__..J *.'l^^ >4. .-"t. ^%' ^; > • ; . -* • .-^ '^d' \ •^ -^v' r^ ,*M ■*C. • s . ■ ':? ,,•.", t .- ^-^ ■ - ^^ w '/■ ■^\ -•'^ "^i- .■■?•■ ;V 'A . ^t^ ''•^'^■,-" * ** .; -■- > ■■•'' ■^ -5)f-' '• ^' - T.-r-vi ', ■=* >> • J"' ■ •-,*- •:'■ '■^■^"' ■ ^t-: Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/botanysurvey01geolrich ^^i^e:6C^ BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA. VOL. I. # «r (uniform with the publications of the) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFOENIA. J. D. WHITNEY, State Geologist. BOTANY. VOLUME I. POLYPETAL^, By W. H. BEEWER and SERENO WATSOK GAMOPETAL^, By ASA GRAY. SECOND (revised) EDITION. CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: JOHN WILSON AND SON, UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1880. JCAMBRIDGE. M»SSj PREFATORY NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION. In this edition of the present volume, no changes have been made excepting such as may properly be called corrections of slight verbal mistakes and of errors of the press. Vol. II., completing the Botany of California, is published contemporaneously with the present one, and in that will be found a considerable number of additions and corrections to Volume I., rendered necessary by fresh discoveries made by various zealous collectors in the field. J. D. WHITNEY. Cambridge, Mass., August 17, 1880. Names of the gentlevien hy the aid of ivJwse contributions the pMication of this volume has been secured : — LELAND STANFORD. D. O. MILLS. LLOYD TEVIS. J. C. FLOOD. CHARLES McLaughlin. R. B. WOODWARD. WILLIAM NORRIS. JOHN 0. EARL. HENRY PIERCE. OLIVER ELDREDGE. S. CLINTON HASTINGS. INTRODUCTION. rriHE Act of the Legislature, passed in 1860, authorizing a geological -*- Survey of the State of California, required, among other things, a " full and scientific description of its botanical productions." In accordance with this requisition, the material necessary for such a description was assiduously collected by the Geological Corps, whenever and wherever it was possible to carry on this work in addition to the other more pressing duties of the Survey proper. During the years from 1860 to 1864, the botanical collect- ing was entirely under the charge of, and mostly performed by, Professor W. H. Brewer. It was under his supervision that the bulk of the material was accumulated, the elaboration of which has formed the basis of the present volume. Professor Brewer having left California in 1864, no farther continuous and systematic collecting was attempted by the Survey. Mr. H. N. Bolander was, however, engaged for a few months in 1866 and 1867 in making a more thorough botanical exploration of portions of the Sierra Nevada than had before been possible ; and he also made a trip through the Coast Kanges, north of the Bay of San Francisco, in which he was assisted from the funds of the Survey, then, as always, entirely inadequate to a vigorous prosecution of the work in all its branches. Dr. J. G. Cooper, Zoological Assistant of the Survey, during a winter spent at Fort Mohave, and on the way thither and back, made important additions to the botanical collections. On the return of Professor Brewer to the East, in 1864, arrange- ments were commenced for working up the collections, with a view to the publication of a Flora of California, or a systematic description of the plants growing spontaneously over that wide area of between 150,000 and 160,000 square miles.* The total number of species thus included was estimated at • In point of fact, in the present volume the botany of the whole eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and of the ranges adjacent to it on the east, from Arizona to Northern Nevada, and of Southern Oregon, has been fully worked up, and a considerable number of species included which have not yet been found within the borders of the State of California, although many of them, in all probability, will be. Viii INTRODUCTION. % two thousand, and it was thought that the work of determining and describ- ing them would not occupy more than a year or two. The co-operation of distinguished specialists throughout the country was secured, and various portions of the collections placed in their hands to be worked up. It is, however, at the Herbarium of Harvard University, and under the supervision of Professor A. Gray, that most of the material has thus far been elaborated. The collections made by the Survey were there arranged by Professor Brewer, and the new species of the Polypdaloe. and Gamo- petalce were described by Professor Gray in various communications made to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and published in their Proceedings.* In this work it was necessary that the material which had accumulated during the many years in which California had been botanicaUy explored by various Government expeditions, both American and foreign, and by numerous private collectors, should be passed under review. It was equally necessary that the mass of literature already accumulated in relation to this Flora, and scattered through hundreds of volumes, which in many cases are not to be obtained except with great difficulty, should be thoroughly ex- amined. Much the largest portion of this material, both of books and plants, was accessible at the Herbarium in Cambridge ; and, where the collec- tions in this country were deficient, both Dr. Gray and Dr. Engelmann were enabled to supply deficiencies and make the necessary comparisons, during visits to Europe, and especially to the great storehouse of the world's botany at Kew. While this work of description and comparison went on, much new material was constantly coming in, chiefly through several zeal- ous private collectors, who of course had to send their plants to Cambridge for determination. Thus it happened, that, as the amount of material to be worked over was constantly increasing, so the time required for the work was also greatly expanded. The Survey not being able to pay any one for devoting his whole time to this investigation, the year 1874 had been reached and the printing had not been begun. The Legislature of 1873 - 74 put an end to the work by refusing any further appropriations for the Survey, and the present volume would have remained unpublished, had it not been for the generosity of a few citizens of San Francisco, who came forward and placed in the hands of the late State Geologist a sum sufficient * See Proceedings Am. Acad. Vol. VI. 519, and VII. 327. INTRODUCTION. Jx to insure the publication o& one volume of the Flora of California. The names of these gentlemen will be found on the page following the title. As soon as possible after this munificent act, an arrangement was made with Mr. Sereno Watson, late Botanist of the Fortieth Parallel Survey, to under- take the necessary revision of the Polypdalm, previously prepared by Pro- fessor Brewer, but which needed still further elaboration. Professor Gray, in accordance with previous arrangement, was ready with the Gamopetalce, and, to insure greater uniformity, all the ordinal characters of the volume have also been written by him. There has been no interi'uption in the work since the necessary funds were raised for its continuance. It is not neces- sary to insist on the reasons why the preparation of this volume has involved a much larger amount of labor and of time than was originally expected. Botanists will not fail to appreciate the magnitude of tlie task thus under- taken, and will recognize the great difference between a work like the present one and even the most complete of the botanical reports which have hitherto accompanied or formed a part of the reports of Government expeditions. It only remains for me to thank those who have contributed to this volume either intellectually or pecuniarily, and to express my sincere regret that the Legislature of California has just adjourned without having made any pro- vision for the continuance of the Botany, or for bringing before the world other portions of the results of the Survey already in process of publication, or nearly ready for it, at the time the work was suspended by the Legislature of 1873-74. Should the means be secured for the publication of the second volume of the Botany of California, it will contain the remaining exogenous (the Apetalcc and the Gymnospermce), the endogenous, and the cryptogamous orders. It is proposed also to add an accented list of generic names with their derivations ; and a chronological list of botanical collectors on the west coast of America, together with an index to the genera and species of the entire Flora, and a glossary of the botanical terms used. J. D. WHITNEY. Cambridge, Mass., April 15, 1876. NOTE The following Keys are designed to facilitate the reference of any plant to its proper Order ; and it is hoped that the one may so supplement the other that in most cases little difficulty will be found. A synopsis is likewise given of the genera under each order, and of the species in most of the larger and more difficult genera. All the more important synonymy is cited, including references to the principal figures. The geographical range is indicated as nearly as our present knowledge permits, but the habitats of many of the rare or local species will doubtless be much extended as the State is more thoroughly explored. Additional species will also be discovered, and the descriptions of the known species here given may prove in some cases to be defective or erroneous. In- formation in regard to any additions or corrections is solicited for an appendix to the second volume, or for a future supplement. It has not been possible to give here, introductory to the Flora, that preliminary botanical instruction which is necessary to its use. To supply the need, a brief Introduction to Sys- tematic Botany will probably be included in the volume which is to follow, and reference may be made meanwhile to the ordinary text-books upon the subject, such as Gray's " Les- sons in Botany." ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND ANOMALOUS GENERA IN THIS VOLUME. RANUNCULACEa;, 1. Papaverace^, 5. NYMPHiEACEvE, 3. Acacia in Leguminos^, 31. Division I. POLYPETAL^ : calyx and corolla both present ; the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 and more than double the number of the petals, 1. Uypogynous, i. e. on the receptacle free from the ovary and calyx. Pistils few to many distinct carpels, or rarely only one. Calyx mostly deciduous : juice of herbage colorless. Calyx early deciduous : juice yellowish. Platystemon in Calyx persistent : leaves peltate. Pistil a single simple carpel, forming a pod. Pistil compound : cells, placenta;, or stigmas more than one. Petals more numerous than the sepals. Indefinitely numerous, small, and persistent : aquatic. Just twice as many (4 or 6), and both usually caducous. Five to 16 and more numerous than the persistent sepals. Petals of the same number as the sepals, Four, and both deciduous. Four or less, but cleft, and calyx persistent. Five, and the calyx persistent. Sepals valvate in the bud : stamens monadelphous. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Leaves opposite, entire, pellucid-punctate. Leaves alternate, not pellucid-punctate, plane. Corolla ephemeral : two outer sepals small and bract-like. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular : sepals round. Fouquiera in Leaves all i-adical, hollow pitchers. Nymph^ace^, 3. Papaverace^, 5. PORTULACACEiE, 16. Capparidace^, 8. Resedace*, 9. Malvace^, 20. Hypericace^, 19. ClSTACE^, 10. tamariscine.e, 17. Sarraceniace^, 4. Cactace^, 43. Ficoide^, 44. PoRTULACACEiE, 16. Calycantuaceje, 33. Saxifragace^, 34. Rosacea, 32. Crossosoma in Ranunculackj), 1. 2. Perigynous or epigynous, borne on the (either free or adnate) calyx. Leafless mostly prickly fleshy plants : ovary 1 -celled. Leafy fleshy plants, with 3 or more cells to the ovary. Leafy fleshy herbs, with 1 -celled ovary. Not fleshy. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals numerous. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals 4 or 5. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Carpels 2 or more, superior, becoming follicles. Ovary inferior, with 3 or more parietal placenta;. Flowers mainly dioecious : petals minute or none. Datiscace^, 42. Flowere perfect : petals conspicuous : leaves rough. LoASACRfi, 40. B. Stamens 10 or less, or if more not exceeding twice the number of the petals, or sepals when the petals are wanting. 1. Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so (but sometimes enclosed in the calyx-tube). * Pistils more than one and distinct. Pistils of just the same number as petals and as sepals. Leaves simple, fleshy. Crassulaceje, 35. Leaves pinnate. (Styles partly united.) Limnanthes in Geraniace^, 24. Pistils not con-esponding in number with petals or sepals. Stamens borne on the receptacle. Ranunculace.1:, 1. Stamens borne on the calyx. Stipules persistent : leaves alternate. RosACEiE, 32. Stipules caducous : leaves opposite, compound. Staphylea in Sapixdace.i!, 29. Stipules none or indistinct. SAXiFRAGACEyE, 34. xu ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY. ■» * * Pistil only one, +■ Simple, i. e. of one carpel, as sIiowti by tlie single style, stigma, and cell (the latter sometimes with a false division in Astragalus). Berberidace^, 2. Leguminos^, 31. polygalaceje, 12. Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top. Flowers irregular, or leaves twice pinnate : fruit a legume. Flowers irregular : leaves simple. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite, punctate. Cneoridiugi in Eutaceje, 25. Leaves alternate, not punctate, mostly stipulate. Fruit a drupe or akene. EosACEiB, 32. Fruit a coriaceous follicle. Glossopetalou in Sapindace^, 29. ■i- +- Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placenta, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1 -celled, with (2 to 4 or rarely more) parietal placentse. Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4 or 5. Petals and sepals or lobes of the cleft calyx 5. Corolla irregular ; lower petal spurred. Corolla regular or nearly so. Styles or sessile stigmas entire. Styles 3, each 2-parted : placentae 3. Petals 2, but persistent sepals i : flower irregiilar. Petals 4, but bract-like sepals 2 : flower irregular. Petals 4 or 6 : sepals half as many, caducous. Petals and sepals each 4 : stamens 6. Ovary and pod 2-celled : 2 placentte parietal : stamens tetradynamous. Ovary and capsule 1-celled, several - many-seeded on a central placenta, Tmly so, the partitions wanting or very incomplete. Sepals 2 : leaves often alternate. Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or sometimes 4 : leaves all opposite Frankeniace^, 13. Violace-s:, 11. Saxifragace^, 34. DrosehacejE, 36. Resedace^, 9. Fumariace^, 6. Papaverace^e, 5. Capparidace^, 8. Crucifer^, 7. PORTtJLACACE^, 16. Caryophyllace^, 14. Glaux in Primulace^, 57. Here may be sought the apetalous Apparently so ; the partitions at length vanishing, Stipules between the opposite leaves. No stipules. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with a single seed on a stalk from the base. Shrubs : styles or stigmas 3 : fruit drupe-like. Herbs : fruit a utricle. Style at most 2-cleft : stipules scarious. Styles 5 : calyx scarious. Ovary more than 1-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. Flowers very iiTegular : ovary 2-celled : cells 1 -seeded. Flowers regular or nearly so. No green foliage. Monotropeae, &c., in Ericace^e, 54. Foliage pellucid-punctate : strong-scented shrubs. ~ Foliage not pellucid-punctate. Anthers opening by terminal pores or chinks at the end. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, i. e. alter- nate with the calyx-lobes. These valvate in the bud. These small or obsolete : petals valvate. Stamens when just as m.any as petals alternate with them. Strong-scented shrub : leaves opposite, 2-foliolate. Strong-scented herbs : leaves lobed or compound. Herbs, not strong-scented. Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Leaves all simple and entire. Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets entire. Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with divisions or leaflets not entire. Ovules numerous. Stamens on the calyx : style 1. Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. Stamens on the receptacle : leaves opposite, simple. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, 2 or 5 Elatinace^e, 18. LYTHRACEiE, 37. Anacardiace^, 30. iLLECEBRACEiE, 15. Plumbaginace^, 56. polygalace^e, 12. EUTACE^, 25. Ericace^, 54. Ehamnacete, 27. VlTACEiE, 28. Zygophyllace^, 23. Geraniace^, 24. Linage.*!, 22. Zygophyllace.«;, 23. GERANIACEiE, 24. LYTHRACEiE, 37. Saxifragace^, 34. Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Elatinace^e, 18. MoUugo in FicoiDEiE, 44. ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY. yiji * Shrubs or trees with opposite simple leaves, Pinnately veined, not lobed. Celastrace^ 26. Palmately veined, lobed. Sapindace^, 29. Shrubs or trees with alternate lobed leaves. Steuculiace^, 21. Shrubs or trees with opposite compound leaves. Stamens 4 to 8. Sapindace^, 29. Stamens 2 or rarely 3. Oleacke, 59. 2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so. Tendril-bearing herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. Cucurbitace^, 41. Aquatic herbs : flowers dicecious or monandrous. _ Haloeage^, 38. Shrubs with catkin -like drooping spikes : flowers dicecious. Ganya in CoknacEjE, 47. Shrubs or lierbs, not tendril-bearing nor dioecious, nor umbelliferous. Stamens as many as the small or unguiculate petals and opposite them : calyx valvate. Rhamnackb, 27. Stamens if of the number of the petals alternate with them. Styles 2 to 5, distinct or united below. Fruit a few-seeded pome. Rosaceje, 32. Frait a many-seeded (or rarely 3-5-celled 3-5-seeded) capsule. Saxifragaceje, 34. Fruit a 1 -celled many-seeded berry. Ribes in Saxifragace^, 34. Style 1, undivided : stigmas 1 to 4. Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. CoKNACE^ 47. Flowei-s racemose, spicate, or axillary. Ovary 1-celled : herbage scabrous. LoASACE^, 40. Ovary 2 - 5-, mostly 4-celled. Onagrace^, 39. Herbs : flowers in umbels : styles 2 : fruit dry. Umbellifer^, 45. Herbs or shrubs : flowers in umbels : styles 4 or 5 : fruit berry-like. Araliace^, 46. Division II. GAMOPETALiE : petals more or less united into one piece. A. Ovary inferior, or at least largely so. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 10, Distinct and free from it, or nearly so. Ericaceae, 54. Monadelphous on its tube. Styracacke, 58. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (5 rarely 4), syngenesious. Flowers in an involucrate head. Composite, 51. Flowei-s separate, racemose or spicate. LoBELIACEiE, 52. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, or at least 4, distinct, Nearly or quite free from corolla : leaves alternate : no stipules. Stamens distinct. Campanulace^ 53. Stamens more or less united. Nemacladus in Lobeliace^, 52. Inserted on the corolla : leaves opposite or whorled, With stipules, or else in whorls, quite entire. Rubiace^, 49. Without stipules, opposite. CAPRiFOLiACEiE, 48. Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. Valerianace^, 50. Leaves alternate : stamens often united. CucURBlTACE^ 41. B. Ovary superior (free), or mainly so. 1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Pistil single and simple : leaves compound. Leguminos^, 31. Pistils several and simple : leaves simple, fleshy. Crassttlace^ 35. Pistil compound, with 3 styles. Fouquiera in Tamariscineje, 17. Pistil compound, with one undivided style. Ovary 3-10-celled : stamens distinct. Ericace^, 54. Ovary partly or at length 1-celled : stamens monadelphous. Styracace^, 58. 2. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and opposite them. Styles 5 : ovary and fruit 1-ovuled, 1 -seeded. PLUMBAGiNACEiE, 56. Style 1 : ovary and capsule several - many-seeded. PRiMULACEiE, 57. 3. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. * No green herbage. Corolla regular : stamens free : seeds very many and minute. MoNOTROPEiE, 54. Corolla regular : stamens in its throat : fruit 10 - 20-celled. LENNOACEiE, 55. Corolla regular : stamens on the tube : fruit 2-celled. Cuscuta in Convolvulace^ 66. Corolla irregular : stamens didynamous : capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. GKOBANCHACEai, 69. XIV ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY. * * With ordinaiy green herbage. +- Corolla regular or nearly so : stamens not didynamous. Corolla scarious and veinless : stemless herbs. Corolla more or less veiny. Stamens 2 or 3, but parts of corolla 4 or 5. Stamens 5, sometimes 4, as many as the corolla-lobes. Pollen in solid waxy masses : fruit a pair of follicles. Pollen in powdery grains. Ovaries 2 : fruit a pair of follicles. Ovary 4-lobed, fonniug 4 separate or separable seed-like nutlets. Ovary single and entire. Style 3-cleft at apex : capsule 3-celled : corolla convolute. Styles or stigmas 2 or 1. Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, with large embryo and little or no albumen : peduncles axillary. Ovules few or numerous : embryo small, in albumen. Leaves all opposite or whorled and entire : capsule 1 -celled : corolla convolute in the bud. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate : leaflets entire : corolla in- duplicate : flowers racemose. Menyanthes in Gentianace^, 62. Leaves various, mainly alternate. Styles 2, or 1 and 2-cleft (except in Romanzoffia) : cap- sule 1 - 2-celled. Hydrophyllace^, 64. Style only 1 : stigma usually 1 : capsule or berry ■ 2-celled, or rarely more, many-seeded. Solanaceje, 67. See also Verbascum & Limosella in Sckophulariaceje, 68. +- +- Corolla irregular : stamens (with anthers) only 4 and didynamous, or 2 : style 1. Plantaginace*:, 75. Oleace^, 59. AsCLEPIADACE^, 61. Apocynace^, 60. borraginace^, 65. PoLEMONIACEiE, 63. convolvulace^, 66. Gentianace^, 62. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds small, mostly indefinite : embryo small in copious albumen. Seeds larger in proportion, filled by the flat embryo. Numerous in a long capsule, winged, on a partition which sepa- rates from the valves. Few, on hooked processes of the placenta. Ovary and capsule 1 -celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis. Ovaiy 4-parted, in fruit as many seed-like nutlets. Ovary undivided : fruit splitting into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets (or berry-like with as many stones). SCROPHULARIACE^, 68. Bignoniace^, 71. ACANTHACEiE, 72. Lentibularie.*, 70. Labiat^e, 73. Verbenace^, 74. Apetalous Forms in Polypetalous and Gamopetalous Orders. Carjiels several or numerous and distinct : stamens hypogynous. Carpels single and simple : calyx also wanting. Achlys Carjiels 1 or 2, rarely 3, distinct and free : stamens on the calyx. Carjiel single and simple : stamen epigynous. Hijipuris Carpels combined into a com|X)und ovary, which is One-celled and 1 - 2-ovuled. Herbs with scarious stipules. Shrubs without stipules. Pistacia Two - four-celled, with one or at most two ovules in each cell. Aquatic herbs. Myriophyllum TeiTestrial herbs, 2-seeded. Lepidium Shrubs or trees. With alternate simple leaves and fleshy fruit. With opposite compound or lobed leaves, and Single 1 -celled 1 -seeded samara for fruit. Fraxinus A pair of samaras. Acer & Negundo One-celled and many-ovuled : herbs. Placental 3, parietal : ovary inferior. Placentae 2, parietal : ovary partly superior. Placenta 1, central or basal : leaves mostly opposite. Style and stigma one. Styles or at least stigmas 3, or rarely more. Two - five-celled and many-ovuled. Herbs, with free calyx and green herbage. Herbs, with adnate calyx and green herbage. Herbs destitute of green herbage. Shrub, with alternate lobed leaves. EANUNCULACEiE, 1. in Beubep>idace.e, 2. RosACEiK, 32. in Halokage.*, 38. iLLECEBRACEiB, 15. in ANACARDIACEiE, 30. in HaloragejE, 38. in Cruciferje, 7. Rhamnace^, 27. in Oleace^, 59. in Sapindace^, 29. DATISCACEiB, 42. Saxifragace^, 34. Glaux in PRiMULACEiE, 57. Caryophyllace-e, 14. Ludwigia AUotropa FicoiDEa:, 44. in Onagrace^e, 39. in EuiCAOE^a:, 54. Sterculiace^e, 21. 11. SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE OEDEES, &c. Division I. POLYPETALjE. Petals distinct, or nearly so (sometimes wanting). A. Stamens hypogynous (free both from the calyx and from the superior ovary). * Carpels solitary or distinct. +■ Sepals and petals deciduous (rarely persistent in No. 1). Leaves alternate (opposite in climb- ers), or radical : stipules none. 1. Ranunculaceae, p. 2. Sepals (4 or more), petals (as many and alternate with them, when present), stamens (usually numerous), and carpels (1 to many) all distinct and free. Fruit akenes or follicles (in Actcea a solitary berry). Mostly herbs. 2. Berberidaceae, p. 14. Parts of the flower in threes, in opposite ranks, distinct (sepals and petals wanting in Achlys, and stamens 9). Carpel solitary (a berry in Berberis). An- thers opening by valves. Perennial herbs or shrubs, with compound leaves. Carpels several, soon distinct, becoming linear torulose several-seeded pods. Sepals 3 : petals 6 : stamens many. Annual ; leaves entire, mostly opposite. Platystemon in Papaveracece. Carpel solitary, becoming a spinose pubescent 1-seeded nut. Flowers irregular : sepals and pet- als, 5 : stamens 4. Pubescent shrubs, with simple leaves. Krameria in Polygalacecc. +■ +■ Sepals persistent ; petals deciduous. Carpel solitary, becoming a globose drupe. Flowers 4-merous. Smooth shrub, with opposite entire pungent leaves. Cneoridium in RutMceoe. Carpel solitary, becoming a few- to many-seeded 2-valved or indehiscent pod. Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or many. Small trees, with bipinnate leaves and small flowers in spikes or heads. Mimose^ in Leguminosce. Follicles several. Fleshy plants, with stamens nearly hypogynous. Crassulace^. Follicles 2. Anthers attached to the stigma. Herbs ; leaves opposite, entire. Asclepiadacels. HH HK -i- Sepals and petals persistent. Carpels becoming indehiscent 1 - 2-seeded pods. Sepals and petals 3 or 4 : stamens many. Per- ennial aquatic, with peltate leaves. Brasenia in Nymphceacece. * * Ovary compound, with parietal placentee or seeds covering the cell-walls. HH Capsule many-celled, indehiscent. Sepals and petals persistent. 3. Nymphaeaceae, p. 16. Parts of the flower indefinite, mostly numerous. Seeds numerous, covering the walls of the cells. Perennial aquatic, with cordate entire leaves and soli- tary flowers. +■ +■ Valves separating from the persistent placentae. Sepals (2 or 4) and petals deciduous. ++ Seeds albuminous. 5. Papaveraceae, p. 18. Sepals 2 or 3, caducous : petals twice as many, alike : stamens nu- merous. Capsule 2 - several-valved, 1 -celled (several-celled in .fiomnei/a). Herbs (very rarely shrubby), with mostly alternate leaves, no stipules, and often colored juice. 6. Pvunariaceae, p. 23. Flowers very irregular : sepals 2, small : petals 4, in dissimilar pairs : stamens 6, diadelphous. Pod 1 -celled, 2-valved, several - many-seeded. Perennial herbs, with alternate dissected leaves and no stipules. ++ ++ Seeds without albumen. Flowers regular. 7. Cruciferae, p. 25. Sepals and petals 4 : stamens 6, tetradynamous (rarely 4, 2, or none). Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, 2 - many-seeded (rarely 1-celled and indehiscent). Herbs, with alternate leaves and no stipules. 8. Capparidaceae, p. 49. Sepals and petals 4 : stamens 6 or more, nearly equal. Pod 2-valved, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - several- seeded. Mostly annual herbs (Jsomeris shrubby), with alternate compound leaves, often stipulate. xvi SYNOPTICAL KEY. -1 — H Hf- Capsule 1- celled, several-carpelled, the valves not separating from the placentae. Calyx persistent. ++ Flowers irregular. 9. Resedaceae, p. 53. Sepals 4 : petals 2 or 4, cleft or entire : stamens few to many. Cap- sule 3 - 6-beaked, many-seeded. Herbs ; leaves alternate, entire ; stipules glandular. 11. Violaceae, p. 54. Sepals and petals 5 : anthers 5, coherent : style 1, clavate. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. Low herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves. ++ ++ Flowers regular. Stipules jione. 10. Cistaceae, p. 54. Sepals and petals 5, two of the sepals minute : stamens many : style 1. Capsule 3-valved, few -many-seeded. Herbs or woody at base ; leaves entire, alternate. 36. Droseraceae, p. 212. Flowers 5-raerous, but -styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule 3-valved, many- seeded. Low marsh herbs ; leaves radical, reddish, entire, beset with gland-tipped hairs. 13. Frankeniaceae, p. 60. Stamens 4 to 7 : style 2 - 4-cleft. Capsule 2 - 4-valved, enclosed in the tubular fun-owed 4 - 5-lobed calyx. Low woody-based herbs, with opposite entire leaves and small flowers. Flowers 5-merous : stamens indefinite : styles 3. Capsule 3-valved. Low herbs, with opposite entire punctate leaves. Hypericum in Hypericacecc. Flowers 4-merous : petals united at base, bearing a broad gland. Capsule 2-valved, few -many- seeded. Smooth biennials, with opposite or whorled leaves. Fraseka in Gentianacece. * * * Ovary compound (of 2 to several carpels), with central placentae. Stamens mostly strictly hypogj-nous. Sepals persistent. -i- Flowers very irregular. 12. Polygalaceae, p. 58. Capsule compressed, narrowly winged, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Stamens 6 to 8, united ; anthers 1 -celled, opening at the top. Low Avoody -based perennials, with alternate entire leaves, and no stipules. ■+- -J- Flowers regular. Capsule 1-celled, with free central placenta. Leaves entire. ++ Embryo curved around central albumen. 14. Caryophyllaceae, p. 61. Flowers mostly 5-merous : petals sometimes none : stamens 10 or fewer : styles 3 to 5, the capsule opening by as many or twice as many valves. Seeds numerous. Herbs, rarely woody at base, with opposite leaves, and mostly no stipules. 15. Ulecebraceae, p. 71. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle included in the calyx. Petals none : sta- mens perigynous : style bifid. Low herbs, with opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and sessile axillary flowers. 16. Portulacaceae, p. 73. Capsule 2 - 3-valved or circumscissile. Sepals 2 (4 to 8 in Lcwisia) : petals 2 to 5 or more : stamens few or many : style 2 - 3-cleft. Seeds few or many. Succulent herbs, with opposite or alternate or radical leaves, often stipulate. ++ ++ Embryo straight in albumen. Petals united at base : stamens opposite them. Utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the scarious calyx. Flowers 5-merous. Perennial acaulescent mari- time herbs. Plumbaginace^. Capsule 5-valved, few - many-seeded. Flowers mostly 5-merou8 : style 1. Herbs with mostly opposite leaves, or acaulescent. Some PRiMULACEiE. ■i- -t- +■ Flowers regular. Ovary 2 - several-celled. ++ Capsule not lobed nor winged. (a.) Stamens distinct or nearly so, not fascicled. 4. Sarraceniaceae, p. 17. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Sepals and petals 5, persistent : stamens many : style 5-lobed. Acaulescent marsh perennials, with pitcher- shaped leaves and solitary flowers. 18. Iilatinaceae p. 79. Capsule 2 -5-celled, many -seeded. Flowers 2- or 5-merous: styles distinct. Low annuals, with opposite leaves, membranous stipules, and axillary flowers. 22. Linaceae, p. 88. Capsule 2 -5-valved, 4-10-celled and -seeded. Flowers 5-merous : styles 2 to 5. Low herbs, with entire opposite or alternate leaves, often with stipular glands, and panicled flowers. Capsule 3-celled, several-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : petals none : styles 3. Prostrate annual, with entire verticillate leaves and axillary flowers. Mollugo in Ficoideoe. Capsule 5-celled, several seeded. Low herbs, with sour juice and alternate or radical 3-foliolate leaves. Oxalis in Geraniacece. Capsule 5-10-celled, many-seeded. Stamens 10, rarely fewer ; anther-cells opening by a terminal pore or chink. Scaly-bracted herbs without green foliage (or Ledum an evergreen shrub, with alternate exstipulate leaves). Some Ericage^. SYNOPTICAL KEY. Xvii t Capsule woody, 5-celled, 5-seeded. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds winged. A leafless spinose shnib. Canotia in Rosacem. Ovary 3-cclled : fruit a large leathery 3-valved 1 -seeded pod. Trees, with opposite digitate serrate leaves, no stipules, and showy panicled irregular flowers. .^EscULUS in Sapindaccoc. (h.) Stamens clustered in fascicles or united into a tube. 19. Hypericaceae, p. 80. Stamens numerous in 3 sets. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Sepals and petals 5 : styles 3. Perennial herbs, with opposite entire punctate leaves, no stipules, and yellow cymose flowers. 20. Malvaceae, p. 82. Stamens numerous, united into a tube : anthers 1-celled. Carpels either in a ring, 1 - few-seeded and at length separating, or forming a 5 -10-celled many-seeded capsule. Calyx valvate : petals 5, united at base. Herbs or shnibs, with alternate stipulate leaves. 21. Sterculiaceae, p. 88. Stamens 5, united into a tube : anthers 2-celled. Capsule 4 - 5-celled, few-seeded. Flowers 5-merous ; calyx imbricate : petals none. Shrub, with alternate leaves, and showy flowers. ++ ++ Fruit lobcd or winged. Seeds 1 or 2 in the ceUs, pendulous : albumen little or none. 23. Zygophyllaceae, p. 91. Capsule 5-10-lobed, -celled, and -seeded. Flowei-s 5-merous: stamens 10 : style 1, short : sepals mostly deciduous. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite stipulate compound leaves (leaflets entire), and solitary flowers. 24. Geraniaceae, p. 92. Capsule 5-parted, -celled, and -seeded. Flowers 5-merous : stamens mostly 10 : styles coherent to an axis, at length separating from it. Herbs, with lol)ed or compound toothed leaves, — opposite and stipulate, the carpels long-beaked, or alter- nate and without stipules, the carpels not beaked. 25. Rutaceae, p. 96. Fruit 2-celled, an orbicular samara or didymous capsule. Flowers 4-me- rons : style 1. Shrubs, with aromatic dotted alternate leaves, and no stipules. 29. Sapindaceae, 105. Fruit a double samara. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, often apeta- lous. Trees, with palmately lobed or pinnate opposite serrate leaves, and no stipules. Fniit a simple samara, usually 1-celled and 1-seeded. Flowers 4-merous, perfect or dioecious: petals often none : stamens often 2 : style 1. Trees, with opposite pinnate leaves, and no stipules. Fkaxinus in Oleacece. * « « « Ovary compound, with central placentae. Stamens upon a more or less perigynous disk. Flowers mostly polygamous or dicecious. Calyx persistent or the limb deciduous. Cells 1 -few-seeded. Seeds mostly erect or ascending and albuminous. 26. Celastraceae, p. 98. Capsule 2 - 5-celled and -lobed. Flowers perfect, 4 -5-merous : style veiy short. Seeds arillate. Shmbs, with simple opposite pinnately veined leaves, and no stipules. 27. Rhamnaceae, p. 99. Fruit berry- or drupe-like, or diy, 1 - 4'-celled. Calyx valvate, the 4 or 5 lobes alternate with as many sttimeus, deciduous : j^tals often none : style 2-4- cleft or lobed. Shrubs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and small stipules. 28. Vitaceae, p. 105. Fruit a 2-celled 2-4-seeded berry. Flowei-s 4 - 5-merous : calyx mi- nute : petals valvate : the stamens opposite them. Woody vines, climbing by ten- drils : leaves alternate, lobed. 30. Anacardiaceae, j). 109. Drupes 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers mostly 5-merous : stigmas 3. Shrulis, with milky resinous juice, alternate simple or compound leaves, and no stipules. Albumen little or none. Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed several-seeded capsule. Flowere perfect, 5-merous. Shrubs with oppo- site compound stipulate leaves. Staphylea in Sapindaceae. B. Stamens perigynous (upon the calyx), or epigynous. * Ovary superior or nearly so. (See last group.) -H- Carpels solitary or distinct Seed very rarely albuminous. 31. Leguminosae, p. 111. Carpel solitary becoming a legume. Flowers mostly irregular (papili- onaceous) : stamens 10 (rarely fewer), mostly monadelphous or diadelphous. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate simple or compound leaves. 32. Rosaceae, p. 164. Carjwls one to many, Ix'coming akenes or sometimes 1 - 2-seeded drapes (or coherent with the calyx into a 2 - several-celled pome). Flowers regular, mostly 5-merous, or tlie stamens usually numerous. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate mostly stijmlate simple or compound leaves. 33. Calycanthaceae, p. 190. Carpels numerous, becoming akenes within a hollow receptacle. Se])als, ])etixls, and stamens indefinite. Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, and no stipules. xviii SYNOPTICAL KEY. ^ Carpels 2 to 5, becoming many-sepded follicles. Seed albuminous. Sepals and petals 5, persist- ent : stamens many. Smooth shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and no stipules. Crossosoma in Ilanunculaxxce. Flowers 5-merous : carpels fewer than 5. Low acaulescent herbs. Saxifraga in Scudfragacece. Flowers 3 - 7-merous. Thick fleshy herbs, with simple alternate leaves. Some Crassulace^. Carpel solitaiy, becoming an ovoid 1 - 2-seeded follicle. Flowers 4-merous. Low spinescent shrubs, with alternate entire stipulate leaves. Glossopetalon in Sapindacece. +- Hf- Carpels more or less united. Seeds mostly albuminous. Leaves simple : stipules none. 34. Sasdfragacese, p. 192. Carpels 2 to 5, fonning a 1 -celled* »r 2-5-celled many-seeded cap- sule, or nearly distinct. Flowers 5-merous : stamens rarely numerous : styles 2 to 5, usually distinct. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate (opposite in Hydrangeoi) or radical. 35. Crassulaceae, p. 208. Carpels 3 to 5, becoming 1 - many-seeded follicles, distinct or con- nate at base. Flowers 3- or 5-merous ; stamens nearly hypogynous. Thick fleshy plants, mostly herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves. 37. Lythraceae, p. 213. Capsule 2 - 4-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the tubular or campan- ulate calyx. Flowei-s 4- or 6-merous : style 1. Herbs, with entire mostly opposite leaves, and axillary flowers. No albumen. Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded utricle, included in the calyx. Style 2-cleft. Low herbs, with opposite entire leaves. iLLECEBRACEiE. Carpels 2, with distinct styles, enclosed in the at length fleshy calyx and becoming berry-like. Small tree, with alternate serrate evergreen leaves and minute stipules. Heteromeles in Rosacece. Capsule 3 - 5-celled, many-seeded, circumscissile. Flowers 5-merous : petals none : styles 3 to 5. Fle.shy herbs, with opposite entire leaves. Sesuvium in Ficoidece. Capsule 2-celled, several-seeded, adnate at base to the calyx. Flowei-s in-egiilar : petals, as well as filaments, somewhat united. Slender annual, with alternate leaves and milky juice. Nemaclapus in Lobeliacecc. Fruit fleshy, becoming dry, 3-valved, 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. Petals about 5, united at base : sta- mens 10, monadelphous : style 1. Shrub, with alternate entire leaves. Styracace^. * * Ovaiy wholly inferior. -f- Fruit with central placentae. Herbs, with few stamens, not trailing, and flowers not in um- bels : stipules none. 38. Halorageae, p. 214. Fruit indehiscent and nut-like, 1 - 4-celled and -seeded. Seeds sus- pended, albuminous. Aquatic herbs, with verticillate or opposite leaves, and incon- spicuous often apetalous sessile axillaiy flowere. 39. Onagracese, p. 216. Capsule 2- or 4-celled, sometimes indehiscent, mostly many-seeded. Flowers 2 - 4-merous : style 1 : calyx valvate. Herbs, rarely woody at base, with mostly alternate leaves ; flowers often showy. No albumen. Capside 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : style 1. Seed suspended, exalbuminous. Per- ennial herbs, with simple alternate tenaciously scabrous leaves. Petalonyx in Loa- soiceoB. +- -i- Frait fleshy, indehiscent. Tendril-bearing herbs. Stamens few. 41. Cucurbitaceae, p. 238. Flowere monoecious or dioecious, often gamopetalous. Fruit 1 - several-celled. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed, without stipules. Seeds without albumen. -H Hh -i- Fruit with parietal placentae, several - many-seeded. Stamens many (except in Ribes). Stipules none. ++ Herbs, not fleshy. Capsule 1-celled. 40. Loasaceae, p. 235. Flowers perfect, conspicuous : style 3 - 5-cleft : placentae as many. Leaves rough with tenacious hairs, simple. 42. Datiscaceae, p. 242. Flowers mostly dicecious : petals minute or none : styles 3. Leaves smooth, pinnately compound. Fruit a berry. Flowers 4 - 5-merous : styles 2 to 4, more or less united. Shrubs, often spiny, with simple alternate palmately veined and lobed leaves. Grossulacejs in SaxifragaceoR. ++ ++ Thick fleshy plants. Capsule 1 - several-celled. 43. Cactaceae, p. 24. Fruit fleshy, 1-celled. Sepals and petals numerous. Leafless prickly j)erennials, sometimes woody. 44. Ficoideae, p. 250. Capsule 3 - 5-celled. Sepals few, mostly 5. Unarmed herbs, with mostly opposite leaves. SYNOPTICAL KEY. xix * -H H — f- HH Fniit indehiscent, dry or berry- or drupe-like, 2- (rarely 3 - 5-) celled, the cells with one suspended seed. Ovary with an epigynous disk (wanting in Garrya). ++ Flowers in umbels. Herbs, mostly with alternate and compound leaves. . . 45. Umbelliferae, ji. 252. Carpels and styles 2 : fruit dry. Umbels mostly compound. 46. Araliaceee, p. 273. Car^Kds and styles 4 or 5, forming a berry -like fruit. Umbels panicled. ++ ++ Flowers in cymes or aments. Shriibs (rarely herbaceous) with opposite entire leaves. 47. Cornaceae, p. 274. Drupes baccate, 1 - 2-celled. Flowei-s perfect and cymose, or dioecious and in aments, 4 - 5-merous : petals valvate, distinct : style 1. Baccate drupes containing 1 to 5 seed-like nutlets. Flowers perfect, cymose, 5-merous : petals imbricate, united. Shiiibs with simple or pinnate l(!aves. Sambuce,e in Caprifoliacece. Fruit a berry or dru^w, containing 2 to 5 tliin 1 - 2-celled carj^els or nutlets : ovaries 2 in each car^Hil, ascending. Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or 20 : petals imbricate, distinct. Shrubs or trees, with simple alternate stipulate leaves. Pomace^e in llosacece. Division II. GAMOPETAL^. Petals united above their base (very rarely wantuig). Calyx generally i>ersistent (sometimes minute). A Ovary inferior. ♦ Filaments and anthers distinct. Leaves opposite. 48. Caprifoliaceae, p. 277. Fniit a 1 - 5-celled, 1 - few-seeded berry or capsule. Stamens 4 or 5 : style 1 or none. Shrubs (one low Gi-eeiHjr), witli simple or pinnate leaves and no stipules. Seed albuminous. 49. Rubiaceae, p. 281. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded. Flowers regular, 4 - 5-nierous : style 1, entire or cleft. Shrubs with capitate flowei-s, or herbs with Howers mostly cymose ; leaves entire, o))posite and stijmlate, or verticillate. Seed albuminous. 50. Valerianaceae, p. 286. Ovary 3-celled, becoming a 1 -celled 1 -seeded akene-like fruit. Sta- mens 3, fewer than the corolla-lol)es. Flowers inegiilar. Herbs, with opposite simple or pinnate leaves, without stipules. Albumen none. » ♦ Anthers or filaments (5) united into a tube around the 2-cleft or entire .style. No stipules. 51. Compositae, p. 288. Fruit an akene. Flowers in an involucrate head : calyx reduced to a pa]>pus or wanting : filaments mostly distinct. Albumen none. 52. Lobeliaceae, p. 443. Capsule 1 - 2-cellcd, many-seeded, more or less inferior. Flowei-s irregular, scattered or racemose : filaments united ; anthei"s sometimes distinct. Herbs, with alternate simple leaves. Seeds albuminous. ♦ * * Stamens distinct. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 53. Campanulacese, p. 445. Capsule 2 - 5-celled, many-seeded, with central placentje. Flow- ers regular, 5-merous: style 1, 2 - 5-lobed. Herbs; leaves simple. Seeds albuminous. Berry many-seedeil, 4 - 5-«;elled. Flowers regular, 4 - 5-merous : anthers opening by tenninal pores : style 1. Shrubs, with simple leaves. Vaccinium in Ericaceae. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Flowers moncecious or dioecious : stamens commonly united. Tendril- bearing trailing herbs. CucuRBiTACEiE. B. Ovary superior or nearly so, compound. (Stipules none.) . * Corolla regular. Stamens not didynamous. -f- Fruit 5 - many-celled. 54. Ericaceae, p. 448. Fruit beiTy-like or capsular, 5 - 10-celled, 5 - many-seeded, with central (rarely parietal) placentie. Flowers 4 - 5-merous : style 1 : anther-cells opening by a terminal |)ore or chink. Shrubs, with simple alternate leaves (opposite in AaMi«.), or scaly bracted herbs without green foliage. 55. Lennoaceae, p. 464. Fruit drupaceous, 12- 20-celled and -seeded. Parts of the flower 5 to 10 : style 1 : anthers opening lengthwise. Fleshy scaly herbs, without gi-een herbage. -J- -f- Fruit 1 - 4-celled. ++ Fruit 1 -celled, with a central basal placenta. 56. Flumbaginaceae, p. 465. Capsule a 1 -seeded utiicle inclosed in the scarious calyx. Flowers S-incrous : petals nearly distinct. Maritime acaulescent herbs, with entire leaves. 57. Primulaceae, p. 466. Capside 5-valved or circumscissile, few - many-seeded : placenta basal. Flowei-s mostly 5-merous : stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla, which is wanting in Glaux : style 1. Herbs, with mostly entire alternate leaves. XX SYNOPTICAL KEY. 68. Styraceae, p. 470. Fruit fleshy, becoming dry, 3-valved, 1-seeded. Calyx truncate : pet- als 4 to 8, nearly distinct : stamens 10, mouadelphous : style 1. Shinib, with alternate entire leaves. 69. Oleaceae, p. 471. Fruit a simple samara, usually 1-celled and 1-seeded (or a 2-celled drupe or capsule). Flowers 4-merous, perfect or dioecious : petals often none : stamens usually 2 : style 1. Shrubs or trees, with opposite pinnate or simple leaves. ++ ++ Carpels 2, united by their styles or stigmas, becoming distinct follicles with numerous comose seeds. Perennial herbs, with milky juice, and opposite entire leaves : flowers 5-merous. 60. Apocynaceae, p. 472. Corolla convolute in the bud. Aifthers nearly free : pollen powdery. 61. Asclepiadaceae, p. 474. Corolla and calyx nearly valvate. Anthers attached to the stig- ma : poUen-'in waxy masses. ++ ++ +t Fruit 1-celled : placentae 2, parietal (sometimes united in the axis). 62. Gentianaceae, p. 478. Capsule septicidal, few - many-seeded. Flowers 4 - 5-merous : style 1 or none ; stigmas 1 or 2. Glabrous herbs, with simple and opposite or 3-foliolate and alternate leaves : inflorescence not scorpioid. 64. Hydrophyllaceae, p. 501. Capsule loculicidal, few - many-seeded. Flowers 5-merous: styles 2, usually more or less distinct. Herbs {Eriodictyon shrubby), often rough-hairy, with alternate (mrely opposite) often comiwund leaves, and mostly scorjiioid inflorescence. ++ ++ ++ ++ Fruit 2 - 4-celled, with centi-al placentae. 75. Plantaginaceae, p. 610. Capsule 2-celled 2 - few-seeded, circumscissile. Flowers 4-me- rous : stamens 2 or 4 : style 1 : corolla scarious. Acaulescent herbs. 66. Convolvulaceee, p. 532. Capsule 2-celled, 1 - 4-seeded, 2-valved or circumscissile. Flow- ers mostly 5-merous : styles 1 or 2. Herbs, mostly twining, with alternate leaves, or paiasitic and without green herbage. 65. Borraginaceae, p. 518. Ovary 4-celled and mostly 4-lobed, maturing usually as many 1-seeded nutlets. Flowers 5-merous : style single. Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate (or the lower opposite) entire leaves, and scorpioid inflorescence. 63. Polemoniaceae, p. 485. Capsule 3-celled, 3 - many-seeded, loculicidal. Flowers 5-merous : style 3-cleft. Herbs (rarely woody at ba.se), with opposite or alternate simple or com- pound leaves. 67. Solanaceae, p. 537. Fruit a berry or capsule, 2-celled (rarely more), many- seeded. Flowera 5-uierous : style simple : corolla valvate or plaited in the bud. Herbs (rank-scented) or shrubs, with alternate simple or pinnate leaves. Capsule didymous, mostly 2-parted, circumscissile, 2 - 4-seeded. Stamens 2 or 3 : style 1. Nearly herbaceous, with mostly opposite sessile leaves. Menodora in Oleacccc. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : style single : corolla irregular, imbricate. Herbs with alternate leaves and racemose flowers. Veisbascum in Scrtyphulariacem. Capsule imperfectly 3-celled, several-seeded. Flowers 5-merous : stamens 10 or more : styles 3. Seeds thin, winged or comose. Small spinescent trees. Fouqi'IERA in Tamariscincce. * * Flowei-s irregular. Fertile stamens 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2. +- Fruit capsular, 1 - 2-eelled : style 1. ++ Seeds albuminous. 68. Scrophulariaceae, p. 546. Capsule 2-celled, with central placentae, few - many-seeded. Corolla imbricated. Herbs or sometimes woody, with alternate or opposite leaves. 69. Orobanchaceae, p. 583. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, with 2 - 4 parietal placenta, many- seeded. Parasitic herbs, without green foliage : scales alternate. ++ ++ Seeds without albumen. 70. Lentibularieae, p. 586. Capsule 1-celled, with central placentae, bursting irregularly, many- seeded. Stamens 2 ; anthers 1-celled. Floating herbs, with capillary dissected leaves. 71. Bignoniaceae, p. 586. Capsule (linear) 1 - 2-celied, 2-valved, with numerous winged and tulted seeils. Shrubs, with linear entire opposite or alternate leaves. 72. Acanthaceae, p. 587. Capsule clavate, 2-celled with central placentai, 4-seeded : seeds on hook-like processes of the placenta. Stamens mostly 2. Herbs or shrabs ; leaves opposite. +- +- Fruit of 2 or 4 distinct or united 1 -seeded nutlets. 73. Labiatae, p. 589. Ovary 4-lobed around the 2-cleft style, fonning as many distinct nutlets. Stamens 4 or 2. Mostly aromatic herbs or \voody at base, with square stems, and opposite simple leaves. 74. Verbenaceae, p. 607. Ovary not lobed, 2 - 4-celled ; fruit splitting into as many nutlets. Stamens 4 : style 1. Heibs or shrubby, rarely aromatic ; leaves opposite or whorled. BOTANY 07 CALIFORNIA. Series I. PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants bearing true flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems consisting of a pith in the centre, of bark on the outside, and these sepa- rated by one or more layers of fibrous or woody tissue, which, when the stem lives from year to year, increases by the addition of new layers to the outside next the bark. Embryo usually with two opposite cotyledons, or rarely with several in a whorl. Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM^. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETAL^. Floral envelopes consisting usually of both calyx and corolla; the petals not united with each other, in some cases wanting. 1 RANUNCULACE^. '^ Clematis. Order I. BANUNCULACE-ffi. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, with colorless and usually acrid juice ; distinguished by the polyandrous and often polygynous flowers ; the numerous sta- mens hypogynous (perigynous in Crossosoma) ; the sepals, petals, stamens, and few or numerous (in Actoea solitary) pistils all distinct and free. Sepals very commonly colored and petaloid. Petals in many wanting or in the form of nectaries. Anthers short. Seeds solitary or several, with minute embryo in firm-fleshy albumen. — Foliage various : stipules none. An order of 31 genera, several of which are numerous in species, widely distributed over the world, but most largely represented in the northern temperate and frigid zones. Several are used in medicine ; some (like Aconite) are acrid poisons ; and many are cultivated for ornament. Our thirteen genera belong to six tribes, which need not be recapitulated, as their characters may be more easily apprehended from a simple key. Synopsis of Genera. ♦ Sepals petal-like, valvate-induplicate in the bud, deciduous : leaves all opposite. 1. Clematis. Half-woody, climbing by the petioles. Petals none or minute. Fruit a head of hairy-tailed akenes. * ♦ Sepals petal-like or sometimes greenish, imbricated in the bud, deciduous: herbs. +- Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, in fruit becoming akenes. ++ Leaves on the stem opposite or whorled on or below 1 -flowered peduncles. 2. Anemone. Sepals 4 to 20, petal-like. Petals none. Akeues in a head. ++ ++ Leaves all alternate. 3. Thalictrum. Flowers mostly dioecious, panicled. Petals none. Akenes several in a head. 4. Myosurus. Flowers perfect, solitary on a scape. Sepals spurred at base. Petals slender. Akenes very numerous in a long slender spike. 5. Ranunculus. Flowers perfect. Sepals not spurred. Petals generally broad and conspic- uous (rarely minute). Akenes numerous in a globular or oblong head. +■ +■ Carpels few, several-ovuled, becoming follicles (pods) in fruit. ++ Flowers regular. 6. Caltha. Petals none : leaves simple and round-reniform : carpels 5 to 12. 7. Isopyrum. Petals none : leaves teruately compound : carpels 3 to 6. 8. Aquilegia. Petals 5, all spurred backward : leaves temately compound : carpels 5. ++ ++ Flowers irregular. 9. Delphinium. Upper sepal produced backward into a spur : carpels 1 to 5. 10. Aconitum. Upper sepal arched into a hood : carpels 3 to 5. -i — I — f- Carpel one, many-ovuled, in fruit a berry. 11. Actaea. Sepals caducous : petals small. Leaves temately compound. Raceme short. * * ♦ Sepals herbaceous, imbricated in the bud, persistent : petals conspicuous : carpels few, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit : leaves alternate. 12. Paeonia. Herbs, with compound leaves. Seeds not arillate. 13. Crossosoma. Shrubs, with simple entire leaves. Seeds arillate. Stamens perigynous. 1. CLEMATIS, Linn. Sepals 4 (sometimes more in foreign species), colored and petal-like, valvate in the bud. Petals none or small. Pistils numerous : styles persistent, and (in our species) becoming long feathery awns in fruit. Akenes numerous, in a head. — Half-woody climbers or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves. A genus of about 100 species, belonging to temperate and warm climates of both hemispheres. Many have much beauty, and a few are cultivated for ornament. Our species are long, woody (or half- woody) vines, climbing by the jwtioles, with compound leaves and showy flowers. Anemone. RANUNCULACE^. 3 § 1. Petals none. — Clematis proper. 1 . C. ligusticifolia, I^utt, Nearly glabrous : stems elongated (sometimes 30 feet long) : leaves 5-foliolate ; leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1 1 to 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, 3-lobed and coarsely toothed, rarely entire or 3-parted : flowers dioecious, paniculate : sepals thin, silky, white, 4 to 6 lines long : akenes pubescent ; tails 1 to 2 inches long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9. Var. Califomica, Watson. Leaves silky-tomentose beneath, often small. The typical form ranges from Oregon to the Saskatchewan and New Mexico, entering Cali- fornia on the northeast ; the variety from San Diego to the Saci-amento, and to Arizona. 2. C. lasiantha, Xutt. 1. c Silky tomentose : stems elongated, stout : leaflets 3, ovate, | to 1^ inches long, acute, coarsely toothed or 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted : flowers dioecious, solitary, on rather stout 1 - 2-bracted peduncles : sepals obtuse, thickish, 6 to 10 lines long : akenes pubescent. Santa Barbara to Napa Co., and in the Sierra Nevada to Plumas Co., Mrs. M. E. Pulsifer Ames. 3. C. pauciflora, Nutt. 1. c. Somewhat silky-pubescent : stems more slender, short-jointed : leaves short and fascicled ; leaflets 3 to 5, only 3 to 9 lines long, cuneate-obovate to cordate, mostly 3-toothed or -lobed : flowers solitary or few and panicled, on slender pedicels : sepals thin, 4 to 6 lines long : akenes glabrous, San Diego, Nuttall, Cooper, Cleveland. C. Drummoxdii, Torr. & Gray, a similar species, but with long-petioled and not fascicled leaves, — leaflets lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate and 3-lobed ; akenes pubescent, with tails 2 to 4 inches long, — probably eutere S. E. California from Arizona and Sonora. § 2. Some of the outer jilaTnents enlarging to smull spatulate petals. — Atragene, DC. 4. C. verticillaris, DC. A slender climber, almost glabrous : leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or subcordate, pointed : flowers solitary, bluish-purple, 2 or 3 inches across : the outer stamens enlarging to narrow petals. Shaded rocky places in mountains. Cape Mendocino (Douglas) ; east to Maine, and north to British America. Leaflets 2 inches long, commonly entire ; but sometimes those on sterile stems are 1 - 3-toothed or lobed. Peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, the flower commonly nodding. 2. ANEMONE, Linn. Sepals 4 to 20, colored and petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Pistils numerous : style short : stigma lateral. Ovule suspended. Akenes in a head, compressed, pointed, or ending in long feathery awns. — Erect perennial herbs with lobed or divided leaves, which are all radical except those which form an involucre, usually some distance below the flower. Species about 70, mostly belonging to the mountains of the north temperate and arctic zones. Of the 15 North American species half a dozen are also found either in the Old World or in the Andes of South America. * Styles long and hairy, at length ffffiming plumose tails. — Pulsatilla, Tourn. 1. A. OCCidentalis, Watson. More or less silky-villous, alpine : stems stout, \ io \\ feet high, 1-flowered : radical leaves large, long-petioled, biternate and pin- nate, the lateral primary divisions nearly sessile, the segments pinnatitid with nar- row laciniately toothed lobes : iiivolucral leaves similar, nearly sessile about the middle of the stem : sepals 6 or 7, 6 to 9 lines long, white or purplish at base : receptacle conical, becoming much elongated, sometimes 1| inches long: akenes linear-oblong, the tails at length 1| inches long, reflexed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121. A. alpina, Hook. Fl. i. 5, not Linn. Mt. Shasta (Brewer) ; Lassen's Peak (Lcmmon) ; and northward to the British boundary. Perhaps it is also the A. alpina of arctic collectors from Kotzebue Sound and the GuK of St. 4 RANUNCULACEJl. ** Anemone. Lawrence. It differs from A. alpma of Europe and the Caucasus in its more finely and narrowly dissected leaves, with the lateral primary divisions not long-petiolulate, and in its lengthened receptacle, which in the Old World species is small and hemispherical, even in fruit. * * Styles short and nearly naked, not becoming elongated. — Anemone proper. -(- Carpels very numerous, in a close head, densely villous. 2. A. multifida, DC. Alpine or subalpine, somewhat silky-villous : steins .3 to 15 inches liigh, 1 - 3-liowered : radical leaves lojig-petioled, nearly semicircular in outline, ternate, the sessile divisions deeply lobed with cleft linear segments : invo- lucral leaves similar, shortly petioled : sepals 5 to 8, red or whitish, 4 to 6 lines long, villous externally : receptacle oblong, the head in fruit globular to oblong, 5 to 1 2 lines long : akenes very densely woolly, ovate-oblong, with a straight beak. Sierra Co. {Lemmon) ; on the Columbia (^Douglas) ; and frequently in the mountains eastward, ranging to the Saskatchewan, Lake Superior, and N. New York. Also South American. -!- "t- Carpels fewer, pubescent only : stems 1-flowered. 3. A. nemorosa, Linn. Smooth or somewhat villous : stems from a slender rootstock, 3 to 1 2 inches high, without radical leaves : involucre of three petioled ter- nate leaves, the divisions cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely toothed or lobed, or the lat- eral ones 2-parted, about an inch long : peduncle equalling the involucre : sepals 4 to 7, oval, white or pinkish : akenes 12 to 20, oblong, 2 lines long, with a hooked beak. Under redwoods near the coast {Bigclow, Bolander) ; Sierra Co. (^Lemmon) ; and northward to the British Boundary. It is common on the eastern side of the continent, in Europe and N. Asia. Popularly known as Wood- Anemone. A. DELTOiDEA, Hook. Fl. i. 6, t. 3, A., is a closely allied species in Oregon. It is 10 to 15 inches high, slender : radical leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets rhomboid, serrate : involucre of rhom- boid or rhomboid-ovate and undivided leaves on very short petioles, serrate and sometimes 3-lobed. It has not yet been found in California. 3. THALICTBUM, Toum. Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Pistils 4 to 15. Ovule suspended. Akenes in a head. — Perennial herbs with alternate leaves which are 2 or 3 times ternately compound ; the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles. A genus of about 50 species, belonging mostly to northern climates. They are of delicate and gi'aceful habit. Our species are dioecious, and not abundant. 1. T. Fendleri, Engelm. Dioecious : leaves 2 - 3-ternate ; the leaflets usually more or less 3-lobed, sometimes toothed or cut at the apex into several lobes, the base entire, and varying in shape from cordate to cuneate : sepals broadly ovate : filaments very numerous, slender : anthers pointed : carpels 5 to 15, compressed, oblique, with about three ribs on each side, sometimes reticulated. — PI. Fendl. 5. Rocky or shaded places, Napa Valley and southward ; New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. The whole plant is smooth, erect, 12 to 30 inches high. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Leaflets 6 to 9 lines long and about as wide. T. occiDENTALE, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 372, from Oregon to Montahai, is very like T. Fendleri, except in the akenes, which are nearly half an inch long, narrow, long-acuminate, and less curved than in that. Perhaps to be found in N. California. 4. MYOSURUS, Linn. Mouse-tail. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, linear, on a slender claw, with a pit at its summit. Stamens 5 to 20. Akenes very numerous, crowded on a long and slen- der spike-like receptacle. Seed suspended. — Very small annual herbs, with a tuft of linear or spatulate entire radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes. Ranunculus. RANUNCULACE^. 5 A small genus of only two or three specils, widely dispersed over the globe. They are known by the English name of Mouse-tail, from the very long and narrow receptacle of the flower, densely covered with the small akenes, the whole very like a mouse's tail. 1. M. minimus, Linn. Receptacle in fruit slender, 1 or 2 inches long : akenes blunt. — Gray, Gen. 111. i. 28, t. 8. Wet places in Sacramento Valley {Hartweg), and alkaline soil near Livermore Pass {Brevier) ; east to Kentucky ; also Australia, Northern Europe, and Asia. A small annual, 2 to 6 inches high, with a tuft of narrow radical leaves which are usually shorter than the naked scapes. Each scape is but one-flowered, but the receptacle is so long and slender that it seems very like a scaly si)ike 9 to 18 lines long, with the small sepals, petals, and stamens spreading from the base. Although so widely spread, it is apparently nowhere an abundant plant. 2. M. aristatus, Benth. Eeceptacle in fruit oblong or linear, 2 to 8 lines long : akenes long-beaked. — Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 458. In the shade of sage-brush, Carson and SieiTa Valleys to Utah ; also Chili. A small plant, less than two inches high. 5. RA.NUNCULUS, Linn. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 15, each with a small scale or pit at the base inside. Pistils numerous. Akenes in a head, usually flattened, beaked with the persistent style. — Herbs, mostly perennial, of somewhat varied habit. Flowers either solitary or somewhat corymbed. Leaves various. A genus of about 160 species, inhabitants of all parts of the world, but most abundant north of the tropics. Most of the species are acrid, and some are poisonous. The name Crowfoot was originally applied to species with lobed or divided leaves, and BvMercup to those with yellow flowers, but both names are now more loosely used. § 1. Aquatic kerbs, commonli/ perennial, but sometimes annual, with the submersed leaves, if any, finely divided : petals white, tvith a pit at the base, the claw yellow : akenes transversely wrinkled. — Batrachium, DC. 1. R. hederaceus, Linn., var. Glabrous : stems floating, 6 to 12 inches long: leaves commonly all floating, 3 to 8 lines wide, deeply 3-lobed, truncate or cordate at the base ; the lobes equal, oval or oblong, the lateral ones usually with a broad notch in the apex ; submersed leaves none, or rudimentary and resembling adven- titious roots : peduncles opposite the upper leaves, thicker than the petioles, 6 to 8 lines long : sepals a line long : petals 2 lines, obovate-oblong : stamens commonly 6 (5 to 9) : akenes commonly 4 (4 to 6), about a line long : receptacle smooth. — B. hydrocharis, var. Lobbii, Hiern. In shallow water, Marin Co. (Bigelow), and Russian River {Bolander) ; and Oregon (Lobb), the var. Lobbii (R. hydrocharis, var. Lobbii, Hiern, in Seemann's Jour. Bot. ix. 66, t. 114.) — The description is for this variety only, which is confined to the Pacific coast. There is much difficulty in determining the species of this section ; as many as 75 have been described, but au- thors diff'er widely as to their limitations. Hiern, after a long examination, unites aU under one aggregate species, arranging them under 35 main varieties. 2. R. aquatilis, Linn., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Stems long and coarsely filiform, growing in water : leaves all submersed and cut into numerous capil- lary segments which are 4 to 10 lines long : peduncles 1 or 2 inches long: flowers 3 to 5 lines in diameter : akenes numerous in a close globular head, which is 2 or 3 lines in diameter : receptacle hairy. — R. hydrocharis, var. trichophyllus, Hiern, 1. c. Var. CsespitOSUS. Stems short, growing in mud : segments of leaves ligulate, a line or more long : flowers 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — R. hydrocharis, var. ccespito- sus, Hiern, 1. c. The first fonn is rather common in ponds and streams ; the second is much more rare. Long Valley, Mendocino County (Kellogg), Sonoma, Brewer. Both forms extend to the Eastern States ; also to Europe, Asia, and Australia. 6 RANUNCULACE^. If Ranunculus. § 2. Terrestrial herbs, ivith the leaves all undivided : sepals large and petal-like : pet- als minute, with a nectariferous pnt at the base of the blade : akenes smooth, tapering. — Aphanostemma, St. Hilaire. 