LANDSCAPE MMHITECTURE Ex Libris BEATRIX JONES REEF POINT GARDENS LIBRARY The Gift of Beatrix Farrand to the General Library University of California, Berkeley BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES MANUAL OP TH E BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE. BY ASA GRAY, LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Stxtfj REVISED AND EXTENDED WESTWARD TO THE 1 00th MERIDIAN. BY SERENO WATSON, CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, AND JOHN M. COULTER, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, ASSISTED BY SPECIALISTS IN CERTAIN GROUPS. WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES, ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC. NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Copyright, 1889, by THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE GRAY'S MANUAL w. P. 3 Farrand LANDSCAPE ARCH. UBKAhY CONTENTS. Page PREFACE 1 SYNOPSIS or THE ORDERS 5 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS 19 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES . 30 EXPLANATION OF SIGNS 32 FLORA. — PH.ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS . . 33 Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants . 33 Angiospermous, Polypetalous ... 33 Gamopetalous . . .216 Apetalous . . . . 425 Gymnospermous Plants 489 Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants . 495 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS . .675 Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophytes . V 675 Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophytes (Hepaticae) . 702 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 733 TABLE OF ORDERS 736 GLOSSARY 738 INDEX 749 PLATES, WITH EXPLANATIONS .,..., 761 355 NOTE. IN this second issue of the MANUAL are given all such needed emendations of every kind as have come to our no- tice. Wherever it could be conveniently done, these altera- tions have been made in the plates. The remainder will be found in supplementary "Additions and Corrections" near the end of the volume. PREFACE. THE first edition of Gray's Manual was published in 1848. It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in 1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The great advances that have since been made in systematic botany and in the knowledge of our flora have for several years past made another revision desirable, which Dr. Gray before his death was purposing to undertake. The present editors, acting to the best of their ability in his stead, have endeavored throughout to follow his methods and views. The original plan, so long retained by Dr. Gray and so generally approved, has been closely adhered to, the characters and descriptions of the last edition have been left essentially unchanged so far as possible, and in the numerous alterations and additions that have been considered necessary or advisable, his conclusions and principles have governed in every matter of importance, so far as they could be known. The effort especially has been to maintain that high standard of excellence which has always made the Manual an authority among botanists. In the treatment of the genera and species, Gray's Synoptical Flora has been made the basis in the revision of the Gamopet- alous Orders, and his manuscript in continuation of that work, so far as prepared, for the Polypetalous Orders which precede Leguminosce (excepting Nupliar, the Cruciferce, Caryopliyllacecp^ Vitis, and the small Orders numbered 18, 22, 23, 25-27, and 29). The genus Salix has been rewritten for this edition by M. S. BEBB, Esq., the genus Carex by Prof. L. H. BAILEY, and the Ferns and allied orders by Prof. D. C. EATON. For the rest, all known available sources of information have been made use of, and much willing help has been received from botanists in all parts of our territory. 1 2 PREFACE. The increasing interest that is taken in the study of the Cellular Cryptogams, and the desire to encourage it, have led to the inclusion again of the Hepaticse, which were omitted in the last edition. These have been prepared through the kindness of Prof. L. M. UNDERWOOD, though the limits of the volume have necessitated somewhat briefer descriptions than he considered desirable. The three fine plates illustrat- ing the genera of these Orders, which were used in the early editions, are also added, with a supplementary one, as well as an additional one in illustration of the Grasses, thus increasing the number of plates to twenty-five. A Glossary of botanical terms is appended, to meet an expressed need of those who use the Manual alone, and a Synopsis of the Orders in their sequence is given, to contrast more clearly their characters, and to show the general principles which have determined their present arrangement. This should be a useful adjunct to the more artificially arranged Analytical Key. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS, AND DISTRIBUTION. — The southern limit of the territory covered by the present work is the same as in the later previous editions, viz. the southern boundary of Virginia and Kentucky. This coincides better than any other geographical line with the natural division between the cooler- temperate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the Atlantic States. The rapid increase of population west of the Missis- sippi River, and the growing need of a Manual covering the flora of that section, have seemed a sufficient reason for the extension of the limits of the work westward to the 100th meridian, thus connecting with the Manual of the Flora, of the Rocky Mountain Region by Prof. Coulter. These limits, as well as that upon the north, have been in general strictly observed, very few species being admitted that are not known with some degree of certainty to occur within them. The ex- treme western flora is no doubt imperfectly represented. The distribution of the individual species is indicated some- what more definitely than heretofore in many cases, so far as it could be satisfactorily ascertained. The extralimital range is also sometimes given, but the terms "northward," "south- ward," and " westward " are more frequently employed, signi- fying an indefinite range in those directions beyond the limits of the Manual. Where no definite habitat is specified, the spe- PREFACE. 3 cies may be understood as found more or less generally through- out the whole area, or at least to near the western limits. NOMENCLATURE, ACCENTUATION OF NAMES, etc. — In case of question respecting the proper name to be adopted for any species, Dr. Gray's known and expressed views have been fol- lowed, it is believed, throughout the work. While reasonable regard has been paid to the claims of priority, the purpose has been to avoid unnecessary changes, in the belief that such changes are in most cases an unmitigated evil. Synonyms are rarely given except where changes have been made. As a guide to correct pronunciation, the long sound of the accented vowel (modified often in personal names) is indicated, as heretofore, by the grave accent (v), and the short sound by the acute ('). In regard to the derivations of generic names, many valuable suggestions have been due to W. R. Gerard, Esq., of New York. PROMINENT CHARACTERS are indicated by the use of Italic type for the leading distinctions of the Orders, and generally in the specific descriptions for those points by which two or more nearly allied species may be most readily distinguished. The ready discrimination of the gene'ra is provided for by a Synopsis of their leading characters under each order. When- ever a genus comprises several species, pains have been taken to render important differences conspicuous by proper group- ing, and when needed by a series of subordinate divisions and subdivisions. The headings of these various groups are to be considered as belonging to and forming a part of the specific characters of the several species under them, — a fact which the student should always bear in mind. ARRANGEMENT OF THE ORDERS. — The Natural Orders are disposed in very close accordance with the method followed by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum, the princi- ples of which are concisely shown in the Synopsis of Orders which precedes the Analytical Key. The Gymnospermce are retained as a Subclass following the Angiospermous Dicotyle- dons, with which they have an obvious relationship, in pref- "erence to placing them, as some authorities would do, next before the Pteridophytes, to which their affinity, if no less certain, is nevertheless obscure. A more natural arrange- ment than either would be the withdrawal of the Endogens, placing them at the beginning, in perhaps an inverse order. 4 PREFACE. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. — As. stated in Dr. Gray's Preface to the last edition, this is designed to enable the stu- dent to refer readily to its proper Order any of our plants, upon taking the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, and sometimes of the fruit, and by following out a series of easy steps in the analysis. It is founded upon the most ob- vious distinctions which will answer the purpose, and is so contrived as to provide for all or nearly all exceptional in- stances and variant cases. Referring to the Order which the Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive points brought together and printed in Italics in the first sen- tence of the ordinal description, and thus can verify his results. The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus, to be verified in turn by the full generic description in its place; and the progress thence to the species is facilitated, when there are several to choose from, by the arrangement under divisions and subdivisions, as already explained. It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascer- tain, first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which, even without the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in a cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is commonly confirmed by the numerical plan of the flower ; — then, if of the first Class, the Subclass is at once determined by the pistil, whether of the ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules. If the former, then the choice between the three Divisions is determined by the presence or absence of the petals, and whether separate or united. Each Division is subdivided by equally obvious char- acters, and, finally, a series of successively subordinated prop- ositions,— each set more indented upon the page than the preceding, — leads to the name of the Order sought for, fol- lowed by the number of the page upon which it is described in the body of the work. The book is now submitted to those for whose benefit it has been prepared, in the trust that its shortcomings will meet with friendly indulgence, and with the earnest request that' information be kindly given of any corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary. SERENO WATSON. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., Dec. 26, 1889. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK. SERIES I. PH^ENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS : those producing real flowers and seeds. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a zone be- tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives. SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERM2E. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and becomes the fruit. Cotyledons only two. DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and coroUa both presen! ; the latter of separate petals. (Apetalous flowers occur in various Orders, as noted under the subdivisions.) A. THALAMIFLOR^E. Stamens and petals hypogynous (free both from the calyx and from the superior ovary), upon a usually narrow receptacle (not glandular nor discoid, except in Reseda, sometimes stipe-like). (Sta mens and petals upon the partly inferior ovary in some Nymph seaceae.) Apetalous flowers occur in the Ranunculacese and Caryophyllaceae. * 1. Carpels solitary or distinct (or coherent in Magnoliaceae); sepals and petals deciduous (except in Nymphaeaceae) ; leaves alternate or radical, without stipules (sometimes opposite or whorled and rarely stipular in Ranunculaceae) ; embryo (except in Nelumbo) small, in fleshy albumen 1. Ranunculaceae (p. 34). Sepals (3 or more), petals (as many, in regul ... flowers, or none), stamens (usually many), and carpels (1-many) all dis- tinct. Fruit achenes, follicles, or berries. Mostly herbs. 2. Magnoliaceae (p. 49). Sepals and petals colored alike, in three or more rows of three, imbricate. Fruit cone-like, formed of the numerous coher- ing pistils. Trees. 3. Anonaceae (p. 50). Sepals (3) and petals (6, in two rows) valvate. Fruit pulpy. Shrubs or small trees, 4 Meiiispermaceae (p. 51 ). Sepals and petals in twos or threes, imbricate. Pistils becoming 1 -seeded drupes. Dioecious woody climbers, with pat mate or peltate leaves. 6 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS^ 5. Berberidaceae (p. 52). Sepals and petals imbricate, each in two rows of three (rarely in twos or fours). Stamens opposite the petals. Pistil solitary, becoming a berry or pod. Shrubs or low herbs. 6. Nymphaeaceae, in part (p. 54). Sepals and petals each 3, or many in several rows. Pistils becoming coriaceous and indehiscent. Aquatics : floating leaves peltate. # 2. Carpels (2 or more) united into a compound ovary with parietal, often nerve-like placentae (or the seeds covering the inner surface in Nymphae- aceae, and the placentae axile in Sarraceniaceae). Herts (some Cistacese somewhat shrubby). •«- Fruit 5 - many-celled ; calyx or whole perianth persistent ; embryo small, at the base of fleshy albumen. 6. Nymphaeaceae proper (p. 54). Sepals 2-6. Petals and stamens nu- merous, on a thick hypogynous receptacle or inserted upon the ovary. Capsule 8 - 30-celled. Aquatics, with peltate or cordate leaves. 7. Sarraceniaceae (p. 57). Sepals and petals 5. Capsule 5-celled. Marsh plants, with pitcher-shaped leaves. •*- 4- Fruit 1 -celled, or spuriously 2 - more-celled by partitions connecting the placentae. •»-*• Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen ; perianth deciduous ; sepals 2. 8. Papaveraceae (p. 57.) Flowers regular. Sepals fugacious. Petals 4 - 12. Stamens and seeds numerous. Capsule 2 - several-valved. Juice milky or colored. 9. Fumariaceae (p. 59.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4, in dissimilar pairs. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Fruit 2-valved (indehiscent and 1 -seeded in Fumaria). Juice watery ; leaves dissected. *+ ++ Albumen none ; embryo curved or folded ; perianth deciduous (sepals persistent in Resedaceae). lo Cruciferae (p. 61). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens mostly 6, tetradyna- mous (two inserted lower and shorter). Pod 2-celled by a transverse par- tition, 2-valved, or sometimes indehiscent or transversely jointed. Bracts and stipules none. 1 1 . Capparidaceae (p. 74). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 6 or more, nearly equal. Pod 1 -celled, 2-valved. Embryo coiled. Leaves often palmately divided ; bracts and stipules often present. 12. Resedaceae (p. 75). Sepals and petals 4-7, irregular. Stamens indefi- nite on an hypogynous disk, not covered in the bud. Pod 1 -celled, 3-6- lobed, opening at the top. ^ ++ -w. Embryo rather large in fleshy albumen ; placentae on the middle of the valves ; calyx persistent. 13. Cistaceae (p. 76). Flowers regular; sepals and petals 5, the two outer sepals minute. Stamens indefinite. Pod 1-celled, 3-5-valved. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo curved. Leaves entire, the lower often opposite. 14. Violaceae (p. 78). Flowers irregular; sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5f with connivent introrse anthers. Style clavate. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. Ovules anatropous. Embryo straight. Stipules present. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 7 * S. Ovary compound, 1 -celled, with central placentae ; embryo curved around mealy albumen (except in Diantbus) ; leaves entire ; stipules mostly none. 15. Caryophyllaceae (p. 82). Sepals (5, rarely 4) distinct or united, per- sistent. Petals as many, rarely none. Stamens as many or twice as many, rarely fewer. Styles 2-5. Leaves opposite. 16. Fortulacacese (p. 90). Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 5 -20. Capsule 3-valved or circumscissile. Fleshy herbs ; leaves mostly alternate. * 4. Calyx imbricate ; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or often indefinite; ovary compound, 1 -celled with parietal placentae or sev- eral-celled with the placentae united in the axis; embryo straight or slightly curved ; albumen none or scanty. 17. Elatinaceae (p. 91). Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, membra- nous stipules, minute axillary flowers, few stamens, and pod 2 - 5-celled. 18. Hypericaceae (p. 92). Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules. Flowers cymose or panicled. Stamens few or many, usually in 3 or more clusters. Pod 1 -celled or 3 - 5-celled. 19. Ternstrcemiaceae (p. 95). Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and no stipules. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Stamens numerous, more or less united together and with the base of the petals. Pod 3 - 5-celled. * 5. Calyx valvate; stamens numerous, usually more or less united together and with the base of the petals ; ovary 3 - many-celled with the placentae united in the axis (becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded in Tilia). 20. Malvaceae (p. 96). Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled. Calyx persistent. Seeds kidney-shaped, with curved embryo and little albumen. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palmately veined stipular leaves. 21. Tiliaceae (p. 101). Stamens polyadelphous or nearly distinct ; anthers 2-celled. Calyx deciduous. Embryo nearly straight. Trees, with alter- nate leaves and deciduous stipules. B. DISCIFLORJE. Stamens as many as the petals or twice as many or fewer, inserted upon or at the outer or inner base of a more or less tumid hypogynous or perigynous disk, which is cushion-like or annular or di- vided into glands, sometimes obscure or minute (or none in Linum, Ilex, some Geraniaceae and Polygala) ; ovary superior (or half-inferior in some Rhamnaceae) ; sepals more usually distinct. Petals wanting in some Rutaceae, Ehamnaceae, and Sapindaceae. * 1. Ovules (mostly 1 or 2 in each cell) pendulous, with the rhaphe toward the axis of the ovary ; disk often reduced to glands alternate with the petals or none ; ovary often lobed or the carpels nearly distinct. 22. Linaceae (p. 101). Flowers regular, usually 5-merous. Capsule not lobed, mostly 5-valved, spuriously 10-celled, 10-seeded. Stamens united at base. Disk none or 5 minute glands. Herbs, with entire alternate or opposite leaves ; stipules gland-like or none. 23. Geraniaceae (p. 102). Flowers regular or irregular, 5-merous or 3- merous as to the stamens and pistils, Ovary 3 - 5-lobed, the cells 1 - few- ovuled, and axis persistent. Disk of 5 glands or none. Herbs, with often lobed or divided mostly alternate leaves, with or without stipules. 8 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 24. Rutaceae (p. 106). Flowers mostly regular, 3-5-merous, dioeciond of polygamous in our genera. Ovary 2-5-lobed or the carpels nearly dis- tinct, upon a glandular disk; cells 2-ovuled. Mostly shrubs or trees, with glandular-punctate compound leaves, without stipules. * 2. Ovules (1 or 2) pendulous, the rhaphe away from the axis ; disk none and ovary not lobed. 25. Ilicineae (p. 107). Flowers small, diceciously polygamous, axillary, 4- 8-merous. Fruit a 4 - 8-seeded berry-like drupe. Shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves and no stipules. * 3. Ovules (1 or 2 in each cell) erect, the rhaphe toward the axis ; disk fleshy, covering the base of the calyx ; stamens as many as the petals, at the margin of the disk ; flowers perfect or polygamo-dio3cious ; albumen fleshy; shrubs or trees, with simple leaves (compound in some Vitacese). 26. Celas trace 6e (p. 109). Sepals and petals imbricated, the stamens alter- nate with the petals. Fruit 2 - 5-celled ; seeds arilled. 27. Hhamnaceae (p. 111). Calyx valvate. Petals small or none. Stamens alternate with the sepals. Fruit 2 - 5-celled ; seeds solitary, not arilled. 28. Vitaceae (p. 112). Calyx minute. Stamens opposite the valvate cadu cous petals. Climbing by tendrils opposite the alternate leaves. * 4. Ovules (1 or 2) ascending or horizontal, or pendulous from a basal funicle ; fleshy disk entire or lobed; stamens 5-10; shrubs or trees, with com- pound leaves (simple in Acer) and mostly polygamo-dicecious and often irregular flowers ; petals imbricate (sometimes none in Sapindaceae). 29. Sapindaceae (p. 115). Flowers mostly unsymmetrical or irregular. Ovary 2 - 3-celled and -lobed. 30. Anacardiaceae (p. 118). Flowers regular, 5-androus. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a small dry drupe. Leaves alternate ; juice milky or resinous. * 5. Ovules solitary, pendulous from the summit of the 2-celled ovary ; disk none ; flowers irregular (subpapilionaceous), hypogynous ; stamens mon- adelphous or diadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, opening by an apical pore. 31. Polygalaceae (p. 120). Herbs, with perfect flowers and alternate or opposite or whorled entire leaves. Stamens 6-8. Seed carunculate. C. CALYCIFLOR^E. Sepals rarely distinct; disk adnate to the base of the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous ; petals and stamens on the calyx, perigynous or epigynous, the ovary being often inferior (hypogynous in Drosera and Parnassia, nearly so in some Leguminosae and Crassulaceae). Apetalous flowers in Orders 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, and 50. * 1. Ovary usually superior, the pistils solitary, or several and distinct (some- times more or less united but at least the styles distinct except in some Saxif ragaceae) . 32. Leguminosae (p. 122). Flowers papilionaceous or regular. Stamens usually 10, and mostly monadelphous or diadelphous. Pistil one, free, becoming a legume; style terminal. Albumen none. Leaves mostly compound, alternate, stipular. 33. Rosacese (p. 150). Flowers regular, with usually numerous distinct stamens, and 1 -many pistils, distinct or (in Pomeae) united and combined SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. ^ with the calyx-tube ; style often lateral or basal. Calyx-lobes and petals mostly 5. Ovules mostly 1 or 2. Albumen mostly none. Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; leaves usually alternate and stipulate, simple or compound. 34. Calycanthacese (p. 167). Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens indefinite. Pistils numerous, becoming achenes in a hollow receptacle. Albumen none. Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules. 35. Saxifragaceae (p. 168). Flowers regular, with 5-10 stamens (numer- ous in Philadelphus), few (mostly 2) more or less united, free or partially adnate carpels, and few - many ovules on axile or sometimes parietal pla- centae. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, with or without stipules. 36. Crassulacese (p. 170). Mostly fleshy herbs, with symmetrical flowers, the usually distinct many-seeded carpels as many as the sepals. Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled ; stipules none. 37. Droseraceae (p. 178). Glandular-haired scapose marsh herbs, with regular 5-merous hypogynous flowers. Capsule 1 -celled, with 3-5 many- seeded parietal placentae. Anthers extrorse. Leaves circinate in vernation. 38. Hamamelideae (p. 179). Shrubs or trees; flowers often polygamo- monoecious, in clusters, heads, or spikes ; petals often none. Seeds 2 or more, bony, in a 2-beaked woody pod opening above, the base adnate to the calyx-tube. Stamens few or many. Leaves alternate, simple. 39. Halorageae (p. 180). Aquatic or marsh herbs; flowers perfect or po- lygamo-dioecious, small, axillary or spicate ; petals often none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary inferior, the calyx-limb obsolete or very short. Fruit small, indehiscent, 1 - 4-celled, 1 - 4-seeded. Leaves alternate or opposite, the submersed often dissected. # 2. Ovary inferior (except in Lythracese), 1 - several-celled ; style entire; flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, mostly 4-merous ; herbs, with simple and mostly entire leaves without stipules. 40. Melastomaceae (p. 183). Calyx open. Stamens definite; anthers opening by an apical pore. Leaves opposite, 3 - 7-nerved ; flowers cymose 41. Lythraceae (p. 184). Calyx- lobes valvate. Pod free, but enclosed in th» calyx, membranous, 1 - 4-celled, many-seeded with axile placentas. Leave* mostly opposite ; flowers axillary or whorled ; petals crumpled, or none. 42. Onagraceae (p. 186). Calyx-lobes valvate. -Ovary 1- 4-celled, the cells 1 - many-ovuled. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Petals 2 or 4, convolute, or none Leaves opposite or alternata * 3. Ovary inferior (except in Passifloraceae and Ficoideae), 1-celled with pari- etal placentae or several-celled by the intrusion of the placentae ; flowers regular, perfect or unisexual ; styles free or united ; herbs. «- Embryo straight ; cotyledons foliaceous ; leaves alternate, often lobed. 43. Loasaceas (p. 193). Flowers perfect. Stamens indefinite. Style entire or 2-3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 or 3 many-seeded placentae. Pu- bescence of hooked hairs. 44. Passifloraceae (p. 194). Climbing by tendrils. Flowers perfect. Sta- mens 5, monadelphous. Ovary stalked, superior, becoming a 1-celled many-seeded berry with 3 or 4 placentae. Styles 3, clavate. 10 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 45. Cucurbitaceae (p. 194). Tendril-bearing vines, with dioecious or mono? cious flowers. Corolla 5-lobed, often confluent with the calyx. Stamens 3 or 5, usually more or less united and the anthers often tortuous. Fruit fleshy or membranous, 1 - 5-celled, the placentas often produced to the axis and revolute. Seeds exalbuminous. •<- H- Embryo curved or coiled about central albumen ; leaves entire. 46. Cactaceae (p. 196). Fleshy and mostly leafless prickly plants, with sol- itary sessile perfect flowers. Calyx-lobes and petals indefinite, imbricated, the numerous stamens on the tube. Fruit a 1 -celled many -seeded berry. 47. Ficoideae (p. 198). Calyx-lobes or sepals 5 and petals none in our gen- era. Capsule 3 - 5-celled with axile placentae, loculicidal or circumscissile, many-seeded. Often fleshy ; leaves mostly opposite or verticillate. * 4. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous ; calyx-limb minute or ob- solete; ovary inferior, 2 - several-celled, with solitary pendulous ovules; petals and stamens mostly 4 or 5, on the margin of an epigynous disk surrounding the styles ; albumen copious. 48. Umbelliferae (p. 198). Flowers in umbels or heads. Petals (inflexed) and stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit of 2 dry seed-like carpels, the pericarp usually with oil-tubes. Herbs, with alternate mostly compound leaves. 49. Araliaceae (p. 212). Flowers mostly in umbels and nearly as in Umbel- liferse ; petals not inflexed and styles 2 or more. Fruit a 2 - several-celled drupe. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly compound leaves. 50. Cornaceae (p. 213). Flowers not in umbels; petals (valvate, or none) and stamens 4 or 5. Style 1. Fruit a 1 -2-seeded drupe. Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite or alternate simple and mostly entire leaves. DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS: calyx and corolla both present, the latter of united petals (excepting some Ericaceas, Styracacese, and Oleaceae, Galax, Statice, and Lysimachia). Apetalous flowers occur in Glaux and some Oleaceae. Stipules present only in Rubi- aceae and Loganiaceae, or rarely in Caprifoliaceae. # 1. Ovary inferior; stamens borne upon the corolla, alternate with its lobes ••- Stamens distinct ; leaves opposite or whorled ; seed albuminous except in Valerianaceae. 51. Caprifoliaceae (p. 216). Corolla mostly 5-lobed, regular or irregular, the stamens as many (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in Adoxa) , Ovary 1 - several-celled ; fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several-seeded. Shrubs or herbs ; leaves opposite, rarely stipular, not turning black in drying. 52. Rubiaceae (p. 222). Flowers regular, 4 - 5-merous, the corolla mostly valvate. Ovary 2 - 4-celled. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves simple, entire, op- posite with stipules, or verticillate, usually turning black in drying. 53. Valerianaceae (p. 228). Stamens (1-4) fewer than the lobes of the somewhat irregular corolla. Ovary with two abortive or empty cells and one containing a suspended ovule. Fruit dry and indehiscent. Herbs. 54. Dipsaceae (p. 229). Flowers mostly 4-merous and with 4 (rarely 2) sta mens, involucellate in involucrate heads ; corolla-lobes imbricate Ovary simple, 1-celfed, with a suspended ovule. Herbs. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 11 H- -i- Anthers connate into a tube. 55. Compositae (p. 230). Stamens as many as the valvate corolla-lobes. Ovary with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an achene. Albumen none. Calyx-limb reduced to a pappus or none. Flowers in involucrate heads. * 2. Ovary inferior (or superior in most Ericaceae and in Diapensiaceae) ; sta- mens free from the corolla or nearly so (adnate in some Diapeusiacese), as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many ; leaves alternate (opposite in some Ericaceae) ; style 1. 4- Juice milky ; capsule 2 - 5-celled, many-seeded ; herbs. 56. Lobeliaceae (p. 305). Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens united, at le-ast by the anthers. Capsule 2-celled or with two placentae. 57 Campanulaceae (p. 307). Corolla regular, 5-lobed, valvate. Stamens usually distinct. Capsule 2 - several-celled. •*- •*- Juice not milky nor acrid; capsule 3-10-celled. 58. Ericaceae (p. 309). Flowers mostly regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens distinct, more usually twice as many as the corolla-lobes or petals. Ovary inferior or superior. Herbs or shrubs. 59. Diapensiaceae (p. 326). Flowers regular. Stamens 5, on the corolla, or monadelphous with 5 petaloid staminodia. Ovary superior, 3-celled. * 3. Ovary superior; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them. 60. Flumbaginaceae (p. 327). Stamens 5, on the base of the petals. Styles 5. Fruit an achene or 1-seeded utricle. Herbs ; leaves radical. 61. Primulaceae (p. 328). Stamens 4-8, perigynous. Style 1. Fruit a capsule with several seeds on a central placenta. Herbs; leaves radical or opposite or alternate. 62 Sapotaceae (p. 332). Flowers small, 4-5-merous. Style 1. Ovary few - several-celled ; fruit fleshy, bearing a single bony -coated seed. Shrubs or trees, with milky juice and alternate entire leaves. * 4. Ovary superior or more or less adnate to the calyx, few - several-celled, the cells 1-ovuled ; stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or more ; trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves. 63. Ebenaceae (p. 333). Flowers dioecious or polygamous Stamens on the corolla. Ovary superior. Styles distinct. Fruit fleshy, few-seeded. 64. Styracaceae (p. 333). Flowers perfect. Stamens subhypogynous. Ovary more or less inferior. Style 1. Fruit dry or nearly so, 1 -4-seeded. * 5. Ovary superior, of two carpels (sometimes by division apparently 4-car- pellary, sometimes of 3 - 5 in Polemoniaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Sola- naceae) ; stamens on the corolla (except in apetalous Oleaceae), alternate with its lobes, as many or fewer. 4- Corolla not scarious and nerveless. «-«. Corolla none, or regular and 4-clef t or -parted, the stamens fewer than its lobes ; style 1 ; seeds 1-3. 65. Oleaceae (p. 335). Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Stamens mostly 2, alter nate with the usually 2-ovuled carpels. 12 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. •*-*. -M. Corolla regular, its lobes 4 - 5 or rarely more ; stamens as many. = Ovaries 2, becoming follicles; stigmas and sometimes the styles united; herbs with milky juice, perfect 5-merous flowers, and simple entire leaves. 66. Apocynaceae (p. 337). Stamens distinct or the anthers merely conni- vent, with ordinary pollen. Style 1. 67. Asclepiadaceae (p. 338). Stamens monadelphous, the anthers perma- nently attached to a large stigmatic body ; pollen mostly in waxy masses. Styles distinct below the stigma. = = Ovary compound (ovaries two in Dichondra), with 2 or 3 (rarely 4 or 5) cells or placentae ; stamens distinct ; mostly herbs, a. Leaves opposite ; corolla-lobes 4 or 5 or more. 68. Loganiacese (p. 345). Leaves entire, with stipules or a stipular line joining their bases. Capsule 2-celled, few - many -seeded. Herbs or woody twiners (our species). 69. Gentianaceae (p. 346). Glabrous herbs; leaves entire, sessile and sim- ple (except in Menyanthes). Capsule 1 -celled with 2 parietal placenta or the whole inner surface ovuliferous, many-seeded. 6. Leaves alternate (sometimes opposite in Polemoniacese and Hydrophyl- laceae) ; corolla-lobes always 5 in our species. 70. Folemoniaceas (p. 354). Capsule usually 3-celled, loculicidal; seeds 1 - many in each cell on the stout placental axis. Style 3-clef t or -lobed. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound. 71. Hydrophyllaceae (p. 357). Leaves often lobed or divided, and the in- florescence frequently scorpioid. Style 2-parted or 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved with two parietal or introflexed placentae, or sometimes 2-celled. Seeds 2 or more on each placenta. 72 Borraginaceae (p. 360). Leaves mostly entire and plants often rough- hispid ; inflorescence commonly scorpioid. Style 1 . Ovary 4-ovulate, usually 4-lobed and maturing as 4 separate or separable nutlets, or not lobed, 2 - 4-celled and separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets. 73. Convolvulaceae (p. 367). Usually twining or trailing; flowers on ax- illary peduncles or cymose-glomerate. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-plaited, twisted in the bud. Styles 1 or 2. Ovary 2- (sometimes 3- or spuriously 4-) celled, becoming a globular 4-6-seeded capsule (or ovaries two and distinct in Dichondra). Cotyledons broad-foliaceous. 74. Solanaceae (p. 373). Style 1. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3- 5-celled), with numerous ovules on axillary placentae, becoming a pod or berry. Cotyle- dons narrow. •M. •*-*. -w. Corolla more or less bilabiately irregular (sometimes nearly regular), 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2. Style 1. Ovary always of two carpels. a. Ovules several or many. 75. Scrophulariaceae (p. 377). Capsule 2-celled, with central placentae. Seeds small, usually numerous. Herbs ; leaves alternate or opposite. 76. Orobanchacese (p. 393). Root-parasites with no green foliage. Cap- sule 1-celled, with 2 simple or double parietal placentae. Seeds many. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 13 77. Lentibulariacese (p. 395). Aquatic or marsh herbs, with scapes or scape-like peduncles, sometimes nearly leafless. Corolla personate and spurred. Capsule globular, 1 -celled ; placentae central, free, many-seeded. 78. Bignoniaceae (p. 398). Large-flowered trees or often climbing shrubs, with usually opposite simple or compound leaves. Capsule 2-celled by a partition between the 2 parietal placentas. Seeds numerous, large, mostly winged. 79. Fedaliaccse (p. 399). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Ovary 1- celled with two bilamellar parietal placentae, or 2 - 4-celled by their union, becoming drupaceous or capsular. Seeds few or many, wingless. 80. Acaiithacese (p. 399). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidal, with each axile placenta bearing 2-10 flattish seeds. 6. Cells of the ovary 1 - 2-ovuled ; herbs or low shrubs, with opposite leaves 81. Verbenacoae (p. 401). Ovary 2 -4-celled, not lobed, the dry or drupa- ceous fruit separating into 2 or 4 1 -seeded nutlets (fruit 1-celled and 1- seeded in Phryma). Style terminal. 82. Labiatae (p. 403). Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, the lobes be- coming dry seed-like nutlets. Stems square ; aromatic. •*- •*- Corolla scarious and nerveless; flowers regular, 4-merous; style 1. 83. Flantaginaceae (p. 422). Scapose herbs, with perfect or polygamo- dioecious or monoecious flowers in 1 - many-flowered spikes. Fruit a cir- cumscissile 2-celled capsule, with one or more peltate seeds in each cell, or an achene. DIVISION III. APETALOUS EXOGENS. The corolla wanting (except in some Euphorbiaceae), and sometimes also the calyx. * 1. Ovary superior (though sometimes enclosed within the calyx), 1-celled with a solitary basal ovule (several-celled in Phytolaccaceae) ; embryo coiled or curved (nearly straight in Polygonaceae) in or about mealy albu- men (albumen none in some Chenopodiaceae) ; herbs. -i- Fruit the hardened or membranous closed base of the corolla-like perianth enclosing a utricle. 84. Nyctaginacese (p. 425). Perianth tubular or funnelform. Stamens hypogynous. Fruit ribbed or winged. Leaves opposite ; stipules none. •«- •«- Fruit a utricle ; perianth mostly persistent, small, 4 - 5-lobed or -parted, or none. 85. Hlecebracese (p. 426). Perianth herbaceous. Stamens perigynous. Leaves opposite; stipules scarious (none in Scleranthus). 86. Amarantaceee (p. 427). Flowers sessile, bracteate, the bracts (usually 3) more or less dry and scarious, as well as the 3-5 distinct sepals. Sta- mens 1-5, hypogynous. Utricle indehiscent or circumscissile. Embryo annular. Leaves mostly alternate, entire ; stipules none. 87. Chenopodiaceae (p. 430). Flowers sessile, not scarious-bracteate. Sepals greenish or succulent, 5 or fewer, or none. Stamens 5 or fewer, perigynous or hypogynous. Embryo annular or spiral or conduplicate. Leaves alternate ; stipules none. 14 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. •*-«*-•*- Ovary of several 1-ovuled carpels, in fruit a berry (in our genera). 88. Fhytolaccaceae (p. 435). Sepals 4-5, petaloid or herbaceous. Sta- mens 5-30, hypogynous. Carpels 5-12. Embryo annular. Leaves alternate, entire ; stipules none. ^ H_ H_ +- Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene. 89. Polygonaceae (p. 436). Flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx 3 - 6-lobed or -parted, more or less corolla-like. Stamens 4-12, on the calyx. Em- bryo nearly straight. Leaves alternate, with sheathing stipules or none. * 2. Ovary compound, the cells many-ovuled (or 1-ovuled in Piperaceae) ; em- bryo minute in copious albumen ; flowers perfect. 90. Fodostemaceae (p. 444). Aquatic, with the aspect of sea-weeds or mosses, with minute naked flowers from a spathe-like involucre. Ovary superior ; pod 2 - 3-celled. 91. Aristolochiaceae (p. 444). Terrestrial herbs or climbing shrubs. Calyx valvate, adnate at least at base to the 6-celled many-seeded ovary. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style. Leaves alternate, mostly cordate ; stipules none. 92. Fiperacese (§ Saurureae), (p. 446). Marsh herb (our species). Perianth none. Carpels 3-4, distinct, with usually a single ascending seed. Leaves alternate, entire. * 3. Ovary superior, simple, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a berry or drupe, trees or shrubs, with mostly entire leaves and no stipules. 93. Lauraceae (p. 446). Flowers perfect or dioecious. Sepals 4 or 6, in 2 rows. Stamens 9-12; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. Seed suspended ; albumen none. Aromatic ; leaves alternate. 94. Tkymelaeaceae (p. 448). Flowers perfect. Calyx corolla-like, 4-5- cleft. Stamens twice as many. Seed suspended, with little or DO albu- men. Acrid shrubs with very tough bark ; leaves alternate. 95. Eleeagnaceae (p. 448). Flowers mostly dioecious. Calyx-tube becoming berry-like and enclosing the achene. Seed erect, albuminous. Leaves silvery-scurfy, opposite. * 4. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-3-ovuled (but 1 -seeded) ; albumen without testa, bearing the embryo in a cavity at the apex ; calyx-lobes valvate. 96. Loranthaceae (p. 449). Parasitic on trees, with jointed stems and op- posite leaves. Flowers dioecious. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a berry. * 97. Santalacese (p. 450). Flowers perfect. Ovules 2 - 4, suspended from the apex of a central placenta. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Leaves alternate. * 5. Flowers all unisexual (polygamous in some Urticaceae and Empetracece, apparently perfect in Euphorbia) ; cells 1 - 2-ovuled ; embryo nearly as long as the albumen or filling the seed ; calyx often wanting, corolla-like only in some Euphorbiacese and Empetraceae ; stipules often present. «- 1. Ovary superior, 3-celled (1-celled in Crotonopsis) with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell ; herbs. 98. Euphorbiaceae (p. 451). Flowers monoecious or dioecious (involucrate and apparently perfect in Euphorbia). Mostly with milky juice, and usually alternate often stipulate leaves. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 15 .*- 2. Ovary 1 -celled, 1 -seeded; trees or shrubs (except some Urticacese). •*-«• Calyx regular, the stamens as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer ; ovary superior . 99. Urticaceae (p. 461). Flowers monoecious, dioecious, or (in Ulmeae) per- fect. Seeds exalbuminous or nearly so. Inflorescence very various. •*-* -H. Perianth mostly none ; at least the staminate flowers in aments or spikes or dense heads ; albumen none. 100. Platanaceae (p. 466). Trees, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, sheathing stipules, and monoecious flowers in separate globose heau». Ovary superior ; fruit a club-shaped nutlet. 101. Juglandaceas (p. 467). Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stip- ules, and monoecious flowers, the staminate in ameuts. Ovary inferior ; fruit a nut. 102. Myricaceee (p. 469). Shrubs, with resinous-dotted leaves, with or with- out stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, both kinds in short scaly aments. Ovary superior, becoming a small drupe-like nut. -«- 3. Ovary 2 - 7-celled, with 1 or 2 suspended ovules in each cell, becoming 1 -celled and 1 -seeded; calyx mostly none or adherent to the ovary; trees or shrubs with simple leaves. 103. Cupuliferae (p. 470). Flowers monoecious. Fruit a nut surrounded by an involucre, or (in Betulese) a small winged or angled naked nutlet in the axils of the scales of an ament. •*- 4. Ovary 1 -celled, becoming a 2-valved pod with two parietal or basal pla- centae bearing numerous small comose seeds ; perianth none. 104. Salicaceae (p. 480). Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in aments, and simple alternate stipulate leaves. •*- 5. Ovary several-celled, becoming a drupe containing 3-9 1-seeded nutlets ; seed erect ; low shrubby heath-like evergreens. 105. Empetraceae (p. 487). Flowers polygamous or dioecious, scaly-bracted. Sepals somewhat petaloid or none. Embryo axile in copious albumen. •»- 6. Ovary 1 -celled with a suspended ovule, becoming an achene ; calyx none ; aquatic herbs, with finely dissected whorled leaves. 106. Ceratophyllaceae (p. 488). Flowers monoecious, minute, axillary and sessile. Albumen none ; the seed filled with a highly developed embryo. SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. Ovules naked upon a scale, bract, or disk. Cotyledons two or more. 107. Coniferae (p. 489). Resiniferous trees or shrubs, with mostly awl- shaped or needle-shaped and evergreen leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers. CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody fibres distributed irregularly through them (a transverse slice showing the fibres as dots scattered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon and the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the 16 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. flower usually in threes (never in fives), and the leaves mostly parallel- veined. Our species herbaceous, excepting Smilax. * Ovary inferior (superior in Bromeliaceae, nearly so in some Hemodoraceae) ; at least the inner lobes of the perianth petal-like. •»- 1. Seeds without albumen, very numerous and minute. 108. Hydrocharidaceae (p. 495). Aquatics, with dioecious or polygamous flowers from a spathe; outer perianth calyx-like, the inner sometimes wanting. Stamens 3 -12. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae or 6 - 9-celled with axile placentae. 109. Burmanniacese (p. 496). Terrestrial, with scale-like cauline leaves and regular perfect triandrous flowers. Perianth corolla-like. 110. Orchidaceae (p. 497). Terrestrial, with very irregular perfect flowers. Stamens and style connate ; anthers 1 or 2. Capsule 1-celled ; placentae 3, parietal. Perianth corolla-like. •i- 2. Seeds albuminous. (Ovary 3-celled and flowers regular in our genera.) 111. Bromeliaceae (p. 511). Mostly epiphytes, with dry persistent scurfy leaves. Flowers 6-androus ; outer perianth calyx-like. 112. Hemodoraceae (p. 512). Fibrous-rooted, with equitant leaves and per- fect 3- or 6-androus flowers. Perianth persistent, woolly or scurfy outside. (Ovary sometimes nearly free; leaves flat in Aletris.) 113. Iridaceae (p. 513). Root not bulbous; leaves equitant in two ranks. Flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3, opposite the outer lobes of the co- rolla-like perianth ; anthers extrorse. 114. Amaryllidaceae (p. 515). Often bulbous-rooted and scapose. Peri- anth corolla-like. Stamens 6 ; anthers introrse. 115. Dioscoreaceae (p. 517). Climbing, with net-veined leaves. Flowers dioecious, small, 6-androus ; perianth calyx-like. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell * * Ovary superior (very rarely partially adnate to the calyx in Liliacese). •»- 1 . At least the inner perianth corolla-like ; ovary compound ; seeds with copious albumen. 116. Liliaceae (p. 517). Flowers perfect, 6-androus, the regular perianth corolla-like (dioecious in Smilax, dimerous in Maianthenmm, the outer divisions herbaceous in Trillium). Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. 117. Pontederiaceae (p. 535). Aquatic, with more or less irregular perfect flowers from a spathe ; perianth corolla-like. Stamens 3 or 6, mostly un- equal or dissimilar. Capsule 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled. 118. Xyridaceas (p. 536). Rush-like, scapose. Flowers capitate, perfect, 3-androus, the calyx glumaceous. Capsule 1-celled. 119. Mayacese (p. 537). Moss-like aquatic. Flowers perfect, axillary, soli- tary, 3-androus; calyx herbaceous. Capsule 1-celled. 120. Commelinaceae (p. 538). Flowers perfect, regular or somewhat irreg- ular, with. 3 more or less herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 fugacious petals. Stamens 6 or some sterile. Capsule 2 -3-celled. 127. Eriocauleas (p. 566). Scapose aquatic or marsh plants, with linear leaves and dense heads of monoecious (rarely dioecious) minute flowers. Corolla tubular or none. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-seeded. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 17 4- 2. Perianth small, of 6 equal persistent glumaceous segments; flowers perfect; ovary compound. 121. Juncaeeae (p. 539). Rush-like. Stamens 3 or 6. Capsule 1- or 3- celled, 3-valved. •»- 3. Flowers without chaffy glumes, the perianth none or reduced to bristles or sepal-like scales ; flowers often monoecious or dioecious ; carpels solitary or united. •M. Flowers capitate or upon a spike or spadix, with or without a spathe. 122. Typhaceae (p. 547). Marsh or aquatic plants, with linear leaves, and monoecious flowers without proper perianth, in heads or a naked spike. 123. Araceae (p. 548). Flowers perfect or monoecious upon the same spadix, rarely dioecious, with 4 or 6 scale-like sepals or none. *•* •*-«. Flowers very minute, one or few from the margin of a floating disk- like frond. 124. Lemnaceae (p. 551). Plants very small, green, mostly lenticular or globose. ^ 4. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments, the inner often petaloid, or none ; carpels solitary or distinct (coherent in Triglochin) ; seeds without albumen ; aquatic or marsh plants, often monoecious or dioecious. *25. Alismaceae (p. 553). Perianth of 6 segments, the inner petal-like. 126. Naiadaceae (p. 557). Perianth-segments herbaceous or none. +- 5. Flowers in the axils of chaffy scales or glumes arranged in spikes or spikelets, without evident perianth ; stamens 1 - 3 ; ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded ; seed albuminous. 128. Cyperaceae (p. 567). Scales single. Perianth none or replaced by bristles. Anthers basifixed. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene. Stem solid, often triangular, with closed sheaths. 129. Gramiiieae (p. 623). Glumes in pairs. Perianth Teplaced by minute scales. Anthers versatile. Fruit a caryopsis. Culm usually hollow, terete ; sheaths split to the base. SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS; destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores in- stead of seeds. CLASS III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS. Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), grow- ing from the apex only, and furnished for the most part with distinct leaves (sometimes taking the form of an expanded leaf-like usually pros- trate thallus) ; reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia, sometimes also by gemmation. SUBCLASS I. VASCULAR ACROGENS, OR PTERIDOPHYTES. Stems (and foliage when present) containing both woody fibre and ves- sels; antheridia or archegonia, or both, borne on a minute prothallus, which is developed from the spore on germination. 18 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. * Spores of only one kind ; prothallus bearing antheridia and archegonia. 130. Equisetaceae (p. 675). Cylindric jointed hollow-stemmed plants, with toothed sheaths. Fructification in a terminal spike. 131. Filices (p. 678). Ferns, with fronds circinate in vernation, bearing tho fructification on the under surface or beneath the margin. 132. Ophioglossaceae (p. 693). Fronds often fern-like, erect in vernation Sporangia globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, in special spikes or panicles. 133. Lycopodiacese (p. 695). Low moss-like plants with elongated stems and small persistent entire several-ranked leaves. Sporangia solitary, axillary, 1 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-valved. * * Spores of two kinds, the macrospore producing a prothallus with arche- gonia, the microspore smaller and developing antheridia. 134. Selaginellaceae (p. 697). Low leafy moss-like or marsh plants, with branching stems, and small 4 - 6-ranked leaves, or with a corm-like stem and basal linear-subulate leaves, the two kinds of spores in distinct solitary axillary 1 -celled sporangia. 135. Marsiliaceae (p. 700). The two kinds of spores in the same or differ- ent sporangia which are borne in a coriaceous peduucled sporocarp arising from a slender creeping rhizome. Fronds digitately 4-foliolate or filiform. 136. Salviniaceae (p. 701). The two kinds of spores in separate thin-walled 1-celled sporocarps or conceptacles clustered beneath the small floating fronds ; macrospores solitary. SUBCLASS II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, OR BRYOPHYTES. Plants with cellular tissue only ; both antheridia and archegonia borne upon the plant itself. — Including the Musci, or Mosses (which are not treated of here), never thallose, and bearing capsules which usually de- hisce by a lid and contain spores only, and the HEPATIC^E, which bear capsules which dehisce by valves or irregularly and usually have elaters mingled with the spores. The latter division comprises the following Orders. * Capsule 4-valved ; plant a leafy axis or sometimes a branching thallus. 137. Jungermanniacese (p. 702). Leaves, when present, without a midrib, 2-ranked, with often a third row beneath ; pedicels slender. * * Capsule 2-valved, or dehiscing irregularly, or indehiscent ; plant a thallus or thalloid stem. 138. Anthocerotaceae (p. 726). Thallus without epidermis, irregularly branching ; pedicels stout or none. Capsule with a columella. Elaters mostly without fibres. 139. Marchantiaceae (p. 727). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epi- dermis usually porose. Capsules borne on the under side of a pedunculate receptacle, irregularly dehiscent. Elaters 2-spiral. 140. Ricciaceae (p. 730). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis eporose. Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent Elaters none. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 5.) SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERM^E. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. Cotyledons only two. DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS : the calyx and coroUa both present : the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx. 1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on PAGE an elongated receptacle. ' . . . . MAGNOLIACEJE, 49 Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle. Leaves opposite, entire ; no stipules. . . . CALYCANTHACE^E, 167 Leaves alternate, with stipules Rosa, in ROSACES, 162 Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large top-shaped receptacle. . Nelumbo, in NYMPH^EACE^;, 55 Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle. Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. .... ROSACE^E, 150 Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. MALVACEAE, 96 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Filaments much shorter than the anther ; trees. . . ANONACE^B, 50 Filaments longer than the anther. Flowers dioecious ; twiners with alternate leaves. MENISPERMACEJE, 51 Flowers perfect ; if climbers, the leaves opposite. Leaves not peltate ; petals deciduous. . RANUNCULACE^E, 34 Leaves peltate ; petals persistent. Brasenia, in NYMPH^EACE^E, 55 Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. RESEDACE.E, 75 Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. MALVACEAE, 96 Pistils strictly one as to the ovary ; the styles or stigmas may be several. Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. HYPERICACEJE, 92 Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled ROSACE^E, 150 Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta. Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound or dissected. RANUNC PLACED, 34 Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACE^E, 52 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. PORTULACACE^, 90 20 ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentae. Calyx caducous ; juice milky or colored. . . PAPAVERACE.E, 57 Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals CAPPARIDACEJE, 74 Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. .... CISTACE.E, 76 Ovary compound, several-celled. Calyx valvate in the bud, and Persistent ; stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE, 96 Deciduous; anthers 2-cel led . . . TILIACE^E, 101 Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent. Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals. TERNSTRCEMIACE^E, 95 Aquatic or marsh herbs ; ovaries many, On 5 placenta? in the axis. . . . SARRACENIACE.E, 57 On the 8-30 partitions NYMPEUEACE^E, 54 2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary. Ovary 8 -30-celled ; ovules many, on the partitions ; aquatic. NYMPH JEACE^E, 54 Ovary 10-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. . . . Amelanchier, in ROSACES, 166 Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Leaves alternate, with stipules. . . . Pomese, in ROSACE^E, 151 Leaves opposite, without stipules. . . Some SAXIFRAGACE^E, 168 Leaves alternate, without stipules STYRACACE^E, 333 Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal. Fleshy plants with no true foliage:; petals many. . CACTACE^:, 186 Rough-leaved plants ; petals 5 or 10 LOASACE^E, 193 Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. PORTULACACE^S, 90 B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Pistils 3-6, separate ; flowers dioecious ; woody vines. MENISPERMACE^E, 51 Pistil only one. Ovary one-celled ; anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACE^, 52 Ovary one-celled ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Style and stigma one ; ovules more than one. . PRIMULACE^E, 328 Style 1 ; stigmas 3 ; sepals 2 ; ovules several. PORTULACACE^E, 90 Style twice or thrice forked ; flowers monoecious. Crotonopsis, in EUPHORBIACE^E, 458 Styles 5 ; ovule and geed only one. . . . PLUMBAGINACE^, 327 Ovary 2 - 4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete ; petals valvate. . . VITACE^E, 112 Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud ; petals involute. RHAMNACE^E, 1 1 1 C» Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them. 1. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. the ovary wholly superior. * Ovaries 2 or more, separate. Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. . . ASCLEPIADACE.E, 338 Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots RUTACE^:, 106 ANALYTICAL KEY. 21 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Tree, with pinnate leaves. . . Ailanthus, in SIMARUBACEJE, 107 Low shrub, with pinnate leaves. Xanthorrhiza, in RANUNCULACE^E, 48 Herbs, not fleshy RANUNCULACE.E, 34 Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves CRASSULACE^E, 176 Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx. Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). CRASSULACE^E, 176 Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils. Leaves without stipules SAXIFRAGACE^E, 168 Leaves with stipules ROSACE^E, 150 * # Ovaries 2-5, somewhat united at the base, separate above. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots BUTACEJE, 106 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. ... SAPINDACE^E, 115 Terrestrial herbs; the carpels fewer than the petals. SAXIFRAGACEJE, 168 *^ • * Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style. GERANIACE^E, 102 # # * # Ovary only one, and H~ Simple, with one parietal placenta. LEGUMINOS^E, 122 •H- 4- Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentas, styles, or stigmas. Ovary one-celled. Corolla irregular ; petals 4 ; stamens 6. . . . FUMARIACE^E, 59 Corolla irregular ; petals and stamens 5 VIOLACE^E, 78 Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary; shrubs or trees; stigmas 3. ANACARDIACE^E, 118 Ovules solitary or few ; herbs. . . Some anomalous CRUCIFER^E, 61 Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx. . . . CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 82 Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. LYTHRACE^J, 184 Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae. Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. HYPERICACEJE, 92 Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. DROSERACE.E, 178 Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. ... CISTACE^E, 76 Sepals and petals 4 ; stamens 6. . . Anomalous CRUCIFER^E, 61 Sepals and petals 5 ; stamens 5 or 10. Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. PASSIFLORACE^E, 194 Ovary sessile SAXIFRAGACEJE, 168 Ovary 2 - several-celled. Flowers irregular. Anthers opening at the top, Six or eight and 1 -celled ; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. POLYGALACE.E, 120 Ten and 2-celled ; ovary 5-celled. Rhododendron, in ERICACE^J, 286 Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubular inflated or gibbous calyx. . . . Cuphea, in LYTHRACE/E, 186 £8 ANALYTICAL KEY. Stamens 5 - 8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled SAPIXDACE^E, 115 Ovary 5 celled. . . . Impatiens, &c., in GERANIACEJE, 105 Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals, Triadelphous ; petals 5 HYPERICACE.E, 92 Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) ; petals 4 ; pun- gent herbs. CRUCIFER^E, 61 Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. . . . OLEACE^E, 335 Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . SAPINDACE.E, 115 Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs; flowers monoecious or dioecious. EUPHORBIACEJE, 451 Herbs ; flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. GERANIACE^E, 102 Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as the styles, sepals, &c LINAGES, 101 Shrubs or trees. Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in KUTACEJE, 107 Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate and fruit a berry. . . . SAPINDACE-E, 115 Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. Calyx not minute ; pod colored, dehiscent ; seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. CELASTRACE^E, 109 Calyx minute ; fruit a berry-like drupe. ILICINE^, 107 Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. ELATINACE^J, 91 Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPINDACEJS, 118 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup ; leaves simple, all radical. Galax, in DIAPENSIACEJE, 326 Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3, « inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis, in GERANIACEJE, 105 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided ERICACEAE, 309 Styles 2-5, separate. . . . CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 82 Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. SAXIFRAGACEJE, 168 Style 1 ; pod in the calyx, 1 -celled. LYTHRACE.E, 184 2. alyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . . . CUCURBITACEJE, 194 Not tendril-bearing. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. . . PORTULACACE^:, 90 Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. . SAXIFRAGACE.E, 168 Ovary 2 - several-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1. MELASTOMACE^E. 183 ANALYTICAL KEY. 23 Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. CELASTRACE^E, 109 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Eight or four (rarely five) ; style 1. . . ONAGRACEJE, 186 Tive or ten ; styles 2 - 3, distinct. . . SAXIFRAGACE^:, 168 Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crataegus, in ROSACES, 165 Stamens 2 or 8 ; style 1 ; stigma 2 - 4-lobed ; herbs. ONAGRACE^E, 186 Stamens 4 or 8; aquatics ; styles or sessile stigmas 4. HALORAGE.E, 180 Perfect stamens 4 ; styles 2; shrub. . . HAMAMELIDE^E, 179 Stamens 4; style and stigma 1 ; chiefly shrubs. . . CORNACE^:, 213 Stamens 5 ; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity; styles 2. UMBELLIFER^E, 198 Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united. ARALIACE^E, 212 DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS calyx and corolla both present ; the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece. A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. . . . LEGUMINOS^E, 122 Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentae. Adlumia, &c., in FUMARIACEJS, GO Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. . STYRACACE^E, 333 Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. . . POLYGALACE^E, 120 Ovary 3 - many-celled. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla ; style single. ERICACEAE, 309 Stamens free from the corolla ; styles 5. Oxalis, in GERANIACE.E, 105 Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla. Filaments monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. MALVACEAE, 96 Filaments 1 — 5-adelphous at base; anthers 2-celled. Calyx free from the ovary TERXSTROSMIACE^E, 95 Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. STYRACACE^:, 333 Filaments wholly distinct ; calyx free, persistent. EBENACE^B, 333 Filaments in pairs at each sinus; anthers 1-celled. CAPRIFOLIACE.E, 216 J3. Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Ovary 5-celled ; corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACE^E, 332 Ovary 1-celled; pod several - many-seeded ; style 1. PRIMULACE^E, 328 Ovary 1-celled ; utricle 1-seeded ; styles 5. . . PLUMBAGINACEJE, 327 C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with themf or fewer. 1. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior). Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united. . . CUCURBITACE.E, 194 Tendrils none. Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube. Flowers in an involucrate head. .... COMPOSITE, 230 Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular. LOBELIACE^E, 305 Stamens sepr.rate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes : stipules none : juice milky. CAMPANULACE^E, 307 24 ANALYTICAL KEY. Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla, One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes. VALERIANACEJE, 228 Four or five ; leaves opposite or whorled. Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in a dense involucrate head. DIPSJLCE^E, 229 Ovary 2 - 5-celled. Leaves whorled and without stipules. ) RUBIACE/E 222 Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. ) Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles some- times with stipule-like appendages). . CAPRIFOLIACE^B, 216 2. Ovary free from the calyx (superior), * Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2. Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATJE, 403 Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . VERBENAGE^, 401 Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each celL Ovary and pod 1-celled, With a free central placenta ; stamens 2. . LENTIBULACEJE, 395 With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentas ; stamens 4 . . OROBANCHACEJS, 393 Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-celled. . . . PEDALIACEJE, 399 Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. BIGNONIACE^J, 398 Ovary and pod 2-celled ; placentae in the axis. Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. SCROPHULARIACE-E, 377 Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the placentae : no albumen. . . . ACANTHACEJE, 399 # # Corolla somewhat irregular : stamens (with anthers) 5. Stamens free from the corolla ; anthers with their cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. Rhododendron, in ERICACE^J, 320 Stamens inserted on the corolla. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Echium, in BORRAGINACEJE, 367 Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded. Filaments or so^me of them woolly. Verbascum, SCROPHULARIACE^E, 37ft Filaments not woolly. . . . Hyoscyamus, SOLANACEJE, 37ft * # # Corolla regular. 4- Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ovaries 2, separate ; their Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, CONVOLVULACEJS, 368 Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one. Filaments distinct ; pollen in ordinary grains. . APOCYNACE^E, 337 Filaments monadelphous ; pollen in masses. . . ASCLEPIADACE^E, 338 Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in Heliotropium). Leaves alternate BORRAGINACE^E, 360 Leaves opposite Mentha, in LABIATE, 407 Ovary one ; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at £he summit. LOGANIACE^E, 345 Ovary one ; not deeply lobed, One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. PLANTAGINACEJE, 422 ANALYTICAL KEY. 25 One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentae. Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. GENTIANACEJS, 346 Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 357 Two- to ten-celled. Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACE^J, 370 Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or a stipular line. . . . LOGANIACE^:, 345 Leaves when opposite without stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so ; style 1. ERICACEJS, 309 Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. ILICINE^E, 107 Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style 1. DIAPENSIACE^E, 326 Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, Four ; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. . . PLANTAGINACE^, 422 Four; ovary 2 - 4-celled ; ovules solitary. . VERBENACE^E, 401 Five or rarely more. Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. . BORRAGINACE^E, 360 Fruit a few-seeded pod. Calyx 5-cleft ; style 3-lobed or -cleft. . POLEMONIACE^E, 354 Sepals 5 ; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-clef t ; seeds large, only one or two in a cell. CONVOLVULACEJE. 367 Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry. Styles 2. ... Hydrolea, in HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 360 Style single SOLANACE^, 373 •»- •*- Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled ; the cells several-seeded. . . . ACANTHACE.E, 399 Ovary 2- 4-celled; the cells 1 -seeded. . . . VERBENACEJB, 401 Stamens only 2 with anthers ; ovary 4-lobed. . Lycopus, in LABIATE, 408 Stamens 2, rarely 3 ; ovary 2-celled. Low herbs ; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. PLANTAGINACE^B, 422 Herbs; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and slightly irregular. . . . Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACE^E, 386 Shrubs or trees ; corolla perfectly regular. . . . * . OLEACE^E, 335 DIVISION III. APETALOUS : corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A. Flowers not in catkins. 1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary), Six-celled; stamens 6- 12 ARISTOLOCHIACE^B, 444 Four-celled ; stamens 4 Ludwigia, in ONAGRACE^E, 187 One-celled, with parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, in SAXIFRAGACE^E, 172 Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx), Two-celled, 2-beaked ; flowers capitate ; tree. . HAMAMELIDE.E, 179 Two-celled, many-ribbed ; aquatic herb. . , . PODOSTEMACE^:, 444 26 ANALYTICAL KEY. Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx. Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off at maturity ; stamens 10. Penthorum, in CRASSULACE^E, 176 Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3 - 5-celled and circumscissile. FICOIDE.E, 198 Two-celled or one-celled ; placentae central. Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. LYTHRACE.E, 18* Stamens inserted 01 the receptacle or the base of the calyx, Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . . Glaux, in PRIMTJLACE^E, 331 Opposite the sepals when of the same number. CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 82 One-celled, with one parietal placenta. ) EANUNCULACE^, 34 Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. 2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules. # Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx ; leaves with stipules. . . ROSACE/E, 150 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Xanthoxylum, in RUTACE^E, 106 Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACE^E, 34 Calyx absent ; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. PIPERACE^, 446 * # Pistil onet either simple or compound. Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled; styles 2; stamens many. . . HAMAMELIDE.E, 179 Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers). Aquatic herbs ; ovary 3 - 4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. HALORAGE^E, 180 Mostly woody plants; style or stigma one, entire ; ovary 1-celled. Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in CORNACE^E, 215 Stigma terminal, with or without a style. Parasitic on the branches of trees ; anthers sessile. LORANTHACE.E, 449 Not parasitic above ground ; anthers on filaments. SANTALACE^E, 450 Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy leaves ; flowers mostly dioecious. EL^EAGNACE^E, 448 Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple NYCTAGINACE^E, 425 Leaves alternate, pinnate. . . . Poterium, in ROSACES, 161 Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Tree ; calyx none ; flowers monoecious, in heads. PLATANACE^E, 466 Herbs ; calyx present and commonly petal-like. POLYGONACE^E, 436 Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so. Leaves whorled and dissected ; style single. CERATOPHYLLACEJE, 488 Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled* HALORAGE.E, 180 Not aquatics, herbs. Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. . . PHYTOLACCACEJE, 435 Ovary 3- (rarely 1-2-) celled ; juice usually milky. EUPHORBIACE^E, 451 ANALYTICAL KEY. 27 Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky. Style, if any, and stigma only one ; leaves simple ; no scarious bracts around the flowers. . URTICACEJE, 461 Styles 3 ; embryo straight ; flowers involucrate. Eriogonurn, in POLYGONACE^;, 436 Style or stigmas 2 or 3 ; embryo coiled or curved. Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. . . Cannabinese, in URTICACE^:, 461 Stipules scarious (or none) ; leaves opposite. ILLECEBRACE^E, 426 Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. AMARANTACE/K,427 Stipules and scarious bracts none . . CHENOPODIACE^E, 430 Shrubs or trees. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary. Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineae, in SAPINDACEJE, 115 Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. OLEACE^E, 335 Ovules single in each cell of the Three - nine-celled ovary ; leaves heath-like. . EMPETRACE^E, 487 Three-celled ovary ; leaves broad. . . . RHAMNACE^E, 111 One - two-celled ovary ; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. URTICACE.E, 461 One-celled ovary ; style and stigma single and entire. Anthers opening longitudinally. . . THYMEL^EACE^E, 448 Anthers opening by uplifted valves. . . . LAURACE^E, 446 B» Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins, 1. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . . URTICACE.E, 461 Fertile flowers single or clustered ; sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus). Leaves pinnate ; fertile flowers and fruit naked. JUGLANDACE^E, 467 Leaves simple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or cup. CUPULLFER^E, 470 2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in HAMAMELIDEJE, 180 Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded ; seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end. SALICACE^E, 480 Ovary 1 -2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded. Parasitic on trees ; fruit a berry. . LORANTHACE^E, 449 Trees or shrubs, not parasitic- Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. URTICACE^E, 461 Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like. Style and stigma one, simple ; the flowers in heads. PLATANACE^E, 466 Styles or long stigmas 2. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. CUPULIFER^E, 470 Fertile flowers single under each scale ; nutlets naked, waxy-coated or drupe like. . . . MYRICACE^, 469 SUBCLASS IT. GYMNOSPERM^E. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers moncecious or dioecious. CONIFERS, 489 28 ANALYTICAL KEY. CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.) A. SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or sometimes scattered y destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Aracess and Naiadaceee, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins. Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. LEMNACE^E, 551 Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. . . . NAI ADAGES, 557 Keed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves ; flowers in spikes or heads. Mowers monoecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. TTPHACE^E, 547 Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix ; sepals 6. Acorus, in ARACE^E, 550 Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct netted-veined blade, petioled ARACE^E, 548 B. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly glumaceous in Juncaceae). 1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary. I lowers dioecious (or rarely perfect), regular. Aquatics ; ovules and seeds several or numerous. HYDROCHARIDACE^, 495 Twiners ; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. DIOSCOREACE^B, 517 Flowers perfect ; ovules and seeds usually numerous. Stamens only one or two ; flower irregular, gynandrous. ORCHIDACE^, 497 Stamens three. Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . BURMANNIACE^E, 496 Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. ELEMODORACEJE, 512 Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. . . . IRIDACE^E, 513 Stamens 6 ; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. AMARYLLIDACE^E, 515 2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary. Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. ILEMODORACE^, 512 Perianth smooth ; the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, etc., in LILIACE^BJ, 517 3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary. Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. . . . ALISMACEJB, 553 Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3). Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy ; flowers not in dense heads. Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect. Scurfy-leaved epiphyte ; seeds hairy-tufted. . BROMELIACEJB, 511 Marsh herbs ; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from the axis ; seed without albumen. Juncagineae, in NAIADACE^B, 557 Terrestrial, not rush-like ; seeds with albumen. Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. ") Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 col- ?• LILIACE^E, 517 ored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in ) Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 epheme- ral deliquescent petals. , » . COMMELINACE.ZE, 538 ANALYTICAL KEY. 29 Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers. Sepals 3, herbaceous ; ephemeral petals 3, unequal. COMMELINACE^E, 538 Perianth tubular, 6-lobed PONTEDERIACE^, 535 Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. . . . MATACE^J, 537 Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. . JUNCACE^J, 539 Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff -like ; flowers in very dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic. Flowers perfect ; inner perianth of three yellow petals ; perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3 ; pod 1 -celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placentas. XYRIDACE^E, 536 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, whitish-bearded ; sta- mens 4 or 3; pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-seeded. . ERIOCAULE.E, 566 C. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or glumes. Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . CYPERACE^E, 567 Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. . • \» • •"•'.'.' GRAMINEJE, 623 CLASS III. CEYPTOGAMOUS ACEOGENS. (See p. 17.) SUBCLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTES : with woody fibres and vessels. Spores of only one kind ; spore-cases Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked, sheathed at the nodes EQUISETACE^E, 675 On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. FILICES, 678 Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles ; fronds erect in vernation, from short erect rootstocks. . . . OPHIOGLOSSACEJE, 693 Solitarv in the axils of leaves, 2 - 3-valved ; low long-stemmed moss- like evergreens; leaves small, in 4-16 ranks. LYCOPODIACE^, 695 Spores of two kinds, large and small ; spore-cases Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of linear radical leaves. .... SELAGINELLACEJE, 697 Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps ; leaves 4-foliolate. MARSILIACEJE, 700 Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately branched, with minute imbricate leaves. . SALVINIACE^, 701 SUBCLASS II. BRYOPHYTES : with cellular tissue only. [Cap- sules not operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the fol- lowing Orders.] Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate ; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose. JUNGERMANNIACE^E, 702 Capsule 2-valved or valveless ; plants thallose. Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella, short-pedi- cellecl or sessile on the thallus. . . ANTHOCEROTACE^E, 726 Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. MARCHANTIACE^E, 727 Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. , 730 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHOKS CITED IN THIS VOLUME. Adans.— -Adanson, Michel. Ait.— Alton, William. Ait.f. — Alton, William Townsend. All — Allioni, Carlo. Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan. Am. — Arnott, George A. Walker. Aust. — Austin, Coe Finch. Baldw. — Baldwin, William. Bart. — Barton, William P. C. Beauv.— Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Benth.— Bentham, George. Benth. $ Hook. — G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker. Bernh. — Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. Bess. — Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. Bieb. — Bieberstein, F. A. M. von. Bigel. — Bigelow, Jacob. Bisch. — Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm. BoecU. — Boeckeler, Otto. Boiss. — Boissier, Edmond. Borkh. — Borkhausen, M. B. J?r., R. Br. — Brown, Robert. Britt. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord. Carr. — Carri£re, Elie Abel. Carring. — Carrington, Benjamin. Cass. — Cassini, Henri. Cav. — Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. Cerv. — Cervantes, Vicente. Cham. — Chamisso, Adalbert von. Chapm. — Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. Chois. — Choisy, Jacques Denis. Clayt. — Clayton, John. Cogn. — Cogniaux, Alfred. Coult. — Coulter, John Merle. Darl., Darling. — Darlington, William. Z)(7. — DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus. A. DC. — DeCandolle, Alphonse. Decsne. — Decaisne, Joseph. Desf. — Desfontaines, Rene" Louiche. Desv. — Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. Dicks.— Dickson, James. Dill. — Dillenius, Johan Jacob. DougL — Douglas, David. Dufr. — Dufresne, Pierre. Dumort. — - Dumortier, Barthe'lemy C. Eat. — Eaton, Amos. Ehrh.— Ehrhart, Friedrich. ^/. — Elliott, Stephen. Endl. — Endlicher, Stephan L. Engelm. — Engelmann, George. Esch. — Eschscholtz, J. F. Fisch. — Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von. Foug. — Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. Forst. — Forster, J. R. and George. Froel. — Froelich, Joseph Aloys. Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph. Gaertn.f, —Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. Gal. — Galeotti, Henri. Gaud.— Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles, Gey. — Geyer, Charles (Carl Andreas). Ging. — Gingins de Lassaraz, F. C. J. Glox. — Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. GmeL— Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Gooden. — Goodenough, Samuel. Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye. Griseb. — Grisebach, Heinrich R. A. Gronov. — Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. Guss. — Gussone, Giovanni. Hack. — Hackel, Eduard. Hartm. — Hartman, Carl Johann. Hassle.— Hasskarl, Justus Carl. Hausskn. — Haussknecht, Carl. Haw. — Haworth, Adrian Hardy. HBK.— Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Aime* Bonpland, and C. S. Kunth. Hegelm.— Hegelmaier, Friedrich. Herb. —Herbert, William. Hochst. — Hochstetter, Christian F. Hoffm.~- Hoffman, Georg Franz. Holl.— Hollick, Arthur. ABBREVIATIONS. 31 Hook. — Hooker, William Jackson. ffook.f. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton. . Hornem. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken. Ends. — Hudson, William. lluebn. — Huebener, J. W. P. Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. Juss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. A. Juss. — Jussieu, Adrien de. L., Linn. — Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linne". L.f. — Linne", Carl von (the son). L'Her. — L'Heritierde Brutelle, C. L. Lag. — Lagasca, Mariano. Lam. — Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. Ledeb. — Ledebour, Carl F. von. Lehm. — Lehmann, J. G. C. Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich. Light. — Lightfoot, John. Lindb. — Lindberg, Sextus Otto. Lindenb. — Lindenberg, Johann B. W. Lindl. — Lindley, John. Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. Lour. — Loureiro, Juan. [L. A. Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey. Mart. — Martens, Martin. Maxim. — Maximowicz, Carl Johann. Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. Meisn. — Meisner, Carl Friedrich. Mey. — Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.). Mich, — Micheli, Pier' Antonio. Michx. — Michaux, Andre'. Michx.f. — Michaux, Fran9ois Andre*. Mill. — Miller, Philip. Mitch.— Mitchell, J. Mitt. — Mitten, William. Mont. — Montagne. (J. F.) Camille. Mog. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. -r- Mueller, Jean (of Aargau). Muhl. — Muhlenberg, Henry (H. Ernst). Murr. — Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de. \Nutt. — Nuttall, Thomas. Pall. — Pallas, Peter Simon. Pers. — Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Planch. — Planchon, Jules £mile. Poir. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Poll — Pollich, Johann Adam. R. $ 8. — Koemer, J. J., and Joseph August Schultes. Raf.— Rafmesque-Schmaltz, C. S. Reichenb. — Reichenbaeh, H. G. L. Richards. — Richardson, John. Roem. — Eoemer, Johann Jacob. Rostk. — Eostkovius, F. W. G. Rottb.— Rottboell, Christen Fries. St. ffil. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de. Salisb. — Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Sartw. — Sartwell, Henry P. Sav. — Savi, Gaetano. Schlecht. — Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. Schleich.— Schleicher, J. C. Schleid. — Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich A. Schreb. — Schreber, Johann C. D. Schum. — Schumacher, Christian F. Schwein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de. Scop. — Scopoli, Johann Anton. Scribn. — Scribner, F. Lamson. Shuttlw. — Shuttleworth, Robert. Sibth.— Sibthorp, John. Sieb. $ Zucc. — Siebold, P. F. von, and J. G. Zuccarini. Spreng. — Sprengel, Kurt. Steph. — Stephani, F. Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. Sulliv. — Sullivant, William Starling. Tayl.— Taylor, Thomas. Thuill — Thuillier, Jean Louis. Thunb. — Thunberg, Carl Peter. Thurb. — Thurber, George. Torr. — Torrey, John. Tourn. — Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, Trait. — Trattenick, Leopold. Tuckerm. — Tuckerman, Edward. Turcz. — Turczaninow, Nicolaus. Undent). — Underwood, Lucien M. Vaill. — Vaillant, Sebastien. Vent. — Ventenat, £tienne Pierre. Vill. — Villars, Dominique. Wahl. — Wahlenberg, George. Wahlb. — Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik. Walp. — Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. Walt. — Walter, Thomas. Wang. — Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. Web. — Weber, Friedrich. Wigg. — Wiggers, F. H. Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Wils. - Wilson, William. Wimm. — Wimmer, Friedrich. With. — Withering, William. Wormsk. — Wormskiold, M. von. Wr. (Eat. # Wr.) — Wright, John Wulf. — Wulfen, Franz Xaver. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. °, ', ". The sign of degrees (°) is used for feet ; of minutes ('), for inches -, of seconds ("), for lines, — the line being the twelfth part of an inch, and very nearly equivalent to two millimetres. jj.. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the micromilli- metre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one two-thousandth part of a line. (J Bearing only stamens or antheridia. 9 Pistillate or bearing archegonia ? A mark of doubt. ! A mark of affirmation or authentication. Figures or words separated by a short dash (-) indicate the extremes of variation, as "5-10" long, few -many-flowered," i. e. varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and with from few to many flowers. BOTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PILENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta- mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted- veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts usually in fives or fours. SUBCLASS T. ANGIOSPERMJE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two. 34 RANUNCULACE^l. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) DIVISION I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; th& petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or have them more or less united.) ORDER 1. RANUNCUlACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice, polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogy* nous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely sin- gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo. — Leaves often dissected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. (A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.) Synopsis of the Genera. Tribe I. CLEMATIDEJE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended. — Leaves all opposite. 1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, 6r erect herbs. Tribe II. ANEMONE^E. Sepals 3-20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Sta- mens mostly numerous. Acheues numerous or several, in a head or spike. — Herbs, never climbing ; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled. # Petals none (rarely some stammodia). Seed suspended. +- All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled Peduncles 1-flowered. 2. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dis- sected. Pistils very many. 3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several .4. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre com- pound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4-15, many-ribbed. •i- •*- Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dioecious. 5. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few. * * Petals none. Sepals 3-5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate. 6. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corymbose. Fila- ments white, clavate. * * * Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many. 7. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5-16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed suspended. 8. Myosnrus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Scapes 1-flowered. Seed suspended. 9. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a. scale or gland at base. Achenei capitate. Seed erect RANUNCULACE^:. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 35 Tribe III. HELLEBORES. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal- like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in n. 20, 21) few, rarely single, few - many-seeded. — Leaves alternate. * Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs. ••- Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none. Sepals tardily deciduous. 10. Isopyrum. Petals none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves compound. 11. Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided. 12. Trollius. Petals 5-20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves pal- mately lobed. 13. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. 14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turning green. Pods sessile. 15. Eraiitliis. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5-8, narrow, deciduous. Flower solitary, involucrate. •»- •»- Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5. 16. Aquilegiao Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately compound. H- •(- t- Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5. 17. Delphinium. Uppei sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx. 18. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals. 4- -t- +- 4- Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals caducous. Petals very small, stamen-like, or none. Leaves decompound. 19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1-8, becoming many -seeded pods. 20. Actsea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry. * * Ovules a single pair. Flowers regular. Roots yellow and bitter. 21. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals none. Sta- mens numerous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. Leaves simple, lobed. 22. Xaiithorrhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5 - 10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves. 1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGINS-BOWER. Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inward in the bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the per- sistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leaf- stalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. (KA^an's, a name of Diosco- rides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.) § I. FL-AMMULA. Flowers cymose-paniculate, rather small, in our species dioecious. Sepals petaloid, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. Anthers short, blunt. 1. C. Virgini&na, L. (COMMON VIRGIN'S-BOWER.) Smooth; leaves bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart- shaped at the base ; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, etc., common , climbing over shrubs. July, August. 2. C. ligusticifblia, Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or quinate-ternate. — Long Pine, Neb., and west to the Pacific. 36 RANUNCULACE.E. ( CROWFOOT FAMILY.) § 2. Vl6RNA. Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually nodding. Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple. Petals none. , Anthers linear. -»- Stems climbing; leaves pinnate ; calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent. 3. C. Vi6rna, L. (LEATHER-FLOWER.) Calyx ovate and at length bell- shaped; the purplish sepals (V long) very thick and leathery, wholly connivent or only the tips recurved ; long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2 - 3-lobed or entire ; uppermost leaves often simple. — Rich soil, Penn. to Mo., and southward. May -Aug. 4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish- sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit fili- form and naked or shortly viffous ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. — S. Ind. to Kan., and Tex. June. 5. C. crispa, L. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish- purple sepals (1 -2' long) dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wary thin margins ; tails of the fruit silky or glabrate ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from ovate or -cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3 - 5-parted. (C. cylindrica, Sims.) — Va. near Norfolk, and southward. May -Aug. •H- •»- Low and erect, mostly simple ; flowers solitary, terminal ; leaves sessile or nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated. 6. C. OChroletica, Ait. Leaves ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky beneath; peduncles long; tails of the fruit very plumose. — Copses, Long Island to Penn. and Ga. ; rare. May. 7. C. Frem6nti, Watson. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed, sparingly villous-tomentose ; peduncles very short ; tails villous or glabrate, not plumose. — Mo. and Kan. § 3. ATRAGENE. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less petaloid ; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely spreading. 8. C. verticillaris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or sparingly toothed or lobed ; flower bluish-purple, 2 - 3' across ; tails of the fruit plumose. — Rocky places in mountainous districts, Maine and W. New Eng. to Va., Minn., and northwest- ward ; rare. May. — A pair of leaves with a peduncle between them, devel= oped in spring from each of the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name. 2. ANEMONE, Tourn. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in n. 1 resembling abortive stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended, — Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo- site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower; peduncles 1 -flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, from dj/e/xo'cy, to be shaken by the wind.) RANtfNCTJLACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 37 § 1. PULSATtLLA. Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis; flower large, usually with some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens answering to petals. 1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. (PASQUE-FLOWER.) Villous with long silky hairs ; peduncle solitary ; flower erect, developed before the leaves, which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into nar- rowly linear and acute lobes ; lobes of the sessile involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup ; sepals 5-7, purplish or whitish (1 - H' long), spreading when in full anthesis. — Prairies, 111. and Mo., thence northward and westward. March -April. — A span high. Tail of carpels 2' long. (Eu., Siberia.) § 2. ANEMONE proper. Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none. * Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed ; involucre far below the flower. •*- Stem single, from a small tuber ; sepals 10-20; style filiform. 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3 -6' high; root-leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft ; .involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft ; sepals 10-20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit oblong. — 111. to Neb. and southward. May. -»- •*- Stems several; sepals 5-8; style filiform. 3. A. parvifldra, Michx. Stem 3-12' high from a slender rootstock, 1 -flowered; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate- incised or lobed; involucre 2-3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white ; head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June. 4. A. multifida, Poir. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (6-12' high) ; principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, etc., N. E. Maine to Lake Superior, north and westward; rare. June. -«- •*- H- Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles ; involucral leaves long-petioled ; sepals 5-8, silky or downy beneath (4-6" long), oval or oblong ; style subulate. 5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED A.) Slender (2° high), silky- pubescent ; flowers 2-6, on very long upright naked peduncles ; involucral leaves twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, 3-divided; their divisions wedge-lanceolate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish-white ; head of fruit cylindrical (V long). — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Mo., and northwestward. May. — Pedun- cles 7-12' long, all from the same involucre and naked throughout, or one involucellate in the middle. 6. A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent orglabrate; involucral leaves 3, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ^t-serrate, the lat- eral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5, 38 RANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) acute, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong. — Woods and meadows; common. June -August. — Plant 2 -3° high; the upright peduncles 6 - 1 2' long. * * Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed , wing-margined ; sepals 5,obovate; involucre sessile. 7. A. Pennsylvania a, L. Hairy, rather low; primary involucre 3- leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5-7- parted or cleft ; sepals white (6 - 9" long) ; head of fruit spherical. — W. New Eng. to Penn., 111., and northwestward. June- Aug. # * * Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong ; stems slender, l-Jlowered ; leaves radical. 8. A. nemor6sa, L. (WIND-FLOWER. WOOD A.) Low, smoothish; stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock; involucre of 3 long-petioled tri- foliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer than the involucre ; sepals 4 - 7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside ; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — Margin of woods. April, May. — A delicate vernal species; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.) 9. A. nudicatllis, Gray. Glabrous, rootstock filiform; radical leaves reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate with rounded creiiate-inciscd or -lobed summit ; involucre of a single similar petiolate leaf or wanting ; achenes glabrous, tipped with a slender-subulate hooked style. — North shore of Lake Superior near Sand Bay, Minn., in bogs. (Joseph C. Jones) Imper- fectly known. 3. HEPATIC A, Dill. LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA. Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a calyx ; otherwise as in Anemone. — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. H. triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse , sepals 6-12, blue, purplish, or nearly white , achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. — Woods ; common from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward , flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. (Eu.) 2. H. acutiloba, DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or some- times 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acutish. — Passes into the other and has the same range. 4. ANEMONELLA, Spach. Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5-10, white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4- 15, ovoid, terete, strongly 8- 10-ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed. — Low glabrous perennial ; leaves all radical, compound. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 89 1. A. thalictroid.es, Spach. (RUE-ANEMONE.) Stem and slender pe- tiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous roots; leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2 - 3-leaved 1-2- ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel ; sepals oval (£' long, rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum anemonoides, Michx.) — Woods, common, flowering in early spring with Anemone nemorosa, and considerably resembling it. Rarely the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets. 5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. MEADOW-RUE. Sepals 4-5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with alternate 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked ; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or dioecious. (Derivation obscure.) * Flowers dioecious or sometimes polygamous, in ample panicles; filaments slen- der; stigmas elongated, linear or subulate ; achenes sessile or short-stipitatet ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved. 1. T. dibicum, L. (EARLY MEADOW-RUE.) Smooth and pale or glau- cous, 1-2° high ; leaves (2 - 3) all with general petioles ; leaflets drooping, rounded and 3 - 7-lobed ; flowers purplish and greenish, dioecious ; the yel- lowish anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on fine capillary filaments. — Rocky woods, etc. ; common. April, May. 2. T. polygamum, Muhl. (TALL M.) Smooth, not glandular, 4-8° high ; stem-leaves sessile ; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath; panicles very compound ; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments decidedly thickened upwards. (T. Cornuti, Man., not L.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, N. Eng. to Ohio and southward ; common. July - Sept. 3. T. purpurascens, L. (PURPLISH M.) Stem (2-4° high) usually purplish ; stem-leaves sessile or nearly so ; leaflets more veiny and reticulated beneath, with or without gland-tipped or glandless hairs or waxy atoms; panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, etc.) greenish and purplish, dioecious ; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary filaments occasionally broadened at the summit. — Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. May, June. * * Flowers all perfect, corymbed ; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated under the small and short anther ; stigma short; achenes gibbous, long-stipitate. 4. T. clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of n. 1 ; leaves only twice ternate; flowers white, fewer; achenes 5-10, flat, somewhat crescent-shaped, tapering into the slender stipe. — Mountains of Va. and southward. June. 6. TRATJTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. FALSE BUGBANE. Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none. Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and in- flated. Seed erect. — A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, and corymbose white flowers. (For Prof, Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.) 40 RANTJNCULACE.&. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. T. palm^ta, Fisch. £ Mey. Stems 2-3° high; root-leaves large, 5- 11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. — Moist ground along streamlets, Md. to S. Ind., and south to Ga. 7. ADONIS, Dill. Sepals and petals (5-16) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achenes numer- ous, in a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended. — Herbs with finely dis- sected alternate leaves and showy flowers. ("A5«j/xs, a favorite of Venus/after his death changed into a flower.) A. AUTUMNALIS, L. A low leafy annual, with scarlet or crimson flowers, darker in the centre. — Sparingly naturalized from Europe. 8. MYOSURUS, Dill. MOUSE-TAIL. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen- der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5 - 20. Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from pus, a mouse, and ovpd, a tail), the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate root-leaves, and naked 1 -flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish. 1. M. minimus, L. Fruiting spike 1 -2' long; achenes quadrate, blunt. — Alluvial ground, 111. and Ivy., thence south and west. (Eu.) 9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect. — Annuals or perennials; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few.) — (A Latin name for a little frog ; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.) R. FICARIA, L. (representing the § Ficaria), which has tuberous-thickened roots, Caltha-like leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing a 3-sepalous and 8 - 9-petalous yellow flower, has been found as an escape from gardens about New York and Philadelphia. § 1. BATRACHIUM. Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or only the claw yellow; achenes mar ginless, transversely wrinkled ; aquatic or sub- aquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by threes) into capillary divisions; peduncles \-Jlowered, opposite the leaves. # Receptacle hairy. 1. R. Circin£tU8, Sibth. (STIFF WATER-CROWFOOT.) Leaves all under water and sessile, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdi- visions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, not collapsing when irith- drawnfrom the water. (R. divaricatus, Man., not SchranJc.) — Ponds and slow streams, Maine and Vt., to Iowa, north and westward, much rarer than the next. June - Aug. (Eu.) 2. R. aqu£tilis, L., var. trichoph^llus, Gray. (COMMON WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil- lary divisions ana subdivisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less when withdraw '/PW theirater; petiole rather narrowly dilated. — Com- RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 41 mon, especially in slow-flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June -Aug. (Eu.) Var. C8BSpit6sus, DC. A dwarf terrestrial form, rooting at the nodes, the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions. — S. 111. (Schneck), and westward. * * Receptacle glabrous ; no submersed leaves. R. HEDERACEUS, L. Rooting freely in shallow water; leaves all reniform augulate-lobed. — Fresh-water marshes at Norfolk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. HAL6DES. Petals yellow p, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head ; scapose, spreading by runners. 3. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (SEA-SIDE CROWFOOT.) Glabrous; scapes 1 - 6' high, 1 - 7-flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, crenate, rather fleshy, long-petioled ; petals 5-8. — Sandy shores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes. to 111., Kan. and westward ; also at salt springs. June -Aug. §3. RANUNCULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow ; achenes nerveless. # A chenes smooth ; mostly perennial. •*- Aquatic; immersed leaves Jiliforml y dissected, as in § Batrachium. 4. R. multifidus, Pursh. (YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT.) Stems float- ing or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from the nodes, if at all) ; emersed leaves with shorter and linear or wedge-shaped di- visions, or else kidney -shaped and sparingly lobed or toothed ; petals 5-8, deep bright yellow, 4-6" long, much larger than the calyx; carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak. — E. New Eng. to S. Penn., Mo., and northward. May -July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in Var. terrestris, Gray. Stem rooting in the mud or ascending from the base ; leaves all smaller, coarsely dissected, round-reniform in outline ; flowers and fruit twice or thrice smaller. — N. Ohio to N. 111., Minn., and westward, -i- -t- Terrestrial but growing invert/ wet places, glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or linear; carpels forming a globular head. (SPEARWORT.) 5. R. ambigens, Watson. (WATER PLANTAIN SPEARWORT.) Stems ascending (1 - 2° high), often rooting from the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3 - 5' long), contracted into a mar* gined half -clasping petiole; petals 5-7, bright yellow, oblong (2 -3" long); carpels flattened, large (V long), pointed with a long narrow-subulate beak. (R. alismasfolius, Man., not Gey.) — N. Eng. to Out., Minn, and southward; com- mon, especially at the north. June- Aug. 6. R. Flammula, L. (SMALLER SPEARWORT.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate- oblong to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1 - 2' long) , petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow , carpels small, flattish but turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point. — Only a small form (var. INTER* 42 RANTJNCtJLACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) met with in this country (shore of L. Ontario, and northward), a span high, with flowers 3 - 5" in diameter, passing into Var. reptans, E. Meyer. (CREEPING S.) Small, slender, the filiform creeping stems rooting at all the joints ; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (i- 1' long) ; flowers small. — Gravelly or sandy banks ; Newf . to Penn., north and westward. June - Sept. (Eu.) 7. R. oblongifdlius, Ell. Usually annual; stem erect or ascending, often pubescent below, slender (1-2° high), diffusely branched above and many -flowered ; leaves serrate or denticulate, lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (£-!£' long), uppermost linear; flowers 3-5" broad; petals 5, bright yellow, 1 -3" long; carpels minute, almost globular, the small style deciduous. — Wet prairies, 111., Mo., and in S. States. June. 8. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6-18' long) ; leaves entire or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate or heart- shaped (£' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1 - Id' long) ; flowers very small ; petals 1-5, yellowish ; stamens 3 - 10 ; carpels very turgid, smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet places, S. New York, and southward along the coast. June - Aug. •«- •*- -i- Terrestrial, but often in wet places ; leaves mostly cleft or divided. *+ Root-leaves not divided to the very base ; achenes marginless. 9. R. affinis, R. Br. Somewhat hairy or glabrous ; low or slender, 1° high or less ; leaves pedately cleft, the cauline with linear or narrow oblanceolate divisions; petals light yellow, 3- 4" long or smaller; heads oblong; achenes turgid y with small and mostly recurved style, pubescent or glabrous. — And var. VALIDUS, Gray, stouter and with more fleshy leaves, the lower mostly undivided and roundish, cordate, truncate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate or more or less cleft. — Minn., Iowa, north and westward. 10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Low (3-8' high), hairy; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem- leaves similar or 3 - 5-lobed, the upper 3 - 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels orbicular with a minute beak, in a globose head ; petals lair/?, deep yellow. — Prairies, Mich, to N. 111., Minn., and northward. April, May. 11. R. abortivus, L. (SMALL-FLOWERED C.) Biennial, gla brous, branch- ing, 6' -2° high; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or 3-parted; those of the stem arid branches 3 - 5-parted or divided, subsessile, the divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed ; head globose; carpels mucronate, with a minute curved beak; petals pale yellow , shorter than the small refiexed calyx. — Shady hillsides and along brooks, common. April- June. Var. micranth.US, Gray. Pubescent, roots often fusiform-thickened ; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or 3-divided ; peduncles more slender and carpels fewer. — E. Mass, to 111., Minn., and westward. 12. R. sceleratus, L. (CURSED C.) Annual, glabrous; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical RANUNCULACE^E. ( CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 43 heads; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches; appearing as if introduced. June -Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, l°high; juice acrid and blistering ; leaves thickish ; flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.) •w- •*-*• Leaves variously cleft or divided ; achenes in globular heads (except n. 17), compressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or pubescent. = Achenes with long recurved beak ; root-leaves rarely divided. 13. R. recurv&tUS, Poir. (HOOKED C.) Hirsute, 1-2° high; leaves of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large ; the lobes broadly wedge-shaped, 2 -3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. = = Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or the upper part usually deciduous; early root-Leaves only S-parted, the later 3-5-foliolate; petals bright yellow. 14. B. fascicularis, Muhl. (EARLY C.) Low, ascending, 5-9' high, pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ; radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the sessile lateral ones, itself 3 - 5-divided or parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear ; petals often 6 or 7, spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved beak. — Dry or moist hills. April, May. 15. K. septentrionalis, Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; stems ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming long runners; leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut, never pinnately compound ; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak. (R. repens, of Manual, mainly.) — Moist or shady places, etc., May -Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring before any long runners are formed. = ==== Style subulate, stigmatose along the inner margin, mostly persistent. 16. R. r&pens, L. In habit and foliage closely similar to the last spe- cies ; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted ; commencing to flower somewhat later. — In low grounds ; generally in waste grounds near the coast and probably introduced from Europe, but indigenous westward. 17. R. Pennsylvanicus, L.f. (BRISTLY C.) Stout and erect from a usually annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to the top, 1-2° high ; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; flowers inconspicu- ous ; calyx reflexed ; head of carpels oblong. — Wet places, common. June - Aug. 18. R. hispidus, Hook, (not Michx. or DC.). Resembling the last, but the ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not always hirsute ; petals (about 3" long) surpassing the hardly reflexed and soon decid- uous calyx ; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a globose or oval head. — On the northern shore of Lake Superior, and north and westward ; probably in N. Minn. 44 RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) R. BULB6sus, L. (BULBOUS C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect from a bulb-like base, 1° high ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; pedun- cles furrowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at base ; calyx reflexed ; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields; very abundant only in E. New Eng- land; rare westward. May- July. — Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.) It. ACRIS, L. (TALL C. or BUTTERCUPS.) Hairy; stem erect (2-3° high) ; leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their segments cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ; petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields; common, especially eastward. June - Aug. — Flower nearly as large as the last, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, which property* however, is dissipated in drying when these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Achenes beset with rough points or small prickles ; annuals. JR. MURICATUS, L. Nearly glabrous ; lower leaves roundish or reniform, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base ; petals longer than the calyx; carpels fiat, spin ij -tuber cufate on the sides, strongly beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Vir- ginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) R. PARViFL6Ri;s, L. Hairy, slender and diffuse ; lower leaves roundish- cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut ; the upper 3 - 5-parted ; petals not longer than the calt/x; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly margined. — Norfolk, Va., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed witli the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2 -several-seeded. — Slender smooth perennial herbs, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets 2 -3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (From Icroirvpov, the ancient name of a Fumaria.) 1. I. bitern&tum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; filaments white, club- shaped; pistils 3-6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds smooth. — Moist shady places, Ohio to Minn, and southward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Anemonella. 11. C ALT HA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD. Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (An ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.) 1. C. pallistris, L. Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or kidney- shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire ; sepals broadly oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April, May. — Often called incorrectly Cowslips ; used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower. C. FLABELLIFOLIA, Pursh, is a weak slender form, with open- rcniform leaves and smaller flowers (V broad or less), occurring in cold moun- tain springs, N. Y. to Md. (Eu.) RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 45 12. TROLIiIUS, L. GLOBE-FLOWER. Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1 -lipped, the concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many- seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ra- nunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.) 1. T. 1&XUS, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Leaves 5 - 7-parted ; sepals 5-6, spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. — Deep swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. May. — Flowers twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, so that the name is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white. 13. COPT IS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD. Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods diver- gent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. — Low smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes (Name from /C^TTTW, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.) 1 C. trif61ia, Salisb (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.) Leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, scape 1 -flowered. — Bogs, abundant northward , extending south to Maryland along the moun- tains, and west to Iowa. May. — Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen, shining Scape naked, slender, 3 - 5' high. (Eu.) 14. HELLEBORUS, Tourn. HELLEBORE. Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu- lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. — Perennial herbs, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.) H. vfRiDis, L. (GREEN HELLEBORE.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate ; calyx spreading, greenish. — Has been found wild on Long Island, in Penn., and W Va. (Adv. from Eu.) 15. ERA NT HIS, Salisb WINTER ACONITE. Sepals 5 - 8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Carpels few, stipitate, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately multifid radi- cal leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower surrounded by an involucre of a single leaf. (Name from ^p, spring, and &vQos, flower.) E. HYEMALIS, Salisb. Dwarf; flowers cup-shaped, lj' in diameter ; petals shorter than the stamens. — Near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 16. AQTJILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Per- ennials, with 2 - 3-ternatel v compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy terminating the branches. (Name from aquilegus, water- drawing.) 46 RANUNCULACEJE. ( CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 1. A. Canad^nsis, L. (WILD COLUMBINE.) Spurs nearly straight; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April - June.— blowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit. 2. A. brevistyla, Hook. Flowers small, blue or purplish or nearly white ; spurs incurved. — Red River valley, N. D.; Rocky Mts., northward. A. VULGARIS, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, of Europe, with hooked spurs, is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places. 17. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR. Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backward into long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws ; rarely only 2, united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit. — Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.) * Perennials, indigenous; pistils 3. 1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (TALL LARKSPUR.) Stem slender, 2 - 5° high ; leaves deeply 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute ; racemes wand-like, panicled, many -flowered ; flowers pur- plish-blue, downy; spur straight; pods erect- — Rich soil, Penn. to Minn, and southward. July. 2. D. tricdrne, Michx. (DWARF L.) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their divisions unequally 3 - 5-cleft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few-flowered, loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging — W. Penn. to Minn, and southward. April, May. — Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, $'-3° high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white, occasionally numerous. 3. D. aziireum, Michx. Leaves deeply 3 -5-parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme strict; spur ascending, usually curved upward ; pods erect. — Wise, to the Dakotas and southward. May, June. — Stem 1-2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky- blue or whitish. * # Annual, introduced ; petals 2, united into one body ; pistil single. D. CONSOLIDA, L. (FIELD L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes , inflorescence loosely paniculate; pedicels shorter than the bracts; pod gla- brous. — Old grain-fields, Penn. and Va. ; also sparingly along roadsides- farther north. (Nat. from Eu.) D. AjAcis, L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose; pods pubescent. — Sparingly escaped from gardens in E.Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 18. ACONITUM, Tourn. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE. Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel- met-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5. Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with RANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 47 palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, of uncertain origin.) 1. A. Noveboracense, Gray. Erect from tuberous-thickened roote. 2° high, leafy, the summit and strict loosely flowered raceme pubescent ; leaves rather deeply parted, the broadly cuneate divisions 3-cleft and incised ; flowers blue, the helmet gibbous-obovate with broad rounded summit and short descend- ing beak. — Chenango and Orange Cos., N. Y. 2. A. uncinatum, L. (WILD MONKSHOOD.) Glabrous; stem slender, from tuberous-thickened roots, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves firm, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, petioled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; helmet erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams, Penn., and southward in the mountains; Wise. June - Aug. 3. A. reclinatum, Gray. (TRAILING WOLFSBANE.) Glabrous; stems trailing (3 - 8° long) ; leaves deeply 3 - 7 '-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicular in outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2 - 3-lobed ; flowers white, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with & straight beak in front. — Cheat Mountain, Va., and southward in the Alleghanies. Aug. — Lower leaves 5-6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous. 19. CIMICIPUGA, L. BUGBANE. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as in Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with 2 -3-ternately -divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elongated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, andyi^o, to drive away.) § 1. CIMICIFUGA proper. Pistils 3-8, stipitate; seeds flattened laterally, covered with chaffy scales, in one row in the membranaceous pods; style awl-shaped ; stigma minute. 1. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BUGBANE.) Stem 2 - 4° high ; racemes slender, panicled , ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods flattened, veiny, 6-8-seeded. — Mountains of S. Penn. and southward. Aug. -Sept. §2. MACR6TYS. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3, sessile; seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actasa; stigma broad and flal. 2. C. racemdsa, Nutt. (BLACK SNAKEROOT. BLACK COHOSH.) Stem 3-8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock; racemes in fruit becoming 1 -3° long; pods ovoid. — Rich woods, Maine to Wise., and southward. July. — Var. DISSECTA, Gray. Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound, the rather small leaflets incised. — Centreville, Del. (Commons.) 20. ACTJEA, L. DAXEBERRY. COHOSH. Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments Pistil single ; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry- 48 RANUNCULACEjE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with ample 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (From d/crea, actcea, ancient names of the elder, transferred by Linnaeus.) 1. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. (RED BANEBERRY.) Raceme ovate ; petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens; pedicels slender; berries cherry-red, or sometimes white, oval. — Rich woods, common, especially northward. April, May —Plant 2° high. (Eu.) 2. A. alba, Bigel, (WHITE BANEBERRY.) Leaflets more incised and sharply toothed; racem* oblong; petals slender, mostly truncate at the end, appearing to be transformed stamens; pedicels thickened in fruit, as large as the peduncle and red, the globular-oval berries white. — Rich woods, flowering a week or two later than the other, and more common westward and south- ward.— White berries rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels; but these are perhaps the result of crossing. 21. HYDRASTIS, Ellis. ORANGE-ROOT. YELLOW PUCCOON. Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pis- tils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled ; stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a head of crimson 1 - 2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending up m early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical leaf and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit and termi- nated by a single greenish-white flower. (Name unmeaning.) 1. H. Canad6nsis, L. (GOLDEN SEAL, etc.) Leaves rounded, heart- shaped at the base, 5 - 7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in sum- mer 4-9' wide. — Rich woods, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. 22. XANTHOKRHIZA, Marshall. SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10. Pistils 5-15, with 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1 -seeded, oblong, the short style becoming dorsal. — A low shrubby plant ; the bark and long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown purple, in compound drooping ra- cemes, appearing along with the 1 - 2-pinnate leaves from large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of £a.vQ6s, yellow, and pifa, root.) 1. X. apiifdlia, L'Her. Stems clustered, 1-2° high; leaflets cleft and toothed. — Shady banks of streams, Penn. to S W. New York and Ky., and south in the mountains. The rootstocks of this, and also of the last plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines. NIGELLA DAMASC^NA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remarkable exception in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to form a several-celled capsule, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 49 ORDER 2. MAGNOLJACEJE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly- petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, poly gy nous ; the calyx and corolla colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely con- volute) in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re- ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous; albumen fleshy; embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic and bitter. 1. MAGNOLIA, L. Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and long anthers opening inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the successive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is folded lengthwise and applied straight against the side of the next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.) * Leaves all scattered along the branches , leaf-buds silky. 1. M. glatica, L. (SMALL or LAUREL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY.) Leaves oval to broadly lanceolate, 3-6' long, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flower globular, white, 2' long, very fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, ob- long.— Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southward, near the coast; in Penn. as far west as Cumberland Co. June -Aug. — Shrub 4-20° high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen. 2. M. acuminata, L. (CUCUMBER-TREE.) Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, green and a little pubescent beneath, 5 -10' long; flower oblong bell-shaped, glaucous-green tinged with yellow, 2' long; cone of fruit 2-3' long, cylindri- cal.— Rich woods, western N. Y. to 111., and southward. May, June. — Tree 60-90° high. Fruit when young slightly resembling a small cucumber, whence the common name. 3. M. macroph^lla, Michx (GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.) Leaves obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath; flower open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at base ; petals ovate, 6' long ; cone of fruit ovoid. — S. E. Ky. and southward. May, June. — Tree 20-40° high. Leaves 1-3° long, somewhat clustered on the flowering branches. # * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like circle ; leaf-buds glabrous ; flowers white, slightly scented. 4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, 1-2° long; petals obovate-oblong, 4 - 5' long. — S. Penn. to Ky. and southward. May. — A small tree. Fruit rose- color, 4 - 5' long, ovoid-oblong. 50 MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 5. M. Fr&seri, Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves oblong- obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous, 8-20' long ; petals obovate- spatulate, with narrow claws, 4' long. — Va. and Ky., along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, May. — A slender tree 30 -50° high. Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in the preceding. 2. LIBIODENDRON, L. TULIP-TREE. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and nar- row, imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that the apex points to the base of the bud. (Name from \ipiov, lily or tulip, and SeVSpoi/, tree.) 1. L. Tulipifera, L. — Rich soil, S. New Eng. to Mich., Wise., and southward. May, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and 8-9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called WHITE POPLAR. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals 2' long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3' long. ORDER 3. ANONACEJE. (CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals, and a corolla of § petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly- androus. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outward ; fila- ments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crusta- ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. — A tropical family, excepting the following genus : — 1. AS I M IN A, Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW. Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner. Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1 -4 large and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy aril. — Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colonists, from the Indian name assimin.) 1. A. triloba, Dunal. (COMMON PAPAW.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan* ceolate, pointed ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, western N. Y. and Penn. to 111., S. E. Neb., and southward. April, May. — Tree 10-20° high; the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon gla- brous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, lj' wide. Fruits 3-4/ long, yel- lowish, sweet and edible in autumn. MENISPERMACE^E. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) 51 ORDER 4. MENISPERMXCEJE. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, the xepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hy- pogynous, dicecious, 3 -Q-gy nous ; fruit a l-seeded drupe, with a large or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens sev- eral. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a cres- cent or ring. — Chiefly a tropical family. * Sepals and petals present. Anthers 4-celled. Seed incurved. 1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. 2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6 -8. * * Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. Seed saucer-shaped. 3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12 ; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive. 1. COCCULUS, DC. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers; style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Menispermum. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old name, a diminutive of coccus, KOKKOS, a berry.) 1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the filaments; drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, Va. to S. 111., Kan., and southward. July, Aug. 2. MENISPERMUM, L. MOONSEED. Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-24 in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle ; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in small and loose axillary panicles. (Name from /-^rj, moon, and oWpjua, seed.) 1. M. Canad6nse, L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-angled or lobed. — Banks of streams; common. June, July. — Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. CUPSEED. Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. Drupe globular ; the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup on one side. Embryo f oliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in long racemose panicles. (Name from KO,\V£, a cup, and Kapiros, fruit.) 1. C. Ly6ni, Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate ; drupe an inch long, black when ripe ; the shell 02 BERBERIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity. — Rich soil, Ky. to S. 111. and Kan., and southward. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. ORDER 5. BERBERIDACEJE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) Shrubs or herbs, ivifh the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usu- ally in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them ; anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects the sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style ic.ort or none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate. * Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded. 1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the base of each petal. Fruit a berry. 2. Caulophyllum. Herb, with greenish flowers; petals thick, much shorter than the sepals. Ovary soon bursting; the two seeds left naked. 3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers ; petals much longer than the sepals. Berry 2 - 4-seeded. ** Petals 6 -9. Stamens 8 -18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs. 4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 ; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod opening by a lid. 5. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12 - 18 ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves Fruit a large berry. 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 hractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 -few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crusta- ceous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1 - 9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from Berber ys, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 1. B. Canadensis, Fursh. (AMERICAN BARBERRY.) Leaves repandly toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ;- racemes few-flowered ; petals notched at the apex ; berries oval ; otherwise as in the next. — Alleghanies of Va. and southward; not in Canada. June. — Shrub 1-3° high. B. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON BARBERRY.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines, froir the axils of which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed !), and drooping manif-flowered racemes; petals entire; berries ob/ony, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds in E. New Eng., where it has become thoroughly wild ; elsewhere occasionally spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BLUE COHOSH. Sepals 6, with 3 or 4 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick ind gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 ; anthers objoiig, Pistil gibbous ; style short ; stigma minute and unilateral : BERBERIDACE.fi. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 53 ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds, and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, looking like drupes, the fleshy integument turning blue ; albumen horny. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately com- pound sessile leaf (whence the name, from Kav\6s, stem, and v\\ov, leaf, the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf.) 1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called PAPPOOSE-ROOT.) Stems 1-2|° high; leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2-3-lobed, a smaller biternate leaf often at the base of the panicle ; flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. — Deep rich woods ; common westward. April, May. — Whole plant glaucous when young, as also the seeds, which are as large as peas. 3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. UMBRELLA-LEAP. Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 ; anthers oblong. Ovary oblong ; style hardly any ; stigma depressed. Ovules 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry globose, few- seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge centrally peltate and cut-lobed, rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed of 5/s, double, and (pv\\ov, leaf.) 1. D. cym6sa, Michx. Root-leaves 1-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each di- vision 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed; berries blue. — Wet or springy places, mountains of Va. and southward. May. 4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. TWIN-LEAF. Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 ; anthers oblong- linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed • stigma 2- lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1 -flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 1. J. diph^lla, Pers. Low; flower white, V broad, the parts rarely in threes or fives. — Woods, western N. Y. to Wise, and southward. April, May. — Called Rheumatism-root in some places. 5. PODOPH'2'LLUM, L. MAY-APPLE. MANDRAKE. Flower-bud with three green bractlets, which early fall away Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens twice as many as the petals in our species; anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves Ovary ovoid ; stigma sessile, large, thick and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed en- closed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of the fruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots. Stems 54 BERBERIDACE^E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 2-leaved, 1 -flowered. (Name from irovs, a foot, and $v\\ov, a leaf, probably referring to the stout petioles.) 1. P. pelt&tum, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5 - 9-parted, the lobes ob- long, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7-9- lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge ; the nodding white flower from the fork nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, 1-2' long, ripe in July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and poisonous ! — Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 carpels ! ORDER 6. NYMPH^EXCEJE. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or some- times only cordate leaves floating or emersed ; the ovules borne on the sides or back (or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the ventral suture ; the embryo enclosed in a little bag at the end of the albu- men next the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Rad- icle hardly any ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed plumule. — Flowers axillary, solitary. Vernation involute. Rootstocks apparently endogenous. — The few genera differ so much in the flower and fruit that they are separated into the three following suborders. SUBORDER I. Cabtfrmbese. Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent. Stamens definite (3-18). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and indehiscent, 1-3-seeded on the dorsal suture. — Stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage. Flowers small. 1. Cabomba. Stamens 3-4. Carpels 2-3. Submersed leaves capillary-multifid. 2. Brasenia. Stamens 12-18. Carpels 4 -18. Leaves all peltate. SUBORDER II. NelUmbOiiese. Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and deciduous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immersed in the obconical receptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded nut-like fruits resem- bling small acorns. Embryo large ; no albumen. — Petioles and pedun- 8les all from the tuberous rootstock, the centrally peltate leaves and the flowers large. 3. Nelumbo. Character of the Suborder. SUBORDER III. Nymphaeacese proper. Sepals 4-6, and petals numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away, either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the compound 8-30-celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many carpels ; the numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral suture. Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit baccate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock. 4. Nymphsea. Petals adnate to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit. 5. Nuphar. Petals (very small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted under the ovary. NYMPHS ACE^E. (WATEK-LILY FAMILY.) 55 1. CABOMBA, Aublet. Sepals 3. Petals 3, oval, bi-auriculate above the very short claw. Stamens 3 - 6 ; anthers short, extrorse. Pistils 2-4, with small terminal stigmas. Seeds 3, pendulous. — Slender, mainly submersed, with opposite or verticillate capillary-dissected leaves, a few floating, alternate and centrally peltate. Flowers single on long axillary peduncles. (Probably an aboriginal name.) 1. C. G'aroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves linear-oblong or -obovate, often with a basal notch; flowers 6-8" broad, white with yellow spots at %ase; stamens 6. — Ponds, S. 111. (May -Sept., Schneck) to Fla. and Tex. 2. BRASENIA, Schreber. WATER-SHIELD. Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12 - 18 ; filaments fili- form; anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent pods ; stigmas linear. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture ! — Root- stock creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, float- ing. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.) 1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves entire, 1-4' across. — Ponds and slow streams. June -Aug. (Asia, Africa and Australia.) 3. N E L U M B O, Tourn. SACRED BEAN. The only genus of the suborder. (Nelumbo is the Ceylonese name of the East Indian species, the pink-flowered N. speciosa.) 1. N. Itltea, Pers. (YELLOW NELUMBO, or WATER CHINQUAPIN.) Leaves usually raised high out of the water, circular, with the centre depressed or cupped, 1 - 2° in diameter ; flower pale yellow, 5 - 10' broad ; anthers tipped with a slender hooked appendage. (Nelumbium luteum, Willd.) — S. Conn, (probably of Indian introduction) to Lake Ontario, Mich., Minn., E. Neb., and southward ; rare in the Middle States. — Tubers farinaceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphaea on a large scale ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipule-like sheath. 4. NYMPHJEA, Tourn. WATER-NYMPH. WATER-LILY. Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer with dilated fila- ments. Ovary 12-35-celled, the concave summit tipped with a globular pro- jection at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas ; these project at the margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile appendages. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals, maturing under water. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers white, pink, yel- low, or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.) 1. N. odorata, Ait. (SWEET-SCENTED WATER-LILY.) Rootstock with few and persistent branches ; leaves orbicular, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole (5-9' wide), the margin entire; stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, appressed to the rootstock ; flower white, very sweet scented (often as much as 5J-' in diameter when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the afternoon) ; petals obtuse; anthers 56 NYMPH^EACE^E. (WATER-ULY FAMILY.) blunt ; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate oblong seeds (these about 1 J" long). — Ponds and still or slow-flowing water ; common. June - Sept. — Varies with pinkish-tinged and rarely with bright pink-red flowers (especially at Barnstable, Mass.), the leaves often crimson underneath, — and in size by gradations into Var. minor, Sims, with leaves only 2-5' and flowers 2-3' broad. — Shal- low water, in cold bogs and in saifdy soil. 2. N. reniformis, DC. (TUBER-BEARING W.) Leaves reniform-orbic- ular, mostly larger (8-15' wide) and more prominently ribbed than the last, rarely purplish beneath; rootstock bearing numerous spontaneously detaching often compound tubers ; flower scentless (or with a slight odor as of apples), white, never pinkish, 4^-9' in diameter, the petals proportionally broader and blunter than in n. 1 ; the fruit more depressed, and with fewer but much larger (i. e. twice as broad) globular-ovoid seeds, which when mature are barelv enclosed by the aril and not stipitate. (N. tuberosa, Paine.) — Lakes, slow rivers, etc., western N. Y. (from Oneida Lake, Paine) and near Meadville, Penn., to Mich., E. Neb., and probably in the Southern States. July - Sept. 5. NUPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK. Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish, concave. Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, in- serted with the very numerous short stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not surpassing the disk-like 8 - 24-rayed sessile stigma, persistent and at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above water. Aril none. — Rootstock creeping, cylindrical. Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer (Name said to be of Arabic origin.) 1. N. ad vena, Ait. f. Sepals 6, unequal; petals shorter than the stamens and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate; stigma nearly entire, 12 -24- rayed, pale red; ovary and fruit (!-£' long) ovate, not contracted above into a narrow neck ; thin submersed leaves seldom present ; floating or emersed and erect leaves thick (6-12' long), from roundish to ovate or almost oblong, the sinus open, or closed or narrow. — Very common, in still or stagnant water ; stout and coarse ; flower often partly purplish (var. VARIEGA.TUM, Engelm.). Var. minus, Morong. More slender; leaves somewhat smaller (3-8' long) ; flowers usually smaller (sepals 12 - 15" long) ; petals spatulate ; stigmas 9- 13-rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson ; fruit V long, contracted above. (N. rubrodiscum, Morong. N. luteum, Man.; not Smith.) — N. Vt. to Mich, and Penn. Probably a hybrid between this and the next species. 2. W. Kalmianum, Ait. Very slender and with slender rootstock j submersed leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical with a deep narrow sinus, 2-4' long ; sepals usually 5, the flowers an inch broad or less ; petals spatulate or obovate ; stigmas 7 - 10-rayed, dark red ; fruit globu- lar with a short neck (6-9" in diameter). (N. luteum, var. pumilum, Man.) — Maine to Fenn and Minn., and northward. 3. N. sagittifolium, Pursh. Rootstock stout ; leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a short sinus, 6-15' long; flowers small (!' broad). — S. Ind. and 111. (Schneck), and southward. SARKACENIACE^E. ( PITCHER-PL ANTS.) 57 ORDER 7. SARBACENlXCE^J. (PITCHER-PLANTS.) Po^yandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped leaves, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Gui- ana, another (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in California, and the following genus in the Atlantic United States. 1. SABRACENIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-aiigled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped body , the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds auatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish ; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked, 1 -flowered ; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical account of it, to Europe.) 1. S. purptirea, L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. PITCHER-PLANT. HUNTS- MAN'S CUP.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged ; the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; flower deep purple ; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish-yellow style. — Varies rarely with greenish- yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. — Peat-bogs ; common from N Eng. to Minn., N. E. Iowa, and southward east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned in- sects. The inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing down- ward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high , it is difficult to faucy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion. 2. S. fl&va, L. (TRUMPETS.) Leaves long (1-3°) and trumpet-shaped, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs, Va and southward. April. ORDER 8. PAPAVEKACEJE. (POPPY FAMILY.) Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with two or more parietal placentae. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1 -flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid. 58 PAP AVERAGED. ( POPPY FAMILY.) # Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud, white. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved. 1. Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short rootstock. * # Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Pod 2-valved or more. ••- Pod 2-4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the placentas. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellow. '.' Stylophorum. Pod bristly ; style distinct ; stigmas and placentas 3-4. :i. Chelidonium. Pod linear, smooth ; style almost none ; stigmas and placentas 2. 4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy partition ; style none. -•- •*- Pod 4- 20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle. 5. Papaver. Ovary incompletely many-celled; stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown. 6. Argemone* Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4 - 6. Pod and leaves prickly. 1. SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short ; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2- valved. Seeds with a large crest. — A low perennial, with thick prostrate premorse rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.) 1. S. Canad6nsis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May. 2. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY. Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2-4-lobed. Pods bristly, 2 - 4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Peren- nial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 1 - 3-leaved, and umbellately 1 - few-flowered at the summit ; the flower-buds and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. (From (TTV\OS, style, and 0€po>, to bear, one of the distinctive characters.) 1. S. diph^llum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets ; peduncles equalling the petioles ; flower deep yellow (2' broad) ; stigmas 3 or 4 ; pod oval. — Damp woods, W. Penn. to Wise, and Tenn. May. — Foliage and flower resembling Celandine. 3. CHELIDONIUM, L, CELANDINE. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none ; stigma 2-lobed. Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up- ward. Seeds crested. — Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a pedunculate umbel ; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name from x6^*8c6i>, the swallow, because its flowers appear with the swallows.) C. MAJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May -Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. HORN-POPPY. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none ; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crest- FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 59 less. — Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, y\avKiov, from the glaucous foliage.) G. LtiTEUM, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sinuate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6-10' long). — Waste places S. E. New Eng., Md., and Va. ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. PAP AVER, Tourn. POPPY. Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4 - 20-rayed crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short and turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect par- titions, opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs with a white juice ; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) — Three annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz. : P. soMNfFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) Smooth, glaucous ; leaves clasp- ing, wavy, incised and toothed ; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or purple. — Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) P. DfjBiuM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet. — Cult, grounds, Westchester, Penn., and southward ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) „ P. ARGEM6NE, L. (ROUGH-FRUITED C.) Smaller, with finer-cut leaves and paler flowers than the last ; pods club-shaped and bristly. — Waste grounds, near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. AH GEM ONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY. Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none; stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3 - 6 valves at the top. Seeds crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, siuuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from fyryc/xa, a disease of the eye, for which the juice of a plant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.) 1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Setose-hispid all over; petals white, 1^-2' long ; capsule armed with stout spines. — Central Kan. and Neb., south and westward. A. MEXIC\NA, L. (MEXICAN P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white. — Waste places, southward. July - Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) ORDER 9. FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, irregular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; inner pair narrower, and their callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous ; their filaments often united ; middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placentas and deciduous valves. — Leaves delicate, usually alternate, without stipules. Slightly bitter, innocent plants. 60 FUMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) * Corolla bigibbous or 2-spurred, the 2 outer petals alike. Pod several-seeded. 1 Adlumia. Petals united into a spongy persistent subcordate corolla. Seeds crestless. 2. Dicentra. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at base, less united. Seeds crested. * * Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous. 3. Corydalis. Pod with few to many crested or arilled seeds. 4 Fumaria. Fruit a globular 1-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless. 1. ADLUMIA, Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY. Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy- cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit. — A climbing biennial, with thrice- pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white or purplish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum.) 1 A. cirrh6sa, Raf. — Wet woods ; N. Eng. to Wise., E. Kan., and south- ward. June -Oct. — A handsome vine, with delicate foliage, climbing by the slender young leaf-stalks over high bushes ; often cultivated. 2. DICENTRA, Borkh. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either de- ciduous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low, stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from Sis, twice, and Ktvrpov, a spur ; — accidentally printed DICLYTRA in the first instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into DlELYTRA.) * Raceme simple, few-flowered. 1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.) Scape and slen- der-petioled leaves from a sort of granulate bulb ; lobes of leaves linear ; corolla with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel; crest of the inner petals minute. — Rich woods, especially westward. — A very delicate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slender scape, bearing 4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color. 2. D. Canad6nsis, DC. (SQUIRREL CORN.) Subterranean shoots bear- ing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow) ; leaves as in n. 1 ; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. — Rich woods, especially north- ward. April, May. — Flowers greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fra- grance of Hyacinths. * * Racemes compound, clustered. 3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong ; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base ; crest of the inner petals projecting. — Rocks, western N. Y., rare, and Alleghanies of Va. May - Aug — Coarser-leaved than the others; scapes 6-10' high. CRUCIFEI^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 61 3. CORYDALIS, Vent. Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style per- sistent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in racemes. Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek name for the crested lark.) * Stem strict ; flowers purplish or rose-color with yellow tips. 1. C. glatica, Pursh. (PALE CORYDALIS.) Kacemes panicled; spur of the corolla very short and rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated. — Rocky places ; common ; 6' - 2° high. May - Aug. # * Low, ascending ; /lowers yellow. H- Outer petals wing-crested on the back. 2. C. flavula, DC. Pedicels slender, conspicuously bracted ; corolla pale yellow, 3 - 4" long, spur very short ; tips of the outer petals pointed, longer than the inner ; crest 3 - 4-toothed ; pods torulose, pendulous or spreading ; seeds acutely margined, rugose-reticulated ; aril loose. — Penn. to Minn., and southward. 3. C. micrantha, Gray. Pedicels short and bracts small ; corolla pale yellow, 4" long, with short spur and entire crest, or flowers often cleistogamous and much smaller, without spur or crest, pods ascending, torulose; seeds obtuse-margined, smooth and shining. — N. Car., 111., Minn., and southward. 4. C. crystallina, Engelm. Pedicels short, erect; corolla bright yel- low, 8" long, the spur nearly as long as the body ; crest very broad, usually toothed ; pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles , seeds acutely margined, tuberculate. — S. W. Mo. and southward. -H- H- Outer petals merely carinate on the back, not crested. 5. C. aurea, Willd. (GOLDEN C.) Corolla golden-yellow, tf long, the slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than the pedicel; pods spreading or pendulous, becoming torulose ; seeds obtuse-margined. — Rocky banks, Vt. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and westward. Var. OCCidentalis, Engelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as long as the body : pods less torulose, on short pedicels ; seeds acutish on the margin. — Neb. and Kan. to W. Tex. and westward. 4. FIT MA HI A, TourD. FUMITORY. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small, globular, 1-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, arid small flowers in dense racemes or spikes. (Xame iromfumus, smoke.) F. OFFICINXLIS, L. (COMMON FUMITORY.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-color tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 10. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers -, fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs form- 62 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) ing a cross. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the two marginal placentas, from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicic'), sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nucumentaceous), or separating across into;.! -seeded joints (lomentaceous) . Seeds campylotropous, without albu- men, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways : i. e. the cotyledons decumbent, viz., their margins on one side applied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus o= ; or else incumbent, viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle, thus o||. In these cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they are conduplicate, thus o». In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or corymbs ; pedicels rarely bracted. — A large and very natural family, of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the genera are taken almost wholly from the pods and seeds ; the flowers being nearly alike in all.) SERIES I. Pod 2-celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves. * Pod compressed parallel to the broad partition. Seeds flat or flattish, orbicular or oval ; cotyledons accumbent or nearly so. •*- Pod large, oblong-elliptical , valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow. 1 . Selenia. Leaves pinnatisect. Raceme leafy-bracteate. Seeds winged. -•- -•- Pod linear; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row. Flowers yellow only in n. 2. 2. Li eaven \vortliia. Seed winged ; embryo straight or nearly so. Annual ; stem often scapose, 1 - few-flowered. 3. Dentaria. Stem naked below, 2-3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas, long-styled. Seeds wingless ; cotyledons thick, very unequal. 4. Cardamine. Stem leafy. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas. Seeds wingless, cotyledons flattened, equal. •»~ •«-••- Pod linear, or oblong, or orbicular ; valves 1-nerved or nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows (except in species of n. 5). 6. Arabis. Pod long-linear, the flat or flattish valves more or less 1-nerved Seeds winged or wingless. Flowers white to purple. Stems leafy, at least below. 6. Draba. Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate ; valves flat or flattish, faintlv nerved or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous. 7. Alyssum. Pod orbicular ; valves veinless, somewhat convex with flattened margin. Seeds wingless, 2-4. * * Pod terete or turgid, or 4-angled by the prominent midnerves. Seeds wingless, more or less turgid. •(- Pods short. (See also n. 11.) 8. L,esquerella. Pod globular-inflated, about 4-seeded ; valves nerveless. Cotyledons accumbent. Flowers yellow. 9. Camelina. Pod obovoid, many-seeded valves 1-nerved , style slender. Cotyledons incumbent. Flowers yellow. 10. Subularia. Pod ovoid or globular, few-seeded . valves l-nerved style none. Coty- ledons long, folded transversely. Flowers white. Dwarf steinless aquatic, (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 63 •»- -i- Pod linear (or oblong or even globular in n. 11). «~* Cotyledons accumbent. 11. Nasturtium. Pod often short; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds small, in 2 rows in each cell. Flowers yellow or white. 12. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-sided ; valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers yellow. •H- -H- Cotyledons incumbent or partially so. 13. Hesperis. Pod terete, elongated ; stigma-lobes narrow, erect. Flowers large, purple. 14. Erysimum. Pod 4-sided; valves strongly 1-nerved ; stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pu bescence of appressed 2-3-parted hairs. Flowers yellow. 15 Sisymbrium. Pod angled orteretish; valves 1-3-nerved; stigma small. Flowers yellow or white, small. 16. Thelypodium. Pod teretish ; valves 1-nerved ; stigma entire. Cotyledons ob- liquely incumbent. Flowers rose-color. Leaves auricled. •H. «• «• Cotyledons conduplicate. 17. Brassica. Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish. * * Pod short ; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white. 18. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. 19. Thlaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 20. Lepiclium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. 21. Senebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from the little partition as 2 closed 1-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow. . SERIES II. Pods indehiscent, continuous or transversely jointed; joints 1-celled. 22. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed ; joints 1-seeded. Cotyledons plane, accumbent. 23 > Itaplianus. Pod elongated, several-seeded, continuous, or constricted between the seeds and moniliform. Cotyledons conduplicate. 1. SELENIA, Nutt. Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, rounded, broadly winged ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle short. — A low annual, with once or twice pinuatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate racemes of yellow flowers. (Name from o-eA^j/Tj, the moon, with allusion to Lunaria, which it somewhat resembles in its pods.) 1. S. aiirea, Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed ; pod %' long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender style. — Mo. and Kan. to Tex. 2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely re- ticulate-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a thick wing. Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direc- tion which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little winter annuals, glabrous and often stemless, with lyrate leaves and short 1 -few-flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of the late M. C. Leavenworth.) 1. L. MichatlXii, Torr. Scapes 2-6' high; leaf-lobes usually numer- ous (7-15); Detals purplish or nearly white with a yellowish base, obtuse; 64 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) pods not torulose, oblong to linear (6-15" long); style short. — S. Ind. to Tenn. and Mo. . 2. Ii. toruldsa, Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, linear ; style 1 - 2" long ; seeds acutely margined rather than winged ; petals emarginate. — Parrens of Ky. and Tenn. 3. DENTARIA, Tourn. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine. Style elongated. Seeds in one row, wingless, the stalks broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick and very une- qual, their margins somewhat infolding each other. — Perennials, of damp woodlands, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste ; the simple stems leafless be- low, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or above the middle, and terminated by a single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flow- ers. Flowers larger, pods broader, and seeds larger than is usual in Carda- mine. (Name from dens, a tooth.) # Rootstock elongated ; leaves 3-foliolate. 1. D. diph^lla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched, toothed; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together; leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate, coarsely crenate, the teeth abruptly acute ; petals white. — Rich woods, Maine to Minn, and Ky. May. — Rootstocks 5-10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress. # # Rootstock tuberous, more or less moniliform ; leaves 3-foliolate or 3-parted. 2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated, usually not jointed nor prominently tubercled ; root-leaves often none ; stem-leaves 3-parted, the lat- eral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or less gash- toothed ; flowers white or rose-color. — N. Eng. to Minn., Kan., and southward. April, May. — Var. MULT^FIDA, a slender form with the narrowly linear seg- ments usually more or less divided into linear lobes. (D. multifida, Muhl.) Southward, scarcely if at all within our limits. 3. D. heteroph^lla, Nutt. Tubers near the surface, jointed, narrowly oblong or thick-clavate, prominently tuberelerl ; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets distinctly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire to rather deeply crenate, rarely laciniate or lobed ; root-leaves with ovate or lanceolate and usually lobed leaflets. — Penn. to Ky. and southward. Blooming a little later than the last. 4. D. maxima, Nutt. Tubers jointed, strongly tubercled; stem-leaver usually alternate, 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothec and somewhat cleft or lobed. — Vt. to western N. Y. and Penn. May. 4. CARDAMINE, Tourn. BITTER CRESS. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so ; placentas and partition thick. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wingless ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accum- bent, flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate. — Mostly glabrous perennials, leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white or purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some cress, from its cordial or carcliacal qualities.) CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 65 # Root perennial ; leaves simple. 1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright from a tu- berous base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple ; root-leaves round and often heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, sessile, all often sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oval. — Wet meadows and springs; common. April -June. — Flowers large, white. Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4-6' high), and usually slightly pubes- cent; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil. Western N. Y. to Md. and Wise. 2. C. rotundifblia, Michx. (MOUNTAIN WATER-CRESS.) Stems branch- ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners ,• root flbrous : leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled; pods small, linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the slender style ; stigma minute ; seeds oval-oblong. — Cool shaded springs, N. J. (Middletown, Willis) to Ky., and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Flowers white, smaller than in n. 1. 3. C. bellidifblia, L. Dwarf (2-3' high), alpine, tufted; leaves ovate, entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth (4" long), on long petioles , pods V long, upright, linear ; style nearly none, stout. — Summits of the White Mountains and Katahdin, Maine. July. — Flowers 1 - 5, white. (Eu.) # * Root perennial ; leaves pinnate ; flowers showy. 4. C. prat^nsis, L. (CUCKOO FLOWER.) Stem ascending from a short rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7-13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx ; pod 9- 15" long, \" broad ; style short. — Wet places and bogs, Vt. to N. J., Wise., and northward; rare. May. (Eu.) * * * Root mostly biennial or annual; leaves pinnate ; flowers small, white. 5. C. hirstlta, L. (SMALL BITTER CRESS.) Glabrous or beset with scattered hairs, stems (3' -2° high) erect or ascending from the spreading cluster of root-leaves ; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire ; pods linear, very narrow, erect or ascending ; style variable. — Wet places ; common. May -July. The ordinary form corresponds closely to the European var. SYLVATICA, Gaud. The typical imperfectly developed annual form, with only 4 stamens and rather strict pods, occurs very rarely. A form answering to C. parviflora of Europe, with mostly linear leaflets and pods often erect on spread- ing pedicels, is occasionally found in drier localities. (Eu., Asia.) 5. AH A BIS, L. KOCK CRESS. Pod linear, flattened ; placentas not thickened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique. — Leaves sel- uom divided. Flowers white or purple. (Name from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.) 66 CRUCIFERJE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) § 1. ARABIS proper. Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so, more or less wing-margined ; cotyledons strictly accumbent. # Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base. 1. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual ; leaves all pinnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of the lower leaves numerous ; pedicels very short ; flowers small, white ; pods rather broadly linear, spreading, flat ; seeds winged. — Open grounds, Va. to Mo., and southward. * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with simple leaves, white or whitish flowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and nearly wingless seeds. 2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1 - 2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire, partly clasping by the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 4" long) twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or ascend- ing, tipped with a distinct style. — Penn. to central Ohio and southward ; Minn. April, May. 3. A. hirsilta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect (1 - 2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp- ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods strictly upright ; style scarcely any ; immature seeds somewhat 2-rowed. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.) * * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1 -3° high), with small whithh flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (3-4' long), and broadly winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition ; root-leaves rarely lyrate. 4 A. IcBVig&ta, Poir. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves partly clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved- spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. — Rocky places, Maine to Minn, and southward. May. 5. A. Canadensis, L. (SICKLE-POD.) Stem upright, smooth above; stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat, scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2" wide). — Woods and ravines ; not rare, especially westward. June - Aug. § 2. TURRlTIS. Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two more or less distinct rows in each cell, at least when young; strict and very leafy- stemmed biennials ; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. (Our species very glabrous, except the mostly hirsute base of the stem and the lower leaves.) 6. A. perfoliata, Lam. (TOWER MUSTARD.) Tall (2-4° high), glaucous; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals yellowish- white, little longer than the calyx ; pods very narrow (3' long) and pedicel* strictly erect ; seeds marginless ; cotyledons often oblique. — Rocks and fields, N. Eng. to Minn, (rare), north and westward. (Eu.) (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 67 7. A. COnfinis, Watson. Scarcely glaucous, 1-3° high; pubescence below finely stellate; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire (1-2' long), with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed; petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx; pedicels and flat pods loosely erect, or ascending, or even spreading ; seeds wing-margined, when mature little nar- rower than the partition. (A. Drummondii, Man.) — From the lower St. Lawrence to Minn., south to Conn., N. Y., and 111. — Pods 2£-3£/ long, or in a var. (T. brachycarpa, Torr. fr Gray) only 1-2' long. § 3. PSEUDARABIS. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in one row,- cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial, branching from the base. 8. A. lyrata, L. Mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves ; stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish calyx ; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading. — On rocks or sandy shores, New Eng. to Ky. along the mountains, Minn., and northward. April- July. — Usually biennial, but southward in the mountains decidedly perennial. 9. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, slender (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed ; those of the stem numerous, half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole ; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; pods widely spreading, very slender, short-stalked ; style scarcely any. — N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and southward. May, June. 6. DRAB A, Dill. WHITLOW-GRASS. Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex ; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, mar- ginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers ; pubescence often stellate. (Name from 5/>a'j8r;, applied by Dioscorides to some cress ; meaning unknown.) § 1. DRAB^EA. Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or biennial, leafy- stemmed ,• flowers white ; pods twisted when ripe. 1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusely much branched and forming many radical tufts, perennial (5-8' high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed,lmea,T- lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2-5" long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, etc., Va., to Ken- tucky River, and southward. April, May. 2. D. incana, L. Hoary-pubescent, biennial or somewhat perennial, the radical tuft seldom branching ; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate to ovate, few-toothed or entire ; pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, often pubescent, on short erect pedicels ; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, . Willoughby Mountain, Vt. ; also northward and far westward. (Eu.) Var. arabisans, Watson. Caudex much branched; pod glabrous, acu- minate or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans, Michx.) — N. Vt. to western N. Y. and the shores of the upper lakes. 68 CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) § 2. DRABELLA. Winter annuals ; leafy stems short ; flowers white (yellow in n. 5) ; style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.) 3. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (1- 5' high); leaves obovate, entire ; peduncles scape-like ; petals usually twice the length of the calyx ; raceme short or corymbose in fruit (£-!' long); pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy and waste fields, E. Mass, to Minn., and southward. March -May. — Petals often wanting in the later racemes, especially in the var. MICRANTHA, Gray, with minutely rough-hairy pods, which is found with the other, westward. 4. D. cuneifdlia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1-3'), at length equal- ling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places, 111. to E. Kan., and southward. March, April. 5. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2-4' high), minutely pubescent; stems leafy to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme ; leaves nar- rowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2-4" long), few toothed or entire; flowers small; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2" long), about the length of the ascending or spreading pedicels. — Dry hills, 111., Ky., Va. (A. H. Curtiss), and southward. April. — Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none. 6. D. nemordsa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed; racemes elongated (4-8' long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small; pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely-spreading pedi- cels, pubescent or smooth. — Fort Gratiot, Mich., N. Minn., and westward. ( Eu. ) § 3. ER6PHILA. Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial,' flowers white.) D. VERNA, L. (WHITLOW-GRASS.) Small (scapes 1-3' high); leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy waste places and roadsides. April, May. ( Nat. from Eu.) 7. ALYSSUM, Tourn. Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell ; valves nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow or white Filaments often toothed. Cotyledons accumbent. (Greek name of a plant reputed to check the hiccup, as^the etymology denotes.) A. MARfriMUM, L. (SWEET ALYSSUM), with green or slightly hoary linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, cornmonlv cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from Eu.) A. CALYCINUM, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular sharp margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs occasionally in grass- land. (Adv. from Eu.) 8. LESQUERELLA, Watson. Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline partition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerve- Jess. Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepidote. Flowers mostly yellow (Named for Leo Lesqaereux.) CRUCIFER^:. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 69 1. Ii. globdsa, Watson. Minutely hoary all over; stems spreading or de- cumbent from an annual or biennial root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate with a tapering base, repaud-toothed or nearly entire ; raceme at length elongated, with filiform diverging pedicels; petals light yellow; style filiform, much longer than the small globose, acutish, about 4-seeded pod ; seeds marginless. (Vesicaria Shortii, Torr.) — Rocky banks, Ky. to Tenn. and Mo. May, June. 2. L. graeilis, Watson. Annual, slender ; pubescence very fine ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate ; pods glabrous, suberect on ascending or curved pedi- cels, stipitate; style long. (Vesicaria gracilis, Hook.) — S. Kan. to Tex. 3. L. Ludoviciana, Watson. Biennial or perennial ; pubescence com- pact ; leaves linear-oblanceolate, mostly entire ; pods pubescent, pendulous on recurved pedicels; style long. (Vesicaria Ludoviciana, DC.) — Minn, to Neb. and south west ward. 9. CAMELINA, Crantz. FALSE FLAX. Pod obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, flattish parallel to the broad parti- tion ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xafjia/l) dwarf, and \lvov, flax.) C. SATIVA, Crantz. Annual ; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, etc. (Adv. from Eu.) 10. SUB TIL ARIA, L. AWLWORT. Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition ; the turgid valves 1 -nerved. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely, i. e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (-whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1 -3/ high. Flowers minute, white. 1 . S. aquatica, L. Margin of lakes in Maine ; Echo Lake, Franconia, N. H. ; also in alpine regions of the western mountains. June, July. (Eu.) 11. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATER-CRESS. Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete or nearly so ; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numer- ous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in N. sylvestre). Cotyledons accumbent. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pun- gent qualities.) § 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx ; pods linear ; leaves pinnate. N. OFFICINXLE, R.Br. (TRUE WATER-CRESS.) Perennial; stems spread- ing and rooting ; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire ; pods (6 - 8" long) ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels. — Brooks and ditches ; escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx ; pods linear , oblong, or even ovoid or globular ; leaves mostly pinnatifid. * Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots; flowers rather large, yellow. N. SYLVESTRE, 11. Br. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending ; leaves pin- nately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods ( J' long) 70 CRUCIFEILE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row-, style very short. — Wet meadows, Mass, to Va. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong ; pods linear-oblong (4 - 6" long), on slender pedicels; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June. * * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial (?), with simple fibrous roots; flowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish ; leaves somewhat lyrate. 2 "N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong ; flowers minute, nearly sessile ; pods elongated-oblong (5 - 6" long), thick ; style very short. — W. 111. to E. Kan., Tenn., and southward. April -June. 3. "N. obttisum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repaud ; flowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, vary- ing from linear-oblong to short-oval ; style short. — With n. 1 and 2. 4. N. pallistre, DC. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods ; style short. — Wet places or in shallow water ; common. June -Sept. — Flowers only l-l£"long. Stems 1-3° high. — The typical form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. nfspiDUM is a form with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.) §3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular ; leaves undivided, or the lower ones pmnatifid ; root perennial. 5. N. lacustre, Gray. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1-3- pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid ; pedicels widely spreading ; pods ovoid, l-celled, a little longer than the style. — Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to N. J., Minn., and southwestward. July -Aug. — Near N. amphibium. "N. ARMORACIA, Fries. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels as- cending ; pods globular (seldom formed) ; style very short. (Cochlearia Armo- racia, L.) — Roots large and long; a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. BAR BARE A, R. Br. WINTER CRESS. Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accum- bent. — Mostly biennials, resembling Nasturtium ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called the Herb of St. Barbara.) 1. B. vulgaris, R. BR. (COMMON WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCKET.) Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral 1-4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base ; pods erect or slightly spreading ; or in var. STRICTA, appressed; in var. ARC u ATA, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds and roadsides ; apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north- ward and westward. (Eu.) CRUCIFERJS. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 71 B. PR&COX, R. Br. (EARLY WINTER C.), with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels, — yet probably only a variety of the other, — somewhat cultivated from N. Y. southward as a winter salad, ujider the name of SCURVY-GRASS, — is beginning to run wild. (Eu.) 13. HESPERIS, Tourn. ROCKET. Pod linear, nearly cylindrical; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. — Biennial or perennial, with serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from evening, from the evening fragrance of the flowers.) H. MATRONALIS, L. (DAME'S VIOLET.) Tall ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, mostly petiolate ; pods 2 - 4' long, spreading. — Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.) 14. EBYSIMUM, Tourn. TREACLE MUSTARD. Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib ; stigma broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2 - 3-parted hairs. (Name from tpvw, to draw blisters.) 1. E. asperum, DC. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Minutely roughish- hoary ; stem simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed ; pods nearly erect or widely spreading on short pedicels, elongated (3-4' long), exactly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed. — Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to 111., Ark., S. D., and common westward. June, July. — Plant stout, 1-2° high ; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular, on very slender claws. 2. E. cheiranthoides, L. (WORM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely rough ish, branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; flowers small; pods small and short (7 - 12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, Mass, to Penn., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.) 3. E. parvifldrum, Nutt. Stem erect, often simple; leaves linear- oblanceolate, entire or the lowest coarsely toothed ; flowers small (3" long) ; pods narrow, 1 - 2j' long, ascending on short pedicels. — Minn, to Kan. and westward. 15. SISYMBRIUM, Tourn. HEDGE MUSTARD. Pod terete, flattish or 4-6-sided, the valves 1-3-nerved; stigma small, entire. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or yellow. Pubescence spreading. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials. 1. S. htimile, Meyer. Perennial, branching from the base, sparingly pubescent, 6' high or less ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers white or rose-color, pods very narrow, subterete, 4- 9" long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked with a short style, seeds 1-ranked. (Arabis petnea, Man., not Lam.) — Willoughby Mountain, Vt.: Canada and westward. (N. Asia.) 72 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 2. S. candscens, Nutt. (TANSY MUSTARD.) Leaves ^-pinnatifid , often hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than their mostly horizontal pedicels; seeds 2-ranked in each cell. — Penn and N. Y. to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward. June - Aug. S. SOPHIA, L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves; pods slender, 6-15" long, ascending; seeds 1-ranked. — Sparingly naturalized from Europe. S. OFFICINALE, Scop. (HEDGE MUSTARD.) Leaves runcinctte ; flowers very small, pale yellow ; pods awl-shaped, dose pressed to the stem, scarcely stalked. — Waste" places. May - Sept. — An unsightly branched weed, 2-3° high. (Nat. from Eu.) S. THALIANA, Gaud. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels. — Old fields and rocks, Mass, to Kan. April, May. — A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.) S. ALLIARIA, Scop. Stout, erect ; leaves reniform to ovate-cordate, coarsely repand-dentate ; flowers white ; pods tapering, 1-2' long, ascending on very stout spreading pedicels. — Near Georgetown, D. C. (Nat from Eu.) 16. THELYPODIUM, Endl. Pod terete or teretish ; valves 1 -nerved ; stigma mostly entire. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons obliquely incumbent. — Stout biennials or perennials, with mostly large purplish or white flowers. Leaves or petioles often auricled at base. (Name from 0r)Avs, female, and trovs,foot, the ovary in some species being stipitate.) 1. T. pinnatifidum, Watson. Glabrous (1-3° high), often branched above; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles; stem-leaves auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate (2-6' long), sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes; flowers purplish; pods 1-H' long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Arabis hesperid- oides, Graii.) Alluvial river-banks, W. Pa. to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. May, June. 17. BBASSICA (Brassica and Sinapis), Tourn. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1 -seeded beak or a rigid style; valves 1-5-uervecl. Seeds globose, 1 -rowed. Cotyledons incumbent, folded around the radicle. — Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek (rivairi, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.) B. SiNApf STRUM, Boiss. (or SIN\PIS ARVENSIS, L., the English CHARLOCK), ^with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which it either empty or 1 -seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious weed in grain-fields, from N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. westward. (Adv. from Eu.) B. (or SINAPIS) ALBA. (WHITE MUSTARD.) Pods bristly, ascending on spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped 1- seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid ; seeds pale. (Cult, and adv. from Eu.) B. (or SIX\PIS) NIGRA, Koch. (BLACK MUSTARD.) Pods smooth (£' long), 4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, smaller CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 73 and more pungent than in the last ; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and waste places. (Adv. from Eu.) B. CAMPESTRIS, L., in the form of the RUTABAGA and the TURNIP, some- times persists a year or two in neglected grounds. 18. CAP SELL A, Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. -- Annuals; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsa, a box.) C. BuRSA-PAST6Ris, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest of weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 19. THLASPI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS. Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par- tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing. Seeds 2 - 8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal. — Low plants, with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from 6\dw, to crush, from the flattened pod.) T. ARVENSE, L. (FIELD P. or MITHRIDATE MUSTARD.) A smooth an- nual, with broadly winged pod §' in diameter, several-seeded, deeply notched at top; style minute. — Waste places; rarely naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.) 20. LEPIDIUM, Tourn. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS. Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent, or in n. 1 accumbent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name from AeTTiSfov, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) — Ours are annuals or biennials, except the last. * Leaves all with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnati/ld ; pods orbicular or oval, with a small notch at the top ; the style minute or none ; stamens only 2. 1. L. Virginicum, L. (WILD PEPPERGRASS.) Cotyledons accumbent and seed minutely margined ; pod marginless or obscurely margined at the top; petals present, except in some of the later flowers. — June -Sept. A common roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther south. 2. L. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following ; pod minutely wing-margined at the top ,• petals usually minute or wanting ; otherwise nearly as in n. 1. — Dry places, from western N. Y. and N. 111., north and westward. L., RUDERALE, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval pods and the seeds marginless; petals always wanting. — Roadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, etc. ; not common. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded. L. CAMPESTRE, Br. Minutely soft downy ,• leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch. — Old fields, Mass, and N. Y. to Va. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) L. DR!BA, L. Perennial, obscurely hoary; leaves oval or oblong, the upper with broad clasping auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped, wingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style. — Astoria, near New York, D. C. Eaton. (Adv. from Eu.) 74 CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 21. SENEBIEKA, DC. WART-CRESS. SWINE-CRESS. Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the ^wo cells indehiscent and falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons narrow ard incumbently folded transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with* minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Senebier, a distin- guished vegetable physiologist.) S. DIDYMA, Pers. Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted ; pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. — Waste places, at ports, E. Mass, to Va., etc. ; an immigrant from farther south. S. CoRON6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. — At ports, R. 1. to Va., etc. (Adv. from Eu.) 22. CAKILE, Tourn. SEA-ROCKET. Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity ; each indehiscent, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum- bent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AMERICAN SEA-ROCKET.) Leaves obovate, sinuate and toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the Great Lakes. July - Sept. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh ; th* upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 23. RAPHANUS, Tourn. RADISH. Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, contin- uous and spongy within between the seeds, or necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical and cotyledons conduplicate, as in Brassica. — Annuals or biennials. (The an cient Greek name from fa, quickly, and Qaivu, to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.) R. RAPHANf STRUM, L. (WlLD RADISH. JOINTED CHARLOCK.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked j leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning whitish or purplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, E. New Eng. to .Penn. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 11. CAPP ARID ACE JE. (CAPER FAMILY.) Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a l-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferse, but with no partition ; seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves alternate, mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferae (as in capers, the flower-buds of Cdpparis spinosa). 1 Polanisia* Stamens 8 or more Pod many-seeded, not or scarcely stipitate. 2. Cleome. Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long-stipitate. 3. Cleomella. Stamens 6. Pod very short, rhomboidal, few-seeded, long-stipitate. 1. POLANISIA, Raf. Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8 - 32, unequal. Recep- tacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod linear BESEDACE^E. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.) 75 or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from TroAvs, many, and Uvuros, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.) 1. P. grav^olens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stipitate. — Grav- elly shores, from Conn, and W. Vt. to Minn, and Kan. June- Aug. — Flowers small (2 - 3" long) ; calyx and filaments purplish ; petals yellowish-white. 2. P. trachyspdrma, Torr. & Gray. Flowers larger (4 - 5" long), the stamens (12-16) long-exserted ; style 2 -3" long; pod sessile; seeds usually rough. — Iowa to Kan. and westward. 2. CLEOME, L. Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle somewhat produced be- tween the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate ovary. Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded. — Our species a glabrous annual, with 3-foliolate leaves, leafy-bracteate racemes, and rose-colored or white flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation, early applied to some mustard-like plant.) I. C. integrifblia, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 4-cleft; petals with very short claws , leaflets narrowly lanceolate to oblong ; bracts simple ; pod oblong to linear, 1-2' long, the stipe as long as the pedicel. — Minn, to Kan. and west- ward ; N. 111. Flowers showy ; 2 - 3° high. 3. CLEOMELLA, DC. Differing from Cleome in the clawless petals, glandless receptacle, and the short few-seeded pod with more or less distended or even conical valves. Flowers small, yellow. (Name a diminutive of Cleome.) I. C. angUStifblia, Torr. Glabrous, 1-2° high; leaflets (3) and simple bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; pod rhomboidal, the valves very bluntly conical ; stipe shorter than the pedicel. — Kan. to Tex. and westward. ORDER 12. RESEDACE^. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.) Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4 - 1-merous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3-40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Capsule 3 - Q-lobed, 3 - 6-horned, 1- celled with 3 — Q-parietal placentce, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Order 11) are full grown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. — A small and unim portant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette {Reseda odorata) and the Dyer's Weed. 1. .RESEDA, Tourn. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S ROCKET. Petals 4-7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, on one side of the flower. (Name from resedo, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.) R. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx 4-parted ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire ; capsule depressed. — Roadsides, N. Y., Otc. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.) R. LtJTEA, L. Leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipinnatifid ; sepals and petals 6, stamens 1 5 - 20. — Nantucket, Mass., and ballast-grounds. 76 CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) ORDER 13. CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3 - 5-valved capsule with as many parietal placentae, borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; the two external much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes wanting ; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Pe- tals 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen ; cotyledons narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. Inert plants. 1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). Stigma nearly sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers. 2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9 - 30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-G-seeded. Heath-like. 3. Lechea. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none in our spe- cies ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and many-seeded pods ; and secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3- few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from rjAtos, the sun, and frvdc/jiov, flower.) 1. H. Canad^nse, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) Petal-bearing flowers soli- tary; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly ses- sile ; calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent, of the small ones hoary, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Minn, and southward. June - Aug. — Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1' wide, producing pods 3" long ; pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a pin's head. A variety is more hoary, and with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. Late in autumn crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name. 2. H. COrymb6suni, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks ; calyx woolly. — Pine barrens, N. J. and southward along the coast. 2. HUDSONIA, L. Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Sta- mens 9-30. Style long and slender; stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 7*i heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl-shaped or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in honor of Wm. Hudson, an early English botanist.) 1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped, loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; ovary hairy. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, E. Maine to Va. ; N. Con way, N. II . (Miss Minns.) May. 2. H. toment6sa, Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or narrowly oblong, 1" long, close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile or some short- peduncled. — Sandy shores, Maine to Md., and along the Great Lakes t<, Minn. ; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June. 3. LEG HE A, Kalm. PINWEED. Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud, not longer than the calyx, withering-per- sistent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any; stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular, partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placentae borne on imperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face toward the valve ; in our species the placentae curve backward and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight- ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers, in summer. (Named in honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.) * Pubescence villous, spreading ; leaves oblong ; flowers very short-pedicelled in cymulose clusters. 1. L. major, Michx. Stem upright (1-2° high), stout, simple, very leafy, producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded ; pedicels shorter than the very small depressed-globose pod ; sepals narrower than its valves. — Sterile grounds ; common, especially south- ward. * * Pubescence oppressed , leaves narrower ; flowers paniculate. H- Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin ; panicles leafy. 2. L. thymifdlia, Michx. Erect, about 2° high; stem-leaves oval or oblong (3 - 6" long), commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite, those of the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovate-globose, one of the narrow outer sepals often longer. (L. Novae-Caesareae, Austin.) — Dry grounds near the coast, E. Mass, to Fla. -i- i- Leaves firmer, narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate ; panicles more naked and racemiform. ++ Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid : pod rather large, nearly globose. 3. L. minor, L. Rather strict, 1° high or more, usually glabrate in age, leaves of radical shoots lanceolate, rigid, 2-3" long, the cauline linear, 6-9" long; pod about \" high. — Dry and sterile ground; common. Var. maritima, Gray in herb. Stouter and more rigid , leaves of radical shoots thicker, linear, hoary, the cauline puberulent or glabrous , calyx canes- cent. (L. thymifolia, Pursh.; L. maritima, Leggett.) — Sandy soil near the coast, Mass, to Ga. 4. L. tenuif61ia, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent or glabrous ; leaves all small and very narrow , flowers mostly on very short 78 CISTACE^E. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) pedicels, diffusely racemose-paniculate; sepals without lateral ribs; pod ovoid globose. — Dry, sterile soil, E. Mass, to Mo., and southward. •*-»• •»•* Smaller-lowered ; fruiting calyx narrower ; pod ellipsoidal. 5. L. racemuldsa, Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly glabrous ; leaves of radical shoots narrowly oblong, the cauline oblong-linear, 4 - 6" long ; inflorescence loose and diffuse ; fruiting calyx glabrous. — Dry and rocky soil, Long Island to Ky., and southward. ORDER 14. VIOlACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) Herbs, with a somewhat irregular l-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypo- gynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a l-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placenta. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad fila- ments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentae on their middle ; after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albu- men ; cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axil- lary, nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.) 1. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2 lower spurred. 2. Solea. Sepals not auricled. Petals equal in length. Stamens united into a sheath. 3. loniclium. Sepals not auricled. Petals very unequal. Filaments distinct, the anthers merely conniveut. 1. VIOLA, Tourn. VIOLET. HEART'S-EASE. Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other ; the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in spring, others are produced later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves ; these never open nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the bud, and are far more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.) § 1. Perennials; stipules never leaf-like, the lower more or less scarious. # Stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from runners. •«- Stigma large, naked, not beaked ; stolons none ; rootstock short and thick. 1. V. ped&ta, L. (BIRD-FOOT V.) Nearly smooth ; rootstock erect, not scaly ; leaves all 3 - ^-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2 - 3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2 - 3-toothed or cut at the apex; flower large, 1' broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue. — Sandy or gravelly soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward. — Var. BGCOLOR, Pursh, a very handsome variety, with the two upper petals deep violet, and as it were velvety, occurs sparingly from Mass, to Md. ; most common in Md., on shale VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 79 •«- •»- Stigma small, naked, often beaked or pointed. «•* Rootstoclc fleshy and thickened, never flliform nor producing runners ; flowers violet or purple (rarely white) ; lateral petals bearded. 2. V. pedatifida, G. Don. Leaves all palmately or pedately 5 - 7-parted ; divisions 2 -3-cleft ; lobes linear ; otherwise like n. 3. (V. delphinifolia, Nutt.) — Kich prairies, or more often in dry poor land, 111. to Kan. and Minn. 3. V. palmata, L. (COMMON BLUE V.) Glabrous to villous-pubescent ; early leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely crenate, the sides rolled in ward when young, the later very various, palmately or pedately or has- tately lobed or parted, the segments obovate to linear. (V. cucullata, var. palmata, Gray.) — Moist or dryish, especially sterile, ground ; very common. Var. CUCUllata, Gray. Later leaves merely crenate, not lobed. (V. eu- cullata, Ait.) — Low grounds; common everywhere. Both forms are very variable in the size and shape of the leaves and sepals, and in the size and color of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, sometimes white or variegated with white. 4. V. sagittata, Ait. (ARROW*LEAVED V.) Smoothish or hairy ; leaves on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occa- sionally all the (rather large purple-blue) petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked. — Dry or moist sandy places, New Eng. to Minn., and southward. Some forms pass into the last. *+ ** Rootstocks long and flliform, extensively creeping. — Flowers blue or purple. 5. V. Selkirk!!, Pursh. (GREAT-SPURRED V.) Small and delicate; the filiform rootstock fibrose-rooted, no runners above ground ,• smooth, ex- cept the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy on the upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus ; spur very large, thickened at the end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet petals. — Damp and shady soil, N. Maine to W. Mass., central N. Y., L. Superior (Robbins), and north- ward ; rare. — Scapes and petioles 1 - 2', the leaf | - 1 £' long, thin ; the spur 3" long. (Eu.) 6. V. pallistris, L. (MARSH V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple streaks, nearly beardless ; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. June. (Eu.) V. ODORATA, L. (SWEET VIOLET), cultivated in gardens, from Europe, belongs near this group, and is sparingly spontaneous in some places. = = Flowers white (small, short-spurred), mostly with brown-purple veins ; lateral petals bearded or beardless. Species apparently confluent. 7. V. blanda, Willd. (SWEET WHITE V.) Commonly glabrous ; leaves round-heart-shaped or kidney-form ; petals mostly beardless, the lower strongly veined. — Damp places, everywhere. Flowers faintly sweet-scented. Var. palustriformis, Gray. The larger form; upper surface of the leaves sparsely and finely hairy ; petals 5" long, oftener bearded, less dis- tinctly veined. — Shaded mossy ground, N. Eng. to Del., and westward 80 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) Var. renifblia, Gray. Slightly or strongly pubescent with soft spread ing hairs; leaves round-renif orm ; petals usually beardless. (V. renifolia, Gray.) — Maine to Mass., western N. Y., Lake Superior, etc. 8. V. primulaefblia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED V.) Smooth or a little- pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. — Damp or dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., toward the coast. 9. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth ; leaves lan- ceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire; petals beardless. — Damp soil ; common, especially eastward. ==== = Flowers yellow. 10. V.rotlindifolia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves round ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate ; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines; spur very short. — Cold woods, Maine to Minn., and south along the Alleghanies. — Smoothish ; leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to 3 or 4' in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above. * * Leafy -stemmed ; all perennial with short rootstocks. 4- Low, at first nearly stemless ; flowers yellow ; stigma concave, bearded. 11. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, decurrent on the petiole. — Central Kansas and westward. •»- 4- Stems erect, without root-leaves ; stipules entire ; spur very short ; stigma beakless, pubescent. HH- Stems naked below ; flowers yellow. 12. V. pubdscens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW V.) Softly pubescent (6- 12' high) ; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed; stip- ules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ; lower petals veined with purple, capsule oblong to globular, glabrous or tomentose. — Woods ; common. — Var. SCA- BRITTSCULA, Torr. & Gray, smaller and greener, slightly pubescent (4-10' high). — R. I. to Ky , and southwestward. 13. V. hastata, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED V.) Nearly glabrous, slen der (4 -10' high) ; stem-leaves halberd-shaped or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly serrate, acute ; stipules ovate, small. — Woods, N. Ohio (near Painesville, Miss Shattuck), mountains of Penn., and southward ; rare. *+ ** Stems more leafy and prolonged ; flowers white or purplish 14. V. CanadSnsis, L. (CANADA V.) Upright (1-2° high); leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded. — Rich woods ; common northward and along the Alleghauies. May - Aug. 4- H- •*- Stems erect or spreading (at first nearly acaulescent) ; stipules fringe toothed ; spur oblong to cylindrical ; stigma naked. 15. V. striata, Ait. (PALE V.) Stems angular, ascending (6-10' high); leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; stipules oblong-lanceolate, large; spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-colored or white petals, the VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 81 lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines ; stigma beaked. — Low grounds, W. New Eng. to Minn, and Mo., and southward in the moun- tains. April - Oct. 16. V. rostrata, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED V.) Stems ascending (3-6' high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute ; stipules lan- ceolate, large; spur slender (^ long), longer than the pale violet beardless vetals ; style straight and slender ; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill- sides, N. New Eng. to Mich., and southward in the Alleghanies ; rather rare. June, July. 17. V. canina, L., var. Muhlenbergii, Gray. (DOG V.) Low (3-8' high), mostly glabrous; stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at length producing creeping branches ; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kid- ney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed ; stipules lanceolate ; spur cylindrical, half the length of the light violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded; stigma beaked. — Damp or wet shady places; common. May- July. (Eu.) — Var. PUBERULA, Watson in herb. Finely puberulent; leaves mostly ovate and acutish with a cordate base, often small ; flowers small and mostly cleistogamous. — Sandy or stony shores and islands of Lakes Huron and Superior. (Robbins, Engelmann, etc.) — Var. MULTiCAtrLis, Gray. Depressed and stoloniferous ; flowers mostly cleistogamous ; leaves small, suborbicular to reniform. — Ky. to Ma. and Tex. § 2. Leaf-bearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes short-lived perennial root ; the stipules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid. V. TRfcoLOR, L. (PANSY. HEART'S-EASE.) Stem angled and branched; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, crenate or entire ; petals variable in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple) ; — in var. ARVENSIS shorter or little longer than the calyx. — Dry or sandy soil, N. Y. to Iowa, Kan., and southward ; the variety sometimes seem- ing like a native plant. April- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. SO LEA, Spreng., in part. GREEN VIOLET. Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. — A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W. Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.) 1 . S. concolor, Ging. Plant 1-2° high ; leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, entire; pod Y long. — Woods, N. Y. to Kan., and southward. June. 3. IONIDIUM, Vent. Sepals not prolonged at base. Petals very unequal, the two upper shorter, the lower longest and largest, concave at base, contracted in the middle. Fila- ments distinct, the two lower with a scale-like gland or spur at base ; anthers merely connivent — Perennials, branching and leafy, with alternate and op- posite leaves, and small axillary flowers. (Name from fovt violet, and e!5oj, appearance,) 82 VIOLACE^:. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 1. I. polygalsefblium, Vent. Stems low, from a woody base; leaves linear to oblanceolate, or the lower obovate, entire, the stipules leaf-like or small or none ; flowers solitary, nodding, 2" long, white. (I. lineare, Torr.) — Kan. and southwest ward. ORDER 15. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical ±-b-merous flowers, with or without petals ; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 (or rarely united into one) ; seeds several or usually many, attached to the base or to the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3 — 5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen, in Dianthus nearly straight. — Bland herbs; the stems usually swollen at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx per- sistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous. Tribe I. SILENE^E. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly convolute in the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slen- der claws, to the base of which the corresponding filaments often adhere, included in the calyx -tube. Seeds numerous. — Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy . * Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached by their face ; embryo nearly straight. 1. Dianthus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2. * * Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped ; embryo curved or coiled. 2. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved Styles 2. 3. Saponaria. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or 5-angled. Pod shortly 4-valved. Styles 2. 4. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3. 5. Liychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, rarely 4. Tribe II. AL,SINE^E. Sepals distinct or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. Petals when present without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk. Pod splitting into valves or teeth, several - many-seeded. Stamens opposite the sepals, when not more in number. — Low herbs. * Stipules none. •»- Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. •H- Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles ; valves often bifid or 2-parted. 6. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid, or 2-parted. 7. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or 2-parted. •H- Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as styles. 8. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds fixed by the face. 9. Cerastium. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise. •»- •»- Styles alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many, or twice as many. 10. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod short, 4- 5-valved. * * Stipules present. Pod short. 11. Buda. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite. 12 Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 83 1. DIANTHUS, L. PINK. CARNATION. Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more im- bricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1 -celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds flattish on the back ; embryo 'scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Aios, of Jupiter, and &vQos, flower, i. e., Jove's own flower.) D. ARMERIA, L. (DEPTFORD PINK.) Annual; flowers clustered; bract- lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the tube ; leaves linear, hairy ; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate. — Fields, etc., eastward. July. (Adv. from Eu.) D. Pii6 LIFER, L. Annual, smooth, slender; flowers clustered; bractlets ovate, dry, concealing the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect; petals small, pink. — N. J. and E. Penn. (Adv. from Eu.) D. DELTOIDES, L. (MAIDEN PINK.) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly lanceolate, downy and roughish ; flowers solitary ; bracts ovate, half as long as the tube ; petals rose-color or white, toothed. — Mich., L. H. Bailey. (Nat. from Eu.) D. BARBATUS, L. (SWEET WILLIAM.) Perennial ; flowers fascicled ; leaves large, lanceolate ; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the calyx. — Sparingly spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. GYPSOPHILA, L. Calyx narrowly top-shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1 -celled, 4-valved at the apex, sessile. — Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous small flowers. (Name from yvtyos, gypsum, and Qi\siv, to love.) G. MURALIS, L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear; flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks ; calyx turbinate, the teetli short, obtuse ; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate. — Sparingly natural- ized. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. SAPONARIA, L. Calyx narrowly ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked. Sta- mens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1 -celled, or incompletely 2 - 4-celled at base, 4-toothed at the apex. — Coarse annuals or perennial, with large flowers. (Name from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.) S. OFFICIN\LIS, L. (SOAPWORT. BOUNCING BET.) Flowers in corymbed clusters ; calyx terete ; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw ; leaves oval-lanceolate. — Roadsides, etc. July - Sept. — A stout peren- nial, with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.) S. VACCARIA, L. Annual, glabrous ; flowers in corymbed cymes ; calyx 5-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not crowned; leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vaccaria vulgaris, Host.) — Occasionally sponta* neous. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION. Calyx 5-toothed, 10 -many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 3 or 6 teeth at the apex. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from ERICACE^E. (ST. JOHN*S-WORT FAMILY.) veinless; cyme leafy, few-flowered; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals (5- 6" long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, the walls very thick and hard. — Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. June - Aug. 8. H. cistifblium, Lam.! Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, with a somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (1 -2° high) ; leaves narrowly oblong to nearly linear (1 -3' long), sessile with a somewhat clasping base; the cyme naked, compound, usually many -flowered ; sepals ovnte ; pods depressed-globular or ovoid-conical ; seeds large, oblong, very rough-pitted. (H. sphaerocarpon, Michx.) — Rocky river-banks, S. W. Ohio, to Iowa and southward. July - Sept. — Flowers small. 9. H, ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous ( 10 -20X high), ob- scurely 4-angled ; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, usually narrower toward the subclasping base, thin ; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered ; sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse; seeds minutely striate. — Wet places, New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. Jul;r, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long. 10. H. virg£tum, Lam. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled, herbaceous (1 -2° high) ; leaves ascending, opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute ( £- r long), closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound, naked, the scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches ; sepals herbaceous, erect, enclosing the ovoid pod ; styles 3, separate, with capitate stigmas. ( H. angu- losum, Michx.} — Wet pine barrens of N. J. and southward ; Ky. July - Sept. — Petals copper-yellow, 4 - 5" long. § 3. Stamens very many, in 3 or 5 clusters ; styles 3, separate and usually diverg- ing ; pod 3-celled ; calyx erect ; petals and anthers with black dots ; perennials. H. PERFORA.TUM, L. (COMMON ST. JoHx's-wORT.) Stem much branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals ; flowers numerous, in open leafy cymes. — Fields, etc. June -Sept. — Too well known as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.) 11. H. macul&tum, Walt. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid dots ; stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, the base either obtuse or somewhat clasping ; flowers crowded (small) ; petals pale yellow, much longer than the oblong sepals, styles mostly not longer than the pod. (H. corymbosum, Muhl.) — Damp places; common. July -Sept. — Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than in the last ; petals 2 -3" long,; marked with black lines as well as dots. The ordinary northern form differs from the typical southern one in the shorter style and the more oblong less clasping leaves. § 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters; pod \-celled, with 3 strictly pari- etal placentae, ; styles short, distinct, with capitate stigmas ; petals oblong or linear; sepals narrow, erect; slender annuals, with ^-angular branches; flowering all summer. # Stem simple or loosely branched ; leaves linear to ovate, spreading. 12. H. mtltilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6-20' high); leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy; TERNSTRCEMIACE^E. (TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 95 flowers 2" broad; pods ovate -conical, rather longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, everywhere. 1-3. H. gymnanthum, Engelm. & Gray. Almost simple, with strict stem and branches (1-3° high) ; leaves clasping, heart-shaped, acute or obtuse ; cyme naked, the floral leaves reduced to small awl-shaped bracts; in aspect approaching the next. (H. mutilum, var. gymnanthum, Gray.) — Del. and 1 enu. to Minn., and southward. 14. H. Canadense, L. Stem strict (6-1 5' high), with the branches erect ; leaves linear, 3-nerved at the base, obtuse ; cymes naked ; flowers deep yellow, 2 - 3" broad when expanded ; pods conical-oblong, usually much longer than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil ; common. June - Oct. — Var. MAJUS, Gray, is a large form, 1-2° high, with lanceolate leaves 1$' long, 3" wide, the upper acute. L. Superior, Robbins ; S. New York and southward. — Var. MINIMUM, Chois., a simple few-flowered form, 1 - 3' high, with oblong obtuse leaves. On wet rocks, Wise., and northward. * * Stems fastigiately branched ; leaves linear or bract-like, ascending or appressed. 15. H. Drumm6ndii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate bushy branches rigid, erect (10- 18' high) ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect, 1 -nerved (3-9" long) ; flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. — W. 111., Iowa, Kan., and southward, in dry soil. 16. H. nudicaiile, Walt. (ORANGE-GRASS. PINE-WEED.) Stem and bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4 -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales, appressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ; pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (H. Sarothra, Michx.) — Sandy fields, N. Eng. to 111., Mo., and southward ; common. June - Oct. 3. E L 6 D E S, Adans. MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets ; the sets separated by as many large orange-colored glands Pod 3-celled, oblong ; styles distinct. — Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem. (Name lAct^s, growing in marshes, accidentally changed to ELODEA by Jussieu, who was followed by Pursh, etc.) 1. E. campanulata, Pursh. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, oblong or ovate, very obtuse ; filaments united below the middle. (E. Virginica, Nutt.) — Common in swamps ; 1 - 2° high. July, Aug. 2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Taller, more branching; leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong : filaments united beyond the middle. — From Va. south and westward. ORDER 19. TERNSTROSMlACEJE. (TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stip- ules, the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals 96 TERNSTRCEMIACE^E. (TEA Oil CAMELLIA FAMILY.) both imbricated in cestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each other (monadelphous or 3- b-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. — Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculi- cidal pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known CAMELLIA and the more important TEA PLANT, — rep- resented in this country by the two following genera. 1. STUARTIA, L. Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crusta- ceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen ; radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Marquis of Bute.) 1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5, white (1'long); sepals ovate; style 1; stigma 5-toothed ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. — Woods, Va., and southward. 2. S. pentagyna, L'Her. Leaves larger, 5-6' long ; sepals acute ; petals often 6 ; styles 5, distinct ; pod angled, pointed ; seeds wing-margined. — Moun- tains of Ky., Car., and southward. 2. GOBDONIA, Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY. Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1 . Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightisb, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle- dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his " old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 1. G. Lasianthus, L. (LOBLOLLY BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and per- sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. — Swamps near the coast, Va. and southward. May - July. — Petals 1-J' long. ORDER 20. MAL.VACEJE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular Jlowers, the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mona- delphous in a column, and united at base with the short claws of the petals, l-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at base, per- sistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or. forming a several- celled pod. Seeds with little albumen ; embryo curved, the leafy cotyle- dons variously doubled up. -- Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks with a joint, axillary. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 97 Tribe I. MALTESE. Columns of stamens anther-hearing at the top. Ovaries and carpels 5 - 20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening. * Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles ; carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately. 1 . Althaea. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. 2. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless. 3. Callirrhoe. Involucel of 1 - 3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked. 4. Napsea. Involucel none Flowers dioecious. Stamens few (15 - 20). Carpels beakless. * * Stigmas terminal, capitate ; carpels 1 - few-seeded, usually dehiscent. 5. Mai vast rum • Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seed solitary, filling the cell, ascending. 6. Sida. Involucel none. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous. 7. Sphseralcea. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell. 8. Abutilon. Involucel none. Seeds 3 - 9 in each cell. 0. Modiola. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a transverse partition between them. Tribe II. HIBISCE^E. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leaving scarcely any axis in the centre after opening. 10. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded. 11. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded. 1. ALTHJEA, L. MARSH-MALLOW. Calyx surrounded by a 6 - 9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old Greek and Latin name, from &\6u, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) A. OFFICINALIS, L. (MARSH-MALLOW.) Stem erect, 2-4° high; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety -downy ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered; flowers pale rose-color. — Salt marshes, coast of N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug., Sept. — Perennial root thick, abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. MALVA, L. MALLOW. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob- cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney- shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An old Latin name, from the Greek name, /*aAcix>7, having allusion to the emol- lient leaves.) * Flowers fascicled in the axils. M. ROTUNDir6LiA, L. (COMMON MALLOW.) Stems procumbent from a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish ; carpels pubes- cent, even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds ; common. (Nat. from Eu.) M? SYLVESTRIS, L. (HIGH M.) Biennial ; stem erect, branched (2 - 3° high) ; leaves sharply 5 - 7-lobed ; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, purple and rose-color ; carpels wrinkled-veiny. — Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) M. CRfspA, L. (CURLED M.) A tall, erect annual, with round and angled toothed and crisped leaves, and small sessile jlowers crowded in the axils. — Sparingly escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or paniculate. M. MOSCHATA, L. (MusK M.) A low perennial, with the stem-leaves 5-parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft into linear lobes, faintly musky-scented, the jlowers rose-color or white ( 1 \' in diameter) on short pe- duncles crowded on' the stem and branches, the fruit downy. — Escaped from gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.) 98 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) M. ALCEA, L., with the stem-leaves only once ^-parted or cleft, the lobei incised, large flowers like the last, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the involucel ovate, has escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge- shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in Malva. Carpels 10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1- seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing downward. (Name drawn from Greek mythology.) * Involucel 3-leaved. 1. C. triangulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° high) from a fusiform root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers panicled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; involucel as long as the 5-cleft 5-nerved calyx ; carpels not rugose. — Dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., and southward. 2. C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent; leaves rounded, 5 - 7-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed : peduncles elon- gated, 1 -flowered; calyx 5-parted, the lanceolate 3 -5-nerved sepals twice as long as the involucel ; petals red or purplish , carpels indehiscent, rugose- reticulated. — Minn, to Tex. * * Involucel none; calyx 5-parted; carpels strongly rugose. 3. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high), erect from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular- heart-shaped, incised, the upper 5 - 7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers (rose-color or white) corymbose, on slender peduncles. — Barren oak- lands, S. Ky. to Kan. and Neb. 4. C. digitata, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect; leaves few, round-cordate, 5 - 7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions ; pe- duncles subracemose, long, filiform ; flowers red-purple to white. — Kan. to Tex. 4. NAP.33A, Clayt. GLADE MALLOW Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers dioecious ; the staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 1 5 - 20 anthers ; the fertile with a short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1 -seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. — A tall roughish perennial her!), with very large 9-11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and with small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named from i/ctTrr;, a glade or dell, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.) 1. N. di6ica, L. Stems nearly simple, 5-9° high. — Penn. to Va., and west to Iowa and Minn. ; rare. July. 5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. FALSE MALLOW. Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the end or entire. Styles 5 or more; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 90 else as in Sida, but the solitary kiduey-shaped seed ascending and the radicle pointing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from Malva.) . 1. M. anglistum, Gray. Annual, slightly hairy, erect (6'-l° high): leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth ; flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangular sepals ; bractlets and stipules setaceous ; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx ; carpels 5, kidney -shaped, smooth, at length 2-valved. — W. Tenn. to Iowa and Kan Aug. 2 M. COCCineum, Gray. Perennial, low and hoary , leaves 5-parted or pcdate , flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red petals very much longer than the calyx; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and inde- luscent. — Minn to W. Tex., and westward. 6. SIDA, L. Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more, tipped with capitate stigmas ; the ripe fruit separating into as many 1 -seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; the radicle pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus.) 1. S. Napaea, Cav. A smooth, tall (4-10° high) perennial; leaves 3-7- cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, 1 ' wide ; carpels 10, pointed. — Rocky river-banks, along the Alleghanies, Penn. to Va. ; rare. (Cultivated in old gardens.) 2. S. Elli6ttii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (1 - 4° high) ; leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short; flowers (yellow) rather large; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, S. Va. and southward. May -Aug. S. SPixdsA, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10-20' high), much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long- petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole; flowers (yellow) small ; carpels 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. — A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. — Waste places, S. New York to Iowa, and common southward. (Nat. from the tropics.) 7. SPHJERALCEA, St. Hil. Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in Malvastrum. (Name from a-Qcupa, a sphere, and dA/cca, a mallow — from the commonly spherical fruit.) 1. S. acerifolia, Nutt. Perennial, erect, 2-6° high, stellately pubescent or glabrate ; leaves maple-shaped, 3 - 7-cleft ; flowers clustered in the upper axils and subspicate, rose-color to white. — Kankakee Co., 111., E. J. Hill ; Dak. and westward. 8. ABtJTILON", Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW. Carpels 2 - 9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in- ward. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.) A. AVICEXNJE, Gaertn. (VELVET-LEAF.) Tall annual (4° high) ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf- stalks ; corolla yellow ; carpels 12-15, hairy, beaked. — Waste places, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from India.) 100 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 9. MODlOLA, Moench. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.) 1 . M. multifida, Moench. Hairy ; leaves 3 - 5-cleft and incised ; stamens 15-20; fruit hispid at the top. — Low grounds, Va. and southward. 10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. (Named after V. F. Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 1 . K. Virginica, Gray. Roughish-hairy perennial (2 - 4° high) ; leaves halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed; corolla 2' wide, rose- color ; column slender. — Marshes on the coast, N. Y. and southward. Aug. 11. HIBISCUS, L. ROSE-MALLOW. Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united , stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.) * Indigenous tall perennials (4-8° high), flowering late in summer. 1. H. Mosch.eiltOS, L. (SWAMP ROSE-MALLOW.) Leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, all whitened under- neath with a fine soft down, glabrous or slightly downy above; the 1 -flowered peduncles sometimes united at the base with the petioles; bractlets not hairy; calyx not inflated ; pod and seeds smooth or nearly so. — Brackish marshes along the coast, from E. Mass, southward, and lake shores and swamps west- ward to 111. and Mo., especially within the influence of salt springs. — Corolla 5 - 6' in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye. 2. H. lasiocarpus, Cav. Leaves soft-downy both sides, the lower broadly ovate and heart-shaped ; bractlets ciliate ; pod hirsute ; — otherwise resembling the last. (H. grandiflorus, Michx.) — Ind. to Mo., and southward. 3. H. militaris, Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED R.) Smooth throughout ; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd -form, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed ; peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. — River-banks, Penn. to Minn., and southward. — Corolla 2-3' long, flesh-color with purple base. * * Escaped from gardens or grounds. H. Tm6NUM, L. (BLADDER KETMIA.) A low, rather hairy annual; upper leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest ; fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-winged ; corolla sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, ephemeral ; hence the name jftower-of-an-hcur. (Adv. from Eu.) H. SYR!ACUS, L. (SHRUBBY ALTH^A of gardeners.) Tall shrub, smooth; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed ; corolla usually rose-color, «- Escaped rarely from cultivation, Penn., etc. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) LINAGES, i^l LAX FAMILY.) 101 ORDER 21. TTLIACE^E. (LINDEN FAMILY.) Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, valvale calyx, etc.. of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 2-celled. Represented in Northern regions only by the genus, 1. TIL I A, Tourn. LINDEN. BASSWOOD. Sepals 5, Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous ; filaments coher- ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent-globular, becoming 1- celled and 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo in hard albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin, 5-lobed, crumpled. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very fibrous and tough inner bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (ob- lique and often truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a ligulate mem- branaceous bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The clas- sical Latin name.) 1. T. Americana, L. (BASSWOOD.) Leaves large, green and glabrous or nearly so, thickish ; floral bract usually tapering at base ; fruit ovoid. — Rich woods. May, June. — Here rarely called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Bass wood ; the latter name now obsolete in England. 2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves smaller (2 - 3' long), thinner, and rather pubescent beneath ; floral bract usually rounded at base ; fruit globose, smaller (3" broad) (T. Americana, var. pubescens, Man.) — N. Y. to Fla., and west- ward. 3. T. heteroph^lla, Vent. (WHITE BASSWOOD.) Leaves larger, smooth and bright green above, silvery -whitened with a fine down underneath. — Mountains of Penn. to S. 111., and southward. T. EUROP/EA, the EUROPEAN LINDEN, several varieties of which are planted in and near our cities for shade, is at once distinguished from any native spe- cies by the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) gave the family name to Linnceus. ORDER 22. LINACE^E, (FLAX FAMILY.) Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4 - Q-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 5 stamens monadelphous at base, and an S-W-seeded pod, having twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus, 1. LIN TIM, Touru. FLAX. Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled. with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or completely divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the carpel, the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds aiiatropous, mucilaginous, flattened. 102 LINAGES . (FLAX FAMILY.; containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with tough fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with- out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani- cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) # Flowers rather small, yellow ; glabrous, 1-2° high. 1. L. VirginitotHH, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corym- bose spreading or recurving branches terete and even; no stipular glands; leaves oblong or lanceolate, or the lower spatulate and often opposite ; flowers scattered, small (barely 3" long) ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or nearly so, equalling the depressed 10-celled pod ; styles distinct. — Dry woods; common. — Root apparently annual; but the plant propagates by suckers from the base of the stem. L. FLORID\NUM, Trelease, of rather stricter habit and the pods broadly ovate and obtuse, appears to have been found in S. 111. 2. L. Striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a creeping or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose short branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles decurrent from the leaves ; these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the lower ones opposite ; flowers more crowded ; sepals scarcely equalling the very small subglobose brownish pod; otherwise nearly as n. I. — Wet or boggy grounds, E. Mass, to Lakes Ontario and Huron, 111., and southward. 3. L. sulcatum, Riddell. Stem strictly erect from an annual root, and with the upright or ascending branches wing-angled or grooved ; leaves al- ternate, linear, acute, the upper subulate and glandular-serrulate ; a pair of dark glands in place of stipules ; sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharp-pointed, strongly 3-nerved and with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer than the ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled pod; styles united almost to the middle. — Dry soils, E. Mass, to Minn., and southwestward. — Flowers and pods twice as large as in the preceding. 4. L. rigidum, Pursh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulert, often low and cespitose, the rigid branches angled , leaves narrow, erect, usually with stipular glands ; flowers large ; sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate ; styles united ; capsule ovoid, 5-valved. — Minn, to Kan., and southward. * * Flowers large, blue. 5. L. per^nne, L., var. Lewisii, Eat. & Wright. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous, 1-3° high ; leaves linear, acute ; flowers rather few on long peduncles ; sepals obtuse or acutish, not glandular-serrulate ; styles distinct ; pod ovate. — Minn, to Neb., and westward. (Eu., Asia.) L. usiTATfssiMUM, L. (COMMON FLAX.) Annual; stem corymbosely branched at top; sepals acute, ciliate. — Occasionally spontaneous in fields. (Adv. from Eu.) ORDER 23. GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypogynous flowers ; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice as many, and the lobes or cells (1 -few-ovuled) of the ovary as many, as the sepals, the axis of the dry fruit persisting. — Seeds without albumen GERANIACE.E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 103 except in Oxalis. Flowers mostly 5-merous and the sepals usually dis- tinct. Leaves never punctate. An order not easily defined, and includ- ing several strongly marked tribes or suborders which have been regarded by many botanists as distinct. Tribe I. GERANIE^]. (GERANIUM FAMILY proper.) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the sepals imbricate in the bud, persistent. Glands of the disk 5, alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat united. Ovary deeply lobed; carpels 5, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded, sepa- rating elastically with their long styles, when mature, from the elongated axis. Co- tyledons plicate, incumbent on the radicle. — Herbs (our species) with more or less lobed or divided leaves, stipules, and astringent roots. 1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside. 2. Erodium. Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, often spirally twisted. Tribe II. LIMNANTHE^J. Flowers regular, 3-merous (in Floerkea), the persistent sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals. Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly distinct, with a common style, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded, at length fleshy and indehiscent, not beaked, separating from the very short axis. Embryo straight ; cotyledons very thick ; radicle very short. — Low tender annuals, with alternate pinnate leaves and no stipules. 3. Floerkea. Sepals, minute pistils, and lobes of the ovary 3 ; stamens 6. Tribe III. OXAL,IDE^. (SORREL FAMILY ) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the persist- ent sepals imbricate. Glands none. Stamens 10, often united at base. Stigmas capi- tate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod (in Oxalis) ; cells 2 - several-seeded. Embryo straight, in a little fleshy albumen. — Leaves compound (3-foliolate in our species) ; juice sour. 4. Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong ; the valves not falling away. Leaflets usually obcordate. Tribe IV. BAL.S AMINE^E. (BALSAM FAMILY.) Flowers irregular (5-merous as to the stamens and pistil), the petals and colored sepals fewer in number, deciduous, the larger sepal with a large sac or spur. Glands none. Stamens 5, distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5-celled pod (in Tmpatiens) ; cells several-seeded. Embryo straight. — Tender and very succulent herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules. 5. Imp^tiens. Lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically into 5 valves. 1. GERANIUM, Tourn. CRANESBILL. Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in n. 3), all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth inside in fruit when they separate from the axis. — Stems forking. Peduncles 1-3- flowered. (An old Greek name, from yepavos, a crane ; the long fruit-bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.) * Rootstock perennial. 1. G. macul&tum, L. (WILD CSANESBILL.) Stem erect, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (•£' long). — Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow old. # * Root biennial or annual ; flowers small. •4- Leaves ternately much-dissected ; heavy scented. 2. G. Roberti£num, L. (HERB ROBERT.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, ifcrong-scented ; leaves 3-divided or pedate'y 5-divided, the divisions twice pin- 104 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) natifid ; sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals ; carpels wrinkled ; seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines ; N. Eng. to Mo., and north- ward. June -Oct. (Eu.) •»- -»- Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. 3. Q. Carolini&num, L. Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-colored) petals ; carpels hairy ; seeds ovoid-oblong, vert/ minutely reticulated. — Barren soil and waste places; common. May- Aug. — Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are hardly dk.inguishable from . G. DISSECTUM, L. More slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to the crowded leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the end ; seeds short-ovoid or globular, finely and deeply pitted. — Waste grounds, rare. (Nat. from Eu.) G. ROTUNDIF6LIUM, L. With the habit of the next but the fruit and seed of the last ; villous with long white hairs tipped with purple glands ; leaves short-lobed. — Rare. (Nat. from Eu.) G. PUSfLLUM, L. Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions wedge-shap'ed, mostly 3-lobed ; sepals awnless, about as long as the (purplish) petals; stamens 5 ; fruit pubes- cent; seeds smooth. — Waste places, Mass, to Penn. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) G. MOLLE, L. Like the last ; more pubescent ; flowers dark purple ; sta- mens 10; carpels transversely wrinkled; seed slightly striate. — Occasionally spontaneous. (Nat. from Eu.) G. COLUMB^NUM. (LONG-STALKED C.) Minutely hairy, with very slender decumbent stems; leaves 5 -7-parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; pe- duncles and pedicels Jil) form ana elongated ; sepals awned, about equalling the purple petals, enlarging after flowering; carpels glabrous; seeds nearly as in G. dissectum. — Rarely introduced ; Perm, and southward, June, July. * (Nat. from Eu.) G. SiBfRicuM, L. Slender, repeatedly forked, short-villous ; leaves 3-cleft with serrate divisions ; flowers dull-white, mostly solitary ; sepals awn ed ; seeds minutely reticulate. — Rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. ERODIUM, L'Eer. STORKSBILL. The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from ^pw8tds, a lirron.) E. CICUTARIUM, L'Her. Annual, hairy ; stems low, spreading ; stipules acute; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, *1 - 2-pinnatifid ; peduncles several- flowered. — N. Y., Penn., etc. ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. FLCERKEA, Willd. FALSE MERMAID. Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the centre ; stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1 - 2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.) 1. F. proserpinacoides, Willd. Leaflets 3 - 5, lanceolate, sometimes 2 -3-cleft. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New Eng. to Penn., Ky , Wise., and westward. April - June. Taste slightly pungent. GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 105 4. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes united at base, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter. Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, each cell opening on the back ; valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous from the axis, ana- tropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at night- fall. Several species produce small peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in the bud and particularly fruitful ; and the ordinary flowers are often dimor- phous or even trimorphous in the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from o£us, sour.) * Stemless perennials ; leaves and scapes arising from a rootstock or bulb ; leaflets broadly obcordate ; flowers nearly V broad ; cells of the pod few-seeded. 1. O. AcetOS&la, L. (COMMON WOOD-SORREL.) Rootstock creeping and scaly-toothed; scape \-flowered (2-5' high); petals white with reddish veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Mass, to Penn., L. Superior, and northward ; also southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.) 2. O. violacea, L. (VIOLET W.) Nearly smooth; bulb scaly,- scapes umbellately several-flowered (5- 9' high), longer than the leaves; petals violet. — Rocky places and open woods ; most common southward. May, June. * * Stems leafy, branching; peduncles axillary ; flowers yellow; cells several- seeded. 3. O. COrniculata, L. (YELLOW W.) Annual or perennial by running subterranean shoots, erect or procumbent, strigose-pubescent ; stipules round or truncate, ciliate; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered, longer than the leaves, pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Rare ; on ballast, etc. ; indigenous in Mo. (Bush), and southwestward. (Cosmopolitan.) Var. stricta, Sav. Stem erect, somewhat glabrous to very villous ; stipules none. (0. stricta, L.) — Common. May -Sept. Varies greatly. 4. O. reciirva, Ell. Like var. stricta of n. 3 ; leaflets larger (£-!£' broad), usually with a brownish margin ; flowers larger (6 -8" long). — Penn. to S. 111., and southward. 5. IMPATIENS, L. BALSAM. JEWEL-WEED. Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one notched at the apex and probably con- sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal- sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short; fila- ments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and united over the stigma ; anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled ; stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing sev- eral anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. Embryo straight; albumen none. — Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, peti- 106 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) oled. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, which seldom ripen seeds ; — and very small ones, which are fertilized early in the bud ; their floral envelopes never expand, but are forced off by the growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, Touch- me-not, or Snap-weed.) 1. I. pallida, Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers pale-yellow, spar- ingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil ; most common northward. July - Sept. — Larger and greener than the next, with larger flowers, and less frequent. 2. I. flilva, Nutt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers orange-color, thickly spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, ta- pering into a strongly inflexed spur half as long as the sac. — Rills and shady moist places ; common, especially southward. June - Sept. — Plant 2-4° higli ; the flowers loosely panicled, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopiae-shaped sepal upward. Spur rarely wanting. Spotless forms of both species occur. ORDER 24. RTJTACEJE. (RuE FAMILY.) Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands and abounding with a pungent or bitter- aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hypogynous almost altvays regular 3 -5-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals (rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils sep- arate or combined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a pro- longation of the receptacle (gyriophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old World and the southern hemisphere; our two indigenous genera are 1. Xaiithoxylum. Flowers dioecious; ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods. 2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous ; ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm. 1. XANTHOXYLUM, L. PRICKLY ASH. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs 01 trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (From £a.vQ6s, yellow, and £vXov, wood.) 1. X. Americanum, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE- TREE.) Leaves and flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters ; leaflets 2-4 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 4 - 5 ; pistils 3-5, with slender styles ; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and river-banks; common, especially northward. April, May. — A shrub, with ILICINE.E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 107 yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. 2. X. Cl£va-Hereulis, L. (SOUTHERN P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-8 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flow- ers in an ample terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5; pistils 2-3, with short styles; pods sessile. (X. Carolinianum, Lam.) — Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June. — A small tree with very sharp prickles. 2. PTJELEA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli- olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.) 1. P. trifoli&ta, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Rocky places, Long Island to Minn., and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable. AILANTHUS GLANDUL6sus, Desf., called TREE OF HEAVEN, — but whose blossoms, especially the staminate ones, are redolent of anything but " airs from heaven," — is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is inclined to spread from seed. It belongs to the order SIMARUBACE^E, which differs from Rutacese in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is known by its very long pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small polygamous greenish flowers in panicles, the female producing 2-5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny sama- ras. (Adv. from China.) ORDER 25. ILICINEJE. (HOLLY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 -S-merous flowers, a minute calyx free from the ±-%-celled ovary and the 4-8-seeded berry-like drupe : Ihe stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - 8-petalled corolla and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatro- pous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, nearly related to the Gamopetalous order Ebenacew. 1. Ilex, Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Pedicels mostly clustered. 2. Nemopantlies. Petals linear. Pedicels solitary. 1. ILEX, L. HOLLY. Flowers more or less dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing 4-6 little nutlets. — Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the sterile or partly 108 ILICINE^E. (HOLLY FAMILY.) sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak, rather than of the Holly.) § I. AQUIFOLIUM. Parts of the flower commonly in fours, sometimes in Jives or sixes ; drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or \-grooved on the back; leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen. * Leaves armed with spiny teeth ; trees. 1. I. opaca, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and in the axils ; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands, Maine to N. J., near the coast, west to S. Mo , and southward. June. — Tree 20 - 40° high ; the deep green foliage less glossy than in the European Holly (I. AQUIFOLIUM, L.), the berries not so bright red, and nutlets not so veiny. # # Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny ; shrubs. 2. 1, Cassine, L. (CASSENA. YAUPON.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, crenate (1 - Ij' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea by the people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. 3. I. Dahdon, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, entire, or sharply serrate toward the apex, with revolute margins (2 - 3' long), the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Va. and southward. May, June. Var. myrtif61ia, Chapm. Leaves smaller (V long or less) and narrower. (I. myrtifolia, Walt.) — Same habitat. May. § 2. PRINOlDES. Parts of the (polygamous or dioecious) flowers in fours or Jives (rarely in sixes) ; drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-many-ribbed on the back ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs. 4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely ser- rate, downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Va. to Mo., Kan., and southward. May. 5. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3 - 5' long), taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply serrate; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mountains, and Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., through Penn. (east to Northampton Co.), and southward along the Alleghanies. May. 6. I. m611is, Gray. Leaves soft downy beneath, oval, ovate, or oblong, taper-pointed at both ends, especially at the apex, thin-membranaceous, sharply serrulate ; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles very short. — Burgeon's Gap, Alleghanies of Penn. ( J. R. Lowrie, Porter), and along the mountains in the Southern States. — Resembles the last. §3. PRlNOS. Parts of the sterile flowers commonly in fours, Jives, or sixes, those of the fertile flowers commonly in sixes (rarely in fives, sevens, or eights); nutlets smooth and even ; shrubs. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 109 * Leaves deciduous ; flowers in sessile clusters, or the fertile solitary ; fruit bright red. 7. I. vertieill&ta, Gray. (BLACK ALDER. WINTERBERRY.) Leaves oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at base, serrate, downy on the veins beneath ; Jiowers all very short-peduncled . — Low grounds; common. May, June. 8. I. lauvigata, Gray. (SMOOTH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, beneath mostly glabrous ; sterile Jiowers long-peduncled. — Wet grounds, Maine' to the mountains of Va. June. — Fruit larger than in the last, ripening earlier in the autumn. * * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen and shining, often black-dotted beneath ; fruit black. 9. I. glabra, Gray. (INKBERRY.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, sparingly toothed toward the apex, smooth ; peduncles (§' long) of the sterile flowers 3 - 6-flowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. — Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Mass., to Va., and southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2-3° high. 2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. Flowers polygamo-dio3cious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4 - 5 minute de- ciduous teeth, in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, spread- ing, distinct. Stamens 4 - 5 ; filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets, light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire or slightly toothed, smooth. Flow- ers on long slender axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clustered. (Name said by the author to mean " flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore prob- ably composed of vTJfjLa, a thread, irovs,foot, and Hvdos, flower.) 1. "N. fascicularis, Raf. (N. Canadensis, DC.)— Damp cold woods, from the mountains of Va. to Maine, Ind., Wise., and northward. May. ORDER 26. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. — Ovules one or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropous ; styles united into one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy albumen; cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious. Pedicels jointed. * Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes. 1 Celastrus. A shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, 3-valved. Aril scarlet. * * Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary cymes or solitary. 2. Euonymus. Erect shrubs. Leaves deciduous. Fruit 3 - 5-lobed, 3-5-valved. Aril red. 3. Pachygtima. Dwarf evergreen shrub. Flowers very small. Fruit oblong, 2-valved. Aril whita* 110 CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 1. CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod glo- bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.) 1. C. scandens, L. (WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET.) Twin- ing shrub ; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. 2. EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the edge or face of a broad and flat 4 - 5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short or none. Pod 3 - 5-lo bed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-4 in each cell, enclosed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation from el, good, and wopa, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning cattle. Tourn.) 1. E. atropurpiireus, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAAHOO.) Shrub tall (6-14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours ; pods smooth, deeply lobed. — N. Y to Wise., Neb., and southward ; also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles. 2. E. Americanus, L. (STRAWBERRY BUSH.) Shrub low, upright or straggling (2-5° high); leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple flowers mostly in fives ; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe ; the aril and dissepiments scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, N. Y. to 111., and south- ward. June. Var. obovatUS, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower- ing stems 1-2° high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. — Low or wet places ; the commoner form. 3. PACHYSTIMA, Raf. Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the broad disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free ; style very short. Pod small, oblong, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in a white membrana- ceous many-cleft aril. — Low evergreen shrubs, with smooth serrulate coria- ceous opposite leaves and very small green flowers solitary or fascicled in die axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1. P. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, 3" -I' long; pedicels very slender, often solitary, shorter than the leaves ; fruit 2" long. — Mountains of S. W. Va. . (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Ill ORDER 27. RHAMNACEJE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some- times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals ! Drupe or pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded in- wards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some- times dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate ; stipules small or obsolete. Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent ; the fruit often mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.) * Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 1. Berchemia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a 2-celled bony putamen. 2. Khamiius. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with 2 - 4 separate seed-like nutlets. * * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 3. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent. 1. BERCHEMIA, Necker. SUPPLE-JACK. Calyx with a very short and roundish tube ; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thiu flesh and a bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.) 1. B. VOlubilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely serrulate ; style short. — Damp soils, Va. to Ky. and Mo., and southward. June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the pop- ular name. 2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small, short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some- times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture. — Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or dice- *cious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name.) § 1. RHAMNUS proper. Flowers usually dioecious; nutlets and seeds deeply grooved on the back ; rhaphe dorsal ; cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute. # Calyx-lobes and stamens 5 ; petals wanting. 1. R. alnifblia, L'Her. A low shrub; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly straight-veined ; fruit 3-seeded. — Swamps, Maine to Penn., Neb., and north- ward. June 112 RHAMNACE^E. (fiUCKTHORtf FAMILY.) # # Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4. R. CATHARTICA, L. (COMMON BUCKTHORN.) Leaves ovate, minutely ser- rate ; fruit 3 - 4-seeded ; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges ; sparingly naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. R. lanceolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong -lanceolate and acute, or on flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely downy beneath ; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seeded. — Hills and river-banks, Penn. (Mercersburg, Green) to 111., Tenn., and westward. May. — Shrub tall, not thorny ; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct plants, both perfect ; one with short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short included style ; the other with pedicels of tener solitary, the style longer and exserted. § 2. FRANGULA. Flowers perfect ; nutlets and seeds not furrowed ; cotyle- dons flat, thick ; rhaphe lateral. 3. R. Caroliniana, Walt. Thornless shrub or small tree ; leaves (3 - 5' long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; flowers 5-merous, in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-peduncled ,• drupe globose, 3-seeded. (Frangula Caroliniana, Gray.) — Swamps and river-banks, N. J., Va. to Ky., and southward. June. 3. CE AN 6 THUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT. Calyx 5-lobed, incurved ; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in § Frangula. — Shrubby plants ; flowers in little umbel-like clusters, forming dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-branches ; calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably misspelled.) 1. C. Americanus, L. (NEW JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubescent, often slightly heart-shaped at base; common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — Stems 1 -3° high from a dark red root ,• branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clus- ters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea during the American Revolution. 2. C. ovatus, Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pedun- cles. (C. ovalis, Bigel.) — Dry rocks, W. Vt. and Mass, to Minn., 111., and southwestward ; rare eastward. May. / ORDER 28. VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.) Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small regular flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens as many as the valvate petals and opposite them ! Berry 2-celled, usually ^-seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Filaments slender; anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma ; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatro- pous ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute VITACE.E. (VINE FAMILY.) 113 embryo at the base of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or compound ; tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. Flowers small, greenish, commonly polygamous. (Young shoots, foliage, etc., acid.) * Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or glanduliferous disk ; plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. 1. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the stamens. Fruit pulpy Leaves simple. 2. Cissus. Corolla expanding. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp, inedible. Leaves simple or pinnately compound. * * No distinct hypogynous disk ; plants climbing by the adhesion of the dilated tips of the tendril-branches. 3. Ampelopsis. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate. 1. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE. Flowers polygamo-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others stam- inate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals separating only at base and falling off without expanding, Hypogynous disk of 5 nectariferous glands alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. Seeds pyriform, with beak-like base. — Plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a compound thyrse, very fragrant ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.) § 1. VITIS proper. Bark loose and shreddy ; tendrils forked ; nodes solid. •j- A tendril (or inflorescence) opposite each leaf. 1. V. Labriisca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Branchlets and young leaves very woolly ; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate, con- tinuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact ; berries large. — Moist thickets, N. Eng. to the Alleghany Mountains, and south to S. Car. June. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord and other varieties. -t- -i— Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf). •M- Leaves pubescent and floccose, especially beneath and when young. 2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Branchlets terete ; leaves large, entire or more or less deeply and obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, with short broad teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young ; berries middle-sized, black with a bloom, in compact bunches. — Thickets ; common. May, June. Lorries pleasant, ripe in Sept. — V. BICOLOR, LeConte, has its leaves smoothish when old and pale or glaucous beneath; common north and westward. 3. V. cin&rea, Engelm. (DOWNY GRAPE.) Branchlets angular; pu- bescence whitish or grayish, persistent ; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed; inflorescence large and loose ; berries small, black without bloom. — Central 111. to Kan. and Tex. •M- •»-•• Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially on the ribs beneath, incise! y lobed or undivided 4. V. COrdif61ia, Michx (FROST or CHICKEN GRAPE.) Leaves 3 -4' wide, not lobed or slightly 3 lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus, acuminate. 114 VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.) coarsely and sharply toothed; stipules small; inflorescence ample, loose; berries small, black and shining, very acerb, ripening after frosts ; seeds 1 01 2, rather large, with a prominent rhaphe. — Thickets and stream-banks, New Eng. to central 111., Mo., Neb., and southward. May, June. 5. V. riparia, Michx. Differing from the last in the larger and more per- sistent stipules (2 - 3" long), more shining and more usually 3-lobed leaves with a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or acuminate teeth, smaller compact inflorescence, and berries (4 - 5" broad) with a bloom, sweet and very juicy, ripening from July to Sept. ; seeds very small ; rhaphe indistinct. (Vc cordifolia, var. riparia, Gray.) — Stream-banks or near water, W. New Eng. to Penn., west to Minn, and Kan. Eastward the berries are sour and ripen late. 6. V. palmata, Vahl. Branches bright red ; leaves dark green and dull, 3 - 5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate ; inflorescence large and loose ; berries black, without bloom, ripening late ; seeds very large and rounded ; otherwise like n. 5. (V. rubra, Michx.) — 111. and Mo. 7. V. rup^stris, Scheele. (SAND or SUGAR GRAPE.) Usually low and bushy, often without tendrils ; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate, abruptly pointed, with broad coarse teeth, rarely slightly lobed ; berries rather small, sweet, in very small close bunches, ripe in Aug. — Mo. to Tex. ; also found in Tenn., and reported from banks of the Potomac, near Washington. § 2. MUSCADf NIA. Bark closely adherent on the branches ; pith continuous through the nodes ; tendrils simple, intermittent; seeds with transverse wrinkles on both sides. 8. V. rotundifblia, Michx. (MUSCADINE, BULLACE, or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; panicles small, densely flowered ; berries large (.j-f in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, with a thick and tough skin, ripe early in autumn. (V. vulpina, Man., not L. ?) — River-banks, Md. to Ky., Mo., Kan., and southward. May — Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scuppernong Grape, etc. 2. CISSUS, L. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous. Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the ovary. Berry inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually triangular-obovate. — Ten drils in our species few and mostly in the inflorescence. A vast genus, mainly tropical. (Greek name of the Ivy.) 1- C. Ampel6psis, Pers. Nearly glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or trun cate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; style slender ; berries of the size of a pea, 1 - 3-seeded, bluish or greenish. (Vitis indivisa, Willd.) — River-banks, Va. to 111., and southward June. 2. C. Stans, Pers. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed; flowers cymose; calyx 5- toothed; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate (Vitis bipinnata, Torr. $• Gray.) — Rich soils, Va. to Mo., and southward. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 115 3. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall. Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 (3-7) oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from &fjur€\os, a vine, and ttyts, appearance.) 1. A. quinquefdlia, Michx. A common woody vine, in low or rich grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk- bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in October. Also called American Ivy, and still less appropriately, Woodbine. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. ORDER 29. SAPINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical and often irregular flowers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals imbricated in aesti- vation ; the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or hypogynous) disk ; a 2 - ^-celled and -lobed ovary, with 1-2 (rarely more) ovules in each ceil ; and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, with- out albumen. — A large and diverse order. SUBORDER I. Sapindese. Flowers (often polygamous) mostly un- symmetrical and irregular. Stamens commonly more numerous than the petals, rarely twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Embryo curved or convolute, rarely straight ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, without stipules, mostly compound. 1. <32sculus. Flowers irregular. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery 3-valved pod Leaves opposite, digitate. 2. Sapindus. Flowers regular. Sepals 4 - 5, in two rows. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8 - 10. Fruit a globose or 2-3-lobed berry Leaves alternate, pinnate. SUBORDER II. Acerinese. (MAPLE FAMILY.) Flowers (polyga- mous or dioecious) small, regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Fruits winged, 1-seeded. Embryo coiled or folded; the cotyle- dons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple or compound. 3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple. 4. Negundo. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3-5 leaflets. SUBORDER III. Staphylese. (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.) Flowers (perfect) regular; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1 -8 in each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — Shrubs with opposite pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and stipellate. 6. Staphylea* Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3- celled bladdery-inflated pod. 1. JESCULUS, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4-5, more - or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8) ; H6 SAtlNDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) filaments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1 ; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded, or usually by abor- tion 1 -celled and 1 -seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seed very large, with thick shining coat, and a large round pale scar. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous faces coherent, remaining under ground in germination ; plumule 2-leaved; radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digi- tate; leaflets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrse or dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imper- fect pistils and sterile ; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing tree.) § 1. ^ESCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when young. JE. HiPPOcAsTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla spread- ing, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens declined ; leaflets 7. — Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.) 1. -23. glabra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved, longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; leaflets usually 5. — River-banks, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southward. June. — A large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy. §2. PAVIA. Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving ; the 2 upper smaller and longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very long claw. 2. JB. flava, Ait. (SWEET BUCKEYE.) Stamens included in the yellow corolla; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Va. to Ohio, Mo., and southward. May. A large tree or a shrub. Var. purpurascens, Gray. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color or dull purple ; leaflets commonly downy beneath. — From W. Va., south and westward. 3. JE. Pavia, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the co- rolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx ; leaflets glabrous or soft-downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and southward. May A shrub or small tree. 2. SAPINDUS, L. SOAP-BERRY. Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals 4-5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8-10, upon the hypogynous disk. Ovary 3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or 2 - 3- lobed berry, 1 -3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. (Name a contraction of Sapo Indicus, Indian svap, hav- ing reference to the saponaceous character of the berries. ) 1. S. acuminatus, Raf. A tree 20-60° high; leaflets 4-9 pairs, ob- liquely lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 1^-3' long; the rhacliis of the leaf not winged ; flowers white, in a large panicle ; fruit mostly globose, 6" broad. (S, marginatus of authors, not Willd.) — S. Kan. to La., Fla., and Mex. i<>%. SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 117 3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted. Petals either none or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either perigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell ; styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic down the inside. From the back of each carpel grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at length separable samaras or keys. Embryo vari- ously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes shrubs, with opposite palmately -lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.) * Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves; stamens 6-8. 1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes taper-pointed and also serrate ; racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverging wings. — Rich woods, Maine to Minn., and southward to Va., Ky., and Mo. June. — A small and slender tree, with light-green bark striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called Striped Dog- wood and Moose-Wood. 2. A. spicatum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN M.) Leaves downy beneath, 3- (or slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed ; racemes upright, dense, somewhat compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit with small erect or" divergent wings. — Moist woods, with the same range as n. 1. June. — A tall shrub, forming clumps. * # Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral umbellate-corymbs, greenish- yellow, appearing with the leaves. 3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (SUGAR or ROCK M.) Leaves 3-5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart- shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ; wings of the fruit broad, usually slightly diverging. — Rich woods, especially northward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A large and handsome tree. Var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. (BLACK SUGAR-M.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, often shorter and entire, the sinus at the base often closed. — With the ordinary form ; quite variable, sometimes appearing distinct. * # * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and much preceding the leaves ; stamens 3-6. % 4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (WHITE or SILVER M,) Leaves very deeply 5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed; flowers (greenish- yellow) on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with large divergent wings. — River-banks; most common southward and westward. March - April. — A fine ornamental tree. 118 SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 5. A. rtlbrum, L. (KED or SWAMP M.) Leaves 3-5 lobed, with acute sinuses, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, acute, the middle one usually longest; petals linear-oblong ; flowers (scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro- longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods. April. — A small tree, with reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crim- son in early autumn. 4. NEGTJNDO, Moench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER. Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4 - 5. Disk none. — Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. Fruit as in Acer. (Name unmeaning.) 1. N. aceroid.es, Moench. Leaflets smoothish when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. — River-banks, W. New Eng. to the Dakotas, south and westward. April. — A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the leaves. 5. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate, inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long styles lightly cohering. Pod large, membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ; the cells containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen , cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels deciduous. (Name from a-ra^v^, a cluster.) 1. S. trifblia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish striped branches. ORDER 30. AKACAKDIACE^B. (CASHEW FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular, 5-merous flowers, but the ovary l-celled and 1-ovuled, with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Juice or exhalations often poisonous. 1. RHTJS, L. SUMACH. *'.• Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name.) ANACARDIACEJS. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 119 § 1. EHUS proper. Fruit symmetrical, with the styles terminal. # Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle ; fruit globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; stone smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.) — (§ SUMAC, DC.) 1. R. t^pbina, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) Branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy ; leaflets 11 -31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, rarely laciniate. — Hillsides. June. — Shrub or tree 1 0 - 30° high, with orange- colored wood. Apparently hybridizes with the next. 2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH S.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 11 - 31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren soil. June, July. — Shrub 2-12° high. A var. has laciniate leaflets. 3. R. COpaliina, L. (DWARF S.) Branches and stalks downy ; petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaf- lets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. — Rocky hills. July. — Shrub 1-7° high, with running roots. * * Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles ; fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate ; leaves odd-pinnate or 3- foliolate, thin. (Poisonous.) — (§ TOXICODENDRON, DC.) 4. R. venenata, DC. (POISON S. or DOGWOOD.) Smooth, or nearly so ; leaflets 7 - 13, obovate-oblong , entire. — Swamps. June. — Shrub 6-18° high. The most poisonous species ; also called Poison Elder. 5. R. Toxicoddndron, L. (POISON IVY. POISON OAK.) Climbing by rootlets over rocks, etc., or ascending trees, or sometimes low and erect ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed, — high-climbing plants (R. radicans, L.) having usually more entire leaves. — Thickets, low grounds, etc. June. * * * Flowers polygamo-dicecious, in small solitary or clustered spikes or heads which develop in spring before the leaves ; leaves 3-foliolate ; fruit as in first group. (Not poisonous). — (§ LOBADIUM, Torr. & Gray.) 6. R. Canad6nsis, Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, becom- ing glabrate ; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed, 1 - 3' long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft ; flowers pale yellow. (R. aromatica, Ait.) — Dry rocky banks, W. Vt. to Minn., and southward. — A straggling bush, 3-7° high ; the crushed leaves not unpleas- antly scented. Var. trilobata, Gray. With smaller leaflets (J- 1' long), crenately few- lobed or incised toward the summit. — Long Pine, Neb., and common west- ward. Unpleasantly scented. § 2. C6TINUS. Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, with the remains of the styles lateral ; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels elongating and becoming plumose ; leaves simple, entire. 7. R. COtinoides, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves thin, oval, 3 - 6' long; flowers and fruit as in the cultivated Smoke-tree (R. Cotinus). — Mo. to Tenn., and southward.— A tree, 25-40° high. 120 POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) ORDER 31. POLYGAlACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4-8 diadelphous or monadel- phous stamens, their l-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink' ; the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. 1. POLYGALA, Tourn. MILKWORT. Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner (called wmys) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy- nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 ; their fila- ments united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the petals, free above ; anthers 1 -celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pendulous in each cell ; style prolonged and curved ; stigma various. Fruit a small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds caruncu- late. Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty albu men. — Bitter plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted leaves, and no stipules ; sometimes (as in the first two species) bearing cleistogamous flowers next the ground. (An old name composed of TTO\VS, much t and yd\a, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing this secretion.) * Perennial or biennial ; flowers purple or white ; leaves alternate. •«- Flowers showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested ; also bearing inconspicuous colorless clehtogamous flowers on subterranean branches. 1. P. paucifblia, Willd. Perennial ; flowering stems short (3-4' high), from long slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered, the upper ovate, petioled, crowded at the summit ; flowers 1-3, large, peduncled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the fringe-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl- shaped lobes longer than the seed. — Woods, in light soil, N. Eng. -to Minn., 111., and southward along the Alleghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with very handsome flowers, 9" long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering Wintergreen, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA. 2. P. pol^gama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (6 - 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolate or oblong ; terminal raceme loosely many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than the keel ; stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short subterranean runners ; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil; common. July. -»- -i- Flowers white, in a solitary close spike ; none cleistogamous. 3. P. Senega, L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from thick and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (6-12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with rough margins ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, W. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. May, June. POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 121 Var. latifdlia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4' long, tapering to each end. — Md. to Mich, and Ky. 4. P, alba, Nutt. Stems several from a hard rootstock, 1° high ; leaves narrowly linear, 3 - 12" long, acute ; wings oblong-obovate ; crest small; lobes of the caruncle half the length of the appressed-silky seed. — Neb. and Kan. to Tex. # * Annuals, with all the leaves alternate ; flowers in terminal spikes, heads or racemes, purple or rose-color, in summer ; none subterranean. •.- Keel conspicuously crested ; claws of the true petals united into a long and slender cleft tube muck surpassing the wings. 5. P. incarnata, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves minute and linear-awl-shaped ; spike cylindrical ; flowers flesh-color ; caruncle longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wise., Iowa, Neb., and southward ; rather rare. •<- -i- Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested; the true petals not longer but mostly shorter than the wings ; seed pear-shaped. 6. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong-linear ; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (4-5" thick), bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white) ; pedicels scarcely any ; wings broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod; the 2-parted caruncle almost equalling the seed. — Sandy and moist ground; common. 7. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 3-8" long; spikes short and dense (3" in diam- eter) ; the small rose-purple flowers on pedicels of about the length of the pod ; wings obovate- or oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the pod ; bracts deciduous with the flowers or fruits , caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed. — Pine barrens of N. J. and Del. to Ky., and southward. 8. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Resembles the last, but usually lower ; spikes cylindrical, narrow ; flowers dull*er or greenish purple, on very short pedicels ; the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after the flowers or fruits fall ; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller. — Dry sandy soil, coast of Mass, to Mo., and southward. — Spike sometimes rather loose. 9. P. Curtissii, Gray. Slender (9' high) , leaves, etc., as in the two pre- ceding , flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes ; pedicels about equalling or exceeding the persistent bracts; the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice the length of the pod : caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculateat the broader end. — Md. to Ga. — The species was founded upon an abnormal form with elongated racemes and pedicels. * * * Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled In fours, sometimes in fives ; spikes terminating the stem and branches ; fl. summer and autumn. •»- Spikes short and thick (4-9" in diameter) ; bracts persisting after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers ; crest small. 10. P. cruciata, L. Stems (3-10' high) almost winged at the angles, with spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some- what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearly so; wings broadly 122 POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point or rarely point- less; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Va. and southward near the coast, and west to Minn, and Neb. 11. P. brevifblia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above; leaves scat- tered on the branches, narrower; spikes ped uncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mucronate. — Margin of sandy bogs, R. I., N. J., and southward. •«- -h- Spikes slender (about 2" thick), the bracts falling with the flowers, which are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel larger. 12. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6-10' high), much branched; stem- leaves all whorled, those of the (mostly opposite) branches scattered, linear, acute ; spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, acute ; wings round, clawed ; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil ; common. Var. ambigua. Leaves (and branches) all scattered or the lowest in fours ; spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered. (P. ambigua, Nutt.) — N. Y. to Mo., and southward. * * * * Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which are disposed to turn greenish in drying ; crest small ; flowering all summer. 13. P. Itltea, L. Low ; flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate or oblong heads (£' thick) terminating the stem or simple branches; leaves (1 -2' long) obovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Sandy swamps, N. J and southward, near the coast. 14. P. ram6sa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme; leaves oblong- linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of the caruncle. — Damp pine-barrens, Del. and southward. 15. P. cymdsa, Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes in a usually nearly simple cyme ; leaves narrow, acuminate ; seeds globose, without caruncle. — Del. and southward. ORDER 32. LEGUMHSTOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 and sometimes many) monad 'elphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly with- out albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of the petals superior (i. e. next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in north- ern temperate regions belong to the first of the three suborders it comprises. SUBORDER I. Papilionaceae. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx, of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more or less distinctly papil- ionaceous, i. e. with the upper or odd petal (vexillum or standard) larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 123 or spreading ; the two lateral ones (wings) oblique and exterior to the two lower, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming the carina or keel, which usually encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube which is cleft on the upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1 -celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intru- sion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2 -many-celled by cross-division into joints ; style simple ; ovules amphitropous, rarely anatropous. Co- tyledons large, thick or tLlckish ; radicle incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in germination usually opposite, the rest alternate ; leaflets almost always quite entire. Flowers perfect, soli- tary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles. I. Stamens (10) distinct. * Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple ; calyx 4 - 5-lobed ; herbs. (For — RIE.E.) 1 Baptisia. Pod inflated. 2. Therm op sis. Pod flat, linear. * * Leaves pinnate ; calyx-teeth short. (SOPHORE.E. ) 3. Cladrastis. Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree. 4. Sopliora. Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herbaceous. II. Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1> rarely 5 and 5); nearly distinct in n. 14. * Anthers of two forms ; stamens monadelphous ; leaves digitate or simple ; leaflets entire. (GENISTE.E.) 5 Crotalaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple. 6. Genista. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed estrophiolate. Leaves simple. Shrubby. 7. Cytisus. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed strop hiolate. Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. Shrubby, 8. Lupinus. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Pod flat. Leaves 7 - 11-foliolate. * * Anthers uniform (except in n. 13 and 29). — Leaves digitately (rarely pinnately) 3-foliolate ; leaflets denticulate or serrulate ; stamens diadelphous; pods small, 1- few- seeded, often enclosed in the calyx or curved or coiled. (TRIFOLIE.E.) 9. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded. Petals adherent to the stamen-tube 10. Melilutus. Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1 - 2-seeded. 11. M edicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1 - few-seeded. «- t- Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in n. 13) ; pod not jointed ; not twining nor climbing (except n. 20). «•+ Flowers umbellate (solitary in ours) on axillary peduncles. (LOTE.E.) 12. Hosackia. Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. Peduncle leafy-bracteate Pod linear. ++ ** Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. (GALEGE.E.) =» Herbage glandular-dotted ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pod small, indehiscent, mostly 1-seeded ; leaves pinnate (except in n. 13). 13. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves mostly palmately 3 - 5-foliolate. 14. Amorpha. Corolla of one petal ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at base. 15. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10 ; the cleft tube of fila- ments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. 16. Petalostemon. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5 ; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. 124 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) = — Herbage not glandular-dotted (except in n. 23); stamens mostly diadelphous ; pod 2-valved, several-seeded ; leaves pinnately several-foliolate ; flowers racemose. a. Wings cohering with the keel ; pod flat or 4-angled ; hoary perennial herbs. 17. Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets pinnately veined. 18. Indigofera. Calyx and standard small. Pod 4-angled. Leaflets obscurely veined. &. Flowers large and showy ; standard broad ; wings free ; woody ; leaflets stipellate. 19. Robinia. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 20. Wistaria. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners ; leaflets obscurely stipellate. c. Standard narrow, erect ; pod turgid or inflated ; perennial herbs. 21. Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two. 22. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect point ; otherwise as Astragalus. 23. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of Astragalus. Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or muricate, short, nearly indehiscent. 4- +- •»- Herbs with pinnate or pinnately 1 - 3-foliolate leaves ; no tendrils ; pod transversely 2-several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to one such joint. (HEDYSARE.E.) = Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. 24 JEgchynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- jointed ; joints square. 25. Coroiiilla. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. Joints oblong, 4-angled. Flowers umbellate 26. Hedygarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several- jointed ; joints roundish. = = Leaves pi.in&^ely 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. 27. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate. 28. Lespedeza. Stamen s diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Flow- ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 29. Stylosantheg. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Calyx deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate. *- +- •*- H- Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril or bristle ; stamens diadelphous ; pod continuous, 2-valved, few-several-seeded. ( VICIE^:. ) 30. Vicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex. 31 . Lathyrug. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded down the inner face. •t- •«- ••- •<-•«- Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs ; leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or 5-7-) foliolate ; no tendrils } peduncles or flowers axillary pod. not jointed, 2-valved. (PHASEOLEJI.) =» Leaves pinnate. 32 Apiog. Herbaceous twiner ; leaflets 5-7. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled. = = Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow. 33. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled : standard recurved-spreading. Style bearded length- wise. Flowers racemose. Seeds round-renifonn. 34. Strophostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved. Style bearded lengthwise. Flowers sessile, capitate, few. Seeds oblong, mostly pubescent. 35. Centrosema. . Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base ; keel broad, merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma. 36. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless ; keel scythe-shaped. Style bearded down the inner face. 37. Ampliicarpaea. Calyx tubular, 4 -5-toothed. Standard erect ; keel almost straight. Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground. LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 125 38, Galactia. Calyx 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract arid bractlets minute, mostly deciduous. === = = Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow. a », Khyncliosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Pod short. SUBORDER II. Csesalpiiiiese. (BRASILETTO FAMILY.) Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular, imbri- cated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others, Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight. * Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. Trees. 40. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. ** Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Herbs. 41. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, not glandular-punctate. 42. Hoffmanseggia. Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate. * * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dioecious. Trees. 43. Gymnocladus. Leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10. 44. Gleditschia. Thorny ; leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short ; its lobes, petals, and the stamens 3-5. SUBORDER III. Mimosese. (MIMOSA FAMILY.) Flower regular, small. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4 - 5-lobed cup, liypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Em- bryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate. 45 Desmanthtis. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod smooth. 46. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections. 1. BAPTISIA, Vent. FALSE INDIGO. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed ; keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, dis- tinct. Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and raceme^ flowers. (Named from Pcnrrtfa, to dye, from the economical use of some species, whicfy vield a poor indigo.) # Racemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base , flowers yellow. 1. B. tinct6ria, R. Br. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender (2-3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile, leaflets rounded wedge-obovate (\ - 1 \' long) ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. — Sandy dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn, and La. * # Racemes fewer, opposite the leaves. •H- Flowers yellow. 2. B. Vill6sa, Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescent when young, erect (2 - 3° high) with divergent branches ; leaves almost see- 126 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) sile ; leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and per- sistent, on the branchlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels short; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous; pods ovoid-oblong and taper-pointed, minutely pubescent. — Va. to N. C. and Ark. H- 4- Flowers white or cream-color. 3. B. leucoph&a, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches : leaves almost sessile , leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and bracts large and leaf y , persistent ; racemes long (often 1°), reclined ; flowers on elongated pedicels, cream-color ; pods pointed at both ends, hoary. — Mich, to Minn., south to Tex. April, May. 4. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as in n. 6 ; stipules early deciduous ; flowers white ; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ont. and Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and La. 5. B. alba, R. Br. Smooth (1 -3° high) , the branches slender and widely spreading ; petioles slender; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle; pods linear-oblong (1-1$' long), short-stalked. — Dry soil, S. Ind. and Mo., to La., N. C., and Fla. July. •«- -H- -t- Flowers indigo-blue. 6. B. australis, R. Br. (BLUE FALSE-INDIGO.) Smooth, tall and stout (4 - 5°) ; leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (1 - 2°) and many-flowered, erect; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark. 2. THERMOPSIS, R. Br. Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved. Otherwise nearly as Baptisia. — Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, and yellow flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from Beppos, the lupine, and fyis, resemblance.) 1. T. m611lS, M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubescent, 2-3° high; leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 1 - 3' long ; stipules narrow, mostly shorter than the petiole . raceme elongated ,• pods narrow, short-stipitate, somewhat curved, 2-4 long. — Mountains of S. Va. and N. C. 2 T. rh.omblf61ia, Nutt. Low, with smaller leaves and broad conspic uous stipules ; racemes short, few-flowered ; pods broadly linear, spreading, usually strongly curved. — Sask. to E. Col., near or in the mountains , reported from central Kan. 3. CLADRASTIS, Raf. YELLOW-WOOD. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed ; the distinct keel-petals and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments slender, incurved above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6- seeded, at length 2-valved. — A handsome tree, with yellow wood, smooth bark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample pani- cled racemes (10-20' long) of showy white flowers drooping from the ends of LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 127 the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name from /cAoSos, a branch, and Opava-ros, brittle.) 1 . C. tinctdria, Raf. Sometimes 50° high ; pods 3 - 4' long. — Rich hill- sides, central Ky. and Tenn. to N. C. Also in cultivation. The wood yields a yellow dye. 4. SOPHORA, L. Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded; keel nearly straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipitate, terete, more or less constricted between the seeds, in dehiscent. Seeds subglohose. — Shrubby or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. (Said by Linnaeus to be the ancient name of an allied plant.) 1. S. sericea, Nutt. Silky-canescent, erect, 1° high or less; leaflets ob- long-obovate, 3 - 6" long ; flowers white ; pods few-seeded. — Central Kan. to Col., Tex., and Ariz. 5. CROTALARIA, L. RATTLE-BOX. Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped ; keel scythe- shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side ; 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from Kpora\oy, a rattle; the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) 1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (3 -6' high); leaves oval or oblong- lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-flowered; corolla not longer than the calyx ; pod blackish. — Sandy soil ; Maine to 111., Minn., Kan., and southward. 6. GENISTA, L. WOAD- WAXEN. WHIN. Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading, keel oblong, straight, deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.) G. TINCT6RIA, L. (DYER'S GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with striate- angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. — Estab- lished on sterile hills, eastern N. Y. and Mass. (Adv. from Eu.) 7. CYTISUS, Tourn. BROOM. Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel obtuse and slightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Pod flat, much longer than the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the hilum. — Shrubs, with stiff green branches, leaves mostly digitately 3-foliolate, and large bright yellow flowers. (The ancient Roman name of a plant, probably a Medicago.) C. SCOPARIUS, Link. (SCOTCH BROOM.) Glabrous or nearly so (3-5° high) ; leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one ; flowers solitary or in pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, forming leafy racemes along the upper branches ; style very long and spirally incurved. — Va. and southward. ( Nat. from Eu.) 128 LEGUMINOS^E. ( PULSE FAMILY.) 8. LUPIN US, Tourn. LUPINE. Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed ; keel scythe- shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire ; anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by con- strictions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Herbs, with palmately 1-1 5-f oliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 1. L. perennis, L. (WILD LUPINE.) Perennial, somewhat hairy; stem erect (1-2°); leaflets 7 - 1 1 , oblanceolate ; flowers in a long raceme, showy, purplish-blue (rarely pale) ; pods broad, very hairy, 5 - 6-seeded. — Sandy soil, N. Eug. to Minn., Mo., and south to the Gulf. — Var. OCCIDENTALS, Watson, has stems and petioles more villous. — Mich, and Wise. 2. L. pusillus, Pursh. Annual, low, villous ; leaflets usually 5 ; racemes short, sessile ; flowers purple or rose-color ; pods oval, hirsute, 2-seeded. — Central part of the Dakotas and Kan., and westward. 9. TBIFOLIUM, Tourn. CLOVER. TREFOIL. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering or persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube; keel short and ob- tuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1 - 6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pin- nately 3-foliolate ; leaflets usually toothed. Stipules united with the petiole. Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium, a leaf.) # Flowers sessile in dense heads ; corolla purple or purplish, withering away after flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other. •»- Calyx-teeth silky -plumose, longer than the whitish corolla ; root annual. T. ARVENSE, L. (RABBIT-FOOT or STONE CLOVER.) Silky, branching (5- 10' high); leaflets oblanceolate; heads becoming very soft-silky and grayish, oblong or cylindrical. — Old fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) H- •«- Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose- purple elongated-tubular corolla. ( Short-lived perennials ; flowers sweet-scented.) T. PRATENSE, L. (RED C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy; lea/Jets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a pale spot; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. — Fields and meadows; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.) T. MEDIUM, L. (ZIGZAG C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish; leaflets oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked / flowers deeper purple, otherwise too like the last. — Dry hills, N. Scotia to E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short pedicels reflexed when old] corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turning brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short. 1. T. refl^xum, L. (BUFFALO C.) Annual or biennial ; stems ascending, downy ; leaflets obovate-oblong , finely toothed ; stipules thin, ovate ; standard rose-red, wings and keel whitish ; calyx-teeth hairy ; pods 3 - 5-seeded, — Western N. Y. and Out. to Iowa, Kan., and southward. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 129 2. T. Stoloniferum, Muhl. (RUNNING BUFFALO-C.) Smooth, peren- nial ; stems with long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely toothed ; heads loose ; flowers white, tinged with purple ; pods 2- seeded. — Open woodlands and prairies, Ohio and Ky., west to Iowa and Kan. 3. T. ripens, L. (WHITE C.) Smooth, perennial; the slender stems spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, ob- scurely toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and especially the pedun- cles very long ; heads small and loose ; calyx much shorter than the white corolla ; pods about 4-seeded. — Fields and copses, everywhere. Indigenous only in the northern part of our range, if at all. 4. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, procumbent, in tufts ; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ; stipules ovate, foliaceous; heads small on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly equalling the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. — Waste ground near Philadelphia, south to Va., Fla., and Tex. T. HYBRIDUM, L. (ALSIKE C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes ; flowers rose-tinted. — Becoming common. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old ; corolla yellow, persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood-shaped ; annuals, fl. in summer. T. AGRARIUM, L. (YELLOW or Hop-C.) Smoothish, somewhat upright (6- 12' high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point (palmate) and nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length. — Sandy fields and roadsides; N. Scotia to Va. ; also in western N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) T. PROCUMBENS, L. (Low Hop-C.) Stems spreading or ascending, pu- bescent (3 - 6' high) ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. — Sandy fields and roadsides, common. — Var. MENTIS, Gray, has smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. ME LI LOT US, Tourn. MELILOT. SWEET CLOVER. Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small ; corolla de- ciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves , leaflets toothed. (Name from fie At, honey, and A euro's, some leguminous plant.) M. OFFICINALIS, Willd. (YELLOW MELILOT.) Upright (2-4° high); leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow; the petals nearly of equal length. — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.) M. ALBA, Lam. (WHITE M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white; the standard longer than the other petals. — In similar places. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. MEDIC A GO, Tourn. MEDICK. Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 - several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in- curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets toothed; stipules often cut. (MTjSi/c^, the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) M. SATIVA, L. (LUCERNE. ALFALFA.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaf- lets obovate-oblong, toothed; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted. — Cultivated for green fodder ; spontaneous from Mass, to Minn, and Kan. (Adv. from Eu.) 130 LEGUMINOS-ffi. (PULSE FAMILY.) M. LUPUiANA, L. (BLACK MEDICK. NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pubes- cent, annual; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex; flowers in short spikes (yellow); pods kidney-form, 1 -seeded. — Waste places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.) M. MACULATA, Willd. (SPOTTED MEDICK.) Spreading or procumbent annual, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely toothed; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers yellow; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of curved prickles. — N. Brunswick to Mass. (Adv. from Eu.) M. DENTICULATA, Willd. Nearly glabrous ; pods loosely spiral, deeply reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge ; otherwise like the last, and with the same range. (Adv. from Eu.) 12. HOSACKIA, Douglas. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens ; stand- ard ovate or roundish, its claw often remote from the others ; wings obovate or oblong ; keel incurved. Pod linear, compressed or -: me what terete, sessile, several-seeded. — Herbs, with pinnate leaves (in ours 1 - 3-foliolate, with gland- like stipules), and small yellow or reddish flowers in umbels (ours solitary) upon axillary leafy-bracteate peduncles. (Named for Dr. David Hosack, of New York.) 1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Annual, more or less silky-villous or gla- brous, often 1° high or more; leaves nearly sessile, the 1-3 leaflets ovate to lanceolate (3 - 3" long) ; peduncles often short, bracteate with a single leaflet. — N. C. ; S. W. Minn, to Ark., and west to the Pacific. Very variable. 13. PSORALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3 - 5-f oliolate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, fyatpa\£os, scurfy, from the glands or dots.) # Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 1. P. On6brychiS, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect (3 - 5° high) ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3' long) ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; racemes elongated ; peduncle shorter than the leaves ; pods roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and Mo. ; also south and east to S. C. July. 2. P. stipulata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; stems dif- fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate ; flowers in heads on rather short peduncles ; bracts broadly ovate , sharp-pointed. — Rocks, S. Ind. and Ky. June, July. 3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan- dular; stems erect (1 -2° high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong ; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped ; bracts ovate or lanceolate, taper-pointed; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. — Dry soil, Fla. to Tenn., S. Ind. and Kan. June. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 13-1 # * Leaves palmately 3 - 5-foliolate ; roots not tuberous. 4. P. tenilifl6ra, Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2-4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young; leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong (J-lJ' long), glandular-dotted; flowers (2-3" long) in loose racemes ; lobes of fie calyx and bracts ovate, acute ; pod glandular. (P. floribunda, Nutt.) — Prairies, Minn, to 111., Tex., and westward. June - Sept. 5. P. argoph^lla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently branched (1 - 3° high) ; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted ; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, N. Wise, to Iowa, Kan., and westward. June. — Flowers 4 - 5" long. 6. P. digitata, Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 1-2° high ; leaflets linear-oblanceolate ; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate; calyx-lobes oblong, acute. — Central Kan. to Col. and Tex. 7. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish green, densely punctate ; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate ; flowers small, in very short spikes : calyx 1" long, with short broad teeth. — Central Kan. to the Sask. and westward. * * * Leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; root tuberous ; spike-like racemes dense. 8. P. esculenta, Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout (5-15' high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root ; leaflets obovate- or lanceolate-oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (£' long). — High plains, Sask. to Wise., Iowa, and Tex. June. The POMME BLANCHE, or POMME DE PRAIRIE, of the voyageurs. 9. P. hypogsea, Nutt. Tuber small; nearly acaulescent, hoary with appressed hairs ; leaflets linear ; spikes short-capitate, on peduncles | - 2' long -, calyx narrow, 3 - 6" long. — Central Kan. to Col. and Tex. 10. P. cuspidata, Pursh. Stout, tall, from a deep-seated tuber, hoary with appressed hairs; leaflets usually broadly oblanceolate, obtuse; flowers large, the petals (6 - 8" long) exceeding the lanceolate-lobed calyx, — Central Kan. to Col. and Tex. 14. AMOBPHA, L. FALSE INDIGO. Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1-2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd- pinnate leaves ; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate, the midvein excurrent. Flowers violet or purple, crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, tipoptyos, deformed, from the absence of four of the petals.) * Pods l-seeded; leaflets small (£' long or less), crowded. 1. A. canescens, Nutt. (LEAD-PLANT.) Whitened with hoary down (1-3° high); leaflets 15-25 pairs, oblong-elliptical, becoming smoothish above ; spikes usually clustered at the summit. — Sask. to Ind. and Tex., west to the Rocky Mts. ; also eastward to Ga. 2. A. raicroph^lla, Pursh. Nearly glabrous throughout, 1° high or less ; leaflets rather rigid ; spikes usually solitary. — Sask. to Minn, and Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts. 132 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) * * Pods 2-seeded ; leaflets larger, scattered. 3 A. fruticdsa, L. (FALSE INDIGO.) A tall shrub, rather pubescent or smoothish , leaflets 8-12 pairs, oblong to broadly elliptical. — River-banks, S Penn to Fla.> west to Sask., Tex., and the Rocky Mts. Very variable. 15. DALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals all on claws; the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx; the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, I -seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less glandular-dotted, with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads (Named for Samuel Dale, an English botanist.) * (jf/abrous; flowers white or rose-color; leaflets 4 - 20 pairs ; annuals. 1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect (1 - 2° high) ; leaflets 10 -20 pairs, linear-oblong; flowers light rose-color or whitish, in cylindrical spikes ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous ; calyx very villous, with long slender teeth. — Alluvial soil, Minn, to 111. and Ala., west to the Rocky Mts. 2. D. laxifldra, Pursh. Erect (1-4° high), branching; leaflets 3-5 pairs, linear, 2 -3" long; spikes loosely -flowered ; bracts conspicuous, persist- ent, almost orbicular and very obtuse; petals white; calyx densely villous, the long teeth beautifully plumose. — Iowa and Mo. to Tex., west to Col. * * Pubescent : leaflets 3-4 pairs ; perennial herbs. 3 D. aurea, Nutt. Stems erect and simple, 1 -3° high; leaflets oblong obovate to linear-oblong, more or less silky-pubescent ; spikes solitary, oblong- ovate, very compact and densely silky ; bracts short, rhombic-ovate ; petals yellow. — On the plains, Mo. to Tex., and westward. 4. D. lanata, Spreug. Very pubescent throughout, 1 -2° high, branch* ing; leaflets obovate to oblong-obovate, 2-3" long; spikes slender, rather loose, the obovate acute bracts equalling the small short-toothed calyx ; petals short, purple. — Central Kan. to Tex., and westward. 16. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous ; petals all on thread- sliaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded. — Chiefly perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.) 1. P. ViolaCGUS, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowb/ linear ; heads globose-ovate \ or oblong-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer than the silky -hoary calyx; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Minn, to Ind. and Tex., west to the Rocky Mts July. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 133 2. P. candidllS, Michx. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-ob- long ; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx; corolla white. — With n. 1. 3. P. vi!16sus, Nutt. Soft-downy or silky all over ; leaflets 13- 17, linear or oblong, small (4 - 5" long) ; spikes cylindrical (1 - 5' long), short-peduncled, soft-villous ; corolla rose-color. — Wise, to Mo., west to the Rocky Mts. 4. P. folibsus, Gray. Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets 15-29, linear-oblong; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the glabrous calyx ; petals rose-color. — River-banks, 111. and Tenn. 5. P. multifldrus, Nutt. Glabrous throughout, erect, branching ; leaf- lets 3-9, linear to oblong ; spikes globose, the subulate-setaceous bracts much shorter than the acutely toothed calyx ; petals white. — Kan. to Tex. 17. TEPHROSIA, Pers. HOARY PEA. Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadel- phous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary per- ennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from Tempos, ash-colored or hoary.) 1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (GOAT'S RUE. CATGUT.) Silky-villous with whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (1 -2° high), leafy to the top ; leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a ter- minal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry sandy soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough. 2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs ; stems branched below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved • leaflets 9-15, obovate or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched; flowers few, in a loose and inter- rupted very long-peduncled spike, reddish. — Dry soil, from Del. and Va. to Fla. and Miss. July. 3. T. hispidula, Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute and appressed pubescence ; stems slender (9 - 24' long), divergently branched, straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and ob- lanceolate; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2 - 4-Jlowered ; flowers reddish- purple. — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala. 18. INDIGOPEBA, L. INDIGO. Calyx small, equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, silky outside , wings co- herent ; keel erect, gibbous or spurred at base. Stamens diadelphous ; con- nective gland-like. Pod 1 - several-seeded, septate within between the seeds. — Herbs or shrubs, mostly canescent with appressed hairs fixed by the middle, with odd-pinnate faintly-nerved leaves, and pink or purplish fldwers in naked axillary spikes. (So named because some of the species yield the indigo of commerce.) 1. I. leptOS^pala, Nutt. A perennial herb, £-2° high; leaflets 5-9, oblanceolate; spikes very loose; pods linear, 6-9-seeded, obtusely 4-angled, reflexed, V long. — Kan. to Tex. and Fla. 134 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 19. BOB INI A, L. LOCUST-TREE. Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. (Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) 1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (COMMON LOCUST or FALSE ACACIA.) Branches naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. — S. Penn. to Ind., Iowa, and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree, and for its valuable timber ; naturalized in many places. June. 2. R. viscdsa, Vent. (CLAMMY L.) Branchlets and leaf-stalks clammy ; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous ; pod glandular-hispid. — Va. to N. C. and Ga., in the mountains. Cultivated, like the last, and often escaped. June. 3. R. hispida, L. (BRISTLY L. or ROSE ACACIA.) Shrub 3 - 8° high ; branchlets and stalks bristly; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous; pods glandular-hispid. — Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ; also with smaller flowers, etc. — Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga. May, June. 20. WISTARIA, Nutt. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at its base; keel scythe-shaped; wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens di- adelphous. Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds large. — Woody twiners, climbing high, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9 - 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia.) 1. W. frutescens, Poir. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shaped one as long as the claw. — Alluvial grounds, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan. and La. May. — Some- times cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese species. 21. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. MILK-VETCH. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow ; standard narrow, equal- ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Stamens diadelphous. Pod several - many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. — Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually necessary for certain identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but the connection between the two is past all guess.) LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 185 I. Pod turgid, completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply inflexed. — ASTRA- GALUS proper. # Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stipi- tate, completely 2-celled. 1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely ap- pressed-pubescent ; leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed. about I' in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. — Sask. and Minn, to Mo., Col., and Tex. May. 2. A. Mexicanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10- 12" long) ; calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit globular, very obtuse and pointless, V or more in diameter ; otherwise like the last. — Prai- ries and open plains, 111. to Kan., south to Tex. The unripe fruits of both resemble green plums — whence the popular name — and are eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. 3. A. Platt^nsis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets oblong, often glabrous above ; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head, cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple ; fruit ovate, pointed, and with the calyx villous. — Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn, to Ind. and Ala., west to Col. and Tex. — Var. TENNESSEENSIS, Gray, has the pod oblong and slightly curved, and much less fleshy. May. * # Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranous, dehiscent. -<- Pod completely 2-celled, sessile. 4. A. mollissimus, Torr. Stout, decumbent, densely silky-villous through- out and tomentose ; leaflets 19-29, ovate-oblong; peduncles elongated; spikes dense, with rather large violet flowers (6-12" long); pod narrow-oblong (5- 9" long), glabrous, somewhat obcompressed and sulcate at both sutures, at length incurved. — Neb. to Kan. and Tex., west to Col. The most common " loco "- plant, and said to be very poisonous to cattle. 5. A. Canad(§nsis, L. Tall and erect (1-4° high), somewhat pubescent or glabrate ; leaflets 21 -27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numer- ous, in long dense spikes; pods crowded, oblong (6" long), glabrous, terete, scarcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight. — River-banks, western N. Y. to N. Ga., and far westward. 6. A. adsiirgens, Pall. Ascending or decumbent (4-18' high), cinereous with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate; leaflets about 21, narrowly or linear-oblong ; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or purplish flowers ; pu- bescence of calyx appressed; pod oblong (4-5" long), Jinely pubescent, trian- gular-compressed, with a deep dorsal furrow, straight. — Red River valley, Minn., to W. Kan., and westward. (Asia.) 7. A. hypoglottis, L. Slender (6' -2° long), diffusely procumbent or ascending, with a rather loose pubescence or nearly glabrous ; leaflets 15-21, oblong, obtuse or retuse ; flowers violet, capitate ; calyx loosely pubescent ; pod as in the last, but ovate and silky-villous. — Red River valley, Minn., to central Kan. and westward. 136 LEGUMINOSJE. (PULSE FAMILY.) H- -t- Pod not completely ^-celled. •»-•• Pod stipitate, pendent. 8. A. alpinus, L. Diffuse (6 -12' high), smooth or slightly hairy; leaf- lets 13 - 25 ; flowers violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; calyx campanulate ; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, black-pubescent, triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back, straight or curved, its stipe usu- ally rather exceeding the calyx. — Rocky banks, Lab. to Maine and N. Vt. 9. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooch and erect (1° high), slender; leaflets 7-11; calyx more oblong ; flowers white; pod oblong (6" long), ob tuse or acutish, minutely darkish-pubescent, somewhat laterally compressed, not dorsally sulcate or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather ab- ruptly narrowed at base into the often included stipe. — Rocky ledges, Vt, 10. A. racemdsus, Pursh. Stout (1-2° high), erect or ascending, ap- pressed-pubescent or glabrate ; leaflets 13-25; flowers numerous, white, pen- dent; calyx campanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent; pod straight, narrow, r long, acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the back, the ventral edge acute. — Neb. to Mo., and westward. +* •*-»• Pod sessile. 11. A. gracilis, Nutt. Subcinereous, slender (1° high or more); leaflets 11-17, linear, obtuse or retuse ; racemes loose; flowers small (3" long) ; pods pendent, 2 - 3" long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, concave on the back, the ventral suture prominent, white-hairy, at length glabrous, transversely veined. — Minn, to Neb. and Mo., and westward. 12. A. distortus, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subgla- brous ; leaflets 1 7 - 25, oblong, emarginate ; flowers in a short spike, pale-purple ; pod ovate- or lance-oblong, curved, 6- 9" long, glabrous, thick-coriaceous, some- what grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat. — 111. to Iowa, Mo., Ark. and Tex. 13. A. Iotifl6ms, Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs ; stems very short; leaflets 7-13, lance-oblong; flowers yellowish, in few-flowered heads, with peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short ; calyx campanulate, the subulate teeth exceeding the tube ; pod oblong-ovate, 9 - 12" long, acuminate, acute at base, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral suture nearly straight. — Sask. to Neb. and Tex., west to the mountains 14. A. Mis sour iensis, Nutt. Short-caulescent, hoary with a closely appressed silky pubescence ; leaflets 5-15, oblong, elliptic or obovate ; flowers few, capitate or spicate, 5 - 8" long, violet ; calyx oblong, the teeth very slender ; pod oblong (V long), acute, obtuse at base, pubescent, nearly straight, obcom- pressed or obcompressed-triangular, depressed on the back and the ventral su- ture more or less prominent, transversely rugulose. — Sask. to Neb. and N. Mex. II. Pod \-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. — PHACA. 15. A. CObperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (1 - 2° high) ; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath ; flowers white, rather numerous in a short spike; calyx dark-pubescent; pod coriaceous, in- flated, ovate-globose (6 -9" long), acute, glabrous, sliyhtlj sulcate on both sides, cavity webby. — Ont. and western N. Y. to Miuu. and Iowa. LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 137 16. A. flexubsus, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending (1-2° high), leaflets 11-21, mostly narrow; flowers small, in loose racemes; pod thin-cori- aceous, cylindric (8-11" long, 2" broad), pointed, straight or curved, puber- ulent, very shortly stipitate. — Red River Valley, Minn., to Col. 22. OXYTROPIS, DC. Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage ; otherwise as in Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture. — Our species are low, nearly acaulescent perennials, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules ; pinnate leaves of many leaflets ; peduncles scape- like, bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name from 6{tf j, sharp, and rpoiris, keel.) # Leaves simply pinnate. 1. O. camp^Stris, DC., var. CSerillea, Koch. Pubescent or smoothish ; leaflets lanceolate or oblong ; flowers violet or blue, sometimes pure white ; pods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or papery texture, — N. Maine to Labrador. 2. O. Lamberti, Pursh. Silky with fine, appressed hairs ; leaflets mostly linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; pods cartilaginous or firm-coriaceous in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lan- ceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture. — Dry plains, Sask. and Minn, to Mo. and Tex., west to the mountains. * * Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4 or more along the rhachis. 3. O. 8pl6ndens, Dougl Silvery silky-villous (6-12'' high) ; scape spi- cately several to many-flowered : flowers erect-spreading ; pod ovate, erect, 2- celled, hardly surpassing the very villous calyx — Plains of Sask. and W. Minn., to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts. 23. GLYCYRRHIZA, Tourn. LIQUORICE. Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united Anther-cells con- fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, compressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., otherwise as in Astragalus — Long perennial root sweet (whence the name, from y\vKi>s, sweet, and {>i(a, root) ; herbage glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules •, flowers in axillary spikes, white or bluish. 1. G. lepiddta, Nutt. (WILD LIQUORICE.) Tall (2 -3° high); leaflets 15-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled, short ; flowers whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale. — Minn, to Iowa and Mo., and westward ; Ft. Erie, Ont. 24. JESCHYNOMENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT- VETCH. Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish ; keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, 138 LEGUMINOS^I. (PULSE FAMILY.) composed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name, from aiffxvvofj.€vii, being ashamed.} 1. .33. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual; leaflets 37-51, lin- ear ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers yellow, reddish externally ; pod stalked, 6 - 10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn. to Fla. and Miss. Aug. 25. COKONILLA, L. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphou.s, 9 and 1. Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed ; the joints oblong. — Glabrous herbts or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary peduncles (Diminutive of corona, a crown, alluding to the inflorescence.) C. V\RIA, L. A perennial herb with ascending stems ; leaves sessile ; leaf- lets 15 - 25, oblong ; flowers rose-color ; pods coriaceous, 3 - 7 -jointed, the 4-an- gled joints 3 - 4" long. — Conn, to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) 26. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- phous, 9 and 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable roundish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs ; leaves odd-pin- nate. (Name composed of rjSvs, sweet, and tfpeojua, smell.) I. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla- brous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed purple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, reticulated. — Lab. to northern Maine and Vt. ; north shore of L. Superior, and north and westward. 27. BE SM ODIUM, Desv. TICK-TREFOIL. Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Standard obovate ; wings adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans- verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — . or ennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, sti pel late. Flowers (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stip- ules and bracts scale-like, often striate (Name from Seoy^s, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of the pods.) § 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) man)/ times longer than the slightly toothed calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on the back; stamens monadelphous below ; plants nearly glabrous : stems erect or ascending; raceme terminal, panicled; stipules bristle-form, deciduous. 1. !D. nudiflbrum, DC Leaves all crowded at the summit of sterile stems / leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated on an ascend- ing mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods, common. LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 139 2. IX acuminatum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper-pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4 - 5' long). — Rich woods, from Canada to the Gulf. 3. D. paucifl6rum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8-15' high) ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath; raceme few- flowered, terminal. — Woods, Ont. to Penn., Mich., Kan., and southward. § 2. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply cleft calyx; stems long and prostrate or decumbent; racemes axillary and terminal. * Stipules conspicuous, ovate, attenuate, striate, persistent; racemes mostly simple. 4. D. rotundifolium, DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate ; leaflets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ', flowers purple ; pods almost equally sinuate on both edges, 3 - 5-jointed ; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La. Var. glabratum, Gray, is almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordi- nary form. — Mass, and N. Y. 5. D, OChroletlCUlIl, M. A. Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, decumbent; leaflets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated be- neath, the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting ; racemes much elongated ; corolla whitish ; pods twisted, 2 -4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and reticulated but the margins downy.-— Woodlands, Md. and Va. * * Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent; racemes panicled. 6. D. humifusum, Beck. Glabrous or nearly so, procumbent ; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two preceding Oi-2' long) ; corolla purple ; pods 2 -4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhomboid joints minutely scabrous throughout. — Dry sandy soil, S. Penn. to Md. § 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx ; racemes panicled. * Stems tall (3 - 5°) and erect ; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; flowers rather large. +- Pods of 4-7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than broad (about 6" long). 7. D. can^scens, DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy; leaflets ovate, bluniish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides roughish with a close fine pubescence ; joints of the ppd very adhesive. — Moist grounds, Mass, and Vt. to Minn, and southward, chiefly westward. Branches clothed with both minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather glutinous hairs. — Var. viLLOsfssiMUM, Torr. & Gray, has the panicle and upper part of the stem very villous, and leaflets oblong-ovate. — Mo. 8. D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth except the panicle ; stem straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides, longer than the petiole (3-5'); joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. — Thickets, common. The conspicuous bracts and stipules £ ' long. -«- i- Pods of 3-5 oval joints (not over 3" long). 9. D. Illinoense, Gray. Erect (3-5° high) ; stem and leaves with short rough pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate (2-4' long), obtuse, subcoriaceou^. cinereous beneath* veins and veinlets prominent, strongly retic- 7 140 LEGUMINOSuE. (PULSE FAMILY.) ulated, the lower leaflets nearly equalling the petiole ; pods scarcely over 1 ' long, sinuate on both margins (deeper below). — Dry ground, 111. to Iowa and Kan. * * Stems (2-5° high) erect; stipules and bracts mostly deciduous, small and inconspicuous ; joints of the pod 3 — 5, triangular or half-rhombic or very un- equal-sided rhomboidal, longer than broad, 3" or less in length ; flowers middle-sized. 10. D. laevigatum, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stem straight ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2-3' long); panicles minutely rough- pubescent. — Pine woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. 11. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem very downy,TOUgh at the summit; leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath (2-3' long). — Southern N. Y. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex. 12. D. Dill6nii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent ; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and flnely pubescent, mostly thin (2 -3' long). — Open woodlands, common. 13. D. paniculatum, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender, tall ; leaflets oblong -lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3-5' long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common. 14. D. Strictum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2-3° high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth (1 -2' long, ±' wide) ; joints of the pod 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). — Pine woods, N. J. to Fla. and La. # # * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous ; pods of few roundish or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 1J-2J" long. •*- Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous; racemes densely flowered. 15. D. Canad£nse, DC. Stem hairy (3-6° high) ; leaflets oblong -lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer than the petiole (1^-3' long) ; flowers showy, larger than in any other species (i~i' long). — Dry rich woods, N. Brunswick to N. C., Minn., and Kan. 16. D. sessilifdlium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2-4° high); leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the panicle long ; flowers small. — Copses, Penn. and Ky., west to Mich., Iowa, Mo., and Tex. •*- •»- Stems ascending (1 -3° high); bracts small ; racemes or panicles elongated and loosely flowered ; flowers small. 17. D. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than the petiole. — Dry hillsides, Mass, to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La. 18. D. ciliare, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent; leaves crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath (i-1' long). — Dry hills and sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex. 19. D. Marilandicum, F. Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender , leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuie, thin, the lateral ones about the length of (PULSE FAMILY.) 141 **e slender petiole ; otherwise resembling the preceding. — Copses, N. Eng. to Ifra., west to Mich., Mo., and La. 4_ 4- .»_ Stems reclining or prostrate ; racemes loosely flowered. 20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaf- lets orbicular, smoothish (£-!' long), much longer than the petiole; pod scarcely stalked in the calyx. — Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and La. 28. LESFEDEZA, Michx. BUSH-CLOVER. Calyx 5-cleft; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and I); anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. — Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.) § 1 . Stipules subulate-setaceous ; bracts minute ; calyx-lobes attenuate ; perennial. * Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, pan- icled or clustered ; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed or in small subsessile clusters ; calyx 1 - 2" long ; pod exserted. 1. L. prociimbens, Michx. Slender, trailing and prostrate, minutely appressed-hairy to soft-downy ; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical, 3 - 9" long ; peduncles vert/ slender, few-flowered ; keel equalling the wings ; pod small, roundish, obtuse or acute. (Incl. L. repens, Bart.) — Dry sandy soil ; common. 2. L. violacea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, slender, branched, rather sparsely leaf;/ and sparingly pubescent; leaflets thin, broadly oral or ob- long, finely appressed-pubescent beneath ; peduncles very slender, loosely few- flowered, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers 3 - 4" long, the keel often the longest; pod ovate, 2-3" long, nearly glabrous. — Dry copses, N. Eng. to Minn, and E. Kan., south to Fla. and La. 3. L. retlCUlata, Pers. Stouter, erect, very leafy ; leaflets thickish, linear to linear-oblong, 6-15" long, finely appressed-pubescent ; flowers (scarcely 3A' long) clustered on peduncles much shorter than the leaves, the keel shorter than the standard ; pods ovate, acute, 2" long, appressed-subpubescent. (L. violacea, var. angustifolia, Torr. fr Gray.} — Mass, to Minn., and southward. 4. L. Sttivei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, very leafy, simple or some- what branched, downy with spreading pubescence ; leaflets oval or roundish vary- ing to oblong or rarely linear-oblong, silky or white-woolly beneath and sometimes above ; flowers as in the last, often numerous and crowded ; pods ovate, acumi- nate, mostly 3" long, downy. — Mass, to Mich., and south to Va. and Tex. Var. intermedia, Watson. Pubescence more scanty and usually fine and appressed as in n. 3, but the leaflets oval to oblong ; inflorescence often more open; pod of n. 4 or of n. 3. (L. violacea, var. sessiliflora, of Man., mainly.) — Mass, to Fla., and west to Mich., 111., E. Kan., and Ark. * * Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads ; corolla whitish or cream-color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy 5-parted calyx; pod included ; stems upright, wand-like (2-4° high). 5. L. polystachya, Michx. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence; petioles 2 - 6" long ; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate, hairy ; spikes oblong, 142 LEGUMtlNOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) on elongated peduncles ; pod (at maturity) oblong-ovate, pubescent, nearly 3" long, hardly shorter than the calyx. (L. hirta, Ell.} — Dry hills, common. 6. L. capitata, Michx. Stems rigid, woolly ; petioles very short ; leaflets oblong to narrowly oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky or sometimes downy beneath ; heads of flowers globular, on peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pod oblong-ovate, pubescent, much shorter than the calyx. — Dry and sandy soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La. 7. L. angustifblia, Ell. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky, the leaflets linear, the smaller often oblong heads on distinct and sometimes slender peduncles, the pod round-ovate, acutish, l£-2" long, hardly shorter than the calyx. (L. capitata, var. angustifolia, Pursh.) — N. J. to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and La. 8. L. leptOStackya, Gray. Clothed with appressed silky pubescence; stems often branched, slender; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong; spikes slen- der, somewhat loosely -flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; pod ovate, small (l£" long), about equalling the calyx, densely pubescent. — 111., Iowa, and Minn. § 2. Stipules and bracts broad and scarious ; calijx-lol.es broad ; annual. L. STRIATA, Hook. & Arn. Diffusely branched, decumbent, subpubescent; petioles very short ; leaflets oblong-obovate, 6" long or less ; peduncles very short, 1 - 5-flowered ; pod small, little exceeding the calyx. — Common in the Southern States, extending into Mo. (Nat. from E. Asia.) 29. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. Calyx early deciduous; tube slender and stalk-like; limb unequally 4-5- cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens in- serted at the summit of the calyx-tube; standard orbicular; keel incurved. Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its upper part falling off after flower- ing, the lower part incurved or hooked, persistent on the 1 - 2-joiuted small and short reticulated pod; the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, pinuately 3-foliolate leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no stipels, and small, yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name composed of arv\os, a col- umn, and &J/BOS, a flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.) 1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight- veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Ark. 30. VI CIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE. Calyx 5-cleft or 5 -toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and 1 ) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. Style fili- form, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2- several-seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination. — lier^s, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half -sagittate. Flowers or pedun- cles axillary. (The classical Latin name.) LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 143 * Annual ; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple. V. SATIVA, L. (COMMON VETCH or TARE.) Somewhat pubescent ; stem simple ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched and mucronate at the apex ; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and southward, west to Mich, and Minn. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA, Seringe, has longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Annual, slender ; peduncles elongated ; flowers small. V. TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles \-2-flowered; leaflets 4 - 6 pairs, linear- oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla whitish ; pods narrow, 4-seeded, smooth. — Waste places, near the coast, N. Scotia to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) V. HiRstfTA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - ^-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, truncate ; calyx-teeth equal; corolla bluish; pods oblong, ^.-seeded, hairy. — N. Bruns- wick to Mass, and Va. (Nat. from Eu.) * * * Perennial; peduncles elongated ; calyx-teeth unequal ; pod several-seeded . 1. V. Cracca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong -lanceolate, strongly mucronate ; spikes densely many-flowered, 1-sided ; flowers blue, turn- ing purple, 6" long, reflexed ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. — Borders of thickets, Newf. to N. J., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn. (Eu.) 2. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth ; leaflets 8 - 24, oblong, obtuse, scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely -flowered ; flowrers small, more scattered than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue ; calyx-teeth very short. — River-banks, Out. and N. Y. to Ga., west to Minn, and Kan 3. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate- oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4 - %-floicered ; flowers purplish ($" long). — Moist soil, N. Y. and N. J., to Kan., Minn., and westward. — Var. LIXEARIS, Watson, a low form with linear leaflets, occurs in Kan. and Neb*, and is common westward. 31. LATHYRUS, Tourn. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA. Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. — Our species are perennial and mostly smooth plants, the rhachis of the leaves in some not produced into a tendril. (Ad6vpos, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.) * Tendrils present ; stipules large and broad ; leaflets 3-5 pairs. 1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (BEACH PEA.) Stout (1° high or more), stipules broadly ovate and halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets, the lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed ; leaflets thick, ovate-oblong (i -2' long) ; peduncles a little shorter thai, the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered, flow- ers large (9" long), purple. — Seashore from N. J. and Oregon to the Arctic Sea; also on the Great Lakes. (Eu.) 2. L. Ochroleucus, Hook. Stem slender (1 - 3° high) ; stipules semi- cordate, half as large as the thin ovate leaflets ; peduncles 7 - 10-flowered ; flow- ers smaller, yellowish-white. — Hillsides, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and westward * # Tendrils present; stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate. i- flowers purple ; leaflets several pairs 3. L. ven6sus, Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy ; stip- ules very small and mostly slender j leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong ovate, mostly 144 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) obtuse (about 2' long) ; peduncles many-flowered ,- flowers 6 - 8" long. — Shady banks, Penn. to Ga., west to Kan. and Minn. 4. L. pallistris, L. Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent.; stem often winged ; stipules lanceolate, sharp-pointed at both ends ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, acute (1 -2' long) ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered ; flowers 6" long. — Moist places, N. Scotia to N. J., and westward across the continent. (Eu.) Var. myrtif61ius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger ; leaflets ovate to oblong (I' long or less). — Same range, and extending south to N. C. -i- •»- Flowers yellow ; leaflets a single pair. L. PRATENSIS, L. Low and straggling; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to linear, acute ; peduncles several-flowered. — Spontaneous in Mass., N. Y., and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) * * # Tendrils usually wanting ; low, mostly erect ; stipules semi-sagittate ; flow- ers very large, purple ; pod stipitate in the calyx. 5. L. polym6rphus, Nutt. Leaflets 3-6 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, thick and strongly nerved, 1-2' long; seeds with a narrow footstalk and short hilum. — Mo., Kan., and westward. 6. L. orn&tus, Nutt. Like the last, but leaflets always narrow, 3-12" long ; seeds with a very broad footstalk and long hilum. — Kan. to Col. and the Dakotas. Scarcely 1° high. 32. A PI OS, Boerhaave. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed ; the long scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A perennial herb (with some milky juice!), twining and climbing over bushes, and bearing edible tubers on underground shoots. Leaflets 3 - 7, ovate-lan- ceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes. (Name from &TTIOV, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.) 1 . A. tub6r6sa, Moench. Flowers brown-purple or chocolate-color, violet- scented. — Low grounds, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and La. 33. PHASEOLUS, Tourn. KIDNEY BEAN. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled. Stamens dia- delphous. Style bearded along the upper side; stigma oblique or lateral. Pod scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Seeds round-reniform, with very short hilum. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin- ing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, pro- duced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.) 1. P. per6nnis, Walt. (WILD BEAN.) Stem climbing high from a perennial root ; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; flowers purple, hand- some, but small ; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4 - 5-seeded. — Copses, N. Eiig. to Fla., west to Miun. and La. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 145 34. STROPHOSTYLES, Ell. Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, strongly incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish, straight or nearly so. Seeds quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, mealy-pubescent or glabrate ; hilum linear. Flowers few, sessile and capitate-clustered on the mostly long peduncles. Otherwise as Phaseolus. — Stems prostrate or climbing, more or less retrorsely hairy. Stipules and bracts striate. ' (Name from cn-poty^, a turn- ing, and (TTV\OS, a style.) 1. S. angulbsa, Ell. Annual; stems branched, 1 -6° long; leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), with a more or less prominent rounded lobe toward the base (the terminal 2-lobed), or some or all often entire, about 1' (6 - 20") long ; corolla greenish-white and purplish ; pod terete, 2 - 3' long by 3" wide, 4 - 8-seeded, nearly glabrous ; seeds oblong, about 3" long, usually very pubescent. (Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers. P. helvolus, L.) — Sandy shores and river-banks; coast of Mass, and southward, along the Great Lakes to Minn., and south to Kan. and Tex. Var. MiS8OUri6nsis, Watson in herb. Climbing high (10-30°); leaves often 3' long, rhombic-ovate, rarely at all lobed ; seeds 3 - 4" long. — River- bottoms near Independence, Mo. ; nearly two months later. (F. Bush.) 2. S. peduncularis, Ell. Stems more slender, from a perennial root- stock, 2-4° long; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, rarely at all lobed, V long or less; pod l£ -2' long and scarcely 2" wide ; seeds much smaller, lJ-2" long, short-oblong to quadrate. (Phaseolus helvolus, Man., etc., not L.) — Sandy ground, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Ky., and La. 3. S. paucifl6rus, Watson in herb. Annual, slender, low-climbing, pu- bescent ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not lobed, 1' long; pod pubescent, 1' long, flattish; seeds as in the last, very finely mealy, soon glabrate. (Phaseolus pauciflorus, Benth.) — River-banks, Ind. to Minn., south to Miss, and Tex. 35. CENTROSEMA, DC. SPURRED BUTTERFLY-PEA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the spreading standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base ; keel broad. Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining perennials, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from ttfvrpov, a spur, and vyx°5> a beak, from the shape of the keel.) 1. R. tomentdsa, Hook. & Am. Trailing and twining, the stem and leaves- more or less pubescent with spreading hairs ; leaflets 3, roundish or round- rhombic, acute or acutish; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils\ jalyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted,the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. (R. tomentosa, var. volubilis, Torr. $• Gray.} — Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. 2. R. er^cta, DC. Erect, 1-2° high ; stem and leaves more or less tomen- tose ; leaflets 3, oval to oblong, obtuse or acutish ; racemes short and shortly pe- dunculate. (R. tomentosa, var. erecta, Torr. $• Gray.) — Del. to Fla. and Miss. 3. R. renif6rmis, DC. Dwarf and upright, 3 - 8' high ; pubescence spread- ing ; leaflets solitary (rarely 3), round-reniform, very obtuse or apiculate; ra- cemes few-flowered, sessile in the axils. (R. tomentosa, var. monophylla. Torr. fr Gray.) — Va. to Fla. and Miss. 40. CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; standard smaller than the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud ; the keel-petals larger and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel- like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.) 1. C. Canadensis, L. (RED-BUD.) Leaves pointed ; pods nearly sessile above the calyx. — Rich soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Minn., Kan., and La. A small ornamental tree, often cultivated. 41. CASSIA, Tourn. SENNA. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Sta- mens 5- 10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect,. spreading; anthers opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.) * Leaflets large; stipules deciduous; the three upper anthers deformed. and im- perfect ; flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled ; herbage glabrous. 1. C. Marilandica, L. (WILD SENNA.) Stem 3-4° high; leaflets 6-9 pairs, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; pods linear, slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2-4' long) ; root perennial. — Alluvial soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., S. E. Neb., Kan., and La. 2. C. T6ra, L. Annual ; leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slen- 148 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) der, 6' long, curved. (C. obtusifolia, L.) — Kiver-banks, S. Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark. C. OCCIDENTALS, L. Annual; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole ; pods long-linear (5' long) with a tumid border, glabrous. — Va.,S. Ind., and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) * # Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch; stipules striate, persistent ; a cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets ; anthers all perfect flowers in small clusters above the axils; pods flat; root annual. 3. C. Chamsecrista, L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Stems spreading (1° long) leaflets 10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers (large) on slen- der pedicels, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at base ; anthers 10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) ; style slen- der. — Sandy fields ; common, especially southward. 4. C. nictitans, L. (WILD SENSITIVE-PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong-linear ', flowers (very small) on very short pedicels ; anthers 5, nearly equal; style short. — Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and La. 42. HOFFMANSEGGIA, Cav. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, nearly equal, oblong or oval. Stamens 10, dis- tinct, slightly declined; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Pod flat, oblong, often falcate, few - several-seeded. — Low perennial herbs, or woody at base, punctate with black glands, with bipinnate leaves, and naked racemes of yel- low flowers opposite the leaves or terminal. (Named for Count von Hoffman- segg, a German botanist.) 1. H. Jamdsii, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous, finely pubescent; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs with an odd one, the small oblong leaflets 5-9 pairs ; pods broad, falcate, 1 ' long, 2 - 3-seeded. — Central Kan. to Tex., Ariz., and Mex. 43. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below. 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish. — A large tall tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves ; the leaflets standing vertically. — Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes (Name from yvjj.v6s, naked, and K Ac£5oy; a branch, alluding to the stout branches destitute of spray.) 1. G. Canad^nsis, Lam. Leaves 2-3° long, with several large partial leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaf- lets; stipules wanting; pod 6-10' long, 2' broad; the seeds over £' across.— Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., E. Neb., and Ark. 44. G LED fTS OH I A, L. HONEY-LOCUST. Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Sta- mens 3-10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, LEGUMINOS4S. (PULSE FAMILY.) 149 1 - many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pin- nate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of J. G. Gleditsch, a botanist contemporary with Linnaeus.) 1. G. triacanthOS, L. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY-LOCUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate; pods linear, elongated (1-1£° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds. — Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., E. Neb., Kan., and La. A large tree, common in cultivation, with very hard and heavy wood. 2. G. aquatica, Marsh. (WATER-LOCUST.) Thorns slender, mostly simple; leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. (G. monosper- ma, Walt.) — Deep swamps, Mo. to S. Ind., S. Car., and southward. A smaller tree, 30 -40° high. ^ 45. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, seta- ceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. (Name composed of SeV/xa, a bond, and &j/6os, flower.) 1. D. brach^lobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (1-4° high) ; pinnae 6-15 pairs ; leaflets 20-30 pairs ; peduncles 1 - 3' long ; stamens 5; pods numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1 ' long, 2 - 6-seeded. — Prairies and alluvial banks, Ind and Ky. to Minn., Mo., and Tex. ; also in Ma. 2. D. leptdlobus, Torr. & Gray. Pinnae 5-8 pairs; leaflets 10-20 pairs ; peduncles V long or less ; heads rather loose , stamens 5 ; pods usually few, narrowly linear, erect, 1-2' long. — Central Kan. to Tex. 46. SCHBANKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAK. Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e., the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Pe rennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa) ; the procum- bent stems and petioles recurved-prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose- colored flowers. (Named for F. P. Schrank, a German botanist.) 1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; pinnae 4-6 pairs; leaflets ellip- tical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete- short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to S. 111., Kan., and Tex. 2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined; pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — S. Va. (?) to Fla., Tenn., and Tex. 150 ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) ORDER 33. ROSACEJE. (Ross FAMILY.) Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens in- serted on the calyx, and 1 - many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the last tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1 -few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some- times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3 -4 - 8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want- ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro- ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu- minosae on one hand, and with Saxifragacea? on the other. I. Ovary superior and not enclosed in the calyx-tube at maturity. * Calyx deciduous, without bractlets ; pistil solitary, becoming a drupe Tribe I. PRUNE^S. Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves. Ovules 2, pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal. 1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of calyx and corolla 5. Stone of the drupe bony. * * Calyx mostly persistent ; pistils few to many (rarely solitary). *• Calyx without bractlets ; ovules 2 - many. Tribe II. SPIB^EE^J. Pistils mostly 5, becoming 2 -several-seeded follicles. Shrubs or perennial herbs. a. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal . 2. Spiraea. Flowers perfect or dio3cious. Pods 1-valved. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves sim- ple or pinnate. 3. Physocarpus. Pods inflated, 2-valved. Shrub : leaves palmately lobed. &. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal 4. Gillenia. Herbs ; leaves 3-foliolate. Tribe III. RUBE^E. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules 2 arid pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody stems. 5. Rubus. Pistils numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle. 6. Dalibarda. Pistils 5 - 10, in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit. - ••- Calyx-lobes mostly with bractlets; ovule solitary. Tribe IV. POTENTIIXE^E. Pistils few -many, 1-ovuled, becoming dry achenes Herbs a. Styles persistent and elongated after anthesis, often plumose or jointed. 7. Geum. Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels nu. merous styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed. &. Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous, 8. Waldsteiiiia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5 ; small or no bractlets. Stamens numerous Acheues 2 - 6 ; styles deciduous from the base. 9. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit. 10. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, with an alternat* ing set ot bractlets. Stamens and achenes numerous ; the latter heaped on a dry re- ceptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or not enlarging in fruit. 11. Sibbaldia. Petals minute : stamens and achenes 5-10 ; otherwise as Potentilla. ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 151 II. Ovaries inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube. Tribe V. POTERIE^E. Pistils 1-4, becoming achenes, completely enclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Herbs with compound or lobed leaves. Petals often none. 12. Alchemilla. Calyx urceolate, bracteolate, Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Flowers minute, clustered. 13. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, with a margin of hooked prickles. Stamens 5-12. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. 14. Poteriuin. Calyx-lobes petaloid ; tube 4-angled, naked Petals none. Flowers densely capitate or spicate. Tribe VI. ROSE^E. Pistils many, becoming bony achenes, enclosed in the globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous. 15. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves. Tribe VII. POME^E. Carpels 2-5, enclosed in and coalescent with the fleshy or berry- like calyx, in fruit becoming a 2 - several-celled pome. Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole. a. Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2-5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled. 16. Pyrus. Pome containing 2-5 papery or cartilaginous carpels. 17. Cratsegus. Pome drupe-like, with 1-5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny. ft. Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled. IS. Amelanchier. Pome usually of 5 carpels : each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a projection from its back ; otherwise as Pyrus. 1. P R tl W U S, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, ETC. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped or tubular-obconical, decidu- ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Pistil solitary, with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone. — Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) § 1. PRUNTJS proper (and CERASUS). Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or somewhat rugged; flowers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds in early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves; the pedicels few or several in simple umbel-like clusters. 1. P. Americana, Marshall. (WILD YELLOW or KED PLUM.) Tree thorny, 8 - 20° high ; leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointedf coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly desti- tute of bloom, roundish-oval, yellow, orange, or red, |-|' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' jr more in diameter, the flattened stone with broader margins ; pleasant-tasted- out with a tough and acerb skin. — Woodlands and river-banks, common. 2. f. maritima, Wang. (BEACH PLUM.) Low and straggling (1 - 5°) . leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath; pedicels short, pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (-£- 1' in diameter) ; the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other. — Sea-beaches and the vicinity, N. Brunswick to Ya. It varies, when at some distance from the coast (N. J. and southward), with the leaves smoother and thinner and the fruit smaller. 3. P. Alleghani6nsis, Porter. A low straggling shrub or small tree (3-15° high), seldom thorny; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-acU' 152 ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) minate, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent when young, glabrate with age \fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple with a bloom (less than -£' in diameter) ; stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge on the other. — Bluffs of the Alleghany Mts., Penn. 4. P. Chic&sa) Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny (8-15° high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous ; fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (£ - f ' in diameter) ; the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Md. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. 5. P. gr&cilis, Engelm. & Gray. Soft-pubescent, 1-4° high ; leaves oblong- lanceolate to ovate, acute, sharply serrate, becoming nearly glabrous above, 1 - 2' long ; pedicels and calyx pubescent ; fruit less than \f in diameter ; stone rather turgid, suborbicular. — Prairies and sandy places, S. Kan. to Tex. and Tenn. 6. P. pumila, L. (DWARF CHERRY. SAND C.) Smooth, depressed and trailing (6' -6° high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, some- what toothed near the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruit ovoid, dark red or nearly black when ripe, without bloom ; stone ovoid, mar- ginless, of the size of a large pea. — Rocks or sandy banks, N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn, and Kan. Fruit usually sour and astringent. 7. P. Pennsylv£nica, L. f. (WILD RED CHERRY.) Tree 20-30° high, with light red-brown bark; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed , finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides; flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. — Rocky woods, Newf . to N. C., west to Minn, and Mo. P. SP1N6SA, L. (SLOE. BLACK THORN.) Branches thorny ; leaves obovate* oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels glabrous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge. — Var. msiTfTiA (BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side of the leaves pubescent. — Roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Penn. and N. J. (Adv. from Eu.) § 2. PADUS. Drupe small, globose, without bloom ; the stone turgid-ovate, mar- ginless ; flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spring. 8. P. Virgini&na, L. (CHOKE-CHERRY.) A tall shrub, with grayish bark ; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crim- son ; stone smooth. — River-banks, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. — Fruit very austere and astringent. A variety with very short dense racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit has been found at Dedham, Mass. 9. P. ser6tina, Ehrh. (WILD BLACK CHERRY.) A large tree, with reddish-brown branches ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, shining above ; racemes elon- gated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-black. — Woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and La. — Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor. 10. P. demissa, Walp. Low but tree-like in habit, 3-12° high, resem- bling n. 8 in foliage, but the leaves rather thick and the teeth less slender ; ra- cemes often elongated ; fruit purplish-black, sweet and but slightly astringent. — Central Kan. and Neb. to New Mex., S. Dak., and westward. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 153 2. SPIRES A, L. MEADOW-SWEET. Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 1 0 - 50. Pods (follicles) 5-8, not inflated, few - several-seeded. Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albumen. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in co- rymbs or panicles. (The Greek name, from cnreipdoa, to twist, from the twisting of the pods in the original species.) § 1 . SPIRAEA proper. Erect shrubs, with simple leaves ; stipules obsolete ; pods mostly 5, several-seeded. i S. betulsefdlia, Pall., var. corymbdsa, Watson. Nearly smooth (i - 2° high) ; leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed toward the apex ; corymbs large, flat, several times compound ; flowers white. (S. corymbosa, Raf.) — Mountains of Penn. and N. J. to Ga., west to Ky. and Mo. 2. S. salicif61ia, L. (COMMON MEADOW-SWEET.) Nearly smooth (2- 3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded panicle, white or flesh-color ; pods smooth. — Wet or low grounds, Newf. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. ; also to the far northwest. (Eu.) 3. S. tomentosa, L. (HARDBACK. STEEPLE-BUSH.) Stems and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white ; pods woolly. — Low grounds, N. Scotia to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn, and Kan. § 2. ULMARIA. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose flowers ; stipules kidney-form ; pods 5-8, 1 - ^-seeded. 4. S. lobata, Jacq. (QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE.) Glabrous (2-8° high); leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, 7-9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed ; panicle compound-clustered, on a long naked peduncle ; flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., Ky., and Iowa. § 3. ARUNCUS. Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish flowers in many slender spikes, disposed in a Jong compound panicle ; leaves thrice pinnate ; stipules obsolete ; pods 3-5, several -seeded ; pedicels reflexed in fruit. 5. S. Ardncus, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lan- ceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate. — Rich woods, N. Y. and Penn. to Ga. in the mountains, west to Iowa and Mo. 3. PHYSOCARPTJS, Maxim. NINE-BARK. Carpels 1-5, inflated, 2-valved ; ovules 2-4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30-40. Other- wise as Spiraea. — Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs of white flowers. (Name from v./) — Low grounds, Va. to N. C. April, May. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR, L. SWEET-GUM TREE. Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked ; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales ; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the cap- sules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing- angled seed-coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic (unfair, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.) 1. L. Styraciflua, L. (SWEET GUM. BILSTE/>.) Leaves rounded, deeply 5 - 7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. — Moist woods, from Conn, to S. 111., and south to Fla. and Tex. April. — A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, re- sembling sawdust. ORDER 39. HALORAGEJE. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) Aquatic sr marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the incon- spicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent ivith the ovary (or calyx and corolla wanting in Callitriche), which consists of 2 — 4 more or less united carpels (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1-4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen ; cotyledons minute. 1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or with- out petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed pinnately dissected. 2 Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, the immersed pinnately dissected. 3. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary only one. Leaves entire, in whorls. 4. Callitriche. Flowers monoecious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 4-eel led, with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite. HALORAGE^E. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 181 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. WATER-MILFOIL. Flowers monoecious or polygamous Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4- celled, deeply 4-lobed ; stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled ; those under water pinuately parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water in summer ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from pvptos, a thousand, and <}>v\\ov, a leaf, i. e., Milfoil.) # Stamens 8 ; petals deciduous ; carpels even ; leaves whorled in threes or fours? 1 . M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the floral ones or bracts ,- these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike. — Deep water, Newf . to JJ. Eng. and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the Pacific. (Eu.) 2. M. verticillatum, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pec- tinate-pinnatijid ; otherwise nearly as n. 1. — Ponds, etc., common. (Eu.) # # Stamens 4 ; petals rather persistent ; carpels 1 — 2-ridged and roughened on the back; leaves whorled ni fours and Jives, the lower with capillary divisions. 3. M. heteroph^llum, Michx. Stem stout ; floral leaves ovate and lance- olate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely rough- ened. — Lakes and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn, and Tex. 4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender ; lower leaves pinnately parted with few capillary divisions ; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pec- tinate-toothed or cut-serrate ; carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back. — Shallow ponds, S. New Eng. to S. C., west to Mo. and La. # # * Stamens 4 ; petals rather persistent ; carpels even on the back , leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems. 5. M. ambiguum, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect ; fruit (minute) smooth. — Ponds and ditches, Mass, to N. J. and Penn. ; also in Ind. — Var. CAPILLACEUM, Torr. & Gray, has stems floating, long and very slender, and leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. LiM6suM, Torr., is small, rooting in the mud, with leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire. 6. M. ten611um, Bigelow. F'owering stems nearly leafless and scape-like (3-10' high), erect, simple ; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted, bracts small, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich. 2. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED. Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta- mens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut- like. — Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 - 4 together, in summer. (Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning pertaining to Proserpine.) 1. P. pallistris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate when under water ; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps, N. Eng. to Fla.. west to Minn, and Tex, 182 HALORAGE^E. ( WATER-MIL FOIL FAMILY.) 2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl, shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass. to Fla. and La. 3. HIPP TIB, IS, L. MARE'S TAIL. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from for™?, a horse, and ovpd, a tail.) 1. H. VUlgaris, L. Stems simple (1 -2° high) ; leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute ; fruit nearly 1" long. — Ponds and springs, Penn. to Ind. and Minn., and northward. (Eu.) 4. CALLITKICHE, L. WATER-STARWORT. Flowers monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen ; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by con- fluence becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4- celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually persistent stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, sep- arating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous, filling the cell ; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumen. — Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset with minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire leaves, both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name from «aAds, beautiful, and fyl£thair, from the often almost capillary stems.) * Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded ; bracts none, 1. C. deftexa, Braun, var. Austin!, Hegelm. Stems £-T high; fruit small (£" broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile ; lobes of the fruit nar rowly winged and with a deep groove between them ; persistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed ; leaves 1 - 2" long. (C. Austini, Enyelm.) — On damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to 111., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.) * * Amphibious perennials; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial forms) : flowers usually between a pair of bracts. 2. C. V^rna, L. Fruit ( J" long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly ob- cordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them ; stigmas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole. — Common in stagnant waters, New England to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Eu.) 3. C. heteroph^lla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes MELASTOMACE^. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 183 obtusely angled, with a small groove between them ; stigmas as long as the fruit, erect, persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. — Stagnant water, Mass. and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo. * # # Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear l-nerved leaves ; flow- ers without bracts ; carpels separate nearly to the axis. 4. C. autumnalis, L. Stems 3-6' high ; fruit large (1" wide or more), flattened, circular, deeply arid narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them ; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ; leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at the tip (2-6" long). — W. Mass., Lake Champlain and N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.) ORDER 40. MELASTOMACEJE. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) Plants with opposite 3 - 7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Onagraceae. — All tropical, except the genus 1. R HE XI A, L. DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in- serted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 ; stigma 1. Capsule invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low per- ennial herbs, often bristly, with mostly sessile 3 - 5-nerved and bristly-edged leaves, and large showy cymose flowers ; in summer ; the petals falling early. (A name in Pliny for some unknown plant, probably from /5r}|is-, a crevice, from the place of growth.) * Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the filament above its base ; flowers cymose, peduncled. 1. R. Virginica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval- lanceolate, sessile, acute ; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland- tipped hairs; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps; coast of Maine to Fla., west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous. 2. R. aristdsa, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled ; leaves linear- oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy ; hairs of the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped ; petals sparsely villous, bright purple. — Egg Harbor City, N. J. (J. E. Peters) ; also Sumter Co., S C. (/. D. Smith). 3. R. Mariana, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oWong, narrowed below, mostly petiolate ; petals paler. — Sandy swamps ; N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La. * * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur ; flowers few, sessile. 4. R. cili6sa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate with long bristles ; calyx glabrous. — Md. to Fla. and La. 184 LYTHRACE,fc. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) ORDER 41. LYTHRACEJE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing but free from the 1 -4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, and bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat ; the latter lower down. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style re- ciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1 -celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions; placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided. * Flowers regular or nearly so. •«- Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or nearly so. 1. IMdiplis. Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule inde- hiseent. Small aquatic. 2. Kotala. Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule septi- eidal, with 3-4 valves. 3 Ammaimia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4. Cap- sule bursting irregularly. •«- ••- Flowers in 3 - many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary). 4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers cymose-spicate in one species. 5. Decode 11. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4) Stamens 8-10. Capsule 3-4- valved, loculicidal. * * Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 stamens. 6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal. 1. DIDIPLIS, Raf. WATER PURSLANE. Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the sinuses (or a mere callous point). Petals none. Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, indehiscent, 2-celled. — Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. (" Didiplis means two doubling ; " from 5/s, twice, and 8nr\6o$, double.) 1. D. line&ris, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; calyx with broad triangular lobes ; style very short ; capsules very small. (Aminnn- nia Nuttallii, Gray.) — From Minn, and Wise, to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla. 2. ROTALA, L. Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at the sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a strong lens) trans versely and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the whorled leaves of the original species.) 1 . R. "ramdsior, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the axils and sessile ; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 185 (Ammannia humilis, Michx.) — Low or wet ground, Mass, to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and Tex. — With Ammannia-like habit, an exception in the genus. 3. AMMANNIA, Houston. Flowers in 3 - many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-shaped, ' 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small arid deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-8. Capsule globular, 2 -4-celled, bursting irregularly. — Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul Ammann, a German botanist ante- rior to Linnaeus.) 1. A. COCCinea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2-3' long), with a broad auricled sessile base ; cymes subsessile, dense ; petals purplish ; stamens more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. (A. latifolia, Gray, Manual, not L.) — N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The style varies much in length, sometimes in the same specimen. Apparently the more developed form of the southern A. latifolia, Linn., which, as limited by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with included stamens and short style. 4. LY THRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5 - 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2- celled. — Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from \vBpov, blood ; perhaps from the styptic properties of some species.) # Stamens and petals 5 - 7 ; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves ; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the intermediate processes ; plants smooth. 1 . r . Hyssopifolia, L. Low annual (6 - 10' high), pale ; leaves oblong- linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals pale-purple; sta- mens usually 4-6, included. — Marshes, near the coast, Maine to N. J. (Eu.) 2. L. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall (3-4° high), bushy at top, with 2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite; petals whitish ; flowers with 6 included stamens and a short style, or the stamens exserted and style short ; ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring. — Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 3. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial ; branches with mar- gined angles ; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate , acute, with a cordate or rounded base, the upper mostly alternate ; calyx 2-4" long ; petals rather large, deep-purple; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous ring prominent. — Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ark., and Col. ; also near Boston. # # Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter ; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike. L. SALICARIA, L. (SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.) More or less downy and tall ; leases lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes ; flowers purple, trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style. — \Vet meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.) 186 LYTHRACE^E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 6. D^CODOW, Gmel. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3 - 5-celled, lOculicidal. — Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from Se'/ca, ten, and oSotfs, tooth.) 1. D. verticill£tUS, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2-8° long), 4-6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels ; petals 5, wedge- lanceolate, rose-purple (J' long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Nesaea verticillata, HBK.) — Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Out., Minn., and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened. 6. CUPHEA, Jacq. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi- mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled ; style slender ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ob- long, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary or race- mose, stalked. (Name from KV^OS, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.) 1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. (CLAMMY CUPHEA.) Annual, very viscid- hairy, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple ; seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out of the ruptured capsule. — Dry fields, K. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La. ORDER 42. ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2 - 3- or 5 - Q-merous) perfect and sym- metrical flowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2-4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete , the petals convolute in the bud, some- times wanting ; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen- der; stigma 2-4-lobed or capitate. .Pollen grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen. — Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glandular. * Parts of the flower in fours or more. •*- Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal. •M. Calyx-limb divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent. |. Jus si sea. Petals 4 -6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated. «. Ludwigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short. «+ -H- Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n. 3) and deciduous from it Flowers 4-merous. 8. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leaves often opposite. 4. CEnothera. Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate ONAGRACEJE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 187 t- •»- Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1 - 4-seeded. Leaves alternate. 5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base. 6. Steiiosiplioii. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments not appendaged. * * Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite. 7. Circsea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1 -2-seeded, bristly. 1. JUSSI^IA, L. Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4 - 6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-9. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Capsule 4 - 6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very nu- merous. — Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany.) 1. J. dectirrens, DC. Stem erect (1-2° high), branching, winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals ; capsule oblong- club-shaped, wing-angled ; seeds in several rows in each cell. — Wet places, Va. to Fla., west to S. 111., Ark., and La. 2. J. ripens, L. Stem creeping, or ^floating and rooting ; leaves oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and obovate petals 5 ; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base ; seeds quadrate, in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp. — In water, 111. and Ky. to E. Kan., Ark., and Tex. 2. LIinWIGIA, L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per- sistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axil- lary (rarely capitate) flowers, through summer and autumn. (Named for C. G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.) # Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so. *- Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4-8" long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx. 1. L. alternifolia, L. (SEED-BOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched (3° high); leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled. — Swamps, E. Mass, to Fla., west to Mich., E. Kan., and La. 2. L. hirt&la, Raf . Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (1 - 2° high) ; leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; capsules nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. H- -t- Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils, with very small greenish petals (in n. 5) or mostly none ; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect stems (1 - 3° high) and numerous branches ; but prostrate or creep- ing sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter ob- ovate or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except n. 3.) 3. L. sphserocarpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those of the runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate; 188 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) bractlets minute, obsolete, or none,' capsules globular or depressed (sometimes acute at base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2" long). — Water or wet swamps, E. Mass, to Fla. and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened. 4. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire ; bractlets linear- awl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped cap- sule, which is longer than the calyx-lobes. — Wet places, E. Mass, and Conn, to Mich., Minn., E. Kan., and Ky. 5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those of the short runners obovate ; minute petals usually present ; bractlets minute at the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule, which is 3" long and much longer than the calyx-lobes. — Bogs, pine barrens of N. J., and southward. 6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate- lanceolate, much tapering at the base or even petioled ; bractlets very minute at the base of the cylindrical capsule, which is 3" long, and several times exceeds the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, S. III. to Fla. and Tex. # * Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating. 7. L. paliistris, Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the plant grows out of water ; calyx-lobes very short ; capsules oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at base, sessile in the axils (2" long). — Ditches, common. (Eu.) 8. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yellow, exceeding the calyx (3" long) ; capsules oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved (£' long). — Swamps, Va. to Fla. 3. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-cleft or -parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; anthers short. Capsule linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. — Mostly perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers ; in summer. A large genus, many of its species of difficult limitation. The following provi- sional arrangement has been made by Prof. W. TRE LEASE, mainly in accord- ance with Haussknecht's revision of the genus. (Name composed of M, upon, and \bfiiov, a little pod.) § 1 . Flowers large, purple, in a long raceme ; calyx-limb deeply parted ; petals entire ; stamens and style successively deflexed ; stigma of 4 long lobes. 1. E. angustifdlium, L. (GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIRE-WEED.) Stem simple, tall (4-7°) ; leaves scattered, ample, lanceolate, nearly entire. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared lands ; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn, and E. Kan., and far north and westward. (Eu., Asia.) § 2. Flowers mostly small and corymbed or panicled ; calyx-limb 4-cleft; petals mostly deeply notched ; stamens and style erect. # Stigma 4-parted ; stem terete. E. HiRStrruM, L. Densely soft-hairy, stout, branching (3 - 5° high) ; leaves mostly opposite, lance-oblong, serrulate, sessile flowers in the upper axils or ONAGtlACEjE. (EVENING-PiUMROSE FAMILY.) 189 in a leafy short raceme ; petals 6" long, rose-purple. — Waste grounds, Mass to N. Y. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.) # * Stigma clavate ; stem terete, without decurrent lines (or with traces in n. 2) ; leaves numerous, the lower opposite, subentire, with revolute margins. 2. E. lineare, Muhl. Usually much branched above and minutely hoary- pubescent, 1-2° high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct petiole, acutish ; flowers numerous, pale ; capsules hoary, on pedicels as long as the leaves. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Gray, mainly.) — Bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and northward. 3. E. Strictum, Muhl. Erect, 1 - 2£° high, densely beset with soft spread- ing somewhat glandular white hairs ; leaves broader, more obtuse and with evident veins, very short-petioled or sessile ; pubescence of the capsule soft and spreading. (E. molle, Torr.) — Bogs, Mass, to Minn., south to Va. and 111. * # Stigma clavate ; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2-4 ridges or hairy lines decurrent from some of the leaves. •*- Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered ; leaves rather large, toothed, not revolute, the lower opposite ; seeds papillose. 4. E. coloratura, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above er gland- ular, 1-3° high ; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, acute, nar- rowed to conspicuous petioles ; flowers pale, more or less nodding ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; seeds dark, unappendaged ; coma cinnamon-color. — Wet places, common. 5. E. adenoeaulon, Haussk. Differs in its more glandular pubescence above, the often blunter and less toothed leaves abruptly contracted to shorter petioles, flowers erect, paler seeds with a slight prolongation at top, and a merely dingy coma. — Wet places through the Northern States. 6. E. glandul6surn, Lehm. Subsimple ; pubescence above not gland, ular ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly abruptly rounded to a sessile base and more glandular-toothed; seeds larger. — Canada to the mountains of N. C. (fide Haussknecht). (Asia.) H- •«- Mostly low, slender and simple (except forms ofn. 10) ; leaves chiefly op- posite, less toothed ; flowers few, nodding ; seeds appendaged at the apex. •*-«. Seeds areolate but not papillose ; leaves not revolute. 7. E. anagallidifdlium, Lam. Glabrate, a span high or less; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling the internodes, elliptical-oblong to narrowly obovate, entire or the upper denticulate, tapering to short petioles ; flowers purple ; sepals rather obtuse ; capsules glabrous on peduncles exceeding the leaves. — White Mts. and Adirondacks (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.) 8. E. Iactifl6rum, Haussk. Glabrous except the pubescent lines, 6-12' high, with elongated internodes ; leaves elliptical or the lowest round-obovate, slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, tapering into mostly elongated petioles ; flowers smaller, white ; sepals more acute ; seeds more prominently append- aged.— White Mts., and northward (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.) •»-+ -w. Seeds papillose-roughened. 9. E. Hornernanni, Reichenb. Glabrate, 8-18' high; leaves mostly horizontal, ovate, the upper acutish, remotely denticulate, abruptly contracted 190 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) to winged petioles, not revolute ; seeds often only slightly roughened, short and shortly appendaged. (E. alpinum, Man.) — White Mts., dells of the Wis- consin River (Lapham), and northward. (Eu.) 10. E. pallistre, L- Slender, 1° high or less, often branched, finely pu- bescent; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the inter- nodes, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with revolute margins ; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, mostly shorter than the slen- der peduncles ; seeds fusiform, with long beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Man., in part.) — Penn. to Minn, and the White Mts., north and westward. (Eu.) 4. CENOTHEHA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of Epilobium.) § 1. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated (except in n. 7); calyx-tube linear, slightly dilated at the throat ; anthers linear. * Caulescent annuals or biennials ; flowers erect in the bud, nocturnal, yellow, the calyx-tips free ; capsules sessile, coriaceous ; seeds in two rows in each cell. •H- Flowers in a leafy spike ; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed above. 1. CE. bi6nnis, L. (COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.) Rather stout, erect (1 - 5° high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy; leaves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2 - 6' long), acute or acuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled ; calyx-tube 1 - 2£' long, the tips of the sepals contiguous ; petals £ - f long ; capsule more or less pubescent or hirsute. — Throughout the U. S. — Var. CRUCIATA, Torr. & Gray, with small narrow petals, appears to be merely a rare garden (?) sport. E. Mass. Var. grandifldra, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1 - 2 £' long). — Same range as the type, but not so common east. 2. (E. Oakesiana, Bobbins. Annual, more slender, not hairy, the pu- berulence mainly appressed ; calyx-tips not contiguous at base ; otherwise nearly as in the typical form of the last. ((E. biennis, var. Oakesiana, Gray.) — Dry places, E. Mass., R. I., and Conn. •H- H- Flowers in a leafy spike or axillary ; capsules linear. 3. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and subcanescent ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, the lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward into the close, elongated, conspicuously bracted spike ; calyx silky-canescent (tube 1$' long) ; petals rhombic-ovate (6- 10' long). — Ind. to Minn, and Ark. 4. CE. humiftisa, Nutt. Stems decumbent or ascending (£-2° long); hoary-pubescent with short dense appressed hairs ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate (£- 1' long), sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; capsule £-1' long, silky, curved; seeds smooth. — On the sea-coast, N. J. to Fla. 5. (E. sinuata, L. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched (1° high or more), more or less strigose-pubescent and puberulent , leaves oblong or lanceolate (1 -2' long), sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid, the floral simi- (EVENING- PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 191 lar ; capsule 1 - 1-J' long ; seeds strongly pitted. — N. J. to Fla., west to E. Kan. and Tex. Very variable. * * Caulescent perennial ; flowers axillary, nodding in the bud, white turning rose-color ; capsules sessile, linear ; seeds in a single row. 6. CE. albicatllis, Nutt. Stems erect (i-4° high), simple or branched, white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent ; leaves linear to oblong-lan- ceolate (1 -3' long), entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base; calyx-tips free, throat naked; pods £-2' long, often curved or twisted ; seeds lance-linear, smooth. — W. Minn, to N. Mex., and westward. * * * Caulescent ; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud (except in n. 11); capsules obovate or clavate, quadrangular, the valves ribbed and the angles more or less strongly winged (except in n. 7). 7. CE. linifolia, Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple or diffuse (6-15' high), glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent; radical leaves oblanceolate, cauline linear-flbform |-l'long; spikes loosely flowered ; corolla 2 - 3" long ; stigmas short ; capsules obovate to oblong-clavate, 2 -3" long, not winged, nearly sessile. — 111. to E. Kan., La., and Tex. 8. CE. pumila, L. Biennial, puberulent, 1-2° high; leaves mostly gla- brous, entire, obtuse, the radical spatulate, the cauline narrowly oblanceolate ; flowers loosely spiked; corolla 4-12" long; capsule glabrous, oblong-clavate, 3 - 6" long, sessile or on a short pedicel, slightly winged. (Incl. CE. chrysantha, Alichx. ) — Dry fields, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn, and Kan. June. 9. CE. fruticbsa, L. (SUNDROPS.) Biennial or perennial, erect, often tall and stout (1-3° high), villous-pubescent or puberulent or nearly glabrous ; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate ; raceme corymbed or loose ; petals 9 - 12" long ; capsule subsessile or with a pedicel shorter than itself, promi- nently ribbed and strongly winged. — Common and very variable. Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate ; capsule usually shorter than the pedicel, rather less broadly winged. ((E. linearis of Man., in part. (E. riparia, Nutt.) — Conn, to Fla., west to Mo. and La. Var. humifusa, Allen. Low, decumbent, somewhat woody, diffusely branched, puberulent ; branches slender, flexuous ; leaves narrow ; flowers few, small; capsules pubescent, about equalling the pedicel. (CE. linearis of Man., in part.) — Suffolk Co., L. Island. 10. CE. glauca, Michx. Perennial, erect (2-3° high), glabrous and glau- cous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong (2- 4' long), repand-denticulate; flowers in short leafy corymbs; petals 9 -15" long; capsule glabrous, ovoid-oblong, very broadly winged, usually abruptly contracted into a pedicel equalling or shorter than itself. — Mountains of Va. to Ala., west to Ky. and E. Kan. 11. CE. speci6sa, Nutt. Perennial, erect or subdecumbent, finely pu- bescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate, or more or less deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers large, white or rose ; capsule clavate-obovate, strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pedicelled. — Mo. to Kan. and Tex. * # * * Capsule oblong to ovate or orbicular, broadly winged, rigid and sessile. •*- Acaulescent or nearly so ; flowers white or rose-color. 12. CE. triloba, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous; leaves 2-10' long, somewhat ciliate, loug-petioled, runciuate-pinnatifid or oblanceo- 192 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) late and only sinuate-toothed ; calyx-tips free, the tube slender (2 -4' long); petals 6- 12" long; capsule ovate, -£- 1' long, strongly winged, net-veined. — Ky. to Miss, and Tex., west to the Pacific. Var. (?) parvifl6ra, Watson. Flowers very small (1 -2' long), fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening; fruit abundant, forming at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 2' in diameter and often 2 - 3' high. — Plains of Kan. and Neb. •t- •»- Low caulescent perennials ; flowers axillary, yellow. 13. CE. Missouriensis, Sims. Stems decumbent; pubescence short and silky, closely appressed, sometimes dense or wholly wanting ; leaves thick, oval to linear, mostly narrowly lanceolate (2 -5' long), acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate ; calyx-tube 2 - 5' long ; petals broad, 1 - 2^' long ; capsules orbicular, very broadly winged (1-3' long). — Mo. and Kan. to Tex. 14. CE. Frem6ntii, Watson. Hoary with appressed silky pubescence ; leaves linear, pointed, entire ; calyx-tube 1-2' long; petals i-1' long; cap- sule hoary, oblong, narrowed at base, 9" long. — Central Kan. § 2. Stigma discoid ; calyx-tube more broadly dilated above; anthers oblong- linear ; capsule mostly sessile, linear-cylindric ; perennial, somewhat woody, with axillary yellow flowers. 15. CE. Hartwfcgi, Benth., var. lavandulsefdlia, Watson. Stems numerous from a woody base, 3 - 6' high ; leaves numerous, hoary-puberulent, mostly linear, £ - 1' long ; calyx-tube 1-2' long ; capsule 8-10" long. — Cen- tral Kan. to Col. and N. Mex. 16. CE. serrulata, Nutt. Slender (3-15' high), simple or branched, canescent or glabrous ; leaves linear to lanceolate (1 -3' long), irregularly and sharply denticulate ; calyx-tube broadly funnelf or m (2-4" long), strongly nerved ; petals broadly obovate (3-4" long), crenulate; capsule 9-15" long. — Wise, and Minn, to Mo., Tex., and N. Mex. 5. GAUKA, L. Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely 3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like ap- pendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3-4-ribbed or angled, inde- hiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1 -4-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in spikes or racemes , in our species quite small (so that the name, from yavpos, superb, does not seem appropriate). # Fruit sessile or nearly so. 1. G. bidnnis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3-8° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceo- late, denticulate ; spikes wand-like ; fruit oval or oblong, acute at both ends, 2 - 3" long, ribbed, downy. — Dry banks, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. Aug. 2. G. parviflbra, Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, 2-5° high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, soft-pubescent ; spikes dense ; fruit oblong- clavate, narrowed to both ends, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above, 3-4" long. — Mo. to La. and westward. LOASACE.E. (LOASA FAMILY.) 193 3. G. COCCinea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate (6-12' high), very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire ; flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet ; fruit terete below, 4-sided and broader above, 2 - 3" long. — Minn, to Kan., and westward. * # Fruit slender-pedicelled. 4. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2-4° high) ; leaves linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base ; branches of the panicle very slender, naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit. — Open places, Va. to Fla., west to 111., Kan., and Ark. 6. STENOSIPHON, Spach. Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Filaments (8) not appendaged at base. Fruit 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Otherwise as Gaura, which it also resembles in habit. (From crr€v6s, narrow, and (rlwv, a tube.) 1. S. virgatus, Spach. Slender, 2 - 4° high, glabrous, leafy , leaves nar- rowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above ; flowers nu- merous in an elongated spike, white, £' long ; fruit pubescent, oblong-ovate, 8-ribbed, small. — E. Kan. to Col. and Tex. 7. CIRC JEA, Tourn. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit inde- hiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 - 2-celled ; cells 1-seeded. — Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named from. Circe, the enchantress.) 1. C. Lutetiana, L. Taller (1-2° high) ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed ; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly. — Very common. (Eu.) 2. C. alplna, L. Low (3-8' high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed ; bracts minute ; hairs of the obovate-oblong l-cel/ed fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods, N. Eng. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. (Eu.) ORDER 43. LOASACE^E. (LOASA FAMILY.) Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube adherent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentce ; — represented here only by the genus 1. MENTZELIA, Plumier. Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in- definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 3, more or less united into one ; stigmas terminal, minute. Capsule at length dry and opening by valves or irregularly at the summit, few -many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate, very adhesive by the barbed pubescence. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose- clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.) 194 LOASACEJE. (LOASA FAMILY.) * Seeds few, oblong, not winged ; petals 5, not large; filaments all filiform. 1. M. Oligosp6rma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1-3° high), much branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled, often petioled ; flowers yellow (7 - 10" broad), opening in sunshine ; petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule small, about 9- seeded. — Prairies and plains, 111. to Kan. and Col., south to Tex. * # Seeds numerous, rounded and wing-margined ; petals 10, large and showy ; outer filaments petaloid in n. 3; capsule large, oblong ; leaves sessile. 2. M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1 - 2° high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute ; calyx-tube leafy-brac- teate ; petals 2-3' long, yellowish-white ; filaments all filiform or the outer dilated below ; capsule \\- 2' long ; seeds narrowly margined. — On the plains, western part of the Dakotas to central Kan. and Tex. 3. M. nilda, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1 -5° high ; leaves somewhat lanceolate, rather bluntly or shortly repand-dentate ; flowers half as large as in the last ; calyx not bracteate ; outer filaments narrowly dilated, sterile ; capsule about Y long ; seeds plainly winged. — Plains, Dakotas to ceu. Kan. and Tex. ORDER 44. PASSIFLORACEJE. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 mona- delphous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placentae, and as many club-shaped styles. 1. PASSIFLOKA, L. PASSION-FLOWER. Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, usually colored like the petals, at least within ; the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 ; filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above ; anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded ; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, grooved. — Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Pedun- cles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation viflos passi- onis, a translation oifior delta passione, the popular Italian name early applied to the flower from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the implements of the crucifixion.) 1. P. Itltea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (V broad) ; fruit % in diameter. — Damp thickets, S. Peun. to Fla., west to 111., Mo., and La. 2. P. incarnata, L. Pubescent ; leaves 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes serrate, the base bearing 2 glands; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple purple and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved ; fruit as large as a hen's egg. — Dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Ark. Fruit called maypops. ORDER 45. CUCURBITACE^. (GOURD FAMILY.) Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, dicecious or monoecious (often gamo- petalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1 - 3-celled ovary, and the CUCURBITACE^E. (GOURD FAMILY.) 195 5 or usually 2 £ stamens (i. e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. — Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf- like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. — Mostly a tropical or subtropical order ; represented in cultivation by the GOURD (LAGE- NARIA VULGARIS), PUMPKIN and SQUASH (species of CUCURBITA), MUS^-, MELON (CUCUMIS MELO), CUCUMBER (C. SAT1VUS), and WATERMELON (CiTRULLUs VULGARIS). * Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual, t- Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous. 1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat aud spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent. •«- •«- Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending. 2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 8. Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top. 3. Cyclanthera. Corolla 5-parted. Anther 1, annular. Fruit oblique and gibbous. * * Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3-5 parietal placentae. Perennial. 4. Melothria. Flowers small, greenish ; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small. 5. Cucurbita. Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. Fruit large. 1. SICYOS, L. ONE-SEEDED BUR-CUCUMBER. Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule ; style slender ; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. — Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers ; the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.) 1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, the lobes pointed ; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks, and a weed in damp yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July - Sept. 2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE. Flowers monoecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell ; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous- netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat. — Tall climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of ^x^05* a hedgehog, and KVCTTLS, a bladder ', from the prickly fruit.) 1- E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed; fruit oval (2' long) ; seeds dark-colored. — Rich soil along rivers, W. New Eng and Penn. to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult, for arbors. July -Oct. 196 CUCURBIT ACE.E. (GOURD FAMILY.) 3. CYCLANTHERA, Schrad. Flowers monoecious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens united into a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary (1 -3-) usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending ovules. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened. — Slender glabrous climbing annuals or perennials, with very small racemose or panicled white sterile flowers and a solitary fertile one in the same axil. (Name from KVK\OS, a circle, and avB'fipa, anther.) 1. C. diss£cta, Arn. Annual ; leaves digitately 3 - 7-foliolate, the oblong divisions somewhat lobed or toothed ; tendrils simple or bifid ; fruit \' long, on a short peduncle. — Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex. 4. MELOTHRIA, L. Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5- lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam- panulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from ij.-f]\(adpov, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.) 1. M. pendula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry oval, green, 4 - 6" long. — Copses, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and La. 6. CUCURBITA, L. Flowers monoecious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate ; corolla cam- panulate, 5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, united, sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3-5 2-lobed stigmas, and 3-5 parietal placentas , ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit smooth, fleshy with a hard rind, indehiscent. — Prostrate scabrous vines, rooting at the joints, with large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The Latin name for the Gourd.) 1. C. fCBtidissima, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick, triangular-cordate ; flowers 3-4' long ; fruit globose or obovoid, 2-3' in di- ameter. (C. perennis, Gray.) — Central Neb. to Tex., and westward. ORDER 46. CACTACEJE. (CACTUS FAMILY.) Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile , the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev- eral rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 ; stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campy lot ropous seeds on several parietal placentae. 1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from between the tubercles. Ovary naked , berry succulent. 2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants , the joints flattened or cylindrical CACTACE^. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 197 1. MAMILLlRIA. Haw. Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crustaceous. — Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles, the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from mamilla, a nipple, referring to the tubercles.) 1. M. vivipara, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1 - 5' high, the almost terete tubercles bearing bundles of 5 - 8 reddish-brown spines (10" long or less), sur- rounded by 15-20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid; flowers purple, with lance-subulate peials and fringed sepals; berry oval, green , seeds pitted, light brown. — Plains, Dakotas to Kan., and westward. 2. M. Missouriensis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10-20) weaker ash-colored spines ; flowers yellow, 1-2' broad ; berry subglobose, scarlet, seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, Engeim.) — S. Dak. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. 2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG. Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined, covered with a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen ; cotyledons large, foli- aceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints (flattened in ours), bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.) # Spines small or none ; fruit pulpy. 1 . O. VUlgaris, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, light green ; joints broadly obovate (2 - 4'' long) ; leaves minute (2 - 2|" long), ovate-subulate, generally ap- pressed ; bristles short, greenish yellow, rarely with a few small spines ; flowers pale yellow (about 2' broad), with about 8 petals; fruit 1' long. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C., near the coast; Falls of the Potomac. 2. O. Raflnesquii, Engeim. Prostrate, deep green ; joints broadly obo- vate or orbicular (3-5' long) ; leaves (3-4" long), spreading ; bristles bright red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (9-12" long) or none; flowers yellow (2£-3-^ broad), sometimes with a reddish centre; petals 10-12; fruit 1|' long, with an attenuated base. —Sterile soil, Nantucket and southward along the coast to Fla., and in the Mississippi valley, from Mich, to Minn., and south to Ky. and Ark. * # Very spiny , fruit dry and prickly. 3. O. Missouriensis, DC. Prostrate , joints light green, broadly obo- vate, flat and tuberculate (2 -6' long), leaves small (l£-2" long) ; their axils armed with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 slender radiating spines (1 - 2' long) ; flowers light yellow (2 - 3' broad) , fruit with spines of variable length. — Wise, to Mo., westward across the plains ., very variable. 4. O. fragilis, Haw, Subdecumbent ; joints small (1-2' long or less), ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete ; leaves hardly 1 " long, red ; bristles 198 PICOIDE^E. few , larger spines 1-4, cruciate, with 4-6 smaller white radiating ones below ; flowers yellow — Minn, to Iowa and Kan., and westward. ORDER 47. FICOIDEJE. A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly opposite leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryophyllacese and For- tulacaceae by having the ovary and capsule 2 - several-celled, and the stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactacese (but the latter wanting in most of the genera) , seeds, as in all these orders, with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary. 1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5 -60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent. 2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent. 1. SESUVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE. Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5 - 60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 - 5-celled, many-seeded, circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. — Usually prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.) 1. S. pent£ndrum, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect; leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; flowers sessile ; stamens 5. (S. Portulacastrum, Gray, Manual, not L.) — Sea-coast, N. J. to Fla. 2. M OL LUGO, L. INDIAN-CHICKWEED. Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled' 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis! — Low homely annuals, much branched ; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.) M. VERTICILLATA, L. (CARPET-WEED.) Prostrate, forming patches; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel ; stamens usually 3. — Sandy river-banks, and cul- tivated grounds. June - Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.) ORDER 48. UMBELLIFERJE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in- serted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolon- gation of the axis (carpophore) ; each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 nrimary ribs, and often with 4 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the inter- UMBELLIFER^E. ( PARSLEY FAMILY.) 199 jtices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (yittv\\ov, a leaf, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.) 1. C. proctimbens, Crantz. More or less hairy ; stems slender, spread> ing (6-18' high); umbels few-rayed; fruit narrowly oblong (2£-3£" long), glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals broader than the ribs. — N. Y. to N. C., west to Mich., Iowa, Ark., and Miss. Var. Shdrtii, Torr. & Gray, has more broadly oblong to ovate (often somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all contracted at the summit. — Ky. to Ark. and La. 32. OSMOBBHIZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, with prominent caudate attenuation at base, very bristly, with equal ribs ; oil-tubes obsolete ; seed-face concave. — Glabrous to hirsute perennials (1-3° high) from thick aromatic roots, with ternately compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few- leaved involucres and involucels, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. (Name from 007*^, a scent, and f>i(a, a root.) 1. O. brevistylis, DC. Rather stout, villous-pubescent ; leaves 2 - 3-ter- nate; leaflets 2-3' long, acuminate; fruit (not including the caudate attenu- ation) 6" long ; stylopodium and style \" long. — From N. Scotia westward through the Northern States, and in the mountains to N. C. May, June. 2. O. longistylis, DC. Glabrous or slightly pubescent ; like the last, but with the style \" long or more, and the seed-face more deeply and broadly con- cave. — N. Scotia to Va., and west to Tenn., E. Kan., and the Dakotas. 33. E HI GENT A, Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit didy mous, nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1 -3) small oil-tubes in the intervals ; inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep cavity. — A small glabrous vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name from ypiytveia, born in the spring.) 1. 13. bulbdsa, Nutt. Stem 3-9' high; leaf -segments linear-oblong; fruit 1" long, 1|" broad. — W. New York to Md. and Tenn., and west to Wise., S. E. Minn., and Kan. 34. HYDKOCOTYLE, Tourn. WATER PENNYWORT. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or shield- shaped ; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin ; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney- form leaves. with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all sum- mer. (Name from u5u>/>, water, and Konj\rj, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.) TJMBELLIFEILffi. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 211 # Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs ; leaves round- peltate f crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks. •i- Fruit notched at base and apex ; intermediate ribs corky. 1. H. umbellata, L. Umbels many-flowered, simple (sometimes pro- liferous); pedicels 2-6" long,- fruit about 1^" broad, strongly notched, the dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse. — Mass, to Minn., south to the Gulf. 2. H. Canbyi, Coult. & Rose. Umbels 3 - ^-flowered, generally proliferous ; pedicels very short, but distinct ; fruit about 2 lines broad ; carpels broader and more flattened than in the preceding, sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral ribs much more prominent ; seed-section much narrower. (H. umbellata, var.? ambigua, Gray, Manual). — N. J. to Md. •*- •»- Fruit not notched ; intermediate ribs not corky. 3. H. verticillata, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 1^-2" broad; dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. (H. interrupta, Muhl.) — Mass, to Fla. * * Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform ; leaves not peltate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles. •i- Fruit small, without secondary ribs or reticulations ; involucre small or none. 4. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, branching and creeping; leaves thin, round-reniform, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, shining ; few-flowered umbels axillary and almost sessile ; fruit less than 1" broad ; intermediate ribs prominent ; no oil-bearing layer ; seed-section broadly oval. — Common. 5. H. ranunculoides, L. f. Usually floating ; leaves thicker, round-reni- form, 3 - 7-cleft, the lobes crenate ; peduncles 1-3' long, reflexed in fruit ; capi- tate umbel 5 - 1 0-flowered ; fruit 1 - !-£" broad ; ribs rather obscure ; seed-sec- tion oblong. — E. Penn. to Fla., thence westward. <»- -*- Fruit larger (2 -2-J" broad), with prominent secondary ribs and reticula- tions; the 2-4-Jlowered umbel subtended by two conspicuous bracts. 6. H. Asiatica, L. Petioles and peduncles (1-2' long) clustered on creeping stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, thickish; seed-section narrowly oblong. (H. repanda, Pers.) — Md. to Fla. and Tex. (Widely distributed in the tropics and southern hemisphere.) 35. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. ERYNGO. Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) * Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves. 1. E. yuccsef61ium, Michx. (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER. BUTTON SNAKE- ROOT.) Branching above, 1-6° high ; leaves rigid, tapering to a point (lower sometimes 2-3° long), the margins remotely bristly; heads ovate-globose (9" long), with ovate-lanceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the head, and similar bracelets. — Dry or damp soil, N. J. to. Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July - Sept. 10 (PARSLEY FAMILY.) * * Tall and often stout ; leaves thick, not parallel-veined. 2. E. Virgini&mim, Lam. Slender (1-3° high); radical and lower stem-leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long (sometimes 1° long) Jistulous petioles, entire or with small hooked teeth ; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate ; heads ovate-oblong (6" long), with spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts, and bractlets with 3 spiny cusps (the middle one largest). — Margins of ponds and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept. 3. E. Leavenw6rthii, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1-3° high) ; lowest stem- leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and deeply palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pinnatifid spreading pungent segments ; heads ovate-oblong (1 - l£' long), with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3 - 7-cus- pidate bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts. — Dry soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex. # # # Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small thin unarmed leaves and very small heads. 4. E. prostr&tum, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed at base ; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few- toothed or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones) ; reflexed bracts longer than the oblong heads (2 - 4" long). — Wet places, S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex. 36. SANICULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil- tubes. — Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or com- pound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from sano, to heal; or perhaps from San Nicolas ) 1. S. Maryl£ndica, L. Stem 1-3° high; leaves 3-7-parted, the di- visions mostly sharply cut and serrate ; sterile flowers numerous and long-pedi- celled ; fruit l£ - 2" long, the styles longer than the prickles. — Throughout our range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. and Minn. May -Aug. Var. Canad6nsis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S Canadensis, L) — With the last, but westward only to Minn, and E. Kan. ORDER 49. ABALlACE^. (GINSENG FAMILY ) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbelliferae, but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few - several-celled drupe. — Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed. 1. A It A LI A, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA. Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate, lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile CORNACE.E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 213 flowers short and united. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as cells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decompound. Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, etc., warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure.) § 1. ARALIA. Flowers monoeciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually in corymbs or panicles ; styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit 5; stems herbaceous or woody ; ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate. * Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle ; leaves very large, decompound. 1. A. spinbsa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HERCULES' CLUB.) Shrub, or a low tree ; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale beneath. — River-banks, Penn. to Ind., and south to the Gulf. July, Aug. 2. A. racem6sa, L. (SPIKENARD.) Herbaceous ; stem widely branched ; leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy ; umbels racemose ; styles united. — Rich woodlands, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to the moun- tains of Ga. July. Well known for its spicy-aromatic large roots. * * Umbels 2-7, corymbed ; stem short, somewhat woody. 3. A. hispida, Vent. (BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. WILD ELDER.) Stem (1-2° high) bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky and sandy places, Newf. to the Dakotas, south to the mountains of N. C. June. 4. A. nudicaulis, L. (WiLD SARSAPARILLA.) Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, smooth, bearing a single long-stalked leaf (1° high) and a shorter naked scape, with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands; range of n. 3. May, June. The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla. § 2. GfNSENG. Flowers dioecious! y polygamous ; styles and cells of the red or reddish fruit 2 or 3 ; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing a whorl of 3 pal- mately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves, and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle. 5. A. quinquefblia, Decsne. & Planch. (GINSENG.) Root large and spindle-shaped, often forked (4-9' long, aromatic) ; stem l°high; leaflets long- stalked, mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright red. — Rich and cool woods, Vt. and W. Conn, to Minn., south to the mountains of Ga. July. 6. A. trif61ia, Decsne. & Planch. (DWARF GINSENG. GROUND-NUT.) Root or tuber globular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4-8' high ; leaflets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles usually 3 ; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Ga. April, May. ORDER 50. CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) Shrubs or trees {rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves, the calyx-tube coherent with the l — 2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals (valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigy~ nous disk in the perfect Jlowers ; style one: a single anatropous ovule hang- ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a I -^-seeded drupe; embryo nearly 214 CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) as long as the albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons. — Including two genera, of which Nyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic. 1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostly opposite. 2. Nyssa. Flowers diceciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate. 1. CORNUS, Tourn. CORNEL. DOGWOOD. Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dio3cious). Calyx minutely 4 toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 ; filaments slender. Style slender ; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone. — Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) § 1. Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrounded by a large and showy, ^-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre ; fruit bright red, 1. C. Canadensis, L. (DWARF CORNEL. BUNCH-BERRY.) Stems low and simple (5 - 7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody trunk; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the invo- lucre ovate ; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and the far north and west. June. 2. C. fl6rida, L. (FLOWERING DOGWOOD.) Tree 12 -40° high; leaves ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre obcordate (!£' long) ; fruit oval. — Dry woods, from S. New Eng. to Ont. and S. Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. Very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit. § 2. Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes ; involucre none ; fruit spherical; leaves all opposite (except in n. 9). # Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading. S. C. circinata, L'Her. (ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD.) Shrub 6 - 10° high ; branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, woolly beneath (2 -5' broad); cymes ft&t; fruit light blue. — Copses, in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. Scotia to the Dakotas, south to Va. and Mo. June. 4. C. sericea, L. (SILKY CORNEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Shrub 3-10° high ; branches purplish ; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the nar- rowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull; cymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; fruit pale blue. — Wet places, Canada to the Dakotas, south to Fla. and La. June. 5. C. asperifdlia, Michx. Branches brownish ; the branchlets, etc., rough- pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence above, and downy beneath ; calyx-teeth minute ; fruit white. (C. Drummondii, Mey.) — Dry or sandy soil, N. shore of L. Erie to Minn, and the Gulf. May, June. A rather tall shrub. * * Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none. 6. C. Stolonifera, Michx. (RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.) Branches, espe- cially the osier-like shoots of the season, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence CORKAGES. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 215 on both sides, whitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth ; fruit white or lead-color. — Wet places ; common, especially north- ward. Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3-6° high. June. 7. C. Stricta, Lam. (STIFF CORNEL.) A shrub 8-15° high ; branches brownish or reddish, smooth; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at base, glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, flattish ; anthers and fruit pale blue. — Swamps, Va. to Ga. and Fla. April, May. 8. C. paniculata, L'Her. (PANICLED CORNEL.) Shrub 4-8° high, ,much branched; branches gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acute at base, whitish beneath but not downy; cymes convex, loose, often pani- cled; fruit white, depressed-globose. — Thickets and river-banks. June. 9. C. alternif61ia, L. f. Shrub or tree 8-25° high; branches greenish streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends, ovate or oval, long- pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath ; cymes very broad and open ; fruit deep blue on reddish stalks. — Hillsides in copses, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. May, June. 2. N Y S S A, L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR-GUM TREE. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit of axillary peduncles. Stam. Fl. numerous in a simple or compound dense cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none. Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk; filaments slender ; anthers short. No pistil. Pist. Fl. solitary, or 2 - 8, sessile in a bracted cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short re- pand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, decidu- ous, or often wanting. Stamens 5-10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary 1 -celled. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1 -celled and 1 -seeded stone. — Trees with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appear- ing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph : " so called because it [the original species] grows in the water.") 1. N. sylvatica, Marsh. (TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK or SOUR GUM.) Middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches ; leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubescent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2 - 5' long) ; fertile flowers 3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle ; fruit ovoid, acid, bluish-black (about y long). (N. multiflora, Wang.) — Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry, S. Maine and N. Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. April, May. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. Wood firm, close-grained and very un- wedgeable, on account of the oblique direction and crossing of its fibres. 2. N. uniflbra, Wang. (LARGE TUPELO.) A large tree; leaves ob- long or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or an- gulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4-12' long) ; fertile flower solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit oblong, blue (1" or more in length). — Deep swamps, S. Va. to S. 111. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. April. Wood soft ; that of the roots very light and spongy. 216 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.* ORDER 51. CAPRIFOLJACEJE. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2-5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 - several- seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen. Tribe I. SAMBUCE.3S. Corolla wheel-shaped or uru-shaped, regular, deeply 6-lobed. Stigmas 3-5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal arid cymose. * Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. 1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate. * * Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes. 2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate. 3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple. Tribe II. LONICERE^E. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender ; stigma capitate. * Herbs, with axillary flowers. 4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect ; flowers sessile. 5. Liniisea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers. * # Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds. 6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile. 7. Uonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile. 8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender. 1. ADOXA, L. MOSCHATEL. Calyx-tube reachmg not quite to' the summit of the 3 - 5-celled ovary ; limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4 - 6-clef t, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3-5- parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. — A dwarf per- ennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From #5o£os, obscure or insignificant.) * In certain families, as in Ericaceae, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Composites and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division ; but the artificial analysis prefixed to the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order. CAPRIFQLIACE.E. ("HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 217 1 . A. Moschat&lina, L. Smooth, musk-scented ; radical leaves 1-3- ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted ; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft ; flowers several in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish. — N. Iowa, Wise., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.) 2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from o-a/iifivKi), an ancient musical instrument.) 1. S. Canad6nsis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody (5- 10° high); leaflets 5-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes flat ; fruit black-purple. — Rich soil, in open places, throughout our range, and south and west. June, July. — Pith white. 2. S. racemdsa, L. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2-12° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath ; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal ; fr ait bright red (rarely white). (S. pubens, Michx.} — Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. May ; the fruit ripening in June. — Pith brown. Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3-5 linear-lanceolate 2 - 3-cleft or laciniate segments. 3. VIBURNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1-3. Fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.) § 1. Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat co- rollas as in Hydrangea; drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate ; leaves pinnately veined ; winter-buds naked. 1. V. lantanoides, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING- TREE.) Leaves (4-8' across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy ; cymes sessile, very broad and flat. — Cold moist woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. May. A straggling shrub ; the reclining branches often taking root. § 2. Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2 ; drupe light red, acid, globose ; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; winter-buds scaly. 2. V. Opulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright (4-10° high) ; leaves 3-5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses ; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex. — Low ground, along streams, from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July. — The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names High Cranberry -bush. 218 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) etc. The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.) 3. V. pauciflbrum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit ; cyme few-flowered ; stamens shorter than the corolla. — Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng., westward to N. Mich, and the Rocky Mts. § 3. Cyme never radiant ; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity. * Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed ; stij>' ules bristle-shaped. 4. V. acerifblium, L. (DOCKMACKIE. ARROW-WOOD.) Shrub 3 -6° high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled ; stamens exserted; fruit crimson turning purple ; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate. — Cool rocky woods, from N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn. * * Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominent! y pin- nately veined ; stipules narrowly subulate ; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue or purple ; the stone grooved ; cymes peduncled. H- Stone flat ; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile. 5. V. pub6scens, Pursh. (DOWNY A.) A low, straggling shrub ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young ; fruit dark-purple ; the stone lightlv 2-sul- cate on the faces. — Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. June. •t- -»- Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally ; leaves rather slender-petioled. 6. V. dentatum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth, 5-15° high, with ash- colored bark ; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined ; fruit 3" long ; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe- shaped. — Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. June. — The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins. 7. V. molle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets antf cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence ; fruit oily, larger and" more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated. — Coast of N, Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex. * * * Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not prominent ; stipules none ; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet ; stone very fiat and even, broadly oval or orbicular. i- Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed ; drupes globose-ovoid, 3" long ; shrubs 5 - 12* high, in swamps. 8. V. cassinoides, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Shoots scurfy -punctate ; leaves thickish and opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1 -3' long), with margins irregularly crenu/ate-denticulate or sometimes entire ; peduncle shorter than the cy?ne. (V nudum, var cassinoides, Torr, Sf Gray.) — Newf. to N. J, and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next- CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 219 9. V. nildum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate ; leaves more veiny, thick- ish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (2 - 4' long) ; peduncle usually equalling the cyme. — N. J. to Fla. •H- •»- Compound cymes sessile, 3 - 5-rayed ; drupes oval, 5 - 7" long. 10. V. Lent&gO, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate ; petioles long and margined ; cyme large; fruit oval, •£' long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15-30° high. — Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward. Fl. in spring. 11. V. prunifdlium, L. (BLACK HAW.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the preceding (1-2' long) ; fruit similar or rather smaller. — Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early. — A tall shrub or small tree. 12. V. obov&tum, Walt. Shrub 2-8° high; leaves obovate or spatu- late, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1 - 1-J' long), shining ; cymes small ; fruit 5" long, black. — River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. May. 4. TRIOSTETJM, L. FEVER-WORT. HORSE-GENTIAN. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many ribbed 1 -seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top ; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three bony nutlets.) 1. T. perfoli&tum, L. Softly hairy (2 -4° high); leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below, downy beneath ; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered ; fruit orange-color, Y long. — Rich woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called TINKER'S-WEED, WILD COFFEE, etc. 2. T. angUStif61ium, L. Smaller, bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, taper- ing to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. — Shady grounds, Va. to 111., Mo., and Ala. May. 5. LINNJEA, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER. Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1 -seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves con- tracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles fork- ing into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnceus, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a special favorite.) 1. L. bore&lis, Linn^ns. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng. to N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn. ; also far north and west. June. (Eu.) 220 CAPRI FOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 6. SYMPHORICABPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY. Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4 - 5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony. — LOW and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of av^opfw, to bear together, and itapir6s, fruit ; from the clustered berries.) * Stifle bearded ; fruit red ; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters. 1. S. Vlllgaris, Michx. (INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY.) Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded ; berries small. — Rocky banks, western N. Y. and Penn. to the Dakotas, Neb., and Tex. July. * * Style glabrous ; fruit white ; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary. 2. S. OCCidentaliS, Hook. (WOLFBERRY.) Flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; stamens and style pro- truded.— Rocky ground, N. Mich, and 111., west to the Rocky Mts. — Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next. 3. S. racemosus, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.) Flowers in a loose and some- what leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded inside , berries large. — Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn, and westward ; common in cultivation. June -Sept. Berries ripe in autumn. — Var. PAUCI- FL6RUS, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller (about 1' long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils. — Mountains of Vt. and Penn. to Minn., the Dakotas, and westward. 7. LONICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 -3- celled. Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of the 16th century.) § 1 . X YL6STEON. Upright bushy shrubs ; leaves all distinct ; peduncles axil- lary, single, ^-flowered at the summit ; the two berries sometimes united into one ; calyx-teeth not persistent. # Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute. 1. L. Ciliata, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branches straggling (3 - 5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath ; Jiliform peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred at the base (greenish-yellow, £' long), the lobes nearly equal ; berries separate (red). — Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Penn. and Minn. May. 2. L. cserillea, L. (MOUNTAIN F.) Low (1-2° high); branches up- right ; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short ; bracts aid-shaped, longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) berry ; flowers yellowish. — Mountain woods and bogs, Lab. to R . I., Minn., and northward. May. (Eu.) CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 221 3. L. Oblongifdlia, Muhl. (SWAMP F.) Shrub 2-5° high, branches upright; leaves (2-3' long) oblong, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender ; bracts minute or deciduous ; corolla deeply 2-lipped (-£' long, yellowish-white); berries (purple) united or nearly distinct. — Bogs, N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June. # * The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts. 4. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous ; branches 4-angular ; leaves (2-5' long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle ; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous (6 -8" long); ovaries and globose dark-purple berries distinct. — Deep woods ; shores of L. Superior, and north and westward. § 2. CAPRIFOLIUM. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming interrupted terminal spikes ; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry. # Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular ; stamens and style little exserted. 5. L. semp^rvirens, Ait. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.) Flowers in somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2' long, deep red outside, yellowish within or rarely throughout ; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs connate. — Copses, Conn, to Ind., and southward ; common in cultivation. May -Oct. — Leaves deciduous at the north. * # Corolla ringent ; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed ; stamens and style conspicuously exserted. I- Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside ; stamens and style glabrous. 6. L. grata, Ait. (AMERICAN WOODBINE.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers whorled in the upper- most axils ; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant. — Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich, and Mo., and southward ; also cultivated. May. 4- -i- Corolla hairy within, the tube 6" long or less. 7. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE.) Twining and rather high-climbing ; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short- petioled ; flowers in approximate whorls ; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy- pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July. — A coarse large-leaved species. 8. L. Sullivantii, Gray. At length much whitened with glaucous bloom, 3-6° high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2-4' long), sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk ; corolla pale yellow; Jilaments nearly glabrous. (L. flava of former edition, mainly.) — Ohio to 111., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C. 9. L. glauca, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf-surface sometimes puberu- lent, 3-5° high; leaves oblong (2-3' long), glaucous but less whitened than in the last, the 1-4 upper pairs connate ; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish; tube only 3 - 4" long, within and also style and base of Jilaments hirsute. (L. par- viflora, Lam., and part of var. Douglasii, Gray.) — Rocky grounds, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. 222 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 8. DIERVl'liIiA, Tourn. BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-flowered peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr. Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.) 1. D. triflda, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; pod long-beaked. — Rocks, Newf . to the moun- tains of N. C., west to Minn. June - Aug. — Flowers honey-color, not showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of WEIGELA. ORDER 52. RUBIACEJE. (MADDER FAMILY.) Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2— ^-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4-5), and inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitch- ella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical. I. CINCHONEJE. Ovules numerous in each cell ; leaves opposite. 1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble- shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs. 2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute, angular. Low herbs. II. COFFEINE^E. Ovules solitary in the cells ; leaves mostly opposite. •*- Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs. 3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular ; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2 - 4-seeded. •«- H- Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2- eyed berry. 4. Mitcliella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb. •»- i- i- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs. 5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening. G. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels ; otherwise as n. 6. III. STELLATE. Ovules solitary ; leaves in whorls, without stipules. 7 Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. 8. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, involucrate. 1. HOUSTONIA, L. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes val- vate in the bud. Stamens 4 ; anthers linear or oblong. Style 1 ; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across (MADDER FAMILY.) 223 the top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or globular-thimble-shaped, pitted. — Small herbs, with short entire stipules con- necting the petioles or narrowed bases of tho leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with exserted anthers and short included style ; in others the anthers included and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for Dr. Win. Houston, an English botanist who collected in Central America.) * Small and delicate, vernal-flowering ; peduncles \-flowered; corolla salver- form; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free ; seeds globu- lar, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face. -»- Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems ; peduncles filiform, 1-2' long. 1. H. eserillea, L. (BLUETS. INNOCENCE.) Glabrous ; stems erect, slen- der, sparingly branched from the base (3 - 5' high) ; leaves oblong-spatulate (3 - 4" long) ; peduncle filiform, erect ; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearly white with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those of the calyx. — Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Mich, and Ala. ; pro- ducing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers. 2. H. serpyllifblia, Michx. Like the last, but filiform stems prostrate, extensively creeping and rooting; leaves orbicular to ovate (2 -4" long); co- rolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue. — Along streamlets and on mountain- tops, Va. to Tenn. and S. C. -»- -i- Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root ; peduncles much shorter. 3. H. patens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending brandies and erect peduncles ; leaves spatulate to ovate ; corolla much smaller than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, the tube longer than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes. — Dry or sandy soil, S. Va. to Tex. and 111. (?) 4. H. minima, Beck. More diffuse, commonly scabrous ; stems at length much branched and spreading (1-4' high) ; lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or nearly linear ; earvier peduncles elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones short ; tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes (H" long). — Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March -May. * * Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6 -20' high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flow- ers in small terminal cymes or clusters ; corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy inside ; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face. 5. H. purptirea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8-15' high); leaves vary ing from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the half-free globular pod. — Woodlands, Md. to Ark., and southward. May - July. — Varying wonderfully, as into . — Var. ciliolata, Gray. A span high ; leaves only y long, thickish ; cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-ciliate ; calyx-lobes a little longer than the pod. — Kocky banks, from the Great Lakes and Minn, to Ky. ; passing into Var. longifdlia, Gray. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner- leaved ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6 -20" long) ; radical oval or oblong, 224 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) less rosulate, not ciliate. — Rocky or gravelly ground, Maine to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo. ; also northward. Var. tenuifdlia, Gray. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6-12' high, with loose in- florescence, and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline leaves all linear, hardly over 1" wide. — S. E. Ohio to Va., N. C., and Tenn. Var. calycdsa, Gray. Almost 1° high; leaves broadly lanceolate, thick- ish; calyx-lobes elongated (2-4" long), much surpassing the pod. — From 111. (Hall) to Ark. and N. Ala. 6. H. angUStifdlia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root , leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1 -ribbed, many of them fascicled ; flowers crowded, short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod obovoid, acute at base, only its summit free, opening first across the top, at length through the partition. — Barrens, 111. to Kan., south to Tex., Tenn., and Fla. 2. OLDENLANDIA, Plumier. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-shaped ; the limb 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4 ; anthers short. Style 1 or none ; stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds very numerous, minute and angular. — Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.) 1. O. glomerata, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, branched and spreading annual (2-12' high) ; leaves ovate to oblong; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx. — Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. 3. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH. Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4- toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled, at length splitting from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1-seeded portions. — Shrubs, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. (Name composed of Ke<£aA^, a head, and &v6os, a flower.) 1. C. OCCidentaliS, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves petioled, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules. — Swamps and along streams, throughout the continent. July, Ang 4. MITCHELL A, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY. Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun nel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 ; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flow ers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) ber ries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3-6-merous, always dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and in eluded stigmas; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 225 pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Lin- nagus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.) 1 . M. repens, L. — Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, especially Coniferae, throughout our range and southward. June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines Rarely the two flowers are completely conflu- ent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla. 5. SPEBMACOCE, Dill. BUTTON-WEED. Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form oi salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. (Name compounded of -H- Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns. 21. Chaetopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and alternating awns. Western. '2-2. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged ; pappus of short bristles and usually 2-4 awns. -»- -i- Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in the ray scale-like. 23. Townsendia. Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large aster-like flowers. t- -i- H- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles ; receptacle flat. 24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12-20-flowered ; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky. 25. Aster. Heads maiiy-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish ; pappus simple (rarely double), copious. 26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened ; pappus simple arid rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales. * 3. Rays none. Heads dioecious (all pistillate or all staminate). 27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs. Tribe IV. INULOIDE^E. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none. * 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly. 28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary. * 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low floccose-woolly annuals ; flowers as in n. 28. 29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western. 30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus. * 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose-woolly herbs. 31. Aiitennaria. Heads dioecious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, of the fertile united at base and deciduous together. 32. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all united at base. 33. Gnaphaliuin. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary. * 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle naked. Pappus none. 84. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers pistillate. Some- what woolly. * 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus copious. 35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial. Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDE^. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged. » 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in n. 36), the ray pistillate and fertile, the disk perfect but sterile. •»- Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid ; pappus none. 36. Polyinnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the inner small. •«- -i- Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed). 37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows ; pappus none or 2 teeth. Scales thick, in several rows. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233 38. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5 - 12 in one row, without pappus. Inner involucral scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. Western. 39. Chry sogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5 ; pappus a one-sided 2 - 3-toothed crown Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and leaf-like. 40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8 - 10 ; pappus a scarious hispid crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western. 41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows. * 2. Fertile flowers 1-5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube ; staminate corolla funnel-form. Pappus none. •»- Heads with 1-5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy. ii2. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales. +- +- Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1-4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre. 43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1 -seeded. 44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1-4-celled, 1-4-beaked. * 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite. ••- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup. 45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid ; pappus none- •«- •*- Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales. •H- Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped. 46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10-12, in two rows, herbaceous. •H- -M. Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes. = Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown. 47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite. 48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Acheiies short, 4-sided. Chaff spinescent. 49. Rudbeckla. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless. 50. Liepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined. = = Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat. 51. Borrichia. Achenes 3- 4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby. 52. Helianthus* Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales. =» = = Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent. 53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows. 54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading. * 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i. e., flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double ; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite. 55. Coreopsis* Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown. 56. Bideiis. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or ti-otli. 67. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns re- trorsely bearded. * 5. Heads radiate or discoid ; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5- angled ; pappus of several chaffy scales. •»- Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish. 58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply honey-combed. 59. Marshall!* Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chaffy. 234 COMPOSURE. (coMPOSltE FAMILY.) •»- •<- Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow. 60. Galinsoga. Bays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4-5 thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffy. Tribe VI. HELENIOIDE^E. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (some- what so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile ; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65) ; the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in n. 61). # Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate. 61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western. 62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western. 68. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3-5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent. 64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the pro- jecting midvein. Western. * * Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup. 65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles. Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDE^E. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubu- lar. Achenes small ; pappus a short crown or none. — Mostly strong- scented , leaves alternate. * Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered. 66. Anthemia. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large. 67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate. * # Receptacle naked. H- Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless. 68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none. 69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none. •t- -K Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate. 70 Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit ; pappus a short crown. 71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit ; pappus none. Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE.E. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary. * Heads monoecious or subdicecious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligu- late or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style* branches obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical. 72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoecious. 73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdioecious. Flowers white or purplish. * * Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involu- cral scales connivent-erect. ••- Leaves opposite. 74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous. •*- t- Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious. 75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed. 76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft. 77. Erechtiteg. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235 Tribe IX. CYNABOIDE^:. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly. — Leaves alternate. * Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike. ••- Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous. 78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip Pappus of short rough bristles, H- ••- Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below. 79. Cnicus. Pappus-bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly. 80. Carduus. Pappus- bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly. 81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. * * Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like. 82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short or none. SERIES II. LIGULIFLOB-^B. Tribe x. CICHORIACJBLE. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- fect. — Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. * Pappus none. 83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. * * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles. 85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. * * * Pappus plumose. 86. Tragopogon* Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy. 87. iJeontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical. 88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy. * # * # Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. *- Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender. •M- Achenes not beaked. *= Flowers yellow or orange. 89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials. 90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose. = = Flowers white or cream-color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate. 91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads often nodding. 92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless ; heads erect. Western. H-f ••-+ Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow. 93. Troximon* Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed. 94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Aohenes 4-5-ribbed. 95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a soft villous ring. 96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus white. •»- «- Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy- stemmed, with panicled heads. 97. L,actuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish. 93. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow. 11 236 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a mag. nifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious di» tinctions, will be useful to the beginner. Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubulifiorae. § 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none ; corollas all tubular (or rarely none). * 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike. Pappus composed of bristles : Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. $ Simple, the bristles all of the same sort. Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster . . 1 Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered. Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy . . . .78, 79, 80 Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 81 Receptacle naked. Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple .... 8 Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish ..;... 6 Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles . . . . 4, 5, 7, 9, J6 Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 76, 77 Pappus composed of scales or chaff. Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls 3 Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected 61 Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 59, 64 Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth 12, 53, 57, barbed in 55, 56 Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit 30, 68, 71 * 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head. Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous ... 82 Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile. Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers .... 29, 80 Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned 52 Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff. Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 28, 82, 33 Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales . . .26, 73, 77 Pappus a short crown or none. Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre 34 Achenes not exceeding the involucre 42, 70, 71 # 8. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate. Heads dioecious ; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary . . 27, 31, 32, 79 Heads moncacious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none ... 43, 44 § 2. Rays present ; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas. * 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all pistillate. ) Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73 Rays in one marginal row, and White, purple or blue, never yellow 17, 24, 25, 26, 7* Yellow, of the same color as the disk. Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute . . .18, 14 Pappus simple. Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate . . 75 Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74 Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate . . .10, 11, 15, 17, 85 * 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk). Ray yellow, awns few (2 -8) 12 Ray rose-color 28 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 23? * 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles . . 65 * 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60 Heads 8 - 10-flowered. Receptacle naked 18 Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 58 Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 62, 63 Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 64 * 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. *- Receptacle naked. Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and usually 2-4 awns . 22 Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 19 Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 69 Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle conical . . 20, 68 Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns .... 21 •*- •«- Receptacle ohaffy. Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none .... 66 Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all ... 48, 49, 50, 52 ,54 Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened parallel with the scales or chaff . 55, 56 Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57 Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. Achene much flattened laterally, 1- 2-awned 53 Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none .... 67 Achene 3- 4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless. Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66 Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple. Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45 Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 47 Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51 Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect). Receptacle chaffy 86-41 1. ELEPH^NTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. Heads discoid, 2 - 5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound pedunculate head ; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name com- posed of 6\€0as, elephant, and irovs,foot.) * Stem leafy ; upper leaves very like the basal. 1. E. Carolini&nus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leave* ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Penn. to 111. and Kan., and southward. # * Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked. 2. E. tomentbsus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to nar- rowly spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath ; heads large ; pappus- scales attenuate. — Va., Ky., and southward. 3. E. nud&tus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent ; basal leaves thin, green, spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads smaller ; pappus scales broadly deltoid. — Del. and southward. 238 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED. Heads discoid, 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Recep- tacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed ; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difficult. (Named for Wm. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) * Heads large, 50 - 7Q-ftowered. 1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous ; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate ; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips. — Mo., Kan., and southward. * * Heads # high or less, l5-4Q-Jlowej~ed. •*- Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire. 2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flow- ered ; scales obtuse or acute. — Plains of Neb. and southward. •»- -t- Leaves broadert mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined. 3. V. fasciculata, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads many, crowded ; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucrouate ; achene smooth. — Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to S. Dak., and southward. Aug. 4. V. altissima, Nutt. Usually tall ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong ; cyme loose ; scales close, obtuse or mucronate ; achenes hispidulous on the ribs. — Low grounds, W. Penn. to 111., and southward. — Heads variable, 2 - 1" high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. GRANDIFI^RA, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35-40 scales in many ranks. 5. V. Noveboracdnsis, Willd. Rather tall ; leaves long-lanceolate to lance-oblong ; cyme open ; involucre usually purplish ; scales ovate and lance- ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug. Var. latif 61ia, Gray. Leaves broader ; heads few ; scales merely acute or acuminate. — Penn. to Ohio and southward. 6. V. Baldwin!!, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, the scales acute or acuminate. — Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4. 3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. Head discoid, many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 4-6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of (TK\r}p6s,hard, and \€ir s, a scale, from the pappus.) 1. S. verticillata, Cass. — In water; piiie barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239 4. M I K A N I A, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED. Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flow\ ers, acheiies, etc., as in Eupatorium. — Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-pan- icled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mi/can, of Prague.) 1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining ; leaves somewhat triangu- lar-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July -Sept. 5. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT. Heads discoid, 3 - many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled ; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. — Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, ap- pearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithri dates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.) § 1. EUPATORIUM proper. Receptacle flat. * Heads cylindrical, 5 - 1 ^-flowered ; the purplish scales numerous, closely im- bricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate ; stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers. 1. E. purptireum, L. (JOE-PYE WEED. TRUMPET- WEED.) Stems tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed ; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies greatly in size (2-12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, etc., — including several nominal species. — Low grounds ; common. Var. amcenum, Gray. Low ; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong ; heads few, 3 - 5-flowered. — Mountains of Va. and N. Y. * # Heads 3 - 2Q-Jlowered ; involucre ofS - 1 5 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white. ••- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected ; head spanieled, very small, 3-5-jlowered. 2. E. fOBniculaceum, Willd. (DOG-FENNEL.) Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-branched (3-10° high); leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted, fili- form. — Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia. •*- H- Leaves long -petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads l2-l5-jlowered,in compound corymbs. 3. E. serotinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3-7° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (3 - 6' long) ; involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. •*- •»- -«- Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads mostly 5-flowered. = Involucral scales with white and scarious- acute tips. 4. E. album, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high) , leaves oblong-lanceolate, d, veiny ; heads cluster^ in th§ corymb ; inyolucral scales clo$g v 240 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, longer than the flowers. — Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward. Var. subvenosum, Gray. Less rough ; leaves 1-2' long, finely toothed and less veiny. — Long Island and N. J. 5. E. leucdlepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1 - 2° high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, l-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, rough both sides ; corymb hoary. — Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward. = = Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the Jlowers. 6. E. hyssopifblium, L. Minutely pubescent (1-2° high); leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 - 3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base. — Sterile soil, Mass, to Va., E. Ky., and southward. Var. laciniatum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or laciniate. — Penn., Ky., and southward. 7. E. semis erratum, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2 - 3° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled ; heads small. (E. par- viflorum, Ell.) — Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward. — Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate. 8. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3-7° high), downy ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Minn, and Ky. — Leaves 3-4' long, somewhat like those of a Solidago. +. . +- H_ +~ Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes ; heads pubescent. = Heads 5 - S-Jlowered ; leaves not clasping. 9. E. teucrif61ium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2-8° high); leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple- nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly peti- oled, the upper alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the Jlowers. — Low grounds, Mass, to Va., and southward near the coast. 10. E. rotundifblium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; leaves roundish- ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1 -2' long) ; corymb large and dense ; scales of the (5-Jlowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the coast, and southward Var. ovatum, Torr. Usually taller , leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate ; heads 5 - 8- flowered. (E. pubescens, Muhl.) — Mass, to Va., near the coast. 11. E. sessilifdlium, L, (UPLAND BONESET.) Stem tall (4-6° high), tmooth, branching ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3 - 6' long) ; co- rymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Mass, to III., and southward along the mountains COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 241 = = Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading ; heads mostly \Q-l5-flowered ; corymbs very compound and large. 12. E. perfoliatum, L. (THOROUGHWORT. BONESET.) Stem stout (2 -4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate- perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5 - 8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds ; common and well-known. — Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base. Var. cuneatum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7. — Mo. and southward. 13. E. resinbsum, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2-3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4 '- 6' long) ; scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine barrens, N. J. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves. # # # Heads 8 - 3Q-Jlowered ; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row ; leaves opposite, ovate, petwled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted ; flowers white. 14. E. ageratoides, L. (WHITE SNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth, branching (3° high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled , thin (3 - 5' long) ; corymbs compound. — Rich woods ; common northward. 15. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly sim- ple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish. — Copses, Mass, to Va., and southward, near the coast. — Lower and more slender than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic. § 2. CONOCLlNIUM. Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, somewhat imbricated. 16. E. COBlestinum, L. (MIST-FLOWER.) Somewhat pubescent (1 - 2° high) ; leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed ; heads many -flowered, in compact cymes ; flowers blue or violet. (Conoclinium crelestinum, DC.) — Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., 111., and southward. Sept. 6. KUHNIA, L. Heads discoid, 10-25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnaeus.) 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stems 2-3° high; pubescence minute; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil. N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable. — Var. CORYM- BUL6SA, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more pubes- cent, the heads rather crowded. 7. BBICKELLIA, Ell. Characters as in Kuhnia ; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or subplumose ; leaves 242 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) often all opposite. (Z)r. John Brickell of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott and Muhlenberg.) 1. B. grandifl6ra, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2-3° high; leaves deltoidf cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate, 4' long or less; heads about 40-flowered. — Shannon Co., Mo. (Bush), Kan to Col., New Mex., and westward. 8. LI A THIS, Schreb. BUTTON SNAKEROOT. BLAZING-STAR. Head discoid, few - many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate. — Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.) # Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding thejlowers. 1. L. Slogans, Willd. Stem (2-3° high) and involucre hairy; leaves linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3- 20' long). — Barren soil, Va. and southward. * * Pappus very plumose ; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre im- bricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like ; corolla-lobes hairy within. 2. L. squarr6sa, Willd. (BLAZING-STAR, etc.) Often hairy (6' -2° high) ; leaves rigid, linear, elongated ; heads usually few (V long) ; scales mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips. — Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and southward. — Var. INTERMEDIA, DC. Heads narrow ; scales shorter, erect or nearly so. — Ont. to Neb. and Tex. 3. L. cylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6-18' high); leaves linear; heads few (J-f long) ; scales with short and rounded abruptly mucro- nate appressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn, and Mo. # * # Pappus very plumose ; heads 4 - ^-flowered ; scales acuminate ; corolla- lobes naked. 4. L. punctata, Hook. Stout ( 10 - 30' high), from a branching or globose rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid ; heads usually many in a dense spike. — Minn, to Kan., and southward. * * * Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye ; corolla-lobes smooth inside. 5. L. SCari6sa, Willd. Stem stout (2-5° high), pubescent or hoary; leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest oblong -lanceolate or obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25 -40-flow- ered; scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numer- ous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward. — Widely variable; heads 1' or less in diameter. 6. L. pycnostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout (3-5° high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear: spike thick and dense (6 -20' long); heads about 5-flowered (£' long;; scale* COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243 of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spread ing colored tips. — Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and southward. 7. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, stout (2-5° high) ; leaves linear, the lower 3-5-nerved; heads 8-12-flowered (£ -\' long), crowded in a long spike ; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped invo- lucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins ; achenes pubescent or smoothish. — Moist grounds ; common from Mass, to Minn., and southward. — Involucre often resinous, very smooth. Var. montana, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike short and heads large. — Mountain-tops, Va., and southward. 8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1-3° high) slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved ; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7 - 12-flowered ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed ; achenes hairy. — Va. and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in Var. dilbia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate. — Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward. 9. TBILISA, Cass. Heads discoid, 5-10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or ob- long. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose. — Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose- purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of Liatris.) 1. T. Odoratissima, Cass. (VANILLA-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads co- rymbed. (Liatris odoratissima, Willd.) — Lowpine barrens, Va., and south- ward.— Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised. 2. T. paniculata, Cass. Viscid-hairy ; leaves narrowly oblong or lan- ceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. (Liatris paniculata, Willd.) — Va. and southward. 10. GUTIERREZIA, Lag. Heads few -several-flowered, radiate; rays 1-6, pistillate. Involucre ob- long-clavate ; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete ; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers. — Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.) 1. G. Euthamise, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1-2' long; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each. — Dry plains, Mont, and Minn, to central Kan., southward and westward. 11. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt. Heads hemispherical ; rays 5-10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pap- pus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like 244 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) scales, more or less dilated and united at base. — A diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets ; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From afj.(f)i, around, and &xvpov, chaff'.) 1. A. dracunculoides, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly linear, the upper filiform ; disk-flowers 10-20, their pappus of 5-8 bristle-like chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward. — Plains, Kan. and southward. 12. GRINDELIA, Willd. Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless) ; ray pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, trun- cate, glabrous; pappus of 2-8 caducous awns. Coarse perennial or biennial herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads ter- minating leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. Grindel, a Russian botanist.) 1 . G. squarrbsa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong ; involucre squarrose ; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3. — Prairies, Minn, southward and westward ; Evanston, 111. — Var. NtiDA, Gray. Rays wanting. About St. Louis and westward. 2. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear ; involucral scales erect or the lower tips spreading ; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the sum- mit; awns 2. — Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward. 13. HETEROTHECA, Cass. Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or trian- gular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a double pappus, the inne'r of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and stout bristles. — (From eVepos, different, and d^W* case, alluding to the unlike achenes.) 1. H. Lamarckii, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1-3° high, bearing numer- ous small heads ; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping. — S. E. Kan., and southward. 14. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy ; pappus in all the flowers double, the outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary bristles. — Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of xpwos, gold, and fyis, aspect, from the golden blossoms.) # Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear ; achenes linear. 1. C. graminifblia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs ; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads ; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire. — Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. July - Oct. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ?45 2. C. falcata, Ell. Stems (4-10' high) very woolly; leaves crowaei, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or smooth when old, sessile ; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on ice coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug. # * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved ; achenes obov ate, flattened. 3. C. gOSS^pina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over ; leaves spatulate or ob- long, obtuse (1 -2' long) ; heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Va., and southward. Aug. - Oct. 4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old smooth- ish; leaves oblong; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles. — Dry barrens, from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug. - Oct. 5. C. vil!6sa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads ; leaves narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-ciliaie toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wise, to Ky., and westward. July - Sept. Very variable. — Var. nf SPIDA, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent ; heads small. Kan., west and southward. — Var. CANESCENS, Gray. Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate. — Kan. to Tex. 6. C. pi!6sa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous ; leaves oblong-lance- olate ; involucre viscid ; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous — Kan. and southward. 15. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemi- spherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal bristles. — Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Kay- and disk-flowers yellow. (From air\6os, simple, and irdiriros. pappus.) 1. A. ciliatus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2-5° high, leafy; leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth ; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading ; acheues gla- brous, the central abortive. — Mo., Kan., and southward. 2. A. spinulosus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, low ; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes pubescent. — Minn, to Kan., and southward. 3. A. divaricatus, Gray. Annual, 1-2° high, slender and diffusely paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above ; heads small and narrow, the ap- pressed scales subulate, attenuate ; achenes silky. — Southern Kan. 16. BIGELOVIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN ROD. Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular Involucre club- shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbri- cated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in the centre. Achenes iomewhat obconical, hairy ; pappus a single row of 246 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) capillary bristles. — Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1 - 3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of the JFlorula Bos- toniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.) 1. B. nud&ta, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1 -2° high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. — Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare), and southward. Sept. 17. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD. Heads few - many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 1 -16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete ; pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, ra- cemed or clustered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. (Name from sol id us and ago, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn. Conspectus of Groups. Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs ; leaves linear . ' . l -;i . . 41,42 Heads all more or less pedicelled. Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips 1,2 Involucral scales without green tips. Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose .... 37-40 Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves . . .3-7 Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse ; leaves feather-veined. Western species . . • . . . . 8, 9 Northern or mountain species 10-12 Heads mostly small or middle-sized : inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal). Leaves 3-ribbed ; heads in 1-sided .spreading panicled racemes. Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29-32 Pubescent or scabrous . . . i""-'?-' V :'v -,r •'•'.' -'. *i'; " . 33-36 Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved. Heads large ; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore . f • -». _h . 13 Panicle virgate or thyrsoid ; leaves nearly entire . .;»,,,/* • . 14-17 Heads very small in a short broad panicle : leaves nearly entire . . . 18-20 Heads racemosely paniculate ; leaves ample, the lower serrate . . 21-28 § 1. VIRGAtlREA. Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers ; heads all more or less pedicelled. # Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips ; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike. 1. S. squarrdsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2-5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny ; heads numerous ; scales obtuse or acute ; disk-flowers 1 6 - 24, the rays 12-16. — Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Yt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va. ; rather rare. 2. S. petiol&ris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy ; stem strict, simple (1 - 3° high); leaves small (£-2' long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough- ciliolate ; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often ser- COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 247 rate and tapering to the base ; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 1 0, elongated ; scales of the pubescent in- volucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous. — S. W. 111. to Kan. and southward. — The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled. * * Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed. •*- Heads small (3" long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather- veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse. ** Achenes pubescent. 3. S. csesia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much branched and diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile ; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches. — Rich woodlands, common ; west to S. E. Minn., 111., and Ky. 4. S. latifdlia, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem angled, zigzag, simple or paniculate-branched (1-3° high); leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3 - 6X long) ; heads in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches ; rays 3-4. — Moist shaded banks ; common northward, and south along the mountains. 5. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; stem angled, usually branched ; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate above with subulate teeth ; heads in small, loose clusters ; rays 4-7. — Open woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward. •w- -M. Achenes glabrous ; inflorescence more thyrsoid. 6. S. bicolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales very obtuse ; rays (5 - 14) small, cream-color or nearly white. — Var. COXCOLOR, Torr. & Gray, has the rays yellow. — Dry copses, west to Minn, and Mo. 7. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1-2° high ; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower sparingly serrate ; heads small, the scales acutish ; rays 5-6. — Alle- ghany Mts., from Md. southward. •H- H- Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect ter- minal thyrse; leaves feather-veined. ** Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape ; western. 8. S. Bigel6vii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2° high ; leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends ; thyrse rather loose ; involucre broad. — S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next. 9. S. Lindheimeriana, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, more acute ; heads narrower and more densely clustered ; acheues glabrous. — S. Kan. and southward. -w- -M. Northern or mountain species, bright green. 10. S. macr Ophelia, Pursh. Stem stout (1- 4° high), wand-like, pubes- cent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serratt 248 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) with sharp salient teeth, large (lower 3-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into long and margined petioles; heads large (5-6" long), many- flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2 - 18' long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8-10, elongated ; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, E. Mey.) — Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior, and northward. — Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea. 11. S. Virgatirea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in the Old World, represented in North America by Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (1-8' high), with few (\-12) pretty large heads (3-4" long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate ; heads few in a terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils ; scales lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays about 12. — Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior. 12. S. hiimilis, Pursh. Low (6-12' high) and smooth, bearing several or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous ; scales obtuse ; rays 6-8, short ; upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray.) — Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward ; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac. — At the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1-2° high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme ; rays occasionally almost white. Var. Gillmani, Gray. Larger (2° high), rigid, with compound ample panicle and laciniately toothed leaves. — Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich. -»- H- •»- Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or some' times thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme ; not alpine. •M- Leaves veiify, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved. = 1. Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated. 13. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (1-8° high); leaves lan- ceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple- nerved ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Va. — Heads showy; the golden rays 7-10. Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle. = 2. Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle ; scales thin, acute: leaves nearly entire. 14. S. Stricta, Ait. Very smooth throughout ; stem strict and simple, wand- like (2 -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate- oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts , the lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme ; rays 5-7. (S. virgata, Michx.) — Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward. 15. S. puberula, Nutt. Stem (1 -3° high, simple or branched) and pan- icle minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base smoothish ; the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed, heads very numerous and COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 249 Crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast. = 3. Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle ; involucral scales rather firm, obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth. 16. S. uligin6sa, Nutt. Smooth nearly throughout ; stem simple, strict (2-3° high); leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged peti- oles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire ; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales linear-oblong; rays 5-6, small. (S. stricta, Man.} — Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and north- ward. Root-leaves 6 - 10' long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July. 17. S. specidsa, Nutt. Stem stout (3 - 6° high), smooth ; leaves thickish, smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost ob- long-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform panicle ; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy ; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong ; rays about 5, large. — Var. ANGUSTA.TA, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike. — Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward. — A very handsome species ; the lower leaves 4-6' long and 2-4' wide in the larger forms. = 4. Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly short and broad panicle ; leaves entire or nearly so. 18. S. Od6ra, Ait. (SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.) Smooth or nearly so through- out; stem slender (2-3° high), often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shining, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle ; rays 3-4, rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to Ky., and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor ; but an occasional form is nearly scentless. 19. S. tortifblia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2-3° high; leaves linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate ; rays very short. — Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward. 20. S. pilbsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3 - 7° high), clothed with spread- ing hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate , roughish, hairy beneath, at least on the mid- rib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle ; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Ya. and southward. = 5. Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate ; leaves broad or ample, veiny y at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28) ; involucral scales obtuse. 21. S. patula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (2-4° high); leaves (4-8' long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen ; racemes rather short and numer- ous on the spreading branches ; heads rather large. — Swamps ; common. 22. S. rug6sa, Mill. Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem (1 - 6° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ; racemes spreading ; involucral scales linear ; rays 6 - 9 ; the disk-flowers 4-7. (S. altiftsima, Torr. fr Gray, not L.) — Borders of fields and copses; very com- 250 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) mon, presenting a great variety of forms ; usually one of the lowest of the common Golden-rods. It flowers early. Aug. - Sept. 23. S. Ulmif61ia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base> loosely veined, beset with soft hairs beneath ; racemes panicled, recurved-spreadiug ; irivolu- cral scales lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low copses ; common. — Too near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves. 24. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (1-3° high), wry leaf//; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2 - 3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, Torr. fr Gray, not Ait.} — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass, to N. J. and south- ward. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the rays 8-12. 25. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2-4° high), less leafy ; leaves thlckish, smooth both sides, opaque ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire ; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole ; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle ; peduncles and achenes nearly glabrous. — Swamps, Maine to Md., Wise., and Minn. — Heads rather large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27. Var. linoides, Gray. The most slender form ; radical leaves 4 - 8' long and 4 - 6" wide, the upper very small, erect ; branches of panicle rather few, one-sided ; rays 2-5. (S. linoides, Torr. $- Gray.) — Mass, to N. J. 26. S. Bo6ttii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, slender, often branched, 2-5° high ; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to ob- long-lanceolate, pointed ; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often entire ; heads loosely racemose ; rays 1 - 5 or none ; achenes pubescent. — Dry grounds, Va. and southward. 27. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth; stem angled ; leaves (large and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate (entire only on the branches), pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle ; rays 6-7, large ; achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. $* Gray.) — Copses and moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn. — Racemes much shorter and looser than in the next ; the involucral scales thin and more slender ; the heads somewhat larger, fully 3" long. 28. S. juncea, Ait. Smooth throughout (1 - 3° high) ; radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; the others lanceolate or nar- rowly oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire ; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved , forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle ; rays 8- 12, small. (S. arguta, Torr. fr Gray.) — Var. SCABRELLA, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wise, to Ky.). — Copses and banks ; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads sel- dom over 2" long, the scales small and pale. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251 *+ •»-*• Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed ; heads hi one-sided spreading or re- curved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime. = Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves, a. Leaves firm and rather rigid ; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal. 29. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1-3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering tG both ends, with very rough margins ; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid ; heads and dense crowded racemes nearly as in n. 28 ; achenes nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Wise. and Ind. south and westward. — Heads l£-2" long. , 30. S. Sh6rtii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2-4° high), mi- nutely roughish-pubescent above; leaves (the larger 2 -3' long) oblong-lance- olate, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle ; achenes silky -pubescent. — Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio; Ark. — A handsome species; heads 3" long, narrow. b. Leaves thinner; involucral scales thin, chiejly linear, obtuse. 31. S. ser6tina, Ait. Stem stout (2-7° high), smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays 7-14, rather long. (S. gigantea, of previous ed.) — Copses and fence-rows; common, and presenting many varieties. Seldom very tall. Var. gigantea, Gray. Commonly tall, 5-8° high ; leaves more or less pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, Ait.; S. serotina of previous ed.) — Thickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex. 32. S. rupestris, Raf. Stem smooth, slender, 2 -3° high; leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire or nearly so ; panicle narrow ; heads very small ; rays 4-6, very short. — Rocky river-banks, W. Va. to Ky. and Ind. = = Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous. 33. S. Canad^nsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3 - 6° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or Jess pubescent beneath and rough above ; heads small ; rays very short. — Borders of thickets and fields ; very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate; — in var. pR6cERA, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. SCABRA also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined. 34. S. nemoralis, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft or roughish) pubescence ; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (i~2|° high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong , the lower somewhat crenate- toothed and tapering into a petiole ; racemes numerous, dense, at length re- curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed ; rays 5-9. — Dry sterile fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, beginning early in Aug. — Var. INCANA, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a dwarf form, with rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire, and the clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse. 35. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; rays 3-6; otherwise nearly as in n. 34. — Dry hills, W. 111., Minn,, Kan., and southward. 252 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 36. S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem (1-3° high) and lower sun face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety- pubescent, some of the leaves almost entire ; racemes panicled, short ; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — S. W. 111., Mo., and southward. H_ H_ +- +. Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose ; leaves mostly with a strong midrib. •M. Leaves flat, not 3-nerved. 37. S. rigida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence ; stem stout (2 - 5° high), very leafy ; corymb dense ; leaves oval or oblong, copi- ously feather-veined, thick and rigid ; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; heads large, over 30-flowered ; the rays 7-10. — Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward. 38. S. Ohio&QSis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2-3° high) ; stem-leaves oblong -lanceolate, fiat, entire, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile ; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numer- ous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16-20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wise. — Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to 1 - 2', with rough margins, like the rest. +* -w- Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved. 39. S. Eidd611ii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2-4° high), very leafy, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance- olate, elongated (4 - 6' long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole ; heads very numerous, clustered, 20 - 30-flowered ; the rays 7 -9. -7- Wet grassy prai- ries, Ohio to Minn, and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va. — Heads larger than in the last, 2 - 3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading. 40. S. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem rather low and slender (1-2° high); leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, tapering into a nar- rowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; heads few or several, 20 - 30-flowered ; the rays 7-9. — Swamps, north shore of Lake Michigan ; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, Aug. — Leaves rough-margined, 2-5' long, 2-4" wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly J' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse. § 2. EUTHAMIA. Corymbosely much branched ; heads small, sessile, in little clusters crowded in fiat-topped corymbs ; the closely appressed involucral scales somewhat glutinous ; receptacle fimbrillate ; rays 6 - 20, short, more numerous than the disk-fiowers ; leaves narrow, entire, sessile. 41. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-nerved ; the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid- cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters ; rays 1 5 - 20. — River-banks, etc., in moist soil ; common. — Stem 2-3° high ; leaves 3 - 5' long. 42. S. tenuif61ia, Pursh. Smooth, slender ; leaves very narrowly linear, mostly l-nerved, dotted ; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb ; rays 6-12. — Sandy fields, Mass, to 111., and southward ; common near the coast. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 253 18. BRACHYCHJETA, Torr. & Gray. FALSE GOLDEN-ROD. Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. — A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped ; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name composed of fipaxvs* short, and xa*T7?> bristle, from the pappus.) 1. B. COrdata, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to N Ga. Oct. — Plant 2-4° high, slender, more or less pubescent. 19. BELL IS, Tourn. DAISY. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the in- volucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but our single species -natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy, B. PERENNIS (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) 1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Annual or biennial, diffusely branched (4'-l° high), smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. — Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March -June. 20. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC. Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter. Acheues prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pap- pus. Otherwise as Bellis. — Southwestern leafy -stemmed and branching pu- bescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. ('A^a^s, inconspicuous, and the tips often slightly spread- ing or squarrose. 41. A. N6vi-B61gii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat au- riculate ; heads 4 - 5" long ; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous ed.) — N. Brunswick to 111. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips. — Var. L^vioXTtrs, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half- clasping by an abrupt base ; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward. — Var. LIT6REUS, Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy ; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes auriculate ; scales in several loose rows, all but the inner- most with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and shores, Can. to Ga. — Var. EL6DES, Gray, slender, often low and simple ; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va. i-+ •*-»• Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping ; involucre lax. 42. A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1-4° high ; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so ; heads loosely panicled, about 4" high ; scales unequal, erect or nearly so ; rays light purple or white. — N. Brunswick and eastern N. England. 43. A. tard.ifl.6rus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not his- pid), 1-2° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base ; heads often few, corym- bose, 4 - 5" high ; scales subequal, the outer f oliaceous ; rays pale violet. — Lab. to the Mass, coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 263 44. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem 1-3° high, corymbose-panicled, hairy above in lines ; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and rather ab- ruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4" high, on short diver- gent peduncles ; scales narrowly linear, tips recurved-spreading , rays light blue. — Borders of streams and rich woods, W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and Wise. 45. A. puniceilS, L. Stem tall and stout 3-7° high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to spais ingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed > heads 4 - 6" high, subsessile ; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Var. L^EViCAtiLis, Gray ; stem mostly green, smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1 - 3° high ; leaves serrate. — Var. LUcfDULUs, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shin- ing ; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate. § 4. DCELLINGlSRIA. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of Jong capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary; rays rather few, white ; leaves not rigid, veiny. 46. A. umbell&tus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2 - 7° high) ; leaves Lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3 - 6' long) ; heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs ; involucral scales rather close, ob- tusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr. 8f Gray.) — Moist thickets ; common, especially northward. Aug. — Var. pti- BENS, Gray ; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich, to Minn. — Var. LATir6Lius, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate- lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, Torr. fy Gray.} Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward. 47. A. infirmilS, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1 - 3° high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles ; leaves obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy be- neath ; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse ; pappus more rigid. (D. cornifolius, Darl.) — Open woodlands, E. Mass, to Tenn., and southward. § 5. lANTHE. Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened at top, the outer shorter ; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips ; rays violet ; achenes narrow, villous ; leaves numerous, rigid, small; linear, l-nerved and veinless. 48. A. linariif 61iU8, L. Stems 3 - 20' high, several from a woody root ; heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large ; leaves about 1' long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linarii- folius, Hook.) — Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white. § 6. ORTH6MERIS. Pappus simple , scales imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding. 264 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 49. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus- tered (6 - 20' high), simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2-4' long) ; heads small, in a flat corymb; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white (2-4" long). — Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and northward. Aug. — Var. LUTESCENS, Gray; rays small, pale yellow. — N. 111. and Sask. 50. A. acuminatUS, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit ; peduncles slender ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base ; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceo- late, pointed, thin (3-5" long); heads few or several; rays 12-18, white, or slightly purple. — Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleae. 51. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent ; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1-2° high) ; leaves small (1 - 1^' long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins ; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts ; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept. 52. A. tenuifblius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or forked, 6' -2° high; heads rather large, terminal ; leaves few, long-linear, ta- pering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points ; rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, Nutt.) — Salt marshes, Mass, to Fla. Sept. § 7. OXYTRIP6LIUM. Involucre as in § 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves. 53. A. SUbulatUS, Michx. Stem 6 - 24' high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear- awl-shaped, in few rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be- yond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius. of previous ed.) — Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug. - Oct. § 8. CONYZ6PSIS. Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose ; pappus copious, very soft ; rays very short or without ligules / low annuals with numerous rather small heads. 54. A. anglistus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6-20' high, nearly gla- brous ; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate ; ray-flowers reduced to a tube much shorter than the elongated style. — Minn, to Sask. and westward, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.) 26. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE. Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little im- bricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved ; pappus a COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 265 single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a dis- tinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedun- culate heads. Disk yellow ; ray white or purple. (Name from $p, spring, and ylpoov, an old man, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal species.) § 1. (L3BN6TUS. Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus ; pappus simple ; annuals. 1. E. Canadensis, L. (HORSE-WEED. BUTTER-WEED.) Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like (1-5° high) ; leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut- lobed ; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled. — Waste places ; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July - Oct. — Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white. 2. E. divaricatUS, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3' -1° high); leaves linear or awl-shaped, entire ; heads loosely corymbed ; rays purple ; otherwise like n. 1. — Ind. to Minn., and southward. § 2. TRIMORPHJEA. Like § 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flow- ers within the outer row of ray-flowers ; biennial or sometimes perennial. 3. E. acris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10- 20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire ; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4 -5" long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pappus. — Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and north- ward. The var. DRCEBACHENSIS, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.) § 3. ERIGERON proper. Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded in one or more rows. # Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching ; pappus double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray. 4. E. animus, Pers. (DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.) Stem stout (3-5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs ; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. — Fields and waste places ; a very common weed. June - Aug. (Nat. in Eu.) 5. E. strigdsus, Muhl. (DAISY FLEABANE.) Stem panicled-corym- bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole ; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre. — Fields, etc., common. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New England. * * Leaf y -stemmed perennials ; pappus simple (double in n. 6). 6. E. glabelms, Nutt. Stem (6 -15' high) stout, hairy above, the leaf- less summit bearing 1-7 large head* ; leaves nearly glabrous, except the 266 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre ; pappus double, the outer of minute bristles. — Plains of N. Wise., and westward. June. 7. E. hyssopifblius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6 -12' high), from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays 20-30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, Pursh.) — Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward. 8. E. beH.idif61i.US, Muhl. (ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.) Hairy, producing offsets from the base ; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rai/s (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple. — Copses and moist banks; common. May. 9. E. PhiladelphicilS, L. (COMMON FLEABANE.) Hairy; stem leafy, corymbed, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob- long ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color. — Moist ground ; common. June - Aug. * # # Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems ; pappus simple. 10. E. nudicaiilis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1-2° high), bearing 5-12 small corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. vernum, Torr. fr Gray). — Low grounds, E. Va. and southward. May. 27. BAG CHARTS, L. GROUNDSEL-TREE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dioecious, i. e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed ; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous ; in the fertile very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchus.) 1 . B. halimif 61ia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy ; branches angled ; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire ; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea beaches, Mass, to Va., and southward. — Shrub 6-12° high ; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus. 2. B. glomerulifl6ra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly so ; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse. — Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), and southward. 28. PL U CHE A, Cass. MARSH-FLEABANE. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla ; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 267 somewhat glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered. Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbe Pluche.) 1. P. bifrons, DC. Perennial, 2-3° high; leaves closely sessile or half- clasping, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2 -3" long) ; heads clustered in a corymb ; scales lanceolate. — Low ground, Cape May, N. J., and southward. 2. P. camphorata, DC. (SALT-MARSH FLEABANE.) Annual, pale (2-5° high); leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate ; corymb flat ; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. (P. foetida, DC.) — Salt marshes, Mass, to Va., and southward, and on river- banks westward to Ky., 111., and Neb. (? ) 29. EVAX, Gaertn. Heads rather many-flowered, discoid ; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usu- ally sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate ; pappus none. — Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.) 1. E. prolifera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from base ; leaves numerous, small and spatulate ; heads in dense proliferous clus- ters ; receptacle convex ; chaff subtending sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong. — Dakotas and W. Kan. to Tex, 30. F I LA GO, Tourn. COTTON-ROSE. Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resem- bling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. Achenes terete ; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none. — Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from jilum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants. ) P. GERMANICA, L. (HERBA IMPIA.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on ; — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 31. AN TEN WAR I A, Gaertn. EVERLASTING. Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; flowers all tubular ; pistillate corollas very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Recep- tacle convex 01 flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish ; pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbel- late at the summit. — Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resem- blance of the sterile pappus to the antennae, of certain insects.) 1. A. plantaginifdlia, Hook. (PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING.) Spreading by offsets and runners, low (3-18' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and snipe 268 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovate or oval- spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb ; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant. — Sterile knolls and banks ; common. March- May. 32. AN AP HAL IS, DC. EVERLASTING. Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thick- ened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at base ; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.) 1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.) Stem erect (1 -2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above ; involu- cral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br.) — Dry hills and woods ; common north- ward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.) 33. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slen- der, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish ; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from yvdQaXov, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down.) § 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. Bristles of the pappus distinct. 1. G. polyc^phalum, Michx. (COMMON EVERLASTING.) Erect, woolly annual (1-3° high), fragrant ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undu- late margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few. — Old fields and woods ; common. 2. G. deciirrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.) Stout, erect (2° high), annual or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear- lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent ; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish. — Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and northward. 3. G. Uligin6sum, L. (Low CUDWEED.) Diffusely branched, ap- pressed-woolly annual (3-6' high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not decurrent ; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves ; scales brownish, less imbricated. — Low grounds ; common, especially east and northward ; perhaps introduced. (Eu.) 4. G. supinum, Villars. (MOUNTAIN CUDWEED.) Dwarf and tufted perennial (2' high) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems ; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous ; achenes broader and flatter. — Alpine summit of Mount Washing- ton; very rare. (Eu.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 269 § 2. GAMOCH^ETA. Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together. 5. G. purpureum, L. (PURPLISH CUDWEED.) Annual, simple or branched from the base, ascending (6 -20' high), silvery-canescent with dense white wool ; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like summit of the stem ; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward. 34. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Heads 5 - 10-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. An- thers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above ; pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from aSVj a gland, and Kav\bs, a stem). 1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu lar-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of Lake Supe- rior, and westward. Stem 1-3° high. 35. INULA, L. ELECAMPANE. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Recep- tacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4 - 5-ribbed ; pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (The ancient Latin name.) I. HELENIUM, L. (ELECAMPANE.) Stout perennial (3 -5° high); leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat from Eu.) 36. POLYMNIA, L. LEAF-CUP. Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate , rays several (rarely abortive), pistil- late ; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two rows ; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membranaceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenes. Receptacle flat, mem- branous-chaffy. Pappus none. — Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow ; in summer and autumn. (Dedi- cated to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious reason.) 1. P. Canaddnsis, L. Clammy-hairy, 2-5° high; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3 - 5-lobed or angled, petioled ; heads small ; rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, often mi- nute or abortive, whitish-yellow ; achenes 3-costate, not striate. — Moist shaded ravines, Conn, to W. Yt., Minn., and southward. — Yar. RADIATA, Gray ; ligules more developed, 3-lobed, 3 - 6" long, whitish. 111. to Kan., and southward. 270 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) J. P. Uved&lia, !•<• Roughish-hairy, stout (4 -10° high); leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow; achenes strongly striate. — Rich soil, W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward. 37. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; disk-flowers apparently perfect, but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad and with loose leaf -like summits, except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched at the top, without pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin , the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together ; those of the disk sterile and stalk-like. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2iA the hedgehog, or sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 1. E. purptirea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre im- bricated in 3 - 5 rows ; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and south- ward; occasionally adv. eastward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1-2' long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson. — Very variable, and probably connects with 2. E. angUStif61ia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose- color or red. — Plains from 111. and Wise, gouthwestward, June -Aug. 276 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 49. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads ; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.) * Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut. 1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2 - 7° high) ; leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly 3 - 5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled ; disk at first globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1-2' long), drooping. — Low thickets ; common. July - Sept. — Var. HtiMiLis, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions ; heads smaller (•$•' high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward. # * Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown. •»- Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted. 2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2-5° high), the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided) ; rays 8, oval or oblong ; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned. — Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug. — Heads small, but numerous and showy. 3. R. Sllbtoment6sa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3-4° high), downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath ; heads short-peduncled ; disk globular, dull brown ; receptacle sweet-scented ; chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wise., 111., Mo., and southward. H- H- Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed. 4. R. hirta, L. Biennial, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1-2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads ; leaves nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled ; rays (about 14) more or less ex- ceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. — Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wise., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June- Aug. 5. R. flilgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear- ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple- nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the ample involucre ; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward. — Variable, 1-3° high ; the rays orange-yellow. 6. R. spathulata, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed ; slender, 8x-3° high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 277 sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long. peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader. — Pine woods, Ya. to Tenn., and southward. 7. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1-2° high), branched ; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3 — 5- nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1 - 1|') rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth. — Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July. 50. LEPACHYS, Raf. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves ; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from AeTTi's, a scale, and iraxvs, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.) 1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slen- der (4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2' long). — Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July. — The receptacle ex- hales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top. 2. L. COlumnaris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1 - 2° high ; leaflets 5-9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2 - 3-cleft ; disk columnar, often V long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. PULCHERRIMA, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple. — Minn, to Tex. 51. BO RBI CHI A, Adans. SEA OX-EYE. Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and per- sistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 - 4-angled ; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 1. B. frut&scens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'- 3° high) ; leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base ; chaff rigidly pointed. — Va. and southward. 52. HE LI A NT HITS, L. SUNFLOWER. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex ; the persist- ent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small interme- diate scales. — Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (.Named from %\iost the sun, and s, a flower.} 278 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) § 1. Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate ; receptacle flat ; disk brownish- 1. H. animus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Tall, rough; leaves triple- ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate ; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually V broad or more. — Minn, to Tex., and westward ; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds. 2. H. petiol&ris, Nutt. More slender, 1-3° high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1 -3' long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, seldom ciliate ; disk £' broad or more. — Minn, to Tex., and westward. § 2. Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually opposite. * Involucral scales loosey becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (£' long) ; disk usually purple or brownish ; leaves linear, l-nerved. 3. H. orgy£lis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy ; leaves mostly al- ternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate ; scales filiform-attenuate. — Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward. 4. H. angUStifblius, L. Stem slender (2-6° high), usually scabrous; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins ; heads loosely corymbed, long-peduncled ; scales acute or pointed. — Low pine barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward. * # Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not fohaceous ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved. •*- Disk dark. 5. H. atrdrubens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2-4° high), smooth and naked and forking above ; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong -lanceolate, or the lowest heart-shaped (3- 6' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ; heads small, corymbed ; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, ap- pressed ; rays 10 - 16 ; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward. 6. H. rigidus, Desf . Stem stout (2 - 6° high or more), simple or spar- ingly branched, rough ; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lan- ceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest oval ; heads nearly solitary, pretty large ; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed ; rays 20-25 , pappus of 2 large and often sev eral small scales. — Dry prairies, Mich, to 111., and westward. •»- -i- Disk yellow. 7 H. l8Btifl6rus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rathe* thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), nar rower and acute or mostly acuminate. — Dry open places, Ohio to Wise, and Minn., and southward. — Rays showy, 1 - 2' long. 8. H. OCCidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy , stein slender, simple, naked above (1-3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small heads on long peduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles ; the upper small and remote ; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wise, and Minn., and southward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 279 # * # Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous ; disk yellow (anthers dark}. H- Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate ; pubescence rather soft. 9. H. mollis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2-3° high) ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed ; scales lanceo- late, seldom exceeding the disk. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward, -t- -»- Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above ; scales very long and loose, hairy ; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute. 10. H. tomentosus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4-8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5-12/ long), somewhat petioled; disk V broad; rays 12-16, about V long. — Rich woods, 111. (?), Va., and southward along the mountains. •«- -t- H- Leaves narrow, chiejly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides ; heads rather small ; scales loose, attenuate. 11. H. gr6sse-serratUS, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6-10° high; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath ; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. — Dry plains, Ohio to S. Dak., Mo., and south west ward. — Probably runs into the next. 12. H. gigant^US, L. Stem hairy or rough (3-10° high), branched above; leaves lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but nearly sessile ; scales long, linear-lan- ceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate. — Var. AMBfouus, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base ; perhaps a hybrid with n. 1 7. — Low thickets and swamps ; common. Heads somewhat corymbed ; the pale yellow rays 15-20; roots often becoming tuber-like. 13. H. Maximilian!, Schrad. Resembling the last ; stout, often simple, 1-10° high ; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly den- ticulate ; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils ; scales longer attenuate, more rigid. — Prairies, Minn, to Tex. •t- H- H- H- Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15). •w- Heads very small (about 4" broad) ; rays 5-8; scales few, short, irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth. 14. H. parviflbrus, Bernh. Stem 3-6° high, with numerous slender branches above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat serrate, petioled, rough above, pale and puberulent beneath ; peduncles slender, rough ; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. microcephalus, Torr. fr Gray.) — Thickets, Penn. to 111., and southward. 15. H. laevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1-6° high), simple or sparingly branched, glaucous, glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly ser- rate lanceolate leaves which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward. *+ -w- Heads larger ; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping rootstocks. = Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire. 16. H. doronicoides, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3-7° high ; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, triply-nerved above the broadly cuneate 280 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) base, serrulate ; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6 - 8" long, hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, Torr. $• Gray.) — Dry ground, Ohio to Mo. 17. H. divaricktus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1 -4° high), smooth below ; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3-6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales narrowly lanceo- late, attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk ; rays 8-12. — Thickets and barrens ; common. — Disk 6" wide; rays T long. 18. H. hirstltUS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1-4° high), bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, usually rough- hairy beneath ; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk ; rays about 12. — Dry plains, Ohio to Wise., and southward. 19. H. Strumdsus, L. Stem (3-6° high) very smooth below, often glaucous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, or the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath ; scales broadly lan- ceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9-15. — Var. M6LLis, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more attenuate. — Kiver-banks and low copses ; common, especially westward. 20. H. tracheliif61ius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled ; scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated. — Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward. = = Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly broad ; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate. 21. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2-5° high), smooth below; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles ; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foli- aceous, the outer longer than the disk ; rays about 10. — Copses and low banks of streams ; N. Eng. to Minn, and southward, common. 22. H. tuberdsus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) Pubescent or hir~ sute, 5-10° high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath ; scales lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12-20. (H. doronicoides, former ed.) — N. Y. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated. — Var. SUBCANES CENS, Gray ; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. Minn, to Mo. 53. VERBESINA, L. CROWNBEARD. Heads several - many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3) ; the chaff concave. Acheues flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned. — Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. (" Name metamorphosed from Verbena.") (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 281 * Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile; involucre erect. 1. V. Occident alls, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubes- cent beneath (large and thin) ; heads in compound corymbs ; receptacle flat- tish ; flowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Sieges- beckia, Michx.) — Rich soil, S. Penn. to 111., and southward. July. 2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy- pubescent, Like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves ; heads in compound corymbs ; receptacle convex ; flowers white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenes winged. — Dry soil, Penn. ( ?) to 111., and southward. Aug. * * Heads broader, solitary or few. 3. V. helianthoides, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1-3° high), widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays 8-15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt.) — Prairies and copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July. 4. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1 - 2° high, cine- reous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base ; involucral scales linear, equal, folia- ceous, spreading ; rays numerous, fertile. — Kan. to Tex., and westward. 54. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Heads many-flowered ; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Recep- tacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading in all directions ; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns. — Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed ; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from farts, a ray, and pepts, a part ; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.) 1 • A. squarrbsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4-8° high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceo- late, pointed at both ends ; rays 2-8, irregular. — Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept. 55. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. In- volucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Acheues flat, obcompressed (i. e., parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the sum- mit, the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite leaves and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from Kopis, a bug, and tfi/^s, resemblance ; from the form of the achent.) 282 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) § 1. Style-tips truncate or nearly so ; outer involucre small and short ; rays rose- color or yellow with brown base ; pappus an obscure border or none. 1. C. rbsea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6-20' high) ; leaves linear, entire ; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short pe- duncles ; rays rose-color, 3-toothed ; achenes oblong, wingless. — Sandy grassy swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward ; rare. Aug. 2. C. cardaminefblia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6' -2° high; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear ; rays yel- low with brown-purple base ; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged. — Kan. to La. and Tex. 3. C. tinctdria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2-3° high; leaves 1- 2-pin- nately divided,* the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown. — Minn, to Tex., etc. ; common in cultivation. § 2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid ; involucres nearly equal; achenes roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base and apex ; pappus 2 small teeth or none ; ray mostly yellow and palmately lobed ; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower leaves petiolate. 4. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1-2° high), tufted, branched only at the base ; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lat- eral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate ; outer scales ovate- lanceolate. — Rich or damp soil, Mich, and 111. to Va., and southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1' long. — Var. ANGUSTI- F6LIA, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated peduncles. — Var. viLL,6sA, Michx., is hirsute below, the leaves rather broad. 5. C. grandifl6ra, Nutt. Mostly glabrous ; lower leaves lanceolate and spatulate, entire, the upper 3 - ^-parted with lanceolate to linear and sometimes 2-3-parted lobes ; heads as in the last or larger. — S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga. 6. C. pub6scens, Ell. More leafy, 1-4° high, pubescent or nearly glabrous ; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2-4 small lateral lobes; heads usually smaller. — Va. to S. 111., Mo., and southward. 7. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1-4° high, branching, sometimes with runners ; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-lanceolate, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3-5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate ; achenes nar- rowly winged and strongly involute. — Rich woods and banks, Va. to 111., and southward. June - Sept. § 3. Style-tips cuspidate ; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the wing narrow or none ; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed. # Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at base ; rays mostly entire^ acute ; pappus 2-toothed or none ; leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as ifwhorled; perennial, 1-3° high. H- Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base. 8. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple ; leaves broadly wedge- •haped, rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. — Prairies, Mich, to Minn., and southwest ward. July. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 283 4- -»- Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes simple. 9. C. senif61ia, Michx. Plant minutely soft-pubescent ; leaves each di- vided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl. — Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July. Var. stellata, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower. — Va., Ky., and southward. 10. C. delpllinifdlia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into 3 sessile lea/lets which 8ne2-5-parted,their divisions lance-linear (1 -3" broad), rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Va. and southward. July. 11. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 1 — 2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. — Damp soil, from Ont. and Mich, to Md., Ark., and southward. Cultivated in old gardens, but not showy. July - Sept. * # Outer scales narrow, shorter, all united at base ; rays entire, obtuse ; pappus none ; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3 - ^-divided ; perennial. 12. C. tripteris, L. (TALL COREOPSIS.) Smooth; stem simple (4 - 9° high), corymbed at the top ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. — Penn. to Wise., Iowa, and southward. Aug. - Sept. — Heads exhaling the odor of anise when bruised ; disk turning brownish. # * * Scales mostly distinct, the outer leafy, refiexed or spreading ; achenes fiat, obovate or cuneate-oblong , l-nerved on each face, 2-toothed or 2-awned (rarely 4-awned) ; leaves petiolate, usually pinnately 3 -7-divided, the lobes serrate; annuals (or biennial), branching. Approaching Bidens. •*- Rays conspicuous, golden yellow. •M. Achenes cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked ; outer scales about 8. 13. C. aurea, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1-3° high; leaves variable, com- monly 3 - 7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or lobed ; achenes broadly cuneate, 1 - 2" long, with 2 very short blunt spreading teeth. — Wet ground, Va. to Fl. 14. C. trichosperma, Michx. (TICKSEED SUNFLOWER.) Smooth, branched ; leaves short-petioled, nearly all 3 - 7-divided ; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 - 5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads panicled-corymbose"; achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge- linear, about 4" long, smooth or sparsely hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. — Swamps, Mass, to Va. near the coast. Also Cayuga, N. Y., to 111., where is a var. TENuf LOBA, Gray, with shorter achenes, approaching the last. Aug. - Oct. •M- -H. Achenes obovate, very fiat, with thin ciliate margins. 15. C. aristdsa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately 5 - 7-divided, petioled ; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; heads pani- cled-corymbose; outer scales 8-10, not exceeding the inner, barely ciliate ; achenes with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging awns as long as the achene itself. — Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and southwestward. Aug. -Oct. — Var. MtrricA has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns. — W. 111. and southwestward. Forms occur with the barbs of the awns spread- ing or retrorse, hybrids with Bidens frondosa or other species- 13 284 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE 16. C. involucrata, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12 ~ 20, mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid ; achenes with 2 short acute teeth. — W. 111. to Kan. and Tex. H- -H- Rays none, or rarely rudimentary ; outer scales usually 3-5, loose, leafy, commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads ; achenes narrowly cune- ate ; plants glabrous, 1-3° high ; leaves petiolate. 17. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Paniculately branched; leaves undivided, lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends ; heads 6-10" long ; achenes nearly subulate, bearing a pair of very slender upwardly roughened awns sur- passing the corolla (4" long), but shorter than the achene, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns. — Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and Delaware Bay, to Md. Hybridizes with Bidens frondosa. 18. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched, 1 - 2° high ; leaves ternately divided, slender-petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads 2 - 3" long ; achenes linear-wedge-shaped (2 -3" lor g), bearing a pair of short and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla. — Wet banks and swamps, Conn, to Ohio, 111., and southward. July. 56. BIDENS, L. BUR-MARIGOLD. Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish ; the chaff decidu- ous with the fruit. Achenes flattered parallel with the scales of the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.) # Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre foliaceous ; annuals, •»- Heads erect, nearly rayless ; leaves mostly petiolate. 1. B. frond6sa, L. (COMMON BEGGAR-TICKS. STICK-TIGHT.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2-6° high), branching; leaves 3-5-divided; leaflet* mostly stalked, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below ; achenes wedge-obovate, 2-awned, ciliate (thft bristles ascending except near the summit). — Moist waste places ; a coarse troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing, etc., by their retrorsely barbed awns. Hybrids occur with Coreopsis aristosa and other species. July - Oct. 2. B. COnnata, Muhl. (SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS.) Smooth ( 1-2° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into margined slightly united petioles; the lower often ^-divided, their lateral divi- sions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole ; outer scales longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse ; rays none ; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2 - 4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate. — E. New Eng. to Minn., and iouthward. — Var. COM6SA, Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with very leafy involucre. 111., Ky., and westward. Aug. - Oct. — Var. PINNATA, Watson ; leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5-7 narrow divisions sparingly incised ; achenes 4-awned. Hennepin Co., Minn. (F. L. Couillard). COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 285 +- H- Heads somewhat nodding, commonly radiate ; leaves sessile, undivided. 3. B. c6rnua, L. (SMALLER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Nearly smooth (5'- 3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate ; heads nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays; outer involucre longer than the head; achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet places, N. Eng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. July -Sept. — Rays, if any, smaller than in n, 4, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.) 4. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD.) Smooth, erect, or reclining at the base (6' - 2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate , outer involucre mostly shorter than the showy golden-yellow (1" long] rays; achenee wedge-shaped, with al- most prickly downwardly barbed margins ; awns 2, 3, or 4. — Swamps ; com- mon. Aug - Oct. # * Achenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upward. 5. B. bipinn&ta, L (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Smooth annual, branched ; leaves 1 - 3-pinnately parted, petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge- shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear scales equalling the short pale yellow rays ; achenes 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 - 4-awned. — Damp soil, R. I. to N. Y., 111., and southward. # * * Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with 3-6 very long awns smooth below. 6. B. B£ckii, Torr. (WATER MARIGOLD.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth ; stems long and slender ; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ; heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden yellow) rays ; achenes thickish, smooth (-£' long), the stout divergent awns (V long) barbed only toward the apex. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Mass, to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug. - Oct. 57. THELESPERMA, Less. Heads many-flowered ; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Co- reopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingless and beakless achenes ; pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awns. — Smooth herbs, with oppo- site dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From 6r)\-f), a nipple, and o-Wpjita, seed, on account of the papillose achenes.) 1. T. gr£cile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1-2° high; leaves with narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire ; outer scales very short ; rays short or usually none ; achenes papillose. — Kan., south and westward. 58. BALDWINIA, Nutt. Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; pappus of 7 - 9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2-3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, 2$6 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (!' long); the disk often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.) 1. B. unifiora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Va. (? ) and southward. Aug. 59. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slen- der and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one s>r two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled ; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) termi- nating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; anthers blue. (Named for Humphrey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbust.um Americanum^ one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.) 1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile. — Dry soil, Va. and southward. 2. M. csespitosa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse. — Kan. to Tex. 60. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pavon. Heads several-flowered, radiate ; rays 4 - 5, small, roundish, pistillate. Invo* lucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Achenes angled ; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads ; disk yellow ; rays whitish. (Named for Galinsorja, a Spanish botanist.) G. PARVIFL6RA, Cav. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, somewhat toothed; scales of the pappus 8-16. — Waste places, especially eastward; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 61. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate ; pappus of 1 5 - 20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vpfy, membrane, and Trdinros, pappus.) — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers. # Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales. 1. H. SCabiOSatJUS, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to the top (1-3° high) ; leaves 1 - 2-pin nately parted into linear or ob- long lobes ; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish. — Sandy barrens, 111. and southward. May, June. 2. H. COrymbdsus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above ; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex. — Neb. to Ark. and Tex. * # Pappus of conspicuous spatulate l-nerved scales ; involucre greener. 3. H. tenuifdlius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1 - 2° high ; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute ; iuvolucral scales obovate-oblong ; achenes long-villous. — Neb. to Ark. and Tex. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 287 62. AC TIN EL LA, Pers., Nutt. Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shaped, densely silky-villous ; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic ; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive of Actinea, from CLKTIS, ray.) # Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales ; leaves entire. 1. A. linearifblia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or gla- brate, 1° high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform. — S. Kan. to La., and Tex. 2. A. acaulis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky ; leaves spatulate to linear, short. — Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. GLABRA, Gray (A. scaposa, var. gla- bra, Man.), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near Joliet, 111. The less densely cespitose A. SCAP6SA, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan. * * Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base ; leaves ternately parted. 3. A. odorata, Gray. Annual, 1-2° high, branching, leafy, somewhat floccose-woolly ; heads small, scattered ; leaves 1 - 3-pinnately divided, the lobes filiform. — Central Kan. to Tex., and westward. 63. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-cleft, fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed ; pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point. — Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves de- current on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after Helenus, son of Priam.) 1. H. nudifldrum, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1-3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and den- tate ; heads mostly small ; disk brownish, globose ; ray yellow or partly brown- purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. fr Gray.) — 111. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex. ; nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June- Aug. 2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly smooth, 1-6° high ; leaves mostly toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; heads larger (about 6" broad) ; disk yellow ; ray fertile, yellow. — Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn, to Minn., south and westward. Sept. 288 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 64. GAILLARDIA, Foug. Heads many-flowered ; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2 - 3 rows, the outer larger, loose and f oliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous ; pappus of 5-10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve. — Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform peduncles. (Named after Gaillard de Merentonneau.) 1 . G. simplex, Scheele. Annual ; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, pinnatifid to entire ; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless. — S. Kan. to Tex. 2. G. lanceolata, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1 - 2° high, finely pubescent ; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire ; rays rather few or none ; chaff very short or obsolete. — S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla. 3. G. aristata, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2° high ; leaves lanceo- late to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid; rays usually numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate. — N. Dak., west and south ward. 65. D Y S 6 D I A, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD. Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled ; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagetes, the FRENCH MARIGOLD of the gardens, which belongs to the same group) ; heads terminating the branches ; flowers yellow. (Name 8u5/a, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.) 1. D. chrysanthemoid.es, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6 - 18' high) ; leaves opposite, piunately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn, to 111., Tenn.. and southwest ward. Aug. - Oct. 66. A NT HE MIS, L. CHAMOMILE. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate ; pappus none or a minute crown. — Branching strongrscented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads ; rays white; disk yellow. ('Aveefils, the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.) A. C6xuLA, DC. (MAY-WEED.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; receptacle without chaff near the margin ; pappus none ; leaves finely 3-pin- nately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, DC.) — Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.) A. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN CHAMOMILE.) Pubescent annual or biennial, resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented ; leaves less finely 1 - 2-pinnately parted ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed ; pappus a minute border — Waste places ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) A. NOBILIS, L. (GARDEN CHAMOMILE.) More downy and perennial, pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 289 finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none. — Established near Lewiston, Delaware, NuttaLL (Adv. from Eu.) 67. ACHILLEA, L. YARROW. Heaas many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales im- bricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong, flattened, margined ; pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.) 1 . A. Millef 61ium, L. (COMMON YARROW or MILFOIL.) Stems simple ; leaves twice-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft, crowded ; corymb compound, flat-topped ; involucre oblong ; rays 4-5, short, white (sometimes rose- color). — Fields and hills ; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.) A. PTARMICA, L. (SNEEZEWORT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8-12, much longer than tTie broader campanulate involucre ; flowers white. — Mass., Mich., etc. ; rare. Ap- parently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.) 68. MATRICARIA, Tourn. WILD CHAMOMILE. Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3 - 5-ribbed, wingless ; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none. — Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none ; disk yel- low. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.) M. INOD6RA, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost fili- form lobes ; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays ; achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border. — (Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. Verrill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) M. DiscofDEA, DC. Low (6 -9' high); leaves 2 - 3-pinnately parted into short linear lobes; heads rayless, short-peduncled ; scales oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk ; achenes more terete ; pappus obsolete. — Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations ; also established in N. Europe. July - Sept. 69. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. OX-EYE DAISY. Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white ; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, Xpvffdj/de/jLoy, i. e. golden flower.) C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. (OX-EYE or WHITE DAISY. WHITE-WEED.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head ; root- leaves spatulate,petioled,the others partly clasping,all cut or pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.) — Fields and meadows ; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubu- lar and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.) C. PARTHENIUM, Pers. (FEVERFEW.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves twice-pinnately divided, the divisions ovate, cut ; heads corymbed, rather small. (Leucanthemum Parthenium, Godron.) — Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.) 290 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 70. TANACETUM, L. TANSY. Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid ; flowers all^ fertile, the marginal chiefly pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top ; pappus a short crown. — Bitter and acrid strong-scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1 -3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation. ) T. VULG\RE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Stem (2 - 4° high) smooth ; leaf- lets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate flowers terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb ; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. CRf SPUM has the leaves more cut and crisped. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides ; Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. T. Huronense, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1-3° high) ; lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (-£-§' wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3-5-cleft; pappus toothed. — St. John's River, Maine ( G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward. 71. ARTEMISIA, L. WORMWOOD. Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptable small and flattteh, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes ; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.) § 1. Receptacle smooth ; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile ; disk-flowers per- fect but sterile, the style mostly entire; root perennial, except in n. 1. * Leaves dissected. 1. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2-5° high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2 - 3-pinnately divided ; the divisions thread-form, diverging; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle ; root biennial. — Sandy soil, coast of N. H. to Va. ; also Mich, to Minn., and southward. 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1-2° high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3 - 7-divided, the divi- sions linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in panicled racemes. — Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward. (Eu.) * * Leaves entire or some 3-cleft. 3. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Tall (2-5°), somewhat woody at base, slightly hoary or glabrous ; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft ; heads small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks of streams, Minn, to 111., Mo., and westward. 4. A. glauca, Pall. Strict, 1-2° high, somewhat woody at base, minutely silky-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate ; heads as in the last. — Sask. to Minn. (Sib.) 5. A. filif61ia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1-3° high; leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted ; heads very small and numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle. — Central Kan. to Neb., and south west ward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 291 § 2. Receptacle smooth ; /lowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect. Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves, have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz., A. AB- ROTINUM, L. (the SOUTHERNWOOD), of strict habit, with leaves 1 - 2-pinnatifid and pubescent heads, and A. PR6CERA, L., with more spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous. * Tall (1 - 5°) and branching perennials, whitened with Jine and close-pressed wool ; heads small, in leafy panicles. 6. A. serrata, Nutt. Very leafy, 6-9° high ; leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, serrate, white-tomeutose beneath, green above ; heads greenish, oblong, 2" long or less. — 111. to S. Dak. 7. A. longifblia, Nutt. Stem 2-5° h?gh ; leaves linear or linear-lanceo- late, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, canescent, 2-3" long — Minn, to Neb., and westward. 8. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (WESTERN MUG WORT.) Whitened woolly throughout ; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower usually cut- lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and green ; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow panicles. — Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., 111., Tex., and westward. Very variable. A. VULGA.RIS, L. (COMMON MUG WORT.) Leaves mostly glabrous and green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate ; heads small in open panicles. — Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Densely white-tomentose perennial ; heads large, racemose-glomerate. 9 A. Stelleriana, Bess. Stout, 1 - 2° high, from a creeping base ; /eaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse. — Sandy sea-beaches, E. Mass. ; locally nat. from N. E. Asia? * * * Less branched (1 —3°), biennial or annual, glabrous. 10. A. biennis, Willd. Strict, 1-3° high; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut- toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., and northwest- ward ; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, etc. A. INNUA, L. Tall, much branched ; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatifid ; heads small, in a loose ample panicle. — Ind. to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.) § 3. Receptacle hairy ; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate. A. ABsfNTHiuM, L. (WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby (2-3° high), silky hoary; leaves 2 - 3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical, panicled. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6 -20' high), in tufts, slightly woody at the base, white-silky ; leaves pinnately parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions narrow- linear ; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., and westward. 72. TU SSI LA GO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT. Head many-flowered ; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistil- late, fertile ; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong ; pappus copious, soft and capil- 292 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) lary. — A low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded- heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.) T. FARFARA, L. — Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn. ; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.) 73. PET A SITES, Tourn. SWEET COLTSFOOT. Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious ; in the substerile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in the disk ; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheath- ing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a corymb. (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from ire'rao-os, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.) * Pistillate flowers ligulate ; flowers whitish. 1. P. palmata, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, Hook.) — Swamps, Maine and Mass, to Mich., Minn., and northwestward; rare. April, May. — Full-grown leaves 6-10' broad. 2. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute or obtuse, repand-dentate. — N. Minn, and westward. * # Ligules none ; flowers purplish. P. vuLGARis, Desf . Rootstock very stout : leaves round-cordate, angulate- dentate and denticulate. — About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.) 74. ARNICA, L. Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped ; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of moun- tains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption. of Ptarmica.) 1. A. Chamiss6nis, Less. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (1-2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads ; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate- lanceolate, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petiole ; scales pointed ; pappus almost plumose. (A. mollis, Hook.) — N. Maine, moun- tains of N. H. and northern N. Y., shores of L. Superior, and westward. July. 2. A. nudicatllis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1-3° high); leaves thickish, 3 - 5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, the cauline small and only one or two pairs ; heads several, corymbed. showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May. 75. SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL. Heads many-flowered ; rays pistillate, or none ; involucre cylindrical to bell- shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 293 Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) * Root annual or in n. 3 biennial ; heads several or many in a corymb ; herbage glabrous or soon becoming so. •*- Rays none or minute. S. VULGARIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Low, corymbosely branched, glabrate; leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of inyolucral scales blackish ; rays none. — Waste grounds. July - Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) S. visc6sus, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves 2- pinnatifid ; scales not black-tipped ; rays minute. — Waste grounds, coast of N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.) •«- •»- Heads conspicuously radiate. 1. S. lobatUS, Pers. (BUTTER-WEED.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat fleshy, lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, variable ; heads small in a naked corymb ; rays 6-12, conspicuous. — Wet grounds, N. Car. to S. 111., Mo., and southward. April- July. 2. S. paltistris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate ; stem stout, 6' - 2° high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base ; rays 20 or more, short, pale yel- low; pappus copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wise., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.) # * Root perennial ; heads small or middle-sized , in a naked corymb. 