ .Australia ; in the Eastern
States it is thoroughly Ilaturali^ed, being found as far north as Pennsylvania, and far more
abundantly south and southwestward, varying greatly in size according to the character of the
.soil ; the sjiikes arc .vtmetimcs imrplisli. This and llic. ('rab-gra:.s, I'anicuin saiKjuiiaiU; arc pomi-
larly often confused ; that has its spikelets inserted on the rluichis by pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicelled, while in this they are all sessile and solitary. Though a troublesome weed in the cot-
ton fields, it is by many regarded as the most valualile of pasture grasses for the Southern States,
and of great value even for hay. It is a singular fact that it has never been known in the Eastern
States to perfect its seed, and it can only be propagateil by cuttings.

30. LEPTOCHLOA, Bcauv. Si.iiNunR Gii.vss.

Panicle simple, its liranches being long slender spikes, upon one side of which the
spikelets are sessile in two rows. Spikelets 3-several-llowered, the uppermost
imperfect. Glumes membranaceous, the upper larger, keeled and often subulate-
pointed. Lower palet 3-nerved, ciliate or hairy, entire or 2-toothed, awnless or
bristle-awned from between the teeth. Upper palet smaller, prominently 2-nerved.
Stamens 2 or 3. Ovary stipitate : styles simply i)lumose. Seed, in some species,
loose in the pericarp.

A small genus, as to the limits of which botanists differ ; spe(-ies with the lower palet bristle-
awned between tlie teeth are by some referied to Diplachnc, Beauv.

1. L. fascicularis. Gray. Annual, cidms \ to 2 feet high, decumbent, genicu-
late, branching : leaves tlat, 4 to G inches long, smooth or roughish, the u])per mostly
equalling the panicle ; ligide a line long, lacerate ; sheaths loose : panicle 4 to 8
inches long, its base usually included; spikes strict, 3 to 4 inches long; si)ikelets
solitary or in twos or threes, short-pedicelled, 3 to 5 lines long, 5 - 11-llowered, the
joints minutely hairy-tufted : glumes lancecdate, acute, rough on the strong single
nerve, often mucronate, the lower at least a half shorter than the lower lloret, the
ui)per as much longer; hiwor palet ovate-lanceolate, ciliate biilow tin; midiUe, hintrt-
awned at the cleft ape.\, with two minute lateral teeth ; upper slightly shorter, shoit-
pointed, silky-ciliate : styles very long : ])ericar|) membranous. — Man. (123, t. 'J ;
Durand & Ililg. in Pacif. R. Picp. v. 15. Festuca pohistachya, Michx. ; Kll. Sketch,
i. 1G9, t. 10, lig. 3. Diplachne fascicularis, Beauv. Agrost. 80, t. IG, fig. 9. Ura-
lepis [Tricuspis) composita, Buckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. (18G3), 94.

Pose Creek {llccrinann) ; Fort Yuma {Major Thomas) ; Colorado Itivcr, Keubrrry. This does
not ajipear in any of the collections made by the State S\irvey, yet must be more freijucnt than this

Plcuraphis. GRAMINE.E. 293

would iiulicatc, as it extonds from Now Enf^laiul riuite across tlie continent. It is found aloii"
nearly tlio wliolo Atlantic coast, usually in brackisli niar.slics, rarely over a foot liif^li. Tlie l'ai°
western plant in more luxuriant, and tlic clustered .spikelets give the panicde a denser appearance.

2. L. imbricata, Thmber, Culms simple, erect, 1 or 2 Icet lii<,'h : leaves 6 to 8
inches long, 2 lines wiile at base, setaceously acuminate, slightly scabrous ; sheaths
loose: panicle erect, 8 to 10 inches long, usually sheathed at base; spikes very
juimerous, solitary or fascicled, sliglitly spreading: spikelets appressed-imbricate,
nearly sessile, acute, 7 - 8-llo\vered, about 3 lines long: glumes very unecpial, hispid
on the prominent solitary nerve, tlie lower narrow, acute, about half as long as the
lowest floret, the ui)per broader, obtuse, mucronate, more than a half longer : lower
palet about a line long, herbaceo-membranaceous, minutely 2-toothcd at the obtuse
mucronate apex, the lateral nerves long-i)ilose l)elow ; upper palet ecpialling the lower,
obtu.se and denticulate at apex and hairy on the nerves : seed loose in the pericarp.
— Gram. Mex. Bound, ined.

Larken's Station, San Diego County (Polvicr, n. 404) ; Fort Yuma (Major Thomas) ; and through
the Gila Valley to the Hio Grande. The lower leaves and slieaths are sometimes tinged with
purple, tlie panicle usually grayish green. Habit somewhat that of /.. fasricularis, but the spikes
are much narrower, the spikelets being .smaller, closely appressed ntul overlapping. In the shaiie
of the lower palet tiiey arc very distinct ; in place of tin; acute teeth and manifest awn of the
other, the teeth in this are minute and blunt and the midnerve produced only as a mere point.

31. PLEURAPHIS, Ton-.

Panicle dense and spikedike. Spikelets in threes at the alternate notches of a

slender flexuose excavated rhachis, sidjtended by a tuft of hairs. Lateral spikelets

2 - 3-flowered, starainate ; central spikelet 1 - 2-tlowered, perfect, flattened, broad,

membranous, with nearly erpial cuneate glumes often 2-cleft at the apex and with

several (5 to 9) nerves, one or more excurrent below the tip as setoe. Lower palet

3-5-nerved, cleft and short-awned above; npper 2-nerved and 2-toothed. Stamens 3,

with short filaments. Scales 2, ligulate, entire. Styles 2, very long, stigraatose with

simple hairs for the greater part of their length. Lateral spikelets narrow, similar to

the other in texture. Glumes 2-cleft or entire, 3-5-nerved, awned at or below the

apex. Palets nearly equal, toothed, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 2-nerved. — Ann.

Lye. N. York, i. 148, t. 10; Watson, Bot. King. Exped. 381.

A small genus of perennials, in several works placed with Chloridro', but its relationships are
rather with the Puppoplinrcw. For a long time but a .single species was known, but the discovery
of another, and perhaps two more, has rendered it nece.s.sary to .so modify the character as to give
less importance to the setjB upon the glmnes, which in one jirobable species are nearly muticous.
The original species, P. Jamesii, Torr., I. c, common in Nevada and the Hocky Mountain region,
and perhafis reaching Northeastern California, lias slemler culms which branch only near the base.
In Arizona and westward it is replaced by the species here described, and by P. mulica, Buckl.

1. P. rigida, Thurber. Culms 2 feet high or more, erect, branching above, solid
throughout, clothed, especially within the sheaths, with a dense matted tomentum :
lower leaves 4 or 5 inches long, uppermost about an inch, rigid, mostly involute,
setaceous-pointed ; ligule very short, lacerate ; sheaths somewhat crowded, upper
very loose : panicle 3 or 4 inches long, mostly included at base, pale, tinged with
purple : glumes of central spikelet cuneate at base, bilid above, woolly-fringed, 3- or
indistinctly 5-nerved, the central nerve excurrent just below the middle as a stout
rough divergent awn a little exceeding the glume, the next two produced as setas
between the lobes and about equalling them: florets stipitate ; lower palet broad,
3-nerved, irregularly 2-toothed and fringed above, tlie awn slightly exceeding the
teeth ; upper palet somewhat the longer : glumes of lateral si)ikelets about equalling
the florets, irregularly toothed above, one or more nerves terminating as short straight
or recurved awns : palets of staminate florets nearly equal, the lower 3nerved and

294 GRAMIJsE.E. Danthonia.

2-toothed and more or less distinctly awnod. — Gram. ^lex. Boiuul. iiiud. ; Dolaml.
ill Trans. Calif. A,^ric. Hoc 1801 -Go, 1:57, without (Uiscription.

Fort Mohave mid I'lovideiu'c ,Moiiiitiiiii9(C''0(>/>fc) ; Fort Yuma (Major Tliomns) ; Colorado Desert,
(A. Sc/iolt), niid aloii',' tlic (iila Itiver. A striking species on aceoiiiit of its rigid woody stems, in
liul)it resembling some ol' liie dwarf Hamlioos. Uegarded as vulualiio forage, at least for mules,
which eat its almost woody stems with avidity. The pubescence of the culms wilhiu the sheaths
is singularly malted and dense and very white.

32. DANTHONIA, DC. Wild Oat-Guass.

Panicle loose or often a siniiile raceme. Spikelets several- (about 7-) llowered.
Glumes about equal, keeled, unawned, as long as or longer than the flowers. lihachis
of spikelets hairy. Lower palet rounded on the back, 7 - 9-nerved, terminating in
two sharp usually rigidly awl-pointed teeth, between which is an awn llattened be-
low and spirally twisted, formed from the three middle nerves. Upper palet broadly
2-nerved, equalling or exceeding the entire portion of the lower. Stamens 3. Scales
2, somewhat fleshy, entire. Ovary smooth, stipitate. Grain not adherent to the
palets.

A genus of over 100 sjum ies, especially aluuidant in .\fiiia ; a few belong in the Atlantic States
and one is peculiar tu the weilern coast. Mostly perennials.

1. D. Californica, Dolaud. ('ulms sometimes tU'cumlteut at base, fntui \ to :}
feet high : leaves, especially the lower, couvohite and setaceously pointed ; ligtilo
obscure ; sheaths rather loose, bearded at the throat : panicle mostly a sinqile raceme,
the usually 3 to 5 (rarely 10) solitary rough-hairy pedicels scarcely as long as the
broad spikelets: glumes mostly purplish with scarious margins, pointed, 8 to 10
lines long, the upjier 5 - 7-nerved : lower palet broad, shining on the back, coriaceous
below, its teeth about half its own length, obscurely 9-nerved, with marginal tufts
of long silky hairs at or below the middle ; awn about e(iualling the palet, brownish
below ; upper palet ciliate, notched above. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 182 ; Watson,
Bot. King Exped. 392.

Var. unispicata. Culms G inches high or less, from dense tufts of somewhat
hairy leaves, liie sheaths of which are densely villous with white spreading hairs
about 2 lines long, arising in small clusters from miiuite white pajjilhe : spikelet
solitary and terminal (rarely 2 or 3), usually fewer-flowered tlian in the type. — D.
unispicata, ^lunro in Herb. D. spicata ((), Thurb. in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 488.

Both forms occur from San Diego to San Francisco (Bolaudcr, Parry, Lcinmon) ; also in Ore-
gon and in the Rocky Mountains. The same large tuft often inoduces both tall and short culms
of the typical form. Some Rocky Mountain specimens, with the several-Howered pani(de of the
type, have, hairy sheaths, but less .so tlian in the variety.

2. D. sericea, Xutt. (^ulms not tufted, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves narrow, with
sheaths silky-huiry at the throat: ])anicle narrow, the lower rays sometimes 2 - ;J-
flowered and spreading ; spikelets G to 8 lines long, the acuminate glumes much
exceeding the florets : lower palet with very long teeth, and villous with long silky
hairs all over or only below and on the margins. — Gen. i. 71 ; Gray, Man. G40.

Yosemite Trail, at 8,000 feet altitude, Bolander, n. 6104. This agrees with the eastern plant,
excepting that the lower palet is less copiously hairy. Specimens that liave been refenetl to
D. spicala, Beauv., belong to D. Cnlifornica. Should that species be met with it will be known
by its very short leaves, its small narrow spikelets, only 3 to 5 lines long, and its coarsely hairy
lower palet with sliort and pointless teeth.

33. AVENA, Linn. Oat.

Panicle loose and few-flowerecl. Spikelets large, of few (3 to 5) florets, of which
the upjMjrmost is imperfect. Glumes nearly erjual, often exceeding the florets, many-

Trisetum. GRAMINE^E. 295

lUM'ved. Florets herbaceo-chartaceous, becoming firmer tliaii tlie glumes, upon a
liairy-beardcd rhacliis. Lower palct rounded on tlie liark, r» - 1 1-nerved, acutely
2-cleft at tip, bearing from between the teeth a long bent or twisted awn which pro-
ceeds from the midnerve only. Upper palet eiiualling the lower, minutely bilid.
Stamens 3. Scales 2, bilid at apex. Ovary hairy above : styles short, distant ;
stigmas densely plumose. Grain cylindrical-oblong, deep-grooved, hairy throughout
or at the tip only, closely invested by tlie upper palet.

A gpiuis of about 30 annual and iinn'nnial sppuics, l)c'l(ingin<,' to tcniperatn and cold regions.
Two s|»'cies are found in tlie Easleiii States. Tiisclnm and Arrhcnalherum are by some botanists
included as sections of this genus.

1. A. fatua, Linn. An erect annual, 2 or 3 feet high, smooth except at the
hairy nodes, witli liat slightly scabrous leaves and loose sheaths: panicle 8 to 10
inches long, the few-tlowered rays spreading equally; spikelcts aljout an inch long,
the scarious pointed glumes longer than the florets, often purplish at base : lower
palet about G lines long, lirm at base, scabrous and covered with long brown hairs,
its lobes tapering to a sharp point ; awn about twice the length of palet, l)ent near
the middle and twisted below : grain very hairy. — Kunth, Enum. i. 302, and
Suppl. 250; Lentil. Illust. Lrit. Flor. t. 1179; Watson, Lot. King. Expe<l. 392.

Common in fields. Probably a native of the Mediterranean region, but naturalized in many
grain -growing countries, including South America and Australia. As the " Wild Oat " it is
highly valued for hay. It is supposed to be the original of the cultivated oat {A. saliva), which
is said to readily degenerate into this. Professor Buckman of Englantl gives a detailed account
of having produced fiom the seeds of this a good variety of smooth cultivated oat in a few years'
successive sowing and selection.

34. TRISETUM, Beauv.

Panicle mostly narrow, loose or dense and even spike-like. Spikelets 2- (rarely

3- or more-) flowered. Glumes unequal, acute, keeled, membranaceous with scarious

margins, the lower Lnerved, upjjcr (sometimes both) 3-nerved. Florets more or less

separated by the hairy joints of the rhachis, the last one of wiiich extends beyond

the upper spikelet as a rudiment, sometimes bearing an imperfect floret. Palets

similar in texture to the gliiniea, the lower keeled, r)-nerved, acute, more or less

deeply bifid, bearing above the middle an awn whi(!h proceeds from the midnorvo,

usually twisted at tlio base and bent near the middle. Upper palet 2-nerved and

2toothed. Ovary hairy or smooth : styles stigmatic from near the base. Grain

smooth, not furrowed.

Over 60 species have been described, having a geographical range similar to Avena, to which
some authors imite it. Two species belong to the Atlantic States.

* Panicle open with elonrjated rays : ovary hairy at the apex.

\. T. cernuum, Trin. Culm 2 or 3 feet high, with flat leaves about 6 inches
long and nearly half an inch wide : panicle 6 to 10 inches long, very open, nodding
above ; rays in distant clusters, cernuous, capillary, roughened, flower-bearing above
the middle; spikelets 2-3- (rarely 4-) flowered: lower floret with a short-beaixled
callus, the others spreading, distant, upon hairy joints half as long as the florets :
glumes very unequal, the lower narrow, subulate, less than one-half tlie length of the
broad 3-nerved obtuse and mucronate upper one : lower palet about 3 lines long,
slightly scabrous especially above, bearing a slender awn twice its own length, and
terminating in two subulate teeth, which bear sct;e nearly a line long ; uppermost
joint of the rhachis with a long weak awn. — Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1831, Gl ;
Hook. Fl. Lor. -Am, ii. 244. Avemi cermia, Kunth, Enum. i. 30G; Griseb. in Ledeb.
Fl. Eoss. iv. 419.

296 GRA^riNE.E. Trisdum.

Mendocino County {Bolandn; n. 6122) ; (^rcj^on {PickrriiKj) ; also Sitka. Tin; consjiicuous in-
equality of the f,'luMies, ami the Ion;,' eaiiillaiy liranchesol' the imnicle, which are naked below, ilis-
tiuguish it Ironi the next, which has lieen eont'oumleil with it.

2. T. canescens, lluckl. Culins '1 to 4 feet hij^li, tlio llat leaves and .slifaths
smootli Of pulicscoiit : iiauielo (i lo \'l iiiclii's loii^', iiariow, soiiiowlial crmvclod willi
suberoct branches, tlower-bearin^' belnw the middle or to the base; spikcdets 2-3-
jlowered, narrow : lower ylunie narrow, acute, about one-fourth shoiter than the-
broad ovate-lanceolate upper one : lower palet about 4 lines long, narrow, tuberculate-
roughened, long subulate pointed, the awn stout and about twice its length. —
Proc. Acad. Philad. 18G2, 100; Gray in same, 337. T. datum, Nutt. in Herb.
Acad. Philad. ; Poland. Cat. 34.

San Francisco and elsewhere, Bolander, n. 4744, 4758, 6077, 6122. Varies in the wiilth of the
leaves and density of the panicle, which is often purple-tinged. Some sj)eeiniens have the leaves
more or less hairy and the sheaths retrorsely pilose, which is the tyjiical form collected by Nut-
tall and described by Buckh-y. In some of Mr. Bolamler's earlier distributions this was sent out
as T. cerauHin, Trin.

3. T. barbatum, StcMul. Culm geniculate below and sometimes branched,
1 or 2 I'eet high, the lunceolate leaves 3 or 4 inches long. Hat and with the sheaths
pilose : panicle 3 to 6 inches long, the lower rays slender, suberect, few-tlowered, the
upper short, 1-flowered ; .spikelets large, G to 9 lines long, 3 -^-ilowered, much llat-
tened : glumes narrow, hairy on the keel, acute, the upper somewhat longer, 3-nerveil
and nearly e(pialling tlie Hunt ; joints of rhachis slmrt, nearly smooth : lower palet
G lines long, hirsute all over, the subulate teeth 3 or 4 lini's long, the btout awn
about as long as the palet and twisted below ; upper [jalet about ecpialling the lower,
hairy on the nerves : ovary elongated, not so coi)iously hairy as in the other two
species, but distinctly so. — Syn. Gram. 229.

San Francisco, Oakland, and elsewhere {Bolander, n. 1551, 6128) ; collected also on the Ives
Colorado Expedition. With the exception of being liairy the specimens agree well with Steudel's
description, drawn from Chilian specimens. It is much the largest-tlowered species, with the
appearance of a Bromus.

* * Panicle dense and spthc-like : ovary smooth.

4. T. subspicatum, IJeauv. Culms tufted, perennial, 4 inches to 2 feet high,
smooth or tlowny-: leaves llat and smooth or with the loose sheaths pubescent ; ligule
long : panicle 2 to G inches long, dense and oblong-ovate, or elongated and several
times interrupted below, shining and more or less jnirplish ; spikelets llat, 2-3-
tlowered : lower glume shorter, tlie upper about eipialling the floret-s buth ciliate on
the keel ; lower palet 3 lines long, smooth or minutely scabrous, the divergent awn
about its own length. — Kunth, Enum. i. 29.5, and Suppl. 248 ; 8teud. Syn. Gram.
225. T. airoides, Poem. & Schult. ; Trin. in Mem. Acad. 8t. Petersb. 1831, G4.

Var. moUe, (iray. Culm and foliage minutely soft-downy. — Man. G41, t. 12.
T. molle, Trin. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. York, ii. 4.")2, t. 154. Avena mollis, Michx.

Var. muticum, P>olan<ler, in herb. I'anicle elongated and interrupted below ;
the tlorets awnless or very shortawned.

On the Upper Tuolumne (Bolander, n. 5019, var. muticum), and in the high Sierras at 9,000
to 11,000 feet altitude, Brewer, n. 1947, 2002 (var. molIc), 2044. From New England westward
along the Lakes, in the higher mountains from Colorado to California, ami northward to the
. Arctic Ocean. The specimens from the higher localities are only about 4 inches high with very
dense ovate spikes. In var. vvuticuiii the lower palet is sometimes entire as well as awnless,
but neither character is constant.

35. AIRA, binn. Haik-Ghas.s.
Panicle loose (rarely contracted), open, with slender mostly capillary bi-anches.
Spikelets small, with two perfect flowers, the upper somewhat distant upon the
rhachis, often with a ])edicel or rudiment of a third flower. Glumes thin, mem-
branaceous, 1-nerved, acute, eipialling or exceeding the llorets. Lower palet thin

^i''"- GRAMINEyE. 297

and soarious, 2-cloft, or truncate and dontirulato above, with a slender bent or straiglit
awn on tlio back below the middle. .Stamens .'5. Ovary smooth : slyles plumoso to
the base. Grain oblong, free or adherent to the palcts.

Annuals an.l perennials, n.-itivos of trmpciatc regions, the number of spories esti.nate,! at about
n^JlTf- if ""; *'" -T'^'"' -y '''^^^'il^^'^l- 'I'l'« «IHHMes l.ere given belong to the section
I)c.champsm \ieanv. to wh.eh some botanists aeoord the rank of a genus. They" ,e ,.erennials
with the rhach.s of the sp.kelet produced as a pedicel or rudiment beyond the attachment of th^
upper lloret; the lower palet is de icately 3-r,-nerve<l, and eroded or toothed at the truncate sun.-
mit, with the awn attached near the base ; grain not adherent to the palets.

* G/i/mrs fmreJ// erji/xf/uir/ and viosthj shorter than the jiorets.
1. A. CSBspitOsa, Linn. Cidms 2 to 4 feet high: leaves rather stiff, flat or
convolute: i)anu!le 4 to 12 inches long, nodding above, the .si.readin" capillary
branches flower-bearing above the middle; spilvelets much compressed, shinin"
brownish, lead-colored or purplish, about 2 lines long: lower palet very thin, silky-
hairy at base, irregularly toothed ; awn inserted near the base, very slender, equaliinrr
or slightly shorter or longer than the palet. — Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 9g"
Trin. Icon. t. 253, 254. Deschamp.va at'spUosa, 15eauv. ; Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. JIuss'
IV. 421. Aira Bottnica, Wahl. ; Trin. Icon. t. 255. A. ardka, Trin. Mem. Acad.
St. Petersb. 1831, 5G. Deschampsia brcvifolia, \l. Ur. in Parr. Voy. 191.

San Francisco, and especially in the Sierra Nevada, from Ivern IHver (Rolhrock) to Ore<Ton and
northward /.yf?7/. It exten.ls from New England westward across the continent and to Sitka
Very variable, especially in mountainous an.l high northern localities, its different forms havin"
been described as species. The dwarf mountain plant, 6 or 8 inches liigli, with a tuft of short
setaceous leaves, is var. arcfica, Trin., and JJcschainp.iia brerifolin, R. }?r. The awn is sometimes
considerably longer than the palet, when it is A. Botlnicn, Wahl., and hanliy a varietv. Mr
Bolander collected in Calaveras County specimens with longer spikelets than usual, some of
which are .^-flowered, in these respects agreeing with specimens Ial)elled var. /nii,,iflom h\ Trinius
in Herb. Torr. -^

2. A. holciformis, Steud. Culms very stout, 2 to 5 feet high, from a dense
tuft of narrow stiff involute leaves 15 to 20 inches long; culm leaves distant and
narrow, the uppermost about 2 inches long : panicle erect, narrow, with snberect
rays, which are branched and flower-bearing to the base ; spikelets about 3 lines long,
short-pedicelled, nearly terete: glumes acute, rough on the nerves and near tlie
apex : lower palet ovate-lanceolate, memliranaceous, rather regularly 4-toothed, smooth
and shilling below, slightly scabrous near the tip, a silky tuft at base; awn stout,
inserted near the base and barely exceeding the palet. — 8yn. Gram. 221 ; Poland,
in Trans. Calif. Agric. Soc. 18(34-05, 138. Uesr/iampsia hohi/orwis. Fresh Pel
H»nk. i. 251.

San Francisco and Oakland, Bolnndcr, n. 1524, and n. 6071, which is in the collection labelled
A. ca'.ipitosn, var. dcnsiflora, and was ])robably so distributed. A very robust .species with culms
as large as a goose-quili. Both glumes and palets are yellowish-brown above and more or less
tinged with purple below. Its erect and more dense panicle and the firmer texture of it-s nanower
spikelets distinguish this from any form of the preceding. Mr. Holandcr says, 1. c, "It yields a
large bulk of hay in moist meadows, but of wliat quality I am unable to say."

* * Glumes longer than thejlorets.
3. A, elongata, Hook. C/ulms very slender and weak, 1 to 3 feet high or
more : leaves long, very narrow, mostly flat and smooth ; ligule elongated : panicle
very long and narrow, occupying about one third of the culm ; rays very unequal,
distant, mostly appressed, capillary and flower-bearing above the middle, scabrous :
glumes about 2 lines long, linear-.subiilate, nearly ecpial, 3-nerved, green and scabrous
on the keel : lower floret on a short callus, the upper upon a very plumose joint two-
thirds as long as the lower ; lower palet about a line long, smooth and shining, with
a silky tuft at base, irregularly 5-toothed above, with a very slender awn from near
the base twice its own length or more ; lower ]>alet of the upper floret sometimes
scabrous near fhe tip : terminal joint of the rhachis sirougly plumose, about ^ as long

298 GRAMINE^. Aira.

as tlie upper lloret. — n. Bor.-Am. ii. 243, t. 228; Torr. in Pacif. 11. Hep. iv. 155.
JJeschainjisia elongata, Munro in Eenth. I'l. Ilartweg. 342.

San Francisco {Bolandcr, n. 15"2o, 6080) ; northwunl to Oic;?on, Ilall, Iloircll. Very variable
in heiglit ; soiiictinios purplisli, but usually of a very bright but pale green. As noted by Torrey,
1. c, Hooker's otiierwise exeellfiit tigure lacks the consiiicuous rudiment.

4. A. danthonioides, Trln. Culm slender, from a few inches to 2 feet liigli,
sometimes genieiilate and s|)aringly branclied beluw : leaves veiy narrow, those of
the culm 1 or 2 inches long, with elongated ligules : panicle very loose and open,
about J the lengtii of the culm, the lowermost rays in threes, the others in pairs or
solitary, distant, mostly spreading and few- (about 5-) flowered above the middle :
glumes 3 lines long or more, lineardancoolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, green and rough
on the keel : lower floret on a brief callus, the upper raised to the middle of the
lower ; lower palet a little over a line long, tiie hairs at base \ as long, shining below,
its truncate apex witli 4 mrnutely ciliate teeth ; awn inserted just below the middle,
about 3 times its length, light bnnvn, twisted below and geniculate near the middle.
— Mem. Acad. St. Peterrfb. 1831, 57, and Icon. t. 255. Deschampsia calycina,
Presl, Rel. Hteuk. i. 251. D. danthonioides, Munro in IJenth. PI. Hartweg. 342.
Trisetnm glahnim, Buckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 100 ; Gray, in same, 337.

Monte Diablo (Ureivcr, n. 1183) ; Oakland, etc. {Bolander, n. 6072) ; Sierra Nevada (Zemmod) ;
northward to ()iV','on {Xiittall, IJa/l) and eastward to Texas. Accoriling to Mr. liolander it is
very abundant in some moist localities, Ibrniing the bulk of the herbage.

5. A. latifolia, Hook. Cuba from 1 to 2 feet high, its lower leaves 2 or 3
inches long and about 3 lines witle, ihit ami smooth ; panicle at lirst inchuknl below,
■with few slender rays which are densely llowered above ; spikelets very broad and
flattened : glumes about 3 lines long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the keel
above : lower palet about a line long, its silky hairs lialf as long or more, very broad,
irregularly 4-toothed and minutely pubescent above ; awn stout, attached just above
the middle, somewhat divergent, exceeding the palet but included by the glumes :
the second floret upon a very short joint which reaches only about one-fourth tlie
length of the lower floret ; upper joint or rudiment very brief, but manifest. — Fl.
Bor.-Am. ii. 243, t. 227.

Oregon (Hall) ; Wasliington Territory (Cooper) ; Rocky Moimtains. Tliis has not been detected
within the State, but is likely to occur in the northern portion. In his description Hooker gives
the awn as inserted below the nudille, but figures it correctly.

36. ARRHENATHERUM, Bcauv. Oat-Gkass.

Panicle open. Spikcdcts subterete, 2 llowered, with the rudiment of a third.

Lowest flower staminafe, with a long bent awn below the middle of the back. Second

flower perfect, its lower palet bristle-pointed from near the tij). Otherwise as Ai'ena.

A genus of n single species, which is sometimes included in Avcna, from whicli it is separated
by liaving its lowest tlower staniinate.

1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Culm perennial, 2 to 4 feet high, with broad flat
soft leaves ; panicle (i to 8 inches long, narrow, spreading in flower : spikelets 4 or 5
lines long, i)ale and shining : lower glume about half as long as the upper, which
et^uals the florets : lower palet of staminate flower about 5-nerved, its awn twice its
length ; that of the upper floret 7-nerved, both hairy near the base. — Agrost. 55,
t. 11, fig. 5 ; Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 104.

A native of Europe and naturalized as a weed ; occasionally sown as a meadow grass in the older
States.

37. HOLCUS, binn. Vklvet Guass.

Spikelets crowded on the branches of an open panicle and jointed upon their pedi-
cels, compressed, 2-lU)wered. Glumes boat-shaped, membranaceous, exceeding the

Phnvjmites. GRAMINE-^. 299

flowers, the lower l-nerved, the broader upper cue 3-nerved. Florets pedicelled, the
lower ono perfect, the u[)per staminato with a short bent awn just below the apex,
Palets subcoriaceous, the lower 5-uervcd. Scales 2, oblique and pointed. Stamens
."3. Ovary smooth; stigmas sessile, feathery. Grain flattened, smooth, fiee.
An Old-WorM genus of about half a dozen species, one of wliicli is widely naturalized.

1. H. lanatus, Linn. (Mhauow Soft-Grass.) Culms from a perennial erccping
rootstock, 1 to 2 feet high, the wiiolo plant witli a soft velvety pubescenco which
gives it a whitish color : leaves flat, soft, the upper sheatiis inflated : panicle 2 to 5
inches long, pale ami sometimes reddish, the branches in twos or threes ; spikelets
2 linos long: upper glume with a slight point or awn near the tip: lower palet of
perfect floret smooth and shining, that of tlie upper one thinner, its awn enclosed by
the glumes. — Ueichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. i. 18, t. 97.

Introduced and naturalized around settlements in various parts of the State, and quite con-
spicuous from its pale color. Common in the Eastern States in meadows, along roadsides, etc.
Of very little value, though sometimes cultivated in Europe where better grasses will not grow.
Its companion species, //. mollin, Linn., by some regarded as a variety, is barely naturalized in
New York State ; it is more slender, less downy, but conspicuously so at the joints ; the glumes
are more acute and the awn of the upper floret projects beyond them.

38. LAMARCKIA, Moench.

Panicle short, spike-like, secund, with both fertile and sterile spikelets intermixed
in small clusters. Fertile spikelets 2-flowered, the lower perfect, stipitate, the other
long-podicelled, rudimentary, awncd. Glumes lanceolate-subulate, about equalling
the spikelet. Perfect floret with a 5-nerved lower palet bearing a slender awn near
the apex. Stamens .3. Styles sliort ; stigmatic hairs remote. Sterile spikelets with
acute glumes and numerous broadly obtuse or truncate loosely imbricated palets.

A genus of a single species, a native of the Mediterranean region and found in Australia.
1. L. aurea, Moench. A tufted annual, 3 to G inches high, its lower leaves
crowded, the usually short upper one with a very conspicuous acute often bifid ligule
4 lines long : panicle very dense, often half of the heiglit of the culm, yellowish or
light brownish : fertile floret about 2 lines long, with an awn equalling or exceeding
it in length : sterile spikelets 4 or 5 lines long, of 10 or more searious palets, the
upper edge of which is sometimes erose. — Kunth, Knum. i. 38i>, and Suppl. 324 ;
Nees, Gen. t. 77. Chri/surns aureus, I'eauv. ; I'eichonb. Icon. Fl. (Jerm. t. 149.

Colorado Desert, Parvi/ & Lemmon. This elegant little grass was not known on this continent
before its discovery as above in 1876. It has twice been found in Australia, but Rentham refei-s
its occurrence there to accident or to cultivation. Dr. Parry writes that it was foiuid where one
would hardly expect an introduced grass, yet he thinks it may have been accidentiilly brought in.

39. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Heed.
Panicle large, much branched and terminal. Spikelets 3 - 7-flowered, the lowest
staminato only, 1-3-androus, the others perfect. Florets somewhat distant, sepa-
rated by joints of the rhachis which bear long silky hairs enveloping the florets,
except the lower, which is naked. Glumes meml)rauous, sliorter than the florets,
keeled, sharp-pointed and very unequal. Lower palet membranous, long-acuminate,
entire and 3-nerve(l, thrice as long as the upper. Stamens 3. Scales 2, very large,
obtuse. Ovary smooth : styles short, plumose above with simple hairs. Grain
oblong, loosely invested by the palets.

A genus of about 5 species, separated from Arnndo on account of its stnminate lower floret ; by
some it is placcil near Calamaijroslis.

300 GRAMINE.E. Fhragmites.

1. P. communis, Trin. A tall perennial, with extensively creeping jointed
rootstucks, and stunt culms 5 to 12 feet high, clothed to the iianicle with ample
leaves, which are glaucous beneath, rough on the margins and 1 or 2 inches wide :
panicle 10 to KS inches long, loose and nodding, usually jjurple ; spikelets G to t)
lines long, the up[)t;r joint of the rhachis bearing a rudimentary palet or a mere
])oint : the very narn)\v tip of the lower palet sometimes twistetl : the silky hairs of
the rhachis lengthen as the seed ripens, becoming very conspicuous. — Fund. Agrost.
IS!; Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 185; Nees, Clen. t. 37. Arundo Phnujmites,
Linn.

San Francisco and elsewhere common ; extends tliroiigliout Nortli America. The common
Reed is found in nearly every i)art ol' tlie world ; growing in wet jjlaces, esiiecially along the mar-
gins of rivers, its creeping rootstocks are of service in preventing tlie washing away of the banks.
Its young shoots are eaten by cattle, and its mature stems are useful for many purposes, espe-
cially as thatching material, it being said to outlast all others. From its stately habit, it is
often ])lanted for ornament, as are the closely related Arundo Donax and Gijnerinm argcntcum,
the "Pampas-Grass."

40. EREMOCHLOE, Watson. De.seut-Guass.
Panicle short and contracted, simple or nearly so. Spikelets l-Howered, the lower
two florets neutral, the uppermost reduced to a stipitate villous triple awn. Glumes
membranous, keeled, 1 -nerved, acute, glabrous, rather exceeding the flowers, the
lower a little the shortcir. Palets membranous, the lower 2-cleft to the middle,
3-nerved, the strongly villous nerves produced as awns, the middle one longest and
between the lobes, which in the neutral florets are obtuse and in the perfect floret
attenuate. Upper palet shorter, bicarinate, 2-nerved, 2-lobed or 2-toothed at the
apex, imperfectly developed in the neutral florets. Stamens 2. Styles 2, the elon-
gated stigmas very minutely hairy. (Jrnin free, sessile, obovatc, smooth. — 13ot.
King Expcd. 382, t. 40.

Low biennial desert grasses with fibrous roots, the sheaths bearded at the throat and often cili-
ate, the leaves .short, rigid, revolute-setaceons, striate and pungent. Only two sjiecics are tlius
far known, one of which, first discovered in Nevada, seems likely to occur within the State.
The second species (E. Biijdocii, Watson) is conlined to the liio Grande region.

1. E. Kingii, Watson, 1. c. Very low and tufted, 1 to 3 inches high, nearly gla-
brous ; sheaths ciliate, dilated ; leaves 6 to 9 lines long : panicle short, spicate,
usually sheathed at base ; spikelets few : glumes 2>\ lines long, acununate, purplish :
lower jialet of the nearly sessile florets 2 lines long, very villous at base, lobes
rounded at the apex, lateral nerves marginal and but very shortly produced : upper
palets one-half shorter, oblanceolate, acutely 2-lobed at the apex, the nerves obscure,
marginal, and slightly ciliate ; the palet of the lower florets the larger : lower palet
of the perfect floret similar, but naked at base, the lateral lobes narrower and attenu-
ate upward, the middle awn somewhat margined above the sinus ; upper palet ovate,
2-lobed at the apex, the lobes rounded and irregularly short-serrate.

Nevada, on dry barren foot-hills of Trinity Mountains, Watson, Dr. Torrcy. This has so much
the aspect of Tricusjiis puldu/ln. Ton:, of Arii^ona and New Mexico, that it may be passed over
for that .species in localities where it grows.

41. TRICUSPIS, Beauv.
Panicle compound, often reduced to a simple few-flowered raceme. Spikelets
3-12-flowered, the uppermost floret imperfect or abortive; florets separated by the
short joints of the rhachis, Avhich are bearded throughout or just below the florets.
Glumes membranous, 1 -nerved. Palets mendmmous, the lower convex, 2-(li It,
3-nerved, conspicuously bearded on the nerves, the lateral nerves marginal or nearly

Kcdcria. GRAMINEyE. 301

so, aiul iisiiivlly excuireiit as brief awns or points, tlie central one {lit;tinctly exsorted.
Upper palet mucli shorter, 2-toothctl and ciliatc-inarj;inc(l. Stamens '^. Scales 2,
truncate or cmarginato. Stigmas elongated, plumose, (irain oblong, smooth, free.

A genus of wliich there are 4 or 5 species in the Eastern States, and a iniuh hnger numher helong
to the flora of Texas ami Mexieo. 'J"he species arc in nnicii conrusion, and liavc lieen placed under
Uralcpin, IVindsoria, Triplasis, TrichodUt, and otlier genera.

1. T. pulchella, Torr. Low tufted annual or biennial, the crowded wiry culms
2 to 6 inches high, fasciculately branched above : leaves setaceously convolute, cus-
]iidate, rigid, scabrous ; sheaths short, open, striate, with Avide scarious margins and
villous at the nodes ; ligule a ciliate fringe ; radical leaves crowded, an inch long, the
upper less tlian half as long, some reduced to 2 or 3 lines in length and appearing
like large awned glumes : i)anicle of about 3 spikelets, 4 or 5 lines long and G - 7-
iloweretl : glumes white, acuminate or subulate-pointed, In'oad, the upper slightly
exceeding the lower and the llorets : lower palet about 2 lines long, wiiite, densely
silky-villous to near the middle, deeply bitid, with a strong awn slightly exceeding
the obtuse lobes : lobes unequally divided by the light green scarcely excurrent lat-
eral nerves, which are somewhat villous above. — Pacif. Jv. Hep. iv. 156. Triodia
pulchella, lIBlv. Nov. Gen. i. 155, t. 47. Uralepis pulchella, Kunth, Enuiu. i. 318,
and Suppl. 274.

Fort Moliave {Cooprr) ; on tlic Colorado at various places, Nr.whcrry. Very common in Arizona
nnd N'orthern Mexico, covering large patidies of the most sterile groun<l, and extending eastward
to Utah, New ilexico and Western Texas.

42. DACTYLIS, Linn. Orciiakd Gkass.

Panicle sometimes dense, usually branched and one-sided, bearing thick crowded
onesided clusters at the ends of its short branches. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered,
the uppermost imperfect. Glumes herbaceous, the lower smaller and 1-nerved, the
npper 3-nerved. Lower palet keeled, its 5 nerves converging to an awn-like point.
Stamens 3. Scales 2, Avith an acute marginal tooth. Styles short, with plumose
stigmas. Grain lance-oblong, free.

A genus of few species, or perhaps onlj' a single one.

1. D. glomerata, Linn. Perennial, the culms forming at length large dense
tufts 2 to 3 feet high, with broadly linear rough and somewhat glaucous leaves and
scabrous sheaths : panicle 1 to G inches long, sometimes purplish, its branches hori-
zontal in flower, erect in fruit : spikelets about 3 lines long, the glumes and lower
palet ciliate on the keel. — Reichenb. Icon. Flor. Germ. t. 147; Necs, Gen. t. G5.

Fields, etc., Bolnndrr ; introduced. As Orchard-Grass in this country and Cocksfoot-Grass in
England, this is highly valued as a meadow grass, and its cultivation is increasing. A native of
the Old World.

43. KCELERIA, Pers.

Panicle dense and spike-like, cylindrical, often interrupted below. Spikelets
compressed, 3- 7-flo\vered. Glumes membranaceous, the upper longer and 3-5-
nerved, nearly equalling the florets. Lower palet membranaceous, keeled, 3-nerved,
acutish, sometimes mucronate or bristle-pointed. Upper palet bitid or 2-toothed.
Stamens 3. Scales 2, obliquely truncate. Styles short, with broadly plumose stig-
mas. Grain plano-convex, free.

A small genus, the numher of species heing estimated at 8 or 10,-tiiough over 30 have been
described ; mostly natives of temperate regions.

L K. cristata, Pors. Perennial, with slender culms 1 to 2 feet high or more
from a dense tuft of radical leaves, which with those of the culm arc mostly couvo-

302 GRAMINEJ<:. liatonia.

lute, smootli or ciliate-liairy, witli tlic sheaths retror^elj' pubescent : jjanicle 1 to G
inches long, sometimes very narrow, often mucli interrupted, with a silvery lustre ;
spikelets 2h lines long, 2 - 4 Uowered : glumes witli broadly scarious margins : lower
palet minutely scabrous, the Literal nerves indistinct, scarious except tlie green keel,
acute or mucronate. — Kunth, Enum. i. 381, and Suppl. 315; lieiclienb. Icon. Fl.
Germ. t. 93. K. nitida, Nutt. (ien. i. 74.

Viciuit)' of San Francisco (Bolandcr) ; Sant.a Inez {Brewer) ; nortlnvanl to Oregon {Iloucf/),
and as far eastwunl as Pennsylvania. It is so variable in the size and density of the spike-like
panicle that it is dilliciilt to de.sif,'nate varieties. Dr. (iray places K. nitida, Nutt., as variety
gracilis of the species, hut our specimens collected by Niittall have a very short, rather than a
"very long" spike, as given by (iray for the variety. Prof. Ihvwer's specimens from Santa Inez,
with the panicle an inch wide, have the spikelets light hmwn and tingcil with purple, depriving
them of the silvery appearance generally so characteristic of tlie jihuit.

44. EATONIA, haf.

Panicle contracted, or loose and slentler. Sjiikelets mostly 2-flowered, witli an
abortive rudiment or pedicel, mostly smooth. Glumes very dissimilar, the lower
narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved ; the upper somewhat longer, broadly ovate, folded
around the Horets, 3-nerved and scarious-margined. Lower palet oblong, obtuse,
cornpressed-keeled, naked, chartaceous ; upper palet thin and hyaline. Stamens 3.
Scales 2, truncaU;. (irain linear-oldong. — Slender perennials, with simple tufted
culms, Hat lower leaves, and small i)ale green (rarely pur[)lish) spikelets.

Two species are known, common in the Eastern States, one of them extending to the Pacific.

1. E. obtusata, Gray. Culm 1 or 2 feet higli : leaves 4 to G inches long and
with the sheaths smooth or pubescent : panicle 4 to G inches long, its short erect
branches densely nianyllowered, sometimes interrui)ted ; spikelets slightly over a
line long, on short minutely roughened pedicels : glumes scabrous on the keel, the
upper one truncate-obtuse ; iloret oblong-lancenlate, narrowed at base. — Aim obtu-
sata, Michx. A. trnucata, Muhl. Ku^ltria truucata, Torr. Fl. N. York, ii. 4G9,
t. 150. Rthoulea graciiin, Kunth, luuim. i. 3G9, and Suppl. 3()r), in part.

Near Mono Lake (Bolandcr); mountains of Northern Nevada ( iralsou) ; Oregon (Sj/uldiiuj) ;
Arizona (Eothruck) ; and eastward across the continent.

45. MELICA, Linn. Mki.ic-Guass.
Panicle sparingly branched, sometimes narrow, rarely racemose and secund. Spike-
lets 2-8-flowered ; sterile llowers (1 to 3) miudi the smaller and convolute together
at the top of the si)ikelet. Glumes membranacoous, e(pialling or shorter than the
florets, mostly obtuse, convex, 3 - 5-nerved, the upper 5 - O-nerved ; lateral nerves
vanishing within the broad scarious margin, often united by delicate cross-veinlets.
Florets somewhat distant. Lower palet at length subcoriaceous, rounded or llattish
on the back, 5 - many-nerved, the scarious tip usually blunt and entire or 2-toothed ;
central nerve ceasing below the apex or more or less excurrent ; upper palet 2-nerved,
ciliate above, emarginate or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Scales llnsliy, mostly united.
Stigmas plumose, bran(diing. Grain terete, loosely enclosed. — Fibrous-rooted peren-
nials, the culm sometimes bulb-like at base : rocjts often tomentose : leaves mostly
flat, often soft.

Widely distributcil tluonghout teni]>erate and subtropical regions. Over ^0 species are de-
scribed, though there are jirobably not half so many. The aildition of several Califoiiiian species
reipiires a modification of the character to avoid making two or thrc(! new genera. The enlarge-
ment of the bas(! of the culm is in some species very striking, the hulbs lieing sometimes an incii
in diameter. Tlio minute cross-veins connecting the nei ves of tht; ghuues seem to be (piile con-
stant u\ the Californi;in species, and may sometimes Ije oliserved in the iialets.

Mdiai. ■ GRAMINEJ!). 393

* (!Iiiiiic3 nearly oquiilling tho florets: lower palet searious-inargincil, mostly obtuse and entiro

at tlie apex.
Spikelet of one |ierfect flower (rarely 2) and a .sliort-pcdicellcd sterile one. 1. M. imperfixta.
Spikidets with 2 to 4 perfeet llowers.

Paniele racemose and secnnd : sjiikelets membranous : not bulbiferons. 2. iM. stricta.
Panicle dense, spike-like above : spikelets membranous : sterile floret

hooded : culm buIbilVrous. 3. M. RULBOSA.

Panicle spreading, I'ew-llowered : florets coriaceo-herbaceous : bulbiferons. 4. M. fl'Gax.

♦ ♦ Glumes distinctly shorter than the lower floret : lower palet acute or long-acuminate, or often

notched or truncate and bilid, pointed or awned.
Lower palet merely notched or bifld, with a brief point or manifest awn.
Culm bulbiferons: lower palet acut(! : awn less than a line long. .n. M. bromoides.

Culm not bulbiferons : lower palet truncate and 2-toothed or 2-Iobed.

Lower palet consi)icnously ciliate below, mostly short-awned. 6. ^I. Harfordh.

Lower palet witli only a few stiff marginal hairs at base : awn from below

tiie tip, half its length or more. 7. M. akistata.

Lower palet ending in a long setiform acumination : culm bulbiferons. 8. M. acuminata.

§ 1. Glumes jiairli/ nr quite equalling the finrrta : lower 2^<^l''t scarinusly mnr-
f/ined, obtuse and entire at the apex: sterile floret clavate, hooded, or like
(he others but smaller. — Mim-Ica [iropcr.

1. M. imperfecta, Trin. C'ulins tufted from .strong fibrous roots, 1 to 3 feet
high, slender : leaves narrow, long-acuminate, from smooth to very scabrous and
pilose-pubescent: panicle 8 to 12 inches hmg, rays in remote fascicles, very unequal
(1 to 3 inches long), the shorter densely ilowcred to the base ; spikelets 2 lines long,
minutely scabrous, l-flowered with an imperfect Horet : glumes 3-nerved, the upper
and larger indistinctly 5-nerved : lower palet rather acute, strongly 7-nerved, usually
purplisli above except the scarious margin ; upper palet about as long, 2-toothed :
sterile flower short-pedicelled, two-thirds as long as the perfect one, sometimes en-
closing a second. — Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1840, 59, and Icon. Gram. t. 355;
Bolander, Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 101. M. cofpodioides, Nees, Tayl. ]\Iag. Nat. Hist,
i. 282. .!/■. panicoides, Nutt. PI. Gaiub. 188.

Var. flexuosa, Polamler, 1. c. Pranches of the few-flowered simple panicle
generally in pairs, widely spreading, often reflexed : florets larger, route, paler and
more coriaceous.

Var. refracta. Densely velvety pul)escent throughout : panicle slender, flexuose,
the few distant few-flowered rays all strongly refi-acted : flowers very acute.

In various localities, from Ran Diego northward to Oregon ; the first variety on the road from
Mariposa to Clark's {Bolntnlrr), and Santa Inez Mission (lirnrn; n. .^)r)i)) ; tiie second near San
Bernardino, Lonmon. Exceedingly variable in size and api)earance. Sometimes both the glumes
and florets are blackisli-purple while their shining scarious margins are bronzed ; specimens from
Los Angeles are pale straw-color throughout. Had it ]iriority, NuttalTs name for the spei^es
would be preferable as descriptive, the spikelets having a strong resemblance to some Panicimis.

2. M. Stricta, Bolander. Densely tufted, 1 or 2 feet high : leaves mostly four,
4 to 6 inches long by 2 lines wide at the subauriculate base, rarely scabrous above
and slightly hairy beneath, with a convolute rigid point and deilsely velvety-pubes-
cent sheaths: panicle 4 to 6 inches long, about 12-flowered, resembling a simple
secund raceme, tho mostly solitary erect capillary rays l-4-nowere(l; spikelets
mostly pendulous, G to 8 lines long, with 2 to 4 membranous .scabrous perfect flowers:
glumes nearly e(pial, narroweil below, acute, 5-ncrved : lower palet 0 lines long, un-
equally 5-nerved, the lateral nerves connected by cross-veinlets : upper palet half as
long, emarginate, softly ciliate : neutral floret similar but much smaller. — Proc.
Calif. Acad. iii. 4, and iv. 104; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 384.

In the Sierra Nevada (nrncr.r, Bo/anrirr, Lnninnn), and frequent in the mountains of Neva<l.i.
Though generally densely pubescent, some of the Nevada specimens are strongly scabrous. Lem-
mon's specimens have the scarious sheaths at the base very dark purple, and the spik.-lcts
beautifully tinged below with tho same color but otherwise of a rich light brown, in-esentuig a
marked contrast to the usual notably j-ale and colorless condition. This species does not make a
bulb, but the lower node is swollen and solid, and tunicated with sheaths as in bulbous forms.

304 GRAMINE.K. AJrlun.

3. M. bulbosa, (Joyer. Culms 1 to 3 feet liigli, ciilargctl and l)iill) like at base ;
roots \voolly-[mlje.seeiit : culm leaves 3 to G inches long, setaceously convolute, ami
like the sheaths nearly .snuuith or scabrous : panicle i to 8 inches long, narrow and
spiko-liko uhove, interrupted below ; rays erect, mostly iu jiairs, very uneipial, the
shorter densely llowered throughout ; spikelets with 2 or 3 perfect ilowers, about 4
lines long, shining: glumes membranous, broad, obtuse, the lower 3-r)-nerved, the
upper r)-7-nerved : lower palet 3 or 4 lines long, scarious-margincd, minutely sca-
brous, 7-nerved, the uneciual nerves all ceasing below the broadly hyaline obtuse
apex ; upper palet ciliate on the strong keels : sterile lloret often double, the upper-
most minute and hooded. — Hook. Journ. Dot. viii. 11); Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad,
viii. 401). M. poaoides, Ton: in I'acif. U. Kep. iv. 157, not Nutt. ; Thurber, Uot.
Wilkes Exp. 41)1 ; Lolander, 1. c. iv. 101 ; Watson, Uot. King Exp. 383.

Santa Inez {Brewer, n. 5(39), and noitlnvaiil in the Coast Haiigeb and Sierra Nevada to Oro^'on,
and eastward to Wyoming. Very vaiiabie and presenting some pu/.i;ling forms esiiceially in the
character of tlie i)anieie. Bolander makes a variety injiata ujion what appears from the (hsi lip-
tion to be a very hirge luany-tlowered form. The original M. puujuides of Nuttall is probahly an
Atropis, as indicatt-d by Dr. Gray, \. c.

4. M. fugax, Ikilander. Culms 1 or 2 feet high, much enlarged and Ijulli like
at base, slender, wiry, and with the foliage pubescent or scabrous ; roots sparingly
tomentose : leaves 2 or rarely 3, the uppermost and longest 4 to G inches long by a
line wide, often setaceously pointed : panicle simple ; rays remote, socjn horizontal,
1 -G-tlowered, the lower chisteied and umupial ; spikelets 3 or 4 lines long, of 3 t(j 5
perfect llorets, terete becoming somewhat zigzag, soon deciduous : glumes obtuse,
with wide scarious margins, 3- 5-nerved, the upp(;r a third larger, shorter than its
floret : lower palet 2 lines long, herbaceo-coriaceous, .strongly 7-nerved, oidy the
midnerve reaching the narrowly scarious ai)ex ; ui)per palet slightly shorter, minutely
ciliate: sterile floret similar in texture. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 104. M. Geyeri,
Thurber, 1. c, 492, not Munro. Gbjceria halbosn, Puckley, Proc. Philad. Acad.
1802, 95 ; Gray, same, 335.

In the Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe to Oregon ; Caseade Mountains, Piekcriwj. Interme-
diate between G/i/eeria and Meliai, and long ago referred by Nntlall to tlie former genus under
the name which Ikickley afterwards ]iubli3hed as his own. Much of the confusion among tliese
species has resulted from the failure of collectors to gather roots with their s]ieeimi'ns. Lenniion's
e.vcellent specimens show that in this species at least tiiere is a contorted rootstock bearing the
bulbs and the remains of the growth of several years.

§ 2. Spikelets of ^ to ^ perfect florets, the lower exceedhif/ the glumes: lower
pnh't promlnentl u 1-neroed, aplc.iilate or dlstinctli/ aimed hij the excurrent
mid/iervG at the notched or blfld or narroivlj truncate or rarebj loiuj-
attenuate tip. — Pro.melic.v.

Rronuis-like grasses, with culms 2 to 5 feet high, all except the first with coarse ril)rous roots
and tomentose lootiets. Leav(;s Hat, sometimes convolute aliove, and with the sheaths scabious
or hairy ; ligule .short, very thin and mostly lacerate. I'anicle with erect or sometimes spreading
very unequal remotely clustered few-tlowered rays, the ui>[>er rays and spikelets mostly solitary.
Lower palet iiioie or less herbaceous or coriaceous and scariously margined.

5. M. bromoides, Gray. Cidms bulbous at base, very leafy : leaves sometimes
6 lines wide, the u[)permost 1 or 2 inches long : spikelets about 8 lines long, of
4 or 5 perfect florets: glumes ovate, acutish, the upper often irregularly notched:
lower palet 4 lines long, narrowly margined, minutely scabrous, lanceolate, acute,
with 2 narrow ciliate teeth, the three principal nerves running to the ai)ex, the mid-
nerve ending as a point between the teeth or slightly prolonged ; npper jialet one-
fourth shorter, minutely 2-toothed, ciliate on the ni;rves. — Proc. Amer. Acad. viii.
409. M. Geyeri, liolander, Proc. (^alif. Acad. iv. 103, not Munro ^Is. M. poceoides,
var. bromoides, of Uolander's distribution (n. G119).

In the Coast Kanges and Siena Nevada from San Francisco and Mount Dana (liolnnder) to
Oregon, Jlowell. liulamler states lliat tin; bulbs slirinU greatly in drying and tliat whim fresh
they are ofteji an inch in diameter. As compared with the two other more or less awned species,

Ifi^tiihUs. GIIAMINE.E. 3(J5

this lias n longer looser spikelct with the narrower .and neuter plumes much shorter in ]iro]iortiou
to tiie llorets, and tlio pah-t also more acute, while M. ][(irfon(ii has tln' lowi'r palet eiliate, and
M. (irisfitld a longer awn ami the palet hhmtcr and more broadly searious.

0. M. Harfordii, I>ol;uiil. Culms subgeiiicuhite at one or two of tlie lower
iiotk's, wliicli am soiii(!wli;it swollen : leaves glaucous, smooth, or scabrous above,
long-acuminate, the uijperniost G inches long, about 2 lines wide, auriculate ami
cartilaginous at the union with the sheath, where they are often strongly eiliate :
panicle very pale, narrow ; spikelets G to 8 lin(!s long, 4-8-I1ow(mc(1 : lower palet 4
lines long, strongly scabr(nis-])ubescent, and eiliate with long shining hairs for two-
thirds of tlic margin below ; midnerve merely reacliing the truncate notched nar-
rowly-scarious often bilid apex, or excurrent just below it as a point or as a distinct
awn a line or more long; u[)per palet about one-fourth shorter, linely eiliate ou its
strong nerves and scabrous between them. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 102.

In the Coast Haiiges ^Kcdwooils, Mattole IJiver, Bolandcr) and in the Sierra Nevada, Bolandcr,
Lcminon. The slenck'r and rigid culms for 2 or 3 inches of the base are clothed with scarious often
dark imrjde sheaths. The height (3 to G feet) as given in !5olander's description is probably a
tyjiographical error. Lemmon's specimens, with nearly muticous spikcdets, show that characters
in this genus drawn from the awn are not very constant. The long hairs on the margins of the
lower palet readily distinguish this from any awnless form of the next.

7. M. aristata, Thurber. Culms more leafy than in the preceding : leaves
linear-lanceolate, the lower 4 inches long and .3 lines wide, the uppermost half as
long, aiiriculate and cartilaginous at base : spikelets pale or puri)le, perfect florets
mostly 3 : lower palet 5 lines long, with a few stilf marginal hairs near the base,
very scabrous, the central nerve excurrent just below the bilid tip as an awn 3 to 5
lines long, one at least of the other nerves nearly reaching the ti[)S of the lobes ;
upper palet one-fourth shorter, strongly eiliate at top and a short distance below :
imperfect lloret usually awned. — Bolandcr, Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 103.

In the Sierra Nevada, HUhhraad, Bnlnnda-, n. 4801. "With a similar general appearance to
the i)receding, this has much shorter and broader leaves and a fewer-IIowered panicle ; the awn
appears to bo constant. Should awnless forms occur, the absence of the conspicuous line of haiis
on the margins of the lower palet will distinguish it. Sheaths at base dark pin[)le.

8. M. acuminata, Bolandcr. Koot tuberous : leaves .5 to G lines wide at base
and long acuminate, the upper very narrow, scabrous ; ligule a coarse fringe : capil-
lary pedicels with a small uneipial callus-like swelling just below the elongated
loosely flowered spikelets ; perfect llorets about .^), distant upon tin; llexuosc rliachis :
glumes very acute, scabrous on the keel and minutely eiliate toward the apex, the
upper not one-fourth as long as the lower floret : lower ])alet G lines long, attenuate
into a narrow setiform point, with a very narrow eiliate margin, hirsute especially
below with scattered hairs ; upper palet about half the length of the other, densely
eiliate for its upper half and at the narrowly truncate tip. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv.
104. Festnca mhidnta, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 173. Bromus subtdatna, Griseb. in Ledeb.
PI. Ross. iv. 358 ; Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. 410. M. poceoides, var. acuminata, '
of Bolander's distribution, n. 4G98.

Redwoods, Mendocino County (Bolandcr) ; Oregon (IlaU), and northward to Alaska.

46. DISTICHLIS, Raf. Siike-Guass.
Panicle densely spiked. Spikelets dia^cious, many-flowered, compressed, short-
pedicelled. Glumes herbaceous or membranous, narrow, keeled, faintly many-nerved.
Lower palet somewhat coriaceous, indistinctly many-nerved, acute. Upper palet
with infolded margins, and jjrominent or narrowly winged keel. Stamens 3. Scales
broad. Ovary smooth, stalked, tapering upward : styles very long with stigmas
oxsertcd from top of palet. Grain obovoid, free, with a thick .spongy poviairp. —
Perennials with widely creeping rootstocks and short culms clothed to the top with

306 CJKAMJiNi'J.K. DLstithlis.

crowded slieatlis ; leaves rigid, mostly invdliite. Pistillate spikelets much more rigid
than the staminate. — Demazeria, iJiimort. Brizopyrum, Link.

A snmll genus separated I'loiu I'oa on account of its many nerved coriaceous palets.

1. D. mai'itima, IJaf. Cidms G to 18 inches high, sometimes branched below :
leaves about i inches long, usually distichously spreailing, long-acuminate : spike
oblong, 1 to 3 inches long; spikelets 4 to G lines long, 5 - 12-llowertd : ilorcts
smooth, excepting the minutely ciliato keels of the upper palet. — Journ. I'hys.
Ixxxix. 104 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, vii. 037. Uvinla sjjicata, Linn. Festuca dis-
tichophylla, ^lichx. Brlzopi/ram Amerlcanuvi, Link, llort. T>erol. i. IGO. Brizo-
pyrum borealc, Presl, Kel. Ha'uk. i. 280. rua Michauxii, Kunth, Enum. i. 325.
Brhopi/nan s/>ica(am, Hook. & Arm liot. Beechey, 403 ; Gray, Manual, G28.

Var. striata. Leaves setaceously convt)lute : panicle loose; spikelets lew, erect,
often an inch long, 10- 20-llowered. — Uniola strida, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. York,
i. 155, and Marcy's liep. 301, t. 20. Uuiula multijloya, Nutt. Fl. Ark. 148. Bri-
zopyrum spicatum, var. stridum, C!ray.

The typical form at San Francisco {Bui under), San buis Oliispo {llrnccr), and common on the
Atlantic coast, usually near salt water. The variety at the sink of the Mohave (Coujier), in Puerto
Canon (Brewer), and the prevalent grass in alkaline localities through the interior to the Rocky
Mountains and southward into Mexico. Exceedingly variahle ; specimens from the coast are yel-
lowish throughout with short sjnkelets, while iidiUKl localities furnish forms with very long erect
sjiikelets and the jilaiit usually greiii. Toiiey's (7. strictd was founded on an extrenu; foiui
with very long erect sjiikelets. Sometimes the culms hear clusters of arrested hardened sheaths,
iipliearing like oue-sidi'd cones, ]m)lialily tlue to the wotuid of .some insect. JlrizDjn/nun JJuikj-
lasii, Hook, k Arn., which resemhles this in little .save in being dicccious, is referred to J'oa.

47. LOPHOCHLJENA, Necs.

Panicle a simple elongated virgate secund raceme. Spikelets long, narrow, many-
flowered, compressed. lihachis breaking up at maturity, undulate, smooth, its joints
less than half the length of the llorets. Glumes shorter than the lowest florets,
membranous, the lower 1-nerved, the upper and larger 3-nerved. Lower i)alet her-
baceous, becoming chartaceo-coriaceous, narrowed below to a rounded smooth callu.s,
scarious and 2-lobed or truncate at apex, prominently 7-nerved, the midnerve pro-
duced as a straight rigid awn. Upper palet nearly equal, the central portion similar
in texture to the lower, the margin and apex scarious, strongly 2-nerved and 2-keeled,
folded between the nerves, and the margins strongly infolded, the nerves with a
simply or lacerately toothed wing-like appendage. Stamens 3, violaceous (at least
in the first species). Scales short, fleshy, connate. Ovary smooth, ovoid, stii)itate :
styles very long, divergent, plumose near the apex, (irain somewhat triangularly
compressed, strongly furrowed : pericarp loose, 2-horneil with tlie bases of the stig-
mas.—Tayh Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 283.

Soft and smooth annuals, of which two species are known, with somewhat the appearance of
a Bromus. Tin; consiiicuously toothed marginal wings \ipon the ui)per palet distinguish this
from all our other gcneia.

1. L. Californica, Xees, 1. c. Culms tufted, about 2 feet high, constricted and
dark colored at the nodes, clothed below by the overlapping siieaths : lower leaves
4 to G, the upper 1 or 2 inches long, obtuse, about 2 lines wide, barely roughish ;
ligule 3 lines long, very thin, a(;ule : panicle G to 9 inches long, of G to 12 sul)erect
or spreading .spikelets about an inch long, on stout llatteiied pedicels a third as long :
glumes colorless and shining except the nerves, the ui)per irregularly notched at
apex : lower i)alet 3 lines long, the rough awn as long, very scabrous on and between
the nerves; the three central nerves uniting above, the others evanescent; upper

Ohjctrla. GKAAIINEyE.

307

iKilol n)\i^'li (Jii tlio ^rcou portions, the n))pciulii<;o to tlio kopl.s with oiin i)roniiM(Mit
acuto tooMi and several irroj^oilar smaller onos. — Hook, tl' Arn. l!(.t. Jlccclii'y, [()'.],
t. 95; J5olanik'r, Trans. Calif. A<j;ric,. Soc. 1804-05, 140. Lcpitoma brevij'idia,
Turr. Ms., and Plenrojwgoii Douglasii, Trin. Ms. ; Stoud. Gram. 2'J2.

Oakland, Santa Rosa Valley, Ukiali (Bolamkr, n. 1545, 6075) ; Walnut t^iwk (nrrifcr, n. 1043>
111 wet ineadows. Stems very weak, the folinxe, etc., pale {<iecni.sli yellow ; spikelets often niir-
jilish. U iicn youiif,' the ^'lunies and tips of the palets, in tlie dried jdaiit, shine with a silvery
lustre, addiii;,' imich to the beauty of the spceiniens. Ui: J5olaiider states that animals are very
fond of it, and he regards it as the only certainly indigenous grass deserving the attention of a"ri-
cultiirists. °

2. L. refracta, (hay. j\[oro robust than tlio preceding, culms 3 to 4 feet liigli :
lower leaves 8 to 10, tlio uppermost 1 or 2 inches long, S to 4 lines wide: axis of
raceme very slender ; spikelets refracted by the curving of the pedicels; 1 to 1^ inches
long, more loo.sely flowered than in the preceding : lower palet 4 lines long, barely
scabrous, more or less truncate (but not 2dol)ed) and erose-toothed at apex ; awn
about 3 linos long; appendage to up[)er jialet with but a single blunt tooth on each
side. — Proc. Amor. Acad. viii. 40U.

Oregon, E. Ifidt. Plant much larger tlinii any form of the foregoing, with the foliage mueii
darker green, though the spikelets are siniihuly pale. Should be looked for in the nortirern part
of the State.

48. GLYCERIA, R. Dr. Manna-Guass.
Panicle loose, sometimes narrow, often secund, the rays semi-verticillate. Spike-
lets 3 - many-llowered, terete or somewhat ilattoned, tho florets mostly early decid-
uous by the breaking up of the jointed rhacliis. Glumes membranaceous, persistent,

1 - 3-nerved, unequal, unawned, shorter than the florets. Lower i)alet becoming
somewhat cartilaginous, rounded on the back, smooth, the 5 to 7 parallel nerves
not reaching tho obtuse (rarely acute) scarious and sometimes obscurely-toothed apex.
Upper palet about equalling the other, ciliate on the nerves, entire or bifid. Stamens

2 or 3. Scales 2, sometimes connate, fleshy, truncate. Ovary smooth. Styles 2,
short, the stigmas plumose with much branched hairs. Grain oblong, smooth, in-
closed in the palets but free from them. — Perennial smooth marsh grasses, mostly
with creeping rootsto(;ks and generally with closed sheaths.

A genus belonging mostly to temperate and eold climntcs ; the niindier of speeies estimated at
20. Ketained by some botanists with Poit, from which it mainly dilleis in its loiinded smootii
lower palet and its deciduous llorets.

1. G. fluitans, P. Pr. CUdms 2 to 5 feet high from a widely creeping root-
stock, flattened : leaves often floating, 2 to 4 lines wide and with the slieaths
mostly smooth : panicle 1 to 2 feet long, spreading or generally the few long erect
r.iys racemose, with few spikelets ; spikelets ^ to 1 inch long, terete (except when
flowering), erect, those on the rays mostly short-i)edicelled, 7 - 20-flowered : glumes
green-keeled, otherwise hyaline and nerveless, the larger upper one eroded at tip,
more than half as long as its floret : lower palet li to 2 lines long, 7-nerved, slightly
scabrous, its broadly scarious subacute tip entire or obscurel}' S-lobed ; upper palet
2-toothed, slightly siiorter or sometimes a little longer : scales united and fleshy. —
Festnca Jliiitans, Linn. Foa Jiuiians, Scopoli.

Sierra Nevada (Zc)n7;(r)«,, Mix. 11. M. Austin); Oregon {Hnll); Europe, Asia, Africa and x\us-
tralia. Found in shallow water in ))onds and ditches, its leaves often floating, usually very pale
green with the spikelets sometimes purple-tipiied.

2. Gr. nervata, Trin. Culms 2 to 4 feet high : leaves variable, often ample,
sometimes 12 to 15 inches long and 4 to G lines wide, usually roughish above, as
are tho closed sheaths : panicle 4 to 8 inches long, its Ih'xuose capillary rays in twos
or threes, erect when young, soon dill'usely sjireading and pendulous ; spikelets ovate-

308 CiKAMhNl'LK. Hbjnnia.

ohlong, 5 - T-flowcreil, 1 or 2 lines long, sometimes purplish : llorets al)out a lino
long, closely imliricuted, early caducous : lower palet prominently 7-uerved, line-
scabrous, strongly convex near the truncate-obtuse apex ; upper palet aimut as long
as the other, minutely 2-toothed at apex, the margins broail and int'olded. — Foa
nervata, WilM. P. striata, Michx. Briza Canadensis, Nutt. (Jen. i. G9, not of
.Suppl. G. Michauxii, Kunth.

In Mendocino County and in the Sierra Nevada {Bolandcr, n. 2256, 3908) ; Big Tree Grove
(Hi/lcbrand) ; Oregon, etc. Found in moist meadows and alo\ig water-courses from tlie extreme
cast westward. .Souietinies called " Fowl Meadow-Grass," a name which sliould not be used for
tills grass, as it i>roiierly belongs to Pou scroliaa. It is regarded as a valuable coniiioneut of moist
jiasturcs.

3. Gr. pauciflora, Presl. Culms 1 to 3\ feet high from a creeping root, smooth :
leaves 3 to 1'2 inches long, 3 to G lines wide, acute, scabrous on the nuirgiu ; ligule
about 3 lines long, rounded, obtuse, but soon lacerate ; sheaths sidit, slightly longer
than the internodes : panicle G to 8 inches long, loose, its capillary branches in threes
below, in pairs above, Hower-bearing from near the middle; spilcelets 2 to 2,V lines
long, 4 - G-llowered : lower glume acute, 1-nerved ; ujjper rounded, 3-nerved, less
than half as long as its lloret : lower palet ratlier more tlian a line long, i)rominently
5-nerved, scabrous, truncate-obtuse at the scarious tip, which is serrulate; or distinctly
toothed, more or less pur[)lish. — Rel. Ihenk. i. 257; ^\''atson, IJot. King Kxpi;d.
384. G. microt/u'ca and G. Icptostac/ii/a, IJucldey, Troc. I'hilad. Acad. 18G2, \)5, UG.

From San Francisco (liolandcr) to Wasliington Territory and Vancouver Island, and in tiie
llocky J^lountains southward to Utah and Coloiado.

49. ATROPIS, Rupr.

Panicle contracted, at least with age. Spikelets few -many-flowered. Glumes
3-nerved, or the lower irregularly so or 1-nerved, nnich shorter than the lower florets.
Lower palet chartaccous or membranaceous, rarely herbaceous, convex or flattish on
the back, sometimes partially keeled, faintly 5-nerved, all but the midnerve vanish-
ing at some distance below the broadly scarious and mostly obtuse often mucronu-
late or denticulate apex. Upper palet with converging ciliolate nerves and a
2-toothed or bifid apex. Stamens 3. Scales ovate, toothed on the outer margin.
Styles short, the subsessile stigmas with simple hairs. Grain free, obscurely grooved.
— Griseb. Fl. Ross. iv. 388. Sderochloa, IJeauv. Poa § Alropis, Trin. Gh/ceria
§ lleleocldoa, Flies. Glyceria § Sderochloa, Hook. f.

A small genus of jtercnuials and ainiuals, diilcring from Paa e.s]iccially in the rounded lower
]ialet, and from (/li/ccrin in the h.'ss prouiiiientiy nerved Iowcm- palit and tlie siuiiile hairs of its
nearly sessile stigma. One of our sjiccics is usually (always f) dincious.

1. A. distans, Griseb. Culms tufted from a perennial root, ^ to 2 feet high :
leaves short and narrow, mostly convolute and with the sheaths mostly glaucous and
smooth, save a very minute roughness near the apex ; ligule oblong, distin(-t : pani-
cle very variable, erect, narrow and one-sided, sjireading or with age even refracted,
its rays in lives or fewer; spikelets 3 to G lines long, 3- 12-llowered ; llorets mostly
somewhat distant : glumes much shorter than their Ihirets, from narrow and acute to
broad and obtuse, sometimes irregularly ciliate above, 3-nerved or the lower l-m-rved :
lower palet oblong-linear, 1 to l.V lines long, minutely pubescent at base, the lateral
nerves one-fourth shorter, apex truncate, erose-toothed or subacute. — Ledeb. Fl.
Ross. iv. 388. A. maritima, A. avc/ustata, and probably also A. convoluta. and
A. tenuijlora, (Jiiseb. 1. c. Poa airoides, Nutt. P. Nuttalliana, Scliult. P. Knt-
kaensis, Presl. Glyceria distans, maritima and festnca'formis, Keichenb. Tcon. Fl.
Germ. t. 151, 152. G. amjustata and G. airoides, Thurb. Bot. Wilkes ICxp. 4i)(i,
491. G. montana, iJuckl.

Alroins. GKAMINE^. 3Qf)

Eiiroka ami ur.xr San Fraiirispo (Bolamfrr) ■ Sioira Vallny (Lrmr,im>) ; northward to AVasliinj,'-
ton T(Mritory and cast to tlic Saskatolicwan, N('l)raska and New M.-xii'O ; also on botli shon-s of
tin; Atlantic and in Asia. Varionsly relVrrcil liy dillcrcnt anliiors, nndcr nnniorons sjiecilic nanios,
to Pon, Glijccria, Frslttai and Alropis. Witli spccinii'ns IVom coast localities only it is not diliicnlt
to make out both A. dislava and A. marUiiivi ; the fornis with lew-llowcrcd spikclets in spread-
in^f panicles answering for the one, while those witli luany-llowered spikelets on the solitary or
geminate rays of an erect and somewhat one-sided panicle correspond with the description of
A. vmrilim'i. Specimens from numerous mountain localities sustain th(! view of Trinius, who
nnder Poa § Alropis (Mem. Acad. St. I'etcrsb. 1831, 389) places Poa disttais, I.inn., P. inarilwm,
lluds., and several other related species as varieties of P. arcnaria, lletz. In biinging them
together nnder Alropis it seems piefcrable to adopt one of the specilic names by which they have
been heretofore well known. The specimens collected by licmmon in Sierra Valley are from
4 to 10 inches high, but with a spreading panicle, and approach in .size the form which has been
called Ghjccria au(/H.ifnta, though in that the bramdics of the panicle are erect and rarely more
than l-(lowercd. Holander's plant collected at Knreka is e.xactly the Kuropeaii A . fcstiicccformis,
wliile his specimens from near San Francisco and overllowed by the tides would be A. mariiimd,
were not the branches of the panicle in lives ; one of the chief characters given for that species
being the solitary or geminate rays.

2. A. procumbens. Annual, its root-fibres with a coiiioiis cottony pubescence ;
culms sonietiuies decuniljent at base, stout, 2 to 10 iiiclies high, much enlarged
below by the crowded withered sheaths, glaucous : leaves Hat, or at most folded,
those of the culm an inch long or less, about a line wide, barely tapering to the cari-
nate scabrous apex; ligule long, acute; sheaths broad, striate, mostly Hat : panicle
-i to l^ inches long, its base exceeded by the upper sheath ; rays solitary or in twos
or threes, at length spreading, the few spikelets usually distichous; spikelets 2-/5-
ilowcred, subsessile : glumes half as long as the lower florets, the lower acute, its
lateral nerves not extending half its length ; upper broadly ovate, submucronate,
3- or indistinctly 5-nervcd : lower palet 2 lines long, broad, obtuse, obscurely erose-
toothed, often mucronatc, strongly scabrous on the keel, the marginal nerves obscure,
slightly pubescent at base ; the strongly ciliatc upper pal(>t mostly equalling the
lower, — Pon procninhens, Curt. 1\ riipesfris, With. Sclcrochloa pmcnmbena, Beauv.
Festuca procumbens, Kunth, Eiium. i. 393 and Suppl. 328, t. 29, fig. 3.

Mendocino County {Bolandrr, n. 6467), collected with Arjrnstis mucronnta, Presl, which closely
resembles it in general appearance ; western coast of P]uroi)e. All the specimens have dense
spike-like panicles witli a close resemblance to and the soft feeling of some dwnvf A /upcrnnis:
When the short secund branches of the panicle are expanded the plant has a widely dilferent
appearance, as is shown by siiccimens from the coast of England, with both conditions in the
.same specimen.

3. A. Californica, Munro ^Is. Densely tufted perennial, its somewhat rigid
culms a foot or more high, and the pale-green foliage miinttely scabrous : radi-
cal leaves about half as long as the culm, mostly flat, a line or more wide ; culm-
leaves short, the uppermost often reduced to a mucro, acute-pointed ; ligule short,
truncate : panicle 2 to 3 inches long, contracted, or with the rays (in pairs or threes)
spreading; si)ikelets 3 - 7-llowered, ovate, ilattisli, pale green or purplish, mem-
branaceous, mostly dicecious : glumes acute, rougli on the liack, the upper broader,
distinctly 3-nerved for half its length, f the length of its floret, the lower irregularly
3-nerved : lower palet 2 lines long, the intermediate nerves faint, all but the central
disappearing a third below the broadly scarious irregularly erose apex, the lower
half of the middle and marginal nerves usually silky-pubescent ; tipper palet \ the
shorter, broadly 2-nerved, with wide inllexed margins, ciliate on the nerves and
narrowly truncate above. — Sclerochloa C'tHformca, Munro in J'.entii. PI. Hartw.
342. kniip-ostis Fendlfri, Steud. Syn. (J rain. 278. Pna aiuUnn, Nutt. in herb.
Gray (not Trin.) ; Watson, But. King Exp. 388; Va.scy, T.ot. Wheeler Exp. 289.

In various localities near San Francisco (/Wrrnf^r) ; Monterey (/Mr^crf;) ; nn-l in the moun-
tains throucrh the interior to Colorado ami New Mexico, and southward into Mexico. In the list
of IIartwe"'s plants this was enumerated as " Sr/rrnrlifoa Califoriiicn, Munro, sp. n." As no
descriptiorrwas given, several have snpposc.l that the following species was the plant mten.led to
be thus named, and it has been distributed under the name, thus causing much cnlusioii. I.csidrs
abundant other dillerences, the great .lissimilarity in the foliage allows the two to be .ll^tlllgulshed

310 rxRAMINILK. Atropis.

at once. Specimens from loralitii's nv.w tlie coast generally have very pale gieen siiikdets, wliilc
in tiiosc IVom the mountains, especially eastwaixl, the llorets are more or less pui|ile, save the
colorless broail niarj^iii and apex. In bome specimens the lower palet is minutely scalnous ami
without the pnlieseince njion the nerves. The plant seems to be com[)letely ilitCLiou.s, the staminate
llorets being more acute than the others.

4. A. tenuifolia. ('ulms very slender, densely tufted, 1 to 2 feet high and
with tho foliage glabrous or more or less scabrous ; railical tufts 3 or -1 (rarely G)
inches high, of exceedingly narrowly linear luucronate-pointed leaves ; those of the
culm scarcely wider, A- to 1 inch long; ligule long, pointed : panicle 2 to G inches
long, the erect rarely spreading distant rays mostly in threes; si)ikelets 2-5-
(mostly 3-) llowered, usually puberulent : glumes very acute, 'j as long as tho ilorcts,
rough on the midnerve, the lower occasionally and the upjier strongly 3-nerved near
the base : lower palet barely 2 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, often erose at
the apex, rough on the midnerve, the other nerves reaching about g its length,
])uberulent or with a few scattered hairs near the base ; upper about as long. —
Poa tenuifolia, Nutt. ; Buckl. in Proc. Phil. Acad. 18G2, 9G ; Gray in same, 33G,
excl. syn. ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 387 ; Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. 409.

Frequent throughout the State, from San Diego (C'mipcr) to Oregon ami northwaiil, ami ea^st to
Coloratlo. Aeconling to Mr. Watson this is one of the most valuable of the "bunch grasses,"
and the grain is collected by the natives for food. A most interesting as well as jiuzzling series
collected by Mr. Lemmon illustrates tlie great variety of forms assumed by this species, but the
strikingly slender leaves are conspicuous in all. In the majority, the paniide and often the whole
jplant is purplish, us they are in a specimen of Nuttall's Foa tcnuijolin, communicated by the laie
Mr. Durand.

5. A. pauciflora. Culms 2 to 2i feet high : leaves pale green, striate-ncrved,
iinely scabr us, folded or convolute, erect and somewhat rigid ; radical clusters about
a foot long, narrowly linear, those of the culm wider (about 2 lines), the upiiermost

1 to 3 inches long, mucronate ; ligule about 2 lines long, wider than the leaf: pani-
cle 5 to 10 inches long, very narrow, much interrupted below with one or two soli-
tary distant rays ; upper rays in twos or threes, 1 or 2 inches long, erect, with shoit

2 - 4-tloweretl branches ; spikelets 1 - 2-llowered : glumes nearly equal, acute, smooth,
3-nerved at base, the upper nearly equalling the lower lloret ; lower i)alet U lines
long, finely scabrous throughout, the broad apex entire or barely mucronate, the
lateral nerves extending about two-thirds its length ; upper palet equalling tho
lower, strongly ciliate on the nerves.

Wet Meadows, Sierra Valley, Lcmnum, 1871. Apparently a ]>crennial, of which the very long
narrow and somewhar rigid leaves and the slender panicle are strikingly unlike those of any other
species. The plant bears a strong resemblance in color ami general ajipearance to some forms of
Jt/rostix cxiiraUt, Trin. Spikelets with one and two jierfect florets are found in the .same ]ianicle ;
tlioso with one perfect (loret liavo a much larger abortive ilower than the 2-llowered, in which it
is often reduced to a minute [)oint.

G. A. scabrella. Culm perennial, H to 2^ feet high, slender, leafy and clothed
below with loose sheaths, and with the leaves, sheaths and jjanicle njinutely sca-
brous : leaves flat or carinately folded, the lower G to 9 inches and the upper about

3 inches long, scarcely over a line wide, curved-mucronate and rougher at the apex ;
ligule (at least the upper) 6 lines long, acute, and jtubescent on its outer surface :
panicle 4 to G inches long, narrow, somewhat dense ; rays in ])airs, the lower 1^ to 2i
inches long, erect, mostly branched and tlower-bearing to the base; s[)ikelets 3-5-
flowered, the upjiermost iloret imperfect, all rather di.stant : gliunes two-thirds as
long as the llorets, both 3-nerved bcilow : lower palet 2 lines long, narrowly lanceo-
late, prominently 5-nerved, punctulate-scabrous all over and rough-hairy on the
nerves, especially below, where the hairs are somewhat crisped ; apex obscurely
toothed or mucronate ; upper palet slightly the shorter, 2-toothed at the apex,
strongly ciliate on the nerves and scabrous between them : stamens 3 : ovary abortive.

Oakland, rmhindcr. The specinn'us, whith are wilhont radical leaves, appear as if from n wet
locality. The large anthers and aboitivc ovary indicate that the jilant is pr<>l)ably dicci.ious. Il

Poa. GKAMINE.E. 311

is unlike any otlicr species in the |icculiai- roughness of tlui lower palet nuil in the character of
the panicle. The puhescenco upon the ligule is also something very unusual and it may prove to
be characteristic of this species.

50. POA, Linn. Mkadow-Guass.

Panicle generally open, its rays in pairs or in half whorls. Spikelets 2-several-
llowered, ovate or lanceolate, compressed. Glumes mostly shorter (longer in one or
two species) than the lower Uorets, the lower 1 -nerved, the upper and larger 3-nerved,
acute or obtuse, keeled. Lower palet herbaceous or membrano-herbaceous with
scarious margins and tip, compressed-keeled, acute, pointless (save in two or three
exceptional species), 5- (rarely indistinctly 7-) nerved, the intermediate nerves often
fiiint, usually softly hairy at base especially on the dorsal and marginal nerves, and
often with crisped cobwebby hairs below. Stamens 2 or 3. Scales acute. Ovary
(except in one anomalous species) smooth : styles generally very short, terminal ;
stigmas mostly simply plumose. Grain oblong, smooth, free.

All of our species, save one, are perennials, and one species is dicccious. They arc mostly
natives of cold and tenii)erate climates, and as they generally have a wide range and vary greatly
from local influences there is much confusion among them. Steudel brings together some 200
names, but the best authorities estimate the species at less than half that number. The mountain
species aio especially variable and present many puzzling forms. Some of the most valued pas-
ture grasses belong to this genus.

It is probable that the student of the grasses of California will meet with species of Poa not
here described. The various collections at hand contain several forms which no doubt belong to
this genus, but the material is old and weather-worn or otherwise too imjpcrfect for satisfactory
determination.

Root annual. 1. P. annua.

Koot perennial : flowers jiorfect.

Low tufted mountain or alpine species.

Leaves short, flat and soft. 2. P. alpina.

Leaves narrowly linear or setaceous.

Panicle lax, one-sided and nodding. 3. P. laxa.

Panicle with few-ilowered erect blanches. 4. P. abbkeviata.

Tall (1 to 3 feet), the branches of the loose open i)anicle mostly in fives :
florets jnore or less webbed at base. Meadow or woodland grasses
introduced by cultivation ami (except n. 6) indigenous.
Culms with running rootstocks and emitting stolons. 5. P. rjiATENSl.s.

Culms tufted, without distinct running rootstocks or stolons.

Leaves and sheaths rough. 6. P. TIIIVIALIS.

Leaves and sheaths soft and smooth. 7. P. SEliOTlNA.

Tall ; branches of the panicle solitary or in pairs.

Panicle open, the branches slcn(ler and spreading. 8. P. stenaxtua.

Panicle narrow, the branches short and erect. 9. P. olumaris.

Koot perennial : flowers dioecious, in crowded ovoid heads. 10. P. Douglasii.

§ 1. Root annual) culms low (rarel;/ over 6 inches) ; branches of the short pani-
cle slufjle or in pairs.

1. P. annua, Linn. Culms compressed, geniculate below, weak : leaves bright
green, short, obtuse, sometimes Avavy, and witli the sheaths smooth : panicle often
1-sided; spikelets very short-pedicelled, 3 - 7-(lowered, about 2 lines long; florets
mostly liairy below the midille. — Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 155.

San Diego {Cooper, Parn/) ; Monterey {Brnrer) ; San Francisco, liitjrhw, Bolnndcr. Found
all over Europe, in Asia, Northern Africa, Australia, etc. No doubt introduced upon the coast,
but apparently in<ligenous in Arizona, N.-w Mexico, Western Texas, etc. The plant from these
inhind localities is often a foot high with verv slender culms ; it has lewer and broader spikelets
and is of a nuich paler green, but was refene.l by Munro to this species. IJolander s n. 1549 lias
largiT and more luominently nerved florets than usual. This species is what is known as a
winter-annual, its seeds germinating in the fall and the young plants comniencing to bloom very
early the next spring.

312 GllAMINE.E. I'oa.

§ 2. Jiout perennial : Jluwevs jivrfcct.

* Low ntnuntahi or alpine species, erect in perennial tuffs.

-»- Soft and Jiaccitl, sinoot/i or nearly so; leaves short and flat, short 2^'^ifilo<l ;
liijule elongated.

2. P. alpina, Linn. Culms G to 18 inches liigli, rather stout: leaves hroadly
linear, li to li inches long, the upper very short, niucronate : i)aniclo ()l)long or
pyramidal, 1 to 3 inches bmad ; spikelets broadly ovate, 3 - 'J-llowered, 2 or 3 lines
lung : glumes ovate, acute : lower palet very hairy below, especially on the mid- and
marginal nerves. — lleichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 15G ; Gray, Man. G2U ; Watson,
I3ot. King Exp. 38G.

This aud the two t'uUowing species, thongli not occuning in any of the collections made witiiiu
the State, are fre(iuent in tlie nionntain ranges at the north and east, ami are very iil<ely to he nu't
with. It })resenls a great variety of forms, and when unexpanded ajijiears very dili'erent from the
fully developed i)hint.

+- -1— Leaves narrowlij linear or setaceous.

3. P. laxa, Ilaenke. Culms 3 to 10 inches high, very slender, somewhat com-
pressed : leaves narrowly linear, obliquely mucronate : panicle 1 to 3 inches long,
narrow, lax, one-sided and often nodding, its branches solitary or in pairs ; spikelets
2 - 4-tlowered, 2 lines long, or less : glumes acuminate-pointed : llorets hairy on the
keels and margins. — lleichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 157.

In the Rocky Mountains {I'urri/, Bounjaiu) ; eastward to the nioiuitainsof New York and New
England.

4. P. abbreviata, K. r)r. Culms from slender creeping rootstocks, 3 to G inches
high: leaves convolute, filiform-setaceous, those of the copious radical tufts mostly
reaching the panicle, the culmdeaves about an inch long, smooth or linely puberu-
lent near the apex. ; ligule oblong, entire; sheaths very loose : panicle about an inch
long, its very simple 1 - 2-llowered branches in pairs, nearly smooth ; spikelets
2 to 2i- lines long, 3 -5-tlowered : glumes about half as long as the llorets, acute,
rough on the keel ; llorets rather distant : lower palet U- lines long, strongly keeled,
with the other nerves conspicuous, rough-pubescent all over except the broad-scarious
margins, more or less woolly at base. — App. to Parry's 1st Voy. 187 ; Steuil. Syn.
Gram. 253.

AVashington Teirilory {Picker ia<j) ; .\rrtie .Vnu'iiea.
* * Tall perennials (1 to 3 feet) vnth open oblong or pyramidal panicles, the
rather short and rough branches mostly in floes : florets acute, more or less
webbed at base. Meadow grasses introduced by cultivation or {except n. G)
indigenous.

-I- Culms with run)ting rootstochs, and emitting stolons from the base.

5. P. pratensis, Linn. Culm and sheaths smooth ; leaves dark green, the radi-
cal very long, those of the culm short, scabrous on the margins ; ligule short and
blunt: panicle pyramidal; spikelets 3 -S-Howered, somewhat crowded and almost
sessile : glumes acuminate, scabrous on the keel : lower palet distinctly r)-nervcd,
silky-hairy on the margins aud keel and widjlxid at base. — L'eichenl). Icon. Fl.
Germ. t. IGl.

Near San Franciseo (Bohnuler) ; northward to Oifgon and Washington Territory and indi-
genous in tlie mountainous districts eastward to New iCngland. Tins, known as "Juno Grass,"
"Green Meadow Grains," "Spear Grass," and "Kentucky IJiue (irass," in various parts of the
country, is one of tiie most liigldy valued jjasture and meadow grasses. Tlie limestone soils ot
Kentucky heing esi)eeially favorahie to its devedopment, tiie "Kentucky I51ue Grass" was for a
long time supposed to he a distinet si)eeies, until it was found that seed from the celehratcd " Bine-
grass " pastures of that State when sown elsewhere produeeil only "June-grass." In Ori'gon this
is regarded as one of the most trouMesome weeds in eidtivated fi.dds, its rapi.l proiiagalidu l.y
means of rootstocks and stolons, so useful when the grass is cultivated, making it very dillienll to

Poa. GRAMINE.E. 3^3

eradicate. In conimnii with many otlior grasses, tliis at tlie Nortliwrsf nftnn lia<< its panicles of a
Iian-lsoHie bronze color, giving it a very ilitl'crent ainiearance Ironi that usually boine by tlio
species.

-t- -1- Culms tufted, without distinct running rootstocks or stolons.

G, P. trivialis, Linn. Culms erect, from a somewhat decumbent base : leaves
and sheaths rouj^h ; li^'ulo oblong, acute : j.anicle with very rough and rather dis-
tant branches; spikelets mostly 3- (sometimes but 2-) flowered, broader above:
lower palet distinctly 5-nervod, webbed at base, hairy only on the mid nerve. —
lieichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 1G2.

Along the Coast IJanges (Bolandcr) ; introduced. Known as IU)ugh Meadow-grass, and com-
mon in the Kastern States, especially in moist meadows, though regarded as less valuabh; than
r. prafrnxis, to which it bears a very close rescinblaTice. It is distinguished I'roni it chielly by its
rough sheaths, long and acute ligule, and librous roots.

7. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Loaves narrowly linear, soft and smooth ; ligule elon-
gated, acute : panicle G to 10 inches long, at length somewhat nodding at apex, often
purplish; sjiikelets 2-4- (rarely 5-) llowered : glumes narrow: lower palet very
obscurely nerved, slightly webbed below. — (Jray Man. G29. P. angustifolia,
L'eichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. IGO. P. crocafa, Michx.

•Not reported from the State, but as it is frecpient in the IJocky Mountains and in Washington
Territory, it is likely to occur here. 15y some European botanists this is referred to I', pratcnsis,
from which the absence of running rootstocks and the character of the panicle sufficiently dis-
tinguish it.

* * * Tall ; branches of the panicle solitanj or in pairs.

8. P, Stenantha, Trin. Culms 1 to 2 feet high : radical leaves narrowly linear;
cidm leaves distant, erect, Hat, 1 to 3 inches' long, between 1 and 2 lines wide, ciliate-
scabrous on the margin, which is somewhat cartilaginous, especially at the carinate
apex where it is scabrous on the keel ; ligule rounded, short : panicle 2 to G inches
long, rays spreading, long-naked below, few-iloweretl above ; spikelets 2-5- (even 8-)
ilowered ; llorets 2 to 2^ lines long, distant upon the flexuoso or zigzag very pubes-
cent or nearly smooth rhachis : lower palet linear-lanceolate, the edges infolded at
the marginal nerve which, with the keel, is ciliate-scabrous, elsewhere pubescent or
smooth. — Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi. ser. i. 37G ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 372 ; Gray,
Proc. Amor. Acad. viii. 409. P. leptoc.oma, Trin. 1. c. Fesluca nervosa, Hook. Fl.
]ior.-Am. ii. 251, t. 232.

Oregon {Hall) ; Washington Territory (Pidrrhig), and northward. No specimens are known
to have been collected within the State, but it appears to be hwpient at tlie north. The sjiikclets
vary much in the degree of pubescence as they do in the number of the llowers. The infolding
of the lower palet at tiie marginal nerves gives the llorets an eipiilateral apjiearanee that is quite
characteristic. In none of tlie specimens at hand, from Oregon, etc., are the llorets woolly at
base, as described for P. Icpfoannn, Trin.

9. P. glumaris, Trin. 1. c. 379. Culms stout, strict, 1 or 2 feet high, with radi-
cal leaves about half as tall ; culm leaves 2 or 3 inches long, rigid, striate-nerved,
very minutely scabrous, about 2 lines wide ; ligule short, auricled : panicle 2 to 4
inches long, very narrow ; rays solitary or in ])airs and unequal, one bearing 1 or 2,
the other 3 to 5 spikelets, smooth ; spikelets 3 - .5-llowered, membranous: glumes 5
as long as the llorets, smooth, broad at base, acute, eroseniargineil : lower palet acute,
carinate at apex, 5- or indistinctly 7-nerved, pointed 01' rarely mucronulato at apex,
pubcrulent throughout ; upper palet e(jual in length, broad, coar.sely ciliate on tho
nerves : scales as long as the ovary, lacerate and ciliate : ovary hairy aliove ; stigmas
nnich elongated, copiously plumose. — Ch/ceria (Arr(opofi) g/ummis, (Jriseb. in Ledeb.
Fl. Koss. iv. 392. /W(?) Kiugii, Watson, Hot. King Fxp. 387.

Virginia City, Nevada (/?/r)o»)^r) ; Kast Humboldt Mountains, U'ntKon. Not <'nllecteil within
the State, but common northward to Sitka, ete. A most anomalous species, which Tiinius, ^^ ho
seems to have overlooked its ovary, scales. «-tc., referred to Pia without apparent hesitation.
Grisebach in Flor. Hossica placed it"in nhicrrin, hut it is so unlike the test of the genus that he
made a suligeuus, Aixtopon, to include it. Mr. Watson doubtfully refers it to Poa, and notes

314 GRAMINE.E. Poa.

that it does not well agree with tlie geiieiic characters. It is apparently' tlie type of a distinct
genus, but in the absence of fruiting specimens it seems better to h'ave it as an anomalous Poa.
Should it prove to be generically di.-,tinct, then to avoid the multiplication of names there seems
to be no objection to adopting Ardopoa, Griseb. Kone of the specimens have stamens, and the re-
markable develojiment of stigmas, which much exceed the ]ialet and are broad as well as long,
makes it probable that the plant will j)rove to be dicecious. The very long and lacerate scales, as
well as the hairy ovary, are unlike those in both Glyccria and Poa. The panicle is jjale straw-
color with an occasional faint tinge of ])urple. The leaves are very pale green, dry and rigid,
Hat excejjt towards the aiHJX, and with a barely perceptible roughness.

§ 3. Sjnkelets dicecious, in dense ovate heads : perennials, witli long slender root-
stocks, (jrotuuKj in shifting sands on tlie coast.

10. P. Douglasii, Nees. Culms slender, often branclied below and clothed
with numei'oiis nmrcescent sheaths, G to 12 inches high : radical leaves numerons,
setaceously convolute, smooth, soft, mostly exceeding _the cidni ; culm leaves two to
live, the uppermost 2 to 4 inches long, less closely convolute, rarely Hat at base,
striately many-nerved and finely. pubescent above; upper ligule about a line long,
truncate ; sheaths crowded below, the upper very loose : panicle 1 or 2 inches long,
often included at the unerpial base; spikelets 3- 5-tlowered, broadly ovate, llattened,
4 lines long and when in ilower as broad : glumes ^ shorter than the ilorets, acute,
ciliato on the keel, somc^times on the margin : lower palet 3 lines long, lancet)Iato,
acute, the mid nerve often mucronate-excurrent, indistinctly r)-n(!rved, the k(!el
ciliate-])ubescent above and with the marginal nerves softly hairy and more or less
crisped-wooUy below ; ujiper palet about etpial, ciliate : staminate Ilorets with im-
perfect ovaries ; i)istillate Ilorets with one or more abortive stamens : scales very
acute : ovary long-stipitate ; styles thick at base ; stigmas nearly sessile, very broad
below with longer hairs. — Ann. Nat. Ilist. 1st ser. i. 284. P. Cnlifornica, Steud.
Syn. Gram. 2G1. Brizopyruni Douglasii, Hook. <k Arn. Bot. Beechey, 404; Torr.
in Pacif. 11. liep. iv. 157.

San Francisco and liolinas Bay (Bolandcr) ; Monterey Hay {Parry) ; elsewhere on the coast,
DoiKjlns, Coulter. The rhizomes, though scarcely larger tlian a ])ack-thread, are wonderfully
tenacious ; they run to a great distance, branching freely, and with their abundant clusters of
leaves and (lowering stems, do excellent service in binding the blowing sands. The heads in shape
and color have a strong resemblance to those of Canary-Grass {I'lialaris Canaricnsis). The stami-
nate heads are usually rather smaller and lighter colored than the pistillate, which are of a very
jiale green. The height above given is for the culms above the rootstocks, but half or two-thirds
of that is beneath the surface of the sand. In sejiarating this from Poa, to which Nees originally
referred it, and placing it in Brizopyruni, Hooker & Arnott nnist have relied mainly njion its
dicecious character, and couM not have compared the ovaries, styles, etc., as they are widely dif-
ferent. In DisliclUis (Brizopyruni) the styles are unusually elongated, naked for a long distance
below and stigmatic with short hairs near the apex ; the upper palet is convolute above, forming
a channel through which they are exserted, while in this sjiecies they arc exserted near the base
of the palet. The scales also in Didicldia are broadly truncate, with the upper margin 2- or 3-lobcd
or notched, and the ovary is sessile.

51. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.
Panicle spreading or narrow or variously clustered. Spikelets few - many- (2 - 70-)
flowered, compressed -flattened. Glumes shorter than the florets, 1 -nerved. Lower
l)alet herbaceous, 3-nerve(l, unawned ; upper palet shorter, i)rominently 2-keeled,
])ersistent upon the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. Stamens 3, with
short iilametits. Scales 2, subcuneato. Styles 2, elongated, ])lumose above. Seed
ovoid or oblong, not fin-rowed, free. — ^[ostly annuals with narrow convolute leaves
and sheaths often hairy-bearded at the throat.

A large genus in warm ami temperate regions. Formerly included in Poa, from which it dilfei-s
in its 3-nerved lower jialet, which is without webby hairs, and in the persistent upper palet.

1. E, reptans, Xees. Culms prostrate, creeping, much branched from an awned
root : leaves shoit, al)out an inch long, subulate-pointed' and smooth or with the

Stcuochloa. GIIAMINE.E. 315

.slicatlis Ix^'iviiif,' Roattorod ratlior loiij,' weak hairs : iniporfoctly tli(ncious ; ])anicln
varying' I'loiu ovate, witJi si)litary rcw-llowcnMl sprcadiii;^' rays, U> il(>iisn ami capitalc ;
s|)il<(>l('t.s liiu'ar-laiicoolalo, 1 - tO-llowcriMl, IVom 2 lines tti an iiicli loiif? or more. —
Agrost. Hrasil. 511, and V\. IJras. ii'-, 1 IH. J\,ti )rj>t(ins, MW.Uk. Flur. i. OU, t. 11.
r. h?/2moide.% Lam. 111. i. 185. I\ cnpitata, JS'utt. Flor. Ark. IK).

Sacramento (Pickcrbuj) ; Oregon [lIoiccU) ; coniinou aloiij; rivers across the continent, extend-
ing to Mexico and Sontli America. The branches arc usually 2 to 5 inches liigii, but sometimes
much sliorter and so densely llowered as to liide the toliage.

2. E. poaeoides, l]cauv. Culms dill'iisely spreading : branches ascending from
a geniculate hase, 0 to 15 inches high : leaves flat, mostly smooth ; sheaths with few
long .'(preading hairs : panicle narrow, crowded, with short s])reading branches :
spikelets lance-linear or fdjloiig linear, .3 to 10 lines long, 8 - 20-llowered, often lead-
colored : lower pulet obtuse, the lateral nerves greenish and prominent. — Agrost.
t. 14, lig. 11.

Var. xnegastachya, Cray. Sheaths mostly smooth : panicle often crowded ;
spikelets larger, becoming linear, sometimes nearly an inch long and whitish when
old, 10-50-ilowered ; has an unpleasant odor. — i\Ian. G31. E. megastachya, Link.
Briza Eragrostis, Linn.

San Francisco ; Monterey, Ifnnilr. A native of Europe and introduced as a common weed in
nearly all parts of the Eastern States. So variable and changing so mucli with age that it is often
dillicnlt to distinguish between the type and the variety.

3. E. alba, Presl. Culms 12 to 18 inches high : leaves narrow, setaceously con-
volute at apex, the uppermost equalling the panicle : panicle G to 10 inches long,
included at l)as(>, dense and somewhat spikodike, tlic rays erect ; .«!pikelets aljout
2 lines long, on shorter pedicels, 5 - 15-flowered, pale straw-color : lower palet | lino
long, rougli on its prominent nerves, of which the middle one is excurrent as a minute
point. —liel. ILeidv. i. 279; Tiiurl)er in IJot. Wilkes Exped. 489.

Jlonterey (Hacnkr) ; Tulare Valley (Hcrvmuvn) ; Kern River (Blitkc) ; Sacnimento, Pickrrinfj.
Does not appear to liavc been met with by any of the collectors of the State Survey. All the
specimens, of dillereut ages, arc pale straw color throughout. Tlie point of the lower palet is
present or wanting on the same specimen.

62. STENOCHLOA, Nutt.

Panicle narrow, somewhat spike-like. Spikelets small, 2 - 3-IIowered, all fertile,
readily deciduous, the lowest with a brief callus, the others slightly separated by
joints of the smooth rhachis. Glumes herbaceous, narrow and acute, the lower
l-nerved, the upi)er 3-nerved and slightly the longer, both much exceeding the
florets. Lower palet ovate, obtusely keeled, indistinctly 5-nerved, the outer nerves
marginal, herbaceo-merabranaceous, with a brief scarious tip, pubescent especially on
the marginal nerves and keel, minutely punctulate. Upper palet narrow, strongly
2-carinate, nearly equalling the other. Stamens 3 ; anthers minute. Scales 2, very
small, obli<iuely truncate. Ovary short-stipitate : styles very slender, loosely plu-
mose nearly to the base. Grain somewhat triangular ; pericarp loose : embryo
minute. — Low tufted annuals, with the florets somewhat like Poa and with exceed-
ingly long and narrow glumes. — I'lant. Gamb. 189.

L S. Californica, Nutt. 1. c. Cubn from a few inches to a foot high and with
the strongly .striate sheaths smooth : leaves about 2 inches long. Hat or folded, acu-
minate-pointed, ciliate-scabrous on the margins ; ligule 1 line long, very thin and
lacerate : panicle about 2 inches U)ng, loosely spike-like, its erect rays mostly in
pairs, densely many-flowered to the base ; spikeh^ts barely a line and a half long,
very pale green : glumes spreading, with finely scabrous keels : lower palet | hue

316 GKAMINE.E. BrLa.

long, loosely pubescent all over with appressed luiirs except near the tip, the hairs
on tlie keel and margins longer, closely api)ressed, forming silky lines : upper palet
pubescent.

Island of Santa CataHna (Gambcl) ; Ouadahiiie Islaiul, Dr. Palmer. Until its recent discovery
by Dr. Palmer, tliis was only known by llie lew specimens collected by Dr. (Jambel over 30 yeais
ago. It a[>i)ears to be conlined to the islands oil' the coast. IS'uttaH's description gives the lower
ghune as wider and 3-nerved, wliich is an oversiglit.

53. BRIZA, Linn. Qu.vkinu-Oua.s.s.

Panicle diffuse with slen(l(;r branches. Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or cordate,
flattish-tumid, the florets closely imhricateil, mostly pendulous on capillary ])edicels.
Glumes subequal, rounded on the back. Lower palet roumlish, entire, llattcut-d
parallel with the glumes, ventricose on the back, chartaceo-membranaceous and be-
coming dry, scarious-margined, many-nerved. Upper palet much smaller, ovate.
Hat. Stamens 3. Scales 2, ovatedanceolate. Ovary glabrous : styles short; stigmas
jdumose. Grain much flattened and adherent to the upper palet,

A small genus widely spread in temperate countries. It inchides both annuals and pereiniials,
with Hat leaves, and showy sjiikelets on slender drooping pedicels. B. vinximd, I'roni Asia, etc.,
is often cultivated as Iv'attlesnukc-CJrass for the sake of its large showy spikelets.

1. B. media, Linn. Perennial, its culms a foot high or more, often with miudi
shortcir llowering branches from the base : leaves thin, sca])rous : i)anicli'. 2 to 4
inches long, very loose with spreading branches ; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, 5 -
9-flowered : glumes shorter than the lowest floret, green or purplish.

Mission Dolores, Bulaadcr. Siiaringly introduced, as it is in some of the Eastern States.

54. FESTUCA, binn. Fkscuk-Ouas.s.
Panicle loose and sprea<ling or racemose and sometimes secund. Spikelets 2-many-
flowered, the florets flattish or subcylindrical, not webby at base. Glumes shorter
than the lower florets, membranous, acute, the lower 1 -nerved, the upper and longer
3-nerved. Lower palet convex, not keeled, chartaceous or nearly coriaceous, 3-5-
nerved, mucronate or awned from or near the tip. Upper palet 2-toothed, hairy on
the nerves. Scales 2, notched or 2-lobed. Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary mostly smooth.
Styles terminal ; stigmas feathery. Grain adnate to the inclosing palet.

A genus of about V2f> si)ecies, wliich have been arranged under several dilferent genera ; natives
of arctic, cold and temperate countries, some of them of value in agriculture. It inrludes bulh
annuals and perennials, of which the lloweis and often the leaves are rather harsh and dry.

§ L Annuals or biennials w'ltli setaceous leaves: 2)anlcle contracfed or S2'ifce-li/cc :
stamens 1 or 2. — Vulima.

1. F. Myurus, Linn. (Julms 1 or 2 feet high, slender and weak, smooth and
leafy: ligule very short : panicle 4 to 10 inches long, narrow, often flexuose and
one-silled, sometimes shiiung, branched at base, the branches appressed ; \ipper sj)ike-
lets solitary, short-pedi(;elled ; spikelets 5 - 8-flo\vered, an inch long including awn :
florets rather di.stant ; lower glume very minute, the upper half as long as tlie next
palet : lower palet subulate, oljscurely nerved, scabrous or often slightly ciliate-hairy
on the margins above, 3 lines long with a much longer awn : stamen mostly soli-
tary. — F. sciiirea, Nutt. Fl. Ark. 147. F. megalura, Nutt. PI. (iamb. 188. Vntju'a
Mf/nrtis, Xees, Icon. Gram, i, t. 71 ; Ileichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 130.

'Monterey and bivermore Tass (A'/v/'v/O ; San Fiancis.'o (/V(ok^t) ; and noithwanl to Orc^'on,
ridrriiuj,'li,inirl. Occurs in the Atlantic Slates and soulliward. i'r.ibably introiluced. V.iy
variablo ; sometimes the lower glume is baicly manifest, a nuie point standing in its place.

FestHca. GRAMINEtE. ^l^

2. F. tenella, WilM. Culms slonder, often filiform, G to 18 inclips lii^li, its
erect leaves I to 3 inches loii.i,' ; slieiitiis sometimes })ulK'scent : panicle 2 to 3 inches
l(jng, simple, often secund, the lower umnpial branches in pairs, often spreading ;
Rpikelets, including awns, 4 or 5 lines long, 7 - 13-ilowered, often becoming brown
when old : glumes subulate, very acute, the lower at least half the length of the
n{)per : lower palet involute, njugh, abinit 2 lines long, exclusive of its awn, which
is mostly shorter than tlie palet and often very brief : stamens 2. — Torr. FJ. N. York,
ii. 470, t. 154, and Pacif. II. Ivep. iv. 158 (var. aristidala).

Napa Vallpy {Bigdow) ; near San Fran(;i.soo, etc. (Bolnnder, Fitch), and I'xtPndiiif; to Orogon,
CronUiitc. Very cointnon in tlie Eastern States, wlicre as lieio it is abundant on dry liills. Torrey
doubtfully referred Bigelow's speciniena to this species, placing it as a variety, but it is no more
unlike the typical form than are s|)ecimens from Florida. Indeed where. the same si)ikelet lias
some florets twice as long-awiied as others, varieties founded upon this character have little value.
It extends across the country from east to west, and southward to Mexico, Texas, etc. It varies
greatly in the degree of roughness of the palet, and the glumes are .sometimes pubescent.

3. F. microstachys, Nutt. Culm slender, 4 to 15 inches high, the filiform
leaves, sheaths, etc., smooth to strongly pubescent; ligule very minute: jjanicle
1 to 5 inches long, simple and racemose or s[)ike-liko, or witii the 1-sided channelled
rays spreading or sometimes delle.xed ; spikelets 1 - 5-llowered, on short thickened
clavate pedicels, scabrous, rough-pubescent or sometimes smooth : glumes acute, the
upper 3-nervcd and little exceeding or twice as long as the 1-nerved lower one, and
more than half equalling the floret next it : lower palet 2 or 3 lines long, with an
awn 3 to 5 lines in length ; upper palet with two long setose teeth, which in the
older plant often project beyond the lower : stamen 1 {Nuttall) : grain large, filling
the palet, and with a very broad shallow groove, its testa dark purple. — Plant Gamb.
187; Torr. Pacif. R. liep. iv. 156; Watson, Hot. King Exped. 388; Thurber, Bot.
Wilkes Exped. 492. Vnlpia mi'crnsfachi/n, Munro in Denth. PI. Hartw. 342. F.gra-
cilenta and F. pmilla, lUickl. in Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862, 97.

Very frequent througli the whole length of the State to Oregon and northward, and eastward to
Nevada and Utah. Exceedingly variable, but distinguished from any form of F. Mijurus by its
larger lower glume, and from F. tmclla by its fewer-llowcred and looser spikelets and its longer
more distinct awn. The spikelets, as well as other parts, present a great variety as respects
pubescence ; in Cooper's specimens from the Mohave desert, 1 to 2 inches high, they bear long
scattered spreading hairs. Nuttall, 1. c., refers to its resemblamie to a Entriiinn (Bmilrloun),
wlii(;h is very strong in one of the freriuoiit forms where the 2-llowered Kpikelets are divergent, as
are also tlio 1-sided branches, while the. siiglitly projecting tei-th of the upper palet add to the re-
semblance. The species is (piito too eloso to F. dclicnliila, I.ngasca, a rare Spanish grass.

§2. Perennials; the mostly short-awned spikelets in loose, or more ur less ojien

panicles.

4. F. ovina, Linn. Culms slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, glaucous : leaves
all setaceous or the upper Hat ; ligule 2-lobed and auriculate : panicle short, more
or less compound, somewhat one-sided, the rays mostly solitary, spreading in flower;
spikelet 3 - 8-llowered, the florets somewhat distant : lower palet about 3 lines long,
ternate, mucronate or with an awn less than half its own length. — Keichenb. Icon,
n. Germ. t. 131.

Var. duriuscula, Gray, Taller, less densely tufted : stem-leaves often flat and
sheaths pubescent : i)anicle more open and spikeletsl arger. — Man. 633. I^ dariiis-
cula, Linn.

Var. rubra, Gray. Less tufted, with running root-stocks : leaves sometimes flat,
and with the sjiikelets often reddish or purplish. — Man. 633. /'. rubra, Linn.

Var. brevifolia, Watson. Culms slender, 4 to 8 inches high : leaves all seta-
ceous, and sheaths glabrous ; uppermost leaves often very short and the sheaths
rather loose : panicle racemose and nearly simple, erect, 1 to 2 inches long ; spike-
lets 1-4-llowered, the iloreta terete, .somewhat scabrous, about 2 lines long and
twice tho length of the awn. — JJot. King Exp. 38U. /'. brevifolia, \l JJr.

318 GRAMlNEJi Fcstuca.

Tlie typical fonii ami tlu; var. duriuscula luive been collected at various localities in the Sierra
Nevada and elsewhere {liolander, Lonmoii), and are found in the mountains eastward to New
England and far nortliward. The otlier varieties are liigli alpine and arctic forms, which occur
in the Rocky Mountains and Oregon and northward, and are to be expected in the liigii Sierra
Nevada. The species in one or mure of its several forms is found in most mountainous countries,
including New Zeahmd and Australia. Its foliage is not abundant but very nutritious, and it is
liiglily vahied as a pasture gra.ss, especially for sheep.

5. F. gracillima, Hook. Culms 1 to 2 loet liigli ; phmt mostly smooth tliroii-^li-
out : radical leaves cupii)us, narrowly setaceous, reaching nearly or (juite to the hase
of the i)anicle ; culm-leaves mostly 2, 2 to 3 inches lung, aljont a lijie wide below,
very finely scabrous on the upper surlUce ; ligide brief: panicle 3 to 4 inches long,
the erect branches mostly in pairs, the lower soiuetimes in threes or fours, 1-4-
llowered, the rhacliis and llattened rays barely scabrous; spikelets about G lines
long, G-D-floweretl : the upper and nuich broader 3-nerved gluiue about half as long
as its floret, both broadly scarious-margined ; joints of the rhachis scabrous-pubes-
cent : florets 3 lines long, rather distant ; lower palet with a small well-deliiieil
callus below, intermediate nerves indistinct, herbaceous with a wide scarions margin,
obscurely puberulent above, acuminate and mucronate or with a distinct awn about
a line long. — Antarct. Voy. 383; Steud. Syn. (Jraiu. 312.

In the Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 feet altitude, liolandcr. Tliis, with the excei)tion of being
shorter awned, agrees well with specimens collected on Magdalena Island by Cunningham ami
named at Kew. The jilant was originally collected at the Straits of .Magellan. The foliage, etc.,
are jiale green, the spikelets being sonietinu's slightly redilisii or brownish. The awn varies
greatly, the same j-lant furnishing both awnless and awned llorets. The contrast between the
almost liliform radical foliage and the liat leaves of the culms is very marked. It diliers from any
form of F. ocina in tiie erect branches of its fewer-llowered panicle, larger spikelets, and broader
glumes having with the palets a wide scarious margin.

G. F. scabrella, Torr. Culms 1 to usually 3 or 4 feet high, crowded below with
leafless sheaths, and twice longer than the numerous scabrous radiiud heaves : culm
leaves rarely more than 2, the upper 2 to 8 inches long, about 2 lines wide at base,
long-pointed ; sheaths scabrous or rough pubescent, hairy at the junction with the
blade, and subaurielcd with callused hairy iirocesses ; ligule a ciliate fringe : jjaniclo
3 to G inches long, the lower rays distant in ])airs, spreading, naked behjw ; spikelets
about G lines long, 4-G-flowered; florets rather ili.stant : ujjjjcr glume ] the longer
and half as long as its floret : lower palet membranous, 5-nerved, rough, witli a
narrow scarious margin, pointed, or with an aw^n aline long or less; uj>i)er palet
conspicuously 2-toothed, e(]nalling or sometimes exceeding the lower. — Jlook. I'l.
Bor.-Ain. ii."2r)2, t. 233; Torrey, Pacif. \\. JJep. iv. Uu ; lioland. in Trans. Calif.
Agric. Soc. 18G4-5, 141.

Oakland {Bolntvlcr), also in the Rocky Mountains. The yhmi originally describe.l and figuied
was from the Rocky Mountains, and scarcely one-fouith the si/e of the si)eiimens collected within
this State. A conipari.sou of these with the original specimens in the Torrey herbarium shows
them to be the same excejit in size. It hardly belongs to Fcstaai, and a thorough revision would
probably place it with the ambiguous species of J/t/Zm. Among the many sjieeies of dilleieiit
genera known as " Ihmch-gra.ss" this is regarded as one of the most valuable, cattle being very
fond of it, especially in winter. The blade of the leaf linally laeaks away, leaving the sheath, a
peculiarity stated by Mr. Bolander to be very constant.

7. F. pauciflora, Thunb. Culms IJ to 3 feet high, the radical leaves about
half as long; culm leaves sometimes 2 lines wid(^, long attiinuate-poiuted, and with
tiie sheaths scabrous; ligule very short, somewhat auriculale : panicle G to 12 inches
long, rath(!r narrow ; rays in pairs, the lower very remote, spreading, cajiillary,
mostly branched, llower-bearing above the middle; spikelets about 4-flowered :
glumes narrow, acute or somewhat obtu.se, the upper about twice as large as the
lower and barely half as long as the lirst floret ; rhachis scabrou.s, the florets readily
deciduous: lower palet 5-nerved, strongly scabrous, about 3 lines long, with a
slender awn about § as long ; upper palet cpiite ecpialling the lower, very rough
above : ovary hairy."— Fl. Ja[). 02 ; Munro in iVriy's Jaiian K.vp. ii. 328. F. occi-

GRAMINE.E.

J!ium>is. .,„

J19

deiifalii
(Jiam.

.'...a .•onuMin.i.-at.Hl l,y\sir Willi,,.,. IIoX, o ! t1^ / , ■• •'*l'^'-'""<^"« '^o'l^^^te.l l.y Douglas

'very obtu.se." Th. ohlcr .p.dm.us have n-oslly Ja k , ,, c^ ,nic L i ^^ aesc.-.beJ as
plant are pale green. ^ pmpic panicles, which i.i the young

55. BROMUS, Linn. Euome-Giuss.

lacemel. 8,..kolo s 5 - many-llo.'orecl, subterote or laterally co.upresseil. Ghnnos
unequal, shorter than the lowest floret, membranaceous, acute, awnless ; the W
vhatTJT ^\''''' -•^-7-'- Lower palet rounded on the bai or some-
ll tt U^ 1^-tle-pointed from a little below the mostly

2-cleft t.p Upper palet b.hd. with ciliate nerres. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Scales
ontu-e. Ovary ha.ry at the tip : stylos inserted just below the top and'noro or lesl
lateral ; st,<,Mnas feathery. Grain oblong or linear, grooved, adherent to the ,.alet
^^^ A genus of ahout 50 species ; la,.gely Eu.opean, i.. coKl a,..l te...pe.ate portio.is of tlie conti-

* Glumes vcr>j loiuj and narrow, awn-pointed ; lower 1-nerved, upper 3-nerred
or mkan obscure additional pair: larger palet convex Mo^^^cc^'^sscd-
Iceelcd above, 5-nerved, vowjh-clllate on the ked. Introduced annuaZ
1. B. maximus, Desf

2. B. rubens, Lmn. Culm densely tufted, 6 to 9 inches hi-h, and with the
narrowly .near loaves and sheaths pale green an<l densely soft-p.rboscent : pani.^
ovate, 1 to 3 inches long, with very sliort erect branches thickened upwards and
rough-pubescent; sp.kelets about G-IIowered, an inch lon.s including awL more or
less purplish : upper glume one-third the longer, and about one-fourth shorter than
Its floret : ower palet, like the glumes, rather coarsely pubescent, 7 lines Ion- and
/-nerved, the intermediate nerves less distinct, terminating in two very acute hyaline
Ion \"T I >^"««^"!'^'' tl- awn rather longer than the palet; upper palet with
ong weak hairs. - Griseb. in Ledeb. ¥1 IJoss. iv. 3G0. Ji. riff{d,<s,L\cLnh. 1. c.
t. 14J. '

Plumas County {Lcmmon) ; a native of Southern Europe. The .peeimens have less .Inrk-

S^l'sSt^pX' j,,;:' ■ ""■"'- "«■" "■■"■ ""» • "^"■"''™ '-'"i- ■'■'■«-•:

* 7 ^'^'^^T ^^'"^^'^ S-n-nerved, upper ry-1-nerred : lower palet rounded on the
back: florets imbricated before expansion. Annual or biennial weeds In culti-
vated grounds.

3. B. secalinus, Linn. Culms 1 to 4 feet high, rather rigid and with the ample
leaves and sheaths smooth or rarely pubescent; panicle 3 to 5 inches Ion", obloiK'

320 riKAMlNI'LK. JJnnans.

tlie branches in tlireos to fives and spreading,' even in fruit ; spikelets ol)lon;^'-ovate,
tur^'id, 4 to 8 linc.-i Ioul,', ;") - lO-llowored, the lloruts latlier distant: lower pak't
7-U-nerved, at Knigth curiaceous, notched at apex, scahious, awnless or with a
variable awn less than its own length. — Torr. Fl. IS'. York, ii. 407, t. 157.

Plumas County, Mrs. Aits/ia. Fouiul wherever grain is cultivated ; the belief that this, known
as "Chess" or "Cheat," is tlic result of the degeneration of wheat, has been very prevalent and
is still held by the ignorant.

4. B. racemosus, Linn. Culms 1 to 3 feet high : leaves and sheaths smooth
or pubescent : panicle narrow, with branches in threes to lives, contracted in fruit ;
spikelets G to 9 lines long, G- lOllowered, the ilorets closely imbricated, scabrous :
lower palet 7 - 9-nerved, widest above the middle, bluntly angleil on the margins
and bitid above, decidedly exceeding the upper palet, with an awn of its own length.
— lieichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 143.

San Franciseo, Bolandcr. The specimens have the leaves and especially the sheaths stiongly
pubescent, in which it is like D. inuUia, Linn., which is likely to be found in grain-fields, and
may be known by having the spikelets also downy. Some European botanists regard this species,
£. mollis and B. sccaliuus, all as varieties of B. arvcusis.

* * * Panicle wltli slender elongnted di'oophKj branches : florets soon scparaihta
from each other: loicer i/liiine \-nerccd, upper ',i nerved, or with an obscure
additional pair. lndi(jenous perennials.

T). B. ciliatus, Linn, (hdms from 3 to T) feet high: leaves long-))oint(!d from
a broad base, sometimes G lines wide, somewhat auriculate at the throat, smooth or
densely i)ubescent, as are the sheaths; ligule short, us\ially a mere baml : panicle
compound and very loose with elongated few-llowered rays, or narrow with short
mostly erect branches ; spikelets about an inch long, 7- 12-llowered : glumes acute,
the upper more than half the length of the low(;st floret : lower palet G to 8 lines
long, 7-nerved, the central and two other nerves stronger and longer than the other.s,
silky with appressed hairs near the margins, mimitely hairy all over, or with a few
long hairs on the nerves below or at the base ; awn one-fourth or three-fourths its
length. — Gray, Man. 035. JJ. pitrgans, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. JJor.-Am. ii. 252, in part.
B. Canadensis, jNIichx. JJ. pubescens, ^Ldd.

San Juan and Silver Mountain Trail, at 8-9,000 feet altitude (Ilrcurr) ; Calaveras Grove
(Ilillcbrand) ; near San Francisco, Bolandcr. The specimens show as many marked I'orms as
there are localities, from perfectly smooth to densely velvety pubescent slieallis and liowers, and
especially variable in the character of the puniide. The ovary in all is remarkably iong-liairy at
the top, while the styles are detle.\ed. The stilf white hairs exteml a fourth of a line beyond' the
top of the ovary, forming a ilense brush which is filled with pollen-grains ; it would ajjpcar that
these hairs .serve as collectors of pollen, to be i>robably afterwards of service in some way in fir-
tilization.

G. B. depauperatus, Fresl. IJoot-libres tomentose ; cidms 2 or 3 feet higli,
stout below : tiie, i:onvolute-setaceons root-leaves half as tall ; cidm leaves 3, distant,
the uppermost 3 to G inches long. Hat at least at base, scabrous ; ligule a narrow line ;
sheath auricled and hairy at throat : panicle very lax and open, the long spreading
capillary rays in twos, rarely in threes, few-flowered above the middle ; spikelet
5 or G lines long, lanceolate ; Ilorets 3 or 4, distant : glumes thin and hyaline : lower
palet lanceolate, soon terete, membranous, strongly scabrous, 5-nerved, barely seari-
ous at the acute tip, awn one-fourth to a half as long ; upper palet distinctly longer
than the lower, scabrous above and linely ciliate : anthers very large. — Iiel. H;enk.
i. 2G3; Steud. Syn. Gram. 319.

fJeyseis and Pine Mountain {Bolandcr) ; Nutka Sound, Ilacnkc. This agrees well, save in size,
with Pivsl's descriiitic.n of Haenke's plant. The spikelets at first, with the lloiuts llatteneil on
the back, have the ajipearance connnon to the genus, but after they sjnead each lloiet becomes
cylindrical and the spiktlet is much like that of a Fcstuca. The aiitiiers are very huge; and the
ovary appears as if abortive, there being but little save the hairy crown. The plant i^. throughout
of a very pale straw-color. It appears to have l-een met with only by Mr. 15(dander.

IjltAAlINL/E. qoi

68. CEKATOCHLOA, Iknuv.

cre.1, mu h flatteno.1. Ghnuc. co,„,,rasso.l-kcclej, acuto, shorter tl.au tl,e (Icet,

t°Zl r """; ; "■'"' " '''"""'^ "'""'■""='' '"°' "'"' " P™-"-' •==>""» Mow

e e al- nerved, and sl.ort-awned f,„„, the nearly entire tip. U„,er ,,aict nearl,:

eqnal, strongly 2-nerved. Stan.ens 3, sometunes ndnnte. Scales oval acu.ninale

Ovary erowned hy a hairy 3-l„hed or 3.1,„rncd appendage : styles short, attached to

to tl!r pall "'''"'" "^ ' "'°""''" '''""'°"'- ""■"' "'''""8' •'■■•=1''^ f"™""''. ^J"""-

T^lTV ^':^^"^"'' C-lO-floworod; florets Jathor diknt, sproadiug glSs v y

mri V Ini". II '- 7 ^"'^'^ comprossccl-keele.1, narrowed below to a shor
spa ugly hairy callus, scabrous or strongly pubescent, 9-norve.l, 8 or 9 lines Ion-

tl o\nv'l '' " "; Tl'rf 'Vr^'"' ' ''" "'^l-'- ^'^-'^^^'y '^^^-'-^ nearly quafc

Wilkes Exi^d49l; ' ' ^'"^ "' '''^'"'' '^^- ^^ ^^-^-•'■««-S Thurber, liot.

Ten'o-T^Tw "BohnZr'r:. ^""''""''''^ '' ""''^^T'i '' ^•■''^''" (P'ckcriv,), and Washington
^^r Prai:..K '; V^''''>""'' s specn.iens appear to be the typical plant of Hooker. Tiie si.ecies
^a^es greatly as to its i.iibescence on both lolinge and pan de. n some plants of the sin e set
Itt Z^a^'']li£'\ T' 'r' ^-r'r-Y^^'''''^ ^""'' ^^- ^^- loweTUr,,ot only sp ' i"^

b£-£™ !F^^^^^^

2. C breviaristata, IIoolc. Culm 2 to 3 feet l.igl,: leaves broa.lly linear
acuminate with the sheaths rough-pubescent or hairy : panicle nearly silnple, it^
rays ,n clusters of 2 to o erect or slightly drooping to one side; spikelets about
Ollowered, pa e green, close, suberect : glumes subequal, the lower 5-nerved the
upper 9-nerved, more than half as hmg as the florets : lower palet 9-nerved, mostly
densely pubescent, and short-awned from the usually minutely 2-toothed tii)
upper palet shorter than the lower, ciliate, shortly 2-t()othed. — Flor. Bor.-Am. ii 253
t. JJ4 m-omus brevmristatus, Thurber, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 493: Watson, Bot'
King Exp. 389. '

Oreion'ri^'r'"" ^f'""""!??' ."."'^ ^""'I""" *" ^^' "'ountains of Nevada {IVal.o^,) ■ northwaitl to
Imtl .ft T'- " \\"''«'"';St">' Tn-ritory, Coo,.,: Very variable as to pubescence of foliage, .
but n. all the specimens the palcts are closely and evenlv tlothed wit h appr.'ssed hairs, which are
onger near the base. D.stingui.shed from any erect pani.led fo.n. of the list bv its fewer lo e.^d
c csely unbncate.1 sp.kc lets and the awn shorter in proportion. The specimens .show minute
anthers as mentioned un.ler C. ,jrnndiflo^-a , but none with long anthers iiave been m-tic-d Bronm

p.il.,ts 7-neived; but as in this genus this is a character in which ..pikelets from the .same s|.eci-
me 1 may varv, it .seems probable that the species was foun.Ied upon a form of one or the other
01 tl.o pie.;eding with lewer nerves than usual. B. arrinnins in Herb. Torrey, from Hooker, is
veiy young, and not to be recognized as distinct from this species.

322 GKAMINE.E. J.,pturus.

C. UNiOLOiDEs, Beauv. {Fcstuca nniohidcs, WilKl., Jlromus uniuluiJcs, HHK., li. U'iUdcnovii
and B. Schraderi, Kuntli), was at one time in lii^'li leputi; in France, nnder tlie name (if " Brone
de Schriuier," as a t'uiagc plant f'luni Australia; at aliont the same time it was cnltivated in
Australia as "California l'iairie-(iras.s," ami was intioduced in the Southern States as " Keseiie-
Grass." The species is Sonth Anieiican and is i'ound in 'i'exas and westward, but is not known
to occur in C'alifoinia, notwithstanding its Australian name. It lias a mostly erect jmniele and
minutely scabrous sjiikelets ; the jialets are very pale green above, white below, and tenninated
by an awn less than a line long. Si)ecimens from Arizona have longer awns, and forms from
Nevada are diliicult to separate from 0. breviarisluta.

67. LEPTURUS, K. Br.

Inflorescence in filiform simple or racemed spikes. Spikelets mostly solitary ami

sessile, at each joint of the alternately excavated rhachis, rarely in pairs with one

pedicelled. 8[>ikelets (in our si)ecies) l-llowered, sometimes with a second llower

indicated by a minute stalk rarely bearing an imperfect tloret. Gkimes 2 (rarely 1),

placed in front of the floret except in the terminal spikelet, where they are opposite,

rigid, coriaceous, nerved or ribbed. Palets thin or membranous, the lower keeled,

sometimes awned from the mid-nerve : callus minute, naked or bearded. Stamens

3 (or 1 ?). Scales 2, entire. Ovary smooth : stigmas sessile, distant and terminal.

Grain free.

A small genus, ehielly of low annuals, often found on the sea-coast and in saline soils in mo.-,t
parts of the world.

1. L. paniculatUS, Nutt. Culms G to 2-4 inches high, leafy below : leaves
narrow with cartilaginuus rough margins and point ; ligule conspicuous, the loose
sheaths compressed-keeled : panicle of 3 to 10 recurved secund distant s])ikes, the
lower 3 or 4 inches long, shorter above, 3-angleil and rough ; spikelets H to 2 lines
long : glumes suddenly narrowing to awn-like points, the upper and longer baiely
equalling the floret, very rough on the single nerve : lower ])alet but partly covered
by the glumes, membranous and scabrous where ex})Osed, 3-nerved and mncronate-
pointed ; upper about equalling the lowur, 2-toothed. — Gen. i. 81 ; Torrey, Paeif.
R. Rep. iv. 157. Iluttboillia jjuniculata, Spreng.

Monterey (/)/•. Canfichl), and elsewhere by i\''(«/^f(?; and Fremont ; New 'Mcx'xco {Fen dlcr, Bi'jeloii);
Texas {Reverchon), and eastward to Illinois. Plant mostly pale green, the leaves twisting si>irally
in drying.

2. L. Bolanderi, Thurber. Culms forming small tufts 2 to T) inclies high, often
geniculate ami wiLli a few branches from the base : leaves 3 to (1 lines long, con-
volute, mucronate at ai)ex ; ligule a line or mova long, acute, decurreut ; sheaths
loose, striate, scarious margined : spike 1 to 2 inches long, sometimes recurved, very
slender; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, single or sometimes 2 at each joint, the second
spikelet on a stout grooved pedicel half its own length : glumes very thick, except
at the scarious margin, the upper and slightly shorter 2 - 3-nerved, the lower o-nerved :
floret shorter than the lower glume ; lower palet indistinctly 5-nerved, smooth and
shining below, scabrous near the irregularly 2-toothed apex, the luidnurve excurreut
as an awn nearly as long as the palet ; the brief callus with uneipial coarse hairs
about \ as long as the palet ; upper palet equalling or sliglitly exceeding the lower,
rough on the nerves and 2-toothed above ; rudiment very minute, plumose with hairs
not exceeding those of the callus. — l>olander, Catalogue, 35.

Russian \\\\&r {Bolander, n. 4G69) ; Yreka, Grcrac. This was distributed by Mr. Bolander
with the above name, but no descri|>tion has been j)ublished. His specimens, so far as exam-
ined, had but a single sjiikelet at the joint. No one appears to have met with it until Mr.
Greene in 1870 collected a still more slemler form, the larger .siiecimens having the s|)ikclets in
j)airs. The plant is dark purple throughout, a magniiier showing the color to i)e di.sjiosed in
ndnute lines. The floret with its awn, basal hairs, and rudiment, beai> a strong resemblance to
that of a Culanuujiostis. The rudiment is very minute, not exceeding \ of a line in length.

Triticnm. GRAMINE.E. 323

68. LOLIUM, Linn. DAiiNia, or RAY-flnASH.

Inflorescenco a simple spike willi the spikclets solitary in notches, excavated alter-
nately on opposite sides of the rhachis. 8i)ikelets placed edgewise to the rhachis,
3 - several-Uowered. Lower glume wanting, except in the terminal spikelet, the
upper facing the rhachis and persistent. Lower palet 5-nervcd, awned from the tip
or awnless ; the upper ciliate. Stamens 3. Scales 2, rather ileshy, usually with a
lateral tooth and as long as the ovary. Ovary smooth or slightly downy at tip :
stigmas mostly sessile. Grain a<lhcrent to the palet.

A small genus of probably 4 species, natives of novtliorn Europe; as they have been introduced
by am icultnre and naturalized in nearly all jwrts of the world, several times tliat number of species
are described. Tlic genus differs from Triticnm only in wanting the lower glume, and in the
position of the spikelet with resjiect to the rhachis.

1. L. perenne, Linn. Culms from a perennial rootstock, ahout 2 feet high :
spike ratlier slender; spikelets 8- IS-flowered, the strongly rihbed glume much
shorter than the spikelet, often but little longer than the lloret next to it : lower
palet obtuse, merely cuspidate or short awned. — Ivcichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 112.

San Francisco (Bolamkr) ; Oregon, Unwell. Varies greatly as to the number of florets in the
spikelet and in tlie length of awns. L. Ilalicum, a cultivated variety of this, not known in the
wild state, is a valued pasture grass, known as "Italian Kay-grass" ; it lias more numerously
flowered and generally long-awned spikelets. L. viultifloruin, another variety of cultivation, has
very handsome spikes crowded witli long many-flowered spikelets ; this was collected by Mr.
Howell at Sauvies Island, Oregon. Each of these varieties has several subvarieties known to cul-
tivators.

2. L. temulentum, Linn. Annual, with a stout culm, sometimes 3 feet high :
spikelets 5 - 7-llowered, e(iualled by the sharp-pointed spreading glume: florets
usually very turgid and with the glumes bearing an awn longer than themselves,
sometimes awnless. — Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 111.

San Francisco (Bolander) ; Walnut Creek (Brewer) ; San Diego, Thiirhcr. As with the pre-
ceding, varieties of this have been described as species ; a short-awned form is L. arvciise, With.,
and an awnless one is L. linicola, Sonder. A specimen from Punta Arenas has branches in place
of .several of the lower spikelets. The seeds of tliis grass have long had a reputation for poisonous
qualities, but experiments recorded a few years ago in the "Gardener's Chronicle" of London
would show that they are innocuous, or at least not poisonous to all persons.

59. TRITICUM, Linn. Wheat.
Inflorescenco in a simple continuous or more or loss notclnMl spike. Sijikolots
3 - several-flowered, placed singly flatwise to the rhachis, i. e. with the edges of the
florets against it. Glumes nearly equal, shorter than the florets, opposite, several-
nerved. Lower palet much like the glumes, rounded on the back, 3-7-nerved,
tapering to a point or awned. Upper palet flattened, bristly-ciliate on the nerves.
Stamens 3. Scales ovate, entire, ciliate. Ovary ovate, hairy at top : stigmas sessile,
distant. Grain grooved, hairy at apex, adherent to the palet.

A genus of probably 20 species, some of which are found in all temperate climates. The gi-aiu-
producing Triticums are annuals with turgid ovate-olilong bont-sbaped glumes, and are by some
supposed to be derived from yEgi/nps. Botanists wiio liold this view place tlie perennial species
in Agrojjyrum, Beauv.

* Plant mult'qyli/ing hy long jointed rrerp'nirj roofstoclcs: awn, when j^resent,
not longer than the palet.
I. T. repens, Linn. Culms 1 to 3 feet high : leaves flat or convolute and with
the sheaths very variable, from smooth to scabrous or i)ul)cscent : spikelets 4-8-
flowered, in an erect mostly rigid spike: glumes 5 - T-nervcd, obtuse or notcJied,
with a rigid short point or awn of variable length : lower palet similar, but nerved

324 GHAM1NEJ<:. Triticum.

only above, Avitli an awii nearly its own leiif^lli or awnless. — Agropyrum rejiens,
Beauv. ; Keiclienb. Icon. Fl. (Jenn, t. 120.

San Fram:iseo niul elsewhere (Ilohuulcr) ; Oregon (Sjia/di,!!/) ; ^Va^>Ilin,t,'t^)n Territory {Coojicr) ;
eastwanl to New Kiiglaml. A native of Kuroiie and oilier temperate eoiiiitiies, also largely in-
trodueeJ as a weeil. Tiiis, wliieli is known to eultivators as "Coueli-" "Quaek-" and "Qiiiteh-
grass," is in its indigenons forms ealled " Blue-joint," "Hunch-grass," and " Lagoon-grass" by
western settlers and lienlsinen. It apjiears to he niueh more ahundant in the Rocky Mountain
region than farther west, and presents a great variety of puzzling I'orms, the dilliculty in deter-
mining these heing inereased by the general laek of roots to the siieeimens.

* * Ho runnbirj rootstock: j^^'-^'^ts and sometimes tin' [/Juiai-s lour/ aioicd.

2. T. caninum, Linn. Culms 1 to 3 feet lii^;li, geniculate below : k-aves Hat
or loosely couvulute, pubescent above and like tlie .shcatlis smooth below : spike
more or less uodclin;^ at least not strict ; s[)ikelets 3 - G-llowered, mostly much
longer than the joints of the rhachis : glumes 5 - 7-nerved, with long awns or merely
acuminate : florets somewhat distant ; lower palet S-nerved near the tip, with mostly
spreading awns twice their own length. — Agropifrum raninum, Keichenb. Icon. Fl.
Germ. t. 119. Triticum a-gilopuidts, Gray in Proc. riiil. Acad. 18G2, not Turcz.

Big Trees, Calaveras County (Ilillcbmnd); Carson's Pass, at 8,000 feet altitude (Brewer) ; fre-
quent in Colorado and Nevada, and eastward to New England. Like the pivceding very variable,
and in European works several nominal species are made from foinis of it. The only specimens
collected within the State referable to this species are mountain forms bv Ilillebrand and Brewer.
The latter is the same as 381 of Barry's llocky Mountain <'oii.vii,m of 18(n, referred by Dr. Cray
to 7'. ayiloiwitlis, Tincz., but later, in the account of Hall iV Harbour's [ilants, placed as a variety
of T. caniiuun, diih'ring from the type in its large and spreading usually much ciowded s|pikelets
and its long stout divergent awn. 15rewer's specimens show a teuileney to sport ; in one or two
cases the spike is branched below, and the spikelets are generally loose- liowered and siireading ;
sometimes the glumes have an occasional tooth near the tip and the lower palet is minutely
2-toothed at the beginning of the awn, varying in these resi)eets in the same spikelet.

3. T. violaceum, Ilornem. Culms slen«ler, 1 to 2 feet high, and with the short
mostly convolulely-setaceous leaves and sheaths usually smooth : spike 1 to 3 inches
long, slender, strict and rigid ; spikelets 3 -r)-ll()W(!red, usually purple-tinged : glumes
Avith five strong rough nerves, short-pointed or brielly awned, nearly as long as the
llorets : lower i)alet strongly 5-nerved and rough above, with an awn from one-half
as long to as long as itself; upper palet as long as tlie h)Wer and pectinately ciliate.
— Ander.ss. Gram. Scand. 5, t. 1, f. 6.

Silver Mountain Trail, at 8-9,000 feet altitude, Brrnrr. Occurs in the mountains of New
England and New Yoi k, and in a few other eastern localities. The color, sometimes quite marked,
is often nearly or quite lacking.

4. T, StrigOSUm, Le-ssing. Culms from 1 to 2 feet high, slender, very densely
tufted, with setaceous radical leaves half as tall, glaucous throughout ; culm leaves 3,
the uppermost 3 to 4 inches long, erect, reaching b(!yond the ba.^e of the spike, all
narrowly setaceou.sly (;onvolute, strigose-pubescent on the upper surface, below and
with the sheaths smooth or pubescent : sjiike 2 to G inches long, very slender ; spike-
lets 3-6-flowered, rather distant: glumes lanceolate, strongly 3 -5-nerved, some-
what acute, shorter than the florets, slightly .scabrous on the nerves : lower ]ialet
4 or 5 lines long, smooth below, 5-nerved near the apex and bearing a strong rough
divergent awn longer tlian itself; upper about erpial, retuse at ape.K and strongly
ciliate. — Linnaja, ix. 170; Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Itoss. iv. 339; AVatson, BoL King
Exp. 390. T. ayilopoides, Turcz. ; Gray in Proc. Acad. Pliil. 18(i3, 79. Bromus
strigosus, Pieb. Agropyrum divergens, Nees.

Sierra County (Lemiaon) ; apparently more abundant in tlie mountains nf Nevada and Colorado ;
Asia Minor, etc. Our ])lant agrees snitieieutly with the deseiiption drawn from eastern sjieei-
mens to place it here. In our plant the strigose pubescence is eondned to the upper surface of the
leaves and entirely concealed by their convolution ; the glunu-s are shorter than described for the
eastern plant, and are often inequilateral, with jierves upon only one side of the midrib. Bo-
lander collected an abnormal form, with large spikelets, very dis'tant on a llexnose rliachis, and
the glumes awned or merely pointed in the same spike.

Elymus. GRAMINE.E. 325

60. HOEDEUM, Linn. IJaiilf.y.
Inlloroscciicn a dniso spike, with three spikelets at each joint of the notclied
rhachis. Spikelets l-llowered, usually with an awl-sliaped rudiuuMit of a second
floret ; the central spikelct of the cluster perfect and sessile, the lateral ones short-
stalked and male or neuter. (Jlunies slender and awned or setiforni, all placed in
front of the spikelets, forming a kind of involucre of G bristles. Lower palet herba-
ceous, convolute about the oth(!r and lon<,'-awned. Stamens 3. Scales 2, hairy and
ciliatc. Ovary hairy at top. Stigmas subsessile, distant. Grain oblong, furrowed,
usually adherent to the palet.

A genus of iibout 10 spfcics, belonging to warm and temperate countries. Ours are biennials,
witb one introduced annual.

* Glumes setaceous from a broader base.

1. H. nodosum, Linn, lioot perennial or probably biennial; culms 6 inches
to 3 feet high, often geniculate below : leaves Hat or convolute, and with the sheaths
varying from nearly smooth to hairy : spike 1 to 3 inches long, narrow and readily
separating into joints ; the lateral neutral spikelets merely awn-pointed : glumes all
setaceous : perfect floret cylindrical, 8 lines long including the awn. — lienth. Fl.
Austral, vii. GG9. //. pratmsc, Iluds. ; Gray, ]\Lin. 638. //. secalinuvi, Trin. Icon,
i. 3. //. ptmiUum, Nutt. Gen. i. 87.

San Diego {Parri/, Cooper) ; Jlonterey {Brewer) ; Oakland {Bolnnder) ; Oregon {Howell) ;
Nevada and Utah {IFa/.ion.) ; soutlnvard to Texas and eastward to Oliio. ' Introduced on the
Atlantic coast. Very variable as to size, ])ubescence, etc., the specimens from San Diego being
short, pale and pubescent, while those Imm Oregon are slender, tall, dark green and smooth.
Watson states that in water, or in moist places, it reaches 3 feet in height.

2. H. murinum, Linn. Annual, with stems 1 to 2 feet high, smootii leaves and
inflated slieaths : spike 2 or 3 inches long, inclined, compressed, usually included
at base by the upper sheath ; spikelets, including awns, 2 inches long : glumes of
the middle spikelet lanceolate, huig-awned, and conspicuously ciliatc on the margins;
outer glumo of the lateral spikelet setaceous, the other similar to those of the cen-
tral one : lateral florets longer than the central, attenuate into a long awn, .scabrous
above, and the inner surface covered with long weak hairs : palet of perfect floret
ILittened, scabrous above, its awn about three times as long and flattened below. —
Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 117.

San Diego {Cooper) ; San Francisco, Bolnnder. Native of Europe, where it is known as
"Way-bent" and "Wall Barley." Introduced in .Africa and Australia.

* * Glumes capillar ij throurjhout, very lonfj.

3. H. jubatum, Linn. Biennial, culms 1 to 2 feet high, usually smooth through-
out, the margins of the leaves sometimes scabrous : spike 2 to 4 inches long, and
about half as broad, the very slender rhachis readily separating ; lateral florets short-
awned, placed somewhat ])eliind the perfect one, whose awn is longer than those of
the glumes (about 2 inches long), spreading ; spike very pale green or .straw-color,
shining, sometimes purplish : perfect floret 3 lines long, barely scabrous above.

Rhett's Lake {Newberry), and a common grass in the northern part of the State, and
throughout most of the United States and northward. This is the "Squirrel Tail-grass " of the
Eastern States, and would be prized as an ornamentil gr.nss did not its spike break up so readily.

61. ELYMUS, Linn. Lymk.-Grass.
Inflorescence in a more or less dense spik(\ with 2 to 4 spikelets at each joint of
the rhachis. Spikelets 1 - 7-flowered, all alike and fertile, and placed sidewise to
the rhachis. Glumes mostly conspicuous, nearly equal, placed side by side, 2 in

326 GRAMINE.E. Ehjmus.

front of each spikelet, together forming an invohicre to the chister. Lower palet
mostly coriaceous, 5-nervetl, rounded on the hack, acute or awned at apex, stamens 3.
^Scales ovate, usually ciliate. Ovary hairy : stigmas sessile or nearly so, distant.
Grain adherent to the palets.

A genus of pfiemiials belonj^ing to northern temperate regions, the miinber of species about 25.

* Glumes shorter t/uiii the sp'ihelet : lower jmlet cuspidate, or (in one variety)
awn-poiiited, hut not lony-aivned.

1. E. arenarius, Linn. Culms 3 to 8 feet high, glaucons : leaves strict, acumi-
nate, pungent, G lines broad, uppermost very short; sheaths auriculate at throat;
ligule very brief: spike G to 12 inches long, dense, strict, the rhachis hirsute; spike-
lets an inch long, closely imbricated, appressed, pubescent, awnless, mostly 3-How-
ered : glumes acuminate, 3-5-nerved : lower palet keeled toward the cuspidate tip,
hirsute, ciliate, the upper equalling it. — Iveichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. IIG; Torr. in
Pacif. R Rep. vi. 92.

Pitt River {Newberry) ; Oregon {Pickerhuj) ; Washington Territory, Cooper. Reported as com-
mon in the northern parts of tlie State ; not found in the Eastern States, but common in Europe
and nortliern Asia. The spikes are sometimes purplisli. Tlie seeds are used as food by the
Digger Indians, and as it springs uj) around deserted lodges is called by the inhabitants " Ran-
dieria-Grass." E. mollis, Trin. (not of R. Br.), closely resembles this, and is found far northward
and also eastward. It is distinguished by its softer and more downy spikelets, and its much
broader 5 - 7-nerved glumes.

2. E. COndensatUS, Presl. Culms from 2 to 6 feet high or more, with ample
mostly Hat leaves, smoutli except on the margins, and as well as the sheaths mostly
glaucous, auriculate at the junction with the sheath ; ligule a short rigid fringe :
spike 5 to 15 inches long, dense or interi'upted, simjde or frc(|uently made up of
fascicled short few-llowered branches; sjiikelets 3 - G-flowered : glumes subulate-
setaceous, shorter than the spikelet : floret mostly membmnous ; lower palet 5-nerved
above, nmcronatc-pointed or somewhat 3-toothed ; u]»per ])alet ecpialling the lower,
2-toothed above. — Pel IPeidv. i. 2G5 ; Poland, in Trans. Calif. Agric. Soc. 18G4 - Go,
U3 ; "Watson, P^ot. King Exp. 391.

Var. triticoides. Spike mostly simple ; spikelets smaller, 2 or 3 or sometimes
only 1 at each joint of the rhachis : florets of firmer texture and sometimes awn-
pointed or shortawned. — E. Virginicus, var. Siilnnudcvs, Hook. Fl. Por.-Am: ii. 255.
/;. triticoides, Nutt. in Herb. Phil. Acad. ; Puckl. in Proc. I'hil. Acad. 18G2, 99.

Fort Tejon (Xnnlus) ; San Juan {Brcicer) ; Monterey and San Fiaucisco (Bulandcr) ; Oregon
Boundary {Lyall) ; and frequent through Nevada to Colorado. The variety from Jlohave River
(Cooper) and Jlouo Lake (//?•('(«<;?•) northward to Oregon. This is i)erha]is the most strikingly
variable gra.ss ujion the coast, and would furnisli several s])ecies were the characters consUuit.
At one extreme its stems, acconling to Mr. Bolander, are 12 feet high, and its roots do good .ser-
vice in retaining the soil of the banks of streams. In these luxuriant forms the culm is as large
as the little finger, and the leaves, an inch or more broad, are over 2 feet long. The spike is
sometimes an inch and a half tliick, dense and continuous, with erect appressed branches 2 inches
long, or it is much lobed or sometimes interrupted, witli the branches in separate clusters, lu
most of these large forms the liorets are pale straw-color and membranaceous, tlioiigli in some
they are greenish and coriaceous, in which respect they approach the variety triticoides; indeed
no stiict line can be drawn to separate them, and the variety is pioposed for those forms that are
liable to be taken for some luige Triticum. When it violates the character of tlie genus so far
as to have but one spikelet at a joint, there is nothing to distinguish the specimens from Triticum,
though none have been noticed in which there wen; not somewhere ujion tlic spike two spikelets
to the joint. These triticoid forms sometimes branch, and Nuttall collected on Wapatoo Island a
subpaiiiculate form, with branches naked below.

* * Glumes acuminate-j)ointed or atoned : lower imlet with an awn longer than

itself.
3. E. Sibiricus, Linn. Culms 2 to 3 feet high : leaves mostly ample, often G
lines broad, and with the sheaths glabrous throughcmt or scabrous on the upper
surface: spike virgute, 2 to 8 inches long, often somewhat nodding above; spikelets

Gymnostichum. GRAMINEJll. 327

in pairs, 3 - scveral-flnwarod : f^liiincs liiicar-lanccolato, 3 - 5 iiorved, pointed or short-
awiicd : lower palet 5-iiP.rved and rougli aliovc, with an awn about unco and a half
its own length. — E. glaucns, Biickl. in Proc. Phil. Acad. 18G2, 99.

San Francisco, Ukiali, and elsewliore {Bohnuirr) ; Oicp;on {Hourll, Hall and othrrs) ; eastward
to Ivakc Superior. Presents a great variety in size of loliage and spike ; the spike generally more
or less curved and soft to the toueli, sometimes strict and rougli.

4. E. Canadensis, Linn. Culms stout, 3 to 4 feet hi-h, and witli flat rathor
rough soniotimes glaucous leaves: spike 6 to 9 inches long, nodding above, ratbiT
loose ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 3 - fj-llowereil : glumes subulate, about a line wide
at base, 3- or unequally 4-nerved, tajjering into an awn somewhat shorter than itself:
lower [)alet roughdiairy, Avith a longer awn, which is usually spreading.

Oregon {Pickering, Ifowrll), eastward to New England ; also New Mexico and 'i'exas. A
showy species, especially its glaucous lorni, var. glaucijolius, which is cultivated for ornament.

* * * Glitm.es very lonq^ usiiallij 2-partcd to the base, the divisions unequally 2-
cle.ft and long-awncd : lower j^t let lonrj-aicned and 2-toothed, or 3-awned. —
SlTANlON, (fSitanion, Paf.)

5. E. Sitanion, Schult. Culms densely tufted, from 4 inches to 2 feet high :
leaves and sheaths varying from smooth and glaucous to roughly hirsute ; leaves
mostly flat, sctaceously jiungent at ape.x, the upper one an incii or two long, its
sheath loose or often inflated and including the base of the spike, which is 1 to 6
inches long and soon breaking into joints ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 -5-flowered :
glumes sometimes entire, mostly 2-parted to the base, the divisions unequally 2-cleft
and terminating in awns 1 to 3 inches long ; lower palet 3 lines long, scabrous and
5-nerved above, its central awn equalling those of the glumes, its lateral nerves often
excurrent as short awns or mere teeth. — Koem. t^ Schult. Mant. ii. 42G ; Watson,
Bot. King Exp. 391 ; Thurber in Bot. Wilkes Kxped. 495. SItaiiion elynwides, Raf. ;
Torr. Pacif. K. Pep. iv. 1.17. jEyilops Ili/strix, Nutt. Gen. i. 8G. rolyantherijc
Ilj/strix, Nees ; Hook. «t Arn. Bot. Beechey, 404.

Connnon fioni Oregon to San Diego, eastward to Northern Minnesota, and southward to Texas
and Mexico. The spikes are usually i)ale green and shining, but sometimes they are reddish ;
indeed each locality seems to present a form dillering in stature and smoothness, in the size and
color of the spikes, or in the structure of the spikelets. When the glumes are much sub-
divided and the divisions are straight, stilf luid sniending, or wlien they are capillary and
confusingly intertwisted, the plant appears very unlike an Kli/iniis. On lh(> other hand, the
forms in which llii^ glumes aie entire present nuthing to distinguish them fnim the genus to which
Mr. Watson properly restored it. In a speciuu'U c()lle(;ted in Caiilbrnia by Mr. Fitch the glumes
are in part suiidivided yet again and the elongated and intcrrujited spike gives it a very diHerent
appearance from any others. In the plant from the Hocky Mountains and eastward the tendency
is to have more simple and even entire glumes. Several years ago a very full set of the forms was
sent to the late General Munro, concerning which that eminent agrostologist wrote : " A valuable
howing how many species, and even genera, might be made out of this one."

62. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schreb. Bottle-Brush Guass.
Inflorescence in a usually very loose spike, the spikelets 2 or 3 or solitary at each
joint of the rhachis, spreading horizontally or somewhat appressed. Spikelets
1 - 4-flowered on a very short callus-like pedicel (when solitary placed flatwise on
the rhachis). Glumes none, or represented by awn-like rudiments which are decidu-
ous. Lower palet awned at the tip, otherwise as in Ehjmus.

A genus separated from Ehimna on account of wanting the glumes. There is one species in the
older States, one in New Zealand, and California adds a thinl.

1. Gr. Californicum, P.olander. Culm stout, 4 to () feet high, with ample sca-
brous leaves, ^ to I inch wide; sheaths, at least the hnver, with short stilf spreading
hairs: spike G to 10 inches long, flexuous, interrupted below, dense above; spike-
lets mostly in pairs at the joints, 1 - 3-llowcred, on very brief callus-like pedicels.

Q9Q GRAMINEJi. GymnosticlMin.

no trace of glume being present, appressed, at least when young : lower palet 6
lines long, broadly lanceolate, 5-nerved above, the nerves, especially the marginal
ones, ciliate-hispid with short still" rather ilistant Avhito hairs ; awn stout, rough,
straight and one-half longer than the palet ; upi)er palet equalling the lower, ciliate
above. — Catalogue, 'X), without description.

Red Woods, near Sau Francisco (Bolandcr) ; Saucelito, Kellogg k Harford, n. 1107. Bolander's
specimens are very youn^', hcing just in ilower. In this state llicy liavc iiiecis(dy tlio nsixct of
an Elijnms, icseniliiinj,' givaliy some of the tall forms of E. amdcusulus, and entirely witliout the
" bottle-brush " appearance so striking and characteristic in the eastern G. Hijdrix. The absence
of glumes is niucli more complete than in that species, which ollen has rudimentary ones. In
this the scales to the ovary are very large and beautifully fringed.

Series IL CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Plants never bearing true Aowers, that is, having no stamens nor pistils, and pro-
ducing instead of seeds minute homogeneous bodies, called spores, in which there is
nothing of tlie nature of an embryo.

Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS or ACROGENS.

Cryptogamous phmts with a distinct axis or stem, growing from tho apex, and
with usually no subsequent increase in diameter, and furnished for the most part
with distinct leaves ; reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia, sometimes
also by gemmation.

Subclass I. VASCULAR ACROGENS. (By Prof. Daniel C. Eaton.)

Stems containing both woody and vascular tissue. Antheridia or archegonia, or
both, formed on a prothallus which is developed from the spore on germination,
and upon which the conspicuous but non-sexual plant is produced.

Division I. ISOSPOEOUS VASCULAR ACKOGENS.

Plant producing but one kind of spore ; antheridia and archegonia both produced
on a prothallus.

Order CXX. EQUISETACEJS.

Eush-like, often branching plants, with jointed and almost always hollow stems
rising from subterranean rootstocks, the sterile leaves represented by a toothed
sheath at the joints, and the fertile ones forming a short spike at the end of the
stem or branches.

There is but one genus.

1. EQUISETUM, Linn. Horse-Taiu ScooRiKo-Rirsii.

Perennial plants with extensively creeping rootstocks. Stems simple or branched,
furrowed longitudinally and many-jointed, provided with a central cavity, as well
as with cavities opposite the furrows and an intermediate series of minute hollows
opposite the ridges. The joints have closed ends, and are crowned with a toothed

330 EQUISETACE.E. Equisetum.

sheath, eacli tooth representing a leaf. The leaves of the fruiting cone or spike (in

several close horizontally divergent whorls) are peltate, T) - 7-angled, and bear several

hood-liko s))orangia on the inner sido. Spores round, furnished with two slender

tilaments attached by the middle and clavate at the free ends, coiling and uncoiling

hygroscopically. Protliallus above-ground, green, often variously lobed, usually

dioecious.

A genus of about 25 species, some with unbinnclied steins, others with many branches and
bianchlets, which aie verticillately arranged just bidow tlie sheathi of the joints. The riiiges of
the stem are caUed airincv, tlie furrows vtdlccuhc, and the hollows beneath them are accordingly
carinal or vallecular. The surface of the stem bears minute siliceous appendages in the form of
granules, tubercles, rosettes, etc. The furrows are provided with sfoniata which have inner
guard-cells of soft tissue, and outer siliceous cells marked with radiating lines. — For a full
account of the structure see Sach's Text-Book and Jlilde's elaborate lilonographia Equisetonim in
Nov. Act Acad. Ca'S. Leop. xxxii, part ii, 1865.

* Stems of tico hinds; the sterile with many slender spreadlnrj vertkUUde
branches ; tlie fertile usuallij unhranched, ^mle, appearing in early sjyring and
soon \olthering.

1. E. arvense, Linn. Sterile stems rather slender, green and herljaceous, 1 to
2 feet high, G - I'Jfui lowed ; branches verticillate, very numerous, mostly simple,
four-sided, minutely roiighcned, the lowest joint commonly longer than the slutath
of the stem ; fertile stems rarely a foot high, light-brown, the loose scarious sheaths
mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown acuminate teeth: spike rarely
over an .inch long. — Al. Jhaun, Am. Journ. Sci. xlvi. 83; Mildo, Monogr. 218,
t. 1 - 3. E. boreale, Bongard, Veg. Sitch. i 74, fide Milde.

Sierra Nevada ; head of King's Kiver, 7,000 feet elevation (Bracer) ; Clark's Ranch (Torrry) ;
Plumas County, ^frs. It. M. Austin. Common eastward to the Atlantic, and northward to
Alaska and Greenland ; also in Europe and northern Asia. There are many variations from the
type : sometimes the branches are again regularly branched, and sometimes a fi iiiting stem will
remain through tiie summer and develop copious branches like those of the sterile stems.

2. E. Telmateia, Ehrh. Stems stout, often thick as one's finger; the sterile
ones ivory-white or greenish, 2 to G feet high, 20- 40-furrowed, the ridges smooth ;
branches verticillate, very numerous, erect-spreading, simi)le, 4-5-sided, the ridges
rough and deeply sulcate, the lowest joint shorter than the sheath of the stem ; fertile
stems also white, many-furrowed, the loose brownish sheaths very long, ofteji longer
than the internodes : spike 1 to 3 inches long. — IMilde, 1. c. 240, t. 4 - G. E. jluvi-
atile, Smith. E. eburneam, Schreb. ; Al. Braun, 1. c. 84.

Near San Fi-ancisco {Hartweg, n. 2038) ; San Luis Obispo (Bracer) ; Santa Barbara (Wood) ;
" Redwoods and mountains near Oakland," Bi<ichnc. Oregon and British Columbia, EuroiMj,
western Asia, northern Africa, Madeira, etc. Attributed to the shores of the Great American
Lakes in various text-books, but probably only through an erroneous label, as pointed out by Dr.
Torrey in the Botany of the Mexican Boundary. The verticillately branched stems sometimes
produce a fully-develoi)ed terminal spike of fructification, constituting the var. scrotinum of Al.
Braun.

* * Stems all alike, everc/reeii, iinbrannhed, or producing a feio slender cylindri-
cal erect branches: fruit produced in summer. Central cavity of the stems
very large.

3. E. robustum, Al. Braun. Stems tall and stout (sometimes as much as 11
feet high and nearly an inch thick), 20-48-furrowed ; ridges roughened with a
single series of transversely oblong siliceous tubercles : sheaths short, cylindrical,
appressed, marked with black girdles at the base, and at the base of the caducous
teeth; ridges of the sheaths tricarinate. — Am. Journ. Sci. xlvi. 88; Mihhf,
I c. 532, t. 31.

Not rare, espec ially in the southern half of the State, the whole range of the species extending
from British America to Ohio, Louisiana and Mexico, and i)erhaps to New Jersey. Also said to

Botrychium. OPHIOGLOSSACE^. 332

havo 1icen colloctnl in Asia. Piorossnr Browcr notes tliat tlic stems often throw ont small
blanches from the joints the second year.

4. E. hiemale, Linn. Stems 1 to 4 feet higli, green, rougli, 8- 34 -furrowed ;
ridges with two indistinct lines of tubercles : sheaths rather long, cylindrical, ap-
pressed, marked with one or two black girdles ; the ridges of the sheaths obscurely
4-carinate ; teeth membranaceous, fuscous, soon deciduous. — Al. Braun, 1. c. 89 ;
Milde, 1. c. 511, t. 29, 30.

Attrihuteil to San Francisco in Milde's monograpli. Common in Britisli America and the
Atlantic States, and widely distributed in many varieties throufjhont Kurojie and Asia. Not
easily distinguished from small forms of the last. Under the microscope tiie section of the stem
shows rounder vallecular hollows, and some other slight differences.

5. E. laevigatum, Al. Braun, 1, c. 87. Stems 1 to 5 feet high, seldom thicker
than a goose-quill, pale-green, 14- 30-furroAved ; the ridges almost smooth : sheaths
long, sensibly enlarged upwards, marked witli a black girdle at the base of the
mostly deciduous fuscous white-margined teeth, and rarely at the base of the sheath
also; ridges of the sheath with a single central carina, and sometimes with faint and
short lateral ones. — Milde, 1. c. 54G, t. 32.

Silver Mountain, by streams, at about 6,400 feet elevation (Bracer), and collected somewhere in
California by Conifer ; Oregon to Ohio and Louisiana. Readily known by the pale smooth stems
and anipliatcd sheaths. It bears slender branches more frequently than other species of the group.

Order CXXI. OPHIOGLOSSACEiE.

Leafy plants ; the leaves (fronds) simple or branched, often ferndike, erect in

vernation, developed from underground buds formed from one to three' years in

advance either Avithin the base of the stalk of the old frond or by the side of it,

bearing in special spikes or panicles subcoriaceous exannulate bivalvular sporangia

formed from the main tissue of the fruiting segments of the frond. Prothallus

under-ground, destitute of chlorophyll, monoecious.

An order consisting of three genera, the two here described and iTcJminfkostachj/s of the East
Indies, and including about twenty species in all. Ophioghamcrce are now separated from Filices
because of differences in the prothalline condition, and because the sporangia are formed from the
main tissue of the frond, and not fmm tlie surface hairs, or trichomes, as in true ferns. The
erect vernation also distinguishes them. Their true position is yet undecided.

1. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Grape-Fern. Moonwort.

Fronds with a posterior pinuatifid or compound sterile segment and an anterior
panicled fertile segment, the separate sporangia in a double row on the branches
of the panicle. Bud enclosed in the base of tlie stalk. Veins free.

Ten species are now recognized, of which seven are found in North America.

1. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Plant smooth, fleshy, not over 6 inches high:
sterile segment petioled, usually set near the base of the plant, varying from simple
and roundish-obovate in small plants to triangular-ovate and deeply lobed, or even
fully ternate with incised divisions in the most developed forms ; lobes broadly
obovate-cuneate or slightly lunate, the outer margin obscurely crenulatc, sometimes
incised; veins flabellately forking; fertile segment once or twice pinnate. — Am.
Journ. Sci. vi. 103, t. 8 ; Davenport, Notes on B. simplex, with plate; Eaton, Ferns
of N. Amer. i. 121, t. 17 ; Williamson, Fern Etchings, t. GO, A.

Var. compositum, Milde. A low alpine form with tlie sterile segment an inch
long or less, ternate, or composed of three ovate incised segments.

Foot of Lyell Glacier, at 10,200 feet altitude {John Afm'r), and in other elevated places in the
Sierra Nevada (J/('.m Pel/on and Dr. Graij) ; also in Yellowstone Park. Tlie species extends
eastward to the Atlantic, and is known from northern Europe.

332 OPHIOCxLOSSACE.E. Botnjchium.

2. B. ternatum, Swartz. Plant fleshy, sometimes sparsely hairy, usually 4 to
1 2 inches high : sterile segment long stalked from near the hase of the plant, broadly
deltoid, ternate, variously decompound ; divisions mostly petioled, the ultimate ones
usually sessile, roundish reniform to obliquely ovate or ovate lanceolate, crenulate or
toothed or incised ; fertile segment twice to four times pinnate, mostly taller than
the sterile: bud pilose. — Eaton, 1. c. 147, t. 20, 20^

Var. australe, Katun, 1. c, is the typical form, Avith usually ample fronds ; the
sterile segment decompound, tertiary or quaternary divisions ovate-oblong, subacute,
pinnatifid ; ultimate segments broadly ovate or roundish-rhomboid, the margin
crenulate or denticulate. — Ji. australe, J\. Brown, Prodr. 1G4. Ji. silaifolium, Presl,
Pel. Hienk. i. 7G.

Mountain pastures, Plumas Count v {Mrs. Ames and il/rs. Austin), and elsewhere in the Siena
Nevada, Miss Pcllon, etc. In Oregon", and widely extended through alniost all parts of the world.
The California specimens are among the largest and finest ever seen.

W. ViRGiNiANUM, Swartz (Williamson, I.e., t. 64), with tlie sterile segment highly decom-
pound, delicate in texture, and sessile high up on the common stalk, is common in the Atlantic
States, and has been collected in Oregon and Washington Territory. It is therefore to be sought
in the northern counties of California.

2. OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linn. Audkh's-Toxcjue.
Fronds with a posterior simjile or forked or palmated sterile segment, having re-
ticttlated veins, and one or more anterior or lateral simple spikes of fructification ;
the connate sporangia in a row along each side of the spike. Fronds from buds at
the base of the stalk, but exterior to it.

A genus of about a dozen species, two tropical ones with dichotomous or palmated sterile seg-
ments, and the remainder with simple sterile segments, variable in form and venation, and their
distinctions not yet sufficiently understood.

1. O. vulgatum, Linn. Eootstock slender, erect : fronds mostly solitary, 2 to
12 inches high ; sterile segment fleshy, sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or
elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long ; midrib indistinct or none, the veins forming large
areoles enclosing smaller ones and a few free veinlets : fertile s})ike an inch long or
more, mucronate, commonly long-stalked and overto{»ping the sterile segment. —
Gray, Manual, 672, t. 19 ; Williamson, Fern Etchings, t. 65, A.

In pastures and meadows, and on gi'assy hillsides ; Arizona and Unalaska, probably in Cali-
fornia and Oregon, but not yet reported. It is found in most i)arts of the world.

Order CXXII. FILICES.

Leafy plants ; the leaves (fromh) often much branched, circinato in vernation,
rising from a rootstock, and bearing on the under surface or on the margins reticu-
lated sporangia, which are homologous with leaf-hairs. Prothallns above ground,
green, monoecious. — The sporangia are usually collected in little masses called
fruit-dots or son', and are often covered by a little scale (indusiit7)i), which is [iro-
duced from the cuticle of the frond, or by a general involucre formed from the re-
curved margin of the frond.

A large order, coiitaining about 80 genera and near 3,000 species, the greater jiart of which are
found in tropical or subtropical regions. JIany .species are cultivated for ornament, a few are re-
puted to have medicinal <|ualities, and a very few have bet;n used as food. Ferns are divided into
six suborders, chicHy distinguished y)y differences in the jointed ring of the sporangia, whicii is
nearly obsolete in d.imniiilarece, horizont;d and apical in Scliizmicciv, transverse and medial in
(rlcicheninccm, whei-e also the sporangia are definite in number, tmnsverse in the filmy-fronded
Ilymr.nophyUncccc, and oblique but complete in the arboreous Cijatlieacea.:. Marntliacm: are now
considered a .separate order. The remaining suborder, the only one rojuescnted in California, is
the following.

FILICES.

333

SuKouDKu r. POLYrODIACE/K

Sporangia globular, or slightly llaltcned laterally, collected in patches, lines or
(lots of various shapes, stalked, and provided with a vertical incomplete many-
jointed ring, which straightens at maturity and discharges the very minute
spores.

Tribe I. POLYPODIE/E. Sori lonn.l or ol.lons, placed on the veins or at the ends of the
veuis, destitute ol nidusuun Stalk articulated to a sljrrhtiy prominent knob of tlie usually
elongated creepnig rootstock. Veins free or variously reticulated.

1. Polypodium. (Character of the tribe, of which it is the only genus. )

Titiiu.: II. GRAMMlTipE/E. Soii more or less elongated, without indusium, placed on the
back of the frond or its divisions, and usually following th.; veins, or only at the tii)s of the
latter and near the margin of the frond. Fionils often scaly or tonientose, or covered be-
ni'atli witli colored powder.

2. Gymnogramme. Sori much elongated, following the veins, and like them often branched

or ivticulatcd.

3. Notholcena. Sori but little elongate.l, often of very few sporangia, placed below the tips of

the veins near the margin of the lobes of the frond.

TliinE III PTElUDlvE. Sori close to th argin of the frond or its divisions, sometimes

extending down the veins, covered, at least when young, by an invohure opening inward
and either consisting of the margin or produced from it.

4. Cheilanthes. Sori minute, at the ends of the unconnected veins, covered by a usually inter-

rui.ted involucre. — Small ferns, often woollv, chally or pulverul.Mit
r>. Pellaea. Sori near the ends of tlie veins, often cmfhu-nt. luvolu.Me membranaceous, contin-
uous round the innnules. Sterile and fertile fronds much alike and smooth ; the stalk
dark-colored.
G. Cryptogramme. Sori extending down the free veins. Involucre very broad at leno-th (lat-
tcne.l out and exposing the now confluent .sori. Sterile and fertile fron.ls unlike, smooth ■
the stalk light-colored. '

7. Pteris. Sporangia home on a continuous vein-like marginal receptacle, which connects the

ends ol the veins. Involucre continuous round the pinnules. Stalk light-colored

8. Adiantum S|)()raiigia borne at the ends of the veins, on the underside of the reflexed mar-

gin ol the trond. Midvein of the lunnules mostly eccentric or dissipated into forking
veinlcts. Stalk dark-colored. ^

Tridr ly. BLECIINE/E. Sori more or less elongated, borne on a fruiting veinlet or a
special rccepta(de parallel to tlie midrib, either near it or remote from it, aixfiirovided with
ft special usually concave or arched indusium attached to the receptacle outside the .sorus
and opening along the inner edge.

9. Lomaria. Sori continuous from tin' base of the iiiiina to its apex, the icccpfacle iirarer the

margin than the midvein. Fronds in our species once pinnate, the fertile ones with
contracted j)iiina3.

10. Woodwardia. Sori interrnpted, forming a chain-like row eadi side of the midvein.

Fronds in our species ample, compound ; the veins reticulated.

TuiBK V. ASPLENIE/E. Sori more or less elongated, borne on veins obljcpie to the mid-
vein, covered by a special usually flattened indusium attached to the fertile veinlet bv one
edge and free on the other.

11. Asplenium. Sori on the upper siih- of the fertile veinlet, less commonly on both sides of it.

Veins free in our species.

TniHE VI. ASPIDIE/E. Sori round or roundish, on the back or .sometimes at the tip of the
fertile veinlcts, naked or provided with a special indusium. Stalk not articulated to the
rootstock, the tropical genus Olcandra excepted.

12. Phegopteria. Sori dot-like, minute, borne on the l)ack of the fruiting veinlets ; indusium

none.

13. Aspidium. Sori round, borne on the hack or at the apex of the veinlcts ; indusium orbicu-

lar or else round-reniform. Jlostly large ferns.

14. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, delicate, fixed acro.ss the back of the veinlet by a broad

base, usually turned back by the ripening .sporangia. Delicate ferns w'ith small
fronds.

15. Woodsia. Indusium ])lared benenth the sorus, and partly or wholly enclosing it, divided

into irregular lobes or into a delicate fringe. Fronds small.

oo 1 FILICES. ruhjpoJiiiiit.

1. POLYPODIUM, Linn. roLYioDV.
Sori round or oval, very rarely elongated, placed on the back of the frond at the
ends of tho veins, rarely on the hack of the veins, but in many (foreign) species at
the point where several veins unite, entirely destitute of indusiuni. Stalks articu-
lated to a sliglitly prominent knob of the chaffy rootstock, which is usually creeping
and elongated. Veins free or reticulated in several dilfereut ways. Fronds smooth
and simply pinnatilid in the Californian species.

A genus of about 350 species, of wliioh the greater part inhabit tropical regions. The fronds
vary fiora simple to ijuadii-pinnatilid, and are sometimes hairy or scaly, or densely atellute-
pubesoent.

§ 1. Veins uniformhj free. — Eupolypodium.

1. P. vulgare, Linn. Plant 4 to 12 inches high; stalks slender: frond sub-
coriaceous, evergreen, ovate-oblong to oblong-linear, acuminate, pinnatifid almost to
the midrib ; segments numerous, linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, creuulate or serrate ;
veins usually with 3 or 4 veinlets, the lowest ones on the upper side of the vein
bearing at their thickened ends the subglubose sori midway between the midrib and
the margin of the segments. — Gray, Manual, 058, t. 15; AVilliamson, Fern Etch-
ings, t. 1 ; E;iton, Ferns of X. Amer. i. 237, t. 31, lig. 1 - 3.

Near San Francisco and Bcnicia, and northward, often growing on trees ; in the llocky ifoun-
tains and eastward to the Atlantic ; also in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa. Tlie plant of the
Pacific Coast has long-pointc.l segments, serrated towards the apex, and is var. occidcntale of
Hooker. Dut similar forms occur in Europe and even in tlie Atlantic States.

2. P. falcatum, Kellogg. Stalks slender: frond thin-membranaceous, 9 to 15
inches long, 4 to G broad, broadly lanceolate in outline, pinnatihd to the midrib ;
segments numerous, tapering from a dilated base to a very long and attenuate point,
often somewhat falcate, sharply serrate, the lower ones a little shorter than those in
the middle, and separated by nuich broader sinuses ; veins mostly with four veinlets :
sori medium-sized, nearer the midvein than the margin. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 20 ;
Eaton, Fenis of N. Amer. i. 201, t. 2G. P. (Jlyci/rrhiza, lldon, Am. Journ. Sci.
2 ser. xxii. 138.

On the mossy walls of a mountain cafton, 3,000 feet elevation, Trinity County, Prof. G. R.
Kleeberger, Oct. 1879. On trees and sometimes on rocks, not rare in Oregon and in Wubiiington
Territory. Tliinner in texture than P. vuJgarc, to which it is referred by IJaker. A careful com-
parison of living plants is needed before a .satisfactory couclu.sion can be reached.

§ 2. Veinlets more or less frequently anastomosinfj hy the junction of the second
suj^erior veinlet of one yroup tvith the Jirst inferior veinlet of the next
superior yroKjK — (Jo.NioPULKiiiUM.

3. P. Calif ornicum, Kaulfuss. Stalks moderately slender : fronds from a few
inches to a foot long, papery-herbaceous or, if grown near the sea, subcoriaceous,
ovate or ovate-oblong, pinnatifid almost to the midrib ; segments numerous, oblong-
linear, acute or obtuse, the lower ones mostly opposite, narrowed at tlie lower side
of the base, and separated by rounded sinu.ses, the upper ones often opposite, dilated
at the base, especially on the upper side, and separated by narrow sinuses ; margins
obscurely or jtlainly serrate, rarely even incised ; veins with four to si.\ veinlets, and
often forming a single series of ol)lique areolations which extend nearly to the mar-
gin : sori somewhat oval, rather remote from the margin. — Enum. Fil. 102;
Eaton, 1. c. 243, t. 31, fig. 4, 5. P. intermedium, Hook. & Am. Bot. Ueechey, 405.

California ; mostly near the coast, from San Diego and Guadalupe Island northward. Plants
grown very near the sea have thicker fronds and veinlets more regularly ana.stomosing than those
which are remote from the influence of the salt water, and correspond more closely with the
character given by Kaulfuss, while the inland foini is that described by Hooker it Arnott as
P. iittcnnidiiiiti.

NolhoUcna. FILICES. nor

4. P. Scouleri, Hook. A- (Ircv. iJootstock lic.ivinr and stalk stouter than in
the other species : IVoiid coriaceous, fleshy, a few inches to a foot Ion-,', Ijroadly ovate
in outHnc, pinnatilid to the midrib; se^^nieiits linear-ohlong, ohtuse, uhscu rely ser-
rulate, cartilaj^dnous-niargined, tlie terminal one distinct and often largest of all ;
veinlets regularly anastomosing, and forming a single series of largo areoles with a
few external free veinlets : sori very large, one within each areole on the upper seg-
ments of the frond, sometimes also on the tips of the other segments. — Ic. Fil. t. 56 ;
Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. i. 193, t. 20. J'. pac/if/phi/Uiim, Eaton, Am. Journ.'Sci.'
2 ser. xxii. 138. P. carhosum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 88, fig. 24.

On trees and stumps, more rarely on rocks or on tlie grouml, near Crescent City and Mount
Sliasta (Ilrriccr) ; Marin County {Miss I'cJfon), and Guadalupe Island (I'ofmcr) ; Oregon and
northward to British Columbia. Tliis very fine Polypody was first described from specimens only
a few niches high, but it is now know n to be the largest of our Pacific Coast species.

2. GYMNOGRAMME, Desv.

Sori oblong or linear, following the course of the veinlets and, like them, either

simple, forked, pinnated or variously anastomosing, without indusium.

A large and not very natural genus, the species with fronds mostly rather small and of very
diverse shapes, many with one or both surfaces hairy, tomentose, or covered with white or yellow
waxy powder. Only two species are known to occur in the United States.

1 n.. triangularis, Kanlfuss. (California Gold-Fern.) Stalks densely tufted,
slender, blackisli-brown, i)olished, a few inches to a foot long: fronds deltoid or
jientagonal, 2 to 5 inches long and nearly as broad, pinnate ; the lower pair of pinnae
much the largest, triangular, liroadest on the lower side, bipinnatifid ; the rest oblong
or lanceolate, more or less pinnately lobed or incised; segments rounded-obtuse^
crenated ; lower surface coated with a yellow or white waxy powder, upper surface
smooth or minutely granular : lines of fruit forking, bursting through the colored
powder, and at length nearly obscuring it. — Enum. Fil. 03 ; Hooker, Fil. Exot. t. 10.

Var. viscosa, Eaton. F'rond ovate-pyramidal; pinnse rather distant ; upper sur-
face visciil, as if varnished ; powder of the lower surface creamy white. — F'erns of
N. Amer. i. 10, t. 48, fig. 5.

Common on rocky hillsides throughout California, extending northward, it is said, to Vancou-
ver l.slaud, and reaiii)earing in Ecuador. The variety is found in the southern part of the State,
though s])ecimcns didering from the common plant only in the white powder occur si)ariiifly as
far north ns iiutte County. ^

3. NOTHOLiENA, It. P.iown.
Sori on the veins at or near their extremities, roundish or oblong, soon more or
less confluent into a narrow marginal band, with no proper involucre, but sometimes
covered at first by the reflexed margin of the frond. Veins always free. Fronds of
small size, 1 to 4 times pinnate, the lower surface almost always either hairy, tomen-
tose, chaffy or covered with waxy powder.

^ A genus of less than forty species, most abundant in dry, rockv places from New Mexico to
Chili, but a few are found in the Mediterranean region, in South Africa, Australia, etc., and one
occurs as far north as Kansas and Missouri. Mettenius referred many of them to Gijmnagramiiu
and the rest to Chcilanthrs, with both of which genera this has very close allinities.
* Fronds woolly or tomentose, espec'ialhj on the lower surface.

1. N. Newberryi, Eaton. IJootstock cree})ing, covered with very narrow
dark-brown subulate; scales: stalks clustered, 3 to G inches long, slender, blackish-
brown, at first woolly : fronds as long as the stalks, lanceolate-oblong, covered, most
densely y)eneath, with a wel) of very fine entangled whitish hairs, 3 to 4 times ])in-
iiato ; pinnai triangular-ovate, the lowest ones rather distant, but .scarcely smaller ;
ultimate segments crowded, roundish-obovsite, one third to one half a line wide, en-

336 FILICES. Kuthulanu.

tire or slightly cvenate : sporangia rather large, blackish, at length emergent from
the tomentiim. — Torr. liot. LuUetin, iv. 12, and Ferns of N. Amer. i. 301, t. 39,
fig. 11 -U.

In dry rocky places in the southern part of the State, and on Guadalupe Island. First col-
lected in San Dicj^o County by Pro/. A'cicbcrrij. The touicntuui is exceedingly fine; tiiou<;h at
first nearly pure white, it gradually becomes more or less lerrugiuous, while the covering of the
stalks wears olf, leaving them smooth and faintly shining.

2. N. Parryi, E;iton. Kootstock short, inclined, laden with narrow rather rigid
scales, which are fulvous and often have a blackish luidnorve : stalks 2 to 5 inches
high, dark-brown or blackish, minutely striated, pubescent with spreading jointed
whitish hairs : fronds as long as tlie stalks, oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate ; lower
pinnie distant ; ultimate segments crowded, rountlish-ovate, about one line long,
crenately incised, densely covered above with entangled white hairs, and beneath
with a still heavier pale-brown tomentum : sporangia blackish, when ripe projecting
beyond the margin of the segments. — Amer. jS'aturalist, ix. 351, and Ferns of N.
Amer. ii. 209, t. 74.

Crevices of dry rocks, Marengo Pass, San Bernardino County {Dr. Purr;/), and on the eastern
slope of San Jacinto iMountain, Mr. iV.a. Sluat. Originally found near St. (Jeorge, Utah, and
since seen also in the mountains of Arizona. It is a smaller IVrn than the last, and bas larger
nltimate segments ami much coarser tomentum. It more resembles UhcUanlhcs laniujiuosa,-
Nutt., but has no involucre, and the pubescence is coarser and more entangled.

* * Frond beneath wuxij-pidveraceoua. — {Clncinalls, l^csv.)

3. N. Candida, Hooker. Kootstock cree[)ing, the scales narrow, rigid and
nearly black : stalks tufted, 3 to 6 inches long, wiry, black and shining : fronds
shorter than the stalks, deltoid-ovate, pinnate ; \n\n\x, lanceolate from a broad base,
deeply pinnatilid, the lowest pair having the inferior basal segments much elongated
and again pinnatihd, the other pairs gradually decreasing to the apex of the frond ;
segments oblong, slightly curved, obtuse, minutely glandular above, beneath covered
with wliite or yellow waxy powder, except on the blackish midribs ; margins slightly
revolute, but not covering the intramarginal line of dark-brown si)orangia. — Sp.
Fil. ii. IIG, anil v. 110 ; Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 21, t. 49, fig. 1-3. N. pnl-
veracea, Kunze, in Liniuxia, xiii. 135. ^\ salphurea, J. Smith, JJot. Yuy. Ibnald,
233 ; Hooker & Baker, Syn. Fil. 373.

In crevices of sunny rocks; Spring Valley, San Diego County {Miss A. L. Durhrck), and in
several other places in the same county, Cleveland, Parrij, Wni. Stout. The Calirornia .sprcimens
arc all rather small, and the color of the waxy powder is i>ale yellow. Larger fronds, with white
liowder, have been gathered in Western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, and the range extends
southward to Chili, the powder being of all shades from silvery white to orange-yellow.

4. CHEILANTHES, Swaitz. Lir-Fiiix.
Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and round-
ish distinct or somewhat confluent marginal sori, covered by a whitish and mem-
branaceous, or sometimes unchanged and herbaceous, common involucre, formed of
the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole segment. — Small ferns, with
2 to 4 times pinnate fronds, the under surface either smooth or variously covered
with hair, wool, scales or waxy powder.

A genus of over sixty .species, of which about eighteen are found in the United States. It dif-
fers from NuiholcKiia only in the presence of a marginal iiivoluciv, which is sometimes so continu-
ous as to render the separation of the species from Pcl/ccu vt-iy dilhcult.

§ 1. Involucres separate, one to each fertile velnlet. — Ani.\.NToreis, Hooker &
JJaker. (Adiaulupsis, Fee.)
1. C. Californica, "Mettenius. Stalks densely tufted, dark-biown, glossy, 4 to 8
inches louy : fronds 2 to 4 inches long, smooth and green on botli surfaces, broadly

Chcilaatkts. FILIUES.

.U-Itoul-ovate, dcl.ai ely quadnpinnatifid ; the upper portion of the n.ain rl.acl.is and

... ngularovate more developed on tl.o lower side; upper pinnae gradually ma Uer
u.d suapler; ultnuate pinnules lanceolate, very acuti, i. cised or sern ^ Xn
i.'n.t.ng w.th mostly se,.arate crescent-shaped membranaceous invoh c fn t e
m.ses between the teeth, which are often\at length recurved. -ctlutes 44 •

veines but scarcely/ contmuous all round the syjment semiients not
bead-like. — Euciieilantiies, Hooker & Uaker. ^f^J>nent, not

or ?■] ^L- T'^^'f ^; ^'^venport. Stalks tufted, 3 to 5 inches high, wiry, dark-brown
or blackish and shining, chalfy at the base with narrow bright- ernu.i nous crisne

cales : fronds herbaceous, minutely glandular and everywhere visci<l,^ to sTX
long narrowly oblong in outliue, pinnate with 4 to 8 rather distant ,air of n a ly

ess.le deltoid bipinnatdid pinnae 5 to 8 lines long and nearly as broad • 4"n ent^
toothed, the minute herbaceous teeth recurved and each covering from i o°3 spo

ia."i;£;;.gS. it '' ""' """ """"■' '"""^"""' '''' •'''•^--- hiXr^ab:'!

l..ig.l.., ha.y like he Irond with entangle.l or straightish nearly white articulated

nat? fl rr^Ul':': r''r''V '■ ""'-^ V;^ ' ^"^'"-^ '"■- ^^-'^^^ «^ ovatVlanceoIate, bl !i^ !

...te, the lather distant pun.e oblung-ovate ; pinnules roundish-ovate, crenate or

lately incised, the ends of the lobules redexed and forming herbaceous invo-

' loH,'?i'''';f ''. r"' ^t^yr'""''' ^^"^'^'"'"-^ '^^'t -' maturity. -Torr. Bot.
l.ulletin, VI. 33, and lerns ot N. Amer. i. 7, t. 2, lig. I.

Clefts of rocks in canons nnd on tin; si,l,-s of nioi.nluins ; ne.ir Santa Hailvua ( m-o Fhmnrt

itv^dSrs!:::e^;r;;j:;2;:oi-;i::';i;;!t!''^ ^"^^-^-S

§ 3. ^/7^-w«^e sefjmetifs minute, bead-like ; involucre umalh, continuous all round
the m.ar;/ui: fronds 2-A-pinnafe, the lower surface tomentose or seal,,,
the covering at first udiite, often becoming taunn/ us the fronds mature —
PilYSAPTERis, Presl. {i\fyriopteris, Fee.)

* Ultimate segments tomentose beneath, but not scali/.
4. C. graciUima, Eaton. Jtootstocks creeping and assurgent, forming a dense
entangled mass, chalfy with narrow rigi.l dark-brown appressed scales: stalks slen-
der dark-brown : fronds 1 to 4 inches long, linear-oblong, bipinnate or sometimes
partly tnpinnato ; primary and s(>condaiy rhachises bearing delicatt^ narrow bri-d.t-
brown scales, as do the stalks when young ; pinn;e many pairs, crowded 3 to G
lines long; ultimate i)inmiles crowded, oblong-oval, ^ to 1 line long, at first webby
above, soon smooth, beneath heavily covered with ferruginous malted wool; invo-
lucres yellowish-brown, formed of the continuously recurved margin. — JJot. Mex

338 FILICES. Uh'jUanlltcs.

Bound. 234, and Ferns of the Southwest, 313. C. vesllta, IJrackeniidge, Ferns
of U. S. Fxpl. Fxped., not of 8\vaitz.

In rocky places, mostly nt high elevations (0,000 to 8,000 feet), from the Yoscniite to Oregon,
by many collector.s ; also in IJiitish (.'olnmbia. Called " Lace Fein" hy visitors to the Yoseiiiile.
A single specimen from Bartlelt's Canon, near Santa Barbara, collected by Uvlhrock, is twice the
iisnal size, and I'nlly tripinnate.

* * Fronds very scaly beneath, and sometimes sparhujly tomentose also. {Tlie
species of this (/roup are very perplexing, all much resemblinrf each other and
difficult to define. The most distinctive cliaracters are found in the rhizoma
or rootstock.)

5. C. myriophylla, Desv. IJootstock short, ascendini,', often nodose, covered
with narrow dark-ltrown rigid scales : stalks clustered, 2 to G inches high, wiry,
castaneous, covered with partly decichious pale-cinereous narrow appressed scales and
paleaceous hairs : fronds 3 to 8 inches long, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
smooth and green or deciduously j)il()se above, 3 - -i-pinnato ; rhachises and midribs
densely covered beneath with pale-brown or ferruginous ovate or ovate-lanceolate
ciliated scales ; pinnaj deltoid-ovate, narrower upwards ; idtimate segments minute
(half a line broad), roundish or roundish-pyriform, crowded, innumerable, sometimes
(especially those of sterile fronds) tliree-lobed or parted, covered bcmeatli with ovate
scales having few or many long tortuous cilia passing into branclied and entangled
hairs, tlie unchanged margin of the segments much incurved. — C. eltyans and
C. myriophylla, Desvaux in rjcrlin Mag. v. 328; Hooker, Sp. Fil. ii, 100 ami 102,
t. 105. C. viyriophylla, Hooker & I>aker, Syn. Fil. 140; Eaton, Ferns of the
Southwest, 31G. C. eleyans, Kuhn, Leitr. 8. C. j)aUacea, Martens & Galeotti,
Syn. Fil. Mex. 7G, t. 21, lig. 2.

In crevices of rocks and on exposed rocks, mostly at elevations of 3,000 to 5,000 feet, from
Lake Connty sontliward in the Coast Ranges, and in the Sierra Nevada from Western Nevada to
San Bernardino County ; Sonth Pass of the Rocky Monnlains, Arizona and New Jlexico, and to
I'eru and Chili. This fern y)re.sents many forms, some with broad and bnt slightly ciliated scales
often passing for 0. Fcadkri, or recommended as probably distinct species by various authors and
collectors. 1 hav(! seen no genuine C. Fcndlcri from California, the jjlants fomicrly so called
being all forms of the juesent species.

6. C. Clevelandii, Eaton. Eootstock cord-like, creeping, elongated, covered
with narrow rigid dark-brown scales : stalks scattered, 2 to 6 inches long, dark-
brown, at first bearing paleaceous hairs : fronds 4 to G inches long, ovate-lanceolate,
3-4-pinnate, smooth and greeji above, beneath everywhere deep fulvous-brown
(when mature) from the dense covering of closely imbricated ovate-acuminate elegantly
ciliate scales ; ultimate segments crowded, innumerable, flatfish, nearly rountl, sessile,
^ to i a line broad, the terminal ones a little larger; margins mirrowly recurved and
unchanged in texture. — Torr. Bot. bulletin, vi. 33, and Ferns of N. Amer. i. 81),
t. 12, lig. 2.

In loose sandy soil and at the base of rocks, among the mountains of San -Diego Connty {D.
Cleveland, IV. SloiU) ; also in the Peninsula of Lower California, J. Schott. The rootstock is
nearly as thick as a goose-(|uill and several inches long. The scales are at first white, but gradu-
ally turn to a rich chestnut-brown. Specimens recently received conlirm the sjieeies.

5. PELL.ffiA, Link. Ci.ikf-Buake.
Sori roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, often continent in a
submarginal band : involucre membranaceous, often broad, continuous round the
Ijinnules, and formed from their reflexed margin. Sterile and fertile fronds much
alike, 1 - 4-pinnate, generally smooth and sometimes glaucescent. Stalk usually
dark-colored.

A genus of about f.O species, none of them large ferns. Eleven species occur in the United
States, 11 few more in tropical America, ami a good many in South Africa. The genus is closely

Vellaa. FILICES.

33y

allied to C/ui/nnfliri, fiom whitli it ililTcrs in the continuous iuvolnrie, and in novcr having; to-
inentose or scaly tVonds.

§1. Fronds hevbaceoxis or snbcoriareons ; vebiK chnrhj visible ; inrolncrc broad,
and muallij covering the sporangia till they arc full 1/ ?v>e. — Cheilo-
PLECTON, Hooker & liuker.

1. P. Breweri, Eaton, riant 4 to 8 inclies higli : rootstock sliort, stout, very
chaffy with narrow fulvous scah^s : stalks crowded, terete, fragile, brigiit-brown,
chaffy only at the base : fronds as long as the stalks, oblong, pinnate; pinn.-c six to
twelve pairs, short-stalked, membranaceous, G to 9 lines long, mostly two-parted, the
upper lobe largest ; lobes and simi)le upper pinnae ovate or triangular-ovate, cunoato
and often subcordato at the base ; veins t\vie(! or tlirice forked ; involucre delicate. —
Proe. Amer. Acad. vi. 555, Bot. King Exp. 395, t. 40, lig. 17, and Ferns of N.
Amer. i. 331, t. 43.

Clefts of exposed rocks in the liiglier canons of tlic Sierra Nevada, tlienoe eastward to the
Walisatch ; also in Colorado near tlie liio Grande. Tliinner in tlie texture of the frond than any
of the followinjT, and related to P. (jracilis q[ the East, and to the Mexican P. Sccmnnni. The
stalks are excessively fragile.

§ 2, Frotids coriaceous or subcoriaceous ; veins not evident; involuci-e conspicu-
ous.— Allosouus, Hooker & Baker.

* PinnulHS obtuse or eniarginate.

2. P. andromedaefolia, Yd^. Rootstock slender, creejiing, chaffy with nar-
row rusty scales : stalks scattered, erect, terete, smooth, brownish or reddish, chally
at the base, variable in length : fronds 4 to 24 inches long, ovate or ovate-oblong,
2-4-pinnate; primary pinmc spreading, cftenest ojiposite, ovate-lanceolate; ulti-
mate pinnules glaucescent, sul)sessile, 2 to 4 lines long, broadly oval, slightly cordate
and emarginate, fertile ones with the edges rolled back to the uiidveiii : involucre
herbaceous with a narrow whitish edge. — Gen. Eil. 129 ; Hooker, Sp. Fil. iL 149 ;
Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. i. 203, t. 27, fig. 1. Allosorus andromedafolius, Kaulf.
in Kunze, Analect. Pteridogr. 18, t. 11.

Kocks and liillsides, mostly in the Coast Uiuiges ; also in Cliili. Plants with blood-red fronds
occur in the southern counties (var. ruhcn.i, Eaton in Torr. IJot. Bulletin, vi. 360). The color is
now believed to be occasioned by direct sunlij^ht.

« Pinnules acute or inucronatc.

-t- Fronds bipinnate onlij.

3. P. Wrightiana, Hooker, liootstock short, thick, nodose, densely chaffy
■with narrow a[)pressed dark-brown scales : stalks clustered, dark-jturplish, polishecl,
very rigid, 4 to 10 inches long : fronds 4 to 10 inches long, lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate in outline, bipinnate, piunic subsessile, spreading; pintuilcs coriaceous,
smooth, beneath glaucescent, at most about six pairs, crowded or remote ; those of
tlie sterile fronds roundish-oval, 3 to 5 lines long, two thirds as broad, rounded anil
even subcordate at the base, the apex obtuse, but with a minute cartilaginous subu-
late point ; those of the fertile fronds rolled back to the niidvein, often longer tliaii
the sterile ones and curved upwards, similarly mucronato. — Sp. Fil. ii. 142, t. 1 15, B;
Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 5, t. 47, fig. 1 -3. Also 1\ bwgimxrronata, Hooker,
1. c. 143, t. 115 A. r. mucronala, Eaton in Pot. Mex. Bmuui. 233, in part.

Growing in heavy compact masses fioin mider a rock on Mount San Bernardino, at 7,000 feet
altitude (IV. 0. IVricjhl, Lcmmon) ; Arizona, New Mexico, and Bolivia (P. U'cdilcUinnn, Fee).
The rontstocks are conijiaeted in great masses, and though the reseniMance to bipinnate forms
of P. Oritithiipus is considerable, it seems In-st to keep the two ferns apart.

4. P. brachyptera, P.aker. Pootstook short, knotted, chaffy witli narrow
rusty denticulate scales : stalks fi to 8 inches long, erect, wiry, blackish and shining :
fronds nearly as long as the stalks, rigid, narrowly oblong-linear in outline, bipiu-

340 FILICES. J'dlwa.

nate ; pinnre several pairs, so.^silc, ascendin,!,' or apprcssed to the rhacliis, very sliort,
often broader than lonj,' ; piunules 5 to 13 to a pinna, 3 to G lines long, crowded,
oblong-linear, greenish-glaucescent, nincronulate, the edges much rolled back, making
the pinnules nearly terete, and covering the sori. — Syn. Fil. 2 ed. 477; Eaton,
Ferns of N. Anier. ii. 9, t. 47, fig. 4-6. Plati/loma hrachijptermn, T. Moore, in
Oard, Chronicle, 1873, 141. Pclla'a Oniithopiis, var. brac/ti/j>(tra, Eaton, in Torr.
Jiot. bulletin, iv. IG, and Eerns of the .Southwest, 322.

Kocky places in the Sierra Nevada {Bolnndcr, Jfra. Ames, Mrs. Avstin, KcUofjr/ k Ifurfurd) ;
Lassen's I'euk (Lcmmoii) ; Wi-averville, Klcclicrfjn: In moist situations tlie growtli is niiieli larger
than in dry places. Plalyloiaii helium, Moore, is pioliably a form of this sjieeies, but is not
known to me. The common plant so named is P. Ornilhoims, modified by cultivation,

-1- -f- Fronds ti'ipbinafe wlien fullij developed.

.5. P. Ornithopus, Hooker. Kootstock short, thick, knotted, densely chaffy
with very narrow dark-brown .scales : stalks clustered, rather stout and very rigid,
dark-i)urplish or almost black, polished, 2 to 10 inches long : fronds 4 to 12 inches
long, rigid, broadly ovate-lancecjlate, tripinnate or in smaller plants bipinnate ; pri-
mary pinnai spreading or obliquely ascending, liuear, bearing from a few u[) to IG
pairs of usually trifoliolate, but varying to simple or to o - 7-foliolate, nearly sessile
pinnules, which are commonly 1 \ to 3 lines long, coriaceous, mucromilate, glauces-
cent beneath, roundish-rpuulrate in the very rare sterile fromls, and in the fertile
fronds having the margins rolled back to the niiilvein. — 8p. Eil. ii. 143, t. IIG, A ;
Eaton, Eerns of the Southwest, 322, and I'Y'rns of N. Amer. ii. 11, t. 47, lig. 7- 10.
Allosovus aHdroiiiidi('j'i)li.(i», Honker, I'l. llartweg. 312, not of Kaull'uss. A. mticro-
vatus, Eaton, in Am. Jt)urn. Sci. 2 ser. xxii. 138. J', ■mucronata, Eaton, Hot. Me.x.
Bound. 233, in part.

Dry exposed rocks, very common fiom Mendocino f'ounty to San l^iego; also on (luadalnpc
Island, Piibncr. Tlie trii'oliolate pinnules bear consideralile resemblance to the three claws of a
bird's foot, whence the specific name. Small forms with bi|iinnate fronds have pas.sed for P.
Wrujhlima, but do not hirm the massive rootstocks of the l.ili.r, and are .sud by Mr. AV right to
cease their yearly growth long before it.

6. P. densa, Hooker. Hootstocks r.ither slender, branching and entangled,
chatfy with narrow blackish scales: stalks densely tufted, slender, wiry, dark-brown,
dull or polished, 3 to 9 inches long: fronds ovate or dtdtoid-ovate, U to 2i inches
long, closely tripinnate; segments 3 to G lines long, nearly sessile, lance-linear, acuto
or inucronate, in the rare sterile fronds sharply serrated, in the fertile fronds entire,
the margins narrowly recurved and ])earing a i)aler distinct invohicre. — Sp. Eil. ii.
150, t. 12r), 1> ; Eaton, Eerns of X. Amer. i. 77, t. 11, lig. 1. Oni/cliitnn densum,
Brackenridge, Eil. of U. 8. Expl. Exped. 120, t. 13, fig. 2; Torrey, Pacif. Ii. liep.
iv. IGO.

Clefts of rocks, not rare at elevations of 6,000 to 8,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, from the Cas-
tle Moinitains to the Yosemite; also in Oregon and in Wyoming Territory. The indusium is a
very delicate special organ, growing just within the margin of the segments.

§3. Texture coriaceous, nsualli/ conceali/if/ the veins; nltlniafe segments broad
and flat, tlie Involucre iiarroio and at length hidden by the confluent .sj/o-
ranyla.- — Pr.ATVLOMA, Hooker & Baker. [Platyloma, J. Smith.)

7. P. Bridgesii, Hooker. Kootstock short, creeping, densely chatfy Avith nar-
row castaneous scales : stalks 3 to G inches long, clustered, terete, wiry, dark red-
dish-brown, smooth and shining : fronds as long as the stalks, linear-oblong, sirajjly
pinnate ; piniue 5 to 18 pairs, mostly opposite!, subsessile, glaucous green, coriaceous;
sterile ones orbicular or subcordate, 4 to 5 lines long, rarely larger ; fertile ones
.somewhat narrow, often at lirst conduplicato and apparently lunate : involucre nar-
row, formed of the whitish cartilaginous margin of the i)inn;c, soon llattened out and
exposing the .sori conlluent in a broad intramarginal band. — 8p. Eil. ii. 238, and
iii, t. 142, B; E;iton, Eerns of N. Amer. i. 327, t. 4-3, fig. 1-4.

Pteris. FILICES. 341

f'lcfts of rocks in tlic Siorra Nevada, mostly at from 6,000 to 9,000 font clnvation. The \inilcr
ainlnce of tlii; from! Homctiiiu's l)cars a trace of tlio same yellowish waxy [lowilor seen in many
species of Gijmnotjramme and Kotholvcna.

r. KLEXUOSA, with fiexuons rhachis and rather large cordate-ovate pinnules occurs in Arizona,
and may yet be discovered in the southern part of California. P. gracilis and P. atropurpurca
are well-known species of tiie Eastern States.

6. CRYPTOGRAMME, R. Brown. Kock-I3r.\kk.
Sporangia on the back or near the ends of the free veins, forming oblong or
roundish, and at length confluent sori : involucres continuous, formed of the mem-
branaceous and somewhat altered margins of the pinnules, at first reflexed and meet-
ing at the midrib, at length opening out flat. I'ronds rather small, herbaceous,
smooth, dimorphous, 2-4-pinnate, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with
narrowly elliptical or obloug-linear pod-like segments. Stalks stramineous, tufted on
a short rootstock.

A genus of only two species, C. crispa of Europe, and the following.

1. C. acrostichoides, W. Ih-own. Kootstocks short, creeping, chaffy : stalks
densely clu.stcre(l : li-onds chartacoous, ovate, 2-3-pinnate, 2 to 4 inches long;
sterile ones short-stalked, having narrowly winged rhachiscs, idtimato segments
crowded, ovate or obovate, adnate-decurrent, crenatcly toothed or slightly incised ;
fertile fronds long-stalked, the rhachises scarcely winged, nltimate segments oblong
or linear-oblong, 3 to 5 lines long, scarcely one line wide ; involucres very broad :
sori oblong, extending down the forked veinlets almost to the midvein. — Hooker
k Greville, Ic. Fil. i, t. 29; Eaton, Ferns of N. Ainer. ii. 91), t. 59, fig. 1-5;
Williamson, Fern Etchings, t. 7. Allosorus acrostichoides, Sprengel ; Gray, Manual.

Common among rocks at high elevations, extending to Colorado, Lake Superior, the Aleutian
Islands and Arctic Ameiica. Tiie fronds are more rigid and less compound than in C. crispn, and
the sporangia arc not limited to the upper part of the vidns, as they are in that species. But sev-
eral able botanists consider the two as forming but one species.

7. PTERIS, Linn. Biiackkn.
Sporangia seated on a continuous vein-like marginal receptacle, which connects
tho ends of the veins : involiK^ro oxtoniling around the margins of the sogmonts, or
sometimes interrupted at their apices, and sometimes double. Fronds, in the only
Californian species, ample and decompound, tho veins Uw,.

A large genus, having many tropical species, with fronds varying from simple to decompound,
the veins free or variously leticulated. Stalks commonly light-colored.

1. P. aquilitia, Linn. Kootstock blackish, cord-like, creeping widely under-
ground : stalks solitary, Crect, naked, swollen and di.scolored at the base : frond
sometimes 3 feet long and nearly as broad, rigidly sid)coriaceous, smooth or pubes-
cent, triangular-ovate in outline, 2-4-pinnate at tJie base; principal i)rimary pinn;u
stalked, the lowest ones very large, the rest rapidly becoming smaller ; pinnules
oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire, hastate, or piunately parted ; segments oblong or
linear, obtuse, the terminal ones often elongated ; veins close-placeil, free, repeatedly
foiking. — l':aton. Ferns of N. Amer. i. 2G3, t. 35 ; Williamson, Fern Etchings, t. 10.

Var. lanuginosa, Bong. Lower surface of the frond decidedly pubescent or
silky-tomentoso, tlie segments broad. — Veg. Sitch. 170.

Very common throughout the State, extending northward to Sitka and eastward to Utah. In
Northern California and Oregon it fonns thickets six or seven feet high and several acres in ex-
tent. The plant of the Eastern States is less imbescent or Jiearly smooth. The bracken is the
most widely distributed of all ferns, and in many parts of tho world either the young fronds, when
boiled, or the rootstocks after roasting, have served as articles of foo.l. The mature fronds have
been used for thatching, and the ashes for scouring or for making domestic soap.

342 KILICES. AdiuHtum.

8. ADIANTUM, Liuu. iMaidkniiaiu.
Sporangia boiiic at tlio ends of tlio veiiilcts, on tlio iiiulcr (inner) siile of tliu re-
flexed margin of the frond, the involucre thus formed being cither continuous or
interrupted or divided into small and widely separated lobules. Midvein of the
ultimate pinnules mostly excentric or lateral, or the forking and usually free veinlets
rising directly from the entl of the petiolule of the segments. Stalk mostly black-
ened or very dark purplish-brown, and commonly higbly polished.

Sixty-seven species are described by Keyseiling, in liis exct-llent nionognii)li on tliis genus, |mb-
lished in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. vii°" serie, tome xxii, No. 2. A tew tropical si)ecies have
simple roundish I'londs, others are simply pinnate, and the remainder are variously 2- 4-j)innate
or ilecompound, but never dissected into narrow segments.

* Fronds pyramidal in outline, 2 - -i-pintiate at the b(tse ; main rhacfiis continu-
ous to the apical ijinnule : veins dichotonious, the veinlets extendinc/ to the ends
of the teeth of the segments.

1. A. Capillus-Veneris, Linn. (Venus-IIaiu.) Plant 4 to 24 inches high,
often jtendeut : htalks and rhachises very slender, nearly black, polished : fronds
elongated-pyramidal, thin, smooth, simi)ly pinnate towanls the ajiex, ll - 3-i)innate
below; ])innules and n])per pinn;e rather long-stalked, G to 15 lines long, rhomboid
or roundish-obovate, euuiiate at the ba.se, .somewhat i>almately lobed or inci.sed ; the
ends of the lobes crenately or acutely d(Miticulat(! except where the nuirgin is recurveil
to form the lunulate or transversely oblong separated involucres, — Hooker, Ihiti.sli
Ferns, t. 41 ; luiton. Kerns of N! Amer. i. 281, t. 37.

Damp and shady jilaces in the canons of the southern part of the State (O. W. Dunn, Mr--.
Cooper, Mrs. IUkjij, Dr. Ildl/irock), and eastward to Utah, Texas, Missouri, and tlie Atlantic
•States from Virginia to Florida. Also in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, etc. ; a well-
known plant, formerly used in i)reparing "Sirop de Capillaire," a poi)nlar cough-renu-dy.

2. A. emarginatum, Hooker. Plant a few inches to two feet high, usually
erect : stalks rather stnuter than in the last, nearly black, polished, about half the
Avhole height of the plant : fronds broadly ovate or deltoid-pyramidal, simply pinnate
towards the apex, 2-3-pinnate below; pinm\3 obli(pudy spreading, lower ones half
as long as the frond; pinnules long-stalked, 4 to 15 lines broad, roundish or semi-
circular or even reniform, the lower siiles entire, the outer edge rounded, slightly
2-5-lobed, Hnely and sharply toothed in the sterile fronds, but in the fertile re-
curved and forming pale transversely elongated invohicres. — Sp. Fil. ii, t. 75, A ;
Keyserling, 1. c. 15, 37; Eaton, Ferns of the Southwest, 325, and Ferns of N.
Amer. i. 285, t. 38, fig. 1-3. A. Chilense of American authors, not of Kaulfuss.
A. jEthiopicnm, in part, Baker, Syn. Fil. 123.

Among rocks in canons, botli dry and moist, common in the Coast Ranges from San Diego to
Oregon, but .scarcely known in the Sierra Nevada. Key.serling has well di.stingnislud this species
from the others related to it. Hooker's figure, although said to be taken from a Mauritius plant,
well represents only our species, and was ])robably drawn from a Califoinian siiecinien. A jiubes-
cent Adiantuin (A. dilntalam, Nnft. MS. in Herb. Hook.), rejiortetl from near Monterey by Nut-
tall, has not been collected since his tinn- : it may have been A. triilinlrjii'i, l-'ee (Kalon, Ferns of
the Southwest, 320), or a hairy form of the present species, or something dill'ercnt from both.

* * Fronds rounded-fan-shaped In outline, the stalk forlcinfj at the top, the forks

recurred and each bearing several pinnate branches on the itj/jier side.

3. A. pedatutn, Linn. Stalks dark-brown or blackish, polished, a foot or more
high, forkeil at the top, the two branches divaricate and obliquely recurved, bearing
on their upper or outer sides 6 to 14 long spreading pinnate divisions: pinnules
numerous, short-stalked, thin, smooth, oblong or triangular-oblong, the lower margin
entire and often hollowed out, the lia.se j)arallcl with the iiolislunl hair-like rhachis,

. the upper margin lobed or cleft and bearing a few oblong-lunate or transvcr.scly

U'oodtmnlia. FILICES. oio

linear rcflexed involucres : principal vein of each pinnule closely parallel to its lower
margin, tlio vcmlcts forking. — Katon, Fcu'iis of N. Ainer. i. 13;-), t. 18 ; Williamson,
lern Etchings, t. 11. Adiaiitinn Americannm, Cornutus, Canad. JM. Hist. 7, t. G.
■ Common among the Coast Ranges, also on Mount San IJernanlino ( jr. G. U'riqht) ami in tlie
\ oseunte Lcmmon. The range indu,|ps nearly all the United States, Hritish America an,l north-
eastern Asia to the Himalayas. I'acihc Coast specimens have the pinnules more deeply lobe.l
than those from the hastern States. A few South American and Australasian species have tho
th^'t nno n/ fl^ .hvide,!, ami rom them, as well as from young plants of this species, it is evident
that one of the two middle divisions is really the proper continuation of the central axis Cor-
nutus s name, though much the oldest, is ante-Linnajan, and therefore has never been adopted.

9. LOMARIA, Willdenow.
Sporangia in a continuous band, seated on a special receptacle each side of the
midrib of the fertile pinna?, and covered till mature by an elongated involucre either
formed of the recurved and altered margin or (in our species and some others) sepa-
rate and closely parallel to the margin. Fronds dimorphous, usually pinnatifid or
onco i)innato; the sterile with broader foliaccous pinnre and usually free veins • tho
fertile with very narrow pinnte, and the veins often forming a single series of areoles
each side of tho midrib.

A genus of about forty-five species, the greater part tropical or recurring in the south temperate
zone, some of them with large and showy evergreen fronds. It is closely connected with Blcch-
. 7iui)i, Which has the Icrtile fronds but slightly contracted, and the involucre remote from the
margin.

1. L. Spicant, Desvaux. (Deer-Fern.) Rootstock sliort and thick, very
chaffy : fronds tufted, erect, smooth ; sterile ones nearly sessile or on short stalks
Rubcoriaceous, narrowly lineai-lanceolato, G to 30 inches long, 1 to 3 inches widej
tapering from above tho mid.Uo to both ends, pinnatilid to the rhachis into very
numerous closely placed oblong or oblong-linear often upwardly falcate obtuse or
apiculate segments, the lower ones diminished to minute auricles; fertile fronds
taller and more erect than the sterile, long-stalked, pinnate ; pinn.-B less crowded,
longer and much narrower than the sterile segments, sessile by a suddenly dilated
base ; involucres just within the margin : mature sporangia nearly covering the back
of the pinn;e. — Dorlin Mag. v. (1811) 325; Brackenridge, Ferns of u! S. Expl.
Fxped. 123; Eaton, Ferns of N. Amor. i. 249, t. 32, fig. 3-5. Blcchnum boreale,
8wartz; Hooker, Brit. Ferns, t. 40.

On the ground in dense forests, sometimes in open places, from Santa Cruz County (Anderson)
to Oregon and northward ; also in Europe, the Caucasus, Kamtschatka and Japan. Some of the
I acilic Coast specimens are exactly like the European, but plants growing in rich and shaded
localities are very large and tall, forming var. el.ongnta of Hooker's Species Filicum. Blcchnum
dnod.ouks. Hook. Fl Bor.-Am. ii. 263, aii.l Sp. Fil. iii. 60, t. 1.53, is founded on a coui.le of
houds from Hntish Columbia, in which the lower half is sterile and the upper half fertile with
the fruit broken into short sori, and the outer margin of the pinnules wider than usual. '

10. WOODWARDIA, Smith. Ciiain-Feux.
Sori oblong or linear, interrupted, occupying paracostal areoles and forming a
chain-like row each side of the midribs and midveins. Indusium convex, fixed by
its outer margin to the fertile veinlet, free and opening on the inner side. Fronds
various ; the veins forming oblong areoles next the midribs, and outside of these
either anastomosing or free.

Besides the following species tliere are two in the Eastern States, and two or three more in
eastern Asia.

1. W. radicans, Smith. Rootstock stout, chafly with abundant ferriiginou.s-
brown scales: fronds long-stalked, standing in a circle, often 4 to G feet lii-di or

344 FILICES. A^phnoiia.

even higher, subcoriaccous, ohlung-ovate, pinnate ; itinn;e 4 to 15 inches h)ng, broadly
hmceolate, pinnatitid nearly to the midrib ; segments lanceolate I'rom a broad base,
slightly falcate, acuminate, spinulose-serrate and sometimes more or less piinuititid ;
A'einlets forming a single row of oblong often sorus-bearing areoles each side the
midvein, besides a few empty obli(pie areoles outside of these ; outer veinlets free
extending to the teeth of the margin: sori oblong linear, a few sometimes formed
also along the midribs of the pinn;e. — Mem. Acail. Turin, v. 412; Hooker <S^
Arnott, JJot. Beechey, 1G2 and 405; Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 117, t. Gl.
Woodwardla Chamissoi, Brackenriilge, Ferns of U. S. Expl. Exped. 138.

Along living streams, especially in forests, t'loin Mendocino County to San Diego, less common
in the Sierra Nevada tlian in the Coast Manges. Mexico, (Iiiatemala and Pern ; also from tiie
C^anaries to Abyssinia, India and Java. The Old AVorld plant olten juodiices a laige scaly Imd
near the apex of tlie frond, which takes root and produces a new plant. This hud has not been
found in America, but its absence is all there is to separate our plant from the otiier.

11. ASPLENIUM, Linn. Sii.KKNwoirr.

Sori oblong or linear, oldicpie to the midvein, Iwrne on the npper side of the fer-
tile veinlets, sometimes on the lower side also, covered by a special indusium atta(;h('d
to the fertile veinlet by one side and free on the other. Veins frc^e in our spiHtics.

A very largo genus, containing over 300 species, the fronds varying IVom simple to hi-hly
decompound. Eighteen species are known to occur in llie United States.

§ 1. Sori strdujlit, ncarhj alwaijs confined to the upper tildn, of the velits, irhich
are uniformly free. — Eu.vsi'Lenium.

1. A. Trichomaiies, Linn. Stalks densely clustered, 1 to T) inches long,
nearly black, polished antl very narrowly herbai;eous-margined, as is the rhachis,
■which persists after the pinnic have fallen : fronds 2 to 8 inches long, narrowly
linear, rather rigid, evergreen, pinnate ; ])inn;e numerous, nearly sessile, roundish-
oval or oval-oblong from an obtusely cuneate or truncate base, entire or erenulate-
toothed ; midvein nearly central ; veins few, obli(jue, usually once forked : sori
oblong, 3 to G or more each side of the midvein ; indusia very delicate, entire or
obscurely crenulate. — Hooker, Brit. Eerns, t. 29 ; Eaton, Ferns of X. Amer. i. 271,
t. 36, fig. 1 -3 ; Williamson, Fern Etchings, t. 20.

Var. incisum, Moore. Pinnaj rather larger, incisely lobed, the lobes often cre-
nated or serrate. — Nat. Pr. Brit. Ferns, t. 3U, I), E ; Eaton, 1. c.

The type is a common fern throughout the north temperate zone, becoming larger in tlie
trojiics, and there receiving several distinctive specific names. It has been found in Califoniia
only once, by Grn. jI. B. Enlon, in crevices of rocks on Monte Diablo, in ISof). Var. iiu-isiiin
was found near San Diego liy Dr. Newbcrnj in lS.o7, and has since been collected in the same part
of the State by Clcvclaml, Sloitf, and others.

§ 2. Sori and !iidu.'<ia often curved, the hitter sometimes crossinrj the fertile rein-
let and continued some little waij down on tlie lower side also, thus becom-
ing horse-slioe-shaj^ed : fronds inostly 2--i-ijinnate. — Athyiul'.m.

2. A. Filix-foemina, Bernhardi. (L.\dv-Fern.) Stalks a few inches to a foot
long, discolored and chall'y at the base : fronds standing in a vase-like circle, softly
membranaceous, 1 to 3 feet long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less narrowed
at the base, 2-3-pinnate : primary pinnae numerous, short-stalked, oblong-lanceolate
from a broad base, acuminate ; pinnules adnate to the narrowly winged secondary
rhachis, ovate-oblong and doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised \vitli
cut-toothed segments ; veins forked or pinnated, the lowest superior veiidet of each
group commonly soriferous : sori near the midveins ; indusium short, usually lacerate-
ciliate on the frue edge. — Schrader's Neues Journ. I'.ot. 180G, ii. 26, 48, t. 2, lig. 7 ;
Hooker, British F'erns, t. 35 ; I'^aton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 225, t. 76 ; ^^'illialus(Ul,
Fern Etchings, t. 27.

Aspidiam. FILICES. 345

Damp, licli woods, not nwv. A coimiion foni tlirou<^liout tcinppiatc Nortli Aiiiciio:i, Europe
ami iiorthein Asia, presenting; very many modilieations in si/,u, shape of the IVond, and cutting of
tlie jiinniB and pinnules. The fully dcveU)i)ed subtrijiinnate fonn (var. connnune, Eaton) is not
rare in California. Var. latifoliiim. Hook., with broadly ovate-oblong jiinnules, var. ci/closorum,
IJuproelit, with very large and broad fronds and roundish sori, and var. amjustuin, witli narrow
and rather rigid fronds, besides various intermediate forms, are all found within the State.

12. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee.
Sori roundish, minute, nakeil, placed on the back of the veins below their attenu-
ated apices. Fronds various, subtripiunate in our only species. Stalk continuous
with the rootstock, and not joining it by an articulation as in Polypodium.

This genus, containing about 100 species, dilfers from Aspidium only in having no indusium.
Four s{>eeics are found in North America, three of them also common to Europe. i

1. P. alpestris, iMcttenius. Rootstock short and thick, erect or assurgent :
stalks subterniinal, 4 to 10 inches long, ehairy near the base : fronds 1 to 2 feet
long, menibranaceons, smooth, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, i)innate with delicately
bipinnatilid deltoid-lancoolato pinna', the lower pinna? distant and decreasing mod-
erately ; pinnules ovate-oblong, or ovat('-lan(;eolate, doubly incised and toothed : sori
small, round, usually copious on all but the lowest pinna\ — Kil. llort. Lips. 83;
Eaton, Ferns of X. Amer. i. 171, t. 23, tig. 1. Pohjpodiinn alpextre, Iloppe ; Hooker,
]>rit. Ferns, t. G, and Sp. Fil. iv. 251.

Among rocks at high elevations ; to[» of Lassen's Peak, and on Mount Shasta, Pyramid Peak,
and other high peaks in tlie Sierra Nevada, Brarer, Lemmon, Mitir, etc. This fern often forms
jintrhcs of several feet in extent, as noticed icpcatedly by Biriccr and Lcmvum. It is found also
in IJritish Columbia, and in the mountains of northern and central Europe to the Caucasus.

P. POLvroDioiDES, Fee (F^aton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 217, t. 75, fig. 1-4). Rootstock very
slender, creeping : fronds 4 to 6 inches long, hairy on the veins, deltoid-ovate, bipinnatifid with
obtuse lobes : rhachis interruptedly winged by the adnate basal segnients of the pinnoe. Said to
have been recently dis(;overed near San .lose. It is a connnon fern in the Eastern States north of
Tennessee, ami is found in Alaska, (Jreenland, Labrador, Europe, northern Asia and Japan.

P. Drvoptf.kis, Fee, with a smooth ternate frond, primary divisions stalked and 1 -2-pinnate
with obtuse lobes, is an eastern and European fern, found in Oregon, but not yet in California.

13. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Siiield-Feun. Woou-Fkiin.

Sori round, borne on the back or at the apex of the veinlcts, the indusia round

and attached to the njiddle of the sorus by a short central stalk, or roundish-reniform

and attached at the ba.se of the sinus or indentation. Veins free in the Californiau

species, the fronds mostly large and once or twice pinnate.

A genus embracing, as here understood, over 300 species, tlie greater part tropical or subtropi-
cal, but a few extending to tlie .Arctic regions. Standanl P.ritish works divide the genus into two,
corresponding with the following sec^fions.

§ 1. Indusium roundish-renifonn or orhicufnr nufh a narrow sinus. — DtiYOP-
TKiiis. [Nephrodinm, Hooker & I>aker.)

* Tevtnrc thin or viembranaceoxis : veins simjtle or once forked.

1. A. Nevadense, Eaton. Ilootstock rather stout, creeping, chaffy and covered
with jjersistent stalk-bases : fronds thin and delicate, standing in a crown, short-
stalked, narrowly lanceolate, 1^ to 3 feet high, pinnate ; pinna; linear-lanceolate from
a broad and nearly sessile base, 2 to 4 inches long, deeply pinnatidd ; the lower pairs
distant and gradually reduced to mere auricles ; .segments crowded, narrowly oblong,
obtuse, subentire, slightly hairy on the veins beneath and minutely resinous-dotted :
veins mostly simple, the lower ones sometimes forked : sori close to the margin ; in-
dusium minute, glandular and sparsely pilose. — Ferns of N. Amer. i. 73, t. 10.

Moist and shady iilaces ahmg creeks and in moiintnin meadows; Mutte Coniity (.l/c?. AmcR) ;
Plumas County {Mrs. Jihc.v and Mrs. ^lustin) ; Trinity County {Klrxhrr<j<r) ; Webber Lake, and

FILICES.

A.-<pidiit,ii.

nmi. Also (

•oiled

I'd KCVC

ral ycurs ago by F. A. Miller,

luiii imiuh :

IfSC-llll

lie ihob

u ol the t'ii.'sterii A. Nocchoni-

846

at several i)lace» in the Sierra Nevada, Lcnu
tlie stiition not known. Tiie IVoiid.-, of thib
ccnsc, but the rootstock is very dill'erent.

2. A. patens, Swartz. Tiootstock rather stout, creeping, Learing several froiuld
at tlie "rowing tMid : fronds thin hut ratlier firm, softly j)uhescent heucath, often long-
stalked, 2 to 5 feet high, ovate-ohlong, pinnate ; pinnie linear-acuminate, often 4 to (>
inches long, i)innatilid three-fourtlis of the way to the midril), tlie lower ones not
retluced ; segments very numerous, crowded, ohlicpiely ohlong, ohtuso or acute, Ijasal
ones h)ngest : veins simple, free, or the lowest ones of adjoining segments sometimes
unitin"- and sending out a short veinlet to the nearest sinus : sori near the margin ;
indusium very pubescent. — 8yn. Fil. 49 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. IJeechey, 405 ; Eaton,
Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 181, t. 70. Nephrudium patens, Desv. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 1)5.

In several canons near Santa Barbara, Mrs. Cuopcr, llolhrock, Lcmmon, etc. Attrilaited to San
Francisco in the Botany of Beechey's Voyage, but not fonnd there of recent years. Te.\as to
Florida, tropical America generally, South Africa and Polynesia.

* * Texture firmer or suhcorlacGoiis : veins fork'nuj freely.

3. A. rigidum, Swartz. liootstock stout, ascending, very chaify : fronds 1 to 2
feet long, standing in a crown, borne on moderately htng very chatty stalks, sub-
coriaceous, nearly evergreen, smooth and green above, paler and glandular beneath,
ovate-lanceolate in outline, usually bipinnate ; pinna; oblong-lanceolate, the lowest
ones broadest and a trille shorter than the middle ones ; junnulcs olilong, inci.seil or
doubly serratt!, cou.spi(au)Usly veiny : .sori large, nearer the midvein than the margin ;
in<lusium lirm, convex, orbicular witii a very narrow sinus, the edge ghmdular. —
Syn. Fil. 53 ; Milde, Fil. Eur. et AtL 120.

Yar. argutum, Faton. Frond broader in outline, with larger ])innac and seg-
ments, its texture rather heavier and the teeth more decidedly spinulose. — Fiirns of
the Southwest, 333, and Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 1, t. 4(5. A. argutum, Kaulfuss,
F:nura. Fil. 242; Torr. Pacif. It. Hep. iv. IGO, and vii. 21. Lastrea aryuta, Ihack-
enridge, Ferns of IJ. S. Expl. Exp. 196.

Kocky hillsides and copses, commoner in the western counties than in the Sierra Nevada, ex-
tending northward to Oregon and southward to the Sierra Madre of Jle.xico. The I'alifoinian
))lant differs from the common typical Euroitean form mainly in the more generous outline of tin;
frond and its subdivisions. It is very fragrant in drying, so that a few fronds will perfume a
large bundle of dried plants.

A. si'iNULOSu.M, Swartz (Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 1(53, t. 68), a common eastern fern, has
been found in Oregon. The texture is thinner than in A. rujidum, and tiie piiuin; more linely
cut, with more spinulose teeth, etc.

§ 2. Indusium orhicular and entire, peltate, fixed by the depressed centre or short
central stalk to the middle of the sorus : junna; and pinnules often auridcd
on the npper side of tlie base: veins free. — roi-vsTiciiUM.
* Pimue or pinnules serrate with spiny-pointed teeth. Large ferns.

4. A. munitum, Kaulfuss. Eootstock stout, ascemling, chatty : stalks a few
inches to a foot long, chatty, at least at the base, with abundant large glossy-brown
acuminate scales: fronds 1 to 4 feet long, standing in a crown, subcoriaceous, ever-
green, lanceolate in outline, simply pinnate ; i)inna- very many, often chatty beneath,
as is commonly the rhachis, 1 to 4 inches long, linear-acuminate, very sharply and
often doubly serrate witli incurved aculeate teeth, auricled at the upper side of the
nearly sessile base and obliquely truncate at the lower, all or only the upper om-s
fertile, but not contracted ; veins forking : sori abundant, at length coidluent. —
Eiuim. 23G ; Hook. Fl. 15or.-Am. ii. 2G1 ; Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. i. 187, t. 25.
Polt/sticlann munitum, Presl ; Brackenridge, 1. r. 203 ; Eaton, Bot. Mex. Bound, 235.

Var. nudatum, Eaton. Frond small, nearly devoid of chalf ; pinme fi'W, rather
remote, oblong-oval, sli;j,htly auriclt^l : sori scanty, confined to the ends i)f a few (d'
the highe.-,t piniKc. — Ferns of N. Amer. i. 1S8.

Aspidium. FILICES. 347

V;ir. imbricans, Ivvtoii, 1. c. Frond not lar<,'o, 1)roa(1(>st at. ilio haso ; pinn;c
cro\V(lc(l, l;iii(;i'oliilt'-()l)lonj,', pain, ascondiiij,' and inihricaluil ; stalk .scaly at thu baso
only, the rliachis ;iiid frond naked : sori snbniargiiial.

Var. inciso-serratum, Katon, 1. c. Frond ain[)le ; ])iiina3 lanceolate-acuiuinate
from a conspicuously iuiricled base, incised with serrated teeth ; veins branched into
five or six veinlets : sori scattered.

Common tlirougliout the State ; the finest specimens from near the coast in the northern coun-
ties. Var. nndntiiin was found in Yosemite Valley by Professor Wood. Var. imbricam in Mendo-
cino and Phunas Counties, etc., and a form connecting it with the first variety was collected in
the Trinity Mountains and on the Yuba River. Var. inciso-scrral am has been sent only from
British Columbia. The fern ncaicst to this one is A. falcincllum, Swartz, from Madeira.

f). A. aculeatum, Hwartz. llootstock stout, chaffy : stalks of variable length,
chaffy like the riiaciiis with large and small scales intermixed : fronds 1 to 2 feet
long, forming a crown, firndy mcm1)ranaccous, more or less fibrillose-chaffy beneatli,
evergreen, oblongdanceolate, normally bipinnate, but often i)innate with deeply pin-
natisect piniu'C ; pinnre closely placed, lanceolate from a broad base, often curved
upwards ; segments varying from rhomboid-oval and conlluent on the secondary
rhachis to triangular-ovate, distinct and auricled on tiie upper side of the base, ontiro
or serrate or incised, the lolxss and teeth aculeate : sori in two rows on the segments,
nearer the midvein than the margin. — 8yn. Fil. 53; Hooker, Syn. Fil. iv. 18;
Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 123, t. 02.

Var. Californicum, Faton, 1. c. Frond elongated ; pinnre lance-linear, slightly
incised above the middle, more ami more deeply cut towards the rhachis ; segments
rhomboid-ovate, serrate, the lowest superior one largest, but not a distinct pinnule.
— Ai^pvliiim Californicum, Eaton in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 555.

Var. lobatum, Kunze. Smaller : frond lanceolate ; pinniv lanceolate from a
broad base, pinnatilid into mostly distinct but sessile pinnules, a few of the lowest
often .somewhat auricled on the upjter side of the base. — Asj)idium aculeatum, var.
lohatnm and var. intermedium, Hooker, Brit. Ferns, t. 10, 11.

Var. angulare, r>raun. Frond oblong-lanceolate, truly bii)innate ; pinnules dis-
tinct, short-stalked, mostly auricled and slightly incised, the upper basal one often
largest and pinnatilid. — Hooker, Brit. Ferns, t. 12. Aspidiam angulare, Will-
denow.

Var. BCOpulinum, Eaton. Frond .short-stalked, narrowly lanceolate, less than
a foot long, sul)coriaceous, pinnate ; i)iinue less than an inch long, ovate, rather
obtu.se, the lower part pinnately lobed, the upper part serrate with barely aculeate
teeth : sori remote from the margin. — Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 125.

^lountainous districts in Santa Cruz and Mendocino Counties, the last variety in the Sierra
Ne%'ada and in Idaho. The first and the last varieties are confined to the regions named, but the
second and third are common in Europe. Still another form (var. Braunii) is found from Lake
Superior to northern New F^ngland and New Brunswick, and in continental Europe. The species
in one or another of its many forms occurs in nearly all parts of the world.

* * Pinna; or segments crenated or serrate to ith pointless teeth. Small ferns.

r». A. mohrioides, Bory. Uootstock short, chaffy : fronds clustered, borne on
short chall'y stalks, suhcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolato, 4 to 12 inches long, narrowed
slightly from the middle to the b;use, pinnate; pinna) numerous, G to 18 lines long,
usually imbricated, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, pinnately lobed with crenately
toothed segments, or in the largest fronds pinnate with ovate-trapezoid crenated ob-
tuse pinnules : .sori on tlie upper pinnic ; imlusia very large and often imbricated. —
Bot. Voy. Cxpnlle, 2G7, t. 55, lig. 1 ; Iviton, Ferns of N. Am-r. ii. 251, t. 80.

Oil the southern slopes of Mt. Eddy, at the headwaters of the South Fork of the Sacramento
l^ver, Lcmvion. First known from the Falkland Islands, then from Patagonia and the mountains
of Chili, then from the Prince Edward Islands, and now from a station si.v thousand miles dis-
tant from the nearest of the others. A plant of very condensed habit, but in its largest forms
showing considerable resemblance to the last variety of the preceding.

348 FILICES. Cy.ilojderis.

14. CYSTOPTERIS, Beinhanli.
Sori ratlicr small, roinul, placed on the back of tlio free veins, covered when ynung
by a very delicate roundish or ovate convex indusium lixcd across the veinlet just
below the sporanj,'ia, and usually turned back by the latter as they ripen. Delicate
ferns with small fronds.

Of the five known species one {C. bulhifcra) is peculiar to Eastern North America, and two to
Europe and Western Asia. The other two occur in both iicinisplieres.

1. C. fragilis, ISernhardi. Ivootstock elongated, creeping, chafly toward the
apex : stalks clustered, fragile, a few inches to a foot long : fronds broadly lanceo-
late, thin-membranaceous, smooth, usually bipinnate ; pinnae oblong-ovate or some-
what deltoid, pointed ; \nnnu\es decurrent on the winged secondary rhachis, ovate
or ovate-oblong, obtuse, toothed or variously incised with toothed lobules ; veiulets
mostly extending to the points of the teeth : sori small ; indusium roundish, entire
or toothed, often hidden by the ripened sporangia. — Torr. Fl. N. York, ii. 501 ;
Williamson, Fern Etchings, t. 4G ; Eaton, Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 49, t. 53,

Common in rocky phaces. The lange of this fern is from witliin the Arctic Cii( le to Chili in
the west, and to South Africa and Tasmania in the cast.

C. MONTANA, with small deltoid deliiatcly tripinnate fronds and a very slender and creeping
rootstock, has been found in the Kocky Jlountaiiis of IJritisii Anu'rica, and may possibly occur in
the northern part of the Sierra Nevada.

15. WOODSIA, 1!. Brown.
Sori round, borne on the back of the free veins : indusium very delicate, attached
to the receptacle beneath the sporangia and at first partly or wholly enclosing them,
divided sometimes almost to the centre into irregular lobes or into a delicate fringe.
Small tufted ferns, growing on exposed rocks.

This genus, consisting of a dozen or fifteen species, varies a good deal in the form of the indu-
sium, which is sometimes shaped at first like a bowl and then breaks into irregular segments, or
it is composed of several lobes folded together like an ohlfashioned wallet, or it is reduced to a
minute saucer-like scale beneath the sjiorangia, having the edge fringed with longer or shorter
cilia. Robert Brown's three original species, IT. I/vcnsis, hypcrborca and (fhibeUti, all occur in
Canada and the Northeastern States, and /F. ubiusa, Torrey, is common from the Atlantic to
Arkansas, and perhaiis Colorado.

1. "W". SCOpulina, Eaton. Plant growing in dense tufts : stalks 2 to 4 inches
high, brownisli-stramineous, puberulent like the rhachis and the lower surface of the
frond with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands : fronds 4 to 8 inches long, oblong-
lanceolate, pinnate; pinna3 numerous, 8 to 15 lines long, oblong-ovate, subacute,
deeply pituiatilid into 5 to 8 pairs of short ovate or oblong obtuse crenulate or
toothed lobes : sori submarginal ; indusium very delicate, deeply cleft into narrow
segments which terminate in short hairs composed of irregular cylindrical cells. —
Canad. Nat. ii. 91, and Ferns of N. Amer. ii. 193, t. 71.

From Mono Pass northward to Oregon and eastward to Colorado. This and the next have not
the obscure articulation in the stalk which is seen in the three species named by Robert Brown.

2. W. Oregana, Eat(m. Habit and stature of the last, but the fronds almost
or quite smooth, the sterile ones shorter than the fertile ; teeth of the lobes often
reHexed and covering the submarginal sori : indusium very miimte, divided almost
to the centre into a few moniliform hairs. — Canad. Nat. ii. 90, and Ferns of N.
Amer. ii. 185, t. 71 ; (>ray's Manual, 5 ed. GG9 ; Williamson, Fern Etchings, t. 51.

In masses around lava-rocks on high plateaus along Pitt River, Lcmmun. Oiegon to Lake
Superior, Colorado and Arizona. The glabrous fronds and rudimentary involucre distinguish it
from the last.

Hckujindlu. SELAGINELLE.E. 349

OiiUKii LYCOPODIACK/E, tlic Club-Moss or (Jrountl-Pine Fiunily, is character-
izotl by tlio smtiU loaves, usually lanceolate or subulate, souietiiucs oblong or round-
ish, not divided, persistent, placed in 2 to many rows on trailing or sometimes erect
usually branching stems, and by the 1 - 3-celled S[)orangia solitary in the axils of the
leaves or on their upper surface, all filled with numerous minute spores, and sej)a-
rating into 2 or 3 valves when mature. Prothallus [in the only known instance]
underground and without chlorophyll.

An order of tluoc genera, Li/cnpndiuni, Tinrsiptcris and Psilotiun, the latter of very few species,
the first munberiiig alwut 100, of wliich 11 are found in North Anieiiea. Tlie genus LvcoPOUiUM,
Linn., consists of moss-like plants, with leaves varying from round to slenderly subulate and
imbricated in 4 tO many rows on the pinnately or dichotomously branching stems, and with reni-
form 1-ccllcd sporangia opening transversely, situated in the axils of the ordinary leaves, on the
fruiting leaves modiiicd into bracts and the fructification forming stalked or sessile spikes. No
species is known to liave been as yet found in California, but the following may be looked for on
the mountains of the northern part of the State. Both liave distinct spikes of fructification.

L. ANNOTINUM, LiiiH. Stems creeping; branches U[iright, dichotomous, 4 to 6 inches high:
leaves in soveial ranks, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, serrulate, 2 to 4 lines long: spikes solitary
at the ends of leafy branches. — Washington Tenitory, northward to Unahiska and eastward to
the Atlantic.

L. CLAVATUM, Linn. Stems widely creeping ; branches upright, subpinnately branched, 4 to 8
inches high : leaves many-ranked, linear-subulate, spreading, but with the apex incurved and
bristle-pointed : spikes 2 to 4 together on a slender terminal peduncle. — Same range as the last.

Tmksiptekis Fousteiu, Endlicher, an Australasian plant, nearly a foot high, with vertical
oblong leaves half an inch long, some of them 2-lobed and bearing in the fork a large 2-celled
sporangium, is accredited to California in Hot. Ueechej', and there are specimens at Kew marked
"California, Douglas" ; but there is no recent evidence that it is a Californian plant.

Division II. HETEHOSPOUOUS VASCULAR ACIIOGENS.

Plant producing two kinds of spores ; the larger ones (ynacrospores) developing a
prothallus with archegonia; the smaller ones (7nic>-ospor€s) producing antherozoids.

Order CXXIII. SELAGINELLE^.

Leafy jdants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never of great size ; the stems bninching
or corm-like, and the leaves minute anil arranged in four rows or subulate and
elongated. Sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or borne on the upper surface of
the leaf near its ba.se and enwrapped by its margins, some containing macrospores
only and others only microspores.

1. SELAGINELLA, Bi:auvois.

Sporangia axillary, minute, sul)globose, opening transversely ; some containing

usually 4 globose macrospores, others, which are smaller and more abundant, Idled

with inimerous microspores. — j\ros.s-liko plants with slender branching stems and

small leaves arranged in 4 or several mnks.

The lunnber of species described is over 200, the greater part tropical. Many of them are very
elegant, anil a few are common in conservatories.

* Leaves all alilcc, arranged in manij ranka, thoxe of the fruiting spikes ^-ranked,
but otherwise like the rest.
L S. rupestris, Spring. Stems ]irostrate or ascending, rather rigid, 2 to 12
inches long, vaguely or subpinnately branching : leaves glauceseent, closely indjri-

350 SELAGINELLE.'E. Sdaylndlu.

cated and appressed, lanceolate, scarcely a line long, convex and grooved on the
l)ack, bristle-tipped and ciliate : spikes strongly quadrangular ; niacrosporangia
abundant, intermixed with the slightly smaller and more numerous microsporangia.
— Gray, Manual, 5 ed. G75, t. 20; Mildu, Fil. Eur. et Atl. 2G0.

Ou dry rocks, especially in inouiitiiiiious districts, not rare ; found in Anieiicii, Euroiie, Asia
and Africa. It picsfiits a variety of forms, stout and condensed, \ou<^ and slemler, with tlio
liristly appendaj^e of the leaves longer or shorter, etc. A cross-section of the stem shows a thick
layer of liiin ilark tissue surrounding the vascular a.xis.

2. S. Oregana, Eaton, u. sp. Stems pendent, flaccid, 1 to G feet long, j)innately
much branched : leaves not glaucescent, loosely imbricated, scarcely a line long,
lineardanceolate, convex and grooved ou the back, acute but not bristle-tippeil,
sparsely spinulose-denticulate : s])ikes very slender ; macrosporangia scarce.

Hanging from branches in dense masses, in moist forests ; Port Orford, Lieut, (now General)
A. V. Kaulz, 1855, and in Tilamook Valley, Mrs. Smnmcrs, 1878. Veiy much softer than the
last, the spikes scarcely distinguishable from the sterile braiichlets. T^e cross-section of the
stem is very unlike that of the last species, and shows a much softer and nearly colorless tissue.
As it has been found within a few miles of the boundary of the State, there is scarcely a doubt
that it will be discovered within its limits.

* * Leaves in four rows ; the lateral rows of larfjcr leaves than the tivo ttjtjjer
ones, the branches seeniinijli/ fattened.

3. S. Douglasii, .Spring. Stems decumbent, G to 24 inches long, rooting at the
base of the InancliL-s ; branches 4 to G inches long, 2- 3-])innately ilivideil : lateral
leaves a line long, obliipiely oval, obtuse, faintly nerved; ui)per leaves half as long,
oval but incurved and shortly aiticulate ; both kinds sparingly ciliate at the base :
spikes terminal, quadrangular; bracts cordate-acuminate. — Li/cojwdium ovalifollum.
Hook, & Grev. Ic Fil. t. 177, not Uesv. L. DoiKjlasii, Hook. & Grev. ; Hook. Fl.
Eor.-Am. ii. 2G8.

Oregon and Washington Territory, Douglas, Ifonphill, J. HowcU, et(!. Probably in Norlhein
California. This is llat-branched, like most of the species of the genus, and more like some troi>i-
cal forms than any other of the nortliern sjiecies.

S. I.EPIDOI'IIYI.LA, Spring, from Lower California, Arizona, etc., is a nest-like ball when diy,
but when moistened expands and shows many ]iinnately compound branches disposed in a spiral
about a closely coiled central .stem ; the leaves closely imbricated, ovate, obtuse, somewhat
scarious-margined, tiiose of the ni)[)er rows scarcely smaller than the others. It is often called
" Kesurrection-plant," and may possibly occur in the .southern counties.

S. Califounkw, Spring, was collected by Dcpjie in Lower California, and is not known within
the limits of the Slate. It is a snntll jdantwith erect 3 to 4 times dichotomous branches, the
leaves in 4 rows ; lateral leaves une<inally ovate, obtuse, nnicronulate, miinitely denticulate on the
upper margin ; leaves of the intermediate rows five times smaller, ovate-oblong, subcordate and
entire.

2. ISOETES, Linn. (,>i;n.i.\voi:T.
Rushdike aquatic or littoral i)lants with a short solid cormdike stem, and long
subulate cellular leaves, the bases of which are expanded and have thin stipule-like
infolded margins (the vdum) which enclose large siinjde ovcjid thin-walled sporocari)S
or sporangia ; the outer ones containing large spheroid trivittate macrospores, and
those of the inner leaves iilled with minute obliquely oblong and triangular micro-
spores.

Species very numerous, not less tlian 15 or 18 beiuf? known in the United States. Pending the
publication of a new monograph by Dr. Engelmann, the following descriptions are taken from liis
former writings.

1. I. Bolanderi, Engelm. Trunk [stem] deeply 2 lobod : leaves (5 to 20, 2 to
\\ inches long) 4-angled, slender, tapering to a very fine i)oiiit, bright-green, soft,
ei)i<lermis-cells elongated, with stomata, but without jM'riplnnic bast-bumlles ; sporo-
carp mostly obK)ng, about u ipiarter or half covereil by the velum, unsixjtteil ; macro-

Mamlia. MAUSILIACE.E. iJOl

s|)(ires (0.15 to 0.23 of a lino wide) bo.sct witli miimto i)oiiits and wiinklos ; niicro-
sporos (.013 to .015 oi" a line long) more or less i)apillose or spinulosc, deep brown. —
Anier. Naturalist, viii. 214.

Poiiils and shallow lakes on the Sierra Nevada at 5,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, in several
places {Bolandcr) ; also near Yellowstone Lake, I'arrij.

2. I. pygmaea, Engelm. 1. c. Deeply submerged, having few (5 to 10) short
(I to 1 Lnch long) stout raj)idly tapering dark-green leaves, with very short often
even square epidcrniis-cells, without stoniata or ba.st-bun(lk'S : sporocarp circular with
a very narrow velum ; macrospores (0.18 to 0.25 of a line wide) marked with smaller
and jnor(3 regular, nirely coidhient, rather shar[) points; micro.s[)ores (.012 to .014 of
a line long) brown, very minutely jiaijillose or almost smooth.

In laige patches in mud covering gravel, deeply submerged in running water, on the Mono
trail, eastern declivity of the Sierra Nevada, at 7,000 feet altitude, Bolandcr, 1866. Closely
allied to the last species, distinguished by its stout short leaves without stoniata, the markings
of the larger macrospores, etc. ; in many respects near /. lacuslris.

I. Ni:irAr.i-ii, Al. Miaiin, a terrestrial species, with triangular leaves 3 to 7 inches long, having
numerous stoniata, the oblong sporocarp entindy covered by the velum, and the macrospores
minutely verrucose, occurs in Oregon and is to be sought for in Northern California.

Order CXXIV. MARSILIACE.2E.

Perennial plants rooted in nmd, having a sleniler creeping rhizome and either

filiform or 4-parted long-petioled leaves ; the somewhat crustaceous several-celled

conceptacles borne on peduncles M'hich rise from the rhizome near the leaf-stalks

or are more or less consolidated with the latter, and contain both macrospores and

microspores.

The order consists of two genera of similar habit. In Iwth the leaves or leaf-stalks are circinate
in vernation. The macrospores have a minute teiniinal papilla, which produces a small prothal-
lus bearing a few archegonia, fertilized by antherozoids formed within the microspores,

1. MARSILIA, Linn.

Concei)taclos or sporocarps ovoid or Itoan-shapetl, composed of two vertical valves

having several transverse compartments or sort in each valve ; tlio .sori composed of

both macros[)orangia and microsporangia. The sporocarps are provided with a ring,

which is the outer part of the vertical dissepiment, and which at the ojiening of the

valves swells up and becomes a mucilaginous filament, tearing the sori from their

places within the valves. — Plants with peltately quadrifoliolate leaves on slender

petioles; the sporocarps peduncled and rising either from the petiole or from the

rhizome at the base of the petiole.

About 50 species are known, of which 5 or 6 occiu- in the United States. The plants commonly
grow in mud under shallow water and have floating leaves, but are sometimes teirestrial. In
many species the sjwrocarp has two short teeth near its insertion on the peduncle.

1. M. vestita, Hook. <^ Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire,
2 to 7 lines long and broad.; jjctioles 1 to 4 inches long : peduncles free from the
petiole ; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled, about 2 lines long, very hairy when
young ; upper tooth longest, acute, straight or curved ; lower tooth obtuse, the sinus
between tliem rounded. — Ic. Fil. t. 159 ; Engelm. Ainer. Journ. Sci. 2 ser. iii. 55 ;
Al. Ihaun, in ^lonatsb. Acad. IJerlin, 1803, 423. J/, villosa, Urackenridge, Ferns
of U. S. Kxpl. Exp. 340, as to the American plant.

Collected in California by Di: I'icWn'uf/, and in upland soil at Mrownsville, Yuba County,
yt. Wood; Oregon to Texas, ^f. luucrmutla, Al. Ibaun, is a form of this Hpecien willi longl-r
l>eduncles and less hairy spoiocarps.

352 MAlirilLlACE.K rUuluriii.

2. PILULARIA, Liiui.
Sporocarps globose, longitiuliually 2-4-ct;lItHl, dehiscent from the apex ; the cells
with parietal pluceuta-like cushions bearing in the upper portion niicrosporangia,
and below these numerous sporangia containing solitary niacrospores. — I'lants with
a slender creeping rhizome and tilitbrm leaves ; the sporocarps subsessile or i)eduncled
on the rhizome in the axils ol' the leaves.

Five species are known. Tliey ^row in llie nuuMy borders of ponds and in occasionally inun-
dated jdaces in America, Europe, Northern Africa and Australia.

1, P. Americana, Al. Braun. Leaves setiform, 1 inch long: sporocarps about
a line in diameter, attached by the side to a short descending j)eduncle, usually
3-celled; macrosi)ures in each cell 13 to 17, not constricted in the miildle. — ^lonatsb,
Acad. Berlin, 1863, 435, and 1872, G6G. Pilularia, ^'uttall, Fl. Arkans. 140.

Near Santa Barbara {Mrs. Ellwood Cooper), May, 1879 ; Arkansas (Xutiall) ; also in Chili.
Less than half as large as the European P. tjluinli/eru, which has erect and regularly -J-cellcd
sporocarps.

Order CXXV. SALVINIACE^.

Floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes branching axis bear-
ing apparently distichous leaves : conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, two or
more on a common stalk, 1-celled and having a central often branched receptacle
which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary niacrospores, or microspit-
rangia containing numerous microspores.

The order consists of two genera, S((Iviiii<i, not represented in the United States, and Azolht,
liaving each but very few species. The order is often united with the last, under the name of
llliizucarpcu;.

1. AZOLLA, bam.
Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, coveretl with minute imbri-
cating 2-lobed leaves, and emitting rcxjtlets on the underside. Concei)tacles in pairs
beneath the stem, either both containing macrospores, or one of each kind : smaller
conceptacles acorn-shaped, containing at the base a single macrosi)ore, and in the
upper part several corpuscles of unknown character. Larger ci>nceptacles globose,
having a basal ])lacenta which produces man}' pedicelled sj)orangia containing sev-
eral masses of microspores.

In a paper on Azolhi Nilotka by Metteniiis (in Plautiu Tinneau;e) is found one of the best
attempts to explain tlie curious fructilication of this genus. Four species are described.

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Plant 4 to 12 lines broad, much branched : leaves
witli ovate lubes, inferior lube reddish, superior one green with a reddish bcrder :
corpuscles three to each macrosporangium ; macrospori;s with a miinitely granulate
surface: masses of microspores glochidiate. — Sp. 1*1. v. 541 ; Mettenius, Liiuuea,
XX. 278, t. 3, fig. 9-15, and PI. Tinneame, 53; Cray, Manual, 5 ed. GOG, t. 14.
A. microphylla, Kaulf. Enum. 273.

Floating, conmionly on quiet waters, not rare. Oregon to Arizona, eastwaid to the AtlaiUic,
and southward to Brazil. An inconspicuous jilant, looking like a purplish Hepatic moss.
A. Maijdlanka is kept ajiart by Mettenius under the name iA' A. Jiliculoidis, Earn.

MUSCI.

Subclass II. CELLULAIl ACKOGENS.

Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Antheridia or archegoiiia, or both, formed
upon the stem or branches of the plant itself, which is develope.l from the germi-
nating spore usually with the intervention of a filiform or couferva-like prothallus.

Ohdeh CXXVI. MUSCI.

Low and mostly cespitose or tufted plants, caulescent and with distinct sessile
simple mostly 1-nerved leaves, alternate in several ranks or rarely distichous the
stems bearing spore-cases which contain only simple spores and open usually by a
<leci.luous hd. Inflorescence dioecious, montecious, or bisexual, involucrate and
mostly bud-hke, terminal or lateral, the reproductive organs accompanied by jointed
Idainents (paraph >/ses). Male flowers (involucre, when present, called the peri-
yomvm) of several (1 to 20) clavate i.ersistent antheridia, opening by an apical
sht and discharging a mucous fluid filled with oval colls, each containing an anther-
izoid. Female flowers (the involucre termed the perichaetium) of 1 to 20 flask-like
arclmjoaia (or pistillidia), each inclosing a nucleus and terminated by a funnel-
mouthed tube {.tyle), usually but one becoming f.-rtilized, when the enlarging nucleus
bursts the envelope and elongates, the lower part forming a slender pedicel°sheathed
by the base of the envelope {vagimde), the summit becoming a capsule bearing the
upper part of the archegonium as a calyptra. Cajisule rarely indehiscent or dehis-
cing by 4 valves, usually opening by a lid {operculum), whiJh leaves the mouth of
the capsule naked or surrounde.l by a ring {peristome) of usually 16 teeth, distinct
or coherent by pairs or more or less divided, with or without a variously divided
inner ring, the base of the peristome often encircled by an elastic ring of cells
{anmdus). The pedicel continues through the capsule as a columella, and is often
thirkoned under the base of the capsule, forming a collnm (or apophyus) or, if only
at one side, a struma. The calyptra either splits at one side (becoming cncullate, or
dimidiate if cleft to the apex), or remains entire and campanulate or mitre-shaped
{mitri/orm). The sporangium lin^s the cavity of the capsule and contains the spores,
which are formed by fours within mother-cells. Spores in germination producing a
confervoid branching prothallus, developing buds which become leafy stems. Propa-
gation also takes place by means of rjemmce, or by detached leaf-buds, or by the
formation of a new prothallus from the roots or from the root-like hairs {rhizoids)
which often abound upon the stems.

An order of perhaps 150 genera and nearly 4,000 speries, .listributed over the entire globe, but
most abundantly in temperate an.l cooler regions. They love especially damp or shaded places
and are found upon rocks, trees, the ground, or in running streams, each genus or species having
ts pecu har preference They vary much in size, from srcms i of a line to 1 or 2 <\'et in len^f
bu in diameter only from ^ to A of a line. The stem is composed of more or less elongS
and narrow cells, the outermost layers usually much thickene.l and of a bright red or reddish
coloi-. It IS occasionally stoloniferous at base, more frcciuentiv brancliing nbovc and extendin<' bv
a series of vigorous lateral shoots or innovations. Tiie leaves are formed usuallv of a simi.le layer
ot cells with commonly a medial vein or casta, consisting of several layers. The tissue {nrrolation)
ot tlie blade IS homogeneous in each layer, though the cells may vary much in form and size in
tlie same leaf being usually larger and more elongated toward the base, as well ns thinner and
destitute of chlorophyll. Cells which are placed end to end are said to be proscnchimatomt • those

;54

MUSCI.

which overlap at the ends are jtnrcnchymatous. Their outer surface niaj' be smooth or produced
into siniph; or forked papilhe. These cliaracteristies of h-af-structure are largely relied upon in
the definition of tlie, trilics, as well a.s freiiueiitly of genera and species. The syM.iuatic arrange-
ment of tlie nuissis is slill to ^sonle exteul unsettled. 'I'he lunits of genera vary vt ry nuuth witli
dilferent authorities, and the principh's which govern tlieir disposition vary as wid.ly. In tlie
following urrungenient, while lulopting esicntially the method dcveloiied by Scliiiiiper most fully
in the second edition of his Synopsis iMuscoruin Europa^orum, his groupings are niodilied by a con-
solidation of some of the tribes, while less prominence is given to the numerous minor divisions
jiropo.sed by him. Under the last tribe Hiipuctx it has .seemed advisable to deviate fre(|uently
from his order. It has not been found always easy to express clearly and definitely the distinc-
tions which determine the several tribes and genera, but it is hoped tliat the key w-ill in most
cases serve satisfactorily its intended purpose. The descriptions of the genera and species are
drawn almost wholly from published works, and are intended only as a temporary aid to the study
of the western species pending the publication of the more critical and authoritative Manual of
North American Mosses, by Messrs. Leo Les(iuereux and Thomas P. James, which is now in
course of preparation. Acknowledgments are due to ilr. James for assistance in questionable
cases of synonymy, range, etc.

I. Capsule without operculum, dehiscing irregularly. Fruit terminal on the main stem.

Tribe I. PHASCE^^E. Minute terrestrial plants, stemless and bud-like or with a short mostly
simple stem. Capsule rarely e.xserted, globose to ovate-oblong. Flowers monoecious or
sometimes bisexual.

* Prothallus filamentose, persistent : leaves coarsely serrate or incised, the areolation loose and

uniform : columella none.

1. Ephemerum. Very minute, annual. Calyptia campanulate. Capsule glolio-^e-ovate, api-

culate, siibsessile.

♦ • Prothallus not persistent : leaves entire or nearly .so, the areolation narrower toward the

apex : ci)liimella present.
+- Leaves broadly lanceolate, crowded, more or less jiapillose.

2. Sphaerangium. Acaulescent, bud-like, with deeply concave subscarious If.ives. Capsule

globose, not apiculate, immersed. Calyptia mitrilbrin.

3. Phascum. Stouter, more caulescent. Leaves broadly lanceolate. Capsule subglobose to

ovate-oblong, apiculate. Calyptra cucullate.
4- +- Leaves narrowly lanceolate, the lower remote, not papillose, shining : stem at length
branching below the summit.

4. Pleuridium. Capsule ovate-globo.se, without collum, apiculate, .shortly pedicellate. Calyp-

tra cucullate. Male flowers axillary or hypogynous.

5. Bruchia. Capsule ovate-oblong, with large thick collum, rostellate, exserted. Calyjitra

mitriform. Male flowers terminal, bud-like.

II. Capsule dehiscing by a deciduous opercuhim. Fruit terminal on the main stem or rarely
on short lateral branches.

Tribe II. POTTIE.E. Caulescent perennials (or annuals in Pottia), with the areolation
round-hexagonal above, mostly looser and hyaline and more rectangular at the base of the
leaves. Flowers bud-like. Calyptra cucullate (mitriform in a species of /W//*/), long-
beaked. Capsule without collum, erect or nodding, on an exserted pedicel. Peristome
simple, of 1(J teeth, entire or bifid or more or less completely divided, sometimes iiii))ei I'ectly
developed or wanting.

* Leaves alternate, in several ranks.

-f- Peristome none (except in a species of Pidtia) : capsule subglobose to oblong : operculum
obli(piely rostrate or obtuse.

6. Gymnostomum. Low perennials, on rocks. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, of

close linn texture, creiiulate or subserrate. Capsule long-pedicellate, and conic opercu-
lum long-rostrate.

7. Pottia. Very small terrestrial annuals or biennials. Leaves soft, oblong or oblong-obovate,

rarely senate. Capsule immersed or exserted, and the plano-convex ot conic operculum
more or less rostrate or obtuse.
+■ +- Peiistome-teeth entire or bifid at the apex or unequally cleft to or below the middle : cap-
sule more or less oblong or cylindrical, long-pedicellate : leaves lanceolate.

8. "Weissia. Teeth entire or bifid at the apex only. Capsule oval or oblong, erect. Leaves

entire, involute ami crisped when dry.

9. Dicranum. Teeth unequally cleft to the middle. Capsule nodding or erect, often incurved.

Leaves frequently sen-ate toward the apex, often large.

Musci. 355

-»--(-+- I'eiistoine-tcetli dividiiij^ to tlin base, tko usuiilly liliform diviHions inoslly c(|ual, wholly

distinct or more or less coherent in pairs. Capsule ohlong or cylindrical, lon<,'-pedicellate.

++ Peristome without basilar membrane : leaves dull and papillose.

10. Ceratodon. Leaves lanceolate : capsule subcernuous, striate becoming,' .sulcate. Teeth

cleft nearly to the base, the eipial distinct divisions pronunently jointed.

11. Didymodon. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. Capsule erect. Teeth short and fuga-

ceons, entire or cleft to the base into lilifonn divisions.

++ ++ Peristome upon a more or less produced basal membrane : capsule erect.
= Leaves smooth and shining.

12. Leptotrichum. Leaves lanceolate-siibulate, not crisped when dry. Teeth ecpially or nn-

erpially cleft to the base, the divisions distinct or coherent. Basal membrane narrow.
— = Leaves dull and ])apillose.

13. Trichostomum. Leaves linear or lanceolate, mostly acuminate. Teeth often imperfect,

eiiuaily divided, the filiform divisions rarely wliolly distinct, erect or slightly twisted.

14. Desmatodon. Leaves soft, broader ovate- or obovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish. Teeth as

in tiie last, rather short and subulate, incurved when dry.

15. Barbula. Leaves various. Filiform divisions distinct, mostly very long and twisted.

* * Leaves opposite, distichous.
10. Fissidens. Leaves infolded at base, e<pntant (a dorsal wing produced into a vertical bltvde).
Ca|isulo oval or oblong, ccrnuous. Teeth as in Dicramim, hliform-lanceolate, horizon-
tally inllexed when dry.

17. Distichium. Leaves subulate-setaceous, spreading, shining. Capsule oblong or cylindrical,

erect or nodding. Teeth subentire or bilid.
Tr.ir.R HI. OlMMMIE/E. Caulescent perennials, with dull leaves in several ranks, the areo-
lation minutely rouml-hexagonal or punctate above, and hexagonal or linear and often
sinuous at base. Flowers bud-like. Calyptra mostly mitriform, smooth or sulcate and
often hairy. Capsule erect or sometimes nodding, pedicellate, usually regular. Peristome
single or (louble, or sometimes none ; teeth 4, 8 or 16, entire or more or less bifid, usually
flattened ; cilia alternate with them when present.
* Peristome none.
+- Leaves nerveless, hyaline at the apex : capsule not striate nor apophysate.

18. Hedwigia. Capsule globose, immersed. Calyptra mitriform, covering only the convex or

umbonate operculum.

19. Braunia. Capsule long-pedicellate, turbinate. Calyptra cucuUate, covering the capsule.

Operculum conic, obtuse.
-I- +- Leaves costate, not hyaline at the npex : capsule 8-striate, with obconic collum.

20. Zygodon. Ca])snle scarcely exserted, ovnte, becoming urceolate. Calyptra cucullate. cov-

ering the obliipiely short-beaked operculum.

♦ ♦ False peristome of four rigid triipietrous entire teeth.

21. Tetraphis. Capsule cylin<lric, long-pndicclled. Calyptra mitriform, naked, irregularly sul-

cate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, costate.

* * * Peristome single, ]uirple or orange, of 16 distinct teeth, entire or more or less deeply cleft,

often perforated : capsule rarely striate or sulcate.
-I- Calyptra not plicate nor hairy.

22. Grimmia. Low, growing in circtdar more or less comjiact tufts. Leaves often setosely

tii)j>e(l. Calyptra lohcd-mitriforin or cucullate, smooth. Operculum obtuse or shortly
beaked. Capsule erect or nodding, innnersed or shortly exserted.

23. Rhacomitrium. Taller, cespitose. Leaves often denticulate-acuminate. Calyptra lobed-

mitiiform, rough-beaked. Operculum narrow, mostly aciculate-beaked. Capsule erect,
usually long-pedicellate.

-i — t- Calyptra lobed-mitriforni, plicate.

24. Ptychomitrium. Rather tall, tufted. Leaves linear-lanceolate, denticulate above. Cap-

sule erect, long-pedicellate, with aciculate operculum.

* * * * Peristome doulde or single, or rarely none (in Encahjpta), usually jiale, of 16 entire
teeth, not perforated, often in pairs : capsule mostly striate and at length sulcate, erect :
calyptra large, mitriform or campanulate, often hairy.

25. Orthotrichum. Calyptra campanulate, plicate. Capsule immersed or exserted, apojdiysate.

Operculum short-conic. Teeth mostly in jiairs, usually reflexed when dry, with often
8 or 16 inner cilia.

26. Encalypta. Calyptra long-cylindric, rostrate, not idicate. Capsule long-pcdiccUed, with-

out collum. Operculum long-beaked. Peristome single or none.

356

MUSCI.

Tribe IV. rUNAItlE.E. Annuals ov luneniiials, mostly terrestrial, with soft smooth jjale
costate leaves, composed of large tliiu-walled hexagonal or oblong-rhombic parenchyma-
tous cells. Flowers terminal, tlie mah; di-scoid or eajiitate. Calyptra conic or mitrilorm
or vesieular-euenllate, naked, not plicate. Capsule ai^physate, lung-pedicellate, erect and
regular or noihling and gibbous. Peristome of 16 teeth, distinct or in pairs, or none ;
cilia opi)Obite them when present.

* Cai)sule erect, legular, upon a long-obconic or greatly dilated apophysis : peristome single,

rellexed when diy : calyptra mitrilorm or conic.

27. Tayloria Collum long-obconic. Calyptra mitriform, cleft at one side. Teeth distinct,

divitled, narrow, retlexed-spreading when dry. Perennials.

28. Splachnum. Apophysis at length greatly enlarged, subglobose to umbrella-shaped.

Calyptra conic, small. Teeth hmceolate, in pairs, closely retlexed when dry. Animals.

* * Calyptra vesicular, lobed at base or cucullate, long-beaked : capsule pyriform with an
obconic collum, erect and regular, or more or less declined and gibbous ; operculum flat-convex
to convex-conic : peristome none, single, or double. Annuals.

29. Physconiitrium. Calyptra 5-lobed at base. Capsule erect. Peristome imne.

30. Entosthodon. Calyptra cucullate. Capsule erect. Peristome of 16 short horizontal teeth.

31. Funaria. Calyptra cucullate. Capsule more or less nodding. Peristome of 16 oblicjue

teeth and 16 cilia opjjosite them.

Tkibe V. BRYE.E. Perennials, on the ground or rocks. Leaves with the somewhat uniform
areolation wholly itarenchymatous, or at least at base. Male llowers discoid or bud-like.
Calyptra naked, cucullate, narrow, fugacious. Capsule pyriform or oblong, or subspheriial
(in Barlmnii(i), rarely erect, annulate. Operculum convex or <lcpressed-conic, rarely short-
rostellate. Peristome double (sometimes .single in Baiirainia).

* Leaves smooth : capsule not striate nor plicate, oblong or ])yriform : peristome of 16 outer teeth

and an inner membrane bearing as nniny alternalo carinatc or ilivided processes.
-{- Inner membrane reaching to the middle of the long-lanceolate teeth, and bearing 16 <;arinate
jointed processes, often more or less dehiscent, and usually with ciliolaj in the intervals :
leaves often bordered.

32. Leptobryum. Stem simple or innovating at base. Leaves linear-setaceous, with linear-

rliombic areolation, not bordered. Cajjsule ovate-pyrifoiin ; sporangium small, stipitate.

33. Bryum. Stems innovating sparingly, mostly at the summit. Leaves usually ovate or

lanceolate, with rather large rhombic areolation. Capsule pyriform or oblong, with
obconic collum. Paraphyses of male flowers filiform.

34. Mnium. Larger, mostly innovating near the base, and often stolon iferous. Leaves broad,

with usually spinulose-serrate thickened border and large round-hexagonal areolation.
Capsule oval or oblong with short collum. Paraphyses clavate.
+- -i- Inner membrane reaching to the middle of the lanceolate teeth, the j)rocesses divided into
4 nodose-liliform cilia coherent at the apex ; ciliohc none : leaves not bordercil.

35. TimmicL Innovations at the summit. Leaves long-lanceolate, with minute round-hexagonal

areolation. Capsule oblong-oval with small collum.
H_ -J- 4- Inner membrane short, bearing 16 carinate processes much longer than the short obtuse
outer teeth ; ciliolie none : leaves not bordered.

36. Meesea. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, with minute liexagonal-rcctangidar areolation.

Capsule pyriform, incurved. Paraphyses davatc.
♦ * Leaves papillo^e, not bordered, lanceolate: ('ajjsule striate, at length plicate : }ieristome as in
the Bnjum group, rarely simple : innovations at the summit.

37. Aulacomnium. Leaves with granular dot-like areolation. Capsule nodding, oblong with

distinct collum. Inner teeth of jwristome dehiscent ; ciliohv (2 or 3) jiresent.

38. Bartramia. Leaves papillose both sides. Capsule globose. Inner teeth divided, the seg-

ments divergent, with imperfect ciliola;, or the inner peristome wanting.
Tribe VI. POLYTRICHE.E. Terrestrial rhizomatous perennials, of firm texture. Leaves
narrow, more or less rigid and serrate, with dense round-hexagonal areolation, the dilated
costa lamellate above. Flowers mostly dicccious, the male discoid and iiroliferous.
Calyptra cucullate, subspinulose or hairy. Capsule long-iu'dicelled ; annulus none. Peri-
stome simple, of 32 or 64 short solid obtuse ligulate incurved teeth, adherent at top to a
membrane closing the orifice of the cai>sule.

♦ Capsule terete, not distinctly apojihysate : teeth 32.

39. Catharinea. Leaves with a thickened narrow Ijorder, the narrow costa 2-6-lamellate.

Calyptra naked, spinulose at apex. Capsule cylindrical or oblong, slightly arcuate.

40. Oligotrichum. Leaves not bordered, remotely serrulate, the dilated costa with numerous

lamellie. Calyptra sparingly villous with erect hairs. Capsule erect, ovute-oblong.

Musci. 357

41. Pogonatum. Ciilyptni ('opiously villous, the hairs attiidicil to tlic ain-x and covering tlie

ca[i.siiie. (Xlicrwise as the last.

♦ * Cajisiile distinctly aiiophysate, 4-angled ; teeth 64.

42. Polytrichum. Calyptra and rigid leaves as in Pogonatum. Cajisule quadrangular-ovate

or -oblong, separated by a stoniatose band from a discoid or subglobose aiiophysis.

Tribe VII. lU'XBAUiMIyE. Jlinute nearly acaulescent annuals or biennials, on the ground
or rotting wood. Calyptra conic or cylindric-canipanulate. Cajjsule large, strongly
gibbous-ventricose. IVristoine double, the outer rudimentary or of one or more rows of
small more or less perfect teeth, the inner a 16- or 32-plicate membrane twisted into a cone.

43. Buxbaumia. Cajisule obliciuc, oblinuely flattened above, long-pedicelled. Inner peristome

3'2-plicate.
III. Capsule dehiscent by an operculum. Flowers all axillary, bml-like. Perennials.

TitiiiK, VIII. FONTINAI/K/E. Floating, slender. Leaves 3-ranked, smooth, with narrow
linear or rhombic areolation. Flowers diiEcious ; perichaitium elongated. Calyptra conic
or cucuilate. Capsule immersed or exserted, erect, ovate to cylindrical ; operculum
conic ; annulus none. IVristome double, of 10 linear teeth, in pairs, and as many alternate
cilia nioie or less united by crossbars.
41. Foutinalis. Leaves nerveless, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; areolation linear-rhombic. Cap-
sule sessile, immer.scd. Teeth coherent at the apex, hygroscopic ; the inner cilia form-
ing a more or less perfectly tessellated cone.
4.'i. Dicheiyma. Leaves narrow, falcate, folded, costate : areolation rhombic. Capsule pedi-
cellate. Teeth dehiscing, scarcely hygroscopic ; cilia united or free.

Tkice VI 1 1. HYPNK/E. Creeping on the ground, trees or rocks, the erect or ascending or
pendulous secondary stems branching irregularly, fasciculately, or pinnately. Leaves
several-ranked, niostly broad, usually more or less imi)erfectly costate or bicostate ; areola-
tion various. Calyptra usually cucuilate and naked. Peristome double, ns in Mnium,
with or without ciliohe and the basal membrane often narrow, or the inner peristome rarely
wanting (in Fabronia).

* Capsule symmetrical, mostly erect : areolation parenchymatous.
+- Stems irregularly or fasciculately branched : capsule long-pedicelled : leaves smooth and
shining (except in n. 4',t, 50), complanate in n. 47.

++ Areolation very loose : flowers monoecious.

46. Fabronia. Minute. Leaves not complanate, ovate-lanceolate, filiform-acuminate, dentate

or ciliate, obsoletely costate. Calyptra cucuilate. Capsule erect, subspherical. Peri-
stome simple.

47. Hookeria. Prostrate, succulent. Leaves complanate, ovate or rounded, nerveless or bi-

costate. Calyptra conic-mitriforni. Capsule cernuous or horizontal. Peristome double,
without ciliohe.

+t +t Areolation narrow or linear: flowers dia-cious.

48. Pterogonium. Blanches arcuate when dry. Leaves bicostate at base. Calyptra slightly

hairy. Processes half as long as the teeth, on a broail membrane : ciliolre none.

49. Pterigynandrum. More or less prostrate. Leaves rough-papillose on the back. Peri-

touK'-tceth remotely jointed, the processes imperfect and ciliolre none.
++ ++ +f Areolation minute and punctiform : leaves densely papillose both sides: flowers dioecious.

50. Anomodon. Stems ascending or erect. Leaves costate. Processes shorter than the teeth,

without ciliohe.

+- +- Stems pinnately or bipinnately branched : flowers dioecious.

+t Capsde very shortly peiliccliate : leaves smooth and shining; areolation narrow or linear.

Secondary stems erect, ascending, or jiendulous.

51. Neckera. Leaves comjdanate, .scarious, ovate-lancpolate, scarcely costate. Processes as

long as the teeth ; ciliol.'c none.

52. Antitrichia. Leaves not complanate, ovate-acuminate, costate to the middle. Processes

shorter, fugacious.
++ ++ Capsule short- or long-pedicellate : leaves smooth or papillose ; areolation oval-rhombic or

punctiform.

53. AlsicL Branching stems often circinate when dry. Processes shorter than the teeth, with

or without ciliola?.
♦ * Capsule unsymmctrical, long-pedicelled, more or less cernuous : ciliola^ present: areolation
mostly narrow or linear.

54. Hypnum. Leaves mostly smooth and shining, rarely complanate, often secund.

2gg MUSCI. Ejilumerum.

1. EPHEMERUM, iranii.e.

Ver}' minute gregarious aniuuils, on bare iLunp earth ; tihuueiitou.s i)rothallus jxir-
sistent, erect and much branched ; stem very short, sinqjle. Leaves soft, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or incised ; areolation loose, rhombic-hexagonal.
Male plants near the base of the somewhat larger female and upon the same prothal-
lus, of 3 or 4 leaves and bud-like, with a few minute oblong antheridia, deciduous
at maturity. Calyi)tra thin, campanulate, incised at base. Capsule immersed or
emergent, subsessile, acuminate-ovate or globose, without columella. Spores not
many, large, reniform.

Eight species are i'ouiul in Europe and North America.

1. E. serratum, Ilampe. Prothallus deep green, dense and velvety : stem with
long rootlets : lower leaves ovate, acuminate, ecostate, much smaller than the long-
lanceolate upper ones ; teeth usually spreading or recurved : capsule subglobose,
shortly acuminate, brownish purple, shining: spores 50 to 100, ferruginous. —
Bruch & Schimp. Eryol. Eur. t. 1 ; Schimp. Syn. 2 ed. t. 1. J'hasctnn serratum,
Schreb. Phase. 9, t. 2 ; AVilson, Eryol. ]5rit. t. .'J ; Sulliv. in Gray's :Manual, 2 ed. 614.

Ill lields aud meadows, Mission Dolores {Bolandcr) ; also in tiie Athintic States and tlironghoiit
Europe.

2. SPHiERANGIUM, Schimp.

With nearly the habit of Epliemernm, the prothallus often absent : leaves of
firmer texture, imbricate, ovate to ovate-oblong or obovate, concave or carinate, cos-
tate, minutely papillose toward the apex and the areolation closer than below ;
chlorophyll scanty or wanting. Calyptra minute, mitriform, irregularly circumscis-
sile at base, very fugaceous. Capsule immersed, erect on a short pedicel or subpcn-
dulous, globose, shining, brownish-orange ; culumella present, thickish. Spores
subglobose. — Acaulon, Jiluell.

Four species.aie known, two of Europe and the Athintic States, one Texan, and one Australian.
1. S. muticum, Schimp. Bud-like, the fruiting plant oblong-conical, pale or
brownish : lower leaves ovate-acuminate, more or less recurved, the middle ovate-
oblong, recurved-acuminate, not carinate, nnicronate with the excurrent costa, the
upper 2 (or 3) infolding each other, often deeply erose at the apex, 3 times longer
than the erect orange-colored capsule. — Syn. Muse. Eur. 2 ed. 13, t. 1 ; Bruch it
Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 4. Phascum muticum, Schreb. Phase. 8, t. 1, fig. 11, 12.
Acaxdon muticum, Muell. ; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-]>or. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 32.

At Mission Dolores, with the last {Bolandcr) ; Atlantic States, Europe and South Africa.

S. TRIQITETKUM, Scliimp., if it occurs in California, may be distinguished by its 3-ianked cari-
nate leaves, the perichietial always 3, and the capsule iiovizontal upon the curved jiedicel. The
Atlantic Slates form is said to be intcMnediate between the two.

3. PHASCUM, Linn.
Stouter than the preceding, rarely annual and usually reproduced from the base,
growing on the ground, the proj^hallu.s soon disajipearing. Stem simple or 2-3-
parted. Leaves rather firm, costate, broadly lanceolate, entire ; areolation below
loose, oblong and hyaline, minutely subquadrate and chlorophyllose above. Male
flowers at the base of the stem or branches, with 1 to .several perigonial leaves.
Calyptra cucullate. Capsule shortly pedicellate, subglobo.se to ovate-oblong, a])icu-
late or beaked, with free sporangium and i)ersistent columella. Spores smaller.

Bruchia. MUSCI. 359

Only tlm following spocics nro found in Aniorirn, both nlso Kurojionn ; ollirr species belong to
tlio Old WoiM. Tlio giMiiis nppioficlips l'o:ti<t, except in the want of nn opeiculiun.

1. P. CUSpidatum, Schreb. Densely. cltistenMl ; stems simple or somewhat
braiiclied, about 2 lines liijj;h : leaves densely crowded at least above, oblong-lanceo-
late and long-acuminate, cuspidate with the excurrent costa, carinate-concave, the
margin subrevolute below, more or less papillose on the back toward the aj)ex : male
flower with one perigonial leaf: capsule immersed, globose or rarely ovate, shortly
and obtusely apiculate, chestnut-colored. — Ib-uch & Schimp. ]5ryol. Eur. t. 5 ;
8chimp. Syn. Muse. 2 ed. IG, t. 1 ; Sulliv. in Gray's Manual, 2 ed. Glo, t. 1.

AtMission Dolores, with the preceding (Bnhindcr) ; common in the Atlantic Slates and through-
out Eiuo[)e, and in most temperate regions, in various forms.

2. P. bryoides, Dickson. Cesj)itose; stems 2^ to 5 lines high, simple or
branched, at length decumbent and rejiroduced from the l)ase : lower leaves minute
and remote, the upper much larger, counivent or somewhat spreading, oblong- to long-
lanceolate, concave, cuspidate : male flower terminal, becoming apparently axillary :
capsule emergent or wholly exserted, erect upon a straight pedicel, oval to oblong-
elliptical with an oblicjtie blunt beak, brown, dull. — 15ruch it Schimp. 1. c, t. G;
Berkeley, I'.rit. Moss. t. 24, iig. 8.

Var. piliferum, Schimp. Leaves shorter, i)iliferous : capsule ovate, on a shorter
pedicel. — Syn. Muse. 2 ed. 19.

South side of Oakland Hills {Bolandtr), the variety ; also European.

4. PLEURIDIUM, Bridel.
Annuals or the stem at length decumbent and producing innovations or flagelli-
form branches below the apex. Leaves lanceolate or lance-subulate, shining, firmly
costate, remotely and obtusely serrate toward the apex, the areolation oblong-hex-
agonal below, narrower above. Inflorescence monoecious or bisexual. Calyptra small,
cucullate. Capsule immersed or exserted upon a short pedicel, becoming lateral after
the branching of the stem, ovate-globose or ovate, shortly apiculate, smooth and
shining. — Astomum, Hampe.

Ten species are described, three European, three North American, the rest of the southern
liemisphere.

L P. subulatum, Bruch Sz Schimp. Stem 1 to 3 lines high, rarely branched :
upper leaves crowded, erect-spreading and somewhat secund, much exceeding the
capsule, lance-subulate and subsetaceous, not carinate, the broadish costa ceasing
near the obsoletely serrate apex : antheridia naked in the axils of the perichaetial
leaves : capsule ovate-globose, pale brown. — Bryol. Eur. t. 9. • Phascum subulatum,
Linn.; Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 93, t. 35; Engl. Bot. t. 2177; Wilson, Bryol. Brit,
t. 5 ; Austin, Torr. Bot. Bull. vi. 142.

Var. Stem stoloniferous : leaves broader at base, more convolute, and smooth
upon the back ; the inner perichaetial leaves not narrower, more abruptly contracted.
— P. subulatum, Lesq. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xiii. 2, and Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 5 ;
Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 39, in part. P. sti-aviineum, Lesq. ;
Austin, 1. c.

The variety at San Rafael, by ditches and on dry hills, Bolander. Intermediate between the
typical European P. suhiJatum and the Atlantic States fomi (also referred to it by Sullivant),
which Austin has distinguished as P. Ravencllii.

6. BRUCHIA, Schwaegr.
CespitosG or densely clustered, Avith the habit of Pleurulium : stems simple or
sparingly branched : leaves shining, the lower minute and remote, the upper crowded

360

MUSCI. r.ruchia.

and much larger, lanceolate-subulate, with excurrent costa ; areolation rectangular

below, narrower above : inflorescence monoecious, the male flowers terminal upon

special branches, with open perigonium : capsule exscrteil, ovate with a largo solid

collum, beaked : calyptra niitriform, lobed or lacerate at base.

Five species are found in the Atlantic States, two in Euiope, and several others in Soutli
America and Soutlnin Aliiea.

1. B. Bolanderi, Lesij. Stems clustered, simple, scarcely a line long: leaves
pale green, erect-si)i-eading, shortly subulate above the lanceolate base, the costa
ceasing at the obscurely serrulate apex ; pericluetial leaves broader, nearly tubular,
the outer shortly acuminate, the inner lanceolate-subulate, erect, twice or tlirico
longer than the cauline ; inner perigonial leaves brownish, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
obsoletely nerved : calyptra lobeil at base : capsule erect or nearly so upon a stout
pedicel 2 to 4 lines long, greenish, narrowly oblong with a straight i)ale beak, upon
an elongated pale green collum. — ]\Iem. Calif. Acad. i. 5; Sulliv. Icon. i\Iusc.
Suppl 23, t. U.

Near the Mariposa Grove and at Westfall's Meadow, Bolandcr. ResembHng the European B.
Vogesiaca, Schwaegr.

6. GYMNOSTOMUM, Hedw.

Low slender cespitose perennials, on rocks ; stems 2 - 3-dichotoraous. Leaves in
several ranks, lanceolate to linear, witli prominent costa and minute quadrate areo-
lation, larger and hyaline at base. Inflorescence monoecious or dioecious, the male
terminal and buddike. Calyptra cucullate, deeply cleft, long-beaked. Capsule
erect upon a rather long pedicel, elliptic-ovate or subgln.bose, with long-beaked oper-
culum, annulate (our species), but without peristome.

Three s])ecies are European and North American, witli single species in South America and Africa.
Differing from Weissia only in the want of a peristome, and referred to it by Mueller and Mitten.

1. G. calcareum, Xees & Homsch. Very densely cespitose, 2 to 10 lines high,
bright green above, ferruginous below : leaves erect-spreading, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, somewhat obtuse, minutely serrulate : calyptra very narrow : cajjsule oblong
upon a pale straw-colored pedicel, subcylindrical when emi)ty, pale brownish with
a red orifice ; operculum conic with acute or subulate beak ; annuliis persistent. —
Eryol, Germ. 153, t. 10; Bruch i^ Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 32.

Var. perpusillum, Sulliv. Very siuall, with erect ovate-lanceolate crenulate
leaves, and oval-pyriform capsule. — Tacif. W. Kep. iv. 18o.

On clayey soil. near San Francisco, Bigchno ; the variety. The typical form was found at Lake
AVinnipeg by Drummond, and is common in Europe.

0. cuuvikostiu:m, lledw. (Muse. Frond, ii. tiS, t. 24 ; Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 35, 36), was
collected by Bigchno at Iatoux Springs at the ba.v! of the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. It
is taller (.^ to 4 inches high) and very much biamdu-d, with lanceolate acute and often subserrate
leaves : capsule ovate to subspherical, brown and shining, with a broadly conic operculum produced
into a long obli(]ue slender beak and long persistent upon the jMominent columella.

7. POTTIA, Ehrh.
Small terrestrial annuals or biennials. Leaves in several ranks, soft, dull, smooth
or papillose, oblong to oblong-obovate, acuminate, the excurrent costa sometimes
lamellate on the upper side ; areolation looser and hyaline at base. Flowers monce-
cious, the male axillary, bud-like or naked. Calyi)tra smooth, cucullate or rarely
mitriform. Capsule erect, immersed or exserted, ovate-oblong or truncate-obovate,
with depressed-conic obliquely rostrate or obtuse opercidum. Peristome none or
rudimentary, rarely of 16 entire or bifld teeth. — Anncalypta, Eoehl.

rottia. MUSCI. 361

A goiius ofjilumt -10 spocii's, 13 I'.iiropoaii. Nraily iillicil to tlie Jinrlmln {^loiiis with which it
is sniiietiiiics united.

* Peristome vone or radlinentarij.

•t- Leaves lamellate on the ujijyer side of the costa, which terminates in a long

seta.

1. P. cavifolia, Klnh. Leaves eroct-sproading and subiinbricate, obovate-oblong,
strongly concave, bearing 3 or 4 membranous lamelhe on the costa : capsule emer-
gent or exserted upon a short pedicel (1 to G lines long), ovate to oblong ; operculum
rather long-beaked; annulus none. — J'rucli & Schinip. 15ryol. Eur. t. 118; Wilson,
Bryol. Brit. t. 7. Gi/mnostomum ovatiun, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. IG, t. G.

In ditches iiciir Carson Q'lty (IVatson); Fort Colville, Washington Teiiitory (L)jall)\i\\\o\\^\-
out Europe and in the Andes. Very variable.

2. P. subsessilis, Brucli Sc Schimp. Besembling the last : leaves obovate or
obovate-oblong, the costa bearing 2 to 4 thickened or membranaceous lamellae and
ending in a long white seta : calyptra oblitpie, canipanulate, lobed at base : capsule
immersed upon a short straight pedicel, subglobose with a large llattened-convex
rostellate operculum and very broad mouth. — Bryol. Eur. t. 117; Sulliv. & Lesq.
Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. n. 92 (2 ed. n. 118). Schistidium subsessile, Bridel. Fha-
romitriuni subsessile, Schimp. Syn. i\[usc. Eur. 2 ed. 150.

At Los Anj:;elcs (Biijcloir) ; near Carson City, under sage-brush ( IVnfson) ; from the Rocky
Mountains of British America to Illinois and Texas. Also in South America and in Germany.
Separated generically by Schiniper upon the character of the calyptra.

■t- -)— Costa nahed, slightly or not at all cxcurrcnt.

3. P. minutula, Bruch Sc Schimi). 8tems seldom a line long : leaves spread-
ing, becoming reddish, ovate- or obloiig-lanceolato, with recurved margins and the
red costa slightly cxcurrcnt : antheridia naked in the axils of the perichnetium or
included witliin one or two perigonial leaves : capsule minute, on a reddish pedicel
a line or two long, truncate-ovate, with a large obtusely conical operculum. — Bryol.
Eur. t. 119; Wilson, 1. c. ; Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c, n. 91 (2 ed. n. 117). Gymnosto-
mum mimitulnm, Schwaegr. Suppl. i. 25, t. 9.

At Los Angeles (Bigelow); through Europe and in Northern Africa.

4. P. truncata, Bruch k Schini)). Stems i^ to G lines high : leaves spreading,
obovate-oblong or suljspatulate, shortly acuminate and usually mucronate with the
excurrent costa, concave at base and carinate above, the margins ilat : capsule trun-
cate-obovate, with an obliquely beaked llat-convex operculum deciduous with the
upper portion of the columella. — Bryol. Eur. t. 120 ; Wilson, 1. c. ; Sulliv. in Gray's
INlan. 2 ed. G29, t. 2; Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c, n. 90 (2 ed. n. IIG). G ymnostom.nm
tntncatum, Flodw. Muse. Frond, i. 13, t. 5.

Var. subcylindrica, IJruch Si Schimp. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, the costa more
excurrent : capsule subcylindrical.

Wet meadows near Carson City {IFntson), the variety. New England to Pennsylvania, and
very common throughout Central Europe.

5. P. Heimii, Druch X- Schimp. Somewhat taller and stouter: leaves flexuose-
spreading, the lower remote and broadly lanceolate, the upi)er crowded, oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate at the apex, with flat margins and the reddish
costa ceasing at or below the apex ; inflorescence polygamous : capsule reddish
brown, on a pedicel h to 1 inch long or less, truncate-obovate or oblong {'operculum
flat-convex, obliquely long-beaked, remaining attached to the columella. — Bryol.
Eur. t. 124 ; Wilson, 1. c. ; P.erkeley, Brit. ^[oss. t. 23, fig. 3 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c,
n. 115. G ymnostovDim lleimii, Hedw. 1. c, i. 80, t. 30.

In ditches near Soda Springs on the Upper Tuolumne (Bolnndrr); in the West Humlmldt
Mountains, Nevada, and in tlie Wahsatch ( JVntsmi); and in the Hocky Mountains from British
America to Colorado. Also in the Andes to Cape Horn, and in Eurojw.

3(j2 MUSCI. Pottia.

r. RUBlGixosA (Bnrhula rubiginosa, ft[itten, Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 27), collected liy Doiujias,
may be tbiuul in Northcrii California. It is a ilirecious species, witli s|ireailinf,' leaves, cnrveil and
appressed when dry, the lower ovate, the nj)per .subulate-lanceolate from an ovate decnrrent base,
acute with the costa reachinff the thickish i\\Mi\, niarj,'in recurved, areolatuon minute, rounded,
minutely papillose ; j)ericli;etial leaves larger, erect, convolute, subulate-apiculate with excurrcnt
costa : capsule oval-cylindric, upon a red pedicel ; operculum conic, half as long as the capsule ;
annulus of a triple row of cells.

* . * Per 1st om e dlst inct. — Ax acaly pta.

6. P. Starkeana, Muell. Closely reseiubliiig P. viimdald, from wliicli it is
(listinguifslied hy limadur and conii>aratively shorter leaves, more shortly cuspidate
and with narrower and less distinct areolation, the oval capsule with a narrow per-
sistent annulus, and the pale or yellowish peristome of IG ohtuso or truncate 3-4-
jointed entire or cribrose teeth. — Syn. i. 547. Weissia Starkeana, lledw. 1. c.
iii. 83, t. 34. Auacalypta Starkeana, Nees k Ilornsch. ; Hruch & Scliimp. Bryol.
Eur. t. 125 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 14 ; Sulliv. <t Lesq. 1. c, n. 111).
Mission Dolores, on clayey ground (Bulaadcr); also European.

8. WEISSIA, Iledw.
Low cespitose perennials, dichotomously or fastigiately branched, on the ground
or on rocks. Leaves in 8 ranks, linear-lanceolate to oblong-subulate, costate ; areo-
lation minute, quadrate, at base rectangular and hyaline. Inllorescence monoecious,
terminal, bud-like. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked. Capsule erect upon a rather
long pedicel, oval or oblong, with rostrate operculum, ami peristome of IG ilat
lanceolate or truncate teeth, entire or bihd at the apex, transversely jointed and often
perforated.

A genus variously limited, represented by a single species in the Atlantic States, by 8 or 9 in
Europe, and most abundantly in South America.

* Perichcetial leaves not sheathing : teeth of peristome somewhat irrcrjular.

1. W. Viridula, Bridel. Stems about half an inch high, nearly simple or
f\xstigiately branchctl, in bright green more or less crowded tufts : leaves linear-
lanceolate, flexuous-spreading, with very involute margins, crisped when dry, the
costa sliglitly excurrent : capsule ovate to oblong, browji or reddish ; teeth very
variable, often rudimentary, reddish, 2-5-jointed. — Bruch k Schimp. Ihyol. Eur.
t. 21 ; Sulliv, in Gray's j\lan. 2 ed. G18, t. 1. W. contruversa, lledw.; \\'ilson,
Lryol. Brit. t. 15.

Var. Capsule longer, ovate-cylindrical, regularly striate or i)licate, green. — Lesq.
in Mem. Calif. Acad. i. G.

On the ground at and around San Francisco, both forms, Bolandcr. A common and very
variable species, in the Atlantic States and throughout Europe, on roadsides and in fields and
meadows.

* * Pericha-tium distinct, sheathing : teeth more yer feet, lanceolate. — {Dicrano-
weissia, Lindb.)

2. W. Cirrhata, Hcdw. Tufted, soft, the taller stems nnich branched, bright
green above, pale ferruginous below : leaves spreading, linear-lanceolate from an
oblong-ovate base, crisped when dry, the margins retlexed and costa rarely slightly
excurrent ; perichsetial leaves broader and shorter, somewhat slieathing nearly to
the apex : capsule long-oblong, subcylindrical, pale brown with a small reddish
orifice, and a persistent annulus of 3 rows of cells : teeth narrowly linear-lanceolate,
entire, erect when dry, reddish purple, paler above. — Spec. G9, t. 12; Ih'uch &
Schimp. 1. c, t. 25 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 15. Dicranoweissia cirrhata, Schimp.

Common in the redwoods and at the Big Tree groves, especially on burnt and decayed wood
(Bujclow, Bolandcr) ; Washington Territory and Oregon, Doii/jlas, Lij(dl. Also European.

Dicmnum. MUSCI. 363

W. ciiisi'in.A, Heilw., raiifros fioiii tlio arctifi regions to tlio moiintaiiis of Wasliington Territory,
Utah and Colorado, aiul may [w cxiiected on the iiigh inountaiiis of Caliroriiia. Slender, an inch
high or more, with lanceolate long-acnniinate leaves, ticxnose-spreading or falcate-secund and
iinich <'ris]>ed wlien dry : eapsuh; on ii tall twisted pedicel, with o!ilii|nely heaked operculum, no
annulns, and occasionally hilid teeth, the tips incurved when dry. — liruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 26.
Dicranowcissia crispuUi, Schimp.

9. DICRANUM, Ilcdw.

Dichotoraously branched perennials, often large, on the ground, rocks, or rarely
trees. Leaves spreading or falcate-secund, long-lanceolate or lance-subulate, costate ;
areolation quadrate or linear-oblong, hyaline at base, and often enlarged and yellow-
ish at the basal angles ; perichfctial leaves sheathing. Inllorescenco dioecious or
monoecious, terminal and bud-like. Calyptra cucullate. Capsule long-pedicellate,
nodding or rarely erect, symmetrical or incurved ; operculum large, long-beaked.
Peristome of IG linear-lanceolate purple or deep orange teeth, uneciually cleft to or
below the middle, the longer and shorter segments so alternating as to be in pairs.

There are 60 or more P^uropean species, half of which reappear in North America. The genus is
resolved by some authors into a tribe of lialf a dozen or more.

* Leaves dull, papillose above, crenulate-serrate at the apex, the minutely quad-
rate areolation not enlarrjed at the basal aiujles : cah/iitra iiiflated-cuc^illate :
capsxde, strumous, with oblique operadum : monmcious. — § Cynodontium.
{Cynodontium, Schimp.)

1. D. virens, Iledw. Stems often tall (.3 inches high or less): leaves lanceolate-
subulate, iialf-sheathing at base, spreading, flexuose, smooth, entire or serrate:
capsule nodding, more or less incurved, brownish, not striate when dry ; annulus
narrow, persistent. — Muse. Frond, iii. 77, t. 32 ; Engl. Bot. t. 14G2; Bruch k Schimp.
Bryol. Eur. t. 48; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 17.

Var. serratum, Bruch <.^ Schimp. Leaves coarsely toothed : capsule loss strumous.

On the banks of cold streams in Tuolumne Canon and j\Iono Pass, at 9,000 feet altitude
{Bolifiirfcr) ; (Jalton Mountains, Washington Territory, Li/iiir. ; the variety. A form (var. ll'ahhn-
bcTfjii) with narrower more llexuose and strongly crispcil leaves, tlic lower becoming dark-colored,
and with the more incurved capsule prominently strumous, occurs eastward. The typical form
is European, as well as the varieties.

I). r(ii,VCAi;ruM, Ehrli., a more slender species, witli linear-lnnceolate leaves jinpillosc on both
sides and denticulate at base and apex, and with the erect or gibbously inclined capsule striate
when dry, was found by LjjaU. in the Cascade Mountains. It is conmion throughout Europe, and
occurs eastward. — Engl. Bot. t. 2269 ; Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 47 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 18.

* * Small : leaves smooth, more or less serrate above, pale, with oblong-hexagonal
areolation uniform at base: calyptra not inflated : capsule seldom strumous,
mostly nodding : dioicious. — § Dicranella. {Dicranella, Schimp.)

+- Leaves secund or somewhat so.

2. D. varium, Hedw. Stems densely clustered, 4 or 5 lines high : leaves
mostly spreading, lance-subulate and attenuate with slightly excurrent costa, entire
or obsoletely toothed at the apex : capsule nodding, ovate or obloug, somewhat
incurved, without annulus, red ; operculum large, shortly beaked : teeth large, deep
purple, connivent into a convex cone. — Muse. Frond, ii. 93, t. 34; Bruch &
Schimp. 1. c, t. 57, 58 ; Wilson, 1. c., t. 17.

On perpendicular sandstone rocks, watered by springs, near the Bay of San Fnnciseo, Bolavdfr.
A very connnon and variable species in the Atlantic States, usually on moist clay banks ; also in
Euroi)e.

3. D. subulatum, Hedw. Stems loo.sely cespitose, 5 to 10 linos high: leaves
socunil, Komnwliat lalcato, long-subulate with a slondor excurrent costa, entire,
shining, very narrowly areolato ; capsule nodding uiion a red pedicel, gibbous,

364 MUSCI. J)unmum.

o1)soletely striate, becoming sulfate, redtlish brown and sliining, with an annuhis of
2 rows of cells; operculum curved, attenuate-subulate: teeth small, incurved when
dry. — Spec. 128, t. 34 ; Bruch &, Schimp. 1. c, t. GO; Wilson, 1. c, t. 18.

IJorders of streamlets at foot of Mount Dana, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude {Buhuuhi) ■ Oal-
ton Mountains (I.iiaJl); Itocky Mountains {Druinmuud) ; ^Vllite iMounlains, Kew Hanipshire,
and in alpine or subalpine loealities in Europe.

4. D. heteromallum, Iledw. 8t)nu)wliat larger, the simple or 2-parted stems
densely crowded : leaves bright green with a silky lustre, secund and somewhat
falcate, lanceolate-setaceous, the ape.\ denticulate or nearly entire, the costa not
excurrent : capsule nodding or suberect upon a yellowish pedicel, obovate-oblong,
slightly curved,. obsoletely striate, becoming plicate, with a very narrow annulus ;
operculum subidate : teeth bilid or ii-clcft. — Muse. Frond, i. G8, t. 2G ; Engl.
Bot. t. 1272; Bruch & Schimp, 1. c, t. G2 ; ^Vilson, 1. c, t. 18.

On ditch-bides in a bog near h'edwood City (Bvlandcr) ; Cascade Mountains, LijnJl. Very com-
mon in the Atlantic States and througliout Euiope.

D. ScilKEBEKi, Swartz. Frond about half an incli lii-^li or less, with squavrosely spreading lanceo-
late-subulate carinate leaves im-gulaily or obsolftdy (h'nticulatc toward the apex, and tiie nodding
capsule not striate and witiiout annulus. — llcdw. Sj)ec. 14-1, t. '6'A ; Wil.ion, 1. c, t. 39 ; Brueli
k fcscliimp. 1. c, t. 53. Near I'oitland, Oregon, (Xcoiiis) ; also Euroiiean.

D. cuispu.M, Hedw., found by Lijall in the (ialton Mountains, is niona'cious, with very flexuous
divaricately spreading long-subulate leaves, minutely toothed at the ajiex, and tiie erect cajjsulc
obovate or ovate, striate and at length sulcate, with very narrow annulus ; o])ercuhun crenulate at
base. — Muse. Frond, ii. <J1, t. 33 ; Ihueh X: Schimp. l". c, t. 55 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 17.

* * * Mostlif lanje and showy^ rooting at base or often the ivhole stem tomentose
with Jine rhit'oids: leaves rare!// papillose; areolation linear-ohlonfj, very
narrow at base, at the basal angles quadrate, enlarged or inflated, yellowish
and hyaline: our species dioecious. — § Dicuanum proper,
•t- Capsule erect, regular.

5. D. StriCtum, Schleich. Den-sely cespitos(!, jiale or yellowish-green : stems
tomentose : leaves erect-spreading, rather rigid and Iragile, lauce.-subulate, the cells
at the angles much dilated and orange-colored: capsule soft and pale, ovate-elongated,
with very narrow annulus : teeth irregularly bilid, redilish orange. — Schwaegr.
Supph i. 188, t. 43; Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. GG.

On coniferous trees at Devil's Canon, Forest Hill (Bolundcr) ; Fort Colville, "Washington Ter-
ritory, Lya/f. Also Euroi)ean.

D. ALBICANS, Bruch & Schimp. (Bryol. Eur. t. 73), also of this group, was collected by
D'juglas on the western coast. It may be known by its strict or suhfalcate narrowly lanceolate
leaves, with a very broad costa and strongly incurved margins, yellowish-green, becoming whitish
when dry, the basal angles thin and loosely areolate : capsule oblong or long-cylindrical ; teeth
large, cleft to below the middle. On the ground, maturing fruit in the autumn ; in Europe and
the Caucasus, aliune or subalpine.

-1- -i- Capsule nodding, incurved.

6. D. fuscescens, Turner. CespitosG ; stems covered with dense yellow
tomentum : leaves crowded at the summit, secund and flexuous, lanceolate-subulate,
serrate at the apex, deep or pale green, often brownish, the basal cells all dilated :
calyptra white : capsule broad-ovate, striate, sulcate when dry ; annulus very
narrow; operculum with a very long curved beak: teeth jnirple, 2 - 3-cleft. —
Muse. Hibern. 60, t. 5; Engl Bot. t. 1597; Wilson, 1. c, t. 18. D. congestnm,
Bridel ; Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 77.

In the redwoods {7?o/r/ «(/«•) ; Spokane River, Oregon (Pidrriufi) ; Oalton Mountains, /.(/«//.
Common in the x\tlantic States, and in Europe on sliaih'd rocks in the mountains ; Iruiting in
early autunui.

7. D. SCOparium, lledw. Loosely cespitose ; stems 2 to 4 inches high, with
white or rusty tomentum : leaves secund, falcate, rarely strict, linear-subidate,
sharply serrate, the costa sulcate on the back and toothed toward the api;x, the basid

Didijmodon. MUSCI. ogc

cells souunvlKit sinuous, those at the anodes lar^^.r and quadrate : capsule cylindrical
so.neu-l.a araiate lirn, M-ithout ann..Ius, l.rou-nish u,H.n a r.-ddish pedicel; oper-
culum with a stout red beak as long as ti.e capsule : teeth ,lark puJple. - Muse.
Inond^i, t 8; rueh & Schnnp. 1. c, t. 71. 75; Sulliv. i,i Gray's Man. 2 ed. G22,
t. 2 ; Berkeley, Bnt. Moss. t. 23, iig. 7. '

Collectt'd in ihvgon (Pickering), and also in CaHfornia {Dolander), a form with the leaves
scarcely denticulate. A very variable species, very common eastward and in Europe

8. D. palustre, LaPyl. Loosely cespitose ; stems 3 or 4 iiiches long, slender,
tomentose to he summit : leaves spreading, very shining, lineardanceolate, trans-
versely undulate above, serrate toward the apex upon the margin and back, with
slender casta vanishing below the ape.x : capsule oval-oblong upon a slender llexuous
pedicel slightly incurved, distinctly striate; annulus none : teeth as in the last.—
iirucii (fc Schimp. 1. c., t. 79 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 18.

Var. Stems shorter: leaves narrower, scarcely undulate, falcate-secund : capsule
longer, more slender, and more incurved. — Lescp Mem. Calii'. Acad. i. 7.

Eureka, Humholdt County (^o/a«r^.r) ; Washington Territory (^ya«, iroo.i)- the varietv at
iiioriaein unio ana in LJntish America, growing in maishes.

10. CERATODON, Biidel.
Slender densely cespitose perennials, ou the ground, or rarely on rocks, fastigiately
branched. Leaves several-ranked, lanceolate, strongly costate, flexuose or rarely
strict when dry, dull, papillose or sraoothish abo^^e, entire; areolatiou minutely
quadrate, near the base looser, more hexagonal and hyaline. Inflorescence dioecious,
terminal: male flowers bud-like. Calyptra cucullate. Capsule slightly nodding,'
oblong-cylindric, long-pedicellate, striate, deeply sulcate when dry, with broad
annulus; operculum conic, subrostrato. Peristome single, of 16 regular linear-
lanceolato teeth, equally cleft nearly to the base, papillose and prominmitly articu-
lated, strongly liygroscoi)ic.

Three species are European, one of tliem cosmopolitan.

1. C. purpureus, Bridel. Tufts soft, reddish- to olive-green, 2 or 3 inches
high or less: leaves oblong-lanceolate, carinate, with recurved margins and excur-
reut costa, dull and smoothish : capsule purplish red and shining, upon a purple
pedicel, incurved and 4 - 5-angled when dry: teeth purple, when dry spirally in-
curved -- Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 189, 190; Sulliv. in Gray's Manual,
^ed. t 1 ; bulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. n. 107" (2 ed. n. 160) ; Berkeley
ijrit. Moss, t 23, fig. 5. Dicranum purpuream, Iledw. Spec. 3G, t. 36. Dufumodon
]ntrpureus, IIo„k. ct Tayl. Muse. Brit. G5, t. 20.

Var. xanthopus, Sulliv. & Lesqx. 1. c. Pedicels white.

or^Z^Z^\!^ufi^"ul^^'-''"\f '''''"' ^'''''"'''''•); °" ^vet rocks, Yosemite Valley (Bo/ander);
of l,oH. T}f rl"' "'•* ^r,"^ Mountains, Nevada ( JFafson) ; the variety on roots and stumps
nn ? t TV , fT'?' ^' ""!'''•■ The most common and cosmopolitan 'of all mosses, growing
fiom the sea-level to high altitudes in the mountains, and from arctic regions to the t.opi?s. ^

11. DIDYMODON, Hedw.
^ Branching cespitose perennials, rooting at the base of the branches. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, serrate and densely papillose at the apex, the areolation looser and

366 Musci. jyuhjiuodon.

liyaline at base. Caly[)tra long, cucullate. Capsule erect, long-pedicelled, loiig-

cylindric, Avitli rostrate operculuni and distinct annulus. I'eristomt! ol' 10 rather

long Hat linear-lanceolate i'ugacious teeth, subentire or more or h^ss divided.

A genus variously umlcrhtood ami ol'tiMi iin'Midctl iu Lcjitutrichum and Trkhoslomum. Scliiiniier
refers to it about a di)icn European speeies. It dillers tVoiu Tricliustoiauni in its softer and more
papillose leaves au<l in tlic llattened teeth of the peristome without basal membrane.