3. R. hystriculus, Gray. Glabrous : the scape-like stem 6 to 10 inches, usually 1-flowered and lealless : leaves broadly cordate or renifonn, about 5-lobed, deeply crenately toothed : sej^als 5 to 6, white and petal-like, 4 to 5 lines long, deciduous : petals inconspicuous, consisting of a minute fleshy blade (having a nectariferous pit at its base) raised upon a narrow claw of twice its* length, the whole scarcely 2 lines long : akenes 2 to 3 lines long, slender and tapering to a long hooked beak, and forming a compact ovate head. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328. Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, Forest Hill and Newcastle (Bolander), and near Placerville, Rattan. This little plant has more the look of an Anemone than a Ranunculus, but the fruit distinguishes it. The scapes are rarely 2-flowered, and sometimes bear a single leaf. The mi- nute petals are probably yellow. Root fascicled-fibrous. Leaves 1 or 2 inches long, on petioles three times as long. § 3. Terrestrial herbs, with the leaves compound: sepals somewhat petal-like : petals with a scale at the base : akenes vesicidar and margined or vrlnged at the base. 4. R. Andersonii, Gray. Stems 3 to 6 inches high, 1-flowered : radical leaves palmately 2-ternate ; leaflets petiolulate, laciniately lobed : flowers about an inch in diameter ; petals obovate or nearly orbicular, deep pink ; sepals nearly as long, gla- brous, persistent, somewhat petaloid, pink on the margin : akenes 4 to 5 lines long, bladdery, obovate, compressed, with a narrow ventral wing and a dorsal margin, glabrous, mucronate, with very short subulate recurved style. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 327 ; Watson, Bot. King. 6, t. 1. SieiTa Valley (Lemmon), near Carson Valley {Anderson), east to Salt Lake, Watson. The plant is either wholly glabrous or somewhat ciliate on the dilated petioles and on the segments of the leaves. Stems commonly scape-like and leafless, but sometimes with a small divided leaf or bract a short distance below the flower. Leaves somewhat fleshy, an inch or more long and wide, on petioles 2 inches long. A tmly remarkable species. § 4. Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places, mostly erect : sepals green and herbaceous : petals ydlow, with a scale at the base : akenes neither tvrin- kled nor hispid. — Eanunculus proper. * All the leaves undivided, the margins entire. 5. R. Flammula, Linn., var. reptans, Gray. Glabrous throughout : stems filiform, creeping and rooting at the joints, 4 to 10 inches long : leaves mostly lance- olate and acute at each end, entire: flowers 4 (2 to 5) lines in diameter: petals broadly obovate, one half longer than the sepals : akenes few, in a small globular head, plump, smooth ; beak very short and curved. — R. repAans, Linn. Moist places from the sea-level to 6, 000 feet altitude. The species has a wide range on both continents. A creeping plant, in wet places, and quite variable in size. Leaves 1 to 1^ inches long, the lower ones on long petioles, the upper ones usually somewhat clustered at the joints, varying from linear to oblong in shape. The head is of rather few carpels, commonly but 2 lines in diameter. 6. R. alismaefolius, Geyer. Smooth throughout : stems nearly or quite erect, 10 to 16 inches high, rather stout : leaves broadly lanceolate, entire, blunt at apex : flowers 6 to 9 lines in diameter : petals broadly obovate, conspicuously nerved, nearly twice as long as the sepals : akenes smooth, slightly flattened, pointed with a nearly or quite straight beak, crowded in a compact, ovate head. — Benth. PI. Hartw. 295. Var. alismellus, Gray. Stems slender, erect, 6 to 8 inches high : lower leaves elliptical : petioles sparinglyj)ilose : flowers 5 to 6 lines in diameter : petals about 6. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 327. Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEJ5. ^ Wet places. The first form in severaf localities at lower altitudes, by various collectors. The var. at Lake Tenaya and Mt. Dana (Breiver), Ostrander's, Bolander. The species ranges to New England, British America, and Europe. The most characteristic distinction between this and J{. Flammula is the straight style and long straight beak ; but so far as relates to the California i'orms, the most obvious ditference is that this has usually erect stems and larger flowers, while thnt has creeping stems. 7. R. Lemmoni, Gray. Villous at base : stems 6 to 10 inches high, sparingly branched : leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long, the radical on long peti- oles : flowers few, long-peduncled, half an inch broad, bright yellow : sepals villous, somewhat persistent : heads globose, 3 to 4 lines broad : akenes turgid, pubescent, submembranaceous, 1^ to 2 lines long; beak very short, subulate, incurved. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 68. Sierra Valley, J. G. Lcmmon. 8. R. trachyspermus, var. Lindheimeri, Engelm. Smooth throughout : stems slender, erect, 8 to 10 inches high : lower leaves oval, upper ones lanceolate or linear, all entire : flowers 2 lines in diameter : heads of fruit oblong : akenes granulately roughened. — PI. Lindh. i. 3 ; Torr. Pacif. R Eep. iv. 62. This has only been found (by Dr. Bigelow) in Napa Valley, and more specimens are needed for satisfactory determination. The s])ecies otherwise is known only from Texas. * * Radical leaves undivided ; stem leaves, if any, toothed or lobed : glabrous perennials. 9. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Glabrous : flowering stems or scapes leafless, 3 to 6 inches high, 1 to 7-flowered : leaves thickish, broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, clustered at the root and at the joints of the long filiform rooting runners ; petals yellow, 2 lines long and longer than the green sepals : the mature akenes a line long, striate-veined on the sides, enlarging upwards ; apex blunt, with a short oblique beak ; head compact, oblong, 3 to 6 lines long. Wet saline soils {Bolander) and in similar places eastward to the Atlantic ; also Europe and Asia. 10. R. glaberrimiis, Hook. Glabrous : stems 3 to 6 inches high, 1 - 3-flowered: radical leaves broadly oval, either entire or with 3 large blunt teeth at the apex ; cauline leaves cuneate at the base, 3-cleft to the middle : petals oval, yellow, 3 to 4 lines long : sepals oval, not reflexed, half as long as the petals : akenes plump or turgid, smooth, tipped Math a short curved beak : heads globular, compact, 4 to 5 lines in diameter. — Hook. Fl. i. 12, t. 5. Washoe Mountains {Anderson) and northward in subalpine situations to Oregon and Idaho. 11. R. OZ3motliS, Gray. Alpine, glabrous, cespitose, with thick fibrous roots : stems stout, 4 to 6 inches high, decumbent at base, 1 — 3-flowered : leaves crowded, subreniform or cuneate- rounded, crenately 5 — 9-lobed, 6 to 9 lines broad, the cauline broadly cuneate with 3 to 5 oblong lobes : sepals pilose : petals 4 lines long, bright yellow : head oblong, thick and fleshy, 4 to 9 lines long : akenes smooth, oblong, a line long, carinate on the back, acuminate with the curved subulate style. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 68. Near snow on the central Sierra Nevada, at 10,000 to 11,000 feet altitude ; Wood's Peak and peak above Sonora Pass {Breiver) ; Mount Stanford, Sierra Co. {Lemmon). Near^. nivalis, differ- ing in its cespitose habit and less deeply lobed radical leaves. * * * Some or cdl the leaves ternaiely compound : stems branching, several-flowered : roots mostly a fascicle of thickened fibres : flowers bright yellow. 1 2. R. Californicus, Benth. More or less pilose : stems erect, or nearly so, 12 to 18 inches high : root a cluster of somewhat thickened fibres : radical leaves commonly pinnately ternate, the leaflets laciniately cut into 3 to 7 lobes or parts, which are usually linear : flowers 5 to 10 lines in diameter : petals usually 10 to 14 narrowly obovate : sepals shorter than the petals, reflexed : akenes nearly 2 lines long, much flattened and with sharp edges ; beak short and curved : heads compact, 8 RANUNCULACE^. •? Ranunculus. ovate or globular. — PI. Hartw. 295. R. dissedus, Hook. & Am., Bot. Beech. 316. R. acris, var., Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 21. R. delphinifolius ? ib. 659 (not HBK.). Var. canus. Softly canescent throughout. — R, canus, Benth. PL Hartw. 294. This is by far the most common and abundant species in the State, and is particularly abun- dant in the coast ranges, where low grassy hills are often yellow with the shining flowers in early spring. This species is very variable in most of its parts. The pubescence varies with the local- ity, and also with the year ; the plant being more hairy in dry years. The leaves vary greatly in the degree of their division ; they are sometimes simply S-lobed, sometimes dissected into nu- merous linear divisions, and are found in every intermediate gradation. The flowers are usually bright sulphur-yellow, but are sometimes found quite pale. R. canus, Benth., is thought by Professor Gray to be probably R. occidentalis, Nutt. ; but the fruit is unknown. 13. R. repens, Linn. More or less hairy : stems ascending, usually not more than 10 to 15 inches long, and in the typical form often forming long runners : roots a cluster of somewhat thickened fibres : radical leaves variously ternately divided ; the leaflets either sessile or stalked, and variously laciniately cut or divided : flowers 6 to 10 lines in diameter ; petals usually 5 to 7, obovate and longer than the spread- ing sepals : akenes flattened, margined, \\ lines long, the stout beak nearly half as long : heads compact and globular. This variable species stands between R. Califomicus and R. maeranthus, its varieties passing into those species by a complete succession of forms. The connecting foi-ms, however, are not Califomian. The species is rare here, and it is questionable whether the typical form has yet been found in the State. It really belongs more eastward. The two others mentioned, while more limited in range, are vastly more abundant here. It extends across the continent and to Europe. 1 4. R. maeranthus, Scheele. More or less hairy with spreading hairs : root as in the last : stems stout, erect, 2 to 4 feet high : radical leaves 1 - 2-ternately di- vided ; the leaflets laciniately toothed or lobed : flowers 14 to 18 lines in diameter : petals commonly 5 or 6, broadly obovate, deep shining yellow, twice as long as the closely reflexed sepals: akenes flattened, but hardly margined, \\ lines long; the subulate beak nearly as long ; crowded into an ovate-globose head. — Watson, Bot. King. 9. Moist soils from Oregon to Nevada and Texa.s. In this State near the coast. This is the largest and stoutest of all our species ; is sometimes over 5 feet high {Kellogg), and also has the largest flowers. As in the other species of this section, the leaves are very variable as to division and pubescence. Specimens from Texas are more hairy, and the petals are more numerous and narrower than in ours. 15. R. Nelsonii, var. tenellus, Gray. Sparingly pilose : stems erect, 1| to 2 feet high, rather slender : radical leaves either trifoliolate, with the leaflets cuneate at the base and laciniately 3 to 5-cleft, or else simply cleft and with the divisions again cut into lobes : petals usually 5, 1 to 3 lines long, exceeding the hairy, strongly reflexed sepals : akenes a full line long, flattened, with a short stout curved beak : heads globular, 3 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. R. tenellus, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 23. Sierra Nevada near Yosemite, Bolander. The typical form is a more robust plant, the simple radical leaves often 3-4 inches in diameter. It mnges from Oregon to Alaska. Our variety has a more slender habit, the radical leaves two inches or so in diameter, the peduncles quite slender and 1-4 inches long. The small flowers easily distinguish it from the other species of this group. § 5. Akenes hispid-roughened : annual : otherwise as in § 4. — Echinella, DC. 16. R. hebecarpus, Hook. & Am. Somewhat pilose, with spreading hairs : stems ascending, slender, 6 to 18 inches high : lower leaves ternate or 3-parted ; the leaflets cuneate at base, and 2 to 3-lobed ; upper ones more divided : petals 5, a line or less long : sepals hairy, about equalling the petals : akenes few in a head, a line or less long, rounded, flat, the sides rough with short scattered hairs : heads globu- lar, 2 lines in diameter. — Bot. Beech. 316. R. pai-viflorus, var., Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 25. Aquilegia. RANUNCULACE^. 9 Var. pusillus. Stems very slender or filiform, weak and ascending or procum- bent, 3 to 6 inches long : leaves reniform, crenately 5-lobed or parted. Coast-ranges and foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. This species is easily recognized by its slen- der habit, minute flowers, and roughened akenes. Like our other annuals it is very variable, and at first sight some of the forms seem strikingly unlike others. In addition to the preceding species, R. fasdcularis, Muhl, has been reported from the State, but Professor Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 373) thinks the species is not found west of the Rocky Mountains. " What has been so called from California is probably R. Califomicios, Benth." R. Chilensis, DC, occurred in the collections of Captain Beechey's voyage, from California (Bot. Beech. 134). The species has procumbent stems, hispid petioles, cordate-orbicular, 3 - 5-lobed leaves, the lobes dentate. This species has not been found in the State since, and it is probable that the specimen may have got into the Califomian collection from the Chilian, or else that the species was once introduced but failed to survive. R. MUEiCATUs, L., a low coarse annual species from Europe, with large very rough akenes, and flat stout recurved beaks, has been reported from "the streets of San Francisco " (Bolander's Catalogue, 3). 6. CALTHA, Linn. Sepals 5 to 12, deciduous, colored, and looking like petals. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Pistils 5 to 12, each with several ovules, becoming follicles in fruit, which at ripening are spreading, flattened, and several-seeded. — Glabrous perennial herbs, with broad cordate undivided leaves. A small genus of about 9 species, belonging to the cooler parts of both hemispheres. 1. C. leptosepala, DC. Stems erect, l-flowered and scape-like, 3 to 12 inches high, and exceeding the leaves ; leaves all radical, cordate. Swamps near head of King's River, at 8,000 feet {Brewer), near Lassen's Peak, Lemmon; also alpine stations from New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains to Alaska. Califomian specimens have the leaves 2 or 3 inches across, cordate-orbicular, margins nearly entire ; sepals greenish- white, 6 to 10 lines long, and 4 or 5 lines broad, and rather blunt. Rocky Mountain speci- mens have sepals usually nan-ower, often bluish ; the leaves ovate, cordate, and more or less cre- nate. Sometimes the stems bear a second and smaller flower, and the species appears to pass into C hiflora. 7. ISOPYRUM, Linn. Sepals usually 5, white and petal-like, deciduous. Petals, in our species none (in foreign species 5, minute). Stamens 10 to 40. Pistils usually 3 to 6, but in- definite ; becoming follicles in fruit, which are several-seeded, oblong or ovate, and pointed with the persistent style. — ^^Smooth, slender herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. Species 7, belonging the North Temperate zone of both continents. 1. I. occidentale, Hook. & Arn. Stems several-flowered : follicles 7-9-seeded. — Bot. Beech. 316. Near Forest Hill, on light soil among shrubs (Bolander), (where Douglas found it is not stated). A glabrous herb, 6 to 10 inches, branching above, its delicate habit suggesting Tlmlktrum. Root of thickened fibres. Leaflets 4 to 8 lines long and cut into 2 or 3 broad, blunt lobes, glau- cous beneath. Flowei-s 6 to 9 lines in diameter, white. Follicles or pods 6 lines long and 2 wide, flattened, obliquely pointed, transversely veined. 8. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine. Sepals 5, regular, colored and petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, all alike, with a short, spreading lip, and produced backwards into a long tubular spur. Stamens numerous, the outer ones long and exserted, the inner ones reduced to thin scales. Pistils 5 ; styles slender ; ovaries several-ovuled, becoming pointed several-seeded 2 10 RANUNCULACE^. ^ Aquilegia. follicles in fruit. — Glabrous perennial branching herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately com- pound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers showy, terminating the branches. Many species have been described, which some authorities now reduce to half a dozen or less. They belong mostly to the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere. 1. A. truncata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 1 to 2 feet high : flowers 1 to 2| inches in diameter, red tinged with orange or yellow : sepals spreading or reflexed : petals truncate, the very short limb not at all produced ; spurs thick and blunt, 6 to 9 lines long. — Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1843, 8. Eegel, Sei»t. Petrop. 1852, t. & fol. 11. A. Canadensis, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep, iv. 62. A. Calif ornica, Lindl. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328. A. eximia, Van Houtte, Fl. Serres, 1857, t. 1188. Shady places by streams. Very variable as to size, foliage, and color of flowers. A variety near New Idria has silvery margins to the leaves. A. FORMOSA, Fisch., of Oregon and eastward, is very similar, but has the limb of the petals longer and produced upward on the outer side. 2. A. cserulea, James. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched : leaflets usually sessile : flowers blue or white, very large, the sepals spreading 2 to 3 inches : petals longer than the stamens and style ; spurs slender, and 1 1^ to 2 inches long. — Long's Exped. ii. 15. A. leptocera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phil. vii. 9. A. macrantha. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 317, t. 72. On wooded slopes in the Sien-a Nevada at 8,000 to 12,000 feet {Brewer, Bolander), rare in this State, to the Rocky Mountains, where it is very abundant. 9. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur. Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular, the upper one prolonged back- wards at the base into a long spur. Petals 2 to 4, irregular ; when 4 the upper 2 developed backwards into a spur which is enclosed in the spurs of the calyx. Sta- mens many. Pistils 1 to 5. Fruit of 1 to 5 dehiscent, many-seeded follicles. — Erect herbs, with palmately-cleft, lobed, or dissected leaves, and racemose flowers. The species of this genus are variable in so many directions that it is difficult to satisfactorily limit or define them. Accordingly, some authors recognize 100 or more species, others 40 or less. They all belong to the north temperate zone. Our species are all perennials, with showy flowers, some of great beauty. * Flowers blue, purple, or violet, or at least not red. -(- Mostly low : roots a cluster of thick fleshy fibres or tubercles. 1. D. simplex, Dougl. Canescent throughout with a fine short somewhat woolly pubescence, rarely nearly glabrous : stem stout and strict, rather tall, 1 to 2h feet high, leafy : leaves all much dissected, with linear obtuse lobes, on stout erect petioles : racemes usually dense and many-flowered, the pedicels often short and nearly erect : flowers small, blue, varying to nearly white or yellowish ; sepals 4 to 5 lines long, usually about equalling the stout straight spur, rarely much spreading : ovaries and capsule pubescent. — Hook. Fl. i. 25. In the Coast Ranges from San Diego northward to Washington Territory and Idaho ; Knight's Ferry, Bigelow. Much resembling D. azureum of the eastern plains, which differs in its less strict habit, and looser racemes of larger and more open flowers. 2. D. variegatum, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent with straight spreading or often reflexed hairs, the pubescence above sometimes tomentose or rarely nearly want- ing, sometimes tomentose throughout or short and appressed : stems 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly leafy : leaves all dissected with oblong or linear, obtuse or acutish lobes : flowers large, on long pedicels in a short open raceme, deep blue or rarely white ; sepals broad, spreading, 6 to 10 lines long ; the spur usually comparatively short and stout ; upper petals not purple-veined (in dried specimens) : ovary and capsule pubescent. — Fl. i. 32. Delphinium. KANUNCULACE^. J J » In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara (Brewer) to Punta de los Reyes, Bigelow. A frequent and showy species, vaiying in its colors. Distinguished from D. decorum, to which it has usually been referred, by its hairy ovaries, leaves all dissected, and greater pubescence. D. Menziesii, DC, is a similar species, glabrous below, at least at the very base, pubescent above with spreading hail's, especially the inflorescence : flowers large, deep blue ; the upper petals veined with purple ; the spur long and slender. — From Puget Sound to Montana and the Blue Mountains of Oregon, apparently not entering California. Reported also from Kotzebue Sound. The D. Menziesii of the Colorado Flora is D. bicolor, Nutt. {D. Menziesii, var. Utah- ensc, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 12), very similar and perhaps only a variety, but it has uniformly smaller flowers and is glabrous throughout (including the ovaries), or occasionally somewhat tomentose-pubescent. 3. D. decorum, Fisch. & Mej. More or less pubescent with spreading hairs, but usually nearly glabrous : stem 6 to 15 inches high : lower leaves 5-lobed, spar- ingly toothed, the upper with narrow linear divisions : flowers large, deep blue, long-pedicelled in an open raceme ; sepals broad, 6 to 9 lines long, spreading ; spur usually long and narrow : ovary and capsule glabrous. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 661. J), patens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 296. Var. Nevadense, Watson. Scarcely differing but in the smaller flowers and leaves often all linear-lobed. — U. Menziesii, Watson, 1. c, excl. var. In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara (Brewer, and perhaps from San Diego, Parry) to Men- docino Co. The variety is found in the central Sierra N evada, and is frequent on the mountains and foot-hills of W. Nevada. Often glabrous excepting the ciliate bracts and somewhat villous flowers. 4. D. depauperatum, l^utt. Perhaps only a form of the last variety, with the ovaries pubescent. Most of the specimens, however, are very slender and few- flowered, the lower leaves reniform in outline, 3 - 5-parted, the rather broad lobes entire or few-cleft. The pubescence of the inflorescence is usually straight and spreading. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 33. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 12. In the Sierra Nevada from the head of the Kern (Rothrock) to the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and eastward in the mountains of Nevada ( Watson). -t- -t- Stout and tall : root perennial hut not tuberous. 5. D. Californicum, Torr. & Gray. Stems nearly or quite smooth below : leaves large, 3 to 5 cleft, the divisions variously lobed : raceme strict, close-flowered above : pedicels and flowers densely velvety pubescent. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 31. D. exaltatmn, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 317. Dry soils near the coast. Stems stout, 2 or more feet high. Lower leaves 3 to 5 inches in diameter, usually deeply 5-cleft, the divisions cuneate at base and laciniately toothed or lobed. Flowers commonly a light but dull blue, often more or less tinged with violet. 6. D. SCOpillorum, Gray. Stems tall, smooth or puberulent : lower leaves on long petioles which are dilated at the base, 3 — 5-parted, the divisions laciniately lobed, the lobes sharp-pointed : raceme rather strict : flowers sparingly pilose with- out. — PI. Wright, ii. 9. Big Tree Road (Brewer) ; Sierra Valley (Lemmon) ; a stout form, 5 to 6 feet high, differing from that prevalent in the mountains of Colorado in the less narrowly divided leaves and nearly glabrous inflorescence. It is still less like D. datum, var. (?) occidentale, of the mountains east- ward, which with very similar habit and foliage has the raceme densely pubescent with straight spreading subviscid hairs, stout pedicels, and usually larger flowers with longer curved spm-s. The pubescence in D. scopulorwni is shorter, more woolly and appressed, and the pedicels are slender. 7. D. trolliifolium, Gray. Glabrous throughout or slightly villous : leaves large, long-petioled, 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes laciniately cleft and toothed with acumi- nate segments : raceme loosely few-flowered, with long pedicels : flowei-s bright blue, 1 \ inches broad, the spur as long as the sepals : capsules glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 275. Oregon, Hall. Specimens collected by Kellogg in Mendocino Co. seem referable to this species. 12 RANUNCULACE^. '^Delphinium. * * Flowers red. 8. D. nudicaule, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or slightly villous : stem ^ to 2 feet high or more : leaves mostly near the base of the stem, 1 to 3 inches in diam- eter, 3 - S-lobed, the lobes more or less deeply 3 - 7-toothed with broad obtuse mucronulate segments : flowers 1 to 1 ;^ inches long, including the straight spur, which is longer than the sepals, usually light scarlet with more or less of orange ; sepals but little spreading ; petals usually ciliate or somewhat villous : carpels pubescent or smooth. — Fl. i. 33 & 661 j Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5819. Var. elatius, Thompson. The taller form with more leafy stems, the flowers with rather longer and more slender spurs than in the typical state. — Garden, iii. 477, D. sarcophyllum, Hook. here, with a few in S. America. The juice is watery, hut the inner bark and wood of the Barberry yellow. No active properties, except in Podophyllum of the Atlantic States, the root of which yields podophyllin, a powerful cathartic. The fruits, when berries, are innocent and edible, but sometimes acid. ♦ Flowers complete : stamens 6, mostly short. 1. Berberis. Flowers yellow, in clustered racemes. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Shrubs with rigid leaves, in ours odd-pinnate. 2. Vancouveria. Flowers whitish, in a raceme or panicle. Fruit a follicle. Herb, with ter- nately compound leaves all radical. ♦ * Flowers naked : stamens 9 or more, slender. 3. Achlys. Flowers spicate on a scape, without bracts, sepals, or petals. Herb, with only radical 3-parted leaves. 1. BERBERIS, Linn. Sepals 6, petal-like, with 3 or 6 Closely appressed bractlets in 1 or 2 rows. Petals 6, opposite the sepals, usually 2-glandular at base. Stamens 6. Carpel 1 : stigma circular and peltate. Fruit a berry, with 1 to 3 erect seeds. — Smooth shrubs with yellow wood, pinnate or fascicled simple leaves, yellow flowers in clus- tered bracteate racemes, and oblong or globose acid berries. A genus of about 50 species, belonging to both continents, but largely S. American. In Berheris proper, of which B. vulgaris, Linn., the common Barberry, is the type, the primary leaves are reduced to mere spines, in the axils of which are fascicles of actual simple leaves with jointed petioles. All our species belong to the section Mahonia, Nutt., which has evergreen unequally pinnate leaves, sessile spinulosely dentate leaflets, and dark blue globose berries. * Leaflets pinnaiely veined. 1. B. repens, Lindl. A low somewhat procumbent shrub, less than a foot high : leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute, not acuminate, 1 to 2| inches long, not shiny above: racemes few, terminating the stems, 1 to 1| inches long. — Bot. Eeg. t. 1176. B. Aquifolium, Pursh, mainly, and of numerous authors. " Throughout the State," extending northward to British Columbia and eastward to Colorado and New -Mexico. 2. B. Aquifolium, Pursh. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high : leaflets usually 7, but often more, the lower pair distant from the stem, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1^ to 4 inches long, acuminate, green and shining above, sinuately dentate with numer- ous spinose teeth : racemes 1| to 2 inches long, clustered chiefly in the subter- minal axils; fruit nearly globose, — Lindl. Bot, Eeg, t, 1425. Achlys. BERBERIDACE^. 15 * Frequent in Oregon and northward, where it is known as the " Oregon Grape," and reported southward in the coast ranges even to Monterey. Pursh's description and figure belong mainly to B. rejicns. 3. B. pinnata, Lag. Very much like the last species, but the leaves more crowded and more nearly sessile, the lower pair of leaflets being approximate to the base of the petiole ; leaflets usually 5 to 7 : racemes more frequently lateral upon the branches; fruit oblong-ovoid, 4 lines long. — Gen. & Spec. 14. Mahoniafasci- cularis, DC. ; Deless. Icon. Sel. ii. 2, t. 3. Hills about San Francisco Bay and southward to San Diego, thence east to New Mexico. Fniit pleasant to the taste and known to the Mexicans as Lena amarilla. There has always been much confusion and is still some uncertainty respecting this species and its allies. Lagasca's original description (published in 1803) professedly included specimens both from Monterey and from Vancouver Island, while the plant cultivated in the gardens from his seed, and figured under this name, appears to have been \vh0ll3' the Oregon form, which Pureh afterwards included with the low B. repens in his description and figure of B. Aquifolium,. Humboldt and Bonpland afterward applied the name B. pinimta to a Mexican plant, figured by them, and DeCandolle at length included all, the Mexican, Californian, and Oregon together, under the name Mahonia fascicularis. The question of synonymy is most conveniently solved by retaining what has become the ordinary application of the names, B. fascicularis being limited to the Mexican spe- cies, which seems distinguishable from the Californian B. pinnata by its more numerous, more acuminate, and less shining leaflets. * * Leaflets palmately nerved. 4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Stems simple, but a few inches high ; petioles and peduncles springing from the apex, accompanied by dry glumaceous rigidly acu- minate bracts : leaves I to 2 feet long, of 11 to 17 ovate acuminate leaflets : racemes elongated ; pedicels short : fruit larger than in the preceding species, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. — Fl. 219, t. 5, excluding flowers. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3949. Mahonia glumacea, DC. Near the coast from Monterey to Vancouver Island. 2. VANCOUVERIA, Morren & Decaisne. Sepals 6, obovate, reflexed, caducous with the 6 to 9 oblong membranaceous bractlets. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals and opposite them, linear-spatulate, nectary-like, reflexed. Stamens 6. Carpel 1, the stigma slightly dilated, cup- shaped : ovules 10 or less, in 2 rows upon the ventral suture. Capsule dehiscing by a dorsal valve attached by the base and persistent, usually 2 - 6-seeded. Seed oblong, somewhat curved, with a broad attachment and prominent fleshy arillus : embryo minute. — A slender perennial herb, with radical 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in an open paniculate raceme upon a naked scape. A genus of a single species, scarcely separable from Epimedium of the Old "World. 1. V. he:sandra, Morr. & Decaisne. More or less villous with brownish hairs, 1 to 2 feet liigh : root creeping : leaves diffuse, long-petioled ; the leaflets 1 to 2 inches broad, petiolulate, subcordate, obtusely 3-lobed, the lobes emarginate ; the margin thickened and often undulate : scape exceeding the leaves : pedicels elon- gated, recurved : sepals 2 to 3 lines long : capsule half an inch long, gibbous-lanceo- late, with a slender beak : arillus 2-lobed, more than half covering the seed. — Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii. 351. Epimedium hexandrum, Hook. Fl. i. 31, t. 13. Shady woods near the coast from Santa Cruz to Vancouver Island. The characters of the firuit and seed are those of Epimedium. 3. ACHLYS, DC. Sepals and petals none. Stamens 9, in 3 rows; filaments slender, the outer dilated at the summit ; anthers short. Carpel 1 : stigma sessile, dilated : ovule 16 NTMPH^ACE^. ^ Achlys. solitary, erect. Fruit pulpy, becoming dry, indehiscent, reniform, the rounded dorsal portion subcartilaginous, the ventral side strongly concave, membranaceous, with a fleshy central ridge. Seed erect, straight : embryo very small. — A smooth perennial herb, with radical trifoliolate leaves, the flowers crowded in a naked spike terminating the scape. A second species in Japan closely resembles the following. 1. A. triphylla, DC. Eoot creeping : leaf on petioles a foot long or more, soli- tary from a scaly base, the leaflets broadly cuneate, 3 to 5 inches long, palmately nerved, the outer margin irregularly and coarsely sinuate : scape solitary, equalling the leaf; spike 2 to 3 inches long ; flowers small, white, fragrant : fruit 2 lines long. — Syst. ii. 35. Hook. Fl. i. 30, t. 12. Shady woods near Mendocino {Bolander) and northward to Vancouver Island. Sometimes known as May-Apple. Order III. NYMPHiEACE-ffil. Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal trunk-like rootstocks or sometimes tubers, which have rather an endogenous than exogenous internal structure ; the leaves peltate or deeply cordate and involute from both margins in the bud ; solitary axillary perfect flowers on long peduncles ; ovules remarkable for being on the back or sides of the carpels (instead of the ventral edge) ; embryo small at base of fleshy albumen enclosed in a fleshy bag ! Stamens numerous. — Comprises almost half as many suborders as genera. The Water- Lilies, and their relatives, of few species and wide geographical dispersion, comprise 8 genera under three suborders. The Water-Shield is the type of the first, Water- Lilies of the second, and the Nelumbium or Indian Lotus, the sole genus of the third {Nelumboneoc), which differs from the character of the rest in the great embryo without albumen, and the nut-like carpels separately immersed in hollows of a top-shaped receptacle. To this belongs the Nelumbo of Eastern America and the Indian Lotus or Sacred Bean of Asia. There are no true Water- Lilies {Nymphcea) in North America west of the Mississippi region, but one Nuphar reaches California ; where also the Water-Shield is a solitary representative of the first suborder, Cabombeoe. The two genera are briefly contrasted thus : 1. Brasenia. Pistils 4 to 18 in a cluster, pod-like, 1 - 2-seeded. Leaves on slender stems, entire, centi-ally peltate. 2. Nuphar. Pistil many-celled, many-seeded, free. Leaves all from the rootstock, deeply cordate. 1. BRASENIA, Schreber. Watee-Shield. Sepals and petals nearly alike, narrowly oblong, dull purple, hypogynous, each 3 or sometimes 4, persistent. Stamens 12 to 18, hypogynous: filaments slender: anthers oblong-linear. Carpels 4 to 18, distinct, tipped with a linear and one-sided large stigma, ripening into a kind of indehiscent 1 - 2-seeded pods. — A single species. 1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves floating (2 to 4 inches long), elliptical and cen- trally peltate on the slender petioles, which are alternate on the filiform ascend- ing stems, bright green above, reddish-brown beneath : flower small, half an inch long. — Gray, Gen. 111. t. 39. In Clear Lake (Bolander) and Pit River (Bretcer) ; thence to Puget Sound. Known at few Pacific stations, while from Canada to Texas it abounds, extending to Cuba. It also occurs in Japan, Eastern India, Australia, and at one known station in tropical Western Africa ! The stems and stalks are coated with a clear jelly. The "tuberous" rootstocks are collected by the Califomian Indians for food. Darlingtonia. SARRACENIACE^. 17 2. NUPHAE, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lilt. Sepals 5 to 12, thick, roundish, persistent, free, colored (generally yellow) within, partly green outside. Petals and stamens short and numerous, hypogynous, densely crowded around the ovary, at length recurving, persistent ; the former sometimes resembling sterile stamens, sometimes more dilated and conspicuous, but always small. Filament very short : anther truncate at apex, the two linear cells adnata, introrse. Ovary oblong or ovate, 8 - 20-celled, its truncate top occupied by the 8 - 20-radiate stigma, ripening (usually above water) into an ovoid or flask-shaped indehiscent fruit with a firm rind and a fleshy or pulpy interior ; the cells many- seeded. K^o arillus to the oval seeds. — Herbs of shallow waters (4 or 5 species of the northern temperate zone), sending up large and mostly rather leathery cordate leaves (either upright or floating) and stout 1 -flowered peduncles from a long and thick trunk-like creeping rootstock in the mud beneath : flowering all summer. 1. N. polysepalum, Engelm, Larger than the Atlantic N. advena : leaves 6 to 12 inches long and three fourths as wide, rounded above, deeply cordate at base : sepals 8 to 12 : petals 12 to 18, dilated and unlike the stamens, yellow, often tinged with red : fruit globular, 2 inches long or less. — Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 282. N. advena, Newberry in Pacif. E. Eep. vi. 67. Rare south of Mt. Shasta, more abundant thence to British Columbia and east to and beyond the Rocky Mountains. Klamath Marsh is half covered with the floating leaves, and the large seeds form an important article of food among the Indians, who collect great quantities for winter use. "The seed tastes like that of Broom-Corn, and is apparently very nutritious." This species has the largest fruit and flowers of any of the genus, some of the flowers being 5 inches in diameter and borne ou scapes 1 or 2 feet high. The leaves are floating if there be sufficient water, otherwise erect. Order IV. SARRACENIACEiE. Bog-plants with pitcher-shaped or tubular and hooded leaves, and perfect polyan- drous hypogynous flowers, the persistent sepals, petals, and cells of the ovary each 5 (with one exception). Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Embryo small in fleshy albumen. — Eepresented in the Atlantic United States by several species of Sarra- cenia, in the mountains of Guiana by the little-known apetalous Heliamphora, in California by the peculiar genus, 1. DARLINGTONIA, Torr. Calyx without bracts, of 5 imbricated narrowly oblong sepals, persistent. Petals 5, ovate-obloug, erect, Avith a small ovate tip answering to the blade, and a larger oblong lower portion answering to the claw. Stamens 12 to 15 in a single row : filaments subulate : anthers oblong, of two unequal cells, turned edgewise by a twisting of the filament, so that the smaller cell faces the ovary. Ovary somewhat top-shaped, the broad summit being truncate or concave and abruptly dilated, higher than the stamens, 5-celled ; the cells opposite the petals : style short, 5- lobed ; the lobes short-linear or club-shaped, recurving : stigmas thickish, introrsely terminal. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds very numerous, obovate-clavate, thickly beset with soft slender projections. — A single species. 1. D. Califomica, Torr. A perennial herb, of greenish yellow hue, with long and rather slender horizontal rootstocks clothed with the bases of older decayed 18 PAPAVERACE.E. ^^ Darlingtonia. leaves ; these tubular, gradually enlarging upwards to a vaulted ventricose hood, which terminates in a 2-forked deflexed appendage under which is the contracted rounded orihce, the ventral edge winged : scape bearing several membranous scaly- bracts, the upper ones crowded near the nodding purplish flower. — Smithsonian Contrib. vi. 4, t. 1, & Bot. Wilkes Exped. 221. Mountain swamps and borders of brooks, at 1,000 to 6,000 feet, from Tnickee Pass to the borders of Oregon ; first collected near Mount Shasta, by JV. D. Brackcnridge of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition party, with foliage and vestiges of fruit, and next in blossom by Dr. G. W. Hulse. The "pitchers" are 18 to 34 inches high, and -an inch or less in diameter, except near the top, tapering downward, and spirally twisted about half a revolution, the twist being most often to the left. Expanding near the summit it is vaulted into an inflated sac or hood 2 to 4 inches across, with a circular opening an inch or less in diameter on the under side. The dome of this hood is spotted with large thin translucent areolffi, which are usually colored some- what orange or yellow. A wing 2 to 4 lines wide runs along the inner side of tlie pitcher, clasp- ing the rootstock below and entering the orifice above. At the upper and outer edge of the orifice, a blade or appendage arises which is narrow at its base, but rapidly widens and divides into two equal and divergent lobes, it is something like a fish-tail in shape, spreading 3 or 4 inches, pointing downward, and beset with short and sharp stiff hairs, all pointing toward the orifice, the lobes twisted outward about half a revolution. The gi'cen of this blade is variously blotched with red and yellow. The interior of the pitcher is polished above, but the lower part is beset with stiff" sharp slender tiansparent hairs pointing downwards at a sharp angle. Within antl about the orifice and on the colored "fish-tail" there is a sweet secretion very attractive to insects. A line of this honey has sometimes been found to extend along the wing from the orifice down to the ground. The base of the pitcher contains a clear secreted liquid. This whole con- trivance constitutes one of the most curious natural fly-traps known. An insect roaming over the outside soon finds the wing like a fence to guide him to the orifice, and a line of honey enticing him that way. The blade at the opposite side is mottled and gayly colored to catch the eye and fancy of the flying insect. The lobes are so twisted that he may alight on the outside and by travelling along the blade find himself within. It is a broad and open road at first, curving and narrowing as the two lobes converge, and leading directly into the orifice. Moreover, the sharp bristles in the path all pointing one way make that the natural direction to travel, and the honey sweetens the path where the dangerous opening yawns above the narrowed way. The "honey jiastures " just within the orifice now tempt him, and are next visited. When satiated and he would leave, the translucent areola above, like numerous lighted w indows in the roof, entice him away from the darker door in the floor by which he entered. The captive sees no way of escape, and from the shape of the pitcher and the needle-like hairs pointing ever downwards, his destruction is sure. By this elaborate contrivance he was first attracted to the plant, then enticed within, then imprisoned and ultimately consigned to the lake in the bottom of the pit. From the experiments of Dr. Hooker, and from some interesting homologies, it is not difificult to believe that this liquid digests the insect for the nourishment of the plant. The fragmentary remains of dead insects in great variety are always found in the mature healthy leaves, often filling the tube to the height of several inches and tainting the air with their decay. From the observations of the entomologist Edwards, it seems that more species of flies are caught than of other insects. But bees, hornets, butterflies, dragon-flies, beetles, giasshoppers, &c., and even snails are entrapped. For fuller details of the behavior of this "insectivorous plant," see Proc. Am. Assoc. 1874, B, 64, and Proc. Calif. Acad. 1875. The secretion upon the edge of the wing was detected by Mrs. Ji. M. Austin, of Buttei-fly Valley. The plant is gregarious, and the hoods and blades are strikingly conspicuous when seen in the bright sunshine of their places-of growth, strongly suggesting the unromantic name Calfs Head, by which the local mountaineers know it. Order V. PAPAVERACEiE. Herbaceous plants, in one instance shrubby, usually with milky or orange-yellow juice, of narcotic or also acrid properties; the flowers perfect, with sepals, petals, and stamens hypogynous and not in fives ; the former 2 or 3 and caducous (falling when the corolla opens) ; the petals twice as many, in two sets, and early decidu- ous ; the stamens indefinite ; the pistil with a 1 -celled ovary with parietal placentae, in fruit cap.sular ; the seeds numerous or several, anatropous, with a minute embryo in copious albumen. — Leaves mostly alternate, destitute of stipules. Peduncles Platystemon. PAP AVERAGES. 19 usually 1 -flowered and the flower-bud drooping before expansion. Petals imbricated and commonly crumpled in the bud. Valves of the capsule in most cases separat- ing from the slender placentae, which remain as a kind of frame. — Dendromecon is the sole shrubby plant of the order. Platystemon is exceptional in having the sev- eral carpels all distinct, or at least early separating, and forming as many torulose pods, and the upper leaves are disposed to be opposite or in whorls. Eschsclioltzia has the two sepals united into a calyptra which falls off whole, and the juice is color- less ; it is nearly so in Romneya, in which the capsule is several-celled, more truly than in a poppy, by the placentae reaching the centre. And Ardomecon has per- sistent petals ! An order of 17 genera and about 50 species, mostly inhabitants of the temperate and warm parts of the northern hemisphere. Many have showy flowers, and are cultivated for ornament. Opium is derived from the milky juice of the poppy (mostly F. somnifcrum, Linn.), and several other species have reputed medicinal value. Papaver somniferum, Linn., extensively cultivated for opium, and familiar in gardens as an ornamental annual, is not unlikely to occur spontaneously in some places. P. Rh(Eas, Linn. , the Corn Poppy of Europe, might also have been expected in grain-fields, but it has not been reported. The genus is known by the radiate sessile crowoi of stigmas, lorming a cap over the summit of the ovary and capsule, the latter opening only by pores under the margin of the crown. * Herbs : sepals 2 or 3 and distinct. +- Annuals, with entire leaves, the uppermost opposite or whorled. 1. Platystemon. Filaments very broad. Carpels few to many, in a circle, distinct or soon becoming so, forming as many slender torulose pods, tipped with the linear stigmas. 2. Platystigma. Filaments slightly dilated or filiform. Ovary with 3 placentae, tipjied with 3 broad and flat or linear stigmas, becoming a 3-valved capsule. +- +- Perennials, with lobed or toothed leaves, all alternate. 3. Romneya. Sepals 3, winged. Stigmas several, oblong. Capsule bristly, several-celled, seveial-valved from the top. Leaves divided. 4. Arctomecon. Sepals mostly 2 : petals 4, persistent. Stigma thickish, 4 - 6-lobed. Cap- sule smooth, 1-celled, 4 - 6-valved at the top. Leaves few-toothed. -i- -i- +- Annuals, with lobed or divided leaves. {Papaver would belong here.) 5. Argemone. Stigma 3- 4-lobed, almost sessile. Capsule bristly or prickly. Leaves simple, j)rickly-toothed. 6. Meconopsis. Stigma 4-8-lobed on a club-shaped style. Capsule unarmed and smooth. Leaves pinnately divided, unanned. * * Shrub with entire leaves or nearly so. 7. Dendromecon. Stigmas 2, short and erect on a short style. Capsule linear, grooved, 2-valved. * * * Annual herbs : sepals completely united into a narrow pointed cap (calyptra), which falls off" entire from a dilated top-shaped receptacle. 8. Eschscholtzia. Stigma-lobes 4 to 6, subulate, unequal : style very short : capsule linear, grooved, 2-valved. 1. PLATYSTEMON, Benth. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens many, with flattened filaments and linear anthers. Carpels 6 to 25, at first united : stigmas linear, free. Fruit of as many distinct linear indehiscent torulose pods, 3 - 8-seeded, finally breaking transversely between the seeds. — A low villous pale-green annual, with entire linear opposite leaves (the lower alternate), and long-peduncled yellow flowers. 1. P. Californicus, Benth. Slender, branching, 6 to 12 inches high, villous with spreading hairs : leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear, obtuse : peduncles 3 to 8 inches long, erect : the sepals villous ; petals pale yellow shading to orange in the centre, 3 to 6 lines long : carpels 6 to 25, aggregated 20 PAP AVERAGES. • Platystigma. into an oblong head, smooth or somewhat hairy, 5 to 10 lines long, beaked with the linear pereistent stigmas, the 1 -seeded divisions a line long : seeds smooth. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 405. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3579 & 3750. Very common in early spring on the lower hills and in the valleys from Mendocino County to S. California, and also eastward through Arizona to S. Utah. Sometimes called Cream-Cups. 2. PLATYSTIGMA, Benth. Sepals 3 (rarely 2). Petals 4 to 6. Stamens few to many, with narrow filaments and oblong or linear-oblong anthers. Ovary 3-angled, oblong or linear: stigmas 3, distinct, ovate to linear. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, dehiscent to the base, many- seeded. Seeds small, smooth and shining. — Low slender annuals, resembling Platystemon in habit, with pale-green entire opposite or verticillate leaves, and long-peduncled pale-yellow flowers. Only the following species. * Capsule ovoid-oblong : stamens many ; anthers linear-oblong ; filaments dilated : stigmas broad : villous, short-stemmed. — Platystigma proper. 1. P. lineare, Benth. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs, 6 to 12 inches high, the stem usually very short and leafy : leaves linear, 1 to 3 inches long : peduncles erect : flowers an inch or less in diameter : capsule half an inch long. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 407. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3575. Valleys and low hills from Salinas Valley to Oregon ; common in early spring. * * Capsule linear: stamens few; anthers oblong; filaments filiform: stigmas narrow : glabrous, long-stemmed. — Meconella. (^Meconella, Nutt.) 2. P. Califomicum, Benth. & Hook. Yery slender, with long-jointed dichoto- mous stems : leaves ovate-spatulate to oblanceolate or the upper ones linear, ^ to \ inch long, acute : flowers 3 to 12 lines broad : stamens 10 to 12 : capsule narrowly linear, 9 to 15 lines long. — Gen. PI. i. 51. Meconella Calif ornica, Torr. in Frem. Eep. 312. Central California, San Mateo to Sonoma counties, and eastward to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, P. Oreoanum, Benth. & Hook., a smaller plant with smaller flowers, 4 to 6 stamens, and shorter capsvdes, inhabiting Oregon and Washington Territory, may be looked for in Northern California. 3. BOMNEYA, Harvey. Sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous dorsal wing. Petals 6. Stamens very numerous, with filiform filaments thickened above, and oblong anthers. Ovary oblong, densely setose, more or less completely several-celled by the intrusion of the many-ovuled placentas: stigmas free, oblong, fleshy. Capsule completely 7- 11- celled, dehiscing to the middle, the valves separating by their margins from the firm persistent placentas. Seeds numerous, finely tuberculate. — A smooth stout peren- nial, with colorless bitter juice, pinnately cut or divided alternate leaves, and very large white flowers. 1. R. Coulteri, Harv. Leaves glaucous, thickish, petioled, 3 to 5 inches long, the lower ones pinnatifid, the upper ones pinnately cut or toothed ; the petioles and margins often sparingly ciliate with rigid spinose bristles : flowers Avhite, sometimes nearly 6 inches in diameter ; petals broadly obovate : filaments half an inch long, purple at base : capsule oblong, 1 to 1^ inches long, obscurely many-angled, hispid with appressed bristles and crowned with the persistent stigmas : seeds black, a line or less long. — Lond. Jour. Bot. iv. 74, t. 3. Meconopsis. PAPAVERACE^. 21 Borders of streams near San Diego. The plant is probably several feet high, the stems erect, branching and flexuous, but whether entirely herbaceous or half woody at the base has not been definitely stated. 4. ARCTOMECON, Torrey. Sepals mostly 2. Petals 4, persistent. Stamens numerous, with filaments slightly thickened upward, and linear anthers. Ovary smooth, 4 - 6-carpelled, with nerve-like placentas, rather few-ovuled : style very short : stigmas 4 to 6, short and thick. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, 4 - 6-angled, dehiscent above, the 4 to 6 valves separating from the firm persistent placental ribs. Seeds few, shining, very finely lined longitudinally. — A low somewhat hairy biennial or perennial ; with alternate leaves, few-toothed at the apex, and rather large white flowers. 1. A. Californicum, Torr. Erect and somewhat cespitose, the stems 4 to 12 inches high, more or less villous below with long bristly hairs, nearly glabrous above : leaves long-cuneate or oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, 3 - several-toothed (sometimes lobed) at the apex, or the upper entire, crowded at base ; the teeth bristle-tipped : petals oblong-oval to orbicular, 6 to 10 lines long : capsule 3 to 5 lines long : seeds nearly straight, 1| lines long. — Frem. Rep. 312, t. 2. Parry, Am. Naturalist, ix. 139. Discovered by Fremont on the banks of a creek in sterile soil near the southeastern border of the State, but probably in Nevada. It has since been collected only by Parry in S. Utah. 5. AHGEMONE, Linn. Sepals 2 or 3, spinosely beaked. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens numerous, with fili- form filaments and linear anthers. Ovary oblong, with 3 to 6 nerve-like placentas : stigmas nearly sessile, dilated, radiating. Capsule oblong or ovoid, prickly, 1-celled, opening at the top, the 3 to 6 valves separating from the firm parietal ribs. Seeds many, ovoid-globose, pitted, slightly crested on the rhaphe. Stout glaucescent annuals ; with sinuately pinnatifid prickly- toothed leaves, large white or yellow short-pedicelled flowers, and yellow juice. A genus of about half a dozen species, all natives of the wanner parts of America. 1. A. hispida, Gray. Erect, 1 to 2^ feet high, hispid throughout or armed with rigid bristles or prickles : leaves 3 to 6 inches long, the lower attenuate to a winged petiole, the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping : flowers white, 2 to 4 inches in diameter: capsule oblong, IJ inches long, very prickly: seeds a line in diameter. — PI. Fendl. 5. A. mwiita, Durand & Hilgard, Pacif. R. Rep. v. 5, t, 1. A. Mexicana, var. hispida, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 31. Dry hillsides and valleys through Central California, and eastward to Colorado and New Mex- ico. In Southern California it is known as Chicalote. The foliage is pale but not spotted. A. Mexicana, Linn., is very similar but is smoother, the leaves are blotched with white, and the flowers are usually yellow. It is native from Texas and Northern Mexico to Central America, but as a weed has spread to almost all warm countries and may have reached Southern California. 6. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 4 to 8, nerve-like or somewhat intruded : style distinct : stigma 4 - 8-lobed. Capsule oblong to ovoid, dehiscing by short rounded valves which separate from the stout parietal ribs. Seeds numerous, small, obscurely pitted. — Herbs with yellow juice, dissected leaves, and long-pedicelled flowers. A genus of 8 species, 6 of which belong to the Himalaya region, and 1 to Western Europe. 22 PAPAVERACE^. ^ Meconopsis. 1. M. heterophylla, Benth. Annual, smooth, slender, 1 to 2 feet high : lower leaves long-petioled, pinnately divided, the segments oval to linear and 2 to 12 lines long ; upper leaves sessile, the segments usually narrow : flowers scarlet to orange, the petals 2 to 12 lines long ; peduncles elongated : capsules smooth, obovate-oblong or top-shaped, truncate, narrowed below, 6 to 8 lines long, strongly ribbed ; the persistent style a line long. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. : i. 408. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 272. M. crassifolia, Benth, 1. c. A veiy variable species, in dry soils from Sau Diego to Cigar Lake, flowering in early summer. 7. DENDROMECON, Benth. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filiform filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, with 2 nerve-like placentas : style short : stigmas 2, short and erect. Capsule linear, nerved, 1-celled, dehiscent the whole length by 2 valves separating from the placental ribs, many-seeded. Seeds oblong or globose, finely pitted, carunculate. — A smooth branching shrub ; with alternate vertical entire thick and rigid leaves, and showy yellow flowers. The only truly woody plant belong- ing to the order. 1. D. rigidum, Benth. A shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with many slender branches and whitish bark : leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, very acute or mucronate, sessile or nearly so, twisted upon the base so as to become vertical, reticulately veined, the margin rough or denticulate : flowers bright yellow, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, on pedicels 1 to 4 inches long : capsules curved, attenuate above into the short stout style, \\ to 2| inches long: seeds large, 1| lines long. — Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 407. Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 3. D. Ilarfordii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 102. Dry rocky hills of the Coast Eanges from San Diego to Clear Lake, most abundant south of Point Conception ; Santa Rosa Island, Harford. Very variable in its foliage and in the size of the flowers, but all the forms seem referable to a single species. 8. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. Sepals coherent into a narrow pointed hood, deciduous from within a dilated top- shaped torus. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear, with 2 nerve-like placentas : style very short : stigmas divided into 4 to 6 linear unequal divergent lobes. Capsules elongated, strongly lO-nerved, 1-celled, dehiscent the whole length by 2 valves separating from the placental ribs, many-seeded. Seeds globose, reticulate or rough-tuberculate. — Smooth glaucous slender annuals ; with colorless bitter juice, finely dissected alter- nate petioled leaves, and bright orange or j^ellow flowers. The very variable Californian plant, first collected by Chamisso, and published by him in 1820, has since been described under numerous names, and has usually been considered as afford- ing basis for 4 or 5 or more distinct species ; but the differences in liabit, foliage, and flowers seem to be of too little moment or too inconstant for a recognition of more than varieties among the various fonns. There are indications, however, that the seeds may afford characters upon which some of the following varieties may be re-established as species. Mature fruiting speci- mens are at present too rare in our collections to permit a positive determination of the (piestion. 1 . Ij. Californica, Cham. Usually 1 to 1 1 feet high and rather stout, branch- ing : flowers large, 2 to 4 inches in diameter, usually brilliant orange in the centre ; torus dilated and often broadly rimmed : capsule 2| inches long, curved : seeds two thirds of a line in diameter, reticulated ; rhaphe obscure. — Hor. Phys. Berol. 73, t. 15. E. crocea, Benth. Dicentra. FUMARIACE^. 23 f Var. Douglasii, Gray. Rather more slender and the leaves more finely divided ; flowers smaller, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, more yellow ; torus with a narrower limb or simply turbinate : seed tuberculate ; rhaphe well marked. — E. Douglasii, Benth. PI. Hartw. 296. Var. hypecoides, Gray. Still more slender, 4 to 12 inches high, the stems leafy : flowers |- to 1 inch in diameter, with cyhndrical torus : capsule 1| inches long. — E. h;/pecoides, Benth*. Trans. Hort. Soc. 2 ser. i. 408. Var. caespitosa, Brewer. Stems very short : leaves mostly subradical, shorter than the scape-like peduncles ; the lobes narrowly linear, acute : flowers ^ to an inch broad : torus cylindrical : capsule 1| to 2 inches long : seeds more densely tuberculate. — E. ccespitosa and tenuifolia, Benth. 1. c. Sunny exposures, particularly valle}^ and low hills, throughout the State and to "Washington Territory, often in great abundance. The typical form seems confined to California. Some of the latter reduced foi-ms are found eastward through Arizona to New Mexico and S. Utah, but rarely. This is the most conspicuous flower of the State flora, and sometimes large areas are made pain- fully brilliant by its intense glow in the bright sunshine. The color varies from deep orange to light sulphur-yellow, or even pure white. The larger-flowered varieties are common in culti- vation under various names. 2. E. minutiflora, Watson. Slender, branching, a foot high : flowers 3 lines in diameter or less: torus without border: capsule IJ inches long, very narrow : seeds smaller (hardly half a line in diameter), nearly smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. E. Calif ornica, var. tenuifolia^ Gray in Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 5, in part, E. Californica, var. hypecoides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 1 4. Peculiar to the interior basin, ranging from Northwestern Nevada ( Watson) to Sitgreaves Pass in Western Arizona {Newberry) and Southern Utah, Parry. Order VI. PUMARIACE^. Tender herbs, with watery and bland juice, dissected compound leaves, and per- fect irregular hypogynous flowers with the parts in twos, except the diadelphous stamens, which are 6 ; the ovary and capsule one-celled with two parietal placentae. Seeds, &c., as in Fapaveraceae, to which, being a small group of about 6 genera, it has been united. Like that order, the petals are double the number of the sepals, viz. four in two series. The main characters are given under the genera. 1. Dicentra. Corolla flattened, heart-shaped or 2-spurTed at the base. 2. Corydalis. Corolla l-spuned at the base. 1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Sepals 2, small and scale-like, sometimes caducous. Corolla flattened and cordate, at least at base, of 2 pairs of petals ; the outer pair larger, saccate or spurred at base, the tips spreading; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, mostly carinate or crested on the back ; the small hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, the two forming a cavity which contains the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6, in two sets, viz. tliree before each of the outer petals and slightly adhering to their base, their elongated filaments more or less united : the middle anther 2-celled ; the lateral ones 1-celled. Style slender, persistent: stigma 2-lobed, each lobe sometimes 2-crested or horned. Capsule narrow, 1-celled, with 2 filiform parietal placentae, from whicli the valves at maturity separate. Seeds several or numerous, somewhat reniform, with or mthout a crest. — Perennials, sometimes with tuberiferous or granuliferous subterranean base or shoots ; with ternately or pinnately compound 24 FUMARIACE^. * Dicentra. or decompound leaves, wholly glabrous, and racemose or paniculate flowers ; the corolla often withering-persistent. A genus of about a dozen species, divided between North America and Eastern Asia with the Himalayas ; one large and showy species from Northern China, D. spectabilis, now common in gardens. § 1. Flowers on a scape: filaments lightly xmited : seeds^ shining, tvith a loose carun- cle or crest at the hilum. 1. D. formosa, DC. Leaves and scapes from flie apex of thickish and almost naked creeping rootstocks, a span to a foot or two in height ; the former twice or thrice ternately compound ; the ultimate divisions narrow and incisely pinnatihd : flowers compound-racemose at the summit of the naked scape : corolla rose-colored, ovate-cordate, with short spreading tips to the larger petals. — Fumaria formosa, Andr. Bot. Kep. vi. t. 393. In the Sierra Nevada at 3,000 to 9,000 feet, and through Oregon to Fraser River. A graceful plant ; the scapes rather later than the leaves. Base of the corolla sometimes deeply, sometimes slightly cordate. Nearly related to D. eximia of the Alleghanies. 2. D. uniflora, Kellogg. Leaves and scape from a fasciculate fleshy root sur- mounted by a bulb-like cluster of fleshy grains, 3 to 5 inches high : the blade of the former ternately or somewhat pinnately divided, broadly or narrowly ovate in outline, glaucous ; the 3 to 7 divisions pinnatifid into a few linear-oblong or spatu- late lobes: scape 2- 3-bracted, 1 -flowered : corolla flesh-colored, narrowly oblong- cordate ; the two outer petals tapering above, at length recurved-spreading. — Proc. Calif Acad. iv. 141 ; Porter in Hayden Pep. 1872, 760. Sierra Nevada in the alpine region, near Cisco and northward, Kellogg, Levimon. Also in the Wahsatch Mountains above Ogden and northward, Chadbouriie, Coulter, &c. D. CucuLLARiA, DC, of Eastern North America, occurs in the woods of Oregon, and may extend to the borders of California. It is distinguished by its simple or nearly simple raceme of cream-colored flowers, with the sacs of the outer petals extended into divergent spurs. § 2. Flowers long and narrow, compound-racemose or panicled on a leafy stem : filaments diadelphous nearly to the top : seeds dull, crestless. — Chrysocapnos, Torr. 3. D. chrysantha, Hook. & Arn. Pale and glaucous, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves twice pinnate, the larger a foot long or more ; the divisions cleft into a few narrow lobes : racemose panicle terminal, a foot or two long : sepals caducous : corolla linear-oblong or clavate, bright golden-yellow, over half an inch long, the base slightly cordate : capsule oblong-ovate or narrower. — Bot. Beechey, 320. t. 73 ; Torr. Bot. Max. Bound, 32. Capnorchis chrysantha, Planchon, Fl. Serr. viii. 193, t. 820. On arid hills, &c., from Lake Co. to San Diego. Plant of stiff and rather coarse habit, but the flowers brilliant. 