3. S. aureus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) Smooth, or floccose-woolly when young (1-3° high); leaves thin, the radical simple and rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; lower stem-leaves lyrate ; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Common everywhere. May, June. Varies greatly. Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obov£te with a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S. Elliottii, Torr. $- Gray.) — Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and Ga. Var. Balsamitse, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate ; root-leaves oblong, spatu- late, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid ; heads rather small and numerous. — Common. 4. S. tomentosus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous hoary ivool (1 - 2° high) / root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles ; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate- pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15. — Del. and mountains of Penn. (Pursh.}, to Fla. and Ark. May. 5. S. canus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all glabrate ; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut- toothed or pinnatifid ; achenes glabrous. — N. Minn., N. Dak., and westward. 6. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon gla- brate and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6" high), with green-tipped scales. — Sask. to Minn., and westward. 294 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 7. S. lugens, Richards. Like the last ; leaves usually repand- or callous- denticulate ; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales. — Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains ; reported from Minn, and N. Iowa. * # * Root perennial ; heads large and often solitary. 8. S. Psetldo- Arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becom- ing glabrous ; stem stout, 6-12' high, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base ; heads 1-4, over an inch in diameter ; rays 20 or more, large. — Grand Manan Island, off Maine (Prof. Verrill), to Lab., and northward. 76. C AC ALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Recep- tacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alter- nate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.) * Involucre 25 - 30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; receptacle flat. 1. C. suavfeolens, L. Stem grooved (3-5° high); leaves triangular- lanceolate, halberd-shaped , pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged pet- ioles. — Rich woods, Conn, to Mich., Iowa, and southward ; rare. Sept. * * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none ; receptacle bear- ing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre. 2. C. reniformis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Not glaucous; »tem (4 - 9° high) grooved and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan- shaped, or the lowest kidney-form (F-20 broad), repand -toothed and angled, palmately veined, petioled ; the teeth pointed; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, N. J. to 111., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug. 3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (PALE INDIAN P.) Glaucous; stem terete (3-6° high) ; leaves palmately veined and angulate-lobed , the lower triangular- kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, Zoomed. — Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wise., Minn., and southward. Aug. 4. C. tuberdsa, Nutt. (TUBEROUS INDIAN P.) Stem angled and grooved (2-6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5 - 7 '-nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into -long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex. — Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to Wise., Minn., and southward. June. 77. ERECHTITES, Raf. FIREWEED. Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile ; the marginal pis- tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, tapering at the end ; pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 295 1. E. hieracifdlia, Raf. (FiRE WEED.) Often hairy; stem grooved (1 -6° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper auricled at base. — Moist woods ; common, especially northward, and in recent clearings that have been burned over ; whence the popular name. July - Sept. 78. ARCTIUM, L. BURDOCK. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre globular ; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flat- tened, wrinkled transversely ; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, sepa- rate and deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads; flowers purple, rarely white. (Name probably from &PKTOS, a bear, from the rough involucre.) A. LAPPA, L. Stout, 1-3° high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat floccose- tomentose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa officinalis, All.) — The several reputed species of the genus are scarcely distinguishable even as varieties. Var. MINUS, has rather small ovoid subracemose heads (about 8" broad), on short peduncles, glabrous or somewhat cottony, the inner scales somewhat purplish-tipped, equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut- toothed. By roadsides ; very common. — Var. M\JUS, with broader (lx) green and glabrous subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent. — Var. TOMENT6suM, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare. — July - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 79. C NIC US, Tourn. COMMON or PLUMED THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely imper- fectly dioecious. Scales of the pvoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed ; pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — Herbs, mostly biennial, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly. Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yel- lowish ; in summer. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek KVT]KOS.) * Scales of the involucre aU tipped with spreading prickles. C. LANCEOLA.TUS, Hoffm. (COMMON THISTLE.) Leaves decurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly with deciduous webby hairs benea.th, prickly ; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Scop.) — Pastures and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Heads leafy-bracteate at base (see also n. 8) ; proper scales not prickly. 1 . C. horridulus, Pursh. (YELLOW THISTLE.) Stem stout (1 - 3° high). webby-haired when young ; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceo- late, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles ; heads (1 - 1-J' broad) surrounded by leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which usually equal the narrow scales ; flowers pale yellow or purple. ( Oirsinm . Michx.) — Sandy fields, Mass, to Va., and southward, near the coast. * * * Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly. +- Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above ; outer scales succes- sively shorter, and tipped with short prickles. 2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. White-woolly throughout, low : stem very leafy , leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, sometimes 296 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) again pinnatifid divisions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. (Cir sium, Torr. fy Gray.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. 3. C. undul&tus, Gray. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, leafy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undivided, undulate-pinnatifid, or rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly; flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Islands of L. Huron to Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads vary much in size. 4. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem downy, branching (3-10° high), leafy quite to the heads ; leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool be- neath, oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, undulate- pinnatifid, or twice pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth weakly prickly; heads H-2' high; flowers chiefly purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Fields and copses, Mass, to Minn., and southward. Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2-6° high ; leaves nearly all deeply pinnat- ifid into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, Spreng.) — Common; N. Eng. to 111., and southward. 5. C. Virgini&nus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched (1 -3° high), the branches or long peduncles naked ; leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; heads small ; outer scales scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.) — Woods and plains, Va., Ohio, and southward. •*-•«- Leaves green both sides , or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath ; heads large ; scales scarcely prickly-pointed. 6. C. mtltiCUS, Pursh. (SWAMP THISTLE.) Stem tall (3-8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit ; branches sparingly leafy, bearing single or few rather large heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above, whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and glutinous (sometimes glabrate) involucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.) — Swamps and low woods ; common. 7. C. pumilus, Torr. (PASTURE THISTLE.) Stem low and stout (1 -2° high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (If broad), which are often leafy- bracted at the base ; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes ; outer scales prickly -pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant- 2' long). (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Dry fields, N. Eng., near the coast, to Penn. * * * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly -pointed ; heads, imperfectly dioecious, small and numerous. C. ARVENSIS, Hoffm. (CANADA THISTLE.) Perennial, slender, 1-2° high, the roots extensively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, smuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple. (Cirsium, Scop.) — Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common ; a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.) 80. CARDUUS, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE. Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 297 C. NfrrANS, L. (MUSK THISTLE.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. — Fields near Harrisburg, Pa., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.) 81. ONOPORDON, Vaill. COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Other- wise as Cnicus. — Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large ; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the plant.) O. ACANTHIUM, L. Stem (2-4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales linear-awl-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States ; rather rare. July -Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) 82. CENT A UREA, L. STAR-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger (as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or glo- bose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base ; pappus setose or partly chaffy or none. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.) * Achenes terete, IQ-dentate ; pappus ofW long bristles and 10 short inner ones. C. BENEixf CTA, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnat- ifid cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads ; flowers yellow. (Cnicus benedictus, L.) — Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Achenes compressed or 4-angled ; pappus very short or none. C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe- margined; false rays large ; pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at the base ; root annual. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flow- ers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) C. NIGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe ; rays wanting ; pappus very short ; leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough ; root perennial. — Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.) C. CALC^TRAPA, L. (STAR-THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched; leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the ovoid involucre spiny ; pappus none ; flowers purple ; root annual. — Sea- ports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.) C. JACEA, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish scale- appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate. — Charlotte, Vt. (Pringle); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.) 83. LAMPS AN A, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT. Heads 8- 12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong ; pappus none. — Slender branch- ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads ; flowers yellow. (The \a^dvr) of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.) L. coMMtiNis, L. Nearly smooth, 1-2° high j lower leaves ovate, some- times lyre-shaped. — Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 84. K RIG I A, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION. Heads several - many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled; 298 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles. — Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed ; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botanical collector in this country.) § 1. KRIGIA proper. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled ; pappus of 5-7 short roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual. 1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1 - 10' high), becom- ing branched and leafy ; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often piunatifid. — New Eng. to Minn., and southward. April - Aug. § 2. CYNTHIA. Achenes more slender; pappus of 10-15 small oblong chaff and 15-20 bristles. Perennial. 2. K. Dandelion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous , scapes leafless, 6 - 1 8' high ; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, DC.) — Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward. March- July. 3. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Roots Jibrous; stem-leaves 1-3, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-5. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.) — Moist banks, Conn, to Minn., and southward. June. — Stem 1 - 2° high. 85. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY or CHICORY. Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8-10 scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of nu- merous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.) C. INTYBUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides ; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 86. TBAGOPOGON, L. GOAT'S-BEARD. Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenu ate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5-10-ribbed, long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles. — Stout glabrous biennials or per- ennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yel- low or purple flowers. (Name from rpdyos, goatt and irdywv, beard.) T. PORRIF6LIUS, L. (SALSIFY. OYSTER-PLANT.) Stem 2-3° high; pe- duncle thickened and fistulous below the head ; flowers purple ; acheues and pappus 3' long. — Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) T. PRATENSIS, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader at base ; peduncle little thickened ; flowers yellow. — Fields, etc., N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.) 87. LEONTODON, L., Juss. HAWKBIT. Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract lets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike ; pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base. — Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 299 bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from \wv, a lion, and 65ous, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus OpORf NIA, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles. L. AUTUMNALIS, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Leaves laciniate-toothcd or pinuatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5 - 1 5' high; peduncles thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate. — Meadows and roadsides ; N. Eng. to Penn. June - Nov. (Nat. from Eu.) 88. PICRIS, L. Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spread- ing. Achenes terete, with 5-10 rugose ribs ; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles. — Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from viKpos, bitter J P. HIERACIOIDES, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly toothed ; achenes oblong, with little or no beak. — Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) 89. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. Heads 12 -many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked ; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from iepo$, a hawk.) § 1 . Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate ; achenes oblong ; pappus not copious. H. AURANTiACUM, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark ; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle ; heads clustered ; flowers deep orange to flame-color. — Roadsides and fields ; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) H. PR.EALTUM, Vill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy ; heads in an open cyme ; flowers yellow. — N. New York ( Ward). (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Heads large ; involucre irregularly imbricated ; achenes columnar ; pappus copious, unequal. H. MUR6RUM, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base ; heads few, dark-glandular. — Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. H. Canadense, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the sum- mit (1 - 3° high) ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward. § 3. Heads small ; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated. * Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate. 2. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy only below (1-3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth ; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slender and diverg ing pedicels, 1 2 - 20-flowered ; achenes short. — Open woods; rather common. 3. H. ven6sum, L. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape (1-2° high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spread- 300 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ing loose corymb ; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins ; pedicels very slender; involucre 12-35-flowered; achenes linear. — Dry plains and pine woods ; common from the Atlantic to Minn, and Iowa. 4. H. Marianum, Willd. Somewhat leafy, 2-3° high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, the radical petiolate, rarely purplish- veiny ; heads 20 - 40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, the slender inflo- rescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid. — Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward. — Var. SPATHU- LA.TUM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn. 5. H. SCabrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1-3° high), leafy, rough- hairy, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose ; the thick- ish pedicels and the hoary 40 - 50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles ; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods; common. # # Achenes tapering upward ; heads l5-3Q^flowered in a narrow or virgate panicle. 6. H. Gron6vii, L. (HAIRY H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1 -3° high), leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle ; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenes with a very taper summit. — Dry , sterile soil ; common, especially southward. 7. H. longipilum, Torr. (LONG-BEARDED H.) Stem wand-like, sim- ple, stout (2 - 3° high), very leafy toward the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo- late or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles (often 1' long) ; peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly ; achenes narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Mich, to Minn., and southwest ward. 90. CREPIS, L. Involucre few - many -flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant, from Kpyiris, a sandal.) C. BIENNIS, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy ; leaves runcinate-pin- natifid ; heads rather large, corymbose ; achenes oblong, glabrous. — Vt., Mass. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) C. TECT6RUM, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves nar- row, runcinate ; heads small, in a loose panicle ; achenes fusiform, the ribs sca- brous. — In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.) 91. P B, E N A N T H E S, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. Heads 5 - 30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish and rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 301 leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-whita or yellowish, often tinged with purple ; late summer and autumn. Our specie* belong to the subgenus Ndbalus. The original European species has soft white pappus. (Name from irpnv^s, drooping, and &v6ri, blossom.) * Htads rather broad, 25-35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle. 1. P, crepidinea, Michx. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5 - 9° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6-12' long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted into winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, DC.) — Rich soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. — Flowers cream-color. * * Heads narrow, 8 - 15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence , stems simple ; cauline leaves sessile ; pappus straw-color. -t- Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect , 12-15-jlowered. 2. P. racembsa, Michx. Stem 2-5° high, smooth and glaucous, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping ; heads in crowded clusters ; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, DC.) — Plains, N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward. — Var. PINNAT* FIDA, Gray, the leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J. 3. P. aspera, Michx. Stem 2-4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; upper leaves not clasping ; heads in small clusters ; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, Torr. fr Gray.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward. •«- •»- Whole plant glabrous ; heads nodding, 8- \Z-flowered ; thyrse looser. 4. P. virgata, Michx. {SLENDER RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Slightly glau- cous ; stem 2-4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (l£- 2° long) ; heads clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid ; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, DC.) — Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward. 5. P. Mainensis, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy ; leaves as in n. 2, but the radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole ; heads persist- ently drooping on slender pedicels. — St. John's River, N. Maine (Pringle). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7. * * * Heads 5-18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base. •*- Involucre cylindrical ; scales scarious-margined , the outer very short, appressed. +* Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish. 6. P. alba, L. (WHITE LETTUCE. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) Smooth and glaucous (2-4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angu- late or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed 6r 3-5-cleft, the uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8 - 1 2-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.) — Borders of rich woods ; common, especially northward. ** •*-*• Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish ; leaves very variable. 7. P. serpentaria, Pursh. (LION'S-FOOT. GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.) Nearly smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2° high ; leaves 302 COMPOSITE:. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) mostly deltoid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 - 7-lobed, on margined petioles , the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; involucre (green- ish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8-12-flow- ered ; flowers purplish, greenish white, or cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, DC.) — Dry sandy or sterile soil, New Eng. to Va., and southward. Var. nana, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6-16' high, smooth and glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, DC.) — Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and northeastward. 8. P. altissima, L. Smooth ; stem tall and slender (3 - 7° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand- like leafy panicle ; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3 - 5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft ; involucre slen- der (greenish), of 5 scales, 5 - 6-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.) — Rich moist woods ; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga. i- -i- Involucre campanulate-oblong ; secondary basal scales 2-3, linear, loose. 9. P. Bodttii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5-6' high), pubescent at the summit ; the heads in an almost simple raceme ; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper- ing into a margined petiole ; involucre (livid) 10 - 18-flowered, the proper scales 10-15, very obtuse ; pappus straw-color. — Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York. 92. LYQODESMIA, Don. Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit i pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of \vyos, a pliant twig, and ScVjur?, a bundle, from the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.) 1. L. jiincea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate ; lower leaves lance-linear, 1-2' long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute , heads 5-flow- ered. — St. Croix River, Wise., to Kan., and westward. July. 93. TROXIMON, Nutt. Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none ; pappus longer than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles. — Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from rp&yw, to chew, of no obvious application.) 1. T. CUSpidatum, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the margins ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed , achene beakless — Prairies, Wise., N. 111., and westward. April, May. £6MPOsrr,E. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 303 2. T. glaucum, Nutt. Scape 1-2° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire to dentate or laciniate ; head often pubescent or villous ; achene long- beaked. — Minn, to Neb. and southwest ward. 94. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION. Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4 - 5-ribbed, the ribs rough- ened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft and white capillary pappus. — Perennials or biennials ; leaves radical, piimat- ifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from rapdffo-u, to disquiet or dis- order t in allusion to medicinal properties.) T. OFFICINALE, Weber. (COMMON DANDELION.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.) — Pastures and fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky Mountains. April - Sept. — After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming ; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.) 95. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. FALSE DANDELION. Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty- color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring. — Mostly annual or biennial herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. Heads solitary, terminat- ing the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of irvpfr6s,jla?ne-colored, and irairiros, pappus.) 1. P. Carolinii-inus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1-2° high ) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April - July. 2. P. scapdsus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers ; leaves all radical, pinnatifid. — Prairies ; Kan. to Tex. 96. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak ; pappus of copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.) C. JUNCEA, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1-3° high); root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6 - 8" long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) 97. LAC TUG A, Tourn. LETTUCE. Heads several - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical; scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat (obcom- pressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very soft and white capillary pap- 304 coMfcosiMJ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) pus, its bristles falling separately. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads ; flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa ; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) § 1. SCARlOLA. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, l-nerved on each face, with a filiform beak ; biennial or annual ; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping. L. SCAR^OLA, L. (PRICKLY LETTUCE.) Stem below sparsely prickly- bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate spinu- lose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, 6- 12-flowered; achenes striate. — Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic States to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. L. Canadtosis, L. (WILD LETTUCE.) Mostly tall (4-9° high), very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6-12' long, pale beneath, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all but the lower narrow and entire) ; heads about 20-flowered, 3 - 6" long, numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles ; flowers pale yellow ; achene oval, rather longer than the beak. — Rich damp soil, borders of fields or thickets ; common. 2. L. integrifolia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3-4° high, loosely branched above or heads loosely panicled ; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, denticulate or entire ; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integ- rifolia, Torr. $• Gray.) — N. Eng. to 111., and southward. 3. L. hirsiita, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2-3° high, commonly hirsute at base ; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pin- natifid ; heads in a loose open panicle ; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. san- guinea, Torr. $• Gray.) — E. Mass, to Minn., and southward. 4. L. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2-5° high ; leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate ; heads in an open panicle ; involucre more imbricate ; flowers yellow. — Minn., Iowa, and southwest ward, § 2. LACTUCASTRUM. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short slender beak ; perennial ; flowers blue. 5. L. pulch611a, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1-2° high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pin natifid ; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles ; in- volucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, Nutt.) — Upper Mich, to Minn. ; common on the plains westward. § 3. MULGiSDIUM. Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick beak or neck ; annual or biennial ; flowers chiefly blue. 6. L. acuminata, Gray. Tall biennial (3-7° high), with many small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; leaves ovate to oblong-lan- ceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate ; achenes beak- less; pappus white. (Mulgedium, DC.) — Borders of woods, N. Y. to 111. and Fla. 7. L. Floridana, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked ; otherwise as n. 6. — Rich soil, Penn. to 111., and southward. LOBELIACEjE. (LOBELIA FAMlLt.) 305 8. L. leucophiea, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3-12° high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping ; heads in a large and dense compound panicle ; flowers bluish to cream-color ; achene short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, DC.) — Low grounds; rather common. — Var. INTEGRIF6LIA, Gray. Leaves undivided, or the lower sinu- ate-pinnatifid. Ohio to 111. 98. SONG HITS, L. SOW-THISTLE. Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im- bricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling together. — Leafy- stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbel- late heads of yellow flowers ; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient Greek name.) # Annual (1-5° high) ; flowers pale yellow. S. OLERACEUS, L. (COMMON SOW-THISTLE.) Stem-leaves runcmate-pin- natifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; achene"s striate, also wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) S. ASPER, Vill. (SPINY-LEAVED S.) Stem-leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded ; achenes margined, 3 - nerved on each side, smooth. — With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.) * # Perennial, with creeping rootstocks ; flowers bright yellow , in large heads. S. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N, Y. ; be- coming more common. (Nat. from Eu.) ORDER 56. LOBELIACE^B. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla , the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers. — Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 ; stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. — Nearly passing into the following order. 1. LOBELIA, L. Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes ; in summer and early autumn. ( Dedi- cated to Matthias De I'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.) * Flowers deep red, large : stem simple. 1. L. cardin&lis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Tall (2-4° high), smooth- ish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather 1 -sided, the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds , common 306 „ LOBBLIACE^E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) — Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, vary- ing rarely to rose-color or even white. Hybrids with the next species also occur. # * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white. *- Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5-6" long), spicate-racemose ; stems leafy, 1-3° high ; perennial. •*•+ Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous ; lip of corolla glabrous. 2. L. syphilitica, L. (GREAT LOBELIA.) Somewhat hairy ; leave* thin, acute at both ends (2-6' long), irregularly serrate ; flowers (nearly 1 long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts ; calyx hirsute, the sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles, the short tube hemispherical. — Low grounds, common. — Flowers light blue, rarely white. 3. L. pub<§rula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves ihickish, obtuse (1 -2' long), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1 -sided; bracts ovate; minuses of the calyx with short and -rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the kairy tube top-shaped. — Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla. — Corolla bright blue, ¥ long. 4. L. amoena, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves narrower ; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate ; calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous. — S. Atlantic States, in swamps. — Var. GLANDULfFERA, Gray; a slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward. HH- 4-*. Leaves long and narrow, sparse above ; lip of corolla pubescent at base. 5. L. glanduldsa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx- tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla. •i- +- Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2-3" long). •w- Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like ra- ceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand. 6. L. leptdstachys, A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; calyx- lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 refiexed awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. — Sandy soil, Ohio to 111. and Mo.; also Va. to Ga. 7. L. spicata, Lam. Stem slender, strict (1 - 4° high) from a biennial (?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent ; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts ; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged. — Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through summer. — Var. PARVIFL6RA, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla but 3" long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. (Porter); beginning to flower in June. — Var. HiRTijLLA, Gray ; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute- ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 307 •w- •«• Stem leafy, often paniculately branched ; flowers loosely racemose ; sinuses of calyx not appendaged ; annual or biennial. = Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate ; pod not inflated. 8. L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1 - 2° high), minutely angled ; pedi- cels shorter than the bracts and flowers, minutely roughened under a lens ; bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5" long), more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C. 9. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4 - IS' high), minutely angled; pedi- cels flliform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteoIate or ^-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod ; corolla light blue, 4 - 5" long. — Wet limestone rocks and banks, N. Eng. to L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn. 10. L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1-2° high), terete; pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very minute bractlets near the base ; calyx-tube very short, depressed- hemispherical in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3" long. — Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. to Ga. = = Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed ; pod inflated, wholly inferior. 11. L. inflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO. ) Stems paniculately much branched from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1-2° high); leaves gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedi* celled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid. — Dry open fields. — Corolla only l-J-2" long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine. •«-*. •*-*. -w. Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow ; leaves fleshy ; flbrous-rooted per- ennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers. 12. L. paludbsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1-4° high); leaves flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular- denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole ; lower lip of corolla bearded in the middle ; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in fruit. — In water (but foliage emerged), Del. to Fla. and La. 13. L. Dortmanna, L. (WATER LOBELIA.) Very smooth; scape thick- ish (5 - 12' high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow^ with a partition lengthwise ; lower lip of corolla slightly hairy ; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer. — Borders of ponds (often immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) ORDER 57. CAMPANIILACEJE. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers : calyx adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and distinct. — Style 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above ; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2 - several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally blue and showy. 14 30$ CAMPANULACE^E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 1. SPECULARIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. Calyx 5- (or 3 - 4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa* rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves. — Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American species dimorphous, the earlier being cleistogamous. (Name from Speculum Vreneris, the early name of the common European species.) 1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3-20' high); leaves round- ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary or 2 - 3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspic- uous and expanding corolla ; capsule oblong, short, straight, opening rather below the middle ; seeds lenticular. — Sterile open ground ; common. May - Aug. 2. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6-12' high) ; leaves lanceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils ; calyx-lobes of lower flowers 3 ; capsule nearly cylindrical (6-9" long, \" thick], inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; seeds oblong. — W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6 - 9" wide. 2. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa- rate ; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers ; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.) * Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle. •^Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly naturalized; perennial. C. RAPUNCULoiDES, L. Smoothish, slender, erect ; stem-leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped ; flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla oblong, V long. — Road- sides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn. C. GLOMER\TA, L. (CLUSTERED B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head ; corolla open-bell-shaped, V long. — Roadsides, E. Mass. •H- +- Slender perennials, mostly glabrous ; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles. 1. C. rotundifdlia, L. (HAREBELL.) Slender, branching (5-12' high), 1 -10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or ere- nate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or nar* rowly lanceolate, entire^ smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from £ to § the length of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6-9" long); capsule nodding. — Rocky shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the mountains. — A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.) Var. arctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; lowest leaves spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla f-T long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, of Man.) — Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 309 Var. velutina, DC., has the whole herbage canescently pubescent. — Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (E. J. Hill). 2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (MARSH BELLFLOWER.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8 - 20' high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backward on the angles t as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate leaves ; peduncles diverging, slender ; lobes of the calyx triangular , half the , length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; capsule erect. — Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium. S. C. divaric&ta, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1 -3° high); leaves oblong -lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed ; flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped , about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3" long) ; style exserted. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward. * * Style declined and upwardly curved , much longer than the rotate corolla ; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence spicate. 4. C. Americana, L. (TALL BELLFLOWER.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3-6° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2£ - 6' long) ; spike 1-2° long ; corolla light blue, 1' broad. — Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark. ORDER 58. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as many or twice as many as the 4 - 5-lobed or 4 — 5-petalled corolla, free from but inserted with it ; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or open- ing by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3) ; style 1 ; ovary 3-W-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Sub- order 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the charac- ters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows : — SUBORDER I. Vacciniese. (WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY.) Calyx- tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex. — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds. 1 . Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets. 2. Vaccinium. Berry 4 - 5-celled (or imperfectly 8 - 10-celled by false partitions), many- seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. 3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen. SUBORDER II. Ericinese, (HEATH FAMILY proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees. Tribe I. ARBUTE^E. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 4. Arctostaphyloi. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5 - 10-seeded. 310 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) Tribe II. ANDROMEDE^E. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla deciduous. * Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged. 5. Epigyea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. * * Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped, •i- Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit. 6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top. •«- •»- Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. ** Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed ; not heath-like. 7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta. 8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. A small tree. 9. Leucotlioe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla cylin- draceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. 10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. *+ ** Corolla campanulate, 4 - 5-lobed or -parted ; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves. 11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4 - 5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Tribe III. ERICE^E. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septioidal. 12 Call mm. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate. Tribe IV. RHODODENDRE^E. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous. * Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. 4- Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like. 14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear. •*- •»- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous. 15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous. 16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form. lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen. 17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5 -10. Leaves evergreen. * *• Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent. 18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. 19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. SUBORDER III. Pyrolese. (PYROLA FAMILY.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla poly pet alous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus. Tribe I. CLETHREJE. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen- grains simple. Capsule 3-celled. 20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Tribe II. PYROI.E^E. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound. Capsule 5- (rarely 4-) celled. 21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges. 22. Moneses. Scape 1 -flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted ; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 811 23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl- shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges. SUBORDER IV. Monotropese. (INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.) Flow- ers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-par a* sitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3. * Corolla monopetalous ; anthers 2-eelled. 24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; anthers opening at the top. * * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like. 26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY. Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; an- thers awnless ; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots ; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac, ) # Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted. 1. G. brach^cera, Gray. (BOX-HUCKLEBERRY.) Very smooth (1° high) ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile ; pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped — Wooded hills, Perry Co., Penn., to Del. and Va. May. — Leaves resembling those of the Box. * # Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms. 2. G. dumdsa, Torr. & Gray. (DWARF HUCKLEBERRY.) Somewhat hair y and glandular, low (1 -5° high from a creeping base), bushy ; leaves ob~ ovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary bristly or glandular / corolla bell-shaped ,- fruit black (insipid) — Var. HIRTELLA has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy. — Sandy swamps, Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La. ; the var. chiefly southward. June. 3. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray (BLUE TANGLE. DANGLEBERRY.) Smooth (3-6° high); branches slender and divergent ; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath ; racemes slender, loose , bracts oblong or linear , decidu- ous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped • fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible) — Low copses, coast of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky. , south to La. and Fla. May, June 4. G. resinbsa, Torr, & Gray (BLACK HUCKLEBERRY. ) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1-3° high) ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the floweis, with shining resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous , corolla ovoid- conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white). — Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf to Minn,, south to N. Ga. May, June. — The common Huckleberry of the markets. 312 EBICACE^. (HEATH FAMILY.) 2. V ACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. CRANBERRY. Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, re volute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separate and prolonged up- ward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4-5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8 - 10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers ; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) § 1. BATOD^NDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed ; anthers with long tubes, and %-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously IQ-celled ; leaves deciduous but firm ; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled. 1. V. arb6reum, Marshall. (FARKLE-BERRY.) Tall (6-25° high), smoothish ; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining above, at the south evergreen ; corolla white ; anthers included ; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded. — Sandy soil, S. 111. to Tex., Fla., and N. C. 2. V. stamineum, L. (DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY.) Dif- fusely branched (2-3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath ; corolla greenish-white or purplish ; anthers much exserted ; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded. — Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La. § 2. CYANOC6CCUS. (BLUEBERRIES.) Corolla cylindraceous to campan- ulate, 5-toothed ; filaments hairy ; anthers included, awnless ; berry (sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely IQ-celled ; flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large scaly buds with or before the leaves. * Corolla cylindraceous when developed. 3. V. virgatum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at least above ; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches ; corolla rose-color ; berry black. — In swamps, south of our range, but represented by Var. tenellum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters. — Va. to Ark., and southward. # # Corolla shorter and broader. (BLUEBERRIES or BLUE HUCKLEBERRIES.) 4. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (DWARF BLUEBERRY.) Dwarf (6- 15' high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath) ; corolla short, cylindrical- bell-shaped ; berries bluish-black and glaucous. — Dry hills, N. J. to 111., north to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIUM, Gray ; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with nar- rower lanceolate leaves. — White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward. 5. V. Canad^nse, Kalm. Low (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets ; corolla ihorter ; otherwise as the last. — Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., 111., Minn., and northward. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 313 6. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low BLUEBERBT.) Low (1-2^° high), qlabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets ; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire ; co- rolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry places, especially in sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich, and Iowa, south to N. C. and Mo. — Berries ripening later than those of n. 4. 7. V. COrymb6sum, L. (COMMON or SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.) Tall (5- 10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate ; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3 - 4" long. — Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or glabrous (var. GLABRUM, Gray, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the fol- lowing varieties : — Var. amCBnum, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. — Middle Atlantic States. Var. pallidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. — Common in the Alle- ghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges. Var. atroc6ccum, Gray. The most distinct form ; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets ; berries smaller, black, without bloom. — New Eng. to Penn. §3. VACCINIUM proper. (BILBERRIES.) Corolla ovate to globular, 4- 5- toothed ; filaments glabrous ; anthers 2-awned on the back, included ; berry 4-5-celled ; leaves deciduous ; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few together, appearing with or after the leaves ; mostly glabrous. * Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8. 8. V. uligin6sum, L. (Boa BILBERRY.) Low and spreading (4' -2° high), tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes- cent underneath ; flowers single or 2 - 3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. — Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.) * # Parts of the flower in fives ; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous ; flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding. 9. V. CSespitdsum, Michx. Dwarf (3 - 6' high), tufted ; leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate ; corolla oblong, slightly urn- shaped ; berries blue. — Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward. — Var. cuNEir6LiuM, Nutt;., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatu- late leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute. — Shores of L. Superior and westward. 10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1-5° high; branchlets some- what angled; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth ; border of the calyx almost entire ; co- rolla depressed-globular, rather large ; berries large, black, rather acid. — Damp woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May, June. — Pedicel* 3 - 6" long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit. 314 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 11. V. ovalifdlium, Smith. Straggling, 2 -12° high; leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth; corolla ovoid; berries blue. — Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May. § 4. VlTIS-ID^EA. Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3 ; filaments hairy ; anthers awnless ; leaves coriaceous and persistent ; flowers in clusters from separate buds, 4-merous (in our species) ; mostly glabrous ; leaves 3 - 6" long. 12. V. Vitis-Idfcea, L. (COWBERRY. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. FOX- BERRY.) Low (6 - 10' high) ; branches erect from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath ; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.) § 5. OXYC6CCUS. Corolla deeply ^-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4- celled ; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels. # Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries ; flowers axillary and solitary ; corolla deeply 4-cleft ; berries light red, turning purple, insipid. 13. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1-4° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Damp woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July. * * Stems very slender, creeping or Jr ailing ; leaves small, entire, whitened be- neath, evergreen ; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding ; corolla ^-parted ; berries red, acid. — CRANBERRIES. 14. V. Oxyc6CGUS, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender (4- 9" long) ; leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2 - 3" long) ; pedi- cels 1-4, terminal; filaments fully £ as long as the anthers. — Peat-bogs, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June. — Berry 3 - 4" broad, often speckled with white when young ; seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.) 15. V. macrocarpon, Ait. (LARGE or AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems elongated (1-4° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, less revolute (4 - 6" long) ; pedicels several, becoming lateral , filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers. — Peat-bogs, N C. to Minn., and every- where northward, but scarcely westward. June. — Berry £- T long. 3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk , filaments very short and broad ; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awued on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many seeded. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from xi(^y> snow, and yevos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 31o 1 . C. serpyllif 61ia, Salisb. Leaves 3 - 4" long ; berries 3" broad, bright white. (C. hispidula, Tom $• Gray.) — Peat-bogs, and mossy woods, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward*in the Alleghanies to N. C. May. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch. 4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY. Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included ; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5-10 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal ra- cemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of &PKTOS, a bear, and ffTCKfrvh-f), a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.) 1. A. TJva-lirsi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth ; fruit red. — Rocks and bare hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.) 2. A. alpina, Spreng. (ALPINE BEARBERRY.) Dwarf, tufted and de- pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ; fruit black. — Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine around the world.) 5. EPIG.33A, L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS. Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender fila- ments ; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alter- nate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of fai, upon, and 777, the earth, from the trailing growth.) 1. E. ripens, L. — Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, Newf . to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky. — Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens and subdioecious. In New England called MAYFLOWER. 6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN. Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in- cluded ; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore- Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry j — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec.) 1. G. prociimbens, L. (CREEPING WINTERGREEN.) Stems slende* and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches as- cending, leafy at the summit (3 - 5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely terrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods. 316 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to Minn., and southward to N. Ga. ; also far northward. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-fcnown spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called Wintergreen, or sometimes in the interior Tea-berry. Eastward it is often called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitch- ella, the latter especially so), also Boxberry. 7. ANDROMEDA, L. Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placenta borne on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnaeus in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.) * Anthers awned ; capsule more or less globose ; leaves thick and evergreen. 1. A. polifolia, L. Glabrous, 6- 18' high; leaves linear to lanceolate- oblong, strongly revolute, white beneath ; flowers in terminal umbels ; pedicels from axils of persistent scaly bracts ; each anther-cell with a slender terminal as- cending awn. — Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. 2. A. floribftnda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2-6° high ; young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted beneath (2' long) ; racemes crowded in short terminal panicles, densely flowered ; each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back. — Moist hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga. # # Anthers awnless ; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sut- ures ; leaves thinnish and deciduous. 3. A. Mariana, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Mostly glabrous, 2-4° highj leaves oblong or oval (1 -3' long) ; fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots ; filaments 2-toothed near the apex ; capsule ovate-pyramidal, trun- cate at the contracted apex. — Low grounds, R.I. to Fla. ; also in Tenn. and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and calves. 4. A. ligUStrina, Muhl. Minutely pubescent, 3-10° high; leaves obo vate to lanceolate-oblong (1 -2' long), serrulate or entire; racemes crowded in naked or leafy panicles ; filaments flat, not appendaged ; capsule globular. — Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark. — Var. PUBESCENS, Gray, is a form with dense soft pubescence. — Va. to Ga. 8. OXYDENDRUM, DC. SORREIXTREE. SOUR-WOOD. Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long chink. Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentae at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticu- lated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open pan ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 317 icle, terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractleta minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from 6|u's, sour, and SeVSpov, tree.) 1. O. arbdreum, DC. Tree 15-40° high; leaves in size and shape like those of the peach. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July. 9. LEUCOTHOE, Don. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened ; valves entire ; the many- seeded placentae borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.) * Anthers awnless ; stigma 5-rayed ; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate. 1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles ; sepals broadly ovate. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb. - April. — Shrub 2-4° high. 2. L. Catesbsei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed , serrulate with ciliate-spiuulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3 - 6' long) ; sepals ovate-oblong, often acute. — Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the moun- tains. May. — Shrub 2-4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms. * # Anthers awned ; stigma simple ; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one- sided racemes mostly terminating the branches ; bracts deciduous ; leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate ; calyx bibracteolate. 3. L. reciirva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recurved-spread ing ; leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate; anther-cells I -awned ; pod 5-lobed ; seeds flat and cellular-winged. — Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to Ala. April. — Lower and more straggling than the next. 4. L. racem6sa, Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves ob- long or oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not lobed ; seeds angled and wingless. — Moist thickets, Mass, to Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June. — Shrub 4-10° high. Corolla cylindrical. 10. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF. Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta- mens 1 0 ; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly ever- green and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flow- ers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1 -sided leafy racemes. (Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) 318 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 1 . C. calyculata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. — Bogs, Newf . to Minn., and south to Ga. 11. CASSIOPE, Don. Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, 4 - 5-celled, 4 - 5-valved -, the valves 2-cleft ; placentae many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth arid wingless. — Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.) 1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1 -4' high) ; leaves needle-shaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft ; style short and conical. — Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward. 12. CALL UN A, Salisb. HEATHER. LING. Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta- mens 8, distinct ; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved. — Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from KaAAiW, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.) 1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W Andover ; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth ; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc Probably only introduced. Two European heaths, EnicA CINEREA and E. TETRALIX, have been found in small patches on Nantucket Island. 13. BRYANT HITS, Steller. Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 1 0 , anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species belongs to § Phyllodoce. (Bpvov, moss, and &vdos, flower, because growing among mosses.) 1. B. taxifdlius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth ; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb.} — • Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 819 14. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged ; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.) § 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs ; pedicels from the axils of small and Jirm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the pod, persistent ; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so. 1. K. latifdlia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON-WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, petioled ; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy- pubescent ; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4-8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. south- ward forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10-30° high). May, June. 2. K. angustifblia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL. WICKY.) Shrub J-3° high; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered ; pod depressed, nearly smooth ; pedicels recurved in fruit. — Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to N. Ga. ; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last. 3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) Branchlets 2-edged ; leaves oppo- site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers •£•' broad, lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth. — Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high. § 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils ; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous ; leaves and branches bristly-hairy. 4. K. hirsilta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4" long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. May -Sept. — Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color. 15. ME3STZIESIA, Smith. Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous- urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included ; an- ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff -like bristles. Flowers small, devel- oped with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voy- age brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.) 320 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 1. M. glab£lla, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so (1 -2' long) ; filaments dilate below; capsule glabrous or nearly so; seeds long-caudate at each end. — Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and northwestward. 2. M. globularis, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2-5° high ; leaves obo- vate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above : filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.) — In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga. 16. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE BAY, AZALEA, etc. Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined ; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted terminal buds. ('PotioSevSpov, rose-tree ; the ancient name.) § 1. A Z ALE A. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) and style more or less exserted and declined. # Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales ; corolla with conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiejly 5) and style long-exserted ; 3-10° high, with leaves obovate to oblong -oblanceolate. •»- Flowers appearing after the leaves. 1. R. arbor^scens, Torr. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous , corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens, Pursh.) — Mountains of Penn. to N. C. Jane. Rose-colored flowers very fragrant. 2. R. viscdsum, Torr. (CLAMMY A. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes. (Azalea viscosa, L.) — Swamps, mostly near the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July. — Var. GLAUCUM, Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va. — Var. NfTiDUM, Gray. Dwarf, with oblan- ceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va. •t- -i- Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 3. R. nudifldrum, Torr. (PURPLE A. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Leaves downy underneath; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular. (Azalea nudiflora, L.) — Swamps, Canada to Fla., 111., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens. 4. R. calendulaceum, Torr. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Leaves hairy; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea calendulacea, ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 321 Michx.) — Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant. * * Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular , with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base ; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style. 5. R. Rhodbra, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent ; corolla hardly 1 ' long, purplish- rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong- linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.) — Cool bogs, Newf . and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn. § 2. RHODODENDRON proper. Leaves coriaceous and persistent ; stamens (commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally spreading. 6. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Leaves 4-10' long, very thick, elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins ; pedicels viscid ; corolla bell-shaped, T broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. — Damp deep woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July. — Shrub or tree 6 - 35° high. 7. R. Catawbi6nse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both endst smooth, pale beneath (3-5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3-6° (rarely 20°) high. 8. R. Lapp6nicum, Wahl. Dwarf, prostrate in broad tufts (6' high) ; leaves (£' long) elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple ; stamens 5- 10. — Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.) 17. LED TIM, L. LABRADOR TEA. Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5 - 10 ; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded ; placentae borne on the summit of the columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute ; herbage slightly fra- grant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds ; bracts or scales thin and caducous. (Af/Soy, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.) 1. L. latifdlium, Ait. Erect, 1-3° high; leaves oblong or linear-ob- long (1 -2' long), mostly •$•' wide, very obtuse; stamens 5-7 ; capsule oblong, acutish. — N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and mountain woods. L. PALtJSTRE, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.) 322 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 18. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. SAND MYRTLE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted ; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much- branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of Aelbs, smooth, and winter, and 0tA.€o>, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz., Wintergreen.) 1. C. umbell&ta, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leafy, 4- 10' high; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted ; peduncles 4-7^ flowered ; petals flesh-color ; anthers violet. — Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ga., west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.) 2. C. maculata, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate-tan* ceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn, and Miss. June, July. — Plant 3-6' high. 22. M O N E S E S, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA. » Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; an- thers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted ; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetrarnerous.) Scape 1 -flowered. Otherwise as Pyrola ; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed of p6vos, single, and ^(m, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.) 1. M. grandiflbra, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves (6 - 9" long) clustered at the ascending apex of creep- ing subterranean shoots ; the 1 - 2-bracted scape (2 - 4' high) bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6" wide. (M. uniflora, Gray.) — Deep cold woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward. June. (Eu.) 23. PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAP. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the fila- ment, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or some- what 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex) Style generally long; etigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5 valved from the base upward (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage.) * Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, petals and stamens erect and connivent ; anthers not narrowed below the openings. 1. P. minor, L. Scape 5-10' high; leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter ihan the 324 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) nearly globose corolla; style short and included. — Cold woods, Lab., White Mts., L. Superior, and northward. 2. P. seciinda, L. Subcaulescent, 3-6' high ; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate ; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small (greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nod- ding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals; style long, exserted. — Rich woods, Lab. to Minn., south to Md., and far northward. July. (Eu.) Var ptimila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6" or little more in diameter, and 3 - 8-flowered scape. — High peat-bogs, N. Y. to L. Su- perior, and northward. July, Aug. * * Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated ring-like apex of the style ; anthers contracted below the openings, forming a short neck ; leaves denticulate or entire. •*- Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous. 3. P. oxyp<§tala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8-12" long), shorter than the slender petiole ; scape ( 7 - 8' high) several-flowered ; flowers on ascending pedicels, not nodding ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short ; petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish ; anthers conspicuously mucro- nate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned at base, not inverted ; style straightish, scarcely exserted. — Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F. Austin, in 1860). Not since found; probably monstrous. •»- •»- Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse. 4. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (!' long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered, naked (5 - 8' high) ; calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short ; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white) ; anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck ; style little exserted. — Open woods, Lab. to Penn., Minn., north and westward. June, July. 5. P. elliptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx- lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (greenish-white) petals; anther-cells blunt. — Rich woods, N. Eng. to Md., Iowa, Minn., and northward. June. 6. P. rotundifblia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6-12' high) ; raceme elongated, many- flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong -lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals ; anther-cells nearly blunt. — Damp or sandy woods, throughout the continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, such as : Var. INCARNATA, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward. — Var. ASARIF6LIA, Hook., with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or rose-colored (rarely white). With same range. — Var. ULIGIN6SA, Gray, with short broadly ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, and rose-colored or pur pie flowers. Same range. (Eu.) ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 325 24. PTEBOSPOBA, Nutt. PINE-DBOPS. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, taper- ing to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb (1 - 2° high) ; the wand-like stem fur- nished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from Trr€p6v, a wing, and diropd, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds.) 1 . P. Andrornedea, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward ; rare. 25. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP. Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Co- rolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless ; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds in- numerable. — A low and smooth brownish plant, 3-4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schweinitz.) 1. S. odor&ta, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near Baltimore) to N. C. April. 26. MONOTBOPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP. Calyx of 2 - 5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 sep- arate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments awl- shaped ; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4-5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 1 0-grooved, 4 -5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentae covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus ; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 -several- flowered ; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of novas, one, and Tp6iros, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.) § 1. MONOTROPA proper. Plant inodorous, \-flowered; calyx of 2-4 ir- regular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks; style short and thick. 1. M. unifl6ra, L. (INDIAN PIPE. CORPSE-PLANT.) Smooth, waxy- white (turning blackish in drying, 3-8' high) ; stigma naked. — Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June - Aug. (Asia.) 326 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) §2. HYP6PITYS. Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly raceme ; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3 - 4-merous ; bract-like sepals mostly as many as- the petals ; anthers opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves ; style longer than the ovary, hollow. 2. M. Hyp6pitys, L. (PINE-SAP. FALSE BEECH-DROPS.) Somewhat pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4-12' high); pod globular or oval; stigma ciliate. — Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to Oregon. June -Aug. (Eu.) ORDER 59. DIAPENSlACEJE. Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except the 3- celled ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous (those opposite its lobes when present reduced to staminodid) ; pollen sim- ple ; loculicidal capsule and seeds of Ericaceae. — Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. Distinguished from the Eri- caceae chiefly by the insertion of the stamens upon the corolla. Tribe I. DIAPENSIE^E. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded cori- aceous leaves. Staminodia none ; filaments adnate to the cainpanulate corolla up to the sinuses ; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary. 1. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening transversely. 2. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, obliquely dehiscent. Tribe II. GAL,ACINE^E. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long- petioled evergreen leaves, and a 1 - several-flowered scape. Staminodia present. 3. Gal ax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled. 1. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly trans- verse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — Prostrate and creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly alternate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from Trusts, a small box, and avO-fipa., anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.) 1. P. barbulata, Michx. (FLOWERING Moss. PYXIE.) Leaves 3" long. — Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May. 2. DIAPENSIA, L. Calyx of 5 concave imbricated coriaceous sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5' lobed ; lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short ; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging be- low, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Capsule, enclosed in the calyx, cartilaginous ; cells few-seeded. — Alpine, growing in very dense convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spatulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered pe- duncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (Y wide). (Said to be an PLUMB AGINACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 327 ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnaeus to this plant.) 1 . D. Lapponica, L. Leaves 3 - 5" long ; peduncle at length 1-2' long. — Alpine summits of N. Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the Arctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.) 3. GALAX, L. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spat- ulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones shorter and bearing roundish 1 -celled anthers, which open across the top. Style short , stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled ; colu- mella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. — Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up round -heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, 1-2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely- bracted white flowers. (Name from ydha, jnilk, — of no conceivable applica- tion to this plant.) 1. G. aph^lla, L. — Open woods, Va. to Ga. June. ORDER 60. PLUMBAGINACE^E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 sta- mens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell. — Only the STATI'CE^E or MARSH-ROSEMARY TRIBE is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Armeria vulgaris), on the coast by a single species of 1. STATICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER. MARSH-ROSEMARY. Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2 -3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side per- ennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves ; the naked flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (Srarffrq, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on account of its astringency ) 1. S. Lim6nium, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1 -ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1-2° high) ; spike- lets 1 - 3-flowered ; flowers lavender-color ; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Eu.) Yar. Caroliniana, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered flowers, and very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes. -— Salt marshes along the coast, from Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept. 828 PRIMULACE^. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) ORDER 61. PRIMUlACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla ana inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary with <* central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. — Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except in Tribe I. Tribe I. HOTTONIE^S. Ovary wholly free ; ovules anatropous. Aquatic ; immersed leaves pectinate. 1. Hottonia. Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose. Tribe II. PBIMULE^. Ovary wholly free. * Stemless ; leaves all in a cluster from the root ; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth. 2. Dodecatheoii. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone. 3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included. 4. Ami rosace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included. * * Stems leafy ; corolla rotate (none in Glaux) ; leaves entire. •*- Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose. 5. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit. 6. Steiroiiema. Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens. 7. Livsimachia. Corolla 5-6-parted or 5-6-petalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted 8. Glaux. Corolla none ; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary. •»- -1- Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid ; flowers axillary. 9. Aiiagallig. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite. 10. Centunculus* Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft. Leaves alternate. Tribe III. S AMCHLE JE. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx. 11. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose. 1. HOTTONIA, L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube ; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved ; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a botanist of Ley den.) 1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one's finger) ; pedicels short. — Pools and ditches, Mass, to S. Ind., and south to the Gulf. June - Aug. 2. DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very short tube, thickened throat, and 5-parted reflexed limb ; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at base ; anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, inv (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 329 with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name from 5o>5e/ca, twelve, and 0eof, gods, given by Pliny to the primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.) 1. D. Meadia, L. (SHOOTING-STAR.) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to Wise., south to Ga. and Tex. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. 3. PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP. Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of the stamens ; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminu- tive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.) 1. P. farinbsa, L. ( BIRD'S-EYE PRIMROSE.) Scape 3- 10' high; leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower side and the 3 - 20-flow- ered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when young ; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.) 2. P. Mistassinica, Michx. Scape 2-6' high; leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealy ; involucre 1 - 8-flowered ; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate. — Wet banks and shores, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. May. (Eu.) 4. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Calyx 5-cleft ; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form ; the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat ; limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Capsule 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.) 1. A. Occident alls, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2 -4' high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla. — Bare hills, from Minn, to 111. and Ark., and west to the mountains. 5. TBIENTALIS, L. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base ; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.) 1 . T. Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.) Spreading by very slender elongated rootstocks ; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., ancj the mountains of Va. May. — Rootstocks often 1-2° long (Hitchings). 330 PfclMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 6. STEIRONEMA, Kaf. Calyx 5-parted Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the sinuses rounded ; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate staminodia ; anthers linear. Capsule 10 - 20 seeded. — Leafy -stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From trrelpos, sterile, and vr^ia, thread, referring to the staminodia.) 1. S. Cili&tum, Raf. Stem erect (2-4° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (2-6' long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. (Lysimachia ciliata, L.) — Low grounds and thickets, common. July. 2. S. radicans, Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud ; leares ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, on slender petioles ; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, Hook.} — Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La. — Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last. 3. S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect (10' -2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. } — Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla , the Dakotas, and Tex. Poly- morphous; the extremes are var. H{'BRIDUM, Gray, with cauline leaves from oblong to broadly linear, common north and west, — and var. ANGusxiF6LiuM, Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline leaves linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, 1 -2" broad; mainly southward. 4. S. longifolium, Gray. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1-3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2-4' long, 2-3" wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (8-9" broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysi machia longifolia, Pursh.) — Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va., Minn., and Iowa July - Sept. 7. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base ; anthers oblong or oval ; stami nodia none. Capsule few - several-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from \vvis, a release from, and ju^x1?* strife.) § 1 . LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, and with no teeth between the lobes ; stamens more or less monadelphous, often unequal ; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate. * Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle ; corolla without marks. L. VULGARIS, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branch- ing, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments united to near the middle. — Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass. PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 331 * * Flowers (small) in a vir gate terminal raceme or in the upper axils; corolla dark-dotted or streaked ; filarfients conspicuously monadelphous, unequal. 1. L. quadrifdlia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1-2° high); leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate ; flowers on long capillary pe- duncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June. 2. L. stricta, Ait. Stems 1-2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils ; smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5-12'), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds, Newf . to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June - Aug. # * * Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked ; filaments slightly monadelphous. L. NUMMULARIA, L. (MONEYWORT.) Smooth : stems trailing and creep- ing ; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered ; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx- lobes and stamens. — Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. July - Sept. ( Nat. from Eu. ) § 2. NAUMBtJRGIA. Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6 - 7-) parted into linear divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus ; fila- ments distinct , equal ; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like. 3. L. thyrsiflbra, L. (TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE.) Smooth; stem simple (1-2° high) ; all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light yellow flowers. — Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. 111., Iowa, and northwest- ward. June, July. (Eu.) 8. GLAtlX, Tourn. SEA-MILKWORT. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta- mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from y\avK6s, sea-green.) 1. G. maritima, L. — Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward. Also in subsaline soil, Minn, to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.) 0 9. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx ; the divisions broad. Stamens 5 ; filaments bearded. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from avd, again, and ctyaAAw, to delight in.) A. ARVENSIS, L. (COMMON PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands. — Waste sandy fields. June - Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; whence the English popular name of " Poor Man's Weather ylass.'' (Nat. from Eu.) 15 332 PRIMULACE^. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 10. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. CHAFFWEED. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 - 5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5; filaments beardless. — Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2-6'long) ; leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. — Low grounds, from 111. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.) 11. S A M O L U S, Tourn. WATER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED. Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-valved at the sum- mit, many-seeded. — .Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white racemed flowers. ("According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.") 1. S. Valer£ndi, L. Stem erect (6-12' high), leafy; leaves obovate or spatulate, the basal rosulate ; bracts none ; slender pedicels ascending, bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.) — Var. Americ&nus, Gray. More slen- der, becoming diffuse ; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spread- ing. — Wet places, through the U. S. June - Sept. ORDER 62. SAPOTACEJE. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves {often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usu- ally in axillary clusters ; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and oppo- site them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; ovary 4-12- celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. — A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapo- dilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits. 1. BUMELIA, Swartz. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal- like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.) 1. B. lycioides, Pers. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny (10-25° high); leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2 -4' long); clusters densely many-flowered, gla- brous , fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Va. to S. 111., Fla., and Tex. May, June. STYRACACE^E. (BTORAX FAMILY.) 333 2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10-40° high) ; leaves oblong-obovate or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (l£ - 3' long) ; clusters 6 - \Z-flowered ^ pubescent ; fruit globular. — Woods, S. 111. to Fla. and Tex. July. ORDER 63. EBENACE^E. (EBONY FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow^ ers which have a calyx free from the 3-1 2-celled ovary ; the stamens 2 — 4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat coty- ledons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark- colored. No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly tropical. 1. DIOSPYROS, L. DATE-PLUM. PERSIMMON. • Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com- monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4 - 8-celled, 4 - 8-seeded. — Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Ai6s, of Jove, and irvp6s, grain.) 1. D. Virgini&na, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Leaves thickish, ovate- oblong, smooth or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6 - 8" long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, and south to Fla. and La. June. — Tree 20 - 70° high, with very hard blackish wood ; plum-like fruit V in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost. ORDER 64. STYRACACE^E. (STORAX FAMILY.) Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per- fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ovary ; the corolla o/4-8 petals, commonly more or less united at base ; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - 5-celled, the cells commonly 1-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen ; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyle- dons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free ; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes. Tribe I." STYRACE^E. Calyx 4 - 8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2 - 4 times as many as the petals, in one series ; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat. — Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate. 1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit 1-eelled, 1-seeded. 334 SfYRACACfcJte. (STORAX FAMILY.) 2. Halesla. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is 2 - 4-winged and 2 - 4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. Tribe II. SYMPL.OCINE^E. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series; anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple. 3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base. 1. STYRAX, Tourn. STORAX. Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8- parted), large; the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla ; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube ; anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, 1 -celled, mostly 1 -seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles ; produced in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.) 1. S. grandifblia, Ait. Shrub 4-12° hi^h; leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-tomentose beneath (3 - ft' long) ; /lowers mostly in elongated ra- cemes ; corolla (£' long) convolute-imbricated in bud. — Woods, S. Va. to Fla. 2. S. pulveru!6nta, Michx. Shrub 1 - 4° high ; leaves oval or obovate (1 or 2' long), above sparingly puberulent, and scurf y-tomentose beneath ; flowers (£' long) 1-3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant. — Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. 3. S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4-8° high; leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1 —3' long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3-4-flowered racemes (%' long); corolla valvate in the bud. — Along streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark. 2. HALE SI A, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL-TREE. Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2 - 4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8- 16 ; fila- ments united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2 -4-winged, within bony and 1- 4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra- cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 1% long.— Banks of streams, W. Va. to 111., south to Fla. 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. SWEET-LEAF. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens very nume- rous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal ; filaments slen- der ; anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1 -seeded OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 335 — Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name snow, and HvQos, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.) 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers on slender pedicels; petals 1' long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number ; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6 - 8" long). — River banks, N. J. and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo. ; very ornamental in cultivation. June. 4, LIGUSTRUM, Tourn. PRIVET. Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Berrv 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves and small white flowers In terminal panicles. (The classical name.) L. VULGARE, L. (PRIVET, or PRIM.) Leaves very smooth ; berries black. — Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward ; from Europe. ORDER 66. APOCYNACEJE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5- androus flowers ; the 5 lobes ojSthe corolla convolute and twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular,- calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle. 1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the fila- ments. Leaves alternate. 2. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Fila- ments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite. 3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite. 1. AMSONIA, Walt. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included ; anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2 ; style 1 ; stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a Mr. Charles Amson.) 338 APOCYNACEJE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 1. A. Tabernsemont&na, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young, soon glabrous ; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper- pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous. — Low grounds, N. C. to S. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. 2. TRACHELOSPERMTJM, Lemaire. Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged ; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included ; filaments slender ; an- thers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Name from rpax^os, a neck, and cnrcpfjia, seed, upon the supposition that the seed was beaked.) 1. T. diff6rme, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous ; leaves oval-Ian ceolate, pointed, thin ; calyx-lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow. (Forste ronia difformis, A. DC.) — Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. April. 3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 tri- angular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the very base of the corolla ; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, whicjji converge around the stigma, and are slightly adherent to it. Style none ; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2 -7') and slen der follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedi- cels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of air6, from, and KVO>V, a dog.) 1. A. androsaemifolium, L, (SPREADING DOGBANE.) Smooth, or rarely soft-tomentose, branched above ; branches divergently forking ,- leaves ovate, distinctly petioled : cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color, 4'' broad) open-bell-shaped, with revotute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of the calyx. — Borders of thickets ; common. June, July. 2. A. cann£bimim, L. (INDIAN HEMP.) Glabrous or more or less soft-pubescent; stem and branches upright or ascending (2-3° high), termi uated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves ; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. — Moist grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable. July, Aug. ORDER 67. ASCLEPIADACEJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) Plants with milky juice, and opposite orwhorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sen- sible properties, etc., just as in the last family from which they differ in the (J] ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 333 commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses (pol- linia), etc., as explained under the typical genus Asclepias. PERfpLOCA GR^CA, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in orna- mental cultivation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, repre- sents a tribe with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. It has a brownish rotate corolla, very hairy within, and with 5 awned scales in the throat. Tribe I. CYNANCHE^B. Anthers tipped ^with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma ; pollinia suspended. * Stems erect or merely decumbent I Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, with a salient crest in each. Leaves alternate. 2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as in n. 1, but with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite. 3. Acerates Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in n. 1, but with neither crest nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate. * * Stems twining. Leaves mostly opposite. 4. Enslenia. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2- cleft tail or awn. 5. Vincetoxicuin. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5 - 10-lobed ring or disk. Tribe II. GONCXLOBE^E. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the mar- gin of or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia horizontal. 6. Gonolobus. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining. 1. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. ^ Nearly as in Asclepias , but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and the hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slip- per-shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest- like partition. — Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely -flowered. Follicles oblong or ovate, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projec- tions. ('AffK\7jTri6s and Supov or Swpcct, the gift of ^sculapius.} 1 A. viridis, Gray. Almost glabrous; stems short (1° high); leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1 - 2' wide ; umbels sev- eral in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (V in diameter), green, with a purplish crown. (Acerates paniculata, Decaisne.) — Prairies, 111. to Tex. and S. Car. June. 2. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments united in a tube which encloses the pistil ; anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear- shaped and waxy pollen-mass ; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolongation of their sum- mits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point 340 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles ; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (coma) at the hi- lum, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots ; pedun- cles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of ^Esculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.) § 1. Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base ; horn conspicuous. * Flowers orange-color; leaves mostly scattered ; juice not milky. 1. A. tuberbsa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Roughish- hairy (1-2° high); stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange) ; hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns; pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels. — Dry fields, common, especially southward. — Var. DEctJMBENS, Pursh. Stems reclining ; leaves broader and more com- monly opposite, and umbels from most of the upper axils. — Ohio to Ga., etc. * * Corolla bright red or purple ; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed pedicels (except in n. 5) ; leaves opposite, mostly broad. •H- Flowers rather large ; hoods about 3" long and exceeding the anthers ; leaves transversely veined. 2. A. paup^rcula, Michx. Glabrous ; stem slender (2 - 4° high) ; leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear (5-10' long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled; umbels 5- \%-flowered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong; the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn. — Wet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 3. A. rtlbra, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2-6* long, £-2^' wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of the coj rolla and hoods oblong -lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender, straight" ish. — Wet pine-barrens, etc., N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La., and Mo. 4. A. purpurascens, L. (PURPLE M.) Stem rather slender (1-3° high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole ; pedicels shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate* ovate divisions of the corolla; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly in flexed horizontal point. — Dry ground, N. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward. — Flowers 6" long. H- 4- Flowers small ; hoods \" long, equalling the anthers ; veins ascending. 5. A. incamata, L. (SWAMP MILKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so, in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches ASCLEPIADACEJE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 341 of the peduncles (2-3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base ; flowers rose-purple ; hoods scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn. — Swamps, common. — Var. PULCHRA, Pers. ; leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more or less hairy- pubescent, as well as the stem. Milky juice scanty. — With the smooth form. * * * Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged ; leaves oppo- site or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered. •«- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and only minutely echinate at the apex in n. 8), large (3 - 5' long), ovate and acu- minate, erect on deflexed pedicels ; leaves large and broad, short-petioled ; umbels terminal and lateral. 6. A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many- flowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose ; leaves subcor -date-oval to oblong ; corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 4 - 5" long ; hoods 5 - 6" long, with a short inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate- ligulate appendage. — Along streams, Minn, to Ark., and westward. 7. A. Corntlti, Decaisne. (COMMON MILKWEED or SILKWEED.) Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent; leaves oval-oblong (4-8' long), pale, mi- nutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc. ; corolla-lobes dull purple to white, 3 - 4" long ; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn. — Rich ground, everywhere. 8. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate- oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile ; hoods obovate, en- tire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside ; flowers larger (9" long) and more purple than in the last ; anther-wings 2-toothed at base ; pod nearly glabrous, obscurely spiny chiejly on the beak. — Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minn. •«- H- Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent, •w. Erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels. «= Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle ; leaves sessile, broad, trans- versely veined, wavy ; glabrous and pale or glaucous. 9. A. obtusifblia, Michx. Stem 2-3° high; leaves oblong with a heart- shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (2j - 5' long) ; peduncle 3 - 12' long ; corolla pale greenish purple ; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the sum- mit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn. — Sandy woods and fields, not rare, especially southward. A second umbel at the base of the peduncle occa- sionally occurs. 10. A. Meadii, Torr. Stem slender (1 -2° high); leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, obtuse or acutish (l-£-2-£' long) , peduncle only twice the length of the upper leaves ; pedicels rather short ; corolla greenish-white ; hoods rounded- truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceed- ing the stouter horn. — Dry ground, 111. and Iowa. June. = = Umbels mostly more than one ; peduncle not overtopping the leaves. a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate ; hoods broad, little if at all exceed' ing the anthers ; glabrous or some minute pubescence on young parts. 11. A. Jamesii, Torr. Stem stout (1° high or more); leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, remarkably thick, rounded or broad!// oval, often emarginate. 342 ASCLEPI ADAGES. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) subcordate at base, nearly sessile ,- umbels 2-3, densely many-flowered, on short peduncles , corolla-lobes ovate, greenish ; hoods truncate, entire. — Plains of central Kansas and southwestward. 12. A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (POKE-MILKWEED.) Stem 3-5° high; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5 - 8' long) ; lateral um- bels several; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (1 - 3' long), equalling the peduncle; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point. — Moist copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark. 13. A. variegata, L. Stem 1-2° high; leaves (4-5 pairs) ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometimes whorled ; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; divis- ions of the corolla ovate (white) ; hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn semilunar with a horizontal point. — Dry woods, southern N. Y. to Ind., south to Fla., Ark., and W. La. July. — Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers. b. Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice the length of the anthers. 14. A. ovalif61ia, Decaisne. Low (6-18' high), soft-downy, especially the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves (l£-3' long); umbels loosely 10- 18-flowered, sessile orpeduncled; pedicels slender , hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside). — Prairies and oak-openings, N. 111. and Iowa, to Wise, and S. Dak. •»-<• ++ Follicles and pedicels erect ; leaves often whorled ; glabrous or nearly so. = Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled. 15. A. quadrifdlia, L. Stem slender (1-2° high), mostly leafless be- low, bearing usually one or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (2 - 4' long) ; pedicels slender ; corolla-lobes (pale pink) oblong ; hoods white, elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick. — Dry woods and hills, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N, C. and Ark. 16- A. per6nnis, Walt. Stems (1 - 2° high) persistent or somewhat woody at the base ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather alender-petioled ; flowers white, small ; the small hoods of the crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn ; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma I — Low grounds, S. Ind. and 111. to Tex., and eastward. = = Leaves narrowly linear to filiform ; horn subulate, exserted ; column con- spicuous. 17. A. verticillata, L. Stems. slender, simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit; leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins (2-3' long, 1" wide), 3 -6 in a whorl ; umbels small, lateral and terminal ; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish- white) ; hoods roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped horns. — Dry hills, common, especially southward. — Var ptiMiLA, Gray, is low and many-stemmed from a fascicled root; leaves much crowded, filiform. — Dry plains, Neb. to Kan. and N. Mex ASCLEPIADACE.fi. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 343 § 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it ; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lobed apex. 18. A. stenoph^lla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems slender (1-2° high), leaves narrowly linear (3-7' long, l-2£" wide), the upper alternate, lower opposite; umbels several, short-peduncled, 10- 15-flow- ered; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish; hoods whitish, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave ; follicles erect on ascending pedicels. — Dry prairies, Neb. to E. Kan., south and westward. 3. ACERA.TES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED. Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the name, from a privative, and K€pas, a horn). — Flowers greenish, incompact many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-peti- oled or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender. # Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of anthers and stigma ; leaves mainly alternate-scattered. 1. A. longifdlia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem erect (1 -3° high), very leafy; leaves linear (3-7' long); umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels ; flowers 3" long when expanded. — Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July -Oct. * * Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers ; leaves often opposite and broader. 2. A. Viridifl6ra, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish ; stems ascending (1-2° high); leaves oval to linear, thick (l|-4' long); umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose ; flower (when the corolla is reflexed) nearly -|' long, short-pedicelled. — Dry soil, common, especially southward. July - Sept. — Runs into var. LANCEOL\TA, Gray, with lanceolate leaves 2-£ - 4' long ; — and var. LiNE\ins, Gray, with elongated linear leaves and low stems ; umbels often solitary. The latter form from Minn., N. Dak., and southward. 3. A. lanugindsa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5-1 2' high) ; leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate ; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled ; flowers smaller; pedicels slender. — Prairies, N. 111. to Minn., and westward. July. 4. ENSLENIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers nearly as in Asclepias ; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles oblong-lanceo- late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb, smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi- cated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United States early in the present century.) !. E. albida, Nutt. Climbing 8-12° high; leaves 3 - 5' wide. — River- banks, S. Penn. and Va. to 111., Mo., and Tex. July -Sept. 344 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 5. VINCETdXICUM, Moench. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, disk-like, 5 - 10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much as in Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name from vincens, binding, and toxicum, poison.) V. NIGRUM, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; flowers small, dark pnrple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves. — N. Eng. to Penn. ; a weed escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. GONC5LOBUS, Michx. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread- ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup- shaped, in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with oppo- site heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla nearly veinless. (Name composed of ywta, an angle, and AojSos, a pod, from the angled follicles of some species.) # Crown a low undulately IQ-lobed fleshy disk ; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3-5- costate or angled. 1. G. SUberdsUS, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or some^ times deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3-5' long) ; umbels 3 - 9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; corolla broadly conical in bud, abruptly pointed, twisted ; lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, pubescent inside; calyx half as long. (G. macrophyllus, Chapman.) — Near the coast, Va. to Fla. 2. G. l&BVis, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3-6' long); umbels 5-10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole ; corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted ; lobes nar- rowly or linear-lanceolate , obtuse, glabrous inside, 3-4 times as long as the calyx. — South of our range. — Passes into var. MACROPHYLLUS, Gray, with larger broadly cordate leaves, the sinus often closed, finely pubescent beneath. (G. macrophyllus, Michx.) — River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C., and Tex. # * Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers ; follicles muricate, not costate. -t- Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate. 3. G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate (3-8' long); umbel many-flowered; corolla in bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate (5-6" long, \" wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside. — River-banks, moun- tains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant. 4. G. hirsutus, Michx. Commonly more hairy ; leaves with the basal lobes sometimes overlapping ; peduncles fewer-flowered ; corolla in bud ovate, its lobes elliptical-oblong (3 - 4" long), barely puberiilent outside, dull or brownish- purple. — Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla. LOGANIACE^E. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) 345 +- -i- Crown thinner , the border lobed or toothed ; leaves as in the preceding. 5. G. Sh6rtii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved ; corolla oblong- conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6" long) ; crown about \Q-toothedy the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate or 2-parted. — Along the mountains, E. Ky. (Short) to N. W. Ga. (Chapman). 6. G. Carolindnsis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish- purple; its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4-5" long) ; crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each sinus. — From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo. ORDER 68. LOGANIACEJE. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4 - 5-merous 4-5- androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx ; a connecting group between Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae (from all which they are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceae, from which they differ in their free ovary ; our representatives of the family are ail most related to the Rubiaceae, to which, indeed, they have been appended. * Woody twiners ; leaves evergreen; stigmas 4. 1. Gelsemiuni. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender. * * Herbs ; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed. 2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud. 3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle. 4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma. 1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened con- trary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyle- dons much shorter than the slender radicle. — Smooth and twining shrubby plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. ( Gdso* mino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.) 1. G. sempdrvirens, Ait. (YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South.) Stem climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright yellow corolla 1 -!•£' long) ; capsule flat, pointed. — Low grounds, E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. March, April. 2. POLYPREMUM, L. Calyx 4-parted ; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little 346 LOGANIACE.E. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many -seeded. — A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl- shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line ; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corolla incon- spicuous, white. (Name altered from Tro\vTrp€fjLvosy many-stemmed.) 1. P. prociimbens, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex. ; also adventive in Penn. June - Oct. 3. S PIG ELI A, L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.) 1. S. Marilandica, L. (MARYLAND PINK-ROOT.) Stems simple and erect from a perennial root (6-18' high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike simple or forked, short; corolla \y long, red outside, yellow within ; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. — Rich woods, N. J. to Wise, and Tex. June, July. — A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant. 4. MIT RE OLA, L. MITREWORT. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled ; styles 2, short, converging and united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — An- nual smooth herbs, 6' - 2° high, with small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal peti- oled cyme. (Diminutive of mitra, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.) 1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled. — Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex. ORDER 69. GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im- bricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placenta?, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded capsule. — Flowers solitary or cymose (racemose in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly Wither- ing-persistent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.) GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 347 SUBORDER I. Gentianeae. Leaves always simple and entire, ses- sile, never alternate. ^Estivation of corolla never valvate. * Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud. i- Style filiform, usually deciduous ; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age. 1. Erythraea. Parts of flower 5 or 4 ; corolla salver-form ; anthers twisting spirally. 2. Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5-12; corolla rotate ; anthers recurved or revolute. 3. Eustoma. Parts of flower 5 or 6 ; corolla campanulate-funnel-form ; anthers versatile, straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate. •«- •«- Style stout and persistent or none ; anthers remaining straight. 4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without spurs or glands. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. 5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe. 6. Haleiiia. Corolla 4 - 5-clcft, campanulate, and 4 - 5-spurred at the base. * * Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud ; no appendages. 7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate. 8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate. SUBORDER II. Menyantheae. Leaves all alternate and mostly petiu/ed, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. ^Estivation of corolla indu- plicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials. 9. M enyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate. 10. Umnanthemum. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded. 1. ERYTHEMA, Richard. CENTAURY. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with slender tube and 4 - 5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spi- rally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, from epvBpos, red] ; in summer. E. CfiNTAtiRiUM, Pers. (CENTAURY.) Stem upright (6-12'high),cor«/m- bosely branched above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, the uppermost linear ; cymes clustered ', flat-topped , the flowers all nearly sessile ; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. — Waste grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.) E. RAMOsfssiMA, Pers. Low (2 -6' high); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below: flowers all on short pedicels ; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. — Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.) E. SPICATA, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6-10' high) ; the flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches ; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish ; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. — Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. SABBATIA, Adans. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel- shaped. Stamens 5-12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender. — Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers; in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sab- bati, an early Italian botanist.) 348 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) * Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6 - 7 -parted. •*- Branches all opposite and stems more or less ^-angled ; flowers cymose ; calyx with long and slender lobes. +* Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying. 1. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (1-2° high) ; leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, l-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. 2. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple (2-3° high) bearing a flat-topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in n. 1. — Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. ** -M- Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye. 3. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (1-2° high) ; leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few- flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla. — Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla. 4. S. anglllaris, Pursh. Stem somewhat ^-winged-angled, much branched above (l-2£° high), many-flowered ; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a somewhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla. — Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La. •i- •»- Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5) ; peduncles \-flowered. +* Calyx-lobes foliaceous. 5. S. Calyc6sa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate (| - 1" long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla. — ; Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex. •*•* •*•+ Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in n. 6, and longer, nearly or quite enclosing the refuse capsule). 6. S. campestris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above ; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base ($- 1' long), on the branches lan- ceolate ; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1|- 2' broad). — Prairies, S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex. 7. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla; style nearly 2- parted. — Salt marshes, Mass, to Fla. Appears to pass into the next ; corolla in both at times pink or white. 8. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched ; branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla ; style cleft to the middle. — Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and N. J., to Fla. and La. 9. S. Elliottii, Steud. Effusely much branched; leaves small, lower cauline (6" long or less) thickish, from obovate to lanceolate, upper narrowly linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate ; calyx-lobes slen- GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 349 der-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla ; style 2-parted. — Pine barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla. * * Corolla 8-12-parted, large (about 2' broad). 10. S. Chloroides, Pursh. Stem (1-2° high), loosely panicled above; peduncles slender, 1 -flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. — Borders of brackish ponds, Mass, to Fla. and Ala. 3. EUSTOMA, Salisb. Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted ; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrib. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5 - 6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versa- tile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent ; stigma of 2 broad lamellae. — Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasp- ing and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate 1 -flowered peduncles. (From e3, well, and crr^ua, mouth, alluding to the open- mouthed corolla.) 1 . E. Russellianum, Griseb. One or two feet high ; leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (l£" long), 4 times longer than the tube ; anthers hardly curving in age. — Neb. to Tex. 4. GENTIAN A, Tourn. GENTIAN. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover- ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod. — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.) § 1. GENTIANELLA. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses ; root annual. * (FRINGED GENTIANS.) Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles , mostly 4-merous ; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering. 1. G. crinita, Froel. Stem 1-2° high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base ; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue co- rolla (2' long), the lobes of which are wedge-obovate,and strongly fringed around the summit; ouary lanceolate. — Low grounds, N. Eng. to the Dakotas, south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga. 2. G. Serrata, Gunner. Stem 3-18' high; leaves linear or lanceolate- linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong , with ciliate- fringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit ; ovary ellip- tical or obovate. (G. detonsa, Manual.} — Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward. 350 GENTIANACEvE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) # # Flowers smaller, 4-5-werous; corolla somewhat funnel -form or salver-form, its lobes entire : peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute- angled stem. 3. G. Amarella, L. Stems 2 - 20' high ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous ; calyx- lobes (4 - 5) f oliaceous, lanceolate or linear ; corolla mostly blue, \' long or more, with afimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes ; capsule sessile. — Var. aciita, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted ; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setae. — Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward. 4. G. quinqueflora. Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1-2° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ; corolla pale blue, 6 - 9" long, its lobes triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest ; capsule stipitate. — Moist hills, Maine to Ont., 111., and south along the mountains to Fla. — Var. OCCIDENTALIS, Gray. Sometimes 2-3° high, and paniculately much-branched ; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla. — Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La. § 2. PNEUMONANTHE. Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin- membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses ; no crown nor glands , capsule stipitate ; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12). # Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged. 5. G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, 1° high or less-, leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear ; flowers numerous and thyrsold-racemose or few or rarely almost solitary ; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) Y long or less, rather narrowly funnel-formf with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes. — Minn, to the Pacific. 6. G. pub(§rula, Michx. Stems (mostly solitary) erect or ascending (8 - 16' high), mostly rough and minutely pubescent above • leaves rigid, linear- lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1-2' long) ; flowers clustered, rarely solitary . calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell -funnel -form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. — Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn, and Kan. Oct. # * Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube ; flowers in terminal and often axil- lary clusters. •i- Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous ; seeds conspicuously winged', leaves rough-margined. 7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth , leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 351 erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages. — Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. 8. G. Andr^WSii, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Stems upright, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed ; calyx- lobes lanceolate to ovate, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages. — Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white. f- •»- Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked ; terminal flower-cluster leafy-invoiucrate ; seeds winged. 9. G. alba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout ; flowers sessile and crowded in a dense terminal cluster ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering ; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages. — Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to 111., Ky.,and Va. 10. G. linearis, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1-2° high; flowers 1 - 5 in the terminal cluster ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with some- what narrowed base ; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous ; calyx-lobes lin- ear or lanceolate ; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, (jfray.) — Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward. Var. lanceolata, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate , appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad. — Minn, and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y. Var. latif dlia, Gray. Stout ; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate ; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate. — L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue). •*-•»--»- Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds com- pletely marginless. 11 G. ochroletica, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost some- what lanceolate, all narrowed at base , calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appen- dages. — Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La. * * # Anthers not connected ; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled and naked ; seeds wingless. 12. G. angUStif 61ia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6-15' high), mostly simple ; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open- funnel-form (2' long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages. — Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. 352 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) PLEUROGYNE CARINTHIACA, Griseb., var. pusfLLA, Gray, alow few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4-5-parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found. 5. F RASE It A, Walt. AMERICAN COLOMBO. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base ; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Eraser , an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century. ) 1. F. Carolin6nsis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3-8° high) : leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py- ramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (V broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle ; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wise., south to Ga. 6. HALENIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN. Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4 - 5-clef t, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for John Halen, a German botanist.) 1. H. defl&xa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9 - 18' high), simple or branched above ; leaves 3 - 5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and peti- oled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. — Damp and cool ivoods, from N. Maine and W. Mass, to L. Superior, Minn., and northward. 7. BARTONIA, Muhl. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. $tamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials (3-10' high), with thread- like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.) 1. B. ten^lla, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1 -3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong , acutish, rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 4-aDgled, the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, Newf. to Wise., south to Va and La. Aug. — Scales and branches occasionally alternate. GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 353 2. B. v6ma, Muhl. Stem 1- few-flowered ; flowers 3 - 4" long, larger ; lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Boga near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March. 8. OBOLARIA, L. Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu- lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the co- rolla, short. Style short, persistent ; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1 -celled, the cell cruciform ; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3-8/ high), with a simple or spar- ingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or pur- plish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile; in spring. (Name from 6fio\6s, a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.) 1. O. Virginica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like ; flowers 4" long. — Moist woods, N. J. to 111., south to Ga. and Tex. 9. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned in- ward. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets ; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from id\v, month, and &vQos, a flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) 1. M. trifoliata, L. — Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.) 10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none ; stigma 2-lobed, per- sistent. Capsule few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons ; flowering all summer. (Name compounded of \i/u.vr), a marsh or pool, and &vQtnov, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.) 1. L. lacundsum, Grisebach. Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped ( 1 - 2' broad), thickish ; petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; style none ; seeds smooth and even. — Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La. 354 GENTIANACEJE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 2. L. trachysp^rmum, Gray. Leaves larger (2 - 6' broad) and rounde^ thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted oeneath; petioles stouter; seeds glandular-roughened. — Ponds and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex. ORDER 70. POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few - many-seeded . the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many are ornamental in cultivation.) 1 Phlox* Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire. 2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire. 8. Polemonium. Corolla open -bell-shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted. 1. PHLOX, L. Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver- form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell. — Perennials (except a few southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (*A6£, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are cultivated in gardens. § 1. Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves. * Stem strictly erect ; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered ; peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.) 1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2-4° high), smooth ; leaves oblong- lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx-teeth awn-pointed; corolla pink-purple varying to white. — Open woods, Penn. to 111., south to Fla. and La. June, July. 2. P. maculata, L. (WILD SWEET-WILLIAM.) Smooth, or barely roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (1 - 2° high) ; lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed; corolla pink-purple. — Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. — Var. CANDIDA, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form. POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 355 * # Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect ; flowers in corymbed or simple cymes ; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate. •»- Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or nearly so. 3. P. ovata, L. Stems ascending (£-2° high), often from a prostrate base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-ped uncled ; calyx-teeth short and broad, acute. (P. Carolina, L.) — Open woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July. 4. P. glab6rrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1 - 3° high) ; leaves linear- lanceolate or rarely oblong -lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and some, times revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3 -4' long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed ; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ; calyx-teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed. — Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July. •»- •»- Calyx-teeth long and slender ; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent. •M- No runners or prostrate sterile shoots. 5. P. pi!6sa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1 - 1£° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or linear leaves (1 -4' long), which commonly taper to a sharp point ; cymes at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn- like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose- red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June. 6. P. amdena, Sims. Stems ascending (i~H° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (£- !£' long), on sterile shoots often ovate; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy- bracted ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight ; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, Gray ; not Lehm.) — Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla. ++ ** Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves rather broad. 7. P. reptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing round ish-obovate smooth- Ish and thickish leaves ; flowering stems (4 - 8' high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (£' long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered, calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the red- dish-purple corolla round -obovate, mostly entire. — Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June. 8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9-18' high) ; leaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (iy long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered, calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube ; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire, ^ - §' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them. — Hocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. May. — A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flow- ers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tuba. 356 POLEMONIACEJE. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) * * * Stems low, diffuse and branching ; flowers scattered or barely cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid ; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate. 9. P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent ; items ascending, branched (5 - 8' high) ; leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (•£- 1-J-' long, 1£" wide) ; flow- ers few, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube ; lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4" long), equal- ling the tube, the divisions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo. 1 0. P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous ; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (1 -2' long, 1" wide or more), acute, rather rigid; flowers scat- tered, mostly long-peduncled ; lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bijid at the apex into barely oblong lobes. — Cliffs of Ky. River (Short), S. 111., and Tenn. (Gattinger). May. § 2. Suffruticulose and creeping -cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves. 11. P. SUbulata, L. (GROUND or Moss PINK.) Depressed, in broad mats, pubescent (glabrate when old) ; leaves awl-shaped; lanceolate, or nar- rowly linear (3 - 6" long) ; cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky. 2. GILIA, Ruiz&Pav. Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds. — Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the § Collomm, in which the flowers are capitate-glom- erate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire ; annuals. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.) 1. G. linearis, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6 -18' high; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute ; corolla 6" long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, Nutt.) — From Minn, west to the Pacific. 3. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN. Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla ; fila- ments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few -several- seeded. — Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets some- times confluent ; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from ir6\€fjLos, war, of doubtful application.) 1. P. r6ptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak and spreading (6-10' high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaf- lets 5-15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube ; stamens and style included ; corolla light blue, about \' wide; capsules about ^-seeded. — Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. ( WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 357 2. P. caertlleum, L. (JACOB'S LADDER.) Stem erect (1-3° high); leaflets 9-21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue corolla, which is nearly 1' broad; capsule several-seeded. — Rare in our range, occur- ring in swamps and on mountains in N. H., N. Y., N. J., and Md., but common in the western mountains and far northward. ORDER 71. HYDROPHYLlACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary entire and l-celled with 2 parietal 4 - many-ovuled placentae, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentas, in the axis ; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles ; fruit a 2-valved 4 - many-seeded capsule. — Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. A small order of plants of no marked properties ; some culti- vated for ornament. Tribe I. HYDROPHYIXE^. Ovary and capsule l-celled. Seeds pitted or reticu- lated ; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft. * Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp. 1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted ; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 2. Nemophila. Stamens included ; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses. 3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit. * * Ovary with narrow parietal-placentae, in fruit projecting inward more or less. 4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages. Tribe II. HYDIWXLE^E. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentae often projecting from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2. 5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell- shaped. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud ; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a necta- riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted ; filaments more or less bearded ; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the 2 fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of #5a>p, water, and v\\ov, leaf; of no obvious application.) * Calyx with minute if any appendages; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed. 1. H. macroph^llum, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatifid ; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed ; root-leaves 358 HYDROPH YLLACE.fi. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 1° long; peduncle shorter than the petiole; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy ; flowers (6" long) crowded in a globular cluster ; an- thers short-oblong. — Rich woods, Ohio to Va. and Ala., west to the Missis- sippi. July. 2. H. Virginicum, L. Smoothish (1 - 2° high) ; leaves pinnately divided ; the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer than the peti- oles of the upper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate ; flowers 3" long ; anthers oblong-linear. — Rich woods. June - Aug. i 3. H. Canadense, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves (3-5' broad) palmately 5 - 7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets ; pe- duncles mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short pedicels ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth in the sinuses. — Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and west to the Mississippi. June - Aug. — Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles. * * Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus ; stamens little exserted. 4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided , cymes rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy. — Damp woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July. 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less en- larged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes convo- lute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens included ; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentae ( bearing each 2-12 ovules ) , capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered pedun- cles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of ye/ios, a grove, and 4>i\4u>, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals. 1 . N. micr6calyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubesceiit ; stems diffusely spreading (2 - 8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3-5 round- ish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter- nate ; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx ; placentae each 2-ovuled ; capsule 1 - 2-seeded. — Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April - June. 3. ELLISIA, L. Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Co- rolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above ; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appen- dages within. Stamens included. Placentae (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum. — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnaeus.) HYDROPHYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 359 1. E. Nyctdlea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6- 12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear- oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- site the leaves, 1 -flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly % long) , capsule pendulous. (E. ambigua, Nutt.; merely a slender form.) — Shady damp places, N. J. to Va., west to Minn, and Mo. May - July. 4. PHACELIA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted ; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentae ad- herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many- seeded capsule. (Ovules 2-30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from />, water), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers. 1. H. afifinis, Gray. Glabrous throughout ; stem ascending from a creep- ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole ; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters ; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule. — Banks of streams, S. 111. to Tex. ORDER 72. BOKRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in Echium), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply Globed ovary (as in Labiatae), forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants ; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.) Tribe I. HELJOTROPIE^. Ovary not lobed ; fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets ^ I Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1 - 2-celled. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 361 Tribe II. BOBBAGINE^E. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1- seeded nutlets in fruit ; style rising from the centre between them. * Corolla and stamens regular. •«- Nutlets armed, attached laterally ; corolla short, closed by 5 scales. 2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed prickles. 3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles. •«- H- Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally. 4. Krynit zkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle. 5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base. ••- H- •«- Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining. «•+ Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6. 0. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested. 7. Ldthospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading ; the throat either naked or with low crests. 8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute. •H- -H- Scar large and excavated. 9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales. * * Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal. 10. Lycopsis. Corolla- tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included. 11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted. pROctJMBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn. 1. HELIOTBOPIUM, Tourn. TOURNSOLE, HELIOTROPE Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2 - 4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed car- pels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from %\tos, the sun, and rpoir'fi, a turn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.) § 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four l-celled l-seeded nutlets. Style short. * Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes. H. EUROPIUM, L. Erect annual (6-18' high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spread- ing in fruit, hairy. — Waste places, southward ; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous ; stems ascend- ing ; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless ; spikes in pairs. — Sandy seashore, Va. ; saline soils, S. 111., and south and westward. * * Inflorescence not at all scorpioid ; flowers scattered. 2. H. ten&lum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent ; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins ; flowers often bractless. — Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to Ala. and Tex. 362 BORRAGINACE.fi. (BORAGE FAMILY.) § 2. EtFPLOCA. Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two l-seeded nutlets ; style elongated ; flowers scattered , large. 3. H. COnvolvul£ceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short- petioled; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6" broad, the strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals. — Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers. § 3. TIARf DIUM. Fruit Z-lobed, separating into two ^-celled 2-seeded carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells ; style very short ; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes. H. INDICUM, L. Erect and hairy annual ; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped ; spikes single ; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum, DC.) — Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and south- ward. (Adv. from India.) 2. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. HOUND'S-TONGUE. Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets de- pressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, rough- ened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves ; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from KVWV, a dog, and y\&ffffa, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.) C. OFFICIN\LE, L. (COMMON HOUND'S-TONGUE.) Biennial ; clothed ivith short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly bractless ; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. — Waste ground and pastures ; a familiar and troublesome weed ; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. C. Virginicum, L. (WILD COMFREY.) Perennial; roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, few-leaved (2-3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. — Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and La. 3. ECHINOSPEKMUM, Lehm. STICKSEED. Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular-or compressed, the back armed all over or with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes ; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of tx*vos> a hedgehog, and oWpjua, seed.) * Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base ; slender pedicels recurved or de- flexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed ; biennial, not hispid. 1. E. Virginicum, Lehm. (BEGGAR'S LICE.) Stem 2 - 4° high ; radi- cal leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline (3 - S' long) ovate- BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 363 oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; loosely paniculate racemes divaricate ; pedicel and flower each a line long ; nutlets of the globose fruit equally short-glochidiate over the whole back. (Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC.) — Borders of woods and thickets, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Va. and La. 2. E. deftexum, Lehm., var Americanum, Gray. Diffusely branched, about 1° high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate; flowers small ; nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate. — Iowa, Minn., and northward, 3. E. floriblindum, Lehm. Bather strict, 2° high or more; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles ; ra- cemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict ; corolla larger (blue, sometimes white), 2-3" in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined with a close row of flat subulate prickles- — Minn, and Sask., and westward. * # Racemes leafy-bracteate . stout pedicels not deflexed ,- calyx becoming foli- aceous ; leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate ; hispid annuals. E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Erect, 1-2° high, nutlets rough-granulate or tuber- culate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of the back — Waste and cultivated grounds, from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. ('Nat. from Eu.) 4. E. Red6wskii, Lehm., var OCCidentale, Watson. Erect, 1-2° high, at length diffuse ; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes confluent at base. — Minn, to Tex., and westward. 4. KBYNITZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer. Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight, unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from the base upward. — Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow.) 1. K. crassisepala, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span high, very rough-hispid ; leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate ; flowers very small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate ; lobes of the persistent calyx closed over the fruity the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated; nutlets ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, attached from the base to the middle. — Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex. 5. MERTENSIA, Roth. LUNGWORT. Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle; the scar small. — Smooth or soft- hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted ; pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.) 364 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) * Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire limb and naked throat ; filaments slender, exserted ; hypogynous disk 2-lobed. 1. M. Virginica, DC. (VIRGINIAN COWSLIP. LUNGWORT. BLUE BELLS.) Very smooth, pale, erect (1-2° high) ; leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root (4-6' long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, V long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white ; nutlets dull and roughish. — Allu- vial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C., and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament. * * Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limbf and crested throat. +- Filaments broad and short ; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry. 2. M. paniculata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1-2° high), loosely branched , leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla (6" long) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx , filaments broader and shorter than the anthers. — Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug 3. M. lanceolata, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, sim- ple or branched , leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1 -2' long), nearly veinless, obtuse or acute ; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the lan- ceolate calyx-lobes; filaments generally longer than the anthers. — The Dakotas to N. Mex. and westward. •t- -t- Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets shining, utricular. 4. M. maritima, Don. (SEA LUNGWORT.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous ; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper sur- face becoming papillose ; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3" long), twice the length of the calyx. — Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward; scarce. June -Aug. 6. MYOSOTIS, Dill. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT. Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes ; the latter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base ; the scar mi- nute.— Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of fivs, mouse, and o§s, &r6s, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species; one popular name is MOUSE-EAR.) * Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular. M. PALUSTRIS, Withering. (TRUE FORGET-ME-NOT.) Perennial; stems ascending from an oblique creeping base (9-20' high), loosely branched, smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; calyx- lobes much shorter than its tube ; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue with a yellow eye. — In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.) 1 . M. laxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots ; stems very slender, decumbent ; pubescence all appressed ; leaves lanceolate-oblong BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 365 or somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes as long as its tube ; limb of corolla 2 or 3" broad, paler blue. (M. palustris, var. laxa, Gray.) — In water and wet ground, Newf . to N. Y. (Eu.) * * Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some minutely hooked or gland-tipped ; corolla small ; annual or biennial. 2. M. arv6nsis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend- ing (6-15' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the base and stalked ; corolla blue, rarely white ; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx. — Fields, etc. ; not very common. (Eu.) 3. M. V&rna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4- 12' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes leafy at the base ; corolla very small, white, with a short limb ; pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx. — Dry ground, rather common. May - July. M. vERsf COLOR, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base ; racemes loose, mostly naked at base ; flowers almost sessile ; corolla pale yellow chang- ing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft. — Fields, Del. (Nat. from Eu.) 7. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON. Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base ; scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile leaves ; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed of \tOos, stone, and tnre'pAta, seed, from the hard nutlets.) § 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted , gray and dull ; throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages. L. ARVENSE, L. (CORN GROMWELL.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or biennial; stems erect (6-12' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, reinless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. — Sandy banks and roadsides. May - Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory ; corolla greenish-white or pale- yellow, small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat ; perennial. L. OFFICIXA.LE, L. (COMMON GROMWELL.) Much branched above, erect (1-2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla exceeding the calyx. — Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. L. latifdlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2-3° high), rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2-4' long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx. — Open grpund and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark. § 3. BATSCHIA. Nutlets white, smooth and shining ; corolla large, salver- form or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much 366 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.) * Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at all projecting. 2. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with bristly hairs (1-2° high); stem- leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside (limb 8 -12" broad); flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy ; fruiting calyx (%' long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets. — Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and westward. April - June. 3. L. candscens, Lehm. (PuccoON of the Indians.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6 -15' high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs above ; flowers sessile ; corolla naked at the base within ; fruiting calyx (3" long) barely twice the length of the nutlets. — Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May. * * Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2-4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching ; later flowers small, cleistogenous. 4. L. angustif61ium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6-18' high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla- tube 8-18" long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels commonly recurved in fruit ; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum, Spreng.; the long-flowered form. ) — Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and Mich, to the Dakotas and Tex., and westward. 8. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. FALSE GROMWELL. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular- funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow- shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much ex- serted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters ; in sum- mer. — Our species belong to true ONOSMODIUM, with smooth included anthers on very short filaments ; the corolla rarely twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the likeness to the genus Onosma, which name means ass-smell.) 1. O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid ap- pressed short bristles; stems rather slender (1-2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate (1 - 2^' long), the lower narrowed at base ; lobes of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. — Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La. 2. O. Carolinianum, DC. Shaggy all over with long and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (2-4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 367 oblong-lanceolate, acute ; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular or triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside. — Alluvial grounds, W. New York to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex. Var. m611e, Gray. Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed, 1-2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2" long), when young softly strigose-canes- cent beneath. (0. molle, Michx.) — 111. to Minn., Tex., and westward. 9. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFREY. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed , the short teeth spread- ing ; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included ; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its mar- gin. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots ; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name from a viper.) E. VULGARE, L. (BLUE-WEED.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers showy, in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus ; corolla red- dish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.) ORDER 73. CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals ,• a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud (imbricate in n. 6) ; a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in one tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming 4-celled ; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2-6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly showy, on axil- lary peduncles; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are culti- 368 CONVOLVULACEuE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) vated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots; those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.) Tribe I. DICHONDKE^E. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so ; styles 2, basilar. Creeping herbs. 1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded. Tribe II. CONVOI,VUI,E^E3. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiner*. 2. Ipomoea. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2 - 3-globose. 3. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex ; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. 4. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas capitate. 5. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not twining. Tribe III. CUSCUTE^. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons. 6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group. 1. DICHONDBA, Forst. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1 - 2-seeded capsules 2, 'distinct. Stigmas thick. — Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yel- lowish or white. (Name from Sis, double, and xovty°*> « grain; from the fruit.) 1. D. r&pens, Forst. Leaves round-kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1 - \%" long). — Wet ground, Va. to Tex., near the coast. 2. IPOMCEA, L. MORNING GLORY Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate ; the limb entire or slightly lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2 - 3-globose stig- ma. Capsule globular, 4-6 (by abortion fewer) -seeded, 2-4 -valved. (Name, according to Linnaeus, from fy, a Bindweed , and fyiotos, like ; but fy is a worm.) § 1. QUAMOCLIT. Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but nar- row tube ; stamens and style exserted ; flowers red.% Annual twiners. I. QUAMOCLIT, L. (CYPRESS-VINE.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear- thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1 -flowered; corolla narrow, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, Choisy.) — Sparingly spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.) I. cocci NEA, L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled ; sepals awn-pointed ; corolla light scarlet (!' long). (Quamoclit coccinea, Moench) — River-banks, etc., Ohio to 111., Va., and southward. (Probably indigenous in N. Mex. and Arizona.) § 2. IPOMCEA proper. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted in the bud ; stamens and style not exserted. * (MORNING GLORY.) Lobes of stigma and cells 3 ; sepals long and narrow, attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below ; corolla purple, blue, and white. I. HEDERA.CEA, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy, leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 - 3-flowered ; calyx densely hairv below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1 - \% long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not Roth.) — Waste and cultivated ground, Penn. to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.) CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 369 I. ruRptiREA, Lam. (COMMON MORNING-GLORY.) Annual; stems re- trorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire ; peduncles long, umbel- lately 3-5-flowered; calyx bristly-hairy below ; corolla funnel-form (2' long) purple, varying to white. — Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Trop. Amer.) * * Stigma 2-lobed or entire ; cells 2, each 2-seeded ; sepals broader , imbricated. •i- Leaves cordate, acuminate. 1. I. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong , very obtuse ; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white with purple in the tube. — Dry ground, Conn, to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June - Aug. Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10-20 pounds. 2. I. lacunbsa, L. Annual ; rather smooth ; stem twining and creep- ing, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed ; peduncles short, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly -ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, £ - ^ long) corolla. — River-banks and low grounds, Penn. to 111., south to S. C. and Tex. -«- •«- Leaves linear; not twining. 3. I. leptoph^lla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or ascending (2-4° high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense root (weighing 10-100 pounds) ; leaves 2 -4' long, 2 -3" wide, short-petioled, acute ; peduncles short, 1 - 2-flowered ; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3' long. — Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. 3. CONVOLVULUS, Tourn. BINDWEED. Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex ; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions be- tween the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1 -celled, mostly 2 - 4-valved. — Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.) § 1. CALYSTlSGIA. Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy bracts. 1. C. spithamaeus, L. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6 -12' long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auricled base ; corolla white (2' long) ; stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamsea, Pursh.) — Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare. 2. C. sepium, L. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Glabrous, or more or less pubescent ; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively ; leaves triangular- halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed ; peduncles 4-angled ; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (H-2' long). (Calystegia sepium, R. Br.) — Moist alluvial soil, or along streams ; N. Atlan- tic States and westward. (Eu., etc.) Var. AmericanilS, Sims. Glabrous ; corolla pink or rose-purple ; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.) — Common, across the continent. 370 CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) Var. ripens, Gray. More or less pubescent; sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate ; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cor- date, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire ; corolla from almost white to rose-color ; bracts very obtuse or acute. (Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray.) — Common. § 2. Stigmas filiform ; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx. C. ARVENSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Perennial ; stem procumbent or twining, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered ; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (9" long) white or tinged with reddish. — Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Eu.) 4. BREWERIA, R. Br. Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below ; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs ; flowers small ; in summer ; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.) 1. B. humistrata, Gray. Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate or emarginate ; peduncles 1 - 7-flowered ; bracts shorter than the pedicels ; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; Jilaments hairy ; styles united at base. (Bonamia humistrata, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Va. to La. 2. B. aquatica, Gray. Minutely soft downy and somewhat hoary ; pe- duncles 1-3-flowered; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple; Jilaments smooth; styles almost distinct; otherwise nearly as n. 1. (Bonamia aquatica, Gray.) — Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo. 3. B. Pickering!!, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; leaves very narrowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers; sepals hairy ; Jilaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward ; also W. 111. 5. EVOLVULUS, L. Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost ro- tate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft ; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. — Low and small herbs or suffrutesceut plants, mostly diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus). 1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, silky-villous all over ; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lower obloug-spatulate and short-petioled, about % long ; flowers almost ses- sile in the axils ; corolla purple, 3" broad. — Sterile plains and prairies, the Dakotas and Neb. to Mo. and Tex. 6. C US CUT A, Tourn. DODDER. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell- shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled. CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 371 4-ovuled ; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Em- bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule) ; germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves ; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suck- ers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white ; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name sup- posed to be of Arabic derivation.) § 1. Stigmas elongated ; capsule circumscissile. C. EpfLiNUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender, low; flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent around the capsule ; stamens included ; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June. C. EpfTHYMUM, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals ; scales large, contiguous, toothed ; stamens exserted. — Occasionally found in clover- fields. (Int. from Eu.) § 2. Stigmas capitate ; capsule indehiscent. * Calyx gamosepalous ; ovary and capsule depressed-globose. +- Flowers in dense or globular clusters ; corolla with short and wide tube, per sistent at the base of the capsule ; styles mostly shorter than the ovary. 1. C. Chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored; flowers white (1 - li" long) ; lobes of calyx and corolla (mostly 4) acute, often longer than the tube ; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth ; the thin cap- sule pale greenish-yellow. — Wet places, from Wise, and Minn, to Ark. ; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum. 2. C. arv6nsis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low ; Jlowers smaller (hardly 1" long) ; calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad ; those of the corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points; scales large, deeply fringed. — Kather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable. •»- •*- Flowers in panicled often compound cymes ; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary ; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule. 3. C. tenuiflbra, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high- climbing; flowers (T'long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous ; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube ; scales shorter than the tube, fringed. — On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex. # * Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla ; Jlowers in loose panicled cymes. -H- Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed. 4. C. dec6ra, Engelm. Stems coarse ; flowers fleshy and more or lesi papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate 372 CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales large, deeply fringed ; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla. (C. indecora, Choi si).} — Var. PULCHERRIMA, Engelm. The larger form, with coarser stems, and conspicu- ous flowers l£ - 2£" long and wide ; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple. — Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (principally Leguminosae and Com- posites), from 111. to Fla. and Tex., and westward. 5. C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding ; flowers of the same structure, but smaller (only \" long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule ; scales reduced to a few teeth. — Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark. •i- H- Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading. 6. C. Grondvii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla- lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed ; capsule globose, umbonate. — Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of clusters. — Var. LATIFL6RA, Engelm., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward. 7. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding ; flowers larger (2 -3" long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than its tube ; slender styles longer ; ovary bottle-shaped ; capsule long-pointed. — Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward ; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs. # # * Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts ; styles capil- lary; scales large, deeply fringed ; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla. 8. C. cuspidata, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (l|-2j"long) thin, on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles ; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube ; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted. — Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosae, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis. 9. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems coarse ; flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, oppressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter. ^— Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs. 10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes ; style seve- ral times longer than the ovary. — Wet prairies, Ohio tx> Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositae. The rope-like twists (-J--f thick), of white flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance. SOLANACE.E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 373 ORDER 74. SOLANACEJE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regu- lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla im- bricate or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited ; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry. — Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scro- phulariacese, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it. * Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry. 1. Solaiium, Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip. * * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate. •«- Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx. 2. Chamaesaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit. •H- •»- Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding. 3. Phygalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled. 4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3 - 5-celled. H- H_ .»- Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base. 5. L.ycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled. +- t- •*- f- Fruit a capsule. 6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular. 7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel -form. 8. Nlcotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled. 1. SO LAN TIM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted ; fila- ments very short ; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one ; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in warmer regions, including the POTATO (S. TUBER6suM ) and the EGG-PLANT (S. MELONGENA) ; while the TOMATO (LYCOPERSICUM ESCU- LENTUM) is closely related. (Name of unknown derivation.) * Not prickly ; anthers blunt ; flowers and globose naked berries small. H- Perennial, climbing or twining. S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) More or less pubescent; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes or leaflets at base ; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes ; berries oval, red. — Moist banks and around dwellings. June -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 374 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) •»- H- Simple-leaved annuals. 1 . S. trifldrum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous ; leaves oblong, pinnatijid (7 - 9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1-3- flowered ; corolla white ; berries green, as large as a small cherry. — Central Kan., and westward ; chiefly a weed near dwellings. 2. S. nigrum, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Low, much branched and often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy- toothed; flowers white, in small umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx spreading; filaments hairy; berries globular, black. — Shaded grounds and fields ; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July - Sept. Var. viLL6suM, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous ; leaves small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries yellow. — Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.) S. GRACILE, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2-3° high), with virgate spreading branches ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire; corolla white or bluish ; cal-yx somewhat appressed to the black berry — Coast of N. C., and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.) # * More or less prickly ; anthers tapering upward ; pubescence stellate •H- Perennial ; fruit naked ; anthers equal; corolla vwlet, rarely white. 3. S. Carolin6nse, L. (HORSE-NETTLE.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4-S-rayed hairs ; prickles stout, yellowish, copious (rarely scanty) ; leaves oblong or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid , ra- cemes simple, soon lateral ; calyx-lobes acuminate ; berries about 6" broad. — Sandy soil and waste grounds, Conn, to Iowa, south to Ela. and Tex. 4. S. elaeagnifblium, Cav. Silver y-canescent with dense scurf-like pu bescence of many-rayed hairs ; prickles small, slender, more or less copious or wanting ; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire , calyx-lobes slender ; berry seldom 6" in diameter. — Prairies and plains, E Kan. to Tex., and westward. 5. S. Torr&yi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence o/about equally 9-12-rayed hairs : prickles small and stout, scanty or nearly wanting; leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5 - 7-lobed (4 -6' long) ; calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly long -acuminate ; berry 1' in diameter. — Prairies, etc., E. Kan. and Tex. -»- -i- Annual ; fruit closely covered ; loivest anther much the longest , corolla yellow. 6. S. rostr&tum, Dunal Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence (1 - 2° high)' leaves 1 - 2-pinnatifid . calyx densely prickly ; stamens and style much declined. — Plains of Neb. to Tex. ; spreading eastward to 111. and Tenn. 2. CHAMJESARACHA, Gray. Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), ob- scurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Fila- ments filiform; anthers separate, oblong. — Perennials, with mostly narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (Saracha is a tropical American genus dedicated to Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine ; the prefix x0/*0"* on the ground.) SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 375 1. C. sbrdida, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cine- reous with short viscid pubescence ; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid ; calyx when young villous-viscid ; corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6" broad) ; berry as large as a pea. — Dry or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and Arizona. 3. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY. Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in- flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base ; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5 - 10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect ; anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun- try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1 -flowered nodding pe- duncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name vo-a\is, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.) * Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with almost entire border; pubescence simple. 1. P. grand.ifl.6ra, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla 1 - 2' wide when expanded, and with a woolly ring in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by the berry. — S. shore of L. Superior to Sask. ; Providence Island, L. Cham- plain (Perkins). * * Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3 - 10" broad. •i- Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute ; anthers violet. 2. P. Philad61phica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed ; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7 -10" broad; calyx at maturity globose and com- pletely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth. — In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn, and Tex. 3. P. angulata, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed ; peduncles filiform ; corolla unspotted, very small (3 - 6" broad when expanded) ; fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry. — Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward. H- •»- Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs ; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely envelop- ing the green or yellow berry ; leaves ovate or cordate. 4. P. pub^SCens, L. Annual, diffusely much branched or at length de- cumbent ; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire ; corolla spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5 - 6" broad when expanded, obscurely 5 - 10- toothed; anthers violet. — Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward. — A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Mo. (B. F. Bush), has the small corolla (2" broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid. 5. p. Virginiana, Mill. Perennial, diffusely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire; corolla 9- 12" broad, 5-angled or 5- 10-toothed ; anthers yellow. 376 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) (P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.) — Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex. — Var. AMB* GUA, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with violet anthers. Wise., and westward. 1- 1- -i- Perennials, mostly low, not viscid ; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly none ; anthers almost always yellow. 6. P. visc6sa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short stellate or 2- 3-forked pubescence ; stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean shoots ; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obo- vate, entire or undulate ; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye ; fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange. — In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla. 7. P. lanceolata, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff mostly simple hairs, varying to nearly glabrous ; stems from rather stout sub- terranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid ; leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceo- late, sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire ; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye; calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate (1 - H' long) ; berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvania, Gray, Man., in part ; not L.) — Dry open ground, Penn. to 111., Minn., and south and westward. Var. Isevigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some very short hairs on young parts. — Neb. to Tex., and westward. Var. hirta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the hir sute-pubescence of the leaves 2 - 3-forked, as also are some of the abundant villous-hispid hairs of the stem. — Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and E. Kan. 4. NICANDBA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3 - 5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much Tike Physalis. — An annual smooth herb (2-3° high), with ovate sinuate toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.) N. pHYSALolDES, Gaertn. — Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gar- dens. (Adv. from Peru.) 6. LYCIUM, L. MATRIMONY-VINE. Calyx 3 - 5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5 ; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender ; stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, Lycia.) L. VULGARE, Dunal. ( COMMON M. ) Shrub with long sarmentose recurved- drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong- or spatu- late-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-purple ; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes ; berry oval, orange-red. — About dwellings, and escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. HENBANE. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 377 enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of fo, v6s, a hog, and Ktianos, a bean ; said to be poisonous to swine.) H. NIGER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Biennial or annual ; leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) 7. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN- WEED. THORN-APPLE. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5-10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentae projected from the axis into the middle of thp cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the capsule is 4-celled except near the top, the placentae as if on the middle of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic- poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem ; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.) D. STRAM6NIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM or THORN APPLE.) Annual, glabrous ; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled ; stem green ; corolla white (3' long), the border with 5 teeth ; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter. — Waste grounds ; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?) D. TATULA, L. (PURPLE T.) Mostly taller ; stem purple ; corolla pale violet-purple ; prickles of the capsule nearly equal. — Waste grounds, in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.) 8. NICOTIAN A, Tourn. TOBACCO. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu- ally with a long tube ; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2 -4-valved from the apex.' Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have intro- duced Tobacco (N. TABACUM, L.) into Europe.) N. RtisTicA, L. (WILD TOBACCO.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded. — Old fields, from N. Y. westward and southward ; a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.) ORDER 75. SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the lobes ofivhich are imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2- celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placentae, in the axis ; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen. — Style single ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous. I. ANTIRRHINIDE ^E. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, etc.) Capsule usually septicidal. 378 SCKOPHULARlACE^. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) Tribe I. VERBASCE^E. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate. 1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments. Tribe II. ANTIRBHINE^E. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in sim- ple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4. 2. LJnaria. Corolla spurred at base ; the palate seldom closing the throat. 3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat. Tribe III. CHELONE^E. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. Capsule 2-4-valved. Leaves opposite Inflorescence usually compound, of small axil- lary spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth. 4 Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one spreading one Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip. 5. Collins! a. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens. 6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged. 7 Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless. Tribe IV. GBATIOL.E^E. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2- valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves . peduncles naked (or 2-bracte- olate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen. * Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar. 8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated, 9. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. 10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short ll Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant. * * Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; usually also a pair of sterile filaments. 12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none. 13 Ilysanthea Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included . the sterile filaments protruded. 14. Micrantheinum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Filaments with an appendage ; sterile pair none Dwarf aquatic. 11. RHINANTHIDE^E. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the- corolla cover- ing the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal. Tribe V. DIGIT ALES. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Sta- mens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous ; anthers 2-celled. 15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2-4-lobed, irregular Stamens 2 or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed. 16. Veronica Calyx 4-( rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost regular Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed. Tribe VI. GEKAKDIE^E. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed limb Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate. * Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in a spike. 17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft. * * Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form ; anthers 2-celled. 18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes. 19. Gerarclia. Stamens strongly unequal, included. Tribe VII. EUPHRASIES. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped ; the upper lip nar- row, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens. * Anther-cells unequal and separated Capsule many-seeded. 20. Castillela. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated ; the lower short, often very small. SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 379 21. Ortbocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated lower one. * * Anther-cells equal. Capsule many - several-seeded. 22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest. 23. Euplirasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capsule oblong. 24. Bart si a. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back. 25. Klii ii an thus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular ; seeds winged. 26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped ; seeds wingless. * * * Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1 - 4-seeded. 27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique. 1. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped ; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5 , all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded. — Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephem- eral; in summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.) V. THAPSUS, L. (COMMON MULLEIN) Densely woolly throughout; stem tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves ; flowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, a common weed. (Nat. from Eu.) V. BLATTA.RIA, L. (Moxn M.) Green and smoothish, slender ; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasp- ing ; raceme loose ; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Roadsides, through out our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.) V. LYCHNITIS, L. (WHITE M.) Clothed with thin powdery woolliness ; stem and branches angled above ; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish above ; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle ; filaments with whitish wool. — Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. LIN ARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many. — Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours) , fl. in summer. (Name from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.) * Slender glabrous annual or biennial ; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots) , small Hue flowers in a naked terminal raceme. 1. L. Canad^nsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6 -30' high); leaves flat (1-2" wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform curved spur of the corolla. — Sandy soil, common. * * Perennial, erect (1 -3° high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme. L. VULGARIS, Mill. (KAMSTED. BUTTER AND EGGS.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely numerous ; raceme dense; corolla 1' long or more, in- cluding the slender subulate spur; seeds winged. — Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.) 17 380 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) L. GENISTIF6LIA, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched ; leaves lanceo- late, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless. — Sparingly naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.) # * # Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate Leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils. L. ELATINE, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy ; leaves has- tate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; corolla 3 - 4" long, including the subulate spur. — Sandy banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) L. sptiRiA, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes. — Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON. Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. — Corolla commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask ; whence the name (from O.VTI, like, and ftiv, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn. A. OndNTiuM, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect ; leaves lance-linear ; spike loose, leafy : sepals longer than the purplish or white co- rolla. — About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.) A. MXjus, L. (LARGE SNAPDRAGON.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme ; sepals short ; corolla l£- 2' long, purple or white. — Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube ; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one ; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.) 1. S. noddsa, L., var. Maril£ndica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3-5° high) ; stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base. — Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia; the type.) 5. COLLfNSIA, Nutt. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward , the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudi- ment. Capsule 4 - many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clus- ters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.) 1. C. v6rna, Nutt. Slender (6 - 20' high) ; lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; whorls about 6- flowered ; flowers (ong-ped uncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx. — Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wise, and Ky. May, June. SCROPHULARIACE^. (FtGWORT FAMILY.) 381 2. CX parvifldra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire ; whorls 2 - ^-flowered ; flowers short- peduncled ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Shore of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward. 6. CHE LONE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open ; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from x«Ac6i>?;, a tortoise, the corolla re- sembling in shape the head of a reptile.) 1. C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or even 6-7°) high ; leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate (4-5' long, 4-12" wide), gradually acuminate, ser- rate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole ; bracts not dilate ; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose. — Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla- and Tex. 2. C. obliqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1-2° high; leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong (2-5' long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled ; bracts ciliolate ; corolla deep and bright rose-color. — S. 111. to Va. and Fla. 7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, cither decidedly or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numer- ous, wingless. — Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with op- posite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from TreVrc, Jive, and a-r^fjuav, stamen ; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.) * Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below ; leaves often toothed or denticulate. i- Thyrse somewhat open ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9-12" long, the lower lip usually bearded within. 1. P. pub6scens, Solander. Stem 1-2° high, viscid-pubescent (at least the inflorescence); leaves oblong to lanceolate (2-4' long), the lowest and radi- cal ovate or oblong, usually denticulate ; thyrse narrow ; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate ; sterile filament densely bearded. — Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (Miss Furbish) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. 2. P. IsevigatUS, Solander. Stem 2-4° high, mostly glabrous except the , inflorescence ; leaves firmer , somewhat glassy, the cauline ovate- or oblong- 382 SCfcOPttULARlACEA. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) lanceolate with subcordate clasping base (2 - 5' long) ; thyrse broader ; corolla white (commonly tinged with purple), abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above. — Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is Var. Digitalis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high ; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, Nutt.) — Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc. 3. P. gracilis, Nutt Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1 ° high or less ; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish. — Minn, to Mo., and westward. •»- H- Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western. 4. P. Cobsea, Nutt. Soft-puberulent, 1° high; leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharply toothed ; thyrse short ; corolla 2' long, broadly ventricose, dull purple or whitish. — Prairies, Kan. to Tex. 5. P. tubifl6rus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2-3° high; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse ; corolla 9" long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward, white or whitish. — Low prairies, Kan. and Ark. 6. P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6-10' high; leaves oblon south to Ga. and Ark. 4. G. quercifblia, Pursh. (SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.) Smooth and glaucous (3 - 6° high), usually branching ; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnat- ifid ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx ; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube ; corolla 2' long. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and 111. 5. G. Isevigata, Raf. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1-2° high) mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; pedi- cels shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla 1' long. (G. integrifolia, Gray.) — Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and 111., south in the mountains to Ga. § 2. OTOPHYLLA. Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as the very unequal filaments ; anthers dissimilar, pointless^ glabrous or spar- ingly hairy. 6. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9-20' high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe oh each side at the base ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils (V long). — Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo. . 7. G. densiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3-7 narrowly linear acute divisions, those sub- tending the densely spicate flowers similar and crowded; corolla over 1' long. — Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex. § 3. GERARDIA proper. Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white) ; calyx- teeth short ; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent; cauline leaves linear or narrower, entire. # Perennial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves. 8. G. linifolia, Nutt. Glabrous, 2 - 3° high, sparingly or paniculately branched; leaves flat, thickish, 1" wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla 1' long, 31)0 sci:oriiuLARiACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate ; anthers and fila- ments very villous. — Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla. # * Annuals; herbage blackish in drying (except n. 13). H- Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule. 9 G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1 - 2° high) ; leaves long and linear, rough ; pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately exceeding the calyx, which has triangular-lanceolate acute lobes about half as long as the tube; corolla over 1' long. — Plains and prairies, Mich, and W, Ind. to the Dakotas and W. Ark. 10. G. purpurea, L. (PURPLE GERARDIA.) Stem (1-2° high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-mar- gined; flowers large (V long), bright purple, often downy; pedicels shorter than the calyx, mainly opposite ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, from very short to about half as long as the tube. — Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable. — Var. PAUPERCULA, Gray. Smoother, more simple ; corolla usually only J' long, lighter rose-purple. — N. Eng. to Penn., N. 111., Minn., and northward. 11. G. maritima, Raf. (SEA-SIDE G.) Low (4-12' high), with shorter branches; leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse; pedicels about as long as the calyx ; corolla y long. — Salt marshes along the coast. •<- -«- Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla ; woolly anthers cuspidate at base 12. G. tenuif61ia, Vahl. (SLENDER G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short, acute ; capsule globular, not exceeding the calyx ; corolla about \' long. — Low or dry ground, common. — Var. MACROPHfLLA, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 1^-2' long and almost 2" wide, scabrous ; pedicels ascending ; calyx-teeth larger ; corolla little over J7 long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col. — Var. ASPERULA, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous-scabrous ; inflorescence more paniculate ; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6" in diameter. Dry bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to Minn, and Mo. 13. G. Skinneriana, Wood. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branch- lets, or the lower linear ; capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth ; corolla 4 - 6" long. (G. setacea, Gray, Man., not of Walt.} — Sandy low ground, Mass, to Minn., south to Fla. and La. 20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP. Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also ; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla included in- the calyx ; its upper lip (galea) long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens , lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves ; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.) 1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (SCARLET PAINTED-CUP.) Hairy biennial $r annual; stem simple; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 391 oblong ; those of the stem incised ; the floral 3 - 5-cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely yellow) ; calyx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse. — Low sandy ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and Tex. 2. C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Perennial, smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly ; leaves mainly entire, the lower linear, upper broader ; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yel- lowish, purple, or red ; calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft; corolla § - V long, the galea decidedly shorter than the tube, not over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip. — Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Supe- rior, west and northward. 3. C. sessilifl6ra, Pursh. Perennial, 6 - 8' high, very leafy, cinereous- pubescent; leaves mostly 3 -5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes; -the floral similar or broader, not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft ; corolla 2' long, the short galea but twice as long as the slender-lobed lip. — Prairies, Wise, and 111. to N. Dak. and Tex. 21. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt Corolla with the upper lip (galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. (Name from 6pQ6s, upright, and Kapir6s, fruit.) 1. O. luteus, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect, l°high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft ; spike dense; bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored ; co- rolla golden-yellow, not 6" long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. — Plains, N. Minn, to Col., and westward. 22. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SEED. Calyx oblique, tubular, 1 0 - 1 2-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire ; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip ; anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff -like coat. — A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb (1-2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-uerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels /ery short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.) 1. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, Mass, to La., near the coast. May - July. 23. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back ; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip ; anther- cells equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, flattened. Seeds numer- 392 SCROPHCLARIACE^. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) ous. — Herbs, with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers, small, spiked. (Name et^pcwr/a, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.) 1. E. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whit- ish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched. — Coast of Maine and Lower Can- ada; perhaps introduced from Eu. — Var. TATARICA, Benth., a low form with small flowers (2 - 3" long), and mostly rounded leaves. — Alpine region of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far northward. 24. BARTSIA, L. Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia. — Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike. B. ODONT!TES, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branch- ing, scabrous-pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely ser- rate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red. — Coast of Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.) 25. RH IN AN THUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE. Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a minute tooth on each side below the apex ; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, under the upper lip ; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. — Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves ; the yellow flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of frlv, a snout, and &j/6os, a flower, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.) 1. B. Crista-g£lli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth ; corolla 6" long ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence the popular name.) — Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L. Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.) 26. PEDICUIiARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT. Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ; lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip ; anthers transverse ; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.) 1. P. Canadensis, L. (COMMON LOUSEWORT. WOOD BETONY.) Hairy ; stems simple, clustered (5- 12' high) ; leaves scattered, the lowest pin- nately parted, the others half-pinnatifld ; spike short and dense ; calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire, oblique ; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow and purpWsh) corolla hooded, incurved, 2 -toothed under the apex ; capsule flat, somewhat sword-shaped. — Copses and banks, common. May- July. OROBANCHACE.E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 393 2. P. lanceol&ta, Michx. Stem upright (1-3° high), nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike 'crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Swamps, Conn', to Va., Ohio, and Minn. 3. P. Purbishise, Watson. Tall (2-3° high) pubescent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid- incised, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate ; bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate ; calyx-lobes 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed ; upper Up of corolla straight and beakless, the truncate apex bicus- pidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed ; capsule broadly ovate. — Banks of the St. John's, Aroostook Co., Maine (Miss Kate Furbish), and adjacent N. Brunswick. 27. MELAMPYBUM, Tourn. Cow- WHEAT. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above ; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front ; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip ; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the equal cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule flattened, oblique, 1 - 4-seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. (Name from /*eA.as, black, and irvpos, wheat ; from the color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.) 1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5" long). — Open woods ; common, from the Atlantic to Minn, and Iowa, especially eastward. June - Sept. ORDER 76. OROBANCHACEJE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didyna- mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placenta ; pod very many- seeded; seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute embryo. — Calyx persistent, 4-5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2- lipped, ringent, persistent and withering ; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the i-orolla ; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute. — Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked. * Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches. 1. JEpipliegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. 394 OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) * * Flowers all alike aud perfect ; stems mostly simple. 2. Conopholis. Flowers densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens exserted. 3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included. 4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included. 1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod ; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 ap- proximate placentae on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish- brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6 - 12' high. (Name from tiri, upon, and (f>r)ybs, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.) 1. E. Virginiana, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish tind purple, 6 - 8" long, curved, 4-toothed. — Common under Beech-trees, para- sitic on their roots ; N. Brunswick to Wise., south to Fla. and Ark. Aug. - Oct. 2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallroth. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4 - 5-toothed calyx ; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentae, a pair on the middle of each valve. — Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from KUVOS, a cone, and 0oAfs, a scale). 1. C. Americana, Wallroth. — Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June. — A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3 - 6' high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard. 3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. NAKED BROOM-RAPE. Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip more or less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentae, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and QvXXov, foliage, alluding to the naked stalks.) # Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets ; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb. 1. A. UHifl6rum, Gray. (ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.) Stem sub- terranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1-3 slender one-flowered scapes (3 - 5' high) ; divisions of the calyx lance- awl-shaped, half the length of the corolla, which is 1' long, with 2 yellow LENTIBULARIACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 395 bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes. — Damp woodlands, Newf. to Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April - July. 2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. Scaly stem erect and rising 3-4' out of the ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx tri- angular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes. — Sandy ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the Mississippi, and westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. May. * * Caulescent ; flowers densely spicate, with 1-2 bractlets at base of calyx ; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft. 3. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3 -12' high) ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipaea Ludoviciana, Wai p.) — Minn, to 111. and Tex., and westward. 4. OROBANCHE, Tourn. BROOM-RAPE. Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite to the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, 2- lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens included. — Old World parasites, on roots of various plants. O. MINOR, L. A span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; corolla 6" long. — Para- sitic on clover, N. J. to Va. Sparingly and probably recently introduced. ORDER 77. LENTIBULARIACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) Small herbs {growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and n, 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro- pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate, spurred at the base in front ; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free ; style very short or none ; stigma 1 - 2-lipped. Capsule often bursting irregularly. Scapes 1 - few-flowered. — The following are the two prin- cipal genera. 1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments strongly incurved. Foliage dissected; bladder-bearing. 2. Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading. Filaments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground. 1. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT. Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the pal- ate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat; upper lip erect. Anthers convergent. — Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering ; or root- ing in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few-flowered ; usually flowering all summer. Bladders furnished with a valvu- lar lid and usually with a few bristles at the orifice. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.) 396 LENTIBULARIACEJi. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) * Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by meant o/ large bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower leaves dissec, td and capillary, bearing small bladders ; rootlets few or none. 1 . TJ. inflata, Walt. Swimming free ; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions ; flowers 3-10 (large, yellow) ; the appressed spur half the length of the corolla ; style distinct. — In still water, Maine to Tex., near the coast. * # Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching stems, which commonly swim free, bearing capillary dissected leaves with small bladders on their lobes ; roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by tuber -like buds.) 4- Cleistogdmous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems. 2. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary ; scapes slender (3 - 5" high) ; lips of the yellow corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, some- what longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur. — Ponds, from N. Brunswick and N. Eng. to N. J., near the coast. -t- •»- No cleistogamous flowers. ** Pedicels recurved in fruit ; corolla yellow. 3. U. VUlgaris, L. (GREATER BLADDERWORT.) Immersed stems (1-3° long) crowded with 2-3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6-12' long) ; corolla closed (6- 9" broad), the sides reflexed ; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt In the European and the high northern plant ; in the common American plant less thick and rather acute. — Common in ponds and slow streams, Newf . to Minn., south to Va. and Tex., and westward. (Eu., Asia.) 4. U. minor, L. (SMALLER B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 2-8-flowered (3-7' high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate ; spur very short and blunt, or almost none. — Shallow water, E. Mass, to Minn., south to N. J. and Ark., and westward. (Eu.) •*•+ -W- Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender ; corolla yellow. 5. U. gibba, L. Scape (1 - 3' high) 1 - Z-flowered, at base furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root- like leaves and scattered bladders ; corolla 3 - 4" broad, the lips broad and rounded, nearly equal ; the lower with the sides reflexed, exceeding and ap- proximate to the very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur. — Shallow water. Mass, to Mich., south to Va. and 111. ; Mt. Desert (F. M. Day). 6. U. biflbra, Lam. Scape (2 -5' high) 1 -3-flowered, at the base bear- ing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and numerous bladders ; corolla 4 -6" broad, the spur oblong, equalling the lower lip; seeds scale-shaped. — Ponds and shallow waters, S. 111. and Iowa to Tex. ; also S. Va. (?), and Barnstable, Mass. ( W. Deane). 7. U. fibrosa, Walt. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small immersed steins, several times forked, capillary ; the bladders borne mainly along the stems; flowers 2-6 (6" broad); lips nearly equal, broad and expanded, the LENTIBULARIACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 397 upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle ; spur nearly linear , 06- tuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. (U. striata, LeConte.) — Shallow pools in pine barrens, L. Island and N. J. to Fla. and Ala. 8. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins ; the bladders borne on separate leafless branches; upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate; spur conical- subulate, acute, appressed to the very broad (6 - 8") lower lip and nearly as long as it. — Shallow pools, Newf . to N. J., west to Iowa, Minn., and northward (Eu., Asia.) •*•+ HH- •»•+ Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long ; corolla violet-purple. 9. U. purptirea, Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders ; flow- ers 2 - 4 (6" wide) ; spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla and about half its length. — Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Fla., mainly near the coast; also Lake Co., Ind. * * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil ; Leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like , often raised out of the water, commonly few or fugacious ; air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets , or commonly none. •H- Flower purple, solitary ; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes. 10. U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape (2-8' high) 2-bracted above; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4 - 5" long) deeply 2-parted ; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape. — Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to R. I., near the coast ; also N. New York and Presque Isle, L. Erie. H- •*- Flowers 2-10, (chiefly) yellow; leaves entire, rarely seen. U. U. SUbulata, L. Stem capillary (3-5' high); pedicels capillary; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one ; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, and pine-barrens, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast. Var. cleist6gama, Gray. Only 1 - 2' high, bearing 1 or 2 evidently cleis- togamous purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head; capsule becoming 1" long. (The unnamed Utricularia in the Man., p. 320). — With the ordinary form ; Barnstable and Nantucket, Mass., pine-barrens of N. J., and southward. 12. U. COrntlta, Michx. Stem strict (3'-l° high), 1-5-flowered; ped- icels not longer than the calyx; corolla 1' long, the lower lip large and helmet- shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller ; spur awl-shaped, turned down- ward and outward, about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sand/ swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.; common. 2. PINGUICULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT. Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate, the lobes spreading. — Small and stemless perennials, grow- 398 LENTIBULARIACE^E. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) ing on damp rocks, with 1 -flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat). 1. P. VUlg&ris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur straightish. — Wet rocks, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Minn., and far north- ward. (Eu.? Asia.) ORDER 78. BIGNONlACEJE. (BIGNONIA FAMILY.) Woody plants, monopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentce or of a pro- jection from them, many-ovuled ; fruit a dry capsule, the large fiat winged seeds with a fiat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubu- lar or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous ; the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fifth or pos- terior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary ; anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family. 1. Bignoiiia Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing. 2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils. 3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees ; leaves simple. 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Cap- sule linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, ter- minating in a tendril. (Named for the Abbe Bignon.} 1. B. capreol&ta, L. (CROSS-VINE.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or ob- long leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered ; corolla orange, 2' long; pod 6' long; seeds with the wing l£' long. — Rich soil, Va. to S. 111. and south to Fla. and La. April. Climbing tall trees ; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross. 2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody, with compound leaves, climb- ing by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name.) 1. T. radicans, Juss. (TRUMPET CREEPER.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets 9-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed ; stamens not protruded be- yond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (2^ - 3' long) ; pod ob- 3anceolate, 4-5" long. — Moist soil, Penn. to 111., south to Fla. and Tex. Com- mon in cultivation farther north. ACAKTHACE.E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 399 3* CAT ALP A, Scop., Walt. CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling ; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4 ; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. — Trees, with ovate or cor- date and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.) 1. C. speci6sa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark; leaves ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate; corolla 2' long, nearly white, incon- spicuously spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, the lower lobe emarginate ; capsule thick. — Low rich woodlands, S. Ind. to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May. C. BiGNONioinES, Walt., of Ga, Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated, and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, with thin bark, smaller (if long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique limb and lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule. ORDER 79. PEDAL.IACEJE. Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preced- ing Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons. — Ovary (in ours) 1 -celled, with 2 parietal intruded placenta expanded into 2 broad lamellae or united into a central columella. 1, MABTYWIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT. Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh at length falling away in 2 valves ; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each placenta, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seedfi several, wingless, with a thick roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor ; stems thickish ; leaves simple, rounded ; flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. John Martyn, of Cambridge, England.) 1. M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or un- dulate, the upper alternate ; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yel- low and purple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. — Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., 111., and Iowa, to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north. ORDER 80. ACANTHACE^E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous sta~ mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4- 12-} seeded capsule : seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and 400 ACAtfTfiACE,E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) supported by hooked projections of the placentae (retinacula). — Flowers commonly much brae ted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form ; stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world ; represented in gardens by THUNBERGIA, which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks. * Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading ; stamens 4. 1. Calophanes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2 -4-seeded. 2. Kuellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6- 20-seeded. * * Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading ; stamens 2. 8. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded. 1. CALOPHANES, Don. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted ; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or aristif orm. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Sta- mens 4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2 - 4-seeded. — Low branching per- ennials, pubescent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from Ka\6s, beautiful, aud (fratw, to appear.) 1. C. Oblongifdlia, Don. Stems usually erect and simple, £- 1° high; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (!' long or less) ; co- rolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1'long; calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute. — Pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla. 2. RUE L LI A, Plumier. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8- 12-seeded. Seeds with a muci- laginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the microscope innumerable taper- ing short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials, with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Ca- lyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, John Ruelle.) 1. B. Cili6sa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (1 -3° high) ; leaves 'nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong ( 1 - 2' long) ; flowers 1-3 and almost sessile in the axils; tube of the corolla (1 - 1^' long) fully twice the length of the seta- ceous calyx-lobes ; the throat short. — Dry ground, Mich, to Minn., south to Fla. and La. June -Sept. — Var. AMBfouA, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubes- cent or glabrate ; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger ; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx. — Va. and Ky. to Ala. Ap- pearing like a hybrid with the next. 2. R. strdpens, L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (1 -4° high) ; have* narrowed at base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2£- 5" long), tube of the corolla (about Y long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly 40l Exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Rich soil, Penn. to Wise., south to Fla. and Tex. July - Sept. — Var. CLEISTANTHA, Gray. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong ; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous. — Com- mon with the ordinary form. 3. DIANTHEBA, Gronov. WATER- WILLOW. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, flattened, con- tracted at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary pe- duncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of 5ts, double, and dvdripd, anther, the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.) 1. D. Americana, L. Stem 1-3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- gated ; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled ; corolla 4 - 5" long. — In water, N. W. Vt. to Wise., south to S. C. and Tex. July - Sept. ORDER 81. VERBENACEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2-4-celled (in Phryma 1-celled) fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets; differing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aro- matic or furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly represented in cool regions. Tribe I. VERBENE2E. Ovary 2 -4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell. 1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. 2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets. 3. Gallicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets. Tribe II. PHRYME^E. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule erect, orthotropous. 4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene. 1. VERBENA, Tourn. VERVAIN. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5- cleft. Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. — Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted ; produced all sum- mer. (The Latin name for any sacred herb ; derivation obscure.) — The spe- cies present numerous spontaneous hybrids. § 1. Anthers not appendaged ; flowers small, in narrow spikes. # Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, the inconspic- uous bracts shorter than the calyx. V. OFFICIX\LIS, L. (EUROPEAN V.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so, loosely branched (1-3° high); leaves pinnatifld or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, 402 VERBEtfACE^E. ( VERVAIN FAMILY.) sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed ; spikes panicled ; flowers pur- plish, very small. — Roadsides and old fields, N. J. to Minn., south to Tex., and westward. (Nat. from Eu.) 1. V. urticsefdlia, L. (WHITE V.) Perennial, from minutely pubes- cent to almost glabrous, rather tall (3-5° high); leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes at length much elongated, loosely pan- icled ; flowers very small, white. — *• Waste or open grounds. (Trop. Am.) * * Spikes thicker or densely flowered ; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other ; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers ; perennial. 2. V. angUStifblia, Michx. Low (6 -18' high), often simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry or sandy ground, Mass, to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. 3. V. hastata, L. (BLUE VERVAIN.) Tall (4 -6° high); leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped at base ; spikes linear, erect, corymbed or pani- cled ; flowers blue. — Waste grounds and roadsides ; common. 4. V. stricta, Vent. (HOARY V.) Downy with soft whitish hairs, erect, simple or branched (1-2° high); leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick, somewhat clustered, hairy ; flowers rather large, purple. — Barrens and prairies, Ohio to S. Dak., south to Tex. and N. Mex. # * # Spikes thick, sessile and leafy-bracted ; annual. 5. V. bracte6sa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, re- motely flowered ; bracts large, the lower piunatifid, longer than the small purple flowers. — Prairies and waste grounds, Ohio to Minn., south and westward. §2. Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-tipped ; flowers showy, from de- pressed-capitate becoming spicate. 6. V. bipinnatifida, Nutt. Hispid-hirsute, |-1° high; leaves (l|-4' long) bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divisions, the lobes commonly linear or broader; bracts mostly surpassing the calyx; limb of bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4 - 5" broad. — Plains and prairies, Kan. to Ark. and Tex., and westward. 7. V. Aubl&tia, L. Slender, 1° high or less, soft-pubescent or glabrate ; leaves (1 -2' long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a wedge-shaped base, in- cisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply 3-cleft ; bracts shorter than or equal- ling the calyx ; limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla 6 - S'' broad. — Open woods and prairies, Ind. and 111. to Fla., Ark., and N. Mex. 2. L IP PI A, Houst. Calyx short, often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2 lipped, upper lip notched, the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender ; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.) 1. L. lanCGOlata, Michx. (FOG-FRUIT.) Creeping extensively, roughish, green ; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; peduncles axillary, slender , exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish- LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 403 white flowers; bracts mucronate or pointless. — River-banks, E. Perm, to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July - Sept. 2. L. cuneifblia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, pro- cumbent (not creeping), minutely canescent throughout; leaves rigid, cuneate linear, incisely 2-6-toothed above the middle; peduncles axillary, mostly shorter than the leaves ; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate ; corolla white (1). — Plains, W. Neb. to central Kan. and Arizona. 3. CALLICARPA, L. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular- bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted ; anthers opening at the apex. Style slender, thickened upward. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets. — Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of /cdAAos, beauty, and Kapiros, fruit.) 1. C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBERRY.) Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath ; cymes many-flowered ; calyx obscurely 4-toothed ; corolla bluish ; fruit violet-color. — Kich soil, Yra. to Tex., thence north to Mo. May - July. 4. PHRYMA, L LOPSEED. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth ; the lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. Seed orthotropous. Cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch- ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, strictly reflexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.) 1. P. Leptostachya, L. Plant 2-3° high; leaves 3-5' long, thin; calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at the tip. — Moist and open woods, common. (E.Asia.) ORDER 82. LiABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2- lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes, surrounding the base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each Jilted with a sin- gle erect seed. — Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scutellaria) ; radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of this large and well-known family. . 18 404 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventrally ; ovary merely 4-lobed. Tribe I. AJUGOIDEJE. Stamens 4, asceiiding and parallel, mostly exserted from the upper side of the corolla. Calyx 5 - 10-nerved. * Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes. 1. Trichostema. Corolla-lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens exserted. 2. I sail th us. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included. * * Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down or very short ; stamens exserted from the cleft 3. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip. 4. Ajuga. Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip. II. Nutlets smooth or granulate ; scar basal, small ; ovary deeply 4-parted. Tribe II. SATUREINE^E. Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting ; anthers 2- celled. Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave. * Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes ; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit. 5. Colli nsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the largest. Stamens 2. 6. Perilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included. * * Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate. •»- Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant. 7. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal. 8. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2. and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers. •»- t- Corolla more or less 2-lipped. «-«• Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved. = Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair. 9. Cuiiila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small. = = Stamens 4 ; calyx 10 - 13-nerved, and hairy in the throat (except n. 10). 10. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens exserted. II. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2- lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters. 12. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes with large colored bracts. 13. Tliymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute ; leaves very small. •H- ++ Stamens (often 2 only in n. 16) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or ascending parallel under the erect upper lip in n. 14 and 15). 14. Satureia. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. 15. Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of corolla straight. 16. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward. 17. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose. Tribe III. MONARDE^E. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel ; anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla strongly 2-lipped. 18. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower. 19. Moiiarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells con fluent into one, the connective inconspicuous. 20. Blepliilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the last. Tribe IV. NEPETE^E. Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower, ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved. * Anthers not approximate in pairs ; their cells parallel or nearly so. 21. Liophanthus. Stamens divergent, exserted ; upper pair declined, lower ascending. 22. Cedronella. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 405 # # Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate or divergent \ filaments ascending, not exserted. 23. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 5-toothed. 24. Dracocephalum. Calyx straight, the upper tooth much the larger. Tribe V. SCUTE IXARINE^. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate, closed in fruit ; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched. 25. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on ihe upper side. Tribe VI. STACHYDE^E. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair longer (except in n. 31, 32). Calyx 5-10- nerved, not 2-lipped (except in n. 26). * Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit. 26. Bruiiella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft * * Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3-5-lobed, open. 27. Physostegla. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther-cells parallel. 28. Syiiaiidra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed ! Anther-cells widely divergent. * * * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5 - 10-nerved or striate, 5 - 10-toothed. •«- Stamens included in the short corolla-tube, its upper lip merely concave. 29. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5 -10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth. •«- •«- Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla. •w Stamens not deflexed after anthesis ; naturalized from the Old World. 30. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed border. Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the corolla erect. 31. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched. 32. L«eonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets truncate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised. 83. L.amium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate. 34. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers trans- versely 2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate. ~ -M. Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis. 85. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united Into one. Nutlets rounded at top. 1. TBICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE CURLS. Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft ; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob- long, declined, nearly equal in length ; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta- mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, curved ; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1 -flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue, varying to pink, rarely white, small; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of 0p(£, hair, and o-r^/xa, stamen, from the capillary filaments.) 1. T. dichotomum, L. (BASTARD PENNYROYAL.) Viscid with rather minute pubescence ; leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled. — Sandy fields, E. Mass, to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex. 2. T. lineare, Nutt. Puberulent, more slender and less forked ; leaves linear , nearly smooth. — Conn, to La., near the coast; in sandy ground. 406 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 2. ISANTHUS, Michx. FALSE PENNYROYAL. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longei than the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spread- ing lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely ex- ceeding the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1 - 3-flowered peduncles. (Name from foos, equal, and &v6os, jiowerl referring to the almost regular corolla.) 1. I. CSertlleus, Michx. Corolla 2 -3" long, little exceeding the calyx. — Dry or sterile ground, Maine to 111., Minn., and southward. July, August. 3. TEUCRIUM, Tourn. GERMANDER. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip ; the lower lobe much larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the co- rolla ; anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) 1. T. Canadense, L. (AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE.) Per- ennial, downy, erect (1-3° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at base, short-petioled, hoary underneath, the floral scarcely longer than the ob- lique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike ; calyx canescent, the 3 upper lobes very obtuse or the middle one acutish; corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color (6" long). • — Low grounds ; not rare. July - Sept. 2. T. OCCidentale, Gray. Loosely pubescent; calyx villous with viscid hairs, the upper lobes acute or middle one acuminate ; corolla 4 - 5" long ; other- wise like the last. — A western form, from Neb. south westward, and extending eastward (Ont., and near Philadelphia). 4. AJUGA, L. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip ; the large and spreading lower lip with the middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Sta- mens as in Teucrium, but anther-cells less confluent. (From a- privative, and (vyov (Latin jugum], yoke, from the seeming absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.) A. REPTANS, L. Perennial, about 1° high, with copious creeping stolons; leaves obovate or spatulate, sometimes sinuate, the cauline sessile, the floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers. — Naturalized near Saco, Maine, Montreal, etc. (Eu., N. Asia.) 5. COLLINSONIA, L. HORSE-BALM. Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and fattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring within; the 4 upper lobes ]i early equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacer- ate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging; anther-cells divergent. — Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnaeus, who introduced it into England.) LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 407 1. C. Canadensis, L. (RICH-WEED. STONE-ROOT.) Nearly smooth (1-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3 -6' long); panicle loose; corolla 8 -9" long, lemon-scented ; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, N. Bruns- wick to Wise., south to Fla. and Mo. July - Sept. 6. PEBILLA, L. Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5-cleft ; lower lobe a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distant. — Coarse aromatic annual, with small flowers in panicled and axillary racemes. (A Greek and Latin proper name.) P. OCYMOIDES, L. Erect, branching, 2-3° high; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed ; flowers white. — About dwellings and roadsides, S. 111. (Schneck.) (Adv. from E. Asia.) 7. ME NTH A, Tourn. MINT. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous perennial herbs ; the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted epikes, produced in summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the stamens in most species. Corolla pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adventive or naturalized from Europe, with many hybrids. (Mi'j/0ij of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.) * Spikes narrow and leafless, densely crowded ; leaves sessile or nearly so. M. SYLV£STRIS, L. (HORSE MINT of Eu.) Finely pubescent or canescent ; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous above ; spikes rather slender, canescently pubescent. — Roadsides, etc., Penii. — Var. ALOPECURoloES, Baker. Leaves larger, more nearly sessile,, broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely serrate, more veiny, but not rugose ; approaching the next. — Penn. and N. J. M. ROTUNDIF6LIA, L. Soft-hairy or downy; leaves broadly elliptical to round-ovate and somewhat heart shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed ; spikes slen- der, not canescent. — Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Tex. M. VIRIDIS, L. (SPEARMINT.) Nearly smooth ; leaves oblong- or ovate-lan- ceolate, unequally serrate ; bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous. — Wet places ; in all cultivated districts. * * Flowers pedicellate, less crowded, in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in the upper axils ; leaves petioled. M. PIPER^TA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Glabrous (somewhat hairy in var. SUBHIR stiTA), very pungent-tasted; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate; spikes narrow, loose. — Along brooks, escaped everywhere. M. AQUATIC A, L. (WATER MINT.) Pubescent or smoothish; leaves ovate or round-ovate ; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and oblong head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx and usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hairy downward. — Wet places, N. Eng. to Del. ; rare. -- Var. CR^SPA., Benth., is a glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and crisped leaves. — Ditches, N. J., etc. * * # Flowers in globular whorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves, the up- permost axils not flower-bearing ; leaves more or less petioled, toothed. M. SATIVA, L. (WHORLED MINT.) Stem hairy downward ; leaves ovate sharply serrate; calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender teeth. — Waste damp places, Mass, to Penn. ; not common. Passes into the next. 408 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) M. ARVENSIS, L. (CORN MINT.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last; leaves obtusely serrate ; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader. — Moist fields, N. Eng., etc. ; rare. 1. M. Canadensis, L. (WILD MINT.) Leaves varying from ovate- oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth rather short ; hairs on the stem not conspicuously reflexed. The commoner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal. — Wet places, through the northern U. States across the continent, and northward. Var. glabrata, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former sometimes very short-petioled ; scent sweeter, as of Monarda. — Similar range. 8. LYCOPUS, Tourn. WATER HOREHOUND. Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins. — Perennial low herbs, glabrous or puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or'pinnatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers ; in sum- mer. (Name compounded of \VKOS, a wolf, and irovs,foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.) # Stoloniferous, the long filiform runners often tuberiferous ; leaves only serrate. •*- Calyx-teeth usually 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature nutlets. 1. L. Virginians, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6'- 2° high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, acu minate at both ends, short-petioled ; calyx-teeth ovate. — Shady moist places, Lab. to Fla., Mo., and northwestward across the continent. •«- •*- Calyx-teeth usually 5, very acute, longer than the nutlets. •+H- Bracts minute ; corolla twice as long as the calyx. 2. L. sessilif 61ius, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled ; leaves closely sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (1 -2/ long), sparsely sharply serrate; calyx- teeth subulate, rigid. (L. Europaeus, var. sessilif olius, Gray, Man.) — Pine barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. (Deane). 3. L. rub611us, Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled ; leaves petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acu- minate at both ends (3' long) ; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed. (L. Europaeus, var. integrifolius, Gray.) — Penn. to Minn., and southward. t-f -M. Outer bracts conspicuous ; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx. 4. L. Iticidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2-3° high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2 - 4' long), acute or acu- minate, very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so ; calyx-teeth attenuate-subulate. — Sask. and Minn, to Kan., thence west to Calif. * * Not Stoloniferous ; leaves incised or pinnatiftd. 5. L. Sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1-3° high, acutely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (l|-2' long), acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate- pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to a slender petiole ; calyx-teeth short-cuspidate ; sterile filaments slender, conspicuous, with glob- ular or spatulate tips. (L. Europaeus, var. sinuatus, Gray.) — Common. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 409 9. CUNiLA, L. DITTANY. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2 lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant ; sterile filaments short, minute. — Peren nials, with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.) ''*"". 1. C. Mariana, L. (COMMON DITTANY.) Stems tufted, corymbosety much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart- shaped at base, nearly sessile, dotted (!' long) ; cymes peduncled; calyx stri ate. — Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and Ark. 10. HYSSOPUS, Tourn. HYSSOP. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla short, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — Peren- nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.) H. OFFICINALIS, L. — Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more or less 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched ; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair rather longer ; anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs, with a pungent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves often whitened ; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn. — Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name composed of irvKvts, dense, and fodefjiov, a blossom, from the dense inflorescence.) * Bracts and equal calyx-teeth awn-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla ; flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads ; leaves rigid, slightly petioled. 1. P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1-2° high); leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate (1 -2' long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. Var. hyssopifdlium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, aearly entire and obtuse. — Va. to Fla. * * Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not awned. »- Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, very numerous ; capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely cymose, imbricated with many short appressed rigid bracts. 2. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high); feaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at base ; heads downy ; bracts ovate or lanceolate ; calyx-teeth short and triangular. — Dry thickets, Mass, to the Dakotas, south to Ga. and Ark. 410 LABI AT M. (MINT FAMILY.) 3. P. Iinif61ium, Pursh. Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less downy than in the last; the narrower bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed. — Dry ground, Mass, to Minn., south to Ma. and Tex. •*- •»- Leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile or nearly so, denticulate or entire ; head* larger and fewer, with fewer and looser bracts. 4. P. muticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming almost smooth, corymbosely much branched (1-2|° high); leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green when old ; the floral ones, short bracts, and triangular or ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a fine close down ; flower-clusters very dense. — Maine to S. 111., south to Fla. and Ark. Var. pildsum, Gray. Hoary with loose pubescence ; leaves thinner, oblong- lanceolate, mostly acute or acutish at base ; bracts and especially the narrower (often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth often villous-pubescent. (P. pilosum, Nutt.) — Ohio to Iowa, Kan., and Ark. 5. P. leptodon, Gray. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched ; leaves membranaceous, green (1^-2' long), lanceolate or oblong -lanceolate, sub- sessile ; clusters larger and looser, canescent-hirsute ; long -acuminate bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute. — S. Mo. to northwestern N. C. •*-•*-•»- Leaves linear- or oblong -lanceolate, short-petioled, not at all hoary ; flow- ers in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters ; calyx hoary-pubescent. 6. P. Torrdyi, Benth. Puberulent; stem strict and nearly simple ( 2 - 3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 2' long and 2 - 3" wide), nearly entire ; heads small ; awl-shaped calyx-teeth and mostly appressed bracts canesceut. — Dry soil, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Del. 7. P. clinopodioid.es, Gray. Pubescent; leaves broadli/ or oblong -lan- ceolate, sharply denticulate (sometimes entire) ; heads fewer and larger; bracts loose. — Dry soil, southern N. Y. to E. Penn. * * * Calyx bilabiate (3 upper teeth united], the teeth and the tips of the loose bracts not rigid ; flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes; leaves thin, mostly serrate, petioled, the uppermost more or less canescent. 8. P. Ttillia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely soft-down //, only the floral ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next ; cymes dense ; bracts much surpassing the flowers, their long awn-like points and the awn- pointed calyx-teeth bearded with long loose hairs. — S. Va. and N. C. to Tenn. and Ga. 9. P. inc&num, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed. downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whit- ened both sides ; cymes open ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more or less awn-pointed. — N. Eng. to Ont. and Ind., south to Fla. and Tex. * * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed ; heads few t large and globose (terminal and in the upper axils of the thin petioled leaves) ; bracts loose, ciliate-bearded. 10. P. mont&num, Michx. Stem (1-3° high) and ovate- or oblong- lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous ; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer- most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear ; teeth of the tubular calyx short and acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Va. and Tenn. to Ga. and Ala. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 411 12. ORIGANUM, Tourn. WILD MARJORAM. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and slightly notched, the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, composed of 6pos, a mountain, and ydvos, delight.) 0. VULGA.RE, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti- oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Eoadsides, Atlantic States. June - Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 13. THYMUS, Tourn. THYME. Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat ; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading ; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low per- ennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 6vap£s, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.) 1. B. Ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy (1 - 2° high) ; leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts ovate, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx ; corolla hairy. — Dry open places, Mass, to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan. 2. B. hirsilta, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; leaves long-petiole d, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base ; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx ;• corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. — Moist shady places, Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex. 21. LOP HA NT HITS, Benth. GIANT HYSSOP. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip nearly erect, 2- lobed, the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper pair declined, the lower and shorter pair as- cending, so that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes; in summer. (Name from \&(f>os, a crest, and &v6os, a flower) 1. L. nepetoides, Benth. Stem stout, 2£-6° high, sharply 4-angled, smooth, or nearly so ; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2 -4' long) ; spikes 2-6' long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts ; calyx- teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla. — Borders of woods, Vt. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex. 2. L. scrophularisefolius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes cent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4- 15' long) ; otherwise like the last. — Same range. 3. L. anisatus, Benth. Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. — Plains, Wise, to Minn., Neb., and westward, — Foliage with the scent of anise. 416 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 22. CEDRONELLA, Moench. Calyx, rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3- cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair shorter; anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale pur- plish flowers. (Name a diminutive of cedrus, the cedar-tree, from the aro- matic leaves of C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) 1. C. COrdata, Benth Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few- flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (!•$•' (ong) ; stamens shorter than the upper lip. — Moist shady banks, W. Penn. to Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn. 23. NEPETA, L. CAT-MINT. Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta- mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter ; anthers ap- proximate in pairs, the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.) § 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes ; upper floral leaves small and bract-like. N. CAT\RIA, L. (CATNIP.) Downy, erect, branched ; leaves heart-shaped, 'oHong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dotted with purple. — Near dwellings; a very common weed. July -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. GLECHOMA. Leaves all alike ; the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered. N. GLECHOMA, Benth. (GROUND IVY. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND.) Creep- ing and trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. — Damp or shady places, common. (Nat. from Eu.) 24. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. DRAGON-HEAD. Calyx tubular, 13- 15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter . anthers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many -flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts (Name from SpdKuv, a dragon, and /ce0aX^, head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the original species.) 1. D. parvifldrum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8- 20' high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded in a terminal head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small slender corolla. — Kocky or gravelly soil, northern N. Y. to Iowa and Minn., and westward. 25. SCITTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP. Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the np per with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 417 (the upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usu- ally falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched, the lat- eral lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of the lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. — Bitter perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1 -flowered, often 1 -sided, axillary or spiked or racemed; in summer. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the appendage to the fruiting calyx.) § 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase. * Flowers small (3" long), in axillary and sometimes terminal l-sided racemes. 1. S. laterifldra, L. (MAD-DOG SKULLCAP.) Smooth; stem upright, much branched (1 -2° high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petioled (2-3' long), the lower floral ones similar ; flowers blue, rarely white. — Wet shaded places, common. * # Flowers larger (6-12" long) in terminal single or panicled racemes, the floral leaves gradually reduced to bracts. •*- Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed , slender-petioled ; lateral lobes of the corolla almost equalling the short upper lip. 2. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, etc., partly viscid-glandular ; stem mostly erect (1 -3° high) ; leaves ovate or round- ovate, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; racemes mostly simple ; corolla bright blue with lower side and lip whitish. — Banks of streams, Penn. to Wise., Minn., and southward. — Var. M!NOR, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved ; floral leaves small. — Mountains of Va., etc. 3. S. saxatilis, Eiddell. Glabrous or slightly hairy ; stem weak, ascend- ing (6 - 1 8' long), often producing runners, branched ; leaves ovate or ovate- oblong (1 - 2' long), thin, obtuse ; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small, entire ; raceme simple, loose. — Moist shaded banks, Del. to Ohio, south in the moun- tains to Va. and Tenn. •«- H- Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate (or nearly entire in n. 7), only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or less petioled ; lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip. 4. S. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous ; stem rather simple (1-3° high), with single loosely flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy; corolla V long, narrow, its lips equal in length. — Woods, Penn. to 111. and N. C. 5. S. canescens, Nutt. Stem branched above (2-4° high), with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance-ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lan- ceolate ; corolla 8 - 9" long. — Elver-banks, Ont. and Penn. to the mountains of N. C. and N. Ala., west to Kan. and Ark. 6. S. pi!6sa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs ; stem nearly simple (1 - 3° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse varvinp" to 418 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at base and long-petioletf, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes short, often branched ; corolla 6" long, rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter. — Dry or sterile ground, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. Var. hirstlta, Gray, is a large form (sometimes 3° high), more hirsute, with larger very coarsely crenate leaves (2 -3' long). — Richer soil, Ky. Var. ovalif 61ia, Benth., is a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower less veiny leaves. — N. J. to Va. 7. S. integrif61ia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stem commonly simple (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong -Lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled ; corolla V long, much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length. — Dry ground, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex. * * * flowers solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which re- semble the lower ones but are occasionally reduced. 8. S. "Wrlghtii, Gray. Firm and woody at base, not stoloniferous nor tuberiferous, low, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-puberulent, very leafy ; leaves ovate or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile (•£' long), the upper floral shorter than the flowers; corolla pubescent ($' long), usually violet. — Kan. to Tex. 9. S. parvula, Michx. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons moniliform- tuberiferous ; minutely downy, dwarf (3 - 6' high), branched and spreading ; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, the lowest round-ovate, the others ovate or lance-ovate, slightly heart-shaped (6 - 8" long) ; corolla 2 - 4" long. — Sandy banks, W. New Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. — Var. MOLLIS, Gray, is more spreading, softly pubescent throughout, with larger less firm leaves. — Sandy banks, S. 111. to Kan. 10. S. galericulata, L. Herbaceous ; subterranean stolons not tuberif- erous; smooth or a little downy, erect (1-2° high), simple; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base (1-2' long) ; corolla violet-blue, 8 - 9" long, with slender tube, the large lower lip nearly erect. — Wet shady places ; common especially northward. (Eu.) § 2. Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender base. 11. S. nerv6sa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender, 10-20' Jiigh ; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped (!' long), the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; nerve-like veins prominent be- neath ; corolla bluish, 4" long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one — Moist thickets, N. Y. to Ind., south to Va. and Mo. 26. BRUNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flat- tened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla as- cending, slightly contracted at the throat and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexed- spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the middle one rounded, concave, denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther ; anthers approximate in pairs, LABIATES. (MINT FAMILY.) 419 their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flow- ered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membra- naceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.) 1. B. vulgaris, L. (COMMON SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL.) Leaves ovate- oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish ; corolla (violet or flesh- color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx,. — Woods and fields, Newf. to Fla., westward across the continent. June -Sept. (Eu.) 27. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell- shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel- form, with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, nearly entire ; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; anthers approximate ; the cells parallel. — Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from 6os, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.) S. ANNUUS, L. Much branched, spreading (3 - 5' high) ; flowers sessile in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. — Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) ORDER 86. AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY ) Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the next family, but the flowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored, commonly 3 in number ; the 1-celled ovary in our genera 1-ovuled. (The greater part of the order tropical.) * Anthers 2-celled ; flowers unisexual ; leaves alternate. 1. Amarantus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit. 2. Acnida. Flowers dio3cious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers. * * Anthers 1-celled; flowers perfect; leaves opposite. 3. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate. 4. Frcelichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate. 1. AMARANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate ; anthers 2- celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes burst- ing irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Annual weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late summer and autumn. ('Apdpavros, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Ama- rantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Amaranthus.) § 1 . Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid ; flowers polygamous. * Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes ; stem erect (1-6° high)} leaves long-petioled ; stamens and sepals 5. •*— RED AMARANTHS. Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple. A. HYPOCHONDRIAC us, L. Glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one 19 428 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) elongated and interrupted; bracts long-awned ; fruit 2-3-clefl at the apext longer than the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous about gardens. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) A. PANIC ULATUS, L. Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate- lanceolate ; spikes numerous and slender, panided, erect or spreading ; bracts awn-pointed ; flowers small, green tinged with red, or sometimes crimson \fruit 2 - 3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) •»- •*- GREEN AMARANTHS, PIGWEED. Flowers green, rarely a little reddish. A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent ; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; the thick spikes crowded in a stiff or glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals. — Cultivated grounds, common ; indigenous southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) A. CHLOROSTACHYS, Willd. Very similar, but smoother and deeper green, with more slender, linear-cylindric, more or less flexuous spikes, the lateral ones spreading or divaricate, and the sepals more frequently acute or acuminate. (A. retroflexus, var. chlorostachys, Gray.) — Cultivated grounds; apparently also indigenous southwestward. — Var. HYBRIDUS, Watson, is similar, but smooth and still more loosely panicled. (A. retroflexus, var. hybridus, Gray.) (Adv. from Trop. Amer.) * # Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters ; stems low, spreading or ascending ; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2. 1. A. albus, L. (TUMBLE WEED.) Smooth, pale green ; stems whitish, erect or ascending, diffusely branched ; leaves small, obovate and spatulate- oblong, very obtuse or retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals acuminate, half the length of the rugose fruit, much shorter than the subulate rigid pungently pointed bracts ; seed small, J" broad. — Waste grounds, common. 2. A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent; spikelets usually contracted; bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate; sepals obtuse or acute; fruit not rugose; seed about 1" broad. — From Minn, to Mo. and Tex., and westward, and introduced eastward as far as western N. Y. A. BL^TUM, L., resembles the last, but is usually erect, with shorter and more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum. — Near N. Y. City and Boston. (Adv. from Eu.) § 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile ; flowers monoecious. A. SPiN6sus, L. (THORNY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched ; stem reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines in their axils ; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes ; the fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers yellowish-green, small. — Waste grounds, N. Y. to E. Kan., and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) § 3. EtlXOLUS. Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregularly ; no spines ; bracts inconspicuous. 3. A. ptimilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and obovate, emarginate, strongly nerved ; flower-clusters small and axillary ; stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit. — Sandy beaches, R. I. to Va. A. CRfspcs, Braun. Very slender, procumbent, pubescent; leaves small, light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin crisped and undu- late; flowers in small axillary clusters ; bracts and sepals scarious, oblanceo- late, acute or obtuse ; utricle about as long, roughened, not nerved nor angled. (A. viridis, Man.) — Streets of Albany, New York City and Brooklyn; doubt- less introduced, but the native habitat unknown. AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 429 2. ACNIDA, Mitch. WATER-HEMP. Characters of Amarantus, except that the flowers are completely dioecious and the pistillate ones without calyx. Bracts 1-3, unequal. Staminate calyx of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts ; stamens 5, the anther-cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2-5, often long and plu- mose-hispid. Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membran- ous utricle dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3 - 5-angled. (Name from a- privative, and wiSy, a nettle.) § 1. ACNIDA proper. Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp. 1. A. cannabina, L. Usually stout, 2-6° high or more, glabrous; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled ; sepals of sterile flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish ; bracts usually thin and lax, much shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer; fruit about \" long, obovate, the pericarp rather thin, more or less rugosely angled ; seed somewhat turgid, not angled, usually less than 1" long, shining. — Salt or brackish marshes, coast of N. Eng. to Fla. 2. A. rusoc£rpa, Michx. Very similar; fruit larger, l|-2" long, the pericarp thicker, and the larger seed flattened with thick margins, usually thickest on the cotyledonar side. — N. Y. (?) and Penn. to S. Car. ; apparently much less common than the last, though it is often difficult to positively dis- tinguish the species from the immature fruit. § 2. MONTlSLIA. Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usu- ally roughened ; not salt-marsh plants. 3. A. tuberculata, Moq. Tall and erect, or sometimes low and decum- bent ; leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish or sometimes obtuse ; sepals of sterile flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; pistillate flowers closely clustered in more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate) ; bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the fruit ' utricle about -J" long; seed shining, j~£" in diameter. (Montelia tamaris- cina, Gray, in part.) — Ohio to S. Dak., Mo., Ala., and La. Var. subntlda, Watson. Erect or often prostrate, the lower clusters at least of pistillate flowers more or less cymose and often in globose heads ; bracts thinner, narrow and lax, shorter than the fruit. (M. tamariscina, var. concate- nata, Gray, in part.) — W. Vt. (Oakes) ; Ont. to Minn., and southward. Often appearing quite distinct from the type, but intermediate forms are not rare. .1 3. I BE SINE, P.Browne. Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta- mens mostly 5 ; filaments slender, united into a short cup at base ; anthers 1 -celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked and branching panicles ; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence the name, from elpecric&vr), a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool). 1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (2-4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles very slender, often broad and diffuse, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer than the 430 AMARAtfTACE^fc. (^AMARANTti broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base. — Dry banks, Ohio to Kan., and far southward. Sept. 4. FRCELICHIA, Moench. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5- crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehis- cent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1 -celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for ,/. A. Froelich, a German botanist of the last century.) 1. F. Florid£na, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1-3° high); leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an in- terrupted spike ; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings ir- regularly toothed. — Dry sandy places, S. Minn, to 111., Col., Tex., and Fla. 2. F. gracilis, Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes. — Col. to Tex., and is reported from Kansas. ORDER 87. CHENOPODIACEJE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alter- nate leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base; the 1-celled ovary becoming a l-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduph- cate, or spiral. — Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants ; several are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.) * Embryo coiled into a ring about usually copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny. Stem not jointed. •*- Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled ; calyx obvious, persistent. Seed-coa crustaceous. 1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membrana- ceous wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed. 2. Kochia. Like n. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire. 3. Chenopodium. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit. 4. Koubieva. Calyx 3-5-toothed, becoming saccate. Leaves pinnatifid. +- +- Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked ; the pistil- late without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts 5. Atrlplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricatt, +- -4- -t- Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves. 6. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear. * * Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed ; leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect. 7. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like. * * * Embryo coiled into a spiral ; albumen mostly none. Leaves fleshy, alternate. 8. Siuecla. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent. 9. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent. CHENOPODIACE.E. (OOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 431 1. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED. Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3 (rarely 2). Seed horizontal, flat; coats crustaceous. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in open panicles. (Name composed of KVK\OS, a circle, and Aefyto, a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx.) 1. C. platyph^llum, Moquin. — Diffuse (6-15' high), more or less arachnoid-pubescent or glabrate, light green or often deep purple. — Sandy soil, Minn, to W. 111., S. Ind., Ark., and westward across the plains. 2. KOCHIA, Roth. Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and the albumen wanting. — Annuals or suffruticose perennials, with flat or more usually linear and terete leaves. (Named for W: D. J. Koch, a German botanist.) K. SCOP\RIA, Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching ; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear ; flowers in small axillary clusters, ses- sile, each sepal developing a thick wing. — Sparingly introduced ; Vt., Ont., and 111. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. CHENOPODIUM, Tourn. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED. Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or lobed, un- changed in fruit or becoming succulent and berry-like, more or less enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 ; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular ; the coat crustaceous; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from x^> a goose, and irovs,foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are mostly annuals, flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places. § 1. Annual, more or less mealy, not glandular nor aromatic ; fruiting calyx dry ; seed horizontal ; embryo a complete ring. * Pericarp very easily separated from the seed ; leaves entire or rarely sinuate- dentate. 1. C. Bosciamim, Moq. Erect, slender (2° high), loosely branched, often nearly glabrous ; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate (\ -2' long), attenuate into a slender petiole, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or often all entire ; flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets ; calyx not strongly carinate. (C. album, var. Boscianum, Gray, Manual.) — N. Y. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex. 2. C. leptophyllum, Nutt. Densely mealy or rarely nearly glabrous (i~H° high), simple or branched, often strict; leaves linear (-£-!' long), entire, rather shortly petioled ; flowers closely clustered, in dense or interrupted spikelets ; cali/x-lohes strongly carinate. — Sea-coast, Conn, to N. J., north shore of L. Erie, and from S. Dak. to Col., N. Mex., and westward. 432 CHENOPODIACE.E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) * * Pericarp persistent upon the smooth seed ; leaves more or less sinuate-den- tate (except in C. polyspermum). C. POLYSPERMUM, L. Low, often spreading, green and wholly destitute of mealiness ; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles ; flowers very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the fruit ; seed obtuse-edged. — Sparingly naturalized in the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.) C. ALBUM, L. (LAMB'S-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Erect (1-4° high), more or less mealy ; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the uppermost even linear, acute, all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed ; clusters spiked-pan icled, mostly dense ; calyx (f " wide in fruit) with strongly carinate lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed. — Introduced everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.) — Var. V^RIDE, Moq., more common eastward, is less mealy and with less dense inflorescence. C. tiRBicuM, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness, with erect branches (1-3° high); leaves triangular, acute, coarsely and sharply many-toothed; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle; calyx-lobes not keeled; seed with rounded margins. — Apparently throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.) C. MORALE, L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched (1-2° high); leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin, bright green ; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ; seed sharp-edged. — From N. Eng. to Mich, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. C. h^bridum, L. (MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Bright green throughout; stem widely much branched (2-4° high); leaves thin (2-6' long), somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the angles extending into a few large and pointed teeth ; racemes diffusely and loosely panicled, leafless ; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled. — Indigenous from western N. Y. and Ky., westward across the continent ; introduced eastward. § 2. Annual or perennial herbs, somewhat mealy, not glandular-pubescent ; fruiting calyx dry; seed large, subglobose, vertical, exserted ; embryo a complete ring. C. GLAticuM, L. (OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.) Low (5-12' high), spread- ing, glaucous-mealy; leaves sinuately pinnatijid-toothed , oblong, obtuse, pale green above; clusters in axillary spikes, small; seed sharp-edged. — Through- out our range and westward. (Nat. from Eu.) C. BONUS-HENR!CUS, L. (GOOD-KING-HENRY.) Stout, erect (1 -2° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly triangular-hastate (2-3' long), obtuse or acute, subsinuate or entire ; flowers somewhat densely paniculately spiked ; seed with obtuse edges. (Blitum Bonus-Henricus, Reichenb.) — Sparingly introduced. (Adv. from Eu.) §3. Annual , glabrous ; calyx more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored, en- closing the utricle ; seed mostly vertical ; embryo a complete ring ; flowers in crowded clusters, axillary or in spikes. 4. C. rubrum, L. (COAST BLITE.) Stem angled, much branched; leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear-lanceolate ; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes ; calyx-lobes 2-4, rather fleshy ; stamens 1 - 2 ; seed shining, the margin acute. (Blitum mariti- mum, Nutt.) — Sea-coast of Northern States, and in saline places to Minn. (Eu.) 5. C. capitatum, Watson. (STRAWBERRY BLITE.) Stem ascending, branching ; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed ; CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEPOOT FAMILY.) 433 clusters simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless ; stamens 1 - 5 ; calyx berry-like in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow margin. (Blitum capitatum, L.) — Dry rich ground, along the Great Lakes, northward and westward. The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters look like strawberries. (Eu.) § 4. Annual, not mealy, but more or less glandular-pubescent, aromatic ; calyx 2-3-parted, dry in fruit; seed often vertical ; embryo not a complete ring. C. B6TRY8, L. (JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERANIUM.) Glandular- pubescent and viscid ; leaves slender-petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pinnat- ifid ; racemes cymose-diverging , loose, leafless ; fruit not perfectly enclosed. — Widely introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) C. AMBROSIOIDES, L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Smoothish ; leaves slightly peti- oled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper tapering to both ends; spikes densely flowered, leafy, QY intermixed with leaves; fruit perfectly enclosed in the calyx. — Waste places, common throughout our range, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) Var. ANTHELMfNTicuM, Gray. (WORMSEED.) Leaves more strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid ; spikes more elon- gated, mostly leafless. — From Long Island and southward, west to Wise, and Tex. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.) 4. BOUBIEVA, Moquin. Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2 - 3 together in the axils. Calyx urceolate, 3 - 5-toothed, becoming enlarged and saccate, contracted at the apex and enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5, included ; styles 3, exserted. Fruit membranaceous, compressed, glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo annular. — Perennial glandular herb, with alternate pinnatifid leaves. B. MULT* FIDA, Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy ; leaves lanceolate to linear (£- 1$' long), deeply pinnatifid with narrow lobes ; fruiting calyx obovate. (Chenopodium multifidum, L.) — Sparingly introduced in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from S. Amer.) 5. ATKIPLEX, Tourn. ORACHB. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the staminate like the flowers of Cheno- podium, but sterile by the abortion of the pistil ; the fertile consisting simply of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous bracts, which are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. In one section, including the Garden Orache, there are some fertile flowers with a calyx, like the staminate, but without stamens, and with horizontal seeds. — Herbs (ours annuals) usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with spiked-clustered flowers; in summer and autumn. (The ancient Latin name, a corruption of the Greek, drpd0a|ts.) A. R6SEUM, L. Hoary-mealy ; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile, rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely sinuate-toothed ; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils ; fruiting bracts broad, often cut- toothed and warty. — Sparingly introduced at the east. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. A. p£tulum, L. Erect or prostrate (1-4° high), dark green and glabrous or somewhat scurfy; leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate (1 -4' long), the lower sometimes opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-dentate, petioled, the upper lanceolate to linear ; flowers clustered in rather slender spikes, the two kinds together or separate ; fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic- hastate, entire or toothed, often muricate on the back, united to near the 434 CHENOPODIACE.E. (OOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) middle. — Very variable. The typical form scarcely occurs except as natu- ralized from Europe. — Var. HASTATUM, Gray. Erect or spreading, stout, at least the lower leaves broadly triangular-hastate, often coarsely and irregu- larly toothed. Salt and brackish places, on the coast from Can. to Va., along the Great Lakes, and far westward. — Var. LITTORALE, Gray. Slender ; leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, rarely subhastate or toothed. Canada to N. J., and westward along the Great Lakes. — Var. SUBSPICATUM, Watson. A low erect and often simple form (3- 12' high), usually quite scurfy; leaves lanceolate-hastate (£- V long). Minn, to central Kan., and westward. 2. A. arenarium, Nutt. Silvery-mealy, diffusely spreading ; leaves ob- long, narrowed at base, nearly sessile ; fruiting bracts broadly wedge-shaped, united, 3-nerved, 2 - 5-toothed at the summit, and usually strongly muricate and reticulate on the sides. — Sandy beaches, along the coast, Mass, to Fla. 3. A. argenteum, Nutt. Usually low, much branched, gray-scurfy, leafy ; leaves deltoid or subrhombic, often subhastate ; staminate flowers in terminal spikes; fruiting bracts round-rhombic, indurated, united, the free margins more or less dilated and deeply toothed, the sides variously appen- daged. — Red River Valley, Minn., south and westward. 6. CORISPERMUM, A. Juss. BUG-SEED. Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves reduced to bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a caryopsis, i. e. the thin pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a central albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear al- ternate 1-nerved leaves. (Name formed of icopis, a bug, and (nr^p^a, seed.) 1. C. hyssopif61ium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, scarious-margined ; fruit wing-margitied. — Sandy beaches along the Great Lakes, central Neb., Tex., and westward. — Leaves usually pungent. 7. SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE. Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at base. Seed vertical, without albumen. Embryo thick, the cotyle- dons incumbent upon the radicle. — Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn ; saline plants with horn-like branches.) 1. S. mucronata, Bigel. Annual, erect, stout, naked below (2-12' high), turning red in age; spikes thick, closely jointed ; scales mucronate-pointed am' jnnspicuous, especially when dry; middle flower half higher than the lateral ones or less, occupying nearly the whole length of the joint ; fruit pubescent ; seed £-•£" long. (S. Virginica, Gray, Manual; not L.) — Sea-coast from N. Scotia to Va. PHYTOLACCACE.E. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 436 2. S. herbacea, L. Annual, erect or at length spreading (6-18' high), green; scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the longer joints of the stem or elongated narrower spikes; middle flower much higher than the lateral ones, slightly shorter than the joint; fruit pubescent; seed f-1" long. — Salt marshes of the coast and in- terior salt springs, and alkaline localities. 3. S. ambigua, Michx. Numerous tufted stems (3-12' long) decum- bent or ascending from a hard and rather woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored; spikes slender, short-jointed, the scales short, ncutish or acute ; flowers nearly equal in height and equalling the joint ; seed pubescent, %" long. (S. fruticosa, var. ambigua, Gray, Manual.) — Sea-coast, Mass, to Fla. and Tex. 8. SUJEDA, Forskal. SEA ELITE. Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, enclosing the fruit (utricle) and often carinate or crested. Stamens 5. Stig- mas 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into two portions. — Fleshy saline plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.) 1. S. linearis, Moq. Annual, prostrate or usually erect, 1-2° high, branched; leaves narrow at base, -£-2' long, acute; floral bracts acuminate, on slender branchlets ; sepals very thick ; anthers exserted ; seed horizontal, round-oval, black, •£" broad. (S. maritima, Gray; not Dumort.) — Sea-coast, N. Scotia to Fla. — A doubtful form of E. Mass, has the bracts and shorter leaves obtuse, larger flowers on less slender branchlets, and reddish seeds nearly 1" broad. 2. S. depressa, Watson. Annual, decumbent or erect, branching from the base ; leaves broadest at base, the cauline 3 - 12" long, the floral lanceolate to ovate ; one or more of the calyx-lobes very strongly carinate or crested. — Saline soil, Red River Valley, Minn., to Col., and westward. 9. SALS OLA, L. SALTWORT. Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo, which is coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate). — Herbs or slightly shrubby brandling plants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and sessile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of salsus, salty.) 1. S. Kali, L. (COMMON SALTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching, bushy, rough or smoothish ; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, pricky-pointed ; flowers single ; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. — Sandy sea-shore, N. Eng. to Ga. Aug. (Eu.) ORDER 88. PHYTOLACCACEJE. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general characters of Chenopodiaceae, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit. 436 JPHYTOLACCACE.E. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. POKBWEED. Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5 - 12 carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed-globose 5-12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial herbs, with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and opposite the leaves. (Name compounded of (f>vr6y, plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.) 1. P. dec&ndra, L. (COMMON POKE or SCOKE. GARGET. PIGEON- BERRY.) Stamens and styles 10. — Low grounds. July -Sept. — A smooth plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poison OUB root, often 4 - 6' in diameter, sending up stout stalks at length 6-9° high ; calyx white ; ovary green ; berries in long racemes, dark-purple and filled with crimson juice, ripe in autumn. ORDER 89. POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ocreae, these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem ; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Fruit usually an achene, compressed or 3-4-angled or -winged. Em- bryo curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3 - 6-clef t calyx. (Juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) # Flowers involucrate ; stamens 9 ; stipules none. 1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-cleft. * * Flowers without involucre ; stamens 4 to 8. •*- Stipular sheaths manifest ; ovule erect from the base of the cell. •H- Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniform. 3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled. ** -^ Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit. Achene triangular or lenticular. 4. Polygonum. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Pedicels mostly fascicled. 5. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited. 6. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. Leaves jointed at base. -»- •«- Stipules obsolete; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk. 7. Brunnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel Tendril climber. 1. ERIOGONUM, Michx. Flowers perfect, involucrate ; involucre 4 - 8-toothed or lobed, usually many- flowered ; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Sta- mens 9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate. Achene POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 437 triangular. Embryo straight and axile, with foliaceous cotyledons. — Annu- als or perennials, with radical or alternate or whorled entire leaves, without stipules. (Name from epiov, wool, and yovv, knee.) 1. E. annuum, Nutt. Annual, erect, leafy, naked above, 2° high, white- floccose-tomentose throughout ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, short-petiolate, flat ; bracts small, triangular ; involucres numerous in terminal cymes, turbinate, shortly pedicelled, 1 - 1 J" long, very tomentose ; flowers white, the outer sepals oblong-obovate, I" long or less. — Central Kan. to Col., and southward. 2. OXYRIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL. Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the outer smaller and spreading, the inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, sessile, tufted. Achene lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, surrounded by a broad veiny wing. Seed flattened contrary to the wing. Embryo straight, in the centre of the albumen, slender. — Low alpine perennial, with round- kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from o£vs, sour, in allusion to the acid leaves.) 1. O. digyna, Hill. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched at the end ; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of the White Mts., and far north and westward. (Eu.) 3. RUM EX, L. DOCK. SORREL. Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spread- Ing in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering (in fruit called valves) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name ; of unknown etymology.) § 1. LAPATHUM. (DocK.) Flowers perfect or monceciously polygamous; herbage not sour or scarcely so ; none of the leaves halberd-shaped. (Flower- ing through the summer.) * Perennials, 1-7° high, mostly with fusiform roots; valves not bearing bristles. •»- Valves (large, 3" broad or more, thin) all naked or one with a small grain. R. PATIENTIA, L. (PATIENCE DOCK.) A very tall species, with ovate- oblong and lanceolate leaves (broadest above the base), those from the root 2- 3° long, and one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves (3" broad) bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened at base. — N. Eng. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. R. vendsus, Pursh. Stems from running rootstocks, erect (1° high or less), with conspicuous dilated stipules; leaves on short but rather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate (3-6' long), acute or acuminate, only the lowest obtuse at base ; panicle nearly sessile, short, dense in fruit ; valves entire, glandless, broadly cordate with a deep sinus, 9 - 12" in diameter, bright rote-color. — Sask. to central Mo. and Kan., and westward. 438 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) •*- Valves smaller, one or more of them conspicuously grain-bearing. ^Indigenous; leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lowest ofn. 5. 2. R. Britannica, L. (GREAT WATER-DOCK.) Tall and stout (5 - 6° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both-ends, transversely veined, and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, including the petiole, 1-2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate at base) ; racemes upright in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded ; pedicels capillary, nod ding, about twice the length of the fruiting calyx ; the valves orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at base, finely reticulated, entire or repand-denticulate (2-3" broad), all grain-bearing. (R. orbiculatus, Gray.) — Wet places, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Minn, and Kan. 3. R. altissimus, Wood. (PALE DOCK.) Rather tall (2-6° high); leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thickish, obscurely veiny (the cau- line 3 - 6' long, contracted at base into a short petiole) ; racemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless; whorls crowded; pedicels nodding, shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or acutish, entire, loosely reticulated (about 2" broad), one with a conspicuous grain, the others with a thickened midrib or naked. (R. Britannica, Gray ; not L.) — Moist grounds, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn, and Kan. 4. R. salicifdlius, Weinmann. (WHITE DOCK.) Rather low (1-3° high) ; root white ; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong ; whorls much crowded ; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx ; valves deltoid-ovate, obtusish or acutish (about l£" long), one, two or sometimes all with a conspicuous often very large grain ; otherwise nearly as n. 3. — Salt marshes, from Newf. to N. Eng., about the Great Lakes, and far westward. 5 R. verticillatus, L. (SWAMP DOCK.) Rather tall (3-5° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the lowest often heart-shaped at base ; racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose, the whorls crowded or the lower ones distant ; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club- shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx ; valves dilated- rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain. — Wet swamps, common. t-f •*-«• Naturalized European weeds ; lower leaves mostly heart-shaped at base. R. CRlspus, L. (CURLED DOCK.) Smooth (3-4° high); leaves with strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at base ; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above ; voices round -heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all grain- bearing. — In cultivated and waste ground, very common. A hybrid of this with the next is reported from Mass., N. Y., and Md. * R. OBTUSIF6LIUS, L. (BITTER DOCK.) Stem roughish; lowest leaves ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins beneath, somewhat wavy- margined, the upper oblong -lanceolate, acute ; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate-halberd-shaped, with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at base, strongly reticu- lated, one of them principally grain-bearing. — Fields, etc., common. " R. SANGirfNEUS, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, often fiddle-shaped, wavy- margined ; whorls distant, in long slender leafless spikes ; pedicels very short, jointed at base ; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the leaf red, or green. — Waste and cultivated ground. R. CONGLOMERATUS, Murray. (SMALLER GREEN DOCK.) Like the last, but leaves not fiddle-shaped, and panicle leafy ; pedicels short, jointed below the middle ; valves acutish, all grain-bearing. — Moist places, POLYGONACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 439 * # Annuals, low ; valves bearing long awns or bristles. 6. R. maritimus, L. (GOLDEN DOCK.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely branched, 6-12' high; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. — Sea-shore, Mass, to N. C. ; also from 111. to Minn., and westward. § 2. ACET6SA. ( SORREL.) Flowers dioecious, small, in a terminal naked panicle; herbage sour; some leaves halberd-shaped; smooth perennials, spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring. 7. R. hast£tulus, Baldw. Stem simple, 1 - 2° high ; leaves nearly as in the next; pedicels jointed at or below the middle; valves of the fruiting calyx round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, naked, many times larger than the achene. (R. Engelmanni, Ledeb.) — S. W. 111. to E. Kan., Tex., and Fla.; Riverhead, Long Island (Young). R. ACETOSELLA, L. (FIELD or SHEEP SORREL.) Low (6 - 1 2' high); leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire; pedicels jointed with the flower ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, ovate, naked. — Abundant everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.) R. AcEx6sA, L. (SORREL DOCK.) Like the last, but taller (1-3° high) ; leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate ; valves enlarging in fruit and orbicular, the outer reflexed. — Charlotte, Vt., and Penn Yan, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. POLYGONUM, Tourn. KNOTWEED. Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, with- ering or persistent. Stamens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3 ; achene accord- ingly lenticular or 3-angular. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside of the albumen and curved half-way around it ; the radicle and usually the co- tyledons slender. — Pedicels jointed. Ours all herbaceous, with fibrous roots (except n. 19), flowering through late summer and early autumn. (Name composed of TTO\VS, many, and yovv, knee, from the numerous joints.) §1. POLYGONUM proper. Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate with foliaceous bracts ; leaves and bracts jointed upon a very short petiole adnate to the short sheath of the 2-lobed or lacerate scarious stipules ; stems striate ; calyx 5 - ^-parted, usually more or less herbaceous ; stamens 3-8, the 3 inner filaments broad at base ; styles 3 ; cotyledons incumbent ; albumen horny ; glabrous annuals, except n. 1. (§ Avicularia, Meisn.) * Leafy throughout. 1. P. maritimuni, L. Perennial, at length woody at base (or sometimes annual), prostrate, glaucous, the stout stems very shortly jointed; leaves thick, oval to linear-oblong (3-10" long), exceeding the nodes; stipules very con- spicuous ; sepals petaloid ; stamens 8 ; achene smooth and shining, exserted. — Sea-coast from Mass, to Ga. (Eu.) 2. P. aviculare, L. Slender, mostly prostrate or ascending, bluish-green ; leaves oblong to lanceolate (3-10" long), usually acute or acutish ; sepals hardly Y' long, green with pinkish margins ; stamens 8 (rarely 5) ; achene dull and minutely granular, mostly included. — Common everywhere in yards, waste places, etc, (Eu.., Asia.) 440 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 3. P. er6ctum, L. Stouter, erect or ascending (1 -2° high), yellowish -t leaTes oblong or oval (1-2^ long), usually obtuse; flowers mostly l£" long, often yellowish, on more or less exserted pedicels ; stamens 5 - 6 ; achene dull, included. (P. aviculare, var. erectum, Roth.) — Common, by waysides, etc. # # Leaves much reduced above and bract-like. 4. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Erect or ascending (2-4° high), yel- lowish-green; leaves lanceolate to linear (1-2-J' long), acute; flowers and achene as in n. 3, but sepals more frequently 6, the stamens 3-6, and the achene mostly smooth and shining. — Sandy shores and banks of streams, E. Mass, to N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., Tex., and far westward. 5. P. t6mie, Michx. Stem angled, erect (£-li° high), glabrous, or slightly scabrous at the nodes; leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate (1-2' long), 3-nerved, acute at each end and often cuspidate, the margins somewhat scabrous and at length revolute ; flowers often solitary, nearly sessile ; stamens 8 ; achene included, dull black. — Dry soil, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., and Tex. 6. P. campbrum, Meisn. Stem terete, erect or ascending (2-3° high), glabrous ; leaves deciduous, linear to oblong, usually short ; pedicels slender, exserted from the scarious sheaths ; stamens 8. — E. Kan. to Tex. § 2. PERSICARIA. Flowers in dense spikes, with small scarious bracts ; leaves not jointed on the petiole ; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, entire, naked or ciliate-J ringed or margined; calyx colored, 5-parted, oppressed to the fruit; stamens 4-8; filaments filiform; cotyledons accumbent. * Sheaths and bracts not ciliate or fringed; sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft. 7. P. Iapathif61ium, L. Annual, branching, 1 -4° high, glabrous or the peduncles often minutely glandular ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate upward from near the cuneate base and acuminate, somewhat scabrous with short ap- pressed hairs on the midrib and margin, or rarely floccose-tomentose beneath ; sheaths and bracts rarely somewhat ciliolate •, spikes oblong to linear (£-2' long), dense, erect or nearly so ; flowers white or pale rose-color ; stamens 6 ; achene ovate, rarely I" broad. (P. nodosum, Pers. P. incarnatum, Man., in part.) — Wet places ; N. Eng. and Can. to 111., Wise., and far westward. Very variable. (Eu.) Var. incarnatum, Watson. Leaves often large (6-12' long, 1 - 3' wide) ; spikes more slender and elongated (2-4' long), nodding. (P. incarnatum, Ell.) — Penn. to HI., Mo., and southward. Var. incanum, Koch. Low (6-12' high); leaves small, obtusish, more or less hoary beneath with floccose tomentum ; spikes short. — Cayuga Lake, N. Y., Ont., shores of L. Superior, and northwestward (Eu.) 8. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. A similar species, but the branches abort and especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands ; flowers larger and often bright rose-color, in short erect spikes, often on exserted pedicels ; stamens usually 8; achene nearly orbicular, over 1" broad. — Moist soil, in open waste places, common. 9. P. amphibium, L. Perennial, aquatic or rooting in the mud, stout and glabrous or nearly so, not branching above the rooting base ; leaves usu- ally floating, thick, smooth and shining above, mostly long-petioled, elliptical POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 441 to oblong or sometimes lanceolate, acutish, cuneate or cordate at base (2-5' long) ; spike terminal, dense, ovate or oblong (-£- V long) ; flowers bright rftse- color (1^-3" long) ; the 5 stamens and 2-cleft style exserted. — Widely distrib- uted and rather common. (Eu., Asia.) 10. P. Muhlenb^rgii, Watson. Perennial, in muddy or dry places, Decumbent or suberect, scabrous with short appressed or glandular hairs ; leaves thinner, rather broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate (4 - 7' long) ; spikes more elongated (1-3' long), often in pairs; flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. (P. amphibium, var. terrestre, Gray, Manual; not Leers.) — N. Eng. to Fla., westward across the continent. * * Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths foliaceously margined. •*- Sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft; achene somewhat flattened. 11. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Perennial, very closely allied to n. 9, growing usually in mud, the ascending stems rooting at base and very leafy, more or less rough-hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts, the former ciliate and often with abruptly spreading foliaceous borders ; leaves rather narrow (2 - T long), on very short petioles ; flowers and fruit as in n. 9. — N. Eng. and N. Y., to Minn., Iowa, and far westward. When growing in water the floating leaves are thicker and glabrous. 12. P. Careyi, Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (3-5° hig/^and pedun- cles glandular-bristly ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate to both ends, rough- ish ; sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined ; spikes slender, loose and nodding ; flowers purplish ; stamens mostly 5. — Shady swamps, S. Maine and N. H. to Penn. and Ont. P. ORIENTALE, L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall branching annual, soft- hairy ; leaves ovate or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled ; sheaths ciliate or »ften with an abrupt spreading border ; flowers large, bright rose-color, in dense cylindrical nodding spikes ; stamens 7. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India.) P. PERSICARIA, L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Nearly smooth and glabrous (12- 18' high); sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle ; spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) pedun- cles ; stamens mostly 6 ; styles half 2 - 3-cleft ; achene gibbous-flattened or sometimes triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places, very common. (Nat. from Eu.) •*- •«- Sepals conspicuously dotted and leaves punctate (except n. 13), with acrid juice; style mostly 3-parted,and achene triangular; sheaths bristle-fringed. 13. P. hydropiperoid.es, Michx. (MiLD WATER-PEPPER.) Peren- nial, not acrid; stem smooth (1-3° high), branching; the narrow sheath? hairy; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong; spikes erect, slender. sometimes filiform, often interrupted at base (1 - 2^' long) ; flowers small, flesh- color or nearly white ; sepals not dotted ; stamens 8 ; achene sharply triangular, smooth and shining. — Wet places and in shallow water; common, especially southward. 14. P. Hydrdpiper, L. (COMMON SMARTWEED or WATER-PEPPER.) Annual, 1-2° high, smooth ; leaves narrowly to linear-lanceolate ; spikes nod- ding, usually short or interrupted ; flowers mostly greenish ; stamens 6 ; style 2-3-parted; achene dull, minutely striate. — Moist or wet grounds; appa- rently introduced eastward, but indigenous north and westward. (Eu.) 442 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 15. P. acre, HBK. (WATER SMARTWEED.) Perennial, nearly smooth , stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2-5° high ; leaves larger and longer than in the last, taper-pointed ; spikes erect; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh- color; stamens 8; style mostly 3-parted ; achene smooth and shining. — Wet places ; common, especially southward. § 3. BIST6RTA. Glabrous alpine perennials, with thick creeping rootstocks and simple stems ; flowers in a spike-like raceme ; calyx colored, deeply 5- cleft ; stamens 8 ; styles 3, long. 16. P. viviparum, L. Smooth, dwarf (4 -8' high), bearing a linear erect spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their place) ; leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of N. Eng., shores of L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.) § 4. TOVARA. Perennials ; flowers in loose naked long and slender spikes ; calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted ; stamens 5 ; styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achene. 17. P. Virginianum, L. Almost smooth; stem terete, upright (2-4° high) ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate- lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3 - 6' long) ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles deflexed in fruit, minutely hooked. — Thickets in rich soil, common. (Asia.) § 5. TINlARIA. Annuals or perennials, mostly twining or climbing, and with petioled cordate or sagittate leaves ; flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in terminal or axillary clusters ; calyx green with colored margins, 5- (rarely 4-) parted ; stamens mostly 8; styles or stigmas 3 (2 in n. 18). # Annuals, erect, or somewhat climbing by reflexed prickles on the angles of the stem and petioles ; sepals (pale rose-color or white) not keeled ; bracts chaff-like 18. P. arifdlium, L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved- angle d ; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-pet ioled ; flowers somewhat racemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ; styles 2, very short; achene lenticular (large). — Low grounds. (Asia.) 19. P. sagittatum, L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Sterna-angled,- leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate ; peduncles smooth ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender ; achene sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds, common. — Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are armed with fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles. (Asia.) # # Stems not prickly ; calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit , flowers in loose panicled racemes ; bracts short-sheathing. P. CONVOLVULUS, L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Annual, twining or procum bent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, pointed; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes; outer calyx-lobes keeled; achene smoothish. — Cult, and waste grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.) 20. P. cilinode, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at the base with reflexed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd- shaped, taper-pointed ; racemes panicled ; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled ; achene very smooth and shining. — Copses and rocky hills, N. Eug. to mountains of N. C., west to Mich, and Minn. Climbing 3-9° high. POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 443 21. P. dumet6rum, L., var scandens, Gray. (CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT.) Perennial, smooth; sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed ; racemes interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged; achene smooth and shining. — Moist thickets, common. Twining 8-12° high over bushes. P. CUSPIDATUM, Sieb. & Zucc. Perennial, erect, stout and tall, glabrous except the loose axillary panicled racemes ; leaves round-ovate, shortly acu- minate, truncate or cordate at base ; outer sepals broadly winged in fruit. — Occasionally escaped from gardens. (Japan.) 5. PAGOPYBITM, Tourn. BUCKWHEAT. Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit Stamens 8. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-sided, longer than the calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts, with very broad and foliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Glabrous annuals, with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths, and corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or rose-color. (Name from fagus, the beech, and irvp6s, wheat, from the resem- blance of the grain to the beech-nut ; so the English name Buckwheat, from the German buche, beech.) F. ESCULENTUM, Moench. (BUCKWHEAT.) Smoothish; flower with 8 honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; achene acute and entire, smooth and shining. — Old fields, remaining as a weed after culti- vation, and escaping into copses. June - Sept. (Adv. from Eu.) F. TATARICUM, Gaertn. (INDIA-WHEAT.) Flowers very small, on shorter pedicels; achene very dull and roughish, the sides sulcate. — An occasional escape from cultivation. (Adv. from Asia.) 6. POLYGONELLA, Michx. Flowers perfect or polygamous-dioecious. Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, loosely persistent about the achene. the 3 inner divisions often enlarging in fruit, in which case the outer are usually spreading. Stamens 8. Styles 3, and achene 3-angular Embryo slender, straight or nearly so, toward one side of the albu- men. — Slender glabrous annuals or perennials, with alternate mostly linear leaves jointed at the base, and rather rigid truncate or oblique naked sheaths and bracts. Flowers on solitary jointed pedicels (nodding in fruit) in slender panicled racemes. (Diminutive of Polygonum.) 1. P. articulata, Meisn. Annual, erect, branching, glaucous, 4-12' high; leaves linear-filiform, deciduous; flowers rose-color, nodding, in very slender racemes, the calyx a little enlarged in fruit ; 3 inner filaments dilated at base ; achene exserted, smooth. (Polygonum articulatum, Gray.) — Dry, sandy soil ; on the coast from Maine to N. J., and along the Great Lakes. 7. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and coriaceous in fruit, the base and almost the whole length of the pedicel winged on one side. Stamens 8; filaments capillary. Styles 3, slender; stigmas de- pressed-capitate. Ovule pendulous on a slender erect funiculus ; seed erect. 6-grooved. Achene obtusely triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in the indu rated calyx. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen, somewha curved. — Somewhat shrubby with grooved stems, climbing by tendrils fr.,;jp the ends of the branches. (Named for F. Brunnich, a Danish naturalist » 444 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 1. B. Cirrhdsa, Banks. Glabrous; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, pointed, entire ; petioles dilated at base and partly clasping, but with no distinct sheath or stipules ; flowers greenish, 2 - 5 in a fascicle from the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal racemes ; pedicel jointed near the base ; fruiting calyx with the wing 1' long. — S. 111. to S. C. and Fla. ORDER 90. PODOSTEMACEJE. (RIVER-WEED FAMILY.) Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of Sea-weeds, or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3- celled many-seeded ribbed capsule ; — represented in North America by 1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of floral envelopes. Stamens 2, borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short sterile filaments, one on each side ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped. Capsule pedicellate, oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very nu- merous on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name from irovs,foot, and crHj/xwi', stamen ; the two stamens being apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary.) 1. P. ceratoph^llus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not rare in shallow streams, E. Mass, to Minn., and southward. July - Sept. — A small olive-green plant, of firm texture, resembling a Seaweed, tenaciously attached to loose stones by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots. ORDER 91. AKISTOLOCHIACEJE. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate in bud and coherent (at least at base) with the ^-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded ^-celled capsule or berry in fruit. Stamens 6- 12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants. 1. Asarum. Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments. 2. Aristolochia. Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the stigma. 1. AS ARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER. Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Capsule rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds large, thick. — Stemless perennial herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping root- stocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short-peduncled flower close to the ground in the lower axil; in spring. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIRTH WORT FAMILY.) 445 § 1. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, the tips inflexed in bud ; Jilaments slender, much longer than the short anthers ; style barely 6-lobed at the sum- mit, with 6 radiating thick stigmas ; leaves a single pair, unspotted. 1. A. Canadense, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney- shaped, more or less pointed (4 - 5' wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped, the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading, brown-purple inside. — Hillsides in rich woods ; common, especially northward. § 2. Calyx-tube inflated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, its base adnate to the lower half of the ovary ; limb 3-cleft, short; anthers sessile or nearly so, oblong-linear ; styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft ; leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one each yeart often whitish-mottled ; peduncle very short ; rootstocks clustered, ascending. 2. A. Virginicum, L. Nearly glabrous; leaves round-heart-shaped (about 2' wide) ; calyx short, reticulated within ; anthers pointless. — Va. to Ga., in and near the mountains. 3. A. arifblium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2 -4' long); calyx oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short-pointed. — Va. toFla. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT. Calyx tubular ; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the short and fleshy 3 - 6-lobed or angled style. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds very flat. — Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers (Named from reputed medicinal properties.) § 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb ob- tusely 3-lobed ; anthers contiguous in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under each of the three truncate lobes of the stigma); low herbs. 1. A. Serpentaria, L. (VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT.) Stems (8 - 1 5' high) branched at base, ^pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong (or narrower) from a heart- shaped base or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed ; flowers all next the root, short-peduncled. — Rich woods, Conn, to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La. July. — The fibrous, aromatic-stimulanfrroot is well known in medicine. § 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short limb obscurely 3-lobed ; anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3 short and thick lobes of the stigma; very tall twining shrubs; flowers from one or two of the superposed accessory axillary buds. 2 A. Sipho, L'Her. (PIPE-VINE. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) Nearly gla- brous ; leaves round-kidney-shaped (sometimes 8 - 127 broad) ; peduncles with a clasping bract ; calyx (!£' long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. — Rich woods, Penn. to Ga., west to Minn, and Kan. May. 3. A. tomentdsa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped, very veiny (3 - 5' long) ; calyx yellowish, with an oblique cJark purple closed ori- fice and a rugose reflexed limb. — Rich woods, mountains v iN. C. to Fla., west to S. 111. and Mo. June. 446 ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. (BIKTHWORT FAMILY.) § 3. Calyx-tube straight, open, with ample 6-lobed limb, the Lobes appendaged , anthers equidistant; erect herbs ; flowers in axil/art/ cymose fascicles. A. CLEMATITIS, L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, from Europe, is said to have permanently escaped near Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley). ORDER 92. PIPERACEJE. (PEPPER FAMILY.) Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with 3-5 more or less separate or united ovaries. — Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart- shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — The characters are those of the Tribe Saururece, the Piperacece proper (wholly tropical) differing in having a 1 -celled and 1-ovuled ovary. 1. SAURURUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL. Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit some what fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 indehiscent carpels united at base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules ; flow- ers (each with a small bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appear- ance giving rise to the name, from vavpos, a lizard, and ovpd, tall). 1. S. C^rmiUS, L. Flowers white, fragrant; spike nodding at the end ; bract lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps, Conn, to Ont., Minn.. Mo., and southward. June - Aug. ORDER 93. LAURACEJE. (LAUREL FAMILY.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of ± or § colored sepal*, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and l-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens ; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berrv or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled bv the larg^ almond-like embryo. * Flowers perfect, panicled ; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three with extrorse anthers. 1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen. * * Flowers dioecious, or nearly so ; stamens in the sterile flowers 9. Leaves deciduous. 2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valv^ 3. T.itsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 4. Uiidera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. 1. PERSEA, Gaertn. ALLIGATOR PEAR. Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the oei,*Y-like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland- like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. with each proper cell divided trans versely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees, with persistent entire leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.) . (LAUREL FAMILY.) 447 1. P. Carolin6nsis, Nees. (RED BAY.) Hoary with a fine down, at least when young ; leaves oblong, pale, soon smooth above ; peduncle bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries dark blue, on a red stalk. — Swamps, S. Del. to Fla. and Tex. May. A small tree. 2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),1 supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; leaves decidu- ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in Florida.) 1. S. officin&le, Nees. Trees 15 - 125° high, with yellowish-green twigs ; leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous. — Rich woods, E. Mass, to S. Ont., Mich., E. Iowa and Kan., and south to the Gulf. April. 3. LIT SEA, Lam. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 sta- mens in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular. — Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.) 1. L. genicul&ta, Benth. & Hook. (POND SPICE.) Flowers (yellow) appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag; involucres 2-4-leaved, 2 - 4-flowered ; fruit red. (Tetranthera geniculata, Nees.) — Swamps, Va. to Fla. April. 4. LIETDERA, Thunb. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER-BUSH. Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at base ; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved; fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened. — Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ; the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4 - 6 flowers and sur- rounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named for John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century.) 1. Li. Benzoin, Blume. (SPICE-BUSH. BENJAMIN-BUSH.) Nearly smooth (6-15° high); leaves oblony-obovate, pale underneath. — Damp woods, N. Eng. to Ont., Mich., E. Kan., and southward. March, April. 2. L. meliSS8ef61ia, Blume. Young branches and buds pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, downy beneath; umbels few. — Low grounds, N. C. to Fla., west to S. 111. and Mo. April. 448 THTMEUEACE^E. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.) ORDER 94. THYMEUEACE^J. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.) Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, free from the l-celled and 1-ovuled ovary, which forms a berry-like drupe in fruit, with a single suspended anatro- pous seed. Embryo large ; albumen little or none. 1. Dirca. Calyx tubular, without spreading lobes. Stamens and style exserted. 2. Daphne* Calyx-lobes (4) spreading. Stamens included. Style very short or none. 1. DIRCA, L. LEATHERWOOD. MOOSEWOOD. Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or ob- scurely about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form ; stigma capitate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many dark-hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch. (Name of uncertain derivation.) 1. D. pallistris, L. Shrub 2-5° high; the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough (used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names). — Damp rich woods, N. Brunswick to Minn, and Mo., south to the Gulf. April. 2. DAPHNE, Linn. MEZEREUM. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, the border spreading and 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included ; the anthers nearly sessile on the calyx-tube. Style very short or none ; stigma capitate. Drupe red. — Hardy low shrub. (Mythological name of the nymph transformed by Apollo into a Laurel.) D. MEZEREUM, L. Shrub 1-3° high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of the preceding year, before the lanceolate very smooth green leaves ; berries red. — Escaped from cultivation in Canada, Mass., and N. Y. Early spring. (Nat. from Eu.) ORDER 95. EK3EAGNACEJE. (OLEASTER FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and perfect or dioecious flowers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and berry-like in fruit, strictly enclosing the achene. 1. Elaeagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate. 2. Shepherdia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite. 1. EL-aSAGNUS, Tourn. Flowers perfect. Calyx cylindric-campanulate above the persistent oblong or globose base, the limb valvately 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 4, in the throat. Style linear, stigmatic on one side. Fruit drupe-like, with an oblong, 8-striate stone. — Leaves alternate, entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedi- LORANTHACE^E. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 449 collate. (From €\aia, the olive, and &yvos, sacred, the Greek name of the Chaste-tree, Vitex Agnus-castus.) 1. E. argentea, Pursh, (SILVER-BERRY.) A stoloniferous unarmed shrub (6-12° high), the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales; leaves elliptic to lanceolate, undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferrugi- nous ; flowers numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fra- grant; fruit scurfy, round-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 4-5" long. — N. W. Minn, to Utah and Montana. 2. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. Flowers dioecious; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and 8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender ; stigma 1 -sided. — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile in their axils on the branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shepherd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 1. S. Canadtosis, Nutt. Leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales beneath ; fruit yel- lowish-red, insipid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Vt. and N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and north and westward. May. — Shrub 3-6° high, the branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty scales. 2. S. argdntea, Nutt. (BUFFALO-BERRY.) Somewhat thorny, 5-18° high ; leaves cuneate-oblong, silvery on both sides ; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid and edible. — N. Minn, to Col., and westward. ORDER 96. LORANTHACEJE. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre- sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its near allies ; distinguished from the next family more by the parasitic growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential characters. 1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves foliaceous. 2. Arceuthobium. Anthers a single orbicular cell. Berry compressed, fleshy. Leaves scale-like, connate. 10 PHORADENDRON, Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOE. Flowers dioecious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- (rarely 2 - 4-) lobed ; in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe, transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or slit ; in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary; stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1 -seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit of muci- laginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches of trees, with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name composed of , seeds ovate (f long), sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the concave sides. — Open places, roadsides, etc., common. 8. E. humistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy ; leaves elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, sparsely hairy underneath (4-9" long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles rather shorter than the petioles, in dense scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters ; involucre cleft on the back, its (red or white) appendages truncate or crenate ; pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely roughened (%" long). — Rich soil, Ind. and W. Tenn. to Minn, and Kan. 9. E. Pr6slii, Guss. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect (1-2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-ob- long or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (i~li' l°ng)> often with a 454 EUPHORBIACE^B. (SPURGE FAMILY.) red spot or red margins ; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the peti oles, collected in loose leafy terminal cymes ; appendages entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red ; pod glabrous, obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tuberded (-£" long), blackish. (E. hypericifolia of Man., not L.) — Common throughout the U. S. east of the plains. § 2. ZYGOPHYLLlDIUM. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not oblique, with stipular glands ; stems dichotomously branched, erect; cymes terminal ; involucres with 5 glands ; seeds tuberculate. 10. E. hexagona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy (1° high or more); branches striate-angled ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; involucre hairy without and within ; glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice their length ; capsuie smooth ; seeds ovate. — Iowa to Tex., west to Col. and Montana. § 3. PETAL6MA. Uppermost leaves with conspicuous white petal-like mar- gins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered ; erect annuals, with leaves equal at base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules ; involucres 5-lobed, in an umbel-like inflorescence. 11. E. marginata, Pursh. Stem stout (2-3° high), erect, hairy ; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, acute ; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays ; glands of the involucre with broad white appendages. — Minn, to Mo., west to Col., also spreading eastward to Ohio, and frequently escaped from gardens, where it is often cultivated for its showy broadly white-margined floral leaves. § 4. TITH YMAL6PSIS. Only the uppermost leaves whorled or opposite ; erect • perennials, with entire leaves equal at base ; stipules none ; involucres mostly 5- lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal ; inflorescence umbelliform. 12. E. COrollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2-3° high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- {3-7-) forked, and the forks again 2-3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-pe- duncled, with showy white appendages (appearing like petals), the lobes mi- nute and incurved; pod slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds thick (V long or more), ash-colored, slightly uneven. — Eich or sandy soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn, and La., also adventive in Mass. July -Oct. B. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages. § 5. POINSETTIA. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4 - 5-lobed, with few (or often solitary) cup-shaped glands ; erect annuals, with variable, entire, den- , tate, or sinuate leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite ; the uppermost often colored, especially at base ; stipules small and glandular. 13. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (1 -2' long), only the lowest alternate, the upper often paler at base ; involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked glands; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Penn. to Tenn., Iowa, E. Kan., and southward. July - Sept. 14. E. heteroph^lla, L. Erect (1-3° high), glabrous; leaves alter- nate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and entire, often only those of the branches linear ; the upper usually with a EUPHORBIA CE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 455 red base ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes and a single or few and almost sessile glands ; seeds nearly globular, tubercled. — Slopes and rocky soil, Minn, to W. 111., Iowa and Mo. § 6. TITHYMALUS. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly um- belliform inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands ; seeds carunculate (except n. 15) ; ours as- cending or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules. # Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite ; involucres long- peduncled in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 transversely oblong glands ; seeds without caruncle. 15. E. Ipecacuanhas, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular root, erect or diffusely spreading (5- 10' long), forking from near the base ; leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, glabrous; peduncles elongated (•$•-!' long); pod long-pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly smooth ; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. — Sandy soil, near the coast ; Conn, to Fla. ; also barrens of S. Ind. * # Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or opposite and of a different shape ; glands mostly 4. +- Leaves serrulate or rarely entire ; glands transversely oval, obtuse. •*-*• Seeds smooth and even ; pod warty or rough. 16. E. Darlingt6nii, Gray. Tall perennial (2-4° high); leaves entire, minutely downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base ; the floral oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base ; umbel 5 - 8-rayed, then simply forked ; pod minutely warty ; large glob- ular seed with a small caruncle. — Copses, N. Y. and Penn., to the mountains of N. C. July -Sept. 17. E. Obtusata, Pursh. Erect annual (1-2° high); leaves oblong-spat- ulate, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones ovate, dilated, barely mucrouate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2 ; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands ; styles dis- tinct, longer than the ovary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle ; pod beset with long warts. — Damp woods, Va. to S. C., west to Iowa and Kan. May- July. E. PLATYPHYLLA, L. Erect annual^ (8 - 18' high) ; upper stem-leaves lance- olate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-rayed ; invo- lucre with ciliate lobes and large sessile glands ; styles longer than the ovary, united at base, slightly 2-cleft ; pod covered with depressed warts. — Along tha St Lawrence and Great Lakes to Mich. June - Aug. (Adv. from Eu.) .M. -w- Seeds rugose or reticulated ; leaves serrulate ; annuals. 18. E. dictyospdrma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8-18' high); leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate ; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart- shaped, slightly mucronate ; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; involucre with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands ; styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved ; pod warty ; seeds delicately reticulated. — Prairies and roadsides, Md. to Minn., Ala., and westward May - July. 456 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPUKGE FAMILY.) E. HELiosc6piA, L. Stems ascending (6 - 12' high), stout; leaves all obo- vate and very rounded or retuse at the end, finely serrate, smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked; glands orbicular , stalked ; pods smooth and even; seeds with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations. — Waste places, eastward and along the Great Lakes to Mich. July -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) •t- -«- Leaves entire ; glands crescent-shaped or %-horned. •»H- Seeds smooth and dark-colored ; perennials, with running rootstocks. E. feuLA, L. Stems clustered (l°high); leaves lanceolate or linear, the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many rays, then forking ; glands short-horned (brown) ; pods smoothish and gran- ular. — Mass., western N. Y., and Mich. ; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) E. CYPARfssiAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6-10' high); stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped ; umbel many-rayed ; glands crescent- shaped ; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens, common. (Nat. from Eu.) E. NIC^EENSIS, All. Stout and tall glabrous perennial ; leaves oblong or ob'.ong -lanceolate, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; terminal umbel many-rayed, the rays forking ; glands short-horned ; pods finely wrinkled. — A rare escape; Binghampton, N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) •*-*• ++ Seeds sculptured, ash-colored ; pod smooth; annuals or biennials. E. PEPLUS, L. Erect or ascending (5-10' high); leaves petioled, thin, round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-w ing-crested on the back ; seeds 2-f/rooved on the inner face, pitted on the back (scarcely over \" long). — Waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and western N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.) 19. E. commut&ta, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de- cumbent base (6-12' high); learns obovate, obtuse; the upper all sessile, the upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; glands with slender horns; capsule obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, pitted all over (1" long). — Along streams and shady slopes, Md. to Fla., Minn., and Mo. * * * Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands. E. LATHYRIS, L. Stem stout (2-3° high) ; leaves thick, linear or oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then forking. — Sparingly escaped from gardens, N. Eng. to N. C. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. PACHYSANDBA, Michx. Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl. Stamens 4, separate ; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat ; an- thers oblong-linear. Fert. FL Ovary 3-oelled ; styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended, with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper stam- inate, a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented ; sepals greenish or purplish; filaments white (their size and thickness giving the name, from Traxtis, thick, and dvfjp, used for stamen). 1. P. prOGlimbens, Michx. Stems (6-9' long) bearing several ap- proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 457 spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. — Woods, mountains of Ky., W. Va., and southward. March - May. 3. PHYLLANTHUS, L. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5 - 6-parted, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed ; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name composed of u\\ov, leaf, and foeos, blossom, because the flowers in a few species are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.) 1. P. Carolin^nsis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves obovate or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost ses- sile, one staminate, the other fertile; calyx 6-parted; stamens 3; styles 3, each 2-cleft ; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup. — Grav- elly banks, E. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and 111. July - Sept. 4. JATROPHA, L. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30, in 2 or more whorls ; filaments monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled ; styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate. — Peren- nial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly long-petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stipules. — Our species is of the section CNIDOSCOLUS, with apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver- form, and the plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by Linnaeus to be formed of iarpbv, a remedy, and dyw, to eat.) 1. J. stimulosa, Michx. (TREAD-SOFTLY. SPURGE-NETTLE.) Herba- ceous, from a long perennial root, branching (6' - 2° high) ; leaves roundish- heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles ; the divisions entire or acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored ; flowers white, fragrant, 9" long or more; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. urens, var. stimulosa, J. Muell) — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. June -Sept. 5. CROTON, L. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-6-) parted; the divisions lightly imbricated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many, but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Sta- mens 5 or more ; filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. Fert. FL Calyx 5-10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers; but petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary 3- (rarely 2-4-) celled, with a single ovule in each cell ; styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating 458 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) into as many 2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds carunculate. — Stellate-do why, or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented ; the fertile flowers usually at the base of the sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without obvious stipules. (Kporuv, the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) # Sterile flowers with ^-parted calyx, as many petals, a Grayed disk, and 8 stamens; fertile flowers with 5-parted calyx, very minute rudimentary pet- als, and the 3 styles 2-cleft. 1. C. glandulbsus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1-2° high), somewhat umbellately branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers capitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal. — Open waste places, Va. to Iowa, E. Kan. and southward. # # Sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the petals, andlQ-14 stamens; fertile flowers with 7-12-parted calyx, no petals, and the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted. 2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat glandular (1-2° high), branched ; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elon- gated-oblong, rounded at base, entire ; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely fim- briate; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short terminal sterile spike. — Barrens, N. J. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Iowa, and E. Kan. July -Sept. * * # Sterile flowers with unequally 3 -5-parted calyx, as many petals and scale-like glands, and 3-8 stamens ; fertile flowers with equally 5-parted calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas. 3. C. monanth6gynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and rusty-glandular; stems (1-2° high) slender, erect, below often umbel- lately 3 - 4-f orked, then repeatedly 2 - 3-f orked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6- 12" long, about twice the length of the petioles) ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved peduncles ; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and 1 -seeded ; the seed broadly oval. — Barrens and dry prairies, S. Ind. to N. C. and Fla., west to E. Kan. June - Sept. * * * # Dicecious ; calyx equally 5-parted ; petals none; stamens 10 or more f styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted. 4. C. Tex6nsis, Muell. Annual, covered with a close canescent stellate pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading (1-2° high); leaves nar- rowly oblong-lanceolate to linear; staminate spikes or racemes very short, often sessile ; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate. — Mo. and Kan. to Ala., Tex., and westward. 6. CBOTONOPSIS, Michx. Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the lower fertile. Ster. Fl. Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Sta- mens 5, opposite the petals ; filaments distinct, iuflexed in the bud, enlarged EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 459 at the apex. Pert. Fl. Calyx unequally 3 - 5-parted. Petals none. Glands (petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1 -celled, simple, 1-ovuled, bear- ing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1 -seeded. Seed without caruncle. — A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smooth - ish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as the branches, etc. ( Croton and otyis, appearance, for a plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.) 1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to 111. and Kan. July - Sept. — Fruit about \" long. 7. ARGYTHAMNIA, P.Browne. Flowers mono3cious. Calyx 5-parted, valvate in the staminate flowers, im- bricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the prominent lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5-15, united into a central column in 1 -3 whorls. Styles 1 - 3-cleft. Capsule depressed, 3-lobed. Seeds subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not carunculate. — Erect herbs or uuder- shrubs, with purplish juice, and alternate usually stipulate leaves. ( Name from Hpyvpos, silver, and ed^vos, bush, from the hoariness of the original species. ) 1 . A. mercurialina, Muell. Stem erect, nearly simple (1-2° high), seri- ceous; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent with ap- pressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid ; raceme many -flowered, exceeding the leaves ; ovary sericeous ; capsule appressed-pubescent. — Kan. to Ark. and Tex. 8. ACALYPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in bud ; of the fertile, 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 8 - 16 ; filaments short, monadelphous at base ; anther- cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Capsule separ- ating into 3 globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel. — Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers with a mi- nute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf -like cut-lobed persistent bract. ('AKaA.^<£r?, an ancient name of the Nettle.) * Fruit smooth or merely pubescent; seeds nearly smooth. 1. A. Virginica, L. Smoothish or hairy (1-2° high), often turning purple ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-peti- oled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large leaf-like palmately 5 - 9-cleft fruiting bracts ; fertile flowers 1 - 3 in each axil. — Fields and open places, N. Eng. to Ont. and Minn., south to the Gulf. July - Sept. Var. gracilens, Muell. Leaves lanceolate or even linear, less toothed and shorter-petioled ; the slender sterile spike often V long, and much surpassing the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. — Sandy dry soil, R. I. and Conn, to Fla., west to 111., E. Kan. and Tex. 460 EUPHORBIACE^:. (SPURGE FAMILY.) * # Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections ; seeds rough-wrinkled. 2. A. Caroliniana, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short, axil- lary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their bracts deeply cut into many linear lobes. — N. J. to Fla., west to Ohio, Kan., and Tex. 9. BICINUS, Linn. CASTOR-OIL PLANT. Flowers in racemose or panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly branching filaments. Styles 3, united at base, each bifid, red. Capsule large, 3-lobed, with 3 large seeds. — A tall stately annual, with very large alternate peltate and palmately 7-11-cleft leaves (often 1-2° broad). (The ancient Roman name of the plant.) R. coMMtwis, L. — Cultivated extensively for ornament, and sparingly es- caped in Md., Mo., and southward. Very variable. 10. TRAGIA, Plumier. Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. FL Calyx 3-5- (chiefly 3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 ; filaments short ; anther-cells united. Pert. FL Calyx 3 - 8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ; the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. — Erect or climbing plants (perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate leaves; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.) 1. T. innocua, Walt. Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy -pubescent (6- 12' high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sessile, paler beneath ; sterile calyx usually 4-parted; stamens 2. (T. urens, L.) — Dry sandy soil, E. Va. to Fla. and La. May - Aug. — Not stinging. 2. T. nepetaefolia, Cav. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-peti- oled ; sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T. urticaefolia, Michx.) — Virginia (Pursh), and common southward to Fla. and Tex., Mo., Kan., and westward. — T. STYLARIS, Muell., of the southwest, which is reported from Kan., may be distinguished by its 4 - 5-parted sterile calyx, 4-5 stamens, and elongated styles. 3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply cordate, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate (3 - 5' long), all but the uppermost long-petioled; pod $ broad. (T. cordata, Michx.) — Ky. to Ga., Fla., and La. 11. STILLfNGIA, Garden. Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of the disk none. Calyx 2 - 3-cleft or parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 ; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick ; stigmas 3, URTICACE.E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 461 diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. — Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glaiidular at base ; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ; the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.) 1. S. sylVcltica, L. Herbaceous (1-3° high); leaves almost sessile, ob- long-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Kan. and Tex. June - Sept. ORDER 99. URTICACEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) Plants with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious or rarely (in the Elm Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the 1- celled (rarely ^-celled) ovary which forms a 1 -seeded fruit ; the embryo in the albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upward ; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Co- tyledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far the greater part tropical). Tribe I. UL.ME^E. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's branches. An- thers erect in the bud, extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a winged samara or nut- like. Seed suspended. Embryo straight. — Trees, with alternate serrate pinnately veined leaves and fugacious stipules. 1. Ulmus. Flowers preceding the leaves. Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit winged all around. 'L Planera. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-like. Tribe II. CEL.TIDE.33. As in Tribe I., but the dioecious-polygamous flowers upon branches of the same year ; anthers introrse ; fruit a drupe ; embryo curved. 3. Celtis. Ovary 1-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Leaves 3-nerved at base. Tribe III. CANNABINE^E. Flowers dioecious; the sterile racemed or panicled; the fertile in clusters or catkins, the calyx of one sepal embracing the ovary. Filaments short, erect in the bud. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule, forming a small glandular achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled. — Erect or climb- ing herbs, with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, persistent stipules, and a fibrous inner bark. 4 Cannabis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5- 7-divided. Erect. 5 Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit Leaves 3 - 5-lobed. Climbing. Tribe IV. MOREJE. Flowers unisexual, racemose, spicate or capitate; calyx becom- ing fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers inflexed in the bud. Style undivided or 2-parted, filiform; ovule pendulous; fruit an achene, embryo curved. — Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and fugacious stipules. 6. Maclura. Sterile flowers in loose racemes ; fertile in globose heads. Leaves entire. 7. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, 3-nerved. Tribe V. TJRTICE^E. Flowers unisexual. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Style or stigma simple. Ovary 1-celled, with an erect ovule, forming an achene in fruit. Em- bryo straight. — Herbs with watery juice, tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternale leaves; often armed with stinging hairs. * Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2 - 5 separate or nearly separate sepals. •»- Plant beset with stinging bristles. 8. TTrtica. Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight and erect, en. closed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves oppogite. 462 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 9. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2. Stigma long-subulate. Achene very oblique, deflexed, nearly naked. Leaves alternate. •t- H- Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. Leaves opposite 10. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, ail or all but one small. Achene partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining. * * Fertile calyx tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achene. Unarmed. 11. Boehmeria. Flower-clusters spiked, not iuvolucrate. Style long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate. 12. Parietaria. Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. Leaves alter- nate, entire. 1. ULMUS, L. ELM. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender fila- ments. Ovary 1 - 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of each cell ; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge. Fruit a 1 -celled and 1 -seeded membranaceous samara, winged all around. Albumen none ; embryo straight ; the cotyledons large. — Flowers polyga- mous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species preceding the leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and oblique or un- equally somewhat heart-shaped at base. Stipules small, caducous. (The classical Latin name.) * Flowers nearly sessile ; fruit orbicular, not ciliate ; leaves very rough above. 1. IT. flilva, Michx. (SLIPPERY or RED ELM.) Buds before expansion soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate (4 - 8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy beneath or slightly rough downward ; branchlets downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens 5 - 9 ; fruit (8-9" wide) with the cell pubescent. — Rich soil, N. Eng. to the Dakotas, and southward. March, April. — A small or middle-sized tree (45-60° high), with tough, reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark. * * Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, which are jointed above the middle ; fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate ; leaves smooth above, or nearly so. 2. U. Americana, L. (AMERICAN or WHITE ELM.) Buds and branch- lets glabrous; branches not corky; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2-4' long), soft-pubescent beneath, or soon glabrous ; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish lobes ; fruit glabrous except the margins (£' long), its sharp points incurved and clos- ing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. April. — A large and well-known ornamental tree, variable in habit, usually with spread- ing branches and drooping branchlets. 3. U. racembsa, Thomas. (CORK or ROCK ELM.) Bud-scales downy ciliate and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with corky ridges ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ; flowers racemed ; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger. — River- banks, S. W. Vt. to Ont. and central Minn., south to Mo. and Ky. A large and very valuable tree. 4. U. alata, Michx. (WAHOO or WINGED ELM.) Bud-scales and branch- lets nearly glabrous ; branches corky-winged, at least some of them ; leaves downy beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small URTICACE.E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 463 (1-2^ long); calyx-lobes obovate; fruit downy on the face at least when young. — Va. to S. Ind., S. Mo., and southward. March. A small tree. 2. PLANER A, Gmelin. PLANER-TREE. Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4 -5. Ovary ovoid, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigma- tose down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. Albumen none; embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms, the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J. Planer, a German botanist.) 1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small, fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks, N. C. to Ky., S. 111., and southward. April. A rather small tree. 3. CELT IS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY. Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule ; stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing a little gelatinous albumen ; cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed, petioled, inequilateral. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves, the lower usually staminate only, fascicled or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. (A name of Pliny's for an African species of Lotus.) 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. (SUGARBERRY. HACKBERRY.) Leaves reticu- lated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspic- uously and sharply so, more or less oblique at base, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so or only toward the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; fruit reddish or yellow- ish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the petiole. — Woods and river-banks, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward. April, May. — A small or sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. Very variable in the form, texture, etc., of the leaves. — Var. P^MILA, Gray. Low and straggling (4-10° high) ; leaves thin when mature, and smooth, slightly acuminate. River-banks, on rocks, from Maryland southward. 2. C. Mississippi&isis, Bosc. Leaves entire (rarely few-toothed), very long taper-pointed, rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth ; fruit small. — 111. to Tenn., and southward. A small tree with warty bark. 4. CANNABIS, Touru. HEMP. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted ; the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary. Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5 - 7 linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of very tough fibres. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure etymology.) C. SATtvA, L. (HEMP.) Stem 4-8° high; leaves 4-8/ broad; flowers green. — Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Eu.) 4:64 URTICACE^E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 5. HUMULTJS, L. HOP. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins ; bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of mem- branaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. Acheue invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. — Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downward, and mostly opposite heart-shaped and palmately 3 - 7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate stipules between the petioles. (A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.) 1. H. LupulllS, L. (COMMON HOP.) Leaves mostly 3 - 5-lobed, com- monly longer than the petioles ; bracts, etc., smoothish ; the fruiting calyx, achene, etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the bitterness and aroma to the hop. — Alluvial banks, N. Eng. to western N. Y., the Great Lakes and westward, and south in the mountains to Ga. July. (Eu., Asia.) 6. MACLURA, Nutt. OSAGE ORANGE. Bois D'ARC. Flowers dioecious; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted calyx, and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud ; the pistillate in a dense globose head, with a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the ovary. Style filiform, long-exserted ; ovule pern dulous. Fruit an achene, buried in the greatly enlarged fleshy calyx. Albu- men none. Embryo recurved. — Trees with milky juice, alternate entire pinnately veined leaves, caducous stipules, axillary peduncles, and stout axil- lary spines. (Named for the early American geologist, William Maclure.) 1. M. aurantiaca, Nutt. A tree 30-50° high; leaves ovate to oblong- lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded at base, green and shining ; syncarp glo- bose, yellowish green, 2-3' in diameter. — E. Kan. and Mo. to N. Tex.; extensively used for hedges. Wood bright orange. 7. MORTIS, Tourn. MULBERRY. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary and catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4 ; filaments elas- tically expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing ; styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole spike thus becoming a thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice and broad leaves ; sterile spikes rather slender. (The classical Latin name.) 1. M. rubra, L. (RED MULBERRY.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, down// beneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ; flowers frequently dioecious ; fruit dark purple, long. — Rich woods, W. New Eng. to S. Ont., the Dakotas, E. Kan., and southward. May. — Large tree, ripening its black- berry-like fruit in July. M. ALBA, L. (WHITE MULBERRY.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous near houses. (Adv. from Eu.) 8. URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE. Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, clustered, the clusters mostly in ra- cemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. Fl. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around URTICACE.E. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 465 the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in pairs ; the 2 outer smaller and spreading ; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achene. Stigma sessile, capitate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs, armed with stinging hairs. Leaves oppo- site ; stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish ; in summer. (The classical Latin name ; from uro, to burn.) * Perennials ; flower-dusters in branching panicled spikes, often diozcious. 1. U. gracilis, Ait. Sparingly bristly, slender (2 - 6° high) ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3 - 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart- shaped base, almost glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly ; spikes slender and loosely panicled. — Fence-rows and moist ground, common, Stings few. U. DIOICA, L. Very bristly and stinging (2 - 3° high) ; leaves ovate, heart shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy beneath as well as the upper part of the stem ; spikes much branched. — Waste places and roadsides, rather rare. Canada and N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn, and Mo. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Annuals ; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, andro- gynous. U. tiRENS, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than the lateral ones ; flower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose. — Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastward; scarce. Plant 8-12' high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. U. Chamsedryoides, Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed; flower-clusters globular, 1 - 2 in each axil, and spiked at the summit. — Alluvial shaded soil, from Ky. to the Gulf States. Slender, 6 -30' high, sparsely beset with stings. 9. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. WOOD-NETTLE. Flowers monoscious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. FL Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. FL Calyx of 4 sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side, persistent. Achene ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflexed on the winged or margined pedicel, nearly naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for M. Laporte.) 1 . L. Canad&isis, Gaudichaud. Stem 2-3° high ; leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-veined (3 - V long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent ; stipule single, 2-cleft. — Moist rich woods. July - Sept. 10. PI LEA, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Fert. Fl. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal ; a rudiment of a stamen com- monly before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Achene ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules ; the stami- nate flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, which partly covers the achene, like the pileus, or felt cap, *tf the Romans.) 466 URTICACEJE. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 1. P. pumila, Gray. (RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.) Low (3-18' high); stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, 3-ribbed and veiny ; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal. — Cool and moist shaded places. July - Sept. 11. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. FALSE NETTLE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2 - 4-toothed calyx enclosing the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. R. Boehmer, Professor at Wittenberg in the last century.) 1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish or pubescent and more or less scabrous ; stem (1 - 3° high) simple ; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all alternate), ovate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved ; stip- ules distinct ; petioles short or elongated ; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently leaf-bearing at the apex. — Moist or shady ground, common. Very variable. 12. P ABIE TAR I A, Tourn. PELLITORV. Flowers monoeciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in- termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters ; the sterile much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achene. Style slender or none ; stigma pencil-tufted. — Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because growing on old walls.) 1. P. Pennsylv£nica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded rocky banks, E. Mass, and Vt. to Minn., and southward. June - Aug. ORDER 100. PLATANACE^. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.) Trees, with watery Juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stip- ules, and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, des- titute of calyx or corolla ; the fruit merely club-shaped 1 -seeded nutlets, furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base ; consists only of the following genus (of uncertain relationship). 1. PL AT ANUS, L. SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD. Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales inter- mixed ; filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl-shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy be- low, containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of JUGLANDACEJE. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 467 thin albumen. — Large trees, with the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle plates; dilated base of the petiole enclosing the bud of the next season. (The ancient name, from ir\arvs, broad.) 1. P. OCCidentalis, L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sin u- ate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fertile heads solitary, hanging on a long peduncle. — Alluvial banks, S. Maine to N. Vt., Ont., S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Our largest tree, often 90-130° high, with a trunk 6-14° in diameter. ORDER 101. JUGLANDACEJE. (WALNUT FAMILY.) Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; flowers monoecious, the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract ; the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3 - 5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2-±-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nut-shell, containing a large Globed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed ; radicle short, superior. Petals some- times present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important trees, consisting chiefly of the two following genera. 1. JUGLANS, L. WALNUT. Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the pre- ceding year ; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, unequally 3-6- cleft. Stamens 12-40; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short ; stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees, with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), odd-pin- nate leaves of many serrate leaflets, and the embryo sweet and edible. Pith in plates. (Name contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.) 1. J. Cin&rea, L. (BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT.) Leaflets 5 - 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at base, downy, especially beneath, the petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rio-h woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. Tree 50-75° high, with gray bark, widely spreading branches, and lighter brown wood than in the next. 2. J. nigra, L. (BLACK WALNUT.) Leaflets 7-11 pairs, ovate-lanceo- late, taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above, the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom. — Rich woods, W. Mass, and Conn, to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., and southward. A large and handsome tree (often 90-150° high), with rough brown bark, and valu- able purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age. 468 JUGLANDACE.E. ( WALNUT FAMILY.) 2. GARY A, Nutt. HICKORY. Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins ; calyx naked, adhe- rent to the bract, unequally 2-3-parted. Stamens 3-10; filaments short or none, free. Fertile flowers 2 - 5 in a cluster or short spike, on a peduncle ter- minating the shoot of the season ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry exocarp (involucre), falling away from the smooth and crusta- ceous or bony endocarp or nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-celled. — Fine timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. (Kapva, an ancient name of the Walnut.) § 1. Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes, a very short one) from separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding year; bud-scales few ; fruit elongated-oblong; the thin-shelled nut 2-celled below ; seed sweet ; leaflets short-stalked, numerous. 1. C. Olivseformis, Nutt. (PECAN-NUT.) Minutely downy, becoming nearly smooth ; leaflets 13-15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen- der point, falcate, serrate ; nut olive-shaped. — River bottoms, S. Ind., S. 111., and Iowa, to La. and Tex. A large tree (90-160° high), with delicious nuts. § 2. Sterile catkins in threes (rarely more) on a common peduncle from the axil of the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers ; fruit globular or oval ; nut 4-celled at base ; leaflets sessile or nearly so. * Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping, the inner ones accres cent, becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous ; husk of the fruit splitting promptly into 4 mire or less thick and when dry hard or woody valves ; seed sweet and delicious. (The hickory nuts of the market.) 2. C. alba, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHAG-BARK HICKORY.) Bark of trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed ; leaflets 5-7, when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper- pointed ; fruit globular or depressed ; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mu- cronate, the shell thinnish. — N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie and S. E. Minn., south to Fla., E. Kan., and Tex. Large and handsome tree (70-90° high, or more), of great economic value. The principal hickory-nut of the markets. 3. C. sulcata, Nutt. (BiG SHELL-BARK. KING-NUT.) Bark, etc., as in n. 1 ; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath ; fruit oval or ovate, 4-ribbed above the middle, the husk very thick; nut large (1J-2' long) and usually angular, dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends. — Central N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind., E. Kan., and Ind. Terr. Tree 70-90° high, or more, in rich soil of bottom lands. 4. C. tomentdsa, Nutt. (MOCKER-NUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY.) Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks ; catkins, shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented , MYRICACE.E. ( SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 469 leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit glob- ular or ovoid, with a very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridged toward the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled, V in diameter or smaller. — N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie, E. Neb., and south to the Gulf. Tree 70-100° high, usually on rich upland hillsides. 5. C. microcarpa, Nutt. With rough close bark, small ovate buds, and the glabrous foliage, etc., of n. 6 ; fruit small, subglobose, with rather thin husk ; nut thin-shelled, not angled. — N. Y. to Del., west to Mich, and 111. * # Bud-scales numerous or few ; husk of the fruit thin and rather friable at ma- turity, 4-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base ; seed more or less bitter; bark of old trunk not exfoliating. 6. C. porcina, Nutt. (PIG-NUT or BROOM H.) Bud-scales nearly as in n. 4, but smaller, caducous ; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so ; leaflets 5-7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate; fruit pear-shaped, oblong, or oval ; nut oblong or oval (1-J--2' long), with a thick bony shell ; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish. — S. Maine to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 70-90° high (rarely 120°), on dry hills and uplands. 7. C. amara, Nutt. (BITTER-NUT or SWAMP H.) Scales of the small yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous ; leaflets 1 -11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged ; nut globular, short-pointed, white (barely 1' long), thin-walled ; seed at first sweet- tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 50-75° high; husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard than in other species. ORDER 102. MYKICXCE^J. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, — differing from the Birches chiefly in the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre and perianth none. 1. MY BIG A, L. BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE. The only genus. — Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets, the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid or globular catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; stamens 2 - 8 ; filaments somewhat united below ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-8 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small globular or oblong nut, or dry drupe, coated with resinous grains or wax. (Mvplur), the ancient name of the Tamarisk or some other shrub; perhaps from /ivpffw, to perfume.) * Mostly dioecious ; fertile catkins ovoid; ovary with 2-4 scales at base; nut globular; leaves entire or somewhat serrate. 1. M. Gale, L. (SWEET GALE.) Shrub 3 -5° high; leaves wedge-lan- ceolate, serrate toward the apex, pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts in imbricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate 470 MYRICACE^E. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) scales which coalesce with its base. — Wet borders of ponds, Newf . to N. Eng. and along the Great Lakes to Minn., south in the mountains to Va. 2. M. cerifera, L. (BAYBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.) Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward the apex, shining and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant ; sterile catkins scattered, oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and incrusted with white wax. — Sandy soil near the coast, from Nova Scotia to Fla. and Ala. ; also on L. Erie. Shrub 3-8° high, but some- times a tree 35° high ; fruit sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years. * * Frequently monoscious ; fertile catkins globular ; ovary surrounded by 8 long linear-awl-shaped persistent scales ; nut ovoid-oblong ; leaves pinnatijid with many rounded lobes. 3. M. asplenif61ia, Endl. Shrub 1 - 2° high, with sweet-scented fern- like linear-lanceolate leaves ; stipules half heart-shaped ; scales of the sterile catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait.) — Sterile hills, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn, and Ind. Known as Sweet Fern. ORDER 103. CUPULIFERJE. (OAK FAMILY.) Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins (or capitate-clustered in the Beech), the fertile solitary, clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins, the 1-celled and 1-seeded nut with or without an involucre. Ovary more or less 2 - 7-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ; but all the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Seed with no albumen, filled with the embryo. Tribe I. BETULE^E. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins pendulous. Stamens 2-4, and calyx usually 2 - 4-parted. Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no involucre to the compressed and often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. 1. Betula. Stamens 2, bind. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with the nuts. 2. Aliius. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, entire, persisting after the nuts have fallen. Tribe II. COBYLE^E. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx ; stamens 3 or more to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers 1-celled). Fertile flowers in a short ament or head, 2 to each bract, and each with one or more bractlets which form a foliaceous involucre to the nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. * Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside ; fertile flowers few 3. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut. * # Bract of staminate flower simple ; fertile flowers in short catkins ; nut small, achene-like 4. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag. 5. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet. Tribe III. QUEBCINE^E. Sterile flowers with 4-7-lobed calyx and stamens indefi- nite (3 - 20). Fertile flowers 1 or few, enclosed in a cupule consisting of consolidated bracts, which becomes indurated (scaly or prickly) and surrounds or encloses the nut. * Sterile flowers in slender catkins. 6. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire ; nut hard and terete. 7. Castanea. Cupule 2 - 4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2-4-valved when ripe. * * Sterile flowers in a small head. 8. Fagus. Cupule 2-flo\vered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts. CUPULIFER.E. (OAK FAMILY.) 471 1. BE TULA, Tourn. BIRCH. Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, to each shield-shaped scale or bract of the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments with 1 -celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, each division bearing an anther-cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each 3-lobed bract, without bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara) crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer bark usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, sessile, formed in sum- mer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves ; fertile catkins oblong or cylindrical, peduncled, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season. (The ancient Latin name, of Celtic origin.) * Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark, sweet-aromatic as well as the twigs, membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves heart-shaped or rounded at base, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting catkins ; their scales about equally 3-cleft, rather persistent ; wing of fruit not broader than the seed-bearing body. 1. B. 16nta, L. (CHERRY B. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.) Bark of trunk dark brown, close (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature shining or bright green above and glabrous except on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical (1-1JX long), the scales with short and divergent lobes. — Rich woodlands, Newf. to N. Del., and south in the mountains, west to Minn., and S. Ind. Tree 50-75° high, with reddish bronze-colored spray; wood rose-colored, fine- grained, valuable for cabinet-work. 2. B. lutea, Michx. f. (YELLOW or GRAY BIRCH.) Bark of trunk yel- lowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers, within and the twigs much less aromatic ; leaves (3 - 5' long) slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often narrowish toward the base, duller-green above and usually more downy on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins oblong-ovoid (V or less in length, 6-9" thick), the thinner scales (5-6" long) twice as large as in n. 1, and with nar- rower barely spreading lobes. — Rich moist woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Del., west to Minn. ; also along high peaks to Tenn. and N. C. Often 60-90° high at the north ; wood whiter and less valuable. * # Trees, with chalky-white bark separable in thin sheets, ovate or triangular leaves of firmer texture, on long slender petioles ; fruiting catkins cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles ; their scales glabrous, with short diverging lobes, freely deciduous ; wing of the fruit much broader than its body. 3. B. populif61ia, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.) Trunk usually ascending (15-30° high) ; leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper- pointed (usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad base, smooth and shining both sides, except the resinous glands when young. (B. alba, var. 472 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) populifolia, Spach.) — Poor sandy soils, N. Brunswick to Del., west to L. Ontario. Bark much less separable than the next; leaves on slender peti- oles, tremulous as those of the aspen. 4. B. papyrifera, Marshall. (PAPER or CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge- shaped) at base, smooth and green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3-4 times the length of the petiole. (B. papyracea, Ait.) — Rich woodlands and stream- banks, N. Eng. to N. Penn., N. 111., and Minn., and far north and westward. Tree 50-75° high, with bark freely splitting into paper-like layers. — Var. MINOR, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form of the alpine region of the White Mts. # * # Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and reddish twigs, ovate leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy ped uncled fruiting catkins. 5. B. nigra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy under- neath; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3-7") and with the oblong catkin tomentose ; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes ; fruit broadly winged. — Banks of streams, Mass, to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Tree 50-75° high, with light-colored wood and somewhat Alder-like leaves. # # # # Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped crenate and mostly small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and oblong or cylindrical gla- brous and mostly erect catkins, on short peduncles. 6. B. pumila, L. (Low BIRCH.) Stems (2 -8° high) erect or ascend- ing, not glandular; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly soft-downy ; leaves obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6-16" long), pale beneath, veinlets on both faces finely reticulated ; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than the body. — Bogs,W. Conn, and N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and northward through- out Canada. Leaves usually not at all resiniferous or glandular-dotted. 7. B. glandules a, Michx. (DWARF BIRCH.) Stems erect or mostly spreading (1 -4° high), or when alpine procumbent; branchlets glabrous, con- spicuously dotted with resinous wart-like glands ; leaves roundish wedge-obovate or sometimes orbicular (6 - 9" long), green and glabrous both sides, less reticu- lated ; fruiting catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval ; wing of the fruit narrower than or sometimes equalling the body. — High mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., to L. Superior, and far northward. 2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER. Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely 6) flowers upon each short-stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with a 3 - 5-parted calyx and as many stamens ; filaments short and simple ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy scales each 2-3- flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3 - 5- lobed, and persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf -buds, and solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles. (The ancient Latin name.) CUPULIFER&. (OAK FAMILY.) 473 § 1. Flowers developed in spring with the leaves ; the sterile from catkins which have remained naked over winter ; while the fertile have been enclosed in a scaly bud ; fruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in Birch. 1 . A. viridis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER.) Shrub 3-8° high ; leaves round-oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutmous and smooth or softly downy beneath, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate with very sharp and closely set teeth, sometimes sinuate-toothed and serrulate (var. SINUATA. Regel), on young shoots often cut-toothed; fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid (6-8" long). — On mountains and mountain streams, Newf. to W. Mass., N. Y., L. Superior, and far north and west ; also in the Alle- ghanies to N. C. (Eu., Asia.) § 2. Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and have re- mained naked over winter ; fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin. 2. A. incana, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY A.) Leaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at base, sharply and often doubly serrate, whitened and mostly downy beneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fruit orbicular. — Borders of streams and swamps, Newf. to Mass., E. Neb., Minn., and westward. Shrub or tree 8 - 20° high ; the common Alder northward. (Eu., Asia.) 3. A. serrulata, Willd. (SMOOTH A.) Leaves obovate, acute at base, sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green both sides, smooth or often downy beneath ; stipules oval ; fruit ovate. — Borders of streams and swamps, Mass, to Fla., west to S. E. Minn, and Tex. ; common. Shrub forming dense thickets, or sometimes at the south a small tree 6 - 35° high. § 3. Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season; the fertile mostly soli- tary in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later ; fruit wingless. 4. A. maritima, Muhl. (SEA-SIDE A.) Glabrous ; leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or oblong (9 - 12" long, 6" thick). — Borders of streams and swamps, S. Del. and E. Md., near the coast. Small tree 15-25° high. (E. Asia.) 3. COKYLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of 8 (half-) stamens with 1 -celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering more or less with the inner face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers sev- eral in a scaly bud, each a single ovary in the axil of a scale or bract, and ac- companied by a pair of lateral bractlets ; ovary tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them sterile ; style short ; stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony, enclosed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface in germination), edible ; the short radicle included. — Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in the bud, flowering in early spring ; sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile ter- 474 CUPULIFEILE. (OAK FAMILY.) urinating early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from Kopvs, a helmet, from the involucre.) 1. C. Americana, Walt. (WiLD HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves roundish-heart- shaped, pointed; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 broad foli- nceons cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glandular bristles intermixed. — Thickets, N. Eng. to Ont. and the Da- kotas, and southward. Twigs and petioles often glandular-bristly. 2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed; involucre of united bracts, much pro- longed above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — N. Scotia to northern N. J., Mich., Minn., and westward, and south in the moun tains to Ga. Shrub 2-6° high. 4. OS TRY A, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract ; filaments short, often forked, bearing 1 -celled (half-) anthers ; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short catkins ; a pair to each de- ciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stig- mas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed blad- dery oblong bag, very much larger than the small and smooth nut; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch ; leaves open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers in spring, appearing with the leaves ; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year; the fertile single, terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.) 1. O. Virginica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVER-WOOD.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath, with 11-15 principal veins ; buds acute ; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. — Rich woods, common, from the Atlantic to N. Minn., Neb., E. Kan., and southward. Tree 25 - 45° high ; hop-like strobiles full-grown in Aug. 5. CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract ; filaments very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1 -celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya ; but the single involucre- like bractlet is open, enlarged in fruit and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate several-nerved nut. — Trees or tall shrubs, with smooth close gray bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the Beech; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin name.) 1. C. Caroliniana, Walter. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly smooth ; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, acute. (C. Americana, Michx.) — Along streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to CUPULIFER.E. (OAK FAMILY.) 475 Minn., Iowa, E. Kan., and Tex. Tree or shrub, 10-45° high, with ridged trunk, and very hard wood. 6. QUERCUS, L. OAK. Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins ; bracts caducous ; calyx 2 - 8-parted or lobed ; stamens 3 - 12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or some- what clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining underground in germination ; radicle very short, included. — Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct. of the same or the next year. § 1. LEUCOBALANUS. Bark pale, often scaly ; leaves and their lobes or teeth obtuse, never bristle-pointed ; stamens 6 - 8 ; scales of the cup more or less knobby at base ; stigmas sessile or nearly so ; abortive ovules at the base of the perfect seed ; inner surface of nut glabrous ; fruit maturing the first year, often peduncled ; kernel commonly sweetish; wood tough and dense. * Leaves deciduous, It/rate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale beneath. — WHITE OAKS. 1. Q. alba, L. (WHITE OAK.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or tuber ded at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn (!' long). — All soils, Maine to S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and south to the Gulf. A large and valuable tree ; lobes of the leaves short and broad (3-5), or deep and narrow (5-9). 2. Q. stellata, Wang. (POST OAK. IRON OAK.) Leaves grayish or yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately cut into 5-7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 1-3- notched ; cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half the length of the ovoid acorn (6 - 9" long). (Q. obtusiloba, Michx.} — Sandy or sterile soil, Martha's Vineyard to Mich, and E. Neb., south to Fla. and Tex. ; common, especially southward. A small tree with very durable wood. 3. Q. macroearpa, Michx. (Bun OAK. OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pmnatijid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or nearly parted, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire ; cup deep, thick and woody (9//-2/ across), conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed scales, the upper ones awned, so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn broadly ovoid (1 - 1-J-' long), half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Rich soil, N. Scotia to W. Mass, and Penn., west to Minn., central Neb., and Kan. A large and valuable tree ; extremely variable in the size and fringe of the acorns. — Var. OLIV/EFORMIS, Gray, is only a narrower-leaved form with unusually small oblong acorns. 4. Q. lyrata, Walt. (OVEB-CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK.) Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at base, more or less deeply 7 - Q-lobed, white-tomentose beneath or at length smoothish, the lobes trian- gular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed ; fruit short-peduncled 21 476 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.") or sessile ; cup round-ovate, thin, with rugged scales, almost covering the depressed- globose acorn (8 - 10" long). — River swamps, S. E. Mo. to S. Ind., Tenn., N. C., and southward. — A large tree, with flaky bark ; intermediate between n. 3 and n. 5. * * Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed (except slightly in n. 5), whitish and more or less downy beneath ; cup hoary, hemispherical or a little depressed, about half as long as the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. — CHESTNUT-OAKS. 5. Q. bicolor, Willd. (SWAMP WHITE OAK.) Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather pinnatifid than toothed, usually soft-downy and white-hoary beneath, the main primary veins 6-8 pairs, lax and little prominent ; fruiting peduncle much longer than the petiole ; upper scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes form- ing a mossy-fringed margin; acorn scarcely 1' long. — Borders of streams and swamps, S. Maine to Ont., Minn., and E. Kan., and south in the moun- tains to N. Ga. — A large tree, with flaky bark. 6. Q. Michatixii, Nutt. (BASKET-OAK. Cow-OAK.) Leaves (5-6' long) oval or obovate, acute, obtuse or even cordate at base, regularly dentate (commonly not deeply), rather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath; stamens usually 10 ; fruit short-peduncled ; cup shallow, tuberculate with hard and stout acute scales, without fringe ; acorn 1-J-' long. (Q. Prinus, var Mich- auxii, Chapm.) — Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to Fla., and in the west from S. Ind. to Mo., and south to the Gulf. — A large and valuable tree, with gray flaky bark and large sweet edible acorns. Intermediate forms ap- pear to connect with n. 5, of which Dr. Engelmann considered it a sub- species. 7. Q. Prinus, L. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves thick, varying, obovate or oblong to lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, with an obtuse or acute base, undu- lately crenate-toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath, the main primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting peduncles shorter than the petioles, often very short ; cup thick (6 - 12" wide), mostly tuberculate with hard and stout scales ; acorn large (sometimes 1 - !£' long). (Incl. var. monticola, Michx.) — Rocky banks and hillsides, E. Mass, to N. Y. and Ont., and south in the mountains to N. Ala. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed barkf rich in tannin. 8. Q. Muhlenb6rgii, Engelm. (YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT-OAK.) Leaves (5-7' long) slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, almost equably and rather sharply toothed ; cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed scales, 5 - 1" broad; acorn globose or obovate, 7-9" long. (Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michx.) — Dry hillsides and rich bottoms, Mass, to Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. — Leaves more like those of the Chestnut than any other ; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A tall tree, with thin flaky bark. 9. Q. prinoides, Willd. Like the last, but of low stature (usually 2-4° high), with smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles (3 -6" long), and deeper cups with more tumid scales. (Q. Prinus, var. humilis, Marsh.) — Same range as last. Apparently quite distinct at the east, where it is very low, but running into Q. Muhleubergii at the far west. CtJPlTLIFEIkE. (OAK FAMILY.) 477 * # Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed. — LIVE OAKS. 10. Q. virens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, hoary beneath as well as the branchlets ; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1-3- f ruited ; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong ; cotyledons completely united into one ' mass. — Along the coast from Va. to Fla. and Tex. Becoming a large tree at the south, and formerly extensively used in ship-building. §2. MELANOBALANUS. Bark dark, furrowed ; leaves deciduous, their lobes and teeth acute and bristle-pointed (at least in youth) ; stamens mostly 4 - 6 ; cup-scales membranaceous ; styles long and spreading ; abortive ovules near the top of the perfect seed ; inner surface of nut tomentose ; fruit ma- turing the second year, sessile or on short thick peduncles ; wood porous and brittle. — BLACK OAKS. * Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed. •H- Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or somewhat obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatifid to deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn; large trees, with reddish coarse-grained wood ; species closely related and apparently readily hybridizing. 11. Q. rubra, L. (RED OAK.) Cup saucer-shaped or flat, with a narrow raised border (9 -12" in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales, sessile or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn, which is V or less in length ; leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth ; bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish. — Common both in rich and poor soil, westward to E. Minn, and E. Kan. Timber coarse and poor. — Var. RUNCI- NATA, A. DC., is a form with regular nearly entire lobes and the fruit nearly a half smaller ; found near St. Louis. 12. Q. coccinea, Wang. (SCARLET OAK.) Cup top-shaped, or hemi- spherical with a conical base (7-9" broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or more of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn, the scales somewhat appressed and glabrate, or in western localities yellowish-canescent and squarrose as in var. tinctoria ; leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on full-grown trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; buds small; acorns 6 -9" long; bark of the trunk gray, the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soil ; commonj from S. Maine to Del., Minn., N. Mo., and south in the mountains. Var. tinctdria, Gray. (QUERCITRON, YELLOW-BARKED, or BLACK OAK.) Leaves with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat pubes- cent beneath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn ; cup-scales large and loosely imbricated or squarrose when dry, yellowish gray, pubescent ; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and inter- nally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer ; buds longer and more pointed ; cup sometimes less top-shaped. (Q. tinctoria, Bartram.) — Dry or gravelly uplands, S. Maine to S. Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Intermediate forms connect this with the type. The bark is largely used in tanning. 478 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) Var. ambigua, Gray. (GRAY OAK.) Found along our northeastern bor- ders to Lake Champlain and northward, figured and briefly characterized by Michaux as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of Q. coccinea. It was considered by Dr. Engelmann as a form of Q. rubra with cups hemispherical or even turbinate. 13. Q. pallistris, Du Roi. (SWAMP SPANISH or PIN OAK.) Cup flat- saucer-shaped, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk, fine-scaled (5 - 1" broad), very much shorter than the usually globose or depressed acorn, which is 5 - 1" long ; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses. — Low grounds; rather common, from Mass, to Del. and Md., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. •<- •*- Mature leaves soft-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped, with a somewhat top-shaped base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn. 14. Q. falcata, Michx. (SPANISH OAK.) Leaves grayish-downy or ful- vous underneath, obtuse or rounded at base, 3 - 5-lobed above (sometimes entire) ; the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or sparingly cut-toothed ; acorn globose, 4 - 5" long. — Dry or sandy soil, Long Island to Fla., and from S. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. A \arge or small tree, extremely variable in foliage ; bark excellent for tanning. 15. Q. ilicif61ia, Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK.) Dwarf (3- 8° high), straggling; leaves (2-4' long) thickish, obovate, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5- (3 - 7-) lobed, white-downy beneath ; lobes short and tri- angular, spreading ; acorn ovoid, globular, 5 - 6" long. — Sandy barrens and rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ohio and Ky. * # Leaves entire or with a few teeth (or somewhat 3 - 5-lobed at the summit), coria- ceous, commonly bristle-pointed ; acorns globular, small (not over 6" long). •*- Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upward and more or less sinuate or somewhat 3 - 5-lobed ; acorns globular-ovoid. 16. Q. aquatica, Walter. (WATER-OAK.) Leaves glabrous and shining , obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base and an often obscurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemi- spherical. — Wet grounds, around ponds, etc., Del. to the Gulf, and from Ky. and Mo. to Tex. — Tree 30-40° high ; running into many varieties, especially southward ; the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate- pinnatifid ; then mostly bristle-pointed. 17. Q. nigra, L. (BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK.) Leaves broadly wedge- shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty -pubescent beneath, shining above, large (4 - 9' long) ; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly ; acorn short- ovoid. — Dry sandy barrens, or heavy clay soil, Long Island to S. Minn., E. Neb., and southward. A small tree (sometimes 30-40° high), of little value. -t- •<— Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire ; acorn globose. 18. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK.) Leaves Ian ceolate-oblong , thickish, smooth, and shining above, downy underneath, the down commonly persistent ; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped. — Rich woodlands, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Wise., Iowa, E. Neb., and N. Ark. — • CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 479 Tree 30-90° high. The specific name is in allusion to its early use for shingles. 19. Q. Phellos, L. (WILLOW-OAK.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, soon glabrous, light green (3-4' long); cup saucer-shaped. — Bottom lands or rich sandy uplands, Staten Island to N. Fla., west to S. Ky., Mo., and Tex. In addition to the above, the following hybrids have been recognized : — Q. ALBA X MACROCARPA ; N. 111. (Bebb) ; central 111. (Hall). Q. ALBA X STELLATA ; N. 111. (Bebb) ; D. C. ( Vasey) ; S. C. (Mellichamp) Q. ALBA X PRINUS ; near Washington, D. C. ( Vasey.) Q. IMBRICARIA X NIGRA (Q. tridcntata, Engelmann) ; S. 111. (Engelmann). Q. IMBRICARIA X PALUSTRIS ; Mo. (Engelmann). Q. IMBRICARIA X COCCINEA (Q. Leana, Nutt.) ; Ohio to Mo., and near Wash- ington, D. C. Q. PHELLOS X RUBRA (?) or COCCINEA (?) (Q. heterophylla, Michx.) ; Staten Island and N. J. to Del. and N. C. (BARTRAM'S OAK.) Q. PHELLOS X NIGRA (Q. Rudkini, Britt.) ; N. J. (Rudkin). Q. ILICIFOLIA X COCCINEA (?) ; Uxbridge, Mass. (Eobbins.) 7. CASTANEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT. Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins ; calyx mostly 6-parted ; stamens 8 - 20 ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre ; calyx with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3-7-celled 6-14-ovuled ovary; abortive stamens 5 - 12 ; styles linear, exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary ; stig- mas small. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2-3 together or solitary in the hard and thick very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, some- what plaited, cohering together, remaining underground in germination. — Leaves strongly straight-veined, undivided. Flowers appearing later than the leaves, cream-color ; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, wholly sterile or the upper ones androgynous with the fertile flowers at the base. (The classical name, from that of a town in Thessaly.) 1. C. sativa, Mill., var. Americana. (CHESTNUT.) A large tree, leaves oblong -lanceolate, pointed, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at base, when mature smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involucre, therefore flattened on one or both sides, very sweet. (C. vesca, var., of the Manual.) — Rocky woods and hillsides, S. Maine to Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., and west to S. Mich., S. Ind., and Tenn. 2. C. pumila, Mill. (CHINQUAPIN.) A spreading shrub or small tree leaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, whitened -downy beneath ; invo- lucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid pointed nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet, solitary, not flattened. — Rich hillsides and borders of swamps, S. Perm, to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Tex. 8. PAGUS, Tourn. BEECH. Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale- like bracts ; calyx bell-shaped, 5 - 7-clef t ; stamens 8-16; filaments slender , anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short pe- duncle, invested by numerous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner coherent at base 480 CUPULIFER^:. (OAK FAMILY.) to form the 4-lobed involucre ; calyx-lobes 6, awl-shaped ; ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell ; styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involu. ere, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded and somewhat united ; but rising and expanding in germination. — Trees, with a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided strongly straight-veined leaves, which are open and convex in the tapering bud and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from <}>dya>, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.) 1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (AMERICAN BEECH.) Tree 75-100° high; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; peti- oles and midrib soon nearly naked ; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. — N. Scotia to Ma., west to Wise., E. 111., Mo., and Tex. ORDER 104. SALICACEJE. (WILLOW FAMILY.) Dioecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one to each bract, without perianth ; the fruit a 1-celled and 2 - 4-valved pod, with 2-4 parietal or basal placenta, bearing numerous seeds furnished with long silky down. — Style usually short or none ; stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds ascending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf- like and persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light ; bark bitter. 1. Salix. Bracts entire. Flowers with small glands ; disks none. Stamens few. Stigmas short. Buds with a single scale. 2. Populus* Bracts lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. Stamens nu- merous. Stigmas elongated. Buds scaly. 1. SAL IX, Tourn. WILLOW. OSIER. (By M. S. BEBB, Esq.) Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3 - 10, mostly 2, dis- tinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 small glands. Fertile flowers also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary ; stigmas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and lithe branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating in n. 14). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical Latin name.) § 1. Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets ; scales yellowish falling before the capsules mature ; filaments hairy below, all free ; style very short or obso- lete; stigmas thick, notched. Trees or large shrubs ; leaves taper-pointed. # Leaves closely serrate with inflexed teeth ; capsules glabrous. •i- Stamens 3-5 or more. ** Trees 15-50° high, with rough bark and slender twigs ; no petiolar glands $ sterile aments elongated, narrowly cylindrical ; flowers somewhat remotely subverticillate ; scales entire, short and rounded, crisp-villous on the inside. 1. S. nigra, Marsh. (BLACK WILLOW.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, very long-attenuate from near the roundish or acute base to the usually curved tip, SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 481 often downy when young, at length green and glabrous except the petiole and midrib; stipules large, semicordate, pointed and persistent, or small, ovoid and deciduous; fruiting aments (l£-3' long) more or less dense; capsules ovate conical, shortly pedicelled. — Banks of streams and lakes, bending over the water; common. — Var. FALCATA, Torr. Leaves narrower and scythe- shaped. — Var. WARDI, Bebb. Leaves broader, often V wide, glaucous and veined beneath; stipules large, round-renif orm ; aments long, loosely flow- ered ; capsules globose-conical, long-pedicelled. Rocky islands of the Potomac ( Ward) ; Falls of the Ohio (Short) ; Mo. The leaves alone are easily mis- taken for those of n. 14. — A hybrid of this species with S. alba, var. vitellina, is found in Wayne Co., N. Y. (E. L. Hankenson). 2. S. amygdaloides, Anders. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate , 2-4' long, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath ; petioles long and slender ; stipules minute, very early deciduous ; fertile aments becoming very loose in fruit from the lengthening of the slender pedicels. — Central N. Y. (Dudley) to Mo. ; common westward. *•* -w- A shrub or small bushy tree, 6-15° high, with smooth bark and rather stout polished twigs ; petioles glandular ; sterile aments thick, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered ; stamens commonly 5 ; scales dentatet hairy at base, smooth above. » 3. S. lucida, Muhl. (SHINING W.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrower, tapering to a very long acuminate point, at length coriaceous, smooth and shin- ing both sides ; stipules small, oblong ; fruiting aments often persistent, the capsules becoming rigid and polished, as in the nearly allied S. pentandra of Europe. — Banks of streams, N. Eng. to Penn., west and northward. A beautiful species on account of its showy staminate aments and large glossy leaves. •*- H- Stamens mostly 2 ; capsules subsessile or very shortly pedicelled ; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate. S. FRAGILIS, L. (CRACK WILLOW.) Lea s green and glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, 3-6' long; stipules when present half -cordate ; stamens rarely 3 - 4 ; capsule long-conical, shortly pedicelled. — A tall and handsome tree, which was planted at an early day c,bout Boston and elsewhere. — The var. DECfpiENS, Smith, with yellowish- vhite or crimson twigs, buds black in winter, and smaller and brighter green leaves, ought perhaps to be excluded, the plant so named by Barratt, etc., being one of the hybrids mentioned below (Adv. from Eu.) S. ALBA, L. (WHITE W.) Leaves ashy-gray or silky-white on both sides, except when old, 2-4' long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; capsules ovate-conical, sessile or nearly so. — Var. c^ERtiLEA, Koch ; twigs olive ; old leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish green. — Var. VITELLINA, Koch; Cwigs yellow or reddish ; old leaves glabrous above. — A familiar tree of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50 - 80°. The typical form, with olive twigs and old leaves silky on both sides, is rarely found with us, but the var. VITELLINA is common. Pure S. FRAGILIS is also scarce, but a host of hybrids between the two, representing S. viridis, Fries, S. Russelliana, Smith, etc., are the commonest of introduced willows. These forms are rendered almost inextri- cable by a further cross, by no means rare, with our native S. lucida. (Adv. from Eu.) S. BABYLONICA, Tourn. (WEEPING W.) Extensively planted for orna- ment, and in some places widely spread along river-banks 'and lake-shores by the drifting of detached limbs. (Adv. from Eu.) 482 SALICACE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) • * Leaves remotely denticulate with projecting teeth ; stamens 2 ; capsule glabrous or silky. 4. S. longifdlia, Muhl. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-4' long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young, at length smooth and green both sides; stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous; aments linear- cylindric, often clustered at the ends of the branchlets ; capsule shortly pedi- celled ; stigmas large, sessile. — Found sparingly along the Atlantic coast from Maine to the Potomac ; common westward. A shrub, rooting extensively in alluvial deposits and forming dense clumps. This species is a peculiar Amer- ican type, and exceedingly variable; the earliest leaves after germination pinnately lobed. § 2. Aments lateral or terminal, with or without bracts; scales persistent, colored at the tip ; stamens 2 (usually 1 in n. 19), with glabrous filaments (united and hairy in S. purpurea) ; shrubs or small trees. # Capsules tomentose. •«- Pedicels 3-6 times the length cfthe gland ; style medium or none. «•+ Large shrubs or small trees (8-15° high)] leaves obovate or elliptic-lanceo. late, 2-4' long, acute or acuminate, more or less obscurely and irregularly serrate, thin becoming rigid, glaucous beneath ; fertile aments oblong -cylindric, 2-3' long, loosely flowered. 5. S. rostrata, Richardson. Leaves dull green and downy above, stoutly veined and soft-hairy beneath, serrate, crenate or subentire; stipules when pres- ent semi-cordate, toothed, acute ; aments appearing with the leaves, the sterile narrowed at base, pale yellow ; capsules tapering to a very long slender beak ; pedicels thread-like, much exceeding the pale, rose-tipped, linear, thinly villous scales ; style scarcely any ; stigma-lobes entire or deeply parted. (S. livida, var. occidentalis, Gray.) — Moist or dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn., and fa* west and northward. Nut ; Dreading from the root but having rather the habit of a small tree, with a distinct trunk. 6. S. discolor, Muhl. (GLAUCOUS W.) Leaves smooth and bright green above, soon smooth btneJth, irregularly crenate-gorrate, the serratures remote at base, closer, finer and becoming obsolete toward the point ; stipules \' long or more, and sharply toothed, or small and nearly entire ; aments closely sessile, thick, oblong-cylindrical., V long or more, appearing before the leaves in earliest spring; scales dark rer? or brown, becoming black, copious!, tj clothed with long glossy hairs ' style short but distinct. — Yar. ERIOCEPHALA, Anders. Aments more densely flowered and more silvery silky ; leaves sometimes retaining a ferruginous pubescence beneath even when fully grown. — Var. PRINOIDES, Anders. Aments more loosely flowered, less silky ; capsules more thinly to- mentose ; style longer ; stigma-lobes laciniate ; leaves narrower. (S. prinoides, Pursh) Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and others which are prob- ably hybrids with S. cordata. — Low meadows and river-banks, common. The just expanding leaves are often overspread with evanescent ferruginous hairs. ** •»-«. Upland grayish shrubs, 1-8° high ; leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the low- est obtuse, downy above becoming glabrate, beneath glaucous, rugose-veined and softly tornentose, the margin revolute, undulate-entire ; aments ovoid or SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 483 oblong, closely sessile, appearing before the leaves, naked at base ; capsules rather shortly pedicelled, greenish or reddish, spreading ; scales dark red or brownish ; style distinct ; stigmas bifid. 7. S. humilis, Marsh. (PRAIRIE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate, the lowest obovate ; stipules medium-sized, semi-ovate, entire or oftener toothed; petioles distinct; aments often recurved, about V long. — Dry plains and barrens, common. A shrub, 3-8° high, varying much in the size and shape of the leaves. Hybrids with n. 6 have equally broad and large but duller green leaves, softly tomentose beneath and with shorter petioles, the aments squally thick but usually recurved, and the capsules on shorter pedicels. Small forms apparently pass into the next. 8. S. tristis, Ait. (DWARF GRAY W.) Leaves small (1 - 2' long), crowded, linear-obi anceolate, tapering to a very short petiole ; stipules minute, deciduous ; aments very small, globular or oval, about % long in fruit. — Sandy plains or on the borders of hillside thickets, common. A tufted shrub, 1 - H° high, rising from a strong large root. +H. -M. -w. Low shrubs, 3-10° high, of cold swamps, with slender yellowish or red- dish twigs ; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, glaucous beneath and covered when young with appressed silvery-silky hairs ; aments (especially the fertile) with a few leafy bracts at base; capsule pedicelled, silvery-silky ; stigmas bifid. *=• Shrubs of lowland swamps ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2 - 3' long, taper-pointed, finely and evenly serrate ; stipules linear or semi-cordate, deciduous ; aments sessile or in fruit slightly peduncled ; style very short. 9. S. sericea, Marsh. (SILKY W.) Leaves at first (principally beneath) very silky, turning black in drying ; aments narrowly cylindrical, the fertile densely flowered ; capsule short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse. — Com- mon, but more prevalent from the region of the Great Lakes eastward. 10. S. petiolaris, Smith. Leaves only slightly silky when young, soon smooth, writh less tendency to blacken in drying ; fertile aments ovoid-cylindric, in fruit broad and loose from the lengthening of the pedicels ; capsule rostrate from an ovate base, rather acute. — Var. GRACILIS, Anders., has extremely loose aments, and very long-pedicelled attenuate-rostrate capsules. — Common, but more prevalent from the Great Lakes westward. This species, like the preceding, hybridizes freely with S. cordata. = = Alpine shrub ; leaves 1 - 2' long, repand-crenate ; stipules minute, fugacious ; aments leafy-peduncled; style distinct. 11 S. argyrocarpa, Anders. Leaves tapering evenly to both ends, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the margin slightly revolute ; petiole short ; fruiting ament short (about V long), loosely flowered ; capsule tapering, densely silky-silvery ; gland of the staminate flower variously doubled. — Moist alpine ravines in a few limited localities on or near Mt. Washington, N. H. ; also in Lower Canada and Lab. A bushy branched shrub, erect or depressed at base, 1-2° high, growing in wide dense patches. A hy- brid with n. 13 was detected by Mr. E. Faxon in Tuckerman's ravine (its leaves collected by Dr. Gray as early as 1842!), appearing like a large form of the specias with the aments of S. phylicifolia. 484 SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) •i- •*- Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated. 12. S. Candida, Willd. (SAGE W. HOARY W.) Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-4' long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, beneath covered with a dense white tomentum, the revolute margin subentire ; stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles ; aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 2' long in fruit; anthers red; the dark gland elongated; capsule densely white-woolly ; style dark red ; stigmas short, spreading, notched. — Cold bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward, — A hoary shrub 2-5° high ; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. Two beautiful hybrids, with n. 10 and n. 14, have been found near Flint Mich. (Dr. Clarke). 13. S. phylicifdlia, L. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand- toothed, 2-3' long, very smooth on both sides, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous; stipules obsolete; aments sessile with a few small bracts at base, 1' long, rather densely flowered, oblong-cylindric, the fertile somewhat stipitate, becoming 2' long in fruit; scales dark, silky- villous; capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base; stigmas bifid or entire, yellow drying black. (S. chlorophylla, of Man.; S. chlorophylla, var. denu- data, Anders.) — Moist ravines on alpine summits of the White Mountains, and of Mt. Mansfield, Vt. — A divaricately much branched shrub 1 - 1PP high; twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.) S. VIMINALIS, L., the OSIER WILLOW of Europe, is occasionally planted but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as S. SMITHIANA, Willd., etc., stand our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive. •«-•«-•«- Capsules sessile ; filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to appear as one. S. PURptiREA, L. (PURPLE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue-shaped, slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules obsolete; aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base; scale small, round, crisp-villous, .tipped with dark purple; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse. — Low grounds ; commonly cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Capsules glabrous. *-'Tall shrubs, 4-10° high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4' long, acute or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or cordate at base), serrate ; sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts at base, V long or more, the fertile leaf y-ped uncled, in fruit 2' long or more; capsules tapering, pointed. •w- Leaves soon smooth; capsules long-pedicelled ; style medium. 14. S. COrdata, Muhl. (HEART-LEAVED W.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate w narrower, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrate, finely denticulate or subentire, green both sides or scarcely paler beneath, the young often silky or downy, especially on the midrib, not turning black in drying ; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large and conspicuous j aments rather slender ; capsules greenish or rufescent, 2-3" long. (S. rigida, Muhl.) — Var. ANGUSTATA, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate, finely serrate. — In wet places and along streams, etc. ; our most widely dis- tributed and variable species. — S. MYRICO!DES, Muhl. (S. cordata, var. myri- SALICACE^E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 485 coides, Dart., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this species and S. sericea, having the leaves, even those of the most vigorous shoots, tapering and rather acute at base, glaucous or glaucescent beneath and sparsely appressed-hairy ; stipules small, ovate, pointed ; capsules more or less silky when young, be- coming glabrate, shortly pedicelled ; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the European S. incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated parent) is found at Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley). 15. S. glaueoph^lla, Bebb. Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly rounded base to oblong-lanceolate and equally pointed at both ends (3-4' long, nearly ^ wide), glandular-serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, the young drying black ; stipules large, ear- shaped, dentate ; aments thick, oblong-cylindrical, in size and silkiness resem- bling n. 6 ; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3-5' long, greenish, drying brown. — Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA, Bebb ; leaves narrower (3' long, £' wide), pointed at both ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.) — Var. BREVIF6LIA, Bebb; leaves obovate, about 1' long, strongly veined. — Common^ on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake-shore in N. 111. and Wise. 16. S. balsamifera, Barratt. Leaves broadly rounded and usually sub- cordate at base, at Jirst very thin, subpellucid and of a rich reddish color, at length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined beneath, slightly glandular-serrulate ; petioles long and slender ; stipules obso- lete ; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit, the long slender pedicels 6-8 times the length of the gland ; style short. (S. pyrifolia, Anders.) — In open swamps along our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward ; White Mountains of N. H. (Little, 1823; rediscovered by Pringle, and C. E. and E. Faxon). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps • recent twigs shining- chestnut on the sunny side. ** •*+ Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both sides, which is finally deciduous ; capsule subsessile ; style elongated, 17. S. adenoph^lla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate (1-2' long), dull green both sides, very closely serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds ; aments leafy-peduncled, the fertile not rarely becoming 4' long, densely flowered. — Shores of the Great Lakes, root- ing extensively in the sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout to mentose twigs and crowded leaves. Hybridizes with S. cordata. *~ i- Low erect shrub, 1 - 3° high ; leaves small, entire ; capsules oblong-cylindric ; stigmas sessile or nearly so. 18. S. myrtilloides, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about 1' long, obtuse or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath ; fertile aments oblong, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles ; capsules reddish green ; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish yellow scale. — Var. PEDICELLA.RIS, Anders.; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1-2-J' long. — Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.) 486 SALICACE.E. (WILLOW FAMILY.) H_ H_ +- Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs. 19. S, Uva-lirsi, Pursh. (BEARBERRY W.) Leaves elliptical and pointed, or obovate and obtuse, less than V long, 3-4" wide, tapering at base, slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; aments borne on slender lateral leafy peduncles, oblong-cylin- dric, 6 - 9" long, the fertile lengthening to 2' and narrowly cylindric, densely flowered above, often loose below ; scales obovate, rose-red at the tip, covered with long silky hairs; stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at maturity; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri} Tuckerm.) — Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y, Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an area 1-2° in diameter. 20. S. herbacea, L. Leaves roundish oval, heart-shaped, obtuse or retuse, less than V long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately veined; aments ter- minating 2-leaved branch/ets> small, ovoid, 4 -\0-flowered ; scales concave, obovate, obtuse, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; capsule subsessile. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, and far northward. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the branches seldom rising above 1 - 2' from the ground. (Eu.) 2. P(5PUIiUS, Tourn. POPLAR. ASPEN. Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8 - 30, or more ; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2-4, elongated. Capsules 2 - 4-valved. — Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, of uncertain origin.) § 1. Styles 2, with 2-3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, oblong-conical, 2-valved ; seeds very small ; leaves ovate. # Petioles laterally flattened ; bracts silky ; stamens 6-20; capsules numerous, small, on very short pedicels. P. XLBA, L. (WHITE POPLAR. ABELE.) The younger branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white-tomen- tose ; scales crenate, fringed. — Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.) 1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.) Small tree 20 - 50° high, with smooth greenish-white bark ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with downy margins, on long slender petioles; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear di- visions, fringed with long hairs. — Maine to the mountains of Penn., N. Ky., Minn., and far north and westward. 2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN.) Tree 60- 75° high, with smoothish gray bark ; leaves roundish-ovate, with large and ir- regular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal small divisions, slightly fringed. — Rich woods and borders of streams, N. Scotia to the mountains of N. C., west to N. Minn, and Tenn. EMPETRACE^E. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 487 * * Petioles terete ; bracts not silky ; stamens 12-60. 3. P. heterophylla, L. (DOWNY POPLAR.) Tree 40 -80° high; leaves ovate with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath ; fertile catkins few-flowered ; capsules \' long, equalling the pedicels. — Bor- ders of river swamps, Conn, to Ga., and in the west from S. Ind. and 111. to Ark. and W. La. § 2. Styles 2-4, with dilated lobes ; capsules large, often thick, subglobose to ovate-oblong, 2 - 4-valved : bracts mostly glabrous ; seeds 1 - 2" long. 4. P. balsamifera, L. (BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC.) Tree SO- TS0 high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on both sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete petioles £ - 2' long ; scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens 20-30; capsule ovate , 2-valved. — Bor- ders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to Mich, and Minn., and far north and westward. — Var. CANDICANS, Gray. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped ; petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultiva tion, but rare or unknown in a wild state. 5. P. monilifera, Ait. (COTTON-WOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR.) Tret 75-150° high; leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated flattened petioles ; scales lacerate-f ringed, not hairy ; stamens 60 or more ; cap- sules on slender pedicels (4-5" long) in long catkins, oblong-ovate , 3-4-valved. (Incl. P. angulata, Ait.) — Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. ORDER 105. EMPETKACEJE. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen oj Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae ; — probably only an apet- alous and polygamous or dioecious degenerate form of Ericaceae, — com- prising three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the third farther south. 1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, somewhat petal* like. "5. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none. 1. EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY. Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon- spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short ; stigma 6 - 9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from Iv, upon, and ircrpos, a rock.) 1. E. nigrum, L. (BLACK CROWBERRY.) Procumbent and spreading ; leaves linear-oblong, scattered ; fruit black. — Newf ., Mount Desert and 4:88 EMPETRACKa;. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. Superior and northward. (Eu.) 2. CO RE MA, Don. BROOM-CROWBERRY. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slen- der, 3- (or rarely 4-5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last. — Diffusely much- branched little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath* 3ike leaves. (Name K6pr}fjLa, a broom, from the bushy aspect.) 