1. D. rubellus, Bnich & Schinii). Stems slender, \ to 1 inch high, in loose
mats reddisli-lerruginous below : leaves divaricately spreading, crisped M'hen dry,
lanceolate and linear, concave and carinate, with revolnte margins and i)apillose
botli sides, the costa ceasing at the apex : male ilowers naked in the axils of tlie
very thin shuathing pericluetial leaves : caj)sule long-cylindric to oblong or oval,
green becoming brownish ; annnbts very fragile : teeth ])ale or reddish. — Bryol.
Eiir. t. 185; Wilson, Bryoh Brit. t. 14; Sidliv. in Gray's Man. 2 ed. t. 2; SuUiv.
k Lesq. Miisc. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. n. lOG (2 ed. n. 157).

Near Soda Sprin;:;s, Tuohunne Canon (Bolnndcr) ; in the mountains of Nevada and in the Uin-
tas ( Walsoii) ; in the .Atlantic States, Euro])e and Afriea. Very variable.

2. D. cylindricus, Brnch & Schimp. Stems \ to 1 inch high, forming loose
flat mats deep or yellowish green above, whitish below : leaves linear-lanceolate,
flexuose-spreading, crisped when dry, the flat margins subiindnlate and minntely ,
crenulate, costa slightly excurrent : capsule narrowly cylindrical, pale brown on a
yellowish })edicel, Avitii subidate-beaked o|)erciihim, narrow persistent annulus, and
very fugacious i)eristome. — Bryol. Kiir. t. 187; Wilst)n, Bryol. Brit. t. 33; SuUiv.
& Lestp 1. c, n. lOG'' (2 ed. n. 158).

West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada ( U'alsun) ; in the Eastern States, Europe and India.

12. LEPTOTRICHUM, Hampe.

Slender cespitose perennials, terrestrial or on rocks. Leaves several-ranked, lance-
subulate, smooth and shining, not crisped when dry, the distinct arcolation minuto
and narrowly rectangular above, looser, more hexagonal and hyaline at base ; costa
mostly excurrent. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, terminal and bud-like or the
male axillary. Calyptra cucullate. Capsule erect on a long straight pedicel, ovate to
cylindrical ; operculum rostrate. l*eristome of IG rather long teeth cleft to the base,
or the filiform papillose slightly hygroscopic divi-sions more or less connate.

Closely allied to the following genus, with wliieli it is often unitc-d. Eight .speeies are Euro-
pean, five of them also North Ameriean ; ten others are South Ameriean.

1. L. Schimperi, Lescp Stems low, 3 or 4 lines high, subsimple, yellowish
green : leaves .spreading, ilexuous or falcate-secuml, long and narrowly subulate from
an ovate base, subdenticulate at the apex; costa slender, excurrent : inllorescence
monoecious, the male flowers axillary, Avith large short and obtuse perigonial leaves ;
perich.-etial leaves broadly clasping, long-attenuate : capsule brown, ovate-cylindrical,
upon a yellowish pedicel scarcely over an inch long; operculum h)ng-conic, dark
red : teeth pale yellow, liliform and smootii, upon an orange or reddish basilar niem-
brane thrice broader than the annulus : spores very large. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 9 ;
Sidliv. Icon. Muse. Supfd. 37, t. 24.

In the Coast Ranges, Jleiuloeino County, Bolandcr. Resembling L. pnllidnm, Hampe, of the
Atlantic States and Europe.

L. FI.EXICAU1,E, Hampe, of Europe, was collected by LijkH in the Cascaile Mountains of
Washington Territory. It is taller (1 to 3 inches), much branched and more densely cespitose,
with long-subulate leaves from a lanceolate base : inllorescence dia-cious : capsule small, upon a
very slender reddish pedi.td ; teeth une.|ual, slender and fiagile : spores very minute. — Tncho-
sl.omum flcxicauk, Hni.h i .Sehimi.. 15ryol. Eur. t. 180 ; Wilson, iiiyol. I'.rit. 110, t. 4'2. Cijno-
dontunnflcxkaulc, Sihwacgr. Sujipl. i. 113, t. 2i>.

Trichostomum. MUSCI. ^Q^

13. TRICHOSTOMUM, Smith.
Densely cespitoso perennials, on the grnuinl or rocks, fastigiately branclicd.
Leaves in several ranks, larger and more crowded above, dull and pajnllose, costate,
linear or lanceolate and mostly acuminate ; areolation minute and hexagonal-quadrate
above, looser and hyaline at base. Inllorescence dioecious or monoecious, terminal
and bud-like. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Capsule erect (in our species), long-
pedicelled ; operculum rostrate. Peristome single, of IG teeth upon a narrow basal
membrane, often imperfectly developed, e(iually 2-cleft to the base, but the filiform
divisions rarely wholly free, erect when dry or sometimes more or less twisted to the
right.

A genus variously limited ; according to Sfliimper's definition embracing 17 European species,
of which only the following are known to occur in North America.

1. T. tophaceum, Bridel. Stem erect and fastigiately branched, | to 1 inch
high : leaves spreading, deep green, soft, the upper gradually enlarged, linear-lance-
olate from an ovate base, obtuse or sometimes acute, minutely verrucose, the mar-
gins revolute, and costa ceasing below tlie apex : inllorescence dioecious : capsule
upon a rather short reddish pedicel, ovate to oblong, reddish brown ; operculum
obliquely beaked ; annulus none : teeth very variable, unequal and sometimes
imperfect, the divisions somewhat coherent, pale or reddish. — Bruch &, Schimp.
Bryol. Eur. t. 1 75 ; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 20 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. j\Iusc. Am.-Bor.
Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 151.

In Cajon Pass (Bigcloic) ; at Fort Point, and on wet limestone rocks near Ukiah City {Bolander) ;
European.

2. T. crispulum, Bruch. Densely cespitose, slender : leaves much larger
above, linear, twisted and involute when dry, very minutely papillose, mucronate
with the shortly excurrent costa : flowers dioecious : capsule ovate or elliptic, irregu-
larly sulcato when dry; annulus simple; operculum long-beaked: teetli unequally
divided. — Regensb. Flora, xii, t. 4 ; Brucli it Schimp. 1. c, t. 173.

Guadalupe Island (Palmer); Europe.

3. T. anomalum, Schimp. Stems loosely tufted, ^ to 2 inches high : leaves
tufted and much larger above, linear, serrate at the ajiex, firm, somewhat twisted
and incurved when dry : indoresccnco moncccious, the male Mowers solitary or clus-
tered on short branchlets, with G to 9 perigonial leaves : capstdo on a long ilexuous
reddisli pedicel, long-cylindric : peristome U]ion a narrow rusty basal membrane,
the long red-purple teeth twisted 2 or 3 times to the right. — Barhula anomala,
Bruch & Schinq). I.e., t. 1G9. T. corniculadim, Schwuegr. Suppl. ii. 75, t. 118;
Sulliv. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 185.

Collected near San Francisco (Bigdoxn), and in Oakland Canon (Bolnndcr) ; also by Coulter,
but locality uncertain, and on Vancouver Island by Lyall.

4. T. flexipes, Bruch & Schinqj. Stems 2 or 3 linos high, branclnng : leaves
much larger above, linear, acuminate, serrate at the apex, with a white shining
costa : inllorescence dioecious : capsule upon a straight or strongly Ilexuous pedicel,
narrowly oblong, with a broad annulus : teeth of the peristome strict. — Bryol.
Eur. t. 171. 7'. crasshiei-ve, Ilampe, Linn;va, xxx. 45G.

Common on shaded ground and decaying trunks, from San Francisco to Mendocino County,
Biijelow, Bauer, Bolander. Also European.

T. CoLOKAHENSE, Austin, Coult. Bot. Oazette, ii. 90, is based upon specimens from Yosemite
Valley without fruit, and the genus therefore unileterminable. The specific name is moreover a
misnomer, as the jiiaiit is not known from Colorado. It is described as 2 or 3 lines high, with
long-linear convolute leaves, with Hat margins and incurved above, and a short remarkably slen-
der costa.

368 MUSCI. Iksmaiudon.

14. DESMATODON, BmKl.
Closely allied to Trichostomum, fruiii which it is seitarated by broader ovate- or
obovate-oblong and usually obtuse or obtusisli loaves ; teeth of the peristome simi-
lar, ratlier short and subulate, somewliat incurved or loosely twisted when dry : low,
soft, sparingly branched : intlorescence monoicious, the male flowers terminal and
axillary : capsule erect in our species.

A small genus of five European species (four of which are also Aineiieaii), and five peculiar to
North Anu'iica.

1. D. latifolius, Bridel. Stems | to raiely 1 inch high : leaves deep green,
paler with age, more or less spreading, incurved or somewhat twisted when dry,
ovate-oblong, acuminate, carinate-concave with revolute margins, the costa excurrent
or ceasing below the apex : capsule oldongcylindric, brownisii beconung chestnut-
colored, covered to the l)ase by the whitish calyi)tra ; operculum with an obli(jue
blunt beak : divisions of the teeth distinct or rarely somewhat connate, strongly
pa])illose, pale red, incurved on drying. — IJruch & Schimp. IJryol. luir. t. 121),
130; Sulliv. Sc Lesq. j\Iusc. Am.-l5or. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 122. Dicixmuin lalifuliian,
Hedw. i\Iusc. Kn.nd. i. 89, t. 'dW.

Var. mutiCUS, Bridel. Stem taller, more slender and branched : leaves more
obtuse : cajisule deep purple.

Slopes of Tuolumne ("unon, and on Mount Dana at 11,000 feet altitude (/i<*A(H(/cr) ; in .Silver
Valley, on expu-sed .soil, at 8-!), 000 feet altitude (Jhrircr) ; Cascade Mountains (/.»/«//) ; and
from Arctic America to Utah, Colorado and Labrador. Also in alpine and suhalpine Eurojie.

2. D. systilius, Bruch &, Schimp. Leaves broader and softer, obovate-oblong,
with flat margins, ami minutely crenulate at the apex, the costa excurrent as a long
seta : capsule narrower cylindric, yellow becoming red ; operculum adherent to the
columella : teeth smaller and less regular, partially coherent, jialer. — Bryol. Eur.
t. 131.

Foot of Mount Dana (Buhaulcr) ; Rocky Mountains of I'riti.sh America (Draimno)ul); also
European.

D. CERNUUS, Bruch & Schiniji. 1. c., t. 134, distiiif^uished from the preceding by the gibbous-
ovate cernuous or siibhorizontal capsule, has been collected in the East Ilumbohlt Mountains,
Nevada [IFalson), and in Britisli America. A Eurojjean sjieeics.

15. BARBULA, lied wig.

Closely allied to Trichostomum, from which it is distinguished by the usually
very long distinct and flliform divisions of the teeth, which are more or less twisted
to the left. — Tortida, Schreb.

The largest genus of the group, including over 100 s]iecics, Sclnmjicr referring to it a number
that are usually ]ilaced in Trichostomuin or Iksinntodna. Mitten unites the tiirce genera. Tlio
species in some of tiie groups seem to be needlessly niultii)lied.

§ 1. Very loxv annuals, the rirjid leaves with a broad thickened nerve covered above
toward the cij/ex tvith jointed Jilaments. — Aloina.

1. B. rigida, Schultz. Stems loosely cespitose, 1 or 2 lines long, scarcely
branched: leaves dark green, spreading, oblong, obtu.se, the membranous margin
strongly inflexed : inflorescence dioecious : capsule erect, elliptic-oblong, straight,
half-covered by the long-beaked calyj)tra ; operculum oblirpiely long-rostrate; aniudus
distinct : teeth rather long, twice twisted. — L'ecens. Barlj. t. 32, jig. 1 ; Bruch &
Schimp. Brynl. Eur. t. 137. Tortida rvjida, ^Vilsoii, Bryol. IJiit. t. 32.

Var. pilifera, Schimp. Upper leaves tipped with a hair like awn as long as the
blade. — iJeXot. Muse. Ital. t. 4.

Collected (the variety) only on Guadalupe Island, Palmer, The species occurs througli t<!m-
perate and southern Europe, the variety in Italy and at the Cape of Good Hope

Ikubiila. MU8CI. 3(',()

§ 2. Low pcrcnntdls, tvltlu rather broad soft, leaves: tiibitlar hasc of the
2)eristome short {except in n. 11). — Ijakdula.

* Leaves thin and smooth, hroadli/ ovate- or ohlontj-lanceolate, the casta j^^'o-
duced into a hair-like axon, and beariuj toward the ajJCX of the leaf a dense
cluster of fjrcen filaments.

2. B. membranifolia, Scluiltz. Stems in dense hoary mats, ^ to 1 inch
liigli, simple or bninclied : leaves erect-spreading, broadly ovate, strongly concave,
the apex white -membranous and dentate, tipjted by a very long hair : flowers
)uonoecious, the male near the female, with 1 or 2 perigonial leaves : capsule erect
upon a red pedicel, ovate-elliptic or Jiarrowed and slightly incurved, brown or hlack-
ish, half-covered by the whitish calyptra; operculum narrow; annuhis simple:
teeth thrice twisted. — JJruch «fe Schiuip. 1. c, t. 140. Tortula viembranifolia,
Ilook. Muse. Exot. i, t. 2G.

Wcslorn Aiizoiia, on Willinms HiviT, iioar tlic iiioiitli of Sniita Maiia ("rcnk (Bi(jrlou), o.\\\i
rei>ortf(I by Scliinipcr as I'lom ('aHlbniia; tliioiigli Soutlicni Europe ami in tlic Caucasus.

3. B. chloronotos, Ihuch, Smaller than the last, with smaller and narrower
leaves, not white-membranous, and tip|)ed with a shorter awn : llowers dioecious,
the male flowers terminal and peiigonial leaves many : capsule smaller, with com-
pound annulus, and shorter twice twisted peristome. — Eryol. Eur. t. 141. Tortida
rrnxxinervia, DeNot. ]\[usc. Ital. i. 23, t. G.

Collected with tlie last by Bigclow ; also European.

* * Leaves oblong or ovate-oblonr/, papillose, mucronate, twisted or contorted

when drtj.
-1- Divisions of the teeth nne<iual, becomin;/ sliglitlij twisted when damp.

4. B. atrovirens, Si.-himp. Kather loosely matted, dull green, about 3 lines
high : leaves crowded, sitreading, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, concave, the
margin narrowly revolute, the strong nerve thickened above and slightly excurrent
or ceasing below the apex : male flowers bud-like at the l)ase of the fertile branch :
capsule oblong-elliptic, brown upon a yellowish pedicel ; o])erculum obliquely
beaked; annuhis simple. — Syii. j\lusc. Eur. 2 cd. 194. (irimiuin atrovirens,
I'lngl. IJqt. t. 2015. J)rsmatoilo)i tiervosns, Hruch. it Schimp. 1. c, t. 132; Wilson,
1. (■,., t. 20. J). nervD.iiis, var. eilciitulus, Sulliv. it Lescp ^lust;. Am.-l>or. Exsicc.
2 ('(1. n. 121. J). Ca/ifoniiciis, Lescp Mem. ('alif. Acad. i. 10.

On the f^round and oM adobe walls near San Vrnwc'^ico { Ih)lan(ln) ; Guadii]u|ic Island (Palmer) :
thron^'liout Europe, and ran{;in<; to the Capo oC Good lloi)e.

f). B. Guepini, Schimp. 1. c. 197. Lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper
ovate-oblong, strongly papillose, with refle.\ed margins, and awned by the excurrent
costa : male flowers lateral, with 2 or 3 perigonial leaves : capsule oblong and
subcylindric, brown, with a tall conical shortly beaked yellow operculum ; annulus
narrow. — Desmatodon Guepini, Uruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 133.

On the ground near Oakland, Bolnndrr. Otherwise known only from France.
-)- -*- Teeth of the peristome long and closely twisted.
+-»■ Lifiorescence monnecious.

0. B. cuneifolia, Ihidel. Stems densely clustered, 2 or 3 lines high, simple :
lower leaves remote, broadly ovate, acuminate, the upper spreading-rosulate, oblong-
ovate or spatulate, shortly acuminate, margin flat, tlie thin nerve ceasing below the
apex or excurrent, all flaccid, loosely areolate and almost pellucid, crisped when
dry : capsule elliptic-oblong, straight or iiearly so ; operculum narrowly conic,
straight ; annulus simi)le, narrow : peristome ]iale, upon a rather broad base. —
Bruoh & Schimp. 1. c, t. 150. Tortula cuneifolia, Smith, Eng. ]>ot. t. 1510.

On clay soil near Oakland (Dolandrr) ; Western Euroi)e. Variable in the foini of its leaves.

370 MUSCI. rnubula.

7. B. Vahliana, Sclmltz. Ifesembling the last : leaves more oLlong, opaque
■vvitli a closer areolatiou above, the margins rarely reilexed, strongly crenulate, and
costa always excxirreut : capsule elongated, narrow ; annulus Lroad, compound. —
Kecens. Bark 222, t. 34, lig. 31 ; Bruch k, 8chimp. 1. c, t. 157.

In the Coast Itanges, at Cajou Pass (Bigclow) and on ^lonte Diablo, Bulandcr. Also in Western
Euioj)e, rather rare.

++ ++ I II florescence d'nncious.

8. B. marginata, Bruch & Schimp. "With the hahit of the preceding : leaves
oblonglanceolate, ol)luse or obtusish, niucronate with the excurrent costa, concave,
the margin distinctly thickened : capsule oblong-cylindric, slightly curved, brown,
with a rather broad simiile annulus: teeth once twisted. — Bryol. Kur. t. 158.
Tortula marginata, Wilson, Bryol. Brit. 131, t. 43.

On rocks near San Francisco (Biyelow, Bolamlcr) ; Atlantic States ; Europe and Northern Africa.

9. B. Bolanderi, Lestp Stem short, simple or fasciculately branched : upper
leaves densely rosulate and reilexed, ligidate or oblong, obtuse or shortly apiculate
by the excurrent thick brown nerve, the areolation chlorophyllose above; inner
perichaBtial leaves short : capsule dark red, cylindric, on a short reddish pedicel,
with beaked opentulum and short simple annulus : peristome reddish, twisted. —
Trans. Amer. riiil. Soc. xiii. 5 ; Sulliv. it Lescp 1. c, 2 ed. n. 13'J.

On rocks near the Lay of San Francisco (Bohviukr) ; C'oloiado, Hall.

10. B. amplexa, Lesq. 1. c Closely resembling the last : leaves softer and
more loosely imbricated, longer, obtuse, and nerve not excurrent, the areolation
pellucid; inner pericluetial leaves elongated, erect, closely embracing the base of
the pedicel : capsule shorter and smaller, pale green, with shorter ol)tuse operculum.
— Sulliv. k Lesq. 1. c, n, 140.

Near San Francisco, Bolamlcr, Gibboiii.

11. B. brevipes, Lesq. Stem very short, simple: leaves crowded, ligulate or
oblong, obtuse and tipped by the slender excurrent costa, concave and the margin
revolute, areolation above close and chlorophyllose: capsule long-cylindrical, slender
and somewhat curved ; operculum long-conic : peristome upon a long tubular mem-
brane, closely twisted, red. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 12.

On mud walls at Mission Dolores, in mats an incli broad or more, and on Russian IJiver divide
{Bolamlcr); near Caraon City, and on rocks in the Trinity Mountains, Nevada, Watson, n. 1391.

§ 3. Rather taller 2ierennlals, with lanceolate leaves {costa not excurrent or
sliijhthj so), and lonr; jieristonie upon a very short basal membra ne : flowers
dioecious: j^ericJiatiuiii more or less sJieathincj. — Toutula.

* Leaves often brownish, nearly straiyht wJien dry. Species mostly closely

allied.
-<- Peristome several times ttristed.

12. B. fallax, lledw. Cespitose, \ to 1 inch high, brownish green: leaves
squarrose, recurved-spreading, twisted when dry, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, carinate, the margin revolute and costa ceasing at the apex or slightly
excurrent ; areolation minute, uniform throughout : capstde narrowly ovate-oblong,
.slightly curved, brown upon a red jjedicel, without anntdus ; oj)erculum purjde,
subulate, as long as the capsule : peristome red, upon a very narrow base, very long,
twisted closely. — IMusc. Fronil. ii. GO, t. 24 ; Uiuch it S(diinq). 1. c, t. 147.

At Cajon Pass and near San Francisco, Bhjrlinv. Also throu^'hout F.uroi)e, very coinninn,
growing on the ground.

13. B. subfallax, Muell. ]\ruch like the last : leaves green, loosely indtricated,
rather broadly n\ ate lanceolate, with strongly revolute margins, the areolation at
base more rectangular and pellucid than above, and the broad stotit costa excurrent

Jlarbtda. Mil SCI. 371

in n, sliort point ; iioricliictiiil loaves stronjjly cnrvod and niar<,'ins rovoluto : capsulo
with simple persistent annulus, and loosely twisted peristome elelt to the base. —
J)ot. Zeit. XX. 338.
San Jose Valley, J. Bauer.

H- -1— Peristome once or twice tivisted or less.

14. B. rigidula, Sehimp. Closely resembling 5. /w^/ax, bnt growing on rocks
and stones, witii a iirmer capsule, narrow annulus, and the teeth of the peristome
shorter and scarcely at all twisted. — 8yn. Muse. 2 ed. 2()G. Didijmodon rigidulum,
Hedw. Muse. Frond, iii. 8, t. 4. Trichostomuin rigiduhivi, Smith; Bruch k Sehimp.
1. c., t. 17G; Wilson, 1. c, t. 20.

On rocks sulijcct to overflow on Ihissian IJivcr, opposite Ukiah {Bolandcr) ; Vancouver Island
(Li/al/) ; Euri>pcaii.

15. B. semitorta, Sulliv. Stems loosely cespitose, 3 or 4 lines high, sub-
simple, rooting at base : leaves crowded above, spreading horizontally from an erect
clasping base, linear-lanceolate, concave with Hat margins and the firm costa ceasing
at the apex : capsule cylindrical, with slender beaked operculum scarcely covered
bv the calyptra, narrow annulus, and rather long peristome twisted half-way round.
-^Pacif. It. Kcp. iv. 18G, t. 3.

Near Beniria, Bifjrlmr.

IG. B. brachyphylla, Sulliv. Stems densely cespitose, 8 to 12 lines high,
fastigiately branched, rooting the whole length : leaves dark brownish green, firm
and thick, spreading, ovate, shortly and obtusely acuminate, stoutly costate to the
ai)ex and the margins recurved ; areolation miiuite, uniform : capsule cylindrical,
with obli([uely beaked operculum more than covered by the calyptra, a simple
annulus, and the peristome twisted scarcely half-way round. — Pacif. II. Hep. iv.
18G, t. 2.

Near Ijcnicia, with tlie last, Bi(jclov).

1 7. B. purpurea, IMuell. Stems very short, forming small very rigid purple
mats : leaves few, lirm, shortly lanceolate from an oblong base, concave, with
.strongly revolute margins and stout cxcurrent costa : capsule minute, elliptical, with
conical operculum as long as the capsule, a narrow persistent annulus, and scarcely
twisted elongated i)eristome : calyi>tra reaching the base of the capsule. — Flora,
Iviii. 78 (1875).

With B. viirscr^is, ujion rocks near Oakland, Bohindcr.

18. B. vinealis, Bridel. More densely ces])itose and less l)rown i\\nw D. fallax,
with more crowded longer and more acuminate leaves, somewhat flaccid and crisjied,
when dry, the margins less revolute and nearly flat above : capsule thicker and
more elliptical, with shorter operculum, a rather broad double annulus, and a shorter
nearly white peristome upon a broader basilar membrane, twisted once or 1^ times.
— Druch k Sehimp. I. c, t. 148; Sulliv. <t Lesq. 1. c, n. 90" (2 ed. n. 130, 131).

Around San Fraiu;isco, on rocks and stones near the hay, very common and vi\\\n\\\(i {Bolander) ;
Oakland and Sonora, Biijelow. Connnon also in Europe. Some of the following species are
scarcely distinct.

19. B. artocarpa, Lesq. Densely cespitose: stems slender, short, subsimple :
lower leaves short, lanceolate from an ovate base or short-subulate, the stout costa
running to the apex; the upper longer and more narrowly lanceolate-subulate;
])ericha'tial leaves broader, clasi)ing at base, crowded above, erect; areolation at
base looser and chlorophyllose : capsule ovate-cylindrical, short, slender, contracted
at the mouth, with a long-beaked curved operculum and broad simple persistent
annulus: teeth slender, whitish, once twisted. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii. 4;
Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c, n. 133.

On Monte Diablo, and northward to Ukiali, Bulandcr.

372 MUSCI. Barhula.

20. B. flexifolia, Hampe. Dicjliii^miislied fioiu the last ))y the more revulutc
leaves, S(puu'iujic-relli;xi!(l wlion wi;t, ciispctl \\\w\\ dry, tlio dark red capsule suiiie-
wliat narrower and wilha lonj^er operodiuii, and by the Itui^^er red ami mure twisted
l>eristume. — Linuiea, xxx. 45G ; Lesij. 1. c.; ISulliv. it l^esij. 1. e., ii. 132.

On sand and boulders, near San Francisco, with the last, Bolandcr, Bauer.

21. B. virescens, Lesq. 1. c. Intermediate between the last and B. semitoiUi,
distiuguislieil Irum the one by the mneh looser distinct oval areolation, and from
JJ. semitorta by the long(!r leaves with margins revolute to the apex, and by the
longer and more twisted peristome upon a broader basilar membrane. — Sulliv. ik
Lesq. 1. c., n. 134.

On rocks at Redwood and Oakhuid, BoJandcr.

22. B. Beecheyi, Lesq. INls. Stems stout, .sulicespitose, branching, \ to 1 inch
high, brownish yellow : leaves loosely imbricated, open-erect, or appre.ssed and
slightly tortuous when dry, ovate-lanceolate with revolute margins and strong
excurrent costa : capsule large, oblong, reddish, on a straight reddisli pedicel a half-
inch long, with erect pointed operculum half as long as the capsule, and a double
white annulus : peristome red, twice twisted, on a short membrane. — J>. itisidanu,
UeNot. (]); Lesq. Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 11 ; IMitten, Journ. Linn. 8oc. viii. 27.

On gravelly soil, near the Big Trees (Bolandcr) ; also collected by Copt. Bccchaj.

* * Leaves hrujht green or yeUowlsh, twhted and Inrurrcd when dry : j^erlstome

very long, jmi'P^c, atronyly twiated.

23. B. convoluta, Hedw. Small and slender, in broad flat mats, bright green
above : leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, with Hat margins above the base, and
costa ceasing at or below the apex ; pericha;tial leaves sheathing, the inner convolute,
blunt, nerveless : capsule narrowly oblong, incurved, upon a long yellow pedicel,
Avith conic-sul)ulate operculum and rather broad annulus. — Muse. Frond, i. 86, t. 32 ;
Bruch »k Schimp. 1. c, t. 154 ; Fl. Dan. xv, t. 2G14, lig. 2.

Oakland {Bigclow) ; in gardens at San Francisco, and on burnt logs at Ukiali, Bolandcr. Also
in the Alleghanies and throughout Europe.

§4. Usually somewhat taller: leaves oblong to obovate-spatulate, smooth and
hyalhie at base, j)apUh.se and more closely areolate above: capsule usually
arcuate, erect on a stout pedicel : peristome upun a long basal tube, much
twisted. — Syntiuciua.

* Leaves acute or blunt, and costa slightly excurrent, croivded above: capsule

very slender: momvcious.

24. B. subulata, l^ridel. Stems usually short (3 lines to an inch high), loosely
cespitose, sinq)le or branched, rooting at base : leaves obovate- and oblong-si)atulate,
entire or serrate at the apex, with Hat margins and sometimes a yellow bonier : cap-
sule elongated, cylindrical, brown, on a twisted pedicel, with narrowly conic oper-
culum, double annulus, and peristome pale red, tubular half its length or more. —
Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. IGO. Tortula subulata, Hedw. Spec. Muse. t. 37; Engl.
Bot. t. 1101.

Big Tree Orovo (Bolandcr) ; Western Arizona (Bigchnc) \ Wahsatcli Mountains ( //7(/Ao;i) ; in
British America fioni the Hocky Mountains to Canada, and through most of Europe.

25. B. inermis, Bruch. Leaves firmer than the last, the lower oblong-lanceolate,
the upper long-liiH.ar, blunt or very shortly apiculate, with ai)i)ressed-rellexed mar-
gins and no border, minutely papillose both sides, olive or yellowish : capsule more
narrowly cylindrical. — Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. ICl (var. y), and t. 1G7. Tortula
inermis, Mont. ; DeXot. Muse. Ital. i. 44, t. 20.

r.ase of mountains west of the Colorado llivcr {Ili'jcluir), and collected also by Bolandcr.
Southern Europe.

Fissnla,:i. MUSCl.

373

* * Leaves emavy'tnate or rottiided at the apex, the cnsta vsiialhj exenrrcnt as a
hair: capsule ohloiifj-ri/lhulrie.

-»- Floieers inonmcious.
2G. B. Icevipila, Bridel. Densely matted, tonientose at base : leaves spread-
ing or recurved, deep or glaucous green becoming brown, oblong or obovate-oblon",
rounded and ejnarginatc above, the terminal white seta smooth or serrate : capsuTe
oblong-cylindrical, deep brown, with slender conical operculum, and peristome
tubular for one-third its length. — Ihuch c^- Schimp. 1. c, t. 104 ; Sulliv. & Lesf].
1. c, 2 eil. n. 143. Tortula ((cvijnla, Schwacgr. Suppl. t. 120 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 43.
On raihond Icvpps nt Sacramento and on Alonte Diablo {Rnlander) ; on tlic Pah-Ute Moun-
tan.s Novad.1 OValson) • Vancouver Island (Aya//) ; also all temperate and Southern Europe,
and Northern Alrica. ^ '

-f- ■\- Flowers dia^cions.

27. B. latifolia, IJrucli. In loose soft patches, ^ to 1 inch high, deep or lurid
green : leaves less crowded below, the uj)per rosulate and spreading, obovate-spatu-
latc, obtuse and emarginate, the costa scarcely excurrent : capsule oblong-cylindrical,
on a rather short pedicel, brown, with iiarrow simple annulus, and peristome as in
the la.^t. — Bruch <t Schimp. 1. c, t. 104; Sulliv. tt Lesq. 1. c, n. 144. Tortula
lafi/ohd, Wdson, 15ryol. IJrit. t. 43.

liordeis of n creek near San llafad (Buhindcr) ; Oregon, Hall. European.

28. B. ruralis, lledw. In broad loose yellowish mats, 1 to 3 inches high :
leaves sfpiarrusc-recurved, oblong, margins reflexed, the apex rounded or emarginate,
Avith a white long and flcxuose rough spinulose seta : capsule olilong, subcylindricali
reddish brown, long-pedicellate, with double annulus, and purjile peristome tubular
a half or one-third its length. — Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 100. Tortula nivalis
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 34 ; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 22, fig. 4.

Var. gigantea, Lesq. Stem elongated, the leaves S(piarrose-rellexed from the
base, with long forked papilhe ; costa spinulose-rugose on the back. — Mem. Calif.
Acad. i. 13; Sulliv. <k Lesq. 1. c. n. 140.

Very common on rocks and trunks of trees, from the i>lains to the mountains (/J^'r/r/w;, Bolandrr,-
Brcurr) ; Oref,'on ; Nevada and Utah ; Texas ; and from Arctic America to the Eastern States
and common throughout Europe. Tlie variety on moist rocks in Yosemite Valley, Bolandcr.

-K- -)- -K- Flowers bisexual.

29. B. Muelleri, Bruch & Schimp. Stems in dense olive- or brownish-green
mats, 1 or 2 inches high, densely leafy, branched, radiculose to the top : leaves
erect-spreading, folded and appressed when dry, broadly oblong, obtuse, the red
costa excurrent as a long obsolctely spinulose liair, margins subrevolute below : cap-
sule cylindrical, long-pedicellate, hrm, brown, with double annulus. — Bryol Eur
t. 108 ; Sulliv. (^' Lesq. 1. c, n. 100" (2 ed. n. 147). Tortula Muelleri, Wilson, 1. c ,
t. 44. T. princeps, DeNot. iMusc. Ital. i. 33, t. 13.

rommon, esi'ecially in the plains {Biqdnrr, Bohvdr.v, Brnrrr) ; Carson Vity (jrotsou) : Van-
couver Lsland (Lyall); also in Chili, and tlirougli Western Europe.

16. FISSIDENS, Hedu.
Stems simple or sparingly branched. Leaves strictly 2-ranked, infolded boat-
shaped at base and produced above into an equitant vertical blade costate to the
apex; areolation minute, round-hexagonal, chlorophyllose. Liflorescence various,
bud-like, terminal or axillary. Calyptra cucullato or rarely mitriform. Capsule
rather long-pedicellate and usually nodding, oval or obh.ng, straight or slightly
incurved ; operculum large, beaked; annulus narrow. Peristome simple, of 10

174

MUSCI. Fissidcui

unequally cleft teeth, as in Dicrnnum, tlie narrow segments with numerous prominent
joints, and geniciilately inllexed when dry.

A "enus readily rei'oj,niizi'(l hy its very injciiliar toliagc, of about 20 Eiuoj)eaii sjicuii-b ami
nearly as many Anu-ricau, 5 ^wdcs, being common to both regions.
* Fruit terminal: very small.

1. F. limbatUS, Sulliv. Small, the stems 2 or 3 lines high, simple or sparingly
branched below : leaves 8 to 10 pairs, oblong, hyaline upon the margin except at
the apex, the acute blade scarcely equalling the broadly margined complicate base :
inflorescence monoecious ; perigonial leaves broadly ovate, entire, with nearly obso-
lete blade : capsule oblong, somewhat cernuous, upon a comparatively long i)edicel :
teeth of the peristome almost wholly inflexed within the capsule. — Pacif. 11. Kep.
iv. 185, t. 1.

Oii shaded ground near Oakland, and connnon around San Francisco, lliijclow, Bolander.

2. F. ventricosus, Lesq. Stouter, loosely cespitose, dark colored ; the stems
an inch long or niunj, branching from the base, the branches simi)lc or sparingly
divided, with rootlets at all the nodes : leaves numerous, cruwded, erect sjjreading,
coulter-shaped, with dilated ventricose base, obtusish, with a thick costa, and
generally surrounded by a thick margin ; areolation ovate-quadrate or irregularly
polygonal; involucral leaves broadly ovate, irregularly dis-sected, apiculate : intlcire.-
eence monoecious : capsule obovate, erect upon a very short scarcely exserted pedicel,
attenuate at base ; teetli erect, rather broad. — ^lem. Calif. Acad. i. 7 ; Sulliv. Icon.
Muse. Supid. 4r), t. 30.

On snbmerged rocks, Mendocino City, Bolander. Only a single capsule was collected, without
operculum.

* * Fruit ajcillari/ : j^lants lar(jer.

3. F. grandifrons, Bridel. Stems erect, 2 or 3 inches high, simple or si)aringly
branched, ratlier rigid, green : leaves numerous, crowded or somewhat remote,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thick and rigid, formed of several layers of cells, the
stout costa ceasing below the apex : inflorescence diacious, the female flower bud-
like and axillary, containing numerous archegonia ; male flower and capsule unknown.
— Bruch Sl Sciiinq). Bryol. Eur. t. lOG.

Near the sea, Mattole district, Humboldt County, on rocks constantly wet with spring water,
Bolander. Also found at Niagara Falls, and upon wet rocks in Mexico, Eiuope, Algiers, and the
mountains of India.

F. ADiANTOinKs, Hedw., is a more common species in the Atlantic States anil throughout
Europe, on shadeil moist ground and wet rocks, and was collected by Lijull at Foit ColviUe.
The nuich branched stems are 1 to 3 inches high, with obh.ng-lanceolate aciunniate wrruhite
leaves hyaline npon the margin, the costa excurrent : iutlorescence mon(e(ious, axillary ; petlicel
from the middle of the stem : capsule nodding : operculum long-beaked : teeth bright puriile. —
Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 1(»5.

17. DISTICHIUM, Bruch k Schimp.

Densely cespitose alpine perennials, on wet rocks, dichotonu^usly branched.
Leaves distichous, spreading from a clasping base, subulate-setaceous, costate, entire
or nearly so, smooth and shining ; areolation minutely (piadrato above, looser antl
hyaline at base. Inflorescence moncccious ; antheridia long and slender. Calyptra
cucidlate, long-beaked. Capsule erect or nodding, long-pedii-ellate, oblong or eylin-
«lrical, coriaceous, shining, annulate; operculum conic. Peristome single, of 10
linear-lanceolate teeth, subentire or hifi<l, with a submedial line, punctnlate,
reddish.

Including 2 species, both widely distributed.

Ihaunia. MUSCI.

375

1. D. capillaceum, P.nich k Scliiinp. Tnfts donso, silky giocn abovo, ferru-
ginous below, lulous-toiueiitose, 1 or 2 inches high : leaves si)reading, flexuous,
abruptly long-subulate from a dilated somewhat sheathing base, witli excurrent
costa, entire : antheridia naked in the upper axils : capsule erect on the reddish
pedicel, oblong-cylindrical, regular or somewhat curved: teeth narrow. — Bryol.
Eur. t. 193; Sulliv. in Gray's iAIanual, 2 ed. t. 2; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor.
Exsicc. n. 108 (2 ed. n. IGl) ; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 22, fig. 7. Swarlzia capiUacea,
Hedw. ;Musc. Frond, ii. 72, t. 20.

Ill the Yoscniite Valley, on shelving rocks between Vernal and Nevada Falls (Bolander) ; in
the Cascade Mountains (iLyrr//) ; Kast Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {Jrnlwn); and from tlie
Arctic rerrions to Colorado, Lake Superior and tlie White Alountains. Also in the mountains of
Eiuope, Asia, Africa and South America.

2. D. inclinatum, Brucli k Schimp. Tufts soft, dull olive-green, darker below
than the last, ^ to 1 inch high : leaves narrower, densely crowded, minutely serrate
at the apex : male flowers with 2 or 3 jierigonial leaves : capsule oval, nodding :
teeth broader, ])urple. — Bryol. Eur. t. 194; El. Dan. t. 2087; Sulliv. & Lesq*
1. c, n. 108'' (2 ed. n. 162). Sivartzia inclinata, Hedw. 1. c. ii. 74, t. 27.

At Soda Springs, near lieail of tlic Tnohuuw (Bofandcr) ; Uinta Mountains {Watson); and
from the Arctic regions to Lake Superior and Newfoundland. Also in the mountains of Europe ;
rarer than the last.

18. HEDWIGIA, Ehrh.
8tcm Ijranched, rooting at base. Leaves in 8 ranks, oblong-lanceolate, sub-
coriaceous, densely papillose-hirsute on the back, erose and ciliate at the hyaline
apex, nerveless ; areolation very minute, quadrate and rectangular, at the middle of
the base long-linear. Flowers raonoccious, bud-like. Calyptra conic-mitriform,
entire at base, hairy or naked, covering only the broad convex or umbonate oper-
culum, very fugacious. Capsule globose, immersed, very shortly pedicellate, erect,
without annulus or peristome.

A single species ; growing on rocks.

1. H. ciliata, Ehrh. Stems 1 to 4 inches high, dichotomously or irregularly
branched, loosely cospitoso, pale glaucous-green: leaves spreading or sV(uind, co'^icavo :
capsule palo brown with a reddish mouth.— Hedw. Muse. Frond, t. 40; Brucli ct
Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 272, 273 ; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. G ; Sulliv. in Gray's Man
2 ed. t. 2 ; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 21, (ig. 8.'

Reported ns found on redwood stumps (Bo/amlrr) ; cliffs of Williams River, Arizona (Bigcloic) ;
British Columbia {Lydl) ; very common in the Atlantic States and throughout Europe.

19. BRAUNIA, Brnch & Schimp.
Stems broadly cespitose, irregularly branched, stoloniferous. Leaves in 8 ranks,
ovate-lanceolate, rather firm, smoothish, nerveless, the areolation rectangular, long-
linear at the middle of the base. Flowers moncccious or bisexual, bud-like.
Calyptra cucullate, smooth, long-beaked, nearly or quite covering the capsule. Cap-
sule subglobose to long-elliptic, exserted upon a long pedicel, with conic obtuse
operculum, without annulus or peristome.

A small genus, too near the last and differing from it cliiefly in its cucidlate calyptra and ex-
serted ca[.sule. The only American species is the following, referred to Hedicigia by Mitten.

1. B. Californica, Lesq. Loosely cespitose, yellowish green becoming brown,
the straight hard stems erect and simi)le or witji short irregular branches : leaves
oblong-ovat(\ hyaline and sometimes setose at the a(Mnin"iiate apex, with reflexed
or revolutc margins : calyi)tra mitriform, at length conic-cucullate : capsule turbinate.

376 Ml 'SCI. Zwjwhin.

smooth, at length plicato, light brown, upon a .slender pedicel 3 to G lines long ;
operculum long-conic. — Trans. Anier. Phil. Soc. xiii. 8, anil Mem. Calif. Acad,
i. 15 ; Sulliv. k, Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Kxsicc. 2 ed. w. 22G ; SuUiv. Icon. Muse.
Suppl. 41, t. 27. lltdtviijid jtiliftni, Mitten, Journ. Linn, Soc. viii. 45, t. 7.
On ifontc l)ial>lo {Uoluiulcr) ; Vancouver Islaiul, LtjaJl.

20. ZYGODON, Hook. & Tayl.

Low tufted or matted perennials, fastigiately branched, on trees or rocks. Leaves
soft, dull, in 5 or 8 ranks, S(piarrose-spreading, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, carinate,
with flat margins, and costate usually to the apex, the areolation minutely (piadrate
above, loose and more rectangular at the hyaline base. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious, bud-like, terminal or the male axillary. Calyptra cucullate, smooth.
Cai)sule erect, immersed or exserted, ovate-oblong, 8-striatc, with rather long obconic
coUum, minute obliquely rostrate operculum, and no annulus. Peristome none (in
our species), or present and as in Orthotricham.

About 60 species an; known, widely ilistiilmtfil, Imt most aluimlant in tlie niountiiins of Soulli
America. Clo.s<-ly allied to Urtlu>lruhuin. Scliiniper .^e|iaratcs the groiqi to which the following
species belong, forming a genus Anq/horidium, simply on the urceolate shape of the dry capsule.

1. Z. Lapponicus, Bruch it Schimp. Stems ^ to 1 inch high, fragile,
tomentose wilii rliizoids : leaves linear-lanceolate, co.state nearly to the apex, crisped
and twisted when dry, yellowish green becoming brown and black ; pericluetial
leaves ovate-lanceolate, sheathing : liowers mona-cious, the male often clustered :
capsule scarcely exserted, ovate, constricted below the broad orilico when dry :
calyptra brownish, covering the short-luniked operculum. — Pryol. Kur. t. 20(i ;
AVilson, Pryol. Brit. t. G; Sulliv. in Ciray's Man. 2 ed. t. 2; lierkeh-y, Brit. Moss,
t. 20, fig. 3; G i/mnostomian Lapponicum, Iledw. Muse. Frond, iii. 10, t. 5.

Yosemite Valley, in spray of the Nevada I'all (liolandcr) ; Cascade Mountains {Li/nll) ; also
in the Alleghimies, and in the alpine regions of Europe.

2. Z. Californicus, Hampe. A similar species, loosely matted, dull green :
leaves very much crisped, loosely spreading and flexuose when wet, with the costa
excurrent and margins narrowly revolute below and remotely denticulate above ;
perichtctial leaves not sheathing, much narrower and acuter, with slightly revolute
margins: cajjsule shortly exserted on a very slender purplish pedicel. ^ — Miiell. in
Bot. Zeit. XX. 3G1 ; Sulliv. »k Lesip Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 172; Sulliv.
Icon. Mu.sc. Sup[)l. 47, t. 32.

In San Jose Valley, J. Bauer.

21. TETR APHIS, 11. dw.

Densely cespitose perennials, on rocks or decaying wood, erect, innovating at
base and summit. Leaves mostly 3-ranked, the up])er much the larger, crowded,
smooth, broadly ovate-lanceolate, entire, costate to below the apex ; areolation rounded
hexagonal, loo.ser and linear-rectangular at base. Inflorescence monoecious, terminal,
bud-like. Caly[)tra mitriform, naked, irregularly sulcate, with firm rough apex an<l
thin lobed base, covering the capsule to the middle. ( 'apsule cylindrical, ere* t,
long-pedicellate, thin, with thin long-conic operculum and no annulus. Peristome
of 4 rigid brown broadly lanceolate triquetrous teeth, formed from the 4-cleft
internal tissue of the o[)erculum, sulcate on the back.

A genus of two species, one of Europe and North America, the other of Japan.
1. T. pellucida, lledw. Stems h to 1 inch high, light green above, reddi.sh
below, with numeruus rhizoids at base, often bearing at the summit a cup-shaped

MUSCI.

o< i

cliistor of very broad loavos filled with loiif,'-i)edicelled lentifonn i^'enimfe : femalo
llower.s also sometimes goiiiiuiferoiis: capsules yellowish brown, souictiines in pairs. —
Spec. Muse. t. 7, t\'^. 1 ; Brueh it 8chimp. JJryol. Eur. t. l*J(i ; Wilson, Bryol. Urit.
t. 8; SuUiv. in Gray's Manual, 2 ed. t. 2; Berkeley, Brit. jSIo.ss. t. 19, tiy. 8.

On icilwood logs nciu- Kg lUvcv City {Bohindcr); Fort Colville (Lijall) ; fie(iiu'iit in the
Atlantic States, ami tliroiigliout most of the northern heniisiiheie.

22. GRIMMIA, Ehih.
Perennials, growing on rocks, nsually in dense tufts or cushions, dichotouiously
branched. Leaves dull, in d to 8 ranks, the lower often smaller, crowtled, spreading,
lanceolate, the costa nsually long-excurrent, mostly entire with narrowly thickened
margins, minutely papillose ; areolation quadrate or hexagonal above, at base rectan-
gular or linear or sinuous. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, bud-like, terminal.
Calyptra usually mitriform and lobed or cleft at base, sometimes cucullate, not sul-
cate, naked and smooth. Capsule usually erect, with simi)le or compound annulus,
and simple purple peristome of IG lanceolate flat-jointed cribrose teeth, entire or
more or less deeply 2 - 3-cleft.

A genus of nearly 100 species, rejjrcsented in Euroj)e by about 40 .species, and in the United
States by 2ft, of which 15 are also European.

§ 1. Capsule depressed-spherical, immersed, erect: calyptra large, cucullate:
opercidum Jiat, persistent on the columella : leaves not setosebj tipped. —
ScouLERiA. {Scouleria, Hook.)

1. Gr. Scouleri, Muell. Aquatic: stems loosely cespitose, dichotoraously
branched, 3 to 5 inches long, flexuose, black : leaves tiriu, crowded, recurved,
broadly lanceolate, dark greem, carinate, serrate, minutely punctate, the margin
thickened : calyptra brown, obtnsish : cajjsule very shortly pedicelled, deep brown,
shining, somewhat flattened, at length much depressed ; operculum nmbonate : peri-
stome reddish yellow, retlexed, the short teeth more or less bifid at the apex. —
iSyn. ii. 054. Scouleria aquatica, Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 33, t. 18; Schwaegr. Siippl.
t.'315.

On rocks in Merced IJiver near Clark's (Bolaiuler) ; in Columbia U'wi^r (Druminond, Lijall)',
Obs(M-vntory Inlet, in running water, Scou/cr.

§ 2. Capsule ovate or suhijlohose, immersed on a short erect pedicel: calyptra
mitriform., not reachinrj the ed/e of the depressed very shortly rostellate
operculum , ivhicJi falls away with the columella: only the upper leaves
setosely tipped. — Schistidium.

2. Gr. COnferta, Fuidc. In compact tufts, deep green above, blackish below :
leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, the margin reflexed below and slightly thickened
above ; seta remotely denticulate : calyptra minute, .^-lobed at base : capsule ovate-
globose, brown, thin, with acutely apiculate operculum, and a deep orange peristome,
the teeth short-lanceolate, subentire and much perforated. — Schistidium coiiferlum,
Bruch ,^ Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 232.

On Monte YivMo {Bolandrr)\ in canons near Green Valley (Brcurr) ; West Humboldt Moun-
tains, Nevada, and tiie Uintas ( Watson) ; northern Atlantic States, Europe, and Abyssinia.

3. G-. apocarpa, Hedw. ]\Iore loosely tufted, \ to 1 inch high or more : leaves
spreading, erect when dry, lanceolate, with appressed-recurved margins, toothed at
the apex ; areolation toward the base narrow and sinuous ; periclnetial leaves broader
and thinner : capsule larger, ovate, firmer and opaque, red. long-apiculate : teeth
larger, <leep purple, sometimes perforated, widely spreading when dry. — Schistidium
apocarpitm, iirueh .^: Scliinq). 1. c, t. 233, 231 ; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 13; Sulliv.
in (Irav's Man. 2 cd. t. 2.

378 MUSCI. (Irimmia.

Yoseniite Valley (BohDidcr) ; Colorado River (Bigelow) ; Uinta Mountains {Watson) ; common
eastward, from Arctic America to the Atlantic States, and in most quarters of tlie globe. An
exceedingly variable species. Var. rivularia, Nees & Ilornsch., a. large form, 2 or JJ inches higli,
with ovate-lanceolate obtusibh leaves, and shorter capsule becoming turbinate, is found on wet
rocks in Yosemite Valley, Bolmnlcr.

§ 3. Capsule more or less exserted upon an arcuate pedicel: adi/ptra larger,
mostli/ mitriforiu and lobed at base: operculum conic, obtuse or rostrate,
deciduous without the columella: leaves all setoscli/ tip2Jed. — Guimmia
pru2)er.

* Cali/ptra cavqyanulate-cucullate : Jlowers vionoecious.

4. Gr. Jamesii, Austin. In compact heniispliericul tufts : leaves crowded al)Ovo,
erect when i\vy, oWong- to ovate-lanceolate, convolute-concave above the middle,
tipped with a Avhite scabrous subulate-tilifurm seta, the costa reaching to the apex,
areolation at the angles enlarged-tpiatlrate : calyi)tra large, unequally lobed at base :
capsule round-oval, slightly exserted upon a slender yellow jjedicel, from yellow
becoming red, obconic wlien dry and slightly striate ; operculum very shortly
convex-acuminate; annulus obscure: teeth pale red, very simrt, broad, 3 - 'l-clcfl,
and much perforated below. — Torr. Bot. Bull. vi. 43. U. orbicularis, James, Bot.
King Kxp. 403, not Bruch <t Schimp.

On dry rocks near Carson ("ity, iratson. AVith the strongly cribrost; peristome of Cvscuiodon,
but the calyptra (iicuUate and not jilicate.

* * Calijptra viitriform and lobed, strai'/ht or oblifjue.

-t- Floaters nionKcious.

T). Gr. pulvinata, Smith. Uesendding the last, but less crowded and somewhat
paler, A to 1 incli higli : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tlie margin slightly thickened :
capsule upon a longer pedicel, distincttly striate, costate wlien dry, firmer, brown ;
operculum convex, rostrate ; annulus broader : teeth bright purple, longer, sparingly
perforated, unequally bifid. —Engl. Bot. t. 1728; Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 231);
Wilson, 1. c, t. 13; Sulliv. & Lescp Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. n. 137''.

Near Ukiah, on Russian River, and about Clear Lake (Bolaudcr) ; on William's River, Arizona
(Biydoiv) ; Hot Spring Mountains, Nevada, and the Uintas ( //^«As(w) ; Fort Colville {Li/all) ;
Arctic America {Taylor) ; and widely distiibuted through the Old World.

-1- -i- Flowers dioecious.

6. Gr, COntorta, Schimp. Rounded tufts soft, deep green, blackish below :
leaves spreading-iuciirved, crisped when dry, lanceolate to linear-sul)ulate, hyaline at
the apex or .shortly setose, somewhat folded-carinate, the margin recurved below ;
pericluctial leaves 8 or 9, subulate, spreading : capsule nodding upon a somewhat
arcuate jiedicel, erect when dry, oval, soft, yellowisli, small : operculum convex-
conic, obtuse : annulus broad : teeth orange-red, reflexed wlien dry, bifid to below
tlie middle and pt:rforated. — G. uncinata, Kaulf. ; Bruch &l Schimp. 1. c, t. 218.
G. incurva, Schwaegr. Suppl. ii. t. 97.

Big Tree Grove (Bolnndcr) ; alpine regions of Europe.

7. Cr. Muhlenbeckii, Schimp. Loosely tufted, soft, from green becoming
hoary; stems tall, branching: leaves densely crowdcsd, ernct when dry, long-
lanceolate, channelled along the very prominent costa, carinate at the apex, witii
flat margins, the upper leaves tipped with a rather long very rough hair : capsule
exserted upon an arcuate pedicel, somewhat pemlulon.s, oval, smooth, brownish,
with a convex apiculate operculum and narrow annulus : teeth reddish purple, erect
when dry, entire, rarely slightly bifitl. — G. incurva, Bruch tt Schimp. 1. c, t. 243.

Mount Diuia, at 10, .''.OO feet altitiidi; {Bolaudcr) ; Alps of Kurope.

8. Gr. trichophylla, Thev. Looscdy tufted, .soft, yellowish or green ; stems ]
to 1 inch long : leaves spreading, incurved when <lry, obluiig lanceolate;, atteiiuatt; to

Grimmia. MUSCI. 379

a lonpr snmowliat liispid hair, carinatn-coiicavo, tliR margin at baso rncnrvod : capsule
u[)nii a strongly curved pedicel, ovato or ol)long, 8-costiite, pale brown ; operculum
red, straight-beaked ; annulus broad,' compound : teeth irregulaily bifid to the
middle or simply lanceolate-subulate, red, convergent when damp, erect-spreading
Avhon dry. — Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 244 ; AVilson, 1. c, t. 32 ; Sulliv. iS:: Lcsq.
Muse. Am.-P.or. Kxsiec. 2 ed. n. 207.

Var. meridional is, Schimp. i\[oro densely tufted, stems slender, tall, dark
brown below : leaves siiorter, arcuately recurved when damp : capsule smaller, sub-
globose, less sulcate, red : teeth smaller. — G. ancisfrodea, Mont. 0. Catifornica,
var., Sulliv. in J'acif. M Kep. iv. 187, t. 4, fig. l''-3\

Near Oakland ami olsowlicrc, coininon {Bigclow, Bolandcr) ; the variety in Daidauelles Canon
(Bolandrr) ; Kmojie and Northern Africa.

9. Gr. Californica, Sulliv. Loosely cespitose, about ^ inch high : leaves erect-
spreading, long-lanceolate, carinate, concave with revolute margin, costa excurrcnt
into a hyaline denticulate hair: calyptra cucullate-mitriform, 4-5-cleft at base:
capsule oval or ol)long, with an evident collum, pendulous u[)on a short arcuate
])p.dicel, .scarcely costato wiien dry ; operculum with a long straight beak ; annulus
rather l)roa<l, comjtound : teeth bilid nearly to the middle. — I'acif. 11. liep. iv. 187,
t. 4, cxcl. var. ; Sulliv. & Lesif. 1. c, n. 205, 20G.

On rocks at San IJafaol and around San Francisco, common, Biijclov), Ba'andrr. With it is
found a variety with the obtusish or acute leaves not setose, and the capsule subglobose, with a
longer operculinn.

10. G-. hamulosa, Lesq. Loosely tufted, blackish : leaves somewhat fascicled,
falcate-secund when dry, erect and curved inward like a hook wdien moist, loosely
indjiicatcd, narrowly lanceolate-subulate, carinate-concavo with nearly flat margin,
the stout nerve ceasing below the obtusish opaque apex : capsule upon a somewhat
curved pedicel, oval, smooth, brown, with a short conic operculum and no annulus :
teeth rather short, lacerate or inq^erfectly divided. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 14.

On gnivelly soil upon Mount Dana, at 10,000 feet altitude, Bolandcr.
§ 4. Capsule upon a stralrjlit erect pedicel, mostly exserted, not ribbed ; columella
not deciduous : leaves spreadlnr/, not crisped, mostli/ setose, with flat
marylns; areolatlon rectangular at base, rarely slmious. — Guembelia.

* Calyptra mltrlform, lobed at base.
-»- Flowers monoecious.

11. Or. ovata, "Web. & ^lohr. IJather stout, tufted, | inch high or more,
green turning gray : leaves lanceolate from an oblong concave base, with reflexcd
margins, acutely carinate, attenuate into a rather long smoothish hair, slightly thick-
ened on the margin : capsule exserted, ovate to oblong, lirm, becoming brown, with
obli([uely beaked or rarely obtuse operculum and broad annulus : teetli rather long,
purple, unequally (;left to the middle or lacerate and cribrose, spreading when dry.
— Schwaegr. Suppl. i, t. 24 ; IJruch it Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 2.')4,

On dry rocks in the Truckee and West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (JFalson) ; Arctic
America to Lake Superior ; Kurope, Asia, and the Sandwich Islands. Variable.

-»- -1— Flowers dla;clo7is.

12. Gr. leucophaea, Grev. Broadly cespitose, silvery gray : leaves dark green,
long-lanceolate from an ol)long base, terminated by a long very hispid hair, spread-
ing, with slender costa and thin margin : capsule rarely exserted, elliptic or broad-
oblong, brown, contracted at the mouth, witii a conic-subulate or bluntly beaked
operculum and broad anmdus : teeth usually 2 - 3-cleft to the middle, cribrose belo\v,
purple, spreading when dry. — Scot. Crypt. Fl. t. 284 ; Ilruch i^ Sehiuqi. 1. c, t. 257.

Dry rocks, Danlanelles Oanon (Bolnndr,-) \ Kast Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {JFalson);
Fort Colvillc {Lycdl) ; Northern Atlantic States, Kurope, Africa, and Australia.

180

MUSCI. Uriniinid.

1 3. Gr. calyptrata, Tlixjk. Densely tufted, cnnescent : leaves somewhat crowded,
erect and subapinessetl, oljlong-lanceolate, somewhat foldetl-carinate, margin scarcely
recurved, the upper with a long smootliish hair ; pericluetial leaves longer and
broader: capsule on a slightly exserted pedicel, cylinch'ic-oblong, brown, wholly
covered by the calyptra : oi)erculum conic-rostrate; ainudiis narrow: teeth purple,
Ijifid. — Drum. ]\lusc. Am. n. GO. Cuembella cab/ptrata, iMuell. Muse. Frond, i. 775.

On iliy rock.s lu-ar ("avson City {Watson); in the Itocky iMountaius IVoni liriti.-,li Aiiieiica
{Drunimund) to New Mexico.

* * Cali/ptra cucul/afe, /abed at base: dlcecious.

14. Gr. elongata, Kaulf. .Stem.s erect, very slender, naked at ba.se, several
times branched, torming tumid blackened tutts : leaves rather lirm, the lower
lanceolate and blunt, the upper lanceolate from an ovate-oblong base, the apex
hyaline or shortly setose, carinate-concavo, tlie margin slightly thickened above :
calyptra obli(pie, long-beaked, 5-lobed : cajjsule minute, exserted, elliptic, yellowish,
Avitli short obtuse operculum and narrow annulus : teeth subentire, rellexed on
drying. — Eruch it 8chimp. 1. c, t. 251).

In the Yoseniite Valley (Z>r. B. JV. James) ; alpine regions of Europe.

* * * Calyptra cucuUate, entire: dhvcioiis.

15. G. montana, Ihuch k Hchimp. Very much like 0. ovata, but less rigid,
the leaves u liltie broader and tipped with a longer voughisli hair ; calyptra long-
beaked, reaching below the middle of the scarcely exserted cai)stde ; annulus nearly
wanting; operculum long-beaked, usually deciduous with the calyptra. — Ihyol.
Eur. t. 250 ; SuUiv. & Lescj. Muse. Am.-lJor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 215.

Near San Francisco, on Monte Diahlo, and on Mono Tass at 7,000 to 8,000 feet altitude {Bolan-
dcr); in mountains, Nevada (//'((/w/i) I Western Huiuiie.

23, RHACOMITRIUM, Ihidel.
Taller perennials, broadly cespitose, usually ui)on rocks, dichotomously branched.
Leaves very densely crowded, subequal, long-lanceolate, blunt or setosely tipped,
channelled with recurved margins ; basal areolation linear and sinuous. Flowers
dioecious. Calyptra conic-mitriform, lobed at base, with a straight dark more or
less roughened beak. Capsule oblong-cylindric, on a rarely curved pedicel, with a
narrow beaked operculum and broad compouml annulus. I'eristome elongated,
tipou a short basal membrane, purple, the teeth irregidarly 2 - 3-cleft at least to the
middle, or to the base with subequal filiform divisions, erect or nearly so when dry.

A genus variously limited, of 30 or 40 species, many antarctic; often included in Grimmia.
§ 1. liegidarhj dlchotomona: leaves hUnit ; areolation minute and rounded, at
base linear and veri/ sinuous; costa narrowh/ 2-u'lnf/ed on the back:
pedicel arcuate: operculum conlc-rostrate : teeth bljid nearlij to the base.

CAMPYLOnUVPTOUUX.

K. PATKNS, Schimp. Stems 2 to 4 inches long, naked bdow : leaves spreading : pedicel rather
short : capsule pah- brown, oval, furrowed wlien dry. — Syn. Miisc. 2 ed. 272. drimmia pulcns
Rrueh & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 246; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 19. Between Fort Coivdie and
tlie Rocky I\bnuitains, Washington Territory, Drttmmond, Lynll.
§2. Blchotomous, fastlf/latel'j branched: leaves blunt; apical areolation quad-^

rate or oval, the basal very narrow and sinuous: capsule erect : beak of

calyptra rou(jIi,ofoperctduni aclcular : teeth bifid to or below the middle.

— Dryptodux.
1. R. aciculare, P.ridel. Loosely cespitose, dark green, 1 to 3 inclniS high :
leaves secund or spreading, widely lanceol.ite or ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire or

Vhjrhmmtnum. MUSCI. 381

toothed uL t()|i, costa coasiii;^' below tlio npox : cai).siilo brown, witli short colhiin
and small iiioutli : teeth bitid nearly to the base, the uueiiual subulate divisions
eonnivent when dry. — Bruch k Schiinp. 1. c, t. 2G2 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 19 ; Berkeley,
Brit. Moss. t. 21, lig. 3.

On granite rocks above the Yoseinite Valley (Bolaiider) ; in the Alleghany Mountains, and
inoiintiiins of Euioiie.

2. R. depressum, Lesij. Broadly cespitose, depressed, yellowish brown, the
loosely leafy stems 4 or 5 inches long : leaves secund, erect, appressed when dry,
lanceolate from a broadly ovate scmi-auriculate decurrent base, obtuse, usually irregu-
larly denticulate at the apex : capsule immersed upon a short pedicel, nearly cylin-
• hical, with a sliort collum : teetii irregularly 3-parted or rarely bifid, the divisions
distinct or more or less coherent. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 14.

Yosoniite Falls, Bolandcr.

R. Nevh (Orimmin iVcvii, Mnell. Flora, xxxi. 483, and Torr. Hot. Bulletin, v. 6) is found
at Portland, Oregon, Xcviits. Dark green or lilackish, the stems somewhat naked below: upper
branehlets incurved, leafy : leaves appressed-inibiieate or sliglitly spreading, broadly ligidate,
obtuse, sparingly erose-ilenticulate at the apex, very concave, the inner pericluttial nerveless:
cajisule oval on a very short curved pedicel : segments of the stout red teeth coherent.

§3. riants with more or less numeroiis short leaf n lateral hranclilets : leaves
diaphanous at the apex {in our species) and setose-tipped: areolation,
eahjptra and opcrcnluni as in § 2 : cajisule erect : teeth divided into two
lomj narrowhj lanceolate or filiform segments. — Ruacomitriu.m proper.

3. R. canescens, Bridel. Stems 2 to 4 inches long, erect, the many branches
more or less fascicled, yellowish green or hoary : leaves spreading and recurved,
the upper often secund, narrowly lanceolate from an oblong base, attenuate into a
long white denticulate point, deeply carinatc, miiuitely papillose throughout, the
entire margin recurved : capsule on a long ])urple pedicel, ovate-conical with a
narrow mouth, brown, obscurely striate when dry : operculum equalling or exceed-
ing the capsule : teeth very long, liliform, erect, deep purple. — Bruch & Schimp.
1. c, t. 270, 271 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 19 ; Fl. Dan. xv, t. 2561, fig. 1.

Shaded rocks near Paper iMill, Marin County, a variety with jKdlueid leaves, scarcely papillose,
and areolation narrower {Bolnndn-); Mount Hanier (Pickering); Vancouver Island (Lyall) ;
White Mountains, N. Hampshire ; throughout Europe. A variable species.

}l. iir.TFJiosriciMTM, Brid., collected at Fort (.'olville {Lj/nll) and in Oregon (Nrvius), lias
shorter stems (i to 1;^ inches long) s])aringly branched, the elliptic- or obovate-cylindric capsule
smooth when dry and exceeding the oiierculinn, and the short teeth unequally and irregidarly
divided, incurved when dry. — Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 205 ; Wilson, 1. c. Trirho'^lomum lictero-
slidnim, Jledw. ^lusc. Frond, ii, t. 25. Also in Colorado {Hall) and Alaska, and European.

Pi. LANUr.iNOSUM, Brid., from Vancouver Island {Wood) and Mount 'Rwnuiv {rickcring), has
its stems much elongated (4 to 12 inches), slender, fnigile and nnudi branched, with crowded
linear-lanceolate dentate leaves : pedicels short, roughish : operculum as long as the small ovate
smooth capsule : teeth very long, filiform. — Bruch & Schimp. I. c, t. 269 ; Wilson, 1. c. ; Fl.
Dan. XV, t. 2.''>iil, tig. 2. Trichoslomum lanuginosum, Hedw. 1. c. iii, t. 2. In the White
^lountains and Euioi)e.

R. MiciiocAUPU.Nf, Brid. ; Oregon, Hall. Habit of A', cancscenx, the stems fascicled, with
numerous short branches : leaves crowded, recurved, lanceolate with a short white dentate point
and the areolation throughout elongated and sinuous : ca])sule small and thin, (cylindrical, pale,
twice longer than the conic operculum. — Brmdi k Schimp. 1. c, t. 208 ; Wilson,!, c, t. 61. In
the White Mountains and the Alleghanics and in Europe. Growing in dry places and maturing
its fruit in autumn, not in the spring as the preceding species.

24. PTYCHOMITRIUM, Bruch k Schimp.

Perennials, loosely cespitose on rocks or rarely trees. Leaves dull, in 5 to 8

ranks, long-lanceolate, crisi)ed, costate, the areolation at the apex nn'uute and puncti-

form, at base short-linear or rectangular ; i)ericha>tial leaves not distinct. Flowers

monocci<Mis, bud-like, the male terminal or axillary. Calyptra mitriform, reaching

3J52 .ML'SCl. rtijchumilriunu

to the middle of the capsule, incised at base and longitiuliiially plicate. Capsule
erect, long-pedicellate, regular, with aciculate operculuiu and broad compound
annulus. Peristome simi)le, of IG long and narrow usually deeply cleft teeth.

About a dozen widely scattered speeies are referred to this genus.

1. P. Gardneri, Lesq. Stems branched, tufted : leaves dark green, crowded,
twisted or crisped, rellexed when moist, acutely carinate, the margin above sharply
serrate; basal areolation linear: male flowers rarely a.\illary, usually 2 to 4 witliin
the pericluetium : capsule (frequently 2 or more together) narrowly elliptical, pale
brown, smooth, with long persistent reddish operculum : teeth mostly 3-clelt to the
base, dark red. — ^lem. Calif. Acad. i. 10.

On rocks in Dardanelles Canon, Forest Hill, Bolaiu/er. Closely resembling P. }H)lijphijIlitiit,
Ihuch & Scliinip., of Europe.

25. ORTHOTRICHUM, Ikdw.

Eoundish-tufted perennials, on trees or rocks, erect or procumbent, never creeping,
dichotomously branched, with rootlets at base and at the axils of the branches.
Leaves crowded, ovate- to long-lanceolate, strict when dry, costate, entire, margins
usually revolute, didl and usually minutely papillose ; areolation at base looser, rec-
tangular and hyaline, above punctulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, terminal
and bud-like. Calyptra large, campanulate, lobed-mitriform, longitudinally plicate,
hairy or naked. Capsule immersed or more or less exserted, erect, symmetrical,
8- 16-striate, ribbed when dry, more or less elongated, Avith distinct collum, a
mamillato or cimic-rostnite oijcrcuhim, and a very narrow annulus or none. I'eri-
stome of 16 short pale teeth divided by a medial line and usually in pairs, with or
without an inner row of 8 or 10 alternate filiform cilia.

A genus of 70 or more species, about half Kuro|iean, the ivst belonging cliielly to the New
World. Nearly 30 species are North American, half of which are also European.

The genus Ui.dta, Jlohr, often included in Orlhotrichuin, is distinguished by its llexuous
leaves crisped and twisted when dry, usually dilated at base with linear areolation, and the very
hairy calyptra with more numerous folds. No species have been detected in California, but the
following are found in Oregon and northward.

U. pJivi.LANTiiA, Brid. Densely tufted, 1 or 2 inches high, with long linear leaves, wlien dry
twisted and eircimite, the costa jiroduced into the ape.x and there usually thickened and bearing
brown jointed cylindrical gcmnue : fruit unknown. — (h-thvlricltniii jilii/ffdiifhiiin, Ilrnch &. Schimp.
BryoL Eur. t. '223; Wils.m, HryoL Brit. t. 4tJ. Oregon (//«//) ; Vancouver Uhnd {iruud) ;
Europe, Andes of South America, and antarctic regions.

U. Ciusi'Ul.A, l^ruch. Leaves crowded, linear-lanceolate, crisped when dry: ea]isule short-
pedicelled, pale vellow, clavate-pyriform, narrowly 8-striate : calyptra conic-campanulate : teeth
short, reflexed when dry, with 8 or 16 short cilia. — Orlhvlrichitm crisjiuiit, Hedw. Muse. Frond.
ii. 96, t. 35 ; Bruch & Schimp. 1. c., t. 228 ; Wilson, 1. c., t. -15. Oregon (iXcrius, Hall); Europe.

* Peristome shnjjie, the inner cilia wantinfj or only rudimentary.

1. O. cupulatum, Iloffm. Tufts more or less crowded, an inch high, red- or
brownish-green : leaves crowded, spreading or when dry strict, oblong-lanceolate,
with rellexed margins : calyptra campanidate, sparingly hairy : capsule obovate,
immersed on a short ]iedicel, thick, ])ale brown, IG-striate, M'ith a pale yellow convex
straight-beaked operculum: peristome of 10 distinct ]»ale yellow teeth, radiately
spreading when dry. — Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 209 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 21 ; Berkeley,
Brit. Moss. t. 20, fig. 4 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 01, t. 44 (var. minus).

On limestone Kicks near liussian Kiver {Bolander) ; also from Britisii America to the Atlantic
Stiites and New Mexico, in several forms, and in Europe.

2. O. Sturmii, Iloppe & Hornsch. Usually larger than the last, in broader
circular tufts : leaves spreading and recurved, the margins revolute, and the upper

Orlholrtchum. MUSCl. ^^3

part foniu'd of a doulilo layer of cells : capsulo oljscurcjy S-striato, tlio calyi)tra
usually very liairy, and the jjeristonic-tceth erect when dry. — Brucli it Schinip. I.e.,
t. 209 ; Fl. Dim. xv, t. 2500, lig. 2.

^^ Oil shacletl rocks in Yosoniito Valley (Bnlnndcr) ; W. Humboldt Mountniiis, Nevada (Jrafowi) ;
Texas {]f'n/jht) ; also in the White Mountains, in Europe, and the-Sandwich Islands.

3. O. anomalum, Hedw. Stems erect, about an inch high, subsimi)le : leaves
rather lirni, spreading or the upper crowded and more erect, strict when dry, lanceo-
late, papillose, with revolutc margins, basal areolation rectangular : calyptra cam-
panulate, hairy : capsule exserted on a long pedicel, ovate-oblong, reddish brown,
with 8 or •■ times IG orange strii' : teeth in jiairs, erect when dry ; 8 rudimentary
cilia sometimes present. — iMusc. Frond, ii. 102, t. 37; Lruch & Schini}). 1. c,
t. 210 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 21 ; Berkeley, 1. c. lig. 5 ; Fl. Dan. t. 2G15.

Washoe Mountains, near Carson City {Watson), a form with thicker, more jiapillose and more
revolute leaves, with closer areolation, an<l the calyptra more pilose. The typical form is found
Irom Arctic America and Greenland to Colorado and the Atlantic States ; also Europe.

4. O. Texanum, Sulliv. Stems nearly an inch high, loosely leafy, cespitose
or in small brownish- or dark-green tufts : leaves linear-lanceolate, recurved-spreading,
orect-spreading when dry, carinate-costato with rellexed margins, somewhat folded
above and very minutely papillose : llowers monoecious, the male axillary : calyptra
very pilose : capsule immersed, oblong-obovate u[)on a short collum, i)roniinently
8-ribbed the whole length when dry ; ojierculum short- rostrate : teeth in pairs, pale
yellow, often Avith IG rudimentary cilia. — Gray's I^Ianual, 2 ed. G33, and Icon.
Muse. 53, t. 34; Sulliv. & Lescp Muse. Ani.-Bor. Exsicc. n. 122.

Var. globosum, Lesq. Capsule shorter, subglobose, emergent upon a somewhat
longer jtediccl, with a brown shining calyptra; stem shorter, the leaves erect when
moist. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 17.

Common on rocks and trees, and very variable (^y/rt?iffc?-); Texas and New Mexico, Wright,
Fcndlcr.

T). O. 'WatSOni, James. Loosely tufted, green, pale ochre below, sparingly
branched, G to lU lines high: leaves rather soft and loose, long-lanceolate and
acute, recurved, carinate, margins revolute, covered above with 2-3-forked papillte:
llowers monoecious : calyptra somewhat hairy : capsule emergent, subelliptical when
dry, prominently ribbed and contracted below the dilated mouth ; operculum short-
rostrate : teeth yellowish white, clos(!ly connate in pairs, erect-spreading when dry.
— Bot. King Exp. 401 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. SuppL 73, t. 54.

On damp shaded rocks, West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson.

G. O. Jamesianum, Sulliv. Stems sparingly branched, G to 8 lines high, in
rather loose tufts, pale green or cinereous Avhen dry, brownish Ijelow, su])julaceous :
leaves oblong or lanceolate-obloug, obtuse, subcarinate, papillose, the margins revolute,
and costa ceasing below the apex : llowers monoecious, the male axillary : calyptra
sparingly hairy : capsule immersed, pyriform, short- pedicelled, 8-ribbed wdien dry
and constricted below the broad month : teeth distinct, transversely vermiculate at
base, longitudinally at the apex, and circularly in the middle. — Bot. King Exp. 401,
and Icon. Muse. Suppl. 71, t. 53.

On limestone rocks in the East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {Watson); Fort St. James,
Biitish Columbia, Macoun.

* * Peristome double.

7. O. rupestre, Schleich. Stems i-iither long, forming loose circular brownish
tufts, brandling : leaves spreading, soinewhat recurved, strict and rigid when dry,
lanceolate acute, deejily carinate above, with revolute or involute margins, minutely
papillose : calyptra campanulate, very villous with yellow hairs : capsule immersed
or emergent, pyriform, pale yellow becoming brownish, faintly 8-striate, when dry
scarcely contracted below the mouth : teeth rather long, pale, in pairs or at length

384 Mi:SCr. UithutrUhnm.

distinct, erect or sliglitly s})rea(linj? wlien dry; cilia 8, liuear-Iauceolate, nearly
eciualling the teeth. — lirncli Sc Schiiiip. IJryol. Kur. t. 217 ; Wilsuii, 1. c, t. 34.

On rocks, Kv^ Tnr Grove ami Yosemite Valk-y {liolandcr) ; K. lliimlioldt Mountains, Nuvadii
(Jl'^utnon) ; Antic .\niciiia and iiioiuitiiins of Eiuo[)e.

8. O. Bolanderi, 8ulliv. Stems densely leaiy, nearly an inch high, sj)aringly
branched Iroiu the base, dark green, cespitose : leaves recurved-spreading wlien
luoist, oblong-lanceolate, acutish, obscurely papillose, the areolation above of dense
bistromatic cells : luoncecious ; male flowers axillary : calyptra hairy : capsule on a
very short jiedicel, half emersed, oblong-oval, on a short colluni : teeth long, in
pairs, 18- 20-jointed, densely punctulate, yellowish; cilia 8, as hmg as the teeth.
— Icon. Muse. Suppl. G4, t. 46.

On rocks, JJolandcr.

9. O. speciosum, Nees. Stems tall (1 or 2 inches), loosely cespitose, green or
yellowish gieeu : leaves more or less spreading, long-lanceolate, acuminate, carinate,
the margins revolute : male llowers axillary : calyptra ovate-campanulate, very
hairy : capsule emergent and exserted, cylindric-oblong upon a short collura, i)ale
yellow, smooth, at length obsoletely 8-plicate : teeth in pairs, yellowish, refiexed
when dry, densely papilhjse, e([ualling the 8 cilia. — IJruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 217 ;
Wilson, 1. c, t. 34. 0. tlejans, Schwaegr.

On trees and rocks, Rig Trees and elsewhere {BoUindo); Fort Colville and Biitish C'ohunljia
(Lytill) ; St. Lawrence Iliver, and European. Very varialjlc.

10. O. alpestre, llornsch. More or less densely cespito.se, and from deep
green to yellowish or brownish : leaves long-lanceolate, with revolute margins,
papillose and minutely crenulate above : male flowers terminal : calyptra nearly
naked, covering two-thirds of the ca|)sule, straw-colored with brown ajjcx : capsule
emergent, oval with short collum, jiale yellow, striate, when dry urceolate and
broadly ribbed: teeth ct)nnate in pairs, rellexed when dry, e<pialling the 8 cilia.- —
Eruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 213; SuUiv. Icon. Muse. Sui.pl. G"J, t. 51. (/. occidrntale,
James, IJot. King Exp. 402.

Monte Diablo (Gibbous); Wahsatcli and Uinta Mountains {Wiitsnn) ; Rocky Mountains of
British America {Drununoinl) ; Central Kuropc. Tlic specimens ditrer from the normal form in
tiieir glaucous-j^n-en color, tlie broader thick leaves with elongated simple or forked iiajiilia', and
the longer entire tietli minutely punctate.

11. O. rivulare, Turner. Stems lax, tufted, elongated, often floating, branched
above, naked at base : leaves dark green or blackish, oblung-ovate to ligulate, obtu.se,
spreading, smooth, with revolute margin : male flowers terminal : calyptra naked,
pale- or dark-green, blackish above, covering half of the capsule: capsule half
immersed, pyriform, yellow, obscurely 8-striate, urceolate and ribbed the whole
length when <lry : teeth orange, in pairs, at length sonu'.what si'parated, rellexeil
when dry; cilia 8 longer- ami 8 shorter than the teetli. — Muse, llib, UG, t. 8;
Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 219 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 21.

On roots of trees, etc., in water, AnibM^on Valley, eonnnon, Bulnnder ; Euroju'.

12. O. cylindrocarpum, Lesq. Stems simple or si)aringly branched, slender,
2 to 4 lines long, densrly leafy, in loose dull green tufts blackish below : leaves
erect, appressed when dry, long-lanceolate, acutish or subo])tuse, carinate, the stout
nerve ceasing below the apex, margins revolute, minutely papillose above : flowers
monoecious, the male rarely axillary : calyptra very hairy, nearly covering the
cajisule : capsule exserted, cylindric or narrowly oval, pale green or yellowish,
obscurely 8-striate, very iiarrowly 8-ribbed when diy : teeth apprnximate in jiairs,
9 - 10-jointed, granulo.se, rellexed when dry, ecpialliug tin; 8 stout cilia. — 'I'raus.
Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii. G, and Mem. Calif Acad. i. 17 ; Sulliv. 1. c. 70, t. r>2 ; SuUiv.
&, Les(]. 1. c. 2 eil. n. 178. 0. Coiilltri, Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 25.

On rocks and bark of oak-trees, Dardanelles Canon {/loldiiihr) ; also by Coulter.

Eiicdliipta. MUSCI. 385

i;3. O. Kingianum, Lc.s(j. Skins simringly bninclioil, an iiicli high, iu dull
grcoji tufts, l)ro\vn hcluw : leaves erect-spiTadiug when moist, ovate-lanceolate,
obtusely acute, revolute in the middle, carinate, the costa ceasing below the apex,
gianulose-pa|)illose above : mona-cious, the male buds axillary, slender : calyptra
sparingly liairy, coverijig the brown smooth oval capsule, which is exserted upon a
pedicel 2 or 3 lines long, long-cylindric when dry: teeth in i)airs, 9 - 10-jointed,
punctate, erect when dry, longer than the 8 cilia. — jNlem. Calif. Acad. i. 18; Sulliv.
Icon. Muse. Suppl. 74, t. 55. 0. la'vigatnm, James, liot. King Exp. 402, not Zett.

On rocks near the Yoseniite Yi\\\^ {Bohnidcr) \ Pali-Ute Mountains, Nevada (/Fa;so7i). Sul-
livant in his manuscript notes refer-s this species to 0. spcciosiim.

14. O. pulchellum, Smith. Stems loosely cespitose, about 3 lines high, very
slender : leaves jtale green, soft, spreading, lax and slightly crisped when dry, linear-
lancedlate, acuminate, margins revolute below, very minutely punctate and revolute
toward the apex : male ilowers terminal : caly])tra campanulate, naked, pale yellow
Avith a brown jjoint : capsule exserted on a rather long pedicel, small, oblong with
a short coUum, yellowish, indistinctly 8-striate, becoming sulcate below the mouth
and contracted : teeth red-orange, rather long, in jiairs, retlexed when dry, with 16
e(pial filiform cilia. — Engl. Bot. t. 1787; IJruch it Schimp. 1. c, t. 223; Wilson,
1. c, t. 21 ; Berkeley, 1. c. fig. 7. 0. Colambicnm, Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 24'!

Clear Lake and Eureka (Bolandcr) ; Vancouver Island ; Northern Europe. Peristome some-
what ])nler and pedicel longer than in the Euroi)ean type. 0. Columbicum, from Vancouver
Island, is described as having but 8 cilia and the calyptra rugose at the apex.

0. coNSiMiLF,, Mitt. 1. c. (Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 59, t. 43), also from Vancouver Island, is
very similar but with shorter capsule, the calyptra somewhat hairy, and the cilia only 8.

15. O. Lyellii, Hook, t^ Tayl. Stems loosely tufted, 2 to 4 inches long, much
branched : leaves crowded, flexuose-.squarrose, when dry nearly erect and somewhat
twisted, linear-lanceolate, acute, margins Hat, beset with red clavate hairs or papillae:
di(uciou3 : calyptra large, moderately hairy, conic-campanulate : capsule emergent,
ovate upon a loiig collum, faintly 8-striate, elongated and deeply striate when dry,
yellowish brown : teeth whitish, reflexed when dry; cilia 10, red, slightly erose on
the hyaline margin. — Muse. I'.rit. t. 22; Jhuch & Schimp. I.e., t. 221 ; Wilson,
1. c, t. 22; Sulliv. tk Lesfp ;Musc. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. 184, 185. 0. jiapillosnm,
llampe, Linnrea, xxx. 458.

On trees, California and Oregon, common ; Europe.

26. ENCALYPTA, Schreb.
Somewhat cespitose branching perennials, on the ground or rocks, the stem
rhizoid-bearing the whole length. Leaves 5-ranked, dull green, linear to spatulate,
densely covered above with cleft papillce ; areolation close hexagonal toAvard the
apex, long-rectangular and hyaline at base. Inflorescence monoecious (rarely dioe-
cious), bud-like. Calyptra very large, longer than the capsule, cylindric-campanulate,
very smooth, Avith long slender beak. Capsule erect upon a long pedicel, oblong or
cylindric, Avith a short collum ; operculum beaked like the calvjitra. Peristome
very variable, single, of IG teeth (in our species), or double, much as in Orthotrichum,
sometimes Avanting.

A genus of about 20 species, largely European. I'eseuibling in linbit the larger species of
Uarbiild, but readily distinguished by the calyptra.

« Ferlstoniti very fiKjacious and fratjUe, or often wanting.

1. E. vulgaris, lledw. Stems scarcely 0 lines long: loaves sjireading, Ungu-
late, apiculate, twisting Avhon dry, the reddish (uista ceasing below the apex or
slightly excurrent : calyptra entire at base, yellowish green : capsule ovate-cylindrical,

386 ^^f^'^^'J- Knraljpta.

tliin, pale yeHow, orange above and below, minutely sulcate when dry : teeth usually
none, or very irregular, short and obtuse, pale. — Muse. Frond, i, t. 18; Lruch &
Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. I'JD; Wilson, iiryol. Brit. t. 13; Berkeley, JJrit. Moss. t. 22,
fig. 1 ; Sulliv. it Lesq. Muse. Ani.-l)or. Exsicc. 2 ed. 1(17.

Monte Diablo and Oakhuul Hills {Boluiukr) ; I'ort Colvilh. (Z,»/r(//) ; mountains of Nevada and
Utah {Watson) ; L^olorado (Hall) ; White Mountains, and tluonghout Europe.

« * Peristome jJCi'^iatent.

2. E. Ciliata, Hedw. Stems A to 1 ineh high, loosely cespitose, branched :
leaves bright or pale green, soft, spreading, crowded, oblong-ovate or ligulate,
shortly acuminate, slightly concave, margin somewhat undulate, the costa slightly
exeurrent or ceasing below the subcrenulate apex ; areolation very granulose above :
calyptra lanceolate-lobed and fringed at base, pale yellow : capsule on yellowish
pedicels, smooth, long-cylindric, at length reddish brown, without annulus : teeth
usually narrowly lanceolate, orange-colored, horizontally inllexed when dry, spread-
ing when moist, rarely wanting. — Engl. Bot. t. 1418; Druch <t Schimj). I.e.,
t. 200; Wilson, 1. c, t. 13. Leersia ciliuta, Hedw. Muse. Frond, i, t. 19.

Yosemite Valley, near Nevada Fall, and banks of Russian Eiver near Ukiah {Bolaadcv) ;
Oregon (ffall) ; Colorado ( JVolf) ; Lake Superior and Noi tliern New York ; Europe.

3. E. rhabdocarpa, Schwaegr. Dillering in its leaves, oftini piliferous at the
apex ; calyptra slightly jagged at the base and scabrous at the apex ; capsule ovate-
cylindrical, brownish with 8 to IG reddish stria-, and deeply sulcate when dry,
annulate; peristome reddish, rarely pale or wanting. — Su])pl. i. 56, t. 16; Bruch
& Schimp. 1. c, t. 204 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 32 ; Sulliv. in (hay's Manual, 2 ed. t. 2.

In the East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada ( Watson) ; Washington Tei litory {Lyall) ; Arctic
America to Colorado ; Europe.

27. TAYLORIA, Hook.
Loosely cespitose perennials, on the ground, branching, rhizoid-bearing the whole
length. Leaves erect-spreading in several raidvs, soft, ovate-lanceolate, clasping,
acute, costate, coarsely serrate above, of large thin parenchymatous cells. Flowers
terminal ; the male discoid, of numerous short-pedicelled antheridia and clavate
paraphyses. Calyjjtra mitiiform, cleft at one side. Capsule long-pedicelled, decur-
rent into a long thick clavate collum of the same color, erect, regular, becoming
brownish, with convex-conic operculum and no annulus. Peristome of 16 linear-
lanceolate entire or at length divided teeth, very hygroscopic, reflexed when dry.
Columella persistent.

A small genus, mostly alpine and growing upon decayed vegetable or animal substances.
European and South American.

DissoDON, Grev. & Arn., is a nearly allied genus, growing on the giound, and distinguished
by obtuse entire somewhat obovate leaves, the male flowers bud-like, and the acute or truncate
teeth erect-incurved "when dry.

D. HoRNSCHUCHil, Grev. & Arn., a European species which has been found in the Kocky
Mountains {Drummond) and in Oregon (Doivnic), may be met with in California. It has broadly
oblong or obovate green and shining leaves, the long-clavate capsule erect upon a shoitish thick
jiedicel, a broad operculum borne upon a tall .stout persistent columella, and truncate bifid teeth.

1. T. splachnoides, Hook. Stems 1 inch high, erect: leaves imbricated, pale
green, more or less obtuse and serrate : capsule on a reddish pedicel 1 or 2 inches
long, oblong-cylindric, as long as the narrower collum ; operculum long-conic : teeth
very long and atteiniate, at length cleft to the base, involute within the orilice or on
drying circinate-flexuous and reflexed, pale purple : columella exserted, liliform,
with capitate summit. — ]\Iusc. Exot. t. 173 ; Bruch &. Schimp. I5ryol. Eur. t. 286 ;
Fl. Dan. Suppl. t. 44. Ilookeria aplachnoides, Schleich. ; Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 100.

Entoslhodun. MUSCI. 337

At Uniouvillc, West Iliiiiihoklt Mouiituins, Nevada {H'alson); liocky Mountains of Biitisli
Anicricni (Druvimoncl) ; EuropL'.

T. .snitiiATA, Bruch & Scliini|). (Hiyol. Ktii'. t. 28 J, 285), was collected at Fort Colville l)y
Lijall. Fertile stems procumbent : capsule brownish red, on an erect pedicel : teeth dark purple,
shining, linear-hiuceolate, when dry arcuate-erect or loosely rellexed : columella included.

28. SPLACHNUM, Kinn.
Soft loosely ces[)itosc annuals (ravuly perennial), on the ground or cattle-dung ;
rliizoids at base. Leaves remote, spreading, tlio uppermost crowded, broadly
obovate-lanceolate, narrowed at base, entire or serrate, the aroolation very loose,
Male flowers subdisooiil. Calyptra small, conic, very fugacious. Capsule long-
l)edicelled, small, short-cylindrical upon a spongy at lengtli mucli tliickened and
subglobose, pyriform or umbrella shaped apojjhysis, dill'ering from it in color ;
()l)erculum convex; annnlus none. Peristome of IG orange-colored linear teeth, in
pairs, a[ipresscd-reflexed when dry. Columella persistent.

A genus of half a dozen speciea in Europe and North America, and another in Tasmania,

1. S, luteum, Linn. Annual, dioecious; stem ^ inch bigh or less, simple or
branched at base : leaves rather large, long-apiculate, entire : capsule on a pedicel
an inch long or more, brownish upon a lemon-colored broadly dilated flat-umbrella-
shaped apophysis : teeth omnge, many-jointed. — Amoen. ii. 277, t. 3 ; Hedw. Muse.
Frond, ii. 48, t. 17 ; Lruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 29G. aS'. vielanocaidon,
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 109.

Rejiorted by Mitten (.lourn. Linn. Soc. viii. 22) as collected at various times in western North
America and in the Rocky Mountains, and as varying nuieh in the length of the pedicel and size
of the apophysis. It is found in Northern Europe and Kamtschatka, and may range to the
mountains of California.

29. PHYSCOMITRIUM, Hrid.

Low clustered or loosely cespitoso annuals, on tlio ground ; stem simple or
branched at base. Leaves crowded above, ratlicr broad, acuminate, soft and smooth,
of large hyaline cells; costa thin, hdlorcscenco monoecious, terminal, the male
flowers discoid. Calyptra vesicular, 4angled, 5-lobed at base, with a long straight
beak, half-covering the capsule. Capsule ovate- or globosc-pyriform, erect on an
exserted pedicel or immersed, regular, with llattish-convex operculum. Peristome
wanting.

About Ifi sppcii'S are known, widely scattered, one-lialf South American. Four sj)ecies besides
the following are found in the Atlantic States, and a fourth in the Wahsatch Mountains.

1. P. pyriforme, Ihidcl. Stems 2 to 5 lines high : leaves more or less spread-
ing, s})atulate lanceolate, coarsely serrate above the middle : capsule globose-pyrifonn,
exserted on a pedicel 5 to 8 lines long, at length brownish red, the cells bordering
the orifice transversely rectangular, in 12 to 15 rows; operculum convex-conic;
annulus double. — Bruch & Schimi). Bryol. Eur. t. 299 ; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 7.
Gymnostomum j^yriforme, Iledw. ; Engl. Bot. t. 413.

On Avct banks in Dardanelles Canon and in swamps near San Rafael {Bolandrr) ; very connuon
in the Atlantic States ns well as throughout Europe. The largest sj)ecies of the genus.

30. ENTOSTHODON, Schwaegr.

Resembling the preceding genus. Loaves very variable in the same species.
Calyptra vesicular-cucullate, long-beaked, shining. Capsule exserted, erect or
slightly nodding, regular pyriform, with small plano-convex or mrely umbonate

388 MUSCI. ICutosthoJon.

operculum, and no annulus. Peristome single (or none), of IG short linear-lanceolate

punctulate teeth, inserted within the orilice and horizontal.

Thirty or more speines are ilescribeil, one-half ol" them South American. Tlie following are the
only North Ameiitan species, with a single exception.

1. E. Templetoni, Schwaegr. Stems 3 to G lines high : lower leaves very small,
remote, the upper (G ur 8) rosulate, broadly obovate- to spatulate-oblong, acuminate,
the margin siibcrenate from the prominent culls, costa ceasing below the ape.x, the
nreolation rather large : capsule erect on a pedicel nearly h inch long, yellowish
brown, narrowly pyriform, the long collum attenuate into the pedicel ; operculum
plano-convex : teeth lanceolate-subulate, with broader conlluent base, remotely
articulated, reddish. — Suj)))!. t. 113; Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 302 ; Wilson,
Bryol. Brit. t. U ; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. IG, tig. 5.

Swamp near Mendocino {Bolandcr) ; Europe.

2. E. Bolanderi, Lesq. Tiesembling the last ; stem scarcely 2 lines high, erect
from a decumljcnt base : leaves yellowish green, longer acuminate, more loosely
areolate, and the costa wanting or scarcely reaching the middle; perigonial leaves
nerveless : capsule with a longer somewhat inflateil collum ; operculum umbonate ov
apiculate-convex : teeth pale, linear-lanceolate, ecjual, very minutely granulose, not
nodose, the articulations and medial line obscure. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii. 10;
Sulliv. &i Lesq. ]\Iusc. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 23G ; SuUiv. Icon, Muse. Suppl.

28, t. 17.

On clayey ground near San Fiaucisco, Bolandcr.

31. FUNARIA, Scluebcr.

Differing from the preceding in the obliquely pyriform capsule and in the charac-
ters of the peristome. Stem at lirst sinqde, bearing a discoid male llower, the
female flowers terminal on later branches ; rootlets at base of the stem and branches;
capsule more or less nodding upon a long erect or arcuate at length twisted pedicel,
obliquely pyriform with a small oblique mouth, rather ventricose ; o])erculum llat-
convex or convex-conic ; annulus none or large and double : peristome double, from
below the orifice, the outer of IG obliipie linear-lancuolate i)rominently jointed teeth
connivent at apex upon a small reticulated disk, reddish purple at base, paler above ;
the inner of as many yellowish lanceolate cilia opi)osite to the teeth.

About 20 .species, of which 8 are found in North America.

* Capsule snberect upon a stmif/ht pedicel, without annulus.

1. F. Californica, Sulliv. ik Lesq. Loosely cespitose, jiale green, the .'^tems
1 or 2 lines high : upper leaves erect and crowded, oblong, shortly acute, concave,
entire, the costa continuous nearly to the i\.\)gx, marginal areolation subijuadrate
toward the apex, longur below : pedicel scarcely an inch long, twisted to the left
when dry ; capsule oblong-pyriibrm, only slightly unsymmetrical, with a do))ressed-
conic operculum : teeth and cilia adherent to above the middle. — Muse, Am.-Bor.
Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 238 ; Lesip in !Mem, Calif. Acad. i. 20 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Supjil.

29, t, 18.

On moist clayey soil, at Aul)urn, Ukiali, etc. (Buhnukr) ; Oregon, J/d/l.

2. F. calcarea, Wahl. Loosely cespitose, stems 1 to 3 lines high : leaves
below oblong-lanceolate and detlexed, the tq)per more or less spreading, obovate-
oblong, more or less abruptly-acuminate, finely apiculate or terminating in a long
ilexuose jwint, obtusely serrate or nearly entire, the yellow costa ceasing near the
apex : pedicel (G to 8 lines long) twisted to the right when dry or the lower part to

LqHohryum.. MUSCI. 389

iho loft: capsulo brownish, shortly pyriforrn ; oporculum convoxconic, blunt. —
.Schinip. Syii. 2 od. 382. F. Muhlmiheryii, Sch\v;i('>,M'. 8ii|)pl. il 7S, excl. t. ; Bruch
cfe Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 303 ; ^VilsoIl, Bryol. Brit. t. 20. F. llibernica, ilook. &
'J ayl. ; Bruch tk Schiinj>. 1. c, t. 304 ; Wilson, 1. c. F. Mediterranea, Lindb. ;
SuUiv. Icon. ]\Iusc. Suppl. 31.

At Mission Doloips and on Jlonte Diablo {Bolandcr) ; Cnjon Pass and Colorado Valley
(Bigcloiv) ; Salt Lake, Utali (Jfafson) ; Britisli America {Drummond) ; and very common
tiuougiiout Eurojic and in Asia and Africa. Schimper unites the two species which have long
heen kejit apart upon tlie variations in tlie shape of the leaves and in the torsion of the pedicel.
Tlie ty|iical form (flie /'. Ilibcniiai) lias the more attenuate and more acutely serrate leaves, and
the pedicel twisted more or less to tlie h'ft.

* * Capsule more or less nodding vpon an arcuate jyed led ; annulus present.

3. F. hygrometrica, Iledw. Stems 3 to 10 lines liigh : upper leaves crowded
and connivent, or rarely spreading, broadly ovate-lanceolate, concave, entire, co.state
nearly to the apex, only the perigonial ones serrate at the apex and base : capsule
turgid-pyriform, deep yellow to red, horizontal or pendent upon a ilexuous arcuate
pedicel ^ to 3 inches long, deeply sulcate when dry and the very oblique margin
corrugated ; operculum broadly convex ; annulus large, at length unrolHng. — Bruch
& Schimp. 1. c, t. 305 ; Wilson, 1. c. ; Sulliv. in Gray's Man. 2 cd. t. 3 ; Berkeley,
Brit. Moss. t. IG, fig. G.

Var. calvescens, Bruch k Schimp. Pedicel straight : capsule narrower and
nearly erect : loaves spreading, rather longer and narrowed, twisted when dry. —
/'. calvescens, Sclnvaegr. Suppl. t. G5.

In various localities through tlie State {Covltrr, Bigclnw, rklrring, Bolandcr), and found in
nearly all parts of tlie world. Tlie varietj', wliich is more confined to warm regions, has been
collected in American P'ork Canon (Brciccr), and near Carson City, Watson.

4. F. microstoma, Bruch k, Schimp. Diirering from the last in the stouter
pedicel, the firmer somewhat shining deep chestnut-colored capsule, only obscurely
sulcate when dry, the margin of the much smaller orifice not corrugated, the inner
peristome rudimentary, and the spores a half larger. — Bryol. Eur. t. 306.

At Soda Springs, on the Upper Tuolumne {Bolandcr) ; Illinois ; European.

5. F. convoluta, Ilampe. Loosely cespitose, the stem with the pedicel an inch
high : outer leaves spreading with involute margins, the upper convolute and em-
bracing tho pedicel, oblong-ovate, acute, nearly entire, the costa reaching the apex :
capsulo ascending, at length nearly erect, obliquely pyriform, more or less plicate ;
operculum umbonato, acute : teeth broadly lanceolate, yellowish, the tips incurved.
— Linnjca, xxx. 455.

In the Sierra Nevada, at 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude, J. Bauer. Hampe compares this species
with var. calvescens of F. hygrometica, from which he differentiates it by the shorter leaves, the
smaller and thinner-walled cells, the acute umbonate operculum and the yellowish teeth. It is
to be inferred that the capsule is annulate.

32. LEPTOBRYUM, Schimp.

Stems low, cespitose, on the ground, simple or innovating from the base, rooting
only at base. Leaves numerous, linear-setaceous (the lower much smaller and
remote), with broad excurrent serrate costa, areolation linear-rhombic above, smooth
and shining. Flowers bisexual; paraphyses filiform, acute. Yimi ns in Bryum ;
but the stipitate sporangium much smaller than the cavity of the capsule.

Only two species, the second Peruvian.

1. L. pyriforme, Schimp. Stems | to 1 inch high : loaves soft and green,
with silky lustre, spreading, flexuose : capsule inclined or pendulous, ovate-pyriform
with long collum and convex apiculate operculum, thin, yellowish brown and .shin-
ing : ciliolcE present. — Coroll. Bryol. Eur., and Syn. 2 ed. 390 ; Wilson, Muse. Brit.

390 MUSCI. Bnjum.

t. 28; Berkeley, Eiit. Moss. t. 18, fig. 3. Bryum pi/ri/onne, Linn.; Hedw. Hist.
Muse. t. 3, lig. 13; lUuch it Schiiui). Ihyol. Ear. t. 3;ir) ; 1<1. Dun. t. 2380, fig. 2.

At Cajon Puss {Jiiijrloir), ('Icar Liikt! {liitlKudcr), ami (.•(iiniiion in (lii; Siena Nevada ami in tlio
mountains noitbwaid and eastward across tlie continent. Also Ireijuent in Euroiie, Asia and
Soutli America.

33. BRYUM, Dill.
Cespitose perennials, on the ground or rocks ; stems simple or sparingly innovat-
ing near the Howering apex, often with rhizoids the whole length. Leaves in
several ranks, the upper larger and more crowded, usually ovate or lanceolate,
smooth, the costa mostly percurrent or nearly so, Avith rather large subequal rhombic-
or rectangular-hexagonal areolatiou, usually more or less serrate. Male llowers dis-
coid or bud-like, with filiform parapliyses. Calyptra narrow, cuoullate, fugacious,
smooth. Capsule long-pedicellate, solitary, pyriform or oblong, with long or rather
short collura, inclined or pendulous, smooth, mostly annulate ; operculum convex,
apiculate or shortly rostellate. Peristome double; outer of IG linear-lanceolate or
lanceolate teeth, with sinuous medial line and joints prominent on the inner side,
incurved when dry ; the inner a basal membrane;, divided half-way down into cari-
nate processes or cilia (sometimes splitting through the keel), alternate with the
teeth, and usually with (1 to 3) interposed filiform ciliohe.

A genua of over 200 species, of which one-half are South American and a fourth European.
About 45 species arc found in Nortii America. The section JTcbcra is restored to the rank of
a genus by Schimper in the last edition of his Synopsis.

§ 1. Stems simple or innovating usual! i/ at the base: leatws mostli/ narrowly
lanceolate, shining, with elongated hexagonal areolation ; costa ceasing
below the apex : cilioUe wanting or imperfect, or filiform and not apj^en-
diculate. — Weber.\. (JVehera, lledw.)

* Capsule narroivlg pi/riforin with long collinn: inner teeth entire or scarcely
fissured; cilloloi none or imperfect : fioiuers monuicions in n. 1.

1. B. polymorphum, Bruch & tSchimp. Loosely cespitose; stems usually
very short, simple or rarely branched : upper leaves crowded, spreading, oblung-
lanceolate, sharply sermte above, lower margins reiiexed : antheridia hypogynous,
axillary : capsule oval-oblong, horizontal or inclined, reddish brown, with bluntly
conic opercuhim ami large annulus : outer peristome reddish brown, the inner
yellowish, without ciliokc. — Bryol. Eur. t. 344; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 47.
Pohlia potymorpha, Iloppe & Ilornsch. Wehei-a 2Joti/inorpha, Schimp.

On Mount Dana {Buhmdcr) ; Oregon, Ilnll. Tiiroughout Europe ; a very variable species.

B. LONGICOLLUM, Swaitz, found in the Cascade Mountains of Washington Territory (Lijall),
is a taller deep-green species, with broader leaves, shorter colhun, and a bright yellow peristome
with more or less developed ciliolae.

2. B. nudicanle, Lesq. Densely cespitose, brown below, green above ; stem
slender, 4 or 5 lines higli, nearly naked to above the middle : leaves crowded, erect,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, obsoletcly denticulate above ; the inner pericluctial shorter
and denticulale, sometimes with free antheridia in the axils : capsule horizontal or
pendulous, usually slightly. unsymmetrical, brown, with depressed conical operculum
and compound annulus : inner peristome deeply divided, the narrow elongated teeth
narrowly fissured, Avithout ciliohe. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 21 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse.
Suppl. 49, t. 34.

On Mount Dana, at 11,000 feet altitude, Bolandcr.

3. B. Bolanderi, Lesq. Loosely cespito.se, pale green and shining ; stems
short, simple, leafy: lower leaves loosely imbricated, erect, lanceolate; the upper

^>ryum. MUSCI. 39JL

crowdcfl, longer, narrowly lancoolato, stron.qly donticulate ; porigonial leaves broadly
ovato with a long iloxuoso acuiniiiation, nearly entire : capside inclined or horizontal,
short-ovate, attenuate into a rather long collum ; opercidum conic, apiculate ; annulus
compound : outer teeth broad and short, the inner longer with rudimentary ciliolo)
in pairs or wholly wanting. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 22.
Foot of Mount Dana, Bolandcr.

* * Capsule broader with the collum short: cil'wla: perfect.
-t- MonmcAous: antherldia axillary.
4. B. nutans, Schreb. Stems \ to 2 inches long, simple or branching above :
lower leaves ovatedauceolate, entire, the ui)per gradually larger, lineardanceolate and
serrate above : capsule mostly pendulous, j^yriform or oblong-ovate, at length reddish-
brown ; operculum apiculate ; annulus broad : teeth orange-red, with pale filiform
tips ; inner cilia and ciliolaj as long, the former broadly fissured. — Smith, Engl.
Bot. t. 1240; Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 343 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 29. Wehera nutans,
Hedw. Muse. Frond, t. 4.

Var. bicolor, Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 347. Pericha'tial leaves erect, siiorter :
capsule shorter, thicker, variegated : leaves of the sterile branches ovate, acuminate,
the costa excurrent. — Wehera bicolor, noj)pe & Hornsch.

Foot of Mount Dana {Bolandcr) ; from Arctic America to Utah, Colorado and the Atlantic
Mates. _ A common and very variahle species, found also in Europe, Asia and South America,
ihe variety was collected on the banks of King's River, at 4,000 feet altitude {Brewer), and on
Jlouiit Dana {Bolandcr) ; likewise European.

5. B. CUCuUatum, Schwaegr. Alpine, and like alpine forms of the last species :
distinguished by its broader, softer and scarcely shining leaves, the thicker capsule
with small orifice (the margin reflexcd when dry), and the smaller peristome, the
inner less developed with short and fugacious ciliol.'c. — Suppl. i^. 04, t. G8 ; Bruch
& Schimp. 1. c, t. 343 ; Fl. Dan. xv, t. 2683. Webera cucullata, Schimp.

On Mount Dana {Bolandcr) ; Wiiite Mountains, New Hampshire ; mountains of Europe. '
•i- •»- Flowers dioicious, or also bisexual in n. 6.
++ Leaves narrow, the xtpper linear-lanceolate.

G. B. cnidum, Schreb. Loosely cesi)itose, glaucous-green ; stems 1 or 2 inches
lugh, i)urple : lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire, the upper crowded, linear-lanceo-
late, flexuose-spreading, remotely serrate above, all shining and transparent : capsule
rarely pendulous, oblong or ventricose, often gibbous : operculum convex, more or less
apiculate: peristome pale yellow ; ciliolae in pairs or threes. — YavA. Bot. t. 1604-
Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 348 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 28; Fl. Dan. t. 2G82. Mniiim crudum,
Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 99, t. 37. Webera cruda, Schimp.

Around Clear Lake and in the Calaveras Grove {Bolandcr); East Humboldt Mountains,
^eyada(/fn<so)^); and from subarctic America to Utah, Colorado and the northern Atlantic
Estates. Also \n Central America and Mexico, Patagonia and Europe.

++ -H- Leaves broader, the upper ovate-lanceolate.
7. B. COmmutatum. Cespitose, bright green, reddish brown below ; stems an
inch high or more when dry, leaves shining, rather firm, erect-spreading, imbricate,
the lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the upper gradually larger, oblong- to linear-
lanceolate, concave with reflexed margins, scarcely decurrent, the purplish costa
ceasing at or near the serrulate apex : male flowers with axillary antheridia and
numerous parapliyses : capsule inclined or subpendulous, slightly incurved, brownish ;
operculum obtuse : teeth large, yellow, the inner pale, with gaping fissures and
ciholfc in pairs or threes. — nryinn Lndivigii, Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 354, not
Sprengel. Webera commntata, Schimp. Syn. 2 ed. 403.

On Mount Dana, at 9-10,000 feet altitude (Bolandcr); Cascade Mountains, Wabhin"tou
Teiiitcry {L>jall) ; Europe. "

392 MUSCI. nryum.

8. B. Tozeri, Urev. stems clustereil, 3 to 5 lines higli, reddish : lower leaves
remote, obovate, the u])pcr mure crowileil, loiig-decurreut, broadly obovate, acuminate,
entire, costate to the middle, with loose areolation, surronnilcd by a narrow reildish
border ; on the branches more or less regularly unetjual : capsule pendulous on an
arcuate pedicel, obovate or j)yrifurm, symmetrical, with broad conical operculum and
double aniudus : teeth yellowish, the inner thin and hyaline. — Scot. Crypt. Fl.
t. 285 ; Jirucli & Scliimp. 1. c, t. 353 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 50 ; Sulliv. k Lesq. iMusc.
Am.-Bor. E.xsicc. 2 eil. u. 272. Weiera Tuzeri, Schimp.

Borders of ditelits and roads about San rraueisco, Oakland, t'tc, Bifjclow, Bolandcr. European.

9. B. albicans, Bridel. Loosely cespitose, pale glaucous-green ; stems \ to 3
inches higli, erect or decumbent, reddish or dark i)urpk) : lower leaves remote, ovate-
acuminate, the upper longdanceolate, serrate above, s[)reading : male flowers discoid :
capsule inclined or peiululous, short-pyriibrm, green, at length brown, subglobose
Avhen dry, with small operculum and no anuulus : teeth large, orange. — Wilson,
Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2830. Ji. WuhleuUnjii, Schwaegr. Siipj)!. t. 70 ; Bruch &
Schimp. 1. c, t. 354 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 47 ; Sulliv. Si Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc.
n. 275. Webera atbicans, Schimp.

In Dardanelles Canon, and a more slender form on rocks watersd liy springs near San Francisco
{Bolandcr) ; East Jinmboldt Mountains, Nevada, and in the AVahsatili {U'atsoii) ; Gallon Jloun-
tains {Lyall) ; also Eurojiean.

§ 2. Stems vmstly innoiuUliKj from the summit: leaves broader, irith rliomhic-
hexar/onal. areolation : eaj)suie pi/riforin: inner teeth interrnpted/i/ de-
hiscent; cilioloi ivhen 2)resent transversely a2)pendicnlate at the joints. —
BuYUM proper.

* Inner peristome more or less adherent to the outer : ciliola: often imperfect or
none: Jiowers bisexual and joobjyamous : leaves cuspidate, costa excurrent.

10. B. ai'Cticum, Bruch & Schimp. Stems loosely cespitose, 3 or 4 lines high
or more, purplish : leaves at length reddish, below ovate-lanceolate, the up})er ovate-
oblong, acuminate, with revolute margins and ferruginous bcjrder : cajjsule pendulous,
clavate-pyriform, slightly incurved, pale brown with reddish mouth, small yellow
conic-mamillatc operculum, and broad annulus : peristome small, the inner adherent
to the teeth, with very short cilioUe. — Bryol. Eur. t. 335. ruhlia arctica, Iv. Brown;
Schwaegr. Su[)pl. t. 172.

On ^[ount Dana (Bolnndcr) ; Greenland to Labrador, and in Europe.

11. B. cernuum, Bruch & Schimp. Densely cespitose; stems branched, with
numerous rhizoiils : upper leaves densely crowded, rather rigid, erect-spreading,
ovate-lanceolate, carinate-concave, the narrowly bordered margin somewhat reflexed,
serrate above or entire : capsule pendulous, ovate- or oblongpyril'urm, with tmall
persistent apiculate-conic operculum and broad annulus : inner peristome adherent
to the outer, the processes and long cilioLx only partially free. — Bryol. Eur. t. 331 ;
Wilson, 1. c., t. 48; Fl. Dan. xv, t. 2G13, fig. 2. C ynodontiiini cermmm, Iledw.
Muse. Frond, t. 9. B. pendulum, Schimp.

On Mount Dana (Z?rt/a7irfcr) ; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {iratson) ; Arctic America
to the nortliein Atlantic States, and througbout Europe.

12. B. inclinatum, Bruch & Schimp. Lesendding the last ; usually loss tufted
anil shorter: leaves more rellexed and usually more broadly margined : operculum
a little broader and less acute, sooner deciduous : inner teeth of the peristome free
and ciliolaj only rudimentary. — Bryol. Eur. t. 334 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 49. J'o/diu
indinata, Swart^ ; Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 03.

On rocks at Clark's, Yosemite Valley (//o/coir/rr) ; rocks and .streanibanks. East Humboldt
Mountains, Nevada (ll'atson) ; Arctic America, and tluougbout Europe.

13. B. Warneum, r.land. Loosely tufted, simple or sparingly branched, Mith
muuerous rhizoids, the innovations more or less llagelliform : leaves spreading, ovate-

^'■2/"'«^ MUSCr. oQcj

or oblong-lanceolato, narrowly bordered and lower margin slightly reflcxod serrate
above : flowers rarely bisexual : capsule pendulous upon a strict" pedicel, obovate-
pynlorni, brown ; operculum small, convex, apiculate, persistent : inner membrane
m hcreut to the orange-colored teeth, the very narrow yellowish processes free ami
cihoLne rudimentary. — Bruch <l' Schimp. 1. c, t. 340; Wilson, 1. c, t. 12. PohUa
nnrenensis, Schwaegr. 8uppl. t. 23G.

Strcambnnks on Moiu.t Dana, at 9- 10,000 fc't altitu.l... al.undant (Bolamlcr) ; European.
T I-'*' ?■• I^^ig^^osum, Bruch & Schimp. Stems cespitose, shortly branched, 3 to
7 lines high, with numerous rhizoids : leaves dull green, oval-lanceolate (the lower
ovate), narrowly bordered, obtusely serrate above, the lower margin reilexed : flowers
rarely bisexual : capsule horizontal or in(dined upon a long arcuate pedicel lon<r-
pyriform, somewhat incurved, with minute oblique orange-colored operculum and
broad annulus : inner teeth fissured nearly the whole length, cilioL^ none or imper-
fect. — Bryol. Eur. t. 335 , Wilson, 1. c, t. 48.

On Monte Diablo (/>. Gibbons); noitli<Mii Atlantic States ; Europe.

* * Iimer j^ensfome free, the basal mewhvanc lonff-pwdnrcd ; nliohv. short or

tcantiixj : leaves orate, costa not exeurrent. Monocciovs.
15. B. calophyllum, K. Brown. Loosely cespitose ; stems short, simple vv
branched, with Xyisw rootlets : leaves erect-spreading, somewhat succulent, round-
ovate, strongly concave, entire with Hat margins, without border, and the costa
ceasing at or below the obtusish apex : capsule pendulous on a rigid strict pedicel,
short-pyriform, with broad persistent apiculate-c.nvex operculum. — Wilson, 1. c.,'
t. 33. B. latifolinm, Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 339.

Santa Barbara ( W. L. Foster) ; Arctic America ; Nortiiern Europe.

* * * Inner j^eristome free, the basal membrane long-produced, and ciliolm

(2 to 4) equallincj the inner teeth.

■^ Flowers bisexual, rarelij j^ohjgamoHs: haves mostly long-cuspidate with the
exeurrent costa.
10. B, intermedium, JJruch tt Schimp. Cespitose, bright green, very fertile,
the sterile branches elongated and flagelliform ; stems 2 to^G lines high, densely
radiculose below : lower leaves ovate-, the upi)er oblong-lanceolate, with subrevolute
margins and long remotely toothed cusp, loosely imbricated : capsule horizontal or
inclined, oblong-pyriform with long collum, slightly incurved, not contracted below
the narrow orifice, reddish brown ; operculum persistent, acute : aniuilus separatincr
in fragments. — Bryol. Eur. t. 35G ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 49; El. iMn. xiv, t. 238l"
fig. 1. Webera intermedia, Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 75.

Crescent City, Del Norte Qonn{y {Bolmuhr), and at various localities in the Sierra Nevada
{Bxgdow Brexccr I^jlandn);, mountains of Nevada {IFalson) ; from Arctic America to the
Atlantic States and New Mexico and throughout Europe. Resembling B. pallcsccns, from which
It may Ik; known by the bisexual llowers and characters of the cjipsule.

17. B. cirrhatum, Tlornsch. Distinguished by the broader obovate- or obconic-
pynform pendulous capsule symmetrical and at length contracted below the broader
orifice; annulus separating spirally. — Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 357.

In a meadow near the Calaveras Grove, and in Mono Pass (Bolnnder) ; Europe. Intermediate
between B. intermedium and B. bimum.

18. B. torquescens, Bruch & Schimp. Distinguished by the much twisted
leaves (when dry), ovate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, Avith a smooth cusp and very
narrow border, the lower cauline and branch leaves long-lanceolate with reflexeil
margins : capsule larger, obconic, inclined or pendulous, usually incurved, with
acutely apiculate purple o])crculum. — Bryol. Eur. t. 358; AVilson, 1. c.

Oakland (Bii/elow); East Humbol.lt Mountains {WaUon) ; New York aii.l Texas; Euroiic
Africa, Australia and South America. '

394

Muscr. Jh

19. B. provinciale, Philib. Cespitose, bright green, the stems 2 inches long
or more, sparingly branched : leaves densely rosulate, loosely imbricated and not
twisted when dry, the onter obovate, shortly acuminate, cuspidate with the excur-
rent stout red costa, concave, margins below recurved, minutely serrate at the apex ;
inner leaves narrower, more acuminate, margins more revolute : cajjsule long-obconic,
jjendulous upon a reil pedicel, orange-red ; operculum convex : teeth yellow ; cilioUii
strongly appendiculate. — Schimp. 8yn. 2 ed. 432. B. BUlanlerii, Brucli & Schimi).
1. c, t. 336. B. Caaariense, Schimp. Syn. 1 ed., not Drid.

Ciifion on llonte Diablo {Bohmdcr) ; Europe.

h. BIMUM, Sebreb., lias been collected in the East HuinlioUit Mountains, Nevada ( Jra/sou),
and in Wasbington Territory (Lij<dl), as well as in Britisb Amevica, tbe nortbern Atlantic
States, Europe and Soutb Anu'rica. Stems ^ to 2 or 3 incbcs bigb, matted witli red rbizoids,
yellowisb gieen above, dark brown below : leaves spreading, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, sbortly
cuspidate, with rather broad margin and senate above : cajisule as in B. cirrhdliitn. Also re-
sembling B. pscudolriqudrum. — Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 363 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 49 ; Sulliv. in
Gray's ilan. 2 ed. t. 4.

B. OuEGANUM, Sulliv. (jrusc. "Wilkes Expl. Exped. 10, t. 7), is densely cespitose, 4 or 5 lines
high, with very short bud-like innovations : leaves densely crowded, oblong or obovate-oblong,
acute, serrate above, margins rellexed and narrowly bordered, costa reaching the apex ; perichatial
leaves long-oblong, acuminate, with excunent costa : capsule subpendulous, clavate-oblong,
straight or slightly curved, constricted below the moutli when dry ; oiierculum rather small,
hemispherical, apioulate : inner teeth broad, widely gaping, the cilioliE in pairs and conspicuously
appendiculate. — Oregon, Pkkerinij.

-t- -t- Flowers monoicious : costa exairrent.

20. B. subrotundum, Bridel. Stem much branched, \vith short bud-like
innovations : lower leaves minute, ovate-acuminate, the upper densely imbricated,
broadly ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, concave with ilat margin, shortly awned, becom-
ing with age reddish brown with blackish costa : capsule inclined or subpendulous,
brown, round- or rarely oblong-pyriform, slightly contracted below the small orilico
when dry ; operculum minute, mamillate : peristome ferruginous at base, pale yellow
•vbove. — Bruch k. Schimp. 1. c, t. 3G1. B. pallescens, var. 8, same, 1. c, t. 300.

On rocks, Yosemite Valley (ft;/aH(Zcr) ; British America (Z);vfm»Jon(0 ; Europe.

B. PALI.ESCKNS, S.hwaegr., may be distinguished by its rather narrower and less concave
leaves with revolute margins, reddish at liase, and tbe clavate-pyriforni capsule with long colluni,
becoming contracted below the mouth, yellowish, at length reddish brown ; stems 1 or 2 inches
high. — Supid. t. 75 ; Brmh & Schimp. 1. c, t. 3.'.9 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 48. In Washington Ter-
ritory and the Wahsatidi ; Arctic America to the northern Atlantic States, and in Europe.

-1- -t- -1- Flowers dlcccions ; wale flowers bud-It Ice.

++ Costa more or less excxirrent.

21. B. caespiticium, Linn. Cespitose, pale green and somewhat sericeous,
ferruginous and tonientose below; stems 3 to 12 lines long: lower leaves minute,
lanceolate, the upper loosely imbricated, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, long-cuspidate,
concave, margins entire, retlexed : capsule brown, iTiclined or pendulous, oblong- or
elongated-pyriform with broad mamillate yellow operculum : peristome ferruginous,
inner teeth broadly fissure.l. — Engl. Hot. t. 11)04; Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 374,
375 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 29 ; Fl. Dan. t. 25(55.

In the Sierra Nevada, in several localities {Brewer, Bolander) ; West Humboldt :Mountains,
Nevada, and in the Wahsatcb {IValson); Washington Territory (Lyall) ; Arctic America to the
Atlantic States ; South America and the Old World.

B. ATROPURPUREiiM, Weber k Mohr, is a similar species, with more shortly apiculate and
more loosely areolate leaves, the capsule oval with a turgid abruptly contracted coUum, pendulous
on an arcuate pedicel, red becoming dark purple, with a broad prominently convex ai>icu]ate
l)ale-purple operculum. — Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 378 ; Wil.>,on, 1. c, t. 50. It occurs in tbe
mountains of Nevada {JVcUson), as well as in the Atlantic States, Europe and Africa.

22. B. capillare, Linn. Cespitose, bright or dull green, brownish and brown-
tomentose below : stems 3 to 12 lines high, sparingly branched with more or less

nnjum. MUSCI. 395

slondcr innovations : loaves stronj^ly twisted wluMi dry, nioro or loss sproadinj^,
ohlong-obovate, aliruptly acuniinato with a ratlior long roniotely sorrulatc apex,
l)]ano-concavo with rollexod margin and yellowish border : eapsnle more or less pen-
dulous or inclined, oblong-pyriform or subclavate, reddish brown, slightly contracted
below the mouth when diy ; operculum reddish, large, apiculate. — Schwaegr.
8uppl. t. 74 ; Kngl. But. t. 2007 ; Brucb & Schimp. 1. c, t. 3G8 : Wilson, 1. c,
t. 2<J ; Fl. Dan. t. 2G85.

On Monte DiMo (Dr. Gibbons); Vancouver Island (Z?/rtW) ; Wabsatch Mountains ( /rafoon) ;
Allcghanics ; Euro]ic. A very variable species.

23. B. OCCidentale, Sidliv. A very similar and variable species, with slender
innovations thickened in the middle : leaves erect, appressed, not twisted, elliptic
to oblongdanceolate, acuniinato and long-cuspidate, margin scarcely recurved and
without border : capsule much contracted when dry. — Pacif. It. Hep. iv. 188, t. 7 ;
Sulliv. iSc Lesq. 1. c. 2 ed. n. 283, 284 ; Lescp in :Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 24. B. obcoiii-
enm, Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c. 1 ed. n. 187\ 71 Baneri, Hampe, Linna^a, xxx. 457.

Very common on tlie ground, rocks, old logs, etc., Bigdow, Brewer, Bohivdcr. Referred to the
last species by James (Bot. King Exp. 406), and doubtfully by Lesciuereux, 1. e.

24. B. obconicum, Hornsch. Also closely resembling B. capillare, but the
pah^r leaves more gradually acute and never obovato or narrower at base, erect and
not twisted or but slightly .so when dry, the yellowish bordered margin reflexed
only toward the base : capsule pendulous, long-obconic and attenuate into the
pedicel, with hemispherical operculum. — Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 367 ; Wilson,
1. c, t. 49.

Santa Cruz Mountains, at 2,000 feet altitude, Breivcr. Europe.

H. I'ALi.F.Ns, Swartz. Has been collected in Oiegon (ffa/!) ; resembling B. ylifjiiw.vim, but
with dicccious (lowers and perfect peristome, the operculum much larger, and reddish leaves with
slightly thickened reflexed margins. — Muse. Suec. t. 4 ; Schwaegr. Sui)pl. t. 72 ; Bruch &
Schimp. 1. c, t. 373 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 29.

■H- ++ Costa ceasing at or below the apex.

25. B. argenteum, Linn. Irregularly cespitose, greenish white, silvery-silky
-when dry: stems 3 to 12 lines long, fragile, very radiculose, with slender julaceous
branches : lower leaves ovate, abruptly apiculate, the upper oblong-lanceolate, all
deeply concave, entire, loosely areolate, the margin flat and costa ceasing above the
niidille : capsiUo pendulous, oblong, red becoming blackish and constricted below
the mouth ; operculum convex : teeth orange, paler above, on drying incurved
among the erect cilia. — Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 1G02; Bruch & Schimp. \. c, t. 384 :
Wilson, 1. c, t. 29 ; Fl. Dan. xiv, t. 2381, lig. 2.

Near San Francisco (Bolan(hr) ; in southern part of the San Bernardino Range {Bigeloiu) ;
Carson City (IVatson); Arctic America to the Atlantic States, and fouud in nearly all quarters of
the globe.

2G. B. Californicum, Sulliv. Densely cespitose; stem and innovations very
short and budlike : leaves concave, subtpiadrate-ovate, shortly apiculate, with flat
entire margin, the costa ceasing at the apex : capsule pendulous, dark-red, oblong or
oblong-ovate, the collum as thick, obtuse at base and rugose when dry ; operculum
minute, hemispherical : teeth pale purple, remotely jointed, with solitary short
unappendaged ciliolse. — Pacif II. Pep. iv. 188, t. 'G : Sulliv. & Lesq. L c. 2 ed.
n. 292.

Near Benicia (Biffehw), and common around San Francisco {Bolander).

27. B. Bigelovii, Sulliv. Loosely cespitose ; stem 1 or 2 inches high, very
slender, several times innovating from the apex : leaves dark yellowish green, the
lower small and distant, the upper larger, imbricate, erect-spreading, oblong-ovate,
the uppermost lanceolate and acuminate, concave, margins scarcely recurved and
nearly entire, the stout costa ceasing at or below the apex : capsule subpendulous,

396 MQSCL Bnjum.

oblong- or ellipticpyriform, not contracted below the throat when dry ; operculum
rather large, convex-cuuic, stoutly apiculate. — Pacif. W. Kep. iv. 187, t. 5.

Banks of streams alwve Soiiora, Tuolumne County, Birjelow. Considered by SuUivant ns most
nearly resemlilinj^ B. albiains.

28. B. miniatum, Lescj. Densely cespitoso, ])urpli.sli and abruptly crhnsoned
at the ends uf tlie branches; stems slender, simple or several times branched, tho
innovations sometimes very slender and tilifurm : leaves appresseil when dry, loosely
imbricated, the upper crowded into a head, concave, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse
margin scarcely rellexed and scarcely or not at all bordered, the stout costa ceasiu"
below the apex, areolatiou polygonal, thick-walled : capsule inclined, elongated
obconic, somewhat contracted below the mouth when dry, reddish, with reddish
mamillate operculum. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 23.

Moist rocks, Yosemite Valley, Bolander. Resembling the last, but with longer caiisnle and
shorter obtuser leaves. *

29. B. AtTvateriae, iNfuell. Stems stout, more or less elongated, in compact
tufts briglit scarlet or yellowish above : leaves erect, closely imbricated, ovate or sub-
orbicular, strongly concave, very obtuse and subeucullate at the ajiex, entire, scarcely
or not at all bordered ; areolation rather close, rhondjic, below subquadrate : capsule
horizontal or sub})endulous, narrowly elliptical u])on a rather long collum, deep red ;
operculum conic, acutish : peristome red. — Flora, Iviii. 7G. B. Macounii, Austin,
Cotdt. Bot. Gazette, ii. 110.

On wet rocks at Yosemite Falls {Mrs. Alwatcr) ; Oregon {Hall) ; Vancouver Island, Macoiin.

•H- -I- -I- -I- Floicers dlcecious ; male flowers suhdiscoid : costa continuous to the

acute apex.

30. B. Duvallii, Voit. Loosely and very softly cespitoso, becoming bright
purple or puritlish green ; stem elongated, at length decumbent, slender, with long
and very slender branches, rooting oidy at base : leaves remote, spreading, subequal,
broadly ovate-lanceolate, long-decurrent, nearly ilat, entire, loosely areolate, much
contracted and curved when dry : capsule pendulous, brown, obovate-oblong, sym-
metrical, contracted below the mouth when dry ; openndum n)amillate. — Schwaegr.
fSuppl. t. 79; Ihuch k Schimp. Ihyol. Eur. t. 371 ; Fl. Dan. t. 2G84.

Eureka (Bolander) ; East Humboldt Jloiuitains, Nevada (Jratson) ; Fort Colville, Washington
Territory (Lyall); Newfoundland and the White Mountains ; Euroiie.

31. B. pseudotriquetrum, Schwaegr. "Widely cespitose, olive- or brownish-
green ; stems erect, sparingly branched, 1 to 3 (or 6) inches high, tomentose: leaves
gradually enlarging upward and more crowded, more or less spreading, incurved or
twisted and rigid when dry, subdecurrent, elliptic- to oblong-lanceolate, serrulate at
tho apex, margin rellexed with yellow border, rather narrowly areolate : capsule
inclined, rarely pendulous, long-obconic, fre([uently incurved, constricted when ilry ;
operculum manullate. — Ib'uch & Schini]). 1. c, t. 304 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 30. Mnium
pseudotriquetrum, Ileilw. Muse. Frond, iii, t. 7.

On wet rocks, Calaveras Grove (Bnlavder); Fort Colville {Lyall) ; Ohio ; Europe. Very vari-
able. Pedicel in tlie taller specimens 3 inches long.

32. B. turbinatum, Schwaegr. INIore or less densely cespitose, pale green or
reddish ; stems .V to 3 inches high, simple or sparingly branched : leaves below
ovate, concave, the upper crowded, ol)long-ovate to long-lanceolate, obsoletely serrate
at the apex, the very narrowly borderqd margin reflexed : capsule pendulous, thick-
pyriform, much constricted below the broad moutli when dry; operculum convex,
apiculate: peristome large, yellowish, the ciliola) long-appendiculate. — Bruch &
Schimp. 1. c, t. 373; AVilson, 1. c, t. 48.

Var. latifolium, Bruch Sc Schimp. Stouter and taller, with the bright green
leaves 2 or 3 times larger, more concave and not carinate, the flat or slightly recurveil

Milium. MUSCI. 397

margin inoro Jianowly bordered, and tlio areolation more loose. — li. Schleicheri,
Schwaogr. Su[)i)l. t. 73 ; Scliimp. Syn. Muse. 2 cd. 4G2.

Wot inoiiil()\v.9, Calaveras Orove {liohtiukr) ; inomitaiiis of Nevada and Utah {Ifntson) ; Galtou
Mountains {Lyall) ; Kocky Mountains of 15iitisli America to (Jolonido and the northern Atlantic
States ; Europe and Asia. Tlie variety, whicli Sehiniper now separates as distinct, in the moun-
tains from the Sierra Nevada to Colorado.

34. MNIUM, Linn.

Larger, with simi)le or rarely divided annual naked or tonientose stems, perpetuated
by basal innovations or stolons. Leaves in several ranks, the lower usually remote,
minute, at the flowering summit much larger and rosulate, shining, broadly obovate
to oblong from a narrow rarely subelasping or decurrent base, with stout costa and
the usually thickened bordered margin entire or mostly serrate with 1 to 3 rows of
firm teeth ; areolation round-hexagonal, at base hexagonal-oblong and paler. Flowers
dioecious or bisexual, the male discoid with very numerous axillary antheridia and
clavate paraphyses. Calyptra cucullate, very narrow, smooth, fugaceous. Capsules
inclined or pendulous on long usually strict often clustered pedicels, ovate or oblong
or subglobose, with short abrupt collum ; operculum convex, mamillate or more or
less beaked ; annulus narrow. Peristome as in Bryuvi, the inner membrane reaching
to the middle of the paler outer teeth ; ciliolre present in twos or threes, filiform,
not appendiculate.

About 25 species are known, almost entirely Kiuopenn and North American.
* Flowers dioecious.
-t- Leaves serrate.
\. M. afQne, Bland. Troadly cospitose ; stolons often very long; stems 1 to 3
inches high : leaves spreading, recurved and crisped when dry, the lower round-
obovate, the middle obovatc-oblong, the upper large, oblong-elliptic or Ungulate, all
loug-decurrent and more or less abruptly acuminate and shortly cuspidate with the
excurrent costa; border narrow, yellowish, acutely toothed : capsule {often 2 to 4
from the same llower) oblong, glaucous-green, at length brownish ; operculum
apiculate, yellow. — Ihnuli ^ Scliimp. Lryol. Eur. t. 397 ; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 51;
Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 17, iig. 2.

Var. elatum, Schimp. ]\iore densely cespitose, taller and more slender, with
erect stolons often exceeding the capsules : leaves with a pale border, the teeth more
remote and shorter : capsule nsually solitary and shorter. — Syn. 2 ed. 476. M.
insigne, Mitt, in Hook. Journ. Bot. viii. 230 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 53, t. 37.

On stream banks in Devil's Canon (Dnlander); East Iluniholdt Mountains, Nevada {Jf'atson) ;
Puf,'et Sound and north to Sitka, and fre(iuent in Canada and the Atlantic States ; Europe. The
variety in swampy places, near Clear Lake {Bohivdcr); British Columbia, and in Europe.

2. M. Menziesii, Muell. Stems erect, 3 inches high or more, strict, with
numerous spreading branches (an inch long) at the summit ; leaves appressed, the
lower remote and scale-like, the upper and tho-^^e on the branches lanceolate, acute,
somewhat concave, costato to the apex, not liordercd, the margin and nerve upon
the back acutely serrate ; perichaitial leaves long-acuminate with excurrent costa,
serrate only at the apex : ])edicr'ls several or solitary ; capsule cylindric-oval, pen-
dulous, at length contracted below the broad mouth ; ojierculum obtuse. — Syn.
]\Iusc. Frond, i. 177 ; Sulliv. Sc Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsioc. 2 ed. n. 306. Ilypmnn
acanthonei(ro7i, Schwaegr. Su|)pl. t. 2-58. Bri/nm ^fenziesii, Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 36,
t. 19. Rhizognninm acaHthoneuron, ^luell. in Bot. Zeit. v. 803.

On shaded rocks and creek banks in the Coast Ranfres {BinrJovi, Bolander) ; at Port Discovery
and Paget Sound, Washington Territory, Menzies, Scolder, Pickering.

398 MUSCI. Miiiuia.

■i- H- Leaves entire.

3. M. punctatum, Heilw. Loosely ces[)itose, dark green, reddish below;
stems ^ to -1 inclk's lii;^ii, toineiitose, with several erect branches, not stolonifcrons :
leaves remote, spriuvdiiig and rellexed, large, firm, round-obovate with a very narrow
base, the upper more crowded, obovate-spatulate, slightly emarginate and very
minutely apiculate, with thickened reddish margin, the; i)ur[dish costa ceasing at or near
the top : capsule more or less pendulous, mostly solitary, ovate, pale olive brown ;
operculum acutely conic-rostellate. — Bruch it ►Schimp. 1. c., t. 387; AVilson, 1. c,
t. 30; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 17, fig. G. liryuin jnmdatam, Schieb. ; Smith, Engl.
Bot. t. 1183.

Eureka (Bulandcr) ; Poit Discovery {Pickcrin<j) ; Alleghany Mountains and iiorlliwanl, and
European.

* * Flowers bisexual.

•i— Lea res bordered, slnqdij serrate.

4. M. venustum, Mitten. Pale green ; stems an inch or two high, rigid, with
erect basal branches or simjde, leafy : leaves erect-spreading, broadly elliptic,
acuminate, cuspidate with the stout excurrent nerve, acutely serrate ui)on the narrow
border; inner perichietial leaves narrowly lanceolate : cajjsule inclined or pendulous
(pedicels clustered, an inch long), oblong, with a broad mouth, papillose, surroundetl
at base by a band of deep-colored stoniata ; operculum depressed-conic, short-
acuminate. — Hook. Journ. Bot. viii. 231, t. 12, 15; Sulliv. loon. 8uppl. 52, t. 3G.

On .shaded rocks, Ukiah, etc. (Bolandcr) ; Tort Di.scovery (Pickcrivcj); Vancouver Island,
Menzics, Douglas, Lyall.

M. Drum.mondii, Bruch & Schinip., was collected by Hall on the Columbia IJiver. Stem
simple, 1 inch liigh or more, with erect strict basal branches : leaves erect-sjireading with the
apex recurved, not crisped wlien dry, laneeolateobovate, acnniinate-apiculate, with a narrow
thickened yellowish border, serrate ai.>ove the middle with loni^ acute soft teeth. — bond. Journ.
Bot. ii. 669 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 83, t. 51. Kocky Mountains of British America to Canada and
the White Mountains; also in Finland.

M. Nevii, Muell. (Flora, Ivi. 481, and Torr. Bot. Bulletin, v. 5), is a .similar species with
leaves crowded at the summit of tli(! stem, reflexed-spreadiuf,', Mlien dry erect and slightly
crisped, broadly ovate or orbicular with shortly acundnate usually relieved ajieX, the broad yellow
border fimbriate with long ciliform teeth ; perichietial leaves small, lanceolate-acuminate, entire :
capsule jiendulous, cylindric-oblong, thickened at base ; operculum lieinispheric-conic, mamillate.
— Portland, Rev. IL IK iXevitis.

-I- -1- Jjeaves bordered, the teeth in jmirs.

M. sriNULOSU.M, Bruch & Schimp. I. c, t. 394, with obovate-oblong leaves, pale green, the
reddish border with spinulo.se teeth in pairs, and capsules (2 to 6) oval-oblong with short-beaked
orange-colored operculum and daik red peristome, was also collected by Hall on the Columbia
lUver. European.

35. TIMMIA, Hcdw.
Cespitose perennials, on the ground, the simi)le stem at length innovating at the
summit, tomentose below. Leaves croM'ded, subequal, spreading from a sheathing
base, long-lanceolate, sraoothish, incised serrate above, the stout costa reaching the
apex ; areolation minute, round-hexagonal. Lillorescence terminal, monoecious,
with bud-like flowers of both sexes contiguous, or dicucious with the male flowers
subdiscoid and proliferous. Calyptra narrow, cucullate, smooth, subpersistent. Cap-
sule long-pedicelled, horizontal or inclined, oblong and subpyriform ; operculum
convex, mamillate or depressed. Peristome double as in Bri/um, the inner mem-
brane reaching to the middle of the lanceolate teeth and the jjrocesses divided into
4 nodose-filiform cilia coherent or anastomosing toward the apex ; ciliolaj none.

Three species are known, two European, both of wliidi are found in North America, and a third
ill Thibet.

Aiilaa,„n,i>nn. MUSCI. 399

1. T. megapolitana, Hodw. Stems an incli higli or more : leaves deep green,
the base wliitisli, linear-laneeolate, concave, the sides inllexed wlien dry : flowers
nioiioDcious : calyptra often attached to the ])edicel or rarely persistent on the capsule :
cilia appendiculate. — Muse. Frond, i, t. 31 ; Bruch & Schimp. JJryol. Eur. t. 407 ;
Fl. Dan. Suppl. t. 47 ; Sulliv. in Gray's Man. 2 ed. t. 3.

West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and in the Walisatch and Uinta Mountains ( rFn/soJi) ;
from Arctic America to Washington Territory {Lyall), Colorado and the Atlantic States ; doubt-
less to be found in California.

36. MEESEA, Ihdw.

Densely cespitose perennials, in bogs and swamps, sparingly branched and inno-
vating below the flowering apex, densely radiculose. Leaves in several ranks, linear-
or long-lanceolate, somewhat clasping and decurrent, with stout costa ceasing at or
below the apex ; areolation minute, hexagonal-rectangular. Inflorescence various ;
male flowers discoid with clavate paraphyses. Calyptra narrow, cucullate, smooth,
fugaceous. Capsule very long-pedicellate, erect-cernuous, clavate with a long collum,
incurved, with small obliipie mouth, convex-conic operculum, and narrow simple
annulus. Peristome as in Brtjnm, but the outer teeth short and obtuse, the inner
narrow and much longer, .on a short basal membrane and without ciliolae.

Four species are known, all European, and three of them also North American.

1. M. uliginosa, Iledw. Deep green, with a somewhat silky lustre, brown
below ; stenis h to 1 inch high with as long erect fastigiate innovations : leaves
gradually enlarging from the base upward, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, with entire
revolute margins : flowers polygamous : capsule reddish brown, with depressed oper-
culum and orange-colored peristome. — Muse. Frond, i, t. 1, 2 ; Bruch & Schimp.
Bryol. Eur. t. 308 ; AVilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 28; Berkeley, Brit. ^foss. t. IG, fig. 7.

In aljiine 9,\\!\m\i!^ {Bnlnndrr, Ihrvrr) ; Ka.st IIumlKildt Mountniiis. Nevada ( /f'ftAwii) ; Wash-
ington Territory {Lynll) ; from Arctic America to the northern Atlantic States and Colorado, and
throughout Kuro})e.

M. l.oNoisKTA, Iledw., taller (3 to 8 inches high), with broader llnt-mnrgincd leaves, bisexual
flowers, and yeilowisli p<>ristomo, occurs in Oregon or Washington 'I'crritory (Pickering) and in
the nurti)crn Atlantic States. — Muse. Frond, i, t. 21, 22 ; Hrucii & Schimj). l". c, t. 309; Wilson,
1. c, t. 28 ; Sulliv. in Gray's Man. 2 ed. t. 3.

M. TiMSTKiiA, Hruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 311, a .still taller dicecions species, with broader
sharply serrate leaves in 3 ranks, was collected in Washington Territory by LtjaU, and is also
found eastward.

37. AULACOMNIUM, Schwaegr.

Cespitose perennials, on rocks or usually swampy ground ; stems erect, tomentose,
innovating at the summit, the branches occasionally naked (jyifeudopodia) and ending
in globose heads of rudimentary leaves. Leaves oblong to linear lanceolate, costate
to the apex, with minute round-hexagonal thick-walled areolation, rather looser at
base, often papillose. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, terminal, the male discoid
or bud-like, with clavate or filiform paraphyses. Calyptra cucullate, long-beaked,
smooth. Capsule long-pedicelled, solitary, somewhat nodding, oblong or ovate-
oblong with short distinct collum, striate, sulcate when dry ; operculum convex,
mamillate ; annulus compound. Peristome as in Mnium.

Four species are known, all North American, and three of them also Euro]iean.

L A. androgynum, Schwaegr. In compact tufts, or the fertile more lax,
yellowish green ; stems scarcely an inch liigh ; p.seudopodia numerous : leaves linear-
lanceolate, spreading, curved or twisted when dry, denticulate at the apex, shortly

400 MUSCl. A,ilacoiH„iinu.

papillose, margin recurved : flowers tli<ecioiis, the male bud-like, ll'-leaved : capsule
oblong-cylindric, syuiuu-tiical, reddisli bruwn, with Ijmad ui)ercuhnu. — fSuppl. t. 125;
Lruch tt Schiiui). ilryol. I'.ur. t. 40li ; Wilson, 15ryul. Drit. t. 28 ; .Sulliv. it l.esq. 1. c.,
n. 205'' (2 ed. n. ;50'.t). Mitiam androiji/nuin, hinn. ; Kngl. 15ul. L. 12;)8.

Coniinon, especially on redwood stuniiw {Jliijclitw, JJolinnlcr, Brcwci) ; East lliuiilioldt Moun-
tnins, Nevada (H'liisun) ; Oregon (iXcicbciry); Washington Territory (/Vi Ac/ /ny, Lynll); Ten-
nessee ; Enroj)e.

2. A. palustre, Schwaegr. Larger (2 to 4 inches high), with longer broader
and more i)ai)illi>se leaves : male ilowers discoid : capsule ovate-oblong, somewhat
incurved. — .Sui)|il. t. 220 ; IJruch it Scliinip. 1. c, t. 405 ; "Wilson, 1. c. ; Berkeley,
IJrit. Moss. t. 18, lig. 5. JJri/um paluxire, JSwartz ; Engl. Lot. t. 391.

Swamps near Jlendocino (Bolandcr) ; Washington Territory {Lyall) ; Wahsatch Mountains
{IVutson) ; lioni Arctic America to the Atlantic Statch, IVeiiuent ; Europe and Siberia.

38. BARTRAMIA, Hedw.
Cespitose perennials, on the ground or rocks, innovating at the apex and branching
dichotomously or subverticillately ; stems erect, tomento.se. Leaves mostly dull
glaucous-green, lanceolate and often elongated from a subclasping base, papillose
both sides, serrate and costa excurrent ; areolation minutely quadrate above. In-
florescence various. Calyptra small, cucullate, smooth, fu^aceous. Capsule globose
or nearly so, usually cernuons on a long straight solitary pedicel (sometimes short
and curved), striate and sulcate when dry, with minute convex-conic operculum and
no annulus. Peristome rarely single or wanting, usually double as in Bri/um, the
inner teeth upon a short basal membraiu>, cleft to the base, segments at lengtli diver-
gent; ciIiola3 often present. Sporangium much smaller than the cavity, sti[)itate.

A genus of nearly 100 species, largely Sontli American, rather sparingly rejjiesented in Europe
and North America. Besides the following, four other .species are found in the Atlantic States.
The section PItilonotis is letainetl as a genus by Schini])er.

* Stem dlclioiomous, the hmuchcs not fasrhlcl : Icarrs iiarroiccd from tlie base,
setaceous : male Jioivevs butl-like. — Hautkami.v jjroper.

-1— Cajys^de erect, si/mmetrical : j^eristome simj/le or rudimentary.

\. B. Stricta, Brid. Leaves erect-spreailing, strict, rigid and fragile when dry,
lanceolate-subulate, minutely serrate, spinulose-awm;(l, rough both sides : Jlowcrs
bisexual : capsule ovate-globose upon a strict pedicel ; operculum convex or nuuuil-
late : teeth sallron-colored, regular and entire, or sometimes irregular, erose on the
margin and dehiscent. — Bruch ik Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 31G; Suiliv. k Le.s(j.
Muse. Ani.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 256.

On moist rocks and ground near San Francisco (Bolandcr); Eniope. Pedicels terete ; Schiniper
describes the pedicels in the European form as obtusely tetragonal.

2. B. Menziesii, Hook. Broadly and loosely cespitose, bright green above;
stems 2 or 3 inches high or more, sim])le or sparingly branched, brown-tomentose to
beyond the middle : leaves appressed or somewhat spreading, lanceolate-subulate
from an ovate base with rcilexe(l margins, serrate, scabrous on the back of tlie stout
excurrent costa : ih)wcrs di(X)cious : pedicels lateral by innovation, }, of an inch long,
(irect : capsule broadly ovat((, i)ale red; openidum conic, obtu.se : teeth lanceolate,
irregidarly jointed, sometimes rudimentary. — Mu.sc. Exot. t. 67; vSchwaegr. Sui)pl.
t. 240 ; Suiliv. ct Lesq. 1. c, n. 259, 2G0 ; SuUiv. Icon. Muse. Supj.l. 39, t. 26.
Giyphocarpa Baueri, Ilampe, Linnia, xxx. 457.

On shaded rocks, common ; first collected by Memies. A form oeeuis on <liy rocks (Bauer,
Bolandcr) with slightly shorter leaves an<l somewhat longer capsule, the j)eristome usually want-
ing or maiked by a thin more or less irregularly lacerated mcnibrune.

Calharima. UUSCl.

401

■^ -I- Caj>s„lcrr.rNnoiis, incurved, tvith oblique opcrailum and double peristome,
3. B. ithyphylla, J?ii.l. Tufts mure or \vs: compact, l.ri-ht ycllowisl. grccu ;
stems h to 2 inches high : leaves eiect-sprea.liiij,'or erect when .Irv, setaceous-subulate
Jrom a white sluniny sheathing base, coarsely serrate, scarcefy broa.ler than the
costa : ilowers bisexual : cai,sulo spherical, when dry oblong, incurved and <leenly
sulcate ; operculum broa.liy conic, blunt: red.lish brown teeth horizontally closin-
the orifice when damp, twice longer than the yellow processes. — En-d. liot 't 17Io"
Lruch i Schimp. 1. c, t. 31 7 ; Wilson, liryol. Brit. t. 23 ; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 16,'
iig. 1 .

Pn.?n"M"""/ .f^^'"-;' -■'';".'"'^:"t {noJo.mlrr), tlu> alpine form, with short stems nnd pedicels; Cas-
Suope nT.II mil tin Iri'S '^' ^^^'"'^'^ ' ^^''"'^ ^'"""t'^"'^' '^"^^ throughout no.'theru

l.n!" 'rf'T"'"'"' ?I<''';^"'K'-o«;>n- in lar-e glaucous green tufts 1 to 3 inches high, the loug-
lo ver eoViTr' "'T'\ '"."'" '''•■■""' ■"" ^•'^■■''tl'i"S. and n.on.eeious with the male and femaTe
Ph r);T "a° ' \ *7''-' '="""'^'^"t i"t» a cone when damp, has been found on the Columbia
A In (^^':'^' ^f;''/«). ;;;;'l >s common m the Atlantic States as well as in northern Europe and

1 r. o" \ ''^ *• ?^ ^"n^ V V''^^' ^- "'■"^"'^ ' S^Ji^vaegr. Snppl. t. 58, 5i. ; I'.ruch & Schimp.
J. c, t. 3iy ; \\ ilson, 1. c. ; Ijerkeley, 1. c. fig. 2.

* * Bvnnches subvert irillnfe or fasclrlrd : leaves small, lanceolate, pellucid-
^flowers momncious or dia-nons, the male discoid when diawioas : peristome
double.— Philonotis, Muell. {Philonotis, Bridel.)
4. B. fontana, Brid.. Stems 1 to G inches high or more, in broad yellowish
or glaucous green mats ; branches interruptedly verticillate : leaves of two forms,
the smaller ovate, obtusely acuminate, appressed, the larger ovate-lanceolate and
shortly awned, spreading or secuiid, bisulcate at base, all serrate and very papillose •
ilowers dioecious; inner perigonial leaves obtuse, ecostate : capsule ovate-globose
Avith purple subulate-tipped teeth, the ciliohe about equalling the processes. — Bruch
cV; bchimp. 1. c, t. 324 ; Wilson, 1. c. Bryumfontanum, Swartz : Engl. Bot. t. 390
rlulonot IS fontana, Brid.

riJnV^T/" ^ m'' .''»;;''f '•"ck«(/;"^'^"'^C'), an.l apparently common in the Siena Nevada; Fort
Colville (/,/„//) ; ,n the IJocky Mo.u.tains fnuu I'.ritish An.erica to Colorado and Utah, and fre-
quent in the mountains eastward. Found throughout Europe, in India, and Pata-onia
le.L'';v!nf!n\.^''''''l^.t'''''"'-' i\'l*'^/i"g"is,'"^*l f'O'n the last by longer sul'^alcate secnnd
eeth of the p,-nstonu. not subulate-tipi.ed and the ciliolin short. It has been foun.l in the East
Airit s ?T-"'k' N---''^;.7,"'.i" tl- IHntas iW.t.on), in the White Mountai nd
Alk^gha es and m Europe ; cuelly m h.nestone districts. - Ihvol. Eur. t. 32.5; Wilson, I. c.

39. CATHARTNEA, EInh.
Densely clustered or cespitose pereiini;ds, on tlie ground ; llowering stems erect,
simple or branched, from a creeping rhizome. Eeaves lanceolate or oblong, undulate!
crisped when dry, not sheathing, the narrowly bordered margin acutely "serrate, the
narrow costa sparingly lamellate on the ui)per side, areolation very denselv roun.1-
hexagonal. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the male cup-shaped and proliferous
from the centre. Calyptra cucullatc, narrow, naked, spinulose at the apex. Cai)sul^
terete, cylindrical or oblong, slightly incurved, erect or cernuous on a long pedicel ;
operculum convex, longdjeaked ; annulus none. Peristome single, of 32 short rigid'
ligulate obtuse slightly incurved teeth, confluent at base, and adherent above to a
membranous expansion of the summit of the columella closing the orifice of the
capsule. — Alrichim, Beauv.

Nine si)ecies are described, four European, of which three are North American, (me peculiar to
JMorth America and three to tropical America, and anotlier at the Cape of Good Hope.

402 ML'SCr. t'athuriuM.

1. C. Callibryon, Elivh. Stems erect, usually simple, 1 or 2 inches lii{^li ; in-
novations from snhteiianean stolons : leaves elongated ligulate-lanceolate, the undula-
tions hispiil beneath and the narrow yellow horder spinulosc-serrate, the costa spinosc;
toward the ai)ex and bearing 2 to G narrow lanielhe : fertile llower terminal upon
the prolongation of the axis of a male llower, 1 - 3-fruited : capsule long-cylindric,
straight or arcuate, brownish red, the long-beaked operculum little shorter. — Heitr.
i. 189. Atriclium unJulatum, IJeauv. ; Bruch &. Schimp. Jiryol. Eur. t. -110 ; ^Vilson,
Eryol. Brit. t. 10; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 19, lig. 4. Polylrichtim undulatton,
Hedw. Muse. Frond, i. 43, t. 16, 17; Engl. Bot. t. 1220.

At Mission Dolores (Bolandcr) ; Port Discovery and Fort Nisqually, Wasliingtou Territory
{Fickeriivj) ; Fort I'ulville (Ltjall) ; in the Atlantic States and Europe.

2. C. angustata, Brid. More slender than the last, with narrower more closely
areolate leaves serrate only at the a))ex, the lamella) more numerous : male and
female flowers in separate tufts : capsule narrower, more erect, pur|)le ; operculum
dark purple, Avitli a shorter beak. — Atrichum augustatum, Bruch & Schini)). 1. c,
t. 411 ; Sulliv. in Gray's Man. 2 ed. t. 3. Pu! //trichina angitstatum, Hook. Muse.
Exot. t. 50.

On stream-banks, Santa Cruz Mountains (Brewer) ; connnon in tlie Atlantic States and in
Europe.

40. OLIGOTRICHUM, DC.

With the habit of Cathariiwa (to which it is nearly allied), but smaller and more

rigid. Leaves linear-lanceolate, remotely serrulate, not bord<;red, the dilated c(jsta

bearing numerous lamellae. Calyptra sparingly villous with erect hairs. Cajjsule

erect, long-pedioelled, ovate-oblong, terete or nearly so ; oj)erculum convex-(;onic,

acuminate or long-beaked. Peristome of Catharinea.

About a dozen widely scattered species are known, of which one is jieculiar to Europe and two
to North America. This genus is united with Catharinea by Mueller, as a section ; both genera
were originally made upon the same species.

1. O. Lyallii, Lindb. Stout, cespitose, yellowish brown; stems 2 inches high
or more, naked at base, fastigiately branched at the middle, very leafy above : leaves
spreading from a broad clasping base, covered above with lamelhe, the incurved
margin serrate from the middle to the apex ; inner perichietial leaves convolute-
ovate, shortly acuminate : calyptra fugacious : capsule oblong, somewhat contracted
above and biplicate, at length rugose ; operculum subulate-beaked. — Polytrich.
102 ; Sulliv. Icon. Infuse. Sup|)l. 56, t. 40. Polytrichadelphus Lyallii, Mitten, Journ.
Linn. Soc. viii. 49 ; Sulliv. k Lesq. !Musc. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 322.