2. CORYDALIS, Vent. Corolla one-spurred at the base on the upper side, deciduous. Otherwise mainly as in Dicentra. A rather large genus, of wide geogi-aphical distribution, most abundant in the Old World, only a single and a rare species known in California. Two others are not xmlikely to occur on the nortli- em border, viz. C. AiTREA, Willd., var. occidextalis (otherwise called 0. montana), Engelm., a low biennial species with golden yellow blossoms. C. ScouLERi, Hook. ri. t. 14, of the woods of Oregon, a thick-rooted perennial, with one or two large 3 or 4 times pinnate leaves on the stem, and loose spreading racemes of long-spurred rose-colored flowers, — to which the following is somewhat related. 1. C. Caseana, Gray. Perennial, pale and slightly glaucous, branching, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves tM'ice or thrice pinnate ; leaflets obovate or oblong, nearly sessile CRUCIFER^. 25 (about half an inch in length), Some of them more or less confluent : racemes erect, densely many-flowered, 3 to 5 inches long : corolla white or cream-color with bluish tips; the straight spur half an inch long, horizontal or ascending, very obtuse, exceeding the rest of the flower : capsule oval or oblong, turgid, tipped with a slender style : seeds shining, crestless. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69. Moist and shady ravines in the Sierra Nevada, near Truckee (Bolander) : thence to Plumas Co., E. L. Case (for whom it is named), Lemmon, &c. Also in S. Colorado, Brandegee. Order VII. CRUCIPERiE. Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, cruciform corolla, tetradynamous stamens, a 2-celled pod (silicle) with 2 parietal placenta?, and an embryo filling the seed, with cotyledons (accumbently or incumbently) applied against the radicle. — Flowers per- fect, hypogynous. Calyx of 4 sepals, deciduous. Petals 4, usually with narrowed base or claw, and the lamina spreading, so forming a cross, rarely wanting. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down on the receptacle and shorter than the other four. Ovary 2-celled by a partition which stretches across from the placentae, rarely 1-celled by its abortion. Style undivided or none : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit the peculiar capsule or pod named a silique, or when short a silicle ; the 2 valves falling away from the placentae and partition, which persist, forming what is called a replum, in a few genera indehiscent. Ovules few or numerous, sometimes solitary, campylotropous. Seeds with a smooth coat ; albumen none. Cotyledons either accumbent (i. e. applied edgewise to the radicle) or incumbent (i. e. with the radicle against the back of one of them), usually plane, sometimes (as in Mustard) folded or wrapped around the radicle. Flowers generally in racemes and the pedicels without any bract. Leaves alternate, without stipules : no glandular pubescence. A large family, comprising about 175 genera, and between one and two thousand known species, distributed over all parts of the world, but few in the tropics, and most in the temperate and colder regions. Nearly all are innocent, except for the excessive pungency or acridity of the seeds of Mustard and the root of Horse-radish ; several furnish condiments ; and Cabbage, Turnips, &c., are staple articles of food. The order is so strictly natural that generic distinctions are difficult. I. Pod regularly dehiscent, 2-valved. * Pod strongly compressed parallel with the broad partition: cotyledons accumbent. -{- Pod short ; valves nerveless or faintly 1 -nerved : flowers white or yellow. 1. Platyspermum. Pod large, orbicular, 8-12-seeded; valves fiat, nerveless. Seeds broadly winged. Dwarf glabrous annual, with 1-flowered scapes: flowers small, white. 2. Alyssum. Pod small, orbicular, 2 - 4-seeded ; valves convex, nei-veless. Seeds wingless. Canescent, branching : flowers racemose. 3. Draba. Pod ovate to oblong or linear, few - many-seeded ; valves flat or convex. Seeds wingless. Low : flowers racemose. HI — 1- Pod elongated. +t Valves nerveless ; replum thickened : seeds wingless : flowers white or rose-color, mostly large : leaves all petioled : stems usually from running rootstocks or small tubers. 4. Dentaria. Pod with elongated beak and very stout replum. Seed turgid. Stem few-leaved near the summit : raceme short : glabrous. 5. Cardatnine. Pod moderately beaked or pointed, less stout. Seed more flattened. Stems leafy, with elongated racemes. ++ ++ Valves 1 -nerved ; replum thin : seeds flat, often winged or margined : flowers white to purple (yellow in oiie species of Cheiranthus) : leaves entire or toothed, the cauline sessile : root perpendicular. 6. Arabis. Anthers short, scarcely emarginate at base. Petals with a flat blade and claw. Calyx short or narrow, rarely colored. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows. 26 CRUCIFEE.E. >> 7. Streptanthus. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Petals often without a dilated blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Calyx dilated and usually colored. Seeds in one row. 8. Cheiranthus. Petals with a broad flat limb and long claw. Calyx large, not colored. Seeds in one row, not margined. * * Pod terete or 4-angled, slightly or not at all compressed : seeds not margined ; cotyledons incumbent or more or less obli(^ue. +- Pod long-linear (1 to d inches) ; valves 1 -nerved : seeds in 1 row, oblong, somewhat flattened; cotyledons mostly more or less obliii[ue : anthers linear. , Stout biennials or perennials. ++ Flowers white to purple : anthers sagittate. 9. Caulanthus. Petals with a broad claw, somewhat dilated above and undulate, little longer than the broad sepals, usually purple. Filaments included. Stigma nearly sessile, some- what 2-lobed. Pod sessile, 3 inches long or more. 10. Thelypodium. Petals with narrow claw and flat linear to rounded limb, much exceeding the narrow sepals, white or rose-color. Filaments often exserted. Style short ; stigma mostly entire. Pod shorter, sessile or short-stipitate. ++ ++ Flowers yellow. 11. Stanleya. Pod somewhat terete, long-stipitate. Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not sagittate, spirally coiled. Leaves petioled, entire or pinnatifid. 12. Erysimum. Pod 4-angled, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers sagittate, not coiled. Leaves narrow, entire or repandly toothed. +- +- Pod linear, mostly less than an inch long, more or less 4-angled ; valves 1 - 3-nerved : seeds globose to oblong, smaller and less flattened, in one row (except one species of Sisymbrium) : anthers oblong to linear-oblong : flowers yellow (white in Smelowskia) : at least the lower leaves pinnatifid. 13. Brassica. Pod nearly terete, with a long stout beak. Seed globose ; cotyledons infolding the radicle. Anthers long, sagittate. 14. Barbarea. Pod pointed, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds oblong; cotyledons nearly accumbent. .Anthers short, oblong. Leaves IjTately pinnatifid. A smooth marsh perennial. 15. Sisymbrium. Pod nearly terete, short-pointed or obtuse. Seeds small, oblong ; cotyle- dons incumbent. Anthers linear-oblong, sagittate. Mostly annual, often with finely dis- sected leaves. 16. Smelo'wrskia. Pod short, 4-angled, pointed at each end. Flowers white or pinkish. Alpine perennials with narrowly pinnatifid leaves ; otherwise as Sisymbrium. -}- -1- -i- Pod oblong-cylindric to globose ; "V^alves strongly convex, nerveless : seeds in 2 rows ; cotyledons accumbent. 17. Nasturtium. Pod oblong or short-linear. Flowers white or yellow. Smooth or somewhat hispid. 18. Vesicaria. Pod ovate to globose. Seed flattened. Flowers yellow. Densely stellate- caneseent. * * * Pod more or less obcompressed, i. e. flattened contrary to the partition, which is narrower than the valves : seeds not winged. -i- Valves 1 -nerved or obtusely carinate, not winged : cells several-seeded : cotyledons incumbent : flowers white (or yellow in Tropidocarpiun). 19. Subularia. Pod ovoid, slightly obcompressed. A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves. 20. Tropidocarpum. Pod linear, often 1 -celled by the disappearance of the narrow partition. Slender hirsute annuals with pinnatifid leaves and axillary flowers. 21. Capsella. Pod obcordate or oblong, much compressed, many- seeded ; valves carinate. Nearly smooth annuals. -J- -i- Valves acutely carinate or winged : cells few- (1 - 5-) seeded : cotyledons ac(!umbent and flowers white (or in Lcpidium cotyledons mostly incumbent and in one species the flowers yellow). 22. Lyrocarpa. Pod fiddle-shaped, flattened, somewhat acutely cai-inate ; cells 5-seeded. Pubescent annuals. 23. Thlaspi. Pod cuneate-oblong ; valves sharply carinate ; cells 2-4 seeded. A smooth alpine perennial ; leaves entire. 24. Lepidimn. Pod orbicular or obovate, 2-winged at the summit ; cells 1 - 2-seeded. -J- Hh Hh Valves inflated, nerveless : cells several-seeded : cotyledons accumbent : flowers yellow. Draha CRUCIFEILE. 27 25. Physaria. Pod didymous ; ccU^early globular. Stellate-canescent perennials, with entire leaves. II. Pod of 2 indehiscent cells, separating at maturity from the persistent axis. 26. Senebiera. Cells small, globose, rugose or tuberculate. Seed turgid ; cotyledons incum- bent. Flowers white, minute, in racemes opposite to the pinnatifid leaves. 27. Biscutella. Cells flat, nearly orbicular. Seeds flat. Flowers rather large. Stigma dilated or conical, nearly sessile. III. Pod indehiscent, 1 -celled or transversely jointed. 28. Thysanocarpus. Pod small, plano-convex, orbicidar, winged or margined, 1-seeded. Slender annuals. 29. Raphanua. Pod elongated, terete or necklace-form, attenuated above, several-seeded. Coarse introduced annuals or biennials. 1. PLATYSPERMUM, Hook. Pod orbicular, flat, with flat nerveless valves and hyaline partition. Seeds few, orbicular, flat and broadly margined with a thin wing; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals equal, spreading. Petals obovate, scarcely clawed. — A low delicate annual ; with radical simple or pinnatifid leaves, and several slender 1-flowered scapes; flowers small, white. 1. P. scapigerum, Hook. Glabrous : leaves usually runcinately pinnatifid : scapes 2 to 3 inches high : flowers erect or nodding : pod 8 - 12-seeded. — Fl. i. 68, t. 18. On dry hillsides in the shade of larger plants, in early spring ; of short duration. Sierra Co. (Lomnon) ; Steamboat Springs, Nevada ( Watson) ; and northward to the Columbia, 2. ALYSSUM, Toum. Pod oval or orbicular, compressed ; valves convex and nerveless. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell ; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals equal. Petals white or yellow. Longer filaments often toothed. — Low herbs, stellate-canescent, mostly with simple leaves. A large genus of the Eastern Continent, a few of its species widely naturalized weeds or readily escaping from cultivation. 1. A. calycinum, Linn. Annual, branching from the root, the stems mostly simple, decumbent at base, § to 1 foot high : leaves entire, linear-spatulate, 6 to 12 lines long : flowers small, in slender racemes, the white or pale yellow petals but little exceeding the short sepals : pods orbicular, with a thin margin, slightly emar- ginate above, 1 J lines in diameter, a little exceeding the persi.stent sepals, pubescent, 4-seeded, on spreading pedicels a line long : style half a line long. A native of Southern Europe, sparingly naturalized about the Bay of San Francisco. 2. A. maritimum, Linn. Perennial, somewhat canescent with appressed silky hairs, the numerous stems branching, a foot high or less, ascending or decumbent : leaves lanceolate-spatulate, entire : flowers 2 lines long, the broad white petals twice longer than the deciduous sepals : pod orbicular, a line broad, nearly smooth, pointed with the slender style, 2-seeded : pedicels slender, 3 to 4 lines long, spread- ing horizontally. Often cultivated for its fragrant flowers under the name of Sweet Alyssum. Kative about the Mediterranean ; sparingly naturalized near Oakland. 3. DRABA, Linn. Pod oval to oblong or linear, flat ; valves nearly flat, nerveless or faintly 1 -nerved. Seeds few to many, in 2 rows in each cell, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals 28 CRUCIFER^. ^ Draha. equaL Filaments mostly flattened, without teeth. Anthers rounded or oval. — Low annual or perennial herbs ; with entire or toothed leaves and white or yellow flowers. A large genus, of nearly a hundred or more species, mostly inhabitants of cool climates, and many alpine or arctic. The limits of many of the species are with difficulty defined, and author- ities differ much in their views respecting them. * Annual or biennial, with leafy stems : petals usually emarginate. 1. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute-pubescent througliout with branching hairs : stems usually branching at base, 3 to 6 inches high, leafy below or only at base : leaves obovate or spatulate with a narrow or cuneate base, 1^ to 1 inch long, spar- ingly toothed toward the apex : petals white, 1| to 2 lines long, twice as long as the sepals : pod linear-oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, acutish, somewhat pubescent with short ascending hairs, on spreading pedicels 1 to 3 lines long : style none. — Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 108. Frequent east of the Colorado to Texas and the Mississippi Valley. Reduced specimens were collected at Los Angeles by Gambel, and a more doubtful form by Brewer in the Temescal Moun- tains, near the tin mines. The latter specimens are scarcely an inch high, the leaves obovate- spatulate, only two lines long and entire, the flowers smaller (a line long), and the young capsule broader in proportion and glabrous. 2. D. Stenoloba, Ledeb. Somewhat villous with spreading hairs, glabrous above: stems erect, slender, 4 to 12 inches high, with divergent or decumbent branches from near the base : leaves oblanceolate, | to 1 inch long, rather thin, acute, rarely and sparingly toothed, ciliate and slightly villous-pubescent ; the cauline few and sessile : petals bright or pale yellow, 1 to 1 1 lines long, half longer than the calyx, obtuse : pod linear, 3 to 5 lines long, acute at each end, glabrous, in an elongated raceme, on spreading scattered pedicels 2 to 4 lines long : style none. — Fl. Ross. i. 154. D. nemorosa, var. lutea, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 22. Dry soils in the Sierra Nevada, at 7,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, from Yosemite Valley and Mono Pass (Brewer, Gray) to Donner Pass (Greene), and eastward in the Wahsatch and Uintas ( Watson) and Colorado. It appears to be identical with the original Unalaschkan form. It is readily distinguished from D. nemorosa, with which it has been confounded and which is frequent in the mountains from Washington Temtory to Colorado, by its thinner, narrower and more entire leaves and its shorter pedicels. * * Biennial or perennial. -t- Stems leafy. 3. D. aurea, Vahl. Biennial, more or less canescently stellate-pubescent and usually somewhat villous with branching hairs : stems 3 to 18 inches high, solitary or several from the same root, simple or branched, leafy : leaves oblanceolate and petioled, ^ to 2 inches long, the upper sessile and oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, entire or sometimes sparingly toothed : petals yellow turning to white, twice longer than the calyx, rounded at the apex or emarginate : pod linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long, attenuate upward into the short style, puberulent, often somewhat twisted. — Fl. Dan. t. 1460. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2934. In the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to British America. Specimens collected by Brewer on Mt. Dana at 12,000 feet altitude, and by Lcnimon farther north in the Sierra Nevada, must apparently be referred here though they have more of a perennial habit than is usual in the spe- cies. Their basal leaves are densely crowded, and the whole plant, including the pods, densely stellate-pubescent. -f- -t- Stems naked and scape-like above the base, few-flowered. 4. D. crassifolia, Graham. Biennial or perennial (sometimes apparently annual), glabrous : stems slender, 1 to 5 inches high, solitary or few from a very short and nearly simple rootstock : leaves rosulate, thin, flat, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, ^ to 1 inch long, rarely with 1 or 2 lateral teeth, more or less ciliate with long hairs : Dentaria. CRUCIFER^. 29 petals yellow, about a line long, a little exceeding the calyx : pods lanceolate, acute at each end, 3 to 4 lines long, on pedicels nearly as long, in an elongated raceme ; style none. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 106. D. Johannis, Gray, Am. Jour. iSci. xxxiii. 242. At Peregoy's, above Yosemite Valley, at 7,000 feet altitude, Gray. Rather frequent in the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to lat. 57°. Near D. lactea (referred to D. androsacea), but less cespitose and without the short style which is found in that species. 5. D. Douglasii, Gray. Glaucous : scapes numerous from a much-branched leafy caudex, pubescent, |- to 1| inches high, corymbosely liowered : leaves below ovate, the uppermost obovate or spatulate, 1 to 2 lines long, entire, glabrous or some- what pubescent with simple hairs, hispidly ciliate : petals white, 2 lines long, exceed- ing the rather fleshy nearly glabrous broad and obtuse sepals : pod ovate-oblong, acutish at each end, beaked with the slender style, puberulent, 2 lines long ; cells 2-ovuled. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328 ; Watson, Eot. King Exp. 22, South of Carson City, Nevada {Anderson) ; on Mount Davidson ( Watson) ; Sierra Valley {Lemmon) ; and by Douglas, probably still farther to the north. 6. D. eurycarpa. Gray. Tomentose with stellate hairs : scapes few-flowered, 1 to 2 inches high : leaves rosulate, spatulate, entire, 4 to 8 lines long : pod ovate, 5 to 10 lines long, acute and beaked with the long slender style; ovules rather numerous in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520. On a dry summit near Sonora Paijs, at 11,500 feet altitude, Brewer. Known only from fruit- ing specimens that have shed their seeds. 7. D. alpina, Linn. Densely cespitose and much branched, more or less stel- lately pubescent and villous : scapes ^ to 6 inches high : leaves crowded at the base, spatulate or oblanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long, ciliate, not carinate : flowers large, yellow; petals 1|^ to 2| lines long, much exceeding the broad obtuse sepals : pod ovate to oblong-elliptical, 2 to 3 lines long, acute and beaked with the short thick style ; cells 4- 10-ovuled. — Eegel, Fl. Ost-Sib. i. 181 ; Watson, 1. c. 20. " " Var. algida, Kegel. Pubescence villous, not stellate : leaves mostly small and spatulate, strongly ciliate, not carinate : style slightly longer. — Fl. Ost-Sib. i. 183. B. algida, Adams; DC. Prodr. i. 167. Var. glacialis, Dickie. Dwarf : leaves more rigid, linear or narrowly oblanceo- late, more or less strongly carinate, and stellate-pubescent, not ciliate : pod short- ovate, pubescent. — Jour. Linn. Soc. xi. 33. D. glacialis, Adams, 1. c. The typical Old World form, which occui-s also in Greenland, has rather large and broad leaves, not carinate, slightly stellate-pubescent, ciliate, the scape and pedicels somewhat hairy ; pod ovate, smooth, beaked with a short style. This has not been collected in California, though forms nearly approaching it are found in the mountains east and northward. Var. algida occurs on Mt. Dana and other peaks about the head of the South Fork of King's River, at 13,000 feet altitude (Brewer), and in the Uinta Mountains ( JVatson), as well as on the Arctic Coast. Var. glacialis is somewhat common on high peaks in the Sierra Nevada, and in the mountains eastward. A still more extreme form is found on the dry summit of Silver Mountain at 11,000 feet altitude (Brewer) and in the Kast Humboldt Mountains, Nevada ( IVatson) ; very dwarf and densely cespitose ; the very short linear leaves appressed, strongly carinate and ciliate, but otherwise glabrous ; the short scapes and small orbicular pods hirsute. 4. DENTARIA, Linn. Pod linear, stout, with a thickened margin, and attenuate above into the elongated style ; valves flat, nerveless. Seeds in one row, turgid, wingless ; cotyledons peti- oled, the margins somewhat infohling each other. Sepals equal. Petals large, long- clawed, white or purplish. — Low perennials, glabrous or nearly so ; stems simple, from horizontal fleshy rootstocks or small tubers, usually with 1 or 2 long-petioled compound radical leaves ; cauline leaves 2 or 3, approximate near the top, petioled, simple or compound ; raceme short, few-flowered. 30 CRUCIFER^. ''" Dentaria. A genus of about half a dozen North American species, and as many more of Europe and Northern Asia. Referred to Cardamine by Bentham &, Hooker, but of peculiar habit and more conveniently kept distinct. 1. D. tenella, Pursh. Eootstock interrupted, of elongated and somewhat scaly joints : stem G to 10 inches high, with a pair of leaves (rarely 1 or 3) near the top, which are often puberulent, shortly petioled, palmately or pinnately 2 — 5-parted; the lobes narrowly oblong or linear, ^ to 1 inch long, obtuse, often mucronate, entire or in the lower leaf rarely sinuate ; radical leaves- said to be simple, roundish, about 5-lobed : flowers white or rose-colored, 3 to 6 lines long, on slender pedicels : fruit unknown. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 87. B. teiiui/olia, Hook. Fl. i. 46, not Led. Indian Valley, Plumas Co., Mrs. M. E. Pidsifcr Ames. Northward to Vancouver Island and Lower Fraser lUver, Menzies, Nuttall, Lijall. D. MACROCARPA, Nutt., of Oregon, is only known from Nuttall's description, drawn from a single specimen. It is described as having a tuberous root, the radical leaf witli 3 reniform lobed leaflets ; cauline leaf 3-pai"ted, the segments entire, obtuse ; pod very long, with cuspidate style and capitate stigma. 5. CABDAMINE, Linn. Pod linear, with somewhat thickened margins, merely pointed or beaked above ; valves flat, nerveless. Seeds in one row, somewhat flattened, wingless ; cotyledons flat, accumbent. Sepals equal. Petals white or purplish. — Mostly perennials, grow- ing in moist or wet places, usually with running rootstocks or small tubers ; stems leafy ; leaves (in our species) all petioled, simple or pinnate ; raceme elongated. A rather large genus, inhabiting the temperate and cooler regions of all quarters of the globe. * Leaves pinnate with several pairs of small leaflets. 1. C. Gambelii, Watson. Perennial, glabrous throughout, erect, about a foot and a half high : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, sessile, entire or spar- ingly toothed, acute, 3 to 12 lines long : flowers white, on slender pedicels : petals 4 lines long, twice longer than the sepals : pods narrowly linear, ascending, an inch long, equalling the strongly deflected pedicels : beak slender, a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147. Collected near Santa Barbara by Gamhel, and recently by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, of Lieut. G. ^L Wheeler's Survey, in the same region. It much resembles C pratensis, Linn., a species confined to colder nortliern latitudes, ranging from tlie northern border States to the Arctic Ocean, but differs especially in the sessile leaflets and in the divaricate pedicels, which are horizontal or even more reflexed. A very similar form, but somewhat pubescent, has been collected by Bourgeau near the city of Mexico. 2. C. oligosperma, Nutt. Annual, somewhat hairy or very nearly glabrous : steams weak and slender, 3 to 10 inches high : leaves all pinnate; leaflets small, 3 to 5 pairs, roundish, 1 to 6 lines in diameter, often obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, petiolulate : petals white, 1 to 1| lines long, twice longer than the calyx : pods few, somewhat approximate, 6 to 9 lines long by half a line broad, attenuate into the short style, erect ; cells about 8-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 85. In shaded places from the lower Sacramento to Fraser River ; perhaps also to Sitka. C. HIRSUTA, Linn., which is common from Oregon northward to Alaska and eastward across the continent, may be found in Northern California, especially the more slender var. svlvatica, Gray. It may be known from the last by its rather stouter habit, leaflets sessile and larger and usually more or less oblong, flowers a little larger, and pods in a longer raceme, narrower, and with more numerous seeds. * * Leaflets few, larger : perennials, uMcallp smooth. 3. C. paucisecta, Benth. Smooth or slightly pubescent : stems from small deep-seated tubers, rather stout, erect, 10 to 18 inches high, simple or branched Arabis. CRUCIFER.E. 31 above : lower leaves often simple, subcordate-orbicular, 1 to 2| inches broad, 5-7- nerved, repand ; the ui)per deeply lobed or i)innately 5-foliolate, the leaflets ovate to oblong, more or less irregularly toothed or entire : petals 6 to 9 lines long, white or pinkish: pods 1 to 1| inches long, as many lines wide, pointed at each end and tipped with a style 1 to H lines long : pedicels spreading, ^ to 1 1 inches long. — PI. Hartw. 297. C. purjmrea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 667. Dentaria integrifolia & Californica, Xutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 88. C angulata, Torr. in Pacif, R. Rep. iv. 65, &c. In the Coast Ranges from San Diego to Mendocino Connty. Specimens have also been received from the nortliern Sierra Nevada (Mrs. Ames, Lcmmon, &c. ), wliich appear to belong to this spe- cies, though in the early state with all the habit of a Dentaria. The tubers, as usual, have a pungent taste, and the leaves are often marked with purjtle. 4. C. Breiveri, Watson. Glabrous or slightly pubescent at base : stems from a running rootstock, flexuous, decumbent at base, 6 to 18 inches high, usually simple : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, rounded or oblong, the terminal much the largest, ^ to an inch or more long, entire or coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobed, obtuse, often cor- date at base ; radical leaves mostly simple and cordate-reniform : petals 2 lines long, white : pods 8 to 15 lines long, obtuse or scarcely beaked with a short style, ascend- ing on pedicels 3 to 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339. In the Sierra Nevada, from Sonora Pass northward {Brewer, Anderson) ; Oregon {Hall), and in the mountains eastward to Wyoming. C. ANGULATA, Hook., and C. cordifolia, Gray, both of this group, are found in Oregon and may reach the northern limits of the State. The first has tall slender simple stems ; leaves all ternate, the leaflets cuneate-ovate or -oblong, with 3 or rarely 5 lobes or coarse teeth ; flowers few, white, 3 to 4 lines long, on slender ascending pedicels ; pods short. The latter is stouter, with simple cordate-orbicular or -ovate leaves, the margin sinuate ; flowers white, 4 to 6 lines long ; pods an inch long, attenuate above, on rather short pedicels. This species ranges to Colorado and New Mexico. Both have running rootstocks. 6. ARABIS, Lmn. Pod linear, flattened ; valves 1-nerved, not strongly. Seeds in one or two rows, flattened and usually winged ; cotyledons accumbent. Sepals short or narrow, rarely colored. Petals with a narrow claw and flat blade, white, rose-colored, or purple. Anthers short, ovate or oblong, scarcely emarginate at base. Stigma entire or somewhat 2-lobed. — Erect, with perpendicular roots, and undivided leaves, the cauline sessile and usually clasping and auricled at base. A large genus of perhaps 100 species, most abundant in Europe and Northern Asia. There are 20 or more species in North America. * Annual : pod reflexed, long-beaked : leaves narrowed at base. 1. A. longirostris, Watson. Glabrous, glaucous, slender, a foot high or more, branched : radical leaves ovate-spatulate, entire or sparingly toothed ; the cauline Hnear-lauceolate, an inch long : racemes loose ; flowers small, few, light pink ; petals 1| lines long, narrow, a little exceeding the calyx : pods 11 to 2 inches long, pen- dent on short pedicels ; beak 3 lines long, narrow : seeds in one row, narrowly winged. — Bot. King Exp. 1 7, t. 2. In alkaline soil in the valleys of N. W. Nevada, and on the islands in Salt Lake {Watsm) ; S. Utah, Parry : doubtless in Northeastern California. * * Biennials : pods straight, strictly erect, narrowly linear : flowers small, white or nearly so. 2. A. perfoliata, Lara. Glaucous : stem stout, usually simple, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly glabrous but often somewhat hirsute with spreading hairs toward the base : lower leaves spatulate, 2 to 4 inches long, sinuate-pinnatitid or toothed, ciliate at 32 CRUCIFER^. * Arabis. least on the petioles ; the cauline entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the sagittate base : petals 2 to 3 lines long, little exceeding the sepals : pods erect and usually appressed, 2 to 4 inches long, less than a line wide, nearly straight, on ped- icels 3 to 4 lines long; style short ; stigma 2-lobed : seeds in two rows, narrowly winged or wingless. — Turritis glabra, Linn., and T. macrocarpa, ]S^utt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 78. Ill the mouutains from San Diego to the British Boundary and northward, and east across the continent ; also in Europe and N. Asia. A. HIKSUTA, Scop., has not been certainly found in California, but is frequent in the Columbia Valley and northward, and also east to Colorado and the Atlantic. It is usually more slender and hirsute than the last, 1 to 2 feet high, the stems often clustered and with slender strict branches above ; leaves often rosulate at the base, 1 to 2 inches long, the cavJinc ovate to oblong or lanceolate ; pod shorter, 1 to 2 inches long, nan-ower, the wingless seeds strictly in one row. A. SPATHULATA, Nutt., is another nearly allied species, but little known, which may occur in the State, having been found in Oregon and W. Nevada (if No. 67 Watson be correctly referred to it). It appears to be a low slender plant, much like small forms of A. hirsuta, but with fewer leaves, those upon the stem scattered and entire ; pedicels spreading ; pods still narrower, less than an inch long, beaked with a narrow style. * * * Mostly perennials : pods erect or ascending : fiowers mostly larger, deeper colored. 3. A. Lyallii, Watson. Bright green or glaucous and glabrous, or usually somewhat villous below with spreading hairs, especially on the margin of the peti- oles, rarely more or less canescent with stellate pubescence : stems slender from a branching perennial base, 2 to 15 inches high : radical leaves oblanceolate, on slender petioles, acute, entire ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping and sagittate at base : petals light pink, about 3 lines long, twice longer than tlie sepals : style none : pods straight, narrowly linear, 1 to 3 inches long : seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged. ■ — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. A. Dnimmondii, var. alpina, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 18. In the high Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass to Washington Territory, and also eastward to Utah and W. Wyoming ; often alpine and dwarf. A somewhat variable subalpine and alpine species, distinguished by its perennial root from A. Drummondii, which seems not to occur west of the Rocky Mountains. A. CANESCENS, Nutt., of the mountains'in E. Nevada and Wyoming, is like smaller foi-ms of A. Lyallii, but is densely stellate-tomentose, the somewhat broader pods reflexed and often secund, and the seeds in one row and more broadly winged. 4. A. platyspexxna, Gray. Canescent with a short stellate pubescence : stems several from a perennial base, slender, 4 to 12 inches high : leaves entire, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, an inch long ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate, sessile but not auricled at base, 4 to 10 lines long : petals rose-colored, 2 to 3 lines long : pods straight, erect, 1 to 2 inches long and 2 lines wide, acuminate, without style, loosely reticulated : seeds in one row, Avith a broad thin wing. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 519 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 16. Alpine or subalpine in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite to Mt. Shasta ; in the East Hum- boldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. 5. A. blepharophylla, Hook. & Arn. Smooth or slightly villous, the stems often tufted, 4 to 1 2 inches high : leaves strongly ciliate, entire or sparingly sinuate- toothed, the lower obovate or broadly spatulate, 1 to 2 inches long, the cauline oblong, sessile, obtuse or acutish : flowers large ; sepals generally colored ; petals bright purple, 6 to 9 lines long: pods 1 to 1| inches long and as many lines broad, beaked with the short stout style, loosely spreading : seeds in one row, a line in diameter, wingless or narrowly margined. — Bot. Beechey, 321 ; Bot, Mag. t. 6087. On low hills near the coast, from San Francisco to Monterey. Blooming in early spring and " superb in cultivation." 6. A. repanda, Watson. Biennial, pubescent especially below with loose branched hairs : stem rather stout and coai-se, 2 feet high, and with the spreading Streptanthus. CRUCIFER^. 33 » branches somewhat flexuous : leaves oblanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long, obtuse, coarsely sinuate-toothed, attenuate to a winged subclasping base, on the branches narrower and acutish : calyx pubescent, somewhat membranaceous, 1 to 1^ lines long, the pinkish petals a little longer : pods 3 inches long, a line wide, ascending, falcate, somewhat pubescent, tij)ped with a very short style : seeds in one row, broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. Yosemite Valley, Bolandcr, n. 4881. A well-marked species. * * * * Mostly 'perennials : pods ^ls^lally curved, more or less reflexed, or arcuate doionward : style none : seeds in \ or 2 rows. 7. A. Holboellii, Hornem. More or less stellate-pubescent, rarely hirsute, or even glabrous : stem erect, ^- to 2 feet high, simple or branching : lower leaves spatulate, entire or denticulate ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, sagittate and clasping at base, I to 1 inch long or more : petals twice longer than the calyx, 3 to 4 lines long, white or rose-color or rarely purple, becoming reflexed : pods 1 to 4 inches long, I to 1 line wide, strongly reflexed : seeds wingless or narrowly margined. — ri. Dan. xi, t. 1879. A. retrofracta, Grab. ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 18. Turritis patula, Grab. Sisymbrium rejlexum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 101, fig. 29. Frequent in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite Valley northward, and east to New Mexico and the Saskatchewan. ; it ranges to the Arctic Circle and Greenland. Very variable, especially in its pubescence, which is usually densely stellate, rarely tomentose, sometimes extending to the calyx and even to the pods. 8. A. arcuata, Gray. Canescently villous or tomentose with branching hairs, the pubescence of the inflorescence short, branched and entangled : stems rather stout, erect from a branching perennial base, 1 to 2 feet high or more : lower leaves numerous, oblanceolate, on slender petioles ; tlie cauline oblong- or linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, auricled at base, acute ; all sparingly sinuate-toothed, sometimes entire : flowers erect ; petals purple or deep violet, 4 to 6 lines long, the sepals half as long and often colored : pods 3 to 4 inches long, scarcely a line wide, spreading and recurved: seeds narrowly winged or Avingless. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 187; Watson, 1. c. Streptanthus arcuatus, I^utt. From Santa Barbara {NiUtall) and the mountains near Tejon {TFallaec) northward in the Sierra Nevada to the North Fork of the American River. What is probably the same is also found in Northwestern Nevada {Anderson, IVatsm), but more glabrous above and with the calyx and pods a little shorter. 9. A. Breweri, Watson. Cespitose, canescent with dense stellate pubescence, villous above with spreading straightish and nearly simple hairs: stems simple from a branching perennial base, 2 to 10 inches high : radical leaves spatulate, an inch long or less, shortly petioled, entire ; cauline ovate-oblong, sessile but not sagittate, acute, 6 to 9 lines long : petals deep rose-color, 1 to 4 lines long, twice longer than the purplish sepals : pods spreading or recurved, 1|^ to 2| inches long, a line wide : seeds narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 123. From Mt. Diablo {Brewer, Bolander) to Lake Co. {Greme) and Mendocino Co., Bolander. 7. STREPTANTHUS, Nutt. Pod linear, flat; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds in one row, flattened, more or less winged ; cotyledons accumbent. Petals often without a dilated blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Sepals broad and usually colored. Longer filaments sometimes connate. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Stigma simple. — jMostly annual or biennial ; leaves usually sagittate and clasping, toothed or entire or rarely pinnatifid. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 182. Watson, Bot. King Kxp. 19 & 429. A genus of a dozen or more species, confined to Western North America. 34 CRTJCIFER^. ft Sireptanthus. * Glabrous or glaucous : stem-leaves broad and clasping bij a cordate or sagittate base : a broad torus at the base of the ovary. 1. S. cordatus, Nutt. Pereunial : stems simple, 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout: leaves thick, usually repandly toothed toward the apex, the teeth often sctosely tipped ; lower leaves spatulate-ovate or obovate, the petioles sparingly ciliate ; cau- line leaves cordate to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, with a broad round- auricled base : sepals broad, colored, 3 to 4 lines long, somewhat obtuse, the petals about half longer, greenish yellow to purple : pods -broadly linear, 2 to 4 inches long, 2 lines broad or more, nearly straight, loosely spreading : seeds broadly winged. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 77; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 19. Rare at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada, Ebbett's and Sonora Passes {Breivcr) ; and east- ward in the mountains of Nevada and Arizona to Colorado. 2. S. tortUOSUS, Kellogg. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, Avith slender virgate branches : lower leaves oblong, narrowed to a winged base, 2 to 3 inches long, repandly toothed ; the upper rounded, | to 1|^ inches in diameter, clasping by a deep closed sinus, entire : flowers subsecund ; sepals broad, long-acuminate, yellow- ish or purplish, 3 to 6 lines long, the purplish petals a little longer : pods 2 to 6 inches long, a line wide, falcately recurved : seeds narrowly winged or often Aving- less. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 152, fig. 46. Common in the Sierra Nevada at 4,000 to 11,000 feet altitude, in diy sunny places, from the Yosemite to Yuba Co. and Mt. Shasta. 3. S. BrCTVeri, Gray. Annual, branched from near the base, 1 to 2 feet high : lowest leaves broadly oval or obovate, nearly sessile, dentate ; cauline leaves ovate and clasping, the uppermost lanceolate and acuminate, entire or denticulate : flowers purple ; sepals acuminate, 2 to 3 lines long, somewhat pubescent or glabrous, the petals half longer: pods Ij to 2| inches long, less than a line wide, erect or as- cending, straight or somewhat incurved : seeds not margined. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 101, & Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 184. In the Mt. Diablo Range, on dry summits of San Carlos Mountain and near the head of Arroyo del Puerto, Brewer. * * Glabrous : stem-leaves very narroivly linear : sepals very unequal. 4. S. polygaloides, Gray. Annual : stems 1 to 2 feet high, virgate, with simple branches : stem-leaves 1 to 2 inches long, folded or involute and apparently filiform : sepals yellow, the outer rounded and subcordate, 3 lines in diameter, somewhat scarious, the inner oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the purple petals: pods 1 to 1| inches long, half a line wide, reflexed and somewhat secund on very short pedicels, straight or neai-ly so, attenuate upward to the short style : seeds narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 519. A rare and remarkable species ; lower leaves unknown. On diy barren magnesian soil near Jacksonville on the Tuolumne {Brewer), and on Mt. Bullion, Bolander. * * * More or less hispid with simple hairs : flowers purple or red. 5. S. glandulosus, Hook. Animal, more or less hispid with spreading hairs, 1^ to 2 feet high, branched : radical leaves spatulate, sinuately toothed ; stem-leaves narrow to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 6 inches long, auricled at base, sparingly repand or laciniately denticulate, the teeth with somewhat thickened tips : petals bright purplish-red, 6 to 8 lines long, half longer than the acutish sepals : pods 2 to 3 inches long, a line wide, ascending or spreading, straight or somewhat curved : stigma sessile, dilated : seeds narrowly winged. — Ic. PL t. 40 ; Bot. Beechey, 322. On dry hillsides from Clear Lake to San Luis Obispo. 6. S. heterophyllus, Nutt. Glabrous above, branching, 3 to 6 feet high : leaves gash-piunatilid, the stem-leaves sagittate : flowers pendulous ; sepals deep purple ; Cheiranthus. CRUCIFER^. 35 petals linear, purple or whitish : pods 3 to 5 inches long, very narrow, pendulous ; pedicels 4 lines long : seeds liaK a line long, narrowly winged. — Torr. & Gi-ay, Fl. i. 77 & 666. Annual or biennial, knowTi only fioiff Nuttall's description and the specimen in herb. Hookei'. Bushy hills near San Diego ; distinguished from other species of the genus by its pendent pods. A specimen collected by Bolander, i)robably in the same region, seems referable here, though simple and but 1^ feet high : sepals narrow, acute, deep purple, 3 lines long ; jietals narrow, pur- ple-veined, nearly twice as long ; style short, with dilated stigma. 7. S. hispidus, Gray. Annual, hirsute throughout, simple or branched, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves obovate-oblong or cuneate, coai-sely toothed or incised above, the teeth obtuse ; stem-leaves sessile, scarcely at all clasping : raceme short, loosely flowered, the flowers spreading or at length recurved ; sepals somewhat membrana- ceous, purplish, acutish, 2 to 3 lines long, half as long as the bright purplish-red petals: pods hispid, 1| to 2 inches long, aline wide, straight, erect: style none: seeds winged. — -Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 101 ; Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 186. On the dry summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, Bolander. * * * * Pilose with simple hairs : leaves not sagittate nor clasping : flowers yellow. 8. S. flavescens, Hook. Annual : stems simple, erect, a foot high : radical leaves linear-oblung, nearly 2 inches long, sinuate-pinnatitid or -toothed, petioled, the cauline scarcely an inch long : flowers erect ; petals yellowisla, linear, nearly twice longer than the oblong acute sepals : pods erect, hirsute, beaked with the slender style. — Ic. PI. t. 44: ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 322. Near Monterey, Douglas. Mature fruit unknown. S. REPANDUS, Nutt. Hirsute, especially Ixilow : stems simple, about 2 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, elongated, clasping, angularly toothed or repand above : petals white, linear, about eiiualling the linear sepals : pedicels shorter than the calyx. Santa Barbara. — Only known from Nuttall's imperfect description. It may be a species of Arabis. 8. CHEIRANTHUS, Linn. Pod elongated, compressed; valves 1 -nerved or somewhat carinate. Seeds in one row, flattened, not winged ; cotyledons accumbent or rarely oblique. Petals with elongated claw and flat limb. Calyx large, not colored, the outer sepals strongly gibbous. Stigma with two spreading lobes. — Perennial or biennial, more or less canescent with stellate or appressed 2-parted pubescence; leaves entire or nearly so; flowers large, purple or yellow. A genus of perhaps a dozen species of the northern hemisphere, distinguished from Erysimiim by the more flattened pods and accumbent cotyledons. Besides the arctic C. pygnueus only the two following species are found in America. 1. C. Menziesii, Benth. & Hook. Perennial Avith a thick long-persistent branching roototock : the stems simple, smooth, scape-like, 6 to 8 inches high : rad- ical leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, densely covered with a short stellate pubescence, obtuse or acutish, attenuate into a winged petiole ; cau- line bract-like, half an inch long, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, clasping : calyx 2 lines long ; petals bright purple, 4 to 5 lines long : anthers short, oblong : pods spread- ing, broad, 1 to 2 inches long, not carinate, attenuate to the slender style : stigma scarcely lobed. — Gen. PI. i. 68 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 14. Hesperis Mendesii, Hook. ; Bot. Beechey, 322, t. 75. Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides, Nutt. 1. c. i. 89. In the mountains, from Ebbett's Pass in the Sierra Nevada {Brewer), to the Columbia River (Douglas), and in Northwestern Nevada, JVatson. 2. C. asper, Cham. & Schlecht. Rather sparingly pubescent with appressed 2-parted hairs : stem simple from an apparently biennial root, erect, leafy, 3 to 18 inches high : leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, the h)wer long-petioled, the cauline 36 CRUCIFER^. ^ Caulanthus. more or less attenuate to the base, 1 to 2 inches long, entire or usually sinuate- toothed : sepals broad, 4 to 6 lines long, half the length of the bright yellow or orange petals: anthers long, sagittate: pods 1^ to 2 inches long, 1|- lines wide, somewhat carinate, spreading on rather stout pedicels : stigma 2-lobed : cotyledons accumbent or slightly oblique. — Linnaia, i. 14 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 32, C. capi- iatus, Dougl. in Hook, El, i, 38. Erysimum grandijiorum, Xutt, On the sea-shore from Monterey to Mendocino Co., usually stunted and tlie base of the stems crowded with the i>ersistent petioles of old leaves. It seems ajso to extend to sandy hills a feAV miles from the coast, where it is taller and more slender, having much the habit of Erysimum asperum, with which immature specimens may be confounded, 9. CAULANTHUS, Watson. Pod terete, elongated, sessile upon the receptacle ; valves 1 -nerved. Seeds in one row, oblong, somewhat flattened, scarcely or not at all margined ; cotyledons more or less incumbent. Sepals large, nearly equally saccate at base. Petals but little longer, undulately crisped, the blade only a somewhat dilated rhomboidal extension of the broad claw. Anthers linear, sagittate at base, curved : filaments included. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. — Stout biennials ; with pinnatifid or toothed leaves, and purple or greenish-white flowers. — Bot. King Exp. 27. A genus peculiar to California and the interior basm. A fifth species, C. hastatus, Watson, 1. c, t. 23, is found in the mountains of Utah. 1. C. procerus, Watson, 1. c. Glabrous or glaucous throughout : stems 4 to 7 feet high, stout, branching : lower leaves petioled, coarsely laciniate-pinnatihd, 4 to 12 inches long ; the upper lanceolate, sessile, acuminate : flowers greenish Avhite, 4 to 6 lines long, on ascending pedicels half as long : pod terete, very slender, 3 to 5 inches long, less than a line broad, pointed, erect or somewhat spreading : stigma nearly entire. — Streptanthus fiavescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 186, in part. S. procerus, Brewer, in same, vi. 519. Eich clay soils from Monte Diablo to Pacheco Pass ; locally known as "Wild Cabbage " and sometimes used as a poor potherb. 2. C. Coulteri, Watson, 1. c. Mostly hispid : stems rather slender, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or branched : leaves mostly dentate, sessile, the radical broadly spatu- late and sinuately toothed ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping with a cordate base ; the uppermost entire : sepals 3 to 4 lines long, broad, acute, hispid : pod straight, terete, 3 to 4 inches long, nearly \^ lines broad, pendent upon the hispid pedicel, beaked by the stout style : stigma 2-lobed. — Streptanthus heterophi/llus, Gray, 1. c, in part, not of Nuttall. Southern California {Coulter) ; Fort Tejon, Xantus. 3. C. pilosus, Watson, 1. c. Somewhat pilosely hispid, at least at base : stout, erect, branching, 3 to 4 feet high : leaves petioled, ly rate-pin natihd ; lobes sparingly angular-toothed : flowers spreading, in a loose raceme, greenish white, the oblong petals narrowed above, 4 lines long ; calyx sHghtly hairy : pod slender, 3 to 5 inches long : stigma slightly 2-lobed, nearly sessile. Truckee and Humboldt Valleys, W. Nevada {Watson), and probably occurring in the low valleys of Northeastern California. 4. C. crassicaulis, Watson, 1, c. Glabrous, glaucous : stem hollow, inflated, erect, 2 to 3 feet high, rarely branched : leaves mostly radical, petioled, runcinate or runcinate-pinnatifid : flowers 6 lines long, dark purple ; calyx very woolly : pod terete, 3 to 5 inches long, \\ lines broad, ascending on very short pedicels : stigma 2-lobed, sessile. — Streptanthus crassicaulis, Torrey, Stansb. Rep. 384, t. 1. From the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada to Utah, on dry foot-hills ; also known as " Wild Cabbage " and at times used for food. Thdypodium. CRUCIFER^. 37 10. THELYPODIUM, Endl. Pod linear or elongated, terete or slightly compressed, sessile or short-stipitate ; valves strongly 1 -nerved. Seeds in one row, oblong, somewhat flattened, not winged ; cotyledons more or less incumbent. Sepals narrow, equal at base. Petals with a narrow claw and flat linear to orbicular limb, exserted, white or rose-color. Anthers linear, sagittate at base, curved ; filaments often exserted. Stigma mostly entire. — Probably all biennials, mostly stout and coarse. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 25. Pacliypodium, ^Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 96 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 81. A genus of ten recognized species, chiefly confined to the western coast and interior basin, a single species occurring in Texas and the Atlantic States. The Mexican flora probably includes some others. * Leaves all entire : stipe obsolete or very short : filaments scarcely exserted : glahrov^. 1. T. integrifolium, Endl. Stout, 3 to 6 feet high, branched at the summit, often corymbosely : radical leaves large (often a foot long or more), oblong-elliptical, long-petioled ; cauline leaves mostly narrowly lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, sessile, ascending, the uppermost linear : flowers crowded and almost corymbose at the end of the branches; sepals \\ to 2| lines long; petals spatulate-obovate, pale rose- color : fruiting racemes short and crowded ; pod 6 to 15 lines long, somewhat toru- lose, acuminate with the slender style. — Watson, 1. c. Pachypodium integrifolium, Nutt. 1. c. ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 321, t. 74. Edge of the Mohave Desert {Heermann), and frequent on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Oregon to the Upper Missouri and New Mexico. 2. T. sagittatum, Endl. Stems weak, rarely erect, 12 to 18 inches high, loosely branched : leaves somewhat glaucous, the radical long-petioled, lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long ; cauline leaves sagittate and clasping : petals pale pink, 3 to 5 lines long, twice longer than the purplish calyx : the loose raceme elongated in fruit : pod 1 to 2 inches long, somewhat torulose, acuminate with the rather long style, spreading, on pedicels 3 to 6 lines long : cotyledons often nearly incumbent. — Watson, 1. c. Pachypodium sagittatum, Xutt. 1. c. Under bushes in alkaline localities, from Carson and Truckee Valleys, Nevada, to "Western Wyoming ; doubtless in the northeastern portion of the State. 3. T. Nuttallii, Watson, 1. c. Eesembling the last, but stouter and more erect, 3 to 5 feet high : radical leaves ovate, long-petioled, often 6 to 8 inches long ; the cauline lanceolate, sagittate : petals and calyx bright purple, rarely whitish : seed flatter and cotyledons nearly accumbent. — Streptanthus sagittatus, I*^utt. In similar localities, from the Blue Mts., Oregon {Nevius), and Southern Idaho {Nuttall) to Nevada and Utah ( IFatsoii) and Arizona, Ives. * * At least the radical leaves toothed or pinnatifid : stipe manifest: filaments long- exserted {except in No. 6 and 7) : hir-sute at base {glabrous in No. 5). 4. T. brachycarpum, Torr. Stem usually erect, virgate, rarely branching, 1 to 5 feet liigh : leaves smooth or somewhat hairy, the radical oblanceolate or spatulate, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves erect, narrow, sagittate and clasping, entire or sparingly toothed : flowers in a long crowded raceme : petals narrowly linear, white, 3 to 4 lines long : pod 9 to 12 lines long, acuminate with the slender style, ascend- ing on short pedicels. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 231, t. 1. Mono Pass and near Mono Lake (Brewer) and northward to the Truckee River (Torrcy, Bailey) ; first collected by Pickering, probably on the Upper Sacramento. 5. T. laciniatum, Endl. Glabrous : stem stout, erect, 1 to 5 feet high, simple or branching : leaves all petioled, 3 to 6 inches long or more, lanceolate to broadly 38 CRUCIFERiE. '^ Thelypodium. oblong, laciniately pinnatifid or coarsely and nnequally sinuate-toothed : raceme long and crowded : petals linear, 3 to 5 lines long, nearly white : pod 1-|- to 2^ inches long, pointed with the slender style, on short stout divaricately spreading pedicels. — Macropodium laciniatum, Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 341, t. G8, Pachypodium, Nutt. 1. c. From Carson and Truckee Valleys to the Columbia River. 6. T. longifolium, Watson, 1. c. Erect, rather slender, 1 to 2 feet high : lower leaves oblanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long, petioled, sinuately toothed, the upper linear and entire : flowers scattered, on slender pedicels : sepals purplish, broad, obtuse, 2 lines long, a little shorter than the purple petals : lilainents not exserted : anthers short : pod terete, 1 to 1^ inches long, very narrow, acute with the very short style, ascending. — Streptanthus longifolius, Benth. PI. Hartw. 10. S. viicranthus, Gray, PI. Fendl. 7. Huevis Valley, W. Arizona {Bigclov^), to New Mexico and southward ; probably in S. E. Cali- fornia. 7. T. ilavescens, Watson, 1. c. Pilose : lower leaves sinuately toothed ; the upper sessile and entire, nut auricled at base : sepals and pedicels hairy : pod 1^ inches long, nearly terete, sparsely hirsute, beaked with the long slender style, strictly erect. — Streptanthus flavescens, Torrey in Pacif. K. Rep. iv. 65, not Hook. A little known species, collected only by Bigclow near Benicia ; said to have yellowish flowers. An imperfect fruiting specimen, collected by Cooper at Fort Mohave, is probably to be referred to this genus rather than to Sisymbrium, — well marked but not according with any known species of either genus. It is glabrous above, with narrow entire leaves, sagittate at base and clasping ; pods lew and scattered, strongly reflexed on short pedicels, an inch long, terete and rather stout, beaked with a slender style ; seed-coat gelatinous on boiling. The lower part of the stem is wanting. 11. STANLEYA, Nutt. Pod linear, elongated, terete, long-stipitate ; valves 1-nerved. Seeds in one row, oblong, not winged; cotyledons linear, incumbent. Sepals equal at base, narrow, spreading, yellow. Petals yellow, narrow, with long connivent claws. Anthers linear, not sagittate, at length closely coiled ; filaments much elongated. Stigma sessile, entire. — Stout perennials with large flowers in elongated racemes. A genus of but three species, confined to the interior of the continent, a single one reaching the soutliern portions of the State. 1. S. pinnatifida, Xutt. Glabrous : stems several from a perennial woody base, 1 to 8 feet high, simple : lower leaves coarsely ly rate-pi nnatif id with few oblong segments ; the upper entire, lanceolate, narrowed to a slender ])etiole : calyx 3 to 4 lines long : petals half longer, the claws and stipe of the ovary somewhat pubescent : pod 2 inches long, a line wide, curved, attenuate into a slender stipe 6 to 9 lines long, exceeding the spreading or horizontal pedicels. — Gray, Gen. 111. i. 154, t. 65. S. integrifolia, James. S. heterophylla & fruticom, I^utt. Pose Creek (Hccrmann) ; Santa Barbara Co. (Torrey) ; Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; and north and eastward through the interior to the Snake Eiver, the Upper Missouri and New Mexico. Califor- nian specimens have tlie leaves all narrow and entire, and the pods horizontally recurved, corre- sponding to the figure of the Arizona plant in Sitgreaves Rep. t. 1. S. VIRIDIFLORA, Nutt., is knowu by its lanceolate sessile and clasping stem-leaves, the radical ones obovate or lanceolate, entire or with a few nmcinate teeth toward the base ; calyx and petals greenish yellow ; pod torulose. It is found in the valleys of Northern Nevada and north and eastward, and may occur m Northeastern California. 12. ERYSIMUM, Linn. Pod 4-angled by the prominent midnerve of the valves, not stipitate. Seeds in one row, oblong, not margined ; cotyledons incumbent or oblique. Sepals erect. Brassica. CRUCIFER^. 39 the alternate ones strongly gil)bous at base. Petals long-clawed, with a flat blade. Anthers sagittate at base, not coiled. Stigma 2-lubed, dilated. — Biennials or per- ennials ; with narrow entire or repandly toothed leaves, not clasping ; the flowers often large, yellow or orange, or occasionally purple. A rather large genus of the northern hemisphere, most numerously represented in the Old World. But two or three species are found in America. 1 . "E. asperum, DC. Biennial, canescent with short appressed hairs : stems solitary and simple, rarely branched above, 1 to 3 feet high, or less : leaves oblan- ceolate or narrowly spatulate ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or spar- ingly repand with short acute teeth, 1 to 3 inches long : sepals narrow, 4 to G lines long, strongly gibbous : petals 8 to 12 lines long, light yellow to deep orange or purple : pods 1 to 4 inches long, a line wide, beaked with a stout style, ascending on stout spreading pedicels 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. i. 64, t. 22. Var. (]) pumilum, Watson. A low form, the stem branching from the base ; blossoming iu early spring. — Bot. King Exp. 24. Var. (I) inconspicuum, AVatson, 1. c. TaU and slender, the flowers smaller, light yellow, the petals narrow and claw scarcely exserted. A variable species, widely diffused, ranging from Mexico to British America, and from tho Pacific to Texas and Ohio, — and in elevation from the low liot valleys of the interior to above the forest line in the Sierra Nevada. Alpine specimens are much dwarfed. The flowers are very sliowy and usually fragi'ant. The low variety referred to, from sandy hillsides in the Washoe Alountains near Carson City, Nevada ( Watson), much resembles the Colorado E. pumilum of Nuttall, which is, however, a decided perennial, with simple stems from a branching rootstock, thougli in the original description it is said to be an annual. The var. inconspicuum ranges from Northern Nevada to the Saskatchewan and is likely to be found in N. California. 13. BRASSICA, Linn. Mustard, &c. Pod linear, nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a long conical beak, not stipitate ; valves 1 - 3-nerved. Seeds in one row, globose, not margined ; coty- ledons infolding the radicle. Lateral sepals usually gibbous at base. Petals yellow. Anthers long, sagittate at base. — Coarse erect herbs ; lower leaves mostly pinnate or lyrate with a large terminal lobe. — Sinapis, Linn. A large genus of nearly 100 species or more, natives of the Eastern Continent, but many widely naturalized as weeds or extensively cultivated. Among the latter, B. oleracca in its several vari- eties gives the Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, &c. ; B. campcstris, the Turnip, Rutabaga, Rape, &c. ; while the White and Black Mustards and Charlock belong to distinct species. 1. B. nigra, Boiss. Glabrous or with some scattered spreading hairs, anmial, branching, i to 12 feet high : leaves all petioled. the lower lyrate with the terminal segment very large and deeply lobed ; upper leaves lobedNor entire : petals 3 to 4 lines long, twice the length of tlie yellowish sepals : pods closely appressed, 4-angled, 6 to 9 lines long, sharply beaked with the long style : seeds datrk brown. Black Mustard, a most troublesome weed and difficult to eradicate, covering large areas, par- ticularly in the more fertile valleys of the southern half of the State, sometimes forming a dense growth. Tlie seeds are more pungent than the White Mustard {B. alba, readily distinguished by its hirsute pods*, and have been exiwrted in large quantities. . 2. B. campestris, Linn. Annual or sometimes biennial, smooth, 2 to 3 feet higli : low(!r hiaves more or less glaucous, pinnately divided with a large terminal lobe ; the upper leaves oblong or lanceolate with a broad clasping auriculate base : flowers 3 to 4 lines long : pods nearly terete, 2 inches long or more, 2 lines wide, ascending on spreading pedicels ; the stout beak 8 to 10 lines long. Much less troublesome than the last, but rather common in fields near the Bay of San Fran- cisco and occasionally met with elsewhere. The wild stiite shows little resemblance to the culti- vated forms. 40 CRUCIFER^. Jf Brassica. 3. B. Sinapistrmu, Boiss. Annual, rough with spreading hairs, 2 to 5 feet high : lower leaves usually with a large coarsely toothed terminal lobe and a few smaller ones upon the rhachis ; the upper leaves often undivided, oblong or lanceo- late : pods somewhat torulose, 1 to 1|^ inches long, more than a third occupied by the stout 2-edged beak ; valves often ribbed by the prominent nerves. — Sinajns arvensis, Linn. The Charlock of the Eastern States and Europe, where it is often a troublesome weed in grain- fields. Sparingly naturalized in Southern California. 14. BAKBAREA, R. Brown. Winter Cress. Pod linear, somewhat flattened, pointed; valves somewhat carinate. Seeds in one row, oblong, turgid, marginless ; cotyledons slightly oblique. Petals yellow. — Glabrous erect branching biennials or perennials, with angled stems and entire or pinnatilid leaves. A small genus of temperate regions, some of the species widely distributed. The only one native to America is the following. 1. B. vulgaris, E. Br. Perennial, 1 to 3 feet high : lower leaves lyrate-pin- natifid (the radical pinnate), with a large rounded terminal lobe and 1 to 5 pairs of lateral ones, oblong in the cauline leaves ; upper leaves obovate, more or less pin- natilid at base : flowers 2 to 3 lines long : anthers short, oblong : pods erect, often appressed, 1 to 1| inches long, somewhat angled when mature, about 25-seeded, beaked with the rather slender style. — (xray. Gen. 111. i. 148, t. 62. Var. arcuata, Koch. Pods and pedicels spreading. Inhabiting marshes and damp places. Only the variety seems to have been collected in Cali- fornia, near San Francisco an Isomeris. tetradynamous. Style and stigma one. Ovary and fruit commonly raised on a stipe, 1 -celled, sometimes 2-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds globose-reniform. Leaves either simple or palmately compound. Pedicels commonly bracteate. An order of 24 genera and about 300 species, of warm-temperate and tropical regions, liere characterized from that portion of it which has capsular fruit, only 2 placentae, and few stamens, the tribe CLEOMEa;. But the larger part of the order in warm regions, of the tribe Cappare^ (of which the Caper-plant is the type), consists of shrubs or trees, with fleshy fruit, sometimes with several placentse and numerous stamens. Of the six genera here admitted, one is peculiar to the coast-district of California ; the others belong to the diy interior region and barely reach the eastern borders of the State. Atamisquea emarginata, Miers, a shrub, with a fleshy 1-2-seeded fruit, native of Chili or Buenos Ayres, is said to be in Coulter's Califomian collection ; but we find no trace of it in the State nor in Arizona. * Shrubby, with racemose flowers and an inflated capsular fruit. 1. Isomeris. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla yellow. Stamens 6. Ovaiy long-stipitate. * * Herbs, with racemose flowers, -t- Fruit pod-like, 1 -celled, several - many-seeded. 2. Polanisia. Stamens 8 to 32. Flowers whitish or purple. Pod elongated. 3. Cleome. Stamens 6. Flowers yellow or pink-purple. Pod oblong or linear. 4. Cleomella. Stamens 6. Flowers yellow. Pod rhomboidal, 2-horned, or globular, few-seeded. -i- +■ Fruit didymous, 2-celled ; the cells separating as small l-seeded nutlets ! 5. "Wislizenia. Stamens 6. Style filiform. Nutlets open at the scar. 6. Oxystylis. Style becoming subulate and spiuescent. Nutlets closed. 1. ISOMERIS, Nutt. Calyx persistent, 4-cleft, the lobes ovate, acuminate. Petals sessile, oblong, equal. Torus fleshy, dilated above, somewhat pro'duced on the upper side. Sta- mens 6, on the torus, at length long-exserted. Pod large, inflated, coriaceous, long-stipitate, 1-celled, many-seeded : style very short : stigma minute. Seeds large, smooth. — A low ill-scented shrub ; with puberulent branches, trifoliolate petioled leaves, and large yellow flowers, axillary or in bracteate racemes. 