1. C. Conr£dii, Torr. Shrub 6' -2° high, diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Island (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of S. E. Mass, and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers. ORDER 106. CEBATOPHYLLACE^E. (HORNWORT FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an S- 12- cleft involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple l-celled ovary, with a suspended orthotropous ovule ; seed filled by a highly developed embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting oj several nodes and leaves. — Consists only of the genus 1. CERATOPHTfLLUM. L. HORNWORT. Sterile flowers of 10-20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams ; the sessile leaves cut into thrice- forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from He pas, a horn, and 0t5AAov, leaf). 1. C. dem6rsum, L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side. — Var. ECHINA.TUM, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger (3" long), rough-pim- pled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.) CONIFER JE. (PINE FAMILY.) 489 SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMJE. Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely wanting ; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a peri- carp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen, Cotyledons often more than two. ORDER 107. C0NIFERJE. (PiNE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers in catkins or soli- tary, destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Em- bryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on two sides.) SUBORDER I. Pinaceae. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becom- ing cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly monoecious and evergreen. Tribe I. ABIETINE^E. (PINE FAMILY proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consist- ing of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3 - 16. Anthers spi- rally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped. * Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky. 1. Pinus. Leaves 2 - 5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales. * * Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin. *- Cones pendulous, their scales persistent ; bracts smaller than the scales ; leaves jointed upon a prominent persistent base, solitary. 2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal). 8. Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat. •»- H- Cones erect ; bracts longer than the scales ; leaf-scars not prominent. 4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous. Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath. 5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous Tribe II. TAXODIE^E. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged imbricated scales, without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate ; leaf-buds not scaly. 6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous. Tribe III. CUPBESSINE^E. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite er ternate, becoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usu- ally scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate ; leaf-buds not scaly. * Monoecious ; fruit a small cone ; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked. 7 Cliamsecyparis. Cone globose ; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged. 8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8 - 12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-wingecL * * Dioecious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds. 9 Juniper us. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked. 49Cr CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) SUBORDER II. Taxkcese. (YEW FAMILY.) Flowers dioecious, axillary and solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which becomes a bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by the enlarged fleshy disk (or scale). 10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry -like cup. 1. PIN US, Tourn. PINE. Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens spirally in serted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the terminal bud, or lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpel- lary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds par6rr sunk in excavations at the base of the scale ; in separating carrying away a part ^t its lining as a thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Primary leaves thin and chaff- like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylmdrical, becoming channelled ; when more than 2 triangular ; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.) § 1. Leaves 5, each with a single Jibro-vascular bundle ; sheath loose, deciduous ; cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the end and without prickle or point ; bark smooth except on old trunks. 1. P. Str6bus, L. (WHITE PINE.) Tree 75-160° high; leaves very slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval (4 - 5" long), with 6-8 involucral scales at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often curved (4-6' long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10. — Newf. to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn, and E. Iowa. Invaluable for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in large trees nearly free from resin. § 2. Leaves in twos or threes , each with two Jibro-vascular bundles ; sheath close : woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually spiny-tipped. # Cones lateral ; their scales much thickened at the end ; leaves rigid. •i- Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2). 2. P. T£eda, L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD PINE.) Leaves long (6- 10') with elongated sheaths, light green ; cones elongated-oblong (3 - 5' long) and tapering; scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. — Wet clay or dry sandy soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark. — A tree 50- 150° high ; staminate flowers slender, 2' long, with usually 10-13 involucral scales : seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side. 3. P. rigida, Mill. (PITCH PINE.) Leaves (3- 5' long) dark green, from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (l-3£' long), often in clusters; scales with a short stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or barren soil, N. Brunswick CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 491 to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky. — A tree 30-80° high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter ; scales 6-8. -«- •<- Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7). 4. P. plingens, Michx. f. (TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.) Leaves stout, short (1|_2£' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage); cones ovate (3^' long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine (|' long). — Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn. — A rather small tree (20-60* high) ; cones long-persistent. 5. P. inops, Ait. (JERSEY or SCRUB PINE.) Leaves short (H-3' long): cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2-3' long), the scales tipped with a straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, Long Island to S. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to S. Ind. — A straggling tree at the east, 15-40° high, with spreading or drooping branchlets; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 6. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB PINE.) Leaves short (V long), oblique, divergent ; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (1^-2' long), smooth, the scales pointless. — Barren sandy soil, S. Maine and N. Vt. to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling shrub or low tree. 7. P. mttis, Michx. (YELLOW PINE.) Leaves sometimes in tlirees,/rom long sheaths, slender (3-5' long); cones ovate- or oblong- conical (barely 2' long), the scales with a minute weak prickle. — Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex. — A straight tree, 50-100° high, with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The west- ern form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones. * * Cones terminal ; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes. 8. P. resindsa, Ait. (RED PINE.) Leaves in twos from long sheaths, elongated (5 - 6' long), dark green ; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2' long), their scales slightly thickened, pointless; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6 -9" long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base. — Dry woods, Mass, to N. Penn., Mich., and Minn., and northward. — A tall tree, with reddish, rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous. 9. P. pallistris, Mill. (LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA PINE.) Leaves in threes from long sheaths, very long (10-15'), crowded at the summit of very scaly branches ; sterile flowers 2| - 3' long, rose-purple ; cones larget cylindrical or conical-oblong (6-10' long), the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis, Michx.) — Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood. 2. PICE A, Link. SPRUCE. Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preced- ing year ; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells open- ing lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal ; cones maturing the first year, pendulous ; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.) 1. P. nigra, Link. (BLACK SPRUCE.) Branchlets pubescent ; leaves short (usually 4 - *" long), either dark green or glaucous-whitish : cones ovate or ovate 492 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) oblong ( 10 - 20" long), mostly recurved, persistent, the rigid scales with a thin den- ticulate edge. (Abies nigra, Poir.) — Swamps and cold mountain woods, New Eng. to Penn., central Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the moun- tains to Ga. A tree 40 - 70° high. — Var. RtiBRA, Engelm. Leaves larger and darker; cones larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous. 2. P. alba, Link. (WHITE SPRUCE.) Branchlets glabrous; leaves more slender, pale or glaucous; cones nodding, cylindrical (about 2' long), pale, de- ciduous, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, Mlchx.)—' Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. — A hand- somer tree than n. 1, 50-150° high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. 3. TSUGA, Carriere. HEMLOCK. Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year's branchlets ; cones maturing the first year, pendulous ; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scat- tered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.) 1. T. Canadensis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (% long) ; cones oval (6 - 8" long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) — Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along the mountains to Ala., west to Mich, and Minn. — A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath. 4. ABIES, Link. FIR. Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely ; pollen as in Pinus. Fertile catkins and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches ; cones maturing the first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous at maturity, Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.) 1. A. balsamea, Miller. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD FIR.) Leaves narrowly linear (6-10" long) ; cones cylindrical (2-4' long, V thick), violet- colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. — Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf . to Penn., along' the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub. 5. LARIX, Tourn. LARCH. Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless buds ; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent. — Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.) CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 493 1. L. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN or BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6-9" long), of few rounded scales, arranged in f order. — Chiefly in cold swamps, N. Penn. to N. Ind. and central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30- 100° high, with hard and very resinous wood. 6. TAXODIUM, Richard. BALD CYPRESS. Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flower* spiked-panicled, of few stamens ; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons 6-9. — Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also de- ciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of rd£os, the yew, and elSos, resem- blance, the leaves being Yew-like.) 1. T. distichum, Richard. (AMERICAN BALD CYPRESS.) Leaves linear and spreading ; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. — Swamps, S. Del. to S. 111. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very large and valuable tree. March, April. 7. CHAM^CYPARIS, Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS. Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de- cussate in pairs, bearing few (1-4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle ; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed- imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From X«juat, on the ground, and Kv-rrdpiaro-os, cypress.) 1. C. sphseroidea, Spach. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows ; anther-cells 2 under each scale ; cones small (3 - 5" in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales: seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thy- oides, L.) — Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30-90° high, the wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vitse. 8. THUYA, Tourn. ARBOR Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated, small, appressed, persistent leaves ; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets ; one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch, (©via or ®va, the ancient name of some resiii-bearing evergreenj 494 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 1. T. OCCidentalis, L. (ARBOR VITVE. WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves ap pressed-i mbricated in 4 rows 011 the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones pointless ; seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks, N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. A tree 20 - 50° high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood. 9. JUNIPERUS, L. JUMPER. Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fe> tile catkins ovoid, of 3 -6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit form ing a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with whit? bloom. Seeds 1 -3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in § 2. (The classical name.) § 1. OXYCEDRUS. Aments axillary ; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly -pointed, channelled and white glaucous above. 1. J. communis, L. (COMMON JUNIPER.) Shrub or small tree, witli spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5-9" long) ; berry dark blue (3" or more in diameter). — Dry sterile hills, common. Var. alpina, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2-4" long) less spreading leaves. — Maine to Minn., and northward. §2. SABlNA. Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, i.e., awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back. 2. J. Sabina, L., var. proctimbens, Pursh. A procumbent, prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub ; scale-like leaves acute ; berry on short recurved peduncles, 3 - 5" in diameter. — Rocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eng. to N. Minn., and northward. 3. J. Virginiana, L. (RED CEDAR or SAVIN.) From a shrub to a tree. 60-90° high, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; berries on straight peduncles, about 3" in diameter. — Dry hills or deep swamps, common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic. 10. TAXUS, Tourn. YEW. Flowers mostly dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly buds ; the sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens ; anther-cells 3-8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary, scalv-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with an annu lar disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy and berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from TO£OV, a bow ; the wood anciently used for bows.) 1. T. Canad6nsis, Willd. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Willd.) — Moist banks and bills, especially under evergreens ; Newt to N. J.; Iowa, Minn., and northward. HYDROCHARIDACfcJS. (FROG*S-BIT FAMILY, \ 495 CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OK ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue ; peren- nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel- veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Em- bryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule alternate. ORDER 108. HYDROCHARLDACE^E. (FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1 - ^-celled ovary. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, without albumen ; embryo straight. Tribe I. HYDRILXEuE. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile. 1. Elodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube long-filiform. Tribe II. VALXISNERIE^SE. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate. 2. Vallisneria. Submerged ; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very long scape. Tribe III. STRATIOTE^E. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pe- dunculate. Ovary 6 - 9-celled. 3. Umiiobium. Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled. 1. ELODEA, Michx. WATER-WEED. Flowers polygamo-dicecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals ; filaments short and united at base, or none ; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently perfect ; perianth extended into an extremely long capillary tube ; the limb 6-parted ; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Stamens 3-9, often with im- perfect anthers or none. Ovary 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bear- ing a few orthotropous ovules ; the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender submerged herbs, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly break off, as in Vallisneria, and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, raised to the surface 496 HYDROCHARIDACE^. (FROG*S-BIT FAMILY.) by the prolonged calyx-tube, which varies in length according to the depth of the water. (Name from eAeSSrjs, marshy.) 1. E. Canad&nsis, Michx. Leaves in 3's or 4's, or the lower opposite, varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Canadensis, Planchon.) — Slow streams and ponds, common. July. 2. VALLISNERIA, L. TAPE-GRASS. EEL-GRASS. Flowers strictly dioecious ; the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne on a very short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe upon an exceedingly lengthened scape. Perianth (calyx) 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 1 -celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ; also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylin- drical, berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long linear grass-like leaves, wholly submerged. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom by the short- ness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they shed their pollen around the fertile flow- ers, which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time ; after- wards the thread-form scapes (2-4 feet long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vallisnerit an early Italian botanist.) 1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1-6° long), obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Common in slow waters, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn, and Tex. 3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S-BIT. Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights; there are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9-celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry in fruit; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped. — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, proliferous by runners, with long-petioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile flowers rather small ; the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white ? (Name from \ifjivbfiios, living in pools.) 1 . L. Sp6ngia, Richard. Leaves 1 - 2' long, faintly 5-nerved ; peduncle of sterile flower about 3' long and filiform, of the fertile only T long and stout. — Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla. ; also L. Ontario, 111., and Mo. ORDER 109. BURMANNIACE^E. (BURMANNIA FAMILY.) Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the root grass-like ; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the ORCHID ACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 497 tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 3"and dis- tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; capsule many-seeded, the seeds very minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family. 1. BURMANNIA, L. Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. Style slender ; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.) 1. B. biflora, L. Stem low and slender (2-4' high), 2-flowered at the summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2 - 3" long) bright blue, 3-winged. — Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla. ORDER 110. ORCHIDACEJE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal placenta?, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direction, etc., from the rest, and is called the lip ; only the other two tak- ing the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is really the upper petal, i. e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy stigma ; anther 2-celled ; each cell containing one or more masses of pollen (pollinia) or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium). Stigma a broad glu- tinous surface, except in Cypripedium. — Perennials, often tuber-bearing or tuberous-rooted ; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract, — in all arranged for fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertilization. Tribe I. EPIDENDRE^E. Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. Pollinia smooth and waxy, 4 or 8 (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or those in each cell (or all in n. I and 7) united at base. (Pollinia 8 only in n. 7 of our genera.) * Green-foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves. -•- Column very short ; leaf solitary. 1. Microstylis. Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform. H- H- Column elongated ; leaves radical. +«• Whole plant (except the flowers) green. 2. Uparis. Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire. 3. Calypso. Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate. •H- -H- A single green autumnal leaf ; otherwise mainly brownish or purplish. 4. Tipularia. Raceme many-flowered ; flowers small, greenish ; lip 3-lobed. 5. Aplectrum. Raceme loose ; flowers ratfc*« large ; lip 3-ridged, not spurred or saccate 4:1)8 ORCHID ACE^. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) v * Leafless, with coralloid roots ; whole plant brownish or yellowish ; flowers racemose. 6. Corallnrhiza. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred, and lip w'th 1 - 3 ridges ; sepals and petals 1 - 3-nerved. 7. Hexalectris. Pollinia 8, united. Flower not gibbous ; sepals and petals several- nerved : lip with 5-6 ridges. Tribe II. NEOTTIE.E. Anthers erect upon the back of the column at the summit, or terminal and opercular. Pollinia granular or powdery, more or less cohering in 2 or 4 delicate masses, and attached at the apex to the beak of the stigma. * Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column. Flowers small, in spikes or racemes. 8. Listera. Stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2-lobed. 9. Spiranthes. Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots. Flowers 1 - 3-ranked in a twisted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 callosities at base. 10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column. saccate, without callosities. * * Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy. 11. Epipactis. Flowers racemose ; perianth spreading ; lip dilated above. # * * Anther terminal, operculate, incumbent ; column elongated. Stem scapose or few- leaved ; flowers large, solitary or few. 12. Arethusa. Leaf and flower solitary. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollinia 4. 13. Calopogon. Leaf solitary, grass-like. Lip bearded, stalked, free. Column winged at the apex. Pollinia 4. 14. Pogonia. More or less leafy. Lip crested, free. Column clavate. Pollinia 2. Tribe III. OPHRYDEJE. Anther without operculum, the cells adnate to the top of the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. Pollinia 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland Flower (in ours) ringent and spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem. 15. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch. 16. Habenaria. The two glands naked, either approximate or widely separated. Tribe IV. CYPBIPEDIE^E. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses. 17. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading ; lip an inflated sac. 1. MICBOSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER'S- MOUTH. Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip au- ricled or ovate at base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, without any stalks, threads, or gland. — Low herbs, from solid bulbs, producing simple stems, which bear in our species a single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of piKpts, small, and srrv\is, a column or style.) 1. M. monoph^llos, Lindl. Slender (4-6/ high); leaf sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; racemes spiked, long and slender ; pedicels not longer than the flowers ; lip long-pointed. — Cold wet swamps, N. New Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.) 2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and obtuse ; pedicels much longer than the flowers ; lip truncate-3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe very small. — Low moist ground, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn, and T.lo. July. — Pollinia (at least sometimes) only 1 in each cell. ORCHIDACE.E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 491) 2. LI PARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading. Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal ; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or gland. — Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from Anrapos, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.) 1 L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves ovate ; petals thread-like, reflexed ; lip large ( % long), wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish. — Moist woodlands, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. June. 2. L. Lo3s61ii, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled ; lip obovate or oblong (2" long), mucronate, yellowish-green, shorter than the linear unequal petals and sepals. — Bogs, N. Scotia to Md., S. 111., and Minn. (Eu.) 3. CALYPSO, Salisb. Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9" long), 2-pointed underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below the apex ; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a square gland. — A little bog-herb ; the solid bulbs producing a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short (3-5/ high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Calypso.) 1 . C. borealis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in moss, with a coralloid root beneath ; Maine and Vt. to Mich, and Minn., and northward. May. — A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat re- sembling that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.) 4. TIPTJLARIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS. Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro- longed beneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length of the flower (9-12" long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, connected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct pedicel, producing in autumn a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, purplish beneath, and in summer a long slender scape, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, bearing a raceme of many small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus Tipula.) 1. T. discolor, Nutt. Scape 10-18' high ; lip blunt at the tip. — Sandy woods, Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich. ; very scarce. 5. APLECTRUM, Nutt. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE. Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base. Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and scape (invested be- 22 500 6RcmDACE,fc. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) low with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza ; but, instead of a coral-like root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb or corm, often 1' in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. (The name composed of a- privative and ir\7)KTpoi>, a spur, from the total want of the latter.) 1. A. hiemale, Nutt. Stem 1° high or more; perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5 - 6" long. — Woods, in rich mould ; rather rare or local, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. — Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found hori- zontally connected. 6. CORALLOKHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT. Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at base ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, 1 -3-nerved, the upper arching ; the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of the ovary ; lip slightly adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of projecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free. — Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a simple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves and bearing a ra- ceme of rather small dull-colored flowers ; fruit reflexed. (Name composed of Kopd\\iov, coral, and frifa, root.) § 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary ; flowers small ; lip whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson. 1. C. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3 -^ 9' high), 5 - 12-flowered ; pedicels very short ; perianth 2 - 2|" long ; lip some- what hastately 3-lobed above the base, the lamellae thick and rather short ; spur a very small protuberance; capsule oval or elliptical (3-4/x long). — Swamps and damp woods, N. Eng. to northern N. J., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and north- ward, and south in the mountains to Ga. May, June. (Eu.) 2. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish ; stem rather slender, bulbous-thickened at base (6-16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; pedicels rather slender; perianth about 3" long; lip entire or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamellae a pair of short projections ; the spur represented by a small cavity wholly ad- nate to the summit of the ovary ; capsule at first very acute at base, at length short-oval (4" long). — Rich woods, E. Mass. (Hitchings) and Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich, and Mo. May - July. 3. C. multifl6ra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9-18' high), 10 30-flowered; perianth 2|-4" long; lip deeply 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent lamellae; spur manifest and protuberant; capsule oblong (6-9" long), short-pedicelled. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Md., west to Mo., Iowa, and Minn. July - Sept. ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 501 § 2. Spur none ; the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base wholly free from the ovary ; flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding. 4. C. Striata, Lindl. Plant purplish, stout (6-16' high), bearing 15-25 large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; perianth 6 - 1" long ; lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1-3 short lamellae ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves; pod oblong (9" long). (C. Macraei, Gray.) — Woods, from L. Erie westward along the Great Lakes and to the Pacific. / 7. HEXALECTBIS, Raf. Sepals and petals nearly equal, somewhat spreading, several-nerved, not gibbous nor spurred at base, free. Lip obovate, with 5-6 prominent ridges down the middle, 3-lobed above, the middle lobe somewhat concave. Pollen- masses 8, united into a single fascicle. Otherwise as in Corallorhiza. (Name probably from e|, six, and d\€KTpv(av, a cock, from the crests of the lip.) 1. H. aph^llus, Raf. Stem 1-2° high, beset with purplish scales, the lower sheathing ; flowers racemed, bracteate, brownish-purple, 6 - 8" long. (Bletia aphylla, Nutt.) — Rich woods, Ky. and Mo. to Fla. and Mex. 8. L I S T E R A, R. Brown. TWAYBLADE. Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless ; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, ovate ; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.) * Column very short ; sepals ovate, reflexed ; plants delicate, 4-8' high. 1. L. cordata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped (i-1' long) ; raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer than the ovary ; lip linear, twice as long as the sepals, 1 -toothed each side at base, 2-cleft. — Cold woods, N. J. to Mich., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.) 2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slender ; flowers very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear- setaceous. — Damp thickets, Oswego Co., N. Y., and from N. J. to Fla. June. * * Column longer, arching or straightish. 3. L. COnvallarioides, Nutt. Plant 4-9' high; leaves oval or round- ish, and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1 -!-£' long) ; raceme loose, pubes- cent; pedicels slender, lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1- toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spreading sepals, purplish, J' long. — Damp mossy woods, N. New Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to N. C. 9. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES. Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary ; the sepals and petals all narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking together 502 ORCHID ACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) more or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short- stalked or sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a cal- lous protuberance on each side of the base ; the somewhat dilated summit spreading or recurved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique, bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short- stalked (mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen- masses 2 (one in each cell), narrowly obovate, each 2-cleft, and split into thin and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, and soon ad- hering at base to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland, which is set in the slender or tapering thin beak terminating the column. After the removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip. — Roots clustered- tuberous ; stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1 - 3-ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the name, from ffirelpa, a coil or curl, and fodos, flower). , * Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike : leaves at the root and base oj the stem present at the flowering season. 1. S. latifdlia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4-9' (rarely 12') high, smooth ; leaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong (1 - 4' long, 3 - 9" wide), 3-5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing base; spike narrow (1-3' long); flowers small (2 - 3" long) ; lip quadrate-oblong, yellowish on the face, not contracted in the middle, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the small callosities at the base oblong, marginal and adnate for their whole length ; gland and beak of the stigma short. — Moist banks, Vt. and W. Mass, to Mich, and Minn., south to Del. and Md. 2. S. Romanzoffikna, Cham. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above (5- 15' high) ; leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1-4' long); perianth curved and the summit manifestly ringent, pure white (4" long), the sepals and petals all connivent in the upper portion or galea ; the lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded wavy-crenulate much recurved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular and smooth ; gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stigma short. — High and cool bogs, N. New Eng. to Mich, and Minn., and north- ward; Norfolk, Conn. (Barbour); central N. Y. July, Aug. (Ireland.) 3. S. cdrmia, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above (6-20' high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4-12' long, 2-9" wide) ; spike cylindrical, rather dense (2-5' long) and with the white fragrant flow-f ers either pubescent or nearly smooth ; perianth horizontal or recurving (4 - 5" long), the lower sepals not upturned or connivent with the upper ; lip oblong and very obtuse when outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much in- curved, wavy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved- spreading apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy ; gland of the stigma linear, in a long and very slender beak. — Common in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., Oct. Very variable in size and foliage, often nearly losing its root-leaves at flowering time. — A variety, growing in dry ground but retaining its leaves and blooming some what later, has greenish cream-colored or yellowish stronger-scented flowers E. Mass and Del. ' ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 503 # * Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank. •*- Stem bearing elongated leaves at and toward the base, which mostly persist during the flowering season. 4. S. praeCOX, Watson. Root of fleshy or tuberous-thickened fibres; stem 9' -2° high; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3-8' long, 2- 4" wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts ; spike linear, dense (2 - 5' long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, etc., downy-pubescent ; bracts ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline ; perianth 3" long ; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded slightly recurved apex ; anther and beak of the stigma very acute. (S. graminea, var. Walter!, Gray.) — Wet, grassy places, Mass, to N. J. and Fla. •*-•<- Scape very slender , merely bracted ; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly withering away at or before flowering ; flowers small, and whole plant gla- brous or nearly so; bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the capsule. 5. S. gr£cilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened ; scape 8-18' high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike ; perianth barely l£- 2" long ; lip oval when outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin white margins, the recurved obtuse or acut- ish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities at the base nipple-shaped. — Hilly woods and sandy plains, common. July - Oct. 6. S. simplex, Gray. Root a solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber ; no leaves at flowering time; scape 5- 9' high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1- sided) spike (1 -3' long) of very short flowers (perianth 1 - 1-J" long) ; lip thin, white, obovate-oblong , the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender. — Dry sandy soil, E. Mass, to N. J., Del., and Md. Aug., Sept. 10. GOODYERA, R. Br. RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base. Otherwise as Spiranthes. — Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping root- stock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular- downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyear, an early English botanist.) § I. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip ; anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to the back of the short column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short. 1. G. r&pens, R. Br. Small (5-8' high) and slender; leaves ovate, more or less white-reticulated (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose l-sided spike ; lip with an ovate recurved tip ; sepals ovate. — Woods, under ever- greens, common northward and through the Alleghanies. July. (Eu.) 2. G. pubdscens, R. Br. Larger ; leaves strongly white-reticulated scape 6-12' high, the numerous crowded flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular Up very short ; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to it — N Rich woods, Newf. to Ela., west to Mich, and Minn. 504 ORCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) § 2. Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above ; anther ovate, long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short column, which is continued above the stigma into a conspicuous tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak. 3. G. Menzi^sii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2-3/ long), less white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so ; scape 9 - 1 2' high ; flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1 -sided spike ; flower-buds less pu- bescent, elongated-ovate and pointed ; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower portion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit. — Woods, Gaspe and Tadousac, L. Can. (.7. A. Allen, Goodale) ; Crawford, N. H. (Mit» Minns) ; western N. Y. to Minn., and westward. July. 11. EPIPACTIS, Haller. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip free, deeply concave at base, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper portion dilated and petaloid. Column short, erect. Anther sessile behind the broad truncate stigma, on a slender-jointed base ; pollen-masses coarsely granular, becoming attached to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma. — Stem leafy, with racemed flowers, conspicuous bracts, and ovaries reflexed at maturity. (The ancient Greek name of a plant.) I.E. Helleborine, Crantz. Stems 1 - 2° high ; leaves broadly ovate (2 - 3' long), pointed, plicate, the upper narrower; raceme pubescent, 30-50-flow- ered, 1 -sided ; flowers varying from light greenish-yellow to dark purple ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3 - 4" long ; petals rather smaller ; lip ovate, pointed above, with a dark centre. (E. latifolia, All.) — Near Syracuse and Buffalo, N. Y.; the only known stations. (Eu.) 12. A B E T H U S A, Gronov. Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading toward the summit; very slightly gibbous at base. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 ap- proximate cells ; pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, termi- nated usually by a single large rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the nymph Arethusa.) 1. A. bulbdsa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1-2' long), with an entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face. — Bogs, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Ind. and Minn. 13. CALOPOGON, R. Br. Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, distinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile ; pollen- masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by deli- OKCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 505 cate threads. — Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several large flowers. Bracts minute. (Name composed of ita\6s, beautiful, and irtayuv, beard, from the bearded lip.) 1. C. pulchellus, It. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-flow- ered ; flowers V broad, pink-purple ; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded toward the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs, Newf . to Fla., west to Minn, and Mo. 14. POGONIA, Juss. Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like, stalked; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular, (nuywias bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) § 1 . Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white. 1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem (6 - 9' high) bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in the axil ; flower V long, sweet-scented ; lip spatulate, appressed below to the col- umn, beard-crested and fringed. — Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Minn. June, July. (Japan.) 2. P. pendula, Lindl. Stem (3 - 8' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3 - 6") leaves, the upper 1-4 with drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels ; perianth •$•' long, narrow ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless. — Damp woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Wise, and Mo. § 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect or connivent petals ; Up 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beard- less ; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal ; root a cluster of fibres. 3. P. divaricata, R. Br. Stem (1-2° high) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary ; but the sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lan- ceolate-spatulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about 1-1^ long. — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June, July. 4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6 -12' high) naked, except some small scales at the base and a whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves at the summit ; flower dusky purplish, on a peduncle longer than the ovary and capsule; sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spread- ing from a mostly erect base (1^-2' long) ; lip with a narrow crest down the middle. — Low woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind. and Wise.; rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. Glaucous when young. Fruit-stalk erect, about \Y long, more than half the length of the leaves. 5. P. affinis, Austin. Somewhat smaller than the preceding; leaves paler and rather narrower ; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or greenish ; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsule ; sepals but little longer than the petals, tapering to the base ; lip crested over the whole face and on the middle of the lobes. — Low woods, S. W. Conn., S. New York, and N. New Jersey; rare. 306 ORCHID ACE M. (OKCHIS FAMILY.) 15. ORCHIS, L. Flower ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contigu- ous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a spike. — Our species with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from fleshy-fibrous roots. (Opxis> *ne ancient name.) 1. O. spectabilis, L. (Snowy ORCHIS.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, pro- ducing 2 oblong -obovate shining leaves (3 - 6' long), and a few-flowered 4 angled scape (4 - 7' high) ; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate ; sepals and petals all lightly united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white. — Rich woods, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. May. 2. O. rotundif61ia, Pursh. Stem naked above, l-leaved at base (5-9' high), from a slender creeping rootstock ; leaf varying from almost orbicular to oblong (l|-3' long); flowers rose-purple, the lip white and spotted with purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched at the summit (4 -6" long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Richard- son.) — Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine to Vt., N. Y., Minn., and northward. 16. HABENARIA, Willd. REIN-ORCHIS. Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becoming attached, some to the pro- boscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) ; otherwise nearly as in true Orchis ; the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from habena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species. ) § 1. GYMNADfeNIA. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, their glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.) 1. H. trident ata, Hook. Stem slender (6-12' high), with a single ob- long or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above : spike 6 - 12-flowered, oblong ; flowers greenish or whitish, very small ; lip wedoe oblong, truncate, and with 3 short teeth at the apex ; the slender and slightly club- shaped spur curved upward, longer than the ovary. — Wet woods, N. Eng. to Minn, and Ind., and south in the mountains to N. C. June, July. — Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages of the stigma three, oblong-club-shaped, one outside each orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated by pollen-tubes! 2. H. Integra, Spreng. Root of very fleshy fibres (or some of them tuber-like) ; stem several-leaved (15' high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others becoming smaller and bract-like; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; flowers orange-yellow, small , lip ORCHID ACE^E. ( ORCHIS FAMILY.) 507 ovate, entire or slightly creuulate or wavy, shorter than the awl-shaped de- scending spur. — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. July. — Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy ; beak or middle appendage narrow. 3. H. nivea, Spreng. Stem slender, 1 - 1|° high, many-leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4 - 8' long, the others small and bract-like ; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white, small ; petals and entire lip linear-oblong • spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary, which is not twisted. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Del. to Fla. Aug. S 2. PERULARIA. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, the valves of each ex- tended at base so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity, which is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland. (Flowers small, green- ish, slender-spurred.) 4. H. Vir6scens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; flowers dull green ; lip furnished with a tooth on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong, truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slender club-shaped spur. — Wet places, common ; N. Eug. to Fla., west to Minn, and Mo. June, July. — Stem 1 0 - 20' high ; the spike at first dense, with the bracts longer than the flowers, at length elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers, which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish. § 3. PLATANTHfeRA. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more commonly divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or less distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.) # Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike ; spur not longer than the entire or merely notched narrow lip ; anther-cells almost parallel, wholly adnate ; stem leafy. •<- Spur short and sac-like : the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect ; glands small, rather widely separated. 5. H. bracteata, R. Br. Stem 6-12' high; lower leaves obovate, the upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-4 times the length of the green flowers ; spike 10 - 30-flowered ; lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2 - 3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice the length of the white spur. (H. viridis, var. bracteata, Reichenb.) — Damp woods and meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, Ind., south in the mountains to N. C., and far northward. i- -^ Spur slender, incurved, about equalling the entire lip ; lateral sepals spreading. 6. H. hyperbdrea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (6' - 2° high) ; leaves lanceo- late, erect ; spike dense (2-15' long) ; lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the (greenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading from the base ; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma ; glands orbicular ; stalk of the pollen-masse* very slender and weak. — Peat bogs and wet cold woods, N. Eng. to N. T., S. 111., Iowa, and northward. June, July. (Eu.) 7. H. dilatata, Gray. Resembles n. 6, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly linear leaves ; flowers white; Up lanceolate from a rhom-. 508 OKCHIDACE^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) boidal-dilated base, entire, its base with the bases of the petals and sepals erect- connivent, above spreading ; anther-cells almost parallel ; glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long as the pollen-mass and its short flat stalk together ; stigma narrow ; a trowel-shaped conspicuous beak between the bases of the anther-cells. — Cold bogs, Conn, to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward. * * Flowers greenish or white, 5- 15 in a loose spike, rather large for the size of the plant; scape or stem naked above, l-leaved at base (5 -9' high); spur not longer than the lip ; anther-cells wholly adnate, arcuate and widely sep- arated. 8. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong ; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong ; lip en- tire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3" long), about the length of the tapering and curving spur. — Cold peat bogs, Maine and N. New Eng. (Mt. Wachusett, Mass.), to Minn, and northward. (Eu.) * # # Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2- leaved at base ; spur longer than the narrow entire lip ; anther-cells widely diverging , their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forward ; stalk of the pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland, the viscous face of which looks obliquely inward. 9. H. Ho6keri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3 -4' broad); scape mostly naked (^- 1° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flow- ers in a strict spike ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the lance-awl-shaped petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the ovary (nearly 1' long). — Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia to N. J.. west to Minn, and Iowa. — Var. OBLONGIF6LIA, Paine, has oblong leaves (3 - 5" by H - 2'). N. Y. and Can. 10. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4-8' wide), orbicular, spreading flat on the ground, shining 'above, silvery beneath ; scape bracted (1 -2° high), bearing many spreading greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme,- upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate ; lip narrowly linear and slightly spatu- late, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals ; spur curved, slender (about 1$' long), gradually thickened toward the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary ; anther-cells strongly pro- jecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly J' apart). — Rich woods (especially coniferous), Newf. to Penn. and in the mountains to N. C., west to Mich, and Minn. ; * * * * (FRINGED ORCHIS.) Flowers several or many in an open spiket with mostly foliaceous bracts; stem (rather tall) leafy; spur thread-shaped or scarcely club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip ; anther- cells widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms of the stigmat strongly projecting forward or partly upward. «- Lip pectinately fringed but undivided ; flowers golden yellow or white ; anther cells widely divergent, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle project* ing far forward or slightly inward ; ovary long, tapering to the summit. 11. H. cristata, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated ; the upper gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded ORCHID ACE^E. ( ORCHIS FAMILY.) 509 (yellow) flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, crenate ; Up ovatet with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved spur, which is not half the length of the ovary. — Bogs, N. J. to Fla. July. Flowers very much smaller than in the next. 12. H. ciliaris, R. Br. (YELLOW FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 1^-2° high; leaves oblong or lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are shorter than the ovaries ; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered ; flowers bright orange-yellow ; lateral sepal rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed at the apex ; lip oblong (6" long), about half the length of the spur furnished with a very long and copious capillary fringe. — Wet sandy places, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex., west to Mich, and Ind. Our most handsome species. 13. H. blephariglottis, Torr. (WHITE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Stem 1° high ; leaves, etc., as in the last ; flowers white, rather smaller ; petals spatulate, usually slightly cut or toothed at the apex ; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of the spur. — Peat bogs and borders of ponds, Newf . to N. J., west to Mich, and Minn. July. — Var. HOLOPETALA, Torr., has nar- rower petals with the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed. •«- -i- (GREENISH FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lip ^-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions cut into capillary fringes ; flowers greenish- or yellowish-white ; anther-cells not very divergent, the beaked bases projecting forward ; the large glands oval or lanceolate, nearly facing each other; ovary short' tapering above; spurs long, clavate. 14. H. leucophifea, Gray. Stem 2-4° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large, fragrant) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose ; petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed ; divisions of the lip (7-10" long) broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe ; spur longer than the ovary (1-1^' long) ; glands transversely oval. — Moist meadows, western N. Y. to Ky., Mo., and Minn. July. 15. H. lacera, R. Br. (RAGGED FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divis- ions of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes; spur about the length of the ovary ; glands oblong -linear, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass. — Bogs and moist thickets, N. Scotia to N. C. and Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. ; common. July. ,*_ ^- +- (PURPLE FRINGED-ORCHIS.) Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk- like base, the divisions erosely fringed ; flowers purple ; anther-cells widely separated, little divergent, the orbicular glands oblique ; ovary contracted only at the summit ; the long curving spur somewhat clavate. 16. H. psyc6des, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many-flow- ered ; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse ; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, dentic- ulate above ; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe. — Wet meadows and bogs, common; Newf. to N. C., west to Ind. and Minn. July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4-10' in length^ small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked, 510 ORCHID ACE M. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) barely % broad and not so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones. 17. H. fimbriata, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few, passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed down the sides ; divisions of the pen- dent large lip (f-T broad) fan-shaped, more fringed. — Wet meadows, N. Scotia to N. J. and N. C., west to Mich. June. — Flowers fewer (lilac-purple), 3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding. 18. H. peramcena, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceo* late ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate -9 petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large Up very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lat- eral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed. — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. and N. J. to 111., and south in the mountains. Aug. — Flowers large and showy (violet-purple); the lip paler and 8-10" long, variably toothed, but not fringed. 17. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. MOCCASON-FLOWER. Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united into one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually narrower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined ; on each side a fertile stamen, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther ; the pollen loose and pulpy or powdery -granular ; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and covers the summit of the style ; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed, moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen in most of our species, especially in n. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches it, carrying away some of the pollen. — »Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. ( Name composed of Kvirpis, Venus, and irotiiov, a sock or buskin, i. e. Venus' s Slipper.) § 1. The three sepals separate; stem leafy ; flower solitary, drooping. 1. C. arietinum, R. Br. (RAM'S-HEAD L.) Stem slender (6-10' high) ,- upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the petals linear and nearly alike (greenish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish vein)' lip (6" long), which is somewhat pubescent, especially within, and prolonged at the apex into a short blunt conical point ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly smooth. — Cold swamps and damp woods, Maine to N. Y., Mich, and Minn., and northward. § 2. Two of the sepals united into one under the lip. * Stem leafy to the top, \-3-flowered; lip slipper-shaped or roundish, much in- flated, horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice. •*- Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer than the lip. 2. C. candidum, Muhl. (SMALL WHITE LADY'S SLIPPER.) Slightly pubescent, 1-flowered; leaves lance-oblong, acute ; petals and sepals greenish, purple-spotted; sepals ovate-lanceolate; Up (not Y long) white, striped with BROMELIACE^E. ( PINE- APPLE FAMILY.) 511 purple inside, flattish laterally, convex above ; sterile stamen lanceolate. — Bogs, N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and Ky. ; rare. May, June. 3. C. parvifldrum, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW L.) Stem 1-2° high leaves oval, pointed ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; Up flattish from above, bright yellow (V long or less); sterile stamen triangular. — Bogs and low woods, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn, and E. Kan. May, June. — Flowers fra- grant ; sepals and petals more brown-purple than in the next, into which it seems to pass. 4. C. pub^scens, Willd. (LARGER YELLOW L.) Stem 2° high, pubes- cent, as are the broadly oval acute leaves; sepals elongated-lanceolate; lip flat- tened laterally, very convex and gibbous above, H-2' long, pale yellow. — • Bogs and low woods ; same range as the last. •»- H- Sepals and petals plane, rounded, white, not longer than the lip. 5. C. spectabile, Salisb. (SHOWY L.) Downy, 2° high ; leaves ovate, pointed ; sepals round-ovate or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much inflated, white, pink-purple in front (!£' long) ; sterile stamen heart- ovate. — Peat-bogs, Maine and W. New Eng. to Minn, and Mo., and south in the mountains to N. C. July. — The most beautiful of the genus. * # Scape naked, 2-leaved at base, l-flowered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter than the drooping lipf which has a closed flssure down its whole length in front. 6. C. acatlle, Ait. (STEMLESS L.) Downy; leaves oblong; scape 8- 12' high, with a green bract at top ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely white), nearly 2' long, veiny ; sterile stamen rhomboid. — Dry or moist woods ; Newf. to N. C., west to N. Ind., Mich., and Minn. May, June. ORDER 111. BKOMELIACE^. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY) Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi- phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheath- ing at the base, usually covered with scurf; Q-androus ; the 6-clef t perianth adherent to the ovary in the PINE-APPLE, etc., or free from it in 1. TILLANDSIA, L. LONG Moss. Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana- ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; allconnivent below into a tube, spreading above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with the base of the petals ; anthers introrse. Ovary free ; style thread-shaped ; stigmas 3. Capsule cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell, anatropous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma. Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy -leaved epi- phytes. (Named for Prof. Tillands of Abo.) 1. T. usneoides, L. (COMMON LONG Moss or BLACK Moss.) Stems thread-shaped, branching, pendulous ; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short, l-flowered ; flower yellow. — East Shore, Va., south to Fla., and westward ; growing on the branches of trees, forming long hanging tufts. 512 ILZEMODORACE.E. (BLOOD WORT FAMILY.) ORDER 112. HJEMODORACEJE. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.) Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3 - 6-androus regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the Q-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the S-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ; the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Capsule crowned or enclosed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded. Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family ; chiefly of the southern hemisphere. * Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube ; style filiform ; seeds peltate, amphitropous. 1 . Lachnanthes. Stamens 3, exserted ; anthers versatile. Leaves equitant. * * Ovary free except at the base ; style 3-partible ; seeds anatropous. 2. Ijopliiola. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves equitant. 3. Aletris. Stamens 6, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed peri- anth. Leaves flat, spreading. 1. LACHNANTHES, L. RED-ROOT. Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3, opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions ; filaments long, exserted ; anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Capsule globular. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. — Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top and terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence the name, from \dxvrl> wool, and &v6os, blossom). 1. L. tinctoria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, near the coast, S. E. Mass., R. L, and N. J. to Fla. July - Sept. 2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spread- ing, longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by the base. Capsule ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed with the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating each valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender peren- nial herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equitant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool toward the summit, as also the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow inside ; the lobes naked only toward the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft near the base (whence the name, from Kotystov, a small crest). 1. L. aurea, Ker. — Boggy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June- Aug. 3. ALETRIS, L. COLIC-ROOT. STAR-GRASS. Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by thickly-set points which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the lobes ; filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped, 3-cleft at the apex ; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, enclosed in the (IRIS FAMILY.) 513 roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, etc., nearly as in Lophiola. — Pe- rennial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spread- ing cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2-3° high). Bracts awl- shaped, minute. (*A\€Tp£s, a female slave who grinds corn ; the name applied to these plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.) 1. A. farinosa, L. Flower's oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate- oblong. — Grassy or sandy woods, Mass, to Fla., 111., and Minn. July, Aug. 2. A. aurea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter); lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, N. J. to Fla. July. ORDER 113. IRIDACE^:. (!RIS FAMILY.) Herbs, with equitant ^-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flowers ; the divisions of the 6-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or mona- delphous stamens, alternate with the inner divisions of the perianth, with extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single, usually 3-cleft; stigmas 3, opposite the cells of the ovary, or 6 by the parting of the style-branches. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight in fleshy albumen. Root stocks, tubers, or corms mostly acrid. * Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers. 1. Iris. Outer divisions of the perianth recurved, the inner erect ; stigmas petal-like. * * Branches of the style alternate with the anthers. Perianth regular. 2. Nemastylis. Stem from a coated bulb. Filaments united. Style-branches 2-cleft. 3. Belamcanda. Stems from a creeping rhizome. Filaments distinct. Stigmas dilated. 4. Sisyriiicliiuin. Root fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-like. 1. IBIS, Tourn. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. Perianth 6-cleft ; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary ; the 3 outer divisions spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner smaller, erect. Stamens distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal- like stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of a thin lip or plate under the apex) ; most of the style connate with the tube of the perianth. Capsule 3 - 6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed- flattened, usually in 2 rows in each cell. — Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers ; ours with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. flpts, the rainbow, anciently applied to this genus on account of its bright and varied colors.) * Stems leafy and rather tall (1-3° high), from thickened rootstocks, often branching ; tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, which are beardless and crestless, the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer. •»- Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yellow or white, and purple-veined. 1. I. versicolor, L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on one side ; leaves sword-shaped (f ' wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; flowers (2|-3' long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube shorter 514 ffiUDACJELE. (iKIS FAMILY.) than the ovary ; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn, and Ark. May, June. 2. I. prismatica, Pursh. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem very slender, terete; leaves narrowly linear (2-3" wide); flowers slender-peduncled (H-2' long), the tube extremely short ; ovary 3-angled, each side 2-grooved ; capsule sharply triangular. (I. Virginica, Man. ; not L.) — Marshes near the coast, Maine to N. C. June. I. CAROLINL\NA, Watson, resembling n. 1, but with longer laxer and greener leaves, and the very large seeds in one row in each cell, probably occurs in S. Va. •*- -t- Flowers copper-colored or dull reddish-brown ; petals widely spreading. 3. I. ftilva, Ker. Stem and leaves as n. 1 ; tube of the perianth cylindri- cal, as long as the 6-angled ovary ; style-branches narrow. (I. cuprea, Pursh.) — Swamps, S. 111. and Mo. to La. and Ga. May. # # Stems low (3-6' high), from tufted and creeping slender (or here and there tuberous-thickened) rootstocks, 1 - 3-flowered ; tube of the perianth long and slender ; the violet-blue divisions nearly equal. 4. I. v6rna, L. (DWARF IRIS.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau- cous ; the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions, which are oblong-obovate and on slender claws, the outer ones slightly hairy down the orange-yellow base, crestless ; capsule obtusely triangular. — Wooded hillsides, Lancaster Co., Penn., to S. C., west to Ky. and Ala. April. — Flow- ers sometimes white with yellowish centre. 5. I. Cristata, Ait. (CRESTED DWARF IRIS.) Leaves lanceolate (3-5' long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the thread- like tube of the perianth, which is 2' long and much longer than the light blue obovate short-clawed divisions, the outer ones crested but beardless ; capsule sharply triangular. — In the mountains from Md. to N. C. ; Trumbull Co., Ohio (Ingraham) ; knobs of S. Ind. May. — Flowers fragrant. 6. I. laciistris, Nutt. (LAKE DWARF IRIS.) Tube of the perianth rather shorter than the divisions (yellowish, i-f long), dilated upward, not exceeding the spathe; otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes Huron and Michigan. May. I. PSEUDACORUS, L., the YELLOW IRIS of European marshes, with very long linear leaves and bright yellow beardless flowers, is reported as baring become established in Mass, and N. Y. 2. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt. Perianth spreading, the segments similar and nearly equal. Filaments more or less united into a tube. Style short, its slender 2-parted branches alternate with the anthers and exserted between them ; stigmas minute, terminal. Cap- sule oblong or ovate, truncate, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds globose or angled. — Stems terete, from coated bulbs, with few plicate leaves, and few fugacious flowers from 2-bracted spathes. (Name from vri^o., a thread, and (rrv\ts, style, for the slender style-branches.) 1. N. geminifldra, Nutt. Stem 1-2° high; spathes 2-flowered; peri- anth pale blue-purple, 1-2' broad, the divisions oblong-obovate ; capsule ob- ovate, y long. — E. Kan. to Tex. AMARYLLIDACE.fi. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 515 3. BELAMCANDA, Adans. BLACKBERRY-LILY. Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens monadelphous only at base ; anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the narrow divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Capsule pear-shaped ; the valves at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with the globose black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name). — Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, etc., of an Iris; the branching stems (3-4° high) loosely many-flowered; the orange-yellow peri- anth mottled above with crimson-purple spots. (An East Indian name of the species.) B. CHINENSIS, Adans. (Pardanthus Chinensis, Ker.) — Sparingly escaped from gardens, Md. to S. Ind. and Mo. (Adv. from China, etc.) 4. SISYBINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRASS. Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Capsule globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branching 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.) 1. S. angUStif61ium, Mill. Scape (4-12' high) winged or wingless, simple, the spathe solitary and terminal, its outer bract more or less elongated ; flowers delicate blue, changing to purplish (rarely white), the divisions of the perianth more or less notched, bristle-pointed and ciliate ; mature seeds globose, large (£" broad), faintly pitted or nearly smooth. (S. Bermudiana, var. mu- cronatum, Gray, excl. descr.) — Moist meadows, etc., among grass ; common everywhere. June -Aug. . 2. S. anceps, Cav. Scape (6- 18' high) usually branching and bearing -2 ur more peduncled spathes ; seeds more ovate, much smaller, deeply pitted. (S. Bermudiana, var. anceps, Gray, excl. descr.) — Similar localities ; common ORDER 114. AMABYLLIDACE^B. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers^ the tube of the corolline ^-parted perianth coherent with the ^-celled ovary ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Cap- sule 3-celled, several - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — An order represented in our gardens by the Narcissus, Daffodil, Snowdrop, etc., but with very few indigenous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs from Liliaceae chiefly in the inferior ovary. * Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal ; anthers versatile ; perianth funnel-shaped ; glabrous. 1. Zephyranthes. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated. 2. Hymenocallis. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes ; a cup-shaped crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated. 3. Agave. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent, no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous. * * Capsule indehiscent ; anthers sagittate ; villous. 4. Hypoxis. Perianth CJ-parted nearly down to the ovary, persistent. Bulb solid- 516 AMARYLLIDACE^l. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 1. ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and similar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat ; anthers versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed. — Leaves and low scape from a coated bulb. Flowers solitary from a scarious simple bract. (From £e<£vpos, a wind, and foeos, flower.) 1. Z. Atamasco, Herb. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Leaves bright green and Shining, very narrow, channelled, the margins acute; scape 6-12' high; pe- duncle short ; spathe 2-cleft at the apex ; perianth white and pink, 3' long ; stamens and style declined. — Penn. to Va. and Fla. June. 2. HYMENOCALLIS, Salisb. Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; lobes long and narrow, recurved ; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corol- like delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. An- thers linear, versatile. Capsule thin, 2 - 3-lobed ; seeds usually 2 in each cell, basal, fleshy, often like bulblets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers white, fragrant, large and showy, sessile in an umbel-like head or cluster, subtended by 2 or more scarious bracts. (Name composed of v^v, a membrane, and itd\\os, beauty.) 1 . H. OCCidentalis, Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 1 - 1|° long, 9 - 18" broad ; scape 3 - 6-flowered ; bracts narrow, 2' long ; perianth-tube about 2|-4' long, the linear segments scarcely shorter; the crown 12- 15" long, tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the margin deltoid and entire, or 2-toothed and erose, between the white filaments, which are twice longer; anthers yellow; style green. — Marshy banks of streams, S. 111. to N. Ga. and Ala. — Apparently distinct from H. lacera, Salisb. (Pancratium rotatum, Ker), of the southern coast. 3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE. Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal, narrow. Stamens 6; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many- seeded. Seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous-rooted crown. (Name from ayavf), noble, — not inappropriate as applied to A. AMERICANA, the CENTURY-PLANT.) 1. A. Virginica, L. (FALSE ALOE.) Herbaceous; leaves entire or denticulate; scape 3-6° high; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish-yellow, fragrant, the perianth 9-12" long, its narrow tube twice longer than the erect lobes. — Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex. 4. HYP OX IS, L. STAR-GRASS. Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba- ceous outside. Stamens 6 ; anthers sagittate, erect. Capsule crowned with the withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 517 quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of lateral beak. Eadicle inferior ! — Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (An old name for a plant having sourish leaves, from viro£vs, sub-acid.) 1. H. er^Cta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately 1 - 4-fl owered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yel- low within. — Meadows and open woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. ORDER 115. DIOSCOKEACEJE. (YAM FAMILY.) Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks, and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and regulars/lowers, with the 6-cleft calyx-like perianth adherent in the fertile plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. 1. DIOSCOBiJA, Plumier. YAM. Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, loculi- cidally 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.) 1. D. vil!6sa, L. (WILD YAM-ROOT.) Herbaceous. Stems slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes ; leaves mostly alternate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy beneath, heart- shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9- 11-ribbed ; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes ; capsules 8 - 10" long. — Thickets, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and Tex. ORDER 116. LILIA.CEJE. (LiLY FAMILY.) Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always 6-androus flowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3- celled ovary ; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i. e. 6, in one instance 4), with 2-celled anthers ; fruit a few -many-seeded pod or berry ; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax). Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium. SUBORDER I. Smilaceae. Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the petiole of the 3 - 9-nerved netted-veined leaves often tendril-bearing. Flowers (in ' ours) dioecious, in axillary umbels, small, with regular 6-parted deciduous perianth. Anthers apparently 1-celled. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit a 3-celled berry, with 1-2 pendulous orthotropous seeds in each cell. Embryo minute in horny albumen. 1. Smilax. Characters as above. 518 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) SUBORDER II. Ldliaceae proper. Never climbing by tendrils. Very rarely dioecious. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. SERIES A. Floral bracts scarious. Stamens perigynous on the usually withering-persistent nerved perianth ; anthers introrse. Style undivided, mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Leaves trans- versely veined. . Scape from a coated bulb ; fruit capsular ; leaves linear. +- Flowers umbellate ; segments 1-nerved ; pedicels not jointed. 2. Alliuin. Perianth 6-parted. Capsule deeply lobed, often crested; cells 1-2-seeded. Very alliaceous. 3. Nothoscordum. Perianth 6-parted. Seeds several in each cell. Not alliaceous. 4. Androstephium. Perianth tubular-funnel-form. Filaments in the throat, united into a crown. •*- •»- Flowers racemose, 6-parted, the segments 3 - several-nerved. 5. Camassia. Flowers light blue, long-racemose. Filaments filiform. 6. Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish white, sub-corymbose. Filaments dilated. H- -i- •»- Flowers densely racemose ; perianth urn-shaped, 6-toothed. 7. Muscari. Flowers deep blue, small. Stamens included. * * Stem or scape not from a bulb, several-flowered ; capsule many-seeded. 8. Hemerocallis. Scape from a fleshy-fibrous root. Flowers few, large, yellow, tubu- lar-funnel-forni; limb 6-parted. Stamens and long style declined. Seeds globose. 9. Yucca. Stem woody, leafy. Flowers white, campanulate, 6-parted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds flat. » * * Leafy stems (scape in n. 10) from running rootstocks ; fruit a berry ; leaves cordate to lanceolate (except n. 12) ; flowers white ; pedicels jointed. t~ Perianth gamophyllous, 6-lobed. 10. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose ; perianth bell-shaped. 11. Polygon atum. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary ; perianth cylindrical. «- *• Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, persistent. 12. Asparagus. Stems branching, the apparent leaves thread-like. Flowers axillary. 13. Smilacina. Stem simple, leafy. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or paniculate. 14. Maianthemum. Stem low, 2-leaved. Flowers 4-merous, racemose. SERIES B. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Stamens hypogynous or at the base of the distinct segments of the deciduous perianth (persistent in n. 23) ; anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally. Style undivided, decid- uous (stigmas sessile and persistent in n. 23). Fruit a loculicidal cap- sule or a berry. Veinlets anastomosing (transverse in n. 15, 17 - 19). * Fruit a berry ; stem or scape from a creeping rootstock ; leaves broad, alternate or radi- cal ; flowers narrowly campanulate. 15. Streptopus. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary, on bent pedicels. Anthers sagittate, acute ; filaments deltoid or subulate. 16. Disporum. Stem leafy. Flowers few, in terminal umbels. Anthers oblong, obtuse ; filaments slender. Veinlets anastomosing. 17. Clintonia. Flowers umbellate on a scape, few or many. * * Fruit a capsule. . •*- Stems leafy, from a short or creeping rootstock ; flowers few, solitary, pendulous ; cap- sule few-seeded. 18. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate, 3-lobed. 19. Oakesia* Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves. Capsule acutely 3-winged. LILIAUE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) 519 •»- •»- Stem or scape from a bulb or corm ; capsule many-seeded. -0. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary Seeds angled, obovoid. 21. Ulium. Stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened. * # # Fruit a berry ; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or 2 whorla of leaves ; flowers terminal ; stigmas sessile. 22. Medeola. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments similar, col- ored, deciduous. 23. Trillium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitary ; outer sepals leaf-like, persistent. SERIES C. Floral bracts green or greenish (rarely scarious), or none. Sta- mens at the base of the distinct 1 - several-nerved persistent perianth-seg- ments ; anthers small, versatile. Styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Cap- sule mostly septicidal. Seeds with a loose testa or appendaged. Leaves with transverse veinlets (except in n. 24 and 25). * Stems leafy or bracteate, from a thick tuberous rootstock ; flowers racemose ; anthers 2-celled ; stigmas linear. 24. Helonias. Leaves radical, oblanceolate. Flowers perfect. Capsule broadly obovate, many-seeded. 25. Chamselirium. Stem very leafy. Flowers dioecious. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. 26. Xerophyllum. Stem very leafy; leaves very narrow. Flowers perfect. Capsule few-seeded. * * Stems distichously equitant-leafy, from a creeping rootstock ; flowers on bracteolate ped- icels, racemose ; anthers 2-celled ; stigmas small, terminal ; seeds often appendaged. 27. Tofieldia. Bractlets 3, verticillate. Styles short. Seeds horizontal. 28. Narthecium. Bractlet linear. Stigma slightly lobed. Seeds ascending. * * * Anthers heart- or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, and peltate after opening -, stigmas terminal ; capsule 3-beaked by the persistent styles ; seeds angled or flat- tened and margined. •»- Stems tall, leafy, from a thick rootstock, pubescent above ; flowers polygamous, race- mose-paniculate ; seeds flat, winged. 29. Melanthium. Sepals free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the filaments. 30. Veratrum. Sepals without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Leaves strongly nerved and plicate. •«- H- Root mostly bulbous ; glabrous ; flowers racemose or panicled ; seeds narrow, angled; leaves linear. 31. Stenanthium. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, without glands. 32. Zygadenus. Sepals oblong to ovate, glandular toward the base. 33. Amianthium* Flowers in a dense raceme. Sepals ovate-oblong, glandless, free from the ovary. Cells of the capsule widely divergent, 1 - 2-seeded. 1. SMIL AX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CAT-BRIER. Flowers dioecious in umbels or axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yellow- ish, regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, in- serted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowers 3-celled (1-celled, with single stigma, in n. 11) ; stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous, orthotropous ; fruit a small berry. — Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, usually climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.) 520 LILIACE^E. (LILY FAMILY.) § 1. Stems herbaceous, not prickly ; flowers carrion-scented ; ovules 2 in each cell ; leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped ; berries bluish-black with a bloom. 1. S. herbacea, L. (CARRION-FLOWER.) Stem climbing, 3 -15° high; leaves ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped or truncate at base, abruptly acute to short-acuminate, 7 - 9-nerved, smooth; petioles £-1' long; peduncles elon- gated (3 - 4' long, or sometimes even 6 - 8' and much longer than the leaves), 20 - 40-flowered ; seeds 6. — Moist meadows and river-banks; common, from the Atlantic to Minn., Mo., and Tex. June. Very variable. — Var. PULVER- ULENTA, Gray, has the leaves more or less soft-downy beneath. 2. S. tamnifblia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves mostly 5- nerved, smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, ab- ruptly acute to acuminate, some of them hastate with broad rounded lobes ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; berry smaller, 2 - 3-seeded. — Pine-barrens, N. J. to S. C. 3. S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, £-3° high, without tendrils (or only the uppermost petioles tendril-bearing), glabrous ; lower leaves reduced to narrow scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5 - 7-nerved, broadly ovate-elliptical to roundish, acute, mostly cordate at base, 2-5' long, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pu- bescent beneath; peduncles about equalling the petioles (1 -2$' long), on the lower part of the stem; umbels 10-20-flowered; berry 3-seeded. — Md. to S. C., west to Mich, and Mo. May, June. § 2. Stems woody, often prickly ; ovules solitary ; glabrous throughout. * Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at base, and 5 - ^-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous. •*- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles (2 - 6"), flattened ; leaves thickish, green both sides. 4. S. Walter!, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base or unarmed ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped or rounded at base (3-4' long) ; berries coral-red. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. 5. S. rotundif61ia, L. (COMMON GREENBRIER. HORSE-BRIER.) Stem armed with scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4-angular ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2 -3' long); berries blue-black, with a bloom. — Moist thickets, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn, and Tex. Very vari- able, passing into var. QUADRANGULARIS, Gray, which has branches, and espe- cially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common west. •»- •«- Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short petiole, flat tened ; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent ; berries black, with a bloom. 6. S. glauca, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcordate, glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young (about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. — Dry thickets, E. Mass, to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex. 7. S. b6na-D.OX, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branchlets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; leaves varying from round-heart- shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal- berd-shaped or 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the LILIACE.E . (LILY FAMILY. ) 521 margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. tamnoides, Man.; probably not L.) —Thickets; Nantucket, Mass. (L. L. Dame); N. J. to Fla., west to 111., Mo., and Tex. -»- -t- H- Peduncle 2-4 times the length of the petiole; leaves ample (3-5" long), thin or thinnish, green both sides ; berries black ; stem terete and branchlets nearly so. 8. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flow- ering branchlets mostly naked; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, .pointed, slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous; peduncles >'l^~2/ long; sepals lanceolate, almost 3" long. — Moist thickets, Conn, to Va., west to Minn, and Tex. June. 9. S. Pseudo-China, L. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches un- armed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture; peduncles flat (2-3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Mo. July. * * Leaves varying from oblong -lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a short petiole, 3 - 5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils ; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete ; the umbels sometimes panicled ; branches terete, unarmed. 10. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceo- late or lance-oblong ; stigmas 3 ; berries dull red. — Rich woods and margins of swamps, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. June. 11. S. laurif 61ia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear (2^-5' long); stigmas solitary and ovary l-celled ; berries black when ripe, 1 -seeded, maturing in the second year. — Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. July, Aug. 2. ALLIUM, L. ONION. GARLIC. Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very base, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent ; the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style persistent, but jointed upon the very short axis of the ovary, thread-like ; stigma simple. Capsule lobed, loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1-2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campy lo- tropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs ; the leaves and scape from a coated bulb ; flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to bulblets; spathe scarious, 1-2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.) § 1 . Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a rhizome ; coats membranous. * Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate; ovules solitary in each cell. 1. A. tric6ccum, Ait. ("WILD LEEK.) Scape naked (4 -12' high from clustered pointed bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; leaves 5 -9' long, 1-2' wide; sepals oblong (greenish white), equalling the nearly distinct filaments ; capsule strongly 3-lobed. — Rich woods, W. N. Eng. to Minn, and Iowa, south in the mountains to N. C. Leaves appearing in early spring and dying before the flowers are developed. (LILY FAMILY.) * # Leaves linear ; ovules a pair in each cell. 2. A. Schoen6prasum, L. (CHIVES.) Scape naked or leafy at base (6-12' high), bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers; sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments ; leaves awl-shaped, hollow ; capsule not crested. — From N. Brunswick and the Great Lakes to the Pacific. (Eu., Asia.) •3. A. C&TlUUm, Roth. (WILD ONION.) Scape naked, angular (-J- 2° high), nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping few -man y -flowered umbel,' leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color), shorter than the slender filaments and style; capsule 6- crested. — In the Alleghanies to S. C., west to Minn., Mo., Tex., and westward. § 2. Bulbs mostly solitary, not rhizomatous ; coats often flbrous ; leaves narrowly linear, flat or channelled (terete in A. vineale). 4. A. Stellatum, Fras. Scape terete (6- 18' high), slender, bearing an erect umbel; bulb-coats membranous; sepals broad, acute ; stamens and style exserted ; capsule prominently ^-crested. — Rocky slopes, Minn, to W. 111. and Mo., and westward. 5. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape 3 - S' high ; bulbs densely and coarsely flbrous-coated ; spathe 2-valved; umbel rarely bulbiferous; sepals ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, thin and lax in fruit, a third longer than the stamens ; cap- sule crested. — Sask. to Iowa and N. Mex. 6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Scape 4-6' high, from a very flbrous-coated bulb; spathe usually 3-valved; sepals usually broader, rather rigid in fruit; capsule not crested. — Central Kan. to Tex., and westward. 7. A. Canadense, Kalm. (WILD GARLIC.) Scape 1° high or more; bulb-coats somewhat fibrous ; umbel densely bulbiferous or few-flowered ; sepals narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or exceeding the stamens ; capsule not crested. — Moist meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf. May, June. A. VINE\LE, L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Scape slender, clothed with the sheath- ing bases of the leaves below the middle (1-3° high) ; leaves terete and hollow, slender, channelled above ; umbel often densely bulbiferous ; fllaments much di- lated, the alternate ones cuspidate on each side of the anther. — Moist meadows and fields ; a vile weed eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth. Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat lobed, obtuse, witli the style obscurely jointed on the summit ; cells several- ovuled and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bulb tuni- cated, not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from v66os, false, and (TKop^iov, garlic.) 1. N. striatum, Kunth. Scape 1° high or less; bulb small, often bulbi- ferous at base ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers few, on slender pedicels, the segments narrowly oblong, 4-6" long; ovules 4-7 in each cell. (Allium striatum, Jacq.) — Prairies and open woods, Va. to Ind., Neb., and southward. 4. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Torr. Perianth funnel-form, the cylindrical tube equalling the somewhat spreading limb or shorter; segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, in one row upon the throat; LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) 523 the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule sessile, subglobose-triquetrous, beaked by the stout persistent style ; seeds large, few to several in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm ; pale lilac flowers umbellate ; pedicels not jointed ; involucral bracts several. (Name from avfjp, for stamen, and (rrt6s, narrow, and &vQos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.) 1 . S. angUStif 61ium, Gray. Stem leafy (3 - 4° high), very slender ; leaves 2 - 3" broad ; panicle elongated, nearly simple, very open, with slender flexuous branches ; flowers nearly sessile or the fertile on short pedicels ; sepals linear- lanceolate (white), 2 - 3" long ; capsule strongly reflexed, narrowly oblong-ovate, with spreading beaks. — In the Alleghanies from Va. to S. C. 2. S. roblistum, Watson. Resembling the last ; stem stout, leafy, erect (3 - 5° high) ; leaves 4 - 10" broad ; panicle or raceme often 2° long, frequently compound with numerous slender branches ; sepals (white or green) 3 - 4" long ; capsule erect, ovate, with recurved beaks. — Penn. to S. C., Ohio and Tenn. 32. ZYGADEWUS, Michx. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ; the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular near the more or less nar- rowed but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent with the base of the ovary Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Anthers, styles, and capsule nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds angled, rarely at all margined. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and rather large panicled greenish-white flowers ; in summer. (Name composed of (vy6s, a yoke, and aSfa, a gland, the glands being sometimes in pairs.) * Glands on the perianth conspicuous. •H- Rootstoclc creeping ; glands 2, orbicular, above the broad claw. 1 Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stems 1-3° high ; leaves grass-like, chan- nelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point ; panicle pyramidal, PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL- WEED FAMILY.) 535 many-flowered; flowers perfect ; sepals nearly free (|' long), ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a short claw. — Grassy low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. H- H- Root bulbous; glands covering the base of the sepals. 2. Z. elegans, Pursh. Stem 1-3° high; leaves flat, carinate; raceme simple or sparingly branched and few-flowered ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; base of the perianth coherent with the base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate sepals marked with a large obcordate gland, the inner abruptly contracted to a broad claw. (Z. glaucus, Nutt.} — N. Eng. to N. 111., Minn., and westward. 3. Z. Nuttallii, Gray. Like the last ; raceme rather densely flowered, with narrow bracts ; perianth free ; sepals with an ill-defined gland at base, not at all clawed ; seeds larger (3" long). — Kan. to Tex. and Col. * * Glands of the perianth obscure ; perianth small, rotate ; bulb somewhat Jibrous. 4. Z. leimanthoid.es, Gray. Stem 1 - 4° high, slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; flowers small (4" in diameter) and numerous, in a few crowded panicled racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base of the divisions of the free perianth. — Low grounds, pine-barrens of N. J., to Ga. 33. A MI ANT HI TIM, Gray. FLY-POISON. Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like (white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly as in Melanthium. Styles thread-like. Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose coat, 1 -4 in eacn cell. — Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of hand some flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. (From afuLiavTos, unspotted, and &vOos, flower ; a name formed with more regard to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.) 1. A. mTlSC88t6xicuni, Gray. (FLY-PoisoN.) Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse (| - 1' wide) ; raceme simple ; capsule abruptly 3-horned ; seeds oblong, with a fleshy red coat. — Open woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky. and Ark. June, July. ORDER 117. PONTEDERIACEJE. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) A quatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary ; the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with the 6 divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, or the base thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers in- trorse. Ovules anatropous. Style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded capsule, or a 1-celled 1 -seeded utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen. 1. Pontederia. Spike many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base en« closing the 1-seeded utricle. Stamens 6. 2. Heteranthera. Spathe 1 - few-flowered. Perianth salver-shaped. Stamens 3. Cap- sule many-seeded. 536 PONTEDERIACE^E. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) • 1. PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL-WEED. Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3- lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable to the base ; after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downward, and its fleshy- thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior long- exserted ; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down ; anthers versatile, oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1- celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled 'mostly heart- shaped leaves, and a 1 -leaved stem, bearing a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.) 1. P. cordata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt, or sometimes tri- angular-elongated and tapering and scarcely cordate (var. ANGUSTir6LiA, Torr.) ; spike dense, from a spathe-like bract ; upper lobe of perianth marked with a pair of yellow spots (rarely all white) ; calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. — N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn, and Tex. July -Sept. 2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz&Pav. MUD-PLANTAIN. Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6« parted, ephemeral. Stamens 3, in the throat, usually unequal ; anthers erect. Capsule 1 -celled or incompletely 3-celled by intrusion of the placentae, many- seeded. — Creeping, floating or submerged low herbs, in mud or shallow water, with a 1 - few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. (Name from crepa, different, and dvBripd, anther.) * Stamens unequal ; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers ; the other longer, with a larger oblong or sagittate greenish anther ; capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaves rounded, long-petioled; creeping or floating plants. 1. H. renif6rmis, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped to cordate and acute ; spathe 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers white or pale blue. — Conn, to N. J., west to 111. and E. Kan., and southward. (S. Am.) 2. H. Iim6sa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ; spathe 1-flowered; flowers larger, blue. — Va. to Mo. and La. (S. Am.) * * Stamens alike, with sagittate anthers ; capsule \-celled, with 3 parietal pi a* centos. ; leaves linear, translucent, sessile ; submerged grass-like herbs, with only the flowers reaching the surface. 3. H. graminea, Vahl. The slender branching stems clothed with leaves and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe (becoming lateral) ; flowers small, pale yellow, with a very long thread-like tube. (Schollera graminifolia, Wittd.) — N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn, and E. Kan. ORDER 118. XYRIDACEJE. (YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scope, which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse MAYACE^E. (MAYACA FAMILY.) 537 anthers, gcumaceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla ; the 3-valved mostly l-celled capsule containing several or many orihotropous seeds with a minute embryo at the apex ofjleshy albumen. 1. XYRIS, Gronov. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled and persistent ; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our spe- cies plumose or bearded at the apex. Style 3-cleft. Capsule oblong, free, 1- celled, with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Flowers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials, (Evpis, a name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from £vp6v, a razor.) 1. X. flexu6sa, Muhl. Scape slender (10-16' high), barely flattened at the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than the narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age ; head roundish-ovoid (3-4" long) ; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely cil late-scar ious on the nar- row wingless keel, usually with a minute bearded tuft at the apex, shorter than the bract. — Sandy or peaty bogs, Mass, to Fla., west to Minn, and Mo. Yar. pusilla, Gray. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2-9' high, the base not bulbous; head 2-3" long. — White Mts. to Penn., west to L. Superior. 2. X. torta, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9 - 20' high, from a dark bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves be- coming spirally twisted ; head ovoid, becoming spindle-shaped, or oblong and acute (5 - 9" long) ; sepals exceeding the bract ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the middle. — Pine barrens, in dry sand, N. J. to Fla., Tex. and Ark. 3. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scape flattish, 1-angled below, 2-edged at the summit, smooth, ^ - 2° high, the base hardly bulbous ; leaves linear-sword- shapedjfiat, 2 - 4" broad ; head globular-ovoid (5 - 7" long) ; lateral sepals ob~ scurely lacerate-fringed above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. — Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass, to Fla. 4. X, fimbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edged above, rough (2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaped or strap-shaped leaves, the base not bulbous; head oblong-ovate (6-10" long) ; lateral sepals lanceo- late-linear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above the middle conspicuously fringed on the wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit. — Pine-bar- rens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ORDER 119. MAYACEJE. (MAYACA FAMILY.) Moss-like aquatic plants, densely leafy, with narrowly -linear sessile pel- lucid leaves, axillary naked peduncles terminated by a solitary perfect 3- androus flower, herbaceous calyx, white corolla, and a 3-valved l-celled several-seeded capsule. 538 MAYACE^E. (MAYACA FAMILY.) 1. MAYACA, Aublet. The only genus. Perianth persistent, of 3 herbaceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals. Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary with 3 pari- etal few-ovuled placentae ; style filiform ; stigma simple. — Creeping or float- ing in shallow water; the leaves 1 -nerved, entire, notched at the apex; the peduncle solitary, sheathed at base. (An aboriginal name.) 1. M. Michatixii, Schott&Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the leaves, nodding in fruit. — Va. to Fla. and Tex. ORDER 120. COMMELINACEJE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branch- ing leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers, with the perianth free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and corolla ; viz., 3 persistent commonly herbaceous sepals, and 3 petals, ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them often sterile ; anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 ; stigma undivided. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several- seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, parallel-veined, flat, sheathed at base ; the upper- most often dissimilar and forming a kind of spathe. — Chiefly tropical. \ Commelina. Cyme sessile within a cordate or connate bract (spathe). Petals un equal. Perfect stamens 3 ; filaments naked. 2. Tradescantia. Bracts leaf-like or small and scarious. Petals equal. Perfect stamens 6 ; filaments bearded. 1. COMMELINA, Dill. DAY-FLOWER. Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal ; the 2 lateral partly united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney- shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer- tile, one of which is bent inward ; 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect cross-shaped anthers ; filaments naked. Capsule 3-celled, two of the cells 2- seeded, the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and rooting at the joints. Leaves contracted at base into sheathing petioles ; the floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming a spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering ail summer. Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from the joints. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists J. and G. Commelin.) * Ventral cells 2-ovuled (usually 2-seeded), the dorsal 1-ovuled. 1. C. nudifldra, L. Slender and creeping, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, small (1 - 2' long) ; spathe cordate, acute, with margins not united ; seeds re- ticulated. (C. Cayennensis, Richard.) — Alluvial banks, Del. to Fla., west to Ind., Mo. and Tex. 2. C. hirt^lla, Vahl. Stout, erect (2 - 4° high) ; leaves large, lanceolate, the sheaths brown-bearded ; spathes crowded, with margins united ; seeds smooth. JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 539 (C. erecta, Gray, Man., not L.) — "River-banks, Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. * * Cells l-ovuled, l-seeded ; seeds smooth ; spathe cucullate ; roots sub-tuberous. 3. C. er6cta, L. Slender, often low; leaves linear; cells all dehiscent. — Penn. to Fla. 4. C. Virginica, L. Slender, usually tall; leaves lanceolate to linear; dorsal cell indehiscent, scabrous. — Damp rich woods and banks, southern N. Y. to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. 2. TBADESCANTIA, L. SPIDERWORT. Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta- mens all fertile ; filaments bearded. Capsule 2 - 3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. — Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and ter- minal, produced through the summer; floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener to Charles the First of England.) * Umbels terminal or sometimes lateral, sessile, subtended by I or 2 leaf-like bracts ; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate ; flowers blue. 1. T. Virginica, L. (COMMON SPIDERWORT.) Roots fleshy-fibrous, smooth or only slightly villous, more or less glaucous, often tall and slender and with linear leaves, rather rarely with 1 or 2 long lateral peduncles ; bracts usually a pair. — Rich ground, N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Rocky Mts. Very variable. — Var. VILL6SA, Watson. Often dwarf, more or less villous throughout as well as pubescent. Mississippi valley and Gulf States. — Var. FLEXu6sA, Watson. Stout and dark green, with large linear- lanceolate pubescent leaves, the stem usually flexuous, and with several short lateral branches or sessile axillary heads. (T flexuosa, Raf.) — Ohio to Ky and Ga. T. pilosa, Lehm., is an intermediate form. * * Umbel pedunculate, subtended by small subscarious bracts ; flowers small, rose-color. 2. T. rdsea, Vent. Small, slender (6 -10' high), smooth, erect from a running rootstock; leaves very narrowly linear, grass-like. — Sandy woods, Md. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo. ORDER 121. JUNCACEJE. (Rusn FAMILY.) Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and hypogynous persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with 2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary either 3-celled or l-celled with 3 parietal placenta, forming a loculicidal 3-valved capsule. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the base of the fleshy albumen. — Flowers liliaceous in structure, but sedge- like in aspect and texture. 1. Juncus. Capsule 3-celled (or imperfectly so), many-seeded. Plants never hairy, in moist ground or water. 2. liuzula. Capsule l-celled, 3-seeded. Plants often hairy, in dry ground. 540 JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 1. JUNG US, Tourn. RUSH. Boo-RusH. Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentae not reaching the axis. Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals. — Chiefly perennials, and in wet soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, and panicled or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in sum- mer. Plant never hairy. (The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to the use of the stems for bands.) § 1. Stems leafless and scape-like, from matted running rootstocks, sheathed at base ; the sheaths sometimes bearing terete knotless leaves like the scape ; flowers in sessile apparently lateral panicles, the involucral leaf being similar to and continuing the scape. — JUNCUS proper. # Flowers solitary on the pedicels or ultimate ramifications of the panicle. •*- Sheaths at base of the stem leafless. •w- Stamens 3. 1. J. efiftlSUS, L. (COMMON or SOFT RUSH.) Scape soft and pliant (2 - 4° high) ; inner sheaths awned ; panicle diffusely much branched, many-flow- ered ; flowers small (!£" long), greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, as long as the narrow triangular-obovate retuse and pointless greenish-brown capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds small (about £" long), with short pale points. — Marshy ground, very common. (Eu.) — Var. CONGLOMERATE, Engelm. Scape more distinctly striate; panicle closely crowded; capsule short-pointed. In sphagnous swamps. •w- -M. Stamens 6. 2. J. filif6rmis, L. Scape very slender (1-2° high), pliant ; panicle few- flowered, almost simple; flowers 1|" long; sepals lanceolate, the inner a little shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate obtuse but mucronate greenish capsule ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; style very short ; seed (less than %" long) short-pointed at both ends, indistinctly reticulated. — N. Eng. to Mich., Neb., and northward. (Eu.) 3. J. Smithii, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2-3° high) ; panicle few- flowered, nearly simple ; flowers brown (l^" long); outer sepals lanceolate, acute, the inner a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than the broadly ovate rather triangular acute deep chestnut-brown capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style short ; seeds large (£" long or more), obtuse, short-appendaged at both ends, many-ribbed and reticulated. — Sphagnous swamps, on Broad Mt. and in Lebanon Co., Penn. 4. J. BaltiGUS, Dethard, var. littor&lis,' Engelm. Scape rigid (2-3° high); panitie loose; flowers larger (2" long), chestnut-brown with green; sepals ovate-ianceolate, the outer sharp-pointed, the inner obtusish, as long as the elliptical rather triangular obtuse and mucronate deep brown capsule ; an- thers much longer than the broad filaments ; style about the length of the ovary; seeds rather large (•£" long or more), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Sandy shores, Newf. to Mass., west to Penn., along the Great Lakes, and westward. — Yar. MONTANUS, Engelm. Sepals nearly equal ; anthers 4 times longer than the filament; capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, beaked ; seeds smaller, narrower, apiculate. — Minn., west and northward. JUNCACE^E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 541 -«- H- Innermost sheaths leaf-bearing ; stamens 6. 5. J, setaceus, Rostkovius. Scape slender (1-3° high); panicle loose, rather few-flowered; flowers greenish (2" long); sepals lanceolate, sharp- pointed, especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in fruit, as long as the nearly globose beak-pointed greenish or light-brown capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style conspicuous ; seeds ( J" long) almost globose, ribbed and cross-lined. — Va. to Ma., west to Mo. and La. * * Flowers in clusters, G-androus ; innermost sheaths at base of stem leaf-bearing^ 6. J. ROBmerianus, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2-3° high), its, apex as well as the leaves pungent ; panicle compound, open and spreading, brown; 3-6 greenish or light-brown flowers (1^" long) in a cluster; outer sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, longer than the obtusish inner ones, as long as the elliptical rather triangular obtuse mucronate brown capsule ; anthers much longer than the broad filaments ; styles shorter than the ovary ; seeds (J" long) oval, obtuse, very delicately ribbed. — Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. 7. J. maritimus, L. Resembling the last, but with a rigid contracted green panicle, an ovary attenuated into a style of nearly its own length, a greenish acute capsule which usually exceeds the acute sepals, and seeds with distinct tails and stronger ribs. — Known in this country only from Coney Island, N. Y., where it is apparently indigenous. (Eu.) § 2. Stems simple (rarely branched), leafy at base or throughout ; leaves flat, or somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never knotted ; panicle or head terminal. — GRASSY-LEAVED JUNCI. * Flowers in close Tieads (produced in late summer). *- Leaves threadlike, hollow; stamens 6; s,eeds few, large and caudate; the single head (sometimes 2) 1-4-Jlowered. 8. J. st^giUS, L. Stems slender (6-1 6' high) from slender branching rootstocks, 1 - 3-leaved below, naked above ; heads 1 or rarely 2, of 3 - 4-flowers, about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract ; flowers pale and ' reddish (2^-3" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the inner obtusish, £ the length of the oblong acuminate capsule, as long as the slender stamens ; filaments many times longer than the oblong anthers ; recurved stigmas shorter than the style ; seeds oblong, with a very loose coat prolonged at both ends (!£" long). — Peat- bogs, Newf. to northern N. Y., west to Mich, and N. Minn. (Eu.) 9. J. trifidus, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks, erect (5 -10' high), sheathed and mostly leafless at base, 2 - 3-leaved at the summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head ; flowers brown (li-2" long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or rather shorter than the ovate beak-pointed deep brown capsule; anthers much longer than the filaments ; seeds few, oblong, angled (V long), short-tailed. — Alpine summits of N. Eng. and N. Y., and far northward ; also in N. J. (Eu.) -»- -j- Leaves flat and grass-like; stamens 3; stems flattened, simple, leafy. 10. J. ripens, Michx. Stems ascending (4-6' high) from a fibrous an nual root, at length creeping or floating ; leaves short, linear, those of the stem nearly opposite and fascicled; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, 3- 12-flow- 542 JUNCACEJE. (RUSH FAMILY.) ered ; flowers green (3" long) ; sepals rigid, lance-subulate, slender-pointed, the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse capsule, the inner much longer ; stamens as long as the outer sepals ; filaments many times longei than the oblong anthers ; seeds small ( \" long), obovate, slightly pointed, very delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Miry banks, Md. to Fla. and La. 11. J. margin&tus, Rostk. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stoloniferous base (1-3° high); leaves long-linear ; heads 3 - 8-flowered, panicled ; flowers purplish with green (1|" long) ; sepals oblong, the 3 outer acute and slightly awned, the inner longer, mostly obtuse, as long as the almost globular scarcely mucronate capsule ; stamens exceeding the outer sepals ; purple anthers shorter than the filaments ; style very short ; seeds (| - \" long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. — Moist sandy places, S. New Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex. — Var. PAUCICAPITATUS, Engelm., has few large 8- 15-flowered heads; and var. BIFL6.RUS, Engelm., has numerous small 2-3 flowered heads in much-branched panicles. * * Flowers solitary, panicled ; stamens 6. •f- Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below ; root perennial (fl. early in summer). ++ Seeds tail-pointed at both ends. 12. J. V&seyl, Engelm. Stems rigid (1 -2£° high) ; leaves nearly terete, very slightly channelled on the inner side ; panicle longer than the involucral leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2" long or more) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, appressed, shorter than the oblong and retuse green-brown capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ; seeds slender (|- f " long), closely ribbed. — N. Maine (Pringle) ; Mich, to Iowa and westward. 13. J. Gre6nii, Cakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (1-2° high); leaves nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side ; pan- icle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense, the numerous flowers often one-sided (If" long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, light greenish-brown, appressed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish-brown capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ; seeds ovoid ( J - \" long), ribbed and delicately cross-lined. — Sandy coast of N. Eng., N. Y., and N. J., and about the head of Lake Michigan. •M- HH- Seeds merely apiculate at both ends. 14. J. t6nuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9 - IS' high) ; leaves flat or channelled ; panicle shorter than the involucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded; flowers green (2" long or more) ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, longer than the ovoid retuse scarcely pointed green capsule ; anthers nearly equal to the filaments ; style very short ; seeds small (about J" long), delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Fields and roadsides, very common. (Eu.) — Var. SEctiNDUS, Engelm.; flowers smaller, secund along the incurved branches. N. Eng. to Penn. and Del. — Var. CONGESTUS, Engelm. ; branches contracted into a head and the flowers darker-colored. Minn, and westward. 15. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stems rigid (1|- 2° high) from a tumid base ; leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side ; panicle loose, often with 1 -sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral leaf ; flowers greenish (2" long or more) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spread (RUSH FAMILY.) 543 ing in i?ruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored capsule, anthers nearly as long as the filaments ; style short ; seeds small (^ - 4" long), coarsely cross-lined. — Low sandy grounds, N. J. to Fla. 16. J. Gerardi, Loisel. (BLACK-GRASS.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid (1-2° high) ; panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf ; flow- ers chestnut-brown with green (If" long) ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved, as long as the oval obtuse and mucronate capsule ; anthers much longer than the short filaments; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly %" long) obo vate, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes; common along the coast and in W. New York; rare about the Great Lakes. (Eu.) H- -*- Stems branched, diffuse, leafy ; root annual, fibrous. 17. J. bufbnius, L. Stems low and slender (3- 9' high), leafy, often branched from the base; panicle spreading, mostly with one-sided dichoto mous branches; flowers remote, greenish (2-3£" long) ; sepals linear-lanceo- late, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much exceeding the inner and the oblong ob- tuse capsule ; stamens short ; filaments scarcely longer than the anthers , seeds elliptical, obtuse ft — J" long). — Low grounds, by roadsides ; common. (Eu.) § 3. Stems leafy ; leaves terete or laterally flattened, more or less distinctly knot- ted by internal transverse partitions ; panicle terminal, with flowers chiefly in heads. — KNOTTY-LEAVED JUNCI. # Seeds barely pointed, not caudate. 4- Flowers solitary or 2 together, panicled ; stamens 6. 18. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect from a slender running rootstock (6-18' high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves, branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing the flow- ers in the forks and along one side of the branches ; often with the flowers or in place of them are tufts of leaves; flowers small (1 - 1£" long), greenish with red ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the ob- long taper-beaked, 1 -celled capsule ; anthers much longer than the filaments ; style slender ; seeds (J" long) obovate, short-pointed, — Sandy, wet or swampy places, Newf. to Fla., west along the Great Lakes to Minn. The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger, with larger diffuse panicles.— Var. SUBTILIS, Engelm. Creeping or floating, with a single pair of flowers at the end of the short stems. — Somerset Co., Maine (C. E. Smith) ; Canada. •*- +- Heads numerous, of 3- 12-flowers (rarely more) ; in early summer •»•+ Stamens 6. 19. J. articulatus, L. Stems ascending or erect (9-15' high), tufte* from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle short, spreading, the crowded heads 3 - 8-flowered ; flowers brown, rarely pale (1J- 1|" long) ; sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and a little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate- pointed incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining capsule; anthers as long as the filaments ; ovary attenuate into a short style ; seeds (less than \" long) obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above. — Wet grounds, Newf. to Del., west to western N. Y. and Mich. (Eu.) 544 JUNCACE.E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 20. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9-18' high) from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle meagre, with erect branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3-6 flowers (1J-1-J" long); sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer mucronate or cuspi- date and usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long as or shorter than the obtuse short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown capsule ; an- thers as long as the filaments; style short; seeds (|" or more in length) spindle-shaped. — Wet sandy banks, L. Champlain, Cayuga Lake, along the Great Lakes, and far west and northward. (Eu.) 21. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2-4° high) from a thick creeping rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (i~3^° long) below the middle, which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle ; heads numerous, 5-12- (rarely 25-) flowered ; flowers brownish (l£x/ long) ; sepals lanceolate, the outer awl-pointed, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked 1 -celled capsule ; anthers longer than the filaments; ovary attenuate into a slender style ; seeds (£ - J" long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed. — In bogs and streams, Maine to Md. Sometimes producing, in flowing water, numberless capillary submersed leaves, 2-3° long, from the rootstock. •H- •«• Stamens 3. 22. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, slender (1-2° long), bearing about 2 leaves and a very loose spreading panicle ; heads rather few and large, 5 - many-flowered, greenish, at length straw-colored or darker ; se- pals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equal (1^-2" long), as long as the trian- gular-prismatic short-pointed 1 -celled straw-colored or light brown capsule; anthers a little shorter than the filaments ; style almost none ; seeds small (i-J" long), acute at both ends, ribbed-reticulated. — N. Eng. to Ga., Minn, and Tex. May, June. Very variable. Heads often proliferous in autumn. Var. d^bilis, Engelm. Stems slender (9-18' high); heads green, 3-6- flowered, in a loose panicle; flowers smaller (l|-l^/x long) ; capsule longer than the sepals. — Wet sandy soil, N. J. to S. C., west to Ohio, Mo., and Miss. Stem sometimes decumbent and rooting. Var. roblistUS, Engelm. Stems stout, tall (2-4° high), bearing numer- ous 5 - 8-flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle ; flow- ers small (1 - 1£" long) ; ovoid capsule scarcely longer than the sepals. — Deep awamps, 111. to Mo. and La. 4- H- 4- Heads few, crowded, of numerous flowers. ** Stamens 3 ; stem rigid from a thick white horizontal rootstock. 23. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (1 - 2^° high), bearing about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely flowered spherical heads (4-5" wide) in a slightly spreading crowded panicle much exceeding the involucral leaf ; flow- ers pale green (2" long) ; sepals lance-linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much longer than the inner, and the ovoid pointed 1-celled capsule rather shorter; 'anthers much shorter than the filaments; style very short; seeds (}" long) abruptly apiculate. — Moist places in open woods and prairies, Ohio and Mich, to Mo., Miss., and Tex. 24. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (1 -3° high), rather slender, bear- ing about 2 terete leaves with wide and open sheaths, and a panicle of few or JUNCACE.E. (RUSH FAMILY.) 545 many densely-flowered pale-green spherical heads, much longer than the invo- lucral leaf, its branches erect and often elongated ; heads (3-4" wide) 15-40- flowered; flowers 1;|- 1-J" long; sepals rigid: awl-shaped and (especially the outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, as long as the stamens and nearly equalling the oblong-triangular taper-pointed 1 -celled capsule; anthers very small ; style elongated or very short ; seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each end (£" long). — Wet sandy soil, Mass, to N. J. and S. 0., west to Ind., Mo., and Tex. Var. echinatus, Engelm. Stouter; leaves terete; branches of the com- pact panicle short ; heads larger (5 - 6" wide), 40 - 80-flowered ; flowers If - 2" long) ; sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer than the inner ; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding, and seeds rather smaller and more slender. — Md. to Fla. Var. polycephalus, Engelm. Much stouter ; leaves laterally flattened (3-6" wide); panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as large as in the last ; flowers 2 - 2-£" long ; the 3 outer sepals the longer ; an- thers about as long as the filaments ; seeds larger (|" long). — S. Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. ++ ** Stamens 6. 25. J. nod6sus, L. Stem erect (6 - 15' or 2° high), slender from a creep- ing thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly with 2 or 3 slender leaves ; heads few or several, rarely single, 8 - 20-flowered (3 £-4" wide), overtopped by the involucral leaf; flowers brown (l|-2" long) ; sepals lance-linear, awl- pointed (the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule; anthers oblong, shorter than the filaments ; style very short ; seeds (about J" long) obovate, abruptly mucro- nate. — Swamps and gravelly banks, N. J. and Penn. to N. Ind. and Iowa, and northward. — July, Aug. — Var. MEGACEPHALUS, Torr. Stem stout (1-3° high), with thick leaves; heads few and large (6-8" wide), 30 - 80-flowered ; flowers pale green (2J -2£" long) ; outer sepals longest ; anthers linear, shorter than the filaments. — Western N. Y. to Minn, and Mo., and westward. * * Seeds caudate. H- Stamens 3. 26. J. Canad6nsis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing 2-3 leaves ; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate ; sepals lanceolate, the 3 outer shorter than the inner, not much longer than the stamens, equal to or shorter than the triangular-prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed capsule ; style mostly short ; seeds more or less distinctly tail-pointed, deli- cately many ribbed. — Common almost everywhere. Aug., Sept. Easily dis- tinguished by its late flowering from the similar n. 22. Very variable. Var. longieaudatus, Engelm. Stem stout and rigid (1J-30 high), bearing in" a decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5 - 50- flowered heads; flowers greenish or light brown (l|-2" long); sepals awl- pointed, mostly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed capsule ; seeds slender (J-l" long), conspicuously tail-pointed. — Maine to S. C.,.west to Minn, and La. The most common form. Var. subcaudatus, Engelm. Stem slender, often decumbent (1-2° high), bearing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8 - 20-flowered heads : 546 jtfNCACEJs. (RUSH FAMILY.) flowers greenish, as large as in the last ; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid ; capsule mostly tapering; seeds large (i-|" long), with short white membra- nous appendages, not reticulated. — Conn, to Penn. and Ga. Var. brachyc^phalus, Engelm. Stem slender (1|-2|0 high), bearing numerous small 3 - 5-flowered heads in a large spreading panicle ; flowers greenish or light brown (l£-l-£" long); sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than the brown abruptly short-pointed capsule ; style longer than in other forms • seeds smaller (i - i/A long), slender, with rather short appendages. — Fenn. and western N. Y., to Wise, and 111. Var. coarctatus, Engelm. Stem slender, shorter (9-18' high), bearing fewer deep-brown 3 - 5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle ; flowers as large as in the last ; sepals acute, or rarely obtusish, much shorter than the prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown capsule ; seeds as in the last. — N. Eng. to N. J., N. Minn., and westward. •*- H— Stamens 6. 27. J. asper, Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (2-3° high), terete, stout, rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough ; panicle with rigid slightly spreading branches, bearing scattered few- (2-6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with brown (2£" long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly nerved, the outer much shorter than the inner, these a little shorter than the triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown capsule ; ovary tapering into a conspicuous style ; seeds large, oblong, with white or often reddish appendages (1J" long). — Sphagnous swamps, N. J. Aug. 2. LUZULA, DC. WOOD-RUSH. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials, often hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked-crowded or umbelled flowers. (From Gramen Luzulai, or Luxulce> dim. of lux, light, • — a name given to one of the species from its shining with dew.) * Pedicels \-flowered , in a loose compound cyme or umbel. 1. L. vernalis, DC. Plant 6 - 9' high ; leaves lance-linear, hairy; umbel mostly simple ; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule ; seeds with a curved appendage. (L. pilosa, Willd.) — Woods and banks, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Minn. (Eu.) 2. L. spadicea, DC., var. melanocarpa, Meyer. Nearly smooth (1 - 3° high) ; leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ; sepals pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown capsule; seeds not appendaged. (L. parviflora, var. melanocarpa, Gray.) — Mountains of Maine, Vt., and northern N. Y., to Mich, and N. Minn. (Eu.) # * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6-12' high.) 3. L. campestris, DC. Leaves fiat, linear; spikes 4-12, somewhat um belled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them loug-peduncled, others nearly sessile ,' sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsules ; seeds with a conical appendage at base. — Dry fields and woods, common. May. (Eu.) 4. L. arcuata, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear ; spikes 3 - 5, on unequal often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals TTPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 547 taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsule ; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine summits of the White Mts. and far northward. (Eu.) 5. L. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear ; flowers in sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed capsule ; seeds merely with a roundish projection at base. — With the last, and more com- mon. (Eu.) ORDER 122. TYPHACEJE. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoe- cious flowers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary 1 - 2-celled, with as many persistent styles and (usually elongated) 1-sided stigmas ; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous; embryo straight in copious albumen. Root perennial. 1. Typha. Flowers in a cylindrical compact terminal spike; spathe-like bract deciduous 2. Sparganium. Flowers in globular heads with foliaceous bracts. 1. TYPHA, Tourn. (CAT-TAIL FLAG.) Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and intermixed with long hairs; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1 -celled ova- ries, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Eoot-stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (Ttf<£7;, the old Greek name.) 1. T. latif 61ia, L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL.) Stout and tall (4 - 6° high), the flat sheathing leaves 3- 10" broad, exceeding the stem; the staminate and dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 3-6' long or more) usually contiguous, the latter at length 1' in diameter; pistillate flowers without bract- lets; stigma rhombic-lanceolate ; pollen-grains in fours. — In marshes, through- out N. Am. (Eu.) 2. T. angustif 61ia, L. Leaves narrower (3 - 6" broad), taller, somewhat convex on the back ; pistillate and staminate inflorescence usually separated by a short interval, the light brown spike becoming 5 - 6" in diameter; pollen- grains simple ; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hair-like bractlet slightly dilated at the summit. — N. Eng. to N. J., west to Mich, and Mo. ; less frequent, and mainly near the coast. (Eu.) 2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED. Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, whicft are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper sterile, consisting merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or fertile larger, consisting of numerous sessile 1 - 2-celled pistils, each surrounded by 3 - 6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped, more or less corky toward the summit, the hard endocarp perforated at the apex. — 24 548 TYPHACE^E. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) Rootstocks creeping and stoloniferous ; roots fibrous. Stems simple or branch* ing, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering througk the summer. (Name from ffirdpyavov, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.) * Fruit sessile, broad and truncate, often Z-seeded ; stigmas often 2, elongated ; scales rigid, nearly equalling the fruit; erect, with branched inflorescence 1. S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Stems stout, erect (2 -4° high); leave* mostly flat and merely keeled ; pistil attenuate into a short style bearing 1 or 2 elongated stigmas ; fruit-heads 2 - 6 or more, V wide ; fruit many-angled (3£ - 4" long) when mature, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit ab- ruptly tipped in the centre. — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. Eng. to Va., west to the Pacific. * * Fruit comparatively narrow, and mostly somewhat stipitate, l-celled, longer than the scales. 2. S. simplex, Huds. Stems slender, erect (£-2° high); leaves more or less triquetrous (2^-4" wide) ; fertile heads (1-4) of the usually simple inflo- rescence often above the axils, sessile or peduncled, 6 - 8" wide in fruit ; stigma linear, equalling the rather slender style or shorter; nutlets pale, fas ifor m or narrowly oblong (about 2" long), more or less contracted in the middle. — N« Eng. to N. J., west to Mich., Minn., and northward. (Eu.) Var. andr6cladum, Engelm. Stouter (H-3° high), with usually broader leaves (4 - 9") and branching inflorescence, the head or peduncles axil- lary or nearly so ; fruiting heads (1 - 7) often larger (6 - 1 2" broad), the nutlets 2 - 3" long. (S. androcladum, Morong.) — In bogs or shallow water, common ; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn, and Mo. Var. angUStif 61ium, Engelm. Very slender ; leaves floating, long and narrow (|-2£" wide), flat; inflorescence simple; heads (4-6" broad) and nutlets smaller. — Mountain lakes ind slow streams, N. Y., N. Eng., and north- ward ; sometimes nearly out of water, dwarf and with shorter erect leaves. Var. fluitans, Engelm. Floating in deep water, with long slender stems and flat narrow leaves ; inflorescence usually short, sparingly branched ; style stout with a short oval stigma ; fruiting heads 4 - 6" broad ; nutlets dark, as large as in the type. (S. androcladum, var. fluctuans, Morong. ; not S. fluitans, Fries.) — Ponds, Penn., W. Conn., White Mts., N. Minn., and northward. 3. S. minimum, Fries. Usually floating, with very slender stems and thin flat narrow leaves ; fertile heads 1 or 2, axillary, sessile or peduncled (4 - 5" wide) ; stigma oval, about as long as the short style, scarcely surpassing the oval or obovate denticulate scales ; fruit oblong -obov ate (1 - 2" long), pointed, somewhat triangular, the stipe very short or none. — N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., north and westward. — Stems 3-6' high when growing out of water, much longer when submerged. (Eu.) ORDER 123. ARACEu3E. (ARUM FAMILY.) Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves^ and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe. — Floral envelopes none, or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy em- ARACE^E. (ARUM FAMILY.) 549 bryo. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender rhaphides. — The genuine Araceae have no floral envelopes, and are al- most all monoecious or dioecious ; but the genera of the second section, with more highly developed flowers, are not to be separated. * Spathe surrounding or subtending the spadix ; flowers naked, i. e. without perianth. 1. Arissema. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix. 2. Peltandra. Flowers monoecious, covering the spadix ; anthers above, ovaries below. 3. Calla. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadix. Spathe open and spreading. * * Spathe surrounding the spadix in n. 4, none or imperfect in the rest ; flowers with a calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix. 4. Symplocarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemlees. 5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape. 6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape. 1. A R I S ^E M A, Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON ARUM. Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or by abortion dioecious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is elonga- ted and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fer- tile, each of a cluster of almost sessile 2 - 4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1-celled ovary, tipped with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves. (Name from apis, a kind of arum, and afjua, blood, from the spot- ted leaves of some species.) 1. A. triph^llum, Torr. (INDIAN TURNIP.) Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets ; spadix mostly dioecious, club-shaped, ob- tuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the ovate-lanceolate, pointed summit. — Rich woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn, and E. Kan. May. — Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice ; spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots. 2. A. Drac6ntium, Schott. (GREEN DRAGON. DRAGON-ROOT.) Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets; spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong and convolute pointed greenish spathe. — Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June. — Corms clustered; petiole 1-2° long, much longer than the peduncle. 2. PELTANDRA, Raf . ARROW ARUM. Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix through- out (or only its apex naked). Floral envelopes none. Anther-masses sessile, naked, covering all the upper part of the spadix, each of 4-6 pairs of cells imbedded in the margin of a thick and shield-shaped connective, opening by terminal pores. Ovaries at the base of the spadix, each surrounded by 4 - 5 distinct, scale-like, white staminodia, 1-celled, bearing 1 -few amphitropous 550 ARACE^I. (ARUM FAMILY.) ovules at the base ; stigma truncate. Fruit a leathery or fleshy berry, 1-3- seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by tenacious jelly, the base empty, the upper part filled with a large fleshy spherical embryo ; no albumen. — Stem- less herbs, with arrow-shaped or hastate leaves, palmately 3-nerved and pin- nately veined, and simple scapes from a thick-fibrous or subtuberous root. Fruit in a globose cluster, enclosed by the persistent fleshy base of the spathe. (Name from nehrr], a target, and avrjp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter. ) 1 . P. undulata, Raf . Root of thick tufted fibres ; scape 1 - 1-£° high, about equalling the leaves ; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and often acutish; spathe convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green, 4 - 7' long ; sterile portion of the spadix several times longer than the pistillate ; ovules several ; fruit green ; seeds 1-3. (P. Virginica, Kunth, and most authors.) — Shallow water, New Eng. to Fla., west to Mich, and Ind. June. 2. P. alba, Raf. Rootstock tuberous, covered with thick-fleshy roots and propagating by offshoots ; lobes of the leaves mostly short and broad, obtuse ; spathe 3 - 4' long, the blade broader, acuminate, somewhat expanded, white ; sterile part of the spadix scarcely longer than the pistillate ; ovules and seeds solitary ; berry scarlet, 5 - 6" long. (P. Virginica, Schott. Xanthosoma sagit- tifolia, Chapm., not Schott. Caladium glaucum, Ell. Arum Virginicum, L., in part ?) — Marshes, S. Va. (?) and N. C. to Fla. 3. CALL A, L. WATER ARUM. Spathe open and spreading , ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect and 6-androus; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1- celled, with 5-9 erect anatropous ovules ; stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo nearly the length of the hard albumen. — A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.) 1. C. pallistris, L. — Cold bogs, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Mich, and Minn., and northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.) 4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGE. Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit. Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely and densely covered with perfect flowers, their 1 -celled or abortively 2-celled ovaries immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped ; stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several plumules at the end next the base of the ovary; albumen none. — Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a very thick rootstock, bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots, LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 551 and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from (TU/ATTAOK^, connection, and Kapiros, fruit, in allusion to the coales- cence of the ovaries into a compound fruit. ) 1. S. fceticlllS, Salisb. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 1-2° long, short- petioled ; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved; fruit (in autumn) 2-3' in diam., in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4-6" long. —Bogs and moist grounds, N. Scotia to N. Cv west to Minn, and Iowa. 5. ORONTIUM, L. GOLDEN-CLUB. Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf -sheath investing the lower part of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Flowers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect ; the lower with 6 con- cave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened ; an- thers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with an anatropous ovule ; stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy, " with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the plumule curved in a groove on the outside." (Torr.) — An aquatic perennial, with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape ; its rather club-shaped emersed apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.) 1. O. aquaticum, L. — Ponds, Mass, to Fla. May. 6. AC OR US, L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS. Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edged scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Se- pals 6, concave. Stamens 6; filaments linear ; anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell ; stigma minute. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 - few- seeded. Embryo in the axis of albumen. — Pungent aromatic plants, espe- cially the thick creeping rootstocks (calamus of the shops), which serfd up 2- edged sword-like leaves, and scapes somewhat like them, bearing the spadix on one edge ; the upper and more f oliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a kind of open spathe. (yA/copas, the ancient name, of no known meaning.) 1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf -like and prolonged far beyond the (yel- lowish-green) spadix. — Margins of rivulets, swamps, etc., N. Scotia to FlaoP west to Minn., Iowa, and E. Kan. ORDER 124. L.EMNACEJE. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from underneath ; ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a I- 7-seeded utricle. Seed large ; the apex or radicular extremity of the seed-coat sepa- rable as an operculum or lid (as in Cabomba, etc.). Embryo straight, sur- rounded by fleshy or sometimes very scanty albumen. — The simplest, and 552 LEMNACE^E. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) some of them the smallest of flowering plants, propagating by the prolif- erous growth of a new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remaining connected for some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise and vegetate in spring ; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous ; the upper surface furnished with stomata. — These plants may be regarded as very simplified Araceae. 1. Spirodela. Frond 7 - 11-nerved, with several rootlets. 2. Lemiia. Frond 1 - 5-nerved, with a single rootlet. 3 Wolffia. Frond thick, very minute (J - §" broad), without rootlets. 1. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules 2. Frond 7 -11-nerved or more; rootlets several, with axile vascular tissue. Otherwise as Lemna. (From