On Mount Dana, in Yosemite Valley, and around Clear \AyVc {Bulandcr) ; Clover Mountains,
Nevada {Watson) ; Colorado (Hull) ; British Columbia, Luall.

41. POGONATUM, Heauv.
Calyptra cucullate, covered by a dense coating of soft hairs attached to its apex
and nearly or cpiite covering the capsule. Otherwise as Oiiijotrichuin.

Some 30 or 40 .species are referred to this genus, many of them Sonlli .\merican. Seven species
are found in North America, two of which are also European.

1. P. alpinum, Bridcl. Loo.scly and irregidarly c('Si»itose ; stems much elon-
gated, decumbent at base, fastigiately i)ranche<l above : leaves linear-lanceolate, sheath-
ing, spreading and recurved or subsecund, dark dull green with whitish base, acutely
serrate, spinulnse on the back ; lanielhe with reddi.sh thickened margins: caj)S(de
usually cernuous, oval-oblong ; operculum small, with long oblique beak. — Bruch
& Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 418 ; Wil.son, Bryol. Brit. t. 11. Polytrich am (dpinum,
Linn.; Hedw. Spec. t. 19; Engl. Bot. t. 1905.

i:,hilruh»m. MUSCI. 403

Vur. brevifolium, Schiuil). Stem erect,, with short densely cruwiled yellowisli
yreeii leaves, iiiid siii;ill glohose or oboviite-ylobose ciii)sule. — Poli/trichnm brevifolium,
II. V)V. ill Parry's Voy. Appx. Supi)!. 294.

Oil Mount Dana, tlie variety, Biihanlcr. The species occurs in the White Mountains and in
ali)ine regions of Kurope ami northern Asia.

2. P. contortum, Les(|. Clustered or loosely cespitose, glaucous-green, brown
beneath ; stems I to G inches liigh, rooting at base, erect, simple or innovating
above, loosely leafy : leaves linear-lanceolate, not slieathing, erect-spreading, twisted
when dry, acMitely serrate^ the whole ItMigth, .'jpnringly .<<|)inulo.so near the ape.x; on the
back of the costa ; lanielke narrow, not thickened on the margin : capsule somewhat
ceriiuous, ovate-cylindric, contracted toward the mouth when dry ; operculum lo)ig-
rostellate. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 27 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 58, t. 42. Poly-
trichnm contortum, Menzies, Trans. Linn. .Soc. iv. 78, t. 7, lig. 2 ; Schwaegr. Su[)pl.
i. 325, t. 9G. P. dentalam, Lescj. I. c, not Meiiz.

On day banks in tlie (h'lise sliadc of redwoods near Crescent City (Brewer) ; Oregon {Hall) ;
Rocky Mountains (Parri/) ; also by Mcnzica.

42. POLYTRICHUM, Dill.

Stout showy perennials, on the ground, innovations riiizome-like from the base of
the stem, erect or ascending ; steins erect, rarely dichotoraous, triangular, purple,
woody, tlie fertile proliferous from the centre of the discoid male flower. Leaves
and calyptra as in Por/onatiim, the lower leaves scale-like, the upper elongated and
sheathing. Capsule mostly cernuous, horizontal when drj', long-jiedicelled, oblong-
or ovate-prismatic, 4- (rarely 6-) sided, with a discoid or subglobose apophysis sepa-
rated from the capsule; by a stomatose band. IVristome the same; teeth usually 64.

Of tlie dozen or more species seven are Euioiican, of which five are found in North America.

1. P. piliferum, Schreb. T>oosely cespitose ; stems rarely an inch high, rigid,
siiii|tl(', densely leafy at the summit : leaves glaucous-green and brownish, suberect,
imbricated, long-lanceolate from an ovate sheathing base, with incurved entire mar-
gins and tipped with a long slender white more or less roughened awn : capsule
tetragonid-ovate, pale chestnut-color, with depressed short-beaked operculum. —
Engl. r.ot. t. lli)9 ; Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 153 ; Uruch i^ Schimp. P.ryol. Eur. t. 422;
"Wilson, P.ryol. Brit. t. 10 ; Sulliv. k Lesij. Muse. Am.-l>or. I'Asicc. 2 cd. n. 32(i.
P. hevipilian, Hampe, Liniuva, xx.x. 459, with smooth awn.

Rocky places above Sononi (Bitjcloir) ; on Monte Diablo (Bolondrr) ; Lassen's Peak (Brewer) ;
Vancouver Island (Li/n/I) ; Uinta Mountains ( /J'^'^w/f) ; fioin Arctic America to the northern
Atlantic States, and widely distriltuted over the globe, usually in dry and sterile places. Variable
in the length and roughness of the awn.

2. P. juniperinum, Iledw. Stems 1 to 0 inches high, rarely 2- or 3-parted
above : leaves spreading or recurved when damp, with a short reddish awn, the
costa rough on the back : capsule acutely cpiadrangular, reddish orange, at length
brown ; otherwise like the last. —Spec. t."^18 ; Engl. P.ot. t. 1200 ; Pruch c^^ Schimp.
1. c, t. 423; Wilson, 1. c. ; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 19, lig. G.

Apparently eoniinoii ; Cajon Pass (BifjeJnw) ; Mount lirewer (Brewer) ; Vosemite Valley and
I>lains aroniid Mendocino (Bolander) ; in Washington Tenitoiy, I'tah, and Colorado, and from
Arctic America to the Atlantic States. Very widely distributed.

P. coMMii.\-K, Linn., has been collected in Oregon (Hall) ; a tall species (6 to 12 inches high),
with flat spreading or recurved leaves senate on tiie margins and back, and an oblong acutely
(piadrangular reddish-brown capsule, with abruptly apiculate operculum. — Engl. Bot. t. 1197;
Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 425; Wilson, 1. c ; Sulliv. in day's Man. 2 ed. t. ;?. Atlantic States,
Europe and Asia ; in swampy ground.

P. FORMOSUM, Medw., a similar sju'cies of Europe and the Atlantic States, also found by Hall in
Oregon, maybe known by its soft yellowish longer usually ()-angled capsule with less distinct apophy-
sis and conical operculuni. —Spec. t. 1!» : IJiuch &: Schhnp. 1. c, t. 420 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 46.

404

MUSCI. JUuhaamla.

43. BUXBAUMIA, IlalKr.

Minute nearly acaulescent auniuili or biennials, on the ground or decaying wood.
Leaves few, ovate- to linear-oblong, nerveless, coarsely toothed and becoming fringed
or lacerate, pale at base and reddish above, the areolation loose, oblongdiexagonal,
without chlorophyll. Flowers dioecious, terminal, buddike ; antheridia 1 or 2.
Calyptra small, conic-cylindric, obtuse, fugacious. (Japsule very large, on a stout
fleshy densely verrucose purple pedicel, obliquely serai-ovate, the upper surface
flattened, the lower ventricose, firmer and darker colored, continuous into the cylin-
drical coUum ; operculum small, conic, obtuse. Peristome double, tlie outer of one
or more series of delicate irregular teeth", surrounded by a narrower adherent annulus,
the inner membranaceous, hyaline, 32-plicate, twisted into a truncate cone.

Of tlie three desciibed species one is found tliiou<,'li tlie tenii)eiiite legions of Eurojie, Asia and
North Ameiica, a second is European, and the third occurs in Java.

1. B. aphylla, Haller. Stem a minute bull), nearly burietl in the ground, the
leaves resolved into hairdike processes : pedicel 7 to 10 lines high : cuticle surround-
ing the orilice of the capsule becoming revolute and lobed : outer peristome of a
single series of unequal pale yellow teeth mucii exceetling the brownish annulus. —
Engl. Bot. t. 159G; Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Kur. t. 427, and vi, t. G-11 ; Wilson,
BryoJ. Brit. t. 22 ; Sulliv. in Gray's i\Ian. 2 eil. t. 3; Berkek-y, Ihit. Moss. t. ID,
fig. 6; Fh Dan. t. 2752, lig. 1.

Cascade Mountains {Lyall) and luobahly in Caiifoinia ; Eastern States, Europe, and Asia.

44. FONTINALIS, Hill.

Floating perennials, with slender stems attached only at base, branching. Leaves
3-ranked, smooth, ovate or ovate-lanceolato, nerveless, entire, with linear- or narrow-
rhombic areolation, subscarious and .shining when dry. Flowers dioecious, bud-like,
lateral upon the primary stem or secondary branches. Calyptra small, conic. Cap-
sule immersed in the pericliKtium, sessile or subsessile, ovate to cylindrical, with
conic operculum and no annulus. Peristome double, the outer of IG linear teeth
coherent at the apex in pairs ami very hygroscoi)ic, the inner of IG alternate cilia
united by slender crossbars and forming a more or less perfect tessellated cone.

Of ten known species seven are found in North America, three of them also European.

1. F. antipyretica, Linn. Stems 8 to 12 inches long or more, much ilivided :
leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, entire, acutely carinate ami somewhat folded, the
lower margin of one side rellexed, at lengfli splitting along the keel, yellowish-green
becoming olive or blackish ; up|)er pericha-tial leaves broadly oblong, rounded at the
apex, usually lacerate, closely embracing the ovate or ovate-oblong olive-colored ca])-
sule : teeth dark purple, 2G -30-jointed, nearly equalling the inner perfect blood-i'ed
cone. — Engl. Bot. t. 359; Bruch &l Schimj). Bryol. Eur. t. 429; Wilson, Biyol.
Brit. t. 22'; Sulliv. in (Jray's Man. 2 ed. t. 4; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 3, tig. 2;
Sulliv. & Lesi]. ]\lusc. Am.'-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 333. /'. Ca/i/oniica, Sulliv. in
Pacif. R. Pep. iv. 189.

Var. gigantea, Sulliv. A large form witli the more sparingly branched stems
less bare below and the closely imbricated leaves very rarely blackish, tiie smaller
capsule with a shorter obtuser operculum, the shorter teeth 18 - 20-j.)inted and the
cilia united only toward the top. — Icon. Muse. 106, t. GG. F. <jl(jantca, Sulliv.,
and F. Eatoni, Sulliv. (?), ]\Iusc. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. n. 224, 224*^.

In rivulets in tlie Coast Ranges nortli of San Francisco (Biyc/ow) ; swamps (Bolantlcr) ; aljiine
lake near Silver Mountain {Bicwcr) ; Eoit folville {l.ydl) ; nuithein Athmtic States and Europe.
The variety in Ruby Valley, Nevada, and Utah {IValaun), ami in the eastern Atlantic States.

Fahro)i{a. MUSCI. 405

2. F. Neo-Mexicana, Sulliv. ^ Losfj. Stem 8 to 12 inches long:, the numerous
l)i'anches and l)ranclilots elongated, naked below, rather rigid : leaves dull yellowish
green, oblongdanceolate, more or less folded, areolation linear; perich.-etial leaves
obovate-oblong, abruptly long-cuspidate : capsule ovate-oblong : peristome red ; teeth
20-jointed ; inner cone perfect. — Muse. Am. Dor. E.xsicc. n. 224 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse.
Suppl. 7G, t. 57. F. antlpi/retica, van, Sulliv. ct Lesq. 1. c. 2 ed. n. 334. F. Mer-
cediana, Lesq. ^lem. Calif. Acad. i. 28.

On rocks in Merced River (Bolander) ; New Mexico (ll'ri(jlU) ; Colorado, ITaU.

F. Lescuimi, Sulliv., an eastern species, has lieen found in Oregon, Ilafl. It is soft and flaccid,
with tlie bright green leaves long-lanceolate and concave, the cajisule short-cylindric, and the
peristome granulose-papillose : teeth 20 - 25-jointed and the cilia not connected below.

45. DICHELYMA, Myrin.

Floating perennials, with slender stems attached only at base, remotely and sub-
distichously branched. Leaves 3-ranke(l, elongated, narrow, falcate and folded, with
slender costa, more or less serrulate ; areolation rhombic. Flowers dioecious, bud-
like, lateral : perich;utium very long, the inner leaves sheathing, nerveless. Calyptra
dimidiate or cucullate. Capsule pedicellate, immersed or more or less exserted, oval
or oblong ; operculum conic-rostrate ; annidus none. Peristome double, nearly as
in Fontiiialis ; teeth less hygroscopic, dehiscing along the medial line; cilia longer
than the teeth, connected by crossbars the whole length or only at the apex or
wholly free.

The six species are all North American, two of them also European. It is doubtful whether
any species has been collected in (."alifornia. Sterile sjieciincns of a moss found in King's and
Kawcah Rivers {Brnccr), ami on Mount Dana and in swamps near Mendocino City {Bolnnder),
which are refeiTcd by Les(iuereux (Mj'm. Calif. Acad. i. 28) to D. Swartii, Lindb., were considered
by Austin to be a variety of Hijpnuvi exanintJatam. Schimper states (Syn. Muse. Eur. 2 ed.
S.'JO) that D. Swnrzii is probaldy Ilypnuvi fluilans.

D. FAi.CATU.M, Myrin. Leaves crowded, falcatc-secund, lanceolate-subulate, the costn cea.sing
at the apex or somewhat excurrent, nearly entire; the inner pericha-tial leaves very long, lorate:
calyptra cucullate, clasping the i)cdicel : capsule oblong on a slender exserted pedicel, ferruginous;
operculum as long or longer, acutely acuminate-conic : peristome bright red, tlie inner nuich ex-
ceeding the outer, tessellate throughout. — lirueh k Schimp. Brytd. Eur. t. 43.^. Foittinalisfnl-
cntn, lledw. Muse. Fiond. ill, t. 24. D. cylivdricarpam, Austin, Coult. Dot. Gazette, ii. 111.
Columbia River, Oregon, //(///.

I). ITNCINATUM, Mittcu. More slender and somewhat more pinnate, the falcate-seciuid long-
attenuate lanceolate leaves terminated by the excuri;ent nerve, which is .smooth above the serru-
late margins and denticulate only at the apex ; ])ericli;etial leaves not twisted : calyptra not ad-
herent to the pedicel : inner cone jierfect, exceeding the teeth about one-fifth of their length. —
Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 44, t. 8. Fort Colville, Washington Territory, Lyall.

46. FABRONIA, Raddi.

Very small slender creeping perennials, on the trunks of trees or on rocks ;
branches erect, somewhat fascicled. Leaves bright or pale green, very thin, shining,
ovate-lanceolate, fdiformly acuminate, dentate or ciliate, scarcely costate ; areolation
very loose, rhombic, at the base quadrate. Flowers monoecious, lateral, bud-like.
Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Capsule ovate-pyriform or subspherical, erect on a
rather short pedicel, of loose undulate-quadrate cells, which are transversely rectan-
gular at the mouth ; operculum convex-conic or rostellate ; annulus none. Peristome
single, of Ifi flat linear-lanceolate teeth, remotely jointed.

A genus of about 20 very widely scattered species. Of the five North American species tlio
following is the (udy one that is also European.

1. F. pusilla, IJaddi. Densely cespitose, the erect sim]ile branches a line or two
high : leaves yellowish green, spreading, irregularly laciniate-ciliate to below the

406 ' MCSCI. Jloolwrin.

middle, nerveless : capsule subsjilierical, miiuito, with liroad convex-conic oj)erculum :
teeth frequently bitid at the apex, incurved when moist, reHexed when dry. —
Schwaegr. Supjil. t. 99 ; r>ruch & Schinip. Bryol. Eur. t. 450, excl. fig. G ; Sulliv.
& Lesij. Muse. Ani.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 375.

Ou the bark of trocs, Oakland {Boluiidcr) ; Southein Eurojte.

47. HOOKERIA, Smitli.
Prostrate succulent deep-green ami shining perennials, in springy places, loosely
cespitose and irregularly branching ; branches flattened, ascending. Leaves large,
complanate, obliquely imbricated and spreading laterally, ovate or rounded, obtuse
or acuminate, l)icostate or nerveless, with very loose round-hexagonal areolation.
Elowers monoecious, lateral, l)iid-like. ('alyptra coiiic-mitriform, lo1)ed at base,
smooth. Caj)sule ovate or elliptical, horizontal or cernuous, long-pedicellate ; oper-
culum conic-rostrate ; annulus obscure or none. Peristome double; the outer of 16
firm closely-jointed linear-lanceolate teeth; the inner of 16 carinate processes,
alternate with and equalling the teeth, upon a plicate basilar mend)rane ; ciliuhu
none. — PteryrinphyHum, Brid.

As understood by Mueller tlie gpiiiis iticludfs over 70 si)ooios, cliiefly of the Southern henii-
sjihere. It is variou.sly limited nnd divided hy other iiuthoiities. In any ease, however, the
generic name nnist be letaineil for the typieal sixcies //. luccns, whatever other .si)e(ie.s may be
united with it.

* Leaves ncvveless, entire.

1. H. acutifolia, Hook. (?) Stem creeping, somewhat blanched, an inch or two
long: leaves ovatu-oblong, acute, nerveless, entire : capsule oblong, horizontal upon
a pedicel an inch long, brown ; operculum conic-rostrate : teeth i-eddish Ijrown, tlio
inner yellowish. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 163; Sulliv. in (iray's Man. 2 ed. 66(5;
Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. n. 270 (2 ed. n. 401); Lcscp i\Iem. Calif.
Acad. i. 29.

Deep Canon, Monte Diablo (Bolander) \ Atlantic States. Fniit unknown, and the plant there-
fore referred with doubt to Honker's species, which is otherwise known only fioin India.

H. LUCENS, Smith. Stems 1 to 3 inches long : lower leaves rounded, the upjK'r broadly ovate-
oblong, obtuse, entire : pedicel an inch long : capsule more or less ceniuous, oval, chciitnut-
colored t>econiing blackish, the laige yellow operculum long-lwaked : peristome reddish, the
iinier processes dehi>cent along the keel. — Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 276; Engl. Hot. t. li)0'2 ;
Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 27 ; Fl. Dan. Supjd. t. 49. Lfskra liicois, Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 84.
Pkrygophyiluni luccns, Brid. ; Bruch k Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 448. Oregon {Hull); Euro])e.

* * Leaves costate, serrate.

H. ANO.MAIA, Muell., was collected on the western coast by Meicirs. It is more erect and
branched, with dusky green foliage, the leaves more remote and spieading, broadly ovafe-ohlong,
narrower toward the ha.se, acutish, coar.sely and remotely serrate, 1 -nerved to the middle with an
obscure shorter lateral lu-rve. — Syn. ii. 204. Uneopilum anonKilutn, Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 276.

48. PTEROGONIUM, Swartz.

Secondary stems erect or ascending, the branches more or less fascicled, arcuate
especially when dry. Leaves not complanate, bicostate at base. Calyptra sparingly
hairy. Teeth of the peristome short-lanceolate ; processes sliort, scarcely reaching
to the middle of the teeth, upon a broader basilar membrane. Otherwise as the
Ijreceding.

As limited by Schimper the genus includes only the following species.

1. P. gracile, Swartz. Yellowish green ; stems 1 or 2 imhes high, the brandies
obtuse or liliturm attenuate : leaves clo.Mly imbricated, ovate and acute or ovate-

Anomixlou. MUSCI, 407

laiicoolato and aouininate, sorrato toward tlio appx, marf^ns flat, tlio nerves scarcely
reaching the niidiUo of tlio leaf: capsuh; erect, on a jiedicel 0 linos long, cylimlrical,
clicstnut-colored ; operculum conic. — l^igl. J>nt. t. 1085; 15iucli S: Scliinip. Hryol.
Kur. t. 4G1 ; Wilson, IJryol. IJiit. t. 11; Fl. Dan. t. 2G73; Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse.
Am. -Bur. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. .349. Neckpra (jracr/is, ]\Iucll.

Var. duplicato-serratum, Les([. Leaves unequally dui)licate-serrate at the
ape.x. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 30. Leplohymeniitvi duplicato-serratum, Hampe,
Linnjea, xxx. 4G0.

Oa rocks near the bay of San Francisco {Pkkeriiuj, Bijclow, Bolandcr); tlirougliout Europe.

49. PTERIGYNANDRUM, Hedw.
iStcms with arcuate-prostrate somewhat fascicled slender branches, branching
irregularly. Leaves erect-spreading or subsecund, crowded, ovate or elliptical, short-
acuminate, concave, 1 - 2-nervcd at base ; areolation linear-flexuose, at the basal
angles quadrate, and rhombic above. Flowers dioecious. Calyptra cucullate. Cap-
sule long-pedicelled, erect, oblong. Peri.stome double, the inner processes short and
imperfect upon a very narrow basal membrane, without ciliolas. A single species.

1. P. filiforme, Hedw. Small, loosely cespitose, greenish or yellowish : leaves
appressed when dry, papillose on the back, margins recurved, serrate at the apex,
sometimes 1-nerved to the middle : pedicel 9 lines long : capsule pale brown, nar-
rowly oblong ; operculum oblirpiely conic-rostrate : peristome small, pale yellow,
the inner very short and indistinct. — Muse. Frond, iv. 18, t. 7 ; Bruch & Schimp.
J5ryol. Eur. t. 4G0. Pleingonium jiUforme, Schwaegr. ; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 14.

Var. Leaves cristate-serrate at the apex ; the stouter nerve ceasing above the
middle. — Leptohymenium cristatum, llampe, 1. c. 459; Lesip, 1. c, so refers it.

On shaded rocks and tiros (Birjdojo, Bauer, Bolandcr) ; on the White Mountains and in Europe.

Climaciiim, Wi'li. k Molir, is anotlior genus of this group of fasciculatoly bmnohcd mosses,
reaiUly distinguislied by its erect tree-like habit. C. A.meiucanum, Bri<l., of the Atlantic States
and aiso found in Oregon (//"//), is 2A or .3 inches high, with ovate-lanceolate leaves auricled at
base aiid costate nearly to the apex, serrate above, with minute elliptical areolation : capsule
cylindrical : peristome i)erfect, the processes on a very narrow membrane, equalling the teeth,
dehiscent, without cilioliK. — Sulliv. in Gray's Man. 2 ed. t. 5.

50. ANOMODON, Hook, k Tayl.
On trees or rocks, the secondary branches ascending or erect, sj)aringly and irreg-
ularly or somewhat fasciculately branched. Leaves very densely rough papillose
on both sides, not complanate, costate, areolation minute or punctiform. Calyptra
naked. Capsule long-pedicellate. Peristome double, without cilioLx', the processes
shorter than the teeth. Otherwise as the preceding.

About 6 or 8 species, mostly of North America and Einope, placeil in Uiipnum by Mueller.

Lf.skf.a, IIe<lw., ns understood by Scliimper, is distinguished from Anommhm by its more
prostrate habit, the jjriniary stem leafy like the branches ; (lowers momvcious or dioecious. A
single species, L. poi.ycaupa, Ehrh., of the Atlantic States and Europe, which has been collected
in Oregon, Hall. Its stem is 2 inches long or more, with ascending branches 4 to 1 inch high :
leaves ovate-lanceolate, spreading or secund, margins recurved below, entire, the costa ceasing
below the apex : flowers monoecious : capsule (lylindrical, slightly curved : peristome whitish, the
processes eijualling the teeth. — Bruch k Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 470.

1. A. Califomicum, Lesq. Loosely cesjiitose, brownish yellow, sparingly
branched, slender : leaves imbricated in 4 ranks, spreading when damp, broadly
ovate, half-clasjiing and decurrent, acute, the margin folded abruptly backward,
carinate with a stout costa ceasing at the apex, the papilhe upon the auricles longer
and spinose : fruit unknown. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 30.

On rocks, Monte Diablo, Bolandcr.

408 MUSCI. NecLra.

51. NECKERA, Hedw.

Rather largo creeping porciniials, on trees or rocks, the secondary stems erect or
ascending or pendulous, pinnately branched. Leaves coniplanate, shining, scariuns
and scarcely costale, mostly undulate, ovate-lanceolate ; areolation minute, linear-
rhombic. Flowers lateral upon the secondary stems, dioecious, bud-like. Calyptra
cucuUate, nakeil. Capsule erect, shortly pedicellate, immersed or emergent, ovate,
symmetrical ; operculum conic-rostellate ; annulus none. Peristome double, of 1 U
yellowish linear lanceolate jointed teeth, connivent at the apex when dry, and as
many alternate liliform carinate processes as long as the teeth, upon a short basilar
membrane ; ciliohc none.

About 50 specii's, of uliieli half a dozen are Nortli American and also mostly European,

1. N. Menziesii, Drum. Ihoadly and loosely cespitose, yellowish green ;
primary stems very slender, thigellitbrm, tlie secondary G inches long or more, llat-
tened, with short spreading branches often tlagellately produced : leaves oV)long-
ligulate, obtusely apiculate, concave, the costa ceasing above tlie middle ; pericha'tial
leaves lanceolate, acuminate : capsule immersed on a short peilicel, oblong-oval, pale
brown : inner processes rather stout, dehiscing along the keel. — Muse. Amer. n. 1G2 ;
Muell. Syn. ii. 48 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. 83, t. 02 ; Sulliv. A: Lesq. Muse.
Am.-Bor. E.xsicc. 2 ed. n. 395.

On shaded rocks in Yoseniite Valley and in Russian Valley {Buhnulcr) ; at base of trees near
Crescent City {Brewer) ; Cascade lilountains, Oregon (Xcwbcrrij, Hall) ; Fort Colville (Lyall) ;
Rocky Mountains, British America, Urummond. Also in Switzerland.

2. N. Douglasii, Hook. Loosely ces])itose; stems a span long or more, pinnately
and bipinuately branched ; branches elongated : leaves crowded, distichously tlattened,
oblong or sublauceolate, acute, nerveless, serrulate at the apex, pale green ; peri-
choetial leaves broadly ovate to long-acuminate, convolute : capsule a little e.xsertcd,
oval; operculum long-rostrate. — 13ot. Misc. i. 131, t. 35; Sulliv. X' Lesq. I.e.,
n. 39-1.

On trees, Marin County and j\Icndocino City {I'wlandcr) ; Columbia Itiver (Miiiziai, fhwj/ns,
Scolder) ; Vancouver Island, Wood.

52. ANTITRICHIA, BridL-l.

Eeserabling the last genus. Leaves spreading, not complanate nor undulate,
ovate-acuminate, costate to tlie middle. Capsule exserted upon a short erect or
curved pedicel. Liner peristome of 16 shorter subulate-lililbrm fugacious processes.
Only the following species are known.

1. A, curtipendula, Lrid. Secondary stems h to 1 foot long, irregularly pin-
nately branclied, not rooting : leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate-
serrate at the apex, with recurved margins, sometimes with 3 to 5 short nerves at
base, the central ceasing above the middle ; areolation of very narrow subtiexuous
cells acute at eacli end : pedicel more or loss tlexuous ; capsule ovaloblong ; oper-
culum obliquely conic-rostrate : processes a little shoiter than the teeth. — Lruch &
Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 409; Wilson, Bryol. Brit. t. 22 ; Sulliv. in Cray's ]\Ian. 2 ed.
t. 4; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 13, iig. 4. iVnkera curllj)en(liila, lledw.; Kngl. Bot.
t. 1444.

Var. gigantea, Sulliv. & Lesq. Very stout, dark green, with broader secund-
falcate leaves, and longer cylindrical capsule. — Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 35G ;
Schimp. Syn. 2 ed. 577.

On Monte Diablo {Ihdander); Oregon {PichzruKj) ; Vancouver I.slaiid (]l\>od); Atlantic Stales
and Europe. The vaiiely un trees at Rcilwoods, JJulnndcr.

Alsia. MUSCI. 409

2. A. Californica, Sulliv. Near tlic last : brandies sliorlcr, (Iciisely leafy :
loaves apprt'ssed when dry, ratlior sliortly acumiiiati', (Mitirc or scarcely sernilate at
the apex ; areolation of siiorter oval cells, nearly uniform througliont : capsule cylin-
ilric, reildisli, on a shorter straight ])edicel ; teeth longer, minutely punctulate, the
processes much shorter. — Lesq. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii. 11 ; Sulliv. Sc Lescj.
1. c, n. 357 ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Sui)pl. 79, t. 59. A. curtij^endu/a, var. Ilupanica,
Schinip.

On sliiuletl rocks nnd saiulstone boiililcrs, Oakland (Bolandrr) ; also European.

53. ALSIA, Sulliv.

Resembling the preceding, branching stems often circinate when dry. Leaves

smooth or papillose, the areolation minutely oval-rhombic and punctiform. Capsule

cylindric, emergent or exserted ; operculum conic, long-beaked. Peristome double,

the inner processes shorter than the teeth, upon a narrow basal membrane, with or

without ciliola). — Proc. Amer. Acad. iii. 184.

An .\nicrican genus of three speuics, nearly allied to Lcptodon, Weber {Lnsia, Beauv.), and in-
termediate between Ncckera and I'hiiitliiaii.

* Capsule very sliortli/ pedlcelled.

1. A. Californica, Sulliv. On trees, in dark green masses; secondary stems
2 or 3 inches long, sub|nnnately branched, not circinate, somewhat arcuate, the
branches short, slender, not crowded : leaves erect-spreading, ovate- or oblong-lan-
ceolate, slightly serrulate at the apex, margins narrowly retlexed, costa ceasing below
the middle, areolation minute and sul-rhombic, sniooth ; leaves on the branches
smaller and narrower, the pericha'tial long and slender : capsule oblong-cylindrical,
straight or slightly curved, scarcely exserte<l ujion a short pedicel : inner processes a
third shorter than the teeth ; ciliohe none or rudimentary. — Muse. Wilkes Exped.
25, t. 25 ; Sulliv. k Lesrp Muse. Am.-P.or. Kxsicc. n. 208" (2 ed. n. 398). Neckera
CaJiforuim, Hook. & Arn. 15ot. P>eechey, 1G2.

Very common along the coast, Pickxring, Dujclow, Bolandcr.

2. A. abietina, Sulliv. On trees, in loose rigid deep green masses ; secondary
stems 2 to 5 iiiclies long, simple below, exjianded above into a piunately or some-
what bipinnately branched frond, strongly eircinato when dry : leaves erect-spreading,
lanceolate, shortly papillose on the back above the middle, margins below recurved,
serrulate and slightly inllexed above, the costa ceasing below the ape.x, areolation
oval-rhombic, longer in the luiddle and cpiatlrate at the angles : capsule ovate-oblong,
emergent on a very short pedicel, ribbed when dry: peristome as in the last, but
ciliohe wanting. — Icon. Muse. 115, t. 72''; Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c. 2 ed. n. 400. Neckera
abietina, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 7; Schwaegr. Snppl. t. 140. Pilotrichnm abietinum,
Brid. Leptodon circiuafm, Sulliv. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 189, t. 1.

Common in the Coast IJanges from south of San Francisco to Vancouver Island.
* * Capsule long-pedicelUd.

3. A. longipes, Sulliv. k Lesq. Dilfusely cespitosc, grayish green ; secondary
stems 3 to 5 inches high, piunately and bipinnately branched from the base : leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, coarscdy serrate above, margin slightly recurved, costa ceas-
ing above the middle and denticulate on the back at its apex, areolation minutely
oval, smooth ; pericha'tial leaves abruptly liliform-attenuate : cai)sule cylindrical,
upon a pedicel nearly an inch long, straight: teeth and processes very narrow, the
latter a little shorter and dehiscent along the keel ; ciliolaj (1 or 2) appendiculate. —
Muse. Am.-Bor. E.xsicc. 2 ed. 399 ; Lesc,. in Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 29 ; Sulliv. Icon.
Muse. Suppl. 85, t. 03.

On rocks in deep canons, ()aklaiid, Dolaudrr.

410 MlJSCr. Ilijpnum.

54. HYPNUM, Dill.
Variable in liabit and mode of growth ; primary stem prostrate, the secondary
stems irreguhirly and subfascicldately branched or more or less regularly once or
twice pinnate. Leaves rather broad, mostly smooth and shining and more or less
scarious, costa short or wanting or rarely percurrent ; areolation mostly narrowly
prosenchymatous, linear or ilexuous-linear, rarely rhombic or hexagonal. Intlores-
cence various (more frequently dioecious), lateral, bud-like. Calyi)tra dimidiate,
smooth. Capsule long-pedicellate, more or less cernuous and unsymmetrical ; oper-
culum conic or rostrate. Peristome double as in the preceding genera, the inner
upon a broader basal membrane (about half the length of the teeth), with ciliohe.

A large and dillicult genus of over 500 species, wliich is readily divisible into several more or
less well-marked groiqis. Schiiuper proposes 20 or more genera for the European species, half of
which are represented in the Californian llora, but it will lie most convenient licie to consider
them only as subgenera or sections. The sjiecies are often of dillicult dclinilion and based upon
apparently slight cliaracteis.

§ 1. Ramification pinnate (excepting n. 4) : leaves papillose, acuminate, costate
to the apex, equallij spreadhuj: ope^'calam conic.

* Pedicel scabrous or tuberculate : fiowers dUnclous.

1. H. Whippleanum, Sulliv. Stems filihirm, 1 or 2 inches long, pinnately
twice or thrice divided, arcuately prostrate, radicuiose at the top, the numerous
branchlets 3 to 5 lines long : leaves erect-spreading, ovate-lanceolate, papillose on
the back, entire margin serrate, pellucid, costa reaching nearly to the apex, areolation
quadrate oblong : capsule on a tuV)erculate ix-diecl 5 to 7 lines long, abrujjtly hori-
y.ontal, oval or oblong, somewhat uniupial, dark chestnut with blackish distinct
obtuse collum ; operculum cmstricted in the middle ; annulus none : ciliohe in
pairs, equalling the processes and whitish teeth. — Pacif. ]{. Pep. iv. lUO, t. 9;
Sulliv. & Lesq. !Musc. Am.-Por. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 407.

On the ground in mountain caiions near the Hay of San Franci.sco, Biijdow.

2. H. crispifolium, Hook. Stems 4 or 5 inches long, branches slightly in-
curved, simply pinnate with short unequal branchlets : leaves crowded, bright green,
erect-spreading, crisped when dry, lanceolate from a broadly cordate subdecurrent
base, serrate, Uexuose, narrowly long-acuminate or sometimes tipped with a hyaline
hair, the pale costa ceasing below the apex, verv finely jjapillose, areolation minute,
rounded ; pericluetial leaves smooth witli a very long and narrow denticulate acumi-
nation : pedicel short, very scabrous, puri)le ; capside horizontal, pale, incurved-
oblong, broadly annulate ; operculum obliquely beaked : processes broadly gaping
or divided ; ciliolai 2 or 3, nearly as long. — Muse. Exot. t. 31 ; Lescp in Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soa xiii. 11 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c, n. 405. //. ramulosian, Hampe ;
Muell. Syn. ii. 480.

On 'shaded ground and rocks, near Oakland, and near Paper Mill, Marin County {Bolander);
Oregon {Ncvius) ; Vancouver Island, Menzics, li'ood.

H. LAXIFOMUM, Sclnvaegr. Suppl. t. 143 (Leskca laxifolia, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 30), collected
hy Menzies and not since idcntilied, a])pears to be a similar si)ecies, but with broader and h\-<s
attenuate leaves, a shorter and more turgid capsule, the processes less dehiscent, and the ciliolaj
very short and imperfect.

* * Pedicel smooth.

3. H. calyptratum, Sulliv. Very small ; stem filiform, subsimply pinnate,
flagelliform at tlie sumn)it : leaves erect-spreading, broadly ovate, narrowly long-
acuminate, denticulate, costate to the apex, s[)aringly pa[iillose on the back, areolation
miimte and sulxpiadrate : ilowers monoecious ; calyptra very long, embracing the
pedicel: capsule cylindric, oblique, ourvtHJ ; upcrculum ol)tusej aniudus none;

Jhjpnum. MUSCI. 411

jirocGsses nearly equalling the tcoth ; ciliohc very short, solitary. — Pacif. 1{. I\ep.
iv. 190, t. 10.

On the ground, iipitr Los Angoli's, Bigrloir.

4. H. leuconeurum, Sulliv. & Lesq. Low, nithor densely respitose, iiTegularly
Lrancliei.l or the short branchlcts subpinnately arranged, yellowish green and shining:
leaves erect-spreading, ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate, serrulate, costate to the
apex, papillose, areolation minute, ovate-rhombic above, shorter and equilateral
Ijelow ; perichietial leaves nerveless, with a long subllexuous dentate acumination :
llowers dioecious : capsule horizontal on a curvetl reddish pedicel, ovate-ohlong with
thick abrupt collum ; operculum acute; annulus sinqile : processes equalling the
teeth; ciliol.Tc much shorter, in threes. — Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 407'' ;
Lcsq. in Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 31. Tlii(idiuiii leuconeurum, Lescp ; Sulliv. Icon.
Muse. Suppl. 104, t. 80.

On trunks of Qiinrns arjri/o/ia nnd on moist sli.ided hillsidus, Oaklinid, Bolandcr. This species,
togetlier witli tlic rest of tlie gioup and some other s|)ecies, arc referred by Lestiuereux, 1. c, to
tlie section Tkuidium (genus ThnkUum of .Scliiniiicr), from whicli tliey all seem to differ, however,
in their stems not villous and without parajihyllia, the leaves homomorphous and rarely at all
deeurrent, the dissimilar areolation, and the fewer and mostly shorter ciliola?. The only western
species nearly conforming to Tkuidium in most of these respects is H. P)i,AN-nowii, Web. & Mohr
(r. BInndowii, Hruch & Schimp. Hryol. Eur. t. 48G), collected by L'jall at Fort Colville. This
has a sinqdy jiinnate densely villous erect stem, the stem-leaves broa<lly ovate or suhcordate, long-
papillose on the back and villous at base, plicate, with rather loose elongated areolation, the
branch-leaves ovate-acuminate : capsule oblong, strongly curved on a smooth pedicel 2 inches
long ; operculum acute.

§ 2. Stems mosthj prostrate: leaves smooth and s/iiniiif/, srarious, erect or sj^read-
in(j everij way (or complanate in Tiiamnium), costate to the middle or rareli/
nearly to the apex.

* Operculum short-conic, often ajnculate.
•h- Brandling pinnate or sometimes irreyular: leaves plicate ; areolation narrotvly
linear : Jlou^ers dirrrious {male plants often parasitic on the female). — Campto-
TiiEC'iUM. (Camptolhecium, Schimp.)

++ Pedicels rough.

T). H. lutescens, Hu<ls. Stem suhercct, irregularly branched or suhpinnate,
3 inches higli or more : leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate, strict and rather rigid,
plicate-striate, costa ceasing below the minutely serrate apex : capsule oblong-nylin-
(Iric, slightly cernuous, subarcuate, brownish ; operculum a('ute-conic. — Hedw. Muse.
Frond, "^iv, t. 16; Engl. Bot. t. 1301 ; Wilson, Bryol. 15rit. t. 25; Berkeley, Brit.
Moss. t. 5, fig. 2. Camptofhecium lutes^cens, Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 558.

California {Cmillcr) \ Victoria, OxQgow {Bolandcr) ; Vancouver Island (LyoU); also collected
ty Douglas. European.

6. H. Nuttallii, Wils. Prostrate, broadly cespitose, bright yellow ; stems 3 to
5 inches long, rather sparingly divided, pinnately branched, the numerous crowded
branchlets 3 to 5 lines long, spreading or secund : leaves erect-spreading, strict, nar-
rowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less sulcate-striate, serrate, margin re-
curved, costa nearly reaching the apex, areolation very long and narrow : jierichfetial
leaves filiform-attenuate, obsoletely costate : capsule long-cylindric, erectish, curved,
on a very short rough pedicel ; operculum short-beaked ; annidus narrow : processes
equalling the teeth ; ciliolrc very short. — Bryol. Brit. 334, 331), in note ; Sulliv. &
Lescp I.e., n. 338'' (2 ed. n. 514); Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 2 1 1 , t. 1 28. Les^kea Californica,
Hampe, Linujta, xxx. 400. Gamptothecinm Xuttallii, Bruch & Schimp. 1. c. vi. 6.

Var. ' fitoloniferum, Les(i. Branches elongated, filiform, crowded: capsule
shorter and more slender. — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 32.

Common on trees {Bi<jrhur, Buun; BoI,nidn) ; Vancouver Island, J)mi<,l«!^, l.ynV.

412 MUSCI. Hiipnum.

7. H. arenarium, T.esq. Loosely and In-oadly ccspitose ; stciii spariiif^ly irreg-
ularly brancliL'd, tlu^ si;con(lary bramdu's short and oruct, or loiigi-r, filiform and
rooting: leaves crowded, ereet, lanceolate, aenniinate, the rellexed margin suh.serru-
late, costa ceasing below the apex, areolation (Uuisely narrow, ovate ronniled and
minute at base : capsule small, ovatc-cylindric, cernuons on a long ])edicel smoothish
above. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii. 13; SuUiv. i^ Lesip 1. c. 2 ed. n. 512.

Covering tlie .s;tiiil aiiumg hiislics iiuar tlie shore, Sun Francisco, Bolandcr.

8. H. pinnatifidum, .Sulliv. it Lesq. Loosely cespitose, soft and pale green ;
stems slender, 3 inelies long or more, i)rostrate, fragile, iiinnately and densely
branched ; branches short or the upper llagelliform : leaves densely imbricated,
lanceolate from an ovate subdecurrent base, subulate-acuminate, distinctly plicate,
margin revolute, subdenticulate at the ai)ex, costa ceasing above the middle, areola-
tion linear-rhombic, quadrate at the auricles ; pericluetial leaves oblong, long-acumi-
nate, nerveless: cajjsule oblong, subcernuous, slightly curved, annulate; oiicrcuhuu
mamillate : processes equalling the teeth, the ciliolic shorter. — Muse. Am.-Bor.
Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 513. Camptotheclum pnnuitijidinu, Sulliv. Icon. Suppl. 101, t. 77.

On shaded rocks in canons, Bolandcr.

II. MEG.\i'TlLU.M, Sulliv. in lierb. Loosely cesiiitose, wliitisli or pale green ; stem stout, 6
inches high, ereet, i»innately branched ; branches siiort, liorizontal : U-aves crowded, erect, nar-
rowly ovate-lanceolate, abruptly sliort-ajtieulate, concave, strongly plicate, costate to above the
middle, denticulate upon the subrevolute margin and upon the back along the costa and folds ;
areolation long-linear, shorter in the alie : rajisule horizontal on a red jiudicel, ovate-oblong, at
length arcuate ; operculum nuimillate : ciliola; in i)airs, appcndiculate, eiiu.ilhng the indehiscent
l)rocesses and stout teeth. — ('uniji/otlicciniit (!) iiicijuptiliiin, Siilhv. Icon. Mii^c. Sujiiil. lu-2, t. 78.
On the ground in dense coniferous woods, Oregon, J/all.

H. PSEiMiosEKicKf.M, Muell. (Flora, xxxiii. 81»), appears to brlong to this grouj) : procumbent,
irregularly branciuil, llaccid and silky: ca|i>.ule njion a vn y .-^inMt pedicel, arcuate-cyhnihic,
slightly inclined ; opercuhun oldicjucly conic-rostcllate : cili(d.e solitary or in pairs. — I'ortland,
Oregon, Kcvius.

■H- ++ redlcels smooth : branchl/ir/ pinnate.

9. H. Nevadense, Lesq. Loosely cespitose, stmit, yellowish green ; stem
prostrate, pinnalely branched, the branches short and horizontal or rather long,
irregularly divided and arcuate : leaves lanceolate, short-acuminate, secund-curved,
minutely serrate at the apex, carinate, deeply 2-plicate, margin revolute or rellexed,
the alar cells very few and irregularly oval : capside ovate-cylindric, erect or sub-
cernuous; operculum long-beaked; annulus compouiul : ciliuhe rudimentary or
wanting. — INIem. Calif. Acad. i. 33.

On rocks in the sj)ray of Nevada and Hiidal Veil Falls {Bolandcr); on sand and rocks in the
Washoe and West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and in the Wahsatch, U'atsun.

-1— -I— Ramification irregular, I'arehj suhplnnate : leaves decurrent, mostly sidcate ;
areolation narvonihj liexarjonal-rlioniblc, quadrate at the angles. — JJuaciiy-
THECIUM. (Brachi/fhecium, ISchimp.)

++ Pedicel smooth : moncecious, except n. 10.

10. H. Isetum, Bridel. Stems sleiuler, 3 or 4 inches long, bright green, Avitli
erect rather rigid branches : leaves ovate-lanccolatc, shortly acuminate, nmre or less
striate, very minutely .serrate above, areolation very long and very narrow : ca})sulo
erect-cernuous, narrowly oblojig-cylindric, subarcuate : ojierculnm narnnv-conic ;
annulus none: processes little shorter than the teeth, somewhat exceeding the 2
ciliohw. — Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 183, t. 115. liraclnjlheciuni latum, Bruch & Schimp.
1. c, t. 554.

Yosemite Vallej', simXa {Bolandcr) ; Wahsatch Mountains {jrafann) ; common eastward, and
also European.

11. H. CoUinum, Schleich. Stem densely radiculose, irregularly pitmate-
branched with shuit branchlets : leaves densely imbricated, ovate lanceolate, short-

If tip,, Hill. Musci. 413

acuiniiifito, scmiliito, aroolution liyalino, except at the anj,'les ; poricliiX>tial leaves
abruptly iiari'ow-acuiuinate : capsule cernuous, sliDrt-ovate, ^il)l)ous ; operculum ob-
tusely ncnmuuiia. — JJrachi/fheciwii collliinm, JU'Ucli Si, Schiiiip. 1. e., t. 548.

Yoseinite Valley, sterile (^o/a?i</rr) ; East Iluniboldt Mountains, Nevada (ll'd/soii) ; Cascade
Mountains {Lyalf) ; Rocky Mountains from Hritish America to Colorado ami Utah ; Europe.

12. H. Hillebrandi, Lescp Small and slender, yellowish; stem erect from an
irregularly subpinnately or iasciculately branched base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, serrulate, the flat margin subrellexed : cai)sule suberect on a pedicel
a hall-inch long or more, ovate upon a broad al)ruj)t coUum, constricted below the
hroad oblicpie mouth when dry : jjcristome pale yellow below, wliitish above, the
teeth, processes and cilinUe eipial. - — Mem. Calif. Acad. i. 33. Braclii/thecium Hille-
brandi, Lesq. ; Sulliv. Icon. Muse. 8up[)l. 1)8, t. 74.

On rocks, Merced Kiver, Bolnuifn:

II. SALF.nKOsuM, Iloirm., lias liccn collected in Wasliiiif^ton Territory and Northern Idaho
(L,/!,//), Northeitstern Nevada, and Colorado; also in tlio Atlantic States and Euro])e. It resem-
hles //. /(r/iiii), Imt is stouter, inotKeeidus, and with a turf,'id gililious-ovate cernnous capsule. —
Wilson, Hryol. Hril. t. [)3 ; Sulliv. in Cray's Man. 2 ed. t. .I. Binchi/thcciicn salcbrosinn, Drucli
k Schinip. 1. c, t. f) 19.

++ +* Pedicel routjhened.
= Monoecious.

13. H. rutabulum, Linn. IJather stout, loosely cespitose, deep or yellowish
green ; stems 3 to 5 inches long, Avith ascending or erect sparingly divided branches :
leaves spreading, broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, scarcely sulcate, loosely
rhombic-areolate : capsule cernuous or horizontal on a very rough purple pedicel,
oval or oblong, subarcuate, with double annulus and large acute-conic operculum :
peristome orange-red, pale above, the solitary cilioloe equalling the processes and
teeth. — lied w. Muse. Frond, iv, t. 12. Braclii/thecium ridahulum, Brucli »t Schimp.
1. c, t. 543.

West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {lf'al.<:ri,i) ; common in the Atlantic States and Enrope.

14. H. populeum, Iledw. Yellowish-green and silky; stems 2 or 3 inches
long, with ascending or arcuate branches : leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, serrulate above, margin ilat, costa reaching to the apex : capsule cernuous
upon a purple pedicel slightly scabrous above, oval or elliptic, with acute-conic oper-
cidinn and narrow aninilus ; peristome yellow, the appendiculate ciliolio frocpiently
imperfect. — lledw. S[)ec. t. 70 ; Fl. l.)an. t. 25G4. Jh'achytltecinm popideuin, Bruch
& Schimp. 1. c, t. 535.

In the Sierra Nevada {Ilillcbfand); Atlantic States and Europe.

H. iiFXLivuM, Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 33, t. 6, found in Northern Idaho (LyaU), has
lanceolate long-acuminate falcate-secnnd serrulate leaves, an oval ca]isnle horizontal and at length
pendulous on the rather stout and very scabrous pedicel, the 2 ajipendiculate ciliolffi equalling the
processes and teeth.

= = Dimcions.

15. H. asperrimum, iNIitten. Resembling //. Intmi, but with a more rigid
stem, the narrower leaves less plicate, and Avith fewer quadrate cells at the broadly
decurrent angles, the pedicel scabrous and the conic operculum long-apiculate; ciliolae
slightly ap])endiculate, equalling the i)rocesses and teeth. — Journ. Linn. Soc. viii.
33, t. 6. //. vallium, Sulliv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 506. Brachy-
theciiim asperrivuim, Sidliv. Icon. ^Iiisc. Suppl. 100, t. 7(5.

On rocks in canons (no/au'lcr) ; British Columbia, Doiojlns, LiinU.

IG. H. Bolanderi, Les<]. Broadly cespitose, pale green ; liranches elongated
and llexuous, or suberect and rigid, irregularly subi)innately branched : leaves
spreading, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, margin flat and serrulate, areolation
rather loose, narrow and pellucid, the alar ovate-qua<lrate ; pericluTtial leaves abruptly

^]^ MUSCI. lIiijJiKiiii.

attenuate to a llexuGse point : capsule ^iltbous-ovate on a rod ruj^^ose pedicel I inch
long, Avith broad compound annulusaml sliort acute-conic operculum : ciliohe '1, very
slender. — Trans. Anier. Tliil. Soc. xiii. lli ; Sulliv. Sc Lesip 1. c, n. 502.
On tlie ground under UinhcUuluiia Culij'oniicn, Ouklmid, liuhiiukr.

-H -I- -K- livanchiini jiiiinate or somewhat irnu/Kho' and fusclrlcd : Icarcs not
sulcate or scnrcel !/ so, nor decarreM ; areoUitton iincar-ohloii;/, rounded at tlie
a/n/Ies: Jlowcrs diunuous : enpsule sometimes nearlij erect and sabsyminctriral :
jiedlcel smooth.

17. H. myosuroides, Linn. Stems slender and branches incurved, often
flagelliionu : leaves ovale lanceolate, very linely acuminate, serrulate above, costate
beyond the middle ; perieluietial leaves with very slender abrupt recurved apex :
capsule oblong on a smooth elongated pedicel : processes (at length bifid) nearly
equalling the teeth, a half longer than the 2 ciliohe. — Engl. Bot. t. 15G7. Isothe-
cium myosuroides, Brid. ; r>ruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eur. t. 534 ; Fl. I)an. t. 2750.
Eurhynchium myosuroides, Schimp.

Near Sun Francisco, in dry woods (iJ/V/r/ow) ; Tort Discovery, Washinfjton Territory (r/tltriH;/) ;
Atlantic States and Europe, on tlie ground, rocks, and at the roots of trees. A very vai iaMe sjieeies,
to wliich the foUowing are jnoliably to be referred, and holding an intermediate jiobilion between
several of the.se nearly allied gioups or .so-called genera.

18. H. Stoloniferum, Hook. ^Much larger, the leaves more elliptical, minutely
pajiillose on the back aliove the miildle and more coarsely serrate, and cajjsulc more
drooping; the ciliohe lupialling the pioccssc-s. — Muse. Mxot. t. 71 ; Mitten, -louru.
Einn. Soc. viii. \\\ ; Lesip in Mem. Calif. Acad. ."U ; Sulliv. it Eescp Mu.sc. Am.-Uor.
Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 425. //. myosuroides, var. stoloniferum, Muell. Syn. ii. 500.

Connuon on trees in the Coast IJanges {Mcnzics, Hijdow, Ilulundcr^ and northwaid to Alaska.

19. H. Brewerianum, Ee.sip In dense tufts on dry rocks, of a ilarker color,
with sliort stems and abruiitly short-acuminate leaves strongly concave and scarcely
denticulate. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii. 12, and I^Iem. Calif. Acad. i. 32 ; Sulliv.
& Le-sq. 1. c, n. 42G.

Oil metainoiphic sandstone around San Francisco, Brewer, Bultaidcr.

20. H. aggregatum, ]Mitt. Densely tufted, dull yellow, the elongated branches
simple or sparingly divided : leaves broatlly ovate, shortly acuminate : capsule cylin-
dric, inclined, somewhat incurved ; operculum acuminate : ciliohe solitary, half as
long as the processes. — Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 35, t. G ; Lesq. in Mem. Calif. Acad,
i. 32. //. Brewerianum, var., Sulliv. &i Lesq. 1. c, n. 427.

On trunks of trees in deep canons, Oakland (Bolundrr) ; Vancouver Island, Lyall, Donglus.
Mitten, 1. c, describes several other species (//. acuticusjiin, etc.) of Washington Territory and
British Columbia, which much resemble these. //. /ciieocludulum and //. cumprcssulum, Mueli.
(Flora, xxxiii. 7i1), from Oakland, Oregon (..Wt/w.s), belong evi.lently to the same alliance.

4- H- ^- ^- BrancltUuj irrrf/uhir: h'.aves suJidecurrent, not snlcate ; areolatlon
very narrow, Jiexuous, dilated at tlie amjles : Jlowers dla^cious: ]/edicet rowjh.
— SCLEROPODIUM. {Sderopodlum, Schinii).)

21. H. CcespitOSUm, Wils. Densely cespitose, creojiing, with short sinqile
incurved brancluis : leaves spreading, subsecund, broadly ovate- to oblong-lanceolate,
acutely acuminate, concave, serrulate, margins Hat, costa reaching above the middle :
capsule oblong, suberect upon a minutely tuberculate [)urple ])edicel about \ inch
long, somewliat incurved ; o])erculum conic-rostellate. — Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2878,
and Bryol. Brit. t. 55 ; Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c, u. 510. Scleropodinm cwspitosum,
Bruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. 55G.

On shaded rocks and on the ground among redwoods, Oakland {Bolandrr) ; Europe.

22. H. illecebrum, Schwaegr. Li less dense bright green patches, with in-
curved obtu.si; Ijranches about an inch long : leaves closely indjricated, roundish

IhjpniCM. MUSCI. 415

ovato, lecurved-apiculato, very concave, minutely serrate above, margin flat, costa
ceasing (excurrent) above the middle : capsnlo cerimons or liori/ontal on a very
rough pedicel an inch long, ovate-oblong, al)ruj)tly incurved ; operculum convex-
conic, apiculate. — Engl. Dot. t. 2181); Wilson, Hryol. Brit. t. 35; Sulliv. & Lesq.
1. c, n. 508, 509. ll.hlandum, Hook; Engl. Jiot. Supj)]. t. 2715. Sderopodiinn
illecehrum, Scliimp. Ihyol. Eur. t. 557.

Oa j'lomul and rocks, S;iii Fiaucisco, Oakland, and in the Sierra Nevada {liolander) ; Europe.
Several foinis occur, sotnctinies in conijiact dark brown tufts, with densely inibri(;ated ovate obtuse
nearly entire leaves and julaceous branches (in water, Yoseniite Valley), or subdendroidal, with
acute nearly entire leaves.

23. H. Californicum, Lesq. Loosely cesi)itose, with rather long filiform root-
ing branches : leaves spreading and loosely imbricated, ovate lanceolate, acuminate,
concave, entire or nearly so, tlie stout nerve ceasing below the apex, alar areolation
ovate-quadrate and more or lessgranulose ; pericha^tial leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate
with long filiform acumination : capsule ovate-cylindric, pale green, cernuous upon a
long reddish pedicel papillose only above, somewhat constricte<l below the mouth,
at length erect; operculum broad-conic, acutish : peristome red, the inner yellow,
ciliohu solitary or in jjairs. — Trans, Amer. Phil. Soc xiii. 13 ; Sidliv. k Lesq. 1. c,
n. 511.

On rocks and dry sand near the bay of San Francisco, Bohindcr.

* =:■ Opeiunihun lonrj-beaked.

-t— Branchinf/ irregular: learea spread oxj eqiidlbj or subconrplannte : areolation
narroidu rhombic-Iiexagonal and suhjlexuase, dilated at the angles: ]jedicels
smooth. — KiiVNciiosTEGlUM. (^lihi/nchosteginm, Schimp.)

24. H. rusciforme, Weiss. Amphibious, rather rigid, deep or dusky green ;
branches siiljfascicled, rather long, often simple and naked below, arcuate : leaves
firm, somewhat flattened, roumlish ovate, shortly acuminate, serrate, costate nearly
to the apex, areolation narrowly long-rhombic : capsule ovate, cernuous ; annulus
broad ; operculum as long as the capsule : ciliola) (2 or 3) nearly e(pialling the red-
dish teeth. — //: nisrI/oUum, Neck. ; Engl. Dot. t. 1275; Fl. Dan. t. 2389. //.
riparioidts, Iledw. Muse. Frond, iv, t. 4. Rhi/nchodegium rusci/onne, Bruch &,
Schimp. 1. c, t. 515.

In a stream near Monte Diablo (Ilillebrnnr!, Bolnndrr) ; Atlantic States and Europe. //. liOt/ir,
Austin (Couit. IJot. Gaz. iii. 31), desciibcil from insullieient material, is referred by Mr. Austin
to this group ; collected in California by Mrs. J. Rny. It is said to be a small species, with
straight stems, distant ercctish leaves with oval- and oblong-rhombic ajeolation, etc.

•4- -4- Branching more or less jiinnate : areolation as in the last. — Eurhynchium.
(Eurhgnch iiun, .Schinq>.)

++ Pedicels smooth : leaves thiyi, suhsidcate.

25. H. Strigosum, Hoffm. Stem creeping or decumbent, an inch long or more,
the atteiuiated branches more or less erect, h inch long : leaves spreading, crowded,
widely cordate-ovate, short-acuminate or obtusish, concave, costate above the middle,
serrate to the base : male plants parasitic on the female : caj)sule cernuous or sub-
horizontal, ovate-ol)long or incurved-cylindric : ciliola3 in pairs, slender. — AVilson,
Bryol. Brit. t. 55. // pulrhelhim, Hedw. Spec. Muse. t. G8. Eurhynchium strigosum,
Bruch ife Schimp. Bryol. ¥mv. t. 519.

On wet grotind at Calaveras (\vo\'q {Bolnndrv) \ Fort Colville and (Jalton Jlountains (ZyaW) ;
Uinta Mountains ( H'ctsnu) ; Atlantic States, Chili, and Europe.

++ ++ Pedicels rough cnrd.
2G. H. Stokesii, Turner. Branches ascending, sim])le below, densely pinnately
or bipinnately l)ranched above : cauline leaves remotish, squarrose, acuminate-cordate,
on the branches smaller, erect-spreading, broadly ovate-lanceolate, sermte to the

41G iMUSCI. Ihjimum.

hixse, costate to uljove tlio middle ; periclitutial leaves squarrose : capsule horizontal,
oblong and suboylindiical, contracted below the throat wlien dry : teeth orange ;
jirocesses yellow, dehiscent; cilioUe 1 or 2, a half shorter. — Muse. llib. t. 15, lig. '1 ;
Fl. Dan. t. 2562, fig. 2 ; Sulliv. i Lesci. :Musc. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. -13.3.
HurhynchiwH ISlokesii, Ihuch it iSchiuii). 1. c., t. 52G.

On shaded ground and rocks, common {LkjcIow, Bolandcr) ; Vancouver Island (Lijnll, Wood) ;
Europe.

27. H. Oreganum, Sulliv. Very near the last, but larger and more robust, the
creeping stems (j to 12 inches long or more, once or twice divided, regularly and
closely pinnated : leaves thinner and firmer, the areolatioa longer and narrower ;
perichaitial leaves retiexed. — jNIem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. iv. 172, and Muse. AVilkes
Exp. IG, t. 13, B; Sulliv. & Lesq. 1. c, n. 431.

On decaying logs or on tlie ground in forests {IliQcIutc, Brewer, Lolaudcr) ; I'uget Sound {Pick-
eriny); Vancouver Island, H'ood.

28. H. COlpophyllum, Sulliv. Of similar habit, rather small : leaves scarious,
very concave, spreading, ovate, very shortly acuminate, margin Hat, serrulate, costa
slender, the dentate tip excurrent above the middle, areolation very narrowly hex-
agonal-rhombic ; perichtetial leaves oblong-lanceolate, Ituig-acuminate, nerveless,
spreading above : capsule oblong-cylindric, cernuous, .slightly curved, twice longer
than the straight stout-beaked operculum : ciliohe 2, e(pialling the teeth. — Eurht/ii-
diium colpojihjlluin, Sulliv. Icon. Muse. Suppl. IT), t. 71.

California, lUijcluw.

-1- -4— Ramificnt Ion fascicled and someicJint dendroid : learrs complanate : areo-
lation qiiadrate-rlionihic above, narrutrli/ obluny l/e/oic: pedicels smooth. —
Thammum. {Tliarnnium, Schinip.)

29. H. Bigelovii, Sulliv. Secondary stems arcuate-ascending, subfasciculately
branched, 1 to U inclies high, rather stiff, in close mats: leaves bright green,
spreading in two ranks, long-oblong, shortly acuminate, coarscily .serrate above, mar-
gin inflexed on one side, costa ceasing below the ajiex ; i)ericluetial leaves lanceolate,
linear-acuminate and serrate, suberect : llowers dioecious : capsule oblong-oval, in-
clined, with distinct collum, a little exceeding the strai-htish 0})erculum : ciliohe
in pairs, strongly a])pendiculate, nearly equalling the processes. — I'acif. i{. IJep. iv.
189, t. 8 ; Sulliv. it Le-s-i. 1. c, n. 423.

In valleys of the Coast Kangcs north of the bay of San iManci.-co, on shaded rocks, Bigchv;
Brewer, Bolauder.

H. Ai.i-KGUANIF.NSF,, Muell. Larger, 2 or 3 inches high ; leaves less distinctly coniydanate,
ovate-oblong, more concave, obtusish, coarsely serrate, costa dentate on the liack : flowers liisexiuil
or monoecious : operculum more obli(|ue. — Sulliv. Icon. Muse. l(il, t. 103 ; Sulliv. k Lescp 1. c,
n. 288. Tliamniuiii. J!lnjl„niinisr, liiucii .t S.liimp. //. mckcroides. Mitt, in Jouni. Linn. Soc.
viii. 38, not Hook. Vancouver Island ( Wood) aii.l .\tlantic States.

§ 3. Leaves smooth, vwsthj complanate or more or less senind, often shorth/ cos-
tate, bicostate, or nerveless : areolation mostly elo)ii/ated rhombic : pedicels
smooth: opterculum convex-conic

* Trre(jnlarly and sparinyhj branched, stolon iferavs : leares shinin;/, thin, dis-
tichoushj complanate, orate or orate-lanceolate, nerveless or shortly bicostate,
visually entire ; areolation narrowly rhomhic-liexayonal : mostly inonoecioiis. —
Plagiotheciu.m. (Playiothecium, Schinq).)

-1— Fcristome-teeth closely jointed ; ciliuhc present.

30. H. denticulatum, Linn. Stems i)rostrate, 2 or 3 inches long, with erect
subfasciculate l>raiiclies : leaves light green and glossy, obliquely ovate, short-acumi-
nate, concave with margin recurved below, bicostate at base ; areolation long-rhombic,
quadrate at the angles : capsule arcuate-oblong or -cylindric, on a red curved pedicel

ll'JV^^nm. MUSCI. 4]»j'

(iui inch lou-,' from tlio base of tlic l)rivnclics) ; operculum acute-conic : tcelli rctldisli
hrown, the solitary ciliolic as lon<,'. — HimIw. Muse. Frond, iv. 81, t. 31 ; Kii<,'l. 15ot.
t. 12G0 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 24 ; Jk-rkeley, I. c, t. 12, lig. 2. Playiotkedum denlicula-
tinn, Brucli & Schimp. 1. c, t. 501.

In tlic Coast IJaiigcs, Mendwino City, and on reawood trees in Jackson XaWoy (Bolander);
Fort ColviUe {Lyall) ; in tlie Wiiite Mountains and Europe.

31. H. undulatum, Linn. Procumbent, .sometimes G inches long or more, the
usually simple branches 2 inches long or more : leaves uhitish, crowded, ovate,
acute, transversely undulate, entire, one or both margins incurved at base, shortly
bicostate, arcolation very narrow : Ihnvers dicjccious : capsule subcylindric upon a
pedicel 2 inches long, curved, striate when dry, brownish yellow ; operculum acute
or rostellato : teeth yollowish ; ciliolaj 3, slightly shorter. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 282;
AVilson, 1. c. ; Berkeley, 1. c, lig. 4. Playiothecium undulalum, Brucli & Schimp.
1. c, t. :^()Q.

Swamps near the coast, Jlendocino County {Bolnndcr) ; Orpgoii (iXcwbcrn/) ; Fort Nisnuallv
{Pickering) ■ Fort Colville {Lyall) ; Europe.

II. ROBirsTCM, Hook. Stem creeping, with very stout decumbent densely leafv broad flattened
hranclies, 6 inches long or more : leaves yellowish, falcate-secund, lanceolate, narrowly acuminate,
striate, transvers(dy undulate, bicostate at base, serrulate at the apex : capsule oVate-oblong,'
nrcuate-horizontal on a i)e<licel an inch long. — Muse. Exot. t. 108; .'^chwaecr. Supiil. t. 261
.Strrrochn rohustm, Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 41. Oregon (//«//, Mohr) ; Kocky Mountains
{Drummond) ; also by Mcnzic.i.

II. PUi,cuF.T,LUM, Dicks. Small, branches erect, scarcely a half-inch long: leaves subfalcate-
secund, broadly lanceolate, narrowly attenuate, entire, nerveless, arcolation very narrow : capsule
oblong, suberect ; operculum convex-conic : teeth pale yellow ; cilinlre in pairs. — Ent'l. Bot
t. 200(3; Wilson, 1. c, t. 'I't ; Berkeley, I. c. fig. 1. LcsKxa jmlr.hrUa, Iledw. Spec. t. 55. '^Plagio-
thcciam indchcllum, Brucli k Schimp. 1. c, t. 497. Fort Colville {L>/(dl); Europe.

II. TURFACEKM, Liiidb. A similar slender species, with depressed-complicate and somewhat
folded rather long-acuminate leaves serrate to the miildle and nervrlcss : capsule oblong-cylindric,
symmetrical, cermious, .sulcate when dry; ciliola; one or two, long.— Fl. Dan. Suppl t Uj'
Fort Colville {Li/cdl) ; Europe.

H. F.LKOANM, liook. Stems procumbent, ]\ indies long : leaves distichmislv imbricated, ovate,
lanceolate, acuminate, nerveless or obscurely 2-nerved at base, serrulate at the apex, arcolation
very narrow : capsule iiendiilous upon a short arcuate pedicel, oblong-ovate, nearly symmetri-
cal ; operculum broad, abruptly rostellate : ciliola? 3, e(pialliiig the processes.— Muse. E\ot. t. 9 •
S.:hwa..rrr. Suppl. t. 282 ; Wilson, 1. c, t. 59 ; Berkeley, 1. c. fig. 2. Vancouver Island {Menzies) ':
White Mountains ; (Jreat Britain.

II. svLVATKUM, Liiui. Ifcsembliiig //. daificidnfum, but stouter and with duller darker
green foliage, the leaves less complanate, not acuminate : (lowers direcious : operculum loner-conic
-Schwaegr. Supi.l. t. 87; Wilson, Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 293(5, and I. c, t. 59. Plmjiol.hecium
sijh-alicum, Bruch & Schimp, 1. c, t. 503. Oregon {Jlafl) ; White Mountains ; Europe.

■t- -1- Peristome-teeth remotely jointed ; ciliolce none.
II. TRicnoiMroiu'M, Spruce. Resembling //. dcnficii/a/nvr, but more slender : leaves less com-
l>lanate and less spieailiiig, sulcate, pilose-a[.ii'ulate : capsule narrower, suberect or erect when
dry. — Pldgiolhtcium pilifcvum, Bruch k Schimp. 1, c, t. 49(5. Oregon {Hall) ; Rocky Moun-
tains of British America {Drummond) ; Europe.

* * Creeping, irregnlarbj branched, never atoloniferoiis : leaves dull ov shininrf,
spreading orsnbserund,ovat<'.dnnreoJ(ite to lanceolate, costate to above the middle)
areolation rather loose, not linear nor Jlexuose : monoecious. — Asiblystegium.
{Amblystegium, Schimp.)

-<- Leaves dull: areolation wholly parenchymatous.
32. H. COmpactum, Muell. Stejns slender, mostly erect, an inch long or
more, in broad very compact tufts, fasciculately branched : Icmvcs erect-spreacfing,
rarely subsecnnd, narrowly ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, slightly serrulate espe-
cially toward the base, the stout costa continuous nearly to the apex : areolation nar-
rowly rhombic and subllextiose, subcpiadrate at the angles : capsule slightly inclined
on au elongated pedicel, oblong with distinct collum, slightly incurved, contracted

^]g }>IUSCI. Iliiimuvu

below the broad mouth \\\\o.n dry ; operculum conic-rostelhite ; annulus simple :
l)rocesses shorter than the pale yellow teeth ; cilioke solitary, very short. — Syu. ii.
408; SuUiv. Icon. Muse. 201, t. 123.

On streambaiiks, West Ilumbolilt Mountains, Nevada {Watson); FortColville {Lyall); British
America, Druinntuitd. Common in various iorms liom Caliloruia to Alaska and across the con-
tinent ; also in Europe and South America.

33. H. serpens, Linn. Densely cespitose, with simple filiform flexuose-erect
branches : leaves spreading, erect when dry, very small, ovatedanceolate, narrowly
acuminate, entire, costate to the middle or nearly to the apex : capsule incurved-
cernuous, long-cylindrical, subarcuate, strongly arcuate when dry ; operculum convex-
conic, acute : ciliohc in jjairs, eipialling the reddish teeth. — Ileilw. JNIusc. Frond,
iv. 45, t. 18; Engl. Bot. t. 1037. //. contextnni ami //. spinulosum, lledw. Spec,
t. G9, 72. Ambli/steyium serpens, Bruch k, Schimp. 1. c, t. 5G4.

Conmion in Culilornia {Biqclow), on tlie roots of bushes in swamps {Bulandcr), on the ground
near Crescent City (Jlrcii'cr) ; mounlains of Ne\a<hi {Wutsnu) ; and from Ahiska to British
America, Colorado and tiie Atlantic Slates ; Europe and South America. A very variable species.
//. radicalc, Beauv. (Schwaegr. Snppl. t. 20. Ainbhjstcgium mdicalc, Bruch k Schimp. 1. c,
t. 565), is a nmre robust and ligid form, with leaves nearly twice larger and more abruiitly acumi-
nate from a broader base. //. urlhochulon, Beauv. (Sulliv. Icon. Muse. t. 122), and //. notcro-
philuni, Sulliv., which have been credited to the Pacitic Coast, togetlier with various other
supposed species, are considered referable to this.

■4- -J- Leases thin and s/tiniiu/ : areolatlon narrowly rhombic, rather loose at
base, rectanyalar at the anyles.

34. H. riparium, Linn. Creeping, in swampy places, or often in water with
the stems and branches much elongated, distantly and subpinnately branched :
leaves remote or somewhat crowded, usually distiehously complanate, rarely sub-
secund, broadly ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, more or less long-acuminate, entire, costa
ceasing above the middle : capsule oblong-cylindric, cernuous, incurved : ciliohe 2 or
3, a third shorter than the processes. — Iledw. Muse. Frond, iv, 7, t. 3 ; Engl. Bot.
t. 20G0 ; Berkeley, Brit. Mos.s. t. 0, fig. 3. Amblysteyium riparium, Bruch & Schimp.
1. c, t. 570. Ambli/steyium vacillans, S\dliv. Icon. Suppl. DG, t. 72 ; fide Austin.

Frequent in California (Duicloir, Bracer, Bolandcr) ; Northeastern Nevada and Utah ( Watson) ;
connnon in the Atlantic Sbites and ranging from Greenland to Cuba, ami throughout Europe.

§ 4. Leaves smooth and shining, squarrose or nsiiall y falcate-secnnd, nerveless
or shortly 1 - 2-costate : areolation linear, usually Jl ex nose or vermicular:
jiedicels smooth: operculum convex-conic or rostellate. — Hvpn'Um proper.

* Stem rootless or nearly so (except in n. 37), ascendiny; branches siibjnnnafe
with arcuate branchlets : leaves p'rni, falcate-secund,Ji I ijhrnily attenuate, costate
beyond the middle or nearly to the apex: mostly marsh species. — Haiu'IDIUm.

H- Dioecious.

35. H. aduncum, Hedw. Stem erect, 2 to G inches long, slender, sparingly
branched, and subpinnate with short sim|)le branchlets : leaves crowtled, lanceolate,
long-acuminate, striate, subserrulate below, the stout costa reaching nearly to the
apex; areolation somewhat rectangular, broader and sub(piadrate in the angles:
capsule cernuous, incurved-oblong, at length arcuate ; aniudus broad, compouml ;
operculum convex-conic : ciliohw 2 or 3, short. — Muse. Frond, iv. G2, t. 24 ; Fl.
Dan. t. 25G3, 2G21 ; Bruch & Schimp. Bryul. Eur. t. G05, and Sui)pl. Ilypn. t. 1 ;
Berkeley, 1. c, t. 10, fig. 2.

In swamps near San Francisco (Bolandcr) ; Virginia and Clover Afountains, Nevada (Watson) ;
British America to the Atlantic States, in South Ameiica and through Europe. A very variable
species.

36. H. exannulatum, Tiumb. Distinguished from the last by its more shining
and more hooked secund leaves, costate to the apex and with very narrow closer

ll'JVnnm. iMUSCI. ^jq

nroolution, sorrulato ospodiiUy 1,dow an<l remotely .lonticulate above, tl.o capsiilo
w.tl.out anmih.s. It dillers IVoin ll.jinitam in its linner narrower less crowde.l
more falcate and more narrowly are..late leaves, more distinctly auricled at base, and
the larger penstouie with a broader basal membrane. — Bryol. Eur t G02

Var. cochlCce, Austin. St.un strict, rigid : loaves erect, variegated with purple
usually entire above and spirally twisted when dry, distinctly serrate at the sli-iltlv
narrowed base - Coult. 13ot. Gazette, ii. 143. JJichelyma ^wartzii, Lesq. in Mem.
Calif. Acad. i. 28 ; Sulliv. X- Lesq. 1. c. 2 ed. ii. 344.

In n,.laM,l swamps, Tulare County {Ihrvrr) ■ in pools on Mount Dana nn.l swan.ps nnar Mrn-
docu.o City, Lolandrr. A lui.opcnn spc-ea-s, lorn..sol- which are also lound in the Atlantic States.

37. H. commutatum, Iledw. Stem procumbent or suberect, pinnately
branched, 4 to 12 luciics long or more, brownish tomentcse ; branches slender A
inch long: leaves falcate-secund, twiste.l when <l,y, ovatedanceolate from a broad
base, narrowly acuminate, sulcate, the upper auricle Hat and erose-denticulate, the
lower decurreut and entire, the stout costa reaching to the apex, arcolation lon<'-
hnear, subtlexuous, hexagonal-quadrate at the angles : capsule oblong-cylindrical
cernuous and arcuate; annulus broad; operculum acute: ciliohe 3, Ion" —Muse
Frond. IV. 08, t. 20 ; Ih-ucli .k Schimp. 1. c, t. 007; IJerkeley, 1. c, t. 10, fig. 5.
On the east sitle of Mono Pass (Bohmirr) ; Eutope.

H. Fn.iciNTM, Linn More slender than the last and less regularly pinnate, the much smaller
umer and more .stoutly costate leaves not twisted when dry and the areolation much shorter :
ton.entun, more donse : annulus sunple. - Iledw. Spec. t. 76; En^l. Hot. t. 1.570; Bruch &
Sclump. 1. c. t 60). ^\ash.ngton lerntory Ul/all) ; Kocky Mountains from British America
to Utah and Colorado ; Atlantic States and Eiuope.

•i- -H- Monoecious.
38. H. uncinatum, Iledw. Stem erect or prostrate, remotely pinnate-branched
slender, aI)out 2 inches long; branchlets falcate: leaves crowded, yellowish green
and glossy, strongly falcate-secund, very long and narrow and subsctaceous from a
broad ba.se, distinctly i)licate-striate, serrulate, costate to near the apex ; areolation
very narrow, looser at base and more broadly rectangular at the angles ; pericliKtial
leaves very long and hair-pointed, erect, striate : capsule oblong-cylindric, cernuous,
incurved: ciliola) 2, nearly ecpialling the processes. — lAIusc. Frond, iv. G5 t 25-
]}ruch & Schimp. 1. c, t. GOO; JJerkeley. I. c, t. 11, fig. 1. ' • >

Fre-iuent in the Sierra Neva.la, and throu-hofit North America from nirtic regions fo Utah.
Colorado and the Atlantic States ; also Europe and Asia.

II. FMiiTANS, Linn. Stems pinnate, erect or lloating, in swamps or stagnant waters, X to 1
foot long or more; leaves loosely iml.neated, llaceid and often not fah^ate-secund, lon^^-Ianceolate
and acununate nearly entii^, costate to above the middle : annulus none : eilioht often imperfect
or united - tedw. Muse. Frond, ly. 94, t. 36 ; Eng. Bot. t. 1448 ; Bruch .^- S,himp. I. c, t. 602.
Oregon (IlnU) ; Uinta Mountains (/^<^^so«) ; from Arctic America to the Atlantic States' and in
Europe and South America.

* * Stem more or lesK regularl;/ jihindfc: ffavrs crowd rd nyid /((/cate-seanid in
one or two ranks, shortly bicostate or nerue/ess: areolation narrowly linear
quadrate at the anyles. — Drei'anmum. '

39. H. fertile, Seudt. In soft depressed subcircular l)right green and yellowish
tufts, densely pinnately branched : leaves somewhat 2-ranke(|, "narrowly lanceolate
and attenuate to a hair-like apex, strongly incurved, .subcircinate when dry, minutely
serrulate at the apex, the lower margin rellexed, very obscurely bicostate at base :
Howers monojcious : cai)sule oval or oblong, cernuous, subarcuate, brownish above,
paler below, with broad annulus and large convex-apiculate operculum. — Bruch &.
Schimp. 1. c, t. 591.

On rocks in the Calaveras (Jrove {Bolandcr) ; Europe.

40. H. subimponens, Lesq. Stems procumbent, sparingly branched, slender,
the branches closely plumose-pinnate : leaves strongly falcatcsecu'nd, ovate- to oblon<'-

^20 MUSCI. 1 Illinium.

lanceolate, long-acuminate, snbdenticulate at the apex, nerveless or obscurely bicostate
at base ; quadrate alar cells lew or none : llowers dioecious : capsule long-cylindric,
subcernuous, curved, with broad compound annulus and obtuse conic or sub-
rostellato operculum: ciliohe 2, a little shorter than the processes. — Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc. xiii. U ; SuUiv. & Lesq. Muse. Am.-Bor. Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 476; Sulliv.
Icon. Muse. Suppl. 103, t. 79. ll.plamijer, Mitten, Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 41, t. 7 ]

Oil slui.led lo.Us in woods, at Oaklaiul and in the Sii'iia Nevada (Uolmuur) ; Vanconver Island,
Lyall. Mitten's si-eeies aj^jear to diller only in the somewhat uioie naiiowly and aeutely beaked
oi)erciihini.

41. H. Circinale, Hook. Stems creeping, slender, 2 to 4 inches long, flexuous,
simply pinnate, the numerous branches scarcely \ \w\\ long, or .souKitimes 2 indies
Ion" and flexuous: leaves sccund, lanceolate with u long-subulate subserrato apex,
strmigly circinnate, nerveless; pericluetial leaves erect; basal areolation vesicular,
yellow : capsule small, ovate upon a broad arcuate colhim, horizontal or subpendu-
lous ; operculum short-conic : ciliohe 1 or 2, rather shorter than the processes. —
Muse. Exot. t. 107; Sulliv. & Lestp 1. c, n. 474. //. Sajuoieli, Muell. in Flora,
1875, 91.

In the Coast Ranges, on redwoods (Bolandcr) ; at the base of trees, Siskiyou Mountains
(Brewer) ; Washington Territory (Pickering) ; Vancouver Uhind, Li/all, Menzics.
* * * Stem pi'ostrate and ascemlinr/, irrerjularl i/ hranehed : leaves secund or

spreaduuj ereri/waij, hivadlij ovate to loii/j-lunceolate, shovtlij or ohsoletehj 1-2-

fostate, areola'tion very nurrutvlij linear. — LiMNOiiiu.M.

42. H. arcticum, Somraerf. Branches elongated, crowded, simjjle, rigid, obtuse,
1 or 2 inches long or more : leaves reddish or yellowish brown, widely spreading,
roundish, subacute or obtuse, entire, bicostate to the midiUe, areolation not dilated
at tho angles : llowers nionojcious : capsule .suberect or ceruuous, oval upon u dis-
tinct narrow colluin, arcuate when dry ; annulus double ; operculum short-conic,
acute : ciliolae short. — AVahl. Fl. Lapp. Suppl. t. 2 ; Lruch & Schinip. 1. c, t. 578 ;
Wilson, 1. c, t. 5G ; Berkeley, Brit. Moss. t. 7, fig. 3.

On Mount Uana, in streams, submerged (Bolumlcr); Oregon (Hall); Roeky Mountains of
British Ameriea (Drummoml) ; Europe.

H. EUGVniUM, Schimp. Leaves broadly ovate- to oblong-hmeeohite, shortly acuminate, sub-
falcate-secund, more or less complicate aiul contorted, shortly bicostate, the alar areolation large,
pellucid and yellow : flowers niMhaeious : capsule ovate-oblong, cernuous-incurved ; annulus very
broad : cilioliE nodose. — Sulliv. k Les^i. 1. c, n. 303 (2 ed. n. 450). I.imnuhiam ciujijrunn,
Bruch k Schimp. 1. c, t. 579. Oregon (Hall) ; in the Alleghanies and While Mountains ; also
in Europe.

H. ociiu\CF.UM, Turner. Stem and branches elongated : leaves falcate-secund, ovate- to
elon-rated oblong-lanceolate, short- or long-a.'uminate, more or le.ss contorted, striate, costa single
or forked, reaching to the middle ; iiericluetium s-juarrose : llowers dueeious : capsule ovate or
oblon", arcuate ujion an erect attenuate collum ; annulus broad, triple: ciliohe very slender. —
Wilson, 1. c, t. 58 ; Sulliv. k Ees(i. 1. e., n. 305. Limnobium uchraccum, Brucli & Schimp.
1. c, t. 580. Oregon (Hall) ; White iMouiitains ; Europe.
* -k * * Sterna ji'oinateJij or hlplnnatehj branched: leaven sltbuna, ovnte-rordate

to ohlong, spreading every way or rarely secund, shortly costate : dia-cions. —

Hylocumiu.m.

H. SPLENDENS, Hedw. Stcms 2 to 6 inches long, interruptedly 2-3-pinnate, villous : .stem-
leaves broadly ovate-oblong, eirrhose-acumiiiatc, concave, serrulate, nmrgiii below recurved, bi-
costate at base: capsule ovate, ceruuous, curved ; operculum with slender acute beak. — Sjtec.
t. 67 ; En"l. Bot. t. 1424. Hi/hcomiian splcndcns, Schimi>. Bryol. Eur. t. 4S7. Oregon (I'lck-
ering] Newberry, Hall); Vancouver Island (Lyall, Wood) ; Atlantic States ami Euioi)e.

H. TRIQUETRUM, Linn. Stem erect, 6 inches higli or more, rigid, sub|>innate, witli drooping
branches an inch long : leaves squarrose, triangular-.aeumiiiat« from a cordate clasping lias.',
plicate-striate and bicostate to the middle, serrulate above : capsule roundish ovate, gibbous,
cernuous; annulus simple; operculum conic-mamillate. — Engl. Bot. t. Iti22. Hylocomtuin
triquetrum, Schimp. 1. c, t. 49L

Cascade Mountains, Oregon (Kcwhcrry) ; Columbia River (Hall) ; Europe.

Spha.iniim. Sl'IlAl iN ACEJ']. 4'Jl

II. i.uitr.uM. Linn. Stem inoro or less cn-ct, less ri^'id, A to 1 foot lonj:j, incfiulmly pinnnto :
Iciivcs sciniuToso, mnirvctl iind snhsccnnd, ovate-Iunct'olato, iicnniiniitf, i>liiiili'-.striate Im'Iow nnil
usually '2-norvc'(i at base, seiiulntu : capsulo subglohoso, abiiiiitly liorizontal, suloate when dry ;
oiuTculinn short-conic, ajiicuiate. —Engl. Hot. t. 2072 ; Berkeley, 1. c, t. 1), lig. 4. Jlylocomium
lorcum, Schiinp. 1. c., t. 490. Oregon {Pickering, Hall, Ncviiis) ; Vancouver Island {Lyall, IVood);
Europe.

OuuEii CXXYII. SPHAGNACE^.

Moss-like soft and flaccid plants, in bogs or s\vani]is, fascicnlatcly branched and
with imbricate concave nerveless colorless and nearly transparent leaves, and bearing
an operculate capsule containing both macrospores and microspores. Inflorescence
dioecious, or mona'cious with the male and female flowers on different ])ranches. Male
flowers never terminal, upon clavate catkindike branches, the antheridia solitary at the
side of each leaf, globose or ovoid, pedicellate, bursting elastically at the top and soon
decaying. Archegonia Avith numerous filamentous arachnoid paraphyses, globose,
1 to 3 in a budlike terminal involucre, only one perfecting fruit, which after fertili-
zation is raised out of the pericluctium by a threaddike prolongation of the stem
(pseudopodium) and remains sessile upon the dilated discoid summit of the pedicel,
the envelope or calyptra bursting irregularly at maturity. Cai)sule spherical or
ovoid, with convex operculum, the orifice without peristome or annulus ; the short
thick columella not extended beyond the base of the hemispherical sporangium.
Spores of two kinds, the larger tetrahedral, the others polyhedral and many times
smaller. Macrosporo on germination producing a slender filamentous or at length
expanded prothallus on which leaf-buds are formed.

An order intermediate in its characters between the true Mosses and the Ifrpnticn-, consisting of
a single genus of long-lived perennials, of temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres. The
stems consist of a cylinder of brown firm thick-wallecl cells, enclosing a bundle of thin cells, and
surrounded by one or more layers of very broad empty jierforated cells (xlriilrs) with a network
of intermediate narrow tubular cells (duds) containing chlorophyll. A fascicle of short branches
is produced by the side of the insertion of each fourth leaf, some reflexed, sterile and appressed to
the stem, and others spreading, the uppermost fascicles crowded into a dense terminal jnass. A
solitaiy innovation arises from near the summit. Iiliizoids none. Leaves .'J-ranked, broad-ovate
to linear-lanceolate, formed of heterogeneous tissue similar to that of the epidermis of the stem.
The porous structure of the stem and leaves makes them exceedingly absorbent of moistvue, and
in their native bogs they are always soaked with water to their very summits like a sponge. As
by their innovations they are continually growing at the top while decaying at the bottom, they
at length form deep deposits of "peat" and .supjily an excellent fuel in regions where wood is
wanting.

1. SPHAGNUM, DiUenius.
Characters as of the order.

About r)0 species are known, 22 in North America. The genus is sparsely represented in
California.

* Leaven obtuse, roundish or elliptical.

1. S. cymbifolium, Khrh. Stems robust, 3 inches to a foot long or more ; branches
3 to G in a fascicle, short, tumid, the cortical cells spiral-striate : cauline leaves mostly
reflexed, spatulate, rounded at the apex ; branch leaves imbricate, roundish ovate,
cucullate and entire, very concave, jiapillose on the back near the apex : flowers
di(jecious : capsule globose on an elongatcMl pedicel, stoniatose, — "Wilson, Jiryol.
IJrit. t. 4; Schimp. Sphagn. HI), t. 20; Sidliv. in Cray's jNIan. 2 ed. t. 1 ; Berkeley,
Brit. Moss t. 2, fig. 1. *S'. latlfolium, Iledw. ; Engl. IJot. t. UOf).

Swamps near Meiulocino City (Bolandrr) ; Atlantic States, coniniou; throughout Europ. Pale
or frefiuently purplish.

^22 SPIIAGNACE.E. V"I/"""'-

2. S. compactum, V>v'u]. Stems more or less densely cespitose, 2 to 5 inches
high, dichotuiuourily ilivided ; branches 2 or 3 in a fascicle, much crowded, short,
erect or spreading ; cortical utricles without striie : cauline leaves minute, ovate,
reilexed ; branch leaves erect-spreading, ovate-oblong, concave with inllexed margin,
obtusely toothed and usually cucuUate at the apex ; ducts compressed and wholly
included between the utricles : nionrticious, the male flowers on the penchdous
branches : cap.sulo immersed or shortly emergent, truncate-ohlung. — Schwaegr.
Sujjpl. t. 3; Wilson, 1. c, t. Gl. S. rlyiduiii, tSchimp. 1. c, t. 18.

Yoseniite Valley in tliu si.ray of Venial Falls, ami on IMount Hana {Uohindn-) ; Alleghany
Mountains ; Euioi)e.

3. S. moUuSCUm, Bruch. Stems delicate, very fragile, 2 to G inches high,
very softly cesi)ituse, simple or biparted ; branches 1 to 3, short, slender, all spreading
or 1 or 2 retlexed : stem leaves erect-sjjreading or reilexed, ruundish ovate with in-
curved margin ; branch leaves loosely imbricated or occasionally secund, elliptical or
ovate-oblong, very concave, incurved above ; ducts comj)resse(l-triangular, the lower
surfixce free : dioecious, the male plants usually in distinct tufts : capsule small, red-
dish, more or less exserted. — Wilson, 1. c, t. GO; Schimp. 1. c, t. 21 ; Berkeley,
1. c., fig. 3.

Cascade Mountiiins, Oregon (Xcwhcrrij) ; New Jersey ; Euro])e.

* * Leaves acute or acuminate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
•»- Leaves erect-spreadiiKj.

4. S. acutifolium, l^hrh. Stems slender, 5 to 10 inches long, loosely cespitose,
usually more or less tinged with purple ; branches in numerous fascicles of 3 to 5,
slender, attenuate : cauline leaves acuminate-ovate, mostly erect, concave, erose at
the apex ; branch leaves imbricate, ovate- to long-lanceolate, very concave, erose at
the slightly truncate apex ; ducts triangular, the \\\^\^QV side free : flowers mona^cious :
capsule long-i)edicelled. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 5 ; AVilson, 1. c, t. 4 ; Schimj). L c,
t. 13, 14; Berkeley, 1. c, fig. 4. *S'. cajn/ll/olinm, lledw. ; Kngl. Jlot. t. 140G.

Upper Tuolunnie Canon and on Mount Dana (Bulandcr) ; on the Coluniliia Kiver (lycivbcrrij) ;
frequent in the .Vtlantic States and Eun)]ie.

5. S. fimbriatum, Wilson. IMuch like the last, but more slender and delicate,
green, never puridisli, often a foot long or more ; branches very attenuate, arcuately
decurved : cauline leaves closely appressed, obovatespatulate, very obtuse, laciniately
fringed ; branch leaves acuminate, entire at the apex ; pericluctial leaves large,
obovate, repand, and convolute : pedicel .shorter. — Biyol. Brit. t. GO ; Schimp. 1. c,
t. 15.

On Mount Brewer, nt 11,000 feet altitude (llolandrr); British Aineiiea (Dnnnmoud) ; northern
Atlantic States and Europe.

6. S. Mendocinum, Sulliv. & Les(i. Stems 7 to 10 inches long, in loose
floating mats, reddish yellow above, i)ale yellowish below ; branches in fascicles of
3 to 5, long, flexuose and attenuate, spreading : cauline leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish,
suberect or recurved-spreading ; branch leaves loosely ind)ricate, oblongdanceolate,
acuminate, concave, convolute and toothed at the apex; ducts narrowly triangular,
the outer side free : fruit unknown. — Sulliv. Icon. j\l\i.sc. Sujipl. 12, t. 3. S. aiiri-
cidatum, Lesq. Mem. Clalif. Acad. i. 4, not Schimp. ; Sulliv. k L(!S(]. Muse. Am.-lior.
Exsicc. 2 ed. n. 23.

In great bogs near King's lliver, at 8-0,000 feet altitude {Bmrrr); swaniiis near Mendocino
City, Bolaiukr.

-I- -^ Leaves more or less squarrose or subsecund.

7. S. subsecundum, Nees and Hornsch. Stems 3 to G inches long or more,
in yellowish green or often brownish variegated mats; cortex simple ; brancluis 2
or 3 together, attentiate or llagelliform, recurved : caidine leaves small, broadly

Sphiujiutm. SrilAGNACE.K. 423

ovate cucullate and obtusish at the apex ; brancli leaves loosely imbricated or usually
secund and subfalcate, broadly acuniinatc-ellii.tic, very concave with incurved mar-
gins, 2 - 3-toothed at the apex ; ducts much compressed : llowers dioecious : capsule
long-pedicelled. — Lryol. Germ. i. 17, t. 3; Schimp. 1. c, t. 22, 23: Fl. Dan. t
2754. .S'. contort nm, Schultz; Wilson, 1. c, t. GO.

Var. longifolium, Lesq. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, elongated. — Mem. Calif.
Acad. 1. 4.

Ill wet n.oadows MMiiposa Grove, an.l tl.e variety in swamps near Memlocino City (Bolandcr) •
Atlantic btates and Knioiic. '' ' '

8. S. squarrulosum, Les.p Imperfectly described : slender, den.sely cespitose,
deep green above, whitish beneath ; cortex double ; branches long, slender: branch
leaves lanceolate, scpiarrose above the middle : fruit unknown. — Mem. Calif. Acad.
1. 3. ,S'. sqiiarrosH7)i, var. squarrulosum, ISchimp. 8yn. 2 ed. 83G.
Lcl^ ul-^ "^ ^yiIIian^3 Lake, near Lassen Peak, at 5,000 feet altitude {Brewer) ; also detected by

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

TO VOL. I.

Tiige xii. Insert at bottom.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate simple leaves, nioncecious
llowers, and 3-lobed S-seeded capsule. Argytlianinia in Euphoubiace.e, 87.

Page xvii. Insert at end of group * * * * .

Fruit a 3-lobed and 3-celled 3-seeded capsule. Flowers monrecious, mostly 5-mcrous. Filaments
united. Styles 1 -3-dichatonious. Herbs or shrubs witli alli-rnate simple leaves and
purplish juice. Arcythasisia in £uj)horbiacecE {vol. ii. tit)).

Page 2. Insert in Sijnopsis of Genera.

4". Trautvetteria. Flowers jierfect, corymbose, white. Sepals not spurred. Petals none.
Akenes numerous, cajiitate, 4-angled.

6". Coptis. Petals linear-filiform, cucullate in the middle. Leaves ternate, radical from a run-
ning rootstock. Stem scape-like. Carpels 3 to 7, stii)itate.

Page 4. 2. ANEMONE.

2*. A. Dnimmondii. Rosemblin<f A. multijiiht, but rather more sleiuler, and
the villous pubescence luore scanty and less spreading : leaves mostly smaller, witli
shorter and narrower segments : lieads ovate : btyle more shnider and elongated
(l.V lines long) : akenes larger and oblong (2 lines long), and less densely woolly. —
A. Baldensis, Ilook. Fl. Dor. -Am. i. 15.

Sierra County (Lcminon) \ Lassen's Peak, at 9-11,000 feet altitude (Mrs. Justin); Scott
Mountains, near snow (Greene, Leminon) ; and in the Rocky Mountains, hit. 41)° (Lijall) and hit.
52-55°, Drammind. A. niiUifida does not appear to have been yet found in California, though
collected on the Columbia Hiver by Doiujlas and in the Clover Mountains, Nevada, by IVatsun.

3. A. nexnorosa, Linn. A form of this species with large bright blue flowers
occurs in Oregon, on Hood River (^.\frs. P. G. Barrett, J. lluwcll), and in Klickitat
County, Washington Territory, W. X. Saksdorf.

4. A. deltoidea, lI«>ok. Head of 8cott River, near Jackson Lake, Siskiyou
County, Rtv. E. L. (Jreene.

3. THALICTRUM.

The Californian species are the following.

* Fluivers d'uecious : anthers llneAir, acute or acuminate.

1. T. polycarpum, Watson. Rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high or more, glabrous :
leaves witli short [)etioles or the U])per sessile; leaflets variable, 3 to 12 lines long;
lobes acutish to acuminate : panicle narrow, often small, the staminate usually
crowded on short pedicels : anthers acute, on very slender filaments : fruit in dense
heads, compressed, broadly oblong-obovate or obovate, abrujitly acute, 2\ or 3 lines
long : seed linear, terete, nearly 2 lines long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 288. T.
Fendleri, var. {\) jioli/carpiim, Torr. in Pacif R. Rep. iv. Gl, in part.

Common in the Coast Ranges from Monterey to the Columbia River, and in the Sierra Nevada
from liic VoM-mite Valby and Mono Pas. noitlnvard.

ADJMTIUNS AND COUKECTlONrf TU \UL. 1.

425

^. T. OCCldentale, Gmy. Of similar liabit, tlie leallets generally somewhat larger

rarely with a sliyiit minute imberulenco beneath: panicles more "slender and open'

lie staminate very diiruse with slender elongated pedicels: styles ,nnre attenuate':

Iruit few (1 to G) m each head narrowly oblong (3 or 4 lines long) and narrowed at

each end : seed nearly 3 lines long. — l^roc. Amer. Acad. viii. 372 ; AVatson 1 c

In woods near Mount Grayl,acl<, San IVrnanlino Couuty (Lcvimon) ; Plumas County (^frs
L. M. Austin) ; and couinion ui Oivgon and Washington Territory. ^ ^

iZ'J^?J^Jfnr'7' f I'" ^^""f^ Mountains and Utal., also found in tl.e East llun.l.oldt Moun-
tan.s Nevada {IFatson), l.as not yet appeared IVo.n California. Hatl.er low and slender occa-
sionally soniewliat puLcscent, with usually small leaflets and an open pani.lc : anthers setose v
acuminate : fruit slightly glandular-puherulent, ol.long to ovate, acum nate, 2 or 3 nes S^-
.seed broader and somewhat llattcned, U lines long. < ' <> ">iio •

* * Flowers iisualbj jm-fcct : anthers small, eliiptk-obloiuj, obtuse.

3. T sparsiflorum, Turcz. Slender, glabrous, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves sessile
or nearly so ; leallets varying much in size (3 to 15 lines long), with obtuse often
nnicronate lobes : panicle loosely few-llowered ; jiedicels elongated : fruitin-' lieads
nodding, the largo divaricate akenes strongly compressed, semi-obovate, "shortly
pedicellate, slightly nerved. — Kegel, Thalict. 3, t. 1.

Parry's Canon, west side of Mount Gray back, San Hernardino County {Lanmon) ; Warner Val-
ley and Hig Spnng Plumas County {Mrs. R. M. Austin); in the mountains of Colorado and
Utah, and northward to Alaska. Also in Siberia.

Page 5. 4». TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. False Bucbane.

Sepals usually 4 (3 to 5), concave, petal-like, soon deciduous. Petals none. Pis-
tils numerous. Akenes capitate, meniln-anaceousinflated, 4-aiigled. Seed ascend-
ing.—A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, and small corymbosely
panicled white flowers.

Three closely allied species, or forms, belonging to the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts and Japan
respectively. '

1. T. grandis, Nutt. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves few, the radical
long-petiolate, the cauline on short petioles, thin, (leei)ly r)-7-lobed, tlie lobes acu-
minate and irregularly laciniate-toothed ; underside of the leaves and the- panicle
sparingly pubescent with spreading curled hairs : akenes little more than a line long,
in globose heads, broadly gibbous at base, rather abrui.tly beaked by the slender
revolute style. — Torr. & Gray, PI. i. 37. T. palmata, var. occidentalis, Gray, Proc.
Amer. Acad. viii. 372.

On Jlill Creek, Plumas County {Mrs. n. M. Austin) ; Oregon. T. palmata, of the Atlantic
States, has more coriaceous strongly veined leaves, tlie cauline sessile, and the larger akenes
(2 lines long or more) oblong-obovate, acute at base, and abruptly beaked by the short style.
'J'he Japanese form ha.s a narrowly ovate akene more attenuate npward into the straitish style.

5. RANUNCULUS.

1. R. hederaceus, Linn. The forms referred to this species should doubtless
be considered as heterophyllous states of li. aquadlis. The plant collected by Bige-
loiv (var. Lobhii) has 3-lobed floating leaves, at least the lateral lobes usually notched,
A more common form (var. heiernphyllus) has the leaves reniform-orbicular and sub-
peltate, about 5-lol)ed and the lobes 2 - 3-tootlied. I5oth have shorter peduncles
than is usual in Old World forms, resemliliiig in this respect var. braclii/pus. Hook.
& Am., which has the leaves all submersed and dissected, as in var. trichophijllus.

2. R. aquatilis, Linn., var. caespitOSUS, should be credited to Dc Caudolle.

3. R. hystriculus Gray, i.s found near the Yosemito Palls, Iheroa-, Mrs. S. P.

Mnnls.

426 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

6. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. The range of this species is from the Piocky i\ruuii-
tains westwiuil. I'he allied eastern species is distinguished as Ji. ambitjens, Watson.

10. R. glaberrimus, Hook. Extends to Washington Territory and Wyoming.

Group * * * inchules the following species.

-1- Leaves tematelij or phmatelij divided.

11*. R. multifidus, Pursh. Steins floating or immersed, with ternately decom-
pound leaves, the divisions long ami iiliforin, or rooting in the mud and the leaves
round-reniform and more or less deeply lobetl and toothed ; the terrestrial form often
somewhat villous : petioles short, broadly stipulate-dilated at base : llowers large,
bright yellow, the 5 to 8 petals with cons[)icuous obovate scales : akenes in a rather
small globose he;id, beaked by a short straight style. — K. Purshii, Richards. ; Hook.
El. Bor.-Am. i. 15, t. 7.

Indian Valley, Plumas County {Mrs. R. M. Aitslin), and at Camp Bidwell, Modoc County,
Dr. Malthcws. Arctic America to Utali, Colorado and the Northern States, and in Siberia.

IP. R. orthorhynchus, Hook. !More or less villous, the stems often slender,
1 or 2 feet high, from a tiiick-librous root: leaves pinnately divitled, the divisions
variously lobed and cut, the segments often narrow : sepals rellexed ; petals 3 to 8
lines long, bright yellow or purple-tinged outside : akenes large, tlattened, in a close
globose head, witii a slender straight beak as long as the body. — El. IJor.-Am. i.
21, t. 9.

I'hnnas County (.l//vf. Austin); Si.skiyou County {Greene), and iiortliwurd to IJiitish Columbia.

12. R. Californicus, r.enth., and var. canilS, Brewer. Erom 8au Diego to
Marin C(junty.

13. R. repens, Linn., and U. R. macranthus, Sdujele.

•4- -t- Leaves (at least tJie lower) only lobed.

15. R. Nelsoni, Gray, and var. tenellus, Gray. Lt^aves more or less deeply
3- (or rarely o-) lobed, the upj)ermi)st rarely [»arted, the lower usually cordate in out-
line.— A'. Eisenii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 115, the leaves cuneate at base.

From San Diego to Alaska, the more slender form cliielly in California.

15*. R. Bloomeri. Stout, glabrous or somewhat villous : leaves on long peti-
oles broadly Hti[iulate-dilateil below, mostly broadly ovate with cordate or truncate
base, slightly 3-5-lobed or the upper somewhat deeply so, crenate-toothed : flowers
large ; sepals rellexed ; petals 6 or 7 lines long, with a broad transverse scale at base :
ovaries in a depres.sed globose head, beaked by a stout straight style.

In wet grounds near San Francisco, Dr. J. G. Bloomer. The siieciniens are imperfect and not
yet in fruit, but indicate a very distinct species.

15^ R. sceleratUS, Linn. Glabrous: stems often stout and hollow, from a
fibrous root, \ to 2 feet high: lower leaves round-reniform, deeply 3-5-lobetl, the
lobes obtusely toothed above ; upper leaves nearly sessile, more deeply and narrowly
cut : petals scarcely exceeding the spreading sepals : akenes numerous, very small, in
an oblong-ovate or cylindrical head, mucronate.

In Surpiise Valley, Modoc County, Dr. Matthews. Probably introduced.

10. R. hebecarpus, Hook. Sc Arn. Guadalupe Island, Palmer. The variety
pusdUis shiiuld be credited to Prof W. H. Brewer.

Page 9. 6. CALTHA.

1. C. leptosepala, DC Leaves round- to oblong-ovate (longer than broad),
with a somewhat narrowed and quadrate base, usually very obscurely crenate above
and rather coar.sfdy and often acutely serrate below : flowers 1, very rarely 2, whitt>

ADDITION'S AND COIIIIKCTIONS TO VOL. 1. 427

or often tinned witli blue, the sccoiul flower suLtcmled l)y a pctiolcd leaf. — llook.
Fl. J'.or.-Aiii. i. Tl, t. 10.

At Sitka, niul soiitliw.'iiJ in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Utah. Not yet found
in Calilornia.

2. C. billora, DC Loaves roiuul-reiiifdrm (broailei- than long), with hroad often
overlapping basal lobes, crenate or obscurely so : flowers rarely 2, the lower sub-
tended by a sessile leaf or bract, greenish white or yellowish.

In tlu! Sierra Nevada, subalpine, and nortliward to British Coluniliia. The Cnlifoniian speei-
nu'iis seem to ditler from tiie more noitiieni ones only in their less distinct crenation, the veinlets
often jjlandular-excurrent.

6". COPTIS, Salisb. lioLDriiuKAi).
Sepals 5 to 7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals narrowly linear, mostly cucuUate.
Stamens 10 to 25. Carjiels 3 to 8, in fruit foUiculate and stipitate, 4 - 8-seeded.
Seeds crustaceous, shining. — Low smootli evergreen perennials, with slender run-
ning rootstocks, subcoriaceous ternato radical leaves, and scape-like stems bearing

1 to 3 whitish flowers.

Four species are found in eastern Asia, one of which ranfjes also from Arctic America to the
northern Atlantic States. The following aie peculiar to tiie i'acilic Coast.

1. C. asplenifolia, Salisb. Leaves tcrnate, biternate or ternate-qninate, the ovate
divisi(nis deej)ly 3-5-lobed and acuminately toothed : scape etpialling or exceeding
the leaves, 3 to 12 inches high : sejials very narrowly linear-lanceolate, 4 or 5 lines
long, spreading or reflexed ; jietals a third sliorter, nearly filiform, dilated and cucul-
late in the middle : fruit 4 to G lines long, exceeding the stipe. — Hook. Fl. P>or.-
Am. i. 2.3, t. 11.

Mendocino County (6-'. 7.'. I'asci/) ; Cascade Mountains, Linn County, Oregon (IF. C. Casick) ;
Columliia Hiver {Ilnll) ; Sitka. The Alaskan specimens have the leaves generally more divided
than those of Oregon and California.

C. occiDKNTALis, Torr. & Gray {Chrynncoptis nccidcntalis, Nutt. in Journ. Philad. Acad. vii. 9,
t. 1), is still impeifectly known hut is snjjposed to he distinguished by its linear petals, similar
to tlie sepals and not cucnllate. The leaves arc tcrnate, as in the simpler forms of tiie last. The
seeds (a little more than a line long) are jierhaps larger. The roots are said to be bright yellow.
It has been collected in the Umixpia Mountains, Oregon {Pickering), and north to Northern
Idaho, Lyall.

7. ISOPYRUM.

2. I. Stipitatum, Gray. Eoots fleshy-fibrous and fascicled (as in other species) :
radical leaves twice ternate, tlie leaflets on slender petioles, mostly 3-lobed or -parted ;
segments oblong, acutish : stems 3 or 4 inches high, equalling the leaves, 1 - 2-leaved
at the summit and bearing a single flower : peduncle thickened at summit : sepals
4 or 5, oblong, 3 lines long : follicles shortly stipitate, broad-oblong, very obtuse,
3 lines long and 3 - 4-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54. /. ClavKii, Kellogg, Proc,
Calif. Aca.l. vii. 131.

Near Yreka, Siskiyou County, veiy common on hillsides under bushes {Rev. E. L. Greene) ;
Mendocino County, J. II. Clarke! Flowering in April.

I. Ham.if, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. .374, of the Columbia Valley, is 1 or 2 feet high, with
large biternate leaves, the peduncle bearing a subumbellate coiymb of 7 to 9 large flowers : follicles

2 lines long, ovate-oblong, acuminate.

Page 11. 9. DELPHINIUM.

0. D. glaucum. (Substitute for D. scopulorum, (Iray.) Tall and stout,
glabrous and more or less glaucous : leaves large, laciniately lobed and toothed, the
segments mostly acuminate, the uppermost leaves sparingly lobeil or entire and nar-
rowly lanceolate : flowers ])ale blue, numerous in a narrow raceme, upon slender and

428 ADDITIONS AND COKUECTIUNS TO VOL. 1.

viither short i^edicels, tlio souiewhut miiiutc;ly tdiUL'utuso sepals vatlier narrow, about
G lines long or less : ovaries glabrous.

lu tlio Sionii Nc'Viulii, as stutoil, uiul the only -siiciiies of the groiij) tliat hiis Wen Ibiunl there ;
flowering July and August.

7. D, trolliifolium, Gray. Tliis species is glabrous, or the inllorescenee some-
what i)ubesceiit wiLli wliite usually s[)reailiiig hairs, the large bright blue or reddish
purple Howers comparatively few, upon long si)reading pedicels : i'ruit 8 to 12 lines
long : seeds dark, lirm, obpyramidal, with a lighter truncate depressed bummit.

Common on ridges throughout Humboldt County, where tlie stockmen call it "cow poison"
(RalUni), and ranging noithwaril to the Columbia IJiver {JIal/, IIuwcll), on low dry grounds.
Flowering from March to June.

D. OCCIDENTALE {D. datum, var. (?) occidcntalc, Watson, Bot. King Exp, 11). This alpine or
subalpine species ranges from Union County, Oregon (/r. C. Casick), to Colorado, it is readily
recognized by the stitf glandular spreading pubescence, which extends rarely to the ovaries and
fruir: Howers numerous, iluU or dark blue, very variable in size, the raceme often compound :
seeds light colored and somewhat spongy. Flowering from July to September.

D. scoPULOiiUM, Cray, of the Rocky Mountains from Hritish America to New Me.\ico, has not
been found west of the East Humboldt iMountains, Nevada, H^ulson. It has generally more nar-
rowly dissected leaves than the allied species, and the pubescence is a fine hoary tonientum. The
f'luit is also pubescent, about half an inch long, on stout subereet pedicels.

8. D. nudicaule, Torr. & Oray. Follicles narrowly oblong, 6 to 12 lines long,
somewhat narrowed at base. The color of the Howers varies to yellow and greenisli
{Mrs. It. M. Austin).

9. D. cardinale, Hook. Follicles shorter and broader, obtuse at base. Flowers
also occasionally yellow, Mrs. A. E. Bush.

Page 12. 10. ACONITUM.

1. A. Columbianum, Nutt. (Substitute for A. Fischeri.) More or less
pubescent above with short spreading yellowish viscid hairs : galea varying much in
breadth and in the lengtli of the beak. — Torr. ^ Gray, Flora, i. .'U.

In the Sierra Nevada, from Walker River to Washington Territory, and eastward to Wyoming
and Colorado. The Siberian A. Fisclicri differs especially in its more cylindrical almost bcukless
galea, and in the pubescence, minutely puberulent or sometimes wanting.

Page 13. 13. CROSSOSOMA.

2. C. Bigelovii, Watson. In Whitewater ("ahou, San I)ernardiiio Mountains
(,S'. B. Parish), growing 5 feet liigh, among rocks; llnwering in January or later.

Page 17. 2. NUPHAR.

1. N. polysepalum, Fngelm. Collected at Santa Cruz by llartweg, found near
San Franci.sco, ami common about Humboldt Hay ; I'lumas County, Mrs. Austin.

A " white water-lily," doubtless a Nympluca, is reported as growing in the mountain lakes at the
head of Eel River. The genus is not otherwise known as occurring on the Pacific Coast. It is
distinguished IVom Nupkar liy its 4 oblong-lanceolate sepals, numerous large subpersistent i)etals
imbricatcly inserted all over the ovary in many rows, stamens uiion the ovary, tiie outer with
dilated filaments, stigma concave and uuibonatc, IVuit depressed-globose and ripening under water,
and the seeils wilhiu a sac-like aril.

Insert in ordinal character of SarraccniitccK : —

Ovules anatropous, very numerous, on large placenta' projecting from the axis.

Page 20. 3. ROMNEYA.

1. R. Coulteri, Harv. From San Diego to Santa Barbara County; branching
from a shruliby base and growing 4 to 8 feet higli ; llowering from May to August,

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 429

Page 21. 4. ARCTOMECON.

Persistent petals at longtli somewhat scarious. Filaments oxeeeding the anthers.
Ovary 3 - 6-carpelled, the short style hearing as many cordately 2-lohed caj)itatoly
crowded stigmas. Capsnle dehiscent to the middle. Seeds oblong, with the rhaphe
caruucnlate-crested. — Gray, I'roc. Amer. Acad. xii. 52, t. 2.

4". CANBYA, l^arry.
Sepals 3, caducous. Petals G, persistent, at length .scarious and enwrapping the
capsule. Stamens G to 9 ; filaments shorter than the ohlong-linear anthers. Ovary
suhglobose, 3-carpelled, with nerve-like many-ovuled placentas : stigmas sessile,
linear-oblong, api)ressed to the ovary over the placentas. Capsule ovoid, membra-
naceous, 3-valveil, the valves separating to the base from the persistent fdiform pla-
centas. Seeds several, very smooth and shining, narrowly oblong-obovatc and slightly
curved ; rhaphe naked. I'^mbryo very small, cylindrical. — A dwarf glabrous annual,
Avith alternate linear entire leaves and numerous liliform l-llowercd scapes. — Gray,
Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 51, t. 1.

1. C. Candida, Parry. Scarcely an inch higli, densely much branched, the
small somewhat Ueshy leaves and very short branches closely crowded : llowers
white, the petals hardly 2 lines long. — Gray, 1. c.

San Rcinardino County, in sandy soil at lioad of the Mohave l^iver, Dv. E. Palmer, May, 187C.
Ncaily allie<l to Arctmnrcou , ami with tliat geinis peeitliar in its persistent scarious petals. Tlie,
stigmas are essentially similar in lioth, in tiiis genus divaricately divided to the base, the adjacent
loiics coherent and aiijilied over the iilacentas.

I'age2i. 7. DENDROMECON.

1. D. rigidum, dentil. Putte County, Mrs. J. JJiJwelL

Page 24. 1. DICENTRA.

1. D. formosa, DC. In Del Norte County (Raffan), with yellowish white
llowers. The seeds in this s[)ecies are either smooth and shining or tul)crculate and
dull. Inner petals with a conspicuous usually purple or puri)lish crest.

2. D. uniflora, Kell. Flowers half an inch long, the divergent or reflexed ti])s
of the outer petals ecpialling or exceeding the erect gibbous-saccate bases ; inner petals
not crested, the blade broadly hastate : capsule not exserted, abruptly beaked with
the short style.

2*. D. pauciflora. Scapes and leaves very slender, 4 to 8 inches high, from a
running tul)eriferous rootstock : leaves biternate with narrow .<?egments : llowers
1 to 3, white or more or less tinged with rose-color, 8 to 12 lines long, the short
stout straight spurs not divergent; spreading or reilexed tips of the outer petals
3 or 4 lines long ; inner petals obscurely crested, the blade not broader at base : cap-
sule exserted, attenuate into the elongated style.

Scott Mountains, near snow (AVi-. E. L. Grcnir) ; near Castle Lake, J. (1. Lnnmun. Flower-
ing in July and August.

2. CORYDALIS.

1. C. Caseana, Gray. Leaflets very variable in size, \ to 1 inch long, acute:
hood of outer petals with straight slightly erose-undulate margin, obtusish and bear-
ing a rather broad obtuse erose crest : caiisule acute, ascending or reflexed.

2". C. BidwellisB. Similar in habit : leaflets STuall (2 to 4 lines long), acute
or acuminate : hood narrower with somewhat more spreading and ragged margin,

430 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

narrowly acuiuinate witli the narrow entire crest : sj)ur more blender and soiiiewliat
curved.

Sierra Nevada, above Cliico, Mrs. J. liidiccU.

C. CusicKil, tolk'ctcd ill Union County, C)ri'gon, by W. C. Caskk, is a similar species, witli
the broad margins of the hood inoduced beyond its acute ai)ex and folded baek over tiie nairovv
somewhat crisiu-d or eiose crest : leaves bipinnately diviiled, the oblong-oval leutlcts acute at each
end, hair an inch long.

C. BuANDEOEl, of the mountains of Southern Colorado and in the Wahsatch, and referred to
C Cascaiia, is tall and stout (5 feet high), with twice or thiice jiinnately divided leaves, the
lanceolate leaflets A to 1 inch long, acute or acuminate : hood not crested, the margins folded back
and not projecting beyond the obtuse summit : capsule oblong-obovate, obtuse, rellexed.

Page 28. 3. DRABA.

3. D. aureola. (Siil)stitiite for D. aurea.) liiemiial or sometimes of longer
duration, very densely pubescent with stelhite hairs : stems stout, sim[)le, 2 to 4
inches high : leaves crowded at base, the lowermost dead and blackened, s[)atulate,
obtuse, entire, 3 to 6 lines long : raceme dense : llowers bright yellow : pods broadly
oblong, obtusish at each end, pubescent, ascending, 2 to -i lines long, mostly exceed-
ing the pedicels, abruptly beaked by a rather short stout style.

Sien-a Nevada, in Siena County (Z«)ihio)0, 'ind on Lassen's Peak, Mrs. AiLslia. The speci-
mens from Mount Dana (Brewer) are probably the same, though more slender and with liner
jtubescence, and the llowers apparently white.

3*. D. COrrugata. Similar to the last, but the stellate pubescence coarser and
more villous : slein branched i'rom tiie base : llowers yellow, in shorter looser racemes,
with narrower sepals and petals and more e.xserted stamens : pods oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, 2 to 5 lines long, much exceeding the pedicels, jiubescent, obtuse or nioie
or less acute, beaked with a long very slender style, variously contorted.

San Bernardino Mountains ; sides of Slount Grayback, /. G. Lcmmoii.

6'. D. Lemmoni. Caudex stout and much branched : leaves crowded at the
summit of the branches, broadly oblanceolate, obtusish or obtuse, 2 to 4 lines long,
with long branching hairs on the margins and loosely scattered over the surface :
scape (an inch high) and corymbed pedicels pubescent with horizontally spreading
hairs : llowers yellow, nearly 2 lines long : pods ovate-lanceolate, beaked with a very
short thick style, sparingly hairy, 3 lines long, rather exceeding the pedicels.

Summit of Mount Lyall, at 13,000 feet altitude, J. G. Lcmnion, Aug. 1878.

Page 29. 4. DENTARIA.

1. D. tenella, Pursh. Eootstock often tuber-bearing : pods 1 to If inches long,
nearly a line broad, 4 - 8-seeded ; style slen<ler, 2 or 3 lines long; stigma 2-lobed.

2. D. Californica, Watson. Stem simple, 6 inches high or more, rather stout,
from a small deep-seated tuber : leaves 2 to 4, thick, on short ]»etioles, ovate to
round-reniforra, cordate or sometimes cuncate at base, oliscurely sinuate-dentate or
coarsely and sharply or laciniately toothed, very rarely S-lobed : petals 4 to 6 lines
long, rose-color; sepals purplish, not half as long: pods 12 to 18 lines long by a
line wide, attenuate into a very slender style, on spreading pedicels. — Proc. Amer.
Acad. xiv. 289.

Var. pachystigma, AVatson, 1. c. Pod much stouter and broader, with a very
short stout style.

Sierra Nevada, Plumas County, J. G. Lcmmon, Mrs. Austin, Mrs. Ames. Referred to under
Cardamine -pa ucisedu.

Page 30. 5. CARDAMINE.

2'. C. hirsuta, Linn. Plumas County, Mrs. Austin.

4. C. Breweri, Watson. On Mad River, Humboldt County, V. Ruthin.

ADDITIONS AND CUUUKCTlONS TO VOL. I. 43^

4». C. bellidifolia, l>iiiTi. Alpine, dwarf and tnftod, 2 or 3 inches high, gla-
brous : leaves mostly radical, ovate, entire, 2 to 5 lines long, on slender petioles:
pods (1 to 5) erect, narrowly linear, 8 to 12 lines long, beaked by the very short
stout style. — ¥1 Dan. i, t. 20 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 84.

On Lassen's Peak, at 10-11,000 feet altitude, Mrs. It. M. Aiistin. Also on the higher moun-
tains of New England, in Arctic America, and northern Europe.

rage 31. 6. ARABIS.

_ 3". A. canescens, Nutt. Densely and finely stellate-pubescent, 2 to G inches
high, tufted : leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate to broadly spatulate, or the cauline
oblong and clasping : pods glabrous, 1 to 1^ inches long and a line wide, acute and
tipped by a thick nearly sessile stigma, more or less spreading or refiexed on short
pedicels. — A. pitherula, Nutt. ; Hook. Icon. t. 359.

Var. (?) stylosa. Pubescence sometimes more villous-stcllate and wanting above :
pods narrower, ascending, attenuate into a short rather slender style.

Lassen's Vaxk {Lrmv\on), mxkX the higher mountains of Eastern Nevada and Wyoming; the
variety in Plumas County {Mrs. Austin), and East llumlioldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson, n. 70.

7. A. Holboellii, liomem., and 8. A. arcuata, Gray, are reported from tho
mountains of ISan Diego Gounty, D. Cleveland.

Page 33. 7. STREPTANTHUS.

2. S. tOrtUOSUS, Kell. Humboldt Gounty, V. Rattan. A form occurs with the
more strict and scarcely branched s*"m nearly covered with round-cordate clasping
leaves; Lemmon, J. Gray.

Page 37. 10. THELYPODIUM.

3". T. Cooperi. Annual, glabrous and glaucous : stem erect, flexnous, branch-
ing, a foot or tvt'o high ; leaves oblongdanceolate, auricled and clasping, entire, rather
thick, the lower 2 inches long : flowers small (2 or 3 lines), on very short pedicels,
the petals scarcely exceeding tlie sepals: ])ods remote, 9 to 18 lines long, strongly
refiexed, stout, subterete, without stipe, beaked by the short style.

On the Mohave Piver, dwpcr. Palmer. Partially described aft<'r T. jlavrsrms.

4. T. brachycarpum, Torr. ]\readows, on Shasta iJiver, a])undant (Greene) ;
meadows, Owens VaUey (Dr. W. lUafthews), "with the odor and taste of cabbage."

4". T. ambiguum, "Watson. Biennial, stout, erect, 3 to 5 feet high, glabrous
and glaucous, branching : leaves sessile, broadly auricled at base, the lower oblanceo-
late and coarsely sinuate-toothed or -lobed, G to 8 inches long, the cauline entire,
ovate- to oblong-lanceolate .or lanceolate : raceme loose : petals reddish purple, 5 or G
lines long, exceeding the spreading pedicels ; scjials short : stamens included : pods
3 inches long, very narrow, terete, recurved-spreading ; stipe nearly 2 lines long. —
Proc. Araer. Acad. xiv. 290.

Northern Arizona {A'rirbrrri/, Pulmrr) to Noitliern Nevada (Reagan's Valley, IJ'atson), and to
be e.xpected in the dry valleys of Northeastern ('alifoinia.

Page 42. 17. NASTURTIUM.

3". N. obtusum, Nutt. Annual, glabrous or nearly so : stems much branched,
diffusely si)reading or at first prostrate, a foot long or less : leaves pinnately divided
or parted, often lyrate, the oblong-roundish divisions obtusely toothed or repand :
flowers minute, short-pedicellcd : fruiting racemes elongated : pods ovate to linear-
oblong, H to 3 lines long, exceeding the iiedicols, straight or nearly so, abruptly
beaked by the short style. — Watson, l')ot. King Kxp. If).

San Luis Obispo {Pahncy) ; on the .South Fork of Kern Piver (Rnlhrock-), ami eastward.

432 ADDITIONS AND COKRECTIUNS TO VUL. I.

Page 43. 18. VESICARIA.

1. V. montana, Gray. Hinnbug Hills, near Yioka, Rev. E. L. Greene ; ^Nlult-
nomah County, Urugon, J. Hoiccll.

Pago 44. 20. TROPIDOCARPUM.

1. T. gracile, Hook. Near Auburn, Placer C<niuty, Mrs. R. M. Austin.

Page 45. 23. THLASPI.

1. T. alpestre, Linn. On Spanish Peak, Plunia.s County, Mrs. R. M. Austin;
near Yreka, (Jrtene; near Waldo, Josephine County, Oregon, V. Rattan.

24. LEPIDIUM.

2. L. dictyotum, var. acutidens, Cray, Proc. Amer. Acad, xii, 51, Wings
more produceil and suhacuminate, divergent. Near Yreka, Greene.

3. L. Oxycarpum, Torr. & Gray, var. (?) Strictum, Watson. Common among
Live Oaks on the iMokelunme Piver, and in lloopa Valley, l[uml)ol(lt County,
V. Rattan, 1878; San Francisco, G. R. Vase//.

4. L. nitidum, Nutt. Placer County, Mrs. R. M. Austin ; The Dalles, Oregon,
Nevius ; Klickitat County, Washington Territory, J. Howell.

9. L. montanum, Nutt. On Shasta Iliver, in alkaline soil, Greene.

-t- -f- -»- Introduced biennials or perennials: leaves auricled at base, not j^i'tcd

nor lobed.

12. L. Draba, Linn. Perennial, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous : stems
a foot high or more, corynibosely branched at the summit : leaves oblong-obovate,
1 to 3 inches long, sparingly serrate or entire : petals large and consjjicuous : pods
cordate, not winged, turgid, beaked by a slender style.

Near Yreka, in a field long uncultivated, Rev. E. L. Greene.

13. L. campestre, Linn. Biennial, pubescent : stems stout, erect, a foot liigh
or more : leaves lanceolate, serrate, or the lowest oblanceolate and somewhat lobed :
flowers smaller : pods ovate, scabrous, broadly winged ; style exceeding tlie wings.

Near Waldo, Josej)hine County, Oregon {V. Rnttan), and likely to l)e found as an introduced
weed in old fields in Califoiiiia.

-f- -i- 4- -i- Dwarf cespitose desert {)ereunial.

14. L. nanum, Watson. In dense mats scareely an inch high, the very numer-
ous short and tlensely leafy branches from a somewhat woody base : leaves about a
line long, with broad ciliate petiole and deeply 3dol>ed summit, the lobes rounded
and obtuse : Htjwering peduncle naked, scarcely exceeding the leaves, 1 - odlowered :
pods ovate, acute, a line long, scarcely winged or toothed at the apex, beaked by the
slender style. — Pot. King Exp. 30, t. 4, lig. 5 - 7.

Head of Holmes Creek, Northeastern Nevada {Watsnn), '.nuX way Ilalleck's Station on the
Hnuiboklt IJiver {IVhcdcr) ; jiroliably to he found in the desert region of Koitlieastern California.

P-'ge 48. 27. BISCUTELLA.

1. B. Californica, Penth. »k Hook. San Bernardino Mountains, Parry k Lem-
inon, .*>'. B. Parish.

B. WisLiZENi {Dith^rcea JFis/izetii, Engelni.) should be credited to Bentham &:, Hooker.

I'age 49. 28. THYSANOCARPUS.

4. T. pusillus, Hook. Plumas County, Mrs. R. M. Austin.

ADDITIONS AND COHKE("nuNS TO Vol- I. 430

IV-r.l. 3. CLEOME.

2. C. platycarpa, 'i'orr. Kcar Yreka, abiiiKlaiit in alkaline soil, Greeue.
Page 52. 4. CLEOMELLA.

2. C. obtusifolia, Torr. Kern and San Iknnardino Counties, J. G. Lemmon.
Fremont's locality was probably in the same region.

rag('r.C. 1. VIOLA.

4'. V. cuneata, Watson. Glabrous: stem 3 to 12 inches high, slender : leaves
rhombic-ovate, acute, attenuate into a slender ])etiole, somewhat crenately toothed
above : petals deep-purple witli more or less white, beardless, 4 to G lines long, the
broad very short spur yellowisli : capsule glabrous. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 290.

Coast li:uir;es, from Humboldt County to the Oregon line {Rattan), and near Shasta, Lemmon.

4^ V. Hallii, Gray, may be placed in the same group, though with divided
leaves. Glabrous : stems 4 to G inches high, flexuous : leaves 3-partcd, the divisions
usually deeply 3-5-lobed or entire; segments linear or linear-lanceolate: upper
jietals deep purple, the lower yellow lined at base with purple, G to 8 lines long ;
spur very short and broad : cai)sule acute. — Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. 377.

Humboldt County (F. Rattan); Columbia River, Oregon, Hall, D. M. C. Ganlt.

G, V. aurea, Kell. From San Bernardino County {Lemmon) to jNIodoc County
{Dr. Maft/ieirs), and the Columbia Piver, Iloivell, Snksdorf. — V. Brnoksii, Kellogg,
Calif. Horticulturist, ix. 281.

7. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. HumboMt County, V. luxftau.

11. V. chrysantha, Hook. San Diego {D. Clevelainl) ; Plumas County, Mrs.
A V still.

1 2. V. Beckwithii, 'r<jrr. it (iray. Flowers varying in their colors, the lower
petals sometimes blue or bluish with yellow base, the lowest emarginate or entire :
described as very fragrant.

I'age.^.O. 1. POLYGALA.

1. P. CUCUllata, Penth. San Diego ^lountaiiis {/Jr. E. Palmer), Vo Humboldt
('ounty, r. Rattan.

2. P. Californica, Nutt. On Trinity Piver, V. l\att<oi.

Page GO. 1. FRANKENIA.

1. F. grandifolia, Ciiam. it Schlecht. Known under the name of "Verba
Peuma." Sometimes a foot in height.
I'age fil. Insert in synopsis of Genera : —

1". Lychnis. Calyx 10-norvrd (as in Sile.nr). Styles 4 or f). Valves of cajisule as many or
twice as many. Alpine perennials.

]•>. Saponaria. Calyx 5-angle(l, becoming .'')-\vinged. Styles 2. Capsule 4-va!ved. Intro-
duced annual.

Page 63. 1. SILENE.

1. S. campanulata, "Watson. Hund)oldt County (/?fT^/«j!) ; also near Yreka
(Greene), a form with broader ovate and oblong-ovate leaves. Stems from a thick
i'usiform root : llowers nearly white.

IG. S. verecunda, Watson. On Lone Mountain (Pahner), ami hills near San
Francisco (Bige/on', G. R. Vaaei/) ; also collected by Donglns ami J)r. Andrews. The

434 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

daws and filaments, as well as the stipe of the capsule, are more or less woolly-
villous.

17'. S. Grayi, Watson. Dwarf ami alpine, 3 to G inches hi;,'h, densely pubern-
lent : leaves oljliiaceolate, G to 8 lines lon^', the cauline 2 or 3 pairs : llowers usually
2 or 3, erect or sommvh.it noddini,', resembling those of »S'. Doufjlasii ; petals rose-color,
the broad blade bilid to the middle with a prominent tootli each side, and the broad
claw with narrow entire auricles : capsule short, nearly sessile. — Proc. Amer. Acad.
xiv. 291.

On Jlount Shasta, near snow. Brewer, Hooker & Graij, A. S. Packard, Jr.

S. S.\Kai;XTlI, Watson, 1. c, coUi'cteil on the Monitor iMountains, Nevada {Prof. C. S. Sargent),
is an allied alpine spt-cies, to be distinguished by its longer Unear leaves and kuger Mowers, the
l)etals with laciiiiately tootheil auricK-s and toothed apiieudages, the styles long-e.vserled, and the
narrowly cylindrical capsule long-stipitate.

Page C6. P. LYCHNIS, Touin.

Styles 5, rarely 4, and capsule o[iening by as many or twice as many teeth ; other-

Avise as S'Uene. — Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 248.

A genus of about 40 species, of the temperate and arctic portions of the northern lieniisphere ;
reiiresented in America by 11 species, mostly arctic or alfiine.

1. L. Californica, Watson, I. c. Alpine, 2 to 4 inches high, cespitose and peren-
nial, glanLlular-|)ubcruli;nt above : leaves linear to linear-oblanceolatu : llowers 1 to 3,
on slemler pedicels, with ovate-campanulate calyx 4 or 5 lines long ; petals with ex-
serted obovate bilid blade loljcd at each side : styles occasionally only 3 or 4 : capsule
shortly stipitate.

On Mount Dana (Bolander) ; above Silver Mountain Pass (Brewer), and at some station farther
north, Leiiiinon.

V>. SAPONARIA, binn. Cow-Hkkb.

Calyx tubular-ovate or -oblong, obscurely nerved. Petals 5, with or without
crown, the blade entire or emarginate. Stamens 10. Styles 2. (Jap.sule dehiscing
by 2 or 4 valves, 1-cellcd, or imperfectly 2- 4-celled at base, many-seeded.

A genus of Europe and e.\tratro|iical Asia, known in America only by a few intii^luced sjiccies.

1. S. Vaccaria, Linn. Annual, glabrous and glaucous, 1 or 2 feet high, with
spreading brandies : leaves lanceolate, sessile and clasping, the lower idilanceolate :
calyx angletl, becoming 5-winged, purple-tipped : petals pale red, exserted, entire,
without crown. — Vaccaria viilijaris, Host.

Butto County {Mrs. J. Bidwell) ; ( 'amp Bidwell {Dr. W. Matthews).

S. OFFICINALIS, Linn., a stout spieading jjcrennial, with large clustered rose-colored often
double flowers, is common eastward and to be expected in California. Calyx tubular, terete :
petals emarginate, bearing a slender crown. Known as Soapwort or Bouncing Bet.

Page 67. 2. CERASTIUM.

2*. C. viscosum, Linn. Annual, viscidpulioscont, suberect, 3 to 12 inches
high : leaves ovate or obovate to oblong-ovate, .V to 1 inch long : llowers in close
clusters : petals equalling the lanceolate acuminate narrowly margined sepals, H to 2
lines long, usually much exceeding the jiedicels : capsule at leiigth much exserted,
narrow, nearly straight. — C. vnlyatum, of the Manuals.

Auburn, Placer County, Mrs. R. M. Austin. A Luroiiean species, widely naturalized.

2^ C. vulgatum, Linn. Resembling the last, but perennial, with oblong leaves,
and witli somewhat larger flowers on longer pedicels : sepals 2 or 3 liiuis long, less
acute, and with a broader margin : capsule broader. — C. viscositvi, of the Manuals.
Plumas County, Mrs. Austin. The common Mouse-car (.'hickwecd of the east and Europe.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 435

Petals^bilKr°^""^ ^^''^''^' ^'""'^^^^''' ^^^""^3'' «^<^'"iiiou iu tliickcts, V. Rattan.

^'^So67. 3. STELLARIA.

2. S. nitens, Xutt. Plnmas County, Mrs. U. J/. ./«,</„.
nvo^f"; f' ?f'^^^' ^"i''""- ^ ^'^•^''^^'^''t. Glabiou«, much rese.ubling .9. io;-e«/.-. .- leaves
Tt n, .xih "'H-''' *' '?'^' "' f "''^^ acu.ninate, 3 to lU lines long : iloNvers solitary
in tlie axils or l.w m a terminal cymo. — ^^ borealis, var. crispa, Fenzl

^"S'-e!'. 4. ARE N ARIA.

5 A. Californica, Brewer. Cl.ico, Mrs. J. BidwelL Plains about Yreka (Rev.
h. L. Greene) a small tornj with acuminate sepals excelling the small petals. The
seed appears to be smooth or nearly so.

oS,' f" ''^''v^ ^"'I'- , P^''^""'^!!' ccspitose, 1 to 3 inches high, glabrous or pubes-
ceo ^ tn'l ^''-''^Y-^''^ "«"«^'. «rect, 2 or 3 lines long.^aci^e : bracts herba-
net nl ' ^■^'"'^f-^'^^i acuminate. 3-nerved, 2 lines long, a little exceeding the
petals, about e(| nailing the cai-sule.

Var. hirta, Watson. Shortly hirsute throughout.

no!ihw'mnn'u.,Vy?' ^'•- ^^\1""'''h ^''" ''■■''■'^'y- M°""tains of Colorado and Utali, aud
noithuaul to Aictic Anienca ; Mount Mansfield, Vermont ; Northern Europe and Asia.

^'''^'^^- 5. SAGINA.

2. S. Linnaei, Presl. iManachi Meadows, Kern County, Rothrock.
'V71- 7. LEPIGONUM.

1. L. macrothecum, Fisch. .fe Mey. lIuml)oMt P.ay, Ratta,,. Flowers pink.
^'"^'^ '"^ 9. LCEFLINGIA.

1. L. Squarrosa, Nutt. Siena Valley, ,/. (;. Lemrnon.
IH'wr.. 2. CALANDRINIA.

_ 5». C. Leana, Porter. Glabrous acaulcscent perennial, with very thick branch-
ing rootstock : leaves numerous, all radical, linear-oblanceolate, thick and fleshy
1 to U inches long : stems naked or with a few glandular-ciliate bracts, a foot hi-di
or le.ss, difhisely paniculate-branclied above : sepals rounded, glandular-ciliate : petals
0 to 8, re.l cuneatc-obovate, 3 to G lines long: stamens as many: capsule oblon<-
ovate : seeds shining. — Coult. P.ot. ]Jull. i. 49. "

Mount Shasta, Little Castle Lake ( //r/.,i ,S'. Wrujhl); Siskiyou Mountai.rs near .lackson Lake
^r...e) ; Jaekson County, O.t-on {L. IV. Ler) ■ also on Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Ore'on
(J. /r. Marsh), and on the Kastern Caseade MonntMins, h,t. 4!.°, /;;■. L;/,>//, 1860.

TageTG. 3. CLAYTONIA.

1'. C. exigua, Torr. .t (Jray. (Substitute for C. perfoliata, var. exigua.)
Low, glaucous, very fleshy and succulent : leaves terete or shglitly fiatteuetl above
the cauline linear or oblong, or very short and orbicular-connate about the stem '•
petals white to rose-color, U to 3 lines long : se(>ds dull, minutely tubcrculate.

From the Lower Sacramento re<,'ion to the Columbia.

2' C. bulbifera, dray. Closely allied to C. Slbiriai: perennial by crowded
l)ulblets at the base of the radical leaves, which are ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,
attenuate at base, acute or acuminate : stems lax, .1 to 3 feet high, with a pair of

4gg ADDlTlUisS AND CORRECTIONS TO \0L. 1.

ovate to lanceolate sessile or shortly petiolate leaves and the long divaricate pedicels
of the elongated raceme subtemled by conspicuous herbaceous spatulate or linear-
oblong bracts : llowers usually large (4 lines long), the broail sepals much dilated in
fruit. — Proc. Amur. Acail. xii. 54.

Scott Mountains, Siskiyou County {Itev. E. L. Greene) ; also ajiparcntly, but without the bulb-
iferous base, from SauceHto {G. R. Vasctj), Noyo {Boluiuler), Mount Sluiitd {Jloukcr & Gray), and
Lassen's Peak, J/vi. li M. Auslin.

5'. C. dichotoma, Nutt. Low and slender, 1 to 3 inches high, branching from
the base and above : leaves linear, an inch long or less : tiowers racemose, small ;
sepals a line long or less ; petals unequal : stamens 3 : seeds small, minutely tuber-
culate, dull. — Torr. ik Gray, Fl. i. 202.

Near Yreka, Siskiyou County (Greene), and northward to the Columbia. With the habit of
Muiilia, but petals distinct. The seeds of C. linearis are large and sbining.

6. C. diffusa, Xutt. Humboldt County, V. Rattan.

8 C. triphylla, Watson. Eagle Creek Mountains, Union County, Oregon
{W. C. Casirk), and Simcoe Mountains, "Washington Territory, J. Howell.

10. C. NevadensiS, Watson. Plumas County, }frs. Austvi. Kootstock thick-
ened or slender.

Page 77. 5. SPRAGUEA.

1. S umbellata, Torr. Head of South Fork of King's River, Matthews.

rage 78. 6. CALYPTRIDIUM.

2. C. roseum, "Watson. Near San Pjernardino, Dr. C. C. Parry.

rage 80. 1. ELATINE.

1. E. Americana, Arn. Leaves obovate and very obtuse: llowers se.ssile,
closed or sometimes expanded and remaining so, pur|»lish : stamens 2 or sometimes 3,
as many as the petals and sepals : seeds eylindrical, slightly curved, about a thinl of
a line long, very minutely pitted in 9 or 10 longitudinal lines (20 or 30 pits in each
line). — Gray, Proc Amer. Acad. xiii. 3G1.

The more common American species, found on the Columbia Kiver {Hall, Ilotccll), but not
collected in CaHfornia.

2. E. brachysperma, Gray, 1. c. Mostly terrestrial, sometimes submersed or
floating : leaves oblong or oval and attenuate at base or 6ublanceolate : llowers sessile,
mostly dimerous ; stamens 2 or 3 : .seeds short-oblong, nearly straight, not over a
fourth of a line long, more coarsely pitted in 6 or 7 lines of 10 to 12 pits.

California, Kcllwiq k Harford, n. 2J7 ; locality not noted. Also from Illinois and Te.vas.

3. E. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Floating : leaves obovate, attenuate at base, the
lower with a jietiole not longer than the blade : flowers shortly pedicellate, with
3 or 4 sepals and petals and twice as many stamens : seeds circinate-incurved, nearly
a third of a line long, minutely pitted in 10 or 12 lines (about 25 i)its to each line).

In Sierra Valley, /. G. Lemmon. Tlie only American rei)resentative of the section Elatindla.

2. BERGIA.

1. B. Texana, Seub. On the Columbia IJiver, ./. Iluwdl.

Page 81. 1. HYPERICUM.

2. H. concinnum, Benth. Tn the Coast Ranges north of San Francisco ; Rus-
sian Piiver, V. L'<itta)i, G. R. Vasey.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 437

Page 83. 1. LAVATERA.

1. L. assurgentiflora, Kell. Involucre S-cleft to below the middle : calyx
deeply 5- 7-t(>otl)ed, becoming G or 8 lines long in fruit.

2. L. insularis, Watson. A stout perennial, finely stellate-pubescent : leaves
circular in outlint^, 7-lobed to the niidilio, the lobes rounded and obtuse, coarsely
crenate-toothed : flowers solitary in the axils, on deHexed pedicels about an inch
long : involucre of 3 nearly distinct oblong-spatulate acutish bracts : calyx 5-cleft to
the middle with broadly ovate acute lobes, much dilated in fruit : ])etals spatulate,
emarginate, purplish-yellow, 1| inclies long, naked at base: styles not exserted :
fruit slightly pubescent, ^ inch broad, about 1 0-carpelled. — Proc. Amer. Acad.
xii. 249.

Coionados Islands, near San Diego, D. Cleveland. A fourth species {L. vcnosa, Watson, 1. c.)
lias been collected on San Benito Island, Lower California ; leaves with triangular acutish lol)es ;
flowers smaller, clustered, deep purple, witli nearly distinct oblong-ovate involucrate bracts equal-
ling the calyx, exserted styles, and glabrous fruit, the carpels strongly veined on the sides.

3. SIDALCEA.

1. S. malvaeflora, Gray. IJarely more or less stellate-pubescent : carpels apicu-
late, sometimes slightly pubescent.

Page 85. 4. MALVASTRUM.

3. M. splendidum, Kell. Los Angeles (Mrs. A. E. Bush) ; Bartlett's Caiion,
near Santa Barbara, Rothrock.

5'. M. Palmeri, Watson. Stout, very densely stellate-pubescent, tlie branches
somewhat Hexuous : leaves broadly ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, 2 or 3
inches long, somewhat 3-5-lobed, the lobes obtusish, crenate-toothed; stipules
lanceolate, conspicuous : flowers nearly sessile in terminal clusters ; bractlets linear-
lanceolate, nearly equalling the acuminate calyx-lobes : petals yellowish rose-color,
an inch long : carpels rounded, somewhat pubescent. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 250.

At Cambria, San Luis Obispo County, a mile from the beach. Paltrier, n. 90, 1876.

rage 87. 8. HIBISCUS.

1. H. Califomicus, Kell. Flowers white changing to light rose-color. Differ-
ing from the eastern //. Moschentos chiefly in its less acuminate leaves, cordate at
base, and less white beneath.

Page 88. 1. FREMONTIA.

1. F. Californica, Torr. Known locally as "Slippery Elm," the inner bark
being used as a substitute for that of Ulmus fulva. — Rothrock, Bot. Wheeler's
Expl. 357.

2. AYENIA, Linn.

Flowers very small, naked. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, with narrow incurved
claws, the cucullate-concave blade adnate to the urceolate stamineal tube. Anthers 5,
3-celled, alternate with 5 starainodial lobes and opposite to the petals. Ovary
5-celled ; cells 2-ovuled : stigma capitate. Capsule muricate, separating into 5
1 -seeded 2-valved carpels. Seeds transversely rugose, without albumen. — Herbs or
shrubs, with simple serrate leaves, small stipules, and flowers in small axillary shortly
pedunculate cymes.

A genus of warmer and tropicnl Anioricn, nf 8 sperirs.

438 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

1. A. pusilla, Linn. Perennial, branchinrj from tlie woody base, the slemler
bi-anclies decumbent or ascending, often a foot higli or more, linely pubescent : leaves
lanceolate, h to 1 inch long, sometimes smaller and ovate, coarsely .serrate, on short
petioles : Mowers about a line long, reddish, the petals bearing a small pedicellate
gland ; pedicels dellexed : capsule subglobose, stipitate, about 2 lines in diameter. —
Cav. Diss. ii. 289, t. U7.

Big Canon of tlie Tantillas Mountains, and on Carmen Island, Lower California (Palmer) ;
Cienega, Arizona {Rothrock) ; eastward to Texas, Southern Florida and tlie West Indies.

A. MiCROPHYLLA, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 25 and ii. 24, is a low shrubby species of New Mexico,
with small cordate leaves, the petals not gianduliferous on the back, and the ovary and capsule
not stipitate.

Page 89. 1. LINUM.

3. L. digynum, Gray. Near Etna, Siskiyou County^ Rev. E. L. Greene.

4. L. Breweri, Gray. Lone Mountain, near San Francisco, Palmer.

8, L, micranthum. Gray. Pine Mountain, San Luis Obispo County {Palmer) ;
Camp Bidwell, Modoc County {Dr. Malthews) ; near Yreka, Greene.

PageOL 1. TRIBULUS.

L T. grandiflorus, Denth. i^ Hook. — T. Fisheri, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad.
vii. 1G2.

Page 94. 1. GERANIUM.

3. Gr. incisum, Xutt. Humboldt County, V. Rattan.

Page 95. 3. LIMNANTHES.

L L. Douglasii, Ii. Pr. Glabrous: petals oblong-spatulato, emarginate, yellow
bordered with white, naked : fruit smooth or slightly corrugated.

1*. L. rosea, Hartw. Glabrous : petals obovate and emarginate, or obcordate,
light rose-color or purplish below, villous within near the base : fruit strongly tuber-
culate.

2. L. alba, Hartw. Floccose-villous : petals broad, white or nearly so, some-
times not exceeding the sepals : fruit strongly tuberculate.

Near Yreka, Siskiyou County, Greene. Fuller material of these species leaves no doubt of
their entire distinctness.

Page 96. Order XXV. RUTACE^.

Casimiroa edulis, Llav. k Lex. (Seem. Bot. Herald, 273, t. 51, 52), a native of Mexico and
often cultivated there for its large edible fruit, the " Zapote bianco" or White Sapota, is found in
old gardens near Santa Barbara. It is a small tree, with alternate digitately 3- 7-foliolate leaves,
the thick leaflets glabrous and entire, small green 5-merous (lowers, and a large subglobose
5-seeded pulpy fruit.

Page 97. 1. PTELEA.

L P. angUStifolia, Benth. Butte County, Mrs. J. Bidwell, Mrs. Austin.

Page 98. 1. EUONYMUS.

L E. occidentalis, Nutt. Plumas County, Mrs. Austin.

Page 100. 3. RHAMNUS.

\. R. alnifolia, L'Her. At Truckee, Xevada County, Hooker <t Graij.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 439

3. R. Californica, Esch. " Yerba del Oso," and "California Coffee."

4. R. Furshiana, DC. " Cascara Sagrada." The bark of those species is col-
lected for medicinal purposes.

Page 102. 5. CEANOTHUS.

1. C. thyrsiflorus, Esch. Elowers sometimes white : leaves often more or less
narrowly obloug-Ianceolate, rounded or cuneate at base : fruit smooth, H lines
broad.

2. C. velutinus, Dougl. Humboldt County, south of Redwood Creek, 20 feet
in height, V. li<Ut<in. Eruit sometimes verrucose and glutinous, 2 lines broad.

3*. C. sanguineus, Pursh. A shrub, 4 to 12 feet high, with reddish brandies,
glabrous or nearly so : leaves thin, ovate or elliptic, 1 to 3 inches long, obtuse or
acutish, usually rounded at base, serrate ; petioles slender, an inch long or less :
ilowers white, in thyrsoid axillary panicles 2 or 3 inches long : fruit 2 lines broad,
smooth. — C. Oreganus, Nutt. ; Hook. Dot. Mag. t. 5177.

Yicka, Siskiyou County {Rev. E. L. Greene) ; northward to British Columbia.

8. C. divaricatus, Nutt. Olanclio Mountain, Inyo County, Rothrock. " Blue
lirush"; frequentetl as a covert and for browsing by deer.

Page 107. 2. ACER.

1. A. macrophyllum, Pursh. Plumas County, Mrs. Austin.

Page 108. 3. NEGUNDO.

1. N. Californicum, Torr. k Gray. Near the Gaviote Paver, Santa Barbara
[Mrs. Elivood Cooper) ; Eort Tejon, Rothrock. " Soft " or '•' Swamp Maple."

4. STAPHYLEA.

1. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Capsule rather lirm, 1 to 1^ inches long, the cells cari-
nate and attenuate into the slender style : seeds globose, 3 lines long. Collected by
./. G. Lemmon.

Page 109. 6. GLOSSOPETALON.

1. Gr. Nevadense, Gray. Pound only in one canon, opening upon the shore
of Pyramid Lake, J. G. Lemmon.

Page 114. 2. PICKERINGIA.

I. P. montana, Nutt. Sierra Cowniy {Lemmon) ; above Chico, Mrs. Bidioell.
Page 117. 4. LUPINUS.

2. L. Chamissonis, Esch. — Z. sericatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 92,
appears to be a few-seeded form of this species.

II. L. ornatus, Dougl. Plumas County, Mrs. Anstin. Sometimes decidedly
Avoody at base.

12. L. sericeus, Pursh. About Yreka, abundant. Rev. E. L. Greene.

1 3. L. leucophyllus, Dougl. Near Yreka, Greene.

14. L. Gi-rayi, Watson. Mountains near San Luis Obispo, and on Lassen's
Peak {Lemmon); " jilains " north of the Pierced, Mrs. A. E. Bush.

16. L. confei'tus, Koll. San Bernardino Mountains (AnvVt) ; Monachi ^lead-
ows, Tulare County, Rothrock.

440 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

21. L. laziflorus, Pougl. San Bernardino Mountains, Levimnu.
27. L. Breweri, (May. Bear Valley, San liernardino Mountains, /*rtrry. A
variaV)le specit.vs.

30. L. nanus, Dougl. Plumas County, Mrs. Austin.

31^ L. trifidus, Torr. in herb. (Substitute for L. micranthus, var. tl'ifidus.)

Resembling L. micniHtlias ; Howers mostly in a single terminal whorl : lower lij) ol"
the calyx deeply 3-clefc with linear segments : pod narrower and shorter (about G
lines long by 1^ broad), usually S-G-seeded : seeds a line long, uniiorndy mottled.
— Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 25U.

About San Francisco. L. micranlhus, besides tlie nearly entire calyx-lip, lias a pod often
1 inch long by 2^ lines broad, 6-9-seeded, the larger seeds variously mottled, but with a lighter
spot around tlie sometimes dark eye ; llowers occasionally ilesli -colored.

3 P. L. Citrinus, Kell. Appears to be distinguished from the preceding by the
bright orange or golden tlowers : calyx described as slK)rt, the lower lip minuti'ly
3-toothed : seeds lead-color marked with black. — Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 1)3.

Near Fresno, Dr. G. Eiscn.

37*. L. Arizonicus, Watson, 1. c (Substitute for L. concinnus, var. Arizoni-
CUS.) Krect, a foot high or less, villous throughout witli scattered spreading hairs :
leariets 6 to 8, linear-ohlanceolate : racemes loose ; bracts long and somewhat per-
sistent: calyx rather broad at base, lower lip trilid : petals 4 or 5 lines long, deep
blue or light rose-color, the broad wings exceeding the rounded standard : seeds
nearly white.

Near San Bernardino (Parrij & Lcmmon) ; Mohave Itiver (Palmer) ; Arizona. L. concinnus is
much more densely villous, lower and more dill'use ; leallets broader, calyx narrow at base, flowers
narrower and standanl elHptical ; petals usually reddish purple or the standard yellowish.

40. L. densiflorus, P)enth. Humboldt County, Hdtlan. Known as "Sheep-
poison."

42. L. pusillus, Pursh. Surprise Valley, 'Modoc County (Lemmoii) ; ]\Iohave
River, Palnier.

Page 127. 5. TRIFOLIUM.

3. T. Lemmoni, Watson. Substitute the following : Low (a foot high or less),
cespitose from a tliii;k branching rOi)tstock, sparingly appressed pubescent or nearly
glabrous: stipules acuminate, usually coarsely toothed; leallets cuneate-obovate to
oblanceolate, coarsely serrate and strongly nerved, 4 to 8 lines long : peduncles
mostly terminal, exceetling the leaves : heatls small, usually nodding : ilowers numer-
ous, shortly pedicellate, retlexed, 3 to 5 lines long, pale n)se-color ; calyx somewhat
villous, half the length of the petals, the slender teeth e.\ceeding the tube : ovary
smooth, 2-ovuled.

Found on a flat in .Sierra Valley, at 5,300 feet altitude, J. (I. Lcnunon.

3*. T. PlummersB. Dwarf ami matted, 2 or 3 inches high, appressed hoary-
pubescent : leallets 3 to 5, oblanceolate, 3 to 5 lines long ; stipnhis mostly scarions
and inflated : peduncles shorter than the leaves : llowers few, 3 or 4 lines long, on
short pedicels : calyx-teeth linear, exceeding tlie tube, a third shorter than the petals :
ovary densely villous, 2-ovuled.

Peaks west of Pyramid Lake, at 6,000 feet altitude, J. G. Lemmoii and Miss Sara A. Plammer.

9. T. Kingii, Watson. Scott i\rountains, Siskiyou County (6';w^(e) ; Mountains
of Western Colorado, J/cCanlei/.

13. T. gracilentum, Torr. Sc Cray. Cajon Valley, San Piego County (/). Cleve-
land); Western -Arizona, Pulmer.

ADDITION!^ AND CUlUMOCTIONS TO V()I>. I. 44]^

15. T. Brewed, Watson, riumas (Jounty, J/r.t. R. M. Aiisfiu. The species
is perennial, and shoulil follow 7'. Bolanderi.

22. T. cyathiferum, Lindl. IlumboUlt County JiaUmi.

2G. T. amplectens, Torr. & Gray. Vancouver Island, J. Macoun. To be re-
ferred to T. depauperatuvi as a variety.

rage 134. 8. HOSACKIA.