1. L arborea, N'utt. Stout, much branched, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves glandular- puberulent or nearly smooth, the uppermost and the floral bracts 1-foliolate; leaflets thickish, narrowly oblong or elliptical, | to 1 inch long, entire, mucronate, nearly sessile : pedicels equalling the leaves : petals 5 to 8 lines long, twice longer than the calyx : pod 1 to 1^ inches long, abruptly acute above, attenuate at base into a stipe nearly as long.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 124; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3842; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 4. Common in dry soils from Santa Barbara to San Diego. The wood is hard, brittle, and yellow. 2. POLANISIA, Raf. Sepals 4, deciduous, lanceolate, sometimes connate at base. Petals unguiculate or sessile, equal or unequal. Torus small, depressed. Stamens 8 or more, inserted below the torus. Pod membranaceous, very shortly stipitate, elongated, compressed or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds rounded-reniform, rugose or reticulated. — Annual herbs, ill-scented and mostly glandular ; with simple or 3 - 9-foliolate peti- oled leaves, and yellowish, rose-colored or white flowers in leafy-bracted racemes ; pods erect on spreading pedicels. A genus of about a dozen species of tropical and warm regions, of which the following reaches the eastern borders of the State. Cleomella. CAPPARIDACE^. 51 1. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray. Glandular-pubescent, erect, | to 2 feet high : leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate, ^ to 2 inches long, acute, about equal- ling the petioles, nearly sessile ; floral bracts mostly simple, ovate to lanceolate, shortly petioled : petals 3 to 5 lines long, with slender claws as long as the sepals, and an emarginate blade : stamens 12 to 16 ; filaments exserted : style 2 to 3 lines long : pod 1 to 2^ inches long, very rarely on a short slender stipe : seeds finely pitted and often warty. — Fl. i. 669 ; Gray, Gen. 111. L 182, t. 79. F. unigland- ulosa,Tovr. Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 67 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 34. From the Columbia River to Kansas and southward to N. Nevada and Texas. The P. unigland- ulosa, Cav. , of Mexico and New Mexico, to which it has been referred, differs in its much larger flowers, greatly elongated style, larger pods upon a stout terete stipe, and smooth seeds. The eastern P. graveolens may be distinguished by its smaller flowers, shorter style, fewer and shorter stamens, and smoother seeds ; its leaves are also mostly obtuse or obtusish. 3. CLEOME, Linn. Sepals 4, sometimes united at base. Petals with claws or sessile. Stamens 6, upon the small torus. Pod (in our species) linear or oblong, stipitate, many-seeded : style short or none. Seeds globose-reniform to ovate. — Our species are all erect branching annuals ; with palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves (leaflets entire), and yellow or purple flowers, in bracteate racemes ; pods pendent on spreading pedicels. About 70 species, inhabitants of hot and dry regions, chiefly of America and Africa. The fol- lowing species approach the eastern or southern borders of the State. 1. C. lutea, Hook. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 5, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, one or two inches long, acute, short-petiolulate, equal- ling the petioles ; stipules setaceous, caducous ; bracts simple, bristle-tipped : flowers showy, bright yellow, corymbose, the raceme elongated in fruit : petals 3 to 4 lines long, much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate sepals : stamens much exserted : pod 6 to 15 lines long, about 2 lines broad, acute at each end : style less than a line long : the stipe and pedicel each about half an inch long. — Fl. i. 70, t. 25 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. t. 67. G. aurea, :N'utt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 122 ; Watson, 1. c. 32. Abundant in the valleys of Northwestern Nevada, thence northward to the Columbia and east to Colorado. 2. C. platycarpa, Torr. With the habit and characters of the last, but pubes- cent and somewhat glandular : leaflets 3, broadly oblong to lanceolate, 6 to 8 lines long, obtuse or acutish : sepals linear-setaceous : pod 9 lines long, about 4 lines broad, 10- 12-seeded : style 2 lines long. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 235, t. 2. Klamath River, N. California {Pickering) ; Blue Mountains, Oregon, Neviiis. 3. C. sparsifolia, Watson. Smooth, diffusely branched, a foot high : leaves much scattered, simple or 3-foliolate ; leaflets 2 or 3 lines long, oblanceolate, acute ; stipules fimbriate, caducous : flowers few, in a loose raceme : sepals ovate : petals with a nectariferous scale at base, 3 lines long, exceeding the stamens : pods 9 lines long, narrow, acutish, very shortly stipitate. — Bot. King Exp. 32, t. 5. In dry sand, near Ragtown, Carson Desert, Nevada, Watson. C. SoxoR^, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 16, is a tall slender glabrous species, with trifoliolate almost sessile leaves and linear leaflets ; flowers small, in loose racemes ; pods half an inch long ; style very short. From Northwestern Sonora to S. Colorado, and may enter S. California. 4. CLEOMELLA, DC. Characters nearly as in Cleome, but the few-seeded pod small and ovoid-globose or rhomboidal, or with the valves often laterally produced. — Erect branching annuals ; flowers yellow, racemose ; leaves 3-foliolate. A genus of half a dozen species, confined to the interior region of North America. 52 CAPPARIDACEiE. ^ Cleomella. * Stipe longer than the pod. 1. C. longipes, Ton. Eather stout, 1 or 2 feet high, glabrous : leaflets narrowly obovate to spatulate, obtuse or retuse, 1^ to 1 inch long : sepals ovate, acute : petals 2 or 3 lines long : stamens long-exserted : pods nearly triangular in outline, acute at base, 2 lines high, 3 to 5 in breadth, the valves being more or less strongly horned : style half a line long or less ; stipe 4 to 7 lines long, about equalling the pedicel. — Gray, PL Wright, i. 1 1 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 33. Var. (I) grandiflora, Watson, 1. c. Leaflets and- bracts narrowly obovate to orbicular : sepals long-acuminate : style about a line long. Valleys and foothills in N. W. Nevada (Anderson, Watson) ; New Mexico ( Wright) ; stouter and larger leaved forms than the original Mexican specimens of Gregg and Berlandier. 2. C. obtusifolia, Torr. Somewhat pubescent, branching, a foot high or more : leaflets oval or oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, equalling the petioles, glabrous above ; stipules long and fimbriate : flowers small, in leafy racemes : sepals ovate, lacerate- ciliate : petals 1 or 2 lines long : pods 2 to 5 lines broad, the valves acutely and often narrowly horned : style very slender, 2 lines long : stipe 3 hues long, reflexed upon the equal pedicel. — Frem. Rep. 311. Near Sacramento ? {Fremont) ; Soda Lake on the Mohave River (Cooper) ; Arizona, Wheeler. 3. C. plocasperma, Watson. Low, glabrous, diffusely branching : leaflets linear-oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; bracts mostly small : petals 1| lines long : stamens short or exserted : pods short-rhombic, the valves somewhat dilated : style short ; stipe once or twice the length of the pod, usually equalling the pedicel : seeds minutely tessellated under the microscope. — Bot. King Exp. 33. Valleys of Northern Nevada, Watson, Rev. R. Burgess. 4. C. OOCarpa, Gray. Very similar : leaves, and flowers slightly larger : pods ovate, the valves not dilated : seeds smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 72. Saline valleys of Humboldt Co., Nevada (Torrey, Gray) ; S. W. Colorado, Rrandegee. * * Stipe shorter than the pod. 5. C. parviflora, Gray. Low and slender, decumbently branched, smooth : leaflets and bracts linear, half an inch long : flowers rather few : petals scarcely a line long, equalling the stamens : pods on long slender pedicels ; valves slightly homed : style and stipe almost none. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520 ; Watson, 1. c. At Camp Cady on the Mohave (Cooper) ; Northern Nevada, Anderson, Watson. 5. WISLIZENIA, Engelm. Characters nearly as in the preceding, but the pod didymous ; valves contracted upon the solitary seeds and deciduous with them, nutlike, nerved or reticulated, open at the scar : style elongated. — Smooth erect branching annuals ; with yellow racemose flowers and 1 - 3-foliolate leaves. The following are the only species. 1. W. refracta, Engelm. One to two feet high, widely branching : leaflets 3, oblanceolate to obovate, 5 to 9 lines long, usually exceeding the petioles : flowers in dense racemes, at length elongated : petals a line long : stamens and ovary exserted : cells of the ovary 2-ovuled : fruit 1| lines broad or more; the divergent obovate reticulated valves separated by a perforated partition : style filiform, 1 to 2 lines long : stipe 2 to 3 lines long, strongly refracted upon the rather longer pedicel. — Wisliz. Eep. 14; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 11, t. 2. Mohave Valley (Newberry) ; Coloi-ado Desert (Blake) ; thence to Sonora and New Mexico. 2. W. Falmeri, Gray. With the habit of the last : leaves simple (lowest unknown), linear, 1 J inches long, very shortly petioled : racemes fewer-flowered : OUgomeris. RESEDACE^. 53 petals 2 lines long : fruit 3 to 4 lines broad ; the oblong-obovate valves nerved and sim-ounded at the truncate extremity by a row of stout blunt tubercles : style 3 lines long : stipe 3 to 4 lines long, refracted. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 628. On the Lower Colorado River, Palmer. 6. OXYSTYLIS, Torr. Distinguished (so far as known) from Wislizenia by the subulate persistent at length spinescent style, and by the ovoid-globose 1 - 2-seeded valves completely closed at the scar. — A smooth annual, with 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow flowers in capitate axillary racemes. 1. O. lutea, Torr. Eather stout, erect, 12 to 15 inches high: leaflets 1 to 1| inches long, obtuse : heads of flowers half an inch in diameter, not elongated in fruit : petals 2 lines long. — Frem. Eep. 264 & 313. Known only from specimens collected by Fremont in April, 1844, in a single locality in the valley of the Armagosa River near its bend. Order IX. RESEDACEiE. A small order of herbs, or slightly shrubby plants, related only to the preceding ; with alternate leaves, merely glands for stipules, and terminal racemes or spikes of small and rather inconspicuous flowers ; these both irregular and unsymmetrical, the stamens not covered in the bud, the one-celled ovary and capsule 3 - 6-beaked and with as many parietal placentae. — Flowers perfect, bracteate. Calyx 4 - 7-parted, herbaceous, hypogynous, persistent. Petals 2 to 7, mostly with broad and thickened nectariferous claws, and the blade cleft. Stamens 3 to 40, usually on a more or less one-sided hypogynous disk. Stigmas 3 to 6, terminating the diverging beaks of the ovary. Ovules numerous, campylotropous. Seeds reniform, and with a crustaceous coat, tilled by the incumbently incurved embryo. The family belongs to the Old World, mainly to the Mediterranean and adjacent warm regions; the watery juice is destitute of pungency and generally of active properties. Reseda Luteola, Linn., the Dyer's Weed or Weld, however, has been used for dyeing yellow. It is the only species of the genus which has become spontaneous in the United States. Having been found in the streets of Oakland, it may become a naturalized weed of roadsides, as in the Atlantic States. The genus may be known by the several-lobed or parted petals, and the 10 to 40 stamens borne on the inside of a fleshy disk, which projects on the upper side of the flower : and this species is a stout erect herb, 2 or 3 feet high, with lanceolate leaves, greenish-yellow flowers in a long and narrow raceme, 4 petals, and a short small capsule. R. ODORATA, Linn., the common Sweet Mignonette, cultivated as an annual for its fragrant flowers, may also escape from cultivation. 1. OLIGOMERia, Cambess. Sepals 4, lateral. Petals 2, next to the axis, free or united at base, entire or 2 - 3-lobed, persistent. Disk none. Stamens 3 to 8 ; filaments united at base. Ovary sessile, 4-angled, 4-beaked. Capsule 4-sulcate, many-seexied, opening at the summit. — Low branching herbs ; with numerous linear entire leaves, and small white flowers in terminal spikes. A genus of only 5 species, four confined to S. Africa, the fifth ranging from the Canary Islands to India, and also seemingly indigenous to N. America. 1. O. subulata, Boiss. Annual, glabrous, 5 to 10 inches high, branching from 54 CISTACE^. " Helianthemum. the root : leaves somewhat succulent, often fascicled, | to 1 inch long : flowers minute, subtended by small bracts : capsules in long loose spikes, depressed-globose, about 1 ^ lines in diameter, angled and sulcate, shortly 4-beaked. — Miill. in DC. Prodr. 16^. 587. 0. glaucescens, Cambess. in Jacquem. Voy. 4. 24, t. 25. Ellimia ruderalis, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 125. San Diego {NuttalV); Mohave Desert {Newberry); Colorado Desert {Blake, Coulter); Guadalupe Island {Palmer); and in the interior to New Mexico and Mexico. Order X. CISTACE^. Distinguished from the other orders with free one-celled ovary, parietal placentse, and hypogynous petals and stamens, by the orthotropous ovules on slender stalks, and the slender more or less curved or convolute embryo in mealy albumen. — Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals persistent, usually 5 ; and two of them smaller, wholly exterior, and bract-like. Petals usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite or in some flowers few, with filiform filaments : anthei-s short. Style one. Ovules with 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved ; the seeds borne on the middle of the valve, few or numerous. — Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite or alternate simple and entire leaves ; chiefly of the Mediterranean region, but several in the Atlantic United States, none in the interior, only one on the Pacific coast. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, Toum. Petals 5, broad. Stamens usually numerous. Style short, articulated with the ovary : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, 3-valved, few- many-seeded. Em- bryo curved or hooked. — Low branching herbs, or somewhat woody; flowers yellow, often showy, opening only once, in sunshine. A genus of from 30 to 150 species according to the views of authors, principally native to the Mediterranean region and Western Asia. Five species are found in the Atlantic States and the following in California. 1. H. SCOparium, Nutt. Perennial (?), woody at base, much branched, pubes- cent with stellate hairs or glabrate, a foot high ; the upper branches green and slender : leaves narrowly linear, 4 to 1 2 lines long, alternate : flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or subcorymbose at the ends of the branchlets : sepals 3 lines long, acuminate, the outer ones linear and shorter : petals 4 lines long : stamens about 20 : style short : capsule equalling the calyx, often, with the other parts of the flower, much reduced. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 152; Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. v. 79. Linum trisepalum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 42, fig. 10. Rather common on dry hills from Lake Co. to San Diego. Order XL VIOLACE^. Herbs (at least those of temperate climates and the northern hemisphere), dis- tinguished by the somewhat irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a single club-shaped style with a one-sided stigma, a one-celled ovary with 3 parietal several-ovuled placentae ; the ovules anatropous ; the rather large seeds with a smooth hard coat, and a large and straight embryo in fleshy albumen ; its cotyledons broad and Viola. VIOLACE^. 55 flat. — Flowers perfect. Sepals (persistent) and petals imbricated in the bud, hypo- gynous. Capsule 3-valved ; the valves bearing the seeds along their middle ; each, after dehiscence, in drying firmly folds together lengthwise, and by its increasing pressure projects the obovate seeds. — Represented only by the familiar genus. 1. VIOLA, Linn. Violet. Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at base. Petals unequal, the lower spurred at base. Anthers broad, nearly sessile, often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the petal. — Mostly perennial herbs ; with alternate leaves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1 -flowered axillary peduncles. Flowers usually dimorphous ; the earlier ones perfect and conspicuous, but often sterile; the later (near the ground in the stemless species) with small and rudimentary petals, fertilized in the bud and producing numerous seeds. A large genus of 100 species or more, largely belonging to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, but 30 species are found in the mountains of S. America, and a very few occur in S. Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The North American species number about 30, half of which belong to the western side of the continent. Many of them are very variable and their limits not easily defined. Some of the foreign species are favorites everywhere for their fragrance or beauty. The Californian are as a whole very showy, but generally not sweet-scented. Some, however, have a peculiar and rather agreeable fragrance, very unlike the typical "odor of violets. " * Stemless, the leaves and scapes all from a subterranean rootstock : leaves not lohed nor parted : flowers white or purple. 1. V. blanda, Willd. Rootstock creeping and at length producing runners : leaves rounded-cordate or reniform, J to 2 inches in diameter, minutely and spar- ingly pubescent or glabrous, obscurely crenate-toothed : peduncles 2 to 4 inches high : flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple, nearly beardless, usually 3 or 4 lines long ; spur short and blunt. Wet places in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,000 to 9,000 feet altitude, rather rare : common east- ward to the Atlantic. V. PALUSTRis, Linn. , very similar, but with pale lilac flowers, does not certainly occur in Cali- fornia. It is found from the British boundary northward, on Mt. Washington in New Hamp- shire, and perhaps also in the Rocky Mountains. 2. V. CUCullata, Ait. Rootstock thick and branching, not producing runners : leaves long-petioled, smooth or more or less pubescent, cordate with a broad sinus, the lowest often reniform and the later acute or acuminate, crenately toothed, the sides rolled inward when young : peduncles 3 to 10 inches high : flowers deep or pale violet or purple (sometimes white) ; petals 5 to 8 lines long, the lateral and often the lower ones bearded ; spur short and thick. Cucamonga, San Bernardino Co. {Bigelow) ; above Carson City and in Sierra Co. {Anderson, Lemmon) ; and more common northward and eastward to the Atlantic States, where it is the most common of all the species, and very variable. V. ODORATA, Linn., the well-known Sweet or English Violet, has been collected "among the redwoods " {Holder), doubtless escaped from cultivation. * * Leafy stems at length elongated, from short or Tanning rootstocks : spur very short, except in the first species. -f- Stems leafy throughout, erect or ascending : leaves all undivided. ++ Floivers purple, or not bright yellow. 3. V. canina, Linn., var. adunca, Gray. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, low (usually 3 to 4 inches high), at length sending out runners : leaves ovate, often 56 VIOLACE^. . Viola. somewhat cordate at base, acute or obtuse, | to 1 1 inches long, obscurely crenate : stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, lacerately toothed : flowers violet or purple, rather large ; lateral petals bearded ; spur as long as the sepals, rather slender, obtuse, hooked or curved. — V. adunca, Smith, in Eees Cyc. Var. longipes, Watson, Yery similar, but the stout and obtuse spur is nearly straight. — V. longipes, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 140. V. adunca, Hook. Fl. i. 79, in part. Var. oxyceras, Watson. Flowers rather smaller ; spur slender, nearly equalling the petals, acute and curved. The first two fonns of this veiy variable species are common in the Coast Eanges, in meadows and moist places, from San Francisco to Washington Territory, apparently extending into the Sierra Nevada. Nearly identical forms are found eastward in the Kocky Mountains and to Win- nipeg Valley. The var. oxyceras has been collected only in the Sierra Nevada, in Yosemite Val- ley {Brewer, Gray), and near Donner Pass, Torrey. The species to which these are all referred is distributed throughout the northern zones around the world. The var. sylvestris of the Atlantic Coast, from the Northern States to Greenland, is glabrous, with more deeply cordate or reniform leaves, the spur straight and obtuse. 4. V. ocellata, Torr. & Gray. More or less pubescent with spreading hairs, rarely glabrous : stems nearly erect, 6 to 12 inches high : leaves cordate to cordate- ovate, acutish, conspicuously crenate, 1 or 2 inches long ; stipules small, scarious, entire or slightly lacerate : petals 5 to 7 lines long, the upper ones white within, deep purple-brown without, the others pale-yellow veined with purple, the lateral ones with a purple spot near the base and slightly bearded on the claw. — Fl. i. 142; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 325. From Monterey northward to Mendocino Co. , in wooded districts. V. TRICOLOR, Linn., the Pansy or Heart's-ease of the gardens, often escapes from cultivation and becomes wild. It is a native of Europe and Siberia, erect, with angled stems, large foliaceous divided stipules, rather small cordate or ovate or even lanceolate leaves, and flowers variously colored with purple, violet, yellow and white. Nature furnishes several varieties and art has produced many more. ++ -M- Floivers yellow, more or less veined or tinged with purple. 5. V. pedunculata, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous or somewhat puberulent, the ascejidiiig stems 2 to 6 inches high from a slender decumbent or procumbent base : leaves rhombic-cordate, with base usually truncate or abruptly cuneate, obtuse, ^ to 1^ inches long, often small, coarsely crenate : stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or gashed : peduncles much exceeding the leaves : flowers showy, deep yellow, usually large : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute : petals 6 to 9 lines long, the upper more or less tinged with brown on the outside, the others veined with purple ; lateral petals bearded : capsule oblong-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long, glabrous. — Fl. i. 141 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 325 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5004. In the Coast Ranges from Southern California to San Francisco, and probably northward. 6. V. aurea, Kellogg. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs : the stems ascending from a straight rootstock, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves ovate to lan- ceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate at base, obtuse, \ to li inches long, coarsely crenate : stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, laciniate : peduncles a little longer than the leaves : sepals linear, acuminate : petals 4 to 6 lines long, as in the last but lighter yellow : capsule nearly globular, 3 lines long, pubescent. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 185, fig. 54. V. Nuttallii & prcemorsa, Benth. PI. Hartw. 298. V. pedunculata, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 68, in part. V. Nidtallii, var. prcemorsa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 35, Var. venosa, Watson. Alpine and more slender ; flowers rather smaller ; leaves often purple -veined. — F. purpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 56. V. Nuttallii, var. (1) venosa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 35. Vtola. VIOLACE^. 57 In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbatra and Fort Tejon to Mendocino Co. : also in the Sierra Nevada at an altitude of 5,000 to 6,000 feet ; Yoseniite Valley (Bolander) ; above Carson City, Anderson, Watson. The variety more alpine, at altitudes of 8,000 to 10,500 feet, from Mt. Brewer to Donner Pass, and in the high mountains eastward to the Wahsatch. 7. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. From densely pubescent with spreading hairs to nearly- glabrous : stems ascending from a straight rootstock, usually low, often very short : leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into the long petiole, obtuse, 1 to 3 inches long, entire or obscurely sinuate ; stipules mostly narrow, entire : peduncles usually shorter than the leaves : petals half an inch long, yellow, tinged more or less with brown or purple : capsule ovate, smooth. — Hook. Fl. i. 29, t. 76 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 141. V. prcemorsa, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. xv, t. 1254. From Washington Territory and Oregon to the Saskatchewan and Colorado ; probably to be found in the northern or northeastern parts of the State. -t- +- Stems leafy prostrate stolons : leaves undivided : flowers yellow. 8. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Slightly pubescent : leaves rounded-cordate, reni- form, or sometimes ovate, ^ to IJ inches broad, finely crenate, dark green above, often rusty below, usually punctate with numerous dark dots : peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves : flowers rather small, light yellow. — Hook. Fl. i, 80 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 143. Near the sea, commonly in woods, from Monterey to British Columbia. At the north it ranges farther inland. -f- -t- -j- Stems erect, naked below, or nearly so : flowers yellow. ++ Leaves undivided. 9. V. glabella, Nutt. Minutely pubescent or glabrous : stems slender from a creeping rootstock, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5 to 1 2 inches high : radical leaves on elongated petioles, the upper shortly petioled, reniform-cordate to cordate, acute, crenately toothed or crenulate, 1 to 4 inches broad ; stipules usually small and membranaceous, entire or serrulate : flowers bright yellow, half an inch long :, petals more or less veined with purple, the lateral ones bearded : capsule ovate- oblong, 3 to 5 lines long, abruptly beaked. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 142. V. Cana- densis, var. Sitchensis, Bongard. V. hiflora, var. Sitchensis, Eegel. V. pubescens, var. scabriuscula, Gray, Manual, 79. In shady places, Mendocino Co. {Bolander) ; Mariposa Grove {Mrs. S. P. Monks) ; Sierra Co. {Lemmon); northward to Alaska and eastward across the continent. ++ ++ Leaves usually lobed or parted. 10. V. lobata, Benth. Finely pubescent or nearly glabrous : stems rather stout, 8 to 12 inches high, from an erect rootstock: leaves glabrous above, cordate or reniform in outline, 2 to 4 inches broad, the cauline shortly petioled, more or less deeply palmate into 5 to 9 narrowly oblong lobes, the central lobe usually more elongated ; some of the radical leaves occasionally less lobed, or entire and coarsely toothed : stipules foliaceous, often large, toothed or entire : petals 6 to 8 lines long, yellow, the upper brownish purple externally, the others veined or tinged, and the lateral slightly bearded : stigma bearded on each side : capsule 5 to 6 lines long, acute. — PI. Hartw. 298; Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 68. V. Sequoiensis, Kellogg, Proc. Cahf. Acad. ii. 185, fig. 55. Var. integrifolia, Watson. Leaves not at all lobed, coarsely toothed, acuminate. From San Diego to Mt. Shasta, most common in the central Sierra Nevada at 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude, but not abundant even tliere : the variety in Sierra Co. , Lemmon. Very variable in its foliage and pubescence. As in the last species, the upper and later joints of the stem are short and the leaves approximate. V. Hallii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377, from Oregon, is a similar but more slender species; glabrous ; leaves S-jjarted, the narrow segments 1 - 3-lobed ; lower petals yellow, the upper deep violet ; stigma surrounded by hairs. 68 POLYGALACE^. Viola. * * * Stems very short, usually clustered, from a deep subterranean rootstock : leaves all divided : flowers yellow ; spur very short. 11. V. chrysantha, Hook. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs: leaves bipiiinatitid witli narrow oblong or linear segments ; stipules lanceolate, eiTtire or toothed : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2 to 5 inches long : flowers usually large : petals 5 to 9 lines long, bright yellow, the upper brown- purple on the outside, the others veined, the lateral ones not bearded : stigma slightly hairy below the rounded summit : capsule 5 lines long, acute : seeds large. — Ic. PI. t. 49; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 325*; KeUogg, Proc. Calif. Acad, ii. 229, lig. 72. In dry soil on low hiUs from Monterey (Douglas) and Knight's FeiTy {Bigdmv) to Mendocino Co. (Bolander) and northward ; Snake Country, Tolmie. 12. V. Beck^vithii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or pubescent : leaves broadly cordate in outline, 3-parted ; the divisions lobed and cleft into linear or oblong seg- ments : peduncles about equalling the leaves : petals 4 to 7 lines long, very broad, the upper purple, the others yellow with purple veins, the lateral ones bearded and the lower deeply emarginate : stigma lightly bearded at the sides : capsule obtuse. — Pacif. E. Rep. ii. 119, t. 1. V. montana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 56. In the central Sierra Nevada upon both sides of the range, from Alpine Co. {Anderson) to Sierra Co. {Lemmmi) : Diamond Mountains, N. Nevada, Beckwith. 13. V. Sheltonii, Torr. Glabrous or nearly so : leaves as in the last : petals rather smaller, narrower, all yellow, veined with purple, the lateral ones and the stigma glabrous ; lower petal not emarginate. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 67, t. 2. In the northern Sierra Nevada, in Plumas, Sierra, and Nevada counties, Rev. Mr. Shelton, Bige- low, Lemmon, Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. Order XII. POLYGALACEiEJ. Herbs or shrubs, with simple entire leaves and no stipules, remarkable for the papilionaceous-looking flowers (but of structure unlike the papilionaceous corolla), monadelphous or diadelphous stamens coherent with the petals, and one-celled anthers opening at the top ; — an order not closely related to any other, to which is appended the very peculiar genus Krameria. 1. POLYGALA, Toum. Sepals 5, very unequal, the 2 lateral ones large and petal-like (called vnngs). Pet- als 3, united to each other and to the stamen-tube, the middle one (or heel) hooded above and often crested or beaked. Stamens 6 to 8, the filaments united below into a split sheath, adnate at base to the petals : anthers 1-celled, often cupshaped, opening at the apex. Ovary 2-celled : ovules solitary, pendulous, anatropous : style long, curved, dilated above: stigma terminal or apparently lateral. Capsule membranaceous, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, rounded and often notched above, loculicidal at the margin. Seed carunculate at the hilum : embryo large, straight, with thin albumen. — Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby ; with simple entire leaves, and racemose or spicate flowers. The Californian species are perennials with a woody base, alternate leaves, and few large flowers in terminal racemes. A genus of some 200 species, of the temperate and warmer zones, represented by 30 or more species in the region east of the Rocky Mountains. A bitter principle is common to the genus, of medicinal value in some instances.. Krameria. POLYaALACEiE. 59 1. P. CUCullata, Benth. Steiiis slender from a woody base, 2 to 8 inches high, mostly simple, puberulent above : leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent, oblong-lance- olate or sometimes ovate-elliptical, ^ to 1 inch long, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base and very shortly petioled : flowers rose-colored, on pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, with- out bracts : sepals glabrous or nearly so ; the outer 2^ lines long, rounded-saccate at base; the wings rather broadly spatulate, 4 to 6 lines long: lateral petals linear-lance- olate, somewhat ciliate, equalling the broad obtuse more or less curved beak of the rounded hood : fruit mostly from apetalous flowers near the root ; capsule glabrous, broadly ovate, 2|^ to 3 lines long, retuse above, nearly sessile, narrowly margined : seed 2 lines long, somewhat pubescent ; the caruncle vesicular and wrinkled, calyptra- like, half the length of the seed. — PL Hartw. 299. P. Nuikana, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 49, t. 12. From Santa Barbara to Ukiah, on dry hillsides. This has usually been confounded with the next, and with it referred to P. Nutkana, Mo9ino, which however is doubtless a Mexican plant and the same as P. ovalifolia, DC. 2. P. Californica, Nutt. Much resembling the last ; but stems more shrubby, stouter and more branched, i to 1 foot high or more : flowers greenish white, usually fruiting : sepals all densely tomentose ; the wings oblong, scarcely narrowed at base : lateral petals only equalling the hood, which bears a straight narrow erect beak : capsule ovate, 4 lines long, emarginate or retusely 2-toothed at the apex, narrowly winged : seed 3 lines long, densely hairy ; the caruncle firm and terete, with a thin lateral wing partially covering the body of the seed. — Torr. & Gray, FL i. 671. P. Nutkana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. P. ciicullata, Newberry, Pacif. E. Eep. vi. 70. P. cornuta, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 61. In the Sierra Nevada, from El Dorado Co. to Oregon {Newberry) ; in pine forests. Possibly Nuttall included both species under his description, but specimens ticketed by him belong to the present form. Dr. Ton-ey ticketed specimens of his own collection as from Santa Barbara, prob- ably by mistake. 3. P. subspinosa, "Watson. Glabrous or more or less pubescent : the stems numerous, 2 to 8 inches high, branched above, the branches often spinose : leaves ^ to an inch long, oblong or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, attenuate to a narrow base : bracts narrow, scarious; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, at length usually deflexed : sepals glabrous or ciliate ; the outer narrow, rounded-saccate at base ; the oblong rose-colored wings 4 to 5 lines long : lateral petals linear, equalling the broad rounded beak of the yellow keel : capsule obovate, emarginate, narrow at base, 3 lines long : seed hairy, 2 lines long ; the short caruncle with membranous lateral wings more than half the length of the seed. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 299. On dry hills near Silver City, Nevada, Kellogg : Southern Utah, from several collections, and Arizona, Palmer. The only other species of the inner basin is P. acanthoclada, Gray, collected by Brandegee in S. Coloi-ado, similar to this but more woody and with much smaller scattered whitish flowers. P. Xanti, Gray, of Lower California, is also a low perennial, pubescent throughout ; leaves oval, shortly petioled ; flowers recurved, 3 lines long, white tinged with yellow and purple, the keel not beaked or crested ; capsule ovate, 3 lines long, deeply emarginate, densely pubescent ; seed with a short thick caruncle. 2. KHAMEHIA, Linn. Sepals 5, somewhat unequal, more or less petal-like. Petals 5 ; the 3 upper similar, long-clawed, approximate, the lower short, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, united below : anthers 2-celled, dehiscing obliquely at the apex. Ovary simple, silky : ovules 2, pendulous from toward the apex of the cell : style simple, straight, obliquely terminal, acutish : stigma terminal. Capsule globose, coriaceous, inde- hiscent, spinose or muricate, 1 -seeded. Seed naked, without albumen : embryo straight, the cotyledons auriculate at base and including the radicle. — Small shrubs 60 FRANKENIACE^. j. Krameria. or somewhat woody perennial herbs, silky-tomentose and often prostrate ; with alternate and entire narrow leaves ; flowers solitary, on axillary bracted peduncles, purplish. A genus of about a dozen species, confined to the warmer portions of America, three or four indigenous on the southern border of the United States. 1. K. parvifolia, Benth. A rigid diffusely branched shrub, 1 or 2 feet high, with silky appressed pubescence, the slender divaricate branchlets often spinose : leaves linear, 4 to 8 lines long ; the lower obtuse (often small and ovate to oblong), the upper aculeately tipped and, with the inflorescence, usually sprinkled with short rigid gland-bearing hairs : flowers 2 to 4 lines long ; peduncles with 2 or 3 pairs of leaf-like bracts : the ovate silky sepals purple within : petals with claws united nearly to the top, the middle blade narrow : stamens nearly free : fruit with numer- ous very slender prickles retrorsely barbed their whole length, cordate-globose, 4 lines long, shortly acuminate, obscurely ridged on each side. — Bot. Sulph. 6, t, 2 j Gray, PI. Wright, i. 41 ; Berg, Bot. Zeit. xiv. 766. From San Diego (Cleveland) to Fort Mohave (Cooper) and Sonora (Thurber), and eastward to New Mexico ; southward on the coast to Magdalena Bay. 2. K. canescens, Gray. Very similar in habit and foliage : pubescence short and tomentose : leaves lanceolate to linear : peduncles shorter, 2-bracted : sepals lanceolate, the smaller one linear : capsule ovate-globose, tipped with the stout curved style, and armed with slender prickles barbed at the apex. — PI. Wright, i. 42 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 49, t. 13. " Desert west of the Colorado " (Anfisell), and New Mexico. K. LANCEOLATA, Torr., is a more eastern species, from Tucson, Arizona (Palrner), to Florida. It is silky-villous, with 2-bracted peduncles, the fruit armed with stout and straight retrorsely scabrous spines. Order XIII. PRANKENIACE^. Low perennial herbs or undershrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules ; distinguished from the first tribe of the following order mainly by the parietal pla- centfE, and oval or oblong anatropous seeds with a straight embryo ; — of a single genus. 1. PRANKENIA, Linn. Calyx tubular or prismatic, furrowed ; the 4 or 6 lobes valvate and induplicate in the bud. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous ; the blade tapering into a claw, which bears an appendage (crown) on its inner face. Stamens 4 to 7 or rarely more, hypo- gynous. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 to 4 few- to several-ovuled parietal placentae : style 2 - 4-cleft into filiform divisions : stigmas unilateral. Capsule included in the per- sistent calyx, 2 - 4-valved ; the few or several seeds attached by filiform stalks to the margin of the valves. — Leaves small, mostly crowded and also fascicled in the axils, sessile or nearly so, the pair often united by a membranous somewhat sheath- ing base : flowers small, perfect, solitary and sessile in the forks of the stem, or by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts becoming cymose-clustered on the branches : corolla pink or purplish. A widely diffused genus, of 30 or more species, only three of them North American, and these all southwestern. 1. F. grandifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Smooth or somewhat pubescent with short spreading hairs, rather woody at base, erect or prostrate, 6 inches high, leafy : Franhenia. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 61 leaves thickish, obovate to lineaf-oblanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, the margin revo- lute : calyx 3 lines long, linear, very strongly furrowed, the lobes short and acute : petals exserted 1 to 1|^ lines, the blade oblong, erose at the summit, the appendage bifid : stamens 4 to 7 : style 3-cleft : capsule linear, angled, sliorter tlian the calyx : seeds numerous. — Linnsea, i. 35 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 36, t. 5. Sea-shore from San Francisco to San Diego and southward, and eastward in the desert to Ari- zona and S. Nevada. F. Palmeri, Watson, collected by Dr. E. Palmer on the eastern side of Lower California, is a rather slender shrub, a foot high, the numerous fascicled leaves only 1 or 2 lines long, thick and strongly revolute, canescent with a white encrustation : calyx 1^ lines long : petals linear, a little exserted : stamens 4 : style bifid : capsule 2-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 124. F. Jamesii, Torr. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 622), is a more eastern species, of Colorado and New Mexico, with the habit of F. yrandifolia, but more pubescent, leaves narrower and with revolute margins, flowers larger, and ovary 3-ovuled. Order XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEiB. Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent at base, bland and inert, Avith regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the petals 4 or 5 and imbricated or the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct stamens commonly twice as many as the petals (when of the same number alternate with them, sometimes fewer), ovary 1-celled with a free central placenta, bearing many or several campylo- tropous ovules ; the reniform seeds with a slender embryo coiled around the outside of farinaceous albumen. — Stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves often ■united at the base by a transverse line, in one group with interposed scarious stip- ules. Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly hypogynous around an annular disk, sometimes perigynous by its cohesion with the base of the calyx. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct, and with stigma running down the inner face, in the last genera more or less united into one. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Flowers terminal or in the forks, or in cymes. A large order, found in every part of the world, but abounding in temx)erate and frigid regions, of a thousand or more species, under about 35 genera, of no important properties or uses, except that many are cultivated for ornament, such especially as Pinks, Lychnis, &c. Much more largely represented in Western North America than upon the Atlantic side. Tribe L SILENEtE. Sepals united into a 4 - 5-toothed or lobed calyx. Petals commonly with an appendage (crown) on the base of the blade within, narrowed below into a con- spicuous claw ; these and the stamens borne on a stipe under the ovary. Styles distinct. Capsule dehiscent at the summit by as many or twice as many teeth as styles. Stipules none. Flowers comparatively large. 1. Silene. Styles 3. (Lychnis, with 4 or 5 styles, not yet found in California.) Tribe II. ALSINEiE. Sepals distinct to the base or nearly so. Petals without crown or distinct claw, inserted with the stamens on the margin of the hypogynous or sometimes perigynous disk under the sessile ovary, not rarely wanting or inconspicuous. * Stipules none. 2. Cerastium. Capsule cylindric, dehiscent with twice as many equal teeth as styles : petals emarginate or bifid : styles 5, rarely 3 or 4, opposite to as many sepals. 3. Stellaria. Capsule globose to oblong, with as many valves as styles, bifid or 2-parted : petals bifid J styles 3 (rarely 2, 4, or 5), opposite to as many sepals. 4. Arenaria. Petals entire or wanting : styles 3 (rarely 2, 4, or 5), opposite to as many sepals : capsule globose to oblong, with as many valves as styles, these entire or bifid or 2-parted. 5. Sagina. Petals entire or wanting : styles as many as the sepals, alternate with them and with the entire valves of the capsule. 62 CARYOPHYLLACE^. ^ SUent. * * Stipules scarious or setiform, +■ Petals conspicuous : styles distinct. 6. Spergula. Styles 5, alternate with the sepals and with the entire valves of the capsule. 7. Lepigonum. Styles and valves of the capsule 3. -1- +- Petals inconspicuous or minute : styles united below. 8. Polycarpon. Sepals and petals entire. Leaves ovate or oblong : stipules scarious. 9. Loeflingia. Sepals rigid and with a setiform tooth on each side. Leaves subulate or seta- ceous : the setiform rigid stipules adnate to each margin. Drymaria, Willd. , is represented by one or two species in Lower California and by others in Arizona. They have the aspect of Chickweeds {Stellaria), small and scarious stipules, and 2-6- cleft petals. 1. SILENE, Linn. Catchfly. Campion. Calyx tubular, cylindro-clavate to campanulate, 5-tootlied, 10-nerved. Petals 5, with narrow claws ; the blade mostly 2 - many-cleft, and usually crowned with 2 scales at the base. Stamens 10, borne with the petals upon the stipe of the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled : styles 3. Capsule dehiscent by 6, rarely 3, short teeth. Seed opaque, tuberculate or echinate, attached marginally : embryo peri- pherical. — Annual or mostly perennial herbs, of various habit. — Eohrbach, Monog. Silene, and in Linnaea, xxxvi. 170; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 430, and Proc. Am. Acad. X. 340. A genus of 300 or more species, most abundant in the northern temperate regions of the Old World. Of the 25 American species, the larger number is confined to the Rocky Mountains and the region westward. * Annuals : flowers small. Glabrous : flowers in an open naked dichotomous panicle. 4. S. antirrhina. Villous ; flowers racemose or spicate : leaves spatulate. 3. S. Gallica. * * Perennials : calyx campanulate, inflated : flowers few. Glandular-puberulent : flowers nodding : blade 4-parted ; claws and fila- ments pubescent. 1. S. campanulata. Mostly glabrous : flowers erect : blade bifid ; claws narrow, naked. 2. S. Lyallii. Puberulent : calyx somewhat inflated : flowers erect : blade bifid ; claws broader. 17. S. Douglasii. * * * Perennials : calyx oblong-cylindric or clavate. Usually low : inflorescence leafy. Flowers white, small : blade bifid, without crown. 5. S. Menziesii. Flowers large, pale pink : blade 4 - 6-parted : tomentose above. 6. S. Hookeri. Flowers large, deep scarlet : blade 4-parted : glandular-pubescent or puberulent. 7. S. Californica. Taller : floral bracts small and narrow. Blade of the petals 4-parted or 4-cleft. Flowers large, bright scarlet : blade deeply 4-cleft : leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear. 8. S. LACINIATA. Slender, subglabrous : calyx short : blade equally 4-parted : capsule nearly sessile. 9. S. Lemmoni. Stout and tall, glandular : calyx long : blade deeply 4-cleft ; claw narrow, villous : stipe long. 10. S. occidentalis. Slender, puberulent : calyx long : blade 4-cleft ; claw naked ; auri- cles and crown lacerate : stipe long. 11. S. MONTANA. Slender, puberulent : calyx and petals short : blade narrowly 4-parted ; narrow claw and filaments villous : stipe short. 12. S. Palmeri. Blade of the petals bifid, mostly light rose-color ; lobes mostly oblong. Stout, glandular : calyx-teeth long, lanceolate : petals purplish ; claw narrow, not'auricled. 13. S. pectinata. Tall, lax : leaves broadly lanceolate : claw narrowly auricled : stipe short : seed not tubercled. 14. S. incompta. Silene. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 63 Low : leaves narrow : claw narrowly auricled : stipe short : seed strongly tuberculate on the back. 15. S. VERECtTNDA. Puberulent : leaves narrow ; claw broadly auricled : stipe rather long : seed tubercled. 17. S. Douglasii. Petals white, very narrow ; lobes linear : styles long-exserted. 16. S. Buidgesii. § 1. Calyx campanulate, inflated: flowers few in a loose panicle or paniculate raceme: perennials. 1. S. campanulata, Watson. Glandular-puberulent : steins erect, 6 to 10 inches higii, simple or dichotomously branclied at the summit : leaves lanceolate, 1 to 1^ inches long, acute or acuminate : flowers solitary or few, on short nodding pedicels : calyx 5 to 6 lines long, finely net-veined, the teeth broad and acute or acutish : petals pale flesh-color, 9 lines long ; claws pubescent, narrowly auricled ; blade 4-parted, the lobes bifid or the lateral ones entire or notched ; appendages ob- long, entire : filaments pubescent, exserted : ovary subglobose, shortly stipitate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342. Red Mountain, Mendocino County, Bolander, Kellogg. 2. S. Lyallii, "Watson. Glabrous except the subglandular puberulent inflores- cence : stems slender, ascending : leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long : flowers few in a dichotomous cyme, erect on slender pedicels : calyx 4 lines long, net-veined above ; teeth broad, obtuse : petals brownish purple, 7 lines long ; blade oblong, shortly bifid ; claw naked, scarcely auricled ; appendages oblong, entire : anthers included : ovary narrowly oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342. In Gold Lake and Sierra Valleys, Siena County, Lemmon. Cascade Mountains, Washington Territory, Lyall. What appears to be another species of this group, with pendulous flowers, has been collected in the Sierra Nevada above Cisco, but the material is too meagre for a specific description. The flowers are clustered, on short pedicels ; calyx greenish, 4 to 5 lines long ; blade shortly bifid, obscurely toothed at the side, and with short entire appendages ; inflorescence pubemlent. S. MONANTHA, Watsou, 1. c, the one other western species with inflated calyx, has been found only at the falls of the Columbia. It is distinguished by weak elongated stems, the long-pedun- culate flowers terminal and solitary, not deflexed, and the limb of the petals bifid. § 2, Calyx ohlong-cylindric or davate, becoming expanded by the enlarging ovary. * Annuals : flowers small, solitary, racemose or panicled : capsule ovoid, very shortly stipitate, 3 J\ 1. S. arvensis, Linn. Smooth ; stems several, a foot or two high : leaves fili- form, numerous in apparent whorls, 1 or 2 inches long ; stipules small : flowers white, the long pedicels at length reflexed : sepals oblong to ovate, 2 or 3 lines long, equalling the petals, a little shorter than the broadly ovoid capsule : seeds rough, acutely margined. Sparingly naturalized ; near San Francisco {Torrey) ; Mark West Creek, Bolander. 7. LEPIGONUM, Fries. Sand-Spurrey. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely fewer or none. Stamens 10, or fewer by abor- tion. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled : styles 3, or rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds winged or naked : embryo annular. — Low herbs, usually diffuse ; with seta- ceous or linear fascicled leaves and scarious stipules ; flowers white or pink, pedi- celled, in at length subracemose cymes. — Kindberg, Monog. Lepig. A genus (known also as Spergularia) of 5 or 6 species, chiefly confined to the sea-coast or saline localities ; widely distributed through the temperate zones. Species of rather difficult definition. 1. L. macrothecum, Fischer & Meyer. Perennial, rather stout, often a foot high, decumbent at base, glabrous below, pubescent above, the calyx more or less tomentose : leaves fleshy, |^ to 2 inches long, with large ovate stipules : flowers large, subracemose ; pedicels 4 to 1 2 lines long, becoming reflexed : sepals 3 lines long or more, equalling or exceeding the petals : capsule ovoid, a little exceeding the calyx: seeds smooth, narrowly winged. — Kindberg, 1. c. 16, t. 1, fig. 1. Sper- gularia rubra, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 70. In salt-niai-shes from Marin County to San Diego. 2. L. medium, Fries. More slender and diffusely branched than the last, an- nxial or biennial (sometimes perennial 1), more or less pubescent or often nearly glabrous : leaves fleshy, | to 1 inch long or more ; stipules short : pedicels |^ to 6 lines long, often short, reflexed : flowers smaller ; calyx 1 to 2 lines long : seeds smaller, smooth, wingless or narrowly winged. In saline localities from San Diego to Puget Sound and across the continent ; also European and Asiatic. A very variable species as at present received. 8. POLYCARPON, Linn. Sepals entire, scarious upon the margin. Petals small, hyaline. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary 1-celled: style short, 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded. — Low dif- fuse dichotomously branched annuals ; leaves flat ; stipules small, scarious ; flowers small, cymose. Half a dozen species, in the temperate and warmer regions of both hemispheres. 1. P. depressum, Xutt. Yery small and much branched, scarcely an inch high, slender and glabrous : leaves narrowly spatulate, in pairs ; stipules small and narrow : flowers minute, in loose cymes, the pedicels with small bracts : petals nar- row, much shorter than the sepals, entire: capsule globose, 6 -12-seeded. -^Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 174. On bare sand-hills near San Diego {Nuttall) ; near San Beniardino, Lemmon. P. TETRAPHYLLUM, Linn, f., is found around the world, but is not yet known from California. It is a larger plant in every way, the broad leaves sometimes apparently in fours, and the stipules and bracts often conspicuous. 9. LCEFLINGIA, Linn. Sepals 5, rigid and carinate, the margin scarious ; the three outer with a narrow tooth upon each side. Petals very small or none. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary 1-celled: ^2 ILLECEBEACE^. ^ Loeflingia. style very short or none. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded. — Low rigid dichoto- mous annuals ; leaves subulate, with adnate and connate setaceous stipules ; flowers small, sessile in the axils. A genus of perhaps five species, of the Mediterranean region and Central Asia, with the follow- ing from North America. 1. L. squarrosa, Nutt. Glandular-pubescent, much branched, the stems 2 to 6 inches long : leaves and sepals subulate- setaceous, rigid and squarrose, the leaves 2 or 3 lines long, exceeding the flowers : capsule' triangular, at length exserted, many-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 174 ; Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 24, t. 106. L. Texana, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 285. San Diego {NvMcUT), and eastward to Texas. Order XV. ILLECEBRACE^. Distinguished from the scarious-stipulate Caryophyllaceoe only by the solitary or sometimes geminate ovules, undivided or 2-cleft style, and one-seeded utricular or akene-like fruit ; the petals wholly wanting or reduced to mere filaments ; these and the stamens usually more perigynous. Closely related on the other hand to Amarantacece and other apetalous orders. Here represented by only two plants, but several species of other genera are found in the Atlantic States. 1. Pentacaena. Calyx of 5 unequal awn-tipped sepals : stamens inserted on their base. 2. Achyronychia. Calyx 5-cleft, with a 10-nerved tube and blunt silvery-scarious lobes : sta- mens inserted on the throat. 1. PENTACJENA, Bartling. Sepals 5, nearly distinct, hooded, unequal, terminating in a short divergent spine, the inner more shortly awned. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted at the base of the sepals ; staminodia none. Style very short, bifid. Utricle included in the rigid connivent calyx. — Low densely tufted perennials ; leaves subu- late, densely crowded on the branches ; stipules dry and silvery ; flowers sessile, clustered in the axils. A genus of 2 or 3 species, of S. America and Mexico, only one reaching our western coast. 1. F. ramosissima, Hook. & Am. Prostrate and matted, the stem 2 to 18 inches long, somewhat woolly : leaves 3 to 5 lines long, pungently awned, at length recurved ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the leaves, 1 -nerved : calyx- tube nearly a Hne long, the divergent outer lobes twice longer : stamens usually 5 : stigmas subsessile : utricle apiculate. — Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 338. Paronychia ramosissima, DC. Paronych. 12, t. 4; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 172. Acanthonychia ramosissima, Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras, xiv.^ 249, t. 56. On the sea-coast from Oregon to Southern California and Mexico, forming large patches on the drifting sands about San Francisco. Also on the South American coast from Chili to Patagonia, and in S. Brazil. 2. ACHYRONYCHIA, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the turbinate 10-nerved tube at length cylindrical and coriaceous ; lobes oval, obtuse, thickened at base, silvery-scarious above and nerve- less. Petals none. Filaments or staminodia 15, in one row at the summit of the tube, filiform, only 1 or 2 antheriferous. Style short, bifid. Ovules 2, on very short funicles, one abortive. Utricle thin, included. Seed oblong-pyriform. — A Portulaca. PORTULACACE.E. 73 depressed annual ; with opposite spatulate leaves, large hyaline stipules, and flowers in dense axillary cymose clusters. 1. A. Cooperi, Torr. & Gray. Slender, glabrous, the stems 2 or 3 inches long : leaves rather thick, veinless, ^ to 1 inch long, the alternate ones only half as long, attenuate to a slender base : stipules interpetiolar, ovate or rounded, entire or lacer- ate : calyx 1 to 1^ lines long, the tube at length equaUing the lobes, apparently 5-toothed by the herbaceous bases of the conspicuous white-scarious lobes : tilaments very slender, much shorter than the lobes : ovary flattened at the top : utricle equal- ling the tube, bursting irregularly at the apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 331. Southeastern CaUfornia, in the Colorado Desert {Schott) and near Camp Cady {Cooper), growing in dry sand ; also collected in Southern Arizona or Sonora. Order XVI. PORTULACACE^. More or less succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves (either opposite or alternate), and regular but unsymmetrical perfect flowers ; the sepals (except in Leivisia) only 2, while the petals are from 2 to 5 or more ; the stamens opposite the petals when of the same number or fewer ; the ovary 1-celled with few or many campylotropous or amphitropous ovules on a free central placenta, in fruit becoming capsular ; the seeds with a slender embryo curved or coiled on the outside of farina- ceous albumen, as in Caryophyllacece. — Ovary free and the parts of the flower hypogynous, except in Portulaca. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous, com- monly adhering to the base of the petals ; these sometimes united at base. Style 2 - 8-cleft ; the stigmas occupying the inner face of the lobes. Stipules none, or scarious, or reduced to hairs. Flowers open only in sunshine or bright daylight, in many ephemeral, in some opening for two or three days. Comprises 15 genera and over 100 species, the greater part American (and many more western than eastern), some in frigid and others in torrid regions, a few widely dispersed over the world. * Sepals 2, united below and adherent to the ovary, the free upper portion at length deciduous. 1. Portulaca. Stamens 7 to 20. Flowers solitary, red or yellow. Capsule opening by a lid. ♦ ♦ Sepals 2, distinct, persistent : ovary free. Hh Style 3-cleft : capsule 3-valved : sepals equal. 2. Calandrinia. Stamens more than 5. Petals 5 or more. Seeds mostly smooth and shining. 3. Claytonia. Stamens 5. Petals 5, equal. Seeds smooth and shining. 4. Montia. Stamens usually 3. Petals unequal. Seeds dull, tuberculate. +- +■ Style 2-cleft : capsule 2-valved : sepals unequal, hyaline. 5. Spraguea. Stamens 3. Petals 4. Stems simple, scajKj-like. 6. Calyptridium. Stamen 1. Petals 2. Stems branching, leafy. * * ♦ Sepals 4 to 8, distinct, much imbricated. 7. Lewisia. Stamens many. Style 3 - 8-cleft. Petals 8 to 16. Scapes 1 -flowered. 1. PORTULACA, Toum. Purslane. Sepals 2, coherent at base into a tube and adnate to the ovary, the free limb deciduous. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens 7 to 20, perigynous with the petals. Style deeply 3 - 8-cleft. Capsule opening by a lid. Seeds numerous, small. — Fleshy diffuse or ascending annuals ; with entire leaves, and axillary or terminal ephemeral yellow or rose-colored flowers. 74 PORTULACACE^. Portulaca. Species about 16, belonging to warm and tropical regions, chiefly American, a few widely naturalized as weeds in temperate countries. 1. P. oleracea, Linn. Prostrate, glabrous, purplish : leaves flat, obovate to spatulate, rounded at the summit : sepals acute, carinate : petals yellow, 1| to 2 lines long : stigmas 5 : capsule 3 to 5 lines long : seeds black, dull, finely tuberculate. The common Purslane, from Europe, naturalized as a weed in gardens and cultivated grounds. 2. P. retusa, Engelm. Like the last, but greener and the stems more ascending, sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter : leaves usually smaller : sepals obtuse, broadly carinate- winged : petals yellow : stigmas 3 or 4 : capsule 2| or 3 lines long, broader in proportion : seeds more strongly tuberculate. — PI. Lindh. 154 ; Schlecht. in Bot. Zeit. xi. 739. Along the Colorado {Newberry) and eastward to Texas. 3. P. pilosa, Linn. Prostrate or ascending, with tufts of long hairs in the axils of the linear more or less terete leaves : sepals membranaceous, not keeled, acute : petals bright red, 2 or 3 lines long : stamens 15 to 25 : stigmas 5 or 6: seeds black, tuberculate. — Engelm. 1. c. 155 ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 792 ; Rohrb. in Mart. PI. Bras. xiv.2 303. Dry sandy soil near Soda Springs on the Upper Sacramento (Brewer), which is the only reported Californian locality : New Mexico, Texas, and through Tropical America to Brazil. P. GRANDIFLORA, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2885, from Brazil, is much cultivated for its large bright flowers of vyious colors, and sometimes escapes from gardens. Its leaves are terete, stamens numerous, and the seeds ash-colored and shining. 2. CALANDRINIA, HBK. Sepals 2, green, persistent. Petals mostly 5 (3 to 10). Stamens 5 to 15, indef- inite. Ovary free, many-ovuled : style 3-cleft, short. Capsule globose or ovoid, membranaceous, 3-valved. Seeds black, usually shining, smooth or minutely tuber- culate.— Low succulent herbs ; with alternate or radical leaves, and purplish ephem- eral flowers in bracteate racemes or panicles, or few upon short scape-like stems. A genus of about 60 species, all South American and Australian, with the exception of the fol- lowing. The closely allied genus Talinvnn, differing in its deciduous sei)als and carunculate seeds, has half a dozen or more species chiefly eastward or south of the Rocky Mountains, a single one {T. spinescens, Torr.) occurring in Washington Territoiy. None are likely to be found in California. * Caulescent annuals, of the plains and foot-hills : flowers in racemes : petals 3 e, a common weed on the western coast from Puget Sound to Mexico ; it has also been collected in New Mexico. It is readily distinguished from the biennial species M. rolundi- folia, which takes its place in the Atlantic States and may appear in California, by its short peduncles, smaller flowei's, and rugose carpels. 3. SIDALCEA, Gray. Involucel none. Stamineal column double ; the filaments of the outer series united usually into 5 sets, opposite the petals. Styles filiform, stigmatic on the inner surface. Carpels 5 to 9, 1-ovuled, separating at maturity from the short axis, beakless, iudehiscent. Seed ascending. — Herbs, with rounded and mostly lobed or parted leaves ; the usually purple flowers in a narrow terminal raceme or spike. Mainly a Californian genus, only one species of the Rocky Mountains {S. catidida. Gray) not being found within the limits of the State. * Perennial. 1. S. malveeflora, Gray. Glabrous or somewhat hispid, simple or branched, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves on elongated petioles, orbicular to semicircular in outline ; the lower more or less deeply toothed or cleft, the upper more narrowly and deeply 5 — 9-lobed or parted ; the segments sparingly toothed or divided, often linear and entire : flowers in naked often elongated racemes ; bractlets small, lanceolate ; pedi- cels short, naked : calyx often tomentose, the lobes acute or acuminate : petals emarginate: carpels 7 to 8, smooth and glabrous. — PI, Wright, i. 16; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 46. Sida malvceflnra, DC. ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1036. Ccdlirrhoe sjyicata, Eegel, Gart. Fl. 1872, 291, t. 737. 84 MALVACE^. . Sidalcea. In meadows, more widely diffused than any other species, ranging from Oregon to Northern Mexico, and eastward to Colorado. It varies much in the size of all its parts ; calyx 1 to 3 lines long ; the petals from half an inch to an inch long, or sometimes but little exceeding the calyx. S. (h'egana is a stout and branching northern form. 2. S. hiunilis, Gray. Much resembling the last, but usually lower and often decumbent at base, with smaller leaves, and somewhat more hairy : flowers fewer and more generally scattered in the racemes : calyx larger, 3 to 6 lines long, with acuminate lobes : carpels reticulated and somewhat pubescent. — PL Fendl. 20. Sida delphinifolia & Californica, !N^utt. in Ton. & Gray, Fl. i. 233 and 235. Throughout California in meadows and on hillsides. * * Annuals, 3. S. Hart^regi, Gray. Slender, 1 or 2 feet high, more or less hispidly pubes- cent, especially the pedicels and calyx : leaves orbicular, the lowest deeply cleft, the upper digitately 5 - 9-parted ; segments linear, entire, acute, usually exceeding the petioles : bractlets linear, persistent : flowers nearly sessile, in a short terminal spike : calyx 3 to 6 lines long, the lobes acuminate : petals |^ to 1 inch long, broad and emarginate : carpels strongly reticulated, shortly crested, hispid above on the inner side. — PI. Fendl. 20; Benth, PI. Hartw. 300. S. delphinifolia, Gray, 1. c. 19, & Gen. lU. ii. 58, t. 120, fig. 10-12. S. hirsnta, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 16; the larger and more hairy form. In the valleys of the Sacramento basin. The species was founded on a reduced few-flowered sparingly hispid state. 4. S. diploscypha, Gray. Pubescent with long spreading hairs, 1 or 2 feet high : leaves deeply 5 - 9-cleft with lobed segments, the uppermost often digitately parted; stipules parted: bractlets conspicuous, 5- 7-parted, hispid : flowers nearly sessile in close 3 - 5-flowered clusters : calyx-lobes acuminate : petals ^ to 1 inch long, broad and emarginate : filaments of the outer stamens united into 5 broad mem- branaceous overlapping lobes, usually enclosing the inner anthers : carpels glabrous much depressed, transversely rugose, longitudinally sulcate above. — PI. Fendl. 1 9. Common in grass-fields and by roadsides through Central California. 5. S. malachroides, Gray. Stout, hirsute, 3 to 6 feet high, tufted : leaves cordate, 2 to 5 inches broad, 3 - 7-angled with acutely toothed lobes : bractlets sub- ulate, caducous : flowers small, white or purplish, nearly sessile in close terminal heads on the short leafy branches : calyx-lobes acute : petals narrowly obcordate : sets of stamens indistinct : carpels smooth and glabrous, with a narrow more or less distinct ridge down the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 332. Malva malachro- ides, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 326. aS'. vitifolia. Gray, 1. c, is a less hispid form. From Mendocino County to Santa Cruz. 4. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Bractlets 1 to 3, or none. Stamineal tube simple, antheriferous at the summit. Styles filiform : stigmas capitate. Carpels 5 or more, 1-ovuled, separating from the axis, often dehiscent, sometimes 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Herbaceous tufted perennials, or shrubby ; the flowers in narrow naked or leafy subpaniculate racemes. Distinguished from Sphceralcea only by the solitary ovules. Species about 60, North and South American and S. African. * Perennials. 1. M. Munroanum, Gray. Branching from the base, 1 or 2 feet high, grayish or hoary-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate, usually cordate at base, 3 - 5-lobed or deeply cleft, crenately or acutely toothed, 1 or 2 inches long, equalling or exceeding Malvastrum. MALVACE^. . g5 the slender petiole : raceme often dense : calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, 2 to 4 lines long : petals scarlet, 6 to 9 lines long : carpels oblong, 2 lines long, rounded or shortly beaked above, reticulated on the sides near the base, pubescent on the back. — PL Fendl. 21 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 47. Malva Munroana, Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xvi, t. 1306; Bot. Mag. t. 3537. From Waslungton Territory to Nevada and Utah ; found eastward of the Sierra Nevada. 2. M. Thurberi, Gray. Shrubby at base, 3 to 5 feet high, with wand-like branches, densely tomentose : leaves tliick and subrugose, shortly petioled, the upper nearly sessile, rounded, cordate or truncate at base, somewhat 3 — 5-lobed, crenate, 1 to 1 ^ inches long : flowers small, nearly sessile in an interrupted naked spike, or the inflorescence more expanded and racemose : calyx-lobes short, acute : fruit broadly obovate, the carpels 1|^ lines long, rounded or subtruncate above, becoming glabrous, not reticulated. — PI. Thurb. 307. Malva faseiculata, Xutt. 1. c. 225. In the Coast Ranges of Southern California ; at Pacheco's Pass {Bolander), Santa Barbaiu {NuUall), San Diego {Parry), and in Sonora (Thurbcr). No. 554 Brewer, from the Santa Lucia Mountains above the Nacimiento, is probably the same, but with the flowers fewer and less crowded, and the leaves rounded-rhomboidal and very tomentose ; described as very fragrant. 3. M. splendidum, Kellogg. A shrub 10 to 12 feet high or more, the branches and leaves gray-tomentose : leaves shortly petioled, cordate-ovate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute and crenate : flowers nearly sessile in terminal branching panicled racemes, the spreading peduncles 1 to 2 inches long : calyx-lobes short, acute : carpels oblong, 1 J lines long, rounded at each end, with a short mucronate beak above, becoming glabrous, reticulated on the sides below. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 65. Imperfectly described by Dr. Kellogg from a small specimen collected in the neighborhood of Los Angeles and said to have been taken from a tree 15 to 20 feet high and a foot in circumference. The above description is based upon specimens found by Prof. Brewer in the Sieira Santa Monica, which accord sufficiently well with the original account. Dift'eiing from the last mainly in the form of the leaves and in the open inflorescence. 4. M. marrubioides, Durand & Hilgard. Densely pubescent, two feet high : leaves thick and shortly petioled, ovate, subcordate, obscurely 3-lobed, acutely ser- rate : flowers nearly sessile, in paniculate clusters of 3 to 5 in a somewhat naked raceme : calyx-lobes long-acuminate, little shorter than the rose-colored petals : carpels rounded or oblong, glabrous, not reticulated. — Pacif. R Pep. v. 6, t. 2. Collected only near Millerton on the San Joaquin, Heermann. 5. M. Coulteri, Watson. Branches slender, somewhat pubescent : leaves an inch or less in length, ovate-subcordate, 3 - 5-lobed, acutely toothed, equalling or exceeding the slender petioles : flowers small, in a rather loose raceme : calyx-lobes acuminate : petals 4 or 5 lines long, rose-color : carpels rounded, less than a line in diameter, with a thin horizontal oblong projection uiward at base, very strongly reticulated, pubescent on the under surface. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125. Collected by Coulter (n. 96) probably in Southeastern California, and by Schott in the Gila bottom on the Mexican Boundary Survey. Well distinguished by its peculiar carpels. * * Annuals. 6. M. rotundifolium, Gray. Rather stout and sparsely hispid with spreading hairs, two feet high or less : leaves reniform, obscurely lobed, coarsely toothed, the lower long-petioled : flowers loosely clustered, the lower pedicels elongated : calyx 4 or 5 lines long, with acuminate lobes enlarging in fruit : petals broad, ^ inch long, light purple with a red spot at base : carpels 40 or more, thin, circular, IJ lines broad, glabrous, reticulated ; the axis dilated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333. On sand-hills near Fort Mohave (Cooper), and eastward in Arizona. 7. M. exile, Gray. Decumbent, the stems becoming a foot long or more, pubes- cent : leaves 6 to 9 lines broad, broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, deeply 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, equalling the petioles : flowers mostly solitary and axillary, 86 MALVACE^. > Sphceralcea. on slender elongated pedicels : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, the linear bractlets persistent : petals obovate, purple, 2 to 5 lines long : fruit 2| lines broad ; carpels 12 to 15, orbicular, glabrous, indehiscent, transversely rugose-reticulated, the sides smooth and contiguous except near the margin. — Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 8. Dry plains, Merced County, and southward, ranging east to Utah ; near Pyramid Lake, Nevada (Lemtnon), and probably along the entire eastern base of the Sierra Nevada. 5. SPH^RALCEA, St. HUaire. Differing from Malvastrum only in the 2-ovuled cells of the ovary, the lower ovule ascending, the upper pendulous and often abortive in fruit. — Perennials. About 20 species are referred to the genus, all American and S. African. 1. S. Ijinoryi, Torr. Eesembling Malvastrum Mtcnroanum. Stems 1 to 2 feet high : leaves ovate-cordate, usually obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, crenate : inflorescence and fruit as in that species, excepting the 2-ovuled cells of the ovary. — aS". Emoryi & incana, Torrey in Gray, PL Fendl. 23. aS'. Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 21. Frequent on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Northern Nevada to Utah and Mexico ; San Felipe in S. California {Thurber) and San Diego, Cleveland. S. SULPHTTREA, Watsou, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125, of Guadalupe Island, Palmer, is more tomentose and has the inflorescence usually much more paniculate and diff'use : petals sulphur- yellow, tinged with pink, villous at the base of the claw, 5 to 6 lines long : fruit globose. 2. S. Lindheimeri, Gray. Stout, densely tomentose, 2 or 3 feet high, erect or decumbent at base : leaves broadly ovate, cordate at base, obscurely 5-lobed Avith the lobes rounded and slightly crenate, 2 inches long, equalling or exceeding the petioles : flowers small, in a narrow raceme, often nearly sessile : calyx with acumi- nate lobes, usually very densely tomentose : fruit prominent ; carpels 1| lines long, rounded above, projecting more over the axis than in the last, the sides transversely rugose below. — PI. Lindh. 162, Malvastrum Fremontii, Torrey, 1. c. 21. Central California {Fremont) ; Corral Hollow, Brewer : the specimens are apparently identical with the species of the Vdo Grande Valley to which they are here referred. 3. S. angUStifolia, Spach. Slender, erect, 2 to 4 feet high, hoary-pubescent : leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 2 inches long, usually subcordate or rounded at base, often somewhat lobed below, crenate or rather coarsely toothed, on short petioles : flowers small, in a naked or often leafy narrow raceme : calyx 2 to 3 lines long, with acute or acuminate lobes : fruit subglobose with a central depression, pubescent ; carpels 1 J to 2 lines long, oblong, blunt or sometimes sharply beaked at the apex, reticulate on the sides below. — Malva ariffustifolia, Cav. Diss. i. 64, t. 20; Bot. Mag. t. 2839. At Fort Mohave (Cooper), and frequent eastward to the Rio Grande and in Mexico. 6. SIDA, Linn. Calyx usually without bractlets. Stamineal tube simple, antheriferous at the summit. Petals oblique. Styles 5 or more, with capitate stigmas. Carpels as many, 1-ovuled, indehiscent or 2-valved, at length separating from the axis. Seed pendulous or horizontal. — Mostly softly tomentose ; flowers yellow or whitish. About 80 species, of which 50 are American, most abundant in subtropical regions. A few species are very widely distributed, among which S. rhombifnlia and S. carpini/olia approach the southern borders of the State, and other species are frc([Uent in Northern Mexico and the adjacent territory. The one Californian species, having a bracteolate calyx, would belong to Malvastrum but for the pendulous ovule. 1 . S. hederacea, Torr. Stems decumbent, from a perennial root, leafy, a foot long or less : leaves reniform, about an inch broad, very oblique, serrate or crenate, shortly petioled : flowers in short axillary panicles or solitary, the pedicels at length Hibiscus. MALVACE^. 87 t deflexed : calyx "with one or two setaceous bractlets at base, the lobes acuminate : petals yellowish, pubescent externally, 4 to 6 lines long : fruit short-conical, smooth, glabrous; carpels 6 to 10, triangular, \\ lines long, blunt above, attached by the straight ventral edge to the slender axis. — Gray, PI. Fendl. 23. Malva hederacea, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i. 107. M. plicata, :Nutt.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 227. Sida (1) obliqua, Xutt. 1. c. 233. From Oregon to Arizona and New Mexico ; dry valleys and hillsides. 7. ABUTILON, Tourn. Bractlets none. Seeds or ovules 3 to 9 in each cell. Otherwise as Sida. — Herbs or shrubs, usually soft-tomentose ; flowers mostly axillary, often yellow. Species about 70, in the wanner region of both hemispheres ; a dozen or more on the southern bordei-s of the United States, the following scarcely entering within the limits of California. 1. A. crispum, Don. Very finely tomentose: branches very slender, elongated: leaves cordate, acutish or acuminate, crenate, 1 to 3 inches long ; the upper small and nearly sessile : flowers solitary, small, yellow, on slender axillary pedicels as long as the leaves and jointed near the top : carpels about 1 2, membranaceous, in- flated, rounded above, 2-valved to the base, 4 - 5-seeded, at length half an inch long. — Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 67, t. 126. Sida crispa, Linn.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 235. Widely distributed through the tropics, and found from Florida westward across the continent ; Canon Tantillas, below San Diego, Palmer. 2. A. Ne"wberryi, Watson. Somewhat woody at base, 4 to 5 feet high, densely tomentose : branches short and stout : leaves thick, oblong-lanceolate, cordate at base, acutish, 1 to 2 inches long, on short petioles : pedicels fascicled in the axils, much shorter than the leaves : flowers deep yellow, 3 lines long : carpels about 8, nearly membranaceous, rounded but narrower above, 2-valved to the base, 3-seeded, three lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125. Sphoiralcea incana, Gray, Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 8. In the same locality (Palmer) ; also on the Lower Gila {Emory), and at Canebrake Canon on the Lower Colorado, Newberry. A. Palmeri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 289, a taller larger-flowered and larger-leaved species, of Arizona and Sonora, may reach California. The calyx is densely villous, nearly half an inch long ; the deep-yellow corolla somewhat longer ; carjiels also hairy, acuminate above and equal- ling the calyx, 3 - 4-seeded ; leaves cordate with a deep closed sinus. 8. HIBISCUS, Linn. Involucel of numerous bractlets. Stamineal column antheriferous much of its length, but naked at the summit and truncate or 5-toothed. Styles united : stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod, the cells several seeded. — Stout herbs or often shrubby, with large and showy axillary and solitary flowers. A large genus of about 150 species, distributed around the workl, mainly in tropical or sub- tropical regions. Many are cultivated for ornament. Some of the species of Northern Mexico probably extend into Southeastern California, though only a single one has yet been collected. 1. H. Californicus, Kellogg. Perennial, erect and branching, 5 to 7 feet high, the younger leaves and brandies velvety pubescent : leaves cordate, acuminate, rarely somewhat 3-lobed, crenate or acutely toothed, 3 to 5 inches long, exceeding the petioles : peduncles 1-flowered, 2 or 3 inches long, jointed above the middle, united with the petiole at base : calyx 9 to 12 lines long, cleft to the middle, the lobes acute ; flowers white, with a purple centre, 2 to 4 inches long : capsule equal- ling the calyx, acute, velvety-pubescent : seeds nearly globose, over a line broad, striate and roughened with small scattered tubercles. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 292. 88 STERCULIACE^. » Hibiscus. On an island in San Joaquin River at Webb's Landing. This is probably also the H. Moscheuios, var. occidentalis, of Ton-ey in Bot. Wilkes Exp. 256. 2. EL denudatus, Benth. Erect, woody at base, very tomentose, two feet high, tlie stems slender and flexuous : leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, an inch broad or less, rounded or obtuse and dentate above, on short petioles : peduncles ^ to 1 inch long : bractlets narrowly linear, very short or sometimes nearly obsolete : calyx cleft nearly to the base, the lobes lanceolate : petals light purple, an inch long : capsule acute, dehiscent to the base, shorter than the calyx : seeds reniform, densely silky. — Bot. Sulph. 7, t. 3. In the desert region of Southeastern California, thence to New Mexico and Northern Mexico. This species belongs to the section Bombicella, which is distinguished by the small involucre and silky seeds. Order XXI. STERCULIACE^. A polymorphous order chiefly of shrubs and trees, nearly all tropical or of the southern hemisphere, related to Malvaceae and Tiliacece, distinguished from the former by the 2-celled anthers (the petals not rarely wanting), and in our solitary representative by the imbricated calyx. 1. FREMONTIA, Torr. Bractlets 3 to 5, small. Calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base, the lobes imbricate in the bud, large and petaloid, bright yellow, pitted at the base, persistent. Petals none. Stamineal column 5-cleft to the middle, each of the divisions bearing above a linear adnate curved anther : staminodia none. Ovary 5-celled, raany-ovuled : style elongated, the acute apex stigmatic. Capsule 4 - 5-valved, loculicidally dehis- cent ; cells 2 - 3 -seeded. Seeds ovate : embryo in thick fleshy albumen ; cotyledons ovate, nearly flat, much longer than the radicle. — A stellately pubescent shrub ; with alternate lobed leaves, and showy axillary solitary shortly pedicelled flowers. 1. F. Californica, Torr. Branching, 10 to 20 feet high, sometimes a foot through at base : wood hard : bark dark-colored : leaves thick, usually rusty beneath, broadly cordate or ovate, 3-lobed or rarely entire or 5 - 7-lobed, |^ to 2^ inches long, the lobes obtuse, mucronulate ; petioles shorter than the blade : flowers numerous, 1 to 3 inches in diameter : sepals obovate, often mucronate, pubescent externally and with a rounded hairy pit at base, the 3 inner a little larger : capsule ovate, an inch long, densely hairy, persistent ; the cells villous within : seeds ovate, 2 lines long or more, pubescent. — PL Frem. in Smith. Coutrib. vi. 6, t. 2 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5591. Cheiranthodendron Calif ornicum, Baill. Hist. PI. iv. 70. On diy hills from Pit Eiver to San Diego, most abundant in the foot-hills of the Southern Sierra Nevada. Very closely allied to Cheirostemon (or Cheiranthodendron) of Mexico and Guata- mala, which differs in the more deeply pitted purple calyx, the oblique stamineal tube, and con- nective produced beyond the anthers. The stipules in Fremontia are small and caducous. Order XXII. LINAGES. A small family, recently enlarged by the incorporation of three wholly tropical tribes of shrubs and trees, all with simple and entire mostly alternate leaves ; as to the proper Flax tribe well marked by the perfectly isomerous regular flowers ; the sepals, petals, stamens and parts of the pistil being each 5, or in one instance 4, or sometimes the parts of the pistil fewer ; the fugacious petals convolute and the Linum. LINAGES. g9 persistent sepals imbricated in the bud, these and the stamens hypogynous ; and only a pair of suspended anatropous ovules and seeds in each carpel. — Eepresented solely by the genus L LINUM, Linn. Flax. Parts of the flower 5, except sometimes in the pistil. Filaments monadelphous at the very base, and commonly with a little tooth in each smus. Styles 5, often united into one below, or in some of ours only 3 or even 2, and distinct : stigmas capitate or oblong : ovary globose, of as many true cells or carpels as styles, but each cell more or less divided into two by a false partition proceeding from the dorsal suture. Capsule splitting in dehiscence through these false partitions, and some- times through the true ones also. Seeds solitary in each half-cell, flattened, ovate, the coat mucilaginous when wetted : embryo large and straight, surrounded by a thin coating of albumen ; the cotyledons flat and broad. — Herbs ; with tough fibres in the bark (flax), sessile entire leaves, no stipules or mere glands in their place, and cymose or panicled flowers. A genus of 80 or more species, mostly of temperate or warm climates, nearly 20 indigenous to the United States, chiefly to the region west of the Mississippi. The Califomian species (with two exceptions) are slender annuals, remarkable for having only two or three pistils, and forming a peculiar section. L. usiTATissiMUM, Linn., the common Flax of cultivation, may sometimes be found near fields. It is an annual, with linear-lanceolate very acute leaves, blue flowei"s, 1-nerved sepals, and a globose acuminate capsule. § 1. Styles of the same number as the other parts of the flower : perennials : leaves alternate. 1. L. perenne, Linn. Smooth and glaucous, I to 2| feet high, branching above, leafy: leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 3 to 18 lines long, acute; stipular glands none : flowers large, blue, in few-flowered corymbs or scattered on the leafy branches, on slender pedicels : sepals 3-5-nerved, ovate, acute or obtuse, 1^ to 2| lines long : capsule globose, acute, exceeding the sepals, at length dehiscent by ten valves, the prominent false partition long-ciliate : fruiting pedicels erect or deflexed. — L. decurrens, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 44, fig. 11. Common on dry soils nearly throughout the State, the species ranging from the Arctic Circle, along the Rocky Mountains and westward, to Northern Mexico. It is also common in Europe and Northern Asia. 2. L. aristatum, Engelm. Smooth, | to 3 feet high ; branches numerous, slender, angular: leaves few, linear to subulate, awned, 2 to 4 hues long; the upper and the bracts, as well as the sepals, ciliate-denticulate on the scarious margins ; stipular glands conspicuous : flowers mostly solitary on the branchlets, sulphur- yellow, an inch broad : sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 4 lines long : capsule ovate, acute, half as long, 5-valved and 10-celled, the false partitions mem- branaceous : seeds small. — Wisliz. Rep. 1 7. Sandy hills along the Colorado {Newberry) ; eastward to New Mexico and S. Utah. The only other North American yellow-flowered perennial is L. Kmgii, Watson, of the mountains of Utah. § 2. Styles and carpels fewer than the other parts of the floicer, 2 or 3 : capsules 4-celled or 6-celled : sepals l-nerved : annuals. — Hesperolinox, Gray. * Leaves opposite, oblong : styles 2 : petals not appendaged at base, yellow. 3. L. digjrnum, Gray. Glabrous, six inches high, simple, subcymosely branched at the summit : leaves oblong, acutish, 3 to 6 lines long ; stipular glands none : 90 LtNACE^. Linum. pedicels very short : sepals lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate-denticulate, a line long : petals twice longer : capsule globose, obtuse, shorter than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 334. Near Yosemite Valley on the Mariposa Trail, Bolander. A rare and veiy peculiar species. * * Leaves alternate, narrowly linear (a half to an inch long) : styles 3 : petals appendaged at base vnth a tooth on each side and usually a third adnate to the inner face of the claw. -(- Flowers yellow : pedicels short. 4. L. Bre'Weri, Gray. Smooth, glaucous, slender, 3 to 8 inches high or more, few-flowered at the summit : leaves linear-setaceous, 6 to 8 lines long ; stipular glands conspicuous: sepals ovate, acute, somewhat glandular on the margin, 1|- lines long : petals more than twice as long, 3-appendaged at base : fruit unknown. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 202, and Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 521. Dry hillsides, Contra Costa Co., at Marsh's Ranch, east of Monte Diablo, Brewer. Flowering in May and June. -«- -t- Flowers white, rose-colored, or purple : pedicels short and mostly cymose- clustered. 5. L. congestum, Gray. Xearly smooth, excepting the calyx, a foot high, shortly branched above : stipular glands very small : flowers in close terminal clusters : sepals pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, 1 ^ lines long, not glandular : petals twice as long, apparently rose or purple, 3-appendaged at base : capsule globose, shorter than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 521. Marin Co ., Bolander. A well-marked species on account of its clustered flowers and pubescent calyx. 6. L. Califomicum, Benth. Glabrous and glaucous, paniculately branched above, 6 to 18 inches high : stipular glands conspicuous : flowers in small cymes or the lower solitary: sepals ovate-lanceolate, 1^ lines long, acute, slightly glandular- toothed : petals 4 lines long, rose-colored becoming white, 3-appendaged at base : capsule acute, shorter than the calyx. — PI. Hartw. 299 ; Gray, 1. c. Dry soils in the valleys and on low foot-hills, in early spring, from about San Francisco Bay to Marysville {Biqelow) and southward to San Carlos ; especially common on the eastern slope of the Monte Diablo Range. -t- 4- -J- Flowers white, rose-colored, or purple : pedicels more elongated and mostly solitary : stems diffusely paniculate above. 7. L. spergnlinum, Gray. Glabrous, 6 to 15 inches high : leaves without stipular glands : pedicels 3 to 6 lines long : sepals ovate-obloiig, acute, slightly glandular, a line long : petals 2 to 3 lines long, rose-colored or white, 3-appendaged : capsule obtuse, rather exceeding the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333. Coast Ranges, &c., Marin and Sonoma counties, Bolander, Kellogg, Miss Monks. 8. L. micranthum, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat puberulent, 6 to 15 inches high : stipular glands minute or none : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long : sepals lanceolate, acute, a line long, slightly glandular : petals white, a little longer than the sepals, 2-toothed at base : capsule obtuse, exceeding the calyx. In the Sierra Nevada, at 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude : Mount Bullion {Bolander) ; Sierra and Plumas counties, Lemmon, Mrs. Pulsifer Ames. 9. L. adenophyllum, Gray. Somewhat pubescent, a foot high : leaves more broadly linear, margined with stipitate glands ; stipular glands minute or none : pedicels 1 to 6 lines long : sepals lanceolate, acute, a line long or more, glandular- serrulate, half as long as the white (yellowish ]) petals : capsule rather shorter than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 624. Near Clear Lake, Bolander, Kellogg & Harford. Tribuluf;. ZYGOPHYLLACE^ 91 Order XXIII. ZYGOPHYLLACEiE. Distinguished from the allied orders by the opposite compound leaves, with in- terposed stipules and entire dotless leaflets. — Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, completely symmetrical, the parts in fives or rarely in fours. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals hypogynons, in ours imbiicated in the bud. Stamens as many or more commonly (in all ours) twice as many as the petals and inserted Avith them, in two sets : filaments distinct, often appendaged with a scale on the inner side. Ovary of 4 or 5 carpels (rarely 2 or 3), but sometimes twice as many cells, and terminal style only one : stigma 5- 10-1 obed. Ovules anatropous, pendulous. Fruit dry. Seeds with a large embryo, straight or nearly so, with flat or broad cotyledons, with or without some albumen. — Herbs, shrubs, or (in Guaiacum) small trees, with very hard and acrid-bitter resinous wood; a few with simple leaves : stipules often spinescent: flowers solitary, on lateral or terminal naked peduncles. An order of 17 genera and barely a hundred species, of tropical and warm -temperate countries, on this continent chiefly Mexican and South American, four representatives, belonging to three genera, barely reaching California. 1. Tribulus. Leaves abruptly pinnate, 6-10-foliolate. Fruit tuberculate. Herbs. 2. Fagonia. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fruit nearly smooth. Herbaceous. 3. Larrea. Leaves 2-foliolate. Fruit densely hairy. A heavy-scented shrub. 1. TRIBULUS, Linn. Sepals 5, mostly persistent. Petals 5, fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Stamens 10 ; the alternate filaments a little shorter and with a gland at base on the outer side. Ovary 5-12-celled; cells 1-5-ovuied. Fruit lobed, separating from the persistent axis into 5 to 12 indehiscent 1-seeded tuberculate or winged or spinose carpels. Seeds without albumen. — Loosely branched hairy prostrate herbs ; with abruptly pinnate opposite leaves (the alternate ones smaller or wanting), and solitary apparently axillary white or yellow flowers. Species 15 or more, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Our species are annuals, belonging to the section Kallstroemia, having the outer stamens adnate at base to the petals, the ovary 10-12-celled and 10- 12-ovuled. A true Tribulus, with 5 carpels {T. Califor- nicus, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xL 125), from the western side of the Gulf of California, has very small flowers and deeply 5-lobed fruit, the carpels with 4 or 5 stout tubercles on the back. 1. T. maxim US, Linn. Stems at length elongated : leaflets 3 or 4 pairs, ovate- oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, more or less oblique : peduncles thickened upward, a half to an inch long : sepals very hairy, linear, acuminate, two lines long : petals a half longer : fruit two lines high, beaked by a stout style about as long ; the carpels roughly tuberculate. — Kallstroemia maxima., Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 213; Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 117, t. 14G. "Southern California," Parry. Common in the dry region eastward to Texas, and through Mexico iind the W. Indies. The specific name is in no respect appropriate. 2. T. grandiflorus, P.enth. & Hook. Hispid with usually longer and more spreading hairs : leafiets 4 to 6 pairs : peduncles more elongated : sepals 3 to 6 lines long, the petals usually twice longer : fruit rather more sharjily tuberculate, the beak 3 to 5 lines long. — Gen. PI. i. 264. Kallstroemia grandijiora, Torr. in Gray, PI. Wriglit. i. 28. In the Gila Valley, Arizona, and jtrobably in Southeastern California ; ranging to New Mexico, Sonora and Lower California. 92 ZYGOPHYLLACE.E. ^ Fagonia. 2. FAGONIA, Linn. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 10, on an obscure disk j the filaments naked. Ovary 5-celled; cells 2-ovuled near the base. Fruit deeply 5-angled, 5-seeded ; the smooth carpels at length separating from the axis and dehis- cing on the inner edge. Seeds with a horny albumen. — Branching diffuse or pros- trate herbs; with opposite 1 - 3-foliolate leaves, mucronate leaflets, spinescent stip- ules, and apparently axillary solitary rose-colored flowgrs. A genus of hot and desert regions in both hemispheres, but chiefly of the Old World. The 26 published species are considered by Bentham and Hooker as reducible to perhaps 2 or 3, in some respects very variable. 1. F. Califomica, Benth. Perennial, herbaceous, glabrous : the stems a span long or more, dilfusely branched, angled : leaflets lanceolate, 1 to 3 lines long ; stipules linear, recurved-spreading, short : peduncles nearly equalling the leaves : petals 2 or 3 lines long, twice longer than tlie lanceolate sepals : fruit ovate in out- line, attenuate above into the slender style, 2 lines long. — Bot. Sulph. 10; Torr. in Pacif. R. Eep. v. 359, t. 1 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 418. Desert of S. E. California ( Tho-mas, Schott, Newberry), to Arizona and Lower California. The species much resembles F. Chileiisis. 3. IiARBEA, Cav. Creosote-bush. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 10, on a small 10-lobed disk ; the filaments winged below with a bifid scale on the inner side. Ovary 5- celled ; the cells about 6-ovuled. Fruit globose, shoi-tly stipitate, densely hairy, the 5 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels at length separating from the axis. Seeds with homy albumen. — Evergreen heavy-scented shrubs ; with nodose branches, opposite 2-folio- late leaves, small stipules, and solitary yellow flowers. A genus of 3 or 4 species, of Mexico and extra-tropical South America, the following species the only one in the United States. 1. L. Mezicana, Moricand. Diffusely branched, 4 to 10 feet high, densely leafy, of a yellowish hue : leaves nearly sessile ; the thick resinous leaflets inequi- lateral, oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, with a broad attachment to the rhachis, some- what curved, acute : sepals ovate, obtuse, silky : petals bright yellow, 3 to 4 lines long : scales a little shorter than the filaments, somewhat lacerate : fruit 2| lines in diameter, beaked by the slender style; carpels obtuse. — PI. Nouv. Am. 71, t. 48 ; Torrey in Emory Rep. 137, t. 3 ;' Gray, Gen. 111. 2. 120, t. 147. Abundant in the dry valleys of Kern Co. and eastward, from Walker's Pass and Tahichipi to W. Texas, and southward into Mexico, blooming in early summer. It is called by the Mexi- cans Gobemadora and Hideondo. The leaves are sticky with a strongly scented gum or resin, and bum with a black smoke and rank odor. No animal of the country will eat it. It has A'arious reputed medicinal properties, and miners say that a strong decoction "will clean amalgam." It is reported that the Indians make a glue from it, with which they fasten the heads of arrows to the shaft. Order XXIV. GERANIACE-ZE5. An order difficult to define by any certain marks, becoming composed of several suborders or tribes, diverse in habit and details of structure, wliich have to be separately characterized. — Leaves often with stipules, either toothed, lobed, or compound. Flowers perfect, on axillary peduncles, either regular or irregular, but commonly symmetrical, and the paats in fives, rarely in threes. Stamens mostly in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes sterile : filaments often Geranium. - GERANIACE^. 93 either dilated or monadelphous at the base. Ovary 3 - 5-lobed and 3 - 5-celled, with a central axis. Ovules anatropous. Seeds wholly or nearly filled by the embryo. A rather large order, owing to the size of a few leading genera, widely distributed over the world, mostly in warm-temperate and ssbtropieal climates ; many with handsome flowers and cultivated for ornament. The representation in North America is small, in California meagi-e. The following irregular-flowered genera may claim admission. Impatiens, Linn., represented in gardens by the Balsam, I. Balsamixa, and in the Eastern United States by the Jewel-weeds, I. fulva and 1. pallida, which range northwestward to Washington Territory. The only indication of them near California is the mention of an unde- termined species in Dr. C. L. Anderson's list of Nevada plants (in the Nevada State Geologist's Report for 1870 ?), no station assigned. The genus is familiarly known by its extremely irregular handsome flowers, the larger piece of which is a spurred sac, and by the capsule bursting elasti- cally, breaking up at the touch into live twisting valves and a central axis ; the stems succulent and translucent. Trop^olum, Linn., the familiar Nasturtium of the gardens, of South American origin ; one sepal conspicuously spurred, and the leaves peltate. T. majus, the common species, is likely to become spontaneous in the southern part of the State. Pelargonium, L'Her., to which belong the so-called Geraniums of garden and house cultiva- tion, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Here, again, one sepal has a spur ; but it adheres to the pedicel so as to escape cursory notice. P. graveolexs, the Rose Geranium, P. inquisans, Scarlet Geranium, and P. zonale. Horse-shoe Geranium, with their mixtures, are the species most disposed to escape into waste grounds near dwellings, in the southern portion of the State. Tribe I. GERANIEJl. Sepals imbricated in the bud, and petals generally so. Carpels 5, 2-ovuled but one-seeded, separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and indu- rated central axis from below upward ; the styles forming long tails which become revo- lute upwards or spirally twisted. Cotyledons convolute-plaited and incumbent on the radicle. — Herbs or shrubs, mostly with aromatic or strong-scented leaves, furnished with stipules. 1. Geranium. Fertile stamens 10. Tails of the carpels not bearded. Flower regular. 2. Erodium. Fertile stamens 5. Tails of the carpels bearded inside. Flower regular. Pelargonium has stamens about 7, some of these without anthei-s, and flower irregular. Tribe II. LIMNANTHE.E. Sepals valvate and petals convolute in the bud. Fleshy and indehiscent carpels distinct (except their common style) or soon becoming so, one-ovuled. Embryo straight : cotyledons fleshy and hemispherical, filling the seed, cordate at base, covering the short radicle. — Tender annuals ; with alternate dissected leaves and no stip- ules. Juice with more or less Cruciferous pungency. 3. Limnanthes. Sepals, petals, and carpels 5. Stamens 10. (In Fl(erkea all are in threes.) Tribe 111. OXALIDEiE. Sepals imbricated and petals mostly convolute in the bud. Car- pis combined into a 5-celled and few - many-ovuled ovary ; the fruit when a capsule loculicidal : styles mostly distinct. Embryo straight in a thin albumen : cotyledons plane. — Flowers regular. Leaves mostly compound, with leaflets entire or notched at the end : stipules rare. Juice acid. 4. Ozalis. Sepals, petals, and styles 5. Stamens 10. Leaves in ours 3-foliolate. 1. GERANIUM, Linn. Cranesbill. Stamens 10 with anthers ; a gland behind the base of each of the 5 shorter ones : filaments slender, in our species bearded at base. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; style 5- lobed at the summit; the lobes stigmatic on the inner face. Carpels at maturity separating from the long beaked axis, borne on the recurving tails (being the several styles splitting away from the persistent beak), these beardless : the fruiting carpels roundish-oblong, obtuse or abruptly acute at base, opening down the face. — An- nual or perennial herbs ; with enlarged joints, palmately lobed and mostly opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and 1 — 3-flowered peduncles. Flowers violet or rose- colored or white. 94 GERANIACE^. ^ Geranium. About 100 species are found distributed through the temperate regions of both hemispheres, of which only 7 or 8 are found in North America. * Annual or biennial : flowers small. 1. Gr. CarolinianuiU, Linn. Decumbent or ascending, diffusely branched, pu- bescent : leaves 1 to 2| inches in diameter, palmately 5 - 7-parted, the divisions cleft into oblong-linear lobes : pedicels short or frequently slender and more or less elongated : petals rose-colored, equalling the awned sepals, 2 or 3 lines long : carpels hairy, 1 J to 2 J- lines long, the tails a half to an inch long. From Los Angeles to British America and eastward across the continent ; rather common in spring and early summer. * * Perennial : flowers large : stems naked below, dichotomously branched above. 2. Gr. Richardsonii, Fischer & Meyer. Stems 1 or 2 feet high : pubescence usually line and appressed, or somewhat glandular and spreading upon the pedicels : leaves 2 to 5 inches broad, 5 - 7-cleft nearly to the base ; the rather broad lobes more or less incisely toothed : sepals 3 or 4 lines long, including the awn : petals purple or sometimes white : carpels and beak 12 to 15 lines long. — G. albifloruvi, Hook. Fl. i. 116, t. 40, & Bot. Mag. t. 3124 ; not of Ledebour. Bloody Canon by Mono Lake, Brewer. Abundant eastward in the watered canons of Nevada and Utah, and in the Rocky Mountains from British America to New Mexico. 3. Gr. incisum, Nutt. Closely resembling the last, but more villous and gland- ular-pubescent ; leaves rather more narrowly and laciniately cut : sepals 5 or G lines long : petals usually deep-purple : carpels with the beak 1 1 inches long. — G. albi- florum, var. (1) incisum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 206. G. eriaiithum, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. xxviii, t. 52, excl. syn. Yosemite Valley (Brcv;er) ; Sierra Co. (Lemmmi) ; northward to the British boundaiy, Mon- tana and the Saskatchewan. Intermediate forms between this species and the last appear to occur. G. O^SPITOSUM, James, of the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico, has been collected in Cen- tral Arizona and may perhaps reach the bordei-s of California. It is more slender and more diffusely branched, with smaller broadly lobed leaves, finely pubescent. 2. ERODIUM, LHer. Characters as in the last ; but with the filaments dilated, the 5 opposite to the petals sterile and scale-like ; carpels closed, obconical, attenuate to an acute horny bearded base ; the tails long-bearded on the inner side and becoming spirally twisted. — Leaves commonly pinnate and bipinnately parted or lobed : peduncles terminal or lateral, umbellately 2 - several-flowered, with a 4-bracted involucre at the base of the pedicels ; petals small. A genus of perhaps 50 species, mostly of the Old World, very widely dispersed. Ours are essentially annuals. * Leaves pinnate or pinnatifld, tlie divisions lobed or toothed. All introduced? 1. E. Cicutarium, L'Her. Hairy, much branched from the base: leaves pin- nate, the leaflets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow acute lobes ; stipules mostly small : peduncles exceeding the leaves, bearing a 4 - 8-flowered umbel : sepals 1 to 3 lines long, acute : petals bright rose-color, a little longer : tails of the carpels 1 or 2 inches long : pedicels slender, at length reflexed, the fruit still erect. Very common throughout the State, extending to British Columbia, New Mexico, and Mexico; also widely distributed in South America and the Eastern Continent. It lias been generally con- sidered an introduced species, but it is more decidedly and widely at liome throughout the in- terior than any other introduced plant, and according to mucli testimony it was as common throughout California early in the present century as now. It is popularly known as Alfilaria, Limnanthes. GERANIACE^. 95 or less commonly as Pin-clover and Pi'^-grass, and is a valuable and nutritious forage-plant, re- puted to impart an excellent flavor to milk and butter. 2. E. xnoschatum, L'Her. Leaves pinnate ; the oblong-ovate leaflets unequally and doubly serrate ; stipules conspicuous : pedicels mostly shorter and stouter : sepals larger, 3 or 4 lines long : odor musky. Los Angeles (Antisell) ; Santa Inez Valley {Brewer), and northward, as well as southward in Mexico. Doubtless introduced from Euroj^e. 3. E. Botrys, Bertoloni. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid ; the lobes dentate, obtuse ; stipules small : sepals 4 lines long : beaks of the carpels 2 or 3 inches long. Saci-amento Valley, £. L. Greene. Introduced from Southern Europe. * * Leaves cordate and lohed. All native species. 4. E. macrophyllum, Hook. & Am. Pubescence with more or less of spread- ing glandular hairs especially above : leaves reniform-cordate, 1 to 3 inches broad : stipules small : peduncles elongated : sepals broad, 5 to 6 lines long : carpels oblong, with the stout beak 1^ inches long. — Bot. Beechey, 327 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 679. Common in valleys and on the lower hills west of the Sierra Nevada, from San Diego north- ward to the Sacramento Valley. Next to E. cicwtarium this is the most abundant species. 5. E. Texanum, Gray. Pubescence appressed, not glandular : leaves ovate- cordate, smaller and more deeply lobed, usually about an inch long : peduncles shorter : sepals narrower, 3 to 5 lines long : carpels narrow, with the slender beak 11 to 3 inches long. — PI. Lindh. 157; Gen. 111. ii. 130, t. 151. Colorado bottom {Newberry) ; sandy plains near Fort Mohave {Cooper), and eastward to Texas. 3. LIMNANTHES, B. Brown. Flowers regular, the parts in lives : sepals valvate in the bud. Glands 5, alter- nating with the petals. Stamens 10. Style 5-cleft at the apex. Ovary with soli- tary ascending ovules. Carpels distinct, subglobose, at first fleshy, at length hard and rugose, indehiscent, separating from the short axis. — Annual low diffuse herbs, growing near water ; leaves pinnate, without stipules ; flowers showy, white, yellowish, or rose-colored, solitary on axillary peduncles. The following are the only species ; possibly not distinct. 1. L. Douglasii, E. Brown. Glabrous throughout, diffusely branched from the base, the weak and succulent stems 6 to 18 inches long : leaves pinnate, the leaflets incisely lobed or parted, with linear acute lobes : peduncles at length 2 to 4 inches long : sepals lanceolate, 3 or 4 lines long, half the length of the oblong or obovate, emarginate or truncate petals : style very slender, 3 or 4 lines long. — Lindl. Bot, Pteg. XX, t. 1673 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3554. L. rosea, Hartw. ; Benth. PL Hartw. 302. Floerhea Douglasii, Baill. Hist. PI. v. 20, fig. 50 - 54. Mendocino County to Los .\ngeles and the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. The stems and foliage are yellowish-green and succulent, the plant sometimes forming dense patches, much fre- quented by bees. Flowers pale-yellow to nearly white, or tinged with rose-color. Carpels about 2 lines in diameter. 2. L. alba, Hartweg. Sepals villous : petals usually white, half longer than the calyx : otherwi.se like the last. — Benth. PI. Hartw. 301. Sacramento Valley and foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ; usually somewhat smaller than the last, but perhaps only a fonn of it. Fi.tEKKKA vitnsERPiXACoiDES, Willd., has been found in Washington Territory and N. Utah, and may be looked for in Northern California. It is a slender annual of moist localities, with pinnate leaves and small flowers, the genus distinguislied by having the parts of the flo.ver iu threes. This ii the only sijecies, and is common in the Northern Atlantic States. 96 RUTACE^. Oxalis. 4. OXALIS, Linn. Wood-Soerel. Flowers regular, the parts in fives : sepals imbricated. Stamens 10 ; the filaments somewhat dilated and united below. Glands none. Capsule columnar or ovoid, beaked with the short style, 5-celled, loculicidal ; the valves remaining attached by the partitions to the axis. Seeds two to several in each cell, pendulous, the outer fleshy aril-like coat at length splitting and elastically recurved upon the rhaphe. — Low, often acaulescent, with a sour watery juice ; leaves alternate, mostly digitate- trifoliolate (leaflets obcordate), rarely stipulate ; peduncles umbellately or cymosely few - many-flowered. A genus of perhaps 200 species, chiefly natives of sub-tropical America and S. Africa, with a few in temperate regions. Of the 10 species of the United States only one is peculiar to the Pacific Coast. 1. O. Oregana, Nutt. Acaulescent, more or less rusty -villous ; rootstock creep- ing : leaflets broadly obcordate, 1 to 1| inches broad; petioles 2 to 8 inches long: scapes equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2-bracted near the top, mostly l-flowered: petals oblong-obovate, 9 to 12 lines long, white or rose-colored, often veined with purple : capsule linear, 9 lines long ; cells about 6-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 211. 0. Acetosella, Hook. Fl. i. 118, in part. Shady woods near the coast, from Santa Cruz to Washington Territory. With the habit of 0. Acetosella, of the Eastern States and the Old World, which however is a smaller plant, with smaller flowers, and an ovoid few-seeded capsule. 2. O. comiculata, Linn. Annual, or perennial by running rootstocks, usually more or less villous : stems slender, branching, erect or ascending, 3 inches to 3 feet high : leaflets usually deeply obcordate, very variable in size ; petioles slender, with small villous stipules : peduncles with two or more flowers, elongated : petals yellow, 4 to 6 lines long : capsule erect in fruit, linear, half an inch to an inch long, many- seeded. Dry places, Oregon to Mexico, most common south of Santa Barbara. The species is widely distributed round the world, everywhere very variable, and has received numerous names. The common species in the Atlantic States, without stipules (0. stricia, Linn.), is now generally considered a mere variety. Order XXV. RUTACE^. Pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, along with deflnite hypogynous stamens and definite usually few seeds, distinguish tliis order ; although some of the Orange-tribe have numerous stamens. — Flowers generally regular and symmetrical. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, distinct, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk. Seeds ana- tropous or amphitropous, with a little or no albumen. Leaves either simple or compound ; stipules none. A large order of trees, shnibs, or herbs ; the latter not very numerous and mainly of the warm- temperate jMirts of the northern hemisphere and in the Old World ; the great bulk of the rest of the order South African and Australian, a moderate number American, the Orange tribe mainly Asiatic. The glands or dots in the foliage, &c., contain aromatic volatile oil, which in Rue, Prickly Ash, and the like, is veiy pungent or acrid. Oranges, lemons, citrons, limes, &c. , are the most important products. One of our genera, Cneoridium, peculiar to the State, is referred to the Simanibacece, a related order not otherwise represented in California. But, having dotted leaves, it may as well be kept here. The two other plants represent different tribes of the order. 1. Ptelea. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fruit orbicular, indehiscent, broadly winged. Stamens 4 or 5. 2. Thamnosma. Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit a 2-lobed coriaceous capsule. Stamens 8. 3. Cneoridium. Leaves simple, opposite. Fmit a fleshy globular dmpe. Stamens 4 or 8. Cneoridium. RUTACILE. 97 1. PTELEA, Linn. Hop-tree. Flowers polygamous. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 or 5. Ovary with a short thick stipe, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled, the lower ovule abortive : style short. Fruit a broadly winged orbicular samara, 2-celled and 2-seeded ; the wing embracing a slen- der stipe. Seeds oblong. Embryo straight, with ovate-oblong cotyledons. — Shrubs or smaU trees ; leaves mostly trifoliolate, with sessile leaflets ; flowers small, greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs. A genus of half a dozen species, confined to the United States and Mexico. 1. P. angustifolia, Benth. A shrub 5 to 25 feet high, with chestnut-colored punctate bark : leaflets oblong-lanceolate, somewhat rhomboidal, 1 to 2| inches long, usually acute or acuminate, entire, sparingly pubescent, becoming smooth and shining with age : flowers numerous, in compound corymbs, pubescent : sepals small : petals 2 or 3 lines long, spreading : fruit 6 to 8 lines broad, emarginate at base and often above ; stipe narrow, 1 to 2 lines long. — PI. Hartw. 9 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 28. Frequent about Clear Lake and on Mt. Diablo, extending to Texas and Mexico. It differs from P. trifoUata of the Atlantic States in its narrower and smaller leaves, larger fiowera, more narrowly winged fruit emarginate at base, and shorter narrower stipe. Its odor is sometimes agreeable (like that of Linckra Benzoin), sometimes unpleasantly rank, most fragi-ant when the wood is broken or crushed. 2. THAMNOSMA, Torr. Sepals 4. Petals 4, erect. Stamens 8, at the base of a cup-shaped crenate or lobed disk. Ovary stipitate, 2-lobed and 2-celled, with 5 or 6 ovules in each cell : style elongated. Capsule didymous, coriaceous, dehiscent down the inner edge of each lobe. Seeds 4 to 6 in each cell, reniform. Embryo curved, terete. — Low glandular desert shrubs, strongly scented ; leaves simple and linear, alternate ; flowers pui'ple or yellow, solitary. The following are the only species. 1. T. montanum, Torr. A smooth diff'usely and stiffly branched shrub, some- what spinose, a foot or two high, with yellowish -green bark : leaves scattered, 4 to 12 lines long, soon deciduous : peduncles axillary, 1 to 4 lines long, with several small bracts : calyx short : petals 4 or 5 lines long, nearly closed, apparently purple : capsule yellow, of two subglobose nearly distinct cells, three lines long ; stipe about a line long. — Frem. Rep. 313 ; Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 73, t. 3, On the southern borders of the State, from San Felipe to Fort Mohave, and eastward to S. Utah ; mther rare. T. TEXANUNf, Torr. {Rutosma Texanum, Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 144, t. 155.) "Woody only at base, the slender stems 3 to 15 inches high : flowers much smaller, on short naked pedicels, yel- low tinged with purple : capsule very shortly stipitate, lobed nearly to the middle, rather smaller. Frequent from Texas to Arizona and Souora ; perhape reaching S. E. California. 3. CNEORIDIUM, Hook. f. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4, or stamens sometimes 8, the alternate ones much shorter. Disk annular, obtusely 8-angled. Ovary globose, sessile, of a single car- pel, 1-celled, 2-ovuled : style lateral, curved, short. Fruit " drupaceous," 1-2- seeded. Seed globose, with fleshy albumen : embryo curved. — A low smooth shrub ; leaves opposite, linear-spatulate, entire ; flowers small, axillary and solitary or somewhat corymbose, on short bracted peduncles. A single species. . 1. C. dumosum, Hook. f. Heavy-scented, much-branched, 2 to 4 feet high, leafy : leaves often fascicled, | to 1^ inches long, narrow : flowers white, 2 to 3 98 CELASTRACE^. Euonymus. lines in diameter, solitary or 2 to 4 together, exceeding the pedicels : petals twice longer than the ovate sepals : fruit 3 lines in diameter ; the outer integument thin and crustaceous when dry : seed-coat dark brown, hard and thickened. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 312. Pitavia dumosa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 215 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 43. About San Diego and San Pascual ; flowering in February. Leaves pungent to the taste. Order XXVI. CELASTRACE^. Shrubs, with simple and undivided leaves, no stipules or hardly any, and small dull-colored or white chiefly perfect regular flowers, the stamens as many as the petals and inserted on the surface or margin of a broad perigynous disk, — distin- guished from the following order (with which only comparison need be made) by the imbricated calyx and corolla, stamens alternate with the petals, and the arillate seeds, these oftener two or more in each cell and sometimes pendulous. A rather large order wdely spread over the world, feebly represented in North America, espe- cially on the western side of the continent. 1. Xiuonymus. Flowers rather conspicuous. Ovary 3 - 5-celled. Fruit colored. Seeds in a bright red aril. Deciduous shrubs. 2. Fachystiina. Flowers very small. Ovary 2 -celled. Fruit small, not colored. Evergreen undershrubs. Celastkus obtusatus, Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 34, from Monterey, is doubtless Simmondsia Cali- fornica, Nutt. 1. EUONYMUS, Toum. Spindle-tree. Bukning-bush. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading. Stamens as many, very short, on a broad angled disk. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3 -5-celled : style short or none. Capsule 3-5-lobed and 3-5-valved, loculicidal, coriaceous, colored, often warty. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, covered with a fleshy red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-angled branches, opposite petioled serrate glabrous leaves, and flowers in loose cymes on axillary peduncles. A genus of about 40 species, chiefly of Asia and Europe ; two or three in the Atlantic States, and one in California. 1. E. occidentalis, Nutt. A shrub 7 to 15 feet high, with slender upright greenish branches : leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 2 to 4 inches long, on short petioles : peduncles slender, 1 - 4-flowered : flowers dark brown, 4 to 6 lines in diameter, the parts in fives : fruit smooth, deeply lobed. — Torr, Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 74. E. atropurpureus (]), Hook. Fl. i. 119. From Tomales Bay (Bigelmv) northward to the Columbia Eiver. Resembling U. atropurpureits, Jacq., of the Atlantic States, which has more numerous and smaller 4-merous flowers. 2. PACHYSTIMA, Raf. Calyx with a short obconical tube, and 4 rounded lobes. Petals 4. Stamens 4, short, inserted at the edge of the broad disk which lines the calyx-tube. Ovary free, 2-celled : style very short. Capsule small, oblong, coriaceous, 2-valved, 1-2- seeded, at length loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds enclosed in a white many-cleft membranaceous aril. — Low evergreen shrubs ; leaves smooth, opposite, very shortly petioled, serrulate ; flowers small, green, in one - few-flowered axillary cymes. A genus of two species, the second (P. Canbyi, Gray) known from a single locality in the Alle- ghany Mountains, in Viiginia. Zizyphus. RHAMNACE^. 99 1. P. Myrsinites, Raf. Much branched, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves ovate to oblong or oblanceolate, | to 1^ inches long, cuneate at base, serrate or ser- rulate, obtuse or acutish : flowers a line in diameter, on pedicels a line or two long : fruit 2 lines long, smooth. — Ilex (]) Myrsinites, Pui'sh. Myginda myrtifolia, Nutt. ; Hook. Fl. i. 120, t. 41. Oreophila myrtifolia, Xutt. ; Torr. k Gray, Fl. i. 259. Hillsides on the South Yuba {Bigdow) ; Mt. Shasta, at 4,000 to 5,000 feet {Brewer) ; north- ward in the mountains to British Columbia, and in the Rocky Mountains ranging south to New Mexico. Order XXVII. RHAMNACEiE. Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous stipules, and small regular flowers ; well distinguished from the related orders by the valvate aestivation of the calyx, and the perigynous stamens as many as its lobes and alternate with them ; the ovules solitary (rarely in pairs) and erect in the 2 to 4 cells of the ovary. — Flowers sometimes polygamo-dioecious, often apetalous. A conspicuous disk adnate to or lining the short tube of the calyx. Petals often unguiculate, mostly involute each around a stamen in the bud. Ovary either free or adnate by the disk to the tube or base of the calyx : style or stigma 2 - 4-lobed. Seeds solitary in the cells, anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat or plano-convex : radicle short. A widely distiibuted order, of between 30 and 40 genera and four or five hundred species, of which Ceanothus is the only extensive North American genus. The herbage has some bitterness and astringency, and the fmit when fleshy or juicy is commonly mawkish or nauseous, but edible in Zizyphics, one species of which furnishes the basis of Jujube paste. ♦ Fruit with a single 1 - 3-celled hard stone. 1. Zizyphus. Cells 1-ovuled. Leaves alternate, not punctate. Spiny shrubs. 2. KarAvinksia. Cells 2-ovuled. Leaves opposite, pellucid-punctate. Unarmed. * * Fruit berry-like or dry, containing 2 to 4 separating seed-like nutlets. 3. Rhamnus. Calyx and disk free from the ovary; calyx-lobes erect or spreading. Petals small, short-clawed, or none. Filaments very short. Fruit berry-like, with 2 to 4 mostly indehiscent nutlets. Leaves alternate. 4. Adolphia. Disk covering the calyx-tube, free from the ovary ; calyx-lobes spreading. Petals short-spatulate, hooded. Fruit dry, with 3 dehiscent nutlets. Spinose : leaves opposite and very small, or none. 5. Ceanothus. Calyx and disk adnate to the base of the ovary ; calyx-lobes connivent. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Filaments exserted. Fruit dry, with 3 dehiscent nutlets. 1. ZIZYPHUS, Juss. Calyx 5-cleft, with acute spreading lobes ; the disk filling the broadly turbinate tube. Petals 5, hooded, deflexed. Ovary connate with the disk at base, 2-celled or rarely 3-4-celled; cells 1-ovuled: styles 2 to 4, free or united. Drupe fleshy, with a woody 2 - 3-celled nut. — Spiny shrubs or trees ; with thick alternate leaves, mostly 3 - 5-nerved ; stipules small and deciduous or spinulescent ; flowers small, greenish, in axillary cymes ; fruit often edible. About 50 species, chiefly of Egypt and Southern Asia. Three species are found in the region between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific, with the habit rather of the American genus Con- dalia, and with characters which tend to the union of the two genera. Another scarcely distinct genus is Microrhamnus, Gray (referred to Condalia by Baillon), of a single species, inhabiting Arizona and New Mexico. 1. Z. Panyi, Torrey. Much branched, 4 to 15 feet high, glabrous; the smooth flexuous branches armed with straight leafy spines : leaves obovate, obtuse or retuse, 100 RHAMNACE^. ^ KarwinsJcia. entire, 6 to 10 lines long, attenuate into a short slender petiole, coriaceous, penni- nerved ; stipules minute, deciduous : peduncles 1 - 3-liowered, recurved in fruit : fruit nearly dry, ovate, apiculate, free from the disk, 6 to 8 lines long, lemon-yellow ; peduncle half an inch long : nut very thick and hard, 1 - 3-celled, 1-3 seeded : seed narrowly oblong, without albumen : embryo green. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 46. Frequent in gravelly ravines near San Felipe, San Diego Co. (Parry, Thurher) ; Rock House Summit, in same region {Dunn, Palmer) ; east of San Bernardino, Parry. 2. KARWINSKIA, Zuecarini. Calyx 5-cleft ; the acute lobes carinate or spurred within near the apex. Petals 5, hooded, with short claws. Disk covering the calyx-tube. Ovary subglobose, not adnate to the disk, 2 - 3-celled : ovules 2 in each cell, collateral : style 2 - 3-lobed at the apex. Drupe surrounded at base by the calyx, apiculate : nut thin, 1-2- celled ; the cells 1-seeded. Seed obovate, with thin albumen. — Unarmed shrubs ; with somewhat opposite entire petioled leaves, penninerved and pellucid-punctate ; stipules membranaceous, deciduous ; flowers small, in axillary cymes. A genus of only 2 or 3 species, Mexican and in the adjacent region on the north. 1. K. Humboldtiana, Zucc. More or less pubescent, 2 to 6 feet high or more, with straight brownish glandular branches : leaves oblong to ovate, ^ to 2 inches long, mostly rounded at base, obtuse or acute, shortly petioled, rather thick, more or less ferruginous : peduncles short, several-flowered, mostly 1 -fruited : ma- ture fruit ovoid, fleshy, 3 to 4 lines long, 1 - 3- seeded. Throughout northern Mexico, in W. Texas and New Mexico, Lower California, and probably in the southeastern part of the State. 3. BHAMNUS, Linn. Buckthorn. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, with erect or spreading lobes, the campanulate tube lined with the disk and persistent. Petals 4 or 5, or none, on the margin of the disk ; claws short. Stamens 4 or 5 : filaments very short. Ovary ovoid, free, 2 -4-celled : style short, 3 - 4-cleft. Drupe baccate, containing 2 to 4 bony or cartilaginous 1-seeded nutlets, mostly indehiscent. Seed obovate. — Shrubs or small trees ; with alternate petioled pinnately veined leaves, small deciduous stipules, and axillary cymose or racemose small greenish flowers. About 60 species, most frequent in the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. The N. Ameri- can species are six, divided equally between the eastern and western coasts. § 1. Seeds and nutlets deeply sulcate or concave on the bach, the rhaphe in the hollow : cotyledons foliaceous, with recurved margins : flowe)^s mostly dioecious, solitary or fascicled in the axils. — Rhamnus proper. 1 . R. alnifolia, L'Her. A shrub, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves deciduous, ovate- oblong, acute at each end or acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long, crenately serrate, the slender petioles slightly puberulent : lobes of the calyx and stamens 5 : petals want- ing : fruit black, obovate, 3-lobed, three lines long, equalling the pedicels. — Hook, n. i. 122, t. 42. Sierra Co., Lemmon, Washington Territory, and eastward to Canada and New England. 2. R. crocea, Xutt. Much branched, 3 to 15 feet high, the young branches pubescent : leaves evergreen, coriaceous, oblong or obovate to orbicular, obtuse or retuse or acute, equally variable at base, 3 to 18 lines long, aciitely and often glan- dularly denticulate, glabrous, usually more or less yellowish brown or copper-colored beneath ; petioles a line long or less : flowers tetramerous, apetalous : fruit about Adolphia. RHAMNACE^. 101 three lines long, obovoid, 2 - 4-lobed and 2 - 4-seeded, bright red. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 261. E. ilicifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 36. Hillsides and mountains, from San Diego northward to Clear Lake, Yosemite Valley, and the Upper Sacramento and eastward into Arizona. Wood yellow or dark-colored, very fine-grained and heavy ; the foliage very variable. The ripe berries are much used by the Indians for food, and their veins are said to become tinged by a deposition of the red coloring matter. § 2. Seeds and nutlets convex on the back, the rhaphe lateral : cotyledons fleshy, flat : floivers mostly perfect, in pedunculate cymes. — Frangula, {Frangula, Brongn.) 3. R. Califomica, Eschscholtz. A spreading shrub, 4 to 18 feet high ; young branches somewhat tomentose : leaves ovate-oblong to elliptical, 1 to 4 inches long, ^ to 1^ wide, acute or obtuse, mostly rounded at base, denticulate or nearly entire, evergreen : peduncles with numerous mostly abortive flowers in subumbellate fas- cicles : calyx usually 5-cleft : petals very small, broadly ovate, emarginate : fruit black- ish purple, with thin pulp, 3 or 4 lines in diameter, 2 - 3-lobed and 2 - 3-seeded. — R. oleif alius. Hook. Fl. i. 123, t. 44. Frangula Calif ornica, Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 178. Var. toxnentella. Densely white-tomentose, especially on the lower side of the leaves. — R. tomentellus, Benth. PI, Hartw. 303. Frangula Califomica, var. tomen- tella. Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 28. Throughout California from the Upper Sacramento and Klamath Lake to Santa Barbara and Fort Tejon. The variety extends to the southern boundary and eastward through Arizona to New Mexico. 4. R. Furshiana, DC. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 20 feet high ; young branches tomentose : leaves elliptic, 2 to 7 inches long, 1 to 3 wide, mostly acute, obtuse at base, denticulate, deciduous, somewhat pubescent beneath : flowers rather large, in a somewhat umbellate cyme : sepals 5 : petals minute, cucullate, bitid at the apex : fruit black, broadly obovoid, 4 lines long, 3-lobed and 3-seeded. — Hook. Fl. i. 123, t. 43 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. I 262. Mendocino County, and northward to the British Boundary. 4. ADOLPHIA, Meisner. Calyx hemispherical, with spreading lobes ; the tube lined -with the thin disk. Petals 5, spatulate, hooded, covering the anthers, inserted with the stamens on the throat of the calyx, equalling the sepals. Ovary subglobose, free, smooth, 3-celled : style slender, jointed near the base and at length deciduous : stigma 3-lobed. Fruit coriaceous, surrounded nearly to the middle by the free calyx ; the 3 cells dehiscent on the inner angle. Seed convex on the back : cotyledons rounded. — Shrubs with numerous opposite spinose branches ; leaves small (or none), opposite, entire ; stip- ules small, brown, rigid and subpersistent ; flowers small, in axillary fascicles. Only the following species are known. 