1. H. incana, Torr. liutte County, Mrs. Austin.
4. H. bicolor, Dougl. Plumas County, Mrs. Austin.

8. H. grandiflora, J5enth. Valle de las Viejas, San Diego County, with dark
purple flowers, D. Cleveland.

9. H. rigida, Benth. Agua Caliente, near San Bernardino, (S*. B. Parish.

11. H. Strigosa, Nutt. Flowers often rellexed : pod pubescent, G- 12-seeded.

14. H. subpinnata, Torr. & Cray. Siskiyou County (GVcf???) and AVashington
Territory {Li/a//), a much taller erect form, 1 or 2 feet high ; otherwise the same.

20. H. micrantha, Xutt. Near San Bernardino, Parrt/ & Lemnwn, n. 81.
rngel40. 9. PSORALEA.

3. P. macrostachya, DC. Stems sometimes somewhat glandular-scabrous :
spikes " 2 to 8 inches long." — Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 92.

6. P. fruticosa, Kellogg, I. c. 91. Somewhat shrubby, low and spreading, more
or less white-pubescent throughout with soft hair : leaves on very short petioles
(1 or 2 lines); leaflets oblong-obovate, cuneate, mucronate, 6 to 9 lines long; stip-
ides subulate, 3 or 4 lines long : spikes sessile, compound, 2 or 3 inches long :
flowers densely crowded, blue, 2 or 3 lines long, about equalling the persistent nar-
rowly lanceolate acuminate bracts : pod ovate-oblong, glabrous, rugose, roughened.

Streams of Tanielpais, F. P. i^tcLcan. Iviiowii only from Dr. Kellogg's dcsciiption.
* * * Leaves digiiately b-foUate: nearly aeaulescent.

7. P. Californica, Watson. Stems very short and clustered : i)ubescence short,
silky and appressed : petioles elongated ; stipules scarious, lanceolate, deciduous ;
leaflets broadly oblanceolate, acutish, 9 to 15 lines long: racemes shorter than the
leaves, on short peduncles, rather loose ; pedicels .slender : calyx silky-villous, | inch
long, the linear acuminate lobes a little exceeding the persistent petals : pod very
thin, somewhat villous, oblong with a lanceolate beak : seed compressed, 2 or 2}^
lines long. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 251.

On McOinnis' r?nncli, near lieatl of Salina;? River, 25 miles from San laiis Olnspo, Dr. E. Pahncr.
Allied to P. cscitlenla of the eastern plains, and probably with a similar tul)erous root.

Page 142. • 11. DALEA.

G. D. polyadenia, Torr., var. (?) subnuda. Smoother ; calyx scarcely villous.
Owen's Valley, Dr. W. Matlhcws.

7. D. Californica, Watson. Leaflets narrowly oblong to linearoblnnceolate,
obtuse, 1 to 3 pairs, 1 to 4 lines long : calyx-teeth ovate to lanceolate : pod glabrous.

On White Water I!iver, east side of San Bernardino Mountains, J. G. Lemvwn.

8. D. Fremontii, Torr. Leaflets oblong-obovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acute, 2 to 5 lines long.

Owen's Valley {Dr. iV. Mndhcivs) ; Southern I'tnh, //'. Johnson.

A42

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

Page 143. 12. GLYCYRRHIZA.

1. G. lepidota, Nutt., vav. glutinosa. Near HuiuboMt Bay, very common
(F. liattau) ■ tlie pod is like that ut the typical form.

Page 146. 13. ASTRAGALUS.

6. A. Coulteri, Benth. Sometimes biennial or poreniiiul. Western border of
San Bernardino County and on the IMohave {Parri/ & Ltmmon), and into Arizona.

28. A. cyrtoides, Gray. This appears to be ^. Gibbsil, Kellogg, Proc. Calif.
Acad. ii. 161, hg. oU, wliich name has the priority and should be ado[)led.

29*. A. collinus Dou"l. Hoary-pubescent, the slemler lle.\uous stems a foot
long: leallets linear or oblong linear, obtuse or emarginate, G to II pairs, h inch
long : peduncles elongated ; racemes short : calyx soft-pubescent, campanulate, with
sho'rt triangular teeth : pod pubescent, linear-oblong, nearly straight, 8 lines long,
upon a stipe twice longer than the caly.x. — Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. vi. 225.

Var. Californicus, Gray. Pod much larger (U inches long), mottled with pur-
ple. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 54.

On the Columbia and the Kooskooskie ; llie vaiii-ty near Yieka, very common in open woods,
lleo. E. L. Greene.

33*. A. tricarinatus, Gi-ay. Stem somewhat flexuous, 1 or 2 feet high : leaf-
lets 8 to 15 pairs, more or less scattered upon the elongated rhachis, oblong-ovate or
obovate, emarginate, 2 to 4 lines long, nearly glabrous above, white-puberulent be-
neath : peduncles elongated, equalling the leaves : llowers few, scattered, spreading :
calyx campanulate, the black subulate teeth a little shorter than the tube; petals
ochroleucous, h inch long : pod broadly linear, coriaceous, at length strongly arcuate,
an inch long "or more, 2-celled, very acutely carinate on the ventral side, broailiy
sulcate on tlio back between the obtuse lobes. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 5G.

On the Wliite Water, San Bernardino Comity, Parry.

41. A. obscurus, Watson. West's Valley, Modoc Comiiy {Lemmon) ; Union
County, Oregon, If'. C. Cusick.

Page 159. 16. LATHYRUS.

5. L. vestitus, Nutt. — L. splemleus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 90. Dif-
fering, according to the description, only in longer pedicels and rather larger pods.

8. L. Nevadensis, Watson. Standard broadly oblong, emarginate, purplish ;
wings and keel yellowish. — Via'a nana, Kellogg, 1. c. 89 ; a small form.

8'. L. albus. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous : stems numerous from a thick
stout rootstock, a span high or less, rather stout : stipules semisagittate, lanceolate,
acuminate, wit1i narrow acuminate auricles ; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, linear to oblong,
acute at each end and cuspidate, 7 to 10 lines long ; tendrils none : peduncles erpial-
ling the leaves, 2 - 3-flo\vered : llowers white, 8 or 9 lines long ; calyx-teeth deltoid
to Tanceolate, shorter than the tube : i)od U inches long by 4 lines broad, atteiniato
to a short stipe : seed olive-yellow, 2 lines in diameter or more, with very small
somewhat sunken liilum.

Surprise Valley, Modoc County (/. 0. Lernmoit) ; Union County, Oregon, very abundant on
low hills, jr. 0. CusicL

PagelG7. 1. PRUNUS.

2. P. emarginata, Walp. Fruit red, very bitter and astringent ; W. C. CusicL
2*. P. Fremonti. A spiny glabrous densely branched shrub or small scraggy

tree (15 feet high), with short branchlets : leaves small (4 to 8 lines long), thin.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 443

ovato or roundisli, on sliort slondor potiolos, (Icnticulatc : flowers appearing; witli the
leaves, solitary or soinowliat fasriclod, f) or 0 lines broad, on ]>pdie('ls 2 or 3 lines
long : calyx-l(d)es ciliato : ovary densely pubescent ; stylo elon<:;ated : stone oblong,
turgid, rounded on one side and with a broad ridge u[)on the other, 5 lines long.

Coast Ranges of Soiitlierii Califoniia ; Oiillanmie Canon, San Diego County {D. Chvelmid) ;
San IJeinardino Mountains, Pamj k Lcmmon, n. 108, 1876. Aho collected by Fremont in 184t),
locality uncertain. Flowering in March ; fruit probably with little piilp.

3. P. demissa, Walp. Iloopa Valley, IIum))oldt County, V. Iiattan.

4. P. ilicifolia, Walp. The fruit is light red, becoming dark purple on drying.

Page 170. 3. SPIR^A.

Dr. Maximowic/, of St. Petersburg, in his recent " Ailnotationes de Spirreaceis" (Act. Hort.
Petrop. vi. 105-261), sepaiates from the order llosncecc the tiibes S/nncew and QuUlajece, of
which together with the Poinae he forms an order Pomaccw, intermediate between the Ilosacete
proper and the Saxifrctgacccr. This new order is distinguished from the first chiefly by the dehis-
cent carpels or by tiie carpels connate with the caly.x, and from the last by the indefinite stamens
in alternating whorls, the outer the longest. The genus Spircca itself, as ordinarily understood,
is resolved by him into several distinct genera, and the Anu-rican species which have been referred
to Ncillia are also made to constitute a new genus, rhysocnrpus. While not prepared to adopt
all of the proposed changes, some of them at least ai>pear judicious. The following synopsis shows
the alterations made by him in the arrangement of our species.

♦ Carpels alternate with the calyx-lobes when of the same number.

+- Seeds with membranaceous testa and no albumen : stipules none.

++ Calyx persistent in fniit : stamens perigynous : carpels several-seeded.

3. Spiraea, Linn. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valvcd, distinct. Flowers peifect, rarely polyga-

mous. Leaves simple, serrate or incised. — S. betul^.folia, S. DouGLASll, and S.
CiT;snTosA.

3*. Eriogynia, Hook. Carpels membranaceous, 2-valved, distinct. Flowers perfect. Leaves
biteinatcly parted. — M PF.cniNATA, Hook. (Spinca pcdinala, Torr. & Gray). Collected
on Mount Shasta, Honker k (iraij.
++ ++ Calyx marceseent in fruit: stamens hypogynous : carpels few-seeded.

Z^. Aruncus, Linn. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valvcd, distinct. Flowers difccious. Leaves re-
peatedly ternately divided. — A. .sylvestei'., Kost. (Spircea Aruncus, Linn.)

+- -f- Seeds with shining stony te.sta : albumen very distinct : stipules membranaceous, caducous.

4. Physocarpus, Maxim. Follicles membranaceous, inflated, 2-valved, distinct, often stii)i-

tate. Flowers perfect, corymbose. Leaves lobed. — P. oruriForiA, Maxim., P. ToK-
KEYi, Maxim. (Ncillia opulifolia, Benth. & Hook,, and A^. Torrciji, Watson.)
* * Carpels oi)posite to the calyx-lobes when of the same number.

4». Chamaebatiaria, JLaxim. Follicles coriaceous, 1-valved, connate at base, several-seeded.
Albumen distinct. Flowers perfect. Leaves small, coriaceous, stipulate, bipinnately
dissected. — C. Millefolium, Maxim. [Spircea Millefolium, Torr.)
* * * Carpel becoming an akene. (Excluded from Po)ii<tcccc.)

4^ Holodiscus, Maxim. Carpels alternate with the calyx-lobes, with densely silky styles,
and 2 collateral pendulous ovules. Akenes membranaceous, woolly, 1-seeded. Leaves
lobed, without stipules. — H. ni.scoLOK, Maxim. [Spircca discolor, Pursh.) Maxi-
mowicz considers this genus to be most nearly allied to Cercocarpus, etc.

Page 171. 5. RUBUS.

1. R. Nutkanus, M09. Summit of Tranquillon ^Mountain, Santa Barbara
County, Mrs. Bartlett.

5. R. ursinus, Cham, k Schlecbt. San Diego County, D. Cleveland.

Page 173. 7. PURSHIA.

1. P. tridentata, DC. I\ock Spring, San Bernardino County, Palmer. Very
resinous and glandular-dotted : flowers long-pedicelled.

444 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

Page 174. 9. CERCOCARPUS.

•2. C. parvifolius, Nntt. r.utto Cuunty, Mrs. Ausfiii.

Page 178. 14. POTENTILLA.

3. P. Breweri, Watson. I'eaks of Webber, Sierra County (Lenimon) ; nearly
glabrous, willi dilated stipules and large calycine bracts nearly equalling tlie petals.

7. P. Wheeleri, Watson. — Rothrock, Bot. Wheeler's Expl. 360, t. 3, E. San
Bernardino iMouutains, Parry.

8. P. Grayi, Watson. — /*. Clarklana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 94.
Evidently a ri;duced form.

12. P. palustris, Scop. Butto County {Mrs. J. B id well) ; Plumas County,
Mrs. Austin. " Stems 5 or G feet long, Hoating."

Page 181. 16. HORKELIA.

4. H. congesta, Ilook. Plains of Shasta Piver, abundant. Rev. E. L. Greene.
Leaflets cuneate-ol)ovate in outline, deeply cleft into 3 to 5 linear lobes.

5. H. tenuiloba, (»ray. Mohave River, E. Palmer.

7. H. purpurascens, Watson. — Rothrock, Hot. Wheeler's Expl. 360, t. 3, A.

Page 18-2. 17. IVESIA.

Stamens 5 to 20.

2. I. unguiculata, C.ray. Bear Valley, Mohave slope of the San Bernardino
Mountains, Parnj it Lemmoti, n. 104. Hairs at the base more spreading: petals
with a spatulatc Vilade.

Page 185. 19. ALCHEMILLA.

1. A. arvensis, Scop. Flowers fascicled in the sheaths opposite to the i)etioles.
— HeterocodoH inlnimum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 111.

Page 187. 23. ROSA.

2". R. spithamea. A span high or less ; stem glabrous ; spines usually one or
two ])airs at the base of the upper leaves, slender, nearly straight : leaves few ; stip-
ules very narrow, acuminate, glandular-ciliate ; leatlets 3 to 7, thin, narrowly ellip-
tic to obovate. obtuse or acutish, serrate and glandular-serrulate, an inch long or
less, the short petiolule and rhachis glandular-pubescent and the latter sparingly
spinulose : flowers corymbose (4 to 6), on somewhat glandular pedicels, 1 to 1^-
inches broad ; calyx-tube globose-oblong, densely glandular-hirsute.

On the Trinity River, very abuiulant in open woods, " never more than a foot higli," T. Rattan,
July, 1878. Allied to R. parvi/olia, Ehrh., of tiie Atlantic .States ; dillVring esiiecially in the
thinner spinulose-serrulate leaflets.

3». R. Nutkana, Presl. The species referred to as A', hlanda, Ait. (I).
Page 188. 24. HETEROMELES.

1. H. arbutifolia, Roem. P.utte County, Mrs. Austin.
Page 190. 27». PERAPHYLLUM, Nutt. '

Flowers solitary or in sessile 2-3-Howered corymbs; petals orbicular, spreading:
ovary u.sually 2- (incompletely 4-) celled ; styles 2. Otherwise as Aynelanchier.

ADDITIONS AND (JUUKECTIUNS TO VOL. I. 445

1. P. ramosissimum, Nutt. A slirul), 2 to G foot lii<;li, very nuich branclictl,
■with grayish baric and sliort rigid braiicldets : leaves narrowly oblaiiceolato, attoim-
ate into a very short petiole, acute, I or 2 inclies long, somewhat silky-j)ubescent,
sparingly denticulate : flowers appearing with the leaves, on short pedicels becoming
a hall-inch long or more, j)ale rose-color, three-fourths of an inch broad : calyx-lobes
lanceolate, about equalling the turbinate tube : styles elongated, tomentose : fruit
globose, lleshy and edible, 4 or 5 lines in diameter : seeds conijiressed, acutely mar-
gined : cotyledons orbicular-cordate. — Torr. it Gray, Flora, i. 474.

Liisseii 1111(1 MimIoo Counties (/. G. Lemmoa) ; JUue Mountains, Orogon (KtitlaU, Cusick) ;
Soiitiicrn I'tah, Silcr, Palmer.

Page 190. 28. CANOTIA.

Ovary seated upon and connate with a much thickened fleshy base broader and

longer than itself, with it broadly ovate. Ovules usually G in each cell, in 2 rows.

Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. — Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 159; Rothrock, Bot.

Wheeler's Expl. 81, t. 1.

Now rcferreil by Dr. Gray to the RnUicccr, as the nearest alUance. Traces of the oil-glands
characteristic of that order are with diliiculty detected in the sepals and bracts.

I'age 19.5. , 1. SAXIFRAGA.

§5. Stems sotnewhat lenfi/ : leaves reniform-cordate, lohed: cnlijx-camjmmdate,
coherent with the base of the ovary : staviens 5.

10. S. ranunculifolia, Hook. Somewhat glandular-pubescent above, nearly
glabrous below, slender, a foot high or less : leaves ^ to 1 inch broad, 3-parted, the
cuneiform segments obtusely cleft : caulino leaves few, the upper simply 3-lobed or
reduced to a sessile lanceolate entire bract ; axils of the radical leaves bearing numer-
ous olilong bnlblots : llowera in a small coiymb, white, tho obovato i)etals twice
longer than the acute calyx-lobes: calyx campanulato in fruit. — Fl. Jior.-Am.
i. 24G, t. 83.

Spanish Peak {Mrs. R. M. Austin); Kettle Falls, W.isliiiigton Territory (Douglas); Fraser
Piiver Valley, Macoun. Referred to as a synonym, with doubt, under Boijkinia occidenlalis.

Page 196. 2. BOYKINIA.

3. B. rotundifolia, Parry. Stem villous-pubescent and glandular, 2 or 3 feet
high, leafy : leaves rounded or broadly ovate, large (2 to 4 inches broad), crenately
incised and toothed, thin, nearly gla])rou3 above, the jictiules very villous, slightly
dilated and hairy at base ; stipules small or wanting below : peduncles axillary and
terminal ; flowers short-jiedicelled, secuud on the few elongated branches : petals little
exceeding the acute calyx-lobes: calyx broadly urceolate in fruit. — Gray, Proc.
Amer. Acad. xiii. 371.

Along water-courses, San Bernardino Mountains, Parry k Lcmmon, July, 1876, n. 113.

Page 201. 8. HEUCHERA.

3. H. pilosissima, Fisch. & Mey. "Western Arizona, Palmer.

8\ CHRYSOSPLENIUM, i.inn.

Caly.K-tubo adnate to the ovary ; lobes 4 or i"), obtuse. Petals none. Stamens

8 to 10, very short, on tho margin of an evident disk. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-lobed

above ; styles 2, short, recurved. Capsule compressed, obcordate, 2-valved at the

top, with 2 parietal placenta", many-seeded. — Low decumbent herbs, glabrous and

^46 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

succulent, with petiolate creaate leaves, no stii)ules, and small solitary axillary

shortly pedicelled flowers.

About 15 species are known in cooler anil mountainous regions, eliielly of the northern hemi-
sphere, growing in swamps ami biooks. Three species are Korlli American.

1. C. glechomcefolium, Nutt. Stem slender, rooting at the lower joints:
leaves opjjosite, or tlie upper alternate, roundish or ovate, abruj)tly cuneate at base,
crenate-tlentate, li to G lines long, about equalling the petioles : flowers about 1 or 1 ^
lines long, rather exceeding tlie pedicels : seeds comparatively large, ovate, brown,
shining. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 589.

On a tributary of Redwood Creek, Klamatli County, F. Rattan.

Page 202. 9. PARNASSIA.

2. P. fimbriata, Banks. Reported in tlie San Jiernardino Mountains, Parish.

Page 203. 11. CARPENTERIA.

Calyx 5 - 7dobed, adnate to the middle of the subdepressed 5-celled ovary. Petals
imbricate in aestivation, tardily deciduous. Filaments fllif(U-m, very numerous. Style
short and thick, bearing 5 oblong 2 lobed persistently connate stigmas. Capsule
free except at base. — Cray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xv. 42.

1. C. Californica, Torr. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, the short petiole dilated
at base and narrowly amplexicaul : inflorescence cymose, the peduncles subtended
by ovatedanceolate sessile bracts : flowers white, fragrant ; petals cuueate-obovate, an
inch long. — Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 110.

On King's River, Fresno County, Dr. G. Eincn.

12. WHIPPLEA.

1. W. modesta, Torr. Humboldt County, very frequent (V. h'attan) ; Willa-
mette Slough, Oregon, J. Howell.

Page 20.5. " 13. RIBES.

3. R. Lobbii, Gray. Humbug Hills, near Yn^ka (A'. L. Greene) ; "Willamette
Slough, Oregon {J. Howell) ; Vancouver Island, J. Macoun.

Page 209. 1. TILLZ^A.

2*. T. peduncularis, Smith. JNIuch branched from the l)ase, the ascending
stems about an inch high: leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 or 2 lines long: flowers
nearly sessile, the pedicels becoming in fruit 4 to 6 lines long and very slender :
carpels purplish, truncate, equalling the ])etals and twice longer than the triangular
sepals. — DC. Prodr. iii. 382; Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 531.

Santa Barbara, Mrs. Elwood Cooper, May, 1879. Ciiili and Buenos Ayres.

2. SEDUM.

2. S. spatulifolium, Hook. San Bernardino Mountains {Parry k Lemmon) ;
Plumas County, Mrs. Austin. Petals narrowly lanceolate, 3 or 4 lines long.

4. S. obtusatum, Gray. Calyx broadly campanidate : leaves very thick.

G. S. variegatum, Watson. Stems slender, 2 to G inclies high, from a thick
tuberous rootstock ; radical leaves linear-oblanceolate, attenuate at ba.se : flowers in a
spreading cyme, the petals 2 or 3 lines long, and sepals usually green. — San Diego,
D. Clevthual ; .May and June.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 447

ragc211. 3. COTYLEDON.

2. C. pulverulenta, Bcuth. & Hook. Densely wliite-i)ulvcruleiit : flowers
secund, the corolla somewhat contracted above ; petals carinate with a prominent
mealy-glaucous niidveiu, about 7 lines long.

3. C. lanceolata, Henth. &- Hook. Leaves usually slightly mealy, lanceolate
"with an acutisli eilye, those upon the flowering stems (naked below) all broadly tri-
angular-ovate ; floral bracts 2 or 3 lines long, about equalling the stout pedicels :
calyx very l)road and truncate at base, 2 or 3 lines long : petals orange with promi-
nent glaucous midvein.

4. C. farinosa, Benth. & Hook. Short-caulcsccnt, usually densely mealy, a
span high or more : leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate, with obtuse margin,
the ujiper broatlly ovate : calyx narrow, the triangular-ovate sepals about 2 lines long :
petals pale lemon-yellow, not carinate, the midvein not prominent nor glaucous, 4 or 5
lines long.

G. C. laza, Benth. &, Hook. Basal leaves loosely spreading, lanceolate, attenu-
ate above, the margin acutish, somewhat ]»urplish : racemes simjile or branched :
pedicels 2 to 8 lines long : sepals about 2 lines long ; petals orange-yellow, carinate
■with a prominent glaucous midvein, scarcely spreading at the apex.

8. C. Palmed, Watson. Caulescent : leaves not at all menly nor glaucous,
reddish, lanceolate and acuminate (narrowing gradually from the base to a very .sharp
point), 2 inches long by 8 or 9 lines wide at base, the margin obtuse : flowering
stem a span long, red, with scattered broadly triangular-ovate leaves, the lower more
acuminate: racemes few, simjjle, secund, sju-eading, somewhat glaucous; pedicels
3 to 0 lines long: calyx rather broad; sepals triangular-ovate, 2 lines long; petals
palo yellow, scarcely carinate, the midvein not glaucous, 5 or 6 lines long : carpels 4
lines long, at length somewhat si-reading, the styles divergent. — Proc. Araer. Acad,
xiv. 292.

Near San Simeon Bay, Dr. E. Palvicr, 1877.

9. C. Lingula, Watson, 1. c, i\Iuch like the last. Leaves oblong, acute, 2 or 3
inches long by an inch broad : stems 1 1 to 2 feet long, the branches of the cyme
short and less spreading ; pedicels a lino long or less : sepals narrower and longer :
carpels 3 lines long, somewhat spreading, the styles straight.

From the same region and collector. The above descriptions and notes upon tlie different species
are based upon specimens in cultivation at the Botanic Garden of Harvard University.

Page 214. 1. AMMANNIA.

L A. latifolia, Linn. — Ludwigia scahviuscula, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii.
78, apparently.

2, A, humilis, Michx. Low : leaves narrowdy oblanceolate or somewhat spatu-
late, attenuate into a short petiole : flowers I to 3 in each axil, sessile : style very
short.

Yoseniite Valley {J. G. Levimon) ; Columbia River, Oregon {./. IloiccU) ; connnon in the
Atlantic States and ranging to the West Indies and Central America.

Page 21.^.. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM.

2. M hippuroid.es, Nutt. Near Prattville, Plumas County, J/rs. Austin.
Page 218. 4. EPILOBIUM.

1. E. spicatum, Lam. Near Humboldt Bay, V. linttan.

9. E. glaberrimum, Uarbey. Washington Territory, Sithdnyf.

448 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS To VoL. I.

11. E. minutum, Liiulley. Plmuus County {Mrs. Austin), and noitliwanl to
Vancoxivei- Lslaml au4 Laku Athabatica, J. Macottn.

12. E. jucundum, <iiay. JJcbembling K. jxiniculatum, but llowors nuicli larger,
niicl nunieruus in ratluii crowded panicles : calyx-tube beyond the ovary more nar-
rowly funneltbrni and nearly as long as the ovary ; ])etals broailly obcordate, deep
])urplo, halt" an intdi long: anthers short-linear, twice longer: style elongateil. —
l*roc. Amer. Acad. xii. .'37.

Scott Valley, Siskiyou County, abundant, AVc. E. L. Greene.

Page 223. 7. OENOTHERA.

3. CB. Californica, Watson. Stems oft;.'n 2 feet long from an elongated hori-
zontal rootstock : Uowurs li to 3 inches in diameter, opening at night, very fragrant,
white to pale pink with yellowish centre : stigma protrudeil from the bud a ilay l)e-
fore the opening of the llower : seeils larger than in (A'. alhicanHs ami more turgid,
dark brown or more or less mottled. — San Bernardino, W. G. Wriijld.

8. CE. heterantha, Nutt. Union County, Oregon, Cusick.

15. CE. Strigulosa, Torr. A Gray. Vancouver Island, J. Macoun.

Page 229. 8. GODETIA.

2. G. purpurea, Watson. Santa Inez Mountains, Mrs. E. Cooper.
4. G. albescens, Lindl. Near Chico, Mrs. J. BidwtU.

0. G. quadrivulnera, Spach. Chico (J//v>. HidwtU); McCloud's River, Ze?/j?«OH.

7. G. tenella, \Vats(.n. N(!ar Yreka, (Ircciif.
Page 232. 9. CLARKIA.

3. C. elegans, Dougl. — C. Eisealana, Kellogg, Proc Calif Acad. vii. 94.

10. EUCHARIDIUM.

2. E. Bre'weri, Gray. Leaves rather tliick : flowers an inch long, somewhat
1-sided, the stamens and style declinate ; the sujall midilie lolje of the petal spatu-
late : seeds in one row in each cell.

At Panoche, Fresno Comity, Gilmorc ; May. Both this genus and Eulobus are refuned to
Clarkia by Baillon, Hist. PI. vi. 464, 491.

Page 235. 1. MENTZELIA.

M. ASPERA, Linn. In this speciL's, as in the rest of tlie section, the limb of the calyx is divided
to the base.

6. M. Lindleyi, Torr. & Gray. — M. cmcea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. vii. 110.

8. M. tricuspis, Gray. Capsule nearly 3-celled by the intruded thin placentai,
an inch long by 3 or 4 lines broad : seeds in 1 row in each cell. Hat and horizontal,
not winged, strongly and irregularly rugose, opaque and very ndnutely tuberculate.

Near San liernanliuo, I'arrij & Lcmmou. This suoeies, together with J/. hirstUissiino, Watson
(Proe. Anier. Acad. .\ii. 2.^)2), from Angels Island \n the Ciilfof ("alif.nnin, constitute ii section
distinct hum § linrtimui, characterized by llic lilanients dilated and bicuspidate above, tlie terete
tubular style 3-cleft at the summit, and by diliVrences in tlie capsule and seeds.

Page 239. 1. CUCURBIT A.

1. C. perennis, Gray. Point Capitan, Santa Barbara County, Miss S. A.
Plummer. The name " Chili Cojote " belongs rather to ii species of Mtyarrhizu.

ADDITIOi\S AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL I. 449

'""S" 2«) 2. MELOTHBIA.

2». ELATERIUM, Linn.
Flowers dioecious, the male racemose, the female solitary. Calyx and corolla sal-
veriorm w.th elongated tube, or in the male flowers sometimes n.ore or less broadly
can,panulate. Stan.ns 1 to 3. united into a slender column, the anthers conna e
and the .near cells s.gn.oid-llexuous. Ovary ovoid, beaked, usuallv hispid or echi-
nate and n.ore or less oblique, variously looellate ; ovaries 1, 2, or ,nore in each cell
. erect or ascending. Fruit ileshy, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened. _ Herba-
ceous climbers, with cordate leaves entire or lobed, and slender 2 - 3-cleft tendrils.
A genus of a dozen species or more, cliiefly of tropical America.

thil; nini^.^^r^""^!; ^^'I'""- ;^^r' ^'''^' ''^"^'^'■' Sl^brous or nearly so : leaves
thu, lough.sh-pap.llose beneath, hastate-cordate, the middle segment l-.nceohto

all' ntT/o r?"'^''; ' '' ' ^'^^'"^ ^"'«" ^'-^^^^^'1 divaricately spreadt^ nd 2 -ltd
all entire or obscurely sinuate: male panicle shorter than the leaves very sle2r

xTSif^^lL'T''"" ^--»- ^^— 2: fruiting podicerfrl^the te
ahW ' ^ ?,,''",": ^' "'°''= calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long: ovary oblioue

glabrous, apparently 1-celled and 1-ovuled. - Proc. Amer. Acad xii 059 ^ ^ '

si^iar s^.^l^t- a^nnS^^J3;tht;^K;Sfe^A.r i^^ ^^'^

3. MEGARRHIZA.

1. M. Californica, Torr. Leaves usually lobed to the middle, the lobes often

or ?e1 "the^f^rl-^ hH "1^ ""^'^".^ ^^' '"-'^^ ''''' «" ^^''^^^ ^ half "nch lo^g
PPllil ;. n ^''g^t -y ^^^•■^''^'•' ^^-'tb abortive stamens: ovary spuriously 4-G

celled, the cells 1 -4-ovuled : fruit bursting by 4 or G openings at he apex • seec^
oblong or oblong-obovoid, 9 to 13 lines l„ng. 1 o ne apex . seeclh

7?,wi!,^"^f-''""r"*'?'T/'''""''I'*'''" ^' <^'''^"" '■'•o'n ^'"l''0"s specimens receivcl from ^f>■s Ji F
f^rt^lurm IJ.ng ,an. s Canon, near Santa Barbara. IS.'specting other species little fu the infonnV
tion ],as b.en ohtame.l. The Spanish ehil.lrcn are said to ph,y"with tl e ripe see is o son e sneciis"
of th^e t?^ ^'T'''^l\ «"'• ;;'^'l tl.em ■' Chili Cojotes." A notable peculiLi ^1 g^r J^ S
hiat ho •%<^^^'-"'-ibe;l I'y Dr. Gray in Amer. Journ. Sci. 3 ser. xiv. 21, the^otyledo.r e ma n
mg at the surface of the ground, within the see.icoat, and by the development of tE \ZmW
sCet n T^"'f /V ^'' •"""''' "'"' '■•'^'''•^'•' *" ^"""' <listance under the soil. The no rish e^^^^

S^'^^rea^eKM:;:^^^^;: 'i:^:^^ --'-^^^ -•^' -^ ^'^ ^--'^ ^^^

P'-'g^ 242. 1. DATISCA.

1. D. glomerata, P>enth. cl- liook. The root of this species is collected for use
in medicine, as a bitter tonic, and known as " Durango Root."

^'^e<'244. 1. MAMILLARIA.

defnlv^;,v^f ?'T''/'"f''"- ^^"'- "''^"'^-^•^^^"se or oval, simple, with subr^ylindric
deeply gooved tubercles : spines 25 to 30, straight, acicular, grayish white the

shorter, an. al,ovc these 5 or G interme.Iiate ones : flowers about an inch lon^ and
wide ; sepals 20 to 25 in several rows, narrowly lanceolate, aristate,;;^]"^;. ,11^1!

450 ADDlTlOiNS AND CUllKECTlUNS TU VOL. 1.

about 20 nearly in a single series, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat limLri-
ate at base, light straw-color turning to purplish at the tips : stigmas 5 or (5, spreatl-
in" : fruit oval, green, juicy, with ubli(iuely ubovate curved brownish pitted seeds.

"At Ivanpah, 30 miles iiortheiist of Sau Bernardino, in one of the monntain mngcs stretcliing
into the dosiMt, S. B. Parish. Hauls 2 to 4 inches liit^h, and 2 to 2i inches thick ; tubcrclus
about half an inch long. This and M. Arizoiiica belong to the M. vivipura group, and may
eventually have to be united with it." — Knijelmann.

Page 247. 3. CEREUS.

2\ C. gigantens, Engelm. " Erect, cohunnar, simple or with a few erect
branches tuward the upper part ; ribs 18 to 21 ; areola ovate-orbicular, woolly when
young, bearing 12 to lli exterior slender spines and 4 to G much stouter inner ones,
the former ^ to 1^ inches long, the latter 1 to '1\ inches: Uowers lateral near the
woolly top of the stem and branches, 3 to 5 inches long and 2 or 3 in diameter, open
day and night: stigmas 1-1 to 18, slender, greenish yellow: fruit '2\ or 3 inches
long, beset with 3U or 40 small scales, woolly in their a.\ils, bursting irregularly by
3 or 4 valves and dropping the greenish white p\dp with its black seeds." — Cactt.
Mex. Bound. 42, t. (il, 02, and frontispiece.

Common along the Kio Colorado, on rocky slopes, and eastward tlirough Arizona. "The
woody skeleton consists of long rods, corres|(onding lo sinu.ses between the ribs, in younger plants
distinct, in older ones connected by a network of libers and forming a hollow cylinder. The
luscious fruit is an important article of fooil to tlie Indians." — Enijclmunn.

l'ago249. 4. OPUNTIA.

9. O. pulchella, Engelm. Near Pyramitl Lake, Lemmoii.

11. O. echinocarpa, Engelm. & Rig. " Leaves 3 or 4 lines long : ovary with
about 20 areola', vi-ry .spiny : stigmas 5, s})reading." — Engehnann.

13*. O. Bigelovii, Engelm. "An erect arborescent shrub with a stout trunk,
simple below and there covered only with loosely adhering dtiad joints, densely
branching above, the ultimate joints subglobose and mostly deciduous : leaves minute,
subulate, only | of a line long : tubercles crowded, short, hemispherical ; spines very
numerous, | to 1 inch long, strongly barbed, covered with yellowish-white glisten-
ing loose sheaths : flowers dirty greenish red, about 2 inches in diameter ; ovary
with 30 to 40 bristly areolae ; petals spatulate-obovate, ttbtuse ; stigmas 7 or 8,
green, capitate, erect : fruit with about 50 bristly but not spiny areokc, oval, tough-
fleshy, soon drying, with a very deep umbilicus and small seed-cavity, sterile or with
one or few (rarely numerous) regular thick seeds. — Pacif. It, Rep. iv. 50, t. I'J,
tig. 1-7.

"Hilly margin of the desert on the east slope of San Bernardino Mountains, Imt not in the
desert itself (At?r//, Parish), and again on the eastern edge of the desert and into Arizona. In
the latter region 10 to 12 feet higli, in California rarely over 4 or 5. The woody skeleton forms
a wide tubular cylinder, closely reticulated, extending only into the largest branches. Seeds
circular, li or 2 lines in diameter and a line thick, with a rather narrow commissural band. A
peculiar feature of this species are the deciduous nearly globular ultimate joints, jirobably those
of the later summer's growth, which withering adhere to the jdant by their barbed spines, or
dropping on the giound strike root or more frecpnintly are driven about and rolleil into balls by
the wind, a pest and dread to men and beasts. These deciduous joints remind us of the decidu-
ous branchlets of Taxodium. The leaves are remarkably small for a CijUndopiuUia. The paucity
of seeds is also a peculiarity of this curious plant." — Eiujchnann.

Page 251. 1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM.

2*. M. coccineum, Haw. Stems erect from a wooily base, with strict rigid
brownish branches: leaves semicylindrical or compressed-triangular, i to 1| inches
long by a line broad, mucronate, pellucid-punctate : flowers terminal, erect, rose-
color or scarlet : calyx broadly turbinate, 3 to 5 lines long : stamens yellow : stig-

.lUOITKlNS AND fURUKC'J'lo.N'W Tu Veil,. I. -ri

^'■''S'^^^ 1. HYDROCOTYLE.

2. H. ranunculoides, Linn. f. Sauvies Island, Oregon, J. Howell
^''^Se2r,C. 4, SANICULA.

A.^lie^'f^^'iv";;: "'"'• "^ ^^"- ^'^" ^'-"-j^- (^-^ & ^— ); los

3. S. Nevadensis, Watson. i\ear Yroka (/;. L Greene)

ami s,,ar,„f.ly cre„atc.le„tate ; upper a„d i„v„l„cral W pal„"t f 3^5 pS

Near the coast, about San Francisco or northward, Dr. Kellogg, G. R. Vascy.
G. S. bipinnata, Hook. & Am. Odor very offensive.
7. S. tuberosa, Torr. Sweetwater, San Diego Connty, D. Cleveland.
^'""•■' -"• 5. DEWEYA.

2. D. Hartwegi, (Jray. Anhnrn, Placer C.iunty, J/;... J/. E. P. Avies.
^''-^e*^ 2G0. U; BERULA.

1. B. angustifoHa, Koch. Los Angeles, L'n'. J. c. Kr„;„,
' -'S-^ 262. 15, GLYCOSMA.

3. G. Bolanderi, (Jray. Pluiuas County, M,-.-,. Amfi».
^^S'2^^- 18. LIGUSTICUM.

& G.^;. ^P^°^"^' '■''■ (^) «^i««S, Gray. Mounts Shasta and Stanford, Hooker

19. SELINUM.

2. S. capitellatum, IJenth. A Hook. Butte County, Mrs. J. Bidwell.

^'"S'^2G7. 21. CYMOPTERUS.

5. C. (?) Nevadensis, (hay. On Mount Dana, ./. G. Lemmon In non.-lv
luature Iru.t, sufficient to show that the plant is no't a 6>,.;. ' It' Z^

amed to son.e liocky Mounta.n ..pecies that have been referred with uncertainty S

''"Se2G!). 22. PEUCEDANUM.

.Z' ^•e-^^"'\°^,f ""' \lP'''- ^''''^ glabrous, oblong-elliptic, nearly sessile, 3 lines
lung _ Sierra \ alley, Plumas County {Lemmon, Miss S. A. Phmmer) ani nortl?
ward tl. Washington Territory. Appearing in oa Iv sprin-^ '^'

452 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

4'. P. Hallii, Wat:ion. Near Yreka {Greene) ; Plumas County, Mrs. Austin.
9. P. dasycarpum, Torr. k Gray. Klickitat County, Washington Tenitory
{J. Howell); llumbol.lL County ( F. liatlan) \ San Die«,'o County, D. Cleveland.

Page 272. 25. DAUCUS.

1. D. pusilla, INIichx. Sometimes used as a remedy for the poison of rattle-
snakes uiuler the name of " Yerba de la Eibora" ; Schumacher.

26. CAUCALIS.

2. C. microcarpa, Hook. & Am. Near Yreka, Greene.
Page 273. 1- ARALIA.

1. A. Californica, Watson. Fruit pulpy, oblong-obovate to subglobose, ob-
scurely 5-sided, 2i lines long, dark purple. — Humboldt County, occasional on
streambanks {V. Rattan); Santa Lucia Mountains, Palmer.

Page 274. 1. CORNUS.

2. C. Nuttallil, Audub. San Bernardino Mountains, Parry.

3. C. sessilis, Tun-. Fruit blue-black, with a bloom, G lines long ; walls of the
stone cellular and resinous. — Mad liiver, Humboldt County, Rattan.

6. C. glabrata, Benth. Chico, Butte County {Mrs. J. Bidwell) ; Yreka, E. L.
Greene, wiio describes the fruit as blue when ripe.

Page 276. 2. GARRYA.

2. G. Fremontii, Torr. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblong-obovate, acute at
each end or obtuse and mucronate above, 1 to 3^ inches long. — Plumas County
{Mrs. Austin); Cascade Mountains, Linn County, Oregon, W. C. Cusick.

Page 278. 3. LINN^A.

1. L. borealis, Gronov., var. longiflora, Torr. Butterfly Valley, Plumas
County {Mrs. Austin); Scott Mountains, Siskiyou County {Greene); Humboldt
County, south of Trinity River, V. Rattan.

Page 280. 5. LONICERA.

1'. L. ciliosa, Poir. Trailing or climbing : leaves ovate to oblong, glaucous
beneath, ciliate, .shortly petiolate, the upper connateperfoliate, 1.^ to nearly 4 inches
lon^T : flowers in approximate whorls or in a single often sessile whorl, scarlet, 1 to
H inches long; corolla somewhat hairy or glabrous, gibbously inflated above the
narrow base, slightly bilabiate. — Torr. <t Gray, Fl. ii. 5. Caprifolium occidentale,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1457. L. occidentale. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 282.

San Francisco Mountains, Arizona (Palmer) ; near Chico (i)frs. J. Bidwell) ; Humbug Moun-
tains, near Yreka (Greene) ; Hunibolilt County (Rallan) ; northward to British Columbia.

Page 282. 2. KELLOGGIA.

1. K. galioides, Torr. On Salmon River, ^Yashington Territory, ir. C. Suks-
dorf. Leaves lanceolate to linear: flowers "pale rose-color."

Page 283. 3. GALIUM.

1. G. Californicum, Hook. & Arn. Stems low and very slender, from peren-
nial running rootstoeks : fruit glabrous or more or less hirsute, on stout rellexed pedi-
cels a line long or less.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 453

leaves nnincious, ii.inowlv obloiu, -i ,„ i li, i ^ f i "'^"'-' "^^ I'lomuioiitly :>-7-nui(]vd :

»in.,y .,„, ,.,„;i„.„ ;":4^.;ta,^ :;, i .,';::; is„^. i:!'," i:l;:^ ■ "-"'" «--" »^'"'.

c.cc,„„, Cay, Proc. Ame,-. Aca,l. xiii. 371, ti,o fertile form ° ~ ' '^''""''^

''"='' ^"- 2. PLECTHITIS.

^toMf;.,"'"""'''^ ■''°'^- * °''"^- ^°'' ^'J"-'". M'doc County, Dr. IK.
Page 291. Insnt ill Key to the Oenera : —
^°"' '^°7m."°,'!»t Hr »'■»«-*'«"","=■' l-i™"'"''- Akcne. n.ltencl, ,vllli .,i,I,t1,icl<,„„a ,,,„

St'iLwi'!:";:^,';?"" " "■"«" "™' °' •»•'""" """i- ""'k«-j toSx'c:

^"8^300. 3. BRICKELLIA.

.eat Ltsf ,eS^,;::-i,,::t\i^ it?i;';,,L;^^^

shortly petioled unequally serrate 'at the' sides, d to 2 ne o, for Lre 'tZI
upon t e branches more oblong and subentire, lialf ,as long : head foU an 'e'ssUe "t
the ends of the branehes, many-flowered, 7 to 9 lines long; involueral scales Inlr

On the South Fork of Scott River, Si.skiyou County. Rev. E. L. Greene, August, 1876.

C B. linifolia, Eaton. Minutely glandular-puberulent, 6 to IG inches hi^rh
with narrowly elhpt.c^lanceolate acute entire ses^le leaves \ to 1 inch W Hs
termmal on the slender sparingly leafy branches, many-flowered, 5 to 9 Ih^s lon^

Exp ml T\t ' "'"'"' *^" '"''' ""'' ■ '^''''' """^^^^^ ^^'P'^- -^"^ Sg

Yosemite Valley (/. G. Lemrmn); Utah and Northern Arizona.
P^g«301. 4. ADENOSTYLES.

1. A. Nardosmia, Gray. Klickitat County, Washington Territory, SuUdorf.

454 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

Page 311. 16. APLOPAPPUS.

1. A. squarrosus, Hodk. <k Arn. Alniiulant near San Diego (D. Cleveland);
IMontei'ey, tlnuktr iV: Uiaij.

3*. A. stenophyllus, (iray. Depressed, cespitose, from a woody caudex, 2 to 4
inches high, pubc-ruluut : leaves numerous, linear-subulate to hlifunn, i to 1 inch
long or more, a line wide or less, entire: ilowering stems scape-like, 1-Howered :
heads small ; involucre glandular-puberulent, of lew linear-lanceolate acute scales in

2 nearly equal series, 3 or -1 lines long : rays 9 to 12, bright yellow : akeues oblong-
linear, soft-villous : pappus white, somewhat rigid. — Torr. I'ot. Wilkes Exp. 347.

Lassen County {Lcmtaon); and northward to Washington Territory and Iihilio.
4. A. apargioides, Oray. San Bernardino Mountains, Parry.

5*. A. racemosus, Torr. Herbaceous, soft-villous becoming more or less gla-
brate, the erect rigitl nearly simple stems a foot high or more, from a thick rootstock :
lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate and petiolute, 4 or 5 inches long, the cauline nar-
rowly lanceolate, sessile with clasping base, rather coarsely spinulose-serrate or the
upper entire : ])ranches few and short (an inch long), erect, bearing usually a single
large head : involucre hemispherical, not bracteate, of numerous appressed subulate
acute herbaceously tipped scales, much shorter than the pappus : rays 15 to 20, pale
yellow : akenes densely silky : pappus rigid, becoming rwddish. — Homopappus
racemosus, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. vii. 332. Pyrrocoma raremosa,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 244.

Scott Valley, Siskiyou County {E. L. Greene) ; Willamette lliver, Oregon, Nuttall.

7'. A. laricifolius, <Iray. A shrub a foot high or less, fastigiately much
branched, glabrous and resinous : leaves numerous, narrowly linear-oblanceolate,

3 to 8 lines long by less than a line broad, entire, strongly resinous-punctate and
at length glutinous : heads corymbt)se at the ends of the branches, on leafy-bracted
branchlets, 4 lines long, narrow ; involucral bracts few, in 2 series, linear, acute or
obtusish, scariously margined, al)out 2 lines long : rays 4 to G, obh)ng, conspicuous :
disk-flowers about 12: akenes pubescent. — PI. Wright, ii. 80.

On the Mohave Itiver (Palmer) ; through Arizona and New Mexico.

11'. A. Greenei, Oray, ined. Woody at base, a foot high or less, glabrous and
minutely resiuous-puberulent ; liranches reddish brown l)elow, leafy : leaves oblanceo-
late, abruptly acute or mucronate, \ io \ inch long, bright green : heads few in close
corymbs or solitary, narrow, 5 to 8 lines long; involucre equalling or a little shorter
than the disk, of lax long-linear acuminate scales, mostly with the tip or upper half
thin-herbaceous and spreading: rays 3 to 7, large ; disk-flowers 13 to 1(J: style-
branches usually much exserted.

Scott Mountains, at 9,000 feet altitude (,Rev. E. L. Oifcnc) ; Union County, Oregon, (Jtisick.

Page 315. 17. BIGELOVIA,

3*. B. brachylepis, Gray in herb. Nearly allied to B. Cooperi ; shrubby,
about a foot high, resinous-punctate and glutinous, the thick linear-tiliform leaves
2 to 8 lines long, with smaller ones upon the branchlets and fascicled in the axils :
heads somewhat larger, 3 to 5 lines long, 8- 12-flowered ; involucre similar : akenes
linear, twice longer (2 lines long), with fewer ribs : style-ap[)endages longer, linear.
Potrero (/>. Cleveland) and Larken's Station, San Diego Jlountains, Palmer.

7. B. teretifolia, Gray. Cuyumaca Mountains (Palmer) ; San Bernardino
Mountains, Parry.

8. B. paniculata, G.ray. Des(>rt washes, base df San Bernardino Mountains
{Parry); Union Pa», .\iiziina, Pahntr.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 455

9. B. graveolens, var. glabrata, (Jray. Low grounds near the spa, 12 miles
poutli of 6anta Darbara, Mrs. Elwood Cooper. This species, where prevalent, is often
known as " Ifabbit liush."

Piige 321. 20% TOWNSENDIA, Hook.

Dwarf acaulescent or depressed-branching annuals or perennials, with linear or

spatulate entire leaves, and largo heads of whitish or rose-colored flowers. Pappus

a single series of unequal rigid scabrous bristles thickened or dilated toward the

base. Akenes villous, strongly compressed, with somewhat tliickened margins.

Otherwise nearly as Astei'.

Seventeen species arc known, confined cliiefly to the Rocky Mountain region, only the follow-
ing apiiroacliing the borders of California.

1. T. scapigera, Eaton. Biennial, finely hoary-pubescent : leaves radical, broadly
spatulate, obtuse or emarginate, an inch or two long ; stems several, simple, scape-
like, 2 to 4 inches high, 1 - 2-bracted : heads solitary, an inch broad or more, the
pinkish ray flowers twice longer than the herbaceous hairy oblong-lanceolate involu-
cral scales : j)appus of the ray slightly shorter than that of the disk. — Bot. King
Exp. 145, t. 17.

Modoc County, Fort Bidwell {Mrs. Austin) ; hillsides, Northern Kevada, Watson, Wheeler,
Lemmon. Flowering in early spring.

T. FLORiFKR, Gray, Ms. A similar species, with numerous stems from an annual root, often
branching, leafy, subdecumbent, 4 to 8 inches high, white vilious-pubescent : leaves narrowly
oblanceolate, acute, long-petiolate : involucre 4 or 5 lines long, tlie linear acuminate bracts nearly
e(iunl. — Eriijcron {\) florifer, Hook. Fi. 15or.-Am. ii. 20. Ajtlopnpptis flnrifrr, Hook. & Am.
]5ot. neechey, S.'il. Slenotw florifrr, Torr. k Gray, Fl. ii. 238. T. .t/rignsn,'Gm\; Bot. Wilkes
E.xp. 344, not Nutt. Baker City, Oregon {Nrviusj ; Union County, Oregon (Cusick), and north-
^^ard to the British boundary, Douglas, Wydh, Lyall, etc.

Page 322. 21. ASTER.

4. A. Shastensis, Gray. Siskiyou Mountains, E. L. Greene ; a rayless form.

14. A. Andersonii, Gray. Foot of IMount Whitney {Rothrock) ; Mount Shasta,
Hooker tfc Gray.

15. A. divaricatUS, Nutt. — A. tenue, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 114.
Apparently a form of tliis species with reduced heads.

Page 328. 23. ERIGERON.

7. E, Bloomeri, Gray. Near Yreka, E. L. Greene.

8. E. ochroleucum, Nutt. The flowers arc reported as "golden yellow"
(Oregon, Neviiis) and " bright yellow " (Eraser River, Macoun).

11*. Erigeron decumbens, Nutt. "Between E. coryiuhosvm and E. foUosum,
but with the involucre of the former : stems numerous from a slender rootstock, a
span or more high, spreading or ascending from the base, leafy, bearing few or some-
times solitary short-peduncled heads ; leaves all linear (lower 4 or 5 inclies long, 2
lines wide) : rays mostly fewer than in E. corymhosum and white or purple-tinged :
outer pappus obscure. — Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 2. ser. vii. 309 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 178." — Z^r, Gray.

Plumas County, on Mount Dyer (Mrs. A\t.itin) ; Sierra County (Lrmmon) ; also in Oregon.

13". E. miser, Gray. Very like E. snj-)ple.r, : stems bearing 1 to 5 smaller
corymbose heads : involucral scales narrowly subulate, unequal, puberulent, about 2
lines long : rays none : akenes hirsute, 2-nerved : outer pappus manifest, bristly. —
Proc. Amer. Acad. xiii. 372.

Crevicesof rocks near Donner Lake (^7-cr?(('); on Mt. Stanford, Kcllogtj, Lemmon, Hooker k Gray.

456 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

Page 332. 25. BACCHARIS.

1'. B. salicina, Ton-. & Gray. Woody at base, erect, G to 8 feet high, smooth,
not ghitinous or sparingly so, much branched ; branches suberect, angled : leaves
thick, oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, entire or coarsely lew-toothed, acute or
acutish or sometimes obtuse, 1 or 2 inches long, the broader 3-nerved from near the
narrow base : heads numerous, mostly sessile, solitary or clustered : involucre ovate-
cylindrical, 2 lines long in the male "heads and the pubescent oblong subrigid scales
obtuse, 3 lines long in fertile heads with the inner scales narrow : pappus very
minutely scabrous. — Flora, ii. 258; r.othrock. But. Wheeler Exp. 15G. li. salici-
folia, Kutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vii. 337.

San Diego Mountains (A Cleveland) ; Carisso Creek and Colorado Valley {Newberry), and east-
ward to Southern Utah, Colorado and New Mexico.

2. B. Douglasii, DC. At Hot Springs, Kern County, Rothrock.

5'. B. Plummerae, Gray. Herbaceous, tomentose-pubescent, 2 or 3 feet high,
■with spreading branches and subcymose inilorescence : leaves, not glutinous : leaves
rather thin, linear-oblong, acute or acutish, an inch long, acutely serrate the whole
length, obscurely 3-nerved : heads ovate, mostly short-pedicellate, 2 or 3 lines long,
the linear-lanceolate submembranous scales acute or acuminate : pappus rather rigid,
scabrous, a little exceeding the corolla and style. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xv. 48.

In wet sand near running water, Glen Loch ravine, 15 miles west of Santa Barbara, Miss S. A.
Flitmmer, J. G. Lemmon.

Some apparently undescribed species occur in the San Bernardino region and near Los Angeles,
of which fuller material is needed.

Page 337. 3L STYLOCLINE.

1. S. gnaphaloides, Nutt. Near San Diego (/>. Cleveland) ; San Bernardino
Desert, Farry.

3. S. filaginea, Gray. San Bernardino County, Parry &i Lemmon.

32. EVAX.

1. B. caulescens, Gray. Sometimes much reduced and very shortly caules-
cent, which form appears to be what is described as StylocUne acaule by Kellogg,
Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 112.

Page 342. 36. GNAPHALIUM.

4. Gr. ramosissimum, Nutt. Santa Barbara, Mrs. El wood Cooper.

6. G. purpureum, Linn. San Diego, a very small form, D. Cleveland.

Page 347. 43. RUDBECKIA.

2. R. occidentalis, Nutt. Sierra Nevada, above Cliico, Mrs. J. Bidwell.

Page 350. 45. WYETHIA.

6. W. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Trinity County, south of Trinity River, asso-
ciated with W. anffustifoiia. Collected by V. Rattan.

Page 35 L 47. ENCELIA.

2. E. farinosa, Gray. Near San Bernardino, S. B. Parish.
Page 353. 40. HELIANTHUS.

4. H. exilis, Gray. Siskiyou County, E. L. Greene.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 457

I'ageSSe. 62. LEPTOSYNE.

4. L. maritima, Gray. — Coreopsis maritima, Centh. & Hook. : Hook. f. Bot.
Mag. t. G2-H.

Page 360. 56. HEMIZONELLA.

Disk flowers occasionally as luauy as four.
3. H. minima, Gray. Camp r,id\vell, Modoc County Dr. Matthews.
Page 365. 57. HEMIZONIA.

13. H. Fremontii, Gray. Near Chico, Mrs. J. Bidwell.

15. H. mollis, Gray. Flowers varying to yellow : Yoseniite Valley, Lemmon.

19. H. plumosa, Gray. Five feet high or more : flowers whitish. Sandwaste
of creek near Grayson, opposite Stockton, Lemmon.

Page 378. 68. ACTINOLEPIS.

1. A. coronaria, Gray. 8an Diego, rare, D. Cleveland.

3. A. mutica, Gray. — Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 131. Abundant near
San Diego, D. Cleveland.

Page 384. 71. LASTHENIA.

1. L. glabrata, Lindl. Near San Diego, D. Cleveland.

Page 386. 74. HULSEA.

2. H. heterochroma, CJray. On Mount Grayback, near San Bernardino,
Lemmon.

4". H. Parr3n, Gray. Low (6 inches high) with leaves mostly radical, white
floccose-tomcntose, broadly spatulato, obtuse, deeply toothed, 2 inches lon'^ : stems
simple or sparingly branched at base, somewhat glandtdar-villous, bearing a few
scattered linear leaves : heads solitary, half an inch long ; involucre glandular-
pubescent, the broadly linear scales about equalling the disk : rays purple or purplish,
scarcely exceeding the disk : pappus scales oblong, nearly equal, somewhat lacerate.
— Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 59.

Bear Valley, headwaters of the JMohave River, Parry.

5. H. nana, Gray. Top of Mount Grayback, San Bernardino County [Lemmon) ;
Siskiyou County {Greene); Union County, Oregon {W. C. Cusick) ; Mount Paddo,
Washington Territory, SuhdorJ".

6. H. vestita. Gray. Near summit of San Jacinto Mountains, San Diego
County, aS". B. Parish.

Page 388. 76. PALAFOXIA.

1. P. linearis, Lag. San Bernardino Mountains, S. B. Parish.

Page 391. 77. CH^NACTIS.

11*. C. sufirutescens, Gray Ms. "About a foot high, much branched from
n shrubby base, densely white-tomontoso : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into
a few linear entire divisions : heads solitary on long naked glabrate peihincles, rather
large (| to nearly 1 inch high) : pappus of 10 or 12 equal scales, which nearly equal
the apparently white corolla."

Rocky hanks of the Sacramento River, below Strawberry Valley, J. G. Lemmon.

458 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

Page 396. 84. PERITYLE.

3. P. Acmella, Clray. Tliis species has been iilentiiied by Mr. Ilemsley with
P. micro(jlu66it, I5enth. Hut. Siiliih. 110, wliich name is the oliier,

l'i.ge399. 88. PECTIS.

1. P. papposa, Gray. Rattlesnake Islaiul, harbor of San Diego, II". J. Fisher.
— Kellogg, I'roc. Calif. Acad. vii. 1G2.

R.ge 404. 94. ARTEMISIA.

6. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Near Santa Barbara, Mrs. Elivood Cooper.

Page 407. 98. TETRADYMIA.

l^ T. comosa, Gray. Three or fonr feet high, with erect branches and branch-
lets, white-woolly : leaves scattered, linear. Hat, often an inch long or more, cuspi-
date-nmcronate, deciduous or becoming spinose and persistent ; axillary fascicles
Avanting : heads in terminal corymbose cymclets : invohicral scales scarcely mar-
gined : otherwise nearly as T. spinosa. — l*roc. Amer. Acad. xii. GO.

From San Diego Connty (Cleveland, Palmer) to San Bernardiiio {Parry k Lemmon, Parish) and
the Mohave region {Palmer), and Northwestern Nevada, Lemmon.

Page 415. 102. ARNICA.

4. A. latifolia, Eong. Yosemite Valley, ravine near Vernal Fall, Hooker &
Gray.

4\ A. viscosa, («ray. Very viscid-pubescent : stems about a foot high, branched
above or to thu base : loaves all .sessile, ratlier numerous, an inch long or less, ovate-
oblong, or tlie upper narrowly oblong, entire : heails small, shortly peduncK-d, ray-
less, rather few-tlowered : involucre aljout 4 lines long, the jiale disk a half longer
or more : akenes somewhat glandular-hispid. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiii. 374.

Mount Shasta, at 8,000 feet altitude, Hooker k Gray.

A. AMPLEXICAULI.S, Niitt., is anotlier species of this group, found in the Columbia Valley and
perhaps reaching Northern California. It resembles J. latifolia, but with about G pairs of ovate
or oblong-ovate leaves, all sessile and clasping, coarsely toothed, usually exceeding the internodes.

Page 416. 102». CROCIDIUM, Hook.

Heads many-flowered, with pistillate rays; flowers all fertile. Involucre hemi-
spherical, naked, of a single series of nearly equal thin-herbaceous lanceolate scales,
lleceptacle conical, naked. Rays elongated, entire ; disk-corollas tubular with cam-
])anulate 5-cleft limb. Style-branches short, flattened, broad above with triangular
])ubescent appendages. Akenes oblong, obscurely 5-angled, covered with thick hya-
line hairs or papillae. Pappus none in the ray, in the disk of white barbellate
capillary bristles. — Annual herb, with simple stems from the base, floccose-woolly
or glabrate : radical leaves rosulate, spatulate, the cauline scattered and linear : head
solitary ; flowers yellow. A single species.

1. C. multicaule, Hook. Stems several, ascending, 2 to 10 inches high, naked
above : radical leaves i to 2 inches long, sparingly tootlied : flowers briglit yellow,
the involucre IJ to 3 lines long, about equalling the disk, the ray twice longer. —
PI. Lor.- Am. i. 335, t. 118.

Surprise Valley, Plumas County {Lemmmi) ; Lassen County (^frs. Austin) ; Modoe County
{.\fiit.l.h,''ii!i): Siskiyou Cowuty {Greene); northward to Ihitish Columbia. Flowering April to June.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 459

rage 420. 104. CNICUS.

12. C. carlinoides, Sclirank. At end road — Cirsinm scariosiim, Nutt.
Rage 421. 106». CARBENIA, Atkiis. Ble.ssed Tiiistlk.

Head niany-floweied ; outer row of flowers sterile, tlie disk i)erfect. Involucre

ovoid-globoso, the outer scales l)road and foliaceous, spinose-dentato, the inner (2 or 3

rows) subcoriaccous, appressed, with a spreading spiny and spinose-dentate ape.x.

]ieceptacle Hat, very bristly. Akencs subtenjte-oblong, about 20-striate, with a cre-

nate-dentate crown and large lateral scar. Pappus of about 20 bristles in 2 series,

united in a deciduous ring, the outer rigid and awn-like, the inner small, slender

and firabriolate. — A low branching pilose annual, with alternate sinuate-pinnatifid

leaves, the lobes and teeth spinose. Heads large, terminal, with yellow flowers.

A single species, of sontliein Eui()|)e and adjacent Africa, natunilized in western South America
and Jlexico, and sparingly in the United States.

1. C. benedicta, Adans. A foot high or more, leafy, somewhat viscid : akenes
very thick, 4 lines long, with conspicuous crown ; bristles of outer pappus alternate
with its teeth, terete, flattened and flexible at base. — Cnirus benedictus, Linn.;
Tveichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ, xv, t. 748.
Near Healdsburg, common, V. Uatlan.

Page 422. 107". TRIXIS, P. Hrowne.

Heads several - many-flowered ; flowers all perfect. Involucre cylindrical, of an
inner .series of 5 to 10 erect e<iual scales and an outer more or less irregular series of
foliaceous bracts. Iieceptuclo small, naked or piht.se. (Corolla bilal»ial(>, outer lip
.'5 toothed, often longer in the outer flowers, the inner narrow and 2-purted or 2-cleft.
Anthers sagittate and caudate at ba.se. Achenia oblong or linear, suliteretc, O-costate,
iisually papillose-scabrous. Pappus of numerous slender roughish bristles in 2 or 3
rows. — Herbs or shrubs, more or less pubescent or viscid, with alternate leaves,
usually corymbosely paniculate inflorescence, and yellow or whitish flowers.

Ahont 30 species are known, of tropical and snhtropical America, from the southern border of
the United States and the West Indies tc Buenos Ayres and Chili. Two Mexican species are
found in the Rio Grande region.

1. T. sufTruticosa. A low much-branched shrub, minutely glandular puberu-
lent : leaves lanceolate, attenuate at base, acute or acuminate, entire or rarely sparingly
denticulate, | to 2^ inches long : heads corymbose or solitary at the ends of the
branches, on stout peduncles : bracts (about 5) variable, narrowly lanceolate to ovate,
3 to 5 lines long ; scales 10, subherbaceous, linear, acute or acutish, G lines long,
strongly gibbous-tliickened at base, .shorter than the bright yellow flowers.

On the White Water Piver, eastern side of the San Bernardino Mountains (Pamj k Lemmon) ;
Tantillas Mountains (Palmer) ; Tucson, Arizona (Palmer) ; Camp Grant, Arizona, A'. L. Greene.
Described by Dr. Pahner as "a showy bushy plant with a strong scent of woimwooil."

Page 423. 108». CICHORIUM, Tourn. Ciiicnnv.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre of 8 to 10 equal erect inner scales in one row,
subcoriaceous, at length concave at base and receiving the outer akenes, and sur-
rounded at base by a few shorter unequal scales. Receptacle flattish, naked or
nearly so. Akenes oblong, turgid, obscurely striate. Pappus of numerous short
(^hafly scales in 2 or 3 row.s. — Erect branf-hii\g biennial or perennial herbs, with

460 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

rather rigid branches, alternate pinnatifid or coarsely toothed leaves, and sessile axil-
lary and terminal lieads of l)liie llowers.

Two or three species are known, natives of the Old World. C. Endivia, Linn., Endive or
Garden Suecory, is often cultivated as a salad.

I. C. Intybus, Linn. Perennial, with a deep thickened root, 2 or 3 feet high,
pubescent beluw or glal)rous : leaves runcinate, the upj)er small, narrow, subentire :
liead in llower an inch broad or more.

Santa Barbara {Miss S. A. Plummcr) ; native of Europe, widely natuialized in temperate and
tropical regions. The root is e.xtensivtly used us a substitute for cotlec, or for its adulteration.

Page 435. 116. MALACOTHRIX.

II. M. platyphylla, Gi-ay. Beaver Dam, Northern Arizona, /^a^m^^r. Akenes
2 lines long, ash-colored, corky, striate-cylindric, truncate and pitted at the summit.

Page 442. 124. SONCHUS.

1. S. oleraceus, Linn. Santa Barbara {Mrs. Cooper) ; San Diego, Cleveland.
Page 445. 2. NEMACLADUS.

1'. N. longiflorus, Ch-ay. Slender branching annual, 3 to 6 inches high, with
habit of N. rainosisscmas ; leaves hoary-puliescent : caly.x 5-parted, free from and
much shorter than the narrow oblong compressed capsule, its lobes equal: corolla
tubular, strictly gamopetalous, 3 lines long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx : fila-
ments more united : cajjsule 2 lines long, 2-valved to the base : seeds short-oval. —
Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. GO.

San Diego and San Bernardino Counties, Wallace, Parry k Lcmmon, Cleveland. This second
species reiiuires a modification of the generic character, esi)ccially as respects the adnation of the
calyx to the ovary and the characters of the capsule.

Pape446. 1. GITHOPSIS.

1. Gr. specularioides, Xutt. Plumas County, Mrs. Ames, Mrs. Austin.

Page 451. 1. VACCINIUM.

3*. V. csespitosum, "Michx. Dwarf and cespitose, 3 to 6 inches high, branches
not angled : leaves ol)ovate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish, closely serru-
late, bright green both sides, reticulately veined, 3 to 9 lines long : corolla ovate or
ovate-oblong: berry glaucous-blue, sweet. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 33, t. 126, and
Bot. Mag. t. 3429.

Var. arbuscula, Oray. About a foot high, with rather broader and thicker
leaves. — Syn. Fl. ii. 24.

Plumas County (Mrs. Austin) ; Mount Shasta (Hooker & Gray) ; Simcoe Mountains, Oregon
(Howell) ; the variety only. Tlie species ranges in several forms from Alaska and Hudson's Bay
to California, Utali and Colorado, and tlie northern bonier States.

Page 452. 3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.

Tlie Californian species of this genus are thus rearranged by Dr. Gray in the
Synoptical Flora of North America.

§ 1. Drupe smooth, mealy : nutlets separate or separable, or irregnlarbj coales-
cent. — UvA-URsi.

* Depressed tra 'ding or creeping, green, glabrous or puberulent : Jloioers 2 lines
long, in sinall simple clusters : ouarg and reddish fruit glabrous.

1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Not yet detected in California.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 45 X

2. A. Nevadensis, Gray, 1. c. 27. Branches rising from a few inches to a foot
liigli from rigid procutubent main stems : leaves thick, obovato or oval to ublanceo-
late, cuspidate-mucronate, abruptly petioled, an inch long or less. — A. Califormcn,
Hort. Edinb. ; Garden, xv. 1051

In the Siena Nevada from Mount I);>na nortliwaril to V/asliington Tenitoiy, Sukii<hrff. Men-
tioned under A. pttiujcns m tlie Small Manzanita.

* * Erect low shrubs, with mosfhj duatcred short racemes or si/ikes: flowers 1

or 2 lines Ioikj : leaves }, to 1 inch long.

3. A. pumila, Nutt., and 4. A. nummularia, Gray.

5. A. Hookeri, Don. A foot or two high, diffuse, puberulent or glabrate :
leaves green, ovate or oval, cuspidately mucronate or acuminate, sometimes spinu-
lose-denticulate, slender-petioled : fruit glabrous, 2 lines in diameter, reddish.

Coast Ranges, Monterey to Sonoma County. Most of the synonymy cited under A. pungens is
to be referred to this species.

* * * Erect shrubs or low trees, with short clustered racemes: flowers 3 or 4

lines lonrj, and yellowish drnjjes 4 or 5 in diameter; leaves Ito'S inches long.

G. A. Andersonii, Gray, and 7. A. tomentosa, Dougl.

8. A. pungens, HBK. Glabrous or minutely tomentose-pubescent, 3 to 20 feet
high : leaves tliick and rigid, green or glaucescent, oblong-lanceolate to round-ovate,
usually mucronate-cuspidate, entire, obtuse or rounded at base, slender-petioled :
pedicels glabrous : drupes smooth and glabrous : nutlets thick-walled, carinate or
thickened on the back, sometimes iirmly coalescent. — Nov. Gen. iii. 278, t. 259;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2937 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx, t. 17 ; Torr. in Emory's Rep. t. 7.

Var. platyphylla, Gray. Leaves pale or glaucescent, usually blunt, oblong to
orbicular, I or 2 inches long.

From San Diego to Oregon and eastward to Utah and Mexico. The variety is the Californiau
and more nortliern form, and the common Manzanita.

§ 2. Drupe not tvart'j, ovoid-globose, with thin pulp and a thick solid woody or
bony 1 - Qcelled nut. — Xvlococcus.

9. A. glauca, Lindl., and 10. A. bicolor, Gray.

IL A. Clevelandi, Gray. More pubescent; leaves sessile, narrower, acumi-
nate, the margins more revolute : inllorescenco leafy : bracts and sepals acute : corolla
4 lines long, equalled by the pedicels : fruit unknown. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 61.

Potrero, San Diego County, D. Cleveland. Flowering in Se[)tember.

§ 3. — CoMARosTAPHYLis. 12. A. polifolia, HBK.

Page 455. 5. LEUCOTHOE.

1. L. DavisicC, Torr. Seeds pendulous, oblong, flat, the thin reticulated coat
much larger than the oval nucleus, and its margin densely timbriate with clavate-
oblong hair-like cells. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 34.

Page 456. 7. BRYANTHUS.

1. B. Bre^veri, Gray. Mount San Bernardino, at 12,000 feet, IF. G. Wright.

Page 458. 10. RHODODENDRON.

L R. Californicum, Hook. Found by Rattan 16 feet high or more.

Page 4C1. 16. ALLOTROPA.

1. A. virgata, Torr. k Gray. In spruce forests near the Trinity River, Ixattan.

462 AUDITIONS AND CUKUKCTlUNS TO Vol.. 1.

Page 463. 10. PLEURICOSPORA.

1. P. fimbriolata, (Jray. Pluums Cuimty {^f^■s. AusUn); ]\rount Shasta, Lem-
mon.

20. NEWBERRYA.

Sepals 2 or 4, linear. Corolla tube villous within, as well as the filaments and
style. Teeth of hypogynoua ilisk dellexed between the stamens. — Uray, Proc.
Anier. Acad. xv. 44.

1. N. congesta, Torr. Flowers densely cymosely crowded : corolla-lobes ovate,
one-third the lengtli of the suburceolate cylindrical tube : lilaments equalling the
slender style; anthers narrowly oliloug, dehiscing by a slit close to tlie connective.
— Gray, 1. c.

In spruce forests on tlie North Foik of Mad liivcr, llmubolilt Comity (lutttau) ; DesL'hutcs
Valley, Oregon, Xcwbcirij.

2. N. spicata, Gray, 1. c. Cauline scales narrowly oblong, acutish, more tim-
briate-erose : lluwers spicatel}'' crowded : corolla more campanulate, the oblong lobes
a half shorter than the tube : lilaments shorter than the style, which is scarcely
longer than the ovary ; anthers short-oblong, the cells dehiscing by a slit a little dis-
tant from the connective.

Humboldt County, near the locality of the last but at a higher altitude (Uullan) ; Washington
Territory, Gibb.i.

Page 408. 3. ANDROSACE.

1. A. septentrionaliS, Linn., var. subulifera, (Jray. Calyx-lobes slender-
subulate, as long as the tube, surpassing the corolla. — Syn. Fl. ii. 00.
Near (/rafton, San Bernardino County (Lcminoa k l\irri/) ; Colorado.

Page '472. 2. FRAXINUS.

1. F. dipetala, Hook, it Am., var. brachyptera, (^ray. A form with short
obovate fruit, 0 to 9 lines long, the terminal part of the wing only half the length of
the body. — Syn. Fl. ii. 174.

Var. trifoliolata, Torr. Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate ; leallets small, an inch long or
less, coriaceous, obsoletely serrate : fruit rather small. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 1()7.

The first foi-m near Borax Lake (Torrcy), the second near the southern boundary, in Lower
California, Furry.
Page 473. 3". AMSONIA, Walt.

Calyx small, 5-parted, with narrow acuminate segments. Corolla .salverform, the
cylindrical tube unappendaged, constricted and villous within at the throat. Stamens
included, the short lilaments inserted near the throat and the anthers free from the
stigma. Carpels distinct, connected oidy by the common filiform style and becom-
ing slender terete or torose erect several-seeded follicles. Stigma truncate-capitate,
a})pendaged beneath by a rellexed cup-like membrane. ScimIs in one row, oblong
or cylindrical, oblicpiely truncate at each end, with corky testa. — Erect perennial
herbs, with alternate leaves and blue flowers in terminal sublhyrsoid or corymbose
cymes. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 81.

A genus of lialf a dozen North American species, chiefly confined to the southern portion of the
United States, with a single species in Japan. The genus ditlers from the other Californian repre-
sentatives of the onler, in its alternate leaves, salverform coioUa, free anthers and naked seeds.

L A. brevifolia, Gray. About a foot high, glabrous: leaves ovate to lanceolate,
8 to 18 lines long, nearly .sessile : calyx 2 or 3 lines long: corolla-lobes ovate-oblong.

ADDITIONS AND CORUECTIUNS To Vol. I. 4(J3

iK'arly half tlio lon-^th of the clavate tube : sti^^ma l.i-aiiiculatc, : follicles 2 or 3 inches
loiiK, in-eguhvdy moiiilifonu, 1 - 4-seedecl, at length breaking into 1-seeded joints:
seed 5 lines long. — Troc. Amor. Acad. xii. Gl, and 1. c.

Mohave DesL-rt (Palmer, u. iZ[>) ; Noitlieni Arizona and Southern Utah, Mrs. A. P. Thompson,
Palmer, Parry.

I'agf 475. 1. ASCLEPIAS.

3. A. Mezicana, Cav. Substitute for A. fascicularis, Decaisne, which is
ideutilied with the Mexican species by Dr. tJray. — Icon. i. 42, t. 58 ; Gray, 1. c. 9G.

7. A. erosa, Torr. (Substitute for A. leucophylla, Engelm.) Founded upon
a glabrate state, as Engeliuann's ui)on the canescent-woolly form.

Var. obtusa, Gray, 1. c. A form with elliptical and very obtuse leaves and scanty
woolliness. — A. leucophnUa, Engelm., var. ohtusa, Gray, JJot. Calif, i. 020.
Bartk'tt's Canon, near Santa Barhara, Polhrock.

8. A. Fremonti, Torr. Canescently tomentose, with short fine wool, or the
stem i)uberulent, a foot high or less : leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, suljcordate at
base, obtuse or acute, entire, distinctly petioled, 3 or 4 inches long : umbels 1 to 3,
on peduncles not longer than the woolly pedicels : corolla whitish, the oblong-ovate
lobes 3 lines long : hoods nearly erect, equalling the anthers, somewhat eveidy trun-
cate, the inner angles produced into a tooth ; horn broad, the subulate exserte'd apex
incurved. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 93.

On the Upper Sacianiento (Frononf, Kcu-brrry) ; near Chico {Mrs. J. Bidirrll, HuokerkGrny) ;
near Little Lake, Mendocino County, Iliillfm.

■*-•*-+- Hood mainly solid, lateralli/ compreaaed with nnrroir dorsal keel and
broader ventral wing ; the latter bearlnrj two .seinl-obomite lamclUn enclosing a
broad crest which Is produced Into a short subulate exsertcd horn.

9. A. nyctaginifolia, Gray. Koughish-puberulent, ascending, apparently a foot
high : leaves rhombic-ovate, 2 or 3 inches long, rather long-petioled : umbels lateral,
very shortly ])e(lunck'(l, 4 - 8-llowered ; pedicels equalling the jieduncle : corolla
greenish, the oblong lobes G lines long : column very short : hoods little shorter than
the petals, nearly twice longer than the anthers ; e.xserted horn a line long. — Proc.
Amer. Acad. xii. 70, and Syn. Fl. ii. 95.

At Rock Spring, Providence Mountains, Palmer.

Page 477. 2». SCHIZONOTUS, Cray.

Hoods saccate, oval, cleft on the back from apex to base, the ventral side adnate
the whole length to the column. Anthers, etc., of Acerates. Leaves opposite. —
Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. GG, and Syn. Fl. ii. 8G, 100.

A sinf,'le species, separated from Gomphocarpns and from Acerates by the strictly dorsal lissure
of the hood.

1. S. purpurascens, Gray, 1. c. — Gomphocarpm pur-purascens, Gray, Proc.
Amer. Acad. x. 76, and Eot. Calif, i. 477.

3. PHILIBERTIA, HBK.
Calyx minutely 5-glandular within. Corolla open-campanulate or (in our species)
rotate and deeply 5-cleft or -parted ; lobes commonly ciliate, narrowly overlapping.
Crown double, the outer a membranous ring adnate to the base of the corolla, the
inner of 5 fleshy or hood-like scales adnate to the base of the stamineal column.
Stigma flat or und)onate or with a short 2-cIeft beak. Follicles rather thick, smooth,
acuminate. — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby twining plants, with opposite petio-

464 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

late leaves and duU-coloreel fragrant flowers: peduncles umbellately several- many-

tlowered.

An Anierieau genus of about 30 species, iuliabiting tropical and subtroi)ical regions from the
southern border of the United States to IJuenos Ayres. Five species are included in Gray's
Synoptical Flora. Formerly included iu Sarcoslcmnui, which is restricted by Bentham k. Hooker
to tlie Old World species.

1. P. linearis, Benth. «t Hook. Slender, low-twining or when young erect,
puberulent or ghilirate : leaves narrowly linear, acute or acutish at each end, an inch
long, shortly petioled : peduncle 8- lO-Howered, exceeding the leaves: corolla slightly
puberulent, with ovate lobes, yellowish, purplish, or wliitisli, 4 lines broad ; crowns
contiguous : column none or very sliort. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 88. Sarcustemina
lineare, Decaisne, PI. Hartw. 25, and DC. Prodr. viii. 539.

Var. hirtella, Oray, 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent throughout with short spreading
hairs, slightly climbing : sepals more slender. — Sarcostemma heterophiflliim, var.
hirtelhim, Gray, Bot. CaHf. i. 478.

Var. heterophylla, Gray. — Sarcostemma heterophyllum, Engelm.

The varieties from Soutliern California to Arizona ; the typical form Mexican ranging into
Arizona.

4. GONOLOBUS, Michx.

The American species of Lacluwstoma are now referred by Dr. Gray to this genus,
which differs from our other Asclepiadacece in its unappendaged anthers borne on or
under the margin of the stigma and dehiscing transversely, the pollen masses hori-
zontal or nearly so. — Perennial twiners, with opposite leaves and umbellate or fas-
cicled dull-colored flowers. — Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 75, and Syn. Fl. ii. 102.

About 80 or 90 species all American, 15 in the southern United States. .

1. Gr. hastulatUS, Gray, 1. c. — Lachnostuma hastulaliim, Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 620.

Page 479. ERYTHR-EA.

2. E. trichantha, Griseb. Santa Cataliua Island, Dr. Schumacher.
Page 483. 3. GENTIANA.

7*. Gr. Oregana, Engelm. leather stout, 1 or 2 feet higli : leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, 1 to 1 ^ inches high : flowers few at the summit or occasionally several and
racemosely scattered : bracts oblong or ovate : calyx-lobes oblong- to ovate-lanceo-
late, equalling the tube : corolla broadly funnelforra, over an inch long, with short
roundish lobes. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii, 122. G. affinis, var. ovata, Gray, page 482.

From near San Francisco {liolandcr) to IJritish Columbia.

Page 484. 4. FRASERA.

4. F. albicaulis, Dougl. Very minutely pruinose-puberulent : sepals rather
longer and narrower than in F. nitida : corolla lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate :
gland oblong-linear : scales between the filaments more or less dissected into bristle-
like processes : otherwise as F. nitida. — Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 67, t. 164;
Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 126.

Near Fort Bid well, Modoc County (Dr. IF. Madhcivs) ; northward in Oregon and Idaho.

Page 486. 1. PHLOX.

2. P. longifolia, Nutt., var. brevifolia. Gray. Substitute for var. Stans-
buryi, which is a stouter form with linear to linear-lanceolate leaves, occurring fre-
quently in Nevada and Utah, but not yet observed in California.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. ipr

and'c^^K^-^^Z^^T' /""■• ^''r "'f '""'''^ *^'^ gl.'vn.lular-pul.oscent peduncles
and calyx . ste.i.s .leader, ascendmrj from a prostrate or rootin-^ base G to 8 inel es
high : leaves ovate to ovate-ohlon.' acute sessile 5 to If) li,.c. i . . f

Mountains south of Trinity lUvor iRa.an) ; Cascade Mountains, Oregon, A. irood, Cusick.
^'"S'^^SS. 2. COLLOMIA.

the s.,u4s upo;. tie tub; or^hlrt-c^i^lj^if ^S^j;j;;:^l^s^^,:^

transfer of this comn.on species from G'ilia to Collo^nia. necessitates the

^''S'^^S9. Q QILIA.

1. G. demissa,(;ray.—lJothrock,Eot. Wheeler Exp t 19 B

ami ^^n. i j. n. m<. (,. AenncJf/i, I\)rter, Coult. JJot. Gaz ii 77

1". G. Lemmoni (Jray in herb. Simple or branched, about 2 inches hi<d.

ubKlandular-h.spi, : K...UM.S mostly 5-partod, the narrow acutish ,livis n or 2
1. "OS long: calyx cleft to the middle, 2 lines long, scarions between tli prominent
nbs which are acerose-pointed and spreading above: corolla yellowisl Vor 4 line

ong, with rather narrow abrupt tube shorter than the calvx and several imes slio le

XtVchnr ' '" '''"'^' ■ "P"'' """"-'^ ^'^"'- '''^''y ^^-^"-S t"e cab "

4. G-. Bolanderi, Gray. Siskiyou Mountains, I?a(ta>i.

9^ G. brevicula Gray. Resembling G. amlrosacea ; 4 inches liigh, simple or
v.th spreading branches, minutely pubescent and above glandular: i:a;es 3 ifnel

Into^- co" ll" -7 rf I f'"^ f ''' ^^^■•"^''' ^'- ^«^- -"te (not acuminate no
ciliate) : coro la-tube 5 to / lines long, twice longer than the calyx an.l bracts • lobes

Sym F^UO *' "" "'''"''' ^'"'''"' '' ''" throat. _ Proc. Amer. Acad, x" 79, and

On the Mohave Kivor, Palmer, 187G, n. 401.

7o,n ■t.^^^o^.tbenJ^flM^' ^^' ^'''''^'\''''', Mountains (Coopn-), and through Ari-
zona to Soutliern Utah. Ihe species has been confuse.I with lYavarrdia Schottii
low. (which is now removed to Lcsselia, as will be seen under that genus), but is
<l.stinguished by its cuneate-tridentate leaves attenuate to a long narrow petk,lo and
a.ely at all pmnatdid, the bristles often in twos or threes, the "corolla-limb equally
obed with the short stamens inserted at the sinuses (or one a little below), and bV
the longer oblong cajisule. ' ^

31». G. lutescens, Steud. Closely resembling O. florrn.n ; corolla brifdit
sulphur-yellow, 3 lines long, the tube not exs,.rte.l and lobes hardly over a line long-

4GG ADDITIONS AND COKKECTJUNS TU VOL. 1.

anthers long-oblong : ovules solitary : capsule oval, S-seeded. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii.
495. Hugelia lutea, ]jenth.

Probably near Moiiteiey (Douglas) ; back of San Simeon (Palmer) ; also collcLteJ by Lcniiaon,
locality uncertain. lieteneJ to under 0. Jloccosa as u synonym.

42*. G. latiflora, Gray. A foot high or less, paniculately branched, glabrous,
the inflorescence sparingly glandular : leaves mostly radical, an inch long, linear-
oblanceolate, simply pinnatitid with short triangular cuspidate lobes, the cauline
small, mostly entire, with a broad clasping base : inflorescence nearly as in G. teiiui-
Jiora, but the panicle more diliuse and the corolla (7 to 11 lines long) more dilated
above the shorter (scarcely exserted) tube. — Syn. Fl. ii. 147. G. tenniflora, var.
latiflora, Gray, liot. Calif, i. 498.

San Diego iind Los Angeles Counties, Fremont, Wallace, Palmer, 1870, n. 402.

Page 499. 4. POLEMONIUM.

2. P. humile, Willd., var. pulchellum, Gray. Less pubescent than the typi-
cal arctic form, the leaflets often nearly glabrous : flowers smaller, the coroUa-lobe.s
only 2 or 3 lines long, violet or lavender blue or nearly white. — Syn. Fl. ii. 1 50.

Tlie Californian and Rocky Mountain forms are all referred to this variety.

3'. P. carneum, Gray, 1. c. Tiather stout, 1 or 2 feet high, diffusely branched,
glabrous or slightly pubescent, not glandular: leaflets (5 to 15) distinct, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, often 1.^ inches long: branches subumbellately 3 - 5-llowered :
calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes ovate-oblong : corolla salmon or flesh-color, becoming
purplish, 8 to 12 lines long, with round-obovate lobes : style and stamens shorter
than the corolla : ovules 3 or 4 in each cell.

Mountain woods, Siskiyou County (Greene) ; Saucelito (Kellogg) ; Angel Ibland, O. R. Fuseg.

Page 500. 6. LCESELIA. (15y A. Okay.)

Two species, which have been more or less confuseil with Gilia (iVavarretia)
setosissima, have to be added to this genus, forming a section of it which connects it
too closely with the Navarretias. They are depressed winter annuals, of small size,
at length much branched ; the leaves spiuulose-setiferous and the upper subtending
the flowers after the manner of several true Loeselias ; the calyx-lobes tipped with a
similar long white bristle : corolla purplish or violet, varying to white, the narrow
tube little longer than the limb, two of the sinuses deeper and the two interme-
diate lobes rather shorter.

3. L. Schottii, (Jray. An inch or two high ; leaves linear or the upper cunei-
form-spatulate, pinnatititl-toolhed or the upper 3-5-lobed: lobes of the (white?)
corolla oblong, acute : stamens moderately incurved above, shoiter than the corolla-
lobes ; anther-cells oval-oblong. — Xavarretia Schottii, Ton. Hot. Mex. liound. 145.
Gilia Schottii, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 267.

Mohave Desert {Parry k Lcmmon), near the Colorado {Coulter, Sehott), and S. Utah, Palmer.

4. L. Matthewsii, Gray. Eather larger : corolla (three-fourths of an inch long)
purple and partly violet or sometimes white, strongly irregular ; its lobes cuneate,
truncate antl more or less tridentate, surpassed by the mure incurved filaments :
anthers mostly larger, the cells oblong.

Camp Independence, Inyo County (Z)r. JF. Matthews); Mohave Desert, Pahncr, Lemmun.

Page 502. Insert in Key to Genera, before Kama : —

10*. Lemmonia. Corolla short-campanulate. Styles and subulate lilanients .slioit. Cells 2-
seeded. Small depressed annual.

ADDITIONS AND CUUliECTlUNS TO VOL. I. 4G7

rnge504. 2. NEMOPHILA.

4. N. insignis, Dougl. Pedicels much hni^'er tlian usually in N. Memiesii:
leaves occasionally few-lobed. — N. mudemta, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 93.

Page 508. 5. PHACELIA.

8*. P. hispida, Gray. Distinguished from P. ramosissima by its annual root :
inflorescence more open, the llowers on slender horizontal pedicels : calyx-lobes lax
and elongated, nearly equalling the corolla, in fruit 4 to G lines long and 3 or 4 times
longer than the capsule : seeds more oval. — Syn. Fl. ii. 161. P. ramosissima, var.
hispiJa, Gray, Pot. Calif, i. 508.

Sail Dit'go to Santa Barbara ; Butte County (Mrs. Aualin) ; Arizona, Palmer.

12. P. procera, Gray. Siskiyou County, Greene.

13'. P. Mohavensis, Gray. Dilfusely branched or simple, about 4 inches
high, glandular-hispid : leaves hmceolate to linear, an inch long or more, entire or
rarely sparingly toothed, narrow at base : i)edicels short, erect : calyx-lobes linear-
spatulate : corolla pur[)le, 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx, the appendages
long-oblong and adnate up to the truncate summit : filaments and style slightly ex-
serted : ovules 4 or 5 to each j)lacenta. — Syn. Fl. ii. 1G4.

On tlie iMoliavo River (Pdmcr, 1876, n. 387) ; Hear Valley, San Bprnardino Mountains, Parri/
& Lemvion. The hitter a slender erect form.

13^ P. grisea, Gray. Stouter, 6 to 8 inches high : leaves ovate, rather abruptly
contracted to a short thick petiole, entire, an inch long : flowers nearly sessile, erect :
calyx-lobes 2 or 3 lines long, variable, one or more broadly spatulatc to ovate-spatu-
late, slightly exceeding the capsule : corolla 3 or 4 lines long; appendages as in the
last : filaments and style much cxserted : ovules 5 or 6 to each placenta. — Proc.
Amer. Acad. xii. 80, and Syn. Fl. ii. IGf).

On fine Mountain, near San Simeon Bay, Palvicr, 1876, n. 381.

1 7. P. brachyloba, Gray. San Diego, Cleveland, Palmer.

10. P. Davidsonii, Gray. San Pernardino County, Parr// i Lemmon, n. 259.

2G. P. Ivesiana, Torr. Surprise Valley, Modoc County, Lemmnn, Miss Plummer.

27. P. Fremontii, Torr. — P. Brannani, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 90.
Mohave Desert, Mrs. A. E. Push.

28. P. bicolor, Torr. Surprise Valley, Modoc County, Miss S. A. Plummer.

28'. P. Cooperae, Gray. Somewhat hoary with a dense viscid pubescence :
leaves oblong, oiitusi;, crenately subpinnatitid, h inch long, about twice longer than
the petiole, the lowest larger and pinnatcly lobed : flowers sessile or nearly so,
densely spicate ; corolla tubular-funnelforra, 4 to G lines long, 2 or 3 times longer
than the calyx, the lind) blue or violet, the narrow throat and tube yellow ; append-
ages narrow, fioe from the filament: ovides 7 or 8. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xv. 49.

Santa Inez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, /l/r.s. Elirood Cooper.

35". P. campanularia. Gray. Pesembling P. Whitlavia ; about 6 inches high,
rather .stout: leaves subcordate,^rregularly dentate, 1 to U inches long, equalling
the petiole : pedicels spreading, almnt e(pialling the calyx (3 to 5 lines long) : corolla
violet-purple, campanulate, 7 to 12 lines long; lobes spreading, about half as long
as the tube ; appendages glabrous : stamens scarcely exserted. — Syn. Fl. ii. 164.

Oriflannne Carion, San Diego County (Chrelnnd) ; San IVrnanlino County, P<r)^-y k Lemmmi,
n. 263. P. ghvdiih.<:a, KelloL'g, Proe." Calif. Acad. vii. 92 (a j.reotcuined name), ajipears to be-
long to th'"s 'section tiiougli likened to P. ciliata. The imiierfect description leaves it uncertam
wiiether it should be referred to P. Pitrriii or to P. viscirl'i.

4(J8 ADDITIONS AND CUKKECTIUNS TO VOL. I.

Page 516. 10. HESPEROCHIRON.

1. H. Californicus, Wutson. — Nicotiaaa nana, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833. Nie-
remheryia nana, Miers.

Page 517. 10\ LEMMONIA, Gray.

Corolla sliort-campanulute, not a[)[)endagecl Avitliiii. Filaments short, equally in-
serted, abruptly dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; stigmas small, capi-
tate. Capsule membranaceous, ovoid, 2-cclled and 2-valved, -i-seeded, the ovules
and seeds 2 in each cell, one above the other. Seeds globular-obovate, somewhat
rugose-pitted. — A small depressed dichotumously branched annual, with alternate
entire leaves and whitish llowers sessile in the forks. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 102,
and Syn. Fl. ii. 153, 173.

1. L. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Canescently pubescent and the calyx white-
villous, the stout stums 2 or 3 inches long : leaves somewhat crowded at the ends of
tlie branches, 3 or -4 lines long, spatulate, obtuse : sepals very narrowly linear, nearly
2 lines long, exceeding tlie obtuse capsule and nearly e([Ualling the moderately
5-lobed corolla : seeds half a line long.

San Bernardino County, near tlie sources of tlie Mohave River, J. G. Lcmmon.

11. NAMA, Linn,
f). N. Rothrockii, (Jray. — Kothrock, Bot. Wheeler Exp. 3G9, t. 18.

Page 518. 12. ERIODYCTION.

2. E. glutinosum, r.enth. Plumas County, Mrs. Austin. This is sometimes
known as Verba Santa.

Page 519. Insert in Key to Genera : —

7". Echidiocarya. Flowers wliite. Nutlets distinctly stipitate, distinct or in pairs, inserted
upon a broadly conical rccciitacle, incurved-ascending. Hirsute annuals.

Page 523. 5. MERTENSIA.

1. M. Sibirica, Don. — >1/. stomatedioides, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 147,
fig. 43.

Page 527. 7. ERITRICHIUM.

8*. E. micranthum, Torr. llirsute-canescent, more slender and oi)enly dill'use
than E. circumscisstim, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves linear, 2 to 4 lines long : llowers
small, leafy-bracteate, nearly sessile : calyx 5-parted, jiersistent and not circumscis-
.sile, equalling tlie bracts, scarcely a line long : corolla white, a line long, throat
scarcely appendaged : nutlets smooth or scabrous, oblong-ovate, acute, about \ line
long, attached the whole length by a narrow groove to the slender columnar receji-
tacle : style becoming thickened. — Gray, .Syn. Fl. ii. 193.

Var. lepidum, Cray, 1. c. Less slender and more hirsute: corolla larger, the
expanded limlj 2 or 3 lines broad and appendages manifest : nutlets nearly a line
long, scabrous.

San Bernardino County (Piirri/) to Utah and New Mexico ; the variety in San Diego County,
JK Cleveland, liiterinediate between the .sections Pijdocalyx and Krynilzkia, which are united
by Dr. Gray in the Synojitical Flora.

12*. E. barbigerum, ^>rAy. A foot higli or less, rather stout, witli linear-oblong
leaves : spikes elongating, somewhat loosely llowered, subsccund : calyx-lobes linear-

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 469

attonnntf, 3 or 4 lines long in fruit, vory bristly : coroUa-linib soniotimes 3 lines
broad : nutlet usually solitary, a line long or more, exceeding the style, ovate-trique-
trous and subacuniinate, muricate-papillose, attached by the lower half or more to
the subulate-columnar receptacle. — 8yn. Fl. ii. 194.

From Saiitn Ikrbaia {Brewer, Rothrock) and Fort Tejon (Xantus) to San Diego (Palmer), and
eastward to Arizona and Southern Uttili.

Page 529. 8. ECHINOSPERMUM.

§ 1. Pricldcs of the fruit fjlorhid'wtr-harhed at the apex, naked beloiv, marginal or
scattered. — Lappula.

1. B. Redowskii, Lehni., var. occidentale, Watson. — Cray, Syn. Fl. ii. 189.
Tlu) American jjlant dill'ers from the Asiatic in its less strict and at length more dif-
fuse habit, and the tubercles of the nutlets acute instead of blunt or rounded.

2. E. diffusum, Lehm. (Substitute for R deflexum, in part.). Distinguislied
by the short-i'unnelforni corolla, the tube exceetling the calyx and about equalling
the lobes ; limb G lines broad or less, bright blue : fruit a globose bur, the luitlets
3 linos long, densely mnriculate-scabrous and rather sparsely armed with long flat-
tened prickles; scar large, broadly ovate. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 189. E. nervosum,
Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 14G, fig. 42.

In tlie Siorra Nevada from Mount Drewcr and vicinity to Mount Shasta and Oregon. Biennial
or i)erliaps perennial, 1 to 3 feet liigh.

3. E. floribundum, Lehm. rerennial, 2 feet high or more : corolla rotate, its
tube-shorter than the calyx and the lobo.s, blue to nearly white, 2 to 5 lines broad :
nutlets 2 lines long, scabrous on the back and margined with a close row of flat subu-
late prickles often confluent at base ; scar smaller, narrowly ovate. — Gray, 1, c.

rhunns County (Mrs. Austin) ; nnrtliwanl to tlie Coluinlna and frequent in the mountains
eastward to Montana, Colorado and New ^lexico.

§ 2. Prickles of the viarrjinlcss nutlets scattered and retrorsely barbed their
whole length. — Fchinoglociiin, Gray.

4. E. Greenei, Gray. Annual, Avith the habit of Eritricldum Californicum ;
branches ascending, G inches long : flowers scattered, very shortly pedicellod, in
simple or forked nearly naked racemes ; pedicels jointed at base : calyx fulvous-
hairy, the linear lobes 2 lines long, about equalling the white corolla: nutlets I^
lines long, ovate-triangular, obtusely cariuate on the back. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii.
163, and Syn. Fl. ii. 190.

Common about Yieka, E. L. Greene.

rage 531. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM.

3. C. laeve, Gray. Very near C. grande, but somewhat less pubescent, the
leaves rather broader and more cordate at base, and the calyx-lobes narrower;
corolla-lobes about half the length of the tube ; iiliform style less thickened toward
the base: fruit unknown. — Syn. Fl. ii. 188.

Plumas County {^Mrs. Ames) ; above Chico, Mrs. J. Bidwell.

10. PECTOCARYA.

§ 1. Nutlets divergent in pairs, bordered with a coriaccoxis undulate or laciniate
wing. — Ktexospeumum, Gray.

1. P. linearis, DC. Nutlets narrowly oblong; otherwise as P. lateriflora, DC,
from Peru, which has broadly obovato and more equally divergent nutlets.

2. P. penicillata, A. DC. Arizona {Palmer, Greene) ; British Columbia, }facoun.

470 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

§ 2. Nutlets broadli/ obovate and divenj'uuj equalli/, the ioukj or marrjin entire.
— (jluuvELiA, Uray. {Gruudia, A. DC.)'

3. P. setosa, Cray. Ivather stout, 3 or 4 inches liigh, \\h\\\(\ ami minutely
stri^'ose-pubesccnt : calyx-lobes armed with 3 or 4 large divergent bristles: nutlets
bordered by a broadish scarious wing, the face and margin beset with slender uuci-
nate-tipped bristles. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 81, and Syn. Fl. ii. 187.

In the Moliave Desert, Palmer, 1876, n. 379.

4. P. pusilla, Cray, 1. c. More slender and spreading, less hispiil : nutlets with
a prominent midnerve upon the smooth foce, the very narrow thickish margin armed
with a row of slender uncinate-tipiied bristles. — Uruvelia pusilla, A. DC. Prodr.
X. 119 ; Gay, Fh Chil. t. 52, tig. 3.

Common about Yreka {Greene) ; Chili.

11. HARPAGONELLA.'

1. H. Palmeri, Gray. Near Tucson, Arizona, Greene.
Page 532. l\ DICHONDRA, Foist.

Small prostrate creeping herbs, with round-cordate or reniforni leaves, small soli-
tary axillary flowers, a deeply 5-lobed campanulate corolla, the ovary of 2 distinct
1-2-ovuled carpels and 2 hliform styles with capitate stigmas, and the carpels in
fruit utricular and 1-seeded.

A genus of peiliaps 4 or 5 species of warm or tropical regions, tiie following very widely dis-
tributed.

1. D. repens, Forst. Slender, widely creeping, green or greenish, with a minuto
soft pubescence or sometimes silky : leaves orbicular-cordate or rcniform with deep
sinus, 4 to 12 lines in diameter, on long petioles : llowcrs on peduncles shorter than
the petioles ; sepals obovate to spatulate, obtuse, 1 to 2 lines long in fruit, rather
exceeding the yellow corolla and eipialling the subglobosc pubescent carpels. — Gray,
Syn. Fl. ii. 208.

San Diego (Nidtull, Cleveland) ; .Vrizona and Sonora, and eastward to the Atlantic. Also in
South America, Africa and Austialia.

I''. IPOMCEA, Linn. Mouning Glory.

Stigma globular or stigmatic lobes orbicular ; otherwise as Convolvulus.

A large genus, of 300 spcx'ies or more, ehicdy of warm and tropical regions. Twenty-fivo
species are found in the Southern States and in the region bordering on Mexico, but the following
Mexican species is the only one that has bet-n detected within or near the limits of California.

1. I. purpurea, Lam. An animal climbing herb: leaves cordate, entire:
peduncles elongated, umbellately 1 - 5-flowered : sepals lanceolate, i inch long, the
thickened pedicels twice longer; corolla funnelform, about 2 inches long, variously
purple, blue, and white : stamens and style not exserted : stigma-lobes 3, and ovary
3-celled. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 209.

San Diego (Cleveland) ; perhaps indigenous. The common Morning Glory, native of Mexico.

Page 534. 1. CONVOLVULUS.

6'. C. arvensis, Linn. Perennial, the low stem procumbent or twining, nearly
glabrous : leaves oblong-sagittate or somewhat hastate, 1 or 2 inches long, basal
lobes short and acute : bracts a pair at the base of the pedicel, small, subulate :
corolla broadly short-funnelform, an inch long or less, white or pinkish : stigmas
filiform. — Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 21(3.

Naturalized near San Francisco, Rallan. Native of Europe.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 4^]^

Pajie 536.

3. CUSCUTA.

7. C. racemosa, Mart., var. ChiUana, Engelm. Stoms coaiso : flowens iiedi-
colle.1, loosely pumculate; calyx shorter than the deeply ca.npanulate somewhat fun-
nelform tube of the corolla : lol.es of the corolla shorter than the tulic, oval spreadinrr
or reHexed with inflexed points : ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped by
the withered corolla - Kev. Cusc. 504, and Gray, Syn. fl. ii. 221. C. snaveolens,
beringe; Gay, II Clul. iv. 448.

FliUTr '"J'r "'' '','' ^"■"'^'/.^'t'' t'"' «^''-'<'"' "f "ln.'I. it has hoc. int.o.h.co.l fro,,, Soutl, An.eiica
Floors 1 4 or 2 In.cs o,.;^, ol tl.n, t.-xt„,c, white a,„I co„s,ncuo„s, i„ la,gc loose ch.sters Fun eJs
should be careful to destroy this da„gero„s weed befo.e it bca.s see.l. - LngdnmniL

I'^o'eSSO. 2. SOLANUM.

3. S, Xanti, Gray. Lake and Siskiyou Counties, Oreene.
''■^^«'''''l- 5. PHYSALIS.

T). P. Palmeri, Gray. A foot high or less, from a perennial rootstock, erect
branching, viscid-i.ubesccnt with short jointed hairs : leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate'
or the lowest rounded or subcordate, sinuate-dentate with a few obtuse teeth 1 to 1 L
inches long or smaller, the upper acute: pedicels mostly longer than the flower"
corolla light yellow with brownish centre, 7 or 8 lines broad : anthers yellow • fruit
not seen. — Syn. Fl. ii. 235. ^

Rock Spring, Providence JIouiitai,is, Palmer.

I'age542. 7. LYCIUM.

1. L. Cooperi, Gray, var. pubinora, Gray. Calyx shorter: corolla strongly
pubescent outside. — Syn. Fl. ii. 238. °

On the Mohave River, with the ordinniy fo,-,,,, Pahncr.

G. L. Andersonii, var. Wrightii, Gray. San 13ernardino Mountains, Parish.
I'«gc5^^- 8. DATURA.

2. D. Tatula, Linn. Keported from Siskiyou County, Greene.

I^'-ig^C^S. 9. NICOTIANA.

3'. N. glauca, Grab. Perennial, becoming a small tree, glabrous and glaucous :
leaves long-pet iuled, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, acute, at base cuneate or rounded or
sometimes cordate, 3 to 5 inches long : panicles lax and slender : subulate bracts
.small or obsolete : calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed, 5 lines long : corolla tubu-
lar, 1 to 1| inches long, contracted below the very short limb, oreenish-vellow

Bot Mag. t 2837.

Los Angeles and Santa HaiLaia (//. C. Ford) ■ formerly cultivated, now wild. Native of
JKienos Ayres ; natuialized in Mexico.

4. N. attenuata, Torr. Canon City and hillsides along John Day Kiver
Oregon, Neviiis. '

_ 4". N. Cleveland!, Gray. Viscid -pubescent or somewhat villous, 1 or 2 feet
high : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2 or 3 inches long, the lower some-
what attenuate into a margined petiole, the upper nearly sessile with a more rounded
base ; bracts lanceolate : flowers paniculate-racemose : calyx nearly \ inch long, with
linear unequal lobes, the longer twice the length of the tube : corolla greenish white,
nearly glabrous, an inch long, salverform, the somewhat 5-lobed Ihnb A inch iii
diameter. — Syn. Fl. ii. 242.

riiollas Valley near San Diego, in diy 8t,ean..beds (C/arUnd, Pihnrr) ; Santa Barbarn, a
sniailer-Howeied torni, Kothrock: '

472 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

5. N. Bigelovii, "Watsun, var. Wallacei, Cray, 1. c A more viscid form uitli
smaller corolla (tui)e 12 to 10 lines long), ami shorter calyx-teeth sometimes scarcely
exceeding the caiisulc : upper leaves with somewhat broader and roundish or sub-
cordate slightly clasping base.

Near Los Angeles (Wallace) and San Diego, Clcrchoid.

Page 547. Insert in Key to Genera : —

10". Herpestis. Calyx une(iually 5-pavtcd, the lower sepal tlie larger. Anther-ceils paralKl.
Creeping sueciilent lieiij.

Page 548. 1. VERBASCUM.

2. V. Thapsus, Linn. Densely woolly throughout : stem simple, stout, 3 to (5
feet high, wingeil by the decurrent bases of the large oblong nearly entire crowded
leaves : llowers bright yellow, in a long dense spike : lower tilaments nearly naked.
— Gray, Syn. Fl. fi. 250.

Siskiyou County, Greene. Native of Eiu-ope, wiilely naturalized in old fields.

Page 551. 3. ANTIRRHINUM.

15. A. junceum, Gray. Cerros Islands, Dr. Streets.

Page 555. 6. COLLINSIA.

7". C. linearis, Gray. Allied to C. granJijiora, but pubernlent and slightly
glandular above ; usually much branched, A to 2 feet high, glabrous : leaves linear
to hnear-spatulate, i to 3 inches long, entire or the lower sparingly toothed, sessile :
pedicels 1 to 4 in the axils, about equalling the llowers : calyx-loljes triangular,
.acute : corolla pale blue, I inch long, strongly declinate and gil)bose-saccate, lips
longer than the tube and throat, the lower with a rather prominent sometimes
2-lobed callus; ovules 3 in each cell. — I'roc. Amer. Acad. xv. 50.

On Klamath and Trinity IJivcrs, and at Waldo, Oregon (Jialtaa) ; Siskiyou Mountains, Hreciw.

8'. C. Parryi, Gray. Pubernlent, not glandular; stem strict, simple, a foot
high or less : leaves narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, the lower petioled, the
upper sessile, obtuse, sparingly crenate : pedicels (1 to 3) mostly solitary, slender,
2 to 8 lines long : calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, not exceeiling the capsule : corolla
deep blue, 3 or -4 lines long, with moilerately oblique throat, the nearly equal lips
not longer than the tul)e, with emarginate lobes : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell : seeds
round-oval, reticulated. — ^Syn. Fl. ii. 257.

San Bernardino County, Parry & Lcmmon, n. 296.

10. C. Childii, Parry. Pubernlent and somewhat glandular above, simple or
branched, a foot high or less : leaves thinnish, the lower round-obovato or oblong,
petioled, the upper o])long-Iance(jlate with narrow base, subsessile, acutish, more or
le.ss serrate : pedicels 1 to 3, half an inch long or less : calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, exceeding the globose capsule : corolla light blue, 3 lines long, the oblong
moderately oblique throat longer than the lips, the lobes of which are about equal
and entire : ovules solitary : seed t(a-ete, oblong, smooth. — Syn. Fl. ii. 257.

In dee)> woods of Liboccdrus, San Burnaidino Jlouiitain (Parrij k Lcunnon, n. 298, JI. S.
Child) ; Kern County, Kennedy.

11. C. Rattani, Gray. Slender, simple or sparingly branched, a foot liigh or
less, pubernlent, glandular above : lower leaves round-ovate to oblong, petiolate,
somewhat serrate, the upper linear (6 to 14 lines long), sessile, mostly entire : pedi-
cels 1 or 2, about 3 lines long : calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acutish, rather ex-
ceeding the oblong-ovate acute capsule : corolla reddish violet, 3 lines long, slightly
declined, the lijjs about equalling the tube : ovules 1 or 2 in each cell : seeds len-
ticular, margined. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xv. 50.

0|)en ridges south of Trinity River {lUiltan) ; Sinicoe Mountains, Oregon, lft»ri_n.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL.

473

^'-^Se ^r.Q. 7». CHELONE, Linn. Tukilk-ukai..

Seeds surrounded by a broad membranous wing. Otherwise nearly as PenMe-
mon. Anthers long-woolly (as in P. Memiesii), chiefly upon tlie inner face.

A North Aineiican kcihis, of tlueo Atluntic species, and the following on the racilic Coast.

1. C. nemorosa, Dougl. Glabrous, the inflorescence glandular-pubescent a
toot or two Ingh : h-aves ovate to ovattilanceolate, acute and acutely dentate trun-
cates or subcordate at base, shortly petiolato or subsossile, 2 or 3 inches lon^ • flowers
pedicellate in a loose terminal panicle, the 2 - 5-llo\vered i)eduncles as lo°ng as tlie
pedicels: sepals lanceolate, acuminate: corolla violet-purple, an inch lon'^' with
widely open orilice, the very short ui)per lip 2-clcft, the lower 3-cleft and spr'adii."
— Lmdl. Bot. Reg. t. 1211 ; Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 259. ^

On Sahnon Trail at liea.l of Scott IJiver {Greene) ■ Oregon (Nacherry) ; base of Mount Hood.
Howell. Approachuig Pcntstcmon more closely tlian tlie eastern species.

I^ng*^ •'''•'i«- 8. PENTSTEMON.

• \' T; ^®"2iesii, Hook. Uwarf states of the more northern typical form, with
violet-bluc llowcis, occur on Mount Shasta.

Var. Newberryi, Gray. — Tiie common form in the Sierra Nevada, with rose-
purple or pink corollas.

7». P. Rothrockii, Gray. Low (4 to 6 inches high), woody at base, minutely
puberulent : leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish, subcordate or truncate at base
sessile or nearly so, entire or sparingly serrate, 3 to 5 lines long : flowers subspicate'
subsessile an.) mostly solitary, bibracteolate and with small leafy mostly alternate
bracts: sepals ovate-lanceolate, U lines long: corolla 4 lines long, the rather nar-
row tube and throat longer than the lips, apparently purplish : stenle filament gla-
brous. — Syn. ¥\. ii. 2G0. ^

Little Olanclic Abnmtain, liead of Kern River, at 10,400 feet altitude, nnlhrock.

^ 9. P. Palmeri, Gray. San Bernardino County {Parry Sc Lemmon) ; Kern
County, Ktnnedy.

11'. P. Rattani, Gray. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or branching above,
glabrous below, the tliyrsoid iiillorescenco viscid-pubescent : leaves ovate-lanceolato
to oblong, acutely denticulate, acute, the lower attenuate at base, the rest subcordate
at base an<l clasj)ing, 3 to 8 inches long: lower cymes pcduncled, 5 - 8-flowcied ;
pedicels very short : sepals lax, oblong-lanceolate, subacuminate : corolla pale purple'
an inch long, the oldiepie throat dilated and the tube a little shorter than the caly.x •
lower lip l)ear(led within : sterile filament bearded. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xv. 50.

A^ar. minor, Gray, 1. c. Ajiparently a reduced form, with leaves an inch or two
long and flowers a half smaller.

HuinboMt Ridge, Humboldt County ; the variety from Indian Creek, Del Norte County, llnUnn.

14». P. heterodoxus, Gray. Hardly G inches high, leafy, glabrous below the
viscid-jiubescent inflorescence: leaves oval or oblong, obtuse or acute, the lower
attenuate to a slemler jietiole, the cauline sessile, I or 2 inches long : panicle narrow,
compact : sepals lanceolate : corolla narrowly tubular, hardly dilateil above, 7 lines
long : fifth filament beardless, sometimes antheriferous. — Syn. Fl. ii. 269.

Near J^onner Pass, Toiixy. IJeferred to P. Frcmonli on page 622, which species is not known
from California.

17. P. Eatoni, Gray. This species is only known from Utah and Arizona. The
specimens collecttid by Wallace belong to P. Clevelandi.

21. P. azureus, r.enth., var. parvulus, Gray. Less than a foot high : loaves
oblong and oval, an inch long or less : inllorescence rather open : sepals broadly
ovate : corolla hardly 9 lines long. — Syn. Fl. ii. 272.

474 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I.

Var. angustissimus, Gray, 1. c. Leaves narrowly linear or sometimes the
uppermost narrowly lanceolate from a broail base.

The first variety above Jackson Lake, Siskiyou Mountains (Greene) ; the extreme narrow-leuveil
form from Yosumite Valley, etc.

Page 565. 9. MIMULUS.

11. M. glutinosus, var. brachypus, Gray, Lutte County, Mrs. Austin.

18. M. bicolor, l>eiitli. — AI. Eistnd, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 89,

18*. M. Palmeri, Gray. Viscid, but scarcely pubescent: leaves lanceolate or
the lower spatulate, mostly entire, about \ inch long, shorter than the iiliform pedi-
cels : corolla crimson, dilated funnelform, about 9 lines long, thrice the length of the
calyx, the lobes nearly eipial and Cipially spreading : fruiting calyx narrowly oblong,
3 or 4 lines long, the teeth broad and obtuse. — Proc. Amer. Acail. xii. 82, and Syu.
Fl. ii. 278.

21. M. moschatUS, Uougl., var. longiflorus, Gray. Corolla elongated, thrice
longer than tlie calyx, about an inch long : later pedicels exceeding the leaves. —
Syn. n. ii. 278.

The usual form in California, also in Oregon.

Page 570. 10». HERPESTIS, (iaertn. f

Calyx unequally 5-parted, the lower sepal broader than the upper and the lateral
ones usually much narrower and interior. Corolla with short cylindrical tube and
spreading lips, the upper emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower Hat, 3-l(d)ed. Stamens 4,
included; anther-cells parallel or diverg(!nt. Stigma of 2 flat lobes (in our species).
Capside globose or ovate, many-seeded, the entire or 2-parted valves separating from
the axilo placentiu. — Low usually glabrous herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary
mostly solitary pedicellate llowers.

About 50 species are known, chiefly of warm oonntries, of wliicli but half a dozen are found in
tlie United States, and iiaidiy one enters California.

1. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Perennial, on the margins of ponds, etc., the stems
creeping, rather stout and succulent, usually somewhat villous : leaves obovate or
oblong-obovate, sessile, entire, \ to 1 inch long, several-nerved from the base : pedi-
cels 1 to 3, at length spreading or reflexed, 3 to G lines long : corolla white or yel-
lowish, 4 or 5 lines long, twice longer than the oblong-ovate sepals, the broad upper
lip emarginate ami as long as the tube : ca])side 4-valved. — Gaertn. f. Carp. t. 214
(fruit) ; Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 280. Ranapalas Elsenii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad,
vii. 113.

Between San Luis Obispo and Merced (/.*•)« "w/t) ; ^^^^' Fresno (Z*)-. G. Eiscn); New Mexico
{Wright) ; Kansas, and eastward.

Page 571. 14. SYNTHYRIS.

1. S. reniformis, Benth. Scape exceeding the leaves, erect: jiedicels mostly
shorter than tlu) bluish llowers : capsule llattened, rounded, truncate or usually
emarginate; ovuh^s and usually seeds .several or numerous in each cell. — Gray, Syn.
Fl. ii. 285.

Camp Bidwell, Modoc County (/)r. W. Malthewx); northward through Oregon to Idaho and
"WiUihingtpn Teiiitory. The specimens referred to it in the first volume belong to the following.

2. S. rotundifolia, Gray, 1. c. Scapes Aveak, hardly exceeding the petioles :
raceme short, lax, the i)edicels longer than the Howers : capsule divaricatuly 2-lobed,
the cells transversely oblong ; ovules an<l seeds two in each cell.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 475

Var. cordata, Gray. Leaves smaller and thicker, cordate or mostly cordate-ovate,
and simply creuatc. — S. reni/ormis, var. cordata, Gray, iJot. Calif, i. 571.
Tlie typical fonu in Oregon and Wasliiiigtou Territory ; the, variety in Mendocino County.

Page 572. 15. VERONICA.

1'. V. SCUtellata, Linn. I'lumas County {Mrs. Austin) ; Yosemite Valley,
Leinm(>}i.

2*. V. Cusickii, Gray. Resembling V. alpina, about 4 inches high : leaves
rather crowded, entire : raceme loosely lew-flowered, naked below ; i)edicels slender,
often as hjng as the flower, exceeding the oblong-linear bracts : corolla 4 or 5 lines
broad with ample rounded lobes : filaments and style filiform, exserted. — Syu. Y\.
ii. 288.

Scott Mountains {Greene) ; Blue Mountains, Oregon, JV. C. Ciisick.

3. V. serpyllifolia, Linn. Plumas County, Mrs. Austin.

Pngc573. 16. CASTILLEIA.

2°. C. Stenantha, Gray. Resembling C. minor, 1 to 5 feet high, somewhat
villous: calyx e(|ually cleft: corolla linear, 1 to 1^ inches long, the slightly falcate
and usually reddish upper lip one-half longer than the tube. — Syn. Fh ii. 295.

Common in Southern California, from San Diego to Monterey and in tlie soutliern Sierra Nevada.
C. affinis, Hool<. & Arn., witli wliicli this s])ecies was confused, is a perennial, tlie red narrowly
cylindrical calyx cleft more deeply below, the lobes bifid, and the lower lij) of the corolla protu-
berant and shortly callous.

3". C. oblongifolia, Gray, 1. c. Resembling C. ajinis and C. linariepfnlia \\\
calyx and corolla, but more densely pubescent anil very leafy, the leaves oblong-
elli[)tic or oblong-ovate, acute, 3 - 5-nerved, 1 or 2 inches long, on the branches
becoming narrowly oblong-lanceolate: calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear:
corolla 2 inches long, the subfalcate narrow upper lip as long as the tube, the lower
very protuberant and fleshy globular-saccate.

Southern border of San Diego County, ralmcr. Collected with C. miniata.

8*. C. Lemmoni, Gray, 1. c. 297. Closely resembling C. ]mlli<la, var. occiden-
talis : bracts reddish : upper liji of the corolla oblong, about a fourth the length of
the tube, hardly twice that of the ventricose lower lip, the ovate lobes of the latter
rather shorter than the saccate portion, the three narrow obtuse folds of which termi-
nate under the lobes in as many conical gibbosities.

In the Sierra Nevada, Sierra County, probably nl[)ine, J. G. Lcimnon.

Page 577. 17. ORTHOCARPUS.

5. O. purpurascens, I'enth. Santa I5arbara {Mrs. Cooper) ; San Diego,
Cleveland.

7*. O. pachystachyus, Gray. Resembling 0. ienuifnlius, rather stout, 4 to 8
inches higii, scabrous-puherulent and somewhat hirsute : bracts twice longer (about
an inch), rose-purple at the summit : corolla glabrous, the tube much longer than the
calyx, the tip of upper lip conspicuous, slender and incurved : anther-cells glabrous,
linear-lunate, mucronate-attenuate at base. — Syn. Fl. ii. 300.

Near Yreka, Siskiyou County {Greene) ; Union, Oregon, IV. C. Cmick.

12". O. Bidwelliae, Gray. "With the aspect of 0. erianthus, somewhat less
pubescent and the spike rather loose: corolla 6 to 10 lines long, the throat and
upper lip dark purple, the trisaccate lower lip bright yellow : seed-coat somewhat
loose and cellular. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xv. 51.

Near Chico {Mrs. J. Bidivcll) ; Auburn, Mrs. M. E. P. Ames.

47G ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. T.

17*. O. lasiorhynchus, Gray. KeseniLling 0. /acer«s ; move usiuill}' branched :
corolla yellow, an incli long, with filiform tnbe, the lower more dilated ; lower lip
3 or 4 lines long and tlie subnlate-linear upper lip densely white-villous. — Proc.
Amer. Acad. xii. 82, and Syn. Fl. ii. 302.

Jlohave region (Palmer) ; San Bernardino County, Parrij k Lcnuiwa.

Page 583. 19. PEDICULARIS.

5. P. semibarbata, Gray. San Bernardino Munntains, Parrij k Lenunon.
Page58r>. 1. APHYLLON.

6. A. tuberosum, Gray. San liernardino County {Parry) ; San Diego, Palmer.

2. BOSCHNIAKIA.

I. B. Strobilacea, Gray. Seeds deeply favose. — San Bernardino County {Lem-
mon) ; on the Trinity River, common. Rattan.

Page 586. 1. UTRICULARIA.

3. U. intermedia, TTayne. T.eaves crowded, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous,
rigid, the lilitorni-linear <livisions Hat with often setaceous-.serrulate margins : blad-
ders mostly borne along leafless portions of the slender stems : scapes slender, 4 to 12
inches high, 1 - 4-tlowered : pedicels erect in fruit : corolla yellow, over G lines broad ;
lower lip very broad and with large palate, larger than the upper and somewhat
exceeding the conical-subulate acute spur. — Keichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. t. 1824;
Engl Bot. t. 2489.

Plumas County {^[rs. Auslin) ; from the noithoni Atlantic States nortliwanl, and through
northern Europe and Asia.

Page 590. Insert in Key to Genera : —

7'. Acanthomintha. Flowers several and sessile in each axil, subvertieillate and involucrate
with large t'oliaceous bracts. Upper lip of coiolla concave and incurved.

19. Teucrium. CoroUa-linib irregular, deeply cleft between the small lobes of the upper lip,
the stamens exserted from tiie cleft : middle lube of lower liji much the larger.

Page 593. 5. MONARDELLA.

1. M. macrantha, Gray. Corolla sometimes all scarlet in cultivation. —
Hook. f. Bot. iMag. t. G270.

3». M hypoleuca. Gray. Pubescent, 1 or 2 feet high : leaves densely tomen-
tose-caucscent beneath, silvery-white when young, glabrate and green above, ovate-
oblong, obtuse, entire, 1 or 2 inches long, distinctly petioled ; veins conspicuous,
impressed above : heads large ; bracts orbicular to ovate, nerved, obtuse and point-
less. — Syn. Fl. ii. 350.

San Bernardino County, Parry k Lemmon.

5. M. linoides, Gray. Head of Mohave River, Parry Sc Lemvinn.

5*. M. Palmeri, Gray, 1. c. 357. Resembling J/, linoides, glabrous and green,
or obscurely puberulent, 3 or 4 inches higli : bracts oblong or the outer ovate, obtuse
or acutish : calyx more purple, less pubescent, witli longer linear-lanceolate teeth.

Among redwoods in the Santa Lucia Mountains, Palmer.

8. M. candicans, Benth., var. exilis, Gray. Smaller ; bracts mostly with u
short scarious acumination : calyx-teetli acute. — Syn. Fl. ii. 358.
Southeastern California or Western Arizona, Paliiur.

II. M. leucocephala, Gray. On the Merced, Mrs. A. E. Bush. Corolla pure
white, the tube sliglilly exserted.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. I. 4-^^

^•■^Se 596. 7a. ACANTHOMINTHA, Gray.

Separated from Calamintha, and tlie utiier genera of the tribe, by tlie concave and
more or less incurved upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 13-nerved, bilabiate, the teeth
acerose-si)inulose. Lower stamens much shorter, with small or abortive anthers. —
Syn. n. II. 344. Calamintha § Acanthomintha, Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. 3G8.

1. A. iUcifolia, Cray. — Syn. Fl. ii. 3G5. Calamintha (?) ilicifolia, Gray.
^'"gc598. 9. SPHACELE.

1. S. calycina, Bentlu IJutte County, Mrs. J. Bidwdl, Mrs. Austin.
^"SeCOl. 11. AUDIBERTIA.

.S.,';i,t,?:fnnf ^"^ ^'=""'- '""'"■" '" " ^^'"'° «"=- •■ '" "- "-l-t-es of
^'""•^^ ^O*^- 13. SCUTELLARIA.

f,. !; fl* ,^f^^°^f f^; ^^^y- l'"^^erul,.nt, 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves
fiom oblung-lunceolate to ovate, mostly roundish at l,ase, short-petioled, the lower an
inch long or more, often somewhat serrate, gradually reduced upward, and above
shorter than the flowers : corolla yellow or whitish, with inflated throat and nearly
euual lips, villous within: seeds obscurely rugose-granulate. — Syn. Fl ii 381

Calf/'i tn-r' ? ''"'• ?rPT\!^'^' ^''''- ^'^'"«^- ^'^'^- ^"i- 396, and Bot.'
Lalit. 1. bU3. 6. angustifoha, Benth. PI. llartw. 333 (n. 1918).

^IT "'T^ '"'■'" f'''''t? ^° ^^•^"'^"'••i''« «"<! 'r-'I'an.a Counties and in the foothills of the Sierra
^B^nd^r '"'■"'' ""'""'^ '■ ""^''•'•^'--■*^. -'"le the broader are n.ore hk^

^'"««<504. 15. BRUNELLA.

1. B. vulgaris, Linn. In Humboldt County, v(>iy common, Hnttan.
1''^^"'607. 18. TRICHOSTEMA.

P. T. micranthum, Gray. Annual, branching, about G inches hi<rh hoary-
imbesceut : leaves narrowly lanceolate, not evidently nerved, narrowed to short peti-
oles: peduncles about the lengtii of the 3-7-flowered cymelet : calyx-lobes little
longer than the tube, nearly equalling the inconspicuous purplish corolla (a line
long) : stamens somewhat exserted. — Syn. Fl. ii. 348.

Bear Valley, San neriiardino Mountains, Parry k Lemmon, n. 340.

4. T. lanatum, P,enth. Popularly known as " Black Sage."

19. TEUCRIUM, Linn. Germander.
Calyx .5-toothed or -parted, in-ncrvod. Corolla .seemingly l-lii)ped, deeply cleft
between the small lobes of the Tipper lip, which are united one on each side "to the
lateral lobes of the declined lower lii) ; middle lobe much the larger. Stamens 4,
exserted from the cleft; anthers conHuently 1-celled. Nutlets obovoid, with broad
introrse scar.

regioi

A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed, but most nbun.lant in the Mediterranean
^1011. Only four sjjecies are known in the United States.

* Erect, with undirided leaves, Jiowers in naked racemes, and a b-tooihed calyx.

L T. OCCidentale, (^ray. Perennial, loosely pul)escent, bmnched, 1 or 2 feet

high : leaves ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, sharply .serrate, 1 or 2 inches long :

478 ADDITIONS AND COKHECTIONS TO VOL. 1.

calyx villous with viscid hairs, carai)anulate, the upper lobes acute or the uiiihlle
acuminate, the lower triangular-subulate : corolla whitish or purplish, -i or 5 lines
long. — Syn. Fl. ii. 349.

On the Sacramento (Pickcriiuj) ; Arizona {Palmer) ; and eastward to New Mexico and Nebraska.
The eastern T. Cunudcusc, Linu., is less branched and somewhat tomeutose, the flowers rather
larger, and the canescent calyx with the \\Y\m- teeth obtuse.

« « Loiv and diffuse: leaves iiidseh/ deft, xvith soUlary axillarij flowers : calyx

5-jjarted.

2. T. Cubense, Linn. Annual, glabrous or nearly so, about a foot high :
leaves cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal, short-petioled, crenately incised or 3-5-cleft
to the middle, the upper sessile and palniately 3-cleft or 3-5-toothed, exceeding the
flowers : calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate, cipial : corolla hanlly exserted, pale blue or
white, 3 or 4 lines long : nutlets somewhat corky, obscurely lew-ribbed and punctu-
late. — Jucq. Stirp. t. 183, and Obs. t. 30 ; Gray, 1. c.

Sontlieastern Calilbrnia or Western Arizona (Palmer), and eastward to Texas ; also in^Iexico
and the West Indies and southwanl to Buenos Ayres. The similar T. laciiiiatam, Turr., is
perennial, with larger exserted corolla 6 to 10 lines long.

Page 608. 1. VERBENA.

2. V. officinalis, Linn. Very common about San Diego, Cleveland, Palmer.

4. V. hastata, Linn. Humboldt County, liatlan.

7. V. ciliata, Benth. Flowers sometimes white.

Page 611. 1. PLANTAGO.

1. P. major, Linn., var. Asiatica, l)(;caisne. Capsule globose-ovoid, circum-
.scissile near tho base and much within the calyx. — Cray, Syn. Fl. ii. 380. P.
Asiatica, Linn.

On the coast near San Francisco and northward to British Columbia and the Arctic Sea. The
typical form of the species has tiie ovoid capsule dividing near the middle on a lino with the top
of the calyx ; it may also occur as an introduced plant.

2*. P. eriopoda, Torr. Crown with a dense mass of brownish wool: leaves
oblanceolate to oval-obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, mustly glabrous : scape pubescent
or glabrate a foot high or less ; spike dense, cylindric : bracts round-ovate, scarious-
margined : sepals scarious with greenish midrib : cai)sule ovoid, slightly exceeding
the calyx : cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Cray, 1. c.

On Shasta IJiver and Hamilton Pass (Greene) ; Mad River (RaUan) ; eastward to Colorado and
Wyoming and Udilii to Ihilish America.

4. P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. nuda, dray. Pubescence loose and scattered:
leaves rigid, green ami soon glabrate : l)racts short. — Syn. Fl. ii. 391.

A not rare form ; Santa Catalina Island (./. Schumacher) ; used in making "pinole," a kind of
soup.

5. P. hirtella, IIBK. (Substitute for P. Virginica, var.) Perennial : scape
hirsute : Uowers 3 lines long, the corolla-lobes ovate, acute. — (iray, 1. c. 392.

Also in Mexico and Chili. P. Firguiiat is not found in California, thougli forms of it reach
Texas and Southern Arizona.

AUDITIONS AiND CUliUKCTiUNS TU VUL. II, 4 •5-9

I'fifio 44. Insert the following new genus of Cnici/crcc: —

20». STANFORDIA.
Tod linear, somewhat laterally compressed; valves thin-membranous, concave,
caiinately 1-nerved. Seeds in 2 rows, small, wingless: cotyledons incumbent,
3-ixarted. Sepals concave and carinate, more or less colored, unequal, the lateral
somewhat broadly gibbous-saccate. Petals included, without claws, ovate at base,
narrower toward the rounded summit, strongly undulate. Anthers straight, linear-
oblong. Style short, with broad divergently 2-Iobed stigma. —Annual, erect and
branching, nearly glabrous, with tootlied leaves.

1. S. Californica. About a foot high, sparingly jiubescent at base with short
simple spreading hairs : lower leaves oblanceolate with dilated petiole, obtuse, cre-
iiately toothed, 2 inches long, the uj)per lanceolate, sessile and clasping, acutely ser-
rate : ilowers in a loose raceme, on hairy pedicels 2 or 3 lines long, deep purple
becoming ])ale : calyx 3 or 4 lines long : petals obi)andurif()rm, somewhat cordate at
base, e.iualling the sepals : stamens included : i)ods an incli long or less : seeds
roundish, about half a line long; middle lobe of the cotyledons the larger.

.1 ^ n\""?- '"''o'" ,'^."''^''^' ^^^'■•'- ^^- ^'- ^^'"'''- A very remmknble genus, allied to Trnpidocarjmvi, to
tlie Lliilian Schnopdalon, and in some respects to Grrqqia, but peculiar in its calyx, corolla, anJ
in the division of its cotyledons. It is named in honor of Leland Stanford, Esq., a prominent
Cahlorniaii, and patron of the "Botany of California."

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
TO VOL. n.

Page 2. 1. MIRABILIS.

1. M. multiflora, Oray. IJoot very large: Ilowers open from four o'clock in
the afternoon till nine in the morning.

3. M. Californica,' Cray. This species is referred by Bentham & Hooker (Gen.
PI. iii. 4) to Oxi/fjap/ms, distinguishing that genus liy a short campanulate or funnel-
form perianth, and the involucre enlarged and veined in fruit.

rage 8. 2. RITMEX.

2. R, hymenosepalus, Torr. Stem scarlet, 2 or 3 feet high, from a fascicled
cluster of large tuberous roots. — R. Saxci, Kellogg, Pacif. Puial Press, June, 1879.

Banks of the Santa Anna River, near Anaheim (A. JF. Saxe) ; near Los Angeles, in both dry
.nnd damp localities, ^f7•.<l. A. E. Bnah. The stems and leaves have a pleasant acidity and are useil
in California, as in Utah, under the name of Wild Tie-plant. The roots are said to be gathered
in Texas for tanning purposes, and the plant is known there as "Canaigre."

Page 10. 3. POLYGONUM.

In character of section Avini/an'a read : — xft/lea 3, deciduous.

12'. P. Bid'welliSB, Watson. Smaller, with short dense spikes, the large con-
spicuous 2-lol»ed scarious and chafl-like sti]>ules (2 lines long) equalling or exceed-
ing the bracts, entire or slightly laceiate-toothed at the summit : flowers somewhat

480 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. II.

smaller: akene obloiig-ovate, less tluiu a line long iuchuling the very divergent
styles. — Proc. Anier. Acad. xiv. 2U4.
Near Chico, Mrs. John Bidwcll, May, 1878.

12^ P. Greenei, Watson, 1. c. Resembling P. Callfomicum, with denser and
stouter spikes, tlie l»iaets and finely fimbriate stipules 2 lines long : akene oblong-
ovate, with very short and stout nearly erect styles.

Plains of Shasta {Rev. E. L. Greene, 1876) ; near Chico, Mrs. J. Bidwcll, July, 1878.

14. P. amphibium, Linn. On Ilussian River (V. liattan) ; head of King
River, Inyo County, Matthews.

IG*. P. Persicaria, Linn. Near Humboldt Bay, Rattan.

17. P. acre, IIBK. At Los Angeles, James.

18. P. Bistorta, Linn. N(!ar Humboldt Ray, Rattan.

Page 17. 5. ERIOGONUM.

Insert in Key to S]iecies : —

Pedicels erect or si)reacling : outer segments nuicli broader above.

Leaves round-ovate : involucre puberuhMit. 21. E. TirURnKUl.

Leaves oblong-oblanceolate : involucre glabrous. 21*. E. pandukatum.

Insert after 24. E. Thomasii : —

Bracts and involucres glabrous : leaves narrowly oblanceolate : seg-
ments linear-oblong. 24'. E. GltAClLI,IML-M.

Insert after 30. E. Kenneoyi : —

Low, cespitose : leaves long, oblanceolate : bracts none: flowers yellow. 30*. E. OCIIUOLEUCUM.

7. E. compositum, Dougl. Klamath County, Rattan.
10. E. ursinum, ^Vatson. Ibitte County, Mrs. J. Bkhve.ll.
14. E. spergulinum, (iray. luyo County, Matthews.
1;"). E. hirtiflorum, (Jray. Sandhills of Sau Joaijuin Clounty, Lemmun.
21^ E. panduratum. Very slender, branching from the ])ase, sparingly iloc-
cose-tomentose, gl.ibnnis aljove or the pedicels often very minutely glandular : leaves
thin, tomentose, oblong-oblanceolate, attenuate into a huig petiole, the blade i to
nearly 1 inch long : bracts short, green and herbaceous : i)e<licels ascending, 2 to 8
lines long : involucres glabrous, turbinate-canipanulate, nearly a line long : flowers
white or pinkisli, half a line long ; outer segments with a reniform terminal lobe and
narrow base, the inner narrowly oblong, undulate.
Collected by J. (!. Lciiniiint ; the locality uncertain.

24". E. gracillimum. Low and very slender, reddish, floccose-tomentose below,
glabrous above, the short stem sparingly leafy : leaves very nanowly olilanceolate,
i inch long including tlie slender petiole ; bracts herbaceous, linear-spatulate, the
up))er ones short : pedicels very slender, subs(!cund, divaricate, ), inch long or loss :
involucre turbinate^ glabrous, nearly a line long : llowers yellowish rose-c(jlor, very
small; segments nearly etpial, linear-oblong, jjubcscent.

Mohave Desert, Kern County, .!//;>. A. E. Bush, June, 1879.
25. E. trichopodum, Torrey. Los Angeles, Xevin.

30'. E, ochrocephalum. Low, with much branched caudex, densely white-
toiuentose, tlie short steins very leafy : leaves oblanceolate, attenuate into a long
slender petiole, the whole I i to 2 inclies long: peduncles 4 or 5 inches tall : invo-
lucres capitate, crowiled, without bracts or nearly so, turbinate-canipanulate, slightly
tomentose, 1 1 or 2 lines long : flowers yellow, glabrous, small (a line long).

Valleys of Northwestern Nevada (Waslioc or Hoop County), J. G. Leinmon.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. II. 43]^

35. E. parvifolium, Smith. Los Angeles, Mrs. A. E. Bush.

36. E. fasciculatum, Benth. So connnon in some portions of Southern Cali-
fornia as to bo known as "Bee-feed" or "Wild Buckwheat."

Page 33. 7. CHORIZANTHE.

Bentluun & Hooker (Hen. PI. iii. 93) still n-tain the genus Ccntrostcgia as distinct from Chori-
zanthr, cliaracteriziug it by the 2- 4-llo\vere(l 3-G-toot!ie(l divnricately simrred involucre, typical
ChorJzant/ic having a (Moothcd spurlcss involucre and (lowers always solitary. Both section".
Miicronca and Aatnlhoijnuuin, however, as recognized by them, deviate as much or more in tlu
number of involucral teeth. A Chilian species of true Chorizanthe {C. commi.fsurnlis, Gay), repre-
.scnted in herb. Gray by specimens from Gay, has the involucre conspicuously and nearly or quite
constantly spurred at base with divaricate spines, and a gibbous dilation at base is not rare in our
own species. The only remaining character is invalidated by the fact that of the two species of
Chorizmithc only one has with ajiparent uniformity more than one flower (2 or 3), while the other
has rarely more than one. Considering the accepted heterogeneous character of the genus Chmi-
za-nthc it seems more reasonable and .satisfactory to unite Ccntrostcyia also with it, than to rest it
upon characters none of which are constantly distinctive.

Insert in Key to Species, after 17. C. Pauiiyi : —

I>eaves narrowly nblanceolate, not tomentose : awns of involucre

straight: corolla-lobes nearly equal, broadly oblong. 17». C. Feknandina.

Like n. 20 : bracts long-spinose : awns of involucre straight :
corolla white, lobes round-obovate, unequal. 20*. C. spinosa.

6. C. stellulata, Benth. Hillsides, Butte County, Mrs. Austin.

8. C. diffusa, Benth. San Luis Obispo {Lemmon) ; Santa Barbara, Mrs. E.

Cooper.

10. C. pungens, Benth. Near San Bernardino, Lemmnn.

17". C. Fernandina. Procunibent, rather stout, slightly silky pubescent : leaves
narrowly obhuuieolate, not tomentt>se : lower bracts foliacoous, the up])er narrowly
linear: tube of involucre a line long, the rather stout teeth with straight awns:
flowers white, a line long ; lobes nearly erjual, broadly oblong, the alternate ones
slightly narrower.

San Fcniandino Canon, Los Angeles County, Mrs. A. E. Bush. This species and C. spinosa
dilfer from tin; rest of the subsection in the straight awns of the involucre.

18. C. Xanti, Watson. Near Grafton, Southern California, Lemmon.

20". C. spinosa. Resembling C. vniaristata : bracts more rigid, lanceolate,
attenuatn to a long spine : involucral segments nneqiml, one or two often much the
larger, all with straight spines : flowers white ; lobes round-obovate, entire, the
alternate ones a half smaller.

Near San Bernardino, Lemmon.

21. C. brevicornu, Torr. Camp Independence, Inyo County, Matlheics.

2.5. C. Watsoni, Torr. <^' Gray. Camp Independence {Matthews); Union
County, Oregon, W. C. Cusick.

Page 39. 9. HOLLISTERIA, Watson.

Involucre unilateral, of 3 equal .slightly united herbaceous linear blunt bracts,
2-nowcre(l, solitary and sessile in the axils. Perianth turbinate, membranous, G-cleft
to the middle. Stamens 9, on the throat, included. Styles slender. Akeno gla-
brous, ovate, triangular above. End)ryo curved, the orbicular cotyledons accum-
bent to the slender radicle. — A small fragile diffusely branched leafy annual, white-
woolly throughout ; leaves all foliaceous, cuspidate, apparently alternate with a very

482 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. 11.

small stipule-like pair at base ; flowers unecpially pedicelled, Avitli a luinute scarious
bractlet at base. A single species. — Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 2i)G.

1. H. lanata, Watson, 1. c. Decumbent or prostrate, covered with loose -woolly
toraentura, less dense on the lower leaves : leaves oblanceolate, attenuate at base,
the lower 1 to 3 inches long, the upper much shorter and narrowly ovate, aculeate-
tipped, the stipule-like pair linear-subulate, 1 to 3 lines long : perianth woolly, a
line long, the linear-lanceolate lobes green with a scarious margin, the inner slightly
shorter and broader.

Near Sau Luis Oliispi), /. G. Lcminon.

Page 46. 3. TELOXYS.

This genus is referred by Beiitham & Hooker (Gen. PI. iii. 51) to section Botnjois of Cheno-
podium. The species dili'er from otliers of tliat section only in the less pubescence anil less
divided leaves. Indeed T. Mandoiii, Watson (Proc. Anier. Acad. ix. 91), is only Chenopudiuhi
fcetidum, Schiad.

Page 47. 4. CHENOPODIUM.

G*. C. cornutum, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. — Tdoxi/s cornula, Torr.

Page 51. 7. ATRIPLEX.

1. A. patula, Linn., var. hastata, Gray. Santa Barbara, Mrs. E. Coojier.

7. A. bracteosa, Watson. Near Los Angeles, Ntvin.

8. A. Coulteri, Dietr. A decumbent perennial, with slender stems and leafy
branches, the thin lanceolate sharply acuminate leaves 3 to 6 lines long, the fruiting
bracts a line. broad or more, with herbaceous laciniately toothed margin.

San Diego, near the shore, D. Cleveland. Mentioned under A. viicrocaryxt and almost certainly
to be referred to this species, which should accordingly he n moved to the perennial group, follow-
ing A. polymrpa.

15. A. Californica, Moq. Leaves often fleshy. Mohave Desert, Mrs. Bush.

19. A. confertifolia, Watson. Mohave Desert, Mrs. A. E. Bush.

Page 58. 12. SPIROSTACHYS.

1. S. OCCidentalis, Watson. Tulare Plains, Lemmon.

Page 66. The Onler Buxaceae is reduced by Bentham k Hooker (Gen. PI. iii. 239) to the
rank of a Tribe in the order Unphuibiaacv.

Page 70. 3. ARGYTHAMNIA.

2. A. Bericophylla, Oray. A matted busli, a foot high. Desert near Aqua
Caliente, Sau Bernardino County, S. B. Pariah. Flowering in January.

Page 73. 7. EUPHORBIA.

1'. E. platysperma, Engelm. Ms. " A prostrate glabrous annual, stems \ to 1
foot long : leaves oblong-obovate, entire, short-cuspidate, thin and transparently
reticulate, | inch long ; stipules subulate, mostly entire : involucres large, hemi-
spherical, solitary, with 1 to 4 naked or somewhat margin-ap]iendaged glands : ovary
oblong ; the bifid styles very short : capsule large, oblong, If lines long, the carpels
rounded on the back : .seeds large (1| lines long), flat, slightly convex on the back
and carinate on the ventral side, reddish gray.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. II. 453

"Mouth of tlie Colorado River, Pohnrr, 18G9. A well-marked spocies, allird to E. occllata,
whicli likewise has the miinber of glands and their greenish apiiendages vaiialile and uncertain,
but distinguished from this and all others of the section by the large oblong capsule and the largo
flat seeds. Stamens very numerou.s, 15 to 20."

6. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Near Santa Barbara, Mrs. Elxvood Cooper.

Page 76. 1. CALLITRICHE.

1. C. marginata, Torr. Near Santa Barbara, Mrs. E, Cooper.

Fage/S. 1. ANEMOPSIS.

1. A. Californica, Hook. — llouiturjnia Calif ornica, Benth. & Hook., Gen. PI.
iii. 128.
Page 80. 2. ALNUS.

1. A. rubra, Bong. Santa Inez Mountains, Mrs. E. Cooper.

3. A. oblongifolia, Torr. San Bernardino Mountains, Parry Sz Lemmon.
Described as reacliing 80 feet in lieight and 2 or 3 feet in diameter. Tlie leaves are
sometimes 6 inches long, and the staminate and fruiting araents a half longer than
stated.

Page 89. 1. SALIX.

16. S. Californica, Bebb. The capsule is rarely glabrous or nearly so.

Page 114. 3. CHAMJECYPARIS.

Bentham k, Hooker (Gen. PI. iii. 42G) refer this genus to Thuya, from which it
appears to bo sufficiently distinct.

Page 120. 8. PSEUDOTSUGA.

1. P. Douglasii, Carr., var. pendula, Engelm. I\Is. "Branches, at least the
lower ones, very slender and long-dependent, often 8 or 10 feet long."

Valleys and slopes about Mount Shasta, Sisson.

Page 121. 9. TSUGA.

2. T. Fattoniana, Engelm. Ebbett's Pass is erroneously mentioned in con-
nection with the range of the species, which extends probably to the south of the
head of the San Joaquin Ptiver. This pass, now unused, is in Alpine County to
the north of Silver Mountain.

Page 122. 11. PINUS.

The pollen-grains in this genus should have been described as .025 to .045 of a
line long, instead of .02 to .03 as stated.

Page 132. 2. CORALLORHIZA.

2. C. Mertensiana, Bong. Flowers red ; lip oblong, often with a small nar-
row acute tooth on each side below the middle ; spur conspicuous : capsule reflexed.
Forests of Humboldt County, V. Uattan.

Page 134. 4. HABENARIA.

3'. H. flagellans. Stout, nearly 2 feet high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; bracts liuear-lauceolato, foliaceous, equalling or exceeding the white flower :

48-1 'ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO VOL. II.

spike loose : sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3 lines long, the upper a little broader : petals
falcate, narrow ; lip linear with a broad rhombic base, 5 lines long ; spur slentler,
8 lines long, equalling the narrow sessile ovary : pollen-masses attached by a short
pedicel to a large oblong gland ; beak of stigma broad and rounded : capsule linear-
oblong, 9 lines long.

Indian Valley, Plumas County, J. G. Lcmmo)i.

Page 135. 5. SPIRANTHES.

2. S. porrifolia, Lindl. Flowers yellowish, narrow, the petals and upper sepal
linear ; lip dilated at base, oblong and undulate above.
Sierra Valley, Lcmnion.

Page 138. 10. CYPRIPEDIUM.

2. C. Californicum, Oray. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, 3 - 1 2- flowered : capsule
narrowly oblong, 8 to 15 lines long, on rellexed pedicels. — Plumas County, Mrs.
A uslin.
Page 139. 1. IRIS.

1. I. macrosiphon, Turr. In Placer County, Rigelow, Mrs. M. E. P. Ames.
4. I. longlpetala, Herb. Oregon, J. HowM.

Page 141. 2. SISYRINCHIUM.

2. S. Californicum, Ait. f. The specimens from Plumas County (Indian Val-
ley, Lemmon, and American Valley, Miss S. A. Plummer) ditfer from the usual form
in their much mure slender habit, the scapes less than a line broad, and the obscurely
nerved leaves scarcely ]nore than a line wide; perhaps distinct.

3. S. grandiflOl'Um, Dougl. Capsule globose, nearly 3 lines in diameter : seeds
angletl, a line long.

Page 143. 1. AGAVE.

* * * Flowers in jjairs or fours, densely spicule; perianth campanulute, the
tube 3 or 4 times shorter than the lobes.

4. A, Utahensis, Engelm. Acaulescent : leaves very thick, glaucous, attenuate
from a broad base, G to 12 inches long, 1 to 1 J wide, terminated by a pale or dusky
nearly triangular spine an inch or two long ; margin armed with stout straight spiny
teeth 1^ to 2 lines long: scape 5 to 7 feet high including the spike (1 or 2 feet) ;
bracts subulate : flowers small, yellow, on pedicels 3 lines long or less ; perianth
I inch long, about equalling the ovary : stamens on the middle of the tube, exserted :
capsule oblong, shortly pointed, 10 to 12 lines long. — But. King Exp. 497, and
1. c. 308.

On inountain ranges in the desert, northeast of San Ik-rnaidino (.S*. B. Pariah) ; Arizona and
Southern Utah.

Page 184. 29. TOFIELDIA.

Mr. Baker (Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 490) proposes the genus Trianiha for Nuttall's
section of that name, distinguishing it by the scarcely sufficient characters which are
given in the note to Tojieldia. He recognizes but one species on the Western
Coast.

Page 187. 1. LYSICHITON.

1. L. Kamtschatcensis, Schott, Gen. Aroid. t. 91. Engler (in DC. ]\ronogr.
Phaner. ii. 210) refers all the forms to one species.

ADDITIONS AND CORllECTIONS TO VOL. II. 435

^'•'^^6 211. 1. WASHINGTONIA.

Flowers perfect, solitary, nearly sessile upon the slender branches of tlie panicle,
scarious-coriaceous ; calyx tubular, rigid, with short rounded lacerate overlapping
lobes; corolla twice longer, 3-parted, the lanceolate segments reflexed above the
broad claw. Stamens G ; lilaments narrow, fleshy above the adnate base, exserted
and attenuate. Carpels united, the elongated styles coherent into a filiform horny
tube.

Colloctod nnar San Rornanlino in May, 1880, by Mr. W. G. JFriqlit, who alone has ol.tahied
flowering siic-nnons luul whoso cxortions to this cn.l ,los,.,v(! ninch cmiit. lie has also received tho
in.niat.ire Innt ot wliat n.ay prove to be a second species, sai.l to come from a nmch larger sized
tree an<l to be found a hundred inUes or more to the east of San Bernardino.

2. ERYTHREA, Watson.

2. E. armata, Watson. What appears to be the fruit of tliis species has been
brought by tlie Indians to Uw Wright of San Bernardino, from trees growing in the
interior of that county. They also ])rought to him a small black fruit which is re-
ferable to neither of tliese genera. The closer attention of collectors is invited to tlie
representatives of this order in that region.

I'^g'^ 246. 8. CAREX.

59. C. brevipes. Upon farther examination this proposed species must be
taken to bo a variety of C. fflnbom. It diflers from the latter in its shorter stem, in
the greater length of the lower bract of the upper spikes, which is as broad as the
leaves and much longer than the culm, and in its narrowly obovoid perigynia,
which are longer attenuate Ixdow, and nerveless, but finely striate towards the'' base.'
In both, the fibres of the lower shentlis are sparingly reticulate, the leaves scabrous,
the stylo enlarged at base, erect, jointed, and deciduous. — If. Booff.

I'agesai. 1. EQUISETUM.

T). E. leevigatum, A. I!r. Penitencia Clafion, Santa Clara County, Mrs. A. K.
Bnnh.

I'"ge332. 1. BOTRYCHIUM.

3. B. Virginianum, Swartz. In the Sierra Nevada, but locality uncertain
F. A. Miller. '

I'age342. 8. ADIANTUM.

2. A. emarginatum, Hook.— ^I. Jordani, Muell. in Bot. Zeit. xxii. 25, t. 1,

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

[Synoiiyiiis in Italics.]

Abies, Link, ii. 117.

Alhcrtiana, Murr., ii. 121.

amahilh, ii. 118, 119.

bractcatii, Niitt., ii. 118.

liridtjci, Ivi'llofjg, ii. 121.

concolor, Lindi., ii. 118.

Duuglasii, Liiidl., ii. 120.

gramlis, Limll., ii. 118.

granrlis, ii. 118.

Hookcriana, Murr., ii. 121.

lamocnrpa, ii. 118.

Lowiana, Murr., ii. 118.

viacroairjm, Vasey, ii. 120.

magiiilicn, Murr., ii. 119.

Mcnzitsii, Liiull. ii. 122.

Mcrtciusiana, Liiidl. & Goril.,
ii. 121.

uobilis, l.iiidl., ii. 119.

Parsonumn, ii. 118.

Palimiii, J.- (I., ii. 121.

SUclmisis, Liiidl. k Ciord., ii.
122.

IVilliamsonii, Ne\vb.,ii. 121.
Abietine^e, ii. 117.
Abildgnardia fusca, NePS, ii.

223.
Abionia, Juss., ii. 3.

arcnaria, Meiiz., ii. 4.

Crux-Maltic, Kellogg, ii. 5.

cydoptcra, ii. 5.

fragians, Nutt., ii. 5.

gracilis, Bonth., ii. 4.

latifolia, Esch., ii. 4.

inaritinia, Nutt., ii. 4.

inellifcra, Dougl., ii. 4.

turbinata, Torr., ii. .I.

unibellata. Lam., ii. 4.

villosa, Watson, ii. 4.
Abutilon, Tourn., i. 87.

crispum, Don, i. 87.

Newbcrryi, Watson, i. 87.

Palineri, Gi-ay, i. 87.
Acacia, Willd., i. 163.

Farnesiana, Willd., i. 164.

(Jipggii, Gray, i. 164.

Wriglitii, Hcutb., i. 164.
Aciena, Linn., i. 186.

pinnntifiiUi , Hook. & .\rn., i.
186.

trilida, Ruiz k Pa von, i. 186.
Acalyplia, Linn., ii. 70.

Californica. IJentli., ii. 70.

Aoaniptoiiapjius, Gray, i. 304.

spliicroccplialus. Gray, i. 304.
AcANTIIACE.Tv, L 587.
Acantlioniintba, Gray, ii. 477.

ilicifolia, Graj', ii. 477.
Acavl/innifckia 7-amo.sissiiiin,

IJolirb., i. 72.
Acarpltwa artcmisiccfoUc, Gray,

i. 391.
Acaulon, Muell., ii. 358.

viulicum, Mucll., ii. 358.
Acer, Tourn., i. 107.

circinatuni, i. 107.

Ihviglnsii, Hook., i. 108.

glabnini, Torr., i. 107.

inacropliylluin, I'lirsli, i. 107,
ii. 439".

tiipdvtihnn, Nutt., i. 108.
Accralr.i alropiirpHrco, IvcU., i.
477.

cnnlifolia, Hcntli., i. 477.

lalifoUn, Torr., i. 476.

tomrnt.osn, ToiT., i. 477.
.\chillca, Linn., i. 400.

Inna/n, Tursh, i. 381.

l^Iillefolium, Linn., i. 400.
Aclilys, DC., i. 15.

triphylla, DC, i. 16.
Acliyracbrena, Scbauer, i. 371.

mollis, .Scbauer, i. 371.
Achi/ranlhcs lanuginosa, Nutt.,

ii. 43.
Acbyronyubia, Torr. & Gray, i.
"72.

Coo|ieri, Torr. k (?ray, i. 73.
A coma, Bentb., i. 356.
Aconituni, Tourn., i. 12.

Coluinbianuni, Nutt., ii. 428.

Fiscbcri, Reicbcub., i. 12, ii.
428.

nasutiim, Hook., i. 12.
Acoiirtia vucrocrplui!a, DC, i.

422.
Acta;a, Linn., i. 12.

orgntn, Nutt., i. 12.

sjiicata, Linn., i. 12.
ActiucUa, Nutt., i. 393.

Coojieri, Gray, i. 394.

Kicbardsonii, Nutt., i. 394.
Actiuoleiiis, DC, i. 377.

antbcmoidcs. Gray, i. 378.

coronal in, Gray, i. 378, ii.457.

Actinolcpis lanosa. Gray, i. 379.

multicaiilis, DC, i. 378.

nmtica, Gi-ay, i. 378, ii. 457.

nivca. Gray, i. 379.

tcnella. Gray, i. 378.

Wallacoi, Gray, i. 379.
Adder's Tongue, ii. 332.
Adcnocaulon, Hook., i. 335.

bicolor. Hook., i. 335.
Adenostcgiii, Bciitb., i. 580.

rigidn, Lcntb., i. 581.
Adenostonia, Hook, k Arn. i.
184.

hrcvifolia, Nutt. i. 184.

rasci<Milntuiii, Hook, k Arn.,
i. 184.

s|iai-si folium, Torr., i. 185.
.\dcnostylcs, GnsH., i. 300.

Naidosmia, Gniy, i. 301, ii.
4. 03.
Adiantopsia, Fee, ii. 336.
Adiantuin, I.inn., ii. 342.

yEthiopiann, ii. 342.

Amcricdninn, Corn., ii. 343.

Cai)illus-Veneris, Linn., ii.
342.

Chilcme, ii. 342.

dihitalum, Nutt., ii. 342.

emarginatum, Hook.,ii. 342,
486.

Jordani, Muell., ii. 486.

jiedatuin, Linn., ii. 342.
Adoljibia, Mcisn., i. 101.

Califoniicn, Watson, i. 101.

infesta, Meisn., i. 101.

infcsia, Torr., i. 101.
AigilopsIIijslri.r, Nutt, ii. 327.
yKgopogon, Willd., ii. 266.

ccncliroi.l.'s, Willd., ii. 266.
/Esculus, Linn., i. 106.

Californica, Nutt., i. 106.

Hii)iiocastanuin, Linn., 1.106.
Agarisfa calliopsidea, DC, i,

355.
Agave, Linn., ii. 142.

deserti, Eiigclm., ii. 142.

Newberryi, Engelm., ii. 142.

]iarvinora, Torr., ii. 142.

Scbottii, Engelm., ii. 142.

Sliawii, Engelm., ii. 142.

Utrtbeusi.s, Engelm., ii. 484.
Agrratuia lincnrc, Cav., i. 388.

488

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Agriiuonia, Tourn., i. 185.

Eiiimtoria, Linn., i. 185.
Agrimony, i. 185.
Ajropynuiiy Heuin'., ii. 32H.

caninum, Keiolieiib., ii. 324.

divergens, Nees, ii. 3'24.

repcns, Beaiiv., ii. 324.
Agrostis, Linn., ii. 270.

iti|iuvalvis, Tiin., ii. 271.

uiroidcs, Tori'., ii. 21)9.

alba, Linn., ii. 271.

albicans, Biickl., ii. 273.

asperifolius, Tiin., ii. 273.

Californica, Tiin., ii. 273.

canina, Linn., ii. 274.

caiiina, ii. 271.

cri/ptamlra, Torr., ii. 268.

data, Tiin., ii. 274.

exarata, Tiin., ii. 273.

e.xigua, Tliiub., ii. 275.

grandis, Tiin., ii. 273.

Hlllchrandi, Tliiiil.., ii. 271.

laxijlora, Hiciiaids., ii. 274.

Michauxii, Tiin., ii. 274.

microphijlla, Steiid., ii. 273.

'iniiiutissiiiui, .StiuiiL, ii. 2tJy.

inucronata, Pivsl, ii. 272.

pnllens, Tiin., ii. 273.

scabra, Wilhi., ii. 274.

scabriuscula, Buckl., ii. 274.

Scouleri, Tiin., ii. 272.

stolonifcra, I^inn., ii. 271.

varians, Tiin., ii. 273.

veiticiilata, Vill., ii. 272.

viiescens, IIHK., ii. 274.

vnlyaris, Witii. , ii. 271, 274.
Aira, Linn., ii. 2!)G.

ardica, Tiin., ii. 297.

Bottnica, Waiii., ii. 297.

ctespitosa, Linn., ii. 297.

(lantlionioiiles, Tiin., ii. 298.

eloiigata, Hook., ii. 297.

latifolia, Hook., ii. 298.

oblusata, MicJi.v., ii. 302.

trunaita, Mubi., ii. 3()2.
Alar<;oma helenividcs, DC, i.

349.
Alcheinilla, Toiini., i. 185.

aivensis. Scop., i. 185, ii. 444.

cimei/oUa, Nutt., i. 18.").

uixidtutalis, Nutt., i. 185.
Aider, ii. 80.

White, ii. 80.
Alfalfa, i. 132.
Altilaria, i. 94.
AUjarobia glandu/osa, Toir. k

Gray, i. 163.
Alisnia, Linn., ii. 200.

CdUfornica, Bolan<k-r, ii. 200.

Plantago, Linn., ii. 200.
Alismace.e, ii. 199.
AUionia, Linn., ii. 3.

incarnata, Linn., ii. 3.

iimluchroiden, Ik-ntli., ii. 3.
Alliiini, Linn., ii. 146.

acuininatiiin, Hook., ii. 148.

uciiiiiitmtuin, ii. 149.

Alliiiinrt<H;)^<'c/(:ii5, Torr., ii. 1 49.
ani;t'i)s, Kullogg, ii. 151.
(ii(ccj)s, ii. 15L
Ascalonicuiii, liinn., ii. 146.
atroriibeiis, Watson, ii. 150.
attenuifoliuin, Kellogg, ii.

149.
BidwelliiC, Watson, ii. 150.
bisueptnnn, Watson, ii. 149.
Buland.-ri, Watson, ii. 148.
Brewcri, Watson, ii. 151.
campaiuilatuiii, Watson, ii.

149.
Cepa, Linn., ii. 146.
crucvuni, Torr., ii. 152.
Ihuijlasii, ii. 147, 149.
Elwcsli, Kegel, ii. 148.
falcifoliuiii, Hook k Arn., ii.

151.
fakifuUum, ii. 147, 149.
finibriatuin, Watson, ii. 150.
Ineinatocliiton, Wat?>on, ii.

148.
lacteum, lienth., ii. 156.
lacunosum, Watson, ii. 149.
Leiiuiioiii, Watson, ii. 151.
VMi-Uiinnm, Bi-iitb, ii. 152.
Murrai/duian, liort. Edinb.,

ii. 148.
Nevaileiise, Watson, ii. 150.
occidentalc. Gray, ii. 149.
Tarry i, Watson, ii. 150.
liarvuni, Kellogg, ii. 150.
]ihity(aule, Watson, ii. 151.
Turruni, Liiui., ii. 146.
rdkulatu.n, Ikiitb., ii. 149.
Sanbornii, Wood, ii. 148.
sativum, Linn., ii. 146.
Scliienoitrasuin, Linn., ii.l46.
serratum, Wat.son, ii. 149.
Tiliiuji, Kegel, ii. 156.
tribracteatmn, Torr., ii. 150.
tribradcatuiii, ii. 150.
unifoliiini, Kellogg, ii. 147.
validiini, Watson, ii. 147.
Allotroj.a, Torr. k (iray, i. 461.
viij^ata, Torr. &(!ray, i. 461,

ii. 461.
Alniis, Tourn., ii. 80.
tj/atinos(i, ii. 80.
incana, AVilld., ii. 81.
incaiui, ii. 80.

obloiigif<)lia,ToiT.,ii. 80, 483.
Orc(jaau, Nutt., ii. 80.
rlionibifolia, Nutt., ii. 80.
rubra. Bong., ii. 80, 483.
ncrrulata, ii. 80, 81.
Aloe, American, ii. 142.
Alopecurus, Linn., ii. 263.
aristulatus, Mieli.\., ii. 263.
geniculatus, Linn., ii. 263.
f/c)iicu/atus, ii. 263.
inatensi.s, Linn., ii. 263.
Alloscirus(icroslichoidcs,ii\n'eug.,

ii. 341.
androiicdafoliii.i, ii. 340.
iiiiicronatus, Eaton, ii. 340.

Alsia, Sulliv., ii. 409.

abietina, Sulliv., ii. 409.

Calib.rniea, Sulliv., ii. 409.

longipes,Sulliv.&. Les(i.ii.409.
Alsiiie jialustris, Kellogg, i. 70.
Allcrnunlluralaniujinoxa/Hijyv.,

ii. 43.
Alum Koot, i. 200.
Aly.ssum, Tourn., i. 27.

calyeinum, Linn., i. 27.

inaritinium, l^inn., i. 27.

AMAI!ANTAtli.E, ii. 40.

Amaranth, ii. 40.
Ainarantus, Tourn., ii. 40.

albus, Linn., ii. 41.

blitoide.s, Watson, ii. 41.

Blituni, Linn., ii. 42.

Jllitum, ii. 41.

('alifornicus, Watson, ii. 42.

cblorostaehys, Willd., iL 41.

limbriatus, Beiith., ii. 42.

I'almeri, Watson, ii. 42.

jiaiiiculatiis, Linn., ii. 41.

retrolle.xus, Linn., ii. 41.

rdrajlcxus, ii. 41.

Torreyi, Benth., ii. 42.

.\.MAUYL1.I1)ACK.K, ii. 141.

Amauria, Beutli., i. 385.

roluiidifolia, Benth., i. 385.
Ainbliriua, liaf., ii. 168.

pitdicuiit, Kaf., ii. 168.
AiiibliKjijac, Kaf., ii. 42.

Jiinbriata, (!ray, ii. 42.

Torreyi, (.iray, ii. 42.
Amblyopap[ius, Hook. & Arn.,
i. 385.

pusillus. Hook. & Arn. ,i. 385.
Ainblydq/itDii, Sidiimp.,ii. 417.

railicdlc, Brueli & Schini]>.,
ii. 418.

ripariioii, Bnicli &Schinip.,
ii. 418.

scrjicns, Brueli &. Schiinp., ii.
418.

vacillans, Sulliv., ii. 418.
Ambrosia, Tourn., i. 344.

aaiiilhiairpd, Hook.,i. 345.

artemisiiefolia, Linn., i. 34 4.

curonopifoUa, Torr. & Gray,
i. 344.

psilostachya, DC, i. 344.

tcnuifolia, Spreiig., i. 346.
Amelaiiebier, Med., i. 189.

alnifolia, Nutt, i. 190.

Cauddcnsis, Torr. &, tiray, i.
190.

fluridd, Lindl., i. 190.
American Aloe, ii. 142.

Laurel, i. 456.
Amiunlhiuiu NiiltdUii, ii. 183,

184.
Auiida (/raci/is, Nutt., i. 360.

hirsula, Nutt., i. 360.
Ainmannia, Houst., i. 214.

huinili.s, iMieb.v., ii. 447.

latifolia, Linn., i. 214, ii.
447,

INDIOX OK (IIONERA AND SIMCCIES.

489

Ammobromn, Toir., i. 464.

Sonoire, Ton-., i. 4l!4.
Anwwdia Oregana, Nutt., i.

309.
Aniole, ii. 159.
Aniorplia, Linn., i. 140.

Calilornica, ^'utt., i. 140.

fnitkom, Ton-., i. 140.
Aniiihiacliyris, Toir. & Gray,
i. 302.

Freniontii, Hiny, i. 303.
Aviphipappiis Frcmonlii, Torr.

k Gray, i. 303.
Aviphoridntm, Schinni., ii. 376.
Anisinckia, Lchni., i. 523.

Douglnsiann, A. DC, i. 524.

echiiiatn. Gray, i. 524.

grandijloru, Klecb., i. 525.

intermedia, Fiscli. & Jley., i.
524.

lyropsoidcs, Lclini., i. 524.

bjcopsoidcs, i. 524.

sj)octabilis, Fiscli. & Mey., i.
524.

tessellata, Gray, i. 524.

vernicosa, Hook. & Arn., i.
525.
Amsonia, "Walt., ii. 462.

brevifolia. Gray, ii. 462.
Anacalyjyta, Hoelil., ii. 360.

Starkcana, Iledw., ii. 362.
ANACAKUlACr.iF,, i. 109.
Anai'liaris, Kicliard, ii. 129.

Canadensis, riancli., ii. 129.
Anagallis, Tourn., i. 409.

arvensis, l>inn., i. 469.
Ananthcrix, Nutt., i. 477.
Anaphalis, DC., i. 340.

niargaritacea, Benth., i. 341.
Ancistrocarphus JUay incus.

Gray, i. 337.
Andrnincda bradcosa, DC, i.
453.

cvpressiiia. Hook., i. 456.

ilcrlcnsiana, Bong., i. 456.

vcnido.ia, DC, i. 453.
Androsace, Tourn., i. 468.

filiforniis, Retz, i. 468.

septentrionalis, Linn., i. 468,
ii. 462.
Androsteidiium, Torr., ii. 157.

brevitloruni, Watson, ii. 157.

violaceuni, Torr., ii. 157.
Anemia, Nutt., ii. 78.
Anemone, Linn., i. 3.

alpiiia. Hook., i. 3.

Bdldeusis, Hook., ii. 424.

deltoidea. Hook., i. 4, ii. 424.

Drunimondii, Watson, ii. 424.

multifida, DC, i. 4, ii. 424.

nenioiosa, Linn.,i. 4, ii. 424.

occidentalis, Watson, i. 3.
Anemopsis, Hook., ii. 77.

Bolanderi, CDC, ii. 78.

Caliiornioa, Hook., ii. 78, 483.
Angelica, Linn., i. 265.
Breweri, Gray, i. 265.

Angelica lineariloba, Gray, i.
266.

tomentosa, Watson, i. 265.
Anisocarjms Bolanderi, Gray, i.
359.

madioidns, Nutt., i. 358.
Anisoconia, Torr. & Gray, i. 430.

acaule, Torr. k (Jray, i. 431.
Anoniodon, Hook, k Tavl., ii.
407.

CaliCornicuin, Les(|., ii. 407.
AnoplanthMs, Fndl., i. 584.
Antennaria, Gaertn., i. 338.

alpina, Gaertn., i. 33!».

an/cnfcrr, Bentli., i. 340.

Cupatliica, H. 15r., i. 339.

dimor[)lia, Torr. & Gray, i.
339.

dioica, Gaertn., i. 339.

Geyeri, Gray, i. 340.

luzuloides, Torr. & Gray, i.
340.

vwrgaritaccn, \\. Br., i. 341.

niicroce|)liala, Gray, i. 340.

raceniosa, Hook., i. 338.
Anllicricinn po»icridii(nini>,

Kcr, ii. 160.
AnthovirJrs IJouglasii, Koem.,

i. 189.
Antlio.xanllium, Linn., ii. 266.

odoratuni, Linn., ii. 266.
Andclca Firinonli, loir. , ii. 183.

NuttnUii, ii. 183.
Antirrhinum, Tourn., i. 548.

Breweri, Gray, i. 550.

confcrlifloruia, Benth., i. 552.

Coopcri, Gray, i. 551.

cornutuni, Benth., i. 549.

corniUum, Dur., i. 549.

Coulterianum, Benth., i. 549.

Conlterianuvi, Dur., i. 550.

cyathiCerum, Benth., i. 548.

fill pes. Gray, i. 551.

glandulosuni, Lindl., i. 549.

junceum, Gray, i. 551, ii. 472.

Ivingii, Watson, i. 550.

leptMlcuni, Gray, i. 549.

niaiiraiidioides. Gray, i. 551.

Nuttallianum, Benth., i. 550,
622.

speciosum. Gray, i. 551.

strictuni, Gray, i. 550.

vagiuis, Gray, i. 549.

virga, Gray, i. 549.
Antitrichia, Bridel, ii. 408.

Californicrt, SuUiv., ii. 409.

curtipendula, Brid , ii. 409.

curtipevdulii, ii. 409.
Apargia horcdlis. Bong., i. 440.
Apargidium, Torr. k tiray, i.
439.

boreal e, Torr. k Gray, i. 439.
Ai)hanisma, Nutt., ii. 45.

l)litoides, Nutt., ii. 45.
Aplunitnchcvla cxilis, Griiv, i.

305.
Apliiint si'rnifc, Muidl., ii. C>\K

Aphyllon, Mitch., i. 584.

Californicuni, t!ray, i. 584.

comosum. Gray, i. 584.

fascicnlatiini, Gray, i. 584.

Ludovicianuni, Gray,'i. 585.

multillorum. Gray, i. 585.

pinetorum. Gray, i. 585.

tuberosum, Gray, i. 585, ii.
476.

unidonim, Gray, i. 584.
Apiastrum, Nutt., i. 258.

angustif'olium, Nutt., i. 259.

lalifolivm, Nutt, i. 259.
Apiuni, Linn., i. 258.

graveolens, Linn., i. 258.
Aplectrum, Torr., ii. 132.

hyem-ile, Torr., ii. 133.
Aplojiapitus, Cass., i. 310.

acaulis, (Jray, i. 311.

ai)argioide.s, Grav, i. 311, ii.
454.

arenarius, Benth., i. 314.

Bloomeri, Gmy, i. 313.

/wi/p?-. Hook. & Arn., ii. 455.

cuneatus, Gray, i. 312.

ericoides, Hook, k Am., i.
313.

gracilis, Gray, i. 613.

(Jreenei, Gray, ii. 454.

l/ankri, DC, i. 321.

lavccola/us, (!ray, i. 312.

laricifolius, Gray, ii. 454.

linearilolius, DC., i. 311.

Macronema, Gray, i. 314.

McJizicsii, Torr. k Gray, i.
315.

nanus, Eaton, i. 314.

Ncvadcnsis, Kelt, i. 311.

Palmeri, Gray, i. 613.

paniculatuR, Gray, i. 311.

liinifolius, Graj', i. 312.

racemosus, Torr., ii. 454.

re.sinosus, Gray, i. 313.

resinosus, i. 313.

sphceroccphalus. Gray, i. 304.

spinulosus, DC, i. 314.

squarrosus, Hook, k Arn., i.
311, ii. 454.

stenophyllus. Gray, ii. 454.

sulFruticosus, Gray, i. 313.

(otuicindis, Eaton, i. 312.

tortifolius, Torr. & Gn»y, i.
323.

AVhitneyi, Gray, i. 312.
Apocynaci;.«, i. 472.
Apocynum, Tourn., i. 473.

androsfcmifolium, Linn., i.
473.

cannabinum, Linn., i. 473.
Apple, i. 188.
Ap|)le of Peru, i. 537.
A(piilegia, Tourn., i. 9.

ciurulea, James, i. 10.

Ctilifoniicn, Lindl., i. 10.

Canadcn.iix, Torr., i. 10.

r.i-imin, Van Houtte, i. 10.

loriuosa, Fiscli., i. 10.

400

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Aquilegia Icploccra, Niitt., i.
10.

inncrantha, Hook, k Ani.,
i. 10.

truncata, Fisch. & Mey., i. 10.
Aiabis, Linn., i. 31.

arcuata, Gray, i. 33, ii. 431.

hlepharoi)hylla,Hook.& Am.,
i. 32.

Bieweri, "Watson, i. 33.

canescens, Nutt., i. 32, ii.
431.

Drunimondii, Watson, i. 32.

liirsuta, Scop., i. 32.

Holba-llii, lloiiiem., i. 33,
ii. 431.

longiiostris, Watson, i. 31.

Lyallii, Watson, i. 32.

perfoliata, Lam., i. 31.

platispeinia. Gray, i. 32.

puberula, Nutt., ii. 431.

lepanda, Watson, i. 32.

retrofrada, Grali., i. 33.

spatlmlata, Nutt., i. 32.
Arackjj, ii. 187.
Alalia, Linn., i. 273.

Caiifornica, Watson, i. 273,
ii. 4.52.

humilis, Cav., i. 273.

spinosa, Linn., i. 273.
ARALIACEiE, i. 273.
Arbor-Vitiu, ii. 115.
Arbutus, Tourn., i. 4.')1.

laari/olia, Limll., i. 4f)2.

Menzicsii, I'ursli, i. 452.

jnoeeia, Dougl., i. 452.

pungcjis, Hook, k Am., i.
453.
.Vrceuthobium, Bieb., ii. 10(5.

ubidhmm, Engclni., ii. 107.

.Vniericanuni, Nutt., ii. 10(5.

campi/lopoduiii, Engelm., ii.
107.

ilivaricatum, Engelm., ii. 107.

Douglasii, Engelm., ii. 106.

occidentale, Engebn., ii. 107.

O.vyceJri, Bieb., ii. 10(3.

pusillum. Peek, ii. lOti.

robustum, Engelm., ii. 107.

vaginatum, Eichler, ii. 107.

verticillitlorum, Engelm., ii.
107.
Ardiodrcicon Cavitschdliciiui,

Gray, ii. 187.
Ai-ctomecon, Torr., i. 21, ii.
429.

Californicum, Torr., i. 21.
Aixlopoa, Griseb., ii. 313.
.Vretostaphylos, Aduns., i. 452,
ii. 4G0.

acuta, Nutt., i. 453.

Auilersonii, Gray, i. 452.

hieolor. Gray, i. 454.

(,'alifcrniica, ii. 461.

Glevelandi, Gray, ii. 461.

cordifolia, Lindl., i. 453.

glauca, Lindl., i. 454.

Arctostapbylos (jluuca, Wat.son,
i. 453.

Hookcri, Don, i.453, ii. 461.

Nevadensis, Gray, ii. 461.

nununnlaria, Ciray, i. 453.

polifolia, HBK., i. 454.

puniila, Nutt., i. 453.

pungens, HBK., i. 453, ii. 461.

tomentosa, Dougl., i. 452.

Uva-ursi, Spreng., i. 453, ii.
460.
.Vrenaria, Linn., i. 68.

brcvi/olui. Gray, i. 69.

Caiifornica, Brewer, i. 69, ii.
435.

capillaris, Poir., i. 69.

coiigesta, Nutt., i. 69.

Douglasii, Torr. &. Gray, i. 69.

Fcndleri, Watson, i. 69.

fornws'i, Torr., i. 69.

Franklinii, Dougl, i. 69.

laterillora, Linn., i. 7U.

niacrophylla. Hook., i. 70.

uitrdi/o/ui, Ledeb., i. 69.

palustris, Wat.son, i. 70.

])ungens, Nutt., i. 69.

tenella, Nutt., i. 69.

verna, Linn., ii. 435.
Argemone, Linn., i. 21.

hispida, Gray, i. 21.

Mexicana, Linn., i. 21.

Mexicanii, Torr., i. 21.

viunita, Dur. k Hilg., i. 21.
Argytlianmia, P. Browne, ii. 69.

sericopbylla. Gray, ii. 70, 482.

serrata, Muell. Arg. , ii. 69.
Aristida, Linn., ii. 288.

bromoides, HBK., ii. 289.

Caiifornica, Tliurb., ii. 289.

disjicrsn, Trin. A: Kupr., ii.
289.
Aristolochia, Tourn., ii. 102.

Caiifornica, Torr., ii. 102.
AUI.STOLOCIIIACE.K, ii. 101.
Arnn-ria, Willd., i. 465.

and ilia, Boiss., i. 465.

vulgaris, Willd., i. 465.
Arnica, Linn., i. 414.

ali)ina, Jlurr., i. 416.

ample.xicaulis, Nutt., ii. 458.

anijttsti/olia, Valil, i. 416.

Chamissonis, Less., i. 416.

CltdinifisuHis, Torr. k Gray,
i. 416.

cordifolia, Hook., i. 415.

discoidea, Bentli., i. 415.

foliosa, Nutt., i. 416.

fulqcns, Pursli, i. 416.

"latifolia, Bong., i. 415, ii.
458.

longifolia, Eaton, i. 416.

Menzicsii, Hook., i. 415.

mollis. Hook., i. 415.

inoiUana, Hook., i. 416.

parviflora. Gray, i. 415.

plantaginea, Pursli, i. 416.

viscosa, (hav, ii. 458.

Aromia tenuifolia, Nutt., i.

385.
Aronia ahiifolia, Nutt., i. 190.
Arrlienatherum, Beauv., ii. 298.

avcnaceuin, Beauv., ii. 298.
Arrow-grass, ii. 199.
Arrow-head, ii. 201.
Arrow-wood, i. 335.
Artemisia, Linn., i. 402.

abrutanoides, Nutt., i. 4()3.

arbuscula, Nutt., i. 405.

ardica, l^ess., i. 403.

Caiifornica, Less., i. 403.

cana, Pursli, i. 405.

Chumissoniiina, Bess., i. 4(i;j.

discolor, Dougl., i. 404.

dracunculoides, Pursh, i. 401,
ii. 458.

Fischcriana, Bess., i. 403.

foliosa, Nutt., i. 403.

luterophijlla, Nutt., i. 404.

Ludoviciana, Nutt., i. 404.

viatriairioidcs, Less., i. 401.

Norvegica, Erics, i. 403.

pachijstiKhija, DC, i. 404.

Palnieri, (!ray, i. 618.

putcnlilloides. Gray, i. 402.

pycnocejihala, DC, i. 404.

kotlirockii. Gray, i. 618.

rupestris, Fl. Dan., i. 403.

spinescens, Eaton, i. 404.

tridentata, Nutt., i. 405.

trilida, Nutt., i. 405.

vulgaris, Linn., i. 403.
Arthroenonuin aml/iijuuni,
lUii\., ii. 57.

fniticosuiH, JIocp, ii. 57.

macrostachyuin, Torr., ii. 58.
Artichoke, i. 417.
.Aruncus, Linn., ii. 443.

Sylvester, Kost., ii. 443.
Aruiido Canadensis, Mieli.v., ii.
279.

Phraifinitcs, Linn., ii. 300.
Asinjnva spinosa, Baill., i. 143.
Asaruin, Tourn., ii. 101.

caudatum, Lindl., ii. 102.

Hartwegi, WaLson, ii. 101.

Jlookcri, Field., ii. 102.

Lemnioni, Watson, ii. 102.
A.sclkpiadaoka;, i. 474.
Asclepia.s, Linn., i. 474.

cryptoceras, Watson, i. 476.

Jionglasii, Hook., i. 475.

ccornutain, Kell., i. 477.

eriocarpa, Beiith., i. 476,620.

eriocarpa, Torr., i. 476.

erosa, Torr., ii. 463.

fascicularis, Decsne., i. 475,
ii. 463.

Frenioiiti, Torr., ii. 463.

leucophylla, Engelm., i. 476,
620, ii. 463.

macrophylla , Nutt., i. 476.

Mexicana, Cav., ii. 463.

nyctngiiiifolia. Gray, ii. 463.

specio.sa. Ton-., i. 475.

INDKX OF GKNIORA AND SPECIES.

491

Asclepias subulata, Decsiic, i.
475.
vestita, Hook. & Am., i. 476
Asli, i. 472.
Asp, Quaking, ii. 91.
Asjien, ii. 91.
Asi)liodel, Bog, ii. 185.

False, ii. 184.
As])Ipiiiuiii, J.inu., ii. 344.
Fili.x-foemina, liciiih , ii

344.
Trichomanes, Linn., ii. 344.
Aster, Linn., i. 321.

ndscendens, Lindl., i. 324.
restivus. Ait., i. 614.
nI|>igGnus, Gray, i. 325.
Aiidcisonii, Gray, i. 325, ii.

455.
anguatus, Terr, k Gray, i

326.
aiiijiishui, Gray, i. 320.
biennis, Nutt., i. 322.
Bloouieri, Gray, i. 323.
Calijornicus, Less., i. 331.
canescens, Pursli, i. 322.
Chainissowis, Gray, i. 324.
Cliilcnsis, Necs, i. 324.
consincuus, Lindl., i. 323.
divaricatus, Nutt., i. 325, ii.

455.
Donglasii, Lindl., i. 324.
DoiKjlasii, DC, i. 614.
Durnndii, Nutt., i. 324.
falcatns, Lindl., i. 324.
JiliHjinifolius, Hook. & Arn.

i. 321.
frondoms, Terr, k Gray, i

326.
ghitinosiis, Cav., i. 303.
incanus. Gray, i. 322.
intcgrifolius, Nutt., i. 324.
laxijlori/s, Nees, i. 614.
Menziesii, Lindl., i. 323.
OrcgnvxLs, Nutt., i. 325.
parviflorus, Grav, i. 322.
pulchellus, Eaton, i. 325.
Rndn.la, Loss., i. 323, 324.
radulinus, Gray, i. 323.
.salsuginosus. Rich., i. 325.
Rliastensis, Gray, i. 322. ii

455.
spcdabih's. Hook., i. 324.
fipinosus, Renth., i. 614.
tanacctit'olius, HBK., i. 322.
(cnur, Kellogg, ii. 455.
tonuntellus, Hook, k Arn.. i.

321.
tortifolius, Gray, i. 323.
Wriglitii, Gray, i. 323.
Astragalus, Tourn., i. 144.
ainpullariu.s, Watson, i. 149.
Andersonii, Gray, i. 151.
Antiselli, Gray, i. 152.
aridus. Gray, i. 147.
arroctus, Gray, i. ]r,3.
Arthu-Schottii, i. 147.
atratus, "Watson, i. 155.

Astiagalus AustiniE, Gray, i.
156. ^

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 153.
Breweri, Gray, i. 146.
calycosus, Torr., i. 156.
Canadensis, Watson, i. 155.
Ca.sei, Gray, i. 154.
Valalincnsis, Nutt., i. 146.
eoliinus, Dougl., ii. 442.
Coultori, Benth., i. 146, ii.

442.
Crotalariaj, Gray, i. 149.
Crolalariic, Torr., i. 149.
curtipes. Gray, i. 148.
cyrtoides. Gray, i. 152, ii.

442.
diaplianus, Dougl., i. 147.
didyniocarpus, Hook &,Arn.,

i. 146.
diphysus, Gray, i. 147.
Donglasii, Gray, i. 150.
criocarpns, Wa'tsnn, i. 151.
lilipes, Torr., i. 152.
Frcmonlii, Torr. & Gray, i.

147.
Ge3eri, Gray, i. 146.
Gibhsii, Kellogg, ii. 442.
Hookcrianu.s, Gray, i. 147.
Hornii, Gray, i. 150.
I/)jpogloUis, Kell., i. 146.
incptvs, Gray, i. 147.
inlle.xus, Dougl., i. 151.
iodanthns, Watson, i. 154.
Kentropliyta, (!ray, i. 150.
Leniinoni, Gray, i. 155.
lentiforinis. Gray, i. 150.
lentiginosus, Dougl., i. 147.
lcuc'opIiyIhi.s, Torr. & Gray,

i. 148.
leueopsis, Torr. & Gray. i.

1 49.
niacrodon. Gray, i. 150.
inalacus. Gray, i. 151.
niegacarpus, Gray, i. 148.
Jlenziesii, Gray, i. 150.
Mortoni, Nutt', i. 155.
niultiflorus, Gray, i. 153.
nigrcscens, Nutt., i. 146.
nudus, Watson, i. 153.
Nuttallianus, DC, i. 146.
obscurus, Watson, i. 155, ii

442.
oocarpus, Gray, i. 149.
oopliorus, Watson, i. 148.
o.\yphy.sus. Gray, i. 148.
platytropis, Gvay, i. 147.
porrectus, Watson, i. 153.
literocarpus, Watson, i. 154.
pubentissitnus, Gray, i. 150.
I'ulsiferae, Gray, i. 150.
Purshii, Dougl., i. 151.
jiycnostaeliyus, Gray, i. 155.
speirocarpus, Gray, i. 152.
tener, Gray, i. 146.
Tlionipsnnn', Watson, i. 151.
tricarinatus, (!ray, ii. 442.
trii'liopodes, (Jray, i. 149.

Astragalus Utabensis, Torr. k
Gray, i. 151.
Webberi, Gray, i. I54.
Wbitneyi, Gray, 1. 148.
Astrophia liltoralis, Nutt i

160. ■'

Atamisquea emarginata, Miei-s.

i. 50.
Atenia Gairdncri, Nutt.. i.

259,
Athcropofjon, Mubl., ii. 290.

ofignstfichifKvi, Nutt., ii. 291.
Atric/nnn, jieauv., ii. 401.
anguslfif uvi, llruchkHdiiniu.,

ii. 402.
undulaliim, Beauv., ii. 402.
Atrijile.x, Tourn., ii. 50.
argentea, Nutt., ii. 53.
Ikrclayana, Dietr., ii. 53.
bracteosa, Watson, ii. 52,

482.
Bieweri, Watson, ii. 55.
Californica, Moq., ii. 54, 482.
canescens, James, ii. 55.
canescens, Nutt., ii. 54.
confertifolia, Watson, ii. 55,

482.
coronata, Watson, ii. 53.
Coultori, Dietr., ii. 52, 482.
decuinbens, Watson, ii. 53.
expansa, Wat.son, ii. 54.
hortensis, Linn., ii. 44.
bynienclyti-a, AVatson, ii. 55.
lentirornds, Wat.son, ii. 54.
Icucopbyiia, Dietr., ii. 53.
inicrocarpa, Dietr., ii. 52.
NuttalJii, Watson, ii. 54.
Palnieri, Watson, ii. 54.
patula, Linn., ii. 51, 482.
pbyllostegia, Watson, ii. 51.
polyearjia, Watson, ii. 54.
pusilla, Watson, ii. 52.
spicata, Watson, ii. 51.
Torreyi, Watson, ii. 55.
truncata. Gray, ii. 52.
Atropis, Rupr., ii. 308.
avgnslata, Griscb., ii. 308.
CUifoMiica, ilunro, ii. 309.
convoluta, Griseb., ii. 308.
distans, Griseb., ii. 308.
marilima, Griseb., ii. 308.
paucitlora, Thurb., ii. 310.
procnnibens, Tlnirb., ii. 310.
scabrella, Tburb., ii. 310.
tenuifolia, Tburb., ii. 310.
tcnviflora, Griseb., ii. 308
Audibertia, Bentb., i. 600.
capitata. Gray, i. 600.
Clevelandi, Gray, i. 601.
grandiflora, Bentb., i. 600.
buniilis, Benth., i. 601.
incana, F5enth., i. 600.
iiivea, Benth., i. 601.
Palnieri, Gray, i. 601.
jiolvatachyn, Benth., i. 601,

ii. 477.
stachyoides, Bentli., i. 601.

492

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Aulacomuiuni, Schwacgr., ii.
399.

amliogymini, Schwiieyr., ii.
399.

palustre, Scli\vaef,M-., ii. 399.
Avena, Liiin., ii. 294.

cetima, Kuiitli, ii. 295.

fatua, Linn., ii. 294.

mollis, Mich.v., ii. 29(5.
Awlwort, i. 43.
Ayenia, Linn., ii. 437.

miciophylla. Gray, ii. 438.

pusilla, Linn., ii. 438.
Azalea, Linn., i. 458.

calendulacea, Ikntli., i. 458.

occidentulis, Torr. k Gray, i.
458.
Azolla, Lam., ii. 352. "

Caroiiniana, Willd., ii. 352.

microphylla, Kaull"., ii. 352.

Bacchaiis, Linn., i. 332.
brachyphylla. Gray, i. 614.
caerulescens, DC., i. 333.
aerulcsccus, Gray, i. 333.
consaiujubiea, DC, i. 332.
Douglasii, DC, i. 333, ii. 456.
Emory i. Gray, i. 333.
glutinosa, Pers., i. 333.
pilularis, DC, i. 332.
Phujrwa, Nntt., i. 333.
Pluinmerai, Gray, ii. 45(5.
saliclfulia, Nutt., ii. 456.
salieinu, Torr. k Gray, ii.

45a
scrgiloiilcs, Orny, i. 333.
viminea, DC, i. 333.
Uitria, Fiscli. k Mey., i. 375.
ehrysostoma, Fiscii. k I^Ioy.,

i. 375.
Fremontii, Gray, i. 377.
gracilis. Gray, i. 376.
niarilima. Gray, i. 376.
Palnieri, Gray, i. 376.
platycarplia, Gray, i. 376.
tenerrima. Gray, i. 376.
uliginosa. Gray, i. 377.
Bahia, Lag., i. 379.
ambigiia. Gray, i. 382.
acki/lccoidcs, Dl '., i. 381.
arachnoidea, Fisch. k Mey.,

i. 382.
artemisiiefolia. Less., i. 380.
confertillora, DC, i. 380.
cuneata, Kt-ll., i. 381.
gracilis, Hook, ct Am., i. 382.
integrifolia, DC, i. 381.
lanata, DC, 1. 381.
lalifuUa, DC, i. 382.
leu'cophyUa, DC, i. 381.
kiicnphyUa, Torr. k Grav, i.

381.
hucophijUa, Eaton, i. 381.
l)arviHora, Gray, i. 382.
rubella. Gray, i. 379.
stiEchadifolia, DC, i. 380.
tenuifuVm, DC, i. 381.

Baliia trifida, Nutt., i. 380.

jrallacci. Gray, i. 379, 382.
Jlahiopsis lanata, Kell., i. 354.
Baileya, Gray, i. 373.

niultiradiata. Gray, i. 373.

pauciradiata, Gray, i. 373.

pleniradiata. Gray, i. 373.
Balsam, i. 93.
Balsam-root, i. 347.
Bal-samorliiza, Hook., i. 347.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 348.

Careyana, Gray, i. 347.

deltoidea, Nutt, i. 348.

glubrescens, Benth., i. 348.

hclianthoidcs, Nutt, i. 348.

hirsula, Nutt, i. 348.

Hookeri, Nutt, i. 348.

incana, Nutt, i. 348.

macrophylla, Nutt., i. 347.

sagittata, Nutt., i. 348.

terebinthacca, Nutt, i. 348.
Banalia occidciitidis, Jlo(|., ii.

43.
Baneberry, i. 12.
Barbarea, R. Br., i. 40.

vulgaris, R. Br., i. 40.
Barberry, i. 14.
Barbula, He.lw., ii. 368.

ami)lexa, I-es(]., ii. 370.

anomala, Bruch k Seliimp.,
ii. 367.

artocarpa, Les()., ii. 371.

atrovirens, Scliini))., ii. 369.

Buecheyi, Le.s(i., ii. 372.

Bolanderi, Lesij., ii. 370.

bracliypliylla, .Sulliv., ii.371.

brevipes, Lesi|., ii. 370.

chloronoto.s, Biueli, ii. 369.

convoluta, Jledw., ii. 372.

cuneifolia, i5rid , ii. 369.

falla.v, Hedw., ii. 370.

lle.vilolia, ILunpe, ii. 372.

Guepini, Scbinii)., ii. 369.

inermis, Brucb, ii. 372.

iaxuhtua, ii. 372.

hevipila, i5rid., ii. 373.

latilolia, Brucb, ii. 37.3.

marginata, Brucb k Scbimp.,
ii. 370.

niembranifolia, Scbultz, ii.
369.

iluelleri, Brucb .t Scbinip.,
ii. 373.

purpurea, M\U"11., ii. 371.

rigida, Scliult/., ii. 368.

rigidula, Scbiuip., ii. 371.

rubiqinosa, 5Iitt., ii. 362.

ruraiis, Hedw., ii. 373.

semitorta, .Sulliv., ii. 371.

subfallax, Muell., ii. 370.

subulata, Brid., ii. 372.

Vahliana, Scbultz, ii. 370.

vinealis, Brid., ii. 371.

virescens, Lesq., ii. 372.
Barkhausia Lcssincjii, Hook, k

Arn., i. 438.
Bainyard Grass, ii. 260.

Barrattia, Gray, i. 351.
Bartonia, Nutt., i. 236.

aurca, Liiull., i. 236.

la:vkaulis, Dougl., i. 237.

micrantba, Hook, k Arn., i.
236.
Bartramia, Hedw., ii. 400.

calcarca, Brucb k Scbimp.,
ii. 401.

crispa, Swartz, ii. 401.

t'ontana, Brid., ii. 4(il .

itbypbylla, Brid., ii. 401.

Meiiziesii, Hook., ii. 400.

pomiformis, Hedw., ii. 401.

stricta, Brid., ii. 400.
Bartsia acuminata, Pursb, i.
575.

pallida, Linn., i. 575.

tcnuifolia, Pursb, i. 577.
Bastard Toad-dax, ii. 103.
i?ATIDE.E, ii. 60.
Batis, P. Browne, ii. 60.

maritima, Linn., ii. 60.

vcrmiculata. Hook., ii. 59.
Bayberry, ii. 81.
I'.earbcrry, i. 453.
Bcard-Gra.ss, ii. 270.
Bcaucarnea, Lemaire, ii. 162.

Biijcloi'ii, I'aker, ii. 163.
Becknuu.n's Grass, ii. 264.
ikckmannia. Host, ii. 264.'

crucaiforniis, Host, ii. 264.
Bcdstraw, i. 282.
Bee-lVed, ii. 481.
Beecb, ii. 93.
Beet, ii. 44.

Bcllardia, Colla, i. 423.
iJellllower, i. 447.
Bcloperone, Necs, i. 588.

Californica, Bentb., i. 588.
Bent-Grass, ii. 270.

Brown, ii. 274.

Creeping, ii. 272.

Fine, ii. 272.

Marsb, ii. 272.

Reed, ii. 278.

Wbite, ii. 272.
BEiiBKiai)ACi:.E, i. 14.
Berberis, Linn., i. 14.

Ai]uitolium, Pursb, i. 14.

Aquifoliuni, Pursb, i. 14.

fascicnlaris, Sims, i. 15.

nervosa, Pursb, i. 15.

pinnata. Lag. i. 15.

repens, Lindl., i. 14.
Bcn/clla Texana, Sciinitz., i.

80.
Bergia, Linn., i. 80.

Te.vana, Seub., i. 80, ii. 436.
Berginia, Harvey, i. 488.

virgata, Harv., i. 488.
Bernardia, P. Browne, ii. 70.

myricajfolia, Watson, ii. 70.
Berry, Bnllalo, ii. 62.
Berula, Kocb, i. 260.

angustifolia, Kodi, i. 260, ii.
451.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

493

Retula, Tourn., ii. 79.

glandulosa, Miclix., ii. 80.

occidentalis, Hook., ii. 79.
Betulace^, ii. 70.
Hidens, Linn., i. 357.

Californica, DC, i. 357.

cernua, Linn., i. 357.

chrysanthenioiiles, Miclix., i.
357.

pilosa, Linn., i. 357.
T?i^ Koot, i. 2 JO.
Big Tree, ii. 117.
Bigelovia, DC, i. 314.

aibore.scens, Gray, i. 315, 614.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 315.

bracliylepis. Gray, i. 614, ii.
454.

ccruniinosa. Gray, 1. 316.

Cooperi, Gray, i. 315.

depressa. Gray, i. 316.

dillusa. Gray, i. 314, 315.

Douglasii, Gray, i. 317, 614.

dracunculoidcs, DC, i. 317.

graveolens. Gray, i. 317, 614,
ii. 455.

Howardii, Gray, i. 316.

Menziesii, Gray, i. 315.

Missourieiisis, DC, i. 317.

paniculata. Gray, L 317, 614,
ii. 454.

.spathulata. Gray, L 613.

teretifolia, Gray, i. 316, ii.
454.
Bignonia Hncnrix, Civ., i. 587.
BlONONIACEiF,, i. 586.
IJilherry, i. 450.
lUndweeil, i. 533.
Bircli, ii. 79.

Black, ii. 79.
Biscntella, Linn., i. 48.

Californica, Benth. & Hook.,
i. 48, ii. 4.32.

Wislizeni, Benth. & Hook.,
i. 48, ii. 432.
Black Birch, ii. 79.

Mustard, i. 39.

Nightshade, i. 538.

Oaks, ii. 98.

Sage, ii. 477.

Walnut, ii. 92.
Blackberry, i. 171.
Bladder Nut, i. 108.
Bladder-pod, i. 43.
Bluddervvort, i. 586.
Blechnnni borcale, Swartz, ii.
343.

doodioidcs. Hook., ii. 343.
Blennospernia, Less., i. 395.

Californicum, Torr. & Gray,
i. 395.
Blepharipappus, Hook., i. 357.

glandulosua. Hook., i. 368.

seaber, Hook., i. 358.
Elite, Sea, ii. 58.
Blitum, Tourn., ii. 46.

Bonus- Henriam, ii. 48.

Calif or tiicum, Watson, ii. 48.

Blitum cnpitatmn, Linn., ii. 48.

carinatiim, Moq., ii. 48.

chenopndioidcs, Nutt., ii. 49.

glandulosum, Moq., ii. 48.

mariiimum, Nutt., ii. 48.

polymorphnm, Meyer, ii. 48.

rubrum, Heichenb., ii. 48.
Bloonieria, Kellogg, ii. 152.

aurea, Kellogg, ii. 152.
Blue-curls, i. 608.
Bluc-eyod Grass, ii. 140.
Blue-joint, ii. 324.
Blue-Grass, Kentucky, ii.

312.
Blue Oak, ii. 95.
Blijltia suavcolcns, Fries, ii.

276.
Bcehmcria nivea. Hook. & Arn.,

ii. 63.
Boerhaavia, Linn., ii. 5.

erecta, Linn., ii. 5.

Gra/urmi, Gray, ii. 6.

hirsuta, Willd., ii. 6.

scandens, Linn., ii. 6.

spicata, Clioisy, ii. 6.
Bog Asphodel, ii. 185.
I'og-rush, ii. 203.
Boisduvalia, Spach, i. 233.

densiflora, Watson, i. 233.

Donglnsii, Spach, i. 233.

glabella, Watson, i. 233.

Torreyi, Watson, i. 233.
Bolandra, Gray, i. 196.

Californica, Gray, i. 196.
Bolivarin, Cham. & Schlecht.,

i. 471.
Bollonia, sp., Benth. & Hook.,

i. 397.
BoiiuAoiNACR;^;, i. 518.
Boschniakia, C A. Meyer, i.
585.

glabra, Mey., i. 585.

Hookeri, Walp., i. 585.

strobilacea, Gray, i. 585, ii.
476.
Botrychium, Swartz, ii. 331.

mcslralc, R. Br., ii. 332.

silaifolium, PresI, ii. 332.

sinijilex, Hitchcock, ii. 331.

ternatum, Swartz, ii. 332.

Virginianuni, Swartz, ii.' 332,
485.
Bouteloua, Lag., ii. 290.

aristidoides, Thnrb., ii. 291.

oligostachya, Torr., ii. 291.

polystachya, Torr., ii. 291.

pumila, Buckl., ii. 291.
Boykinia, Nutt., i. 195.

aconitifolia, Nutt., i. 196.

major. Gray, i. 196.

occidentalis, Torr. & Gray, i.
196.

occidentalis. Gray, i. 196.

Richardsonii, Gray, i. 196.

rotundifolia. Parry, ii. 445.
Bowlesin, liuiz k Pavon, i. 255.

lobata, Huiz k Pavon, i. 255.

Bowlesia ^r)(c?Y?,Spreng.,L 255.
Box Elder, i. 108.
Brachyactis, Ledeb., i. 326.

ciliata, Ledeb., i. 326.

cilinta, Benth., i. 326.

frondosa. Gray, i. 326.
Brachyris, Nutt., i. 302.

EutJunnicc, Nutt., i. 302.
Brachythccium, Schimp., ii.412.

aftpcrrimum, Sulliv., ii. 413.

colliniim, Brucli & Schimp.,
ii. 413.

Ilillcbrandi, Lesq., ii. 413.

laluni, Bruch & Schimp., ii.
412.

jmpulcinn, Bruch &. Schimp.,
ii. 413.

rut'ibtduvi, Bnich& Schimp.,
ii. 413.

salcbros)(vi, Bruch & Schimp.,
ii. 413.
Bracken, ii. 341.
Brahea, Martins, ii. 212.

armata, Watson, ii. 212.

dulcis, ii. 211.

cdulis, Wendl., ii. 212.

Jilamcntosa, Hort., ii. 211.
Brake, Cliff, ii. 339.

Rock, ii. 341.
Brasenia, Schreber, i. 16.

jieltata, Pursh, i. 16.
Brassica, Linn., i. 39.

campcstris, Linn., i. 39.

nigra, !5oiss., i. 39.

Sinapistrum, Boiss., i. 40.
Braunia, Bruch & Scliimi)., ii.
375.

Californica, Lesq., ii. 375.
Brevoortia, Wood, ii. 156.

coccinca, Watson, ii. 156,

Ida-Main, Wood, ii. 156.
Brcwerina suffrutesccns, Gray,

i. 69.
Brickellia, Ell., i. 299.

Californica, Gi-ay, i. 300.

Coulteri, Gray, i. 300.

grandiflora, Nutt, i. 300, 613.

Greenei, Gray, ii. 453.

hastita, Benth., i. 300.

incana, Gray, i. 300.

linifolia, Eaton, i. 300, ii.
453.

microphylla, Gray, i. 300.

oblongifolia, Nutt, i. 300.

WriqlUii, Dur. & Hilg., i.
300.
Brier, Green, ii. 186.
Brisrgnoa C/iilcnsis, Gay, ii.

32."
Bristly Foxtail Grass, ii. 260.
Briza, Linn., ii. 316.

Canadensis, Nutt, ii. 308.

Eragrostis, Linn., ii. 315.

media, Linn., ii. 316.
Brizopyrum, Link, ii. 306.

Americanuni, Link, ii. 306.

borcale, Prcsl, ii. 300.

494

INDEX OF (JENEKA AND SPECIES.

BrizopJnjrum spicafuvi, Hook.

k Aril., ii. 30G.
• Dottglasii, Hook. & Am., ii.

314.
Brocchia dichotoma, Mauri, ii.

67.
Bro(H;T?ii, Smith, ii. 152.

Hriiljjesii, Watson, ii. 154.

Californica, Limll., ii. 153.

capitata, Bentli., ii. 154.

coccinca. Gray, ii. 157.

congesta. Smith, ii. 153.

crocea, Watson, ii. 155.

Doiiglasii, Watson, ii. 154.

gracilis, Watson, ii. 155.

granfUHora, Smith, ii. 153.

grandiflorn, ii. 153, 154.

ixioiiles, Watson, ii. 155.

lactea, Watson, ii. 156.

laxa, Watson, ii. 155.

minor, Watson, ii. 153.

mnltillora, Bentii., ii. 154.

parinflora, Torr. & Gray, ii.
154.

peduncularis, Watson, ii. 155.

terrestris, Kellogg, ii. 153.

Torrcyi, Wood, ii. 153.

xolubilis. Baker, ii. 156.
Brome-Gniss, ii. 319.
Bromns, Linn., ii. 319.

breviaristatas,'^\\\\\h. , ii. 321.

Canadensis, Micli.x., ii. 320.

cariiuilus. Hook. & .\rii., ii.
321.

ciliatns, Linn., ii. 320.

dcj)auitcratus, I'rusl, ii. 320.

IIookcrianu%, Tluirb., ii. 321.

maximus, Dcsf., ii. 311).

pnbcsccns, Miihl., ii. 320.

purgans, Linn., ii. 320.

racemosiis, Linn., ii. 320.

rUjidas, Keiclienb., ii. 319.

ritbens, Linn., ii. 319.

Schrnderi, Kunth, ii. 322.

secalinus, Linn., ii. 319.

sterilis, Linn., ii. 319.

stri'josus, Bleb., ii. 324.

subula/us, GriM'b., ii. 305.

unioloides, HBK., ii. 322.

vircns, Biickl., ii. 321.

Wildenovii, Kunth, ii. 322.
Brooklime, i. 572.
Brookweed, i. 470.
Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent.,

ii. 63.
Brown Bent-Grass, ii. 274.
Brnchia, Schwaigr., ii. 359.

Bolanderi, Lesij., ii. 360.
Brunella, Tourn., i 604.

vulgaris, Jjinn., i. 604, ii.
477.
Bryanthus, Steller, i. 456.

Brewer!, Gray, i. 456, ii. 461.

empetriformis. Gray, i. 456.

Gmelini, Don, i. 456.
Bryum, Dill., ii. 390.

albicans, Brid., ii. 392.

Bryum arcticum, Brueli k

Sehimp., ii. 392.
argenteum, Linn., iu 395.
atropur[)ureuni, Web.& ilohr,

ii. 394.
Atwateri.-B, JIuell., ii. 396.
Baucri, Hampe, ii. 395.
Bigelovii, SuUiv., ii. 395.
Billarderii, Bruch k Scliimp.,

ii. 394.
bimum, Schreb., ii. 394.
Bolanderi, Lesq., ii. 390.
ciEspiticium, Linn., ii. 394.
Calit'ornicum, Sulliv., ii. 395.
calophyllum, R. Br., ii. 393.
Canariense, ii. 394.
capillare, Linn., ii. 394.
cernunni, Bruch k Scliimp.,

ii. 392.
cirrhatum, Hornsch., ii. 393.
comniutatum, Watson, ii.

391.
cruduni, Schreb., ii. 391.
cucullatum, Schwaegr., ii.

391.
Duvallii, Voit., ii. 396.
Jontanum, Swartz, ii. 401.
indinatuni, Bruch i Scliimp.,

ii. 392.
intermedium, Bruch k

Schimp., ii. 393.
latifolium, Bruch &Schimp.,

ii. 393.
longicollum, Swartz, ii. 390.
Ludtoi(jii, ii. 391.
jVacounii, Austin, ii. 396.
Mcnzicsii, Hook., ii. 397.
miniatum, Lesq., ii. 396.
nudicaule, Lesq., ii. 390.
nutans, Schreb., ii. 391.
obconicum, Hornsch., ii.395.
obconicum, ii. 395.
occidentale, Sulliv., ii. 395.
Oreganum, Sulliv., ii. 394.
pal lens, Swartz, ii. 395.
pallescens, Schwivgr., ii. 394.
pallcsccns, ii. 394.
palustre, Swartz, ii. 400.
poidalum, Scliimp., ii. 392.
polymorphum, Bruch k

Schimp., ii. 390.
provinciale, Pliilib., ii. 394.
pseudotriquetrum, Schwivgr.,

ii. 396.
puncLalum, Schreb., ii. 396.
jiyriforme, Lim., ii. 390.
Schlcichcri, Schwiegr., ii. 397.
subrotundum, Bridcl, ii. 394.
torcpiesccns, Bruch k Schimp. ,

ii. 393.
Tozeri, Grev., ii. 392.
turbinatum, Schwaigr., ii.

396.
uliginosum, Bruch & Schimp.,

ii. 393.
Wahlcubergii, Scliwa2gr., ii.

392.

Bryum Warneum, Bland., ii.

392.
Buckbean, i. 485.
Buckeye, i. 106.
Buckthorn, i. 100.
Buckwheat, ii. 6.

Wild, ii. 481.
Buddleia, Houst., i. 485.
Bulboslylis unnini, Nutt., i.
409.

Californica, Torr. k Grav,
i. 300.

microphiiUn, Nutt., i. 300.
Bugbane, False, ii. 425.
Bug-seed, ii. 56.
Bulrush, ii. 216.
Bunch-(;rass, ii. 284, 310, 318,

324.
Buphthalmicm sagittal urn,

Pursh, i. 348.
Bur-Clover, i. 133.

Grass, ii. 261.

JLirigold, i. 357.

Heed, ii. 188.
Burnet, i. 186.
Burning-bush, i. 98.
Burriclia, DC, i. 374.

chri/susto)iia, Torr. k Gray, i.
375.

Fremontii, Benth., i. 377.

gracilis, DC., i. 376.

hirsula, Nutt., i. 375.

lanosa, Gray, i. 379.

leptalea, Gray, i. 375.

Ivngi/ulia, Nutt., i. 376.

marilimn, Gray, i. 377.

microglos.sa, DC, i. 375.

nivea, Eaton, i. 379.

jmrviflora, Nutt., i. 376.

platycarpha. Gray, i. 376.

tcncrriiiui, DC, i. 376.
Buttercup, i. 5.
Butternut, ii. 93.
Butterwort, i. 586.
15utton Snakeroot, i. 255.
Buttonbush, i. 281.
liUttonwood, ii. 66.
BuxACK/E, ii. 66, 482.
Buxbaumia, Haller, ii. 405.

ai)liylla, Haller, ii. 405.
Baxus Chincnsis, Link, ii. 67.

Cacalia Kardosmia, Gray, i.

301.
Cactace^b, i. 242.
Calabazilla, i. 239.
Calais apluintocarpha, Gray, i.
425.

Bigelovii, Gray, i. 426.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 425.

ci/clocarpha. Gray, i. 426.

bouglasii, DC, i. 426.

Duughisii, Gra}', i. 426.

eriocarpha. Gray, i. 426.

glauca. Gray, i. 425.

gracililoba, Kell., i. 424.

laciniata. Gray, i. 424, 425.

INDEX UF GKNEKA AND SPECIES.

495

Calais Lmd/nji, DC, i. 426.

lincarifolia, DC, i. 427.

viacroclutla. Gray, i. 427.

major, Gray, i. 424.

nutans, Gray, i. 424.

Parryi, Gray, i. 425.

])lat)jcar]>ha, Gray, i. 426.

sijlvatica. Gray, i. 424.

tenclla. Gray, i. 425.
Calaiimgrostis, Adaiis., ii. 278.

alliicnn.1, Hiickl., ii. 282.

Aleutica, Trin., ii. 282.

IJolanderi, Tlmrb., ii. 279.

IJreweri, Thurb., ii. 279.

Canadensis, Beauv., ii. 278.

Cobunbienais, Nutt., ii. 278.

crassigluniis, Tlmrb., ii. 281.

desclianii).sioides, Trin., ii.
279.

Laiigsdorffii, Trin., ii. 278.

Mcxicnna, Nutt., ii. 278.

Orcgoncnsin, Bnckl., ii. 278.

purpurasccns, K. Br., ii. 282.

rubcsccns, Buckl., ii. 279.

stricta, Trin., ii. 281.

strigosa. Bong., ii. 281.

sylvatica, DC, ii. 282.

raria, ii. 279.
Calaminth, i. 596.
Calaniintlia, Moencli, i. 596,
ii. 477.

ilirifolia, Gray, i. 596, ii. 477.

ininuiloidcs, I5cntli., i. 596.

ralnieri, Gray, i. 596.
Caliin<Iriiiin, IIBK., i. 74.

Brcwcri, Watson, i. 74.

Leana, Porter, ii. 435.

maritinia, Nntt., i. 75.

Mi'nziesii, Hook., i. 74.

Mcnzicsii, Gray, i. 74.

Nevadensis, Gray, i. 75.

pygni.T3a, Gray, i. 75.

spcciosa, Lindl., i. 74.

spinescens, Torr., i. 74.
Calf's Head, i. 18.
California Colfcc, ii. 439.

J.aurel, ii. 61.

Lilac, i. 102.

Live Oak, ii. 97.

Nutmeg, ii. 110.

Olive, ii. 61.

Prairie Grass, ii. 322.

Scrub Pine, ii. 1 28.

Timothy, ii. 265.

Wliite Cedar, ii. 115.
Calliachyris Frcmontii, Torr. &

Gi-ay, i. 370.
Callibryon, Elnli., ii. 403.
Callichroa jyhitiiqlossa, Fiscli. &

Mey., i. 370.
Calligfossa Dougla.sii, Hook. &

Arn., i. 370.
Calliprora, Lindl., ii. 152.

aurantea, Kellogg, ii. 155.

lidca, Lindl., ii. 155.
Callirrhoe. spicata, Pegel, i. 83.
CALLITKICHACEiE, ii. 76.

Callitiiche, Linn., ii. 76.

autumnalis, Linn., ii. 77.

Bolanderi, Hegelm., ii. 77.

marginata, Torr., ii. 76, 483.

s('i>nltn, Watson, ii. 77.

siotocdipa, Hegelm., ii. 77.

vcrna, Linn., ii. 77.
Calochortus, Pursli, ii. 171.

ftlbiis, Doug!., ii. 172.

npiculittn.s, iJaker, ii. 174.

aureus, Watson, ii. 17(i.

15entlianii, Baker, ii. 173.

crerulcus, Watson, ii. 173.

Cntalin.'c, Watson, ii. 177.

cilrinus, Baker, ii. 175.

elegans, Pnrsb, ii. 173.

clcijanx, ii. 173, 174.

ei'vycnrpus, ^Vatson, ii. 1 75.

flexuosus, Watson, ii. 176.

glaucus, Kegel, ii. 173.

Greenei, \Vatson, ii. 175.

Gunnisoni, Watson, ii. 177.

Kennedyi, Porter, ii. 175.

I^ichtlinii, Hook, f., ii. 177.

lilacinus, Ivellogg, ii. 174.

luteus, Dougl., ii. 175.

hdcns, ii. 175, 177.

LyaUii, Baker, ii. 174.

macrocarpus, Dongl., ii. 176.

Maweanus, Leiclit., ii. 173.

nitidus, Dougl., ii. 175.

vih'du.i, ii. 173.

nudus, Watson, ii. 174.

Nuttallii, Torr. k Gray, ii.
177.

Palmeri, Wat.son, ii. 176.

pulchellus, Dongl., ii. 172.

splendens, Dougl., ii. 176.

Tolniiei, Hook, k Arn., ii. 174.

umhdlalus, Wood, ii. 174.

unillorus, Hook. & Arn., ii.
174.

um'forus, ii. 174.

venustus, I>entli., ii. 176.

rcnustus, ii. 176.
Caltha, Linn., i. 9, ii. 426.

leptosepnla, DC, i. 9, ii. 426.

biflora, DC, ii. 427.
Cahjcadenia, DC, i. 361.

crphahtc% DC, i. 366.

Frcmontii, Gray, i. 365.

mot/is, Gray, i. 365.

mitllif/landido.ta, i. 365.

pancijiora. Gray, i. 365.

phnnosa, Kell.,"i. 366.
I tenclla, Torr. k Gray, i. 365.

truncata, DC, i. 366.

villosa, DC, i. 366.
C.\r,YC-ANTiiArr,.F,, i. 100.
Cnlyeantlnis, Linn., i. 191.

oeeidentalis. Hook, k Arn.,
i. 191.
Cahjcodon montanum, Nutt.,

ii. 277.
Calycoseris, Gray, i. 431.

Parryi, Gray, i. 432.

Wrightii, Gray, i. 432.

Calypso, Salisb., ii. 131.

Americana, P. I5r., ii. 131.

borealis, Salisb., ii. 131.
Calyptridinm, Nutt., i. 78.

monandrum, Nutt, i. 78.

roseuin, Watson, i. 78, ii.
436.
Calystcfjia rcniformis, R. Br.,
i. .533.

Soldanel/a, P. Br., i. C33.

suhacnnlis. Hook. & Arn., i.
534.

villosa, Kell., i. 534.
Cainas.s, ii. 158.

Death, ii. 183.
Caniassia, Lindl., ii. 158.

csculentn, Lindl., ii. 158.

Fra.seri, Torr., ii. 158.
Campanula, To\mi., i. 447.

biflora, Puiz & Pavon, i. 446.

ji'liflora, Kell., i. 448.

linnreifolia. Gray, i. 448.

Ludoviciana, Torr., i. 446.

Montcvidensis, Spreng., i. 464.

prenanthoides, Dnrand, i.
448.

Roezli, Pegel, i. 448.

rotundifolia, Linn., i. 447.

Scouleri, Hook., i. 448.

uniflora, Linn., i. 448.

CAMrANlT.ACK/E, 1. 445.

Campion, i. 62.

Camptiithecium, Sohimp., ii.
411.

Ivtrsrrns, Bnudi k Schitnp.,
ii. 411.

virgaptihnn, Snlliv., ii. 412.

Nuttallii, Bruch & Scliimp.,
ii. 411.
Campy locera, Nutt., i. 446.
Canary-Grass, ii. 264.

Peed, ii. 265.

canaigre, ii. 479.
Canbya, Parry, ii. 429.

Candida, Parry, ii. 429.
Cancer Root, i. 584.
Canchalagua, i. 479.
Candlewood, i. 79.
Cannabis .sativa, Linn., ii. 6 3.
Canotia, Torr., i. 190, ii. 445.

holaeantlia, Torr., i. 190.
Cantiia aggregata, Pursh, i.
496.

parviflora, Puif^h, i. 498.

pungcns, Torr., i. 493.
Cajmorchis chrysanlha. Planch.,

i. 24.
CAiTAi'.inACE.f;, i. 49.
Capraria gratiuloidcs, Linn., i.

571.
Caprifoliacejv, i. 277.
Capri fnliiim h ispidulum,
Lindl., i. 280.

occidcntale, Lindl. ii. 452.
Capselia, Jloench, i. 44.

Bursa-pastoris, Moench, i. 44.

divnricata, Walp., i. 44.

496

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Capsicum, Tourn., i. 539.

annuuiu, Liiiii., i. 540.

baccatuni, Linn., i. 5J0.

viicrophijlluhi, Dinial, i. .")40.
Caraway, i. 259.
Carbenia, AJans., ii. 459.

benedicta, Allans., ii. 459.
Caidamine, Linn., i. 30.

angulata. Hook., i. 31.

anqulata, Toir., i. 31.

beiliJifolia, Linn., ii. 431.

Breweri, Watson, i. 31, ii.
430.

conlifolia, Gray, i. 31.

Ganibelii, Watson, i. 30.

hiisuta, Linn., i. 30, ii. 430.

oiigospernia, Nutt., i. 3U.

paiicisecta, Bentli., i. 30.

piatensis, Linn., i. 30.

purpurea, Torr., i. 31.
Cardiospermuni Halicacabuni,
Linn., i. 106.

tortuosnni, IJeiitli., i. 106.
Curduus occidental is, Nutt., i.
419.

remotifolius. Hook., i. 420.
Carex, Linn., ii. 224.

adusta, Boott, ii. 238.

cemcUorhijucha, Desv., ii. 251.

angustata, Boott, ii. 242.

aquatilis, WahL, ii. 241.

arcji/rantha, Tuckerni., ii.
238.

arida, Schwcin. k Torr., ii.
237.

alerriinn, Hoppc, ii. 2;5',).

atlirostachya, Olnoy, ii. 234.

atrata, Linn., ii. 239.

aurea, Nutt., ii. 240.

Bdrbane, Duwcy, ii. 244.

bifida, Boott, ii. 238.

Biqelovii, Torr., ii. 241.

Bolandcri, Olney, ii. 236.

Bonplandii, Kuntb, ii. 233.

brevipes, W. Boott, ii. 246,
485.

Breweri, Boott, ii. 229.

bronioides, Schkubr, ii. 230.

BroiKiniartii, Ivuntli, ii. 232.

Buxliauniii, Walil., ii. 238.

canescens, Linn., ii. 236.

cinnamoniea, Olney, ii. 243.

comosa, Boott, ii. 253.

cristata, .Scbwein., ii. 238.

curta, Good., ii. 236.

decidua, Boott, ii. 241.

Deweyana, Scliwein., ii. 236.

disperma, Dewey, ii. 236.

disticlia, Hudson, ii. 230.

divisa, ii. 231.

Douglasii, Hoott, ii. 231.

eciiinata, ilurr., ii. 237.

festiva, Dewey, ii. 234.

filifolia, Nutt., ii. 220.

filifonnis, Linn., ii. 250.

fcetida, AIL, ii. 232.

fulva, Good., ii. 250.

Carex Gayana, Dosv., ii. 231.
Gcyeri, Boott, ii. 229.
gloliosa, Boott, ii. 246, 485.
glonierata, Thunb., ii. 232.
(Jraijawi, Dewey, ii. 244.
gynodynania, Olney, ii. 251.
Haijdcniana, Olney, ii. 234.
heteroneura, W. IJoott., ii.

239.
birtissima, W. Boott, ii. 247.
Hoodii, Boott, ii. 231.
llookcriaiia, Dewey, ii. 232.
Iluppncri, Boott, ii. 243.
Hornschiicliiana Hoppe, ii.

250.
hijpcrborcn, Dreje, ii. 241.
inicniicdid, (jood., ii. 230.
Janiesii, Torr., ii. 243.
Kelloggii, W. Boott, ii. 240.
laciniata, Boott, ii. 243.
lagopina, Wulil., ii. 233.
lagopodioides, Sclikiiiir, ii.

237.
Innccata, Dewey, ii. 243.
lanwjinostt, Miciix., ii. 250.
lentieularis, Miclix., ii. 242.
lunula. Fries, ii. 241.
livida, Willd., ii. 244.
luzuliefolia, W. Boott, ii. 250.
luzulina, Olney, ii. 248.
mareida, Boott, ii. 231.
Mendocinensis, Olney, ii. 248.
minchi/is, Dewey, ii. 238.
nionile, Tuckerin., ii. 251.
monficola, Dewey, ii. 217.
ninricata, Linn., ii. 232.
viiiricalii, lluds., ii. 237.
Ncbrascensis, Dewey, ii. 243.
nigra. All., ii. 239.
nudata, W. Boott, ii. 241.
Nultallii, Dewey, ii. 231.
pallida, Meyer, ii. 230.
])anicalata, Linn., ii. 232.
pellita, Mulil., ii. 250.
Pennsylvauica, Lam., ii. 246.
pbvUomanica, W. Boott, ii.

233.
polymor[)ba, Mubl., ii. 247.
))olytrielioides, Mubl., ii.229.
Prescottiana, Boott, ii. 244.
propimpia, Nees& Meyen, ii.

234.
Pseudo(^yperu.s, Linn., ii. 252.
Pyrenaica, Wabl., ii. 228.
Eichardsoni, H. Br., ii. 246.
riijida, Good., ii. 241.
Rossii, Boott, ii. 246.
salina, Wabl., ii. 242.
Sartwcllii, Dewey, ii. 230.
Sartwelliana, Olney, ii. 248.
saratilis, ii. 241.
Scbottii, Dewey, ii. 244.
scoparia, Scbkuiir, ii. 237.
senta, Boott, ii. 242.
sioeata, Dewey, ii. 230.
Sitcbensis, Prescott, ii. 243.
speirostachya, Smitli, ii. 250.

Caiex stellulala. Good., ii. 237.
sterilis, Willd., ii. 236.
slipaU, Mubl., ii. 233.
straminea, Sebkubr, ii. 235.
slricla, Torr., ii. 242.
subfusea, W. ]5oott, ii. 234.
subspatfutcea, Wormsk., ii.

243.
tcnella, Sebkubr, ii. 235.
tricbocarpa, ihibl., ii. 251.
triiiuetia, Boott, ii. 247.
utriculata, Boott, ii. 252.
vallicola, Dewey, ii. 235.
Vascyi, Dewey, ii. 251.
vcsiearia, Linn., ii. 252.
vulgaris, Fries, ii. 240.
Jl^ashiufjloniana, Dewey, ii.

241.
Watsoni, Olney, ii. 244.
Carpenteria, Torr., i. 203, ii.

446.
Caiifornica, Torr., i. 203, ii.

446.
Carpetweed, i. 252.
Carpbepborus, Cass., i. 301.
atriplioifolius, Gray, i. 301.
junceu.s, Beiitb., i. 301.
junceus, Durand, i. 408.
Carrot, i. 272.
Carum, Linn., i. 259.

Gairdncri, Bentb. & Hook., i.

259.
Kelloggii, Gray, i. 259.
Caiiyoi'iiyi.i.acK;*;, i. 61.
Casimiroa eiluiis, Llav. i^ Lex.,

ii. 438.
Cassia, Linn., i. 161.
armata, Watson, i. 161.
Covesii, Gray, i. 161.
Cassiope, Don, i. 455.
Mertensiana, Don, i. 456.
tetragona, Don, i. 456.
Casta nea chrysophijlla, Dougl,

ii. 100.
sempcrvirens, Kellogg, ii. 100.
Castanopsis, Spaeb, ii. 99.

cbry.sopbylla, A. DC, ii. 100.
Castilleia, Linn. 1'., i. 573.
acuiainala, Spveng., i. 575.
atlinis. Hook, k Arn., i. 573,

ii. 475.
nffinis. Gray, i. 573.
candeiis, Durand, i. 574.
coccinea, Lin<ll., i. 574.
Douglasii, Bentb., i. 574.
fuliolosa, Hook. & Arn., i.

574.
hispida, Bentb., i. 574.
latilolia. Hook, k Arn., i.

574.
Lemmoni, Gray, ii. 475.
linariaifoiia, Bentb., i. 573.
niiniata, Doug!., i. 574.
minor, Gray, i. 573.
ohlongifblia. Gray, ii. 475.
occidentalis, Torr., i. 575.
pallida, Kuntb, i. 575.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

497

Ca.stilIt!ia;?«ZZiV/(X, Gray, i. r)75.

paivillora, Bong., i. 573,
574.

Sihiricd, Li mil., i. 57.5.

stciiaiitha, Giity, ii. 475.

Toluccensis, Cham, k
Schlfuht, i. 574.
Castor-oil Plant, ii. G7.
CalL'lilly, i. 62.
Cathaiiuca, Elirl)., ii. 401.

nmriistata, Hiid., ii. 403.

Callibiyon, Ehrh., ii. 402.
Catni|), i. 590.
Cat-tail Flag, ii. 188.
Cauoalis, Linn., i. 272.

niiciocarpa, Hook. & Am., i.
272, ii. 452.

nodo.sa, Hudson, i. 272.
Caulanthus, Wat.son, i. 36.

Coulteri, Watson, i. 36.

(•rassicaulis, Watson, i. 36.

liastatus, Watson, i. 36.

liiio.sus, Watson, i. 36.

procerus, Watson, i. 36.
Cayenne Pepper, i. 530.
Ceanothus, !>inn., i. 102.

azurcKS, Kell., i. 103.

Californicus, Kell., i. 102.

eoidiilatu.s Kell., i. 103.

crassifolius, Toir., i. 104.

cuneatus, Nutt., i. 104.

CHneattta, Kell., i. 104.

dccunibens, Watson, i. 103.

dentatus, Toir. & Gray, i.
102.

divaricatus, Nutt., i. 103.

divariailus, Nutt., i. 103, ii.
439.

divcrsifoHus, Kell., i. 103.

floribnndus. Hook., i. 104.

hirsutus, Nutt., i. 103.

inoanus, Toir. k Gray, i. 103.

iutegenimus. Hook, k Am.,
i. 102.

Lobbianus, Hook., i. 103.

macrncarpus, Nutt., i. 104.

mrgacarjnis, Nutt., i. 104.

Nevndnisis, Kell., i. 102.

nidihix, Torr., i. 103.

oli(janlhus, Nutt., i. 103.

(heffdnu^, Nutt., ii. 439.

papillosus, Torr. & Gray, i.
104.

prostratus, Hentli., i. 104.

rigidiis, Nutt., i. 104.

sanguineus, Puish, ii. 439.

sorediatus. Hook. & Ain., i.
103.

sorediatus, Torr., i. 103.

spinosns, Nutt., i. 103.

tlivrsifloru.s, Esch., i. 102, ii.
439.

Veiteliianus, Hook., i. 104.

velutinus, Dougl., i. 102, ii.
439.

vrrrticoiDiii, Nutt., i. 104.
Cedar, Calif. White, ii. 115.

Cedar, Oregon White, ii. 115.
CKLA.sTi!Acr./i;, i. 98.
Cchwstriis oblusalii, Presl., i. 98,

ii. 67.
Celery, i. 258.
Celtis, Tourn., ii. 63.

lirevipes, Wat.son, ii. 63.

DoiKjIosii, Planeh., ii. 03.

oci'identalis, Linn., ii. 63.

reticulata, Torr., ii. 63.
Cenchru.s, Linn., ii. 261.

myosuroides, II UK., ii. 261.

jHiuciJlorns, IJenth., ii. 261.

spinifex, Cav., ii. 261.

tribuloides, Linn., ii. 261.
Centaurea, Linn., i. 421.

Melitensis, Linn., i. 421.

solstitialis, Linn., i. 421.
Centrostcgia, Gray, ii. 34, 481.

Icptoceras, Gray, ii. 34.

I'hurbcri, Gray, ii. 34.
Centunculus, Linn., i. 469.

lanccolalus, Midi.x., i. 469.

minimus, Linn., i. 469.
Ce])lialanthera, IJichard, ii. 137.

Oregana, lleichenb. f.,ii. 137.
Cephalauthus, Linn., i. 281.

occidentalis, Linn., i. 282.
Cerastium, Linn., i. 66.

arvense, Linn., i. 67.

nutans, Haf., i. 66.

oblovfjifoliKvi, Torr., i. 67.

pilosuni, Ledeb., i. 67, ii.
435.

sfrllaHoidrs, M09., i. 67.

viscosum, Linn., ii. 434.

vulgatum, Linn., ii. 434.
Ccrasna devn'ssn, Nutt., i. 167.

emarqinala, Dougl., i. 167.

ghtndulosus, Kell., i. 167.

viollit, Dougl., i. 167.
Ceratochloa, Leauv., ii. 321.

breviaristata. Hook., ii. 321.

gramliflora. Hook., ii. 321.

unioloides, P>eauv., ii. 322.
Ceratotdon, Bridel, ii. 365.

])urpureus, Bridel, ii. 365.
CF.itAnii'iiYi.LAtK.'F:, ii. 78.
Ceratophyllum, Linn., ii. 78.

apiculatum, Cham., ii. 78.

demersum, Linn., ii. 78.
Cercidium fioridum, Benth., i.
162.

floridnm, Torr., i. 162.
Cercis, Linn., i. 160.

Californica, Torr., i. 161.

Canadensis, Linn., i. 161.

occidentalis. Torn, i. 160.

rcnifurmis, Engelni., i. 161.

Siliquastruvi, P>enth., i. 161.
Cercocarpus, HI'K., i. 174.

belnla/nliu.i, Nutt., i. 175.

bet tiff) ides, Torr. k Gray, i.
175.

leililolius, Nutt., i. 174.

piirvifolius, Nutt., i. 174, ii.
444.

Cereus, Haw., i. 246.
Emnryi, Engelm., i. 247.
Eiigeinianni, Pairy, i. 246.
giganteu.s, Engelm., i. 247,

ii. 450.
Sehottii, Engelm., i. 247.
Thurberi, Engelm., i. 247.
Chrenacti.s, DC, i. 388.

uchilleufulia. Hook, k Am.,

i. 391.
artemisirefolia. Gray, i. 391.
attenuata. Gray, i. 390.
brachypapj)a. Gray, i. 389.
carphoclinin. Gray, i. 390.
denudata, Nutt.,"i. 389.
Douglasii, Hook, k Am., i.

391.
flifolia. Gray, i. 389.
glabriu.scula, DC., i. 389.
heterocarpha. Gray, i. 389.
lanosa, DC, i. 389.
macrantha, Eaton, i. 390.
j stevioides. Hook. & Arn., i.
I 390.

suHVutescens, Gray, ii. 457.
tannceti folia , Gray, i. 389.
tenuifolia, Nutt., i. 389.
Xantiana, Gray, i. 390.
Chcerophijllitvi Californicum,
Torr., i. 263.
i Chretadeliiha Wheeleri, Gray, i.
j 420.

I Chain-Fern, ii. 343.

Chamtrbatia, Benth., i. 173.
I foliolosa, I'entli., i. 173.
! Chamaibatiaria, Ma.xini., ii. 443.
i Jlillefolium, Ma.\iin., ii. 443.
; Chainn?cyparis, Spach, ii. 114,
; 483.

I Lawsoniana, Parlat., ii. 114.
i Nutkaensis, S])ach, ii. 115.
I Chama'saraehn, Gray, i. 540.
I Coronopu.s, Gray, i. 540.

nana. Gray, i. 540.
I Chamiso, i. 184.
I Chamomile, i. 400.
j Charlock, i. 40.
' Cheat, ii. 320.
I Cheilanthes, Swartz, ii. 336.
Californica, Nutt., ii. 336.
Clevelandii, Eaton, ii. 338.
CooperfC, Eaton, ii. 337.
chgans, Desv., ii. 338.
Fendleri, ii. 338.
graeillima, Eaton, ii. 337.
myriophylla, Desv., ii. 338.
vrstita, ii. 338.
Cheiranthodeiidroii Californ i-

cum, Baill., i. 88.
Clieiranthus, Linn., i. 35.
asper, Cham. & Schlech., i. 35.
capilatus, Dougl., i. 36.
Meuziesii, Bentli. k Hook.,
i. 35.
Chclone, Linn., ii. 473.

nemnrosn, Dougl., i. 556, ii.
473.

498

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

CilENoroDiACE:!;, ii. 43.
Chenopodina, Moi]., ii. 58.

^foquin), Ton., ii. 59.
Clu'iiopodiuni, Toiiin., ii. 46.

albiini, Linn., ii. 4(5.

album, ii. 47.

nmbrosioides, Linn., ii. 47.

nn/hchni)iticu}n, Linn., ii. 43.

Botiys, Linn., ii. 47.

Caiifoiniciun, Watson, ii. 48.

C€T|iiUtuni, Watson, ii. 48.

carinatum, 1\. Hi., ii. 48.

coinutuni, Bentli. k Hook.,
ii. 48-2.

Fieniontii, Watson, ii. 47.

humilc, Hook., ii. 48.

hyliiidiini, Linn., ii. 47.

leiitopliylhun, Nutt., ii. 47.

ninrale, Linn., ii. 46.

rubrum, Linn., ii. 48.
Cherry, i. 16(5.
Ciieny Tomato, i. 538.
Chess, ii. 320.
Chestnut, ii. 93.
Chia, i. 598.
Chiealotp, i. 21.
Chickweed, i. 66, 67.
Chicory, ii. 459.
Chile, i. 539.
Chile Colorado, i. 540.
ChiliCojote, i. 240, ii. 448, 449.
Chili Pei)per, i. 109.
Chilopsis, Don, i. 587.

linearis, DC"., i. 587.

saligna, Don, i. 587.
Chiniapiiila, Tursh, i. 459.

coryinbosa, Pur.sh, i. 459.

Menzie.sii, Sprcng., i. 459.

unibellatn, Nutt., i. 459.
China Grass, ii. 63.
Chinquapin, Western, ii. 99.
Chionanlhusfraxinifolius, Kel-
logg, i. 472.
Chives, ii. 146.
Chlomea, Lindl., ii. 137.

Aiisliiice., Gray, ii. 137.
Chlorogalum, Kunth, ii. 159.

angustifoliuin, Kellogg, ii.
160.

parvifloruni, Wat.son, ii. 160.

ponieridianuni, Kunth, ii.
159.
Chlovopyron palustre, Behr, i.

622.
Choke Cherry, i. 167.
Choudrosiam, Dcsv., ii. 290.

olii/ostachi/tnn, Turr., ii. 291.

pu/i/stdclti/UDt, ]!cnth.,ii.291.
Chorizanthe, H. lirowii, ii. 33,
481.

breviconni, Turr., ii. 38, 481.

Breweri, Watson, ii. 36.

Califoniica, (!ray, ii. 35.

corrugata, Torr. k Giay, ii.
39

dilfusfi, Benth., ii. 36, 481.

Douglasii, Ik-nth., ii. 35.

Chorizanthe Fernandina, Wat-
son, li. 481.

finibriaU, Nutt., ii. 36.

laciniata, Torr., ii. 37.

l.'ptoccras, Watson, ii. 34.

ini-mbraiiacea, Bentli., ii. 35.

I'alnicri, Watson, ii. 36.

Pairvi, Watson, ii. 37.

IHMfuliata, Gray, ii. 34.

polygonoides, Torr. k Gray,
ii.^38.

])rocunibens, Nutt., ii. 37.

procumhciin, ii. 37.

pungens, lienth., ii. 36, 481.

rigida, Torr. k Gray, ii. 38.

spinosa, Watson, ii. 481.

staticoides, 15enth., ii. 37.

staficoidts, ii. 37.

stelhdata, Benth., ii. 35,481.

]'hurberi, Watson, ii. 34.

uniaiistata, Torr. k (iray, ii.
38.

valida, Watson, ii. 36.

Wat.soni, Torr. k Grav, ii. 39,
4S1.

Whceleri, Watson, ii. 38.

Xanti, Watson, ii. 37, 481.
Chrysanthemum, Linn., i. 40].

Leucantheininn, Linn., i. 401.
Chnjsocoma (jruveolens, Nutt.,
i. 317.

nnitseoHn, Nutt., i. 317.
Chnjsocopt.is occidental is, Nutt.,

ii. 427.
Clirysopsis, Nutt., i. 309.

liolandi'.ri, Gray, i. 309.

Breweri, Gray,"i. 310.

cancsccns, DC., i. 329.

echioidcs, Benth., i. 309.

Oregana, Gray, i. 309.

.sessilillora, Nutt., i. 309.

villosa, Nutt., i. 309.
Chrysosi)leiiium, Linn., ii. 445.

glechomoefoliuni, Nutt., ii.
445.
Chri/solhamniis dracunculoidcs,
Nutt., i. 317.

spcciosus, Nutt, i. 317.
Clinjsiirus aureus, Beauv., ii.

299.
L'iccnditi exallata, Grisi^b., i.
480.

quadrunr/ularis, Griseb., i.
480.
Ciehorium, Tourn., ii. 459.

Endivia, Linn., ii. 460.

Intylms, Linn., ii. 460.
Cicuta, Linn., i. 2(i0.

Bnland.ri, Watson, i. 261.

Calilorniea, Cray, i. 2r,l.

niacnlata, l,inn., i. 260.
Cinna, Linn., ii. 276.

arunilinaeea, Linn., ii. 276.

lalifolia, Griseb., ii. 276.

macroura, K until, ii. 276.

pcndula, Trin., ii. 276.

Purshii, Kunth, ii. 279.

Circnea, Linn., i. 234.

alpinn, Watson, i. 234.

Paeiliea, Asch. & Uagn., i.
234.
Cirsiuiii acnule. Gray, i. 418.

brccijolivm, Nutt., i. 418.

Caiifornicum, Gray, i. 420.

Cou/tcri, Gray, i. 419.

Doui/lnsii, DC., i. 418.

cdulc, Nutt., i. 420.

ochrocevirum, Gray, i. 419.

remotifo/ium, DC.", i. 420.

scariusuiii, Nutt., i. 421.

stcnolcpif/um, Nutt., i. 420.

vnduhdum, Siueng., i. 418.
Cl.STACE.E, i. 54.
Cladium, P. Browne, ii. 224.

cjf'usuiii, ii. 224.

Marise.us, P. Browne, ii. 224.
Cladothri.x, Nutt., ii. 43.

lanuginosa, Nutt., ii. 43.

sudVutieosa, Benth. & Hook.,
ii. 43.
Claikia, Pursh, i. 231.

Eisr.niana, Kellogg, ii. 448.

elegans. Dough, i. 232, ii.
448.

gauroidcs, Don, i. 232.

j.ulchella, Pursh, i. 231.

rhomboidea, DougL, i. 232.

Xantiana, Gray, i. 232.
Clavipa-a, DC., i. 299.
Claytonia, Linn., i. 75.

alsinoidcs, Sims, i. 76.

aquntica, Nutt., i. 76.

are.tir.a, Adams, i. 77.

asarifiilia, Bong., i. 76.

bnlbifeia. Gray, ii. 436.

Caroliniana, Miih.x., i. 76.

Ciiamis.sonis, Esch., i. 76.

Ciibr.nsis, Bonpl., i. 75.

diehotoma, Nutt., i. 76, ii.
436.

dillu.sa, Nutt, i. 76, li. 436.

e.viguii, Torr. & Gray, i. 76,
ii. 4.!5.

Jiliaiulis, DougL, i. 76.

'fiii/clliiris, Dough, i. 76.

(ji/psophiloidcs, Eiseh.& iMey.,
' i. 7.5.

Innccolata, Pursh, i. 77.

linearis. Dough, i. 76.

megarrhiza, I'ariy, i. 77.

Nevadeiisi.s, Watson, i. 77,
ii. 436.

parvifJora, Dough, i. 75.

parvifolia, Mnc, i. 76.

l.erfoliata, Doiln, i. 75.

sarnieiitosa, Meyer, i. 77.

Sibiriea, Linn., i. 76.

spnlhnlntn, Dong!., i. 75.

stolon i fern, Meyer, i. 76.

tcnnifidia, Torr.&.Gray, i.76.

triphylla, Watson, i. 77, ii.
436.

umbellata, Watson, i. 77.

Unahischkcnsi'i, Fi^eh., i. 76.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

499

Cleavers, i. 282.
Clematis, Linn., i. 2.

Diummoiulii, Toir. & Gray,
i. 3.

Insiantlia, Nutt., i. 3.

ligusticifolia, Nutt., i. 3.

paucifloia, Nutt., i. 3.

verticillaris, DC, i. 3.
Cleome, J>inn., i. 51.

aurea, Nutt., i. 51.

Intra, Hook., i. f)!.

j)latycaipa, Torr., i. 51, ii.
433.

Sononf, Gray, i. 51.

spaisilolia, Watson, i. 51.
Cleomclla, DC, i. 51.

longipcH, Torr., i. 52.

obtusifolia,Torr., i. 52, ii. 433.

oocar|ia, Gray, i. 52.

])arvilIora, Gray, i. 52.

l)locasiK'rnia, Watson, i. 52.
Clin-Brake, ii. 338.

IJosc, i. 175.
Cliniaciuin, Web. & Molir, ii.
407.

Atnericanuni, Bridel, ii. 407.
Ciintonia, Raf., ii. 179.

Andrewsiana, Torr., ii. 180.

uniflora, Kuntli, ii. 179.
Ciintonia c/cgnns, Lindi., i. 444.

jnilchclln, Limll., i. 444.
Clotbnr, i. 346.
Clover, i. 125.
Club-Knsh, ii. 216.
Cneoridiuni, Hook, f., i. P7.

duniosuni. Hook, f., i. 97.
CnicuR, Linn., i. 417.

Andersonii, Gray, i. 419.

Andrewsii, Gray, i. 420.

Arizonicus, Gray, i. 419.

arvensis, Hofl'm., i. 417.

bcnedidrnt, Linn., ii. 459.

Breweii, Gray, i. 418.

Californicus, Gi-ay, i. 420.

carliiioides, Schrank, i. 420,
ii. 459.

Drumniondii, Gray. i. 418.

edulis, Gray, i. 420.

lanceolatus, HofFin., i. 417.

occidcntalis, Grav, i. 419.

Parryi, Gray, i. 421.

quercetoruni. Gray, i. 418.

rcmotifoUus, Gray, i. 420.

undulatus. Gray, i. 418.
Cobaea soandens, Cav., i. 485.
Cocklebur, i. 346.
Cockspur-Grass, ii. 261.
CofFee, California, ii. 439.
Cninofjipie carnosa, Less., i. 372.
Coldt'ii'ia, Linn., i. 520.

hispidissinia. Gray, i. 520.

Nuttallii, Hook.,"i. 520.

Palnieri, Gray, i. 520.
Coleanthus, Scidcd, ii. 267.

snbtilis, Scidel, ii. 267.
Coleo<;yne, Torr., i. 174.
raniosissinia, Torr., i. 174.

Collinsia, Nutt., i. 552.

barbate, Hosse, i. 553.

bartsia'folia, Hcnth., i. 554.

bicolor, Bentli., i. 553.

bico/or, Benth., i. 553.

Cliildii, Parry, ii. 472.

corynibosa, HcrdiT, i. 554.

giandiflor.i, Dou<,d., i. 554.

Grecnei, Gray, i. 554.

liclcrophijl/a, Graham, i. 553.

Iiirsutn, Kcll., i. 554.

lineari.s, (Jray, ii. 472.

minima, Nutt., i. 555.

Parryi, Gray, ii. 472.

I»arviliora, Dougl., i. 555.

jiarviflora, Bentii., i. 555.

pnitcijinra. Hook., i. 555.

Hattani, Gray, ii. 472.

sept cm ncr via, Kell., i. 553.

solitaria, Kell., i. 555.

sparsillora, Fiscli. & Mey., i.
555.

tcncUa, Benth., i. 556.

linctoria, Hartw., i. 553.

Torreyi, Gray, i. 555.

violacea, Nutt., i. 554.
Collomia, Nutt. i. 487.

ap^re^^'ata. Porter, ii. 465.

gilioiiles, Benth., i. 488.

glutinosn, Benth., i. 488.

gracilis, Dougl., i. 488.

graiiditlora, Dougl., i. 487. "

heteroidiylla. Hook., i. 488.

leptalea,'Gray, i. 488.

linearis, Nutt., i. 487.

niidicaiiUs, Hook. & Arn.,
i. 492.

tenella, Grav, i. 488.

linctoria, Kell., i. 488.
Columbine, i. 9.
Comandra, Nutt., ii. 103.

pallida, A. DC, ii. 103.

umbellata, Nutt., ii. 103.
Comarostaphiil is, Zur'C, i. 454.
Coma rum pal ustre, Linn., i.

180.
CoMro.siTii;, i. 288.
Conanthns, Watson, i. 515.

aretioides, Watson, i. 515.
Cone-flower, i. 347.
COMFF.U;^,, ii. 111.
Coniothrlc Californica, DC, i,

395.
Conium, Linn., i. 258.

maculatum, Linn., i. 258.
Cnnvallaria bifolia, ii. 162.
CONVOLVIILACE.E, i. 532.
Convolvulus, Linn., i. 533.

arvensis, Linn., ii. 470.

Californicus, ("hois., i. 533.

Californicus, Torr., i. 534.

longipes, Watson, i. 534.

luteolus, Gray, i. 534.

occidentalis, Gray, i. 533.

sepium, Linn., i. 533.

Soldnnella, Linn., i. 553.

villosus. Gray, i. 554.

Conyza, Linn., i. 332.

Coiilti-ri, Gray, i. 332.

subclcciirrcnx, Gray, i. 332.
Coptis, Salisb., ii. 427.

asidenifolia, Salisb., ii. 427.

occidentidis, Torr. & Gray, ii.
427.
Coral lophyllum, HBK., i. 464.
Coral-root, ii. 131.
Corallorhiza, Haller, ii. 131.

Bigelovii, Watson, ii. 132.

innata, ]{. Br., ii. 132.

Macra:i, Gray, ii. 132.

Mertensiana, Bong., ii. 132,
483.

multillora, Nutt., ii. 131.

striata, Lindl., ii. 132.

striata, ii. 132.
Cord-Gra.ss, ii. 289.
Cordylanthus, Nutt., i. 580.

cauescens, Gray, i. 581.

capitatus, Nutt., i. 580.

filifolius, Nutt., i. 581, 622.

Kingii, Watson, i. 581.

maritinius, Nutt., i. 581.

mollis. Gray, i. 582.

pilosus, Gray, i. 581.

ramosus, Nutt, i. 580.

tenuis, Gray, i. 581.
Coreocarpus, Benth., i. 356.
Coreopsis Atkinsoniana, Dougl.,
i. 355.

calliopsidca, Bol., i. 355.

marUima, Benth. & Hook.,
ii. 457.
Corethrogvne, DC, i. 320.

Califoriiica, DC, i. 321.

filaginifolia, Nutt., i. 320.

incana, Nutt., i. 321.

incana, Benth., i. 321.

obovata, Benth., i. 321.

spathulata, Gray, i. 321.

tomcnlcUa, Torr. & Gray, i.
321.

virqata, Bentli., i. 321.
Corispermum, A. Juss., ii. 56.

hy.ssopifolium, Linn., ii. 57.
Corn Popjt}-, i. 19.

Si)urrey, i. 70.
CoKNAci:^;, i. 274.
Cornel, i. 274.
Cornus, Linn., i. 274.

alba. Hook. & Arn., i. 275.

Californica, Meyer, i. 275.

Canadensis, Linn., i. 274.

circinata, Cham., i. 275.

glabrata, Benth., i. 275, ii.
452.

Nuttallii, Audub., i. 274, ii.
452.

pubescens, Nutt, i. 275.

srrir^a, Torr. & Grav, 1. 275.

se.s.silis, Torr.. i. 274, ii. 452.

stolonifei-a, Michx., i. 275.

Torreyi, Watson, i. 275.
Corvdalis, Vent., i. 24.

aurra, Willd., i. 24.

500

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Corydalis Bidwellirc, Watson,
ii. 429.

Biamle}^ei, Watson, ii. 430.

Cnswiiia, Gniy, i. '21, ii. J'29.

Cusiokii, Watson, ii. 1:50.

moidana, Kimeim., i. 21.

Scouleri, Hook., i. 24.
CoiiYLACK.t, ii. 100.
Cory Ills, Touiu., ii. 100.

rostrata, Ait., ii. 100.
Cosiiumthus (irandijiorus, A.
DC, i. 513.

viscidns, A. DC, i. 513.
Cotton-Giass, ii. 219.
Cottou-plaiit, i. 82.
Cotton wooil, ii. 91.
Cotula, Linn., i. 405.

australis. Hook, f., i. 405.

coronoinlolia, Linn., i. 405.

mntricarioides, Bon<;., i. 401.
Cotyledon, Linn., i. 210.

caespitosa. Haw., i. 212.

Califoriiica, Baker, i. 212.

edulis. Brewer, i. 211.

farinosa, Benth. k Hook., i.
211, ii. 447.

lanceolata, Beiitli. k Hook.,
i. 211, ii. 447.

laxa, Benth. k Hook., i. 212,
ii. 447.

lingiila, Watson, ii. 447.

Nevadeiisis, Watson, i. 212.

Pulineri, Watson, ii. 447.

pulvernlenta, iJeiilh.i: Hook.,
i. 211, ii. 447.
Concli-Grass, ii. 321.
Cou rtoisia bipinnut ijida, l\ eicli. ,

i. 48S.
Cowania, Don, i. 175.

eiiea^lolia, 'I'orr., i. 175.

Mexicana, Don, i. 175.

plicata, Don, i. 175.

Slansburkuiii, Torr., i. 175.
Cow- Herb, ii. 434.

Parsnip, i. 271.

Poison, ii. 424.
Crab- Apple, i. 188.
Crab-Grass, ii. 258.
Cranberry, i. 450.
Cranesbiii, i. 93.
Ckassulace-e, i. 208.
Cratiegus, Linn., i. 189.

arbiitifolia. Ait. f., i. 189.

Doiiglasii, Lindl., i. 189.

riviilaiis, Niitt., i. 189.

santiuiitca, Torr. &. Gray, i.
189.
Cream Cuiw, i. 20.
Creeping Bent-Crass, ii. 272.
Creosote-ltush, i. 92.
Crcpidiam caulcsccns, Niitt., i.
436.

glaucum, Niitt., i. 43G.
Crepis, Linn., i. 435.

acuminata, Niitt., i. 436.

Andersonii, Gray, i. 436.

Cooperi, Gray, i. 4.'!6.

Crepis glauca, Torr. & Gray, i.
436.

nana. Rich., i. 43C.

oceidentalis, Nutt., i. 435.

occidcnliilis, Eaton, i. 436.

runeinata, Torr. k Gray, i.
436.
Crcssa, Linn., i. 534.

atistndis, ii. Brown, i. 534.

Cietica, Linn., i. .'i34.

Traxi/leiisis, H15K., i. 534.
Crinitaria viscidijlora, Hook.,

i. 317.
Crocitliiim, Hook., ii. 458.

multicaule, 'Hook., i. 396,
406, ii. 458.
Cros.sosoma, Nutt, i. 13.

Bigelovii, Watson, i. 13, ii.
423.

Calilornicum, Nutt., i. 13.

Cu/i/unticuin, Torr., i. 13.
Crossusliipna Lindlciji, Spacli,

i. 220.
Croton. Linn., ii. 68.

Californicus, Miiell., ii. 69.

gracilis, HIJK., ii. 69.

sciiijcrus. Hook., ii. 68.

tenuis, Watson, ii. 69.
Crowfoot, i. 5.
Ckucificka:, i. 25.
Cnjphiacanth us Barhadciisis,

Nees, i. 588.
Crypsis iiiacroura, HBK., ii.

276.
Cryptogramme, II. Br., ii. 341.

ucrostichoide.s, 1{. Br.,ii. 341.
Cnjptopleu ra Cal i/oni iai,

Nutt., i. 439.
Cry|)tostemma calendulacea, R.

Br., i. 298.
Cucuniis pcrcnnis, James, i. 239.
Cucurliita, Linn., i. 239.

Calilornica, Torr., i. 240.

digitatii. Gray, i. 239.

pahnata, Watson, i. 239, ii.
449.

perennis, Gray, i. 239, ii. 443.
CucmiitiTACK.E, i. 238.
Cudweed, i. 341.
Cupressus, Tourn., ii. 113.

aiteniuttd, (lOidon, ii. 115.

fraijrans, Kellogg, ii. 115.

Gnveniana, Gordon, ii. 114.

Gua(ialiipent.is, Watson, ii.
114.

l[iirtav(jii, Can-., ii. 114.

Ldinbcrtuma, (ion!., ii. 114.

Ldir.Hoitidnn, Miiir., ii. 115.

Macnabiana, Murr., ii. 114.

macrocarpa, Hartw., ii. 113.

NufkdHUS, Torr., ii. 115.
Cui'Ui-iFKU^,, ii. 93.
Currant, i. 204.
Cuscuta, Tourn., i. 535.

applanata, Engelin., i. 535.

arvensis, Beyr. , i. 535.

Calilornica, Choi.s., i. 535.

Cuscuta Cali/ornica, Engelm.,
i. 536.

decora, Chois., i. 536.

denticulata, Eiii^elm., i. 536.

obtii.silloia, HBK., i. 535.

odontolepis, Engelm., i. 535.

racemosa, Mart., ii. 471.

salina, Engelm., i. 536.

suavcolcns, Scringe, ii. 471.

subinclusa, Dur. k Hilg., i.
536.

subindunn, Engelm., i. 536.

teiiuillora, Eiif;elm., i. 535.

umbellaU, HliK., i. 535.
Cycladenia, Hcnth., i. 473.

humilis, Beiitli., i. 474.

tomciitosa, (!ray, i. 474.
Cyclobothra alba, ijentii.,ii. 172.

cccrulca, Kellogg, ii. 173.

elcgans, ii. 173, 174.

paaicti/ata, Lindl., ii. 172.

piUchcUa, Benth., ii. 173.
Ci/inbidiuin hicmalc, Willd., ii.

133.
Cyinopterus, Raf., i. 266.

albijlurus, Nutt., i. 266.

cinerarius. Gray, i. 267.

fcdiiiculaccus, Nutt., i. 266.

globosus, Watson, i. 267.

montanus, Nutt., i. 266.

moiitmiu^, Torr., i. 267.

Nevadeiisis, (iray, i. 267, ii.
451.

tercbinthinus, Torr. k Gray,
i. 266.

thapsoidcs, Nutt., i. 266.
Cijnnpii(m apiifuliam, Nutt., i.
264.

Biijclovii, Torr., i. 271.
CynaraScolymus, Linn., i. 417.
Cynodon, liicliaid, ii. 291.

Dactylon, Pers., ii. 292.
Ci/nodunlium, Schimp., ii. 363.

ccrnuam, Hedw., ii. 392.

Jlcxicaule, Sdiwacgr., ii. 366.
Cynoglossum, Tourn., i. 530.

glomcratuiti, Pursli, i. 528.

graiide, Dougl., i. 530.

laive. Gray, ii. 469.

later ijlo nun. Lam., i. 531.

occidentale. Gray, i. 531.

ollicinale, Linn., i. 530.

pcnici/latuiii, Hook, k Am.,
i. 531.

pi/osum, Ruiz& Pa von, i. 531.
Cyi'Kkaok.k, ii. 212.
Cypcrus, Linn., ii. 213.

acumimitiis, T.irr., ii. 214.

aristatus, Rotlb., ii. 214.

aureus, Presl, ii. 214.

Californicus, Watson, ii. 216.

caslancus, iiigel, ii. 214.

coinprcssus, ii. 214.

cuprcus, Picsl, ii. 215.

diaiidrus, Torr., ii. 214.

erythrorrhizos, Miibl., ii.215.

cscu/oiht.s, ii. 215.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

601

Cyperns ferax, Pichanl, ii. 216.

fliivomaiiscus.Grisob., ii. 216.

flifvns, Boeck., ii. 216.

Ilcenkci, PiPsl, ii. 215.

Hcnnanni, Huckl., ii. 215.

itijfcxus, Mil ill., ii. 214.

liEvigatus, l.iiui., ii. 214.

Jlicliiiuxiamis, Sclmit., ii.
215.

miicronntus, Rottb., ii. 214.

occidcntalis, Torr., ii. 215.

phyniatoilcs, Miiiil., ii. 215.

pubcsccns, Picsl, ii. 216.

rcpens. Ell., ii. 215.

riviihtris, Kuntli, ii. 214.

sordidiis, PiesI, ii. 215.

spcciosKs, ii. 216.

stenolepi.s. Ton., ii. 215.

tcnclhis, Prpsi, ii. 214.

viiens, Miclix., ii. 214.
Cypre.ss, ii. 113.
Cyprijiedinni, Linn., ii. 137.

L'alirorniciini, Gray, ii. 138,
484.

niontanum, Dongl., ii. 138.

occidailalc, Watson, ii. 138.
Cystnptcris, Bcnili., ii. 348.

fragilis, Pcrnli., ii. 348.

montana, Link, ii. 348.

Dactylis, Linn., ii. 301.

glonierata, Linn., ii. 301.
Dai.sy, i. 401.
Dalca, Linn., i. 141.

nlbinora, Gray, i. 141.

alopecuroidcs, Willd., i. 141.

arboiescens, Torr., i. 142.

brachyslachys, Giay, i. 141.

Calilornica, Watson, i. 142,
ii. 441.

calycosa. Gray, i. 142.

divarica/a, Gray, i. 142.

Enioryi, Gray, i. 142.

Freniontii, Torn, i. 143, ii.
441.

Kingii, Watson, i. 143.

laevigata, Graj', i. 141.

mollis, Hcntb., i. 141.

nana, Torr., i. 141.

Parry i, Torr. & Gray, i. 142.

polvadenia, Torr., i. 142, ii.
441.

Scbottii, Torr., i. 143.

spinosa. Gray, i. 143.

Wislizi-ni, Gray, i. 142.
Dainasoniuin, Juss., ii. 200.

Californicuin, Torr., ii. 200.
Dandelion, i. 439.
Danthonia, DC, ii. 294.

Calif'oiiiica, Holandrr, ii. 294.

scricea, Nutt., ii. 294.

sqncata, ii. 294.

vnispiaita, Munro, ii. 294.
Daphn idosfnpliyh's Hookcri,
Klotscb, i. 453.

pumila, Klotsch, i. 453.

pungetis, Klotsch, i. 453.

Darlington ia, Torr., i. 17.

Californica, Torr., i. 17.
Darnol-Gra.ss, ii. 323.
Dasijlirion Bigelovii, Baker, ii.

163.
Datisca, Linn., i. 242.

glomerata, Benth. & Hook.,
i. 242, ii. 449.
DatislauK;E, i. 242.
Datura, Linn., i. 543.

arborea, i. 543.

discolor, liernh., i. 544. .

Mctcl, Torr., i. 544.

nii'ttdoidcs, DC, i. 544.

qurrcilolia, HBK., i. 544.

Tatula, Linn., i. 544, ii. 471.

Thomnsii, Toir., i. 544.

Slravumiuvi, Linn., i. 544.

Writjidii, Regel, i. 544.
Danciis, Tourn., i. 272.

hrachiatus, Torr., i. 273.

pusillus, Mich.\., i. 272, ii.
452.
Dead Nettle, i. 590.
Death-Camass, ii. 183.
Deer-Fern, ii. 343.
Delpliiniuni, Tourn., i. 10, ii.
427.

bicnlor, Nutt., i. 11.

Calilornicuni, Torr. & Gray,
i. 11.

cardiiiale, Hook., i. 12, ii.
428.

coccivcvm, Torr., i. 12.

decorum, Fiscli.^ Mey., i. 11.

depauperatuni, Nutt., i. 11.

elatutn, Linn., i. 11.

datum, ii. 428.

cxallatum, Hook, k Am., i.
11.

flaucum, Watson, ii. 427.
Icnziesii, DC, i. 11.
Menzicsii, Watson, i. 11.
nudicaule, Torr. & Gray, i.

12, ii. 428.
occidentale, Watson, ii. 428.
patens, Benth., i. 11.
sarcophyllum. Hook. & Arn.,

i. 12.
scopulorum, Gray, i. 11, ii.

428.
simplex, Dougl., i. 10.
trolliiroliuni, Gray, i. 11, ii.

428.
variegatum, Torr. k Gray, i.

10.
Dendroniecon, Benth., i. 22.
Hnrfordii, Kell., i. 22.
rigidum, Benth., i. 22, ii. 429.
Dentaria, Linn., i. 29.

Californica, Watson, ii. 430.
Californica, Nutt., i. 31.
intctjrifoHa, Nutt., i. 31.
macrocaipa, Nutt., i. 30.
tenella, Pursh, i. 30, ii. 430.
tcnuifolin. Hook., i. 30.
Dcscfuimpsia, Beau v., ii. 297.

Dcschamptin hrcvifolia, R. Br.,
ii. 297.

c(r!t])itosa, Beau v., ii. 297.

calijcinn, Pivsl, ii. 298.

danlhonioidrs, Munro, ii. 298.

ehiitffita, Munro, ii. 298.

hokiformis, Presl, ii. 297.
Desert Grass, ii. 300.

Oak, ii. 99.

Willow, i. 587.
Desinatodon, Bridel, ii. 368.

C((lifor»iciis, Les(|., ii. 369.

cernuus, Bruch k Schinip.,
ii. 368.

Guejuni, Bruch k Schimp.,
ii. 369.

latifolius, Bridel, ii. 368.

ncrvosu.i, Bruch k Schimp.,
ii. 369.

systiliu.s, Bruch k Schimp.,
ii. 368.
Drsmazcrin, Dumort., ii. 306.
Dewpya, 'J'orr. & Gray, i. 257.

arguta, Torr. k Gray, i. 257.

Haitwegi, Gray, i. 257, ii.
451.

Kelloggii, Gray, i. 257.
Dicentra, Borkli., i. 23.

chrysantha. Hook. & Am.,
i. 24.

cucullaria, DC, i. 24.

formo.'^a, DC, i. 24, ii. 429.

jiaucillora, Watson, ii. 429.

unillora, Kell., i. 24, ii. 429.
Dirhain Frnnontii,To\r., i. 377.

tnicl/a, Nutt., i. 377.

i/lirjinosa, Nutt., i. 377.
Dichclnstcmvia, Kunth, ii. 153.

Californica, Wood, ii. 156.

capitafa. Wood, ii. 154.

coiigrstinn, Kunth, ii. 154.
Dichelyma, Myrin, ii. 405.

cyJivdricarpinn, Austin., ii.
405.

falcatum, Myrin, ii. 405, 419.

Swartzii, ii. 405.

unoinatum, Jlitt., ii. 405.
Dichondra, Forst., i. 532, ii.
470.

rejicns, Forst., ii. 470.
Diclidiuni, Griseb., ii. 215.
Dicliptera, Juss., i. 589.

resujiinata, Juss., i. 589.

thlaspioidci, Nees, i. 589.
Dicoria, Torr. k Gray, i. 615.

Brandegei, Gray, i. 615.

canesoens, Torr. & Gray, i
615.
Dicranclla, Schimp., ii. 363.
IJicrav o irc issia cirrhata,
Schimp., ii. 362.

crisjui/a, Schimp., ii. 363.
Dicranum, Hcdw., ii. 363.

albicans, Bruch, ii. 364.

congcstum, Bridel, ii. 364.

crispum, Hedw., ii. 364.

fuscescens, Turner, ii. 364.

502

INDEX OF GEiNERA AND SPECIES.

Dicranura heteronialluni,
Hedw., ii. 364.
latifolium, Hc-dw., ii. 368.
niajus, Turner, ii. 365.
palustre, LuPvl., ii- 365.
polycarpum, Ehrli., ii. 363.
purpureiim, Hedw., ii. 365.
Schreberi, Swartz, ii. 364.
scoparium, Hedw., ii. 364.
strictiim, Schleich., ii. 364.
subulatum, Hedw., ii. 363.
variuin, Hedw., ii. 363.
vireiis, Hedw., ii. 363.
Didymodon, Hedw., ii. 365.
cylindricus.Bruch&Schimp.,

ii. 366.
purpureas, Hook. & Tayl.,

ii. 365.
rigidulum, Hedw., ii. 371.
rubelius, Bruch & Schimp.,
ii. 366.
Dieterin canescens, Nutt., i. 322.
coronopifolia, Nutt., i. 322.
divaricaia, Nutt., i. 322.
incmia, Torr. & Gray, i. 322.
pulveruloUa, Nutt., 1. 322.
sessili/olia, Nutt., i. 322.
viscosa, Nutt., i. 322.
Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop., ii.

258.
Diiubra, Beauv. , ii. 290.

aru'ilidoidcs, HBK., ii. 291.
Diplachnc, Beauv., ii. 292.

fascicularis, Beauv., ii. 292.
Diplacus glutinosus, Nutt, i.
566.
latifolois, Nutt., i. 566.
Icptanlhus, Nutt., i. n\j&.
longifloriis, Nutt., i. 566.
puniKus, Nutt., i. 566.
stellcUus, Kell., i. 566.
Diplopappus fiUfolias, Hook.,
i. 329.
incanus, Lindl., i. 322.
leucophyllus, Lindl., i. 321.
occidcntalis, Hook, k Arn.,
i. 329.
DiPSACE.«, i. 287.
Dipsacus fullonuni, I. inn., i.

287.
Dirca, Linn., ii. 61.

occideutalis. Gray, ii. 62.
palustris, ii. 62.
Dissodon, Grev. & Arn., ii. 386,
Hornschuchii, Grev. & Arn.,
ii. 386.
Diaticliium, Bruch k Schimp.
ii. 374.
capillaccum,Brucli&Scliimp.

li. 374.
inclinatum, Bruch & Schimp.
ii. 374.
Distichlis, Raf., ii. 305.

maritima, Raf., ii. 306.
Ditch-Grass, ii. 193.
Dithyrcea Californka, Harv.
i. 48.

Dock, ii. 78.
Dodder, i. 535.
Dodecatheon, Linn., i. 466.
clliplicuin, Nutt., i. 467.
jrijidant, Cham, k SchU'cht.,

i. 467.
integrifoliicm, Benth., i. 467.
Jaffrayi, Hort., i. 467.
Meadia, Linn., i. 467.
Dogbane, i. 473.
Dog's-tooth Grass, ii. 291.
Dogwood, i. 274.
Doub, ii. 292.
Douglas Spruce, ii. 120.
Downingia, Torr., i. 444.
elegans, Torr., i. 444.
pulchella, Torr., i. 444.
Draba, Linn., i. 27.
algida, A(hims, i. 29.
alpina, Linn., i. 29.
aurea, Vahl., i. 28, ii. 430.
aureola, Watson, ii. 430.
corrugata, Watson, ii. 430.
cras.sifolia. Grab., i. 28.
cuneifolia, Nutt., i. 28.
Doughasii, Gray, i. 29.
eurycarpa. Gray, i. 29.
glacialis, Adams, i. 29.
Johannis, Gray, i. 29.
Lemmoni, Watson, ii. 430.
ncmorosa, Watson, i. 28.
stenoloba, licUeb., i. 28.
Draperia, Torr., i. 505.
systyla, Torr., i. 505.
Drimopliyllum Californicmn,

Nutt., ii. 61.
Drop-seed Grass, ii. 268, 277.
Drosera, Linn., 1. 213.
Anglica, Huds., i. 213.
intermedia, Hayne, i. 213.
longifuli«, Auct., i. 213.
rotundifolia, Linn., i. 213.
Droseu.ace.i:, i. 212.
Drymaria, WilUl., i. 62.
Duckweed, ii. 183.
Duck's-meat, ii. 189.
Duliclduni spathaceum, Pers. ,

ii. 213.
Dusty Miller, i. 410.
Dutch Clover, i. 129.
Dwarf Solomon's Seal, ii. 162.
Dyer's Weed, i. 53.
Dysmicodon Califoniicum ,
Nutt., i. 446.
ovatum, Nutt., i. 446.
Dysodia, Cav., i. 397.
clirysiinthemoides, Liig., i

397.
Cooperi, Gray, i. 398.
porophylloides. Gray, i. 397
speciosa, Gray, i. 397.

Eatonia, Raf.. ii. 302.

obtusata, Gray, ii. 302.
EcJieveria furiiwm, Lindl., i
212.

lanceolata, Nutt, i. 211.

Echcver a lanceolata, Torr., i.

211.

laxa, Lindl., i. 212.

pulverulcnUi, Nutt., i. 211.

piilccrulcntii, Torr., i. 211.

Echidiocarya Arizonica, Gray,

i. 519.
Echinais carlinoidcs, Cass., i.
421.
nutans, Cass., i. 421.
Echinocactus, Link k Otto, i.
244.
Cali/oniicus, Hort, i. 245.
cylindi-aceus, Engelm.,i. 245.
Emoryi, Engelm., i. 245.
Lccoiitci, Engelm., i. 246.
polyancistrus, Engelm. ,i. 245.
polycephalus, Engelm. k

Bigelow, i. 246.
viridescens, Nutt., i. 245.
viridcscens, Engelm., i. 245.
Whipplei, Engelm. k Big.,

i. 244.
Wislizeni, Engelm., i. 246.
Echinochloa Crus-galli, Beauv.,

ii. 260.
Echinocystis fabacea, Naud., i.
241.
vuiricata, Kell, i. 241.
Echinodorus, Richard, ii. 200.
rostratus, Engelm., ii. 201.
Echinupnnax horridus, Decsne

k Blanch., i. 273.
Echinospermum, Swartz, i. 529.
deilexum, Lehm., i. 530, ii.

469.
dilFusum, Lehm., i. 530, ii.

469.
floribundum, Lehm., i. 530,

ii. 469.
Grcenei, Gray, ii. 469.
Lappula, Hook, k Arn., i.

530.
Idocarpum, Fisch. & Mey., i.

528.
paiidum, Lelim., i. 530.
Redowskii, Lehm., i. 529, ii.

469.
striclum, Nce.s i. 530.
Eddya, Torr. k (Jray, i. 520.
Edosmia Gairdneri, Nutt, i.

259.
Eel-Grass, ii. 191.
Eggplant, i. 538.
Ehvagnacca', ii. 62.
EUeagnus, Linn., ii. 62.
Elaterium, Linn., ii. 449.
Bigclovii, Watson, ii. 449,
minimum, Watson, ii. 449.
Elati.vace-e, i. 80.
Elatine, Linn., i. 80, ii. 436.
Americana, Am., i. 80, ii.

436.
brachyspermn. Gray, ii. 436.
Elatine Californica, Gray, ii.
436.
Texana, Torr. k Gray, i. 80.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

503

Elder, i. 277.
Bo.Y, i. 108.
ElcocliJiris, 1?. Hr., ii. 220.
acicMiliiiis, II. JJr., ii. 221.
areiiicola, Toir., ii. 222.
Bolantleri, Gray, ii. 222.
Doinbnjann, Boock., ii. 222
Engclmanni, Steud., ii. 222.
montana, Bi-iith., ii. 222.
obtiisa, Schiilt., ii. 222.
olivacea, Toir., ii. 222.
ovatii, ii. 222.
pahistiis, J{. Br., ii. 221.
paucilloia, Watson, ii. 221.
pygmrea, Torr., ii. 221.
rosteilata, Torr., ii. 222.
truncata, Sclileclit., ii. 222.
Ellimia rudcra/is, Niitt., i. 54,
EUisia, Linn., i. 504.
chrysantheuiifolia, Benth., i,

505.
inembranane.-i, Benth., i. 505.
Elodea Canadensis, Michx , ii

129.
Elymiis, Linn., ii. 325.
arenariiis, Linn., ii. 326.
Canadensi.s, Linn., ii. 327.
condensatn.s, Prcsl, ii. 326.
glancns, BuckL, ii. 327.
mollis, Trin., ii. 326.
Sibiricns, Linn., ii. 326.
Sitanion, Sohnlt., ii. 327.
triticnidcs, Nutt., ii. 326.
Virginiciis, ii. 326.
Elytro!<pcrvi iim (Miforn icum,

Meyer, ii. 218.
Emmenantho, Benth., i. 514.
glaberriina, Torr., i. 514.
glandulifera, Torr., i. 514.
lutea, Gray, i. 514.
parviflora. Gray, i. 514.
parviflora, Watson, i. 514.
penduliflora, Benth., i. 515.
pusilla, Gray, i. 515.
EmpJedocladus fasciculatus,

Torr., i. 168.
Encalypta, Sehreb., ii. 385.
ciliata, Hedw., ii. 386.
rhnbdocarpa, Scliwaegr., ii

386.
vulgaris, Hedw., ii. 385.
Encelia, Adans., i. 351.
Californica, Nutt., i. 351.
con.<!pc)\ia, Benth., i. 351.
erincephala. Gray, i. 351.
farino.sa. Gray, i." 351, ii. 456
frutcscens, Gray, i. 352.
nivca, Benth., i. 354.
nivca, Gray, i. 352.
viseida, Gray, i. 616.
Enchanter's Nightshade, i. 234
Encino, ii. 98.
Endive, i. 422, ii. 460.
Entosthodon, Schwaegr., ii. 387,
Bolanderi, Lesq., ii. 388.
Templetoni, Schwaegr., ii.

11.

Ephedra, Touru., ii. 108.
antisy|.|iilitiea, Meyer, ii. 109
(inHsiijtln'lilirii, \\, '\()\\,
(Wiloniica, Watson, ii. 109.
Nevadcnsi.s, Watson, ii. 108.
Torreyana, Watson, ii. 109.
trifurca, Torr., ii. 109.
Ephcnicrurn, llaiupe, ii. 358.

serratuni, Hani|tc, ii. 358.
Epilohiuni, Linn., i. 218.
alpinuni, Linn., i. 219.
anc/nn/ijh/iKin, Linn., i. 218.
brevistyluni, Barbey, i. 220.
coioratuiu, Muhi., i. 219.
Franciseanum, liarbey, i. 220.
glabcrriinuni, Barbey, i. 220,

ii. 447.
jucunduin. Gray, ii. 448.
latil'oliuin, Linn., i. 219.
hiteum, Pursh, i. 219.
niinutum, Lindl., i. 220

448.
obcordatum. Gray, i. 218.
opacum, Lehm.,"i. 219.
origanilolium. Lam., i. 219.
l)aiii(iilatuin, Nutt., i. 220.
spicatum. Lam., i. 218, ii.

447.
Watsoni, Barbey, i. 219.
Epinicdium hcxandnna. Hook

i. 15.
Epipactis, Haller, ii. 136.
Americana, Lindl., ii. 137.
gigantea, Dougl., ii. 137.
Equlsktaci;^, ii. 329.
Equisetum, Linn., ii. 329.
arvense, Linn., ii. 330.
boreale. Hong., ii. 330.
eburnciim, Sehreb., ii. 330.
Jluviadle, Smith, ii. 330.
hieniale, Linn., ii. 331.
laevigatum, A. Braun, ii. 331,

485.
robustum, A. Brann, ii. 330.
Telmateia, Ehrli., ii. 330.
Eragrostis, Beauv., ii. 314.
alba, Presl, ii. 315.
Fendleri, Steud., ii. 309.
virgaslachya, Link, ii. 315
poa?oidp.s, Beauv., ii. 315.
reptans, Nee.s, ii. 314.
Eremiastrum, Gray, i. 306.

bellioidcs. Gray, i. 306.
Eremocarpus, Benth., ii. 68.

setigerus, Benth., ii. 68.
Eremochloe, Watson, ii. 300.

Kingii, Watson, ii. 300.
Ericaccw, i. 448.
Ericameria diffusa, Benth
314.
microphylla, Nutt., i. 313.
nana, Nutt., i. 314.
rcsinosa, Nutt., i. 314.
Erigeron, Linn., i. 326.
acre, Linn., i. 327.
Andersonii, Gray, i. 325.
annuuni, Pers., 1. 331.

Erigeron argentatum, Gray. i.
328. • J'. •

arnierin'foliuni, Tuicz.,i. 326.
Bel I id ill strum. Gray, i. 331.'
Bloomeri, Gray, i. 328, ii.

455.
Breweri, Gray, i. 329.
csespitosum, Nutt., i. 327.
cfjespitosum, Eaton, i. 328.
Canadense, Linn., i. 331.
canuni, (Jray. i. 328.
cincrenm, Gray, i. 331.
conipositum, Pursh, i. 327.
concinnuni, Torr. & Gray, i

330. ^
corym})osum, Nutt., i. 329.
decumhens, Nutt, i. 329, 330

ii. 455.
discoid ca, Kell., i. 332.
divcrgens, Torr. & Gray, i

331. ^
Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, i

329. ^

Douglasii, Newb., i. 330.
IJrobachensis, Mill., i. 327.
cIongalKs, Ledcb., i. 327.
lilifolium, Nutt., i. 329.
florifer. Hook., ii. 455.
foliosuni, Nutt., i. 329.
glabratmn. Hook., i. 327.
glaucum, Ker, i. 330.
hispidnm, Nutt., i. 331.
lonrhophiilliim, Hook.,i. 327.
mcLvitunnm, Nutt., i. 331.
niiser. Gray, ii. 455.
Nevadensei Gray, i. 328. •
ochroleucun), Nutt., i. 328,

ii. 455.
Phila(lel])hicum, Linn., i.

331.
purpureum. Ait., i. 331.
raccmosum, Nutt., i. 327.
radicatum. Hook., i. 327.
speciosum, DC, i. 330.
sienophylhim, Nutt., i. 330.
strigosum, Muhl., i. 331.
supjdex, Giay, i. 330.
uniflorum, Linn., i. 327,
ursinum, Eaton, i. 327.
Erioconia, Nutt., ii. 283.
cusjudata, Nutt., ii. 283.
Webberi, Thurb., ii. 283.
Eriodycfion, Benth., i. 518.
angustifolium, Nutt., i. 518.
crassifolium, Benth., i. 518.
glntinosuni, Benth., i. 518

ii. 468:
ghifivosnm, Torr., i. 518.
tomentosum, Benth., i. 518.
Eriogotiuni, Michx., ii. 16.
Abertiannm, Torr., ii. 22.
acctoscllnidrs, Toit., ii. 31.
ajfinc, Benth., ii. 27,
album, Nutt., ii. 26.
angulosum, Benth., ii. 25.
auriculatum, Benth., ii. 27.
Baileyi, Watson, ii. 31.

604

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Eriogonuni bracliypoduin, Toi r.

k Gray, ii. 23.
ceespitosum, Nutt., ii. 19.
cenmuin, Nutt., ii. 23.
ciiiereum, Beiith., ii. 27.
coiupositum, Dougl., ii. 20,

480.
corymbosum, Renth., ii. 28.
crassifolium, Beiitli., ii. 21.
Jusyantheiuum.Toir. & Oray,

ii. 30.
deHexum, Torr., ii. 23.
diehotomum, Dougl., ii. 26.
Douglasii, Benth., ii. 19.
efitsam, Nutt., ii. 28.
elatum, Doug!., ii. 27.
dlipticum, Nutt., ii. 20.
elongatum, Beuth., ii. 29.
ericcefoliuin, Torr. & Gray,

ii.28.
fasciculatum, Benth., ii. 28,

481.
flavuni, Nutt., ii. 21.
glandulosum, Nutt., ii. 25.
Gordoni, Beuth., ii. 25.
gracile, Benth., ii. 31.
gracile, ii. 31.

gracilliniuni, Watson, ii. 480.
Orccnei, Gray, ii. 26.
Heermanni, Dur. & Hilg., ii.

30.
helianthcmi/olium, Benth., ii.

29.
heracleoides, Nutt., ii. 20.
hirtillonun. Gray, ii. 22, 480.
Ilookeri, Watson, ii. 23.
incanum, Torr. k Gray, ii. 21.
inflatum, Torr., ii. 25.
iusigue, Watson, ii. 23.
intrieatuni, Bentli., ii. 31.
Kelloggii, Gray, ii. 22.
Kennedyi, Porter, ii. 26.
Kingii, Torr. k Gray, ii. 26.
latiloliuui. Smith, ii. 26.
Lemnioni, Watson, ii. 29.
leucocladon, Bentli., ii. 31.
Lobbii, Torr. &, Gray, ii. 20.
marifoliuni, Torr. k Gray, ii.

21.
niicrothecum, Nutt., ii. 28.
microthecum, ii. 28.
Mohavense, Watson, ii. 28.
niveum, Dougl., ii. 26.
nudum, Dougl., ii. 27.
nutans, Torr. k Gray, ii. 23.
obloiKjifoliuia, Benth., ii. 27.
ochrocephalum, Wat.son, ii.

480.
ovalifoliuni, Nutt., ii. 26.
I'aluieri, Watson, ii. 30.
mnduratum, Watson, ii. 480.
Parryi, Gray, ii. 23.
parvifolium. Smith, ii. 27,

481.
pharnaceoides, Torr., ii. 22.
Pluniatella, Dur. k Hilg., ii.

31.

Eriogonuni polifulium, Benth.,

ii. 28.

pohjnnthum, Benth., ii. 20.

polycladou, Beuth., ii. 31.

pro/if'cruia, Torr. k Gray, ii.

26.
pusillum, Torr. & Gray, ii.

24.
pyrolaefolium. Hook., ii. 21.
reniforme, Torr., ii. 24.
roscum, Dur. k Ililg., ii. 30.
rosniarinifolium, Nutt., ii.

28.
rotundifolium, Benth., ii. 24.
saxatile, Watson, ii. 29.
scalare, Watson, ii. 25.
spergulinuin. Gray, ii. 22.

480.
spluviiocephalum, Dougl., ii.

19.
stellatum, Benth., ii. 20.
strietuin, Benth., ii. 29.
subreiiiforme, Watson, ii. 25.
Thomasii, Torr., ii. 24.
Thurberi, Torr., ii. 24.
thymoides, Benth., ii. 19.
Toliiiieanum, Hook., ii. 20.
Torreyanum, Gray, ii. 20.
trachijrjonum, Torr., ii. 29.
trichopcs, Torr;, ii. 25.
triehopoduni, Torr., ii. 24,

480.
truneatuin, Torr. k Gray, ii.

28.
umbellatuni, Torr., ii. 19.
ursiuum, Watson, ii. 21, 480.
villillorum. Gray, ii. 22.
vimineum, Dougl., ii. 30.
viigatum, Benth., ii. 30.
Watsoni, Torr. k Gray, ii.

23.
Wrightii, Torr., ii. 29.
Erioqynia pcdbiata, Hook., i.

'l71, ii. 443.
Eriopappus glandulosics, Arn.,

i. 368.
Eriophoruni, Linn., ii. 219.
gracile, Koch., ii. 220.
polystachyuin, Linn., ii. 220.
Eriophyllum sUechadifoliam,

Lag., i. 380.
Eritrichium, Selirad., i. 525.
angustifolium, Torr., i. 528.
ati'itisli/uUiun, Watson, i.

528.
oarbigerum. Gray, ii. 468.
Calil'ornicuin, DC, i. 526.
caneseens. Gray, i. 526.
Chorisianuni, DC, i. 525.
circumscissum, Gray, i. 527.
connutifoliaiii, ICell., i. 527.
fulvocanescens, Gray, i. 529.
fulvuni, A. DC, i. 526.
falviua, Watson, i. 526.
glomeratum, DC, i. 528.
ghmeratum, Watson, i. 529.
Kingii, Watson, i. 528.

Eritrichium leiocarpum, Wat-
son, i. 527.

leucophajum, DC, i. 529.

niicrai.thuni, Torr., ii. 468.

inuriculatuin, A. DC, i. 528.

o.xycaryuni. Gray, i. 527.

}>leljeiuia, Torr., i. 526.

pterocaryuni, Torr., i. 529.

Scouleri, A. DC, i. 525.

teuellum. Gray, i. 526.

Torreyi, Gray, i. 527.

Erotliuni, L'Her., i. 94.

Botrys, Bertol., i. 95.

cicutariuni, L'Her., i. 94.

macrophyllum. Hook, k Arn.,
i. 95.

mo.sehatuin, L'Her., i. 95.

Texaiiuni, Gray, i. 95.
Eryngium, Tourn., i. 255.

arlicuhitum, Hook., i. 255.

petiolatum. Hook., i. 255.
Erysiniuni, Jiinn., i. 38.

asperum, DC, i. 39.

(jluberrimum, Hook, k Am.,
i. 41.

qrandijlorum, Nutt., i. 36.

liumiluni, Nutt., i. 39.
Erythea, Wat.son, ii. 211.

armata, Watson, ii. 212, 485.

edulis, Watson, ii. 212.
Erythraja, Pars., i. 479.

chironoides, Gray, i. 479.

chironoidcs, Torr., i. 479.

Douglasii, Gray, i. 480.

data, Nutt., i. 480.

floribunda, Benth., i. 480.

Muhlenbergii, Griseb., i. 480.

Nuttallii, Watson, i. 480.

NuUuUii, Watson, i. 480.

raniosissima, Pers., i. 480.

speeiosa, Gray, i. 479.

tenclla, Nutt., i. 480.

tricantha, Griseb., i. 479, ii.
464.

tricantha, Dur., i. 479.

venusta. Gray, i. 479.
Erythroniuni, Linn., ii. 170.

ijiganleiun, ii. 170.

grandilloruni, Pursh., ii. 170.

grandijlurujn, ii. 170, 171.

Hartwegi, Watson, ii. 170.

purpuraseens, Watson, ii.
171.

rcvoliitiiin, ii. 170, 171.
Esehseholtzia, Cham., i. 22.

ccespiiiim, Benth., i. 23.

t'aliforniea, Cham., i. 22.

Calijhrnica, Giay, i. 23.

crucca, Benth., i. 22.

DoKglasii, Benth. , i. 22.

hgpecoldcs, Benth., i. 23.

niimitillora, Watson, i. 23.

tenuifolia, Benth., i. 23.
Espeletia hdiant}u)ides, Nutt,
i. 348.

sagiUata, Nutt, i. 348.
Eucalyptus, L'Her., i. 191.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

505

Eucharidium, Fisoh. & Mey.
i. 232, ii. 448.
Bicweri, Gray, i. 232, ii. 448
coiiciiinum, Fisdi. & Mey., i

232.
grandiflorum, Fisch. & Mey.,
i. 232.
Euchroma pallescens, Nutt., i.

576.
Eucnide, Zucc, i. 237.
urens, Pany, i. 237.
Encn/pla, Nutt., i. .005.
foiiosa, Nutt., i. 505.
paniculata, Nutt., i. 505.
Eucijda ovalifolia, Nutt., ii. 26.

purpurea, Nutt., ii. 26.
Eulobu.s, Nutt., i. 221.

Calirornicus, Nutt., i. 221.
Eunnnm, Hentli., i. r)64.
bicolor. Gray, i. 564.
Bigelovii, Gray, i. 564.
CouUcri, Gray, i. 563.
Douglasii, Beuth., i. 563.
Fremonti, Henth., i. 565.
Fremonti, Gray, i. 565.
Fremonti, Watson, i. 564.
Tolmicci, Benth., i. 564.
Euouyinus, Tourn., i. 98.
atropurpure)is. Hook., i. 98.
occidcntalis, Nutt., i. 98, ii.
438.
Eupatorium, Tourn., i. 299.
occidentale, Hook., i. 299.
sn<(ittatum, Gray, i. 299.
Euphorliia, Linn., ii. 72.
alboinarginata. Torn & Gray,

ii. 73.
Arkansnnn, Engrlni., ii. 75.
canipe.stris,Chain.&,Sciileciit.,

ii. 76.
crcnulata, Engelm., ii. 75.
dictyospernia, Fisch. & Mey.,

ii. 75.
eriantlia, Benth., ii. 74.
esulceformin, Schauer, ii. 76.

flyptosperma, Engeini., ii. 74.
lartwegiana, Boiss., ii. 73.

hirtula, Engelni., ii. 74.

ijurq nil a/era, Engelni., ii. 74.

incisn, Engelni., ii. 76.

Lathyris, Linn., ii. 76.

leptocera, Engelm., ii. 75.

melanadenin, Torr., ii. 73.

misera, Benth., ii. 74.
, ocellata, Dur. & Hilg., ii. 72.

Painieri, Engelm., ii. 75.

pediculifera, Engelni., ii. 73.

I)latyspernia, Engelm., ii.
482.

polycarpa, Benth., ii. 73.

schizoloha, Engelni., ii. 75.

serpyllifolia, Pers., ii. 74, 483.

setiloba, Engelm., ii. 73.

subpubeiiH, En»elrn., ii. 76.
EUPHORBIACE^, li. 67.
Eurotia, Adans., ii. 55.

lanata, Moq., ii. 56.

I Eurhynchivm, Schinip., ii. 415

culpoplujll u m, S u 1 1 i V. , i i . 416

myosuruides, Schiinji., ii. 41 4

Slokesn, Bruch & Schinip.
ii. 416.

striqosum, Bruch & Schinip..
ii. 415.
Fun/p/cra/uridn, Nutt., i. 269,
Eustoma, Salisb., i. 621.

exaltatuni, Griscb., i. 621.

graeile, Engelm., i. 621.

lUisselianum, Griseb., i. 621.
Eafocn, K. Br., i. 538.

albiflnra, Nutt., i. 513.

arclioides. Hook, k Arn., i.
515.

aretioides. Gray, i. 514.

brachyloha, Benth., i. 510.

divnricala, Bentli., i. 511.

Douglasii, Benth., i. 510.

Fnnik/inii, K. Dr., i. 510.

grandiflora, Benth., i. 513.

lonaccfolia, Benth., i. 509.

lutea. Hook, k Arn., i. 514.

Mcnziesii, R. Br., i. 510.

mulliflora. Dough, i. 510.

phacelioides, Bentli., i. 511.

sericea, Grab., i. 508.

spcciom, Nutt., i. 513.

vi.icida, Bentli., i. 513.

IVranqcHana, Fisch. &. Mey.,
i. 511.
Eulriann, Trin., ii. 290.

arislidnidrs, Kunth., ii. 291.
Evax, Gicrtii., i. 337.

caulescens. Gray, i. 337, ii.
456.
Evening Primrose, i. 223.
Evergreen White Ouk, ii. 96.
Everlasting, i. 340, 341.
Evolvulus, Linn., i. 532.
Exacum inflalnm, Hook, k
Am., i. 480.
quadrangulure,V\''\\\A., i. 480.

Fabronia, Raddi, ii. 405.

pusilla, Raddi, ii. 405.
Fagonia, Linn., i. 92.

Califoruioa, Benth., i. 92.
Fagopyruni esculentum,

Aloench, ii. 6.
Fallugia, Endl., i. 175.

liarado.xa, Endl., i. 175.
False Asipho(lel, ii. 184.

Bugbane, ii. 425.

Hellebore, ii. 182.

Rice, ii. 262.

Solonion'.s Seal, ii. 161.
Fatsia hoi lida, Benth. & Hook.,

i. 273.
Feather-Grass, ii. 284.
Fendlerin, Stcud., ii. 283.

rhynchehjtroides, Steud., ii.
283.
Fenzlia concinii/i, Nntt., i. 490.

diantlvflorn, Benth., i. 490.

ftjH'ciosa, Nutt., i. 490.

Fern, Chain, ii. 343.
Deer, ii. 343.
Grape, ii. 331.
Lace, ii. 338.
Lady, ii. 344.
Lip, ii. 336.
Shield, ii. 345.
Wood, ii. 345.
Ferula, Linn., i. 271.
dissecta. Gray, i. 271.
dissoiuta, Watson, i. 271.
multifida, Gray, i. 271.
Ncwberryi, Watson, i. 271.
Fcscne-Gias.s, ii. 315.
Festuca, Linn., ii. 316.
brcvifolia, R. Br., ii. 317.
dislichophylla,Wn:hx., ii. 306.
duriuscula, Linn., ii. 317.
Jiuitnns, Linn., ii. 307.
graci/oifn, Buckl., ii. 317.
gniciliiiua, Hook., ii. 318.
vu'f/iilura, Nutt., ii. 316.
inicrostachys, Nutt, ii. 317.
Myurus, Linn., ii. 316.
nervosa. Hook., ii. 313.
occidentnlis. Hook., ii. 318.
ovina, Linn., ii. 317.
parvigluma, Steud., ii. 319.
paucillora, Thuiib., li. 318.
polystachya, Michx., ii. 292.
procumbcns, Kunth, ii. 309.
pusilla, Buckl., ii. 317.
rcmotiflora, Steud., ii. 319.
rubra, Linn., ii. 317.
scabrella, Torr., ii. 318. .
sciurea, Nntt., ii. 316.
subuJata, Bong., ii. 305.
tcnella, Willd'., ii. 317.
xinio/oidcs, Willd., ii. 322.
FicoiDK.f:, i. 250.
Fichlca, Schultz, i. 423.
Fig, ii. 63.

Fig-Maiygold, L 251.
Figwort, i. 552.
Filago, Linn., i. 338.
Arizonica, Gray, i. 338.
Californica, Nutt., i. 338.
pnrvula, Torr. & Gray, i. 338.
FillK'rt, ii. 100.
Fiinbristylis, Vahl, ii. 223.
apus, Watson, ii. 224.
brachyphylla, Presl, ii. 224.
brevifolia, Presl, 224.
capillaris, Grav, ii. 223.
diphylla, Yalil, ii. 223.
fusca, Benth., ii. 223.
Ilonikci, Dietr., ii. 224.
juiicirorniis, Kunth, ii. 224.
la.rn, ii. 223.
miliacea, Vahl, ii. 223.
thermalis, Watson, ii. 223.
verrucosa, Presl, ii. 223.
Fine P)cnt-Grass, ii. 272.
Fine-Top, ii. 272.
Finger-Grass, ii. 258.
Fiorin Grns.s, ii. 272.
Fir, ii. 117.

506

INDEX OF GExNERA AND SPECIES.

Fir. Red, ii. 119.

White, ii. 118.
Fissideus, Heilw., ii. 373.

adiantoides, Hudw., ii. 374.

giandifroiis, Brid., ii. 374.

linibatus, SiiUiv., ii. 374.

veutricosus, Le.s(i., ii. 374.
Five-finger, i. 177.
Flag, ii. 139.

Cat-tail, ii. 187.
Flax, i. 89.
Fla.v-Dodder, i. 535.
Fleabane, i. 326.
FlcEikea proserpinacoides,
WiUd., i. 95.

Douglasii, Baill., i. 95.
Flower-de-Luee, ii. 139.
Fly-away Grass, ii. 274.
Fo'utinalis, Dill., ii. 404.

antijiyretiea, Linn., ii. 404.

anlipijrelica, ii. 405.

Californicn, Sulliv., ii. 404.

Eatoni, Sulliv., ii. 401.

falcata, Hedw., ii. 405.

gignnicn, Sulliv., ii. 404.

Lescuiii, Sulliv., ii. 405.

Merced iana, Les()., ii. 405.

Neo-Mexicana, Sulliv. k
Lesq., ii. 405.
Forget-me-not, i. 522.
Fouquiera, HBK., i. 79.

formosa, HBK., i. 79.

spinosa, HBK., i. 79.

spinosa, Toir., i. 79.

s])lendens, Engehn., i. 79.
Four-o'clock, ii. 2.
Fowl MeaddW-Oniss, ii. 313.
Foxtail Grass, ii. 208.

Bristly, ii. 260.

Jleadow, ii. 263.
Fragaria, Touni., i. 176.

Californiea, Cliatn. &
Schlecht., i. 177.

Chilensis, Ehrli., i. 177.

Graijana, Vilui., i. 177.

lucida, Vilm., i. 179.

vesca, Linn., i. 179.

vescn, Bentli., i. 179.

virgiuiana, Kluh., i. 179.
Frangida, Brongn., i. 101.

Californiea, Gray, i. 101.
Frankenia, Linn., i. 60.

grandit'olia,Cliani.&,SchIecLt.
i. 60, ii. 433.

Jamesii, Torr., i. 61.

Palnieri, Watson, i. 61.
Fkanki;niace«, i. 60.
Fninseria, Cav., i. 341.

albieaalis, Torr., i. 315.

ainhrosioides, Cav., i. 346.

bipinnatiiida, Nutt, i. 345.

Chaniissonis, Less., i. 345.

cbenoi)udiit'olia,Bentli.,i.345.

cimeifolia, Nutt., i. 345.

deltoidea, Torr., i. 345.

dumosa. Gray, i. 345.

eriocentra, Gray, i. 345.

Franseria hispida, Benth., i.
346.

Hookeriana, Nutt., i. 345.

ilicitblia, (5 ray, i. 615.

puiuila, Nutt., i. 345, 015.

tcnuitolia. Gray, i. 346.
Frascra, Walter, "i. 483.

albicaulis. Hook., i. 483, 484,
ii. 404.

albomarginata,Watson,i.4S4.

Carolinensis, Walt., i. 483.

nitida, Benth., i. 484.

paniculata, Torr., i. 484.

Parryi, Torr , i. 484.

speciosa, Dougl., i. 484.

thyrsiliora, Hook., i. 483.
Fraxinus, Tourn., i. 472.

dipetala, Hook. &, Arn., i.
472, ii. 462.

grundifulia, Benth., i. 472.

Dregana, Nutt., i. 472.

pubcseois, Hook., i. 472.
Freniontia. Torr., i. 88.

Calitbrnica, Torr., i. 88, ii.
437.
Frevionlia, Torr., ii. 59.

verniieuhiris, Torr., ii. 59.
Fringe-pod, i. 49.
Fritillaria, Linn., ii. 167.

alba, Kellogg, ii. 168.

atropurpurea, Nutt., ii. 169.

billura, Lindl., ii. 168.

Grai/mta, lieiehenb. f. k
Bilker, ii. 108.

K(tmtschntccusis, ii. 168.

lanceolata, Bur.sh, ii. I(i9.

lanecolalii, ii. 108.

liliacea, Lin.il., ii. 168.

multijlora, Kellogg, ii. 169.

muUiseapidea, Kellogg, ii.
171.

mutien, Lindl., ii. 169.

parviflora, Torr., ii. 109.

plurillora, Torr., ii. 109.

pudica, Spreiig., ii. 170.

recurva, Bentli., ii. 168.

viridia, Kellogg, ii. 169.
Fuchsia, Linn., i. 210.
Fuller's Tea.sel, i. 287.
Faiiuiria funaosa, Andr., i. 24.

FU.MAKIACB.K, i. 23.

Funaria, Schreb., ii. 388.
calcarea, Wahl., ii. 388.
Caliibrniea, Sulliv. k Lesq.,

ii. 388.
cnlvcsccns, Sehwaegr., ii. 389.
convoluta, Hauipe, ii. 389.
Hibcrmcn, Hook, k Tayl., ii.

389.
hygrometrica, Hedw., ii. 389.
Mcdilerranca, Lindl., ii. 389.
Muhlenbenjii, ii. 389.

Gaillanlia, Foug., i. 391.
acaulis. Gray, i. 392.
aristata, Pursh, i. 392.
pinnatifida, Torr., i. 392.

Galnpagoa, Hook, f., i. 520.
GaleopsisTetrahit, Linn., i. 590.
Gaiingale, ii. 213.
Galium, Linn., i. 282.

aciUissimum, Gray, i. 286.

Andrewsii, Gray, i. 280.

angulosum, Gray, ii. 453.

angustilbiium, JNutt., i. 285.

Apariiie, Linn., i. 284.

asperrimuhi, Gray, i. 284.

bifolium, Watson, i. 283.

Bloomeri, Gmy, i. 285.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 284, ii.
453.

lx)reale, Linn., i. 285.

lorenlc, Gray, i. 285.

Califoruiiiim, Hook, k Am.,
i. 283, ii. 452.

hypotrichiiun. Gray, i. 286.

mnnjaricoixum. Gray, ii. 453.

mullidorum, Kell., i. 285.

Nuttallii, Gray, i. 283, ii.
453.

pubens. Gray, i. 285, ii. 453.

stellatum, Kell., i. 286.

suft'rulicosam, Nutt, i. 283.

suJfriUicosum, Torr., i. 285.

trichocarpum, Nutt., i. 285.

trilidum, Linn., i. 284.

trilldrum, Michx., i. 284.
Galvesia Limensis, Domb., i.

551.
Gambclia, Nutt., i. 551.

speciosa, Nutt., i. 551.
Gamoehwla, Wedddl, i. 342.
Garden Orach, ii. 44.

Succory, ii. 400.
Garlic, ii. 146.
Garrya, Dougl., i. 275.

buxilblia. Gray, i. 276.

elliptica, Dougl., i. 276.

(lavescens, Watson, i. 276.

Fremontii, Torr., i. 276, ii.
452.
Gastridium, Beauv., ii. 275.

austiale, Beauv., ii. 275.

kiidigeruDi, Gaudin, ii. 276.
Gaultiieria, Linn., i. 454.

Myrsinites, Hook., i. 454.

Sliallon, Pur.sh, i. 455.
Gaura, Linn., i. 233.

hdcnnilha, Torn, i. 234.

jjarvillora, Dougl., i. 234.
Gayophytum, A. Juss., i. 221.

cafiiuin, Torr. k Gray, i. 221.

diU'iisum, Torr., i. 221.

Nidi aim, Toir. k Gray, i.
221.

raccmosum, Torr. k Gray, i.
221.

raniosissimum, Torr. k Gray,
i. 221.

striclam. Gray, i. 233.
Gentinnn, Linn., i. 481.

aeiita, Michx., i. 481.

affinis, Griseb., i. 482.

affiais, Grav, i. 483, ii. 401.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

507

Gentiana Amnrella, Linn., i,
481.

hrachypdahi, Binif^e, i. 481.

calycosa, Griseb., i. 482.

calycosa, Gray, i. 482.

cf£(oiisa, Rottb., i. 481.

Menziciii, Giiseb., i. 483.

Newberryi, Gray, i. 482.

Orcgana, Enwlin., ii. 464.

Panyi, Engelni., i. 482.

sceptriini, Griseb., i. 483.

serrata, Gnnn., i. 481.

setigera, Gray, i. 482.

simplex, Gray, i. 481.
Gentianace^, i. 478.
Geifcn, Gray, i. 351.

canesccns, Torr. & Gray, i. 351.
Geraniace.15, i. 92.
Geranium, Linn., i. 93.

nlbiflorum, Hooiv., i. 94.

albiflorum, Torr. & Gray, i.
94.

cfcspitosum, James, i. 94.

Carolinianum, Linn., i. 94.

eriantlmvi, Lindl., i. 94.

incisum, Nutt, i. 94, ii. 438.

Richardsonii, Fisch. & Mey.,
i. 94.
Gerardia fruticosa, Pursh, i.

55(3.
Germander, ii. 477.
Geum, Linn., i. 176.

macropliyllum, Willd., i. 176.

triHorum, Pursh, i. 176.
Gilia, Ruiz & Pavon, i. 489.

achilleffifolia, Benth., i. 497.

achillrcEfoJia, Lindl., i. 498.

agjippgata, Sprang., i. 496, ii.
465.

androsacea, Steiid., i. 491.

arcnnria, Benth., i. 498.

atractyloides, Stfud., i. 494.

aurea, Nutt., i. 490.

Bigelovii, Gray, i. 490.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 490, ii.
465.

brevicula. Gray, ii. 465.

Breweri, Gmy, i. 494.

Californica, Benth., i. 492.

cam pa nn lata, Gray, i. 499.

cdpiUnris, Kell., i. 488.

cnjiitata, Dougl., i. 497.

ciliata, Benth., i. 491.

congesta, I look., i. 496.

cotulrefolia, Steud., i. 493.

crcbri/oHa, Nutt., i. 496.

demissa. Gray, i. 489, ii. 465.

densillora, Benth., i. 491.

densifolia, Benth., i. 495.

dianthoides, End!., i. 490.

dichotoma, Benth., i. 490.

divaricata, Torr., i. 494.

divnricrila, Nutt., i. 488.

filicaulis, Torn, i. 494.

filifolia, Nutt., i. 495.

filifomiis, Puny, i. 499.

filipes, Benth. ,"i. 490.

Gilia florcosa, Gray, i. 495.
(loribunda, Gray, i. 492.
gracilis. Hook., i. 488.
(vandiflorn, Steud., i. 491.
'Hookeri, I5enth., i. 493.
inconspicua, Doug]., i. 498.
intertexta, Steud., i. 493.
Kenned ifii. Porter, ii. 465.
Larseni, Gray, i. 497.
latillora, Gray, ii. 466.
Lemmoni, Graj', ii. 465.
leptomeria, Gray, i. 498.
leueoeephala, Gray, i. 494.
liuillora, Bnith., i. 489.
lonfjUidm, Benth., i. 491.
lutca, Steud., i. 491.
lutcscens, Steud., i. 495, ii.

465.
micrantha, Steud., i. 491.
niicromeria, Gray, i. 499.
vii/lrfo/iatn, Fisch. & Mey.,

i. 498.
minima, Gray, i. 494.
minutidora, Benth., i. 499.
multicaulis, Benth., i. 497.
nudicaulis, Giay, i. 492.
Nuttallii, Gray, i. 492.
Parrya;, Gray, ii. 465.
phnmncenidfK, Hook., i. 489.
polyclndon, Torr., i. 496.
liulchella, Dougl., i. 496.
puniila, Nutt., i. 496.
pungciis, l?enth., i. 493.
punfjois, Hook., i. 493.
pusilla, Benth., i. 489.
Schotlii, Watson, ii. 466.
setosi.ssinia, Gray, i. 494, ii.

465.
sinuala, Dougl., i. 498.
squarrosa, Hook. & Arn., i.

493.
sirictn, Liebm., i. 498.
subnnda, Ton., i. 497.
tenella, Benth., i. 491.
tenuiflora, Benth., i. 498.
tcnidflora, ii. 466.
tricolor, Benth., i. 498.
trifida, Benth., i. 496.
virgata, Steud., i. 495.
viscidula, Gray, i. 494.
Watsoni, Gray, i. 492.
Ginger, Wihl, ii. 101.
Ginger Pine, ii. 115.
Githopsis, Nutt., i. 446.
cnhjcina, Bentli., i. 446.
pukhdla, Vatke, i. 446.
speeularioides, Nutt., i. 446,
ii. 460.
G/andu laria hipinnatifida,

Nutt., i. 609.
Glasswoit, ii. 57.
Glaux, Linn., i. 469.

niaritima, linn., i. 469.
Glossojietalon, Gray, i. 108.
Nevadense, Gray, i. 108, ii.

439.
spinesccns, Gray, i. 108.

Glyceria, R. Br.,ii. 307.

airoides, Tliurli., ii. 308.

aiujnslala, Thurb., ii. 308.

bulbosa, Buckl., ii. 304.

dist.ans, Reiehenb., ii. 308.

festucoeformis, Reiehenb., ii.
308.

fluitans, R. Br., ii.^307.

gluviari.i, Griseb., li. 313.

hptostach ija , Buck!., ii. 308.

maritimn, Reiehenb., ii. 308.

Michaxixii, Kunth, ii. 308.

microthccfi, Buckl., ii. 308.

nervata, Trin., ii. 307.

paucidora, PresI, ii. 308.
Glycosma, Nutt., i. 262.

ambiguum, Gray, i. 262.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 262, ii,
451.

occidentale, Nutt., i. 262.
Ghjjihocnrpa Baueri, Hauipe,

ii. 400.
Glycyrrhiza, Linn., i. 143.

ghttinosa, Nutt., i. 144.

lepidota, Nutt., i. 143, ii.
442.
Glyptojdeura, Eaton, i. 431.

marginata, Eaton, i. 431.

setulosa, Gray, i. 431.
Gnaphaliuni, Linn., i. 341.