1. A. Califomica, Watson. In large dense clumps two feet high : branches terete, with spreading spiny branchlets, puberulent : leaves orbicular to oblong- ovate, often retuse, a line or two long, abruptly attenuate to a slender petiole : flowers greenish, two lines broad, on pedicels as long as the leaves : petals rather broadly hooded : fruit two lines in diameter ; the short styles jointed at the very base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 126. A. infesta, Torr. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 45, in part. At Solcdad and in ChoUas Valley, near San Diego {Parry, Cleveland, Palmer) ; also at Mon- terey, Ptirry. A. INFESTA, Meisner. Resembling the last : three to four feet high : leaves linear to oblong- lanceolate, nuicronate, attenuate to a short petiole, 2 to 6 lines long : petals narrowly hooded : style a line long, jointed above the base and leaving the capsule apiculate. — Mexico, ranging into New Mexico and Arizona. 102 RHAMNACE^. Ceanothus. 5. CEANOTHUS, Linn. Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes acute, connivent ; disk thick, adnate to the turbinate or hemispherical tube and to the ovary. Petals on long claws, hooded. Stamens 5 ; filaments filiform, long-exserted. Ovary 3-lobed : style short, 3-cleft. Drupe sub- globose, 3-lobed, surrounded at base by the adnate calyx-tube, soon dry; the 3 crustaceous nutlets at length separating and dehiscing on the inner edge. Seed obovate, convex on the back : cotyledons oval or obovate.' — Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spinescent ; with petioled leaves, and showy thyrsoid or cymose flowers. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333. Species 28, of which three are Mexican and four in the Atlantic States, the others belonging to the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. § 1. Leaves all alternate, ^-nerved or pinnately veined, glandular-toothed or entire: fruit not crested. — Ceanothus proper. * Leaves three-nerved from the base. -(- Erect, the branches 7iot rigidly divaricate nor spiny : inflorescence thyrsoid : leaves usually large, glandular-serrulate {except in No. 3). 1. C. th3rrsifloniS, Eschscholtz. A tall shrub or small tree, 6 to 15 feet high, nearly glabrous ; branches strongly angled : leaves rather thick, oblong to oblong- ovate, 1 to 1| inches long, usually smooth and shining above, canescent beneath : flowers bright blue, in dense compound racemes, terminating the usually elon- gated and somewhat leafy peduncles. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. xxx, t. 38 ; ^Kutt. Sylva, ii. 44, t. 57. In the Coast Eanges from Monterey to Humboldt Coimty. Kuotsti as " California Lilac " and often cultivated. 2. C. velutinus, Dougl. A stout diffusely branching shrub, 2 or 3 feet high, usually glabrous : leaves thick, broadly ovate or elliptical, 1^ to 3 inches long, resi- nous and shining above, sometimes velvety beneath ; petioles stout, half an inch long: flowers white, in a loose thyrse: peduncles usually short. — Hook. Fl. i. 125, t. 45, & Bot. Mag. t. 5165. From Northern California to the Columbia, and very frequent eastw^ard to Colorado. 3. C. integerrimus, Hook, & Arn. A more slenderly branched shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, glabrous or soon becoming so, rarely pubescent ; branches terete, usually warty : leaves thin, bright green, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, entire or very rarely slightly glandular-serrulate, on slender petioles 2 to 6 lines long : thyrse often large and open, terminating the slender branches or axillary and rather shortly peduncled, mostly white-floAvered. — Bot. Beechey, 329. C. Californicus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. ii. 55. O. Nevadensis, Kellogg, 1. c. ii. 152, fig. 45. Var. (?) parvifolius, Watson. Of very slender habit, wholly glabrous : leaves much smaller, about half an inch long, shortly petioled : flowers light blue, in rather short simple racemes. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 334. Frequent in the mountains from Central California to the Columbia. The variety, seeming to run into the typical form, is confined to the Sierra Nevada, from Yoseraite Valley northward. -t- -t- Low, the branches not rigidly divaricate nor spiny : flowers blue, in short simple racem.es or pedunculate clusters : leaves small, glandular-serrate. 4. C. dentatUS, Torr. & Gray. Erect, hirsutely pubescent or rarely nearly gla- brous : leaves ;| to 1 inch long, usually small and fascicled, obovate to oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, acute at both ends or obtuse at the ajiex, the margin becoming strongly undulate or revolute ; the smaller leaves apparently pinnate-veined and often more or less resinous : flowers in small roundish clusters, on naked terminal peduncles Ceanothus. RHAMNACE^. 103 about an inch long. — Fl. i. 268; Torr. Bot. Mex, Bound. 46, t. 10. C. Lobbi- anus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4810. G. diversifolius, Kellogg, 1. c. i. 58 & 65 ? On dry hills in the Coast Kanges, from Santa Barbara {Miss S. A. Plummer) to Mendocino Co. 5. C. decumbens, Watson, 1. c. Slender, trailing, hirsutely pubescent with spreading hairs : leaves rather thin, not undulate, |^ to 1^ inches long, elliptic- oblong, obtuse or acutish, somewhat cuneate at base, the greenish glands upon the teeth usually stipitate : flowers in short dense shortly peduncled racemes, which are about half an inch long or less. — C. sorediatus, var., Torr, in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 74. Frequent in the Sierra Nevada, from the Mariposa Grove northward. -{- +- ^- Erect, with usually rigid divaricate or spinose branches : flowers in simple racemes or cluste7's : leaves ratlier small. ++ Rarely or never spinose : leaves glandular-serrate : flowers blue, racemose. 6. C. hirsutus, Nutt. Silky-pubescent with soft subappressed or spreading hairs, or sometimes hirsute ; the branches rather rigid and said to be sometimes spinose : leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, usually subcordate or rounded at base and acute at the apex, ^ to 1| inches long, not smooth above : flowers in simple axillary and terminal racemes, 1 to 3 inches long, or rarely thyrsoid. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. L 266. C. oliganthus, Nutt. in same. About Santa Barbara, and in the Santa Susanna Mountains, Nuttall, Wallace, Brewer. 7. C. sorediatus, Hook. & Arn. Branches nearly glabrous, the inflorescence pubescent : leaves smooth above, more or less tomentose beneath or rarely nearly glabrous, silky on the nerves, oblong-ovate, \ to \\ inches long, subcordate or rounded or often acutish at base, acute or obtuse at the apex : flowers in shortly peduncled simple racemes, ^ io 2 inches long. — Bot. Beechey, 328. C. nitidus, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 75. C. azureus, Kellogg, 1. c. i. 55. From San Diego to the Sacramento. ++ ++ Branches mostly spinose, grayish : leaver usually entire, somewhat coriaceous : flotvers mostly white, racemose. 8. C. divaricatUS, N^utt. Nearly glabrous : leaves oblong to oblong-ovate or ovate, I to \\ inches long, rounded at base, acute or obtuse above, not tomentose beneath : flowers light blue or white, in nearly simple often elongated racemes, 1 to 4 inches long : fruit resinous, 3 lines in diameter. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 266. From San Diego northward to Oregon. The spines often wholly wanting, and branches green. 9. C. incanus, Torr. & Gray. Leaves hoary beneath with a very minute tomentum, broadly ovate to elliptic, f to 2 inches long, cuneate to cordate at base, acutish or obtuse at apex : flowers in short racemes : fruit resinously warty, over two lines in diameter. — Fl. i. 265 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 328. From Santa Cruz to Lake County ; a large straggling shrub on the banks of creeks. 10. C. cordulatus, Kellogg. Hirsutely pubescent with short erect or spread- ing hairs: leaves oval-elliptic, | to 1;| inches long, cuneate to subcordate at base, usually rounded and sometimes serrate at the apex, the serratures scarcely glandular : flowers white, in short simple racemes, an inch long or less : fruit smaller, not resin- ously dotted. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 124, fig. 39. C. divaricatus, var. eglandulosus, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 51. In the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite northward. Low, flat-topped, and much spreading ; known as "Snowbush." * * Leaves pinnately veined : flowers blue. (Small-leaved forms of C. dentatus may be referred here.) 11. C. spinosus, Nutt. 1. c. Becoming a small tree, 20 to 30 feet high, with rigid and somewhat spiny branchlets, glabrous or nearly so : leaves somewhat coriaceous, 104 RHAMNACEJE. * Ceanothus. entire, oblong, 9 to 15 lines long, obtuse or retuse, somewhat cuneate at base, on slender petioles 2 to 4 lines long : flowers deep blue, in a thyrse or in simple ra- cemes, very fragrant : fruit resinously coated, 2| to 3 lines in diameter. From Santa Barbara to Los Angeles, Nuttall, Parry, Brewer. Commonly known in that region as " Kedwood," from the color of the timber, which is of sufficient size to be of value. 12. C. papillosus, Torr. & Gray. More or less hispidly villous or tomentose, 4 to 6 feet liigii : leaves glandular-serrulate, and the upper surface glandular-papillose, narrowly oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse at each end, on slender petioles : flowers in close clusters or short racemes, terminating slender naked peduncles : fruit li lines broad, not resinous. — Fl. i. 268; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 272 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4815. In the Coast Ranges from Monterey to San Francisco, Douglas, Bolander, Gray. 1 3. C. floribundus, Hook. Pilose-scabrous : leaves small, 3 to 4 lines long, oblong, acute, glandularly denticulate and undulate, shortly petioled : flowers in globose clusters sessile at the ends of the short branchlets. — Bot. Mag. t. 4806. This species is as yet known only from the figure and original description drawn from culti- vated specimens. But for the peculiar inflorescence it might be a form of C. deniatiis. 14. C. Veitchianus, Hook. Glabrous nearly throughout : leaves thick, obo- vate-cuneate, rounded at the apex, glandular-serrate, smooth and shining above, minutely tomentose beneath between the veinlets, 6 to 9 lines long, on short stout petioles : flowers bright blue, in dense crowded clusters at the ends of the leafy branches. — Bot. Mag. t. 5127. Also unknown from wild specimens. Raised from seeds sent by T. Bridges. § 2. Leaves small, often opposite, very thick, with numerous straight lateral veins, spinosely toothed or entire : stipules mostly large and warty: flowers in sessile or shortly peduncled axillary clusters : fruit larger, with three horn-like or warty prominences below the summit : rigidly branched or rarely spiny shrubs. — Cerastes, Watson. 15. C. crassifolius, Torr. Erect, 4 to 12 feet high, the young branchlets white with a villous tomentum : leaves ovate-oblong, ^ to 1 inch long, obtuse or retuse, more or less tomentose beneath, rarely entire and revolutely margined ; peti- oles stout : flowers light blue or white, in dense very shortly peduncled clusters. — Pacif. R Rep. iv. 75 & Mex. Bound. 46, t. 11. In the Coast Ranges from Mendocino County to San Diego ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 16. C. CuneatUS, Nutt. Erect, 3 to 12 feet high, less tomentose or nearly smooth : leaves cuneate-obovate or -oblong, rounded or retuse above, on rather slen- der petioles, entire or very rarely few-toothed : flowers white or occasionally light blue, in rather loose clusters. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 267. C. verrucosus, Nutt. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4660. C. macrocarpus, Nutt. 1. c, and C. megacarpus, Nutt. Sylva, ii. 46. From the Columbia River to Santa Barbara ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 1 7. C. rigidus, Nutt. Erect, 5 feet high, the branchlets tomentose : leaves 2 to 5 lines long, cuneate-oblong or usually very broadly obovate, often emarginate, few- toothed above, very shortly petioled : flowers bright blue, in sessile clusters. — Torr. 6 Gray, Fl. i. 268 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4664 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 45, t. 9. About Monterey, and reported also from Oakland. 18. C. prostratxis, Benth. Prostrate, nearly glabrous: leaves 3 to 12 lines long, obovate or usually oblong-ciineate, mostly spinose only near the apex, on short slender petioles : flowers bright blue, the clusters loose, on stout peduncles. — PI. Hartw. 302. C. cuneatm, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 55 1 Frequent in the mountains, on shaded slopes, from Humboldt County and the Upper Sacra- mento to Mariposa Coimty, and also on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. Vitis. SAPINDACE^. 105 Order XXVIII. VITACEiE. Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils, with a watery more or less acid juice, branchlets articulated and often thickened at the nodes, usually palmately veined or lobed or compound alternate leaves, panicled cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence, small greenish or whitish flowers, and a baccate fruit; distinguished from the related orders by a minute truncate or 4 - 5-toothed calyx, caducous or early deciduous petals valvate in the bud, and the stamens (as in Rhamnaceoe) of the same number as these (4 or 5) and opposite them. — Flowers very commonly polygamous or dioe- cious. Style short or conical : stigma depressed, hardly lobed. Ovules in pairs or solitary in the cells of the ovary, erect, anatropous. Seeds with a thick and bony coat. Embryo minute in cartilaginous albumen. Stipules sometimes manifest. About 250 species, in 3 or 4 genera, the principal one being the typical genus. 1. VITIS, Toum. Grape. Calyx very short or small ; the border often obsolete, and the tube filled with the fleshy disk, which bears the 4 or 5 thick caducous petals and the distinct stamens, and in which the base of the ovary is commonly immersed. Ovary 2-celled : ovules and usually the seeds a pair in each cell. — Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves ; the former almost always at least once forked. In true Grapes the Eastern United States are richer in species than any other part of the world, having 7 or 8 species, four of which have given rise to valuable or promising cultivated varieties. The Californian species is unpromising. V. viNiFERA, Linn., the Vine of the Old World, however, flourishes in California much better than in any other of the United States, and some varieties have long been in cultivation. 1. V. Californica, Benth. Leaves tomentose or canescent, especially beneath, about 3 inches in diameter, round-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus, obtuse, rather coarsely serrate and often somewhat 3-lobed : fruit 4 lines in diameter, in rather large clusters, purple, covered with bloom: seed broad. — Bot. Sulph. 10; Engelm. in Am. Naturalist, i. 321 & ix. 269. Along streams, from San Diego northward to Russian River and the Sacramento Valley. The flavor of the fruit is rather pleasant ; its value for cultivation has not been tested. The Indians of the Sacramento Valley call it Vaumee. V. Arizoxica, Engelm., Am. Naturalist, ix. 269, is an allied species of Arizona and S. Utah, and may be looked for in San Bernardino Co. The leaves are smaller, floccose-tomentose at first, at length glabrous and shining, the sinus broader, the lobes and teeth much more acute ; fruit small, in small clusters, said to be quite luscious. It should be tested under cultivation. Order XXIX. SAPINDACE^. Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbs, mostly with compound or lobed leaves, usu- ally with unsymmetrical or irregular flowers and ovules few but seldom solitary ; the order (mainly tropical) nearly impossible to define as a whole, and of which our few representatives belong to almost as many suborders as genera : these more use- fully characterized under the suborders. Suborder I. SAPINDACEtE proper. Flowers polygamous, irregular or unsymmetrical ; the stamens more numerous than the petals, seldom twice as many. Seeds without albumen. Stipules none. 106 SAPINDACE^. % yEsculus. Cardiospermum is represented in Lower California by a single species (C. tortuosum, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 9, t. 6), and in cultivation by the Balloon Vine (C. Halicucabum, Linn.), which is native from Texas through Tropical America. The species are climbers, with biternate leaves, and bladdery inflated 3-lobed and 3-celled capsules. 1. .ZBsculus. Leaves opposite, palmately 5 - 9-foliolate. Calyx tubular. Petals 4 or 5, with claws. Ovules 6, a pair in each cell of the ovary, only one or two maturing into the large chestnut-like seed. Suborder IL ACERINE^. FloM'-ers polygamous or dioecious, regular, often without" petals. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled but only 1-seeded, each producing a wing and be- coming a samara. Seed without albumen ; the embryo coiled or folded. Leaves opposite, without stipules. 2. Acer. Leaves palmately lobed or rarely divided. Flowers polygamoui. 3. Negundo. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Suborder III. STAPHYLEACE^. Flowers perfect, regular, and symmetrical except the pistil. Fruit capsular, mostly several-seeded. Seeds with a bony coat, and a straight embryo with broad flat cotyledons, in fleshy albumen. 4. Staphylea. Erect and unguiculate petals and stamens 5. Styles and lobes of the bladdery several-seeded capsule 3. Leaves opposite and compound, stipulate and stipellate. Anomalous Genus. 5. GlOBSopetalon. Lobes of the calyx and the slender spreading petals 5. Stamens 10. Pistil a single 2-ovuled carpel, in fruit a cartilaginous follicle : style hardly any. Leaves alter- nate, simple and entire, with small adnate stipules. 1. .SJSCULUS, Linn. Hokse-chestnut. Buckeye. Flowers polygamous. Calyx tubular, unequally 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, un- equal, with claws. Stamens 5 to 8, exserted and often unequal. Ovary 3-celled : ovules 2 in each cell, one or both abortive ; style elongated. Fruit a large leathery locidicidally 3-valved pod. Seed without albumen ; its coat thick and shining, showing a large round scar. Cotyledons large and fleshy, somewhat coherent. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, digitate, without stipules ; leaflets serrate, pin- nately veined ; flowers showy, on jointed pedicels, in a large terminal thyrse or panicle, mostly sterile. A genus of about 15 species, nearly half North American, two in the mountains of Central America, the rest in Asia. The Horse-chestnut, ^. Hippocastanum, Linn., originally from Asia, is often seen in cultivation, and grows to be a large tree. The seeds are farinaceous but un- palatable and unwholesome ; those of the Californian species are said to be eaten by the Indians. 1. iE. Califomica, Nutt. Leaflets 4 to 7, usually 5, smooth, oblong-lanceo- late, acute, obtuse at base, slenderly petiolulate, serrulate, 3 to 5 inches long : flowers in a close finely pubescent thyrse which is 6 to 12 inches long : calyx 2- lobed, the lobes scarcely toothed : petals slightly unequal, white or pale rose, half an inch long or more : stamens 5 to 7 ; anthers orange-colored : ovary densely pubescent: fruit unarmed, usually 1-seeded : seed an inch in diameter. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 251 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 69, t. 64; Newberry, Pacif. E. Rep. vi. 20, fig. 1 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5077. From San Luis Obispo to Mendocino Co. and Mt. Shasta, and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. It is usually a shrub 10 to 15 feet high, but sometimes in the valleys, particularly Acer. SAPINDACEvE. 107 between Monterey and Clear Lake, it is a widely branched tree, the base much expanded and oc- casionally 6 feet in diameter, the trunk half as large and branching low, the main branches 1 to 2 feet thick, the whole forming a dense head 25 to 40 feet high and of still greater breadth. lu May, when in full flower, it is a beautiful tree, but the leaves often fall before midsummer, so that for much of the year it is bare. Usually only two or three flowers in each thyrse perfect their fruit, often but one. The wood is soft and brittle. 2. ACER, Tourn. Maple. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx colored, usually 5-lobed. Petals as many or none. Stamens 3 to 12, usually 8, inserted with the petals upon a lobed disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled : ovules a pair in each cell : styles 2, elongated. Fruit a double samara or key, divaricately 2-winged above, separable at maturity, each 1 -seeded. Albumen none. Cotyledons large and thin, variously coiled or folded. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, palmately lobed (in American species), without stipules ; flowers small, in terminal racemes, umbel-like corymbs, or fascicles, the pedicels not jointed. About 50 species, mostly of the northern hemisphere. Of the 9 species of the United States 5 are confined to the Atlantic States, some of them valuable forest trees and extensively planted for shade and ornament. The other species of the Rocky Mountains and westward are of far less importance. The wood in general is hard and close-grained, and sugar is made from the sap of several species. * Flowers in racemes : body of the fruit hispid. 1. A. macrophyllum, Pursh. A tree, 50 to 90 feet high, 2 or 3 feet in diam- eter : leaves G to 10 inches broad or more, pubescent when young, becoming gla- brate, cordate with a deep narrow sinus, deeply 3-5-cleft; the segments sinuate with 2 or 3 acute lobes : flowers large, numerous, fragrant, yellow, in crowded pendulous racemes 3 to 6 inches long, appearing after the leaves : calyx 2 or 3 lines long : petals oblong : stamens 9 or 10, with hairy fllaments : fruit densely hairy, the glabrous wings 15 to 20 lines long and more or less divergent. — Hook. Fl. i. 112, t. 38 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 77, t. 67 ; Newberry, Pacif. R. liep. vi. 21. In mountain ravines from Santa Barbara to Fraser River ; in California mostly confined to the ranges along the coast and not so large as in Oregon, where it is sometimes found five feet in diam- eter and valuable for its timber. The wood is white, hard, and takes a fine polish. The bark of the trunk is light gray, on the younger branches green Avith stripes of lighter color. * * Flowers in loose umbel-like corymbs : fruit smooth. 2. A. circinatum, Pursh. (Vine-Maple.) A shrub or small tree : leaves 3 to 5 inches broad, shortly petioled, somewhat villous, at length glabrous, with usually a tuft of hairs at the base, rounded-cordate with a broad and often shallow sinus,. 7 - 9-lobed nearly to the middle ; the lobes acuminate, sharply serrate : corymbs loosely 10-20-flowered, terminal on slender 2-leaved branchlets : sepals red or pur- ple, villous, 2 or 3 lines long, much exceeding the greenish-white petals : stamens 8 ; fllaments villous at base : fruit 10 to 14 lines long, the wings spreading at right angles to the peduncle. — Hook. Fl. i. 112, t. 39 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 80, t. 68 ; New- berry, Pacif. Ii. Pep. vi. 21. Northern California, in pine forests, and northward to British Columbia ; in this State a mere shrub, in Oregon sometimes a tree 30 or 40 feet high. In moist places and on rich alluvial soils it often takes complete possession, the vine-like stems growing in clusters from the same root, and themselves striking root wherever they touch the ground and sending out numerous offshoots. Thus interlaced and fastened together they fonn dense dark thickets almost impenetrable. The wood is heavier and closer-grained than in the last species. 3. A. glabrum, Torr. A shrub or small tree : leaves glabrous, 2 to 4 inches broad, rounded-cordate in outline with a shallow sinus, laciniately 3 -5-lobed, more or less deeply or sometimes completely 3-parted ; the lobes doubly-serrate with very 108 SAPINDACE^. P- Negundo. acute teeth : flowers corymbose on short 2-leaved branchlets : sepals and petals greenish-yellow, linear, 2 to 3 lines long : filaments naked : fruit with broad erect or spreading wings, an inch long or less. — Ann. Lye. N. Y, ii. 172 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 247 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 52. A. Douglasii, Hook, in Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 77, t. 6. A. tripartitum, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1, c, and Sylva, ii. 85, t. 71. In the Sierra Nevada from Yosemite Valley northward, ranging to Yancouver Island, and eastward to Coloi-ado and New Mexico. Usually a shrub, but sometimes a small tree 30 or 40 feet high ; not abundant nor large enough in this State to be of much importance. Oregon specimens rarely show the leaves as deeply lobed or parted as is usual in California and the Rocky Mountains. 3. NEGUNDO, Mcench. Box-Elder. Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-cleft or parted. Petals and disk none. Stamens 4 or 5, hypogynous. Ovary and fruit as in Acer. — Trees ; leaves pinnate j sterile flowers on clustered capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes. A genus of only four species, of the Atlantic States, California, Mexico, and Japan, each region having its peculiar form. 1. N. Californicum, Torr. & Gray. Usually a small tree, sometimes reaching a height of 70 feet : leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, more or less villous-pubescent, densely so when young ; leaflets ovate, or the lateral ones oblong, acute, 3 or 4 inches long, the terminal largest and 3 - 5-lobed or very coarsely serrate ; the lat- eral ones coarsely serrate or somewhat lobed on one side and much more shortly petiolulate : fertile racemes slender, at length 4 to 6 inches long : fruit pubescent, 15 to 18 lines long, including the slightly spreading wings. — Fl. i. 250 & 684; Plook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 327, t. 77 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 90, t. 72. N. aceroides, Torr. in Pacif. R Eep. iv. 74 & Bot. Wilkes Exp.'^259. Common along streams in the Coast Ranges, from San Luis Obispo northward. It closely resembles N. aceroides, Mcench, which ranges from British America to the Gulf of Mexico and Utah, and is distinguished by its 3 to 5 smaller and narrower leaflets, which are coarsely tootlied, but less distinctly lobed. 4. STAPHYLEA, Linn. Bladder-Nut. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals and petals 5, equal, erect, whitish. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals on the margin of a thick disk lining the base of the calyx. Ovary 2 - 3-parted to the base or to the axis ; the lobes or carpels several-ovuled : styles elongated, lightly coherent. Fruit large and bladdery, dehiscent at the sum- mit. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, globose, bony : albumen thin. Embryo straight, with broad thin cotyledons. — Erect shrubs ; leaves opposite, stipulate, pinnately 3 - 5-foliolate and the leaflets stipellate ; flowers in drooping terminal racemose or cymose panicles. The five species are natives of as many regions in the northern temperate zone, viz. Europe, the Himalayas, Japan, California, and the Atlantic States. 1. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Leaflets 3, glabrous, broadly oval or orbicular, 1 to 2 inches long, abruptly acute, serrulate : sepals 3 lines long : petals a little longer : style and stamens much exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69. On McCloud's Fork, Shasta Co., Bolander. Fruit unknown, and size of the shrub not indi- cated. 5. GLOSSOPETALON, Gray. Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 4 - 5-cleft, persistent ; the lobes ovate or trian- gular; its flat base within filled by an 8-10-lobed depressed perigynous disk. Petals 4 or 5, spatulate, becoming linear-ligulate, inserted on the margin or under Rhus. ANACARDIACE^. 109 the edge of the disk, somewhat withering- persistent. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted at the sinuses of the disk, shorter than the calyx : filaments subulate, persistent : anthers didymous. Ovary one-celled, of a single ovoid carpel, with style extremely short or none, and a depressed entire or obscurely 2-lobed stigma. Ovules 2, col- lateral or nearly so, inserted on the ventral suture barely above the base of the cell, ascending, obovate, anatropous. Fruit a firm-coriaceous follicle, ovoid, oblique, acute, many-striate, opening down the ventral suture, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed obovate, compressed, with a smooth crustaceous testa, in which on both sides is a small bulging empty cavity ; a small arillus or caruncle at the hilum. Embryo or even well-filled nucleus not seen. — Low and rigid shrubs (of the interior arid region) ; with slender spinescent branches, and small alternate simple and entire leaves, which separate in age by an iudistuict articulation from a dilated scale-like minutely 2-stipulate base ; the stipules adnate to the scale and setaceous-subulate ; flowers small, solitary, terminating short axillary branches or spur-like fascicles : petals white. — PI. Wright, ii. 29, t. 12, & Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73. 1. G. Nevadense, Gray, 1. c. Two or three feet high, much branched, pale or slightly hoary with almost imperceptible pubescence : leaves oval, half an inch or less in length, with short petiole abruptly terminating in the retuse broad stipulifer- ous scale : calyx-lobes and petals 4 : stamens 8. Dry hills, Washoe Co., Nevada, Lemmon and Case, 1875. An interesting acquisition. G. s PI X ESC ENS, Gray, the only other species, of New Mexico and Southern Utah, is smooth, has smaller and nan-ower leaves and mostly 5-merous flowers. Order XXX. AJf ACARDIACE^. Shrubs or trees (largely tropical or subtropical), with a resinous and usually acrid juice, alternate leaves (either simple or compound) without stipules and almost always not pellucid-punctate, and small regular flowers commonly polygamous or dioecious ; the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals ; the free ovary in the genuine representatives of the order 1-celled and 1-ovuled, but the styles often 3 ; the fruit drupaceous ; and the seed without albumen. A large order of nearly 50 genera, and 450 species, represented in California, as in the Atlantic United States, only by the large and polymorphous genus Rhus. PiSTACiA Mexicana, HBK., of Central Mexico, ranging to the valley of the Rio Grande, is reported by Dr. Cooper as from S&,n Diego. It is a small tree, with pinnate leaves ; leaflets 5 to 10 pairs, on a somewhat winged rhachis, oblong-obovate or cuneate, glabrate, half an inch long ; flowers dioecious, without petals, in axillary or paniculate spikes ; stamens 5 ; fruit smooth, 2 lines in diameter, somewhat compressed. ScHiNUS MoLLE, Linn., a native of Mexico and South America, is common as a cultivated ornamental shrub in the southern part of the State, under the name of Pepper-tree or Chili Pepper. It is an evergreen tree of moderate size, and very graceful habit ; leaves with 20 or more pairs of lanceolate leaflets ; flowers small and dioecious, in large panicles, having 5 greenish petals and 10 stamens ; drupes numerous, as large as a small pea, strongly pungent ; seed suspended above the middle of the cell, instead of from a basal stalk as in most genera. The apparently spontaneous movements of the leaves when placed in water are due to the bursting of the resinif- erous glands with which they abound. 1. RHUS, Linn. Sepals and petals (4 to 9) usually 5. Stamens as many or twice as many, with subulate filaments, inserted under the edge of a disk lining the base of the calyx. Fruit a small dry drupe. Seed pendulous upon a slender seed-stalk arising from 110 ANACARDIACEiE. .^ Rhus. the base of the cell — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple or pinnate ; flowers small, polygamous or polygamo-dioecious, in axillary and terminal bracteate pan- icles, or sometimes in racemes or spikes. A widely distributed genus of at least 120 species, natives of the warmer extra-tropical regions of both hemispheres, most numerous in S. Africa. There are 14 species in the United States, differing considei-ably in their characters and so distributed into five sections. The astringent leaves of some species of the section Sumac (not represented in California) are extensively used in tanning, and the resinous juice of others in Japan yields the peculiar well-known lacquer of that country, and the fruit a useful vegetable wax or tallow. § 1. Flowers polygamous or dioecious, in loose axillari/ panicles : fruit glabrous and whitish; nut striate: leaves S-foliolaie : Juice and effluvium poisonous. — Toxi- codendron. 1. R. diversiloba, Torr, & Gray. (Poison Oak. Yeara.) Usually somewhat puberulent, the slender shrubby stem erect, or stouter and climbing by rootlets, 3 to 8 feet high : leaflets ovate, obovate, or elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long, obtuse or acutish, 3-lobed or coarsely-toothed or sometimes entire, the lobes and teeth obtuse : panicles peduncled : flowers whitish, 1| lines long : fruit 2 to 3 lines in diameter, somewhat compressed. — Fl. i. 218; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. xxxi, t. 38. R. lohata, Hook. Fl. i. 127, t. 46. From Southern California to British Columbia, in this State most abundant in the Coast Ranges. It resembles R. Toxicodendron, Linn., of the Atlantic States, which differs, however, in its acuminate leaflets, sharply toothed or entire, and nearly sessile panicles, usually more dense in fruit. The species are alike very poisonous, causing a severe cutaneous eruption accompanied by intense smarting and itching. The reputed remedies are more numerous than efficacious ; prominent among those in popular use is said to be the bi-uised leaves or a decoction of the leaves of Grindelia or "Gum-plant." § 2. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in short sessile scaly-bracted spikes, preceding the leaves : frtiit globose, villous, light red ; nut smooth : leaves 3-/oliolate. — LOBADIUM, Eaf. 2. R. aromatica, Ait., var. trilobata, Gray. A shrub, 2 to 5 feet high, dif- fusely branched, strongly scented, more or less pubescent, at length nearly glabrous : leaflets sessile, cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal, 1 or 2 inches long, exceeding the petiole, coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed, the segments obtuse : spikes half an inch long or less, approximate at the ends of the branches : flowers yellowisli, a line long : fruit somewhat viscid, 2 or 3 Hues in diameter. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 53. B. trilobata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 219. Throughout the State, ranging to Washington Territory and eastward to the Rocky Mountains and Texas. The typical fonn of the Atlantic States has the leaves ordinarily larger and less lobed, and the odor of the plant is perhaps more aromatic. The fruit is said to be pleasantly acid, and is eaten by the Indians ; the slender twigs are used in their choicest basket-work. § 3. Flowers polygamous, on bracfed pedicels in numerous short dense racemes closely paniculate at the ends of the branches: sepals orbicular, concave, colored: fruit densely pubescent and very viscid, dark red : leaves simple, coriaceous. — Styphonia, Benth. & Hook. [Styphonia, Nutt.) 3. R. integrifolia, Benth. & Hook. A diffusely branched stout evergreen shrub, 5 to 10 feet high : leaves puberulent when young, soon glabrous, broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, usually entire but sometimes spinosely toothed, 1^ to 3 inches long, on short stout petioles : flowers rose colored, in close panicles 1 to 3 inches long : petals rounded, ciliate, exceeding the sepals, 1| lines long: fruit ovate, 3 lines long. — Gen. PI. i. 419. Styphonia integrifolia, I^utt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 220 & Sylva, iii. 4, t. 82 ; Torrey, Pacif. E. Eep. vii. 9, t. 2. S. serrata, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 220. From Santa Baibara to San Diego, mostly on the coast ; western Arizona, Palmer, JVliee'er. Along the cliffs near the sea it forms close thickets, sometimes on the seaward side presenting a Rhus. LEGUMINOS^. HI surface of dense foliage as smooth' and uniform as that of the best trained hedge. According to Nuttall the smooth gray bark exudes in small ([uantities a veiy astringent gum-resin. The fresh red berries are described by Palmer as coated with an icy-looking white substance, which is pleas- antly acid and used by the Indians to make a cooling drink. § 4. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in aviple terminal or axillary compound panicles : fruit small, glabrous : leaves simple, coriaceous. — LiTHRiEA, Bentb. & Hook. (Lithrcea, Miers. Hhus § Jfalosma, Nutt.) 4. R. laurina, Nutt. A large evergreen much-branched and very leafy shrub, exhaling an aromatic odor, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, acute, mucronate, rounded at base, glaucous, entire, 2 or 3 inches long, on slender petioles : panicles dense, 2 to 4 inches long : flowers yellowish, a line long, or less : fruit whitish (?), ovate, 1|- lines long, beaked by the stout styles. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 219. Lithrcea laurina, Walp. ; ToxTcy, Pac'if R. Rep. iv. 73, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 44, t. 7. From Santa Barbara to San Diego, in the valleys ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. According to Dr. Torrey "the thin pulp of the dry fruit consists chiefly of a white waxy material, soluble in strong alcohol, which seems to be almost entirely cerine." The seeds are said to yield a pungent oil. Order XXXI. LEGUMINOS^. The single and simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit, and the alternate leaves with stipules (to which in the proper Pulse family are added the papiliona- ceous corolla and 10 diadelphous or monadelphous or rarely distinct stamens) mark this order, one of the largest and next to Graminece the most important of the vege- table kingdom. It comprises the following suborders. Suborder I. PAPILIONACEiE. Flower irregular. Calyx mostly 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the tube or cup extending beyond the perigyuous disk which lines its bottom and bears the petals and sta- mens. Corolla of 5 petals (rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud ; one (the standard) superior (next the axis of inflorescence), larger and always external, covering in the bud the two lateral ones (wings), and these covering the inferior pair, which to- getlier form the keel, being commonly united or at least coherent by their lower edges ; the claws of all five usually distinct. Stamens and pistil enclosed in the keel. Filaments 10, seldom 5, rarely separate around the pistil, commonly united from the base upward into a sheath enclosing the ovary, which is either entire (monadelphous) or open on the upper side, the 10th or upper stamen being free from the others or becoming so (diadelphous) : anthers 2-celled. Ovary with sev- eral, few, or rarely solitary amphitropous or sometimes anatropous ovules on the single parietal placenta : style generally inflexed or incurved : stigma simple, ter- minal or nearly so. Legume normally one-celled and two-valved, sometimes falsely 2-celled or divided lengthwise b}'' an intrusion of the dorsal suture, or else several- celled transversely by constrictions or articulations, not rarely indehiscent. Seed destitute of albumen, or occasionally with a layer of it. Embryo otherwise filling the seed : cotyledons broad, thick or thickish : radicle almost always accumbently inflexed. Leaves simple or simply compound ; the earliest pair or pairs often oppo- site ; the others almost always alternate. Leaflets mostly entire, sometimes den- 4 -4 112 LEGUMINOS^. -% ticulate. Flowers perfect, solitary, or several in a raceme, spike, head, or sometimes panicle. Our 1 6 genera represent almost half as many tribes, corresponding to the principal divisions of the following key. I. Stamens distinct. * Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. 1. Therm opsis. Herbs, with conspicuous stipules, and yellow flowers in racemes. 2. Pickeringia. Shrub, with minute stipules or none, and purplg solitary flowera. * * Leaves unequally pinnate : shrubby. 3. Sophora. Pod thick, large, several-seeded, often transversely constricted : leaves coriaceous. 10. Amorpha. Pod small, 1 - 2-seeded. Petal one ! Stamens monadelphous at the very base. vML Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1). * Anthers of two forms : filaments strictly monadelphous : leaves digitate, of more than 3 quite entire leaflets. 4. Lupinus. Calyx deeply bilabiate. Standard with recurved sides : keel falcate. Pod large, straight. * * Anthers uniform. ■1- Leaflets 3, or rarely digitately 5 to 7, denticulate or serrulate : stamens diadelphous or nearly so : pods small and enclosed in the calyx, or curved or coiled. 5. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent, united with the filaments. Pod small, mostly in the calyx. 6. Melilotus. Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes, small. Petals free, deciduous. Style filiform. Pod small, wrinkled, globular. 7. Medicago. Flowers nearly of Melilotus. Pod spirally coiled or curved. Style subulate. \y+- +- Leaves unequally pinnate (very rarely digitate or simple) ; leaflets entire : no tendriL ++ Flowers umbellate or solitary, on an axillary peduncle. 8. Hosackia. Herbaceous or shrubby. Corolla yellow or partly white, or turning reddish : claw of the standard usually remote from the others. Pod linear, several-seeded. \x** ++ Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads, never umbellate. = Herbage glandular-dotted : stamens mostly monadelphous. 9. Psoralea. Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves and axillary spikes. Stamens mostly monadel- phous. Pod indehiscent, one-seeded. Ovule solitary. 10. Amorpha. Shrubs, with pinnate leaves and terminal or panicled racemes. Wings and keel of the corolla wanting. Stamens monadelphous only at base, otherwise distinct. Pod nearly indehiscent, 1 - 2-ovuled, 1 - 2-seeded. 11. Dalea. Shrubby or herbaceous, with pinnate or simple leaves and terminal spikes or heads. Wings and keel inserted on and articulated with the monadelphous stamen-tube. Pod indehiscent, 2 - 6-ovuled, mostly one-seeded. ^ = Herbage glandular or gluiiaaua.and more or less punctate : leaves unequally pinnate : sta- mens diadelphous ; anthei-s confluently 1-celled. 12. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, &c., oi Astragalus. Pod prickly or muricate, short, 1-celled. = = = Herbage neither glandular nor dotted : stamens diadelphous ; anthers 2-celled : leaves pinnate. 13. Astragalus. Herbs, unarmed. Pods mostly bladdery or turgid, or more or less 2-celled by intrusion of the dorsal suture. 14. Olneya. Tree, spinescent, nearly destitute of stipules. Pod 2-valved, several-ovuled, 1-2- seeded ; valves very thick and firm. -1 — H -^ Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril or bristle (occasionally by an imperfect leaflet) : stamens diadelphous : peduncles axillary : pod 2-valved : seed-stalks broad or expanded at the hiluni : herbs. 15. Vicia. Stamen -tube oblique at the summit. Style filiform, hairy around and below the apex. 16. Lathyrus. Stamen-tube nearly truncate. Style dorsally flattened toward the apex, hairy on the inner side, usually twisted half round. Thermopsis. LEGUMINOS^. 113 Suborder II. C^SALPINE^ Flower more or less irregular. Perigynous disk lining the tube or base of the calyx. Petals imbricated in the bud, the superior one (answering to the standard) within the lateral ones. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct. Seeds sometimes with albumen. Eadicle not incurved. * Corolla seemingly papilionaceous. 17. Cercis. Trees or shrubs, with simple rounded leaves, and lateral fascicles of rose-purple flowers. Calyx barely 5-toothed. ♦ * Corolla not at all papilionaceous, yellow. Calyx 5-pai'ted. Seeds with albumen. 18. Cassia. Herbs or sometimes shrubs, witli simply and abruptly pinnate leaves. Anthers fixed by the base, mostly opening by terminal pores, eitlier 10 and unequal or some of the upper ones imperfect, alx)rtive, or wanting. Calyx imbricated in the bud. 19. Farkinsonia. Somewhat spinescent shrubs or trees, with twice pinnate (or apparently only pinnate) leaves : leaflets small. Anthers 10, fixed by the middle, opening lengthwise. Calyx valvate. Suborder III. MIMOSE^E. Flowers regular, small, and numerous in spikes or heads. No perigynous disk. Calyx and corolla valvate in the bud, 4 - 5-merous. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or numerous, hypogynous. Seeds mostly without ialbumen. Eadicle not incurved. Leaves usually twice pinnate. 20. Prosopis. Stamens 10. Petals distinct or becoming so. More or less spiny shrubs or trees. Flowers greenish. 21. Acacia. Stamens indefinitely numerous. Petals united below. Flowers yellow. 1. THERMOPSIS, R. Brown. Calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle ; teeth equal or the two upper ones united. Standard roundish, shorter than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed : keel nearly: straight, obtuse, its petals somewhat united, equalling the wings. Stamens distinct. Style slightly incurved : stigma minute. Pod linear to oblong-linear, much com- pressed, few - many-seeded, shortly stipitate or nearly sessile, straight or incurved. — Stout perennial herbs, with erect clustered stems ; leaves digitately 3-foliolate, with free foliaceous stipules, shortly petioled ; leaflets entire ; flowers large, yellow, in terminal racemes, with persistent herbaceous bracts ; pedicels short, mostly soli- tary, naked. About a dozen species, half belonging to Asia, and the rest to North America. Three of these are confined to the Atlantic States and one to the Rocky Mountains. 1. T. macrophylla, Hook, k Arn. Villous with long spreading hairs : stipules large, ovate ; leaflets oblong-elliptical, acute at each end, three inches long, glabrous above, tomentose and villous beneath : calyx-teeth acuminate : stamens somewhat persistent : pod villous, shortly stipitate, oblong-linear, nearly 2 inches long and 4 lines broad, straight, erect, 4 - 5-seeded. — Bot. Beechey, 329 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 388. Collected by Douglas in California, but the locality unknown. All the specimens from other collections that have been refeiTed to the species, seem to belong to the next. 2. T. Califomica, Watson. Woolly-tomentose throughout : stipules lanceo- late ; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, an inch or two long, acute or obtuse, equally tomentose on both sides : bracts broad at base, mostly ovate : pod very pubescent, 114 LEGUMINOS^. -^ Thermopsis. on a short glabrous stipe, 6-8-ovuled ; mature fruit not known. — Proc. Am. Aead. xi. 126. T. maa^ophylla, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 81. T. fabacea, Torr. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 58. From Maiiii and Napa counties southward. 3. T. montana, Nutt. More glabrous, somewhat silky-villous especially above : stipules ovate to lanceolate ; leaflets oblong-obovate to oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, obtuse or acutish, sparingly villous beneath, smooth above : bracts mostly lanceo- late : pod pubescent, on a rather slender stipe about equalling the calyx-tube, linear, 2 or 3 inches long, straight, erect, 10- 12-seeded. — Torr. e Island {Palmer) ; Northern Nevada, Watson. 21. T. microdon, Hook. & Am. Eesembling the last : involucre broader, nearly enclosing the head ; its lobes about 3-toothed : calyx smooth, angled ; the teeth rigid, broadly triangular, acute, with a narrow scarious serrulate margin. — Bot. Beechey, 330, t. 79 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 691. From about San Francisco northward ; Washington Territory, Lyall, Hall. Also Chilian. 22. T. cyathiferum, Lindl. Smooth : stems erect or ascending, a foot high or less : stipules ovate to lanceolate, laciniately toothed ; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, a half to an inch long : heads larger ; involucre conspic- uous, very broad and membranaceous, with short many-nerved and toothed lobes : calyx strongly 5-nerved, membranaceous and somewhat inflated ; the nerves excur- rent above and setaceously branched, equalling the short rose-colored corolla : pod 2-seeded. —Bot. Reg. xiii, under t. 1070; Hook. Fl. i. 133, t. 50. Sierra Valley, Sierra Co. {Lermnon) ; Northern Nevada (Anderson, Watson) ; and northward to the Columbia River. A remarkable species. * * * Standard becoming conspicuotisly inflated and enclosing the rest of the flower : involucre nearly obsolete in T. depauperatum. +■ Heads mostly large : involucre conspicuous. 23. T. barbigerum, Torr. Somewhat pubescent : stems rather stout, decum- bent or ascending, a span high or less : stipules scarious, broadly ovate, laciniate ; leaflets obovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, half an inch long or less : invo- lucre as broad as the heads (4 to 8 lines wide), shortly lobed and setaceously many- toothed : calyx-tube short, membranaceous ; its teeth setaceously awned, plumose, the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla, sometimes 2-3-parted: pod 2-seeded. — Pacif P. Rep. iv. 79. Var. Andre'wsii, Gray. A stout villous form ; the heads larger, sometimes an inch broad : calyx-teeth very long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 335. Near the coast from Monterey to Mendocino County ; very variable. 24. T. fucatum, Lindl. Smooth : stems stout and succulent, a foot or two high or more : stipules large and scarious, usually very broad and entire ; leaflets obovate, often large (^ to \\ inches long), obtuse: heads large; involucre broad, 132 LEGUMINOS^. * TrifoKum. deeply cleft or parted into entire acuminate lobes : flowers often an inch long, pale rose-color or purplish : calyx-tube very sliort, membranaceous ; the teeth thin, nar- rowly subulate, entire or occasionally 2 - 3-cleft : pod 2 - 6-seeded. — Bot. Eeg. t. 1883. T. physopetalum, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. iii. 47. T. Gambelii Nutt. PI. Gambel. 151. A common species in the Coast Ranges and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, through the length of the State ; in some places very abundant and affording good pasturage. ■*- -t- Heads small, few-flowered : involucre small or ivanting. 25. T. depauperatum, Desvaux. Smooth, low and slender, decumbent or ascending : stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; leaflets obcordate to linear and acute, half an inch long or usually less: heads 3 - 10-flowered ; involucre reduced to a very small toothed or truncate often minute and scarious ring : flowers white or purple, 2 or 3 lines long : calyx short ; the teeth narrowly subulate : ovules 2 to 6 : pod usually 1 - 2-seeded. — Jour. Bot. iv. 69, t. 32 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 523. T. stenophyllum, Nutt. PI. Gambel. 151. Hillsides and valleys from Southern California to Sonoma and Placer counties. It is also Chilian. 26. T. amplectens, Torr. & Gray. Like the last : involucre shorter than the flowers, 4 - 5-parted or cleft ; the segments oblong, usually obtuse, entire or ob- scurely toothed. — Fl. i. 319 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 330, t. 78 ; Gray, I. c. T. diversifolium, Nutt. 1. c. 152. In similar or the same localities ; also Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Probably only a variety of T, depauperatum. 6. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Sweet Clover. Flowers as in Trifolimn, except that the petals are free from the stamens and deciduous. Pod small but longer than the calyx, ovoid or subglobose, scarcely dehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs ; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the leaflets usually serrulate, and stipules adnate to the petiole ; flowers small, yel- low or white, in slender axillary pedunculate racemes. An Old World genus of about 10 species, several of which are often cultivated for forage pur- poses, and readily run wild in waste places. The herbage is fragrant in drying. 1. M. parviflora, Desf. Annual, smooth, erect, often 2 or 3 feet high, branch- ing : leaflets mostly cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate, an inch long or less : flowers yellow, a line long, nearly sessile. — M. occidentalis, I^utt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 321. Native of the Mediterranean region, now widely naturalized in warm countries, and common in California. Cattle are fond of it. M. OFFICINALIS, Willd., with yellow flowers twice as large and on slender pedicels, and M. ALBA, Lam., with white flowers, the standard longer than the other petals, are the other species most likely to occur in the State. 7. MEDICAGO, Linn. Characters nearly as in the last : style subulate : pod compressed, falcate, in- curved or spirally coiled : seeds one or several. — Mostly herbs, annual to peren- nial ; stipules often laciniate ; flowers yellow or violet. Like the last wholly from the Old World, where there are about 40 species. 1. M. sativa, Linn. (Lucerne. Alfalfa.) Stems erect, 2 to 4 feet high, from a deep perennial tap-root, glabrous : leaflets cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, toothed above : flowers comparatively large, purple, racemed : pods numerous, spi- rally twisted, finely veined, not armed. HosacUa. LEGUMINOS^. 133 Sparingly naturalized. In cultivation it is probably the most valuable of forage plants for warm and dry regions. The root often reaches a depth of 8 or 10 feet, and may endure for many years. The herbage is very nutritious, and on deep soils with proper moisture it yields several crops, in some parts of the State growing and blooming nearly through the year. There is no specific difference between the English and German Lucerne and the Spanish and Chilian Alfalfa, but it is popularly believed that the Chilian variety is better adapted to this State than the European. 2. M. denticulata, Willd. (Bur-Clover.) Annual, nearly glabrous, pros- trate or ascending : leaflets cuneate-obovate or obcordate, toothed above : flowers small, yellow, usually 3 to 8 in a small cluster : pods spiral, strongly reticulated ; the margin thin, keeled, armed with a double row of curved or hooked prickles. Native of the Mediterranean region, and naturalized in most warm countries. It is valuable as a forage plant, but the burs are a source of great damage to wool. It fruits abundantly and the pods are eaten with great avidity by cattle and sheep, remaining good until the winter-rains. 3. M. lupulina, Linn. Annual, pubescent, procumbent : leaflets cuneate-obo- vate, toothed above : flowers very small, yellow, in short spikes : pods small, reni- form, 1 -seeded, not armed, black when ripe. Sparingly introduced. 8. HOSACKIA, Douglas. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal : standard ovate or roundish, the claw often remote from the others ; wings obovate or oblong ; keel somewhat incurved, obtuse or somewhat acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Style incurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile, several-seeded, partitioned between the seeds. — Herbaceous or rarely sufFrntescent ; leaves pinnate, 2 - many-foliolate ; stipules minute and gland-like, rarely scarious or foliaceous ; flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary sessile or pedunculate umbels. — Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 346 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 432. A North American genus of about 30 species, almost wholly confined to the western side of the continent and ranging from Mexico to British Columbia. It is very closely related to LotiLS of the Old World, to which genus the section Microlotus is referred by Bentham & Hooker, (Jen. PI. i. 490, with apparently good reason. The yellow or orange color of the fresh flowers in most of the species turns to reddish or reddish-brown in drying. The section Syrmatium is the most strongly characterized and might well be considered generically distinct. * Pod shortly acute, linear and many-seeded, straight, glabrous (except in H. rigida) : seeds sub- orbicular : flowers and fruit not reflexed : peduncles long : keel broad above, mostly obtuse. Stipules large and foliaceous : perennials. Densely villous : leaflets 9 to 15 : bract leaf-like, near the umbel. 1. H. INCANA. Less villous, Wscid : leaflets 15 to 21 : bract leaf- like, distant. 2. H. stipularis. Stipules scarious, mostly small : perennials. Stout, nearly glabrous : leaflets 9 to 15, thickish : bract below the um- bel : calyx-teeth short : pod thick. 3. H. CRASSIFOLIA. Glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9 : bract usually none or small : teeth half as long as the tube : pod slender : wings usually white. 4. H. BICOLOR. Glabrous, low : bract 1 - 3-foliolate, at the umbel : teeth longer : pod shorter : keel and wings purplish. 5. H. gracilis. Appressed-puberulent : bract at the umbel, usually 1-foliolate : flowers yellow and purplish. 6. H. OBLONGIFOLIA. Silky-pubescarit : bract at the umbel, usually 1-foliolate : keel and wings white. 7. H. ToRREYl. Stipules reduced to blackish glands. Perennials, appressed-pubescent : flowers 1 to 8, rather large. Mostly tall and stout : leaflets 5 to 7 ; rhachis elongated : pod long, glabrous. 8. H. grandifIjOKA. More slender : leaflets 3 to 5 ; rhachis short or none : pod shorter, pubescent. 9. H. rigida. 134 LEGUMINOS^. Hosackia. Annuals, low : flowers smaller. Umbels 2-5-flowere(l : standard remote from the wings : leaflets 5. 10. H. maritima. Flowers mostly solitary : petals approximate ; keel obtuse ; standard attenuate below : leaflets 5 to 9. 11. H. STRIGOSA. Flowers very small, solitary : keel acute : blade of the standard cor- date : leaflets 3 to 5 : pod 5-7-seeded : nearly glabrous. 12. H. PARVIFLORA. ♦ ♦ Pod shortly acute, 3 - 7-seeded, straight : flowers small, mostly solitary : keel narrowed into an acute beak : stipules gland-like : annuals, more or less villous. Flowers peduncled : corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx : leases nearly sessile, 1 - 3-foliolate. 13. H. Purshiana. Flowers nearly sessile, not bracteate : corolla longer : leaves petioled, 3 - 5-foliolate : low. Calyx-teeth about equalling the tube : pod 6 to 9 lines long, 5-seeded. 14. Teeth much longer than the tube : pod 3 to 4 lines long, 2 - 4-seeded. 15. H. SUBPINNATA. H. BRACHYCARPA. 16. H. GLABRA. 17. H. CYTISOIDES. 18. H. JUNCEA. 19. H. PROSTRATA. 20. H. MICRANTHA. * * * Pod long-attenuate upward, subterete, incurved, pubescent : stipules gland-like : leaflets 3 to 7 : seeds 1 or 2, terete : peduncles short or none : flowers and fruit reflexed. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent : pod slightly pubescent, elongated and much exserted beyond the calyx : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. Somewhat woody : nearly glabrous : stems angled : leaflets mostly 3. Leaflets oblong to linear : umbels sessile : teeth narrow, erect. Leaflets oblong to linear : peduncles short or nearly wanting : teeth attenuate, usually recurved. Leaflets obovate to oblong : peduncles very short : teeth short and blunt. Herbaceous, sparingly pubescent : stems very slender, terete : leaflets usually 5 to 7 : calyx-teeth short. Peduncles slender : flowers 2 or 3 lines long : style glabrous. Peduncles very short : flowers veiy small : style pubescent. Very silky-pubescent or tomentose : stems herbaceous, terete : pod pubes- cent, shorter. Pubescence appressed. Densely white-silky : leaflets mostly 3, narrow : umbels loosely few- flowered, often sessile : flowers 3 lines long : calyx-teeth short. Leaflets 5 to 7 : umbels peduncled : flowers usually larger : calyx- teeth nearly equalling the tube. More or less silky : umbels close, capitate : calyx very silky. Villous and subtomentose : umbels less dense : calyx less hairy. Pubescence more or less spreading : pod very short : umbels mostly on short peduncles : leaflets 5 to 7 : calyx-teeth filifoi-m, equal- ling the tube. Very pubescent throughout : flowers 3 or 4 lines long. Less pubescent ; stem glabrous : flowers smaller. § 1. Pod acute above, linear, straight or nearly so, terete or somewhat compressed, many- (5 - 20-)seeded, glabrous except in H. rigida : seeds mostly compressed, suborbicnlar : keel broad above,, mostly very obtuse : flowers a^id fruit ascend- ing or erect. — Euhosackia, Benth. * Stipules scarious or foliaceous : leaflets 5 to 21, upon a more or less elongated rha- chis : umbels pedunctdate, few — many-flowered : flowers rather large : perennials. ■{- Stipules broad and foliaceous : bract of several leaflets, below the top of the peduncle. 1. H. incana, Torr. Low, stout, erect, densely silky-villoiis throughout : leaflets 9-15, obovate-oblong, acute, nearly half an inch long; stipules ovate : peduncles shorter than the leaf (half an inch long), 6 -9-flowered : bract near the top, 5-folio- late : calyx 3 lines long ; the subulate teeth half the length of the tube. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 79, t. 4. On dry hills near South Yuba, Bigelow. 2. H. stipularis, Benth. Rather tall, stout, two feet high or more, less densely villous with spreading hairs, glandular, the leaves smoother: leaflets usually 15 to 21, 21. H. SERICEA. 22. H. ARGOPHTLLA. 23. H. DECUMBENS. 24. H. TOMENTOSA. 25. H. Heermanni. Hosackia. LEGUMINOS^. 135 obovate-oblong, acute and mucronate, a half to an inch long ; stipules large, ovate : peduncles an inch or two long, 4-8-flowered: bract near the middle, leaf-like, 3 - 9-folioIate : calyx two lines long; teeth subulate, short: pod straight, 1 to 1| inches long. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 365. H. viacrophylla, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 123. H. halsamifera, Kellogg, 1. c. 125, fig. 40. From the Contra Costa Hills to Monterey. Plant often more or less viscid with a fragrant glandular secretion. -(- -f- Stijmles scarious, mostly small. ++ Glabrous throughout or becoming nearly so : bract petioled or wanting. 3. H. crassifolia, Benth. 1. c. Stout, erect, often -2 or 3 feet high : leaflets 9 to 15, minutely pubescent or somewhat villous but soon glabrate, thickish, obovate or oblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate, a half to an inch long : peduncles nearly equalling the leaves, usually many-flowered : bract below the umbel, 1 - 3-foliolate : flowers on slender pedicels, greenish yellow or purplish : calyx-teeth short, trian- gular: pods thick, about 2 inches long. — H. stolonifera, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1977. H. platycarpa, Nutt. in Terr. & Gray, Fl. i. 323. From the Columbia River to the Sacramento and common in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada as far south as the Merced River. 4. H. bicolor, Dougl. Glabrous throughout, erect, rather tall and usually stout : leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, a half to an inch long ; stipules rather large : peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, 3 - 7-flowered, naked or sometimes with a small scarious or 1 - 3-foliolate bract at the summit : flowei"s nearly sessile, yellow, the wings often white : calyx-teeth triangular, only half as long as the tube: pod slender, nearly 2 inches long. — Benth. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1257. Lotus pinnatus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2913. A showy species, in low grounds, from Washington Territory to San Francisco Bay. 5. H. gracilis, Benth. Much like the last : usually low and slender, the weak stems a span high or more : umbel with a petioled 1 - 3-foliolate bract : flowers yellow, the keel and wings purplish : calyx-teeth nearly equalling the tube : pod shorter. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 365 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 54, t. 15. From the Columbia River to Monterey, ++ ++ Pubescent or puberulent : bract nearly sessile at tJie top of the peduncle. 6. H. oblongifolia, Benth. Rather slender, erect, minutely appressed-pubes- cent or base of the stem glabrous : leaflets 7 to 11, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, about an inch long, acute : peduncles exceeding the leaves, 5 - 7-flowered ; bract nearly sessile, 1 - 3foliolate, subtending the umbel, usually of a single leaflet : flowers yellow and purplish, the standard orange, turning brown : calyx-teeth subu- late, about equalling the tube : pod slender, about 2 inches long : seeds turgid. — PL Hartw. 305. ' Var. angustifolia, Watson. Slender, a span high : leaflets 5 to 7, linear-lance- olate : umbels 1 - 5-flowered. — H. lathyroides, Durand & Hilgard, Pacif. R. Rep. V. 6, t. 3. Mainly in Southern California : Monterey {Coulter) ; Fort Tejon (Eom) ; mountains east of San Diego {Parry, Palmer) ; the variety at Fort Miller on the San Joaquin (Heermann) and Los Angeles, Wallace. Coulter's locality is very uncertain. 7- H. Torre3ri, Gray. Resembling the last : more or less silky-pubescent, often glabrous below, slender, erect, a foot or two high : leaflets obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, a half to an inch long, obtuse or acute : standard yellow ; wings and keel white. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 625. In the Sien-a Nevada, along shaded stream-banks, from the head of Kern River to Donner Lake ; near Fort Tejon, Rothrock. 