Cnlifornicum, DC., i. 341.

decurrens, Ives, i. 341.

filaginoidcs, Hook. & Arn.,
i. 338.

gos^jpinmn, Nutt., i. 342.

luteo-albuin, l>inn., i. 341.

hdco-nlbnm, Auct., i. 341.

wargnrilnccKm, Linn., i. 341.

microceplialum, Nutt., i. 341.

palustre, Nutt., i. 342.

purpureum, Linn., i. 342, ii.
456.

ramosissimum, Nutt., i. 342,
ii. 456.

Sandwicensium, G and ., i. 34 1 .

s]>icalum, Lam., i. 342.

Sprengelii, Hook. & Arn., i.
341.

uliginosum, Linn., i. 342.

■iistuJahim, Nutt., i. 342.

Vira-vira, Molin., i. 341.
Gnetace^;, ii. 108.
Goatnut, ii. 67.
Goat's-beard Grass, ii. 266.
Gobernadora, i. 592.
Godetia, Spaeh, i. 228.

albescens, Lindl., i. 229, ii.
448.

aineena, Lilj., i. 230.

biloba, WaLson, i. 231.

Bottre, Spach, i. 231.

Cavavillcsii, Spaeh, i. 230.

epilobioides, Watson, i.

231.
grandiflora, Lindl., i. 229.

hispidula, Watson, i. 231.

lepida, Lindl., i. 229.

608

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Godetia purpurea, Watson, i.
229, ii. 448.

quadrivulnera, Spach, i. 230,
ii. 448.

Romanzovii, Spaeh, i. 230.

rubicHudti, Liiull., i. 2^51.

tenella, Watson, i. 230, ii.
448.

viminea, Spacb, i. 230.

vinosa, LiiiJl., i. 231.

WiUdenowiana, Spach, i.
229.

Williamsoni, Watson, i. 230.
Goldthread, ii. 427.
Gomphocarpus, K. Brown, i.
477.

cordifolius, Beiith., i. 477.

purpurasceiis. Gray, i. 477,
ii. 463.

tonientosus. Gray, i. 477.
Gonolobiis, Michx., ii. 464.

liastulatus. Gray, ii. 464.
Goodyera, R. Br., ii. 135.

Menziesii, Lindl., ii. 136.
Gooseberry, i. 480.
Goosefoot, ii. 46.
Gossypium Davidsonii, Kcll., i.
82.

herbaceum, Linn., i. 82.
Grama-Grass, ii. 290.
Gramine-e, ii. 253.
Grape, i. 105.
Grape Fern, ii. 331.

Arrow, ii. 199.
Grass, Barnyard, ii. 260.

Beard, ii. 270.

Beckniann's, ii. 264.

Bent, ii. 268, 270, 272, 274.

Bermuda, ii. 292.

Blue, ii. 312.

Blue-eyed, ii. 140.

IMue-joint, ii. 324.

Bristly Foxtail, ii. 260.

Brome, ii. 319.

Brown Bent, ii. 274.

Bunch, ii. 284, 310, 318, 324

California Prairie, ii. 322.

Canary, ii. 264, 265.

Cat's tail, ii. 262.

China, ii. 63.

Cockspur, ii. 261,

Cord, ii. 289.

Cotton, ii. 219.

Couch, ii. 324.

Crab, ii. 258.

Crei-ping Bent, ii. 272.

Cut, ii. 262.

Darnel, ii. 323.

Desert, ii. 300.

Ditch, ii. 193.

Dog's-Tooth, ii. 291.

Drop-seed, ii. 268, 277.

Eel, ii. 191.

lisparto, ii. 284.

Feather, ii. 284.

Fescue, ii. 315.

Finger, ii. 258.

Grass, Fiorin, ii. 272.

Fly-away, ii. 274.

Fowl Jlcadow, ii. 308.

Fox-Tail, ii. 263.

Goat's-beard, ii. 266.

Grama, ii. 290. .

Green Meadow, ii. 312.

Hair, ii. 274, 296.

Hare's, ii. 289.

Holy, ii. 265.

Hungarian, ii. 260.

Italian Hay, ii. 323.

June, ii. 312.

Kentucky Blue, ii. 312.

Lagoon, ii. 324.

Laige-leaved Vanilla, ii. 265.

Lyme, ii. 325.

Jlanna, ii. 307.

Marsh Bent, ii. 272.

Meadow, ii. 308, 311, 312,
313.

Meadow Soft, ii. 299.

Melic, ii. 302.

Nit, ii. 275.

Oat, ii. 298.

Old-Witch, ii. 258.

Orchard, ii. 301.

Panic, ii. 258.

Quack, ii. 324.

Quaking, ii. 315.

Quitch, ii. 324.

Pay, ii. 323.

Peed, Wood, ii. 276.

Peed Bent, ii. 278.

Peed Canary, ii. 265.

Pescue, ii. 322.

Pibbon, ii. 265.

Hough Meadow, ii. 313.

Push, ii. 267.

Saw, ii. 224.

Sheath-flowering, ii. 267.

Slender, ii. 292.

Soft, ii. 299.

Si»ear, ii. 312.

Spike, ii. 305.

Striped, it. 265.

Sweet Vernal, ii. 266.

Triple-awneil, ii. 288.

Vanilla, Large-leaved, ii. 265.

Velvet, ii. 298.

Vernal, Sweet, ii. 266.

White, ii. 262.

White Bent, ii. 272.

Wild-Oat. ii. 294.

Witch, Old, ii. 258.

Wood, Peed, ii. 276.
Grass-of- Parnassus, i. 201.
Grass-wrack, ii. 191.
Gratiola, Linn., i. 570.

ebracteata, Bentli., i. 570.

Virginiana, Linn., i. 570.
Grayia, Hook, k Arn., ii. 56.

Brandegei, Gray, ii. 56.

polygaloides, llook. k Arn.,
ii. 56.

spitwsa, Moq., ii. 56.
Grease Wood, ii. 44. 59.

Greek Valerian, i. 499.
Green Briar, ii. 186.
Green Meailow-Grass, ii. 312.
Grimmia, Lhrh., ii. 377.

ancistrodes, Mont., ii. 379.

aiiocar[)a, Hedw., ii. 377.

atrovircns, Smith, ii. 369.

Californica, Sulliv., ii. 379.

CuHfornica, ii. 379.

calyi)trata. Hook., ii. 380.

conferta. Funk, ii. 377.

coutorta, Schimp., ii. 378.

clongiita, Kaulf., ii. 380.

haniulosa, Lesq., ii. 379.

iiicurva, ii. 378.

Jamesii, Austin, ii. 378.

leucophaia, Grev., ii. 378.

montana, Bruch & Schimp.,
ii. 380.

Muhlenbeckii, Schimp., ii.
378.

Kevii, Muell., ii. 381.

orbicularis, ii. 378.

oviita, Web. k Mohr., ii.
379.

patens, Bruch k Schimp., ii.
380.

pulvinata. Smith, ii. 378.

Scouleri, Muell., ii. 377.

trichophylla, Giev., ii. 378.
GriiKlflia, Wiild., i. 303.

cuncifulia, Nutt., i. 304.

discoidca, Nutt., i. 304.

clutinosa, Dunal, i. 303.

hirsutula. Hook, k Arn., 1.
303.

humilis, Hook, k Arn., i.
304.

integrifolia. DC, i. 304.

latifolia, Kell., i. 304.

nana, Nutt., i. 304.

robusta, Nutt, i. 304.

rubricau/Li, DC, i. 303.

stricla, DC, i. 304.
Gromwell, i. 522.
Grossuhiria, Dill., i. 204.
Ground Cherry, i. 540.

Ivy, i. 590.
Ground-sel, i. 410.
Gruvclia, A. DC, ii. 470.

pusiUii, A. DC, ii. 470.
Gucmbclia calijplrula, Muell.,

ii. 380.
Gum Plant, i. 303.
Gussonia eyperoides, Presl, ii.

223.
Gutierrezia, Lag., i. 302.

Culi/'oDiica, Torr. k Gray, i.
302.

divuricata, Torr. k Gray, i.
302.

Euthamiffi, Torr. k Gray, i.
302.

lineal ifolia. Lag., i. 302.

microcephala. Gray, i. 302.

microphylla, Dur. k Hilg., i.
302.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

509

Gymnadenia, R. Br., ii. 133.

loiujispicn, Duraiid, ii. 134.
Gymnandra rubra, Hook., i.

571.
Gyninogiamme, Desv., ii. 335.

triangulare, Kanlf., ii. 335.
Gymnuspkum^, ii. 108.
Gyinno.sticliiini, Sclircb., ii. 327.

Calir<)inicuiii, Uolander, ii.
327.
Gymiios/illvirjii, Muell., ii. 71.
Gymnostointini, Iledw., ii. 3C0.

calcniciim, Kees & llornscli.,
ii. 360.

curvirostrum, Hcdw., ii. 300.

Heimii, Hedw., ii. 3(J1.

Lfipponicnm, Iledw., ii. 370.

minxUulum, iSchwaegr., ii.
361.

ovalnvi, Ilcdw., ii. 361.

jnjrifonnc, Hedw., ii. 387.

truncalum, Hedw., ii. 301.

Habenaiifi, Willd., ii. 133.

Coopcri, Watson, ii. 135.

dilntnta, ii. 134.

eli'gans, Bolandcr, ii. 133.

flag(dians, Watson, ii. 484.

falidn, Watson, ii. 134.

gracilis, Watson, ii. 135.

hypprhorea, H. Br., ii. 134.

leiu'ostachys, Watson, ii. 134.

pedicellata, Watson, ii. 134.

Schischmarcffiana, Cham., ii.
134.

sparsiflora, Watson, ii. 134.

Thurbcri, Gray, ii. 134.

Unalaschensis, Watson, ii.
133.
Hackberry, ii. 63.
Hair-Grass, ii. 274, 206.
Ilalenia didlcxa, Gristib., i. 478.
IIalouagk.t:, i. 214.
Ilaloslachys occidcntalis, Wat-
son, ii. 58.
Haplojinppux, Benth. & Hook.,

i. 310.
Hare's Grass, ii. 289.
Harpcccnrpns, Niitt., i. 358.

ezigitus, Gray, i. 360.

mndarioidrs, Niitt., i. 360.

mndiirioidci, Uur., i. 301.
Harjiagonella, Gray, i. 531.

Palineri, Gray, i' 532, ii. 470.
Hnrpidium, Sclump., ii. 418.
llnrtmnnnin, DC., i. 361.

cilinta, DC, i. 370.

con/mbosn, DC., i. 302.

fasckulala, DC, i. 302.

'glomcrntn, Nutt., i. 362.

pmir/ni.t, Hook.& Arn.,i.303.
Hastingsin, Watson, ii. 159.

alba, Watson, ii. 159.
Hawkwced, i. 440.
Hazelnut, ii. 100.
Hcdcoma purpurea, Kcll., i.
595.

Iledcoma serpyHoidcs, Toit., i.

598.
Hedge Hyssop, i. 570.

Mustard, i. 40.

Nettle, i. 605.
Hetlgebog-Grass, ii. 261.
lle<l\vigia, Ehrli., ii. 375.

ciliata, Elirli., ii. 375.

pilifr.ra. Mitt., ii. 376.
Heleniuni, Linn., i. 392.

autuniiiale, Linn., i. 393.

Bimdovii, Gray, i. 393.

l?olanderi. Gray, i. 392.

Hooppsii, Gray, i. 392.

laciniatuni. Gray, i. 393,

lanntum, Spreng., i. 381.

Mcxicanum, Torr., i. 393.

puberulum, DC, i. 393.
Hellebore, False, ii. 182.
Heliantliella, Torr. & Gray, i.
352.

Calirornica, Gray, i. 352.

lanceolata, Torr. & Gray, i.
352.

mullicniilis, Eaton, i. 352.

Parryi, Gray, i. 352.

unillora, Torr. & Gray, i. 352.
Heliantbenuni, Tourn., i. 54.

scopariuin, Nutt., i. 54.
Heliantlius, Linn., i. 352.

annuus, Linn., i. 353.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 353.

Californicus, DC, i. 353.

e.xilis. Gray, i. 353, ii. 456.

gvjnntais, Kell., i. 354.

gracilentu-s. Gray, i. 616.

Jloolrrinnns, DC., i. 350.

Initiculnvis, Dongl., i. 353.

hiujifnliiis, Hook., i. 350.

Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, i,
354.

jtetiolaris, Nutt., i. 353.

trp/iro<lr.<!, Gray, i. 354.
Ileliopsis bal savior h iza , Hook.,
i. 348.

tcrcbiiilhncca. Hook., i. 348.
Heliotrope, i. 521.
Heliotro))iuiM, Tourn., i. 521.

con vol vulaceuni. Gray, i. 521

Carnsmvicnm, Linn., i. 521.

Indionni, Linn., i. 521.

inundatuni, Swartz, i. 521.

rernvianuni, Linn., i. 521.
Hclogync, Benth., i. 299.

fnsckulnla, Benth., i. 299.
Hctoxnadiuvi Catifnrv inim,
Hook. & Arn.. i. 200.

k])fopIn/lhcm, Hook. &. Arn.,
i. 259.
IIcloiiuis panicnlatns, Nutt., ii.
184.

(rnit.r, Bursh, ii. 185.
Hcniicarplia, Nees, ii. 220.

occiibMitnlis, Gray, ii. 220.

subs(juariosa, Nees, ii. 220.
Ifemiptilinin, Gray, i. 427.
nigclorii, Grny.'i. 428.

Ham'ptUmm Schotlii, Gray, i.

428.
Ilemitomcs congcsium, Gray, i.

404.
Hemizonella, Gray, i. 360, ii.
457.
Durandi, Gray, i. 360.
minima, Gray, i. 301, ii. 457.
parvula, Gray, i. 360.
Heniizonia, DC, i. 301.
angusfifolia, DC, i. 302.
mi gusti/ol in, Benth., i. 362.
nvgustifolia, Durand, i. 365.
bdlanmifcrn, Kell., i. 362.
congesta, DC, i. 364.
corvnibosa, Torr. & Gray, i.

302.
dccitmbrns, Nutt., i. 362.
Douglasii, Gray, i. 306.
Durnndi, Gra}-, i. 361.
fasciculata, Torr. & Gray, i.

302.
fliprs. Hook. & Am., i. 367.
"Fitchii, Gray, i. 303.
florilainda, Gray, i. 616.
Ficmonti, Gray, i. 305, ii.

457.
frutesoens. Gray, i. 361.
luzulajfolia, DC, i. 364.
niacradenia, DC, i. 363.
macroccplwla, Nutt., i. 362.
minima. Gray, i. 361.
mo! I is. Gray, i. 365, ii. 457.
mii/liarulis, Hook. & Arn.,

i. 302.
niultiglandnlosn. Gray, i.366.
parvula, Gray, i. 300.
jiauciflora, Gray, i. 305.
pluniosa, (-ray, i. 300, ii. 457.
puiigens, Torr. & Gray, i. 363.
ranuisissinia, Bentli., i. 362.
riidis, lU'ulh., i. 364.
scricra. Hook, k Am., i. 364.
tenella. Gray, i. 364.
truniata, Gray, i. 365.
virgata, Gray, i. 363.
Wheeleri, Gray, i. 617.
Hi'nilock Spruce, ii. 120.
Hemp, ii. 63.
Hemp-Nettie, i. 590.
Heraclcum, Linn., i. 271.

lanatum, Micli.x., i. 271.
Herdsgrass, ii. 263, 272.
Hermidium, Watson, ii. 6.

alipes, Watson, ii. 6.
Heri)cstis, Gaertn. f., ii. 474.
pilosa, Benth., i. 569.
rotundiColia, I'ursh, ii. 474.
Hesperclaea Palmeri, Gray, i.

471.
Ift'spnis Mrjiticsii, Hook., i.35.
Hesperocaliis, (5ray, ii. 158.

niululafa, Gray, ii. 158.
Hesperoi'hiron, Wat.son, i. 516.
Californicus, Watson, i. 516,

ii. 408.
fnli/oliits, Kell., i. 516.

510

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Hesperochiron piiuiilus, Porter,

i. 517.
Hesperociiiik', Ton., ii. C4.

teiiella, Torr., ii. (ill.
IJespcroscordiuiii inariliinuin,

Torr., ii. 152.
IIes])eroscordum, Limll., ii. 152.
hi/dciiUhinuin, Limll., ii. 15(5.
ludeum, Liiidl., ii. 156.
Lewisii, Hook., ii. 156.
Hesjieroyucca, Eiigelni., ii. 16-1.
Heterantliera yraniincd, Valil.,

ii. 187.
Heterocodon, Nutt, i. 447.
mini7nu)ii, Kellogg, ii. 444.
rarifloruin, Nutt., i. 447.
Heterogauia, Rothroek, i. 234.

Califoniica, Hotlir., i. 234.
Heteromeles, Kiemer, i. 188.
arbutifolia, liuiiiier, i. 188, ii.
444.
Heterospermum Xauti, Gray, i.

357.
Heteroslachys, Uiig.-Steriib., ii.

58.
Heterostylus, Hook., ii. 193.
graiaineus, Hook., ii. 11)3.
Heterotlieca, Cass., i. 308.
lloribuiula. Gray, i. 308.
granditiora, Nutt., i. 308.
Heiichera, Linn., i. 200.
Barbarossu, I'resl, i. 201.
cylindrica, Doug!., i. 201.
glabra, Willd., i. 201.
hirtiflo7-a, Torr. & Gray, i.

201.
/tis^i'rfiT, Hook. & Arn., i. 201.
lonyipctala, Mo(;., i. r.tO.
Mcnziesii, Hook., i. 197.
inicrantha, Dougl., i. 201.
pilosibsima, Fisch. k Mey.,

i. 201, ii. 445.
rubescens, Torr., i. 200.
Heyderia, Kocb, ii. 116.

decurrens, KocL, li. 116.
Hibiscus, Linn., i. 87.

Californicus, Kell., i. 87, ii.

437.
denudatus, Ikiitli., i. 88.
Moschculos, Torr., i. 88.
Hickory Nut, ii. 100.
Hideondo, i. 92.
Hieraciuin, Tourn., i. 440.
nlbifloruin. Hook., i. 440.
aryutum, Nutt., i. 441.
Bolan.leri, Gray, i. 440.
lircwori, Gray, i. 440.
Cali/oniicum, DC, i. 434.
gracilc, Hook., i. 441.
Scouleri, Hook., i. 440.
tristp, Willd, i. 441.
Hierocliloe, Ginel., ii. 265.
borealis, ii. 265.
macrophylla, Thurb., ii. 265,
Hippuris, Linn., i. 215.

vulgaris, Linn., i. 215.
Hofmeisteria, Walp., i. 298.

Hornieisteriafusciculata.Walp.,
299.
pluri.seta. Gray, i. 299.
Hog'.s Potato, ii. 183.
JIuitziu sqtianusa, Esulisach., i.

493.
Hok-us, Linn., ii. 298.
liinatus, Linn., ii. 299.
nioUi.s, Linn., ii. 299.
Hollisteria, Watson, ii. 481.

lanata, Watson, ii. 482.
Holodiscu.s, Maxim., ii. 443.

discolor, Ma.xini., ii. 443.
Holoiiyinne ylubratu, Larll., i.

384.
Holy Grass, ii. 265.
Ilouudohasdispar, Nutt., i. 153.
■intiltijiorus, Toir. & (iray, i.

153.
midtijionis, Torr., i. 153.
niyrcsccns, Nutt., i. 153.
Iloinojkippus ponicuhUus,
Nutt., i. 312.
racemosa, Nutt., ii. 454.
Honey Mesipiit, i. 163.
Honeysuckle, i. 280.
Hvokcni, Sali.sb., ii. 152.

pulcliclla, Salisb., ii. 154.
Hookeria, Smith, ii. 406.
acutilolia. Hook., ii. 406.
anomala, Muell., ii. 406.
lucens. Smith, ii. 406.
splachnuidcs, Schleich., ii.
386.
Hop, li. 63.
Hop-tree, i. 97.
Hordeuni, Linn., ii. 325.
jubatuni, Linn., ii. 325.
nuirinuni, Liun., ii. 325.
nodosum, Linn., li. 325.
pratensc, Hudson, ii. 325.
pusillum, Nutt., ii. 325.
sccalinuin, Triu., ii. 325.
Horebound, i. 604.
Horkelia, Cham, k Schlecht.,
i. 181.
Holanderi, Gray, i. 182.
Calirornica,Cham.&: Schlecht.,

i. 181.
capitata, Lindl., i. 181.
aipllutu, IJegel., i. 181.
congesta, Hook., i. 181, ii.

444.
coitycsta, Ncwb., i. 182.
ciuicntu, Lindl., i. 181.
fusea, Lindl., i. 181.
dordoni, Hook., i. 183.
vut/lifolioliila, Turr., i. 183.
}.arviJlora, Nutt., i. 181.
purpurascens, Watson, i. 182,

ii. 444.
tenuiloba. Gray, i. 182, ii.

444.
Ti/ingi, Kegel, i. 182.
tridentata, Torr., i. 182.
Hornbeam, ii. 100.
Horned Pondweed, ii. 193.

Horse-chestnut, i. 106.
Horse-radish, i. 43.
Horsc-'Jail, ii. 329.
llobackia, Dougl., i. 133.
(uycitai, Kell., i. 138.
argophylla. Gray, i. 138.
halsami/cra, Kell., i. 135.
bieolor, Dougl., i. 135, ii. 441.
brachycarpa, lienth., i. 137.
crasMfolia, Benth., i. 135.
cnissifolia, Nutt., i. 137.
eytisoides, Benth., i. 138.
decumbens, Benth., i. 138.
dccumbens, Hook. & Arn., i.

138.
elata, Nutt., i. 137.
floribumla, Nutt., i. 137.
glabra, Torr., i. 137.
gracilis, Benth., i. 135.
grandillora, Benth., i. 136, ii.

441.
Hcermanni, Dur. &. Hilg., i.

139.
Ilccrmanni, Anders., i. 138.
incana, Torr., i. 134, ii. 441.
juncea, Benth., i. 138.
lathyruidcs, Dur. k Hilg., i.

135.
macrophylla, Kell., i. 135.
niaritima, Nutt., i. 136.
inicrantha, Nutt., i. 138, ii.

441.
microphylla, Nutt., i. 136.
)nol/is, Nutt., i. 137.
nudiilora, Nutt., i. 136.
oliloiigiiblia, Benth., i. 135.
ochroleuca, Nutt., i. 136.
parvillora, Benth., i. 136.
pilosa, Nutt., i. 137.
platycarpa, Nutt., i. 135.
jirostrata, Nutt., i. 138.
jmberula, Benth., i. 136.
Purshiana, Benth., i. 137.
rigida, Benth., i. 136, ii. 441.
rubella, Nutt., i. 136.
scoparia, Nutt., i. 137.
sericea, P.enth., i. 138.
stipularis, Benth., i. 134.
stohniifcra, Limll., i. 135.
strigosa, Nutt., i. 136, ii. 441.
subpinnatii, Torr. & Gray, i.

137, ii. 441.
tonientosa, Huok. k Arn , i.

131).
Torreyi, Gray, i. 135.
Wrightii, (iray, i. 136.
Ho\ind's-tongue, i. 530.
Jlouttui/nia Califoniica, Benth.

k ilook. ii."483.
Ilitgclia, Iknth., i. 495.
dcnsifolia, Benth., i. 495.
clomjata, B.-nth., i. 495.
lulca, Benth., i. 495, ii. 466.
virgata, Benth., i. 495.
Hulseii, Torr. k Gray, i. 385.
algida. Gray, 386.
brevifolin. Gray, i. 386.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

511

Californica, Torr. & Gi-ay, i.

386.
heteiochioma, Giay, i. 386,

ii. 457.
nana, Gray, i. 386, ii. 457.
Pairyi, Gray, ii. 457.
vestita, Gray, i. 387, ii. 4.57.
Huiimlus Lui)uliis, Linn., ii.63.
Ihilchinsia cali/cimi, Desv., i.

42.
Hvr)i!()CHAUinACK.«, ii. 129.
Ilydrocotyle, Touin., i. 254.
proiilera, Kell., i. 254.
ranunculoides, Linn, f., i.

254, ii. 451.
vulgaris, Cham. & Schlech.,

i. 254.
Hydrofhyi.i.ace.'e, i. 501.
llydrophylluni, Tonrn., i. 502.
capitatuin, Doiigl., i. 502.
cnpitatmn, Torr., i. 503.
liiicarc, I'lirsh, i. 510.
macrophyllum, Watson, i.

503.
occidentalp. Gray, i. 503.
Virginicuin, Linn., i. 502.
Hylvcomium loreum, Schiuip.,

ii. 421.
sphnidens, Scliinip., ii. 420.
triquclrum, Schinip. , ii. 420.
Hynienoclea, Torr. & Gray, i.

343.
monogyro, Torr. k Gray, i.

344.
Salsola, Torr. & Gray, i. 344.
Hijmenonema glaxicam, Hook.,

i. 425.
laci)iiatum, Hook., i. 424.
Hymenopappus, L'Hcr., i. 617.
Donglasii, Hook., i. 391.
luteus, Nutt., i. 617.
Kevadcnsis, Ktdl., i. 391.
Hymcnoxys, Torr. k. Gray, i.

378.
Californica, Hook., i. 378.
caJva, Torr. & Gray, i. 378.
mulicn, Torr. & Gray, i. 378.
HypekicacK/K, i. 80.
Hypericum, Linn., i. 81.
anagalloides, Cham, k

Scldecht., i. 81.
hradcatum, Ktdl., i. 81.
conoinnum, Ht-nth., i. 81, ii.

436.
formosnni, HBK., i. 81.
Scoulcri, Hook , i. 81.
Hypnnm, Dill., ii. 410.
acanlhonexiTon, Schwa'gr., ii.

397.
aculicuspis. Mitt., ii. 414.
aduncnni, Hedw., ii. 418.
aggrpgatum. Mitt., ii. 414.
Alleghanicnse, Muell., ii. 416.
arcticum, Sommerf., ii. 420.
arenariuni, Lfst]., ii. 412.
asperrimum, Mitt., ii. 413.
Bigelovii, Snlliv., ii. 416.

Hypnum Blandowii, Web. k I

Mohr., ii. 411. I

hiandnin. Hook., ii. 415.
Bolanderi, Lescj., ii. 413.
Brewerianutn, Lesi]., ii. 414,
Brcwerianum, ii. 414.
c;T;spitosnni, Wils., ii. 414.
Calirornicum, Lesi]., ii. 415.
calyptratnin, Sulliv., ii. 410,
circiiialc, Hook., ii. 420.
coUinnm, Scldcii li., ii. 412.
col|iopliylhiin, Sulliv., ii.

410.
coinnmtatum, Hedw., ii. 419,
•^onipnc'tum, Muell., ii. 417.
cdinpiessulum, Muell., ii. 41 4
cnn/ejfiini, Hedw., ii. 418.
crispiloliuin. Hook., ii. 410.
deelivum. Mitt., ii. 413.
dentii'ulatuni, Linn., ii. 416
eleganw. Hook., ii. 417.
cugyriuni, Scliinip., ii. 420.
e.\aniiulatuni, Guenib., ii.

418.
fertile, Sendt, ii. 419.
filicinum, Linn., ii. 419.
fluitans, Linn., ii. 419.
Hillebrandi, Les(i., ii. 413.
iliecebrum, Schwajgr., ii. 414.
Lxtuni, Bridel, ii. 412.
la.xifolium, Schwa'gr., ii.

410.
leucocladulum, Muell., ii,

414.
Icuconeurum, Sulliv. k Lesq.

ii. 411.
lorcuni. Dill., ii. 421.
lutescen.s, Huds., ii. 411.
megapfihim, Sulliv., ii. 412.
niyosiiroides, Linn., ii. 414.
vujosuroidcs, ii. 414.
neckeroides, Mitt, ii. 416.
Nevadense, Les<|., ii. 412.
volerophiluui, Sulliv., ii. 418,
Nuttallii, Wils., ii. 411.
ochraccum. Turner, ii. 420.
Oreganuni, Sulliv., ii. 416.
ortlwcladon, Beauv., ii. 418.
pinnatifidum, Sulliv. k Lesip,

ii. 412.
phLinifrr, Mitt., ii. 420.
poiiulcuni, Hedw., ii. 413.
pseudoscriceum, Muell., ii.

412.
pulchellum, Dicks., ii. 417.
pulcheJlum, Hedw., ii. 415.
radiarle, Beauv., ii. 418.
ramuJnsnm, Hanipe, ii. 410.
riparioidfs, Hedw., ii. 415.
ripariuni, Linn., ii. 418.
robustuni. Hook., ii. 417.
Poya", Austin, ii. 415.
rnsdfulium, Necker, ii. 415.
rusciforme, Weiss, ii. 415.
rutabulum, Linn., ii. 413.
salebiosuni, Hollm., ii. 413.
Srquoiri;, Muell., ii. 420.

Hypnnm serpens, Linn., ii. 418.

sjnmiloRuiii, Hedw., ii. 418.

.siileiidens, Hedw., ii. 420.

Stokesii, Turner, ii. 415.

stolonit'eiuni, Hook., ii. 414.

stiigosuni, Hofl'm., ii. 415.

subiiiii)onens, Lesq., ii. 419.

sylvaticum, Linn., ii. 417.

triclioplioiuni. Spruce, ii. 417.

tri(iuetiuin, I..inn., ii. 420.

turlaceuni, Lindb., ii. 417.

uncinatuni, Hedw., ii. 419.

uiidiihitum, Linn., ii. 417.

vnUiinn, ii. 413.

Wliiiipleanum, Sulliv., ii.
410.
Hypochajris, Linn., i. 430.

glabra, Linn., i. 430.
Iljipopltys, Dill., i. 463,
Hvptis, Jacq., i. 591.

albida, HBK., i. 591.

Emoryi, Torr., i. 591.

lannta, Torr., i. 591.

laniliora, Bentb., i. 591.

polystnchya, HBK., i. 591.

teplirodes, Gray, i. 591.
Hyssop, i. 590.

Hyssopus officinalis, Linn., i.
590.

Idria columnaris, Kell., i. 79.
Ilex Myrsinitcs, Pursh, i. 99.
H.LF.cr.nuArF.^:, i. 72.
Ilysnntlies, Pal., i. 570.

gratioloides, I'eiitli., i. 571.
Impatiens, Linn., i. 93.

Balsaniina, Linn., i. 93.

iulva, Nutt., i. 93.

pallida, Nutt., i. 93.
Indian Hemp., i. 473.

Pipe, i. 4G2.
Infantca C/iHen-iis, Gay, i. 38^
Iponifca, Linn., ii. 470.

Nil, Meissn., i. 533.

purpurea. Lam., i. 533, ii.
470.

saqittifolia, Hook, k Arn., i.
534.
Ipornopsis elegans, Lindl., i. 496.

inamspicua. Smith, i. 498.
HiiDAUEiE, ii. 138.
Iris, Touin., ii. 139.

Jkcchcyann, Herb., ii. 139.

Douglasiana, Herb., ii. 139.

Hartwegi, Baktr, ii. 139.

longipetala. Herb., ii. 140,
484.

macrosiidion, Torr., ii. 139,
484.

Miasouriensis, Nutt., ii. 140.

tena.x, Dougl., ii. 140.

Tolmicana, Herb., ii. 140.
Ironwood, i. 157, ii. 100.
Ischasmnm, Linn., ii. 261.

leersioides, Munro, ii. 262.
Isoetes, Linn., ii. 350.

Bolanderi, Engelni., ii. 350.

512

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Isoetes Nuttallii, Al. Br., ii. 351.

pygmica, Eiigelm., ii. 351.
Isolepis, ii. 217.

caHmila, Hook, k Ain., ii.
217.

koilohpis, Steiul., ii. 217.

leptocaulis, Terr., ii. 217.

rip:iria, R. iir., ii. 217.
Isomeris, Nutt., i. 50.

avboit'a, Nutt., i. 50.
Isopappus, Nutt., i. 310.
Isoi)yrum, Linn., i. 9.

Clartii, Kellogg, ii. 427.

Hallii, Gray, ii. 427.

occiilentale, Hoolc. k Am.,
i. 9.

stipitatum. Gray, ii. 427.

Isotheciiuii vu/oxuroidcs,
Biid., ii. 414.
Italian Kay-Grass, ii. 323.
Iva, Linn., i. 343.

axillaris, Pursli, i. 343.

Hayesiana, Gray, i. 615.
Ivesia, Torr. k Gray, i. 182.

Baileyi, Watson, i. 184.

depauperata. Gray, i. 184.

Gonloni, Torr. k Gray, i. 183.

gracilis, Torr. k Gra}', i. 184.

Kingii, Watson, i. 184.

lycopodioidcs, Gray, i. 183.

Muirii, Gray, i. 183.

Pickeringii, Torr., i. 182.

jnjgmccti, Gray, i. 183.

santalinoides, Gray, i. 183.

tridcntata, Gray, i. 182.

unguiculala, Gray, i. 183, ii.
444.

Webberi, Gray, i. 183.

Jacob im'a Californica, Nees, i.

589.
Jamesia pauciflora, Nees, i. 428.
jauniea, Pers., i. 371.

carnosa, Gray, i. 372.
Jerusalem Oak, ii. 47.
Jewel-weed, i. 93.
Judas-tree, i. 160.

JUGLAND.\.CE.E, ii. 92.

Juglans, Linn., ii. 92.

Californica, Watson, ii. 93.

1-upestri.s, Engelm., ii. 93.

rnpestris, Torr., ii. 93.
JUNCACE.E, ii. 201.
Juncellus, ii. 214.
Jnncus, Linn., ii. 203.

acaniinalus, ii. 209.

acutus, Lam., ii. 205.

acuius, ii. 204.

Balticu.s, Detli., ii. 205.

Ballicns, Benth., ii. 205.

Bolandeii, lingclui., ii. 208.

Breweri, Engelm., ii. 205.

bnfonius, Linn., ii. 206.

chlorocephalus, Engelin., ii.
210.

comviunis, Meyer, ii. 206.

compressus, HHK., ii. 205.

Jnncus Cooperi, Engelm., ii.
205.

Drummondii, Jleyer, ii. 206.

duliius, Engelm., ii. 209.

ellusus, Linn., ii. 206.

falcatus, Meyer, ii. 207.

Lesenrii, Bolander, ii. 205.

longistylis, Torr., ii. 208.

Mcnzicsii, W. Br., ii. 207.

Mertensianus, Meyer, ii. 210.

Nevadensis, Watson, ii. 209.

nodosus, Linn., ii. 208.

obtusatus, Engelm., ii. 208.

o.\yuieris, Engelm., ii. 209.

Parryi, Engelm., ii. 206.

patens, Meyer, ii. 206.

pha-oceplialus, Engelm., ii.
209.

piclus, Philippi, ii. 205.

robuitus, Watson, ii. 204.

siujinoidcs, Engelm., ii. 207.

supinifonnis, Engelm., ii. 208.

tennis, Willd., ii. 207.

triformis, Engelm., ii. 207.

xipliioides, Aleyer, ii. 209.
June-Grass, ii. 312.
Juneberry, i. 189.
Juniper, ii. 112.
Juniperus, Linn., ii. 112.

andina, Nutt., ii. 113.

Californica, Carr., ii. 113.

Cerrosinnus, Kellogg, ii. 113.

communis, Linn., ii. 113.

occidentalis. Hook., ii. 113.

occidental is, ii. 113.
Jnssia-a, I-inn., i.. 217.

repens, Linn., i. 217.

KallslrKmia grandljloia, Torr.,
i. 91.

iruixima, Torr. k Gray, i.
91.
Kalmia, Linn., i. 456.

glauca, Linn., i. 457.
Karwinskia, Zncc, i. 100.

Humboldtiaiui, Zuce., i. 100.
Kelloggia, Torr., i. 282.

galioides, Torr., i. 282, ii. 452.
Kcntrophyta, Nutt., i. 156.
Kentucky Blue-Grass, ii. 312.
Kinnikinick, i. 453.
Knot weed, ii. 10.
Kochia, Both, ii. 45.

Americana, Watson, ii. 45.

proslrattt, ii. 45.
Koeleria, Pers., ii. 301.

ciistata, Pers., ii. 301.

vitida, Nutt., ii. 302.

truncala, Torr., ii. 302.
Krameria, Linn., i. 59.

cancscens, Gray, i. 60.

lanceolata, Torr., i. 60.

l)arvifolia, Benth., i. 60.
Knjiiitzkia, Fisch. k Mey., i.
527.

leiocarpa, Fisch. k Mey., i.
.'i28.

Kijmaphura helerophyUa,
Nutt., i. 439.

Labiat.e, i. 589.
Labrador Tea, i. 458.
Lace- Fern, ii. 338.
l>ace-Pod, i. 49.
LachnosKuna, HBK., i. 620.

hastulatum. Gray, i. 620, ii.
464.
Lactuca, Tourn., i. 442.

Canadensis, Linn., i. 619.

intcgrifolia, Nutt., i. 442.

leucophaja, Sibth., i. 442.

pulcliella, DC, i. 442.
Latlies' Tresses, ii. 135.
I,ady-Fern, ii. 344.
Lady's Mantle, i. 185.
Lady's Slipper, ii. 137.
Lagoon-Grass, ii. 324.
Lagopliylla, Nutt, i. 367.

dichotoma, Benth., i. 367.

filipes. Gray, i. 367.

minima, Kell., i. 367.

ramosissima, Nutt., i. 367.
LaijolJtaninus, Nutt., i. 4<i7.

uhibiguus, Nutt., i. 407.

microphyllus, Nutt., i. 407.
Lamarckia, Moench, ii. 299.

aurea, Moench, ii. 299.
Lamb's Quarters, ii. 46.
Laniinm amplexicaule, Linn.,

i. 590.
Laphamia, Gray, i. 396.
Larch, Western, ii. 112.
Larix, Mill., ii. 112.

lAallii, Parlat., ii. 112.

occidentalis, Nutt., ii. 112.
Larkspur, i. 10.
Larrea, Cav., i. 92.

Mexicana, Moric, i. 92.
Lastarriita, Remy, ii. 39.

Chilensis, Remy, ii. 39.
Lasthenia, Cii.ss.,"i. 384.

ambiiiaa. Gray, i. 382.

Cnlijfornica, Lindl., i. 384.

glal)errima, DC, i. 384.

glabrata, Lindl., i. 384, ii.
457.
Ln.itraaarqula,'Q\aik., ii. 346.
Lathyrus, Linn., i. 158.

albus, Wat.son, ii. 442.

Califomicus, Dougl., i. 158.

dcc'iphijllits. Hook., i. 159.

dccnpliyllus, Hook, k Arn.,
i. 159.

dissilifuliiis, Nutt., i. 158.

Lnmzxne.Hii, Kell., i. 159.

linearis, Nutt., i. 158.

littoralis, Endl., i. 160.

maritinnis, Bigel., i. 158.

VKirdinius, Torr., i. 159.

inydifolius, Muhl., i. 159.

Nevadensis, Watson, i. 160,
ii. 442.

ochroleucns, Torr., i. 159.

ornatn.s. Nutt., i. 160.

INDEX OF (iKNKKA A^'D SPECIKS.

Lntliyrug pnliister, Ijiiin., i. LID.

polymoinlms, Nutt., i. IfiO.

iwlyiihyllus, Nutt., i. 158.

pvbcsccn.t, Nutt., i. 159.

splendcns, Kellogg, ii. 442.

sirichis, Nutt., i. 159.

sulphureus. Brewer, i. 159.

Toneyi, Gray, i. 160.

venosus, Mulil., i. 159.

venosHS, Torr. & Gray, i. 159.

vcnosu.i, Ton., i. 159, 1(30.

vestitus, Nutt., i. 159, ii.
442.

vi/losim, Torr., i. 160.
Laurack^;, ii. 60.
Laurel, i. 350, California, ii. 61.
Laurentin, Mich., i. 443.

carnosuia, Hentli., i. 444.
Tyaurocerasus, i. 168.
Lavatera, Linn., i. 82.

ussurgeiitifolia, Keli.,i. 83, ii.
437.

insnlaris, Watson, ii. 437.

dccidentalis, Watson, i. 83.

venosa, Watson, ii. 437.
Layia, Hook. & Am., i. 368.

ealiiglossa, Gray, i. 370.

carnosa, Torr. k Gray, i. 369.

clirvsanthenioides, Gray, i.
370.

Dongiasii, Hook. & Arn., i.
370.

clegans, Torr. k Gray, i. 369.

Friniontii, Gray, i. 370.

gaillurdioides. Hook. & Am.,
i. 369.

ginndulo.sa, Hook, k Arn., i.
368.

lieterotricha. Hook, k Arn.,
i. 368.

Licracioides, Hook. & Am.,
i. 369.

Nco-Mcxicana, Gray, i. 368.

pentachreta, Gray, i. 369.

platyglossa, Gray, i. 370.
l.eatherwood, ii. 61.
Ledum, Linn., i. 458.

glaiululosuni, Nutt., i. 459.

l)aiustr(', Linn., i. 459.
Leek, ii. 146.
Lcersia, Soland., ii. 262.

oryzoidcs, Swartz, ii. 262.
Lcersia ciliata, Hedw., ii. 386.
Leguminos^, i. 111.
Leninionia, Gray, ii. 468.

Californica, Gray, ii. 468.
Lenina, Linn., ii. 189.

giblia, Linn., ii. 190.

minor, Linii., ii. 190.

paucicostata, Hegelm.,ii.l90.

jwlyrrhiza, Linn., ii. 190.

I'orrci/i, Austin, ii. 190.

trisulca, Linn., ii. 189.

Valdiviana, Philippi, ii. 189.
Lemnack^-,, ii. 189.
Ler^a nnimilla, i. 15.
J ennoa, Llav. k Lex., i. 464.

Lennoace^t:, i. 464.
Lentibulauieve, i. 586.
Lcontodon borcale, DC, i. 440.

Taraxacum, Linn., i. 439.
Leonurus Cardiaca, Linn., i.
590.
Sibiricus, Linn., i. 590.
Lcpidanlhus suavcolens, Nutt.,

i. 401.
Lepidiuni, Linn., i. 45.
alyssoides. Gray, i. 47.
canipestre, Linn., ii. 432.
dictyotum, Gray, i. 45, ii.

432.
Draba, Linn., ii. 432.
flavum, Torr., i. 46.
Freniontii, Watson, i. 47.
interniedinni, (^ray, i. 47.
lasiocarjMini, Nutt., i. 46.
latipes, Hook., i. 45.
Icioatrpum, Hook, k Arn., i.

46.
Jlenzicsii, D(\, i. 46.
inontanuni, Nutt., i. 47, ii.

432.
nanuni, Watson, ii. 432.
nitiduni, Nutt., i. 46, ii. 432.
o.xycaryuni, Torr. k Gray, i.

46, ii. 432.
Wrigbtii, Gray, i. 46.
Lcpidnncma, Fiscli. & Mcy., i.

423.
Lrpidoslrphan us madioidcs,

Hartl., i. 371.
Lrpidolhccn, Nutt., i. 401.
Lepigonuni, Juries, i. 71.
niacrotbecuin, Fi.scli. & Mey.,

i. 71, ii. 435.
medium. Fries, i. 71.
Lcpilmna brcvifolia, Torr., ii.

307.
Leptanthus gramineus, Midix.,

ii. 187.
Leptari-hcna invndata, Behr.,

i. 193.
l>eptobryum, Subinij>., ii. 389.
pyrifoinie, Soliiuip., ii. 389.
Leptorlilon, Bcauv., ii. 292.
fascicularis. Gray, ii. 292.
im])rii;ata, Tburl)., ii. 293.
Leplodric/i/lon, Hook. & Arn.,
i. 492.
Cnliforvicuv}, Hook. & Am.,
i.492.
Lrplodmi circwatus, Sulliv., ii.

409.
Leptohymenium crislalum,
Hauipe, ii. 407.
duplicrilo-scrratum, Hanipe,
ii. 407.
Lcpfosrris, Nutt., i. 432.

sovcliiiidrs, Nutt., i. 434.
Lcptosip/inn, Bentb., i. 491.
a)idrosiicnis, BentI)., i. 491.
bicolor, Nutt., i. 491.
drnsift.iius, i'.cntli., i. 491.
gnivdijlortis, Beiitli., i. 491.

Lrplosiphon luleus, Bentb., i.
491.

parviflnrus, Bentb., i. 491.

parviflorus. Hook, f., i. 491.
Lcptosvne, DC, i. 355.

Douglasii, DC, i. 356.

gigantea, Kell., i. 356.

maritima, Gray, i. 356, n.
457.

Newberryi, Gray, i. 356.

Stillmani, Gray, i. 356.
Lcplotwniii, Nutt., i. 271.

Cnlifornka, Nutt., i. 272.

dissrr/a, Nutt., i. 271.

mullifda, Nutt., i. 271.
Leptotricbinn, Hnmpe, ii. 366.

fle.\icaiib>, Hanipe, ii. 366.

Scbini]K'ri, Lestj , ii. 366.
Le])furus, 1{. Br., ii. 322.

J^olandi'ri, Tiiurb., ii. 322.

panicubxtus, Nutt., ii. 322.
Leskea, Hedw., ii. 407.

Californica, Hanipe, ii. 411.

laxifolia. Hook., ii. 410.

litems, Schwaegr., ii. 406.

])olycarpa, Elirb., ii. 406.

pulchclla, Hedw., ii. 417.
Lessingia, Cham., i. 306.

Gennanorum, Cliani., i. 307.

leptoclida, Gray, i. 308.

nana. Gray, i. 307.

raniulosa, Gray, i. 307.

virgafa. Gray, i. 308.
Lettuce, i. 422, 442.
Lcucanthcmuni vulgarc, Lam.,

i. 401.
Leucocrimim, Nutt., ii. 157.

montanuni, Nutt., ii. 157.
Lcucoseris, Nutt., i. 432.

Californica, Nutt., i. 434.

saoMtilis, Nutt., i. 434.

tcnuifolia, Nutt., i. 434.
Leucotiioe, Don, i. 455.

Davisifc, Gray, i. 455, ii. 461.
Lewisia, Pursli, i. 78.

alba, Kell., i. 78.

bracbycalyx, Engelm.,i. 79.

rediviva, "Pursb, i. 78.
Libocedrus, Endl., ii. 115.

decuiTen.s, Torr., ii. 116.
Ligusticum, Linn., i. 264.

apiifolium, Bentb. k Hook.,
i. 264, ii. 451.

scopulorum, Gray, i. 264.
Lilac, i. 102.
Lil.-va, HBK., ii. 193.

subulata, HBK., ii. 193.
LiLiACE.?:, ii. 143.
Liliorhiza, Kellogg, ii. 168.

lanccolafa, Kellogg, ii. 168.
Lilium, Linn., ii. 165.

Bloomcnaimm, Kellogg, ii.
167.

Californicum, Lindl., ii. 167.

VanadrnHc, ii. 166, 167.

Goluinliiaiiuni, Hanson, ii.
167.

514

INDKX UF (JENERA AND Sl'KCIES.

Lilium Ilumboldtii, lioezl k
Lcichtl., ii. 1(J7.
lucidum, lCello^'<,', ii. Iti?.
inniiliinuin, Kulld^';,', ii. I lit'.,
mrdaliimiu, Kellog;,', ii. lOO.
runyi, Watson, ii. 165.
parvuin, Kellogg, ii. 106.
pndicum, Piirsh, ii. 170.
I'oczli, Kegel, ii. 167.
nibeseens, Watson, ii. 166.
superham, ii. 167.
Washiiigtonianuin, Kellogg,

ii. 105.
JFashingtonianiiDi, ii. 166.
Lily, ii. 165.

Liiniiantlies, R. Hrown, i. it.'),
alba, Haitw., i. Ii5, ii. 4:58.
Donglasii, \i. Br., i. y5, ii.

438.
rosea, Hartw., i. 95, ii. 438.
Limnobiiim ciiiji/riuiii, Biiicli &:
Scliiiiip., ii'. 42U.
ochrace.uiii, Bruch k Schimp.,
ii. 420.
Liinosella, Linn., i. ,'i7l.
acjuatica, Linn., i. 571.
tenuifolia, Nutt., i. 571.
LiNACKiE, i. 88.
Liiianthus dichuloiiius, Bcntli.,

i. 490.
Linaria, Tourn., i. 548.

Canadensis, Duni., i. 548.
Linnsea, Gronov., 1. 278.

borealis, Gronov., i. 278, ii.
452.
Linosijris, Toir. & Gray, i. 314.
albiaiulis, Toir. & (^.rav. i. I

317.
arborescens. Gray, i. 315. i
ccntminoso, Dur. i: llilg., i. '
316. I

ymvculcns, Torr. & Gray, i.

317.
Howardii, Pany, i. 316. |

serrulnta, Torr., i. 318. i

Sonoriensis, (Jniy, i. 314.
sqiiainata, Gray, i. 408. '

krclifuUa, Dur. k llilg., i. I

316. !
viscid/flora, Torr. k Gray, i. |

317. ■ I
viscidiflora, Gr.iy, i. 317.

Liniim, Linn., i. 89. '■

adenopbylluni, Gray, 1. 90. i
aristatuni, Engehn., i. 89. i
Breweri, Gray, i. 90, ii. 438.
Californicnni,' Bentli., i. 90.
congestuni. Gray, i. 90.
decurrcuH, Kidl., i. 89.
digynuni, Gray, i. 89, ii. 438.
Kingii, Watson, 1. 89.
niicranthnin, Gray, i. 90, ii. I

438.
peienne, Linn., i. 89.
sperguliniam. Gray, i. 90.
trisepiiliiiii, Kell., i. 54.
usitatissimuni, l.inn., i. 8!1

Lip-Fern, ii. 336.
Lippia, Linn., i. 609.
eitriodora, II BK., i. 609.
Iducailala, Torr., i. 610.
lycioides, Steud., i. 610.
nodillora, Micli.x., i. 010.
LitpiDrice, i. 143.
lAniaullLUS exaltatus, Lam., i.
621.
glaucifolius, ,]nc(\., i. 621.
Li.stera, ■ K. Br., ii. 136.
uonvallarioides, Nutt., ii. 136.
cordata, IL i5r., ii. 130.
Esc/tschuhzia/ui, Gliani., ii.
136.
Lit/io/i/ir(t(jina, Nutt., i. 197.
ajlliiis. Gray, i. 198.
Bolandcri, Gray, i. 198.
Uijntbaluria, Torr. k Gray, i.

198.
fjlubra, Nutt., i. 199.
heteroplnjlla, Torr. & Grav, i.

198.
par vi flora, Nutt., i. 198.
tcnc/la, Nutt., i. 199.
Litlios|ierniuni, Tourn., i. 522.
Calit'ornicuni, Gray, i. 522.
aniesceits, Torr., i. 522.
circumscissuin, llook.i; Arn.,

i. 527.
hjcopsoidcs, Leliin., i. 524.
pilosuni, Nutt., i. 522.
radcrale, Dougl., i. 522.
Lithrcca, Miers, i. 111.

laurina, Wall.., '• HL
Live Oak, ii. 96.

Calit'ornian, ii. 97.
Lloydia serotina, Ki'icJicnli., ii.

145.
Loas.\(;k.ib, i. 23.').
Lobelia, Linn., i. 619.
carnosula, Hook, k Am., i.

444.
.splendens, Wiild., i. 619.
LouKMACE.*:, i. 443, 619.
La-llingia, Linn., i. 71.
squarrosa, Nutt., i. 72, ii.

435.
Tcxana, Hook., i. 72.
Loeselia, Linn., i. 500, 021.
eirusu, (>ray, i. 021.
Matthewsii, Gray, ii- 466.
Scliottii, Gray, ii. 466.
tenuifolia, (!ray, i. 500.
LooANiAci:^, i. 485.
Lolium, Linn., ii. 323.
(ir venae, With., ii. 323.
Ilaliaim, Braun, ii. 323.
linknhi, Sondcr, ii. 323.
multiflorum. Lam., ii. 323.
l)erenne, Linn., ii. 323.
temulentum, Linn., ii. 323.
Lonicera, Linn., i. 280.
Brcivcri, Gray, i. 281.
Cierulea, Linn., i. 281.
Californiai, Torr. k (J ray, i.
280.

Lonicera, ciliosa, Poir., i. 280,
ii. 452.

cilivsa, Hook, k Am., i. 280.

eoiijugialis, Kellogg, i. 281.

lii-si-idula, Dougl., i. 280.

Ledcbuuri, Eseli., i. 281.

intermedia, Kell., i. 281.

inlerrupta, Benth., i. 280.

involuerata. Banks, i. 280.

mierophijlla, Hook., i. 280.

uccidcntdle. Hook., ii. 452.

pilosa, Kell., i. 280.

sempervirens, Ait., i. 280.

suhsj)icala, Hook, k Arn., i.
280.
Loosestrife, i. 214.
Lophantbus, Bentli., i. 002.

anisatus, Bentli., i. 602.

urticifolius, I5enth., i. 602.
Lopboehhena, Nees, ii. 306.

Californica, Nees, ii. 300.

refraeta, Gray, ii. 307.
LOKANTIIACK^, ii. 104.
Lotus inkrantlius, Bentli., i.
136.

j)in)iutus. Hook., i. 135.

nubj/iunatus. Lag., i. 137.
Lousewort, i. 582.
Lucerne, i. 132.
Ludwigia, Linn., i. 217.

[.alustris, Kll., i. 217.

Ac«i;;-/«,s-n(/(t, Kellogg, ii. 447.
Luina, Bentli., i. 408.

bvpolenca, Bentli., i. 409.
Luiiine, i. 115.
Lupinus, Linn., i. 115.

aliiiiis, Ag., i. 122.

all)iciiulis, Dougl., i. 118.

albifrons, Bentli., i. 117.

Aniieisoni, Watson, i. 120.

arboreus, Sims, i. 117.

tnbtisttts, Dougl., i. 121.

argenteus, Pursb, i. 121.

aridus, Dougl., i. 122.

Aiizonicus, Watson, ii. 4 40.

biculor, Liiidl., i. 123.

brevicaulis, Watson, i. 125.

lireweri. Gray, i. 122, ii. 440.

Bridgesu, Grav, i. 125.

Buikei, Watson, i. 118.

calcaiatus, Kellogg, i. 121.

candatits, Kellogg, i. 121.

ccrvinus. Kellogg, i. 122.

("baniissonis, Kscli., i. 117, ii.
439.

citiinus, Kellogg, ii. 440.

concinnus, Ag.,i. 124, ii.440.

confei tus, Kell., i. 120, ii. 439.

CJjtisoides, Ag., i. 118.

htnans, Gray, i. 122.

densillorus, Bentli., i. 124, ii.
440.

Donglasii, Ag., i. 117.

gracilis, Ag., i. 124.

(/rdndijlorus, Lnidl., i. 118.

(;rayi,"Watson,i.ll9, ii.439.

birsuti-ssinius. Bentb.. i. l.'t.

INDEX OF GEInERA AND SrECIES.

515

IjUIuhus liolosericens, Nutt., i.

121.
lac/cus, Kellogg, i. 124.
Intifolhis, Ag., i. 11 «.
lii.xidorus, Doug]., i. 121, ii.

440.
lepidiis, Doiii^l., i. 120.
leptoi.hyllus.-Bi-nth., i. 123.
leucoiiliyllus, Dougl., i. Ill),

ii. 43i).
litloniliH, Dougl., i. US.
lulcolu.s, Kellogg, i. 125.
Lynllii, day, i. 122.
vma-oi-niyus, J look, k Ami.,

i. 117.
macrocarpiis. Ton-., i. 117.
iniUMoiiliyiltis, Reiitli.,i. 118.
nieioiiaiithus, Gray, i. 12].
Mcnzicsii, Ag., i. 125.
micranthus, Dougl., i. 123,

ii. 440.
microcarpus, Siuis, i. 12i.
minimus, Dougl., i. 122.'
nanus, Dougl., i. 123, ii. 440.
iiiveus, AVatson, i. 120.
Nutkatcnsis, Sims, i. 118.
onustus, Watson, i. 120.
oinatus, Doug!., i. 119. ii.

439.
Palmcri, "Watson, i. 120.
jmlustvis, Kellogg, i. 12!.
parvidorus, Nutt., i. 120.
pliimofiiis, Dougl., i. 119.
polyphylius, LiiuU., i. 117.
jwh/phi/lhts, Wntson, i. 118.
])usillus,ruisli, i. 125, ii. 440.
livularia, Dougl., i. 118.
ririihirifi, Ag., i. 117.
• Sabinii, Dougl., i. 118.
sel/ulus, Kellogg, i. 120.
sericeus, Pursli, i. 119, ii.

439.
xericrus. Hook. & Ain.,i. 117.
Sileri, Watson, i. 125.
Sitgivavpsii, Watson, i. 119.
sj)arsillorus, Bentli., i. 123.
Stiveri, Kellogg, i. 123.
Torrnji, Cray, i. 120.
trifnlus. Ton., ii. 440.
truncatus, Nutt., i. 123.
uncialis, Watson, i. 125.
versicolor, Dindl., i. 118.
Lutkca sibhnldioitks, I'oug., i.

171.
Luzula, DC, ii. 202.
canipcstris, DC, ii. 203.
campcstris, ii. 203.
coniosa, Meyer, ii. 202.
divaiicata, Watson, ii. 202.
mclanocnrpn, Desv., ii. 202.
ynrriflora, Desv., ii. 202.
sparlicea, DC, ii. 202.
spicata, Desv., ii. 203.
Lychnis, Touin., ii. 434.
Califoinica, Watson, ii. 434.
pulchra, C'lunn. & .Sclilecht.,

i. G4.

Lycium, Linn., i. 542.
Andersonii, Gray, i. 543, ii.

471.
brevipcs, Bentli., i. 542.
Calirornicuiu, Nutt., i. 542.
Gooperi, (iiay, i. 542, ii. 471.
Freniontii, Gray, i. 543.
iiKKModon, (iray, i. 542.
l>alliduni, Micrs, i. 542.
raln.cri, (5ray, i. 6)2.

IiMivilloiiini, (!ray, i. 542.
Jicliii, Gray, i. 542.
Torreyi, Gray, i. 543.
Lveopcrsiciim, 'I'ourn., i. 538.

"esculrntuni. Mill., i. 538.
Lycopodiuni, Linn., ii. 349.
annotinum, Linn., ii. 349.
clavatuni, Linn., ii. 349.
Uouqlasii, Hook. & Grev. ,ii.

350.
ovalifolium, Hook. & Grev.,
ii.'350.
Lycopsifs Vinjinica, Linn., i.

522.
LvcofoDiACE^, ii. 349.
LvcojuiR, Tourn., i. 592.
■"lucidus, Turez., i. 592.
viacrop/iylJits, Bentli., i. 592.
sinuatus, Ell., i. 592.
Virginicus, Linn., i. 592.
Lygodesniia, Don, i. 441.
juncea, Don, i. 441.
minor. Hook., i. 423.
spinosa, Nutt, i. 441, 019.
Ly mo-Grass, ii. 325.
Lyrocarim, Hook. & llarv., i.
44.
Coulteri, Hook. & Harv., i.

44.
Palmeri, Watson, i. 44.
Lysichiton, Scliott, ii. 187.
Kamtscliatccnsis, Scliott, ii.
187, 485.
Lysimacliia, Tourn., i. 4G6.

ciliata, Linn., i. 466.
LYriiiiACK/T;, i. 213.
Lytlirum, Linn., i. 214.
alatum, Pursli, i. 214.
Caiifornicum, 'J'orr. k Gray,

i."214.
lincarc, Hook. & Arn., i. 214.

}fachcvranthcra, Nees, i. 322.

cancscciis. Gray, i. 322.

parvifloro. Gray, i. 322.

tanacetifolia, Nees, i. 322.

Slins/ciisi.i, Gray, i. 322.
Macluru aurantiaca, Nutt., ii.

63.
Macrocarphus, Nutt., i. 391.
Macroiiciiia, Nutt., i. 310.

discnidrii, Nutt., i. 314.

xii/fridicosa, Nutt., i. 313.
Macro jwd turn hwinialum.

Hook., i. 38.
Mncrorhynchus, Less., i. 437.

avr/Ksfifoliits, Kell., i. 438.

i)facrorhi/iic}ui,ft Cdliforiiicun,
Torr. & Gray, i. 439.

Chilcnsis, Less., i. 439.

elatus, Torr. k Gray, i. 438.

g/ouciis, Eaton, i. 437.

grand i Horns, Torr. k Grav,
i. 438.

Harfordii, Kellogg, i. 438.

hclcropltyllus, Nutt., i. 439.

humilis, l?cntli., i. 438.

Lcs.ii)i(jii, Hook, k Arn., i.
438.

rctrorsHS, Bentli., i. 438.

trcvinwidcs, Torr. k Gray, i.
437.
Madarin, DC, i. 358.

corymbosi', DG., i. 359.

elegans, DC, i. 359.

rnccmosn, Nutt., i. 359.
Madarnrj/ossa, DC, i. 368.

angustifolin, DC, i. 3C8.

aiKjustifoJia, Nutt., i. 370.

canwsa, Nutt., i. 369.

dcqinis, Nutt., i. 369.

hcicro!riclw, DC, i. 369.

hifvacioidcs, DC, i. 369.

hirsuin, Nutt, i. 370.
Madia, Molina, i. 358.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 358.

capilntn, Nutt., i. 359.

dissitiflora, Torr. & Gray, i.
359.

t'legans, Don, i. 359.

filipes, Gray, i. 360.

clomeratn, Hook., i. 360.

Nutlnllii, Gray, i. 358.

racrnuisd, Torr. & Gray, i.
35i).

radiata, Kellogg, i. 359.

sativa, Mol., i. 359.
MadorcUa dissitiflora, Nutt., i.
359.

racnnosa, Nutt., i. 359.
]\Iadrona, i. 451.
Mahonia fascicularis DC, i.
15.

(llumacca, DC, i. 15.
Maiantlicmum, Weber, ii. 162.

bifolium, DC, ii. 162.
Maidenliair, ii. 342.
Malachochaitc ripnria, Nees k

Jleyen, ii. 218.
Malacomcris, Nult., i. 432.

incana, Nutt., i. 434.
Malacothiix, DC, i. 432.

Galirornica, DC, i. 4.33.

Clevelandi, Gray, i. 433.

commiitala, Torr. k Gray, i.
434.

Coulteri, Gray, i. 432.

crrpoidcs. Gray, i. 436.

Feiidleri, Gray, i. 434.

incana, Torr. k Gray, i. 434.

obtusa, Bentli., i. 434.

obtnsa, Eaton, i. 434.

parviflora, Bentli., i. 43!.

parrhhmi, Gray, i. 433.

516

INDEX OK (iKNKUA AND Sl'ECllvS.

Malacothrix platvphylla, Gray,
i. 435, ii. 460.

saxatilis, Toi r. k Giuy, i. 434.

soiiclioides, Toir. &. Gray, i.
434.

sonchoidcs, Ton., i. 433.

tenuifolia, Toir. & Gray, i.
434.

Tonvyi, Gray, i. 433.

Xaiiti, (Jray, i. 433.
Alallow, i. 83.
Ma/iis cummuni.s, I,ain., i. 188.

diversi/olia, Dccir-., i. 188.

rivularis, Deciic, i. 188.
Malva, Linn., i. S3.

iiiKjustifulin, Cav., i. SG.

borealis, Wallui., i. 84.

/(uiciculata, Nutt., i. 85.

hfdcracca, Dougl., i. 87.

tiuilachroidcs, Hook, k, Arn.,
i. 84.

Munroana, Dougl., i. 85.

plicata, Nutt., i. S7.

rotundifolia, Linn., 84.
MALVACEJi, i. 82.
Malvastruni, Gray, i. 84.

Coulteri, Watson, i. 85.

exile. Gray, i. 85.

Fremontii, Torr., i. 8(i.

niarrubioides, Dur. k, Hilg.,
i. 85.

Munroanuni, Gray, i. 84.

Palniuri, Watson, ii. 437.

rotuuiliroliuni, (iray, i. 85.

siileniliduni, Kellogg, i. 85, ii.
437.

Tluirberi, Gray, i. 85.
Maniillaria, Haw., i. 213.

Arizonica, Eiigclni., i. 244.

deserti, Kngelni., ii. 4 I'.t.

Goodridgii, Sclieer, i. 243.

Graharni, Engelni., i. 244.

phello.spernia, Engulni., i.
244.
Mammoth Tree, ii. 116.
Manna-Grass, ii. 307.
Manzanita, i. 452.
Maple, i. 107.

Soft, ii. 439.

Swamp, ii. 439.

Vine, i. 107.
Marah minima, Kellogg, ii.
449.

muricatus, Kellogg, i. 241.
Mare's Tail, \. 215.
J/nrica Califurnica, Ker, ii. 141.
Mariscus, ii. 21 tJ.

Jlavus, Vahl, ii. 21(5.

Hienkei, I'nsl, ii. 21G.
Mariposa, ii. 174.
Marrubiuni, Linn., i. 604.

vulgare, Linn., i. 605.
Marsh Bent-Grass, ii. 272.
Pennywort, i. 254.

Rosemary, i. 465.
Marsilia, Linn., ii. 351.

mucronnta, Al. Braun, ii. 3'.1

Marsilia vestita. Hook. & Grev.,
ii. 351.

villosa. Brack., ii. 3.Jl.
Maiusiliack.*;, ii. 351.
Martynia, Linn., i. 587.

proboscidua, Glox., 1. 587.
Marula G'otuln, Cass., i. 401.
Marvel-ol'-Pern, ii. 2.
Matricaria, Linn., i. 401.

discoidea, DG., i. 401.

(anaceloidcs, Fisch. k Mey.,
i. 401.
Mauniiidia anlirrltiiii flora,
WiUd., i. 551.

stridii, Hook. &, Am., i. 550.
May-Ajtple, i. 16.
May- Weed, i. 401.
Meadow-Grass, ii. 311.

Fowl, ii. 308.

Green, ii. 312.

Rough, ii. 313.
Meadow Soft-Grass, ii. 299.
Meadow-Sweet, i. 169.
Medicago, I^inn., i. 132.

denticulata, Willd., i. 133.

lupulina, Linn., i. 133.

saliva, Linn., i. 132.
Mcco)n:lla, Nutt., i. 20.

Cali/ornica, Torr., i. 20.
Meconopsis, Vig., i. 21.

criissi folia, Benth., i. 22.

lietcroi»liylla, i5enth., i. 22.
Meesea, Hcdw., ii. 399.

longi.seta, Hedw., ii. 399.

tristicha, Bruch k Schinip.,
ii. 399.

uliginosa, Hedw., ii. 399.
Megarrhiza, Torr., i. 240, ii.
449.

('alif.)ridca, Torr., i. 241.

Guadahipensis, Watson, i.
242.

Maiah, Watson, i. 241.

muricata, Watson, i. 241.

Oregoiia, Torr., i. 241.
Melaadnju)iiBolandci-i,\lu\\v\).,
i. 64.

Cali/uniiciiin, Rolirb., i. 64.

Hookeri, Rolirl)., i. 64.

liiciniatum, Rolirb., i. 64.
Melic-Grass, ii. 302.
Melica, Linn., ii. 302.

acuminata, Bolantler, ii. 305.

aristata, Thurber, ii. 305.

bromoides. Gray, ii. 304.

bnlbosa, Geyer, ii. 3(i4.

colpodioidcs, Nees, ii. 303.

f'ugax, Bolander, ii. 304.

Gcueri, ii. 304.

Harfordii, Bolander, ii. 305.

panicoidcs, Nutt., ii. 303.

poceoidcs, ii. 304, 305.

strieta, Bolander, ii. 303.
Melilotu.s, Tourn., i. 132.

alba. Lam., i. 132.

occidcninlis, Nutt., i. 132.

ollieinalis, Will,!., i. 132.

Jlelilotus parviflora, Desf., i.

132.
Melothria, Linn., i. 240, ii. 449.

pendula, Linn.,i. 240, ii. 449.
Mcngca, Scliauer, ii. 41.

Cali/oniicn, Mo(i., ii. 42.
Menodora, Hunib. k Bonpl. , i.
471.

scabra. Gray, i. 472.

scoparia, Engelin., i. 471.

spineseens, tiray, i. 471.
Mentha, Linn., i."591.

t'anadensis, Linn., i. 591.

])iperita, Linn., i. 592.

viridis, Linn., i. 592.
Alentzelia. Linn., i. 235.

albieaulis, Dougl., i. 235.

albicaulia, Watson, i. 236.

aspera, Linn., i. 235, ii. 448.

congesta, Torr. k Gray, i.
236.

crocea, Kellogg, ii. 448.

dispersa, Watson, i. 236.

gracilenta, Torr. k Gray, i.
236.

hevieaulis, Torr. k Gray, i.
237.

Lindleyi, Torr. k Gray, i. 236,
ii. 448.

micrantha, Torr. k Gray, i.
236.

Torreyi, Gray, i. 237.

tricuspis. Gray, i. 237, ii. 448.

wrens, <!ray, i. 238.

]'cakhi<ina, Kellogg, i. 236.
Menyanthes, Tourn., i. 485.

tril'oliata, Linn., i. 485.
Menziesia, Smith, i. 457.

empdriformis. Smith, i. 456.

I'erruginea, Smith, i. 457.

Grahaini, Hook., i. 456.
Mcrimca Tcxmia, Hook., i. 80.
Mertensia, Rotli, i. 523.

alpina, Don, i. 523.

ciliuta, DC., i. 523.

dcnticnlala, DC, i. 523.

paniculata, Don, i. 523.

Sibirica, Don, i. 523, ii. 408.

stomatcchoidcs, Kellogg, ii.
468.
Mesembiyanthemum, Linn., i.
251.

ajquilaterale. Haw., i. 251.

bicolonmi, Curtis, ii. 451.

coccincmn, Haw., ii. 45(1.

crystallinum, Linn., i. 251.
Me.s(piit, i. 162.
Microcala, Link, i. 480.

([uadrangularis, Gri.seb., i.
480.
Micrufjcndcs, A. DC, i. 511.
Micromeiia, Benth., i. 595.

bcirbatn, Fiseh. k Mey., i. 595.

Douglasii, Benth., i. 595.

purpurea. Gray, i. 595.
Micropus, Ijinn., i. 335.

fDKjus/i/oliiis, Xutt., i. 335.

INDEX OF GENKUA AND SPECIES.

517

Micronicri.-i Ciilifovnicus, Fisch.

& Mcy., i. 3:35.
Microrhamnus, Gray, i. 99.
Microseris, Don, i. 423.

aphantocarpha, Gray, i. 425.

JJigelovii, (iray, i. 425.

borealis, Schultz Bip., i. 440.

cyclocarpha, Gray, i. 426.

Donglasii, Gray, i. 426.

Inciniata, Gray, i. 424.

Irptosepala, Gray, i. 424.

Lindleyi, Gray, i. 426.

lincarifolia, Gray, i. 427.

inacrocliictn, Gray, i. 427.

major. Gray, i. 424.

nutans. Gray, i. 423.

Parryi, Gray, i. 425.

platycarpha, Gray, i. 426.

sylvatica. Gray, i. 424.

troxinioidcs, C!ray, i. 427.
Mignonette, i. 53.
Milk Tliistlc, i. 421.
Milkweed, i. 474.
Miila, Cav., ii. 153.

bidora, Cav., ii. 153.

cnpita/a, Baker, ii. 154.

crocca. Baker, ii. 155.

grandijlora, Baker, ii. 154.

hyacinfhinn. Baker, ii. 156.

ixioidcs. Baker, ii. 155.

laxa, Baker, ii. 155.

marilimn, Watson, ii. 152.

prdumularis, Baker, ii. 155.
Millet, ii. 2.58, 260.
MiltUzia, A. DC, i. 514.

hitcn, A. DC, i. 514.
Mirnuliis, Linn., i. 562.

alsinoides, Dougl., i. 567.

aurantiacmt, Curt., i. 566.

bicolor, Benth., i. 568, ii.
474.

Bigelovii, Gray, i. 564.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 565.

brevipes, Benth., i. 565.

cardinalis, Dougl., i. 566.

cupreits, Veitch., i. 567.

dentatus, Nutt., i. 567.

dentatus, Torr., i. 567.

Douglasii, Gray, i. 563.

Eiscnii, Kellogg, ii. 474.

fxilh, Dur., i.' 569.

floribundus, Gray, i. 569.

Fremonti, Gray, i. 565.

glabratun, HBK., i. 567.

ttlutinosus, Wendl., i. 565, ii.

^ 474.

giittntua, DC, i. 567.
inconspicuus. Gray, i. 568.
laciniatus, Gray, i. 567.
latifolius, Gi-ay, i. 563.
leptaleus. Gray, i. 564.
Lewisii, Pursh, i. 566. ,

linearis, Benth., i. 566.
luteus, Linn., i. 567.
lyratus, Benth., i. 567.
microphyUus, Benth., i. 567.
vwntioidcs, Gray, i. 568.

Miniulus inoschatus, Dougl., i
560, ii. 474.
nanus. Hook. & Arn., i. 564
nanus, Hook, k Arn., i. 563
Palmeri, Gray, ii. 474.
Parryi, Gray, i. 565.
pilosus, Watson, i. 569.
Prnttrnii, Dur., i. 568.
priinuloide.s, Benth., i. 569.
Pulsiferne, Gray, i. 568.
rividnris, Lodd., i. 567.
Iloezli, Kegel, i. 567.
rosnin, Dougl., i. 567.
rulielhi.s, Gray, i. 568.
Sconleri, Hook., i. 567.
tcnrUus, Nutt., i. 567.
Ti/ingii, Regel, i. 567.
Torreyi, Gray, i. 565.
tricolor, Linill., i. 563.
varicgatits, Lodd., i. 567.
Mint, i. 591.
Mii-aliilis, Linn., ii. 2.

Californiea, Gray, ii. 3, 479,
Greenei, Watson, ii. 2.
Jalnpa, Linn., ii. 2.
niultillora, Giaj', ii. 2, 479.
Mistletoe, ii. 104.
Mitella, Tourn., i. 199.
Breweri, Gray, i. 199.
caulesrens, Nutt., i. 200.
dipliylla, Linn., i. 200.
gnindiffnm, Pursh, i. 197.
nuda, Linn., i. 200.
pentandra, Hook., i. 200.
trilida, Crah., i. 200.
Mitre-wort, i. 199.
Mnium, Linn., ii. 397.
affine. Bland., ii. 397.
androgymim, Linn., ii. 400.
crudum, Hedw., ii. 391.
Drummondii, Bruch &

Schimp., ii. 39S.
insignr, Mitt., ii. 397.
Menziesii, Muell., ii. 397.
Nevii, Muell., ii. 398.
psp.ndolriquctrum, Hedw., ii.

396.
punctatum, Hedw., ii. 398.
spinulosuni, Bruch & Schimp.,

ii. 398.
venustum. Mitt, ii. 398.
Mock Orange, i. 202.
M(Khringia macrophylla, Torr.,
i. 70.
umbrosa, Gray, i. 70.
Mohavea, Gray, i. 551.
viscida, Gray, i. 552.
Mollugo, Linn., i. 252.

verticillata, Linn., i. 252.
Monardella, Benth., i. 593.
Breweri, Gray, i. 594.
candicans, Benth., i. 594.
cavdicans, Torr., i. 595, ii.

476.
Douglasii, Benth., i. 585.
lanceolata, Gray, i. 594.
hypoleuca, Gray, ii. 476.

Monardella leucocephala, Gray,
i. 595, ii. 476.

linoides, Gray, i. 594, ii. 476.

macrantha. Gray, i. 593, ii.
476.

nana. Gray, i. 593.

odoratissirna, Benth., i. 594.

Palmeri, Gray, ii. 476.

Shdtoni, Torr., i. 593.

undulata, Benth., i. 594.

villosa, Benth., i. 593.
Moneses, Salisb., i. 459.

grnndiflora, Salisb., i. 460.

unillora, Gray, i. 460.
Monkey Flower, i. 562.
Monkshood, i. 12.
Monolepis, Schiad., ii. 49.

chenopodioides, Mo(j., ii. 49.

pusilla, Torr., ii. 49.

spathulata, (Jray, ii. 49.
Monolopia, DC, i. 383.

bahi.efolia, ]5enth., i. 383.

ginhmta, Fi.sch. & Moy., i.
384.

Ifcermanni, Dur., i. 383.

Innccolatrr, Nutt., i. 384.

major, DC, i. 383.

minor, DC, i. 383.
Monoptilon, Torr. & Gray, i.
306.

bcllidiforme, Torr. & Gray, i.
306.
Monotropa, Linn., i. 462.

fimbriala, Gray, i. 463.

Hypnpitys, Linn., i. 463.

unillora, Linn., i. 463.
Monterey Pine, ii. 128. ,
Montia, Linn., i. 77.

fontana, Linn., i. 77.

lamprospcrma, Cham., i. 77.
Moon wort, ii. 331.
Morning Glory, ii. 470.
Morus microphylla, Buckl., ii.

63.
Mountain Ash, i. 189.

Laurel, ii. 61.

Mahogany, i. 174.

Soirel, ii. 7.

White Oak, ii. 95.
Mouse-ear Chi('kweed, i. 66.
Mouse-tail, i. 4.
MucTonca Californiea, Benth.,

ii. 35.
Mudwort, i. 571.
Muhlenbergia, Trin., ii. 277.

debilis, Trin., ii. 277.

gracilis, Trin., ii. 277.

])cndufa. Bong., ii. 276.

pungens, Thurb., ii. 277.

purpurea, Nutt., ii. 278.
Muiila, Watson, ii. 151.

maritima, Watson, ii. 151.
Mulberry, ii. 63.

Paper, ii. 63.
MuJgrdium, Ca.ss., i. 442.

heterophyllum, Nutt., i. 442.
fciicopha;um, DC, I. 442.

618

INDEX UF UKNEUA AND SPKCIRS.

Mulgedium pulchcUum, Nutt.,

i. 442.
Mullein, i. 548.
Musci, ii. 353.
ilustard, i. 3U.
Myosotis, Liun., i. 5'22.

Califomica, Fiscli. & Mey.,
i. 526.

C/iorisiaiui, Chum. &
Schlecht., i. 525.

flaccida. Hook., i. 522.

Jiaccida, Dougl., i. 528.

/idva, Hook, k Am., i. 526.

(jlonuraUi, Nutt., i. 528.

leucophcca, Dougl., i. 529.

Scoa/eri, Hook. & Am., i.
526.

sylvatica, Hoffni., i. 522.

lenella, Nutt., i. 526.

veina, Nutt., i. 522.

versicolor, Hook., i. 522.
MijgiiulcL myrtifolla, Nutt., i.

99.
Myosurus, Linn., i. 4.

aristatus, Benth., i. 5.

niinimus, Linn., i. 5.
Myrica, Linn., ii. 81.

Californica, Cham., ii. 8L

Gale, ii. 82.

Haitwpgi, Watson, ii. 81.
MYRICACE.E, ii. 81.
Myriophyllum, Linn., i. 215.

hippuroides, Nutt, i. 215, ii.
447.

scaiira<)tm,Cham.& Schlecht.,
i. 216.

spicatum, Linn., i. 215.

verticillatum, Linn., i. 215.
Mi/rrhis occuLntalis, Bonth. k

Hook., i. 2(J2.
Myrt.^ce^, i. 191.
Myrtle, Wax, ii. 81.

Naiad, ii. 191.
NAIADACb-.E, ii. 190.
Naias, Linn., ii. 191.

Canadensis, Mich.ic., ii. 191.

flexilis, Ilostk. k Suhmidt, ii.
191.

major, All., ii. 191.
Narthecium, Moehr., ii. 185.

Califomicuin, Baker, ii. 185.

ossi/ragitm, ii. 185.
Nama, Linn., i. 517.

Coulteri, Gray, i. 517.

demissum. Gray, i. 517.

hi.spidum. Gray, i. 517.

Lobbii, Gray, i. 517.

Parrja, Gray, i. 621.

raceinosa, Kell., i. 506.

Rothrockii, Gray, i. 621, ii.
468.
Nardosinia, DC, i. 406.

palmala. Hook., i. 407.
Nasturtium, i. 93.
Nasturtium, R. Brown, i. 42.

Armoracia, Fnes, i. 43.

Nasturtium ccruuuin, Nutt., i.
43.
curvisiliijua, Nutt., i. 42.
hjrutiiin, Nutt., i. 43.
obtusum, Nutt., i. 613, ii.

431.
officinale, R. Br., i. 43.
palustre, DC, i. 42.
polijmorphuin, Nutt., i. 43.
sinuatuni, Nutt., i. 43.
Navarretia, Ruiz k Bav., i.
493.
cotulw/olia, Benth., i. 493.
hetcruphylln, Benth., i. 4S8.
iiilcrtcxta. Hook., i. 493.
hucoccphala, Bcntii., i. 494.
pubcscciis, 15cntii., i. 493.
yungcns, Hook., i. 493.
Schoitii, Torr., i. 495, ii. 466.
setosissima, Torr. k Gray, i.

495.
sqiuirrosa. Hook. & Arn., i.

493.
viscidida, Benth., i. 494.
Neckera, Hedw., ii. 408.
abidina. Hook., ii. 409.
Californica, Hook, k Arn.,

ii. 409.
curtipendula, Hedw., ii. 408.
Douglasii, Hook., ii. 408.
gracilis, Muell., ii. 407.
Menziesii, Drumm., ii. 408.
Negundo, Moench, i. 108.
aceroides, Moench, i. 108.
accroides, Torr., i. 103.
Calirornicum, Torr. k Gray,
i. 108, ii. 439.
Neillia, Don, i. 171.

opulifolia, Bentii. k Hook.,

i. 171, ii. 443.
Torreyi, Watson, i. 171, ii.
443.
Nemacaulis, Nutt., ii. 15.
dciiudala, Nutt., ii. 16.
foliosa, Nutt., ii. 16.
Nuttallii, Benth., ii. 16.
Nenuicladu.s, Nutt., i. 445, ii.
460.
longillorus, Gray, ii. 460.
ramosissinuis, Nutt. ,i. 445.
Nemophila, Nutt., i. 503.
alomaria, Fisidi. k Mey., i.

504.
aurita, Lindl., i. 503.-
brevitlora. Gray, i. 504.
dUcoidalis, Hort., i. 504.
hctp.rophtjl la, Fisch. k Mey.,

i. 504.
insignis, Dougl., 1. 504, ii.

467.
lini flora, Fisch. k Mey., i.

504.
niaeulata, Benth., i. 503.
Menziesii, Hook. & Arn., i.

504.
Menziesii, Hook, k Arn., i.
504.

Xeniophila modest a, Kellogg, ii.
467.

niicrocalyx, Fisch. k Mey., i.
504.

parvillora, Dougl., i. 504.

jxirvijlora, Watson, i. 504.

jicduncalata, Benth., i. 504.

jicdunculata. Hook., i. 504.

raeemosa, Nutt., i. 503.
Neottia Esclischollziana,

Reichenb. L, ii. 136.
Nepeta Cataria, Linn., i. 590.

Glechonia, Benth., i. 590.
Ncphrodiuni, Richard, ii. 345.

palcns, Desv., ii. 346.
Newberrya, Torr., i. 463, ii.
462.

congesta, Torr., i. 464, ii. 462.

spicata. Gray, ii. 462.
Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn.,

i. 537.
Nicoiletia, Gray, i. 398.

occidentalis. Gray, i. 398.
Nicotiana, Tourn., i. 544.

attenuata, Torr., i. 545, ii.
471.

Bigelovii, Watson, i. 546, ii.
472.

caudala, Nutt, i. 545.

Clevelandi, Gray, ii. 471.

glauca, Graham, ii. 471.

i/nnitopsi flora, Dun., i. 545.

lanci/olia, Willd., i. 545.

muHiflora, Torr., i. 545.

multivalvis, Lindl., i. 546.

nana, Lindl., ii. 468.

pluinbagini/olia, Torr., i. 546.

(juadrivalvis, Pursh, i. 546.

rustica, Linn., i. 545.

Tabacuni, Linn., i. 545.

trigonophvlla. Dun., i. 545.

Vbarrensis, HBK., i. 545.
Nierembcrgia nana, iliers, ii.

468.
Nightshade, i. 538.
Nine-bark, i. 171.
Nit-Gras.s, ii. 275.
Nitrophila, Watson, ii. 43.

octudentalis, Watson, ii. 43.
Nolina, Miclix., ii. 162.

Bigelovii, Watson, ii. 163.

Palnnui, Watson, ii. 163.

Parryi, Watson, ii. 163.
Nothohena, R. Br., ii. 335.

Candida, Hook., ii. 336.

Newherrvi, Eaton, ii. 335.

Parryi, Eaton, ii. 336.

pulveracea, Kunze, ii. 336.

sulpfiurea, Smitli, ii. 336.
Nothoscordnm aureuvi. Hook.,

ii. 152.
Nuphar, Smith, i. 17.

ad vena, Newb., i. 17.

polysepalum, Engelm., i. 17,
ii. 428.
Nut Pine, ii. 124, 127.
Nutmeg, Califoinian, ii. 110.

INDEX OF GENEIIA AND SrECIES.

519

Nuttallin, Torn & Gi-ay, i. 168.
cerasiformis, Torr. & Gray, i.
168.

NvCTAGINACEiK, ii. 1.

Nydagmia Torreyana, Choisy,

ii. 2.
Nymphwa, Touiti., ii. 428.

NYMPH^ACEiE, i. 16.

Oak, ii. 93.

151ack, ii. 98.

]Mnc, ii. 95.

falilorniaM Live, ii. 97.

Desert, ii. 99.

Evergreen White, ii. 96.

Jerusalem, ii. 47.

Live, ii. 96.

Jloimtain White, ii. 95.

WIrite, ii. 95.
Oat, ii. 294.
Oat-Grass, ii. 298.
Obione, Moq., ii. 50.

argentea, Moq., ii. 53.

Bcrlandieri, Moq., ii. 55.

bradcosa, Dur. k llilg., ii. 52.

confcrlifolin, Torr., ii. 55.

Colli feri, Moq., ii. 53.

hymendyira, Torr., ii. 55.

Icntiformix, Torr., ii. 54.

levcophylla, Mo((., ii. 53.

micntcnrpa, Renth., ii. 52.

on-itlfntnli-, Mo(|., ii. 5.').

phy/lostrgia, Torr., ii. 51.

jiolyr.nrpo, Torr., ii. 54.

])H.silln, Torr., ii. 62.

spinnaa, Moq., ii. 55.

tclrnptera, Benth., ii. 55.

Torreyi, Watson, ii. 55.

truncnta, Torr., ii. 52.
Ocinmm Basilicum, Linn., i.

590.
Odontostomum, Torr., ii. 160.

Hartwegi, Torr., ii. 160.
(Enanthe, Linn., i. 263.

Californica, Watson, i. 264.

sarmentosa, Nutt. , i. 264.
(Enothera, Linn., i. 222.

albescens, Watson, i. 229.

albicaulis, Nutt., i. 223.

albicanlis, Watson, i. 223.

alyssoides. Hook. & Am., i.
226.

amcena, Lehm., i. 230.

andina, Nutt., i. 226.

Arnottii, Torr. & Gray, i. 229.

biennis, Linn., i. 223.

hiloba, Dur., i. 23 L

bistorta, Nutt, i. 225.

Boothii, DougL, i. 227.

Bot.tor., Torr. & Gray, i. 231 .

brevillora, Torr. & Gray, i.
224.

brevipes, Gray, i. 227.

erespitosa, Niitt, i. 224.

Californica, Watson, i. 223,
ii. 448.

cardiophylla. Torn, i. 227.

Gilnothera cheiranthii'olia, llor-
neni., i. 225.

davoc/ormis, Torr. & Gray, i.
227.

davcefonnis, Torr., i. 227.

contorta. Hook., i. 226.

crucifnrmis, Kell., i. 227.

dccumhcns, Dougl., i. 229.

ddtoidcn, Torr., i. 224.

dcnsijiorn, Lindl., i. 233.

dentata, Cav., i. 226.

cpilobioidcs, Nutt., i. 231.

gauricllora, Torr. & Gray, i.
227.

glabdln, Nutt., i. 233.

graciliflora. Hook. & Arn., i.
225.

(jrandiflnra, Ait., i. 223.

grandijiora, Watson, i. 229.

Guadalupensi.s, Watson, i.
226.

hetcrantha, Nutt., i. 224, ii.
448.

fiispidula, Watson, i. 231.

Ilookcri, Torr. k Gray, i. 223.

Ir)nda, Hook, k Arn., i. 229.

Lind/n/i, Dougl., i. 230.

mnnjinnta, Nutt, i. 224.

micraiitha, Horneni., i. 226.

vwntnna, Nutt., i. 224.

Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, i.
224.

ovatn, Nutt., i. 225.

pallida, Dougl., i. 223.

parviila, Nutt, i. 226._

pterospcrnia, Watson, i. 228.

purpurea, Curt., i. 229.

piigmwa, Dougl., i. 227.

qiiadrivulnera,\}ong\., i. 230.

Ilomanzovii, Lcdeb., i. 230.

rosco-nlba, llornem., i. 230.

scapoidea, Nutt., i. 227.

spiralis, Hook., i. 225.

strigulosa, Torr. & Gray, i.
226, ii. 448.

tonacelifolia, Torr. k Gray, i.
224.

tendla, Cav., i. 230.

Torreyi, Watson, i. 233.

triohocalyx, Nutt, i. 224.

triloba, Nutt., i. 224.

viminea, Dougl., i. 230.

virideseens, Hook., i. 225.

U'hUnryi, Gray, i. 229.

Jl'iUimnsoni, Dur. k Hilg.,
i. 230.
Old-Witch Grass, ii. 258.
Olea Europrea, Linn., i. 471.
Olf.ack/E, i. 471.
Oligonieris, Canib., i. 53.

Ruliulata, BoisK., i. 53.
Oligotrichuni, DC, ii. 402.

Lyallii, Lindb., ii. 402.
Olive, i. 471.

California, ii. 61.
Olneya, Gray, i. 157.

Tesota, Gniv, i. 157-

OiiuilanlhuscamphoratuSfLess.,

i. 402.
Omalotes cavqjhorala, DC, i.

402.
Onaguaoe^:, i. 216.
Onion, ii. 146.
Onydiium dcnsum, Brackenr.,

ii. 340.
OPHioGLOSSACE.f;, ii. 331.
Ophioglossuni, Linn., ii. 332.

vulgatuni, Linn., ii. 332.
Opsiaiilhcs gnuroidcs, Lilj., i.

232.
Opuntia, Tourn., i. 247.

angnstata, Engelm. & Big., i.

248.
basilaris, Engelm. & Big., i.

249.
Bigelovii, Engelm., i. 250, ii.

450.
chlorotica, P^ngehn. k Big.,i.

248.
echinocarpa, Engelm. & Big.,

i. 250, ii. 450.
Emoryi, Engelm., i. 249.
Engclmanni, Salm, i. 248.
eriiiacea, Engelm. & Big., i.

249.
Ficus-Indiea, Mill., i. 248.
frulescens, Engelm., i. 2,50.
■fulgida, Engelm., i. 250.
lepto.'unlis, DC, i. 250.
miunillnta, Seliott, i. 250._
Mohavensis, Engelm. & Big.,

i. 248.
orridentalis, Engelm., i. 248.
I'arryi, Engelm., i. 249.
pioli'lcrn, Engelm., i. 250.
pulcliella, Engelm., i. 249, ii.

450.
rutila, Nutt., i. 248.
.serpentina, Engelm., i. 250.
tessellata, Engelm., i. 249.
Tuna, Mill., i. 248.
vaginata, Engelm., 1. 250.
Orach, Garden, ii. 44.
Orcliard-Gra.ss, ii. 301.
ORcniDACE.E, ii. 130.
Oregon Ash, i. 472.
Crab-apple, i. 188.
Grape, i. 15.
White Cedar, ii. 115.
Oreodaphne Galifumica, Nees,

ii. 61.
Orcophila myrtifolia, Nutt., i.

99.
Oiiiithogalum divaricatum,
Lindl., ii. 160.
irioidcs, Ait. f., ii. 155.
OitonANriiACE.^^, i. 583.
Orobavdie Californica, Cham.
&Schlecht,i. 585.
comosa. Hook., i. 584.
fasciculata, Nutt., i. 584.
Ludoviciana, Nutt., i. 585.
viultiflnra, Nutt, i. 585.
pindnrum, Gey., i. 585.

520

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Orohanche tiihcrosa. Hook., i.
585.

unijlora, Linn., i. 5S4.
Orobus lillomlis, (iiay, i. 100.
Orthocniitus, Nutt., i. 575.

attenuatus, Gray, i. 57().

BidwelliiB, Cray, ii. -175.

bracteosus, Hentli., i. 577.

canipestris, Bt-nth., i. 579.

castilleioides, Benth., i. 576.

densilloius, Bcntli., i. 570.

eiiantbus, Bentli., i. 578.

fancibaibatus, (!iay, i. 57l>.

Hoiibundus, lientb., i. 578.

gracilis, Bentli., i. 579.

hispidus, Bcntli., i. 580.

hLyndus, Wat^son, i. 579.

imbriaitiis, Watson, i. 577.

laceius, Bentli., i. 579.

lasioibyncbns, (J ray, ii. 476.

linearilobus, Bentb., i. 580.

litbospernioides, Bentb., i.
579.

Inteus, Nutt., i. 577.

pacbystacbyus, Gray, ii. 475.

pallescens, Gray, i. 576.

pallesccns, Gray, i. 576.

Parryi, Gray, i. 576.

pilosus, Watson, i. 576.

purpiirascens, Bentb., i. 578,
ii. 475.

imrpnreo-albus, Gray, i. 578.

pusillus, Bentb., i. 578.

slridus, Bentb., i. 577.

tenuiroliua, Bentb., i. 577.

Tolinici, Hook., i. 578.
Ortbotriebuni, lledw., ii. ;?S2.

alpestro, llornseb., ii. ;384.

anonialuni, Hedw., ii. 384.

Bolanderi, Snlliv., ii. 384.

Columbicum, Mitt., ii. 385.

consimile. Mitt., ii. 385.

CouUcri, Mitt., ii. 384.

crispum, Hedw., ii. 382.

cupulatum, HoU'ni., ii. 382.

cyiindrocurpuni, Lesij., ii.
384.

cleijans, Scbwaej^r., ii. 3S4.

Jamesianuni, Siilliv., ii. 383.

Kingianuni, Les(i., ii. 385.

Iceviqatam, ii. 385.

Lyeilii, Hook. & Tayl., ii.
385.

occidentale, James, ii. 384.

papillosum, Hampe, ii. 385.

phyllantham, Brncb k.
- Scbimp., ii. 382.

rivulare. Turner, ii. 384.

rupestre, Scblcicb., ii. 383.

apeciosum, Nees, ii. 334.

Sturmii, Hoppe k Honi.scb.,
ii. 382.

Texanuin, SuUiv., ii. 383.

Watsoni, James, ii. 383.
Oryctes, Watson, i. 541.

Nevadensis, W^atson, i. 542.
Osage Orange, ii. 63.

O.sier, ii. 82.

Osinudcaia, Nutt., i. 301.

tcnclla, Nutt., i. 305.
Osniorrbiza, Hat'., i. 201.

bracbypoda, Torr., i. 262.

brcvishjlis, Hook., i. 202.

nuda, Torr., i. 202.
Oso Berry, i. 108.
Ourisia Cali/oniica, Bentb., i.

516.
Ox-Eyo Daisy, i. 401.
O.xalis, Linn., i. 90.

Acetosella, Linn., i. 96.

Acdosdla, Hook., i. 90.

corniculata, Linn., i. 96.

Oregana, Nutt., i. 90.

sir Ida, Linn., i. 96.
Oxybaphus Frodbdii, Bebr, ii. 2.

glabri/olius, Cboisy, ii. 3.

Iccins, Bentb., ii. 3.

imdtiflorus, Torr., ii. 2.
Oxi/prippus, Torr. k Gray, i. 378.
Oxyria, Hill, ii. 7.

digyna, Canipd., ii. 7.

reni/onnis, llook., ii. 7.
Oxystylis, Torr., i. 53.

lutea, Torr., i. 53.
Oxy tenia, Nutt., i. 343.

acerosa, Nutt., i. 343.
Oxytbeca, Nutt., ii. 31.

apicuhtta, Miers, ii. 32.

dendroidea, Nutt., ii. 32.

iiiermis, AVatson, ii. 32.

perfoliata, Torr. k f!ray, ii.
32.

trilobata. Gray, ii. 32.

Watsoni, Torr. k Gray, ii.
32.
Oxytropis, DC, i. 144.
Oxy urn, DC., i. 370.

dirysaiilhcmoUlcs, DC, i. 370.

din/sanlhemoidcs, Lindl., i.
370.

Padiypodium, Nutt, i. 37.

iatecjri folium, Nutt., i. 37.

laciniidum, Nutt., i. 38.

sagittatum, Nutt., i. 37.
Pacbysandra ]»rocumbens,

Micbx., ii. 00.
Pacbystima, Pat'., i. 98.

Myrsinites, Kaf., i. 99.
Paionia, Linn., i. 13.

Brownii, Dougl., i. 13.

Califurnica, Nutt., i. 13.
Painted Cup, i. 573.
Palafoxia, Lag., i. 387.

leucojibylla. Gray, i. 388.
' linearis, Lng., i. 388, ii. 457.
Pal.m.e, ii. 210.
Palmerella, Gray, i. 619.

debilis, Gray,"i. 620.
Panic-Grass, ii. 258.
Panicum, Linn., ii. 258.

agrostoides, Spreng., ii. 258.

Californicum, 15entb., ii. 200.

capillare, Linn., ii. 258.

Paniciiin colonuni, Linn., ii.
200.

Crus-galli, Linn., ii. 260.

dicbotoniuni, Linn., ii. 259.

fiiabriatum, Presl, ii. 258.

glabrum, Linn., ii. 258.

ijlaucum, Linn., ii. 258.

miliaceum, ].,inn., ii. 258.

paucijloruvt. Ell., ii. 259.

polyrhizuvi, Presl, ii. 257.

sanguinale, Linn., ii. 258.

stoparium, Linn., ii. 259.

strumosum, Presl, ii. 200.

t/icriiKile, Bolander, ii. 259.

Urvilleanum, Kuntb, ii. 259.

H'altcri, Ell., ii. 200.
Papaver Pbceas, Linn., i. 19.

somniferum, Linn., i. 19.
P.\I'AVKKACK.«, i. 18.
Papyrus, ii. 215.
I'iiiietaria, Tourn., ii. 65.

debilis, Forst., ii. 65.

Pennsylvaniea, MubL, ii. 65.
Parkinsonia, Linn., i. 161.

aculeata, Linn., i. 162.

Ilorida, Watson, i. 102.

microi)bylla, Torr., i. 162.

Torreyana, Watson, i. 162.
Parnassia, Tourn., i. 201.

timbriata. Banks, i. 202, ii.
446.

palustris, Linn., i. 202.
I'tiionydiia ramosisiiinut, DC.,

i. 72.
Parsley, i. 258.
Paspalum, Linn., ii. 257.

distieliuni, Linn., ii. 257.

ViiyiiuilHin, Swartz, ii, 257.
Pear, i. 188.
Pearlvvort, i. 70.
Peavine, i. 158.
Pecan Nut, ii. 92.
Pectis, Linn., i. 399.

Coulteri, Gray, i. 399.

filipes. Gray, i. 400.

iniberbis, Gray, i. 399.

multiseta, Bentb., i. 399.

pajjposa. Gray, i. 399, 017,
ii. 458.

prostrata, Cav., i. 399.

punctata, Jacip, i. 399.
Pectocarya, DC, i. 53, ii. 409.

Chilcnsis, DC, i. 531.

lateritlora, DC, i. 531.

linetiris, DC, i. 531. ii. 469.

penicillata, A. DC, i. 531,
ii. 409.

pusilla. Gray, ii. 470.

setosa. Gray, ii. 470.
PKiMLiNK.t;, i. 687.
Pedicularis, Tourn., i. 582.

atlenuata, Bentb., i. 583.

attollens. Gray, i. 582.

centrantbera. Gray, i. 583.

densillora, Bentb., i. 583.

GrcEulandica, Hetz, i. 582.

incanwia, Retz, i. 582.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

621

Pcdicnlniis raceniosa, Dousl..
i. f>82.
sei)iil)aibata, Gray, i. 583, ii.

47G.
surrccta, Benth., i. 582.
Pelnrgoiiiuni, L'Her., i. 93.
PelliEa, Link, ii. 338.

andromedaifolia, Fee, ii. 339.
brarhyptera, Ikker, ii. 339.
Hrewcri, Eaton, ii. 339.
Bridgesii, Hook., ii. 340.
<lensa, Hook., ii. 340.
flc.xuosa, Link, ii. 34L
lonqimucronala, Hook., ii.

339.
vnicronata, Eaton, ii. 339,

340.
Oniithopus, Hook., ii. 340.
OrnUhopus, ii. 340.
Wcddcliann, Fee, ii. 339.
Pentacitna, Bartl., i. 72.
rainosissinia, Hook. & Arn.,
i. 72.
Pentaclifeta, Nntt., i. 305.
aurea, Nntt, i. 305.
avrcn, Toit., i. 305.
exilis. Gray, i. 305.
gracilis, Bentii., i. 305.
Pentsteinon, Jlitcli., i. 556.
ncuniinatus, Dongl., i. 559.
ambiguns, Torr., i. 559.
nntirriiinoidcs, Benth., i. 557.
aznrens, Bentli., i. 561, ii.

473.
barbatus, Nntt., i. 622.
brevinorus, Lindl., i. 557.
Bridgesii, Gray, i. 560.
canoso-barbatnin, Kellogg, i.

562.
centranthifolins, Benth., i.

560.
cculunitliifoliun, Watson, i.

560.
Clevelandi, Gray, i. 559, ii.

473.
confertns, Dongl., i. 560.
cordifolins, Benth., i. 557.
corynibosns, Benth., i. 557.
denstns, Doug!., i. 559.
dilFusns, Doug]., i. 562.'
Eatoni, Gray, i. 560, ii. 473.
Erianl/icra, Nntt., i. 558.
Fnidleri, Gray, i. 559.
Frenionti, Torr. k Gray, i.

622, ii. 473.
Gairdneri, Hook., i. 559.
glaber, Pursh, i. 558.
glandulosus, Dongl., i. 562.
glaucifolins. Gray, i. 561.
Gordoni, Hook., i. 558.
gracilentns, Gray, i. 561.
hdcmnder, Ton". & Gray, i.

559.
heterodo.xus. Gray, ii. 473.
heterophyllus, Lindl., i. 561.
hcterophyUus, Torr. k Gray,
i. 561.

Puntstenion hclerophyllus, AVat
son, i. 561.
Jaffrayanus, Hook., i. 561.
Iretns, Gray, i. 561.
laricifolius, Hook. & Arn., i,

559.
Leniinoni, Gray, i. 557.
Lobbii, Hort., i. 557.
Menziesii, Hook., i. 556, ii.

473.
Nctrhcrryi, Gray, i. 556.
nilidus, Dongl., i. 559.
ovatns, Dongl., i. 559.
Palnicri, Gray, i. 558, ii. 473.
procerus, Dongl., i. 560.
punirens. Gray, i. 560.
Pattani, Gray, ii. 473.
Piehardsonii, Dongl., i. 562.
Koezli, Kegel, i. 561.
rostrilloruni, Kell., i. 562.
Potliroekii, ii. 473.
sprciosits. Dough, i. 558.
spectabiiis, Thnrb., i. 558.
teriiatus, Torr., i. 557.
triiihyllus, Dough, i. 562.
vciinstus, Dough, i. 562.
Pepj)er, Black, ii. 77.
I'eppcr-tree, i. 595.
Peppergrass, i. 45.
Pcppeiinint, i. 592.
I'eraphylhun, Nntt., ii. 444.

rainosissiniuni, Nutt., ii. 445.
Perezia, Lag., i. 422.
Arizonica, Gray, i. 422.
inicrocephiila, Graj-, i. 422.
Perityle, Benth., i. 396.
Aeniella, Gray, i. 396, ii. 458.
aglo.s<5a, Gray, i. 397.
C'alifornica, "Benth., i. 396.
coronopifolia. Gray, i. 397.
ICinoryi, Torr., i. 397.
incana. Gray, i. 396.
leptoglossa, Gray, i. 397.
inicroglossa, Benth., ii. 458.
nuda, Torr., i. 397.
Parryi, Gray, i. 397.
pluniigera. Gray, i. 396.
Petalonyx, Gray, "i. 238.
nitidus, Watson, i. 238.
Parryi, Gray, i. 238.
Thurberi, Gray, i. 238.
Petalostemon, Miehx., i. 141.
Petasites, Tourn., i. 406.
l>alniata, Benth. k Hook., i.

407.
sagittata. Gray, i. 407.
Petunia, Jnss., i". 546.

parvillora, Jnss., i. 546.
Peucedanuni, Linn., i. 267.
ambigunm, Nutt., i. 269.
caruifoliuin, Torr. k Gray, i.

269.
dasy(!arpnni, Torr. k Gray, i.

270, ii. 452.
Euryptera, Giay, i. 269.
larinosnin, Gey., i. 269, ii.
451.

Peuccdanuin fieniculaeeuni,
Nutt., i. 270.
Hallii, Watson, i. 269, ii.

452.
loivigalnm, Nutt., i. 269.
latifoliiim, Nntt., i. 268.
leiocarpum, Nntt, i. 268.
leptocarpuiii, Nntt, i. 269.
inacrocarpuin, Nntt, i. 270.
marginalum, Benth., i. 269.
millefolium, Watson, i. 270.
Nevadense, Watson, i. 270.
nudicanle, Nutt., i. 270.
nuiliaiulc, Torr. k Gray, i.

270.
vudianilc, Watson, i. 270.
Nnttaliii, Watson, i. 268.
parvifolium. Ton-, k Gray, i.

269.
simplex, Nntt, i. 269.
tomcntosum, Benth., i. 270.
triteriiatum, Nutt., i. 268.
utricuiatum, Nutt, i. 269.
villosu7n, Nutt., i. 270.
Pcuccphi/Uum Scholia, Gray, i.

410.
Phaca annua. Gey., i. 146.
aslragaUna, Hook. & Arn.,

i. 146.
cancsccns, Nutt., i. 149.
Crulalaria:, Benth., i, 149.
drnsifolin, Smith, i. 150.
dcnsifoUn, Anct., i. 149.
LomjJasii, Torr. k (.Jray, i.

150.
Hookeriana, Torr. k Gray, i.

148.
Icucnplojlla, Hook, k Arn., i.

148.
mncrodon. Hook, k Arn., i.

1 50.
mcijncarpa, Nutt, i. 148.
mo/lissiina, Nutt., i. 151.
moUissima, Torr., i. 151.
Nuttnllii, Torr. & Gray, i.

150.
trichopoda, Nutt., i. 149.
Phacelia, .luss., i. 506.
bicolor, Torr., i. 512, ii. 467.
Bolanderi, Gray, i. 509.
braehyantha, Benth., i. 507.
braehvloba. Gray, i. 510, ii.

467".
Brannani, Kellogg, ii. 467.
Breweri, Gray, i. 507.
Cali/ornica, Cham., i. 506.
campanularia. Gray, ii. 467.
ciliata, Benth., i. 508.
circinata, Jaeq. f., i. 506.
cireinatiformis. Gray, i. 511.
Cooperre, Gray, ii. 467.
crassifolia, Torr., i. 512.
crenulata, Torr., i. 507.
curvipes, Torr., i. 511.
Davidsonii, Graj', i. 510, ii.

467.
divaricata, Gray, i. 511.

622

LNDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

riiacelia Doughibii, Ton., i.
510.

Fianklinii, Oray, i. [>()[>.

Fremoiilii, Ton., i. 51 "J, ii.
4G7.

(jlandidosa, Kellogg, ii. -107.

graiiilitlora, Gniy, i. 513.

grisea. Gray, ii. 467.

gymnoclada. Ton., i. 512.

heterophijlla, I'uisli, i. 50G.

hibj)i(ia. Gray, ii. 467.

luiiiulis, Terr. & Gray, i. 507.

hydropliyiloides. Ton-., i. 509.

Ivesiana, Ton., i. 512, ii. 467.

loassefolia, Torr., i. 509.

loiigipes, Ton-., i. 513.

malviEtblia, Cham., i. 507.

Munziesii, Torr., i. 510.

micrantha. Ton., i. 511.

micrantha, Torr., i. 505.

Moliavensis, Gray, ii. 467.

iiamatoides, Gray, i. 506.

Parryi, Torr., i.'513.

phylioniaiiica, Graj', i. 508.

procera. Gray, i. 509, ii. 467.

im-silla, Torr., i. 511.

pusilla, Ton-., i. 515.

ramosissiina, Doiigl., i. 508.

rotundifolia, Torr., i. 511.

sericea. Gray, i. 508.

tanacetilblia, Bentli., i. 508.

tanitcclij'olia, Tliiirb., i. 508.

viseida, Torr., i. 513.

Whitlavia, Gray, i. 513.
PliKostoiaa Douijlusii, Siiacli, i.

232.
Plialacroseris, Gray, i. 423.

Bolauderi, Gray, i. 423.
PhalaiKjiuin ponuvidiiuiiim,
Don, ii. 160.

Quamash, Pursli, ii. 158.
Phalaris, Linn., ii. 264.

ametliystina, Trin., ii. 265.

ancjusta, Nees, ii. 265.

arundinacea, Linn., ii. 265.

C'ali/ornica, Hook. & Arn.,
ii. 265.

Canariensis, Linn., ii. 264.

intermedia, Bose, ii. 264.
Pharom ilrium suhsfssilc,

Seliimp., ii. 361.
Phascum, Linn., ii. 358.

bryoides, Dicks , ii. 359.

cuspidatum, Solireb., ii. 359.

muticum, Schreb., ii. 358.

serratum, Schreb., ii. 358.

subulatum, Linn., ii. 359.
Pliegopteris, Fee, ii. 345.

alpestris, Mett., ii. 345.

Dryopteris, Fee, ii. 345.

polypodioides. Fee, ii. 345.
Phelipua Californica, Don, i.
584.

crianthera, Engelm., i. 585.

erianlhcra, Watson, i. 584.

Ludoviciiina, Walp., i. 585.

pinetoruvi, Gray, i. 585.

Plic.lipocatuhcrosa, Gray, i. 585.
I'hellundrium (u/tial tea in ,

Pur.sh, i. 264.
I'hiladelphus, Linn., i. 202.

Cali/urnicus, Benth., i. 202.

Gordonianus, Lindl., i. 202.

Lewisii, Pnrsli, i. 202.
Philibertia, HBK., ii. 463.

linearis, Benth. & Hook., ii.
464.
Philonoiis, Briilel, ii. 401.

calcarea, Sciiinip., ii. 401.

fontaiia, Bridel, ii. 401.
Plileiini, Linn., ii. 262.

alpinuin, Linn., ii. 263.

Hiciikeaiiuin, Presl, ii. 263.

])ratense, Linn., ii. 262.
Phlo.v, Linn., i. 486.

adsurgens, Torr., ii. 465.

bryoides, Nutt., i. 487.

cffispitosa, Nutt., i. 487.

canescens, Torr. k Gray, i.
487.

diffusa, Benth., i. 486.

divuricatti, Dnr., i. 486.

Dongiasii, Hook., i. 486.

Hookeri, Doiigl., i. 493.

humilis, Dougl., i. 486.

longifolia, Nutt., i. 486, ii.
464.

muscoides, Nutt., i. 487.

occidctUidis, Dur., i. 48ti.

Sabini, Dougl., i. 486.

speciosa, Pursh, i. 486.

speciosa, Torr., i. 486.
Pfueii icaului chcirant/iuidcs,

Nutt., i. 35.
Phoiisnia, Nutt., i. 464.

areiiariuni, Nutt., i. 464.
Phora.lendron, Nutt., ii. 104.

Bolleanuni, Eield., ii. 1(I5.

Calilbniicuni, Nutt., ii. 105.

llavescens, Nutt., ii. 105.

juniiierinum, Engelm., ii.
105.

paucijiorum, Torr., ii. 105.

villosum, Nutt., ii. 105.
Plixttinia arbidi/olia, Lindl., i.
188.

Frcinonlia7in,'Dcc!\isne,\AS8.
Phragniites, Trin., ii. 299.

communis, Trin., ii. 300.
Phyllodocc, Salisb., i. 456.

cmpdriforinis, Don, i. 456.
Phijllopappus, Walp., i. 423.
Phyllospadi.x, Hook., ii. 192.

Scouleri, Hook., ii. 192.

Torreyi, Watson, ii. 192.
Pliy.saiis, Linn., i. 540.

lequata, Jacq. , i. 541.

cardiophylla, Torr., i. 541.

crassilblia, Benth., i. 541.

glabra, Benth., i. 541.

lobata, Torr., i. 541.

Palmeri, Gray, ii. 471.

pubescens, Linn., i. 541.
Physaria, Nutt., i. 47.

Physaria didymocarpa. Gray, i.

Phy.scomitrium, Bridel, ii. 387.

pyrilbnno, Briilel, ii. 387.
Physoearpus, Alaxim., ii. 443.

opulitblia, Ma.xim., ii. 443.

Torreyi, Ma.\im., ii. 443.
Picea, Link, ii. 121.

bradeatu, Loud., ii. 118.

wncohn; Gord., ii. 118.

(jntndis, Loutl., ii. 118.

wibilis, Loud., ii. 119.

peiidula, Engelm., ii. 122.

jmngens, Engelm., ii. 122.

Sitelieiisis, Carr., ii. 122.
Pickeringia, Nutt., i. 114.

niontana, Nutt., i. 114, ii.
439.
Picmdciiia RicJiardson ii, 1 look . ,

i. 394.
Picrolhamims, Nutt., i. 404.

dcscrtontin, Nutt., i. 404.
Pieplant, Wild, ii. 479.
Pi''weed, ii. 46.
Pilostyles, Guillem., ii. 103.

Tiiurberi, Gray, ii. 103.
Pilularia, Linn., ii. 352.

Americana, Braun, ii. 352.
Pimpernel, i. 469.
Pimjiinella, Linn., i. 259.

apiodora. Gray, i. 260.
Pin-clover, i. 95.
Pin-grass, i. 95.
Pine, ii. 122.

California Scrub, ii. 128.

Ginger, ii. 115.

Monterey, ii. 128.

Nut, ii."'r24, 127.

Sugar, ii. 123.

White, ii. 123.

Yellow, ii. 126.
Pine-sap, i. 462.
Pinedrops, i. 461.
Pinus, Tourn., ii. 122, 483.

adiuica, Bo.sc, ii. 127.

albicaulis, Engelm., ii. 124.

aviabilii, Dougl., ii. 118.

aridata, Engelm., ii. 125.

Ballburiana, .leti'., ii. 125.

Bcardslcyi, Muir., ii. 126.

lu'ii/lianiiinid, Hartw., ii.l26.

Bolandcri, Parlat., ii. 126.

briictcata, Don, ii. 118.

Californica, ii. 127, 128.

ccnibroidcs, Nevvb., ii. 124.

concolor, Engelm., ii. 118.

contorta, Dougl., ii. 126.

Coulteri, Don, ii. 127.

Crav/anii, Murr., ii. 126.

drjlcxa, Torr., ii. 126.

Doidjlasii, Sabine, ii. 120.

Edciariana, Hartw., ii. 128.

flexilis, James, ii. 124.

Fremontiana, Endl., ii. 124.

grandis, Dougl., ii. 118.

inops. Bong., ii. 126.

insignis, Dougl., ii. 127.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

523

r'ums Jeffreiji, Murr., ii. 126.

Lambertiaiia, Doiigl., ii. 123.

Lldveanrf, ii. 124.

lopJwspe.rma, Lin(fl., ii. 125.

inacrocarpa, LiiuU., ii. 127.

Mcnziesii, Dougl., ii. 122.

Merlensiana, Hong., ii. 121.

nioiiophylla, Torr. & Frein.,
ii. 124.

inonticola, Dougl., ii. 123.

iiiuiicata, Don, ii. 128.

Murrayana, Muir., ii. 126.

vnhilis, Doug]., ii. 119.

NuUallii, Parlat., ii. 112.

ranyaiia, Eiigi-lni., ii. 124.

Pattoninna, Pariat., ii. 121.

ponderosa, Dougl., ii. 125.

radiala, ii. 127, 128.

Sabiniana, Dougl. , ii. 127.

Shasta, Carr., ii. 124.

Sinclairii, Hook, k Ain., ii.
128.

SUcliensia, Bong., ii. 122.

Toireyana, I'aiiy, ii. 125.

tuberculata, Gonl., ii. 128.

tubcrculata, Don. ii. 127.

vciiKsta, Dougl., ii. 118.
Pipe-Vine, ii. 102.
PlPERACE^, ii. 77.
Pipsissewa, i. 459.
Pij'tocalijx, ToiT., i. 527.

circum.icissii.<>, Toir., i. 527.
Pirns, Linn., i. 188.

Anieiicana, DC, i. 180.

coinniunis, Linn., i. 188.

diirrsifolia, Bong., i. 188.

Mains, Linn., i. 188.

livularis, Dougl, i. 188.

sanibucifolia, Cliani. &
Scbleclit., i. 189.
Pistaeia Me.xicana, II BK., i.

109.
Pitavia dumo.ia, Nutt., i. 98.
Plagiohntrys, Fisch. & Aley., i.
525.

cnnescena, Bfiith., i. 526.

rnfmccns, Fiscli. & Mey., i.
526.
Plaqiothccium, Sohimp., ii. 416.

dcnticidatum, Bruch &
Scliiinp., ii. 417.

2nHfenim, Bruch & Scliimp.,
ii. 417.

pti/chdhnn, l?ruch. & Sch.,
ii. 417.

sylvnlicum, Bruch &Schimp.,
ii. 417.

7nif/?t7a^(nn, Bruch &Schiinp.,
ii. 417.
Plantaginace^., i. 610.
Plautago, Linn., i. 610.

Asiaticn, Linn., ii. 478.

Bigelovii, Gray, i. 612.

Biqelovii, Watson, i. 612.

Durvillei, Fisch. & Mey., i.
611.

eriopofla, Torr., i. 612, ii. 478.

Plantago hirtelia, IIBK., ii. 478.

Kamlchatica, Hook. & Arn.,
i. 611.

lanceolata, Linn., i. 611.

niacrocarpa, Cham. &
Schlecht., i. 612.

major, Linn., i. 611, ii. 478.

maritima, Linn., i. 611.

Patagonica, Jacq., i. 611, ii.
478.

purpiirasccns, Nutt., L 611.

pusilla, Nutt., i. 612.

Virginica, Linn., i. 611, ii.
478.
Plantain, i. 610.

Rattlesnake, ii. 135.

Water, ii. 200.
Platanack.*;, ii. 65.
Platantltcra, Hi.-hanl, ii. 133.

clcij(tns, Lindl., ii. 133.

fwtida, Geyer, ii. 134.

grncUis, Linill., ii. 135.

Irucosliir/n/s, Lindl., ii. 134.

sirialo, Lindl., ii. 135.
Plataiius, Tourn., ii. 66.

Californica, Benth., ii. 66.

occidcntalis. Hook. & Arn.,
ii. 66.

raceniosa, Nutt., ii. 66.
Plntijhmn, Smith, ii. 340.

bcUmn, Moore, ii. 340.

hrachiijilc.rum, Moore, ii. 340.
Platyspermum, Hook., i. 27.

.scapigerum. Hook., i. 27.
Platystemon, Benth., i. 19.

C'alifornicus, TJentli., i. 19.
Platystigma, Benth., i. 20.

Californieum, Benth. &
Hook., i. 20.

lineare, Benth., i. 20.

Oregiinuni, Benth. & Hook.,
i. 20.
Pleetritis, DC, i. 287.

bracln/sfcmoii, Fisch. & Mey.,
i. 287.

congosta, DC, i. 237.

macrocera, Torr. & Gray, i.
287, ii. 453.
Pleuraphi.s, Torr., ii. 293.

Jamesii, Torr., ii. 293.

rigiila, Thurb., ii. 293.
Pleurieosjioia, Gray, i. 403.

fimbriolata, Gray, i. 463, ii.
462.
Pleuridium, Bridel, ii. 359.

stravrincum, Lesf|., ii. 359.

snbulatuni, Bruch &Schimp. ,
ii. 359.
Pleurogyne rotata, Griseb., i.

478.
Pleiiropnrion Dougl asii, Trin.,

ii. 307.
Pluchea, Cass., i. 334.

camjihorata, DC, i. 334.
Plum, i. 166.
Pi,i;MnA(;iNAci-.;F;, i. 465.
Poa, Linn., ii. 311.

Poa abbreviata, R. Br., ii. 312.

airoidea, Nutt., ii. 308.

aljiina, Linn., ii. 312.

andina, Nutt., ii. 309.

avfji(sf.i/o/ia, Ehrh., ii. 313.

annua, Linn., ii. 311.

Californica, Steud., ii. 314.

capitata, Nutt., ii. 315.

crocata, Mielix., ii. 313.

Douglasii, Nees, ii. 314.
Jlnilans, Scop., ii. 307.

glnmaris, Trin., ii. 313.

hi/pnoidrs, Lam., ii. 315.

Kiiigii, Watson, ii. 313.

la.xa, Haenke, ii. 312.

kptocoma, Trin., ii. 313.

Michauxii, Kunth, ii. 306.

nervata, AVilld., ii. 308.

Kvtkarnsis, Piesl, ii. 308.

KutbilUavn, Schultz, ii. 308.

pratensis, Linn., ii. 312.

proonnbciis, Curt., ii. 309.

rei)tans, Micli.v., ii. 315.

riipcstris. With., ii. 309.

serotiua, Ehrh., ii. 313.

stenantha, Trin., ii. 313.

(eniiifolia, Nutt., ii. 310.

trivialis, Linn., ii. 313.
Podoamnum dcbile, HBK., ii.
278.

graciJc, HBK., ii. 277.

quadndenlatiiiii, HBlv., ii.
277.

srfosiim, HBK., ii. 277.
Podosciadium, Gray, i. 263.

Bolanderi, Gray,'i. 263.

Californieum, Gray, i. 263.
Pogogyne, Betitli., i. 596.

Douglasii, Benth., i. 597.

multitiora, Benth., i. 597.

iiudiusrula, (iraj-, i. 597.

parvillora, Benth., i. 597.

serpylloides, Gray, i. 598.

tenuiliora, Gray, i. 597.

2iziplioroides, IJenth., i. 597.
Pogonatum, Beauv., ii. 402.

alpinum, Brid., ii. 402.

contortum, Le.sq., ii. 403.
Pohlin arctica, R. Br., li. 392.

inclivatii, Swartz, ii. 392.

pohpnorpha, Hoppe &
Hornseli., ii. 390.

JVnrrncnsix, Schwaegr., li.
393.
Poison Hemlock, i. 258.

Oak, i. 110.
Polanisia, Raf., i. 50.

graveolens, Raf., i. 51.

trachvsperma, Torr. & Gray,
i. 51.

uniglandulosa, Cav., i. 51.

vnirifatidu/osn, Torr., i, 51.

POLRMONIACK.-E, i. 485.

Polemonium, Tourn., i. 499.
CJfrnleiim, Linn., i. 500.
capiliitnm, I?entli., i. 500.
carneum, (Jrav, ii. 466.

524

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Poleinonium confeituiii, Gray,
i. 500.

humile, Willd., i. 499, ii. 466.

luici-anthuin, IJenth., i. 499.

pulcliellum, Bunj,'!', i. 500.

2)ulcherriiniun, Hook., i. 500.

JUchardsoiii, (.iiah., i. 500.

viscosiim, Nutt., i. 500.
Polyantlcerix Iltjslrix, Nees, ii.

327.
Polyoarpon, Linn., i. 71.

tlei)rebsuin, Nutt., i. 71.

tetrapliyllum, Linn, f., i. 71.
Polygala, Touru., i. 58.

acanthoelada, Gray, i. 59.

Califoniica, Nutt., i. 59, ii.
433.

corniila, Kell., i. 59.

cucullata, Bcntli., i. 59, ii.
433.

cucullata, Newb., i. 59.

ovalifolia, DO., i. 59.

Nulkana, II09., i. 59.

NiUkana, Torr. k Gray, i.
59.

NiUkana, Torr., i. 59.

subspiuosa, Watson, i. 59.

Xanti, Gray, i. 59.

POLYGALACE^, i. 58.
POLYGONACE.B, ii. 6.

Polygonuni, Linn., ii. 10, 479.
acre, HBK., ii. 14, 480.
ainphibium, Linn., ii. 13,

480.
amphibiam, ii. 14.
nviculare, Linn., ii. 11.
Hidwciliie, Watson, ii. 479.
IMstorta, Linn., ii. 14, 480.
Ikilamleri, Bri-wcr, ii. 11.
Calirornieuin, iMcisn., ii. 13.
coarctatuni, Dowgl., ii. 12.
Convolvulus, Linn., ii. 15.
DavisiiE, lirewer, ii. 15.
dumetoruni, Linn., ii. 15.
erectuin, Linn., ii. 11.
Greeuei, Watson, ii. 480.
Hartwrightii, Gray, ii. 14.
lIydroi)iper, Linn., ii. 14.
inibricatuin, Nutt., ii. 12.
mininiuin, Watson, ii. 11.
Muhlenbergii, Watson, ii. 13.
noilosuni, Pers., ii. 13.
Paronychia, Chain. &

Schlecht., ii. 10.
Pennsylvanicum, Linn., ii.

13.
Persicaria, Linn., ii. 14, 480.
polygaloiiies, Meisn., ii. 12.
polyniorphuni, Lcdeb., ii. 15.
ran\osissinium, Michx., ii. 12.
Shastense, Brewer, ii. 11.
tenue, Michx., ii. 12.
Torrcyi, Watson, ii. 12.
viviparuin, Linn., ii. 15.
Poll/pappus sericeus, Xutt., i.

334.
Polyi>odiuni, Linn., ii. 334.

Polypodium alpcstre, Hop[)e, ii.
345.

Californicuin, KaulL, ii. 334.

ainwsum, Iveil., ii. 335.

falcatuni, Kell., ii. 334.

Glycyrrhiza, Eaton, ii. 334.

iiUcrinediuia, Hook. & Am.,
ii. 334.

pachyphyllum, Eaton, ii. 335.

Scouleri, Hook. & Grev., ii.
335.

vulgare, Linn., ii. 334.
Polypody, ii. 334.
Poly[)ogon, Dest'., ii. 270.

iiiopecuroides, Buckl., ii. 273.

fatjax, ii. 270.

iittoralis, Smith, ii. 270.

Monsjieliensis, Desf., ii. 270.
Polystichuni iiiunUiun, Presl,

ii. 346.
Pulytrichadclphus Lyallii,

Mitt., ii. 402.
Polytrichum, Dill., ii. 403.

alpiiium, {j\\\\\., ii. 402.

anyustatum. Hook., ii. 402.

brecifoliam. It. Br., ii. 403.

commune, Linn., ii. 403.

conlorlain, Menz., ii. 403.

dentatum, Les(|., ii. 403.

formosuni, Hedw., ii. 403.

juniperinum, Hedw., ii. 403.

Iccvipiluia, ILimpe, ii. 403.

piliferum, Schreh., ii. 403.

undulutam, Hutlw., ii. 402.
Poi.d-Lily, i. 17.
I'ondweed, ii. 194.

Horned, ii. 193.
Po.N'TUDKKIACE.t;, ii. 186.
I'oplar, ii. 91.
Topulus, Tourn., ii. 91.

angustit'olia, James, ii. 91.

biilsmiiifcrii, ii. 91.

Fremonti, Watson, ii. 92.

moiiilifcra, ii'. 92.

treniuioide.s, Michx., ii. 91.

trichoiarpa, Torr. &. Gray, ii.
91.
Poropliylhim, Vaill., i. 398.

graeile, Benth., i. 399.

(Irajiiii, Gray, i. 399.
Purterella, Torr., i. 444.

airnulosa, Torr., i. 444.
Portnlaca, Tourn., i. 73.

grandiflora. Hook., i. 74.

oleracea, Linn., i. 74.

pilosa, Linn., i. 74.

retusa, Engclm., i. 74.
PoKTIJl.ACACK.t:, i. 73.
PotaniDgeton, Tourn., ii. ISM.

amplitolius,Tuckerm.,ii. 196.

Claytoni, Tuekerm., ii. 195.

cumprcssus, Fries, ii. 197.

gramineus, Linn., ii. 196.

hderophylliis,iich\v\j., ii. 196.

lonchites, Tuckerm., ii. 196.

lucens, Linn., ii. 196.

marinus, Linn., ii. 198.

Potamogeton vionlaniim, Presl,

ii. 196.
natiins, Linn., ii. 195.
nutans, ii. 196.
Niagarensis, Tuckerm., ii.

197.
pamnllorua, Pursh, ii. 197.
peetinatus, Linn., ii. 198.
perl'oliatus, Linn., ii. 197.
prtelongus, Wulf., ii. 197.
J'rotcus, Cham., ii. 197.
piisillus, Linn., ii. 198.
ivobbinsii. Cakes, ii. 198.
rul'escens, Schrad., ii. 195.
trichuides, Benth., ii. 198.
zosteraceus. Fries, ii. 198.
zobteritfolius, Schum., ii. 197.
Potato, i. 558.

Hog's, ii. 183.
Potentilla, Linn., i. 177.
Anserina, Linn., i. 180.
Blaschi-ca)ifi, Turcz., i. 179.
Breweri, Watson, i. 178, ii.

444.
Clarkiami, Kellogg, ii. 444.
dcpaiipcrata, Kngelm., i. 184.
dissect^*, Pursh, i. 179.
dicersifulia, Lelini., i. 179.
fastigiida, Nutt., i. 179.
'fissa, Nutt., i. 178.
linbelUfoUa, Hook., i. 180.
'jlnbdl'iformis, Lehm., i. 179.
IVuticosa, Linn., i. 180.
gelida, Meyer, i. 180.
glandulosa, Lindl., i. 178.
gracili.s, Dougl., i. 179.
(irayi, Watson, i. 179, ii. 444.
inilleyrana, Engelm., i. 178.
viullijuga, Lehm., i. 181.
Newberryi, Gray, i. 184.
Nattallii, Lehm., i. 179.
palustris, .Scop., i. 180, ii. 444.
Plattensis, Nutt., i. 179.
rigida, Nutt., i. 179.
rivalis, Nutt., i. 178.
Wheeleri, Watson, i. 179, ii.

444.
JfraiK/i'linnn, Fisch.& Mey.,

i. 178.
Putcridiitm annuuin, Spnch, i.

186.
Poterium, Linn., i. 186.
annuuni, Nutt., i. 186.
ollicinale, i'.enth. & Hook.,

i. 186.
Pottia, Ehrh., ii. 360.
eavifolia, Elirli., ii. 361.
Heindi, Bruch k Schinip. ,ii.

361.
niinutnla, Bruch k Schiniii.,

ii. 361.
rubiginosa, Watson, ii. 361.
Starkeana, Muell., ii. 361.
subsessili.s, Biuch & Schinip.,

ii. 361.
truncata, Bruch & Schinip.,

ii. 361.

INDKX OF (JKXKUA AND SPECIES.

525

Prairie-Grass, California, ii. 322.
Prauvithcs lenuifolia, Torr., i.

428.
Primrose, i. 4G8.
Priiiiiila, Linn., i. 4(58.

suH'riitescons, Gray, i. 408.
Primulace^, i. 466.
Prince's Pine, i. 45!>.
Prmin])sis, Nutt., i. 310.
PritchnrdiafilamentoHa,

Wendl., ii. 211.
Prosartcs, Don, ii. 178.

Hookt'ii, Torr., ii. 17fK

liinnijinnsa, ii. 179.

Menzicsii, l)on, ii. 178.

Orcfjiuia, Watson, ii. 179.

l)arvil'olia, Watson, ii. 179.

tracliyan(lra, Torn, ii. 179.

trachyoarpa, Watson, ii. 179.
Prosopis, Linn., i. 162.

cinerascens, Gray, i. 163.

Emonji, Torr., i. 163.

(j/andidosn, Toir., i. 163.

julillora, DC, i. 163.

odorata, Torr., i. 163.

pubescfns, Hcnth., i. 163.
Prnnns, Tonrn., i. 166.

Andersonii, Gray, i. 168.

demissa, Walp., i. 167, ii.
443.

eniar<,'inata, Wnlp., i. 167, ii.
442.

fasciculata. Gray, i. 168.

Prenionti, Watson, ii. 442.

ilicil'olia, Walp., i. 168, ii.
443.

7)10///.'!, Walp., i. 167.

scrotina, Elirii., i. 167.

subcordata, Benth., i. 167.

Virginiana, Linn., i. 167.

Vir(jiniana, Torr., i. 167.
Psathyrotes, Gray, i. 409.

annna, Gray, i. 409.

vamosissiina. Gray, i. 409.

Schottii, Gray, i. 409.
Psendotsncra, Carr., ii. 119.

Douglasii, Carr., ii. 120, 483.
Psilocari)lins, Nntt., i. 336.

brrvissimus, Nutt., i. 336.

cmihscens, Benth., i. 337.

flhhjfrrv.i, Nutt., i. 336.

Orcjjanus, Nutt., i. 336.

tcn(>llus, Nutt., i. 336.
Psilochnna occidcntaUx, Nutt.,

i. 43.5.
Psoralea, Linn., i. 139.

Californipa, Watson, ii. 441.

floribnnda, Nutt., i. 140.

fruticosa, Kidlocrg, ii. 441.

laneeolata, Pursli, i. 140.

macrostaeliya, DC, i. 140, ii.

441.
orbicularis, Lindl., i. 139.
physodes, Dougl., i. 140.
strobilina, Hook. & Am., i,

139.
xirobih'nn, Tovr. k Gray, i. 1 40,

Ptelca, Linn., i. 97.

angustifolia, Penth., i. 97, ii.
438.
PlcnjijojihijUicm, Briilpl, ii. 406.

lucais, Brid., ii. 406.
Pterigvnandruni, Iledw., ii.
407.
fililorine, Hedw., ii. 407.
Pteris, Linn., ii. 341.

aqnilina, Linn., ii. 341.
Ptcroc/iifon, Torr., ii. 50.

occidoifnle, Torr., ii. .'iS.
Ptcioj^oniuni, Swartz, ii. 406.
filiformc, Scliwargr., ii. 407.
gracile, Swaitz, ii. 406.
I'tcrospora, Nutt., i. 461.

androniedca, Nutt., i. 462.
Pterostegia, Fiscli. & Jley., ii-
39.
drymarioidcs, Fiscb. & Mey.,

'ii. 40.
niacroptera, Bontli., ii. 40.
Plcrostephnnus, Kell., i. 431.

runcinittnx, Kell., i. 431.
Pfiloc'ih/jc, Torr. & Gray, i. 520.
Ptihmeris, Nutt., i. 378.
oj/inii, Nutt., i. 378.
avi/icmoides, Nutt., i. 378.
aristata, Nutt., i. 378.
coronnria, Nutt, i. 378.
nuficn, Nutt., i. 378.
toirlld, Nutt., i. 378.
PUIojiliora nulunx. Gray, i. 424.
Ptyclioinitriuni, I'riu'h k
Snhinip., ii. 381.
Gardneii, Lescp, ii. 382.
Puccoon, i. 522.
Pugiopappu.s, (Jlray, i. 354.
Bigclovii, Gray, i. 355.
Breweii, (Jray, i. 355.
calliopsideus, Gra)', i. 355.
Pidmonaria Sibirica, Linn., i.

523.
Pursliia, DC, i. 173.
tridcntata, DC, i. 173, ii.
443.
Purslane, i. 73.
Putty-root, ii. 132.
Pycnantlipuiuni, Miclix., i. 592.

'Calilornicuni, Torn, i. 592.
Pycreus, ii. 214.
Pvrola, Tourn., i. 460.
"apliylla, Sniitli, i. 461.
brnrfrnln, Hook., i. 460.
cblorantlia, Swartz, i. 461.
dnifatn, Rniitli, i. 461.
ehtfr,, Nutt., i. 460.
Mcnziesii, Don, i. 459.
picta, Stnitb, i. 460.
rotundiiolia, Linn., i. 460.
seciinda, Linn., i. 460.
vv\hfUnln, Linn., i. 459.
nnijlora, Linn., i. 460.
Pi/rrncoma, Hook., i. 310.
(frill dclioidr.i, DC, i. 311.
Mciiziesii, Hook, k .\rn., i.
315.

Pyrrocoma pnniculata, Torr. &

Gray, i. 312.
raccinosn, Toir. & Gray, ii.

454.
Pyrus, see Pirus.

Quack-Gras.s, ii. 324.
Quaking Asj), ii. 91.

Grass, ii. 315.
Qiiamodidioii multijlorum.

Torn, ii. 2.
Quercus, Linn., ii. 93.

nciUidcns, Torn, ii. 96.

agrifolia. Nee, ii. 98.

bcrbcridifolia, Liebin., ii. 96.

Breweri, Rngelm., ii. 96.

clirysolcpis, Liebni., ii. 97.

chriffiolc]))!^, ii. 97.

cmsaipoculii, Torn, ii. 97.

densitlora, Hook, k Arn., ii.
99.

Douglasii, Hook, k Am., ii.
95.

duniosa, Nutt., ii. 96.

echinacea, Torr., ii. 99.

Emoryi, Torn, ii. 94.

fulvesccns, Kellogg, ii. 97.

Garrvana, Dougl., ii. 95.

Ilindsii, Benth., ii. 95.

Kelioggii, Ncwb. , ii. 99.

lobata. Nee, ii. 95.

lobatn, ii. 96.

Morchus, Kellogg, ii. 98.

Kcai, I,iebn\., ii. 95.

oblongifolia. Torn, ii. 96.

obloiKjifolin, ii. 97.

oi-i/ndrnia, Torr., ii. 98.

Pa'lnieri, Kng<'lni., ii. 97,

jmnycns, ]>iebni., ii. 96.

Pnnso7ni, Kellogg, ii. 95.

Sonomensis, Benth., ii. 99.

lincloria, ii. 99.

tonientella, Engelin., ii. 97.

undulata, Torr., ii. 96.

vacciniifolia, Kellogg, ii.
97.

Wislizeni, A. DC, ii. 98.
Q\iillwort, ii. 350.
Quitch-Grass, ii. 324.

Racopihim anomalum,
Schwaegn, ii. 406.
Hndisb, i. 49.
l!.\KFi,|-..siAtK^;, ii. 102.
Halinesiinia, Nutt., i. 429.

Calit'ornica, Nutt., i. 430.

Neo-Me.\icana, Gray, i. 430.
Ragweed, i. 344.
Haillardrlla, Gray, i. 416, 618.

argentea, Gray, i. 417.

Muirii, Gray, i. 618.

.scaposa. Gray, i. 417.
Ranapalm Eisenii, Kellogg, ii.

474.
RANlTNCUr.ACE.'E, i. 2.
Ranunculus, Linn., i. 5, ii. 42.5.

(icris, Torr. & Gray, i. 8.

526

IXDEX OF GENERA AND Sl'EClES.

Kanunculus alisnioefolius, Gey-
er, i. 6, ii. 4'2t).

Andeisonii, Gray, i. 6.

aijuatilis, Linn., i. 5, ii. 425.

Bloonieii, Wutson, ii. 4'2().

Calitornicus, Bcntii., i. 7, ii.
426.

canits, Hentli., i. 8.

Chilensis, DC, i. 9.

Cynibalaria, Pur.iii, i. 7.

clelpldnifullus, Toir. k Gray,
i. 8.

dissect us, Hook. & Arn., i. 8.

Eisciiii, Kt;ll()g^', ii. 4'i(i.

fiiscictilaris, Muiil., i. 9.

Flanimula, Linn., i. 6.

glabcrrinuis, Hook., i. 7, ii.
4-26.

hebecarpus, Hook. & Am., i.
8, ii. 42G.

hederaceus, Linn., i. 5, ii.
425.

hydruchnris, Hiern, i. 5.

hystriculus, Gru}', i. (5, ii.
425.

Lenimoni, Gray, i. 7.

inaoranthus, ficiieeli', i. 8.

multifitlus, Pnrsh, ii. 42tj.

muricatiis, Linn., i. 9.

Nelsonii, Gray, i. 8, ii. 426.

ortliorhynchns, Hook., ii.
426.

oxynotus. Gray, i. 7.

jmrvifioras, Torr. k Gray, i. 8.

Piirs'hii, Richards., ii. 426.

repena, Fiinn., i. 8.

rt:j)tans, Linn., i. 6.

scelerafus, Linn., ii. 426.

ti'.ndlus, Nnlt., i. 8.

traciiysperniiis, Luj^t-ini., i. 7.
Kaplianus, Linn., i. 49.

Uaplianistniin, Linn., i. 49.

sativus, Linn., i. 49.
Raspberry, i. 17L
Hattlcsna"ke IMantain, ii. 135.
Hattluweed, i. 144.
Kay-Grass, ii. 323.
llcbuidca gracilis, Knntii, ii.

302.
Red Clover, i. 12S.

Fir, ii. 119.

Red-top, ii. 272.
Red -bud, i. 160.
Redwood, i. 104, ii. 116.
Reed, ii. 299.

Bur, ii. 188.
Reed IJent-Grass, ii. 27S.
Reed Canary-Grass, ii. 26.').
Reed-Grass, Wood, ii. 27(i.
Reniie, ii. 63.
Rescue Grass, ii. 322.
Reseda Luteola, Linn., i. 53.

odorata, Linn., i. 53.
Rk.skdace.e, i. 53.
Jktinospora, Sieb. k Zucc, ii.

114.
Rhacondtriuin, Brid.-l, ii. 380.

Rliacomitrium aciculare, Brid.,
ii. 380.

canescens, Brid., ii. 381.

dipri'ssuMi, Lc'bc]., ii. 3S1.

heterostichuni, Briil., ii. 381.

lanu;^inosuni, Brid., ii. 381.

inicrocarpum, iirid., ii. 381.

Nevii, Watson, ii. 381.
Rua.m.n'acea;, i. 99.
Rhaninus, Linn., i. 100.

alnifolia, L'iler., i. 100, ii.
438.

Calitbrnica, Esdi., i. 101, ii.
439.

crocea, Nutt., i. 100.

ilicifolius, Kell., i. 101.

olci'folius, Hook., i. 101.

Buishiaua, DC, i. loO, ii.
439.
Rhizo<iunium acantlomcuron,

Mnell., ii. 397.
Rhododendron, Linn., i. 457.

albilloruin, Hook., i. 458.

calciulalacciuii, Hook. & Arn.,
i. 458.

Californicuni, Hook. , i. 458,
ii. 461.

occidentale, Gray, i. 458.
Rlinbarb, ii. 6.
Rhus, Linn., i. 109.

aroniatica, Ait., i. 110.

diversiloba, Torr. k (iray, i.
110.

integrifolia, Benth. k Hook.,
i. 110.

laurina, Nutt., i. 111.

lobutii, Hook., i. 110.

To.\ii'odc'ndron, Linn., i. 110.

trili-bata, Nutt., i. 11(1.
Rhynchospora, ^'ald, ii. 213.

alba, Vahl, ii. 213.
l!/ii/uchustc(jiu7ii, Scliinip., ii.
415.

rusciforme, Bruch k Schinip.,
ii. 415.
I'ibbon-Gras.s, ii. 265.
Ribcs, Linn., i. 204.

aureuni, Pursh, i. 207.

bracteosuni, Dougl., i. 206.

britclcosiuii, Wat.son, i. 206.

C'li/i/uniicuiii, Hook, k Arn.,
i. 205.

Califurnicum, Gray, i. 205.

cereuni, Dougl., i. 2u7.

divaricatuni, Dou^d., i. 205.
fcroc. Smith, i. 2(i5.

fraijrans, Lodd., i. 208.

fllulinosnm, Bt-nth., i. 207.

hii-tcllum, Mifh.x., i. 206.

Hudsonianuni, Rich., i. 206.

irriijHHin, Douj,d., i. 206.

lacustre, Poir., i. 206.

la.xitioruni, Pursh, i. 206.

leptanthuni, Gray, i. 205.

Lobbii, Gray, i. 205, ii. 446.

malraceiuii. Smith, i. 207.

Men/.icsii, I'nrsh, i. 2()4.

Piibes occidcntalc, Hook, k Arn.,
i. 205.

o.xyacanthoides, Linn.,i. 206.

oxificantkuidcs, Mich.x., i.
206.

oxijaainlhoides, Hook., i. 206.

jirostratum, L'Her., i. 20(i.

sanguineuin, Pursh, i. 207.

sajivsuin. Hook., i. 206.

.setosuni, Lindl., i. 206.

speciosum, Pursh, i. 204.

slumineiun. Smith, i. 204.

subvcsUdiiii, Hook, k Arn.,
i. 205.

siibvestilum, Hook., i. 205.

tenuijlonun, Lindl., i. 208.

villo'sum, Nutt., i. 206.

viscosissinuim, Pursh, i. 207.
U'u/ffii, Rothr., i. 207.
Ribgruss, i. 61 O.-
Rice's Cousin, ii. 262.
Rice Cut-grass, ii. 262.
Rice, False, ii. 262.
Iticinella myricwfuiia, JIutll.,

ii. 70.
Ricinus communis, Linn., ii. 67.
Rid.lcUia, Nutt., i. 372.

arachnoidea, Gray, i. 372.

Cooperi, Gray, i. 373.

tagetina, Nutt., i. 372.
Rigiopappus, Gray, i. 387.

Icptocladns, Giay, i. 387.
Roble, ii. 95.
Rock-Brako, ii. 341.
Romanzoltiu, Cham., i. 516.

Sitchcnsis, Bong., i. 51ti.
Romneya, Harvey, i. 20.

Coultcri. Ilarv', i. 20, ii. 42S.
Rosa, Tourn., i. 187.

bliinda, Ait., i. 187, ii. 444.

blauda, Wat.son, i. 187.

Californica, Cham, k
Schlecht., i. 187.

gymnocarpa, Nutt., i. 187.

Nutkana, I'resl, ii. 444.

pisocarpa. Gray, i. 187.

spithamea, Watson, ii. 444.
RosAci;.?;, i. 164.
Rose, i. 187.
Rose Bay, i. 458.
Rosinwec.l, i. 361.
Iliiltbiellid panirulnta, Spreng.,
I ii. 322.

I Roubieva, iMo.)., ii. 49.
j multilida, Mn,|., ii. 49.
I Rough Mca.low.diiiss, ii. 313.
h'irilIA(K,K, i. 281.
Rubus, Linn., i. 171.

(flduci/ofiiis, Kell., i. 172.
! Miens, Linn., i. 171.

lencodermis, Dongl., i. 172.
I vutcropctahis, Dough, i. 173.

Mciniesii, Hook,, 'i. 172.

Nutkanus, Moi;., i. 171, ii.
443.

obovatus, Linn., i. 172.

pedatus, Smith, i. 172.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

527

Kubiisspectahilis, Pursli, i. 172.

strigosus, Michx., i. 171.

ursinus, Cham, k Schlecht.,
i. 172, ii. 443.

velutimis. Hook. & Arn., i.
172.

villosus, Ait., i. 171.

vitifoHiis, Cham, k Sdileclit. ,
i. 173.
Kudbeckia, Linn., i. 347.

Californifa, Gray, i. 347.

occidcntalis, Nutt., i. 347, ii.
4.''.6.
l?nellia, Linn., i. 588.

tubcrosa, Linn., i. 588.
Rumox, Linn., ii. 7.

Acetosella, Linn., ii. 10.

Berlandieri, Meisn., ii. 9.

conglompiatus, Muir., ii. 9.

cris|>iis, Linn., ii. 9.

Eitf/chnanni, Meisn., ii. 10.

hymenosepalus, Ton., ii. 8,
• 479.

longifolius, Anct., ii. 8.

maiitimns, Linn., ii. 9.

obtusifolius, Linn., ii. 9.

occidcntalis, Watson, ii. 8.

paucifolius, Nutt., ii. 10.

yersicarioidcs. Hook., ii. 9.

pulcher, Linn., ii. 40.

salieifoliu.'?, Weinm., ii. 8.

Saxei, Kell., ii. 479.

venosus, Pnrsh, ii. 8.
Rupnllcjia, Moriure, ii. 150.

voluhilin, Moiieic, ii. 156.
lUijipin, Linn., ii. 193.

niaritima, Linn., ii. 194.
Hush, Bog, ii. 203.

Club, ii. 216.

Scouring, ii. 329.

Si)iko, ii. 220.

Wood, ii. 202.
Rush-Grass, ii. 267.
RuTACi:^, i. 96.
Jiutoama Texnnnm, Gray, i. 97.
Saccularia Vcalchii, KelL, i.

551.
Sage, i. 596.

Llack, ii. 477.

Wliite, ii. 56, 477.
Sage-bush, i. 402.
Sagina, Linn., i. 70.

Linn^ei, I'resl, i. 70, ii. 4-^5.

occidentalis, Watson, i. 70.

procHinbcnx, I>olan(L, i. 70.
Sagittaria, Linn., ii. 201.

Chinrnsis, Sims, ii. 201.

variabilis, Engelm., ii. 201.
Saint-Jobn's-wort, i. 80.
Salal, i. 454.
Salazaria, Torn, i. 004.

Mpxicana, Torn, i. 604.
Sai.icace^:, ii. 82.
Salioornia, Tourn., ii. 57.

anibigua, Mirlix., ii. 57.

fntticona, ii. 57.

lierbacea, Linn., ii. 57.

S:dix, Tourn., ii. 82.

arctica, Pall., ii. 90.

avf/ophyl/a, Nutt, ii. 85.

anjuta, Anders., ii. 84.

Austinie, I5cbb, ii. 88.

Bigelovii, Torr., ii. 86.

brachycarpa, Nutt., ii. 85.

hrachijsladn/s, Benth., ii. 87.

I$reweri, Bebb, ii. 88.

Calirornica, Bebb, ii. 89, 483.

cnjnroide.i, Andeis., ii. 87.

dtloropliijl/n, ii. 87.

eordata, Mulil., ii. 85.

Coulteri, Anders., ii. 90.

cmicnta, Nutt., ii. 87.

cxirjKo, Nutt, ii. 85.

Femileriann, Anders., ii. 84.

Jtiircsccns, Nutt., ii. 86.

Jhtviatilis, Nutt., ii. 85.

Geyeriana, Anders., ii. 87.

glauea, Linn., ii. 89.

ginitcops, Anders., ii. 89.

'Jlnrturgi, 15enth., ii. 86.

Jlindsinnn, Bentb., ii. 85.

Iloflmanniana, Hook, k Arn.,
ii. 84.

hinnilis, ii. 86.

L-Gvigata, Bebi), ii. 83.

lancifolia, Anders., ii. 84.

lasiaiulra, Benth., ii. 84.

lasiolepis, Benth., ii. 86.

Lemnioni, Bebb, ii. 88.

longifolia, Muhl., ii. 84.

Incida, ii. 84.

lutrn, Nutt., ii. 86.

inacrocnrpn, Nutt., ii. 88.

mdcroslacliiia, Nutt., ii. 85.

viicrophiiUa, Seblecht., ii.85.

]\[onica,"Bebb, ii. 90.

Nevadensis, Watson, ii. 85.

nigra. Marsh., ii. 83.

pcntandrn, ii. 84.

Savilrrinna, Barratt, ii. 87.

sessilibdia, Nutt, ii. 85.

Siteliensis, Sanson, ii. 87.

spcciosri, Nutt., ii. 84.

s/ngnn/is, Nutt., ii. 87.

subeordata, Anders., ii. 90.

taxifolia, HI'.K., ii. 85.

teiiera, Anders., ii. 90.

villosa, ii. 89.
Salmon-berry, i. 171.
Salpiglossis! pmsh-ida, Hook. &

Arn., i. 546.
Salsify, i. 422.

Sdfxola drprr.ssa, Pursli, ii. 58.
Salvia, Linn., i. 598.

ballotiellora. Benth., i. 600.

carduacea, Benth., i. 599.

eoecinea, Linn., i. 599.

Colnmbari;e, Benth., i. 599.

fulg.'us, Cav., i. 599.

gossi/phia, Benth., i. 599.

pbityeheila, (hay, i. 600.

splendens, Sell.,' i. 599.
Salviniack^d, ii. 352.
Sambucns, Tourn., i. 277.

Sainbucus glauea, Nutt., i. 278.
Mcxicnnn, Torr.. i. 278.
pxibrMS, Michx., i. 278.
raceniosa, Linn., i. 278.
Samolus, Linn., i. 470.

Valerandi, Linn., i. 470.
Samidiire, ii. 57.
Sand-Spurrey, i. 71.
Sandwort, i. 68.
Sangiiisorba nnmta, Torr. &
Gray, i. 186.
miovcrphala, Presl, i. 180.
vnjrioplnjlla, Braun & Bouche,

i. 186.
ojjirinnlis, Linn., i. 186.
Sanicle, i. 255.
Sanicula, Tourn., i. 255.

aretopoides. Hook, k Arn., i.

256.
bipinnata. Hook, k Arn., i.

257, ii. 451.
bijiiunatirula, Dougl., i. 256,

ii. 451.
laciniata, Hook. & Am., i.

256.
niaritima, Kellogg, ii. 451.
Menziesii, Hook. & Arn., i.

256. ii. 451.
Nevacleiisis, Watson, i. 256,

ii. 451.
nitdirauUs, Hook, k Am., i.

256.
tulierosa, Torr., i. 257, ii.
451.
Santa i,acf..t;, ii. 103.
SaatoUna siiavcolen.i, Pursli, i.

401.
Sai'IM)Ace.t:, i. 105.
Snj>in)n rniniiuin, Torr., ii. 72.
Sapoiiaiia, Linn., ii. 434.
ollicinalis, Linn., ii. 434.
Vaccaria, Linn., ii. 434.
Sajwta, White, ii. 438.
Saratha acud folia, Jliers, i.
540, 541. ■
Cnronopuft, Gray, i. 540.
liana. Gray, i. 540.
Sareobatus, Nees, ii. 59.
Muximiliani, Nees, ii. 59.
vermiculatus, Torr., ii. 59.
Sarcodes, Torr., i. 462.

sanguiuea, Torr., i. 462.
Sarcosteinina, 1>. Brown, i. 477,
ii. 464.
hcterophyllum, Engelm., i.

478, ii. 464.
lineare, Decaisnc, ii. 464.
SARUACESIACE.T;, i. 17.
Sarratia, Moq., ii. 42.

Bcrl nadir ri, Moq., ii. 42.
Saw-Grass, ii. 224.
SaxilViiga, Linn., i. 192.
a-sfiriilis, Fisch., i. 195.
n:stivalis, Torr. & Gray, i. 195.
bryojdiora, C>ray, i. 194.
hcterautha. Hook., i. 195.
liicrnri folia, Grav, i. 194.

528

INDEX UF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Saxifraga iiitegri folia, Hook., i.
194.

leucantlieniifolia, Micli.x., i.
195.

Icuciinthemi/oliu, Eiiglor, i.
194.

Mertensiana, Bong., i. 195.

nivalis, Linn., i. 194.

nivalis, Gray, i. 194.

Tairyi, Ton., i. 193.

peltata. Ton., i. 193.

jiunctata, Linn., i. 195.

lanunculifolia. Hook., i. 196,
ii. 445.

Tohniei, Torr. & Gray, i. 195.

Virginiensis, Mi(;li.K., i. 194.
Saxifuagace.b, i. 192.
Saxifrage, i. 192.
Suhallott, ii. 14(5.
ScheuchzL'ria, Linn., ii. 199.

palustiis, Linn., ii. 199.
Scliinus Molle, Linn., i. 109.
Schistidiam, Biid., ii. 377.

apocarpum, Bruch&Sohinip.,
ii. 377.

confcHum, Bruch k Si;liinip.,
ii. 377.

subsiissilc, Biiil., ii. 3(il.
Scliizoairi/a micntiit/ui, Spach.,

i. 234.
Schizonotus, Gray, ii. 463.

purpnrasci'ns, Gray, ii. 463.
SchiniiUiti lUricaloiid; Sternb.,

ii. 267.
Schobcria, C. A. Meyer, ii. 58.
Sclueiiolirion album, Durand,

ii. 159.
Schubertia sempcnnrcns, Spach,

ii. 116.
Schollera, Scbreh., ii. 187.

graniinifolia, Will.l., ii. 187.
Scilla esculcnta. Hook., ii. 158.
Scirpus, Linn., ii. 216.

acictilaris, Linn., ii. 221.

apus. Gray, ii. 224.

atrovirens, Mnlil., ii. 219.

bculius, Presl, ii. 218.

capilhuis, Linn., ii. 224.

o.arinatus, Gray, ii. 217.

criniger. Gray, ii. 219.

lacustri.s, Linn., ii. 217.

lenlicularis, Torr., ii. 219.

niaiitinius, Linn., ii. 218.

micranthus, Valil, ii. 220.

microcarpus. Viva], ii. 219.

Nevailen«is, Watson, ii. 217.

Olneyi, Gray, ii. 218.

palubtris, Kciclienh., ii. 214.

parviiltis, ii. 221.

paaciflurus, Ligiitf., ii. 221.

psciululriquctr.r, Sti'ud., ii.
218.

pungens, Valil, ii. 218.

pungcns, ii. 218.

pycjmcEus, Gray, ii. 217-

ripariiis, Spreng., ii. 217.

ripariiis, Presl, ii. 218.

Seirpns robnstus, Pre.sl, ii. 219.

Jiothii, Hoppi', ii. 218.

Savii, Keiuhenb., ii. 217.

ndticcim, Linn., ii. 217.

subsquarrosus, Muhl., ii. 220.

sylvaticus, Linn., ii. 219.

sijlvaticus, ii. 219.

Tatora, Knnth, ii. 218.

triquclcr, ii. 218.

validas, VabL, ii. 217.
Sclerocarpus cxiyuus, Sniitb, i.

360.
Sclerochloa, Beauv., ii. 308.

Cali/ornica, Munro, ii. 309.

procainbcns. Bean v., ii. 309.
Sderopodiitin, Schinip., ii. 414.

c(vsi)itosu)ii, Brnciii Scbinip.,
ii. 414.

illcccbnim, Sebinip., ii. 415.
Scleropun, Sclirad., ii. 41.
Scoliopns, Torr., ii. 180.

Bigflovii, Torr., ii. 180.

Hallii, Watson, ii. 180.
Scorpion-Grass, i. 522.
Scorzonclla, Niitt., i. 423.

hiciiuatii, Nutt., i. 424.

Icptosephala, Nntt., i. 425.

nutans, Geyer., i. 424.

sijlvalica, Bentb., i. 424.
Scoulcria, Hook., ii. 377.

aquadai. Hook., ii. 377.
Scon ring- llnsli, ii. 329.
Scrcw-boan, i. 162.
Screw-pod Mcs(piite, i. 163.
Seropbidaria, Tourii., i. 552.

Galifornifn, Cbani., i. 552.

nodosa, Linn., i. 552.

nodosa, lientii., i. 552.
Scitoi'iiUL.vui.vcK.i-:, i. 546.
Scrub Pine, ii. 128.
Scutellaria, Linn., i. 602.

angustifolia, Pursli, i. 603.

aiKjastiJ'olia, Bentb., i. 603.

antirrbinoides, Bentb., i. 6o3,
ii. 477.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 603.

Californica, Gray, ii. 477.

galericnlata, Linn., i. 603.

laterillora, Linn., i. 602.

nana. Gray, i. 604.

rcsinosa, Watson, i. 603.

siphommpyloidcs, Vatke, i.
603.

tubero.sa, Bentb., i. 603.
Sea Blitc, ii. 58.

Milkwort, i. 469.

Purslane, i. 251.
Selmstiania, Spieng., ii. 71.

Treculiana, Mnell. Arg. ii.72.
Sedge, ii. 224.
Seduni, Linn., i. 209.

Cotyledon, .Jaeq., i. 212.

<lebile, Watson, i. 21 (i.

Douglasii, Hook., i. 210.

cdule, Nntt., i. 211.

obtnsatnin. Gray, i. 209, ii.
446.

Sednni Orcgannm, Nutt, i. 209.

puniiluni, Bentb., i. 210.

Kbodiola, DC, i. 209.

spatnlifolinni. Hook., i. 209,
ii. 446.

stenopetalnni, Pursb, 210.

variegatnni, Watson, i. 210,
ii. 446.
Selaginclla, Beauv., ii. 349.

Californica, Si)ring, ii. 350.

Douglasii, Spring, ii. 350.

lepidopliylla. Spring, ii. 350.

Orcgana, Eaton, ii. 350.

rupestris, Spring, ii. 350.
SEL.\Gi.NKi.i,Ki:, ii. 349.
Self-Heal, i. 604.
Selinum, Linn., i. 264.

capitellatnni, Bentb. k
Hook., i. 265, ii. 451.

Kingii, Watson, i. 265.

Paciticnm, Watson, i. 265.

tenbinthinuni, Hook., i. 266.
Semiiervivum tectoruni, Linn.,

i. 208.
Senebiera, DC, i. 48.

didynia, Pers., i. 48.

liinnatitida, DC, i. 48.
Senecio, Linn., i. 410.

Andinus, Nutt., i. 414.

aronicoides, DC, i. 414.

aureus, Linn., i. 411.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 411.

C'alifornicu.s, DC, i. 410.

canns. Hook., i. 412.

Cineiaria, DC, i. 410.

C'larkianus, Gray, i. 412.

cordntus, Nutt., i. 413.

Coronopiis, Nutt., i. 410.

Douglasii, DC, i. 411.

eurycepbalus, Torr. k Gray,
i. 411.

exaltatus, Nutt., i. 413.

craltatus, Gray, i. 414.

Fcndlcri, Katon, i. 411.

filifolius, Nutt., i. 411.

Jloccifcrus, DC, i. 410, 434.

Freniontii, Torr. k Gray, i.
412, 618.

Greenei, Gray, i. 412.

bydro[)liilus, Nutt., i. 414.

integerrinuis, Nutt., i. 413.

longilobu.s, Bentb., i. 411.

lugeu.s, l!icb., i. 413.

Mendocinensis, Gray, i. 413.

■tnultilnbatus, Torr. k (Iray,
i. 411.

naiioinoutanus, DC, i. 411.

llidddlii, Torr. k (Jray, i.
411.

spartioidcs, Torr. k Gray, i.
411.

sylvatieu.s, Linn., i. 410.

triangularis. Hook., i. 414.

vulgaris, Linn., i. 410.
Senna, i. 161.
Service-berry, i. 189.
Sequoia, Endl., ii. 116.

INDPJX OF (JENEIIA AND SPECIES.

529

Sequoia gignntea, Decaisne, ii.
117.

seniiuTvirens, Endl., ii. 116.

IVellingtoniana, Seem., ii.
117.
Sericocarpus, Nces, i. 319.

Uregoncnsis, Nutt., i. 320.

rigidus, Liiidl., i. 320.
Scricographis Californ ica, G ray,

i. 589.
Scsclilciocarpiivi, Hook., i. 263.

trUcrnatum, I'ursli, i. 268.
Se.su viiini, Linn., i. 251.

Portulacastruni, Liun., i.
251.
Setaria, Beau v., ii. 260.

Calironiica, Kell., ii. 261.

caudata, lloem. & Schult., ii.
261.

glauca, Beauv., ii. 260.

Italica, Kunth, ii. 260.

viridis, Beauv., ii. 261.
Scubeitia, Kuutli, ii. 153.

aocca. Wood, ii. 155.

laxa, Kuntli, ii. 155.
Slipatli-flowering Grass, ii. 267.
Sheep-poison, ii. 440.
Shepherd's Purse, i. 44.
Sheplierdia, Nutt., ii. 62.

argontea, Nutt., ii. G2.

Canadensis, Nutt., ii. 63.

elccagnoidrit, Nutt., ii. 62.

rotundifolia, Parry, ii. 63.
Shiekl-Fern, ii. 345.
Shortia Californica, Nutt., i.

378.
Sibbaldia, Linn., i. 180.

procumbens, Linn., i. 180.
Sida, Linn., i. 86.

Californica, Nutt, i. 84.

crispa, Linn., i. 87.

dclphinifolin, Nutt., i. 84.

hederacea. Torn, i. 86.

malvrrjlora, DC, 83.

obliqita, Nutt., i. 87.
Sidalcea, Giay, i. 83.

del phinifi ilia. Gray, i. 84.

diploscvplia. Gray, i. 84.

Hartwegi, Gray, i. 84.

hirsuta, Gray, i. 84.

huniilis. Gray, i. 84.

nialaciiroides, Gray, i. 84.

malvreHora, Gray, i. 83, ii.
437.
• Oregana, Gi-ay, i. 84.

vitifoHa, Gray, i. 84.
Sieversia trijiura, R. Br.,i. 176.
Silene, Liun., i. 62.

antirrhina, Linn., i. 63.

Bolandcri, Gray, i. 64.

Bridgesii, Rohrb., i. 66.

Ciilitornica, Dui'. , i. 64.

campanulata, "Watson, i. 63,
ii. 433.

Dorrii, Kell., i. 63.

Douglasii, Hook., i. 66.

Enyelmanni, Rohrb., i. 65, 66,

Sik'ne Gallica, Linn., i. 63.

Grayii, Watson, ii. 434.

Hookeri, Nutt., i. 64.

inconipta. Gray, i. 65.

laciuiaUi, Cav., i. 64.

luciniata, Gray, i. 64.

Lemnioni, Watson, i. 64.

Lyallii, Watson, i. 63.

^lenziesii. Hook., i. 63.

monantiia, Watson, i. 63.

niontana, Watson, i. 65.

multicanlis, Nutt., i. 66.

oecidcntalis, Watson, i. 64.

Oregana, Watson, i. 65.

Palnieri, Watson, i. 65.

pectinata, Watson, i. 65.

Sargentii, Watson, ii. 434.

Scouleri, Hook., i. 66.

Spahlingii, Watson, i. 66.

verecunda, Watson, i. 65, ii.
433.
Silkweed, i. 474.
Silybuin, Gaertn., i. 421.

5Lirianuin, Gaertn., i. 421.
Sininioiidsia, Nutt., ii. 67.

Caiifoinica, Nutt, ii. 67.

pahulosi, Kell., ii. 67.
Siinsia, Gray, i. 351.

cancsccns. Gray, i. 351.

frutcsccns. Gray, i. 352.
Sinapis, Linn., i. 39.

arvawiis, Linn., i. 40.
Sisymbrium, Linn., i. 40.

ocutanguhini, DC., i. 41.

brachycavpum, ]{ich., i. 40.

brachycarpum, Hook.& Arn.,
i. 41.

Californicum, Watson, i. 41.

canescens, Nutt., i. 40.

dcflcxHvi, Harv., i. 41.

Hnrtwcgianxnn, Fourn., i. 41.

incisnni, Engelni., i. 41.

junceuni, Bieb., i. 41.

linifolium, Nutt., i. 41.

longcpediccllatum, Fourn., i.
41.

oflicinale. Scop., i. 41.

prjgmccam, Nutt., i. 41.

rellexUMi, Nutt, i. 41.
Sisyrinchium, Linn., ii. 140.

anccps, Linn., ii. 141.

Arizonicuni, Rollir., ii. 141.

belhmi, Watson, ii. 140.

Calirornicnin, Ait.,f.,ii. 141,
484.

cnnvolutum, Klatt, ii. 141.

Douglasii, Dietr., ii. 141.

flnviditin, Kell., ii. 141.

grandidornm, Dough, ii. 141,
484.

lincatum, Torr., ii. 141.

mucronatnni, Miehx., ii. 141.
Sitnnion, Raf., ii. 327.

chjmoides, Raf., ii. 327.
Slum, Linn., i. 261.

angustifoUuvi, Linn., i. 260.

cicutiefoliuni, Gnielin., i. 261.

Siuni lincdic, Jlic.hx., L 261.
Skullcap, i. 602.
Slender Grass, ii. 292.
Small Jlanzanita, i. 453.
Smelowskia, Meyer, i. 42.
Californica, Giay, i. 41.
calycina, Meyer, i. 42.

F'remontii, Watson, i. 42.
S.MILACE.E, ii. 186.
Smilacina, Desf., ii. 161.

amplexicaulis, Nutt., ii. 161.

raccinosa, ii. 161.

sessilifolia, Nutt., ii. 161.

.stellata, Desf., ii. 161.

stcllata, ii. 161.

unijlora, Menz., ii. 180.
Smilax, Tourn., ii. 186.

Californica, Gray, ii. 186.

rotnndifolin, ii. 186.
Snapdragon, i. 548.
Sneeze-weed, i. 392.
Snow-plant, i. 462.
Snowljerry, i. 279.
Snowbush, i. 103.
Soap-plant, ii. 159, 183.
Soft Maple, ii. 439.
SOLANCKA', i. 537.
Solanum, Tourn., i. 538.

Cnlifomicnm, Dunal, i. 539.

Douglasii, Dunal, i. 538.

elffiagnifolium, Cav., i. 539.

gcnistoidcs, Dunal, i. 539.

heterodoxum, Dunal, i. 538.

HindsianiDn, Benth., i. 539.

Lindhciinerianum, Scheele, i.

• 539.

Lycojjcrsicnm, Linn., i. 538.

nigrum, Linn., i. 538.

rostratnm, Dunal, i. 538.

triipietrum, Cav., i. 539.

nmbeliiferun), Esch., i. 539.

umbcllifcnun, Torr., i. 538.

Xanti, Gray, i. 539, ii. 471.
Soli<lago, Linn., i. 318.

Califoiniea, Nutt., i. 319.

airymbosri, Nutt., i. 318.

diffusa. Gray, i. 314.

elongata, Nutt., 1. 319.

Guiradonis, Gray, i. 319.

occidentali.s, Nutt., i. 318.

pcliolaris. Less., i. 318.

pcliolaris; Hook, k Arn., i.
318, 319.

pubcrnla, Chnni. & Schlecht,
i. 319.

.semperviren.s, Linn., i. 319.

spicifoiniis, Torr. & Gray, i.
318.

Virga-aurea, Linn., i. 318.
Soliva, Ruiz & Pavon, i. 406.

daueifolia, Nutt, i. 406.
Solomon's Seal, Dwarf, ii. 162.

False, ii. 161.
Sonehus, Linn., i. 442.

asper, Vill., i. 443.

olei-aceus, l.inn., i. 442, ii.
460.

530

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Sonchus pidchellus, Pursli, i.
442.

Sibiricus, Rich., i. 442.

teneiriiuus, Linn., i. 443.

touci/olius, Nutt., i. 443.
Sophoia, Linn., i. 114.

Arizonica, Watson, i. 114.

spcciosii, Torr., i. 115.
Sorbus sumbucifulia, Koem., i.
189.

Silchcnsis, Roem., i. 139.
Soncl, ii. 6.

ilonutain, ii. 6.
Sow-Tliistle, i. 442.
Spanish Bayonet, ii. 163.

Needles, i. 357.
Sparganium, Tuiirn., ii. 188.

eiirycarpiun, Kiigehn.,ii. 138.

simplex, Unds., ii. 183.
Spartiiia, Schreh., ii. 289.

cynosuroides, Willd., ii. 290.

foliosa, Trin., ii. 290.
• gracili.s, Tiin., ii. 290.

stricta. Roth, ii. 290.
Spear-Grass, ii. 312.
Spearmint, i. 592.
Specularia, Heist., i. 44G.

biflora. Gray, i. 446.

perlbliata, A. DC., i. 447.
Speedwell, i. 572.
Speirodela, Suhleid., ii. 190.

polyrrhiza, Sehleid., ii. 190.
Spergula, Linn., i. 70.

arvensis, Linn., i. 71.

saginoidcs, Linn., i. 70.
Sperf/tilnria rubra, Torr., i. 71.
Sphiicele, Benth., i. 598.

calycina, Benth., i. 598, ii.
477.
SphvEHOsciadiion capitcUalam,

Gray, i. 265.
Sphijeralcea, St. Hil., i. 86.

angiistifolia, Spaeh, i. 86.

Emoryi, Torr., i. 86.

incana, Torr., i 86.

incana, Gray, i. 87.

Lindheimeri, Gray, i. 86.

sulphurea, Watson, i. 86.

Wriijhlii, Gray, i. 86.
SphiBrangiiim, Sehimpo, ii. 358.

mutieuin, Schimpe, ii. 358.
Sphocroincria, Nutt., i. 617.
Sphagkace.e, ii. 421.
Sphagnum, Dill., ii. 421.

acutifolium, Eluli., ii. 422.

auriculatum, Lesq., ii. 422.

cnpilUfolium, Hedw., ii. 422.

compactum, Bridel, ii. 422.

contorliun, Schuitz, ii. 423.

cymbifoliwm, Hlirh., ii. 421.

fimliriatum, Wilson, ii. 422.

hitifotiuin, Hedw., ii. 421.

Mendoeinum, SuUiv. & Lesq.,
ii. 422.

raoUuseum, Bruch, ii. 422.

squarrnsiiin, ii. 423.

squarrulosuni, Ive^i(j., ii. 423.

Sphagnum sub.secundum, Nees

k Horuseh., ii. 422.
Si)ice-Tree, ii. 61.
Spike-Rush, ii. 220.
Spikenard, i. 273.
Spllanthcs Pseudo-AcmcUa,
Hook. & Aril., i. 397.
Spinach, ii. 44.

Spiuacia oleraoea, Linn., ii. 44.
Siiindle-tree, i. 98.
Spiraea, Linn., i. 169, ii. 443.

ariai/olia. Smith, i. 170.

Aruncus, Linn., i. 170, ii.
443.

betuloefolia. Pall., i. 109.

cxspitosa, Nutt., i. 170.

Cali/ornica, Torr., i. 169.

cnpUata, Pursh, i. 171.

chamccilri/ulid, Pursh, i. 169.

coryiabona, Raf., i. 169.

discolor, Pursh, i. 170, ii. 443.

Douglasii, Hook., i. 169.

diunosa, Nutt., i. 170.

Menziesii, Hook., i. 169.

Millefolium, Torr., i. 170, ii.
443.

Nobkana, Hook., i. 169.

opiiUfolia, Linn., i. 171.

pectinata, Torr. &. Gray, i.
171, ii. 443.
Spiranthes, Richard, ii. 135.

cernua, Richard, ii. 135.

decipiciis. Hook., ii. 136.

(jemiaijxira, Liudl., ii. 135.

porrifolia, Lindl., ii. 135, 484.

Romanzolliana, ('ham., ii.
135.

UiKiluschccnsis, Spreiig., ii.
133.
Spirostachys, Ung. -Sternl)., ii.
57.

occi<lentalis, Watson, ii. 58,
482.

Ritteriana, Ung.-Sternh., ii.
58.
Splaehnum, Linn., ii. 387.

Inteuin, Linn., ii. 337.

mclunocaulon, Schwaegr., ii.
337.
Simrobolus, R. Br., ii. 263.

airoides, Torr., ii. 269.

aienaceui, Buckl., ii. 270.

asperifolius, 'i'hurh., ii. 269.

cryptandrus. Gray, ii. 263.

diffusissiinas, Buekl., ii. 269.

ramulosus, Kunth, ii. 269.
Spraguea, Torr., i. 77.

paniculata, Kell., i. 78.

umbellata, Torr., i. 77, ii. 436.
Spruce, ii. 121.

Doug]a.s, ii. 119.

Hendock, ii. 120.

Rocky Mountain, ii. 122.
Stachys, Linn., i. 605.

ajugoides, Benth., i. 605.

albens, Gray, i. 605.

bullata, Benth., i. 606.

Stachys Cali/ornica, Benth., i.
006.

Chamissonis, Benth., i. 606.

ciliata, Dough, i. 606.

coccinea, Jaccp, i. 606.

Nutlallii, Benth., i. 606.

palustris, Liun., i. 606.

pycnantha, Benth., i. 605.
Stant'ordia, Wat.son, ii. 479.

Calit'ornica, Watson, ii. 479.
Stanleya, Nutt., i. 38.

fnUiima, Nutt., i. 38.

hdcruphijUa, Nutt., i. 38.

intC(jrifolia, James, i. 38.

pinnatitida, Nutt., i. 38.

viridillora, Nutt., i. 38.
Staphylea, Linn., i. 108.

Bolanderi, Gray, i. 108, ii.
439.
Star-llower, i. 468.
Star-grass, Water, ii. 187.
Star Thistle, i. 421.
Starwort, Water, ii. 77.
Statice, Linn., i. 465.

Armcria, Linn., i. 465.

Californim, Boiss., i. 466.

Linionium, Linn., i. 466.
Slcfjnocarpus, Torr. k Gray, i.

520.
Stellaria, Linn., i. 67.

borealis. Big., i. 63.

borcalis, ii. 435.

cris[)a, Cham.& Schleclit., ii.
435.

Jamesii, Toit., i. 68.

Kingii, Wat.son, i. 68.

littoralis, Torr., i. 68.

longipes, Goldie, i. {Ji.

media, Linn., i. 67.

nitens, Nutt., i. 67, ii. 435.

umbellata, Turcz., i. 67.
Stemodia, Linn., i. 570.

durautifolia, Sw., i. 570.

vcrticillaris, Link., i. 570.
Slcnadis (jlauca, Nees, i. 331.

spcciusa, Lindl., i. 330.
Steiianthium, Gray, ii. 145.

occidentale, Gray, ii. 145.
Stenochloa, Nutt., ii. 315.

Calilornica, Nutt., ii. 315.
Sloiotii.f, Nutt., i. 310.

acaulis, Nutt., i. 311.

lincarifolius, Torr. k <jray, i.
311.

/or(/tr, Torr. & Gray. ii. 455.
Stephanomeiia, Nutt., i. 427.

cichoriacea. Gray, i. 429.

pxigua, Nutt., i. 428.

hdcrupJuiHa, Nutt., i. 428.

intermedia, Kell., i. 424.

laetucina, Gray, i. 429.

minor, Nutt., i. 428.

myrioclada, Eaton, i. 429.

paniculata, "Nutt., i. 428.

pentachaita, Eaton, i. 428.

runciunta, Nutt., i. 428.

Schottii, (iray, i. 427.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

531

Steplianomeria Thurberi, Grav,

i. 429.
virgata, Benth., i. 428.
Stekculiace;e, i. 88.
Slercodon robiistiis, Jlitt. , ii.

415.
Stickseeil, i. 529.
Stilliiigia, Garden., ii. 71.
annua, Muell. Arg., ii. 72.
linearifolia, Watson, ii. 71.
paucidcntatii, Watson, ii. 71.
s))innfosa, Toir., ii. 72.
ToiTtjyana, Watson, ii. 72.
Tie(Uiliana, Watson, ii. 72.
Stipa, Linn., ii. 284.

avcnacca, Hook. & Arn., ii.

28t).
Blonmeri, Rolander, ii. 287.
capillnta, Hook., ii. 28G.
cluvsopliylla, E. Desv., ii.

285.
ciliala, Sclieele, ii. 286.
coniata, Trin. k, \\\\\n\, ii.

285.
coronata, Tlnirb., ii. 287.
eminen.s, Cav., ii. 286.
hymenoidcs, Hoeni. &Scluilt.,

ii. 283.
juncen, ii. 286.
Kingii, Bolander, ii. 287.
leucolricha, Trin. & Rupr., ii.

286.
viembranacca, Pursh, ii. 283.
Neesinna, Trin. k Ilupr., ii.

286.
occidentalis, Tlinrb., ii. 285.
occidcnlalis, ii. 286.
pnrviflora, Nutt., ii. 258.
pennata, Linn., ii. 284, 285.
setigcra, PresI, ii. 286.
Sibirica, Lam., ii. 287.
sparten, Hook., ii. 288.
speciosa, Trin. & Ilupr., ii.

284.
Rtillniani, Bolander, ii. 287.
tenacissinia, Linn., ii. 284.
viridula, Trin., ii. 288.
Stonecrop, i. 209.
Strawberry, i. 176.
Strepliantlius, Nutt., i. 33.
arciuita, Nutt., i. 33.
Breweri, Gray, i. 34.
cordatus, Nutt., i. 34.
crassicauli.1, Torr., i. 34.
flavescons. Hook., i. 35.
flnvescens, Torr., i. 38.
flavcsccns. Gray, i. 36.
glandulosus. Hook., i. 34.
heterophyllus, Nutt., i. 34.
httcrnphijUus, Gray, i. 36.
liispidu.s, Gray, i. 35.
loviji/olius, Bentli., i. 38.
micranlhus, Gray, i. 38.
polygaloides. Gray, i. 34.
procerus, Brewer, i. 36.
repandus, Nutt., i. 35.
saijiUntun, Nutt., i 37.

Strophantlius tortuosus, KelL,

i. 34, ii. 431.
Streptopu.s, Mich.x., ii. 177.

aniple.xifolius, DC, ii. 177.

brevipes. Baker, ii. 178.

dislortus, Mielix., ii. 178.

ro.seus, l\Hch.\., ii. 178.
Striped-Grass, ii. 205.
Slro}ii bocaipus pubcsccns, G ray,

i. 163.
Stropboiirion, Torr., ii. 156.

Calilbrnicum, Torr., ii. 156.
Stylociine, Nutt., i. 336.

I'cau/c, Kellogg, ii. 456.

tilaginea, Gray', i. 317, ii. 456.

gnaphalioides, Nutt., i. 337,
ii. 456.

micropoides, Gray, i. 337.
Slylopappus, Nutt., i. 437.

chUus, Nutt., i. 438.

grand ifloriis, Nutt, i. 438.

laciniatiis, Nutt., i. 438.
Styphnnia, Nutt., i. 110.

iiitcgrifoUa, Nutt., i. 110.

scrrata, Nutt., i. 110.
SfYiiACK^, i. 470.
Styrax, Tourn., i. 470.

Californica, Torr., i. 470.
Su.Tda, Forsk., ii. 58.

Californica, Watson, ii. 59.

depressa, Watson, ii. 58.

dill'usa, Watson, ii. 58.

marilivm, ii. 58.

occidentalis, Watson, ii. 58.

suliVute.scens, Watson, ii. 59.

Torreynna, Watson, ii. 59.
Subulnria, Linn., i. 43.

aijuatica, Linn., i. 43.
Succory, Garden, ii. 460.
Sugar Pine, ii. 123.
Sundew, i. 213.
Sunllower, i. 352.
Swamp Majde, ii. 439.
Sicartzia capiUacea, Hedw., ii.
375.

incHnnta, Hedw., ii. 375.
Sweet Alyssum, i. 27.

Basil, i. .590.

Cicely, i. 261.

Clover, i. 132.

Mignonette, i. 53.

Vernal Grass, ii. 266.
Sweet-scented Shrub, i. 191.
Swertia perennis, Linn., i. 478.
Symplioricarpns, Dill., i. 279.

ci/uifua, Nutt., i. 279.

longiflorus. Gray, i. 279.

mollis, Nutt., i! 279.

monlnnun. Gray, i. 279.

occidentalis, H. Br., i. 279.

oreoi>liilus. Gray, i. 279.

raeemosus, Micbx., i. 279.

rotundil'olius, Gniy, i. 279.
Syntliyris, Bentli., i. 571.

renil'ormis, Bentli., i. 571, ii.
474.

rcniformh, ii. 47.'».

Synthyiis rotundifolia. Gray,
ii. 474.

rubra, Bentli., i. 571.
Syntiichopap])us, Gray, i. 394.

Fremoiitii, Gray, i. 395.
Syrmatiiim, Vogel, i. 137.
, glabrum, Vogel, i. 137.

tomentosum, Vogel, i. 139.

Talinum, Adans., i. 74.

.s])incsccns, Torr., i. 74.

Mcnzksii, Hook., i. 74.

pygmcciivi, Gray, i. 75.

pygmceiiin, Watson, i. 75.
TA.MAnisciNE^, i. 79.
Tanacetum, Linn., i. 402.

cainphoraluvi, Less., i. 402.

canum, Eaton, i. 617.

Donglasii, DC, i. 402.

clcgans, Decaisne, i. 402.

Huronense, Nutt., i. 402.

vwtrkarioidcs. Less., i. 401.

j)auciJloruv}, DC, i. 401.

potentilloides, Gray, i. 402.

sitavcolens. Hook., i. 401.

vnlgare, Linn., i. 402.
Tansy, i. 402.
Taraxacum, Haller, i. 439.

Dens-leonis, Desf., i. 439.
Tare, i. 157.
Tarweed, i. 358, 361.
Taxacf-.^;, ii. 109.
Taxodiitm qiqcinlcum, Kcll. k
Bchr, ii. 117.

snn])crvircnft. Lamb., ii. 116.

WiLiInnqtonuinum, Winsl.,
ii. 117.
Taxus, Tourn.. ii. 110.

Boursieri, Carr., ii. 110.

brevifolia, Nutt, ii. 110.

Canadensis, Willd., ii. 110.

Lindleyana, Murr., ii. 110.
Tayloria.'llook., ii. 386.

serrata, Bruch & Scbimp., ii.
387.

splacJinoides, Hook., ii. 387.
Teasel, i. 287.
Tellima, R. Hr., L 197.

nllinis, Bolander, i. 198.

Bolander!, Bolander, i. 198.

Cymlialaria, Walp., i. 198.

giandillora, R. Br., i. 197.

heteropbylla. Hook, k Arn.,
i. 198.

parvifolia. Hook. &. Arn., i.
198.

tenella, Walpers, i. 198.
Telmatophace, Hegelin., ii. 190.
Teloxys, Moip, ii. 46, 482.

cornnta, Torr., ii. 46, 482.

Mandoni, Watson, ii. 482.
Tessaranthium radiatuvi, KelL,

i. 484.
Tessaria, Ruiz & Pavon, i. 334.

borealis, Torr. k Gray, i. 334.
Tetradyniia, DC, i. 40>.

canescciis, DC, i. 407.

532

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Tetradyraia coinosa, Giav, ii.
458.

glabiiitii, Torr. & (Jiay, i. 408.

i)ien)iis, Nutt., i. 408.

Nuttallii.ToiT. & Gray, i. -103.

ruiiiosissiiiKt, Toil-., i. 4()i».

sjuiiosa, Hook, ^'c Am., i. 407.

siiiiainata, Gray, i. 40S.
Tdranllicni Californica, Hook.

& Arri., ii. 61.
Tetraphis, Heilw., ii. 376.

pelliiciJa, Heihv., ii. 376.
Tfucritim, Linn., ii. 477.

Canadense, Linn., ii. 478.

Cubcnse, Linn., ii. 478.

laciniatiim, Torr., ii. 478.

occiiiHuUile, Gray, ii. 477.
Thalictrani,Tourn.,i.4,ii. 424.

t'endleri, Engelni., i. 4, ii.
425.

Fendleri, ii. 424.

occidentale. Gray, i. 4, ii. 425.

polycarpiim, Watson, ii. 424.

sparsiHornni, Tiircz., ii. 425.
Thamnium, Scliiinp., ii. 416.

Alleghatiiense, Brueli L
Schimp., ii. 416.
Thaninosnia, Torr., i. 97.

niontanuni, Torr., i. 97.

Te.xanum, Torn, i. 97.
Thclaia bradeata, Alef., i. 460.

spalulata, Aic-f., i. 461.
ThelypoJiiim, Endl., i. 37.

ambigiiuni, AVatson, ii. 431.

brachycarpuni, Torr., i. 37, ii.
431.

Cooperi, Watson, ii. 431.

flavescens, Watson, i. 33.

integrilolium, EiidL, i. 37.

laciniatuni, Endl., i. 37.

longifolinin, Watson, i. 33.

Nuttallii, Watson, i. 37.

sagittatum, EndL, i. 37.
Themis, Salisb., ii. 153.

ixioidrs, Salisb., ii. 155.
Theresia pndica, Klatt, ii. 170.
Therniopsis, R. IJr., i. 113.

Californiwi, Watson, i. 113.

fabacea, DO., I 114.

ftibacca, Torr., i. 114.

fabacea. Hook., i. 114.

macrophylla, Hook, k Arn.,
i. 113.

macrophylla, Torr. & Grav,
i. 114.

inacrophjjUa, Torr., i. 114.

rhonibi folia, Kicli., i. 114.
Tliistle, i. 417.
Tlilas[)i, Linn., i. 47.

alpestre, Linn., i. 45, ii. 432.

cochleariforine, DC, i. 45.

Femlleri, Gray, i. 45.

monlanun. Hook., i. 45.
Tliorn, i. 189.
Tliorn-Apple, i. 543.
Thrift, i. 465.
Thuidium, Schimp., ii. 411.

Thuidium Blandowii, Brucb k

Schimp., ii. 411.
Iciicoiieiiruin, Sulliv.&. Lesq.,

ii. 411.
Thuya, Tourn., ii. 115.
Ci-iiiijiuiiii, IJalf., ii. 116.
giguntca, Nutt., ii. 115.
(jl(liinlc(t, Carr., ii. 116.
.UorJcsii, Doug]., ii. 115.
ooLidentalis, Linn., ii. 115.
plicata, Donn, ii. 115.

TlIY.MELIACE.E, ii. 61.

I'hi/uius Chamissonis, Henth., i.
595.

DoiKjIasii, Benth., i. 595.
Tliysanocarpus, Hook., i. 48.

crcnntus, Nutt., i. 49.

curvipes. Hook., i. 43.

clcijaas, Fiscli. k Mey., i. 48.

erectus, Watson, i. 49.

laciniatus, Nutt., i. 49.

obliimiifolias, Nutt., i. 49.

palchcllas, Fisch. k .Mcy., i.
43.

pusillus. Hook., i. 49, ii. 432.

radians, Benth., i. 49.
Tian-ila, Linn., i. 199.

Mciizicsii, Pursh, i. 197.

stenopctala, Presl, i. 199.

trifoliata, Linn., i. 199.

unifoliata. Hook., i. 199.
Tidy-tips, i. 370.
Tilhea, Linn., i. 208.

angubtifolia, Nutt., i. 209.

Icplopdala, Benth., i. 208.

niininin, Miers, i. 208.

pcilunouhiris, Sniitli, ii. 446.
Tlnnnia, Hedw., ii. 398.

nicgapolitana, Hed\v.,ii. 399.
Tiinotiiy, ii. 262.

California, ii. 265.
Tiquilia, Pfis., i. 520.

brevifolia, Nutt., i. 520.

brcvi/u/iii, Torr., i. 520.
Tmesipteris Forsteri, Endl., ii.

349.
Toad-llax, i. 543.

Bastanl, ii. 203.
Tobacco, i. 544.
Toliuldia, Huds., ii. 184, 484.

glutinosa, Wilid., ii. 184.

occidcntalis, Watson, ii. 184.
Tollon, i. 183.
Tolniiea, Torr. k Gray, i. 196.

Mcnziesii, Torr. k Gray, i.
197.
Tomato, i. 538.
Ton(dla, Nutt., i. 555.

coilinsioides, Nutt., i. 555.

lloriljunda. Gray, i. 556.
Torreya, Arnott, ii. 110.

Californica, Torr., ii. 110.

Mi/ristica, Murr., ii. 110.
Torlula, Schreb., ii. 363.

crass i lie rv ill, DcNot., ii. 369.

cuneifolia, Smith, ii. 369.

incrmis. Moat. , ii. 372.

Tortilla Iccvipila, Schwaegr., ii.
373.

latij'ulia, Wilson, ii. 373.

iiuirijiiiiUa, Wilson, ii. 370.

mciiibraiiij'ulia. Hook., ii.
369.

Mucl/cri, Wilson, ii. 373.

]>riiiccps, DeNot., ii. 373.

riijida, Wilson, ii. 368.

rura/i^, Schwaegr., ii. 373.

subulata, Hedw., ii. 372.
Tovaria, Neckcr, ii. 161.

ruccmosu, ii. 161.

scssilifo/i(i, Baker, ii. 161.

slillata, Nccker, ii. 162.
Townscndia, Hook., ii. 455.

Ilorifer, Gray, ii. 455.

scai)igera, Eaton, ii. 455.

striijosu, ii. 455.
Toyon, i. 188.

Tnidiyphytiim, Nutt., i. 235.
Trautvctteria, Fisch. k Mey., ii.
425.

grandis, Nutt., ii. 425.

palmata, ii. 425.
Tree Mallow, i. 82.

Stramonium, i. 543.
Tribulus, Linn., i. 91.

Californicus, Watson, i. 91.

grandillorus, Benth. & Hook.,
i. 91, ii. 433.

maximus, Linn., i. 91.
Tricardia, Torr., i. 515.

Watsoni, Torr., i. 515.
Triarasles ijloincrala, Presl, i.

242.
Trichodium, Midix., ii. 273.

laxijluriim, Michx., ii. 274.
Tric/io/ihijl/nui, Nutt., i. 380.

intcijrifolinvi. Hook., i. 331.

lanalam, Nutt., i. 381.

viultijloruin, Nutt., i. 381.
Trichoi>'tilium, Gray, i. 395.

incisum. Gray, i. 395.
Trichostema, Linn., i. 606.

Arizonicum, Gray, i. 606.

lanatum, Benth., i. 607, ii.
477.

lanceolatum, Bentli., i. 607.

laxum. Gray, i. 607.

micrantliuni, Gray, ii. 477.

oblongum, Benth., i. 606.
Trichostomnum, Smitli, ii. 367.

anomalum, Schimp., ii. 367.

Coloradensc, Aust, ii. 367.

cuniiciilatuin, Schwaegr., ii.
367.

crassiiiervc, Hampe, ii. 367.

crispulum, Brucb, ii. 367.

Jlexicaule, Bruch k Schimp.,
ii. 366.

flexipes, Bruch & Schimp., ii.
367.

helcrostichnm, Hedw., ii. 381.

lanui/iiiosum, Hedw., ii. 381.

rifjidaliiin. Smith, ii. 371.

tophaceum, Brid., ii. 367.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Tiicuspis, Beauv., ii. 300.
pulchella, Torr., ii. 301.
Tiientalis, Linn., i. 468.
Anieiicana, Pmsli, i. 468.
(irdica, Fisch., i. 469.
Enropita, Linn., i. 46!i.
hitifoiia. Hook., i. 469.
Tiifolium, Linn., i. 125.
aciculare, Nntt., i. 130.
albnpnr pier cum, Ton .& Gray,

i. 129.
Hltissininni, Dongl., i. 128.
aliissimum, Torr. k (Jray, i.

128.
aniplcotcns, Torr. & Gray, i.

132.
Andersonii, Gray, i. 127.
Itarbigeruin, Torr., i. 127.
Hcckwitliii, Brewer, i. 128.
Htiduni, Gray, i. 129.
Bolanderi, Gray, i. 128.
Breweri, Watson, i. 129, ii.

441.
ciliatum, Nutt., i. 129.
ciliotntum, Benlli., i. 129.
cyatliifennn, LindL, i. 131,

ii. 441.
denudatum, Nutt.,'i. 129.
depanperatnni, Desv., i. 132.
dichotoimim, Hook. & Arn.,

i. 129.
divrrsifnlinm, Nntt., i. 132.
eriocppliahnn, Nntt., i. 127.
fimbriatum, LindL, i. 130.
fncatnin, LindL, i. 131.
Gambclii, Nntt., i. 132.
gracilentnjn, Torr. & Gray, i.

129, ii. 440.
Haydeni, Porter, i. 128.
helerodon, Torr. & Gray, i.

130.
involncratnni, Willd., i. 130.
Kingii, Watson, i. 128, ii.

400.
Leninioni, Watson, i. 127, ii.

440.
longipp.s, Nutt, i. 128.
^Lncraii, Hook. & Arn., i.

129.
niegaccplialuni, Nntt.,i. 127.
viclanonlliuin, Hook. & Arn.,

i. 130.
microcpplialnni, Pursli,i. 131.
microdon. Hook. & Arn., i.

131.
nionanthnni. Gray, i. 131.
ohtnsiflnrum, Hook., i. 130.
oUgnnlhum, SteinL, i. 130.
Palmcri, Watson, i. 129.
paucidnruni, Ntitt., i. 130.
pauciflorxm, Kell., 1. 131.
j^hyxoprUdum, Fisch. k Lley.,

\. 132.
Plummera;, Watson, ii. 440.
plumosuni, DongL, i. 127.
pohjphyllnm, Nntt., i. 130.
piBtense, Linn., i. 128.

Trifoliimi rejiens, Linn., i. 129.

spini(/(iSHin, DoiigL, i. 130.

slcno])hi/l/Hin, Nutt., i. 132.

tridcntatuin, Lindl., i. 130.

varicgaluvi, Nutt., i. 130.

vnricgatum, Torr. k Gray, i.
130.

Jl'orviskioldii, Lehm., i. 130.
Trillium, Linn., ii. 181.

(J(ili/(irnicum, Kell., ii. 181.

ovat\nn, Pnrsli, ii. 181.

])eti<)latutn, Pui-sli, ii. 181.

.sessile, Linn., ii. 181.
Trigloehin, Linn., ii. 199.

niaritiniuni, Linn., ii. 199.

jialustre, Linn., ii. 199.
Triodin piilckella, HBK., ii.

301.
TripJiysaria, Fisch. & Mey., i.
578.

versicolor, Fisch. k Mey., i.
578.
Triplc-awned Grass, ii. 288.
Tripolium consjncuum, LindL,
i. 325.

frondosum, Nutt, i. 326.
Trisetnni, Beauv., ii. 295.

airoidcs, Koeni. & Schult., ii.
296.

barbatum, Stend., ii. 296.

caneseens, Buekl., ii. 296.

cernnuu), Trin., ii. 295.

clnliim, Nutt., ii. 296.

glahrum, Buekl., ii. 298.

viollc, Trin., ii. 296.

subspieatum, Beauv., ii. 296.
Trttclcia, Lindl., ii. 152.

grandiflora, Lindl., ii. 154.

laxa, IJenth., ii. 154.

peduncularis, LindL, ii. 154.
Tritieuin, Linn., ii. 323.

agilnpoidcx, Turcz., ii. 324.

caninuni, Linn., ii. 324.

repens, Linn., ii. 323.

strigosuni. Less., ii. 324.

viohiceuni, Horneni., ii. 324.
Trixis, P. Browne, ii. 459.

suilrutieosa, Watson, ii. 459.
Tropa-oluni, Linn., i. 93.

niajns, Linn., i. 93.
Troi)idocarinnn, Hook., i. 44.

graeile, Hook., i. 44, ii. 432.

scabriusctthnn, Hook., i. 44.
Tro.xinion, Nutt., i. 437.

apargioides. Less., i. 438.

aurantiacum, Hook., i. 437.

Cliilense, Gray, i. 439.

glauenin, Nutt., i. 437.

granditloruni. Gray, i. 438.

Nnttallii, Gray, i.'4.38.

parvifiornm, Nutt., i. 437.

piimiliim, Nntt, i. 437.

retrorsnin. Gray, i. 438.

titraxndfoliiim, Nutt., i. 437.
Tsuga, Carr., ii. 120.

Ganadensis, Carr., ii. 121.

DoiigUisii, ('arr., ii. 120.

Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr., ii.
120.

Pattoniana, Engelin., iL 121,
483.
T Hckermannin, Nutt., i. 356.

viaritirtia, Nutt., i, 356.
Tule, ii. 218.
Turnip, i. 39.
Turnsole, i. 521.
Turrilix loniopfiylla, Hook. &

Am., i. 41.
Tumlago pahnala, Ait., i. 407.
Twin-flower, i. 278.
Tway blade, ii. 136.
Twisted-stalk, ii. 177.
Tyjdia, Tourn., ii. 188.

nngustifoiia, Linn., ii. 189.

latilolia, Linn., ii. 188.
Tyria vnjricccfolia, Scheele, ii.
70.

Udora Canadensis, Nutt., ii.

129.
Ulmacf,^, ii. 63.
Ulota, Mohr, ii. 382.

crispula, Bruch, ii. 382.

phyllantha, Brid., ii. 382.
Umbkllifeu^, i. 252.
Unibelhilaria, Nutt., ii. 61.

Caliiorniea, Nutt., ii. 61.
Unieorn-plant, i. 587.
Uniola. inullijiora, Nutt., ii.
306.

spicata, Linn., ii. 306.

s/rirta, Torr., ii. 306.
Urachnc lanala, Trin., ii. 283.
Umlepis mmposita, Buekl., ii.
292.

pnlchella, Kunth, ii. 301.
Uropappiis, Nutt., i. 423.

grandifl.orus, Nutt., i. 427.

Hnearifolixis, Nutt., i. 427.
Urtica, Tourn., ii. 64.

Breweri, Watson, ii. 64.

dioica, ii. 64.

holoscricea, Nutt., ii. 64.

Lyallii, Watson, ii. 64.

trachycnrpa, Weddell, ii. 64.

ureiis, Linn., ii. 65.
UuTicACEjf;, ii. 64.
listeria antirrhiniflora, Poir.,

i. 551.
Utricularia, Linn., i. 586.

intermedia, Hayne, ii. 476.

minor, Linn., i. 586.

vulgaris, Linn., i. 586.
Uva-nrsi, i. 453.
Uvularia Smithii, Hook., ii,

178.
Vacciniuni, Linn., i. 450.

copspitosum, Michx., i. 450,
ii. 460.

lanceolalian, DC, i. 451.

niacrocarpon, Ait., i. 450.

Myrtilbis, Linn., i. 451.

oeeidentale. Gray, i. 451.

ovalil'olinni, Smith, i. 451.

534

INDEX OF OENERA AND SPECIES.

Vaccinium ovaluin, riusli, i.
451.

Oxycoccus, Linn., i. 4.'jO.

parvifolium, Smith, i. JfiO.

ulif,'inosuni, Linn., i. 4.tL
Valerian, i. 286.
Valeriana, Tourn., i. 2S6.

edulis, Nntt., i. 287.

sylvatica, Kicli., i. 287.
Valekianace.e, i. 286.
Vancouveria, Jlorr. k Decaisnc,
i. 15.

hexanJra, Movr. k Dec, i. 15.
Vanilla-Gi-a.ss, ii. 265.
Vaseya, Thnrb., ii. 278.

coniata, Tlunb., ii. 278.
Vealchia crystalliaa, Kell., ii.

156.
Velvet Grass, ii. 298.
Venegasia, DC, i. 372.

carpesioides, DC, i. 372.
Venus-Hair, ii. 342.
Veratruni, Tourn., ii. 182.

album, ii. 182.

Cilitbrnicuni, Dur., ii. 182.

linibriatuni. Gray, ii. 182.

viride. Ait., ii. 182.
Verba.scum, Linn., i. 548.

Tliapsus, Linn., ii. 472.

virgatum. With., i. 548.
Verbena, Linn., i. 608.

biinnnatifida, Schauer, 1. 609.

biserrata, HBK., i. 608.

bracteosa, ^licli.v., i. 609.

canescen.s, HBK., i. 608.

Carolina, Linn., i. 608.

Caroliniana, Spreng., i. 608.

Carolineiisis, Dill., i. 608.

ciliata, Benth., i. 609, ii. 478.

liastata, Linn., i. 609, ii. 478.

lasio$tachijs,Link, i. 609.

officinalis, Linn., i. 608, ii.
478.

paniculala. Lam., i. 609.

polystacbya, HBK., i. 608.

prostrata, K. Br., i. 609.

remota, Benth., i. 608.

sororin, Don, i. 608.

urticifolia, Linn., i. 608.

vcroniccefolia, HBK., i. 608.
Verbena-shrub, i. 609.
Verbenace^, i. 607.
Verbesina, Linn., i. 350.

encelioides, Benth. k Hook.,
i. 350.
Veronica, Linn., i. 572.

alpina, Linn., i. 572.

Americana, Schwein., i. 572.

Anagallis, Linn., i. 572.

Cusickii, Gray, ii. 475.

peregrina, Linn., i. 572.

scutellata, Linn., i. 572, ii,
475.

sevpyllifolia, Linn., i. 572, ii.

475.
Wormskioldii, Roeni.
Schult., i. 572.

Vervain, i. 608.
Ve.sicaria, Tourn., i. 43.

didij)aocarpa, Hook., i. 47.

moutana. Gray, i. 43, ii. 432.
Vetch, i. 157.
Viburnum, Linn., i. 278.

cllipticuni. Hook., i. 278.
Vicia, Tourn., i. 157.

Americana, Muhl., i. 157.

exigua, Nutt., i. 158.

gigantea. Hook., i. 157.

llookcriann, Walj)., i. 157.

niicraiitha, Nutt., i. 158.

nana, Kellogg, ii. 442.

Orajana, Nutt., i. 158.

pulchella. HBK., i. 158.

sativa, Linn., i. 158.

Sitchcnsis, Bong., i. 157.

sparsi/olia, Nutt., i. 158.

inaiaUa, Nutt., i. 158.
Viguicra, HBK., i. 354.

tlcltoidca. Gray, i. 354.

laciniata. Gray, i. 354.

nivca, Benth., i. 354.

tomentosa, (iray, i. 354.
Villarsia pumila, Duugl., i.

517.
Villa, Adans., ii. 267.

airoidcs, Steud., ii. 269.

aspcrifolia, Nees &. Meyen,
ii. 270.

crijptandra, Trin., ii. 268.

depauperata, Terr., ii. 267.

gracillima, Thurb., ii. 268.

ramuhsa, HBK., ii. 269.

rigcHs, ii. 276.

itvlonifcrn, Hook, k Ain., ii.
272.

ulilis, Torr., ii. 267.
Vine-Maple, i. 107.
Viola, Linn., i. 55.

adtinca, Smith, i. 56.

aurea, Kell., i. 56, ii. 433.

Beckwithii, Torr. k Gray, i.
58, ii. 433.

bijlora, Eegel, i. 57.

blanda, Willd., i. 55.

Brooksii, Kellogg, ii. 433.

Cunadensiti, I3ong., i. 57.

canina, Linn., i. 55.

chrysantha, Hook., i. 58, ii.
433.

cucullata. Ait., i. 55.

cnneata, Watson, ii. 433.

glabella, Nutt., i. 57.

Hallii, Gray, i. 57, ii. 433.

lobata, Benth., i. 57.

longipcs, Nutt., i. 56.

montana, Kell., i. 58.

Nuttallii, Pursh, i. 57, ii.
433.

NiUlnllii, Benth., i. 56.

ocellata, Torr. k Gray, i. 56.

odorata, Linn., i. 55.

palustris, Linn., i. 55.

pedunculata, Torr. k Grav, i.
56.

\'io]a. pedunculata, Torr., i. 56.

prxmorsa, Dougl., i. 57.

prcvmorsa, Benth., i. 56.

pubcsccns. Gray, i. 5>.

purpurea, Kell., i. 56.

sarmentosa, Dougl., i. 57.

Scquoiensis, Kell., i. 57.

Sheltonii, Torr., i. 58.

tricolor, Linn., i. 56.
VioLACEi:, i. 54.
Violet, i. 55.

Viscum Bollcanum, Seem, ii.
105.

flavesccns, Pursh, ii. 105.

tonicnlosum, DC, ii. 105.

idijinaium, HBK., ii. 107.
VirAtEiK, i. 105.
Vitis, Tourn., i. 105.

Arizonica, Engelni., i. 104.

Californi('a, Benth., i. 104.

vinifera, Linn., i. 104.
Vulpia microstachya, Munro, ii.
317.

Mijurus, Nees, ii. 316.

Wahlen hcrgia Ca lifornica,

Kcll./i. 448.
Walnut, ii. 92.

Black, ii. 92.
Wake Bobin, ii. 181.
Washingtonia, Wendl., ii. 211,
485.

filifera, Wcndl., ii. 211, 485.
IFashiiKjlonia Culifoiii ica,

Winslow, ii. 117.
Water Cress, i. 43.

Hemlock, i. 260.

Horehound, i. 592.

Milfoil, i. 215.

Parsnip, i. 216.

Plantain, ii. 200.

Shield, i. 16.

Star-gi-ass, ii. 187.

Starwort, ii. 76.

Weed, ii. 129.
Waterleaf, i. 502.
Wax-Myrtle, ii. 81.
IVcbcra, Hedw., ii. 390.

albicans, Schimp., ii. 392.

bicolur, Hoppe k Hornsch.,
ii. 391.

conivuUata, Schimp., ii. 391.

cruda, Schimji., ii. 391.

cucullata, Schimp., ii. 391.

intermedia, Schwaegr., ii,
393.

nutans, Hedw., ii. 391.

polynwrpha, Schimp., ii. 390.

Tozcri, Schimi.., ii. 392.
Weibsia, Hedw., ii. 362.

cirrhata, Hedw., ii. 362.

controuersa, Hedw., ii. 362.

crispula, Hedw., ii. 363.

Starkcana, Hedw., ii. 362.

viridula, Bridel, ii. 362.
Weld, i. 53.
jycllimjtonia, Lindl., ii. 116.

liN'DEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

535

Wclli)i{itotiia giqanlca, Liiull.,

ii. 117.
Wehvitscliia, Hook, f., ii. 108.
"Wesleiii Cliiiiquaiiin, ii. 99.
L;ucli, ii. 112.
Mountain Asli, i. 189.
Wht-at, ii. 323.
Wliippiea, Ton-., i. 203.

niode.sta, Tore, i. 203, ii.

446.
Utaliensis, Watson, i. 203.
White Bent-Grass, ii. 272.
Cedar, ii. 115.
Clover, i. 129.
Daisy, i. 401.
Fir, ii. 118.
Oak, ii. 95, 96.
Mustard, i. 39.
Sage, ii. 50, 477.
Sapota, ii. 438.
Top, ii. 272.
White-weed, i. 401.
IVhillnvia, Harvey, i. 513.
grandiflora, Harvey, i. 513.
minor, Harvey, i. 514.
Whitneya, Gray, i. 374.
dealbata. Gray, i. 374.
Wigandia Califomica, Hook

i. 518.
Wild Buckwlieat, ii. 481.
Cabbage, i. 36.
Cherry, i. 167.
Ginger, ii. 101.
Monk Cherry, i. 167.
Pieplant, ii. 479.
Plum, i. 167.
Radish, i. 49.
Wild-Oat Grass, ii. 294.
Willow, ii. 82.

Velvet, ii. 88.
Willow-herb, i. 218.
Winter C'ress, i. 40.

Fat, ii. 56.
Wintergreen, i. 454, 460.
Wislizenia, Kiigelni., i. 52.
Palnieri, Gray, i. 52.
refracta, Engelm., i. 52.
Withania Coronopics, Torr., i

540.
Wood Anemone, i. 4.

Wood Fern, ii. 315.
Peed-Grass, ii. 276.
Push, ii. 203.

Sorrel, i. 96.
Woodlnne, i. 280.
Woodsia, U. !5r., ii. 348.'

Oregana, Eaton, ii. 348.

scopulina, Eaton, ii. 348.
U'oodvillca calcndnlacca, DC.

i. 331.
Wondwardia, Smith, ii. 343.

Chamissoi, Brack., ii. 344.

radicans. Smith, ii. 344.
Wormseed, ii. 47.
Wormwood, i. 402.
Wrack, Grass, ii. 191.
Wulfcnia reniformis, I'.enth.,

i. 571.
Wyethia, Nutt., i. 348.

amplexicaulis, Nutt., i. 350,
ii. 456.

angustifolia, Nutt., i. 350.

coriacca. Gray, i. 616.

glabra. Gray," i. 349.

helenioides, Nutt., i. 349.

helianthoides, Nutt., i. 350.

mollis, Gray, i. 349.

ovata. Gray, i. 349.

robusla, Nutt., i. 350.

Xanthium, Touru., i. 346.

spinosum, Linn., i. 346.

struinarium, Linn., i. 346.
Xcrohofri/s, Nutt., i. 452.

argulm, Nutt., i. 453.

cordi/olius, Nutt., i. 453.

tomcntosns, Nutt., i. 453.

vcnidofiun, Nutt., i. 453.
Xerophyllum, Michx., ii. 185.

Douglasii, Watson, ii. 186.

sclifoliiun, ii. 185.

teiiax, Nutt., ii. 185.
Ximencsia encclioidcs, Cav., i.

350.
XyJococcus, Nutt., i. 452.

bicolor, Nutt., i. 454.

Yarrow, i. 400.
Yeara, i. 110.
Yellow Pine, ii. 126.

Yellow Pond- Lily, i. 17.
Yerba I5uena, j. '595.

de la Bibora, ii. 452.

del Oso, ii. 439.

Mansa, ii. 77.

Jteiima, ii. 433.

Santa, ii. 468.
Yew, ii. 110.
Yucea, Linn., ii. 163.

ahifolia, Torr., ii. 164.

baccata, Torr., ii. 164.

brevifolia, Engelm., ii. 164.

Draconis, ii. 164.

flaiacntnsn, ii. 164.

gmminifolin. Wood, ii. 165.

Whipplei, Torr., ii. 164.

Zacate de liebre, ii. 289.
Zannichellia, Jlicheli, ii. 193.

inajor, Boenn., ii. 193.

palustris, Linn., ii. 193.
Zapanianodiflora, Lam., i. 610.
Zaiiote bianco, ii. 438.
Zauschneria, Presl, i. 217.

Californica, Presl, i. 218.

Mcxicnna, Presl, i. 218.
Zizyphus, Juss., 1. 99.

Parryi, Torr., i. 99.
Zostera, Linn., ii. 191.

angiislifolia, Reichenb., ii.
192.

marina, Linn., ii. 192.
Zygadene, ii. 183.
Zygadenus, ]\Iichx., ii. 183.

cidoranthus, ii. 183.

Douglasii, Torr., ii. 183.

elegans, Pursh, ii. 183.

Fremonti, Torr., ii. 183.

glaberrimus, ii. 183.

glaucus, Nutt., ii. 183.

Nuttallii, Gray, ii. 184.

Nuttallii, ii. 183.

paniculatus, Watson, ii. 184.

venenosus, Watson, ii. 183.
Zygodon, Hook. & TayL, ii.
376.

Californicus, Hampe, ii. 376.

Lapponicus, Bruch&Schimp.,
ii. 376.

ZVGOPHYLLACE^, i. 91.

APPENDIX.

GLOSSARY.

A- (or a)i-), a prefix in words of Greek deriva-
tion, the a prionlivc, liaving a negative signifi-
cation and denoting the absence of some or-
gan or (juality.
Abnormal. Contrary to rule; deviating from

tlie noniial or usual.
Abortion. The suppression or imperfect develop-
ment of any part.
Abortive. Imperfectly developed.
Abrupt, abniptf If. Indicating a sudden transi-
tion or termination ; abruptly piiuiatc, pin-
nate without a teiniinal leallet.
Acaulcscent. Stemless or apparently so.
Accumbent cotyledons. Having an edge against

or towards tlie radicle.
Accrosc. Needlo-sliaped, as a pine-leaf.
Achcnium. See Aknic.
Achlamyileous. Without perianth.
Aciculiir. Needle- or bristle-shaped ; nion;

slender than accrosc.
Aciiiaciform. Scymetar-shaped.
Acotylcdnii. A jilant whose embryo is without
cotyledons, as Cuscula ; applied also to cry[)-
togams as plants without seed or embryo.
Acroqcnous. Growing by terminal buds.
Aculeate. Having sharp points or prickles.
Acuminate. Tapering to a point.
Acute. Sharp at the end, or at the edge or

margin.
Admte. United ; used properly of the surfaces

of different organs, as of caly.x and ovary.
Adventivc. Accidentally present.
Estivation,. Tlie arrangement of leaves or of

the parts of the perianth in the bud.
Aggregated. Crowded together, but not cohe-
rent.
Akene ; Achenium. A dry hard indehiscent

1 -celled and 1-seeded seed-like fruit.
Ala, pi. Alee. A wing, or sometimes an axil ;
in mosses, ajiplied to the basal lobes or auri-
cles of the leaves.
Alar. In the axils or forks ; also belonging to

the wings or auricles.
Albumen. The nutritive material of the seed,

within its coats and exterior to the embryo.
Albuminous. Provided with albumen.
Alliaceous. Applied to tho peculiar smell and

taste of garlic and onions.
Alpine. Peculiar to high altitudes, above the

line of tree-growth.
Alternate. Following one another at intervals,
as leaves upon a stem ; following by turns ;
not opposite ; intermediate.

Alveolate. Honey-combed; deeply and closely

pitted.
Ament. A unisexual spike with scaly bracts,

as in the willow.
Amorphous. Without definite form ; of abnor-
mal form.
Amphiga atria. In Hcpatice, small stipule-like
accessory leaves on the under siile of the stem.
Amphitropous. Applied to an inverted ovule or

seed with the hilum hiter.d.
Amplexicaul. Of leaves, clasping the stem.
Analropous. Of an inverted ovule or seed with

the rhaphe extending its whole length.
Ancipital. Two-edged.
Androtjijmus. Having both male and female

flowers.
Angiospcrmous. Bearing seeds in a closed peri-
carp.
Annual. Of only one year's duration.
Annular. Having the form of a ring.
Annulus. In mosses, the ring of cells between
the operculum and the orifice of the capsule.
Anterior. Equivalent to inferior or lower, in
the sense of away from the axis and toward
the bract.
Anther. That part of the stamen which contains

the pollen.
Anthcridium. In cryptogams, the male organ
of inlloresccnce, corresponding to the anther.
Antherifcrous. Bearing antheis.
Antlierizoids. In cryptogams, the minute usually
ciliated organs developed by the antheridia,
corresponding to pollen-grains.
Apetalous. Having no corolla or inner perianth.
Apex. The tip or summit of a thing.
Aphyllous. Not bearing leaves.
Apical. At the apex.
Apiculatc. Abruptly terminated by a short

point or tip.
Apophysis. In mosses, an enlargement of the

pedicel at the base of the capsule.
Appendage. Something added or attached to an

organ, but unessential to it.
Appresscd. Pressed close.
Apternus. Not winged.
Aquntic. Growing in water.
Arachnoid. Roseinbling cobweb.
Arborescent. Becoming a tree or tree-like.
Arehegonium. In mosses, the rudimentary or-
gan which develops into the fruit.
Arcuate. Arched ; bent like a bow.
Areola, pi. Areola:. The snaces in any reticu-
lated surface.

540

GLOSSARY

Arcolalc. Divided into smnll spnces or aro.oliu.
Arcolation. Any syslcnj of cellnlar or rcticn-

liitoil nnirkings.
Aril. An exiiiunled nppcndage to tlie hilnni,

enveloiiinf; the seed.
Arillatc. Having an aiil.
Arilliform. Resembling an aril.
Arislatc. Having an awn.
Aristuhtte. Having a very small awn.
Arlicidaf.ed. Jointeil.
Ascending. Rising somewhat obliquely, not

erect.
Asteroid. Having a flower resembling that of

an Aster.
Attenuate. Narrowing gradually ; tapering.
Auricle. A small ear-like lobe at the base of a

leaf.
Auriculate. Furnished with auricles.
Awl-shapcd. Shaped like the i)oint of an awl ;

narrowing above to a sharp pi)int from a rather

broad base.
Awn. A bristle-like terminal or dorsal appen-
dage.
Awncd. Furnished witli-an awn.
Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch

with tho stem.
Axile or Axial. Situated in the a.vis or relating

to it.
Axilla-nf. Situated in an axil.
Axis, the central line of a body in the direction

of its length ; the stem.

Baccate. Berry-like ; pulpy.

Banner. A name often ai)]iUetl to the standard
or upper petal of a pajtilionaceous tlower.

Barb. A sharply reflexed jKiiiit upon an awn,
etc., like the barb of a fish-hook.

Barbed. Furnished with barbs.

Bark. The outer coveting or rind of a stem.

Basal. At, fiom, or relating to the base.

Base. The end next the point of attachment or
support ; the lower end.

BasijUxed. Attached by the lower end.

Basilar. See Basal.

Beak. A prolonged tip.

Beaked. Ending in a beak.

Berry. A simple fruit of which the whole sub-
stance, excepting the seeds, is pulpy.

Bi- or Bis-. A Latin prefix signifying two or
twice, as bibradcate, with two bracts ; bi-
dentate, with two teeth ; bileniate, twice ter-
nate.

Bi/arions. In two ranks.

Bifid. Two-cleft.

Bilocular. Two-celled.

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.

Biscrrate. Doubly serrate.

Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistil, or
corresponding organs (in cryptogams).

Bl'iddery. Thin and inllated.

Blade. The expande<l portion of a le^f.

Brcuit. A leaf or modification of a leaf subtend-
ing a flower or flower-cluster.

Bracteate. Having bracts.

Bractcolate. Having bractlcts.

Bractlet. A secondary bract upon the pedicel
of a flower.

Branch. A division of n stem.

Brancldct. A secondary or ultimate division of
a stem.

Bristle. A stilT hair or bristle-like appendage.

Bud. The early rudimentary form of a stem or
branch, or an unexpandcd flower.

Bud-scalci. The scales which foim the outer
coats of a leaf-bud.

Bulb. A subteirancan roundish body, formed
of fleshy scales or coatings, essentially a rudi-
mentary stem or leaf-bud, and at lenglh de-
veloping a flowering stem and often leaves.

Bu/bi/croHS. Bulb-bearing.

Bulblct. A small bulb formed in the axil of a
leaf or bract.

Bulbous. Producing bulbs ; bidb-like.

Caducous. Falling very early ; not at all per-
sistent.

Calcarate. Spurred.

Callus. A callosity or hard protuberance.

Calycine. Relating to the calyx.

Cuhjculalc. Having an involucre resembling a
second external calyx.

Calyptra. In mosses, the hood whicli at fiist
covers the capsule.

Calyx. The outer envelope of a flower.

Canipanulate. Bell-shaped or cup-shaped, with
broad base.

CitnulicuhUe. Channelled ; having a longitu-
dinal groove.

Cancsccut. Hoary with a grayish pubescence or
jiuberulence.

Ciipillary. Very slender and hair-like.

Capitate. Subglobose and terminal, like a head ;
collected in a head.

Capilclltitc. Diminutive of capitate.

Capsular. Itelating to or like a capsule.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit loinied from a
compound pistil ; the fruit of mosses.

Carina. A keel, a prominent longitudinal ridge
along the middle of a convex dorsal surface ;
ai>|)lied also to the coherent lower petals of a
papilionaceous flower.

Ctirinate. Keeled.

Garyopsis. A seed-like fruit with the very thin
pericarp adherent throughout to the real seed,
as in most grasses.

Carpel. A simple pistil or one of the several
parts of a comi)ound pistil.

Carpophore. A prolongation of the axis be-
tween the carpels, as often in the Uml>el-
liferic.

Cartihajinous. Firm and tough like cartilage.

Caruncle. An outgrowth or expanded appen-
dage at the base of a seed ; sometimes ai)plied
he rhanhe.
ual s})ike ;

Caudate. Having a tail or slender tail-like ap-
pendage.

Caudex. The trunk of a palm or other arbor-
escent endogen ; or the persistent baiie of any
herbaceous perennial.

Candicle. In orchids, the slender foot-stalk of
the pollen-masses.

Caulescent. Having a manifest stem.

Cat/line. Belnn"in'' to the .^tem.

to an enlargement of the rhanhe.
Catkin. A scaly unisexual spike ; an ament.

GLOSSARY.

541

Cell. A cavity or separate iiiclosurc, as of an
ovary or anther ; a minute sac or hollow
structure, the unit of all cellular tissue.

Cellular. Coinposetl 6f such minute cells.

Cenlrifufial. Dcvdopinj^ from the centre out-
ward, as in the cynic.

Cenlripetnl. Developinf^ from the marfjin to-
wartl the centre, or from below upward, as in
the corymb, raceme, etc.

Cermious. Nodding, usually indicating less in-
clination than pendulous.

Ce.ipitose. Growing in tufts or turf-like ; form-
ing mats.

Chaff. Small dry scales, usually membianous
or scarious.

Chain za. The proper base of an ovule, at a
point opposite its oriticc.

Channelled. Having a deep longitudinal
groove, like a gutter.

Chartaeeuus. Having the te.xture of parchment
or writing-pa|)cr.

Chloiv/ihi/ll. The green juatter within the cells
of plants.

Chloroj)hi/llosc. Containing chlorophyll.

Ciliate. HavinjT the margin, or sometimes the
nerves, fringcil with hairs.

Ciliola, pi. Ciliolcc. Diminutive of the ne.xt ;
in mosses, the hair-like processes between the
cilia.

Ciliuni, pi. Cilia. A marginal hair; applied in
mosses to the slender teeth of the inner per-
istome.

Cinereous. Ash-gray, the color of wood-ashes.

Circinatc. Coileu from the tip into a spiral.

Circamacissile. Dehiscing by a transverse cir-
cular line of division.

Cin-lum. Tendril-bearing.

Clavate. Club-shaped ; enlarged gradually to-
ward tho summit.

Claw. The elongated narrow base of a petal.

Cleft. Cut somewhat deeply, usually about
half-w\ay to the centre or miilrib.

Cliiiibiiu/. Rising by the aid of some sujiport.

Clustered. Collected near together.

Coalesccnt. United ; used properly in respect to
similar parts, as the stamens in Malvace;v.

Coiled. Composed of lioats or layers, as an onion.

Cohesion. The sticking together of ]>arts, or
their more intimate coalescence or ailnation.

Collateral. Side by side.

Collnin. In mosses, an obconical thickening of
the pedicel confimious with the capsule.

Colored. Of other color than green.

Columella. The persistent axis of a capsule.

Colunm. A body formeil by the union of fila-
ments (stamineal) or, in orchids, of the sta-
mens and pistil.

Coma. A tuft of hairs, especially upon a seed.

Commissure. The surface by wliich two car-
tels cohere, as in Umbelliferse.

Common. Belonging e([ually to more than one.

Como-te. Having a coma.

Complanntc. Flattened ; of leaves upon a stem,
lying nearly in the same plane.

Complicale. Folded together.

Compound. The ojiposite of si/rt;)/c ; consisting
of more than one ; diviiled.

Coiitpressed. Flattened laterally.

Condu.pl icale. Doubled together lengthwise, of
leaves.

Co)ie, or Strobile. A dry nniltiple fruit formed
of densely imbricated scales.

Confcrvoid. Of slender dilluse fdanientose
structure, like Conferva among the Aigaj.

Conjluent. Blended or running together.

Congested. Crowded together.

Comjlomcrate. Clustered densely together.

Conical, Shaped like a cone ; narrowing to a
point from a circular base.

Coniferous. Bearing cones.

Conju(jafe. Arranged in single pairs.

Couna/e. United in one ; growing together.

Connective. The portion of the lilament which
connects the cells of the anther.

Connivcnt. Coming in contact ; converging to-
gether.

Constricted. Contracted or drawn together, as
a bag by its string.

Continuous. Not interrupted by joints or
otherwise.

Contorted. Twisted ; in aestivation, an equal
and uniform somewhat oblique overlapping
and rolling up of the i)arts of the circle.

Contracted. Heduced in width or length.

Convolute. Rolled together from one edge. See
Contorted.

Cordate. Heart-shaped, i.e. ovate with rounded
lateral lobes projecting beyond the base and
forming a sinus.

Coriaceous. Of the stillness and consistence of
leather.

Corky. Resembling cork.

Corm. A solid lleshy rounded or depressed sub-
terranean body, the base of a stem and bulb-
like in appearance.

Corneous. Of the consistence of horn ; horny.

Corolla. The inner jierianth, within the caly.x,
consisting of the petals.

Corona, or Crown. An ajijiendage at the throat
of tho corolla, or a crown-like margin at the
top of a seed or other oigan.

Coronate. Having a crown.

Cortex. The bark, or similar outer covering.

Cortical. Relating to the corte.x.

Corticated. Having a cortex.

Coryinh. A flat-topped or convex open inHores-
cenco, with short axis, flowering from the
margin inward ; a depressed raceme.

Cori/iiibosc. In corymbs or resembling a corymb.

Costa. A rib, mid-rib, or mid-nerve.

Costate. Having one or more longitudinal ribs
or nerves.

Cotyledons. The seed-lobes or leaves of the
embryo.

Cratcriform. Shaped like a goblet or shallow
cup.

Crec])inq. Ruiniing upon or under the ground
and rooting.

Crciiate. Scalloped ; having rounded teeth with
shallow acute siimses.

Crenulate. Finely crenate.

Crested. Having an elevated ridgo or appen-
dage like the crest of a helmet.

Cribrose. Perforated, like a coarse sieve.

542

GLOSSARY.

Cristate. Crested.

Crown. See Corona.

Cruciferous. Ik'loiigiiig to the Crucifeiae, with
cruci/onn. or ciodb-shiiped coroUft.

Crustaceans. Ilanl and brittle.

Cnjptogamoics. Fioweriess, fmctifyiiig without
the agency of iJiopfr staiiiuiis and jiL-^tils.

CucuUutc. SIiajR-d like a hood or coul, con-
cave and somewhat arched, or like an ovate
leaf with edges inrolled ; in mosses, ai)[)lied to
a conical calyi'tra cleft at one .side.

Culm. The hollow jointed stem peculiar to
grasses.

Cultndc, or CuUriform. Shaped like a coulter
or hroad knife-blade.

Cuneate, or Cuneiform. Wedge-shaped ; tri-
angular with the angle downward.

Cupulc. A cup-shaped involucre inclosing a
nut, as of an acorn.

Cupuliferous. Cupule-bcaring.

Cusp. A sharp rigid point.

Cuspidate. Terminating in a cusp.

Cut. Cleft or incised.

Cuticle. Tlie outer skin or epidermis ; the thin
outer layer of the bark.

Cyalhiform. Cup-shaped with a somewhat llar-
iug mouth.

Cyliiulraceous. Somewhat or nearly cylindrical.

Cylindrical. In the form of a cylinder.

Cyme. A broad and llattish iidlorescence,
llowering from the centre outward.

Cymelct. A small cyme.

Cymose. In cymes or cyme-like.

Deciduous. Falling off after a time ; not per-
sistent.

Declinuie, or Declined. Bent or curved down-
ward.

Decompound. Repeatedly compound or divided.

Decumbent. Reclining at base, the summit as-
cending.

Decurrent. Running down the stem, applied to
a leaf prolonged below its insertion.

Decussate. In jjairs alternating at right angles,
or similarly in threes.

Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding

I twenty, limited or detciniinate, as definite
inflorescence, in which a llower terminates the
a.xis.

Defiexed. Bent or turned down abruptly.

Dehiscence. The regular opening of a capsule
or anther-cell at maturity; the longitudinal
splitting of the teeth in mos-scs, etc.

Dehiscent. Opening regularly liy valves, slits,
etc.

Deltoid. Having the shape of the Greek letter
delta, A ; broadly triangular.

Dendroid, or Ikndroidnl. Tree-shaped ; branch-
ing in the form of a tiee.

Denlide. Toothed ; having symmetrical teeth
projecting straight outward.

Denticulate. Jlinutely toothed.

Depauperate. Impoveiished ; reduced in size
by unfavoi-able surroundings.

Depressed. Somcwluil llattened from above.

Determinate. Limited. See Definite.

Dextrorse. Towaid the right hand ; .ipjilied to

spirals as seen from without. It is frequently
used as if the spiral were seen from within",
in which case it indicates just the opposite
direction.

Di-, Dis: A prefix in Greek words signifying
two or twice.

Diadelplious. In two sets or clusters.

JJiundrous. Having two stamens.

Diearpellary. Consisting of two carpels.

Dickotomous. Forking regularly by pairs.

Diclinous. Of .sej)arate sexes ; unisexual.

Dicotyledonous. Having an embryo with two
cotyledons.

Didymous. In pairs ; twin.

Didyuamous. Having four stamens disposed in
two une()ual jiairs.

Difuse. Widely spieading ; widely and loosely
branched.

Digitate. Fingered ; applied to a compound
leaf having the leallels all diverging from the
top of the jietiole.

Dimerous. Having all the parts in twos, as the
sejjals, jietals, stamens, etc., of a llower.

Dimidiate. Halved, as though one-half were
wanting.

Diidorpltous. Occurring in two forms.

Dioecious. Unisexual, the llowers of dilFerent
sexes borne by separate plants.

Dia-cio-polygainous. Dia-cious with some per-
fect llowers intermixed.

Diphyllous. Two-leaved.

Dipterous. Two- winged.

Disciform. In the shaiie of a disk, depressed
ami circular.

Discoid. In compound flowers, having disk-
llowers only, without rays.

Disk. A ililation or development of the recep-
tacle around the base of the i)istil. In com-
pound lloweis, the inner series of tubular
llowers as distinct from themaiginal ray.

Dissectid. Deeply cut or divided into numerous
segments.

Dissepiment. A septum or i>artition separating
the cells of an ovary or fruit.

Distichous. Arranged in two vertical rows ;
two-ranked.

Distinct. Se]iai-ate ; not united.

Divaricate. Widely divergent, nearly at right
angles.

Divcnjent. Receding fioin each other.

Diviiied. Cleft to the base or to the mid-nerve.

Dorsal. Upon or relating to the dorsum, or
back.

Drupaceous. Resembling or of the nature of a

upe.

Drupe. A stone-fruit ; a fleshy or pulpy fruit

with the seed or kernel inclosed in a hard or

stony casing (putamen).
Drupelet. A diminutive drupe, as each of the

several ])arts of a blackberry.
Du-arf. Much below the ordinary size of its

kind.

E-, or Ex: A Latin prefix having often in

botanical terms a piivativc signification.
Ebractcate. Without bract.s.
Ecalcarate. Without sj)urs.

GLOSSARY.

543

Eclunale, Beset with prickles.

Ecoslnlc. Witliout costa or midiiervt-.

Edodate. "Witliont teeth.

Effuse. Very dilluse ; very loosely spreading.

Ei/lnndulosd. Witliout glands.

Elutcr. In Hepaticce, a slender elongated cell
occurring among the spoics, usually contain-
ing one or more s[)iral threads.

Ellipsoidal. Nearly elliptical ; or of solids,
elliptical in outline.

Elliptical. In the form of an ellipse, oblong
with both ends uniformly and somewhat
gradually rounded.

EnianjincUc. Notched at the extremity.

Enibracinxj. Clasping at base.

Embriio. The rudimentary plantlet formed
within the seed.

Ejnen/cnt, Einerscd. Raised above the water ;
of the capsule in mosses when barely e.xserted
from its involucral leaves.

Endocrirp. The inner layer of the pericarp,
lying next to the seed.

Endoijoioxis. Growing from within, instead
of by superficial incnnnents, the growth ordi-
narily being general throughout the substance
of the stem.

Endmjem. Plants with an endogenous struc-
ture.

Eimform. Sword-.shaped, as the leaf of an
Iris.

Entire. With the margin uninterrupted, with-
out teetii or division of any sort.

Ephemeral. Lasting but a day or for a very
short time.

Epi-. A Greek prefix signifying upon.

Epidermis. The thin membrane forming the
outer surface of leaves and young stems.

Epi(]ijiious. At or upon the top of the ovary.

Equal. Alike in size, or number, etc. ; more
frequently used in respect to lenjjth.

Equitant. Astride, of coiidnidicate leaver which
fold over each other in two ranks, as in Iris.

Erect. Upright ; perpendicular to the surfa<-e
of attachment.

Etiolated. Blanched by darkness.

Eu-. In Greek compounds, good, true, proper;
applied in sectional nanu's to the moie typical
division of a genus.

Evergreen. Bearing its foliage through all the
seasons.

Exalbuminous. Destitute of albumen.

Exceed. To surpass in length.

Exccnlric. Out of the centre ; one-sided.

Excurrcnt. llunning out, as a nerve projecting
beyond the apex or margin of the leaf.

Exocarp. The outer portion of a ])ericaip.

Exogenous. Growing by successive external
layers, as in dicotyledonous plants.

Exogois. Plants having an exogenous structure.

Explanafe. Opened out flat.

Exsert, Exserted. Projecting beyond an envc-
lo]>e, as stamens standing out of the corolla.

Exstipulate. Without stipules.

Exterior. Outer.

Extra-axillary. Growing from outside of the
axil.

Extrorse. Directed ontwaril.

Falcate, or Falciform. Sickle-shaped ; strongly
curved and more or less flattened or folded.

Farinaceous. Mealy ; containing or yielding
Hour or starch.

F(trinose. Covered with a white mealy powder.

Fascicle. A close bundle oi- cluster.

Fascicled. Ananged in close clusters.

Fastigiate. With blanches erect, i)arallel and
near together, as in the Lombardy poplar.

Favcolate, Favosa. Pitted or hoiu-y-combed.

Feather -veined. Pinnately veined.

Ferruginous. Of the color of iron-rust.

Fertile. Ca[)able of producing fruit, as a pistil-
late flower ; applied also to a pollen-bearing
stamen.

Fertilization of plants. The application and
action of pollen upon the pistil and ovule,
effecting fructification.

Fibrous. Composed of threads or fibres.

Fiddle-shaped. Obovate with a contraction or
sinus on each side.

Filament. That part of the stamen which sup-
ports the anther ; any thread-like body.

Filamentous. Composed of threads or filaments.

Filiform. Thread-shaped ; long, slender and
terete.

Fimbriate. Fringed with narrow processes ;
having the margin finely dissected.

Fistular. Hollow aiul cylindrical.

Flabellate, Flabelliform. Fan-shaped ; dilated
and rounded above, from a cuncate base.

Flagellate. VyoAyxdwg flagcllu; filiform runners
or runner-like branches.

Flagclliform. Long and slender, like a whip-
lash.

Flavesccnt. Pale yellow.

Fleshy. Succulent, juicy.

Fi'exuous, or Flexuosc. Bent or curving alter-
nately in opposite directions.

Floccose. Bearing or clothed with locks of fine
hair or wool.

Floral. Belonging to the flower.

Floret. A small flower ; one of a head.
i FoUaceous. Leaf-like in structure and appear-
I ance ; leafy.

Foliate. Having leaves, as in bifoliate, etc.

Fuliolate. Having leaflets.

Follicle. A jiod, formed from a simple pistil,
dehisiung along the ventral suture only.

Follicular. Pertaining to a follicle or like it in
structure.

Footstalk. A petiole, pedicel, or other slender
support.

Foramen. The narrow orifice at the apex of an
ovule.

Forked. Blanching enually, or divergently.

Fovcntc. Pitted ; marked by deep depressions.

Fovcolate. Diminutive of the last ; marked by
minute pits.

Free. Not adnate or coherent to other organs.

Fringed. See Fimbriate.

Frond. The leaf of ferns ; the leaf-like expanded
vegetation of some Hepatica; ; applied also to
the peculiar growth of the Lemnacefe.

Fnmdosr. Frond-like, or bearing fronds.

FrHclifci'tion. The bearing of fruit, or the or-
I gans concerned in the production of fruit.

644

GLOSSARY.

Fruit. The matured seed- or spore-vessel, of
wliatever kiud, with its appeiulages and con-
tents.

FriUcsccnt. Slirubby or somewhat so.

FnUicose. Decidedly slirul)i)y.

FnUkalosc. Dimiuulive of the last ; shrubby,
but small.

Fugacious. Soon falling ; of short continuance.

Falcrate. Subtended or surrounded by bracts,
or the like.

Fulvous. Dull brownish or giayish yellow.

FuiKjous. Sjioiigy ; fungus-like.

Funiculus. The stalk of an ovule or seed.

Fuiincl-jorm. Tubular, but expanding gradually
from the narrow base to the spreading border
or limb.

Furcute. Forked ; with divergent branches.

Farrowed. Dee|)ly grooved longitudinally.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped, i. e. tapering toward
each end from a thickened middle.

Galea. A helmet ; applied to the helmet-shaped
portion of the corolla in Labiata;, Aconitum,
etc.; also to the upper lip of some Scrophu-
lariacea;, though not so shaped.

GalctUe. Having a galea.

Gumopelalous. Apjilii'd to a corolla whose parts
are not distinct but more or less coalesccnt ;
monopetalous.

Gamophijllous. With united or coalescent leaves
or parts, aiiplii-d either to corolla or calyx.

Gavwsepalous. Having the sepals more or less
coalescent.

Geminate. In pairs; binate ; twin.

Generic. Relating to the genus.

Geniculate. Bent abruptly at an angle, like the
knee.

Genus, pi. Genera. The divisions of an Order
or Family, each consisting of a more or less
clearly detiued group of neaily related siiccies.

Germination. The sprouting of a seed ; the
development of the young plant from the
embryo.

Gerontogceous. Belonging to the Old World.

Gibbous. Protuberant ; swelling out and some-
what saccate at one side.

Glabratc. Becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. Without hairs, pubescence or rough-
ness.

Gland. Any secreting structure, depression or
]nominence, on any jmrt of a plant, or any
structure having a similar appearance.

Glandular. Bearing glands, or gland-like.

Glaucesccnt. Somewhat glaucous ; becoming
glaucous.

Glaucous. Covered with a fine whitish bloom
that is easily rubbed olf; having a bluish-
hoary apjiearancc.

Globose, Globular. Bound; spherical, or nearly
so.

Glochidiale. Barbed, like a fish-hook.

Gloiiierale. Closely clustered.

Glomcrulc. A compact somewhat ca])itate cyme.

Olumaceous. Glume-like ; having glumes ;
chally.

Glume. In grasses, the chalMike bracts sub-
tending the spikelets.

Glutinous. Viscid ; sticky ; covered with a
sticky secretion.

Grain. The I'ruit of grasses. See Caryopbis.

Gramineous. Belating to or resembling the
grasses.

Granular. Composed of small grains or grain-
like bodies ; rough with grain-like promi-
nences.

Gi/innospcrms. Plants liaving naked seeds, or
in which the typically naked ovule is fer-
tilized directly by the pollen without the inter-
vention of a stigma.

GijnundroHS. liaving the stamens adnate to
the pistils and style, so as to be apparently
borne at or upon its summit, as in Orchids.

Gynubase. A short thick prolongation of the
axis or receptacle upon which the pistil rests ;
sometimes applied to a shortened carpophore.

Gyncecium. A term ajiplied to the pistil or
aggregate pistils of a flower.

Habit. The general form and appearance of a
plant.

Ihibilat. The locality or geographical range of
a i)lant.

Hairs. Slender cellular outgrowths from the
epidermis of plants, of various forms and
kinds.

Hairy. Covered with hairs, more or less loosely.

Halbcrt-shaped. See Haslalc.

Hamate. Curved at the end into a hook.

Hamulate. Diminutive of the last.

Hastate. Triangular or arrow-shaped with the
basal angles or lobes directed outward.

Head. A cluster of flowers, which are sessile or
nearly so upon a very short axis or receptacle ;
a shortened spike.

Heart-shaped. Cordate ; ovate with a sinus be-
tween tlie rounded basal lobes.

Herb. A jilant that has no persistent woody
growth above the base.

Herbaceous. Having the character of an herb ;
not woody or shiubb}'.

Herbarium. A systematically arranged collec-
tion of drieil plants.

Hetcriyamous. Bearing twt) kinds of flowers.

Heterogeneous. Dissimilar ; dillering in kind.

Heleroiiiallous. Spreading in all directions.

Hetcroiuorphous. Of dili'ercnt forms.

Ifetcrojihylloiis. liaving leaves of dili'ercnt

Hileronporous. Bearing spores of more than one
kind.

Hilum. The scar or place of attachment of the
seed.

Hippocrcpiform. Having the shape of a horse-
shoe.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stilf
hairs.

Hi.y)id. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs.

Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close pubes-
cence.

Hoiaogamous. Having only one kind of flowers.

Hoinoiieneous.. Uniform in character, nature or
kind.

Homonvdlous. Secund ; turned to one side.

GLOSSARY.

545

Hood, Hooded. See CucuUaf.e.

Hyaliiie. Transparent ; translucent.

Hybrid. A cross between two species, proJucful

by the fertilization of the flower of one species

by the pollen of another.
Hijpocralcriform, or H ijpocrateriinotyhous. The

sjftiie as salverforni.
Hi/pogaoas. Growin>^ or remaining nnder ground.
Hijpogynom. Growing ujion the receptacle of

the flower at the base of the pistil, and free

from the perianth.

Imbricate. Overlapi)ii)g, as the scales of the
several series of an involucre ; in ivstivation,
applied to cases where at least one part of the
calyx (or corolla) is wholly external and one
wholly internal, as distinct from convolidc,
where none are either wholly external or in-
ternal, and from vallate, where none overlap.

Immarcjinate. Not margined or bordered.

Immersed. Growing wholly nnder water ; in
mosses, xised of a capsule inclosed within its
involucral leaves.

Inaquilateral. With nneipial sides.

Incised. Iriegnlarly, sharply and deeply cut.

Included. Inclosed by the surrounding organs;
not exserled.

Incomplete. Not perfect; wanting some of its
parts.

Incubous. Imbricate upward, having the tip of
one leaf resting upon the base of the one
above it.

Incumbent. Resting nnon ; of cotyledons, lying
with one siile toward the rndiele ; of anthers,
lying against the face or inner side of the
filament.

Incurved. Curved inward.

Indefinite. Of number, variable or very numer-
ous ; indeterminate.

Indchiscent. Not opening regularly by valves
or otherwise.

Indeterminate. Of inflorescence, not definitely
terminated but continuous with the axis, the
lower or marginal flowers being the first to open.

Indigenous. Native to the country.

Induplicate. With margins folded inward.

Indusiicm. In ferns, the .shield- or scale-like
covering of the fruit-cluster.

Inferior. Lower; that part of a flower, etc.,
which is toward the bract ; applied also to a
calyx that is free from the ovary, and to an
ovary that is adnati; to the calyx.

Inflated. Bladdery.

Infleied. Bent or turned abruptly inward.

Inflorescence. The flowering portion of a plant,
and especially the mode of its arrangement.

Infra-axillary. Below the axil.

Infundibuliform. See Funnelform,.

Innate. Borne upon the upper surface of a
support, as an anther upon the sunmiit of its
filament, the cells dehiscing marginally.

Innovation. A shoot by which the growth and
continuance of the plant is prolongeil, used
especially of mosses.

Imerted. Attached to or growing upon.

Insertion. The place or mode of attachment of
nn organ.

Inleruodr. Tiie part of a stem between two
nodes.

Introrse. Turned inward toward the axis.

Involncellate. Provided with an involucel.

Incoluccl. An inner or sccondaiy involucre ;
that which surrounds an umbellet.

fnvolucrate. Having an involucre.

Involucre. A circle or circles of scales, bracts
or leaves, distinct or united, .surrounding a
flower or flower-cluster ; in Umbelliferre, the
bracts subtending the umbel.

Involute. Rolled inward.

Irregular. Not regular ; unsymmetrical ; with
its parts unequal or unlike.

Isouierous. Having an equal number of parts
in successive series, as of sepals, petals, sta-
mens, etc.

Jointed. Having joints or nodes.
Julaceous. Kesembling an ament.

Keel. A central dorsal ridge, resembling the
keel of a boat ; the united lower petals of a
jiapilionaccous flower.

Keeled. Carinate ; having a keel.

Kernel. The seed within a nut ; a grain : prop-
erly, the contents of the seedcoats, cousisting
of the embryo and albumen.

Kidney -shaped. See Reniform.

Labellum. A lin, as in Orchids.

Labiate. Ijij)ped ; applied to an irregular corolla

or calyx which is unequally divided into two

jmrts or lips.
Lubiatiflorous. Having flowers with a labiate

corolla.
Lacerate. Torn ; irregularly and deeply cleft.
Laciniate. Cut into narrow slender teeth or

lobes.
Lactescent. Yielding milky juice.
Lacunose. Having numerous pits, depressions

or cavities.
Lacustrine. Living in lakes, ponds or swamps.
Lagenifonn. Gourd-shaped.
Lamella. A thin plate or scale.
Lamellar. Composed of thin plates.
Lamina. The blade or dilated portion of a leaf.
Lanntc. Covered with long curled hairs like

wool.
Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head ; tapering

upward from a narrowly ovate or subovate

base.
Lanuqino'is. Provided with wool ; woolly.
Lateral. At the side ; attached to the side.
Lavcndcr-color. A i)ale grayish blue.
Leaf. The principal organ of vegetition borne

by the stem, in which the sap is elaborated

for the growth of the plant.
Leaf-blade. The dilated jiortion of a leaf.
Leaf-bud.. A bud which is the rudiment of a

branch and tends to develop into one.
Leaflet. A scjiarato division of a compound leaf.
Leafstalk. The footstalk or petiole of a leaf.
Leathen/. Resembling leather ; coriaceous.
Legume. A normally 1-celled capsule, formed

from a single car|)el, but dehiscing by two

valv(.'s, as in tiic Pea.

546

GLOSSARY.

Leguminous. Pertaining to or bearing legumes.

Lenticular. Lens- or leiitil-slia])eil ; of tlie form
of a tlouble-coiive.x lens.

Lcntvjinoua. Covered with minute dots or
freekles.

Liber. The inner and often fibrous layer of
bark.

Lid. The top of a capsule separating by trans-
verse dehiscence.

Ligneous. Woody.

Lif/ule. A smiill tongue-like or strap-shaped
body, ajiplicd to the corolla of ray llowers in
Compobitai, to the thin appendage at the
junction of the blade with the sheath in

. grasses, .etc.

Ligulule. Furnished with a ligule ; strap-
shai)ed.

Liguliflorous. Having only flowers with ligu-
late corollas, as in certain Comitosita;.

Liliaceous. Lily-like.

Limb. The diluted and usually spreading por-
tion of a perianth or petal, as distinct from
the tubular part or claw ; the blade of a
leaf.

Limbate. Bordered.

Line. The twelfth part of an inch, nearly
equivalent to two millimeters.

Linear. Narrow and elongated, with parallel
margins.

Lineute. Marked with lines.

Lineolate. Marked with fine lines.

Linguiform, Lingulate. Tongue-shaped ; ligu-
late.

Lip. Either of the two divisions of a bilabiate
corolla or calyx ; in Orchids, the upper
petal, usually very dilfcrent from the otiiers.

Littoral. (J rowing on .shores, of the sea, or
rivers, etc.

Lobatc, Lobcd. Divided into or bearing lobes.

Lobe. Any division of ii leaf, corolla, etc.,
especially if rounded.

Locellale. Having its cells subdivided, as the
cells of an anther bilocellate by a cross-parti-

• tion.

Locular. Celled, as bilocular, tiilocular, etc.

Loculicidal. Used when the cells of a capsule
open by dehiscence through the dorsal suture.

Lodicule. A name a])plied to the minute hy-
aline scales in the llower of grasses.

Lament. A legume jointed and usually con-
stricted between the seeds.

Lomeiitaccous. Bearing or resembling a loment.

Lorate. Strap-shaped ; elongated-linear.

Loricate. Covered witli imbricated scales.

Lucid. Smooth and shining.

Lunate. Crescent-shaped.

Lurid. Of a dull diity-brown color.

Lutescent. Yellowish ; ]>ule yellow.

Lijrate. Pinnatilid with the terminal lobo
largest and rounded, the lower lobes small.

Macro-. A Greek prefix signifying large or

long.
Macrospore. In some cryptogams, the larger of

the two kinds of spores.
Maculate. Marked with spots or blotches.
Male, Staniinate.

Mamillate. Bearing nipple-shaped prominences.

Miirccscnt. Withering and persistent.

.Marginalbj. Along the edge.

Margiaule, Mnnjincd. Furnished with a bor-
der peculiar in structure or appearance.

Maritime. Belonging to the sea or sea-coast.

Mealy. Covered with a whitish mealy pow<ler.

.Medial, Median. Running through the middle
longitudinally.

Membranous, Menibrunaceous. Thin and rather
soft and translucent, like membrane.

Microspore. The smaller kind of spore in some
cryptogams.

Midrib, or Midnerve. The central and principal
nerve of a leaf.

.Mitriform. Mitre-shaped, i. e. conical and
slightly narrowed toward the mouth.

Monadclplious. Having the stamens all united
by their filaments into a column or tube.

Monandrous. Having a single stamen.

Monili/orm. Itesembling a necklace or string
of beads ; contracted or interrupted at regular
intervals.

Monocarpcllary. Formed of a single carpel.

Munocarpic. Bearing fruit but once.

Monocotyledon. A plant whose embryo has a
single cotyledon.

MoiK^cious. With stamens and pistils (or their
equivalents in cryi)togains) in separate Mowers
upon the same jdant.

Monopetalous. Gamopetalous, having the co-
rolla in one piece, at least at base.

Monophyllous. One-leaved ; composed of a sin-
gle leaf.

Monoscpalous. Gamosepalous, having the calyx
more or less in one piece.

Monospcrmous. One-seeded.

Mucilaginous. Slimy, like nnicilage.

Macro, Mucronation. A short and snuill abrupt

Mucronutc. Terminating in a niucro.
Mucronulalc. Knding with a minute mucro.
MuUicipildl. Many-headed, applieil to a much-
branched rootstoek.
Multifarious. Arranged in many ranks.
Mullifid. Cleft into many lobes or segments.
MuUijuiiatc. Consisting of many pairs.
Multiloadar. Many-celled.
Muricalc. Kough, with short hard points.
Muriculatc. Finely muricate.
Mulkous. I51unt ; without a point.

Nuked, liare ; without its usual appendages

or coveiing, iis a stem without leaves.
N^aviculur. IJoat-shaped.
Nectar. A sweet secretion within a blossom.
N^eclariferous. Secreting nectar.
N^cctary. Any part or appendage of a flower

which may be snjiposed to secrete nectar.
Nerve. A simple vein ; a rib.
NciTcd. Having nerves.
Netted. Keticulated ; cross-veined like a net.
Nodding. Hanging down ; somewhat inclined

fron\ the perpendicular.
Node. A knot orswelling ; a place upon a stem

where a leaf or whorl of leaves is borne.
Nodose. Having knots or swelling joints.

GLOSSARY.

547

A^ormal. Acconling to rule or standard ; not

varying from tlic type.
Numerous. Indclinite in innnber.
Nut. A liard indehiseent one-sct'ded fruit,

usually resulting from a compound ovary.
Nutlet. A small nut ; also apidicd to tiie hard

seediike divisions of the fruit of the Labiata:-,

Verbena, etc.

Ob-. A Latin ])rerix usually signifying inver-
sion, or the reverse of tlie jjrimary word.

Obcoinprcsxcd. Flattened contrary to tlu; direc-
tion of the sides, dorsally, instead of laterally.

Obconical. Hesenibling an inverted cone.

Obcordate. Inverted cordate, the lobes directed
outward.

Oblanccolate. Inverted lanceolate, with the
broadest part toward tlie apex.

Oblique. Turned to one side ; unetjually sided.

Oblong. Considerably longer than broad and
with nearly parallel sides.

Obovale. Inverted ovate, the broader part to-
ward the apex.

Obovoid. Inverted egg-shaped, the broader part
above.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.

Obverse!}/. In a reverse manner.

Ochraceous. Ochre-color, light yellow with a
tinge of brown.

Ochrolcucous. Yellowish white.

Ocrcnfe, or Ochrcatc. Furnished with an ocren,
a tubular stipule slieathing the stem.

-Old {-aides). A Greek termination signifying
resemblance.

Opaque. Dull, not shining.

Operculatc. Piovided with an operculum.

Operculum. A lid, separating by a transverse
line of dehiscence.

Opposite. Standing against or facing each other,
as a stamen .against a petal, or two leaves at
the same node.

Orbicular. Circular or nearly so.

Order. A principal group next above the genus
in rank, and including related genera more or
less distinguished from othei-s by certain com-
mon characters.

Ordinal. Relating to orders.

Organ. Any part of a plant concerned in its
growth and welfare, having a special object
to serve and more or less essential.

Ortholropous. Applied to an ovule or seed that
is straight aiul attached immediately by its
base.

Osseous. Hony.

Ocal. Broadly elliptical.

Ovary. The dilated jjortion of the pistil, bearing
and containing the ovules.

Ovate. Shaped like the longitudinal outline of
an egg, the broader i)ortion toward the base ;
also egg-shaped and a[)plied to solids. I

Ovoid. Egg-shaped. '

Ovule. A rudimentary organ which after im-
pregnation becomes a seed.

Ovulijerous. Bearing ovules.

Palate. A ])rotrusion of the lip of a bilabiate
corolla.

Palca. A chair or chally bract ; in grasses, the

two inner bracts of the flower.
Paleaceous. Chaffy or furnished with chaff.
Palct. The san)e as palca, used especially of

grasses.
Palmate. Of leaves, compound with the leaflets

radiating from the summit of the petiole.
Palmately. In a palmate manner.
Palmatifid. I'almately cleft or divided.
Panduralc. See Fiddle-shaped.
Panicle. A loose irregularly branched inflores-
cence.
Panicled, Paniculate. After the manner of a

panicle ; bearing a panicle.
Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like ; applied to the

l)eculiar irregular flower common in the Legu-

minosa'.
Papillose, Papillate. Bearing minute thick

nipple-shaped or .somewhat elongated" pro-
jections.
Pappus. In Conipositie, the hairs, bristles, or

scales crowning the akene and tjiking tho

place of a calyx.
Papyraceous. Having the texture of paper.
Paraphyscs. In mosses, the minute filiform

bodies which accompany the male and female

organs.
Parasitic. Growing upon and deriving nourish-
ment from another plant.
Parenchyma. The soft cellular tissue of plants,

as the green fleshy part of a leaf.
Parenchymatous. Like or formed of parenchy-
ma ; also applied to cells narrower at the ends

and overlapping each other.
Parietal. Relating to or situate upon the walls

of a cavity.
Paripinnatc. Evenly or abruptly i)iunate, the

terminal odd leaflet wanting.
Purled. Cleft nearly to the base.
Partial. Secondary as distinguished from the

principal and primary.
Partition. An inner wall or dissepiment.
Pa/clliform. Trencher-shaped, with the margin

less raised than in Scutelliform.
Patent. Wididy spreading.
Patulous. Slightly or moderately spreading.
PauciJIorous. Few- flowered.
Pear-shaped. Obovoid or obconical with a sonu--

what tapering base and usually obli(iue or

nnsymmetrical.
Pectinate. Comb-like : cleft with narrow closely

set segments.
Palate. Palmately divided or parted with the

lateral divisions again 2-cleft.
Pedicel. The footstalk or supjiort of a flower.
Pedicellate. Borne on a i>e(liccl.
Peduncle. A general or i)rimary flower-stalk.
Pedunculate. Furnished with a peduncle.
Peltate. Shield-shaped ; flat and attached to its

support by its lower surface.
Pendent. Hanging on its stalk or support.
Pendulous. Hanging nearly inverted from its

sujiport ; of ovules, more or less drooi)ing, as

distinct from suspended.
Penicillate. Resembling a brush of fine hairs.
I'epn. A cucurbitaceous fruit.
Perennial, i'ersisfc^nt a serii's of years.

548

GLOSSARY.

Perfect. Of a flower, liaving both stamens ami
pistil.

Per/oluUc. Of loaves, connate about tlio stem.

Perianth. Tlie lloial envelopes, i. e. the culyx
and corolla, so far as i)iesent.

Pcricai~p. The seed-vessel or ripened ovary.

Pcrichocliitm. The leafy involucre surrounding
the archegouium and base of the pedicel iu
mosses.

Peritji/uium. The sac-like envelope or the bris-
tles or scales which in Cyperacete represent the
perianth.

Pcrigyiwus. Surrounding the ovary but adnate
to the perianth.

Peristome. In mosses, the fringe of teeth or
hairs at the orifice of the capsule.

Persistent. Not tailing ott ; of leaves, continu-
ing through the winter.

Persofiate. Used of a labiate corolla with prom-
inent palates closing the throat.

Petal. One of the parts of a polypetalous or
nearly divided corolla.

Pctaloid. Coloied and resembling a jietal.

Petiolur. Boine upon or relating to a petiole.

Petiole. Tlie footstalk of a leaf

Petiolcd, Pctiolatc. liaving a petiole.

Petioluk. The footstalk of a leaflet.

Pkanogam. A ji/KDioi/amou.i jtlant, fructifying
by means of stamens and pistils.

Phanerouam. Tlie same as Phainogavt.

Phyllode. A leaf re<luced to a simple petiole,
which may be more or less dilated vertically.

Piliferous. Bearing or ti)iped with hairs.

Pilose. Hairy, usually with soft distinct hairs.

Pinna. One of the principal divisions of a com-
poundly pinnate leaf.

Pinnate. Having its parts arranged in pairs
along a common rhachis.

Pinnatcly. In a pinnate manner.

Pinnatijid. Pinnately cleft into opposite nearly
equal segments.

Pinnatiscct. Pinnately divided down to the
midrib.

Pinnule. A secondary pinna, i. e. one of the
pinnate divisions of a jiinna.

Pisiform. Resemliling a jiea in shape and size.

Pistil. The female organ of a phienogam, con-
sisting of the ovary with its styles and stig-
mas.

Pistillate. Having a pistil and no .stamens, as
distinct from perfect or staminate.

Pistillidium. See Archeyonium.

Pith. The soft and spongy central cellular part
of a stem.

Pitted. Marked with small depressions or pits.

Placenta. That jiart of the ovary or fruit which
bears the ovules and seeds.

Plane. Having a flat surface.

Pliaitc. Folded into plaits, like a fun.

Plumose. IMume-like ; having fine hairs on
each side like a feather.

Plumule. The bud or growing point of the
en\bryo between the cotyledons.

Pluri-. In compound words, several ; as;;ZM7-i-
foliolatc, with several leaflets, etc.

Pod. A capsule, usually of cruciferous or legu-
minous idants.

Pointless. Without a point, blunt.

Pollen. The powdery or sometimes waxy con-
tents of the anther.

Poly-. In compound words, many; us poly-
androus, having many steuus.

Polyyanio^is. Having both perfect and uni-
sexual Howers upon the same ])lant.

Polymorphous. Of many forms ; variable in
form.

Polypetalous. Having distinct petals.

Pome. A fleshy fruit, like the apple, enclosing
several ])archment-like or bony carpels.

Posterior. In an axillary flower, the side toward
the axis and away from the bract.

Prcemorsc. Terminating abruptly, as if bitten
off.

Prickle. A small sjjine, an outgrowth of the
bark or cuticle.

Process. Any projecting appendage ; in mosses,
the iniier teeth or cilia of the peristome.

Procumbent. Lying upon the ground.

Produced. Extended or prolonged.

Proliferous. Producing offshoots.

Pruscnchymatous. Fornu'd of more or less
elongated tubular cells placed eml to end.

Prostrate. Lying flat on the ground.

Prothnllus. In the higher cryjitogams, the im-
mediate fronilaceous or filamentose product of
the germination of the sj)ore, upon which are
developed sexual organs or new plants.

Pruiiwse. Covered with a minute bloom or
powder.

Pseudopodium. The stalk supporting the cap-
sule in SphagnaceiB.

Puheralcnt. Very minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, usually short
and soft.

Pulverulent. Dusty, as if covered with a minute
powder.

Pulrinatc. Cushion-shaiied ; growing in thick
mats or cushions.

Punctate. Dotted with minute depressions, or
with translucent internal glands or colored
dots.

Puncticulatc. Very minutely punctate.

Pungent. Terminating in a rigid and stout
sharp point or [trickle.

Pustular. Having low elevations, like small
blisters.

Putamen. The bony or crnstaceous shell in-
closing the seed of a drupe.

Pyramidal. Shaped like a i)yramid ; narrowing
to an apex from an angular base.

Pyriform. IVar-shapcd.

Ilaccme. A form of inflorescence with pedicellate
flowers upon a simple ])rolonged axis, the
flowers develojiing from below upward.

Ihtcemose. In racemes, or resembling n raceme.

Puulial. Belonging to the ray of a compound
Hower.

Padiide. Diverging from a common centre ;
bearing ray Howlms.

Radical. Belonging to or jiroceeding from the
root, or from the base of the stem.

Radicle. That ]iait of the embryo below the
cotyledons, its stcm-iinrtion and the i)rimal

GLOSSARY.

549

internode, developing the root from its lower
extremity.

Radicuhse. Bearing rootlets or rhizoids.

Ramcal. Belonging to a branch.

Ramose. Branching.
Uamulosc. Bearing branclilets.

Ray. One of the radiating branches of an
umbel ; the marginal flowers, as distinct from
the disk, of a compound flower, umbel, etc.

Ticccpt.nclc. A more or less expanded oi' pio-
duccd surface forming a common support for
n cluster of organs (in a flower) or a cluster
of flowers (in a head), etc.

RccMna/c, Reclining. With an erect or ascend-
ing base, the upper pait recurved and trail-
ing.

Rectangular. Of an oblong right-angled figure.

Recurved. Curved backward or downward.

Reflexed. Bent abruptly down or backward.

Refracted. Reflexed from the base.

Regular. Symmetrical in form ; uniform in
shape or structure.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped ; deeply cordate with
the breadth exceeding the heij^ht.

Repnnd. With the margin slightly sinuate or
wavy.

Rcjdiun. A frame-like placenta left by the fall-
ing away of the valves, as in Crucifera;, some
I'apaveracere, etc.

Reliculaled. With markings or veinings re-
sembling network.

Retrorsc. Turned back or downward.

Rclu.se. With a shallow or obscure notch at the
rounded apex.

Rcvolulc. With the margins or apex rolled
backward.

Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound
leaf or frond.

Rh'iphe. The adnate funiculus of an ovule or
seed, connecting the hilum with the chalaza.

Rhnphidcs. Crystals, usually needle-shaped and
clustered, within the cells of plants.

Rhizines, or Rhizoids. The peculiar root-hairs
of Mosses, Lichens, etc.

Rhizoniatoics. Producing rliixomes or of the
character of a rhizome.

Rhizome, or Rootdock. A somewhat horizontal
undergiouuil rooting stem, producing a stem,
leaves or flower-stalk at its apex or nodes,
often short or tuberous.

Rhombic. Obliipiely foiir-siiled.

Rliomboidal. Somewhat rhombic in outline.

Rib. A j)rincipal and i)romiuent nerve of a
leaf.

Ribbed. Furnished with prominent nerves.

Ringent. Calling, applied to a labiate corolla
with open throat.

Root. That part of a plant growing under-
ground and su})plying it with nourishment.

Rootlet. A very slender root or branch of a
root.

Rootslock. See Rhizome.

Ro.'^tellatc. Diminutive of Rostrate; having a
small beak.

Rostrate. Beaked ; bearing a slender terminal
process.

Rosulate. Collected in a rosette.

Rotate. Wheel-shaped ; of a corolla, spreading
abruptly fiom near the base and nearly flat.

Rotund. Hounded in outline.

Rough. Not smooth to the touch ; scabrous.

Rudiment. A partially developed and imjjei feet
organ.

Rudimentary. In an imperfectly developed
condition.

Rufous. Beddish or brownish red.

Rugose. Wrinkled ; ridged.

Ruminated. Penetrated by irregular channels,
as a nutmeg.

Runcinate. Deeply toothed or incisely lobed,
with the segments directed backward.

Runner. A very slender prostrate branch (sto-
lon), rooting and developing a new plant at
the nodes or tip, as in the strawberry.

Saccate. Sac-shajied ; furnished with a sac or
pouch-like cavity.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head ; trian-
gular with basal lobes ])rolonged downward.

Sitlcer-sliaped. Narrowlj' tubular with an ab-
ruptly expanded fhittened limb.

SavKira. An indehiscent membranously winged
fruit, as in the Ash and Maple.

Sarcocarp. The succulent part of a fleshy fruit.

Sarmcntose. Producing long runners.

Scabrous. Rough to the touch with minute
rigid points.

Scales. Usually variously modified bracts or
leaves, thin and searious, or coricaceous,
fleshy, foliaceons, or woody, often imbricated.

Scnndent. Climbing.

Scape. A naked peduncle rising from the
ground.

Scnpigerous. Producing scapes.

Scar. A mark of separation left upon a surface,
as upon a stem by the fall of a leaf.

Scarious. Thin, dry and membranaceous, not
green.

Scobiform. Having the appearance of sawdust.

Scorpioid. Incurved like the tail of a scorpion,
applied to a unilateral circinately coiled in-
florescence, unrolling as the flosvers expand.

Scrobiculatc. Maiked by minute depressions.

Scurf. Small bran-like scales on the epidermis.

ScutcUiform. Platter-shaped, with a distinct
and raised margin.

Scymetar-shapcd. Curved and somewhat flat-
tened tri(pietrous, thick upon the straighter
side, the convex edge thin.

Sccund. Turned in one direction, as the leaves
or flowers upon a stem.

Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the em-
bryo with its proper envelopes.

Segment. One of the parts of a leaf or other
organ that is cut or divided ; more general
than Lobe.

Srpal. A leaf or division of a calyx.

Sepaloid. Resembling a sepal.

Srpfnte. Divided by jmrtitions or septa.

Scpticidal. Dehiscing through the dissepiments
and between the cells, or through the lines of
junction of the car]iels.

Srptiferous. Bearing the partitions after dehis-
cence.

550

GLOSSARY.

Sepli/ragal. Breaking away from the partitions

on dehiscence ; terms applieil to tlie valves of

a loculicidal ca])snle.
Sqdiim. Any kind of partition dividing a cavity.
Sericeous. Silky ; covered with soft straight ap-

pressed hairs.
Series. A row, circle, or rank.
Serotinous. Produced late in the season.
Serrate. Having teeth directeil forward, like

the teeth of a saw.
Sernitures. Teeth like those of a saw.
Serrulate. Finely serrate.
Sessile. Attached imnit-diately to the point of

support witiiout footstalk.
Seta. A bristle.
Setaceous. Bristle-like.
Setitjerous. Bristle- bi-aring.
Setose. Beset with bristles.
S/icatk. A tubular envelope, investing a stem.
S/i^aiking. Enfohling like a sheath.
Shield-sltaped. Flattened and rounded or polygo-
nal, and borne by a stalk attached to the

under surface.
Shrub. A plant woody throughout, of less size

than a tree.
Shrubby. Having the character of a shrub.
Sigmoid. Doubly curved, like the letter S, or

the Greek sigma, 2.
Silicic. A short cruciferous jwd, not many

times longer than wide.
Siliqne. The usually elongated pod in Crucifera%

having two valves separating from two parietal

placentae.
Silky. See Sericeous.
Simple. Of one piece; not compound.
Siiiistrorse. Turned to the left, as seen from

the outside ; but often used in the opposite

sense.
Sinuate. "With a strongly wavy nnirgin.
Sinuous. Fle.xuose ; curving back ami forth.
Sinus. A depression, either angular or roundeil,

separating lob(;s or segments.
Smooth. Not rough ; sometimes used as ecpiiv-

alent to glabrous.
Sorus, pi. Sori. in ferns, a cluster of .sporangia.
Spadix. A spike witli usually a thickened

fleshy rhachis and sublendcd by a si>athe.
Span. The distance between the extremities of

the thumb and little finger when extended ;

about nine inches.
Sparse. Thinly scattered.
Spatkaceous. Bearing or resembling a spathe.
Sputhfi. One or more clasping and often sheath-
ing bracts inclosing a (lower cluster or inllo-

rescence and mostly colored.
Spatulale. Narrowly atteiniate downward from

an abruptly rounded sunnnit.
Species. A group of things of the same kind,

having essentinlly the .same characters.
Specif e. That which relates to or defines a

species.
Spieate. In spikes or resembling a spike.
Spike. Resembling a raceme but the flowers

.sessile or very ninirly .so.
Spikelet. A secondary spike ; in grasses, the

flowers subtended by a common pair of glumes.
Spindle-shfqted. ."^ee Fusi/o, m.

Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from
the stem, a modification of a branch, leaf or
stipule.
Sj>itirscent. Ending in a spine or rigid point.
Sjiinosc, Spiny. Furnished with or resembling

spines.
Spinulose. Having diminutive spines.
Sjiiriclcs. The microscopic spiral cells within the
hairs upon tin; seeds or akenes of some plants
(as CoUomia), which arc disciiarged and un-
coil when wetted.

Sporangium. In the higher cryi>togams, the
case which contains the spmes.

Spores. In cryptogams, the minute bodies
which are the result of fructification and
which correspond to some extent to the seeds
of i)h;enoganis, though without embryo and
reproducing the idant only imlirectly.

Spur. A usually slender tubular jirocess from
some part of a flower, often nectariferous.

Sqaamose. Furnished with scales.

Squarrose. Kougliencd and jagged with i)r()jec-
tions s|>reading every way, as by the divari-
cately spreailing ends of crowded leaves or
bracts.

Sf/uarrulose. Diminutive of the last.

Stamen. Tin; pollen-bearing organ of the flower,
consisting of an anther usually supported U[ion
a stalk or filament.

Stamiiical. Kelating to or consisting of the
.stamen.s.

Stuininifcrous. Stamen -bearing.

Staminodium. A steiile stamen or something
taking the jilace of a stamen.

Standard. The bioad upper petal of a papilio-
naceous flower.

Stellate. Star-shaped ; radiating in fine lines
from a centie, like the rays of an asterisk.

Stem. The main axis of a plant.

Stcmless. Without nninifest stem above ground.

Sterile. Barren ; not capable of producing seed ;
a sterile stamen is one not jiroducing jiollen.

Stig)na. Tiiat portion of the pistil witiiout
ejiidermis through which the ])ollen-tuites
eilcct entrance to the ovules, very variable in
shape and position.

Stigmaiic. lU'longing or relating to the stigma.

Stiitf/s. Stinging hairs, .seated upon a gland
which .secretes an acrid licpiid.

Stij)c. The footstalk of a pistil raising it above
the receptacle ; in ferns, the naked stalk of
the frond.

SlipiUUc. Boiiie njion a stipe.

Stipular. Ikdonging to stipules.

Stipulate. IVssessing sti|)ules.

Stipule, An appendagi; to the base of a [jctiole,
very various in form and character.

Stock. A caudex or liiizome ; the persistent
base of an herbaceous perennial.

Stolon. A horizontal prostrate oflshoot from
the base of a plant.

Stolonifcro^is. Bearing or propagating by
stolons.

Stoma, ]il. Slomata. Microscojiic openings or
"breathing-pores" in the ej)idermis of leaves,
etc., allowing interchange between the outer
air and that within the leaf.

GLOSSARY.

551

Slnmalo.v. Having stonintn.

Stone. Tlie hard ciKlocnrp or jnUamcn of a driiitc.

Siraminrom. Sriiiw-likc or of a straw-color.

Strap-shaped. See Ligidatc.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or
furrows.

Strict. Upright and very straight.

SIrigillose. Minutely strigose.

Sirigose. Beset with short straight stiff and
appressed sharp-pointed hairs.

Strobile. An inflorescence formed of imbricated
scales, as in the IIoj) and the Conifer.T.

Strophiole. An appendage at the point of at-
tachment of some seeds.

Struma. In mosses, a wen-like nnsymmetrical
thickening of the pedicel at the base of the
capsule.

Style. Tiiat portion of the pistil between the
ovary proper and the stigma, usually atten-
uated, often wanting.

Styliforni. Style-sliapcd.

Sti/lopodiicm. A cushion-like expansion at the
base of the style in UmbelliferiB.

Sub-. In composition, somewhat or slightly.

Submerged. Growing under water.

Subtended. Supported or surroundi^d, as a pedi-
cel by a bract, or a flower-cluster by an in-
volucre ; fulcrate.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succubons. Imbricated downward, tlie apex of
each leaf covered by the base of the one above.

Succulent. Fleshy and juicy.

Sucl-er. A shoot from the underground base of a
stem, or from uiuh-rgrouml roots or rhizomes.

Suffruteaccnt. Somewhat or slightly shrubby ;
woody at base.

Sajfruticose. Low and shrubby.

Sulcatc. Grooved or furrowed.

Superior. Growing above ; a superior ovary is
one wholly above and free from the calyx ;
in a lateral flower, nearest to the axis.

Su7-culose. Producing suckers.

Suspended. Hanging directly downward ; hang-
ing from the apex of a cell.

Suture. A line of union, or of dehiscence.

Sumrd-shapcd. A blade with two thin acute
edges, as in Iris.

Symmetrical. Regular in sliape or in the num-
lier of its parts.

Syncarpous. Composed of two or more united
carpels.

Synonym. A superseded or unused name.

Tail. Any long and slender terminal prolon-
gation.

Teeth. Small marginal or terminal lobes of any
kind.

Tendril. A thread-like production from an
axil, the extremity of a leaf, or elsewhere,
capable of coiling and used for climbing.

Terete. Cylindrical or nearly so ; not angled
nor channelled.

Ternate. In threes ; with three divisions.

I'ernate-piiinate. Ternate with the divisions
pinnate.

Tesscllaled. Chequered ; like mosaic or chcqiu'r-
work.

Testa. The outer seed-coat.

Tctradi/namnus. With four long and two shorter
stamens ; aiiplied to the Crucilerre.

Tetragonal. Four-angled.

Tetramcroiis. Of a flower, having its parts in
fours.

Tetrandrous. With four stamens.

Thalloid. Resembling a thallus.

Thfillus. In cryptogams, a cellular expansion
taking the place of stem and foliage, very
various in form.

Thorn. See Spine.

Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous corolla
or calyx ; tlie portion of tiie corolla immedi-
ately below the limb or between the limb and
the tube.

Thyrse. A contracted or close ovate panicle.

Tissue. The various forms of cellular and
va.scular structure of which a plant is com-
posed.

Tomentosc. Pubescent with matted wool.

Tomentum. Dense matted woolly pubescence.

Tongue-shaped. Oblong and somewhat fleshy,
nearly flat, and rounded at the apex.

Toot/ml. Provided with teeth.

Top-sfiaped. Inverted broad-conical.

Torosc. Swelling interruptedly ; cylindrical, or
somewhat so, with constrictions at intervals.

Tortuous. Twisted.

Torulose. Slightly torose.

Torus. The receptacle of a flower ; the apex of
the flower-stalk, more or less modified to sup-
port the parts of the flower.

Transverse. Across, from side to .side.

Tree. A woody branching i)lant, with erect
trunk, ten feet higli or more.

Triandrous. With three stamens.

Triangular. Three-angleil.

Triehotomous. Branching by threes.

Trifid. Three-cleft.

Trifoliate. Three-leaved.

Trifoliolatc. Having three leaflets.

TrimcroHS. Having its parts in threes.

Tripinnatc. Three times pinnate.

Triquetrous. Of a stem, etc., triangular with
the sides somewhat concave or channelled.

Triquinafe. Ternate with the divisions again
divided into five.

Tristychous. In three vertical ranks.

Tritenuite. Three times ternate.

Trumpet-shaped. Tubular with a dilated orifice.

Truncate. Ending abruptly as if cut off trans-
versely.

Trunk. A main stem.

Tube. Any elongated hollow body or part of
an organ.

Tuber. A thickened rhizome, with scattered
buds or eyes.

Tubercle. A small projection or pimple ; a
small tuber or a tuberous root.

Tuberculate. Covered with small rounded proin-
ineiu-es or knobs.

Tuheriferous. Beaiing tuber.s.

Tuberous. Resembling a tuber.

Tubular, Tube-.shaped.

Tubuliforous. When the flowers of a head
have only tubular corollas.

552

GLOSSARY.

Tunicate. Having roncontric coats, as an onion.

Turbinate. Top-shaped.

Tioining. Ascciuling by winding about a sup-
port.

Type. The ideal pattern or fomi.

Typical. That wliich corresponds to or repre-
sents the type. A typical speuics is one upon
which the generic character was loimded, or
one which conforms most closely to the gen-
eral characters of the genus, deviations from
which form tlie basis for subgenera, etc. So
the typical form of a species is that upon
which the specitic chamcter is based, as dis-
tinguished from all varieties, sports, etc.

Umbel. An umbrella-shaped inflorescence, the
pedicels radiating from the summit of the
common peduncle.

Umbellate. Hearing or growing in umbels.

Umbellet. A small secondary umbel upon the
ray of the primai'y.

Umbelliferous. Hearing umbels.

Umbellulate. Bearing umbellets.

Umbilicate. Pitted in the centre, navel-like.

Umboimte. Bossed ; bearing a stout projection
in the centre, like the boss of a shield.

Umbraculifona. Having the form of an um-
brella.

Unarmed. Without prickles, spines, or the
like.

Uncinate. Hooked at the extremity.

Undulate. Wavy, alternately raised above and
depressed below the general plane.

Undcrshrub. A very low shrub.

Unequal. Not equal ; nnsymmetrical ; un-
equally jnnnatc, with an odd terminal leatlet.

UiujuicuJate. Of a petal, narrowed below into
a claw or petiole-like base.

Unilateral. One-sidid.

Unilocular. One-celled.

Uniovulale. Having a single ovule.

Uniserial. In one horizontal row or series.

Unisexual. Of one sex ; of llowers having sta-
mens only or pistils only.

Urceolate. Cylindrical or ovoid, but contracted
at or below the open orifice, like an urn or
pitcher.

Utricle. A small bladdery usually one-seeded
pericarp, indehiscent or bursting irregularly
or circumscissile ; any small bladder-like
organ, or sometimes applied to forms of
tissue-cells.

Utricular. Consisting of or belonging to utri-
cles.

Vagina. A sheath.

Vnyinate. Sheathed.

Vayinule. A diminutive .sheath.

Vallecula. The grooves between the ribs of the
fruit in Umbeiliferie.

Valva/e. Opening by valves, as a capsule ;
meeting by the edges, without overlapping,
as sepals, etc., in iestivation.

Valve. The several parts of a dehiscent peri-
carp ; the door-like lid by which anthers some-
times open.

Variegated. Iiregiilarly colored.

Variclij. The jirincipal subdivision of a species,
dillering from the type in certain constant
characters of subordinate value.

Vascular. l{eluting to or composed of elon-
gated tubular cells (vessels, ducts), as distin-
guished from cellular.

Veined. Furnished with veins.

Veinless. Destitute of evident veins.

Veins. Bundles of woody tissue traversing a
leaf or other flat surface, and forming its
framework, especially those which branch
(as distinct from nerves).

Veinlct. A small subdivision of a vein.

Velulinous. Velvety ; covered with a dense
soft tine pubescence.

Venation. The mode of veining.

Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner
face of a carpel, etc. ; the opposite of Dorsal.

Vcntrieo.te. Swelling unequally or inflated on
one side.

Venulosc. .\bounding with veinlets.

Vermicular. W^orm-shaped.

Vernal. Ajipearing in spring.

Vernicosc. Appearing as if varnished.

Verrueose. Covered with wart-like elevations.

Versatile. Swinging ; turning freely on its
support.

Vertex. The apex of an organ.

Vertical. Upright ; perpendicular to the plane
of the horizon ; longitudinal.

Vertical. A whorl.

Verticillate. Arranged in whorls.

Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity.

Vesicular. Composed of vesicles.

Vessels. Elongated tubular cells, of various
kinds, forming the vascular tissue of plants.

Vcrillum. The standard or large upper palet
of a pajiilionaceous corolla.

Villosc, Villous. Bearing long and soft straight
or straightish hairs.

Vimincous. Bearing long and flexible twigs.

J7)ie. A trailing, climbing or twining stem.

Virijate. Like a wand or rod, slender, straight
and erect.

Viscid, Viscous. Glutinous, sticky.

Vitiate. Bearing vittie.

Villa:. The longitudinal oil-tubes in the peri-
carp of most IJmbclliferie.

Viviparous. Piopngating by buds or bulblets
ini^tead of by seeds, or with the seeds germi-
nating while still on the plant.

IVavy. See Undulate.

]l'aj-y. Hesembling bees-wax in apitearance or

consistence.
IVcdge-shaijed. See Cuncate.
Iflicel-shapetl. See Rotate.
IVhorl. An arrangement of leaves, flowers, etc.,

in a circle about the stem or axis.
IVinq. Any nienibranons or thin expansion or

appendage ; the lateral petal of a papiliona-
ceous flower.
Wood. The hard firm part of a stem, etc.,

composed mainly of wood-cells (fibro-vascular

tissue).
IfVoolly. Clothed with long and twisted or

matted hairs.

IV.

LIST OF PERSONS WHO HAVE MADE BOTANICAL
COLLECTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.

By WILLIAM H. BREWER.

The collection of jilants in California for scientific stndy has been going on for about ninety
years, which time may conveniently be grouped into four periods. The first, beginning witli the
arrival in that country of the earliest botanist, in 1791, and ending with 1848, coincides nearly
with the Spanish colonial period. The second, beginning with the great emigration of 1849 and
continuing eleven years, covers the Mexican Boundary survey and the .several government exi)lo-
rations for a railroad to the Tacific. The tliird begins with the organization of the State Geologi-
cal Survey, under Trof. J. D. Whitney, in 1860, and ends with the completion of the Pacific
Railroad in 1868 ; the fourth extending from tliat date to the present time. I shall here con-
sider only the first three of these periods ; for, during the last, so many persons have visited the
State and carried away collections, and the local botanists have so increased in number, that it is
impracticable for me to enumerate all of them.

In botanical litemture, the name California has been applied to a wide and vague region, ex-
tending from Cape Saint Lucas to Nootka along the coast, and inland to the Rocky Mountains ;
but this sketch applies only to the territory now known as the State of California.
• It will be noticed that the.se botanical collectors may be grouped into four classes, — those
ofTicially connected with various government exjieditions and surveys ; scientific men visiting the
State, but having no connection with government work ; persons making collections for sale or
for private subscribers, or for botanical gardens and museums ; and, finally, resident botanists who
have engaged in the work chiefiy through their love of it.

The first botanists to visit California were TiiADCEUs Haknke and Luis N6e, who accompa-
nied the Spanish expedition under Malaspina, which touched our coast at San Diego and Mon-
terey in 1791. Between 1789 and 1817, Haenke botanized along the western side of the American
continent from Patagonia to Behring Strait, without once returning to Europe, and died in
Bolivia in 1817. His collections are in part at Prague, and were described by Presl in " Reli-
quire Htenkeansi?," and the rest, with those of Nee, are in the herbarium of the Royal Garden at
Madrid. Through a confusion of labels, some of his plants described as Chilian were probably
collected in California ; while some otliejs credited to California were, with little doubt, really
from the East Indies or elsewhere.

Archibald Menzies, who had earlier visited the Northwest Coast in a trading-vessel (in 1786
or, as some authorities say, in 1779), was surgeon on the English ship Discovery, under Captain
Vancouver, and visited California on three successive years, each time coming to the American
coast from the Sandwich Islands in the spring, .spending the summer northward, and passing
south in the autumn. In November and December, 1792, he visited Bodega, San Francisco Baj',
Santa Clara, and Monterey. In May, 1793, he was at Trinidad Bay, and from October to Decem-
ber of the same year at various jilaces, from Bodega to San Dien;o, including the islands below
Santa Barbara. Again, in November and December, 1794, he touched at several places along
the coast from Santa Cruz southward. A set of his collections is in the British Museum, another
at Kew, and a portion of his earlier coUeotions, particularly the cryptogams, are in th« herba-
rium of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

JcsEF Mauiano MnriSo was on the coast from California to Nootka in the year 1792, at the
same time as was Menzies, when Vancouver re<!eived from the Simnish tlie formal surrender of
Nootka. He afterwards botanized in Mexico, especially in its northern parts, along with Martin
Sesse. The large collection of drawings which Mo^iflo brought to Europe after the death of

554 I^IST OF PERSONS WHO HAVE MADE

Sesse contains delineations of several Nootka species (such as Rubus Na(knnus), and apparently
a few from Califoniia ; but most of them were Mexican. Tiiis collection of twelve liumlred
drawings (cited as Ic. V\. Mex. ined., and on which n number of genera and species were founded)
•was leit by Alo(;ifio in Iho hands of Dc Candolle, but after some years was suddenly reclaimed, upon
which occasion copies of most of tliem weie secured by tJie united hibors of the principal hidius of
Geneva. It is said tiiat the herbarium made by JIo(;iho and Sesse went to Madrid ; but a jior-
tion was certainly ac(piired by Lambeit (see Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. l()i)), and upon the
breaking up of his herbarium is tliought to have been aciiuired by tiie Hritish Museum.

Dr. Geokgk Heinrich von Langsdokfk, who started from Europe on the Kussian expedi-
tion under Captain Krusenstern, instead of returning with the ships of the expedition, visited
California in the -siiip Juno, with Count Hesanolf, reaching San Francisco Bay April 9, 1806, and
remaining until May 22, making excursions in the mean time about tlie Bay and to San Jose.
I'artly owing to mishaps, and jwrtly to the dilhculty of drying his specimens on the small .ship,
his botanical collection was meagre. At this visit, Count Ucsanolf made arrangements for plant-
ing a Russian colony in California, which was accomplished six years later. Dr. Langsdorlf is
said to have visited the region again in 1824, in connection with the second expedition of Kotzebuo
to California.

Adalbeut von CiiAMisso, as botanist, and Johann Fiuedhich [Iwan Iwanowitsch] Escit-
SCHULTZ, as surgeon and naturalist, were on the expedition that was fitted out by Count Koman-
zofT, under Captain Kotzebue, in the ahiwPiurik, and spent the month of October, 1816, at San
Francisco, making excursions to Bodega, San Jose, Monterey, and about the Bay. Descriptions
of the plants were published by Chamisso and Schlechtendal in Linnaui, in the ten volumes from
1825 to 1834, and by Dr. Eschscholtz in a short paper entitled " Descriptio Plantarum Novaj
Califoniiffi," in the ^Memoirs of the Academy of St. Petersburg in 1823. Some of the more nota-
ble specimens were the subjects of special papers in other publications, as in Nees's " Horse Pliy-
sicoe," in which Eschsclioltzia was published. Dr. Eschscholtz again accompanied Kotzebue on
his second voyage to California, arriving in September, 1824.

The English expedition known as Captain Beechey's (1825 to 1828), on the ship Blossom,
reached California late in 1827. Alexander Collie, surgeon to the expedition, and Mr. G.
Thadescant Lay, botanist and naturalist, made a collection of about one hundred and seventy-
five species. Mr. Scemann (in the introduction to his "Botany of the Voyage of the J fcrahl") siiys
that the specimens did not reach Europe in a satisfactory condition, and moreover were mixed up
with those of Loo Choo, giving rise to some confusion, but that Messrs. Hooker and Arnott had
nuuie the best use of the mateiial in tlieir " Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage." The speeimen.s,
collected at San Francisco Bay, and a few at ^lonterey, are mainly preserveil in the Hookeriun
Herbarium at Kew.

The Russian-American Fur Company planted a colony at Bo<lega in 1812, and in 1820 estab-
lished Fort Ross, forty miles northward in the valley of the Russian River. They surrendered
the territory in 1841, and left early in the next year. During this occupancy many botanical
specimens were sent to St. Petersburg. Precisely how early tliese collections began, or who were
tlie collectors, other than Wrangel and Wosnessensky, I have no information. But various Cali-
fornian species were first described from specimens sent from this colony, or from plants grown
in the botanic gardens of Europe from seeds collected here.

Baron (and Admiral) von Wuanoel arrived at Bodega about 1829, and lived there as gov-
ernor of the Russian Possessions in America. He sjjent a number of years here, and collected
many plants and seeds, which were sent to the Botanic Garden of St. Peter.sburg.

David Douglas, a Scotch botanist, travelling under the ansiiices of the Horticultural Society
of London, reached the Northwest Coast early in 182.5. He botanized extensively in Washington
Territory and Oregon, getting as far so\ith as the Umpqua River, but not reaching the borders of
California. On a second trip from England he again reached the coa.st eariy in 1830, and in
December of that year came into California, where he remained botanizing from Monterey south-
ward to Santa Barbara (May, 1831), and again northward to San Francisco and Sonoma County
(38° 45'), returuint( to Monterey, and thence, in October, 1832, went by way of the Sandwich
Islands to the Columbia. The next year he visited tiie Sandwich Islands, where he lost his life
a few montlis later. His letters, giving an account of much of Ids tiavels in California and
northward, nuiy be found in the second volume of Hooker's "Companion to tiie Botanical Maga-
zine." He collected nearly five hundred species in the State. An indefatigable collector, a close
observer, and an enthusiastic traveller, he added more to the knowl(!(lge of the botany of the
region than all the botanists who had gone before him. His Californian collections were chieflv

BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS IN CALIFORNIA. 555

described in the siiiiplement to tlie " Botany of Captain Reechey's Voyage," and those from Ore-
gon and Wasliington Territory in Honker's " Flora Horeali-Aniericana." Hooker's, Lindley's
and Benthain's herbaria contain sets of liis Californian plants, and many specimens are found
elsewhere.

Dr. Thomas Coultkr, who col!ect"d in Mexico for many years, reached Alonterey in Novem-
ber, 1831, and remained in Upper California until late in 1832 or possibly even longer (he was
nearly three years in California according to Don), during which time he visited " all the
habitable parts" of the countrj'. The most notable of his excursions was one to the Colorado
River in 1832. He left Monterey late in March, was at San Gabriel April 23, and at the foril
of the Colorado Kiver, just below the mouth of the Gila, ^lay 8. He returned by the same
route and was again at Monterey July 19. He was the first botanist to reach the interesting
Colorado desert and Gila regions, and some of his species were not again found until very many
years after. He collected more than a thousand species in Mexico and California ; but they
remained mostly undistributed and unknown until after the collector's death and the appointment
of the late I'rof. W. H. Harvey as curator of the herbarium of Trinity College, Dublin, whicli at
that time, or previously, came into possession of them. Dr. Harvey published several interesting
Californian genera and species, and distributed the duplicates of the collection, — the fullest set to
the Hookerian Herbarium, and jtortions to the herbaria of Gray and of Torrcy. The geogra})hical
results of his Californian explonitio.is are published in a paper in the Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society of London (1835), v. 59-70, with a map.

Feudinand Dki'PE, of IJerlin (whose name is associated with that of Dr. Scheide in Mexico),
visited California in 1831 or 1832. But his name is rarely met with in connection with Cali-
fornian botany.

Several Californian species were described, by or before 1834, as having been collected by Mr.
P. E. BoTTA, but I have no more definite information as to wlien or where he collected here.
He was a travelling naturalist, collecting for the Museum of Natural History of Paris.

Thomas Nuttall crossed the continent in an expedition under Captain Wyeth, in 1834, to the
Columbia River. Thence he went to the Sandwich Islands, and returned to California, where
he collected during a part of the year 1835, mostly near the coast, from San Francisco to San
Diego. His collections were very rich, and contiiined the types of many new species. Some of
them are in the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University, and many in tlie herbarium of the Acad-
emy of Sciences at Philadelphia. They are also at Kew, and the original set was purchased by
the British Museum after Nuttall's death. Descriptions appeared in various places, many being
published in Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America ; tlie' new Compositie were described by
himself in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1841.

Richard Buinsi.ky Hinhs, surgeon on board the English surveying-ship Sulphur, under
Captain Sir Edward Belcher, visited the State in the autumn of 1837, and went up the Sacra-
mento River for some Instance. In October and November, 1839, tlie expedition again touched
the coast, and collections were made at San Diego, but chiefly southward at various points in
Lower California, where no botanists had jireviously been. Some of these collections were made
by Mr. Barclay, a collector sent out by the Royal Garden of Kew. The results were published in
the " Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur," by Hinds and Bentham.

Dr. WosNF.ssENSKY was sent, by the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg and the Zoological
Museum of that place, to the North Pacific, and spent ten years on the coast. He spent some
time collecting in California, but when he first came, how often or how long here, or how exten-
sive his botanical collections were, I do not know. He was on Mount St. Ilelena June 12, 1841,
which is the only date I have of his visit.

WiLMAM D. Brackrnridge and Dr. Charles Pickerino, connected with the United States
Exploring Exi)cdition under Lieutenant Wilkes, visited California in 1841. They entered the
State by land from Oregon, passed by the western base of Mount Shasta and down the Sacra-
mento Valley to the Bay. Their Californian collection was small, but contained some very inter-
esting species, an account of which was given by Dr. Torrey in the Botany of the Expedition.

M. DuFLOT i>E MoFRAs, wlio was .sent by the Frcncli government on an expedition to the
west coast of North America in 1840 to 1842, was in California in 1841. How much he col-
lected in this State it is not easy to say ; but in an Appendix to his "Explorations du Terri-
toire de Oregon des Californies," etc. (Paris, 1844), ii. 403, there is a catalogue of the principal
plants of the Northwest Coast, which enumerates about two hundred and ninety species, without
even the usual specific authorities, and with so many errors of one kind or another as to be of little
scientific value.

556 LIST OF PERSONS WHO HAVE MADE

Dr. William GAMnKL, an ornithologist from Philndelpliia, crosseil tlie continent by way of
New Mexico and Arizona to California, returning in 1843. He made a collection of plants, some
of wliicli were doscrihcd by Niittall in ii paper entitled " I'lantie f!and)iliana'," in tlic Journal and
in tlio I'roceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of riiihulelpiiia for 1848. Nearly a hun-
dred new species were described, of which a considerable part were collected in California south of
Point Conception. Hut many of the plants described in this memoir were collected by Nuttall
liimself and not by Ganibcl.

Capt. JoH.v C. FiiEMONT traversed the continent in 1843 by way of Great Salt Lake and
Humboldt River, crossed the Sierra Nevada in midwinter, just south of Lake Tahoe, and entered
California in February, 1844, descending the South Fork of the American liiver. Late in March
he set out on his return, passed southward along the eastern edge of the great valley, recrossed
the Sierra Nevada at Tehachipi Valley and Fremont's Pass, thence to the Mohave and Virgin Uivers,
and eastward, taking with him the earliest collection that had been made in any portion of t'le
Sierra Nevada Range. In the report of this expedition (usually known as his second expedition),
Dr. Torrey described about thirty species and four new genera. On his next (or third) exjwdi-
tion of 1845 to 1847 he made much more extensive collections, but unfortunately many of the
specimens were lost by an accident in the mountain.s. The specimens saved amounted to about
six hundred numbers, and contained many new species, some of which were described by Dr.
Torrey in " Plant'e Fremontiame " in the " Sniithsoiian Contributions" for 1850.

Theodor Haktweg, a German botanist, was sent to Mexico by the London Horticultural
Society in 1836. lie collected in California in 184G and 1847, making his headquarters at Mon-
terey, but extending his excursions to the American and Yuba Kivers, the Sacramento as high
as Chico, and in other ilirection.s. Over four hundred species from California were distributed
to subscribers, eninneratcd by Bentham in his " Phint.e Hartwegiana;."

NoioiAN BlcsToit collected on Major W. ]L Emory's expedition across the continent, joining
the party at Santa Fe, and reaching San Diego December 12, 1846. Hi the report of the expedi-
tion Dr. Torrey enumerates one hundred and sixty species as especially worthy of mention, of
which number less than thirty are cited as having been collected in California.

Rev. A. FiTCii travelled extensively in California about 1846 to 1849, and sent several collec-
tions to Dr. Torrey, including some species of much interest. Most of the specimens were from
the southern half of the State.

This closes the period of Spanish occupancy, and brings us to the second period, beginning with
the great immigration of 1849. Dr. C. C. Pauiiy, connected with tlie Mexican Boundary Survey,
arrived at San Diego in July, 1849. The first collections made on two trips across to the Colo-
rado River were lost in the transit east. Between ilarcli, 1850, and Mavch, 1851, he made
extensive collections, all of them south of Monterey.

Prof. Geokge TuuitiiEU, also connected with the Mexican Boundary Survey, reached the
State late in 1851 and botanized within our borders until July, 1852. A few specimens were
collected as far north as San Francisco, but the most of his collecticis were made in the southern
part of the State, between the coast and the Colorado River. Descriptions of some of his new
species were published by Dr. Gray in " Plantie Thurberiana.'."

Dr. J. M. BiGEi.ow and Jlessrs. Arthuu Sciiorr and Chaules WniGirT also collected plants
on this survey, but their collections were all made east of our borders. The two former
gentlemen, however, collected later in the State. The enumeration of the collections of all the
botanists connected with the survey was published together in the Report upon the Botany of the
Mexican Boundary.

Dr. Albeut Kelloog came to San Francisco in 1849, and still lives there. During this more
than thirty years he has collected along the coast from Alaska to San Diego. Some of his speci-
mens are in the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences, and others are scattered in
various directions. He has described many new species, and no name is more intimately associated
with the botany of the State during this period. At a later date (1868 -C9), in connection with
"\V. G. "W. Haufoud, lie made extensive sets of Californian and Oregon plants for distribution.

Dr. J. D. B. SriLLMAN collected plants in 1849 near Sacramento, and in 1850 between
Marysville and Long Bar. The specimens are in the Torrey Herbarium.

Dr. He.n'UY Beiik came to San Francisco in 1850, and has since lived there. He has collected
from time to time, particularly before 1860, some of his specimens going to local collections, some
to Hamburg, some to Russia, and elsewhere.

Dr. George Gibbs was on this coast from 1848 until 1860. From 1849 to 1854 he was most
of the time iu this State, where he made some collections, mostly near Columbia. Later, he

BOTANICAL COLLFXTIONS IN CALIFORNIA. 557

made more extensive collections in Oregon and Wasliinj^ton, which were in part incorporated with
the collections of Drs. Cooper and Suckley and with those of tlie Northern Boundary Survey.

\ViLLiA.%f LoBB was in the State from 1850 to IS-OS, collecting seeds and specimens for Mr.
Veitch of Exeter, England, and through him many interesting species reached Europe.

Geokoi? Black, an engineer, made collections near Yuba Hiver about 18J0, some of which
went to England along with the collections of Mr. Lobb, and others were sent to botanical cor-
respondents in Scotland.

Dr. T, L. Andrews made considerable collections, mostly near Monterey, beginning about
this time and extending over several years. Some went to the California Academy of Sciences,
some to Dr. Torrey, and Dr. Newberry had others.

Dr. G. E. HuLSE collected some plants in the northern part of the State about 1850 and sent
his specimens to Dr. Torrey.

Dr. A. WiZLiZENUS made a small collection in the State in 1851, but his more extensive and
better known collections were made earlier beyond our borders.

Dr. N. J. Andkiisson was on the Swedish frigate Eugenic in lier voyage around the world and
collected in California in 1852.

Mr. A. F. Beaudsley collected for Lawson & Co. of Edinburgh about 1852 to 1854, and proba-
bly for others later. He collected seeds rather than specimens.

Mr. John Jeffuey, a Scotch gardener, collected both plants and seeds in the northern part of
the State and in Oregon, in 1852-53, for subscribers to the " Oregon Botanical Expedition " of
Edinburgh. Considerable confusion grew out of the various supposed new species of his col-
lection and the manner of their publication by the " Oregon Committee."

Mr. H. G. Bloomer came into the State in 1852 and for many years made collections as oppor-
tunity offered. Many of his specimens went to the herbarium of the California Academy, some
came into the collections of the State Geological Survey, some were sent to Professor Gray, and
others went into various herbaria.

William A. Wallace collected idants about Los Angeles in 1854 and later, and sent his
specimens to Professor Gray.

During the years enumerated, several persons nro mentioned in the publications of the Califor-
nia Academy as sending plants to its herbariutii, some of which were described as new. Among
these names are Col. L. Ransom, from various localities ; Mr. A. Peabody, from Russian River ;
Mr. Gaiivitt, from Placerville ; ^Ir. C. D. Gibds, from the Sierra Nevada, near the head of
Carson River, and others.

Many specimens were collected within the State from 1853 to 1855 by botanists connected
with the Pacific Railroad Explorations. The largest of these collections was made by Dr. J. M.
BiGELOW, under Lieutenant Whipple, the entire collection from Arkansas to California amount-
ing to about twelve hundred si)ecies, of which over eleven hundred (excluding CactaceiB and
ilosses) were enumerated in Vol. IV. of the Pacific Railroad Reports. These plants, as well as
those of the other government expeditions, were determined chielly by Dr. Torrey and Dr. Gray,
and the specimens are to be found in their herbaria and in the National Herbarium at Washington.
They were also partially distributed to foregn herbaria, especially to those at Kew and St.
Petersburg.

Dr. A. L. Heer.mann collected in the central valley of the State in 1853, in connection with
Lieut. R. S. Williamson's survey, and perhaps later. About one hundred species were noticed
by Durand and llilgard in Vol V. of the Pacific Railroad Reports. He was in tlie State about
three years.

Prof. William P. Blake, geologist upon the same survey, also made a botanical collec-
tion in Southern California, which was described by Dr. Torrey in the same volume, together with
plants collected about Fort Yuma by Major Thomas and Lieutenant Du Bauuy.

Dr. .1. S. Newberry collected under Lieutenants Williamson and Abbott, mostly in Ore-
gon and Northern California. Over five hundred sjiecies were reported by him from this region.
He also collected on the expedition under Lieutenant Ives, in 1857-58, along the Colorado River,
and through Northern Arizona.

Dr. Thomas Antisell was connected with the party under Lieutenant Parke and collected in
1854 in Southern California. About two hundred and eighty species are enumerated in bis
Report.

Dr. James A. Snyder was with the party under Lieutenant Bcckwith, and collected in 1854
between Salt Lake and the Sacramento River. The Report includes only about sixty species, of
which but few were collected within this State.

558 I^IST OF PERSONS WHO HAVE MADE

The other collectors upon this series of explorations did not reach our Stite, hut several
army officers stationed in tlie State made local collections, among which may be mentioned that
of Dr. J. F. IIammond, at Fort lu-adinj,', in 18r)3.

CilAlti.Es WuKJiiT made u small collection ahuut Heiiicia, Mare Island, and vicinity, while
connected with the North Pacific ExjH-dition under ('aptaiu liodgers, in the winter of 1855-56.

Gen. Amos B. Eato.v made a collection of ferns about the Strait of Canjuincs in 1855, and the
specimens were distributed by Prof. D. C. Eaton. The number of species was small, but some
were new to the State.

Thomas Buidoes came to California in 1856, and for the next nine years collected on the
coast, much of the time in this SUite, his collections going mostly to Europe. After his death,
in 1865, his wife presented' the California collections then on hand to the National Herbarium at
Washington. They were distributed by Dr. Torrey.

L. J. Xantus de Vesey collected at Fort Tejon in 1857-59 for the Smithsonian Institution,
and Dr. Gray pulilished a list of one hundred and twenty-two sjiecies.

In 1860 the State Geological Survey, under Prof. J. D. Whitney, was organized, and
began field work in November of that year. In connection witli this survey, Wim.iam II.
Bkeweu collected from 1860 to 1864, and was the tirst to botanize to any considerable extent in
tha high Sii-rnxs. FitANflsco Guiuado in 1860 and 1861 collected with the i)arty, mostly
south of Monterey. Dr. J. G. Cootek collected in 1S60-C2 at Fort Mohave and elsewhere.
Dr. Edwaud Pai.meu collected at San Diego in 1861. Henky N. Bolandeu began his col-
lections in the State in 1863, which were continued for some twelve years or more, a part of
the time in connection with the State Survey, and were very rich and extensive. Dr. CiEoncE
H. Horn, of the United States Army, made collections in 1862 -6-J at Camp Independence in
Owen's Valley and at Fort Tejon, and placed his collections at the service of the Survey. Wil-
liam Holder collected about a hundred species around Oakland in 1863. Dr. William Hille-
bkand, of Honolulu, visited the State the same year and made considerable collections, mostly in
the Sien-a Nevada, a part of which he jjlaced in the State collection. Jlr. V. Rattan collected
near Placerville in 1863, and again in the Sacramento Valley in 1866, and placed dujdicates in the
collection of the Survey. Dr. H. M. Cuonkihti;, U. S. Army, made a small but interesting
collection in the Klamath Valley in 1864. Other pei-sons also contributed smaller numbers of
specimeus, the collections of the Survey from these vaiious sources reaching some eight thousand
numbers.

Dr. Charles L. Anderson, formerly of Carson City, Nevada, collected in that vicinity and
on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, 1863-66, then came into (.'alifornia, where he has
since lived and has further collected, mostly in the region about Santa Cruz. A list of his
Nevada collections, many of which were .sent to Dr. Gray, was iiublishcil in connection with the
Report of the Nuvada State Geologist in 1870.

HoKACE Mann, Jr., visited the State in 1864 and again in 1865, colleiiting in the two visits
about three hundred species, which are now in the herbarium of Cornell University.

Dr. John Tourey was here in 1865, most of the time at Santa Barbara, also crossing the SieiTa
into Nevada, and, as usual, detected many interesting species.

Prof. Ali'Honso Wood in 1866 traversed the State from San Diego to Oregon, and made a con-
siderable collection.

Dr. George L. Goodale made a small collection of plants in the same year.

Prof. S. F. Pel'KHAM collected also in 1866 between three and four hundrr<l species in the
valley of the Santa Clara River.

[To supplement the above list, it is a jileasure here to make i-special acknowledgment of those
who by their contributions have aided essentially in the prei)aration of this Botany of the State.
As tlie freijuent recurrence of theii- names through the two volumes shows, there are several ladies
to whom very much is due. Prominent among these are Mrs. Mary E. Pulhifer Ames, of
Auliurn, and Mrs. R. M. Au.stin, of Prattville, Plumas County, who, during several years, have
collected zealously in the northern Sierra Nevada, and have added hugely to our knowledge of
the llora of that region. Mrs. A. P. Barti.ett, of Bartlett Canon, near Santa Barbara, Mrs.
John Bidwell, of Chico, Mi-s. A. E. Bu.sh, of San Jose, Mrs. Ei.wocu) Cooper, of Santa Barbara,
and Miss Sara A. Plummer, also of Santa Barbara, have all made collections of value, and with
scarcely an exception have contrilnited new species to the llora of the State. Among the other
collectors no one has been more enthusiastic or successful than Mr. J. G. Lem.mon of Siermville,
who has botanized through a large part of the northern Sierra Nevada and in the desert region of
the northeastern i>art of the State, as well as in Southern California, between .Santa Barbara nml

BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS IN CALIFORNIA. 559

the Sierras, and especially in connection with Dr. C. C. Pakuy in 1878 abont San Ikrnanlino
and the borders of the adjacent desert. Dr. Kdwaiiu TaL-Mkr has visited Calilornia several
times, making very valnable collections in the .southern l)onlcrs of the State and northward to the
Mohave region and along the coast to Monterey, as well as on Guadalupe Island ami through
Western Arizona. Rev. E. L. Gurknk made small collections, but including nianv novelties,
about San Francisco and northward, and especially in Siskiyou County. Mr. Voi.ney Haitan,
of San Francisco, has collected in the Coast Ranges, northward to the Oregon line ; as also Mr.
G. U. Vasey, of Chicago, who visited the State to make siiecimcns, especially of wood.s, for the
Centennial E.xhibition. Sir Jo.ski-h 1). JIookick and Dr. Asa Guay were in California in 1877,
visiting Monterey, the Yoscmite Valley, and Mount Shasta. In Southern California, Mr. 1).
Cleveland, of San Diego, has communicafed much of interest respecting the plants of that'
place, of especial importance as the region where Nuttall had found many species. Dr.
J. T. RoTiiiiocK, in connection with Lieutenant Wheeler's survey, collected between Santa
Barbara and the head of Kern River. Mr. S. 15. Paimsii and Mr. W. G. Wnioirr at San Bernar-
dino, and Rev. J. C. Nkvin at Los Angeles, have all interested themselves in the botany of their
localities, and gathered as opportunity olfered, as has also Dr. W. Matthews, U. S. Army,
stationed at Camp Independence in Inyo County, and afterwards at Camp Bidwell in the north-
eastern jiart of the State.

Mention should also be made of those whose collections, though not made within the State,
have been from so near its borders as to be of importance in showing the range of manv Califor-
nia species, and especially as indicating what species may still be expected to be <liscovere"d. Su.di
are the coUections made in connection with Lieutenant Wiieeleii's survey in Arizona and Nevada,
by Dr. Palmeii and Dr. Paiiuy in Arizona and Southern Utah; and by Mr. W. W. P.ailey
and Seueno Watson in Northern Nevada upon the survey of the 40th parallel under Clarence
Kino, while m Oregon very important collections have been made by E. Hall in 1871, and
inore recently by Rev. R. D. Neviu.s of The Dalles and Baker City, and Messrs. Jo.sepii and
THO.MAS J. Howell of Willamette Slough, and in Washington Territory by Mr. W. Suksdouf,
at White Salmon, and Mr. W. C. Cu.sicK, of Union. — S. W.J

University Pi^ess : John Wilson it Son, Cambridge.

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Austin 1997