136 LEGUMINOS^. * Hosackia. * * Stipules gland-like, dark-colm'ed : leaflets 3 ^o 9 ; rhachis mostly elongated : pe- duncles 1 — several-flowered, hracteate at the simimit or sometimes naked : claws of the petals not exserted from the calyx. -{- Perennials : flowers rather large : umbels 3 - ^-flowered. 8. H. grandiflora, Benth. Mostly tall and stout, 1 to 5 feet high, more or less appressed silky-pubesceut : leaflets 5 to 7, on an elongated rhachis, obovate to oblanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long, acutish : peduncles elongated : umbel 3 - 8-flowered, usually subtended by a single leaflet : flowers nearly -sessile, 6 to 11 lines long, yellowish or greenish white, often tinged with purple : calyx half as long, the subu- late teeth nearly equalling the tube : pod slender, elongated, glabrous. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 366. H. ochroleuca, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 323. From Mendocino Co. and the mouth of the Yuba to Santa Barbara ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 9. H. rigida, Benth. A span to a foot high or more, more or less appressed silky-pubescent : leaflets 3 to 5 on a very short petiole, or pahnately crowded and sessile, obovate to oblanceolate, acutish, 3 to 8 lines long : peduncles usually ex- ceeding the leaves, 1 - 5-flowered, with a sessile 1 - 3-foliolate bract or naked : flowers half an inch long, yellow turning to brown : calyx-teeth half as long as the tube or nearly equalling it : pod an inch long, rather broad, pubescent : seeds sub- globose. —PI. Hartw. 305. Arizona, Sonora, and eastward, and probably to be found within the southeastern limits of the State ; Tantillas Mts., below San Diego, Palmer. Coulter's original specimens were referred to Montei'ey, doubtless through mistake. H. puberula, Benth., with linear or oblanceolate leaflets upon a more developed rhachis, and H. Wrightii, Gray, with flowers on shorter peduncles or sessile, are apparently but forms of //. rigida, and may likewise occur in California. Dr. Palmer collected at the Big Canon of the Tantillas Mts. a very similar plant, but with the pod broader and (juite glabrous. The same was found by Newl^erry at Sitgreaves Pass in Arizona, and perhaps also by Bigelow on Bill Williams River. It may be distinct. -t- -H Annuals : rhachis of the leaf somewhat dilated : flowers smaller. ++ Peduncles mostly 2 — 5-flowered : standard remote from the wings. 10. H. maritima, Nutt. A span high, minutely strigose-puberulent or nearly glabrous : leaflets mostly 5, succulent, obovate to oblanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long : peduncles about equalling the leaves : umbel usually subtended by a 1 - 3-folioIate bract : flowers yellow, 4 lines long : calyx-teeth linear-subulate, about equalling the tube : pod an inch long, narrow, 10- 12-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 326. Near the sea, from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles. ++ ++ Peduncles 1 - 2-flowered, about equalling the leaves : petals all approximate. 11. H. Strigosa, Nutt. Strigosely pubescent, small, diff'usely spreading, pros- trate or ascending : leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or usually linear-oblong, 1 to 5 lines long : bract 1 - 5-foliolate or wanting : flowers light yellow, 3 to 5 lines long or less : keel very obtuse, shorter than the wings ; standard attenuate into the claw : calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the tube : pod narrow, an inch long, 10 - 12-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. 326. JI. microphyUa, nudiflora & rtibella, Nutt. 1. c. Frequent through the lower part of the State, from Monterey and Calaveras Co. to the Colo- rado River. Very variable. 1 2. H. parviflora, Benth. Glabrous or nearly so : stems very slender, ascend- ing, a span high or less : leaflets 3 to 5, obovate and very small to narrowly oblong and 6 to 8 lines in length : bract 1- 3-foliolate : flowers very small (about two lines long), yellow : keel with a sharp incurved apex, nearly equalling the wings ; blade of the standard cordate : pod 6 to 12 lines long, 5-7-seeded, compressed and often contracted between the seeds. — Bot. Reg. xv, under t. 1257. Lotus micranthus, Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 367. From Monterey and Sacramento northward to the British boundary. Very variable. Hosackia. LEGUMINOS^. 137 § 2. Pod as in Euhosackia, tisually somewhat compressed, 3 — 7-seeded, glabrous: seeds broadly oblong to orbicular : keel narrowed above into a rather short mostly acute incurved beak, equalling or exceeding the wings: claws equally approximate to each othe)\ included in the calyx : flowers small, mostly soli- tary, ascending : leaflets 1 to 5, on a more or less dilated rhachis ; stipules gland-like : annuals. — MiCROLOTUS, Benth. « Flowers solitary, peduncled, usually bracteate with a single leaflet : corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx : leaves nearly sessile, 1 — S-foliolate. 13. H. Furshiana, Benth. More or less silky-villous or sometimes glabrous, erect or ascending, often a foot high or more : leaflets varying from ovate to lanceo- late, 3 to 9, lines long : peduncles usually exceeding the leaves : flowers 2 or 3 lines long : calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube, about equalling the corolla : pod narrow, linear, glabrous, about an inch long, 5 - 7-seeded : seeds oblong. — Bot Eeg. XV, under t. 1257. //. elata, floribtcnda, pilosa, & mollis, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 327. A very variiible species and of wide range, extending from Washington Territory to Northern Mexico, and eastward to the Upper Missouri, Arkansas, and even North Carolina. * « Flowers nearly sessile and mostly solitary in the axils, not bracteate : corolla ex- ceeding the calyx : leaflets 3 to 5, obovate to oblanceolate, scattered on a somewhat dilated rhachis : loiv and much branched. 14. H. subpinnata, Torr. & Gray. Villous or glabrate, decumbent or ascend- ing, a span higii or less : leaflets half an inch long or less : flowers 3 or 4 lines long ; calyx scarcely half as long, the subulate teeth about equaUing the tube : pod linear- oblong, compressed, 6 to 9 lines long, about 5-seeded. — Fl. i. 326. Lotus subpin- natus. Lag. ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 17, t. 8. Frequent near the coast from Washington Territory to Santa Barbara, and more rare eastward in the interior to S. Utah, Parry. Also in Chili. 15. H. brachycarpa, Benth. Resembling the last : softly villous : calyx longer, the teeth linear and very much longer than the tube : pod 3 or 4 lines long, oblong or linear-oblong, villous, 2 - 4-seeded. — PI. Hartw. 306. From the upper Sacramento River in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and also near the coast, to Southern California. § 3. Pod long-attenuate upivard, incurved, somewhat terete, 1 — 2-seeded : seeds terete, linear or oblong : keel broad above and mostly obtuse ; claw of the standard remote from the rest : stigma minute, glabrous : timbels few-floivered, sessile or pedunculate ; flowers and fruit reflexed : stipules minute dark-colored glands : leaflets 3 to 7 : mostly perennial. — Syrmatium, Gray. {Syrmatium, Vogel.) * Glabrous or sparingly pubescent : stems slender and virgately branched : body of the pod elongated and much exserted beyond the calyx, only slightly pubescent : seeds 2, straight, 1^ lines long : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. +- Somewhat woody at the base and nearly glabrous : stems angled : leaflets thick and approximate, usually 3. 16. H. glabra, Torrey. Very nearly glabrous, the calyx and young leaves often somewhat appressed-silky : stems woody at base, 2 to 8 feet high, erect with weak straggling branches or sometimes decumbent ; leaflets oblong to linear-oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, obtuse or acute : umbels numerous, sessile : flowers 3 or 4 lines long : calyx 1| to 2| lines long; the teeth narrowly subulate, erect, a half to one fourth as long as the tube. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 274. Syrmatium glabrum, Vogel in Liunaea, x. 591. H. scoparia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 325 ; Gray, 1. c. 346. H. crassifolia, Nutt. 1. c. Common in the Coast Ranges from Lake Co. {Torrey) to San Diego. 138 LEGUMINOS^. jf Hosackia. 1 7. H. cytisoides, Beuth, Eesembling the last : calyx-teeth attenuate, mostly- recurved : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, or sometimes very short, usually with a 1 - 3-foliolate bract at the top. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 366. From near San Francisco to Monterey and southward ; Salinas Valley, Antisell. 18. H. juncea, Benth. 1. c. Very nearly glabrous, somewhat shrubby, erect: leaflets obovate to oblong, 2 to 4 lines long : umbels on very short peduncles or sessile : flowers about 3 lines long : calyx 2 lines long or less ; teeth short and blunt. Monterey to San Diego {Doiiglas, Nattull, Brewer, Goodale) ), Colorado Desert (Schoti) ; and reported also from near San Francisco. +- "f- Herbaceous and sparingly pubescent : stems terete : leaflets usually 5 to 7, a7id less approximate. 19. H. prostrata, Nutt. Slightly appressed-silky : stems very slender, diffuse, 2 or 3 feet long : leaflets cuneate-oblong to obovate, 2 or 3 lines long, acutish : um- bels on slender peduncles, often a half to an incli long, naked or with a 1 -3-foliolate bract : flowers two or three lines long : style glabrous : calyx a line long ; its teeth short, triangular, acute. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 325. //. decum,bens, var. c/labriuscula, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 137. Santa Barbara and San Diego, near the sea, Nuttall, Palmer, &c. 20. H. micrantha, Nutt. " Diffusely procumbent from an apparently annual root," very slender : leaflets obovate-oblong, 1 ^ to 3 lines long : umbels on very short naked peduncles : flowers very small (not two lines long) : style covered with short straight ascending hairs : calyx-teeth short, acute. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 324. Monterey {Nuttall) ; Catalina Island, Gambol probably. No good specimens of this apparently good species liave been collected. * * Very silky-pubescent or tomentose, herbaceous : stems terete ; body of the pod less elongated, often scarcely longer than the calyx, pubescent, usually much curved : seed often solitary, somewhat curved : leaflets 3 to 7, not approximate, +- Pubescence appressed. 21. H. sericea, Benth. 1. c. Densely white-silky, much branched, ascending, a foot or two high : leaflets usually 3, cuneate-oblong to linear, 3 to 6 lines long : umbels loosely few-flowered, sessile or often on short peduncles : flowers three lines long : calyx half as long, with short slender teeth. Rare : collected by Douglas, probably at Monterey, and in Salinas Valley by Brewer. 22. H. argophylla, Gray. More or less densely silky, often silvery : stems decumbent or ascending : leaflets usually 5 or 7, from obovate and rounded to oblong and acute at both ends, 2 to 7 lines long : umbels mostly dense and capitate, on short simply bracted peduncles, sometimes nearly equalling the leaves : flowers 4 or 5 lines long : calyx half as long ; its teeth conspicuous, filiform and silky, usually nearly equalling the tube. — PI. Thurb. 316. H. argentea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 38, fig. 8. In the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada from the Merced River (Gray) southwai-d, and through the southern part of the State ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Variable in pubescence, length of calyx-teeth, &c. 23. H. decumbens, Benth. 1. c. Yillous-pubescent and somewhat tomentose, perennial : stems ascending or diffusely procumbent, a foot long or more : leaflets 5 to 7, cuneate-obovate to -oblong, mostly acute, 3 to 6 lines long : umbels less dense, on short peduncles, with a 1 - 3-foliolate bract : flowers 2 to 5 lines long : calyx less silky ; its teeth slender, often as long as the campanulate tube. Var. (1) Nevadensis, Watson. Low and apparently annual : flowers somewhat smaller : calyx-teeth half as long as the tube. — H. Heermanni, Anderson, Cat. PI. Jsevada, 119 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 63, in part. Psoralea. LEGTJMINDS^. 139 The typical form is frequent in "Washington Territory, Oregon, and Idaho, but seems not to have been found in California. The variety is common in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite to Sierra Co., Lemmon. +■ +- Pubescence somewhat tomentose and more or less spreading : pod very short, the body scarcely exceeding the calyx. 24. H. tomentosa, Hook. & Arn. Very pubescent : the stem covered with spreading hairs, weak and fiexuous, prostrate or ascending, a foot long or more : leaf- lets 5 to 7, cuneate-oblong to obovate, acute, 3 to 6 lines long : umbels on short bracteolate peduncles, or the uppermost sessile : flowers 3 or 4 lines long : calyx half as long or more, very villous ; the teeth lax, filiform, as long as the tube. — Bot. Beechey, 137; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 324. Syrmaiium tomentosum, Yogel in Linnsea, x. 591. In dry places near the coast, from San Francisco to Monterey. 25. H. Heermanni, Durand «fe Hilgard. Less densely pubescent : the stem nearly glabrous, much branched and spreading : leaflets smaller, 2 to 4 lines long : umbels on short peduncles or often sessile : flowers smaller, 2 or 3 lines long : calyx less villous, half as long ; the flliform teeth about equalling the tube. — Pacif. R. Eep. V. 6, t. 4. Sand-hills near San Francisco (Fitch) and southward to San Diego. 9. PSORALEA, Linn. Calyx lobes nearly equal, or the lower one larger ; the two upper often connate. Keel broad and obtuse above, united with the wings. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous : anthers uniform. Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1 -seeded, thick and often wrinkled, sessile. — Perennial herbs (our species), punctate with dark glandular dots ; leaves digitate or pinnate, mostly 3 - 5-foliolate, the leaflets entire ; stipules not adnate to the petiole ; flowers white or purplish, in axillary pedunculate spikes or racemes, with mostly membranaceous and deciduous bracts. A genus of about 100 species, found in all temperate and tropical regions, but most numerously in North America and Southern Africa. Of the 30 North American species, most are confined to the eastern and southern portions of the United States. * Leaves pinnately 3-foltolafe. +- Stems prostrate, creeping : leaves large, orbicular. 1. P. orbicularis, Lindl. Finely pubescent, the inflorescence villous ; hairs on the calyx mixed with short pedicellate glands : petioles one half to a foot long ; the leaflets 2 to 4 inches in diameter, somewhat cuneate at base : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves (1 to 3 feet high), bearing a close villous spike of large flowers ; bracts large, deciduous : calyx 5 to 9 lines long, cleft nearly to the base ; the lower tooth much the longest and about e(|ualling the purplish corolla : standard oblong, exceeding the narrow wings and keel : stamens diadelphous : pods ovate, acute, compressed, 3 hues long. — Bot. Reg. t. 1971; Torr. in Bot. Wilkes Exp. 269. Usually in moist places, from Plumas Co. (Mrs. Ames) and Bolinas Bay {Kellogg) to San Diego Co., Palmer. +■ -H Stems erect. 2. P. strobilina, Hook. & Am. Two or three feet high, more or less villous and pubescent throughout ; the stem, peduncles, and petioles glandular : petioles 3 or 4 inches long ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, softly pubescent beneath, more glabrous above, about 2 inches long ; stipules large, membranaceous, acuminate : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers in short oblong spikes ; bracts very large, decidu- ous : calyx half an inch long or more ; lower tooth much the longest and at least 140 LEGUMINOS^. > Psoralea. equalling the purple corolla : stamens monadelphous : ovary pubescent. — Bot. Beechey, 332, t. 80 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 689, excl. var. In the hills from Contra Costa County to Santa Cruz. Differing from the next in its greater pubescence, rather larger leaves, larger stipules, short peduncles, and larger bracts and flowers. 3. P. macrostachya, DC. Three to six (or sometimes 10 or 12) feet higli, puberulent or nearly glabrous, rarely somewhat tomentose : petioles shorter ; stipules small, lanceolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, often acutish at base, an inch or two long or more : peduncles much exceeding the leaves: spikes eylindrical, silky-villous, the hairs often blackish ; bracts broad, acuminate, as long as the flowers : calyx 3 or 5 lines long ; the lower tooth a little longest, scarcely equalling the purple petals : tenth stamen nearly free : pod villous, ovate-oblong, acute, compress^, 3 or 4 lines long. — Prodr. ii. 220 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1769; Torr. & Gray, n. i. 689. P. strobi- lina, /3., Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Through nearly the length of the State : Eag Cafion, near Shasta {Brewer), and frequent in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ; Arroyo Seco, Santa Lucia Mts. {Brewer) ; San Felipe Canon, San Diego Co., Palmer. 4. P. physodes, Dougl. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, slender : petioles short and slender ; stipules small, lanceolate ; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, about an inch long : peduncles about equalling or sometimes excteding the leaves : flowers in short close racemes ; bracts small : calyx somewhat villous with usually dark hairs, half as long as the corolla, at length much enlarged and inflated, becoming 4 or 5 lines long ; its teeth short, nearly equal : petals half an inch long or less, white or purplish : stamens monadelphous : pod rounded, compressed, 3 lines long. — Hook, n. i. 136 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 304. In the Coast Ranges from Monterey northward, extending to Puget Sound. * * Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. 5. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Erect, a span or two high, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs : petioles short ; stipules linear-lanceolate ; leaflets linear to oblong- obovate, acute, about an inch long : peduncles about equalling the leaves : flowers small (2 or 3 lines long), bluish-white, in short spikes ; bracts small : calyx very small ; its teeth short, obtuse, nearly equal : stamens diadelphous : ovary very silky : pod compressed, very glandular, 2 lines in diameter. — Hook. Fl. i. 135, t. 51. Frequent in the interior from Washington Territory to Northern Arizona and eastward to the Saskatchewan and Nebraska. Probably to be found in the northeastern part of the State. P. FLdRiBUNDA, Nutt., a similar species, ranges from Texas to Western Arizona and may enter S. E. California. It is more or less canescent with short white hairs, the peduncles exceeding the leaves, and the flowers on short slender pedicels ; petioles mostly very short. 10. AMORPHA, Linn. Calyx obconical, nearly equally 5-toothed. Wings and keel wanting : standard erect, folded together. Stamens slightly united at base, exserted : anthers uniform. Pod oblong, exceeding the calyx, indehiscent, sessile, 1 - 2-seeded. — Shrubs, glan- dular-punctate ; leaves unequally pinnate, the leaflets usually stipellate ; stipules small ; flowers purple or violet, small, in dense clustered terminal spikes. Half a dozen species, peculiar to the United States, chiefly southern. 1. A. Californica, Nutt. Three to eight feet high, puberulent, the young leaves silky-pubescent : branches often beset with stout projecting glands : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate, shortly petiolulate, an inch long : stipules and bracts small, lanceolate, deciduous : spikes 1 to 3, and 2 to 6 inches long : flowers purple, 2 J lines long : calyx half as long ; the teeth silky, triangular, acute : pod pubescent, half-obcordate, 3 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 306. A. fruticosa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 53. Dalea. LEGUMINOS^. 141 In the Coast Ranges, near the sea, from Marin Co. (Bolander) to San Diego Co. It closely resembles A . fruticosa of the Atlantic States, but differs in the shape and pubescence of the pod, the more acute calyx-teeth, and the almost spinescent glands. These last, however, are some- times entirely wanting. Some of the specimens from Marin Co. are remarkable for conspicuous stipules and larger bmcts. 11. DALEA, Linn. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or toothed. Standard cordate, its claw free : wings and keel usually longer ; their claws adnate to and jointed upon the cleft stamineal tube. Stamens 10 (sometimes 9), monadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary 2- (rarely 4-6-) ovuled. Pod ovate, compressed, usually indehiscent, included in the calyx, 1 - 2-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, glandular-punctate ; leaves unequally pin- nate, very rarely digitately 3-foliolate or simple ; leaflets small, entire, sometimes stipellate ; stipules small, subulate ; flowers nearly sessile in terminal pedunculate spikes or rarely solitary. An American genus of nearly 100 species, a dozen natives of South America, 50 Mexican, and the rest belonging to the warmer portions of the United States. The Californiau species are con- fined to the southeastern desert region. Petalostemox, Michx., is a similar genus, differing in having only five stamens, the flowers always in dense bracteate cylindrical spikes. There are over 20 species, confined to the United States, several as far westwai-d as Central Arizona, Utah, and the basins of the Snake River and Columbia, but none have been found near the borders of California. § 1. Clatvs of the wings and keel adnate to the stamen-tube nearly to their middle : ovides a single pair. — Dalea proper. * Herbaceous: flowers erect or ascending, in dense spikes, tvith conspicuous bracts: calyx very villous, with long slender teeth : leaflets several or many. No species of this group of the genus have been collected in California, but the following approach it and some of them may yet be lound. D. BKACHYSTACHYS, Gray. A low glabrous annual : flowers yellow, in globose or oblong spikes : bracts villous-ciliate, somewhat persistent ; leaflets about 5 pairs. — S. Arizona to New Mexico. D. ALOPECUROIDES, Willd. A ratlier tall glabrous annual : flowers light rose-color, in cylin- drical spikes : bracts pubescent, scariously margined, deciduous : leaflets 10 to 20 pairs. — From Southern Arizona eastward to the Mississippi. D. L^viGATA, Gray. A tall glabrous perennial : flowers yellow or white, in cylindrical spikes : bracts very silky, somewhat persistent : leaflets many pairs, very small. — From Southern and Central Arizona to New Mexico. D. ALBiFLORA, Gray. A tall pubescent perennial : flowers white, in cylindrical spikes ; bracts narrow, veiy silky, deciduous : leaflets 8 to 16 pairs, small. — From Central and Southern Arizona to New Mexico. D. NANA, Torr. A low silky biennial or perennial : flowers yellow, in short thick spikes ; bracts very silky, deciduous : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, oblong, obtuse. — From Central and Southern Arizona to Texas and Mexico. * * He7-baceous or somewhat tvoody at base : floimrs spreading or deflexed, in rather loose spikes: bracts narrow, deciduous: calyx villous or pubescent, with mostly slender teeth. 1. D. mollis, Benth, Herbaceous, branching from a biennial or perennial root, low (3 to (i inches high), silky-villous with more or less spreading hairs : leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, obovate to cuneate-oblong, 1 to 4 lines long : flowers crowded in oblong shortly pedunculate heads, white or rose-colored : bracts lanceolate, acuminate, vil- lous : calyx very villous, 2 or 3 lines long ; the filiform plumose teeth much longer than the tube and exceeding the corolla. — PI. Hartw. 306 ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 47. At Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; on the Colorado (Newberry) ; and eastward to New Mexico. First collected by Coulter, probably in S. Arizona. 142 LEGUMINOS^. * DaUa. 2. D. calycosa, Gray. Herbaceous from a biennial or perhaps sometimes per- ennial root, canescent with a silky puberulence, diffuse and decumbent, slender, about 6 inches high : leaflets 5 to 1 3 pairs, oblong-obovate, a line or two long, ob- tuse, glabrous above : flowers 3 lines long, in short loose spikes : peduncles slender : bracts linear : calyx silky ; its teeth narrowly lanceolate, longer than the tube, a little shorter than the purple and white petals. • — PI. Wright, i. 40. On the San Pedro, S. Arizona ( r/t?(r6er) ; entrance of the Great Canon of the Tantillas Mts., be- low San Diego, Palmer. 3. D. Panr3ri, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous, very slender, puberulent or glabrate : leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, obovate to oblong, a line or two long, obtuse : flowers 4 lines long, bright purple, in loose elongated long-peduncled spikes : calyx not half the length of the corolla, canescent with short silky hairs ; its teeth broadly ovate, acute, about equalling the tube: pod smooth. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 397. D. divaricata, var. cinerea, Gray, 1. c. 335. Gravelly hills near Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; also on the Colorado in W. Arizona, near the mouth of Bill Williams River. D. WisLiZENi, Gray. Somewhat woody at base, erect, slender, a foot high, silky-villous : leaflets 7 to 9 pairs, oblong, obtusish, 2 or 3 lines long : spikes short, rather dense : flowers rose- colored, 4 lines long, showy, twice longer than the slender very villous calyx-teeth. — Santa Cruz, S. Arizona ( Th urber) ; Chihuahua ( Wislizenus) ; New Mexico, Wright. § 2. More or less woody and shrubby : claivs of the petals aduate to the stamen-tube only at the very base : ovules 2, rarely 4 or 6 : flowers spreading or reflexed, mostly in loose spikes or racemes. — Xylodalea, Watson. * Calyx very pubescent ; its teeth slender. 4. D. Emoryi, Gray. Shrubby, much branched, 2 to 5 feet high, hoary-tomen- tose throughout with a very flne pubescence : leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, narrowly oblong to obovate, 2 to 4 lines long, the terminal leaflet much longer : spikes very short, pedunculate : flowers 2 or 3 lines long, purple : calyx-teeth as long as the tube, a little shorter than the corolla : ovary pubescent. — PI. Thurb. 315 ; Torr. Pacif R. Eep. V. 360, t. 11. In sandy soils on the Colorado and Gila ; desert east of San Bernardino, Parry. 5. D. arborescens, Torr. " A small tree," much branched, somewhat spinose, the younger branches, leaves, and calyx densely hoary-tomentose : leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, obovate, approximate, 2 or 3 lines long : flowers in short nearly sessile rather close spikes, purple, 4 or 5 lines long : calyx large, but shorter than the corolla, the broader oblong or narrowly lanceolate teeth nearly equalling the tube. — Gray, PI. Thurb. 316. Collected only by Fremont at the eastern base of the San Fernando Mountains. 6. D. polyadenia, Torr. A stout divaricately branched shrub, 2 to 5 feet high, somewhat spinose, canescent with a fine retrorse pubescence, and sprinkled with numerous reddish glands ; the leaflets more hairy and the calyx densely villous : leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, obovate, a line or two long : flowers in short nearly sessile spikes, violet, 3 lines long : calyx-teeth narrow, about equalling the tube, shorter than the corolla : pod scarcely exceeding the calyx, pubescent. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 64, t. 9. In Truckee and Carson Deserts, Northwestern Nevada. * * Calyx slightly pubescent ; its teeth broad. -i- Leaves pinnate : flotvers in loose S2nkes. 7. D. Californica, Watson. Shrubby, canescent with a fine appressed pubes- cence, sparingly glandular ; the glands upon the peduncles sometimes prominent and prickle like : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, decurrent upon the rhachis, 1 to 1| lines Glycyrrhiza. LEGUMINOS^. 143 long, linear-oblong : flowers purple, 4 lines long, on short pedicels : calyx half as long, the ovate acute teeth shorter than the tube. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 132. Known only from a scanty specimen collected by Parry in dry washes in the San Bernardino Mountains, near Cajon Pass. 8. D. Fremontii, Torr. Shrubby, much branched, silky-puberulent or pubes- cent : leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, oblong-obovate, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long : flowers purple, 4 lines long, very nearly sessile : calyx half as long, somewhat pubescent ; the teeth triangular, acute, nearly equalling the tube : pod 4 to 6 lines long. — Gray, PI. Thurb. 316; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 65. On rocks near Muddy Kiver, S. Nevada {Fremont) ; also by Lieut. Wheeler in the same region. 9. D. Kingii, Watson. Low, somewhat shrubby, diff'usely branched, sparingly appressed silky, the lax spinulose branches and foliage yeUowish-green : leaflets 1 to 4 pairs, oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long ; the terminal longer, linear-oblong : flowers scattered upon the branchlets, nearly sessile, purple, 3 or 4 lines long : calyx finely pubescent ; the shortly acuminate teeth equalling the tube, shorter than the corolla : pod small, pubescent. — Bot. King Exp. 64, t. 10, On drifting sand in the Hot Spring Mountains, Northwestern Nevada, Wcdson. -t- -{- Leaves simple. 10. D. Schottii, Torr. Shrubby, slender, nearly glabrous, somewhat spinose, the branches nearly glandless : leaves scattered, narrowly linear, an inch long : flowers few, on short slender pedicels in an open raceme, sometimes solitary, purple, 4 lines long : calyx half as long, obscurely glandular ; the teeth very short, acutish : ovary pubescent, 2-ovuled : pod 4 lines long, with a single large seed. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 53. Banks of the Colorado, near Fort Yuma (Schott) ; Colorado Desert, Palmer. 11. D. spinosa, Gray. A shrub, much branched and very spinose, 4 to 15 feet high, lioary with a minute appressed pubescence : leaves scattered, cuneate- oblong or nearly linear, obtuse, nearly sessile, 4 to 8 lines long, very deciduous : flowers nearly sessile, in a loose spike, purple, 5 lines long : calyx half as long, marked by a row of conspicuous glands, the broadly ovate obtusish teeth much shorter than the tube: ovules 6: pod twice longer than the calyx, 1-seeded. — PI. Thurb. 315; Torrey, Pacif R. Rep. vii. 9, t. 3. Asagroea spinosa, Baillon, Adansonia, ix. 232. On Carico Creek {Antisell), in the Colorado Desert (Thurber), and eastward on the Gila. Made a distinct genus by Baillon, mainly on the larger number of ovules and the simple leaves. 12. GLYCYRRHIZA, Linn. Liquorice. Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous : anther- cells confluent at the top, the alternate anthers smaller. Ovary sessile, 2-many- ovuled : style short and rigid, curved at the tip. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, com- pressed and often curved, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded, glandular or somewhat prickly. — Erect perennial herbs, glandular-viscid ; leaves unequally pinnate ; stip- ules deciduous ; flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes, with caducous bracts ; root large and sweet. About a dozen species, found in all quarters of the globe but Africa ; only one North American. 1. G-. lepidota, Xutt. Tall and stout (2 or 3 feet high), somewhat glandular- puberulent, or the younger leaves slightly silky : leaflets punctate, 6 to 8 pairs, oblong- lanceolate, mucronate and often acuminate, usually an inch or two long : spikes short : flowers ochroleucous, nearly 6 lines long : calyx half as long ; the slender teeth much longer than the tube : pod thickly beset with hooked prickles, oblong, 6 lines long, 2 - 6-seeded. — Hook. Bot. Mag.' t. 2150 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 298. 144 LEGUMINOS^. ■* Astragalus. Var. glutinosa, Watson. More or less covered with stout spreading glandular hairs, especially the peduncles, which are shorter than the spikes : calyx very glandular. —(r. glutinosa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 298. The typical form of the species ranges from Washington Territory to Hudson's Bay and south- ward to Arkansas, New Mexico, and Nevada, and may be found on stream-banks in Northeastern California. The rarer variety has been collected in Washington Territory (NtUtall, Lyall), and in Corral Hollow, Alameda Co., Brewer. It is described as having the wings and keel tinged with purple ; the fruit is not known. The leaves in both forms are often sprinkled beneath with minute resinous globules. 13. ASTRAGALUS, Toum. Rattle-weed. (By A. Gray.) Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow : keel not pointed. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma terminal and minute. Legume (pod) very various, commonly turgid or inflated, one or both sutures usually projecting inward more or less, the dorsal one frequently so much as to divide the cell into two. Seeds few or many, on slender stalks, generally small for the s»ze of the pod. — Herbs, or a few woody at base ; with unequally pinnate leaves, and rather small flowers, chiefly in simple spikes or racemes from the axils ; the peduncle commonly elongated. — Gray, Eev. in Proc, Am. Acad. vi. 188 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 435. A vast genus, of five or six hundred species, mainly of the northern hemisphere and the tem- perate or frigid zones, most -numerous in Asia, and next in North America between the Missis- sippi and the Pacific. In California they have the rejnitation of being poisonous to sheep, which would be most unexpected were it not that several Papilionacem of Australia are known to be so. The fruit is needed ibr the determination of the species. To aid in this rather difficult matter an artificial key is here given. Besides the following, several other of the almost 150 North American species now known may reach California or its borders ; but it is impossible to indicate them beforehand. OxYTROPis, DC, a genus which is distinguished from Astragalus by a subulate beak at the tip of the keel, might be expected at alpine elevations in the Sierra Nevada, at least in the northern portion. But no representative has been met with within or near the State. * Leaflets pot prickly-pointed. -1- Root annual. Pod wrinkled, didymous, 2-seeded. 1- A. didymocarpus. Pod not wrinkled, several - many-seeded. Narrowly oblong, 5 - 10-seeded : flowers 5 to 9 in a head. 2. A. tener. Ovate-oblong, 4 - 6-seeded : flowers as the last. 3. A. Breweri. Linear, falcate : flowers few and crowded, very small. 4. A. NuttallIantts. Ovate, inflated, acute or pointed. Thin-bladdery, incurved, 1 -celled. 5. A. CxEYERI. Chartaceous and bladdery, 2-celled. 6. A. Coulteri. Firm-chartaceous, canescent, 1-celled. 7. A. aridus. +- Root perennial. ++ Pod bladdery-inflated, thin-membranaceous, ample. Pod 2-celled, ovate, often purplish-mottled. Plant slightly or very ])ubescent : stems 6 to 18 inches long. Plant silvery-silky, nearly stemless. Pod 1-celled, the dorsal suture not intruded, Stipitate in or raised out of the calyx. Stems a span high : pod very obtuse, Obovate, 1 or 2 inches long. Oval, an inch or less long. Stems a foot or more high. Stipe little if at all exceeding the calyx. Pod ovate, acute, not oblique. Pod clavate-obovate, ol)lique, pointed at both ends, pendulous. 13. A. oxyphysus. Pod semi-ovate, acutish, on a recurved rigid stipe. 14. A. curtipes. Stipe filiform, an inch long, almost equalling the oval pod. 15. A. leucophyllus. 8. A. lentiginosus. 9. A. platytropis. 10. A. HOOKERIANUS. 11. A. Whitneyi. 12. A. OOPHORUS. Astragalus. LEaUMINOS^. 145 16. 17. A. A. LETTCOPSIS. TRICHOPHYLLXTS. 18. A. OOCARPtra. 19. 20. A. A. Crotalari^. Menziesii. 21. 22. A. A. MACRO DOX, DOUGLASII, 23. 2i. A. A. HORNII. PULSIFER^ Stipe half shorter : pod acute at base. Stipe a (quarter of an inch long, half the length of the pod. Sessile in the calyx, bladdery, an inch or two long, many-seeded. Corolla pale yellow, short and broad : stipules herbaceous. Corolla white or whitish, narrow, an inch long : stipules scarious. Stipules distinct : pod rather firm-walled. Stipules united opposite the petiole : pod thin-bladdery. Corolla yellowish-white or cream-color, 4 lines long, hardly twice the length of the calyx. Herbage villous when young : calyx-teeth as long as the tube. Herbage puberulent when young : calyx-teeth shorter than tube. Sessile in the calyx, half an inch long : flower a quarter-inch long. Nearly glabrous : pods capitate, ovate, acuminate, 10-15-seeded. Villous : pods few, ovate-incurved, 3 - 8-seeded. ++ ++ Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous, or chartaceous, not bladdery-inflated, = Long-woolly or long-hairy, sessile in the calyx, many-seeded. Plant white with soft wool, very low : pod densely woolly. 25. A. Purshii. Plant and pods long-hairy, taller. 26. A. malacus. Plant and pods downy with short hairs, slender. 27. A. Andersonil = = Pod glabrous or pubescent with short hairs. Pod conspicuously stipitate, the stipe equalling or surpassing the calyx. One-celled, both sutures prominent externally. Calyx very obliquely attached to the pedicel and recurved on it : pod curved or coiled, rigid. Herbage soft-downy : pod pubescent. Herbage minutely pubescent : pod glabrous. Calyx not oblique : pod straight, thinner-walled, linear-oblong. Almost glabrous : pod obtuse at base ; stipe half an inch long. Hoary-pubescent : pod tapering into a stipe a quarter-inch long, Glabrous : stipe 2 lines long. Two-celled by intrasion of the dorsal suture, turgid, Narrowly oblong, straight, erect. Ovate, incurved, reflexed on the stipe. Pod very short-stipitate in the calyx, pendulous, oblong-linear, straight. 40. Pod sessile in the calyx or nearly so, and exceeding it. Stems a span to a foot or more high. Flowers an inch long, few : pod oval, 1 -celled. Flowers one third to two thirds of an inch long, Few or scattered in the spike. Pod flattened fore and aft, wing-margined. Pod more or less flattened or narrower fore and aft, marginless, curved at maturity. Leaflets 5 to 15, linear, scattered, hoary-pubescent. Leaflets 11 to 21, crowded, Obovate or roundish, loosely pubescent or glabrous : flowers jnirple. Oblong or obovate, minutely silvery-silky : flowers white. Pod terete with a groove on the back, narrow, straight, Short-stipitate in the calyx, not erect. Not at all stipitate, erect. Many flowers and pods crowded in a dense spike. Pods oblong, obtuse, 2-celled, many-seeded. Pods ovate, acute, lenticular, 1 -celled, 2-5-seeded. Flowers and few-seeded 2-celled pods only 2 or 3 lines long. Herbage and turgid pods minutely pubescent ; the latter grooved on the back. Herbage and laterally flatfish pods very pubescent. Stems or rootstocks not rising from the ground : leaflets few : scape few-flowered : pod small. 46. Pod sessile in and shorter than the calyx, few-seeded. 47. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. A. CTRTOIDES. A. SPEIROCARPPS. A. FILIPES. A. Antiselli. A. PORRECTUS. A. ARRECTUS. A. BOLANDERI. A. ATRATUS. 35. A. NUDUS. 36. A. PTEROCAKPUS. 37. A. Casei. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. A. TODANTHUS. A. Webbebi. A. ATBATtrS. A. OBSCCRUS. A. MORTONI. A. PYCNOSTACHYUS. A. Lemmoni. A. LENTIFORMIS. A. CALYCOSUS. A. AuSTINiS. * * Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent. Peduncles very short, 1 - 3-flowered : pod very small, 1 - 4-seeded. 48. A. Kentrophyta. 146 LEGUMINOSiE. Astragalus. I. Species toith an an7iual root, all low, mostly small. § 1. Pod strongly transversely wrinkled, didymous, 2-seeded. 1. A. didyxnocarpus, Hook. & Am. Slender, from 3 inches to a foot high, pubescent with some tine and rather scattered hairs, those of the peduncle and calyx blackish : leaflets 9 to 15, narrowly oblong to linear and more or less cune- ate, deeply notched at the apex : spike an inch or much less in length, close : .flowers 1|- to 2^ lines long : corolla wliite and violet,, its keel inflexed at tip : pod not over two lines long, short-oval and deeply 2-lobed lengthwise so as to be divided into two cells, each nearly filled by the single proportionally large seed. — Bot. Eeechey, 334, t. 81. A. Gatalinensis & A. nigrescens, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 152. Low grounds and slopes, common through the western part of the State from Marin Co. south- ward, flowering in spring. Like most annuals varying greatly in size and robustness. § 2. Pod not wrinkled, few - many-seeded. * Calyx blackish-hairy, much shorter tlian the violet or white and violet-tipped corolla : pod not inflated, between oblong and linear : flowers few and nearly sessile, crowded in a small head which does not lengthen in fruit, 2. A. tener, Gray. Slender, a span or so in height, sparsely and minutely pubescent : leaflets 9 to 15, linear or cuneate-linear, with or without a retuse or notched apex : head 5 — 9-flowered : pod between coriaceous and cartilaginous, about half an inch long, 2-celIed, 5-10-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 206. Phaca astragalina, var.. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 334. Astragalus Ilypoglottis, var. strigosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 115, fig. 37. Moist grounds, common around San Francisco Bay, &c. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long, often bright violet, sometimes pale and violet-tipped. 3. A. Breiveri, Gray, 1. c. Much like the preceding : leaflets broader, oblong- obcordate : forming pod more ovate, 6-ovuled, and 1 -celled or nearly so. Sonoma Valley, common in fields, Brewer. Not since met with ; the fruit unknown. Per- haps not distinct from the preceding. « * Calyx whitish-haired or nearly so : pod linear : flowers few and c7-owded at the apex of the peduncle. 4. A. Nuttallianus, DC. More or less pubescent or hoary with white ap- pressed hairs, soon difl'usely branched from the base: leaflets 11 or 13, oblong or broadly linear and mostly notched at the end : calyx-teeth slender and as 1 ng as the tube: corolla whitish and purple, about 3 lines long; the keel with the inflexed tip narrowed : pod over half an inch long, laterally flattish, slightly scythe-shaped, the incurvation mostly near the base, deeply grooved on the back, acutish on the other edge, 2-celled, several-seeded; the surface minutely reticulated, either glabrous or with minute appressed hairs. Southeastern borders of the State (on the Rio Colorado, Newber^-y), and east to Texas and Arkansas. * * * Calyx white-pubescent or canescent : pod ovate and inflated : flowers racemose. 5. A Greyeri, Gray. Strigosely somewhat hoary, branching from the base, a span high : leaflets 7 to 11, linear, less than half an inch long: raceme 3-7-flowered : corolla yellowish-white, 3 lines long : pod thin-bladdery, half an inch long, very oblique and the acute tip incurved, minutely hoary-pubescent, 1 -celled, many-seeded. — Phaca annua, Geyer. W. Nevada, not far from the boundary ( Watsov) ; thence east to Wyoming, Gajer, Parry. 6. A. Coulteri, Benth. A span to a foot high, stouter, tomentose-canesceut or the leaves silvery-silky : leaflets 9 to 19, obovate or oblong, sometimes emarginate, 3 to 5 lines long: raceme or spike loosely 10-20-flowered : calyx-teeth shorter Astragaljis. LEGUMINOS^. 147 than the tube : corolla purple, about half an inch long : pod ovate and pointed, in- flated, of somewhat chartaceous texture, nearly tliree fourths of an inch long, hoary with appressed hairs, nearly or quite 2-celled. — PL Hartw. 307. A. ArthuSchottii, Gray, 1. c. 209. Near Monterey, Coulter, according to his herbarium ; but probably collected in the arid region of the southeastern borders of the State, where it was found by Fremont, Schott, Cooper, &c. 7. A. aridus, Gray. Silvery silky-canescent, like the preceding: leaflets oblong, 3 or 4 lines long: peduncles shorter than the leaves, spicately 5-8-flowered: corolla barely twice the length of the calyx, hardly over 2 lines long, yellowish-white : pod obli(iuely ovate, acute, inflated, of tirm chartaceous texture, half an inch long, canes- cent, one-celled. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 223. Southern borders of the State, between Colorado and San Diego, Thurber. II. Species with perennial roots : leaflets and stipules not spinescent. § 1. Pod bladdery-inflated (the walls thin and membranous), several — many-seeded, * Two-celled by the turning in of both sutures till they meet or nearly so, more or less didymotis, being grooved externally down both sides, sessile in tlie calyx. A. DiPHYSus, Gray, PI. Feudl. 34, which extends from New Mexico to the centre of Nevada, comes near A. lentujinosus, but is glabrous throughout, except sometimes a little pubescence on the calyx, and has rather large pods. 8. A. lentiginosus, Dougl. A span to a foot or so high, the tufted stems soon dittusely spreading, from slightly to hoary-pubescent: leaflets 11 to 19, from obovate or obcordate to oblong, a quarter to half an inch long : peduncle short : flowers and fruits mostly crowded in the oblong spike or raceme : corolla either white or purple, nearly half an inch long : pod turgid-ovate and pointed, more or less incurved, usually puberulent, occasionally purplish-mottled, seldom an inch and sometimes only half an inch long. — A. inejJtus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 525, appears to be only a narrow-leaved and pubescent form. A. diaphanus, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. i. 151. Var. Fremontii, Watson. More hoary-pubescent, with looser-flowered spikes, tisually on a longer peduncle : stem flexuous. — A. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray. Common through the arid interior region, from Washington Territory and the eastern part of the Sierra Nevada to the southern Irorders of the State ; the variety mostly southward. Var. floribundus. Gray, is the ordinary form well develoi)ed. This species is one of the poisonous " Rattle-weeds " of the southern and eastern parts of the State. 9. A. platytropis, Gray. Dwarf and tufted on long and stout horizontal root- stocks, densely silvery-silky ; the stems very short, hardly rising above the ground : leaflets 7 to 13, obovate or oblong, 3 lines or less in length : slender scape-like peduncles about the length of the tufted leaves, bearing a little head of 5 or 6 flowers : corolla yellowish-white, except the broad and round-tipped keel, which is purplish and as long as the other petals : pod turgid-ovate, very short-pointed, puberulent, sometimes purplish-mottled, an inch or less in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 526. Sierra Nevada above Sonora Pass, at 10,000 feet, Brewer. East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, at 11,000 feet, Watson. * * One-celled pod, with no turning in of the dorsal suture, ■t- Stipitate, i. e. the pod raised more or less on a stalk of its own above the calyx. ++ Stems lou) and tufted : pod obovate or oval and very obtuse : peduncles hardly exceeding the leaf, rather few and densely flowered. 10. A. Hookerianus, Dietr. Silky-villous or pubescent, diff"usely tufted, a span high : leaflets 13 to 19, oblong or linear, 2 or 3 lines long : flowers very short- pedicelled : corolla white or whitish : pod obovate and not in the least pointed, 148 LEGUMINOS^. Astragalus. thin-bladdery, one or two inches long, glabrous; its stipe slightly exceeding the short-campanulate calyx. — Phaca Uooheriana, Torr. & Gray. Mountains in the interior of Oregon {Douglas), and W. Nevada {Anderson, Watson), extend- ing into ^^evada antl Sierra counties, Bolander, Lemnum. 11. A. "Whitneyi, Gray. Minutely appressed-pubescent : stems erect: leaflets 11 to 19, linear-oblong, 3 lines long: flowers short-pedicelled : corolla "red-violet," in the specimen seemingly only purplish : immature pods smaller than in the fore- going, oval, and narrowed at base into a more slender stipe which becomes nearly twice the length of the oblong-campanulate calyx, — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 526. In the Sierra Nevada at Sonora Pass, at 10,000 feet, Brewer. ++ ++ Stems very short and tufted on the rootstocks : pod ovate and acute, longer than the few-flowered common peduncle, short-stipitate within the calyx. A. MEGACARPUS, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 215 {PJuica, Nutt.), is here mentioned to com- plete the series, and because its var. Parryi, Gray, with narrower pods and leaflets, found in Southwestern Utah, may approach the eastern bordei-s of California. ++ ++ ++ Stems afoot or moi'e high and mostly erect. = Stipe of the more or less acute pod equalling or little exceeding the calyx. 12. A. OOphorilS, Watson. Glabrous throughout : stems lax or decumbent, a foot or two long : leaflets 9 to 1 3, oblong, obtuse, half to three quarters of an inch long : peduncles equalling the leaf, racemosely several-flowered : calyx-teeth seta- ceous from a dilated base, as long as the broadly campanulate tube : corolla yel- lowish-white, sometimes violet-tipped, half an inch long : bladdery pod ovate, not oblique, acute, an inch and a half long, pendulous on a stipe which barely exceeds the calyx-tube. — Bot. King Exp. 73. Shoshone Mountains at Eeese River Pass, Nevada, Watson. The only station yet known. 1 3. A. OzyphysilS, Gray. Canescent with very soft silky pubescence : stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high: leaflets 9 to 21, oblong, an inch or less in length: peduncles much exceeding the leaves : racemq elongated, rather densely flowered : calyx-teeth subulate, barely half the length of the oblong tube : corolla greenish-white, two thirds of an inch long : bladdery pod clavate-obovate, oblique, acuminate at both ends, and especially tapering into the recurved stipe (which exceeds the calyx), almost glabrous, about an inch and a half long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 218. Dry hills in the Monte Diablo range, Arroyo del Puerto, Brewer. A striking species. 14. A. cnrtipes, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence, or green with age : stem a foot or two high : stipules mostly united opposite the petiole : leaflets 13 to 33, oblong or almost linear, retuse, half to three fourths of an inch long : peduncles in fruit longer than the leaf : raceme short and rather dense : calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate, little shorter than the broadly campanulate tube : corolla not seen : bladdery pod semi-ovate or oval, acutish, an inch and a half long, glabrous, pendulous on a recurved rigid stipe which hardly exceeds the calyx-tube. Dry hills at San Luis Obispo, Brewer. Near Ojai, Prof. G. L. Goodale. In fruit only. = = Stipe of the slightly pointed or obtuse glabrous pod filiform, much exceeding the calyx: stem erect : raceme or spike densely flowered and long peduncled. 15. A. leucophylliis, Torr. & Gray. Canescent with fine and soft silky pubes- cence when young, when older rather greenish : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaflets in many pairs, broadly linear, often an inch long : flowers fully half an inch long : calyx-teeth subulate, about half the length of the oblong tube : corolla yel- lowish-white : thin-bladdery pod oval, unequal-sided, an inch and a half long, on a filiform pubescent stipe of almost equal length ! — Phaca leucophylla, Hook. & Am. Lower part of the Sacramento to Monterey ? Not well named ; when full-grown hardly hoary. Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. 149 16. A. leucopsis, Torr. & Gray. Tomentulose-canescent, a foot high : leaflets in many pairs, from broadly oblong to almost linear, half an inch or more in length: spike-like raceme mostly short (an inch or two long, rarely longer) : calyx-teeth more than half the length of the campanulate tube : flower otherwise nearly as in the foregoing : the pod similar, but somewhat tapering at base into a nearly glabrous stipe of half an inch or less in length and only twice or thrice the length of the calyx-tube. — Bot. Mex. Bound, 56, t. 16. Phaca canescens, Xutt. P. leu- copsis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 694. Dry hills, Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. 17. A. trichopodus, Gray. Strigulose-puberulent or at first hoary, in age almost glabrous : stem slender, a foot to a yard high : leaflets in many pairs, from narrowly oblong to nearly linear, about half an inch long : raceme short : flowers 4 or 5 lines long : calyx-teeth very much shorter than the campanulate tube : corolla yellowish white : pod oval, obtuse at both ends, over half an inch in length, but very much smaller and less bladdery than any other of this subdivision ; its stipe only a quarter of an inch long. — Phaca tricJiopoda, Nutt. Dry hills, common in and near Santa Barbara Co. A. AMPULLARius, Watson, the only remaining known species of this subdivision, is dwarf, short-peduncled, with rather few leaflets, violet-purple flowei-s, extremely short calyx-teeth, and pod ovate with a trancate or abrupt base, on a stipe of its own length. It inhabits S. Utah, but may approach the borders of California. -{- -{- Pod sessile in the calyx (not at all stipitate), ++ Large and very bladdery, over an inch and sometimes two inches long, vrvany- seeded : leaflets mostly in many pairs : spike or raceme many-flowered. = Stipules (at least the upper ones) herbaceous and rigidly deflexed : corolla appar- ently pale yellow or cream-color, short and broad, incwved : stems 3 to 6 feet long, straggling or decumbent and branching. 18. A. OOCarpus, Gray. Glabrous, or young parts minutely pubescent : stems flexuous and with spreading branches : leaflets from oblong to broadly linear, obtuse (from half to an inch long), bright green and of thickish firm texture : peduncles sometimes exceeding the leaves : flowers loose in the raceme, 4 or 5 lines long : calyx campaimlate and with very short triangular-subulate teeth : corolla compara- tively short, with keel much incurved and standard turned back : pod ovate or oval and short-pointed, an inch to an inch and a half long, of parchment-like tex- ture ; the seed-bearing suture somewhat projecting into the cell. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 213. A. Crotalarice, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, 56, t, 17, excl, syn. Common through the mountains east of San Diego, Parry, Cleveland, Palmer. A strongly marked species, varying however in the size and shape of the pod, which in the smaller form is ovate, but in the larger is elongated-oval and the walls more membranaceous. = = Stipules scarious or nearly so : leaflets usually crotoded in very many pairs : peduncles elongated and bearing numerous soon deflexed flowers, which are usually croivded in the raceme : cr/roUa straightish and narroiv, fully half an inch long, yellowish-u'hite or white, or sometimes the tips dusky-purplish. 19. A. Crotalariae, Gray, 1, c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, or the young parts sometimes villous : stems erect or nearly so, 2 or 3 feet high, usually stout : leaflets from oblong-linear to obovate-oval or slightly obcordate, thickish (from a quarter to a full inch long) : stipules triangular and distinct : calyx-teeth subulate, about half the length of the short-cam paiiulate tube : corolla white : pod of rather parchment-like texture, but much inflated, ovoid, an inch to an inch and a half in length. — Phaca Crotalariae, Benth. PI. Hartw. 1 P. densifolia, partly, of authors. Var. virgatUS, Gray. Stipules more subulate : racemes virgate and loose, 4 to 10 inches long : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous and longer. 150 LEGUMINOSiE. n Astragalus. Hills and plains, from around San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara Co. ; the variety about San Francisco Bay, Bridges, Kellogg or Holder. If Phaca Crotalarice, i. e. the specimen of Coulter, was really collected "near Monterey," it is most probably a pubescent and fewer-flowered form of this, with broad and less numerous leaflets. But several of Coulter's plants said to come from Monterey must have been gathered on the way thither in the southeastern part of the State, or in Arizona. 20. A. Menziesii, Gray, 1. c. Villous with whitish hairs, or soon green and almost glabrous : stems erect or decumbent, 1 to 4 feet high : stipules broader and less pointed, all but the uppermost united on the side of the stem away from the leaf: leaflets and dense spicate raceme as well as flowers nearly as in the preceding: pod similar, but larger (an inch and a half or more long) and more bladdery, the walls thin-membranaceous. — Phaca densifolia. Smith ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 282, excl. syn. Nutt. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. Meadows and sandy fields, San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara near the coast. ==== = Stipules scarious or thin-membranaceous, mostly subulate : peduncles shorter than the leaves and rather few-fioiuered : corolla hardly tvnce the length of the calyx {about 4 lines long), yellowish-white or creavi-color. 21. A. macrodon, Gray, 1. c. Villous-canescent, at least when young : stems a foot or two high : leaflets in numerous pairs and mostly crowded, oblong-linear (from a third to an inch long) : flowers crowded, soon reflexed : calyx-teeth slender- subulate, as long as the campanulate tube, little shorter than the corolla : mature pod not seen. — Phaca macrodon, Hook. & Am. Near San Franscisco or more probably Monterey, Douglas. More specimens are needed. 22. A. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent, almost glabrous in age : stems ascending, a foot or so in height : leaflets in rather numerous pairs, linear or linear-oblong (a third to three quarters of an inch long) : spike (half an inch to an inch long) 10-20-flowered : calyx-teeth subulate, from half to three fourths the length of the campanulate tube: pod thin-bladdery, gibbous-ovoid, 1|^ to 2 inches long. — Phaca Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 346. Gravelly beds of streams near the coast, San Francisco to San Luis Obispo. +■¥ -^+ Smaller pods (ahoid half an inch long), few— several-seeded : stems low or spread- ing : flower only a quarter of an inch long. 23. A. Hoxnii, Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent : stems slender, ascend- ing : leaflets about 21, narrowly oblong (4 to 7 lines long): peduncle surpassing the leaves : flowers numerous in a dense head or short spike, which is equally dense in fruit : calyx-teeth subulate, about the length of the campanulate tube : corolla yellowish-white, straightish : pods ovate from a broad base and gradually acumi- nate, straight, villous-pubescent, 10 - 15-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 398. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, in Owen's Valley {Dr. Horn), and at Bakersfield, to S. Utah. Said to be one of the sheep-poisons. 24. A. Fulsiferae, Gray. Whitish-villous : stems numerous in a tuft and pro- cumbent, slender, branching: stipules slender-subulate: leaflets 5 to 11, obovate- cuneate, mostly retuse, 3 or 4 lines long : peduncles not longer than the leaf, rather loosely 3 - 5-flowered : flowers pedicelled : calyx-teeth linear-filiform, twice the length of the campanulate tube, about the length of the keel of the incurved vvliite and purple-tinged corolla : the narrow Avings and especially the standard (notched at the apex) much longer : pod ovate-inflated and incurved, villous-pubescent, 3-8- seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69. Gravelly hills and banks, Sierra and Plumas counties, Mrs. Pulsifer Ames, Lemmon. The pods, although small (barely half an inch long), as in the inflated-fniited section ; but otherwise, in aspect, mode of growth and size, wholly different. A. puBENTissiMUS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 209,' is nearly related to the preceding, and is probably perennial ; but it has short stems, much broader stipules, leaflets hardly narrowed Astragalus. LEG-UMINOS^. 151 downwards, more numerous and rather larger flowers, slender calyx-lobes not so long in propor- tion to the tube, and the more hairy pod strongly inflexed. § 2. Pod not Tnenihranaceous-inflated, coriaceous or cartilaginous, densely long-woolly or long Jiairy, commonly turgid, incurved, many-seeded, sessile in the calyx. -.t Cespttose and depressed, the stems very short or sjireading on the ground : foliage canescently ivoolly or silky-villoiis : flowers long and narroiv, often an inch in length : tube of the calyx cylindrical : filiform claws of the petals much longer than the blades : pods very densely woolly, ovate-incurved, 25. A. Purshii, Dougl. Barely a span high, in matted tufts, canescently silky- villous rather than tomentose : leaflets 9 to 19, oblong (3 to 5 lines long) : pedun- cles shorter than the leaves, bearing 5 or 6 crowded flowers : calyx-teeth slender- subulate : corolla dull white with purple tip to the keel and sometimes to the other petals : pod an inch or less in length, very densely clothed with long white or yel- lowish hairs, so as to appear like pellets of wool, at length much incurved, of rather cartilaginous texture, one-celled, but at maturity the dorsal suture sometimes inward so as nearly to meet the ventral, but not strictly forming a partition. — Hook. Fl. i. 152 ; Gray, 1. c. Phaca mollissima, Nutt. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Brewer, &c.), and through the dry interior to the Rocky Mountains and the borders of British Columbia. Also on Mt. San Carlos, at 3,500 to 4,000 feet, on a very dry slope, Brewer. The Californian forms are comparatively small-flowered, and have the corolla purple at tip. — Of the annexed nearly related species none have yet been collected in the State, but most of them may probably be found. A. Utahexsis, Torr. & Gray. (Phaca mollissima, var. Ulahcnsis, Torr. in Stansbury Rep. 385, t. 2.) This belongs to the Salt Lake district, but appears to have been found by Watson even in the western part of Nevada. It is distinguished from A. Purshii only or mainly by rounder leaflets, clothed with truly tomentose white wool, and longer peduncles. A. Thompsons, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345, found in S. Utah by Mrs. Thompson and Captain Bishop, is between the two preceding in the shape of the leaflets and the wooUiness, but has flowers little over half an inch long, shorter calyx-teeth, and a pod (about the same length) with shorter wool, so that its sliape is visible, with a conspicuous groove on both sides, the dorsal one forming a partition which divides the cell, except near the acute apex. A. ERiocAnpiTS, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 71 (not of Parry's S. Utah collection, No. 44, which is A. Purshii), of the foot-hills in W. Nevada. This is apparently more stemless than the pre- ceding, has oval or obovate leaflets over half an inch in length, a thinner and longer silky pubescence, which is sparse and rather hirsute on the elongated naked scape, a dark-haired calyx with filiform teeth more than half the length of the tube, deep-purple corolla over an inch long and nearly twice the length of the calyx, and an oblong inflexed curved pod, clothed with shorter and coarser hirsute wool, the sutures intruding below, but not dividing the cell. This in some respects approaches the more northern and still imperfectly known A. iuflexAis, Dougl., which is decidedly caulescent, more villous, with lighter purple corolla little longer than the long filiform calyx-teeth, the bracts and stipules mostly subulate-setaceous. * * Stems ascending or erect, a foot or so high : pods falcate, laterally compressed, 2-celled : stipules adnate to the base of the petiole. 26. A. malacus, Gray. Villous-hirsute with long spreading hairs, rather stout : leaflets 11 to 17, obovate, retuse, 4 to 8 lines long : peduncles surpassing the leaves, bearing a rather close spike of several or many flowers ; these two thirds of an inch long : calyx cylindrical, dark-hairy ; the "slender teeth much shorter than the tube, not very much shorter than the usually deep purple corolla ; the claws of the- latter long and slender : pods pendulous or spreading, lunate- lanceolate, an inch long, 3 or 4 lines wide, densely long-hairy, turgid and grooved on the back, sharp-edged ventrally, many-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 336. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from the Virginia Mountains, &c. (Anderson, Watson), to Owen's Valley, Dr. Horn. 27. A. Andersonii, Cxray. Canescent with dense somewhat silky pubescence, rather slender : leaflets 13 to 25, oblong or oval, rarely obovate, macronate, 3 to 6 lines long : peduncles surpassing the leaves : flowers numerous and crowded in an 152 LEGUMINOS^. n Astragalus. oblong or cylindrical spike : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous, nearly the length of the campanulate whitish-villous tube, much shorter than the curved yellowish-white corolla ; this half an inch long, and the broad claws shorter than the blades : pods pendulous, linear-oblong, falcate or sickle-shaped, half to three fourths of an inch long, 2 lines wide, abruptly pointed, soft-downy, 10 - 20-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 524. Eastern ranges of the SieiTa Nevada, Sierra Co. to "Washoe Co., Nevada, Anderson, Torrey, Lemmon, &c. § 3. Pod neither membranaceous and bladdery-inflated, nor long-hairy or ivoolly, * Conspicuously stipitate in the calyx [stipe equalling or much exceeding the latter). +■ One-celled pod with both sutures prominent externally and not within, narrow. ++ Calyx va-y obliquely attached to the pedicel and soon recurved on it : corolla yel- lowish-white : pod curved, cartilaginous or rigid, not ompressed, the cross section obovate : stems a foot or two long, mostly spreading or decumbent : stipules small, distinct. 28. A. cyrtoides, Gray. Soft-pubescent throughout and mostly hoary, rather stout: leaflets 11 to 21, from obovate-oblong and retuse to obcordate, becoming smoother above : peduncles exceeding the leaves : flowers numerous in a dense spike-like raceme : calyx downy ; the teeth not half the length of the oblong-cam- panulate tube : pod oblong-linear, pmbescent, an inch or more in length, on an ascending slender stipe of half an inch or more, either falcate or at length curved into a ring ; the thick cartilaginous valves very turgid at maturity, obscurely retic- ulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 201 & 525 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 75. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, Placer to Sierra Co. and eastward {Anderson, Lemmon), and W. Idaho, Spalding. CoroUa half an inch long. 29. A. speirocarpus, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent : stems rather slender: leaflets 9 to 17, obovate and oblong, emarginate : flowers less numerous and crowded than in the preceding : calyx barely puberulent ; the teeth not a quarter of the length of the cylindraceous tube : pod glabrous, tapering at base into a stipe only twice the length of the calyx, coiled nearly into one turn or at length into a flat spiral ; the valves thinner and less indurated than in the preced- ing, more veiny, and less turgid. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 225 ; Watson, 1. c. Var. falciformis, Gray. Stipe filiform, half to three fourths of an inch long, nearly the length of the thinner-walled and less turgid falcate or merely hooked pod. Sierra Co. (Lemmon) and adjacent mountains of Nevada ( Watson) ; the original collected by Lyall on the Upper Columbia, in fruit only. Flowers narrower and rather longer than in the fore- going, which some forms approach. ++ ■¥■¥ Calyx equal-sided and centrally attached to the pedicel : pod straight, linear- oblong, compressed ; the valves thiji and parchment- like : stems erect or somewhat spreading. 30. A. filipes, Torr. Minutely puberulent or glabrous : stems slender, branch- ing, 2 feet high : stipules small and subulate : leaflets 9 to 17, rather scattered, linear (one third to two thirds of an inch long) : racemes virgate, long-peduncled, loosely-flowered : pedicels soon spreading or pendulous : calyx-teeth not half the length of the campanulate tube : corolla yellowish-Avhite (half an inch long) : pod an inch or less in length and 2 or 3 lines broad, abruptly contracted at base into a filiform stipe of about half an inch in length. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 226. N. W. Nevada ( Watsmi, Lemmon), extending towards and probably witliin the State, and in the dry interior country to Washington Territoiy. 31. A. Antiselli, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent, a foot or so in height : leaflets 21 to 29, linear-oblong, crowded, 2 to 4 lines long, hoary beneath but glabrous Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. 153 above : raceme loosely few-flowered : calyx-teeth about half the length of the cam- panulate tube (corolla small and white 1) : pod two thirds of an inch long, 2 lines wide above the middle, thence tapering gradually into the stipe, which is a quarter of an inch long and thrice the length of the calyx. — Homalobus multijlorus, Torr. in Pacif R. Eep. vii. 10, not of Torr. & Gray, Fl. Hillsides, Santa Barbara Co. ; Santa Iflez (^Dr. Antisell), Ojai, Dr. G. L. Goodale. A. MULTIFLORUS, Gray (the Homalobus disjmr & nigrcsceiis, Nutt., & H. multijlorus, Torr. & Gray, Fl.), is not known west of the E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, nor south of Oregon. It has white flowers not over 2 lines long, and pods half an inch long, on a stipe not exceeding the calyx. 32. A. porrectus, Watson. Almost glabrous, a foot or two high : stipules rather large, nearly scarious, the lower united : leaflets 7 to 11, thickish, broadly obovate, about half an inch long : racemes virgate, long-peduncled, loosely many- flowered : pedicels very short, spreading : calyx-teeth slender-subulate, a little shorter than the campanulate tube : corolla " yellow " (apparently cream-color), narrow, half an inch long : pod half an inch or so in length, 2 lines wide, dorsally convex and ventrally almost straight, nearly erect upon an ascending pedicel ; the stipe 2 lines long and barely exceeding the calyx-teeth. — Bot. King Exp. 75. Trinity Mountains, N. W. Nevada, at 5,000 feet, IVatson. Probably to be found within the borders of the State. ■*- -t- Pod ttoo-celled {by strong intrusion of the dorsal suture), turgid ; the cross section broadly obcordately '2-lobed, coriaceous, glabrous: leaflets 7 to 12 pairs. 33. A. arrectus, Gray. A foot or more high, minutely pubescent or glabrate : stipules ilistinct : leaflets from linear to oblong, retuse (a third to two thirds of an inch long) : peduncles usually elongated, racemosely 9 - 20-flowered : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube : corolla yellowish-white : pod narrowly oblong, straight, rather acute at both ends, upright on the ascending stipe which is fully twice the length of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 289 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 69. Foot-hills of Nevada (Battle Mountain, Watson), and from S. Utah to Idaho. Not yet found very near the borders of California, but to be expected. Flowers two thirds of an inch long. Pod from that to an inch in length. 34. A. Bolanderi, Gray. A span or two high : stipules scarious and united on the side of the stem opposite the petiole : leaflets oblong-linear or narrowly ob- long, grayish with soft pubescence (a third to half an inch long) : peduncles not exceeding the leaf, almost capitately 6- 12- flowered : calyx-teeth slender-subulate, a little shorter than the tube : corolla white with a tinge of purple : pod ovate, in- curved, transversely veiny, less than an inch long, abruptly recurved or reflexed on the conspicuous ascending stipe. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337. Gravelly soil, in the Sierra Nevada at 6,000 feet and upwards, Mariposa Co. (Bolander, Bridges, &c.), to Sierra Co., Leminon. Flowers half an inch long. * * Pod sessile in the calyx (or sometimes on a short included stipe) and in size much exceeding it, except in the last species. -f- Stems elongated, at least a span or two in length. Floioers about an inch long, few and loose. +-^ 35. A. nudus, Watson. A foot or two high, cinereous with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate : stems branching and flexuons, slender : petioles and angled or flattish rhachis rigid, elongated, bearing a few scattered linear leaflets (varying from 4 to 8 lines long) : peduncles elongated, 5 - 8-flowered : calyx cylindraceous, dark-pubescent ; the lanceolate teeth not half the length of the tube : corolla violet- purple, narrow : pod turgid-oval, glabrous, ascending, rather fleshy, when mature 154 LEGUMINOS^. tf Astragalus. cartilaginous and thick-walled, obtuse at both ends, abruptly pointed with the per- sistent base of the style, one-celled, both sutures strong and prominent externally : seeds numerous. — Bot. King Exp. 74. West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. Allied to A. pectiTuttn^s but very distinct. Leaflets not rigid and persistent as in that species and the next. Pods three fourths of an inch long and three eighths in diameter, the cross section oblate-oval. ++ ++ Flowers smaller, from one third to half or rarely two thirds of an inch long, = Few or not very numerous in the spike : podi mot densely spiked. a. Flattened more or less fore and aft, i. e. contrary to the sutures, and with no proper partition. 36. A. pterocarpus, Watson. A foot or two high, but soon declined or de- cumbent, ciuereous-puberulent or glabrate, loosely branched : leaflets linear-acerose, 3 to 9 on the rigid tiliform rhachis, persistent and equally rigid, of about the same breadth (an inch or so in length) : peduncles 7 - 9-flowered : flowers (hardly known) about half an inch long : pod pendulous, glabrous, ovate or oval (an inch long) cori- aceous, excej^t the acute tip strongly flattened contrary to the sutures and margined with a narrow rigid wing, one-celled, the sutures narrow and not intruded : seeds numerous. — Bot. King Exp. 71, t. 12. N. W. Nevada, in alkaline soil at the junction of the Reese River with the Humboldt. Prob- ably not Californian : most remarkable for the winged margins of the strongly obcompressed legumes. 37. A. Casei, Gray. A span or more high, cinereous with minute appressed pubescence : stems and branches effuse, nearly filiform, rigid : leaflets 5 to 15, scat- tered, linear, very obtuse, small (2 to 4 lines long, half a line or less wide), decid- uous ; the rhachis and petiole elongated and filiform : peduncles loosely few-flowered : flowers half an inch long, narrow : teeth of the calyx subulate, hardly one third the length of the cylindraceous or oblong tube : corolla apparently pale purple ; ])()d oblong or lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, about an inch long and 4 lines wide, puberulent, sometimes brownish-mottled, cartilaginous, arcuate-incurved, strongly flattened contrary to the sutures, both of which are narrow and externally ])rominent, one-celled, the cross section transversely narrow-oblong : seeds rather numerous. High i)lateau near Pyramid Lake, N. W. Nevada, Lemmon and E. L. Case. 38. A. iodanthus, Watson. A span or two long, soon procumbent, either pubescent or almost glabrous, leafy; leaflets 11 to 21, rather crowded, obovate or roundish : peduncles equalling the leaves : flowers rather numerous and close in the oblong spike : teeth of the calyx setaceous-subulate, loose or spreading, more than half the length of the oblong-campanulate tube : corolla bright violet-purple, or rarely pale, half to two thirds of an inch long : pod oblong-linear, an inch or more in length, glabrous, coriaceous, pointed, curved at length into a semicircle, com- pressed contrary to the sutures, both of which are turned inwards with a broad groove, so that the cross section is nearly that of a figure 8 : seeds numerous. — Bot. King Exp. 70. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from Sierra Valley to the W. Humboldt Mountains. Flow- ers in spring. Pods sometimes brownish-mottled. 39. A. Webberi, Gray. A span to a foot high, leafy : leaflet 11 to 21, crowded, both sides silvery-canescent with a fine appressed silky pubescenc , oblong or obovate, 4 to 7 lines long : peduncles surpassing the leaves : spike rather densely 9 - 20- flowered : teeth of the calyx subulate, about half the length of the oblong-campan- ulate tube : corolla white or yellowish-white, half an inch long ; ])()d oblong, an inch and more in length, glabrous, thick and fleshy when young, cartilaginous at maturity, blunt or nearly so, straightish or arcuate, turgid, somewhat flattened con- Astragalus. LEGUMINOS^. 155 trary to the narrow and externjUly prominent sutures ; the cross section transversely oblong (4 or 5 lines by 2 or 3) : seeds numerous. Indian and Sieira Valley, in the northeastern part of the Sierra Nevada, Lemmon, Mrs. Pul- sifcr Ames. Flowers in July. To this very probably belongs the Astragalus from the interior of Oregon, mentioned in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 694, under Plmca leiicophylla ; but the legumes of the latter are shorter and obloug-ovate. b. Pods terete, straight, narrow, thin-coriaceous, grooved on the hack and that suture intruded so as to divide the cell or nearly so, and render the cross section cordately l-lohed. 40. A. atratUS, Watson. A span to a foot high, loosely branching, slender, cinereous-puberulent or glabmte : leaflets 7 to 15, linear or oblong, 2 to 5 lines long: peduncles elongated, 5 - 10-flowered ; the flowers usually sparse (half an inch long) : teeth of the calyx shorter than the campanulate tube : corolla curved, whitish or the keel violet-tipped : pod pendulous, short-stipitate in the calyx, slen- der (about 9 lines long and barely 2 in diameter), puberulent : seeds 10 to 20. — Bot. King Exp. 69, t. 11. N. W. Nevada, Watson. Not found so near California as the next, which is very nearly related to it. Well marked among these species by the short stipe of the pod, wholly within the tube of the calyx. 41. A. obscunis, Watson, 1. c. Resembles the preceding : flowers more crowded in the short spike : keel-petals longer and narrower, equalling the wings : pod ses- sile in the calyx, only half an inch long, fewer-seeded, erect or nearly so, terete, straight. Near the eastern borders of the State : rocky foot-hills near Truckee Pass, Watson. Eagle Val- ley, Nevada, Stretch. = = Numerous flowers crowded in a dense cylindrical or oblong spike : pods also densely spicate: stem erect: leaflets numerous, 21 or irwre. 42. A. Mortoni, Nutt. Two feet high or less, minutely appressed-pubescent, greenish : leaflets oblong (half to an inch long) : flowers nearly sessile, reflexed as they open, but the fruit erect : corolla dull greenish- white or cream-color, half au inch long : pods of nearly the same length, minutely pubescent, elongated-oblong, 2-celled, grooved at the dorsal suture, but the ventral one externally prominent : seeds numerous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 196. A. Canadensis, \Q.v. Mortoni, Watson, 1. c. Moist grounds, along the eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Lake (Brewer) north- ward to the interior of Oregon and Utah. Noted by Mr. Lemmon as "a deadly sheep poison." 43. A. pycnostachjnis, Gray. A foot or more high, rather stout, soft-pubescent : leaflets hoary with a villous pubescence, oblong (about half an inch long) : flowers closely sessile in a very dense oblong or cylindraceous spike : pods retrorsely imbri- cated, ovate, acute, slightly flattened laterally and margined by the slender prominent sutures, one-celled, the walls thin-coriaceous, coarsely reticulated, glabrous : seeds few ; the ovules only 5. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 527. Salt marshes, Bolinas Bay, Bolander, 1863. Not elsewhere or since collected. Flowers appar- ently whitish and only 5 lines long. +-^ ■*■+ -^+ Flowers and few-seeded 2-celled pods both small, 2 or 3 lines long : stigma capitate : stems difl'use or decumbent, flowering abundantly almost from the base upwards : stipules ovate or the upper triangular : petioles short. 44. A. Lemmoni, Gray. Minutely appressed-pubescent, green : stems slender, a foot or two long, soon procumbent : leaflets 9 to 11, linear-oblong, mucronate (4 or 5 lines long) : peduncles filiform, rather shorter than the leaves (an inch or two long) : flowers rather numerous in a dense oblong raceme : calyx with setaceous- subulate teeth fully equalling the short-campanulate tube : corolla whitish tinged 156 LEGUMINOS^. * Astragalus. with purple : pod canescent-puberulenfc, chartaceous, hardly over 2 lines long, ovate- oblong, obtuse, turgid, broadly and deeply sulcate down the back, the cross section obcordate : ovides and seeds not exceeding 8. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 626. Sierra Valley, Lemmon and Bolander, June, 1872 : received only from the latter, and apparently not since met with. 45. A. lentiformis, Gray. Villous-pubescent, and more or less hoary : stems ascending, soon dift'use, a span to a foot long: leaflets 11 to 15, from obovate to oblong-spatulate, retuse or emarginate (3 to 5 lines, long) : peduncles short, a quarter to half an inch long, seldom equalling the rather dense several - many- flowered raceme : calyx-teeth rather shorter and the (apparently yellowish-white) corolla larger than in the preceding : pods broadly oblong, canescently pubescent (3 lines long, almost 2 lines broad), lenticular, not at all sulcate on the back, both sutures marginal, but a partition from the dorsal one completely dividing the 6-8- seeded cell into two. Sierra Nevada, in Clover Valley, &c., on the borders of California and N. W. Nevada, Leminon. -{- -(- A caulescent-depressed, on cespitose rootstocks : leaflets few. 46. A. calycosilS, Torr. Silvery-canescent with close-pressed silky pubescence, barely 2 or 3 ijiches liigh in matted tufts : leaflets 5 to 11, or in some leaves only 3 and seemingly digitate, from oblong to ovate or obovate (1 to 4 lines long), thick- ish : scape-like peduncles somewhat exceeding the leaves, 2 - 6-flowered : calyx- teeth lanceolate or subulate, shorter than the oblong-campanulate tube : corolla half an inch long, yellowish-white, with purple tip to the rounded keel : pod oval-oblong, very obtuse, puberulent, 3 or 4 lines long, turgid, chartaceous, slightly sulcate dorsally, 2-celled, about 10-seeded, barely twice the length of the calyx. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 66. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 to 11,000 feet, near the borders of California {Torrcy), and in the Glover and Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. % * * Pod sessile in and shorter than the calyx, turgid : flowers capitate. 47. A. Austinae, Gray. A span high, in dense tufts, silvery silky-pubescent : sti])ules scarious and mostly united into one ovate body opposite the leaf : leaflets 9 to 17, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, 4 or 5 lines long : peduncle (an incli or two long) mostly longer than the leaf, bearing 10 or 12 sessile flowers in a close head : bracts nearly filiform, jiersistent, nearly equalling the calyx, both white-villous ; the filiform teeth of the latter rather longer than the campanulate tube, and nearly equalling the (pale or whitish) corolla, of which the standard and wings are externally villous-pubescent : pod turgid-oval, chartaceous, hoary-pubes- cent, imperfectly 2-celled, few-seeded, only 2 lines long, not equalling the calyx- teeth and the marcescent corolla, the transverse section almost circular. Summit of Mount Stanford (Castle Peak), Nevada Co., at 9,000 feet, Lcminon. In foliage somewhat resembling /i. Andersonii, but more dwarf and condensed, and with capitate flowers (only 3 or 4 lines long) ; most of all related to A. Spaldhigii of Idaho and Oregon : dedicated to Mrs. R. M. Austin of Butterfly Valley, who has much helj>ed on our knowledge of the botany of this portion of the Sierra Nevada, and made interesting observations upon the Pitcher- Plant of the region. III. Perennial : persistent leaflets and stipides spiny-tipped. {Kentrophyta, Nutt.) 48. A. Kentrophyta, Gray. Hoary with very minute silky pubescence, cespi- tose, rigid : stems much branched, mostly prostrate, somewhat woody at base : loM'er stipules membranaceous or scarious, the upper rigid and pungent : leaves crowded on the branchlets : leaflets 5 to 7, acerose-subulate, divaricate : peduncles very short, 1 - 3-flowered : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous : corolla whitish or tinged with violet, 2 lines long : pod ovate, acuminate, turgid-lenticular, 1-celled, 3-4-ovuled, 1 - 2-seeded, about 3 lines long. Vtcia. LEGUMINOS^. 157 Var. elatus, "Watson (Bot. King Exp. 77) ; a form witli erect and less-branched stems, 6 to 18 inches high. Mount Dana, near the summit, at 13,000 feet. Brewer. Also in W. Nevada, with the taller variety {Watsun), S. Utah (Parry), and through the dry interior to Idaho, Wyoming, and New Mexico. 14. OLNEYA, Gray. Calyx campanulate ; the teeth nearly equal, the two upper ones united. Petals free, equal : standard orbicular, deeply eiuarginate, reflexed ; wings oblong ; keel broad, obtuse, incurved. Stamens 10, diadelphous : anthers uniform. Ovary several- ovuled : style incurved, bearded above. Pod thick, with coriaceous valves, 1-2- seeded, broadly linear. Seeds ovate. — A small tree, often armed with spines below the leaves ; leaves equally or unequally pinnate ; leaflets thick, entire ; stipules none; flowers white or purplish in short axillary racemes. 1. O. Tesota, Gray. Fifteen to twenty feet high or more, canescent with minute hairs : spines short and stout, in pairs near the base of the petioles : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, cuneate-oblong, 2 to 8 lines long, obtuse : flowers 3 or 4 in a loose racemose cluster, 4 lines long : calyx half as long : pod linear-oblong, an inch or two long, 4 or 5 lines broad, rough with short glandulaf hairs. — PI. Thurb. 313 & 328 ; Torrey, Pacif. E. liep. vii. 10, t. 5. In dry valleys near the Colorado River and eastward in Arizona. The Arhol de hierro or Iron- wood of that region. 15. VICIA, Toum. Vetch. Tare. Calyx 5-cleft or toothed, usually unequal. Wings adherent to the middle of the short keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so ; the mouth of the sheath oblique ; anthers uniform. Ovary 2 - many-ovuled : style filiform, inflexed, the apex sur- rounded by hairs or hairy upon the back. Pod flat, 2-valved, shortly stipitate (in Californian species). Seeds globular ; the stalk expanded above to^ cover the linear hilum. — Herbs, with angular stems, more or less climbing by branched tendrils terminating the pinnate leaves ; leaflets entire or toothed at the apex ; stipules semisagittate ; flowers solitary or in loose peduncled axillary racemes. A genus of 100 species or more, in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in South America. There are ten species indigenous in the United States and a few others Mexican. * Perennials : flowers in pedunculate racemes. 1. V. gigantea, Hook. Stout and tall, climbing several feet high, somewhat pubescent : leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, an inch or two long; stipules large: peduncles 5 - 1 8-flowered : calyx short, somewhat villous; lower teeth about equalling the tube : corolla 6 or 7 lines long, pale purple : pod broadly oblong, 1| inches long or more, glabrous, 3 — 4-seeded. — Fl. i. 157 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 270. V. Sitchensis, Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, 129. V. Hookeriana, Walpers, Rep. i. 715. In woods and moist places from about San Francisco Bay northward to Oregon and Sitka. The seeds are as large as peas and eatable when young : the plant turns blackish on drying. 2. V. Americana, Muhl. Usually rather stout, 1 to 4 feet high, glabrous : leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, very variable, linear to ovate-oblong, truncate to acute (more usually oblong and obtuse, mucronulate), | to 2 inches long : peduncles 4 — 8- flowered : flowers purplish, 6 to 9 lines long : calyx slightly pubescent ; teeth broadly subulate, the lower narrower and not half as long as the petals : style very villous at the top : pods oblong, glabrous, an inch long or more, 3 - 6-seeded : seeds 158 LEGUMINOS^. Vicia. dark purple, 1| lines in diameter. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 269, V. Oregana & V. sparsifoUa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 270. Var. truncata, Brewer. Usually somewhat pubescent : leaflets truncate and often 3 - 5-toothed at the apex. — V. truncata, Nutt. 1. c. Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves all linear. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 134. Lathy- rus linearis & L. dissiti/olius, I^Tutt. 1. c. The typical fonri, Avhich ranges from Washington Territory and Oregon to New Mexico and acj'oss the continent, is rarely found in California. The variety iruncata is frequent from San Benito County northward to Washington Territory, and in the Sierra Nevada. The variety linea- ris is also common throughout California and eastward through the interior to the Rocky Moun- tains. It is scarcely more than a western form of the species, as both broad and linear leaves are often found upon the same plant. The species is popularly known as Peuvinc. V. PULCHELLA, HBK. Slender, 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat villoiis-pubeseent : leaflets about 6 pairs, linear, obtuse or acute, mucronate, 6 to 9 lines long : flowers small, 3 lines long, in a narrow raceme, reflexed, white or purplish : calyx membranaceous, short ; teeth very short, the lower narrower and twice longer : pod linear-oblong, an inch long, 6 - 8-seeded. — Bill Williams Mountain, W. Arizona {Anderson), to Texas and Mexico ; may be found in S. E. California. * * Slender annuals : flowers mostly solitary. 3. V. exigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, more or less pubescent : leaflets about 4 pairs, linear, acute, a half to an inch long : peduncles usually short, rarely 2-flowered : flowers 3 lines long, purplish : calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly equalling the tube : pod smooth, linear-oblong, about 6-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 272. From the Lower Sacramento to San Diego ; Catalina Island {Nuttall) ; Guadalupe Island {Palmer) ; and eastward to Southern Colorado and New Mexico. The similar V. micrant/ia, Nutt. , of Texas and eastward, has usually two pairs of leaflets, and the pod is sessile. 4. V. sativa, Linn. Rather stout, somewhat pubescent : leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, obovate-oblong to linear, retuse, long-mucronate : flowers nearly sessile, an inch long, violet-purple : pod linear, several-seeded. The Common Vetch or Tare, in cultivated fields and waste places {Coulter, Wallace) ; origi- nally from Europe. 16. LATHYBUS, Linn. Style dorsally flattened toward the top, and usually twisted, hairy along the inner side : sheath of filaments scarcely oblique at the mouth : otherwise nearly as in Vicia. Peduncles in our species usually equalling or exceeding the leaves and several-flowered, in a single species short and 1 -flowered. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 133. A hundred species or more, ranging as in the last genus. The 12 or 15 North American spe- cies are perennials, with a single eastern exception. * Rhachis of the leaves tendril-hearing : pod sessile : racemes several-flowered. -i- Stipules large and broad, ovate or somewhat semi-hastate toith broad lobes : glabrous. 1. L.' maritimus, Bigelow. Stout, a foot high or more : stipules broadly ovate and halbert-shaped, acute {not acuminate), the lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed, nearly or quite an inch long ; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, thick, ovate- oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, obtuse or acutish, nearly sessile : peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6-1 0-flowered : flowers purple, 9 lines long : calyx-teeth sparingly ciliate, subulate, the upper tooth half as long as the lower : pod about 10- ovuled, 3 - 6-seeded, 1^ inches long or more. — L. Calif ornicus, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1144. A frequent fonn near the sea in Washington Territory, referred to this eastern and European species, may extend down the coast into Northern California. 2. L. polyphyllus, Nutt. Less stout, 2 feet high or more : stipules smaller, scarcely longer than broad, triangular, acute or somewhat acuminate ; leaflets 6 to Lathyrus. LEGUMINOS^. 159 10 pairs, thin, oblong, obtuse or acutish, distinctly petiululate : otherwise very simi- lar to the last. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 274. In open woods near the coast, Humboldt Co. {Bolandcr}, and northward to the Columbia ; rarely collected. 3. L. sulphureus, Brewer. Eather stout, a foot or two high or more : stipules semisagittate, acuminate, 6 to 12 lines long, the lower lobe obtuse or acute, some- times toothed ; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 9 to 18 lines long: peduncles nearly equalling the leaves, few - many-flowered : flowers smaller, about 6 lines long, sulphur-yellow : calyx -teeth glabrous, the upper much shorter than the lower. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 399. L. ochroleucus Q), Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 77. In the Sierra Nevada to an altitude of 7,000 feet, from the Yosemite to Plumas Co. +- -t- Stipules narroiver and semisagittate ; the lobes most frequently lanceolate, acuminate. ++ Leaflets i to % pairs : peduncles rather many-flowered. 4. L. venosus, Muhl. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high or more, climbing, usually some- what finely pubescent : stems not winged : stipules mostly narrow and short, 4 to 9 lines long ; leaflets oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, often pubescent beneath, 1 ^ to 2^ inches long : flowers purple, 6 to 8 lines long : calyx densely pubescent or nearly glabrous, the rather short teeth at least ciliate : pod glabrous, about 2 inches long. — L. decaphyllus, Hook. Bot. Mag, t. 3123. Var. Califomicus, Watson, 1. c. Very stout ; stems often strongly winged : stip- ules broader; leaflets acute and narrower: flowers larger. — L. venosus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 307. The L. venosus of the Eastern States ranges northwestward to the Saskatchewan and thence across the continent to Washington Territory, perhaps extending down the coast into Northern California, varying considerably in the amount of pubescence, but not greatly othei-wise. The variety is found from Sonoma County to Monterey, in valleys and on stream-banks, and in the foot-hills of the Sierra N evada. It may prove to be distinct, but specimens collected by Bolander near Oakland appear intcnnediate. The mature fruit has not been compared. 5. L. vestitus, Xutt. Slender, a foot high or more, often tall (6 to 10 feet high), more or less soft-pubescent, rarely nearly glabrous : stems not winged : stipules narrow, often small ; leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, a half to an inch long, acute : flowers pale rose-color or violet, usually large (7 to 10 lines long) : lower calyx- teeth about equalling the tube : ovary appressed-pubescent. — Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 276. L. strictus, Nutt. 1. c. L. venosus, var. grandiflorus, Torrey, Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 77. L. maritimus, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 49. The common species of the southern part of the State, from Sonoma County to San Diego, on dry hills in the Coast Ranges : very variable. ++ ++ Leaflets 2 Parkinsonia. obliquely or longitudinally veined, thin-coriaceous, usually more or less torulose and compressed between the seeds. Seeds compressed, broadly oblong, longitudinal, albuminous ; hilum minute. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with short spines : leaves bipinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae ; the common petiole short, often obso- lete or spinescent ; stipules minute or none ; flowers yellow or whitish, on slender pedicels in short loose axillary or terminal racemes. — Cercidiimi, Tulasne. A genus of 8 species, one of S. Africa, three of S. America- (inchiding P. acuhata which is widely distributed through tropical America), the remainder belonging to the region between Texas and S. California. * Leaflets usually very numerous, upon a much-elongated flattened rhachis : divis- ions of the calyx narrowly imbricate in the hud. 1 . P. aculeata, Linn. A small tree, glabrous throughout, the slender branches often pendulous : spiny petioles a half to an inch long or less, bearing 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae near the base, or wanting ; leaflets very small, oblong, scattered upon a broad rhachis ^ to 1| feet long; stipules small, spinescent : racemes axillary 3 to 6 inches long : pedicels jointed a little below the flower : stamens shorter than the yellow petals : pod 2 to 10 inches long, 1 -5-seeded, attenuate at each end and contracted between the distant seeds. — Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. xv*. 78, t. 26. Hills of the Colorado near Fort Yuma, and through Mexico to Texas. Probably of American origin, but now naturalized or cultivated in most of the tropical and warmer regions of the globe. * * Pinncje short and leaflets few ; rhachis terete : calyx valvate in the hud. 2. P. microphylla, Torr. A much-branched shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, with smooth light-green bark, the straight rigid branchlets spinose at the ends ; younger branches and inflorescence somewhat puberulent : common petioles very short or none, not spinescent or rarely so ; leaflets 4 to 6 pairs in each pinna, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acutish, not narrower at the oblique base, two lines long or less, glaucous : racemes short (an inch long or less), axillary and sessile ; pedicels evidently jointed a little below the flower: petals deep straw-color, the upper one white, 3 or 4 lines long : anthers orange, exserted : ovary appressed- silky : pod attenuate at each end, 1 - 3-seeded, contracted between the seeds, 2 or 3 inches long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 59 ; Benth. 1. c. On the Colorado near Fort Yuma, on Bill Williams River, and eastward through S. Arizona ; flowering in May. 3. P. Torreyana, Watson. A small tree, 20 or 30 feet high, with light green and smooth bark ; younger branches and leaves sparingly pubescent : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, oblong, obtuse, narrower toward the scarcely oblique base, 2 or 3 lines long, glaucous : flowers on longer pedicels in racemes terminating the branches : pedicels jointed near the middle, the joint not evident until in fruit : petals 4 lines long, apparently bright yellow ; gland upon the upper petal very prominent : ovary gla- brous : pod 2 or 3 inches long, with a double groove along the broad ventral suture, acute, 2 - 8-seeded, scarcely or decidedly contracted between the very thick seeds. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 135. Cerddium floridum, Torrey, Pacif. R. Kep. v. 360, t. 3 ; not of Benth. A frequent tree in the Valley of the Colorado and eastward ; the Palo Verde of the Mexicans, — usually bare of foliage, the leaves being soon deciduous. The species has been mistaken for the P. florida {Cercidium fioridum., Benth.) of the liio Grande Valley, which has axillary racemes, pods with a narrow acute margin on the ventral side, thinner seeds, and somewhat larger leaflets. 20. PKOSOPIS, Linn. Mesquit. Screw-bean. Flowers regular. Calyx campanulate ; the teeth very short, valvate. Petals 5, valvate, united below the middle or at length free, M'ooUy on the inner side (in our Acacia. LEGUMINOS^. 163 species). Stamens 10, free, exserted; anthers tipped with a deciduous gland. Ovary villous (in American species) : style filiform. Pod linear, compi-essed or nearly terete, straight, falcate, or twisted, coriaceous and indehiscent, usually becom- ing thick and spongy within, and with thick partitions between the seeds. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with axillary spines or spinescent stipules ; leaves bipinnate, with 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae, and usually numerous small entire leaflets ; flowers small, greenish, in cylindrical or globose axillary pedunculate spikes. Species about 18, of which 5 belong to Africa and tropical Asia, the remainder to Mexico and South America, the following extending into the United States. % Fod elongated, straight or falcate, compressed or at length thickened and fleshy : seeds each in a distinct cartilaginous envelope: spines axillary: spikes cylindrical. — Algarobia, Benth. 1. P. juliflora, DC. A shrub or tree (sometimes 30 to 40 feet high), glabrous or puberuient, with stout axillary spines or often unarmed : leaflets 6 to 30 pairs, short-oblong to linear, 3 to 18 lines long, obtuse or acute : spikes shortly peduncled, 2 to 4 inches long, usually dense, 1 - 3-fruited : flowers nearly sessile, a line long : pod 4 to 6 inches long or more, straight or curved, at first flat and constricted between the seeds, 3 to 6 lines broad, at length sweet and pulpy within, acuminate, longitudinally veined; stipe 3 to 6 lines long. — Prodr. ii. 447; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 377. P. glandulnsa, Torrey, Ann. N. Y. Lye. ii. 192, t. 2. Alga- robia glandulosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 399 ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 60. Prosopis odorata, Torr. in Frem. Eep. 3 1 3, t. 1 , excl. fruit. This is the Algaroba of the Mexicans, or Honey Mesquit, found as a small shrub in Southeast- ern California from San Felipe Canon to Fort Mohave, and eastward to Texas. The species in various forms extends southward through Mexico, and along the Andes to Chili, and to Buenos Ayres. The abundant fruit is eaten by the Indians and often by whites, and is a valuable food for horses. The shrub also furnishes a valuable gum, resembling Gum Arabic, which in Texas and Mexico is collected in considerable quantity for export. * * Pod thick, spirally twisted in numerous turns: stipules spinescent: sjnkes glo- bose to cylindrical. — Strombocarpa, Benth. 2. P. pubescens, Benth. A shrub or small tree 15 to 30 feet high, resem- bling the last, canescently puberuient or glabrate : leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, acutish : spikes lax, 1 1 to 2 inches long, on peduncles about equalling the leaves, several-fruited: flowers sessile, 1^ lines long: ovary very villous : pod twisted into a narrow straight cylinder 1 or 2 inches long, pulpy within, nearly sessile. — Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 82, & 1. c. 380. Strombocarpus pubescens. Gray; Torrey, Pacif. R. Eep. v. 360, t. 4. Prosopis Emoryi, Torrey, Emory Rep. 139. The Toniilla of the Mexicans, and Screw-bean or Screw-pod Mesquit of the Americans. In San Diego Co. at Vallecito (Thurber), Mountain Springs (Palmer), Fort Mohave (Cooper), and east to New Mexico. The pods are ground into meal and used for food by the Indians. P. ciiierascens. Gray, a species of the Rio Grande Valley with similar fruit, has much smaller leaves and leaflets, the common petiole nearly obsolete, the slender spines usually exceeding the leaves, and the flowei"s in long-peduncled globose heads. 21. ACACIA, Willd. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals more or less united below. Stamens numerous, exserted, free or united at base ; anthers small. Style filiform. Pod 2-valved or indehiscent, many-seeded, compressed and membrana- ceous or more or less thickened and rounded. Seeds compressed : albumen none. — Shrubs or trees, often spinose or prickly ; leaves bipinnate, with small leaflets ; 104 ROSACEA. Acacia. stipules spinescent or inconspicuous ; flowers small, in globose heads or cylindrical spikes, on axillary peduncles, yellowish. A genus of over 400 species, belonging to the wanner regions of the globe, especially abundant in Australia and Africa. About a dozen are native on the southern borders of the United States, and numerous Australian species are frequent in cultivation. 1. A. Gi-reggii, Gray. A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrous, unarmed or with scattered short stooit hooked prickles : leaves short, of 2 or 3 pairs of pinme an inch long : leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, oblong or oblong- obovate, inequilateral, rounded or truncate at the summit, narrower below, 2 or 3 lines long, rather thick and with 2 or 3 straight nerves : flowers in cylindrical spikes an inch or two long, the peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves : pods com- pressed, curved, 3 or 4 inches long, 5 to 7 lines broad, attenuate at base to a short stipe and acute above, more or less constricted between the seeds ; the thin-coria- ceous valves reticulated : seeds ^ inch long, elliptical. — PI. Wright, i. 65. San Diego {Cleveland) ; San Felipe Canon {Palmer) ; Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; and eastward to Texas. The species closely resembles A. Wrightii, Benth., of the Rio Grande region, which has a broader and obtuser pod, and usually rather larger leaflets. A. Fahnesiana, Willd. A small spreading tree, with straight slender stipular spines, pubes- cent or glabrous : pinnse 4 or 5 pairs ; leaflets 10 to 25 pairs, linear, a line or two long, crowded : heads globose : pod oblong, cylindrical, at length turgid and pulpy, 2 or 3 inches long and 6 to 9 lines thick, longitudinally veined. — Widely spread over the subtropical and tropical regions of the New and Old World, and often cultivated for the perfume of its flowers ; native land un- known. About the Missions in the southern part of the State. Order XXXII. ROSACEA. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, perigynous mostly numerous stamens, distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one suborder few and coherent with each other and with the calyx-tube into a 2 - several-celled inferior ovary, and anatropous few or solitary seeds destitute of albumen or nearly so : these are the characters of this great order. But the stipules are sometimes evident only upon vigorous shoots, and rarely fail altogether, the stamens are some- times even fewer than the petals or lobes of the calyx, and in a few cases the albu- men of the seed is somewhat copious. — The Californian representatives belong to three great groups, best exhibited as suborders. Suborder I. AMYGDALKE. Carpels solitary, or rarely 6, becoming drupes, entirely free from the calyx, this or its lobes deciduous. Ovules 2, pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal. — Trees or shrubs, with bark exuding gum, and mostly as well as the seeds yielding the flavor of prnssic acid. Stipules free, deciduous. 1. Prunus. Flowers jjerfect. Carpel solitary. 2. Nuttallia. Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Carpels and thin-fleshed drupes 5. Suborder II. EOS AGILE proper. Carpels free .from the persistent calyx (the limb of the latter rarely deciduous), becoming akenes, or in the first tribe follicles, or only in Ruhus (where they are very numerous) drupe-like in fruit. Stipules commonly adnate to the petiole. Calyx dry and open, or sometimes strictly enclosing the fruit (one or two akenes), or in Rosa fleshy and pome-like enclosing numerous akenes. ROSACEA. 165 Tribe I. SPIR^ACE^E. Carpels few, rarely solitary, becoming 2 - several-seeded follicles (dehisceut pods). Calyx open. 3. Spiraea. Follicles 2 to 8. Seeds pendulous, linear ; the coat membranaceous : albumen none. Shrubs or herbs, with simple or compound leaves, and compound inflorescence. 4. Neillia. Follicles 1 to 5. Seeds erect and pendulous ; the coat crustaceous, shining : albu- men present. Shrubs, with simple leaves : corymbs simple. Tribe II. RUBE^. Carpels several or numerous on a spongy receptacle, becoming drupe- lets in fruit. Calyx open, without bractlets. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 and pen- dulous, but seed solitary. 5. Rubus. Carpels indefinitely numerous, berry-like in fniit. Perennial herbs, or soft-woody shrubs with biennial stems. Tribe III. DRYADEiE. Carpels numerous, several, or solitary, 1-ovuled, becoming dry akenes. Calyx not enclosing or at least not constricted over the fruit. Seed erect or ascending. * Shi-ubs : carpels mostly solitary : style not elongated in fruit : stigma decurrent : calyx imbri- cated, without bractlets : radicle inferior (except in Colcogyne). 6. Chamaebatia. Flowers corymbose. Petals 5. Leaves thrice pinnate, with minute leaflets. 7. Purshia. Flowers solitary. Petals 5. Leaves 3-cleft. 8. Coleogyne. Flowers solitary. Calyx 4-parted, colored. Petals none. Leaves opposite, small, narrow, entire. * * Trees or slirubs : carpels solitary or numerous : styles elongated and plumose in fruit : calyx imbricated, without bractlets (except in Fallugia) : seed erect. 9. Cercocarpus. Flowers solitary, axillary, small. Petals none. Carpels solitary, rarely 2. Calyx-tube long-cylindrical ; the limb deciduous. Leaves simple, entire or toothed. 10. Cowania. Flowers solitary, short-peduncled, terminal, showy. Petals 5. Carpels 5 to 12. Calyx short and turbinate. Leaves cuueate, lobed. 11. Fallugia. Flowers somewhat panicled, on long peduncles, showy. Petals 5. Carpels nu- merous. Calyx turbinate. Leaves with linear lobes. * * * Herbs : carpels few to many : calyx concave or campanulate, valvate in the bud, bracteolate. +■ Seed erect from the base of the cell : radicle inferior : style strictly terminal, pei-sistent. 12. Geum. Carpels very numerous on a dry receptacle : the elongated style in fruit mostly geniculate or plumose. +- +- Seed suspended or ascending : radicle superior : style small, naked, not geniculate. 13. Fragaria. Carpels very numerous, in fruit on a large fleshy scarlet receptacle. Styles lateral. Leaves 3-foliolate. 14. Potentilla. Petals yellow, rarely white, sessile. Stamens usually 20 or more ; filaments narrow or filiform. Carpels mostly numerous, on a dry receptacle. Leaves pinnate or digitate ; leaflets toothed or cleft, not confluent. 15. Sibbaldia. Petals yellow, sessile, minute and narrow. Stamens 5 ; filaments very short, filii'oiin. Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry receptacle. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets 3-toothed. It). Horkelia. Petals white or pink, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 10, rarely 20 ; fila- ments usually dilated or subulate. Carpels usually many, on a dry nearly naked recep- tacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets many, toothed, cleft, or parted, the upper confluent. 17. Ivesia. Petals white oryelhtw, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 5 to 20 ; filaments fili- form. Carpels 1 to 15, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets cleft or parted, often small and very numerous and closely imbricated. 'Tribe IV. POTERIEiE. Cai-pels 1 to 3, in fruit akenes, completely enclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, the throat of which is constricted or sometimes nearly closed. Seed suspended. * Heath -like shrubs, with simple entire fascicled leaves : ovules 1 or 2. (Anomalous genus.) 18. Adenostoma. Calyx 10-nerved, at length cylindraceous. Petals 5. Stamens 8 to 15. * * Herbs (as to ours), with compound or lobed leaves : ovule solitary. 19. Alchemilla. Calyx naked, urceolate, minutely bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4. Flowers minute, clustered. 20. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, surrounded by a margin of hooked prickles. Petals yellow. Stamens 5 to 12. Tall perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and long racemes. 166 ROSACEA. * Prunus. 21. Acaena. Calyx-lobes valvate, deciduous ; the tube oblong, becoming armed with barbed prickles. Petals none. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves, and densely spicate-clus- tered flowers. 22. Poterium. Calyx-lobes imbricate, deciduous, petaloid ; the tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Herbs with pinnate leaves, and densely capitate or spicate flowers. Tkibe V. ROSEiE. Carpels many, in fruit bony akenes, enclosed and concealed in the globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous. 23. Rosa. The onlj'^ genus. Erect shrubs, with pinnate leaves.' - Suborder III. POMExE. Carpels 2 to 5, enclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube, in fruit becoming a 2 - several-celled pome. Ovules erect or ascending, a pair in each carpel (more numerous in cultivated apples), ascending. Styles often united below. — Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole or nearly so. * Evergreen : carpels partly free and separating. 24. Heteromeles. Carpels only 2, tomentose above, lightly united and in flower nearly supe- rior, becoming thin and papery, and closely included in the beiry-like calyx. * * Deciduous-leaved : carpels 2 to 5, united and coalescent with the fleshy or berrA'-like calyx. 25. Crataegtis. Ovary 2 - 5-celled ; the fruit drupaceous, of 2 to 5 bony 1 -seeded stones, either separable or united into one. Branches usually thorny. 26. Pyrus. Ovary 2 - 5-celled ; the fruit a proper pome, with papery or cartilaginous and undi- vided 2-seeded cells or carpels. 27. Amelanchier. Ovary 5-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled and 2-seeded, but in fruit each divided into two by a partition from the back. Otherwise like Pyrus. Anomalous Genus. 28. Canotia. Calyx free from the septicidally 5-valved exserted capsule. Cells 1 -seeded. Sta- mens 5, hypogynous. A leafless shrub, with solitary flowers. 1. PRUNUS, Toum. Plum, Cherry, &c. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-cleft, deciduoixs. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to 25, inserted with the petals. Ovary solitary, free, with 2 pendulous ovules : style terminal. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe, with usually a bony stone con- taining one or rarely two seeds. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, usually serrulate ; flowers white or rose-colored, solitary or fascicled in the axils, or in terminal racemes. Species about 80, widely dispersed through the northern hemisphere, but mostly confined to temperate regions. Of the 20 North American species, 14 are found only in the Atlantic States, from Canada to Mexico. This comprehensive genus now includes seveial of our most delicious and useful fruits, fonnerly referred to several genera, such as the Almond, with a somewhat fibrous pitted stone, P. {Aviygdalus) covimunis, — the Peach and Nectarine, with wrinkled stone, P. (Amyffdalus) Pcrsica, — the Apricot, P. Armeniaca (Armeniaca vulgaris), — the Garden Plum, P. domestica, — the Sloe, P. spinosa, — the Garden Cheiries, P. Cerasus {Cerasus vulgaris), — also the Cherry-Laurel, P. Lauro-Ccrasus (Laurocerasus officinalis), &c. Many of the species have medicinal virtues, and the principle or elements of prassic (cyanohydric) acid so abound in some species, especially in their kernels and bark, as to make them actually poisonous when eaten freely. The foliage and young branches of some of the Cherries become poisonous to cattle when wilted. The six Californian species represent nearly as many sections, which have been more or less recently regarded as genera, but the limiting characters prove to be too indefinite. The American species of Plum (belonging to the first section) differ from those of the Old World in having the leaves folded (conduplicate) instead of convolute in the bud, the fruit with little or no bloom, and some of them have very turgid instead of flattened stones, thus connecting this section with the following one. Prunus. ROSACEA. 167 § 1. Fruit ohlong, fleshy, glabrous: the stone flattish, smooth, usually acutely mar- gined, or grooved on one edge: flowers white, few to several in umbel-like dttsters from lateral scaly buds in early spring. — Prunus. 1. P. subcordata, Beuth. (Wild Plum.) A scraggy nmch-branched shrub, 3 to 10 feet high, with ash-gray bark, the branchlets occasionally spinescent: young branches and leaves finely pubescent, becoming glabrous : leaves ovate, cordate to cuneate at base, obtuse or acute, sharply and hnely serrulate, about an inch long, shortly petioled ; glands at the base of the blade 1 to 4, or wanting : umbels 2-4- flowered ; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long : calyx puberulent : corolla half an inch broad : fruit red, large and edible, about f inch long : stone acutely edged on one side, grooved upon the other. — PI. Hartw. 308. On dry rocky hills and in open woods, mostly eastward of the central valley from San Felipe to Oregon ; most abundant in the northern part of the State, where also the fruit is larger and more pulpy. It is pleasantly acid and is gathered in considerable quantities by both Indians and whites. Flowering in April or May, the fruit is ripe in August and September. § 2. Smaller fruit and stone ovoid or subglobose, the latter marginless : flowers corym- bose or umbellate : otJierwise as ^ 1. — Cerasus. 2. P. emarginata, Walpers. A .shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with bark like that of the ordinary Clierry-tree, and chestnut-brown very slender branches, glabrous or nearly so : leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, crenately serrulate, 1 to 3 inches long, narrowed to a short petiole, with usually one or more glands near the base of the blade : corymb 6- 12-flowered, shorter than the leaves : flowers 4 to 6 lines broad : fruit globose, black, about 4 lines long, bitter and astringent : stone with a thick grooved ridge upon one side. — Cerasus emarginata, Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. i. 169. C. gland ulosus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad, i. 59. Var. mollis, Brewer. Taller, becoming a small tree 25 feet high : more or less woolly-pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves. — Cerasus mollis, Dougl. 1. c. ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 14, t. 46. P. mollis, Walpers. Mostly in open forests, in the Sierra Nevada, from Yosemite Valley northwanl to Puget Sound : also more rarely near the coast ; Oakland Hills and Tamalpais, Bolander. The variety is the more common Oregon form. § 3. Fruit small, globose, fleshy, glabrous : stone broadly ovoid, marginless : flowers white in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. — Padus. 3. P. demissa, Walpers. (Wild Cherry.) An erect slender shrub 2 to 12 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong-obovate, usually broadest above the middle, ab- ruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at base, sharply serrate with straight slender teetli, usually more or less pubescent beneath, 2 to 4 inches long, with 1 or 2 glands at base : racemes 3 or 4 inches long, many-flowered : fruit glo- bose, purplish-black, or red, sweet and edible but somewhat astringent : stone globose. — Cerasus demissa, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 411 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 80. P. Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes, 284 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 381. In the mountains throughout the State from San Diego County {Parry, Palmer) to the Columbia River, except near the coast, and eastward to the Rocky Mountains. It fmits abun- dantly, often when only 2 or 3 feet high. It resembles the following species very closely. P. Vir.GixiANA, Linn. Leaves rarely at all pubescent, more frequently somewhat cuneate at base : fruit dark red, very astringent and scarcely edible ; the stone more ovoid and acutish : otherwise like the last, but more diffuse in habit, and preferring stream banks and moist locali- ties. — It is doubtful if this species, the eastern Choke Cherry, is found west of the Rocky Moun- tains. A somewhat similar form, distinct from the la.st, with conspicuous linear stipules and bracts in the early stage, is found in the West Humboldt Mts., Nevada {Watson), and is to be looked for in the northeastern part of the State. P. SEUOTIXA, Ehrhart, the Wild Black Cheny of the Atlantic States, has been introduced about San Francisco. It becomes a tree, and may be distinguished by its more acuminate leaves and short incurved callous-pointed teeth, only the midvein of the leaf sometimes pubescent. 168 ROSACEA. p Prunus. § 4. Fruit less pulpy : stone thin : leafless racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves. — Laurocerasus. 4. P. ilicifolia, Walp. (Islay.) A much-brauched evergreen shrub, 8 to 12 feet liigli, with grayish-brown bark, glabrous : leaves thick and rigid, shining above, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, truncate or somewhat cordate at base, spinosely toothed, an inch or two long, very shortly petioled : flowers small, in racemes ^ to 2 inches long : fruit large (half an inch thick or more), somewhat obcompressed, apiculate, usually red, .sometimes dark purple or black; the thin pulp somewhat acid and astringent but of pleasant flavor. — Cerasics ilicif alius, Nutt. ; Sylva, ii. 16, t. 47; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Eeechey, 340, t. 83. On dry hills of the Coast Ranges from San Francisco to San Diego, and in Western Arizona, Bigclow. A very ouamental species, with shining dark green foliage, somewhat like the Holly. It flowers from March to May, maturing its fruit in November and December. § 5. Fruit velvety-pubescent, subglobose: stone smooth or nearly so : flowers solitary or in pairs, from lateral scaly buds, appearing with the leaves : calyx somewhat persistent. — Emplectocladus, Gray. [Emplectocladus, Torrey.) 5. P. Andersonii, Gray. A low difl'use glabrous shrub, 1 to 6 feet high, with grayish-brown bark and spinescent branchlets : leaves mostly fascicled, oblanceo- late, acute, attenuate to a short petiole, a half to an inch long, spariugly serrulate : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers rose-colored, half an inch broad ; the petals orbicular : fruit with thin flesh, flattened globose, acute, 6 lines long ; stone compressed, acutely margined upon one side and furrowed upon the other, acute at both ends, somewhat ridged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 337 & x. 70. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 79, SieiTa Co. (Lcmmxm), and frequent on the foot-hills of Northwestern Nevada. The fruit more nearly resembles the peach than does that of any other of our species. This whole section, in- deed, of five species confined to the interior of the continent and to Mexico, shows the nearest approach in the American flora to the old genus Amygdalics of the Old World. 6. P. fasciculata, Gray. A divaricately branched shrub, 2 or 3 feet high, with gray bark, glabrous : leaves fascicled, narrowly spatulate, obtuse or acutish, nearly sessile, half an inch long, obsoletely 3-nerved, entire : flowers sessile or nearly so, very small: petals linear, white, recurved: stamens 10 to 15 : style very short : fruit subglobose, 5 or 6 lines long, hirsute-tomentose, the flesh thiu : stone acute at both ends, smooth, subglobose, obtusely and scarcely at all margined. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 70. Emplectocladus fasciculatus, Torrey, PI. Frem. 10, t. 5. In the Southern Sierra Nevada {Fremont) ; summit of Providence Mountains (Cooper) ; Aiizona {Newberry) and S. Utah, Palmer, Parry. 2. NUTTALLIA, Torr. & Gray. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, broadly spatulate, erect. Stamens 15, in two rows, 10 inserted with the petals, and 5 lower down upon the disk lining the tube ; filaments very short, the lower declined. Carpels 5, inserted upon the persistent base of the calyx-tube, free, glabrous : styles short, lateral, jointed at base : ovules 2 in each carpel, pendulous. Fruit 1 to 4 oblong-ovoid 1-seeded drupes, with thin pulp and smooth bony stone. Cotyledons convolute. — A shrub, with alternate simple entire deciduous leaves ; stipules none ; flowers white, in loose nodding racemes, which appear with the branchlets from the same buds. A single species. 1. N. cerasiformis, Torr. & Gray. (Oso Berry.) A shrub or small tree 2 to 15 feet high, with dark brown bark and rather slender branches, glabrous : leaves rather broadly oblanceolate, acute, attenuate to a short slender petiole, 2 to 4 inches Spircea. ROSACEA. 169 long : racemes shorter than the feaves, shortly peduncled ; bracts conspicuous, de- ciduous : flowers greenish white, 3 to 7 lines broad : drupes blue-black, with a slight furrow on the inner side, 6 to 8 lines long ; flesh bitter ; stone somewhat com- pressed.— Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 337, t. 82; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 413; Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc. iv. 222, & iig. In moist places and on the north slopes of hills from San Luis Obispo to Fraser River, chiefly in the Coast Ranges. Flowering in March and April ; fruit ripe from June to July. 3. SPIR^A, Linn. Meadow-Sweet. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed ; the tube carapanulate or concave. Petals 5, rounded, nearly sessile. Stamens numerous (20 or more), inserted with the petals. Carpels usually 5 or more (2 to 12), distinct and sessile or nearly so, becoming membrana- ceous or coriaceous several- (2— 15-) seeded follicles, not inflated. Seeds small, pendulous, linear, with a thin membranaceous testa, without albumen. — Perennial herbs or mostly shrubs ; leaves alternate, mostly without stipules (in our species) ; flowers white or rose-colored, in compound corymbs or panicles, or rarely spicate. A genus of about 50 species, belonging chiefly to tlie temperate and cooler regions of the northern hemisphere. Many exotic ornamental species are common in cultivation. Of the 13 found in North America 4 are confined to the Atlantic States. Vauqx'elinia Touueyi, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147, the Spircea Califomica of Torrey in Emory Rep. 140, has not been detected within the State, but occurs in Southern Arizona. It is a small tree, with nairowly lanceolate serrate leaves, white-tomentose beneath ; flowers white, in small tenninal panicles ; stamens 25 ; the silky carpels united into a 5-celled capsule ; seeds 2 in each cell, erect, and winged at the summit. § 1. Erect shrubs, with simple and usualli/ lohed or toothed leaves: stipules none: flowers perfect. — SpiR/EA proper. * Petals rose-colored or purplish, orbicular, exceeding the calyx : filaments much ex- serted : carpels smooth : ovules several. 1. S. betulaefolia, Pallas. Glabrous or finely pubescent, a foot or two high or more, with reddish bark : leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, rounded at base, usually obtu.se, acutely and unequally serrate or incised, an inch or two long, on short petioles or nearly sessile : flowers pale purple, in fiistigiate compound often leafy- bracted corymbs : calyx-lobes as long as the tube, reflexed : carpels 5, a line long : ovules 5 to 8. — Fl. Eoss. t. 16. S. chamcedrifolia, Pur.sh, not Linn. S. corym- bosa, Eaf. Among rocks in the Sierra Nevada, at 5,000 to 9,000 feet altitude, from Mono Pass (Brewer) northward : ranging to Alaska and the head-waters of the Missouri ; also eastward in the Alle- ghany Mountains, and in Northern Asia and Japan. 2. S. Douglasii, Hook. Erect, 3 to 5 feet high, with reddish-brown bark ; the young branches, inflorescence, and lower side of the leaves more or less densely white-tomentose : leaves oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, unequally serrate towards the rounded or acutish apex, often somewhat cuneate at base, very shortly petioled, the upper surfiice bright green or sometimes pubescent : flowers rose-colored, crowded in a narrow usually elongated sessile panicle : calyx-lobes mostly reflexed : carpels 5, glabrous : ovules 9 to 11. — Fl. i. 172 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5151. \ ar. Nobleana, Watson. Less pubescent, sometimes nearly smooth : flowers in broad thyrsoid panicles: leaves often 3 or 4 inches long. — aS". Nobleana, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 51 09. Var. Menziesii, Presl. Slightly pubescent above, the leaves glabrous and of the same color on both sides or paler beneath : panicle narrow. — Epimelise Bot. 195. aS*. Menziesii, Hook. Fl. i. 173. In wet places from the Upper Sacramento to the British boundary and Idaho. 170 ROSACEA. .ff Spircea. * * Petals white, broadly oblong, about equalling the 5-parted calyx : filaments scarcely exserted : carpels densely hairy : ovules 2 : flowers in loose spreading panicles. 3. S. discolor, Pursh. A diffuse slirub, 4 feet high or more, with grayish brown bark, pubescent : leaves broadly ovate, obtuse or acutish, truncate at base or cuneate into a slender petiole, more or less silky-tomentose beneath, nearly smooth above, pinnatitidly toothed or lobed, the lobes often dentate: panicle much branched, tomentose : calyx pubescent, the lobes oblong, obtuse,;, spreading. — Flora, i. 342. Var. ariaefolia, Watson. Often tall (5 to 15 feet high): leaves 2 or 3 inches long, somewhat canescent beneath or scarcely so: panicle large and open. — ^S". arice- folia. Smith in Eees Cyc. ; Lindh Bot. Reg. t. 1365. Var. dumosa, Watson. Only 1 to 3 feet high ; leaves usually small, an inch long or less, cuneate into a short margined petiole, often white-tomentose beneath : panicle mostly smaller and less diffuse. — aS*. dumosa, Nutt. ; Torrey, Stansbury Rep. 387, t. 4 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 80. S. aricefolia, var. discolor, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 416. On low lulls and in the valleys, mostly in the Coast Ranges, from Monterey County northward to Fraser River., The var. dumosa is found in the Sierra Nevada, in dry rocky places, at 5,000 to 11,000 feet altitude, and thence to Oregon, Colorado, and New Mexico ; more rarely in the Coast Ranges also. Fragrant, with the odor of Sweet Birch. § 2. Erect shrubs, with twice pinnate leaves and numerous minute leaflets : stipules present: flowers perfect, large, in a leafy terminal racemose panicle. — Cham^- BATiARiA, Porter. 4. S. Millefolium, Torr. Stout, diffusely branched, 2 to 5 feet high, glandu- lar-pubescent and more or less tomentose : leaves narrowly lanceolate in outline, scattered or fascicled at the ends of the branches, 1 to 3 inches long, with very nu- merous (about 20) pinnae and minute oblong obtuse leaflets (about 6 pairs) ; stipules linear, entire : flowers white, half an inch broad : calyx-tube turbinate ; the erect acute lobes longer than the tube and nearly equalling the orbicular petals : stamens included : carpels 5, pubescent : styles elongated : ovules 6 to 8, suspended : seeds over a line long. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv^ 83, t. 5. Rare in the Sierra Nevada and the mountains eastward : above Owen's Lake at 10,000 feet alti- tude (Muir) ; at Noble's Pass, Shasta Co. (Ncwbrrrii), referred by oversight to Chamcebatia ; W. Arizona and S. Nevada (Biyelow, Wheeler) ; S. Utah (Mrs. Thompson, Parrij) ; Wyoming Teiritory, Coulter. § 3. Tall herbaceous perennial, with thrice pinnate leaves and no stipules : floivers dioecious, small, white, in numerous filiform panided spikes : pedicels in fruit reflexed. — Aruncus. 5. S. Aruncus, Linn. (Goat's-Beard.) Smooth, branching, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves large ; leaflets thin, sparingly villous beneath, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, sharply and laciniately doubly toothed, the terminal ones broad- est : panicle large and compound, pubescent : flowers a line broad, nearly sessile : petals spatulate : filaments long-exserted : carpels 3 to 5, smooth, several-seeded. In ravines and along streams. Trinity and Shasta counties {Brewer), and northward to Alaska. Also in the Alleghanies, and in N. Asia and Europe. § 4. Low herbaceous perennial, woody at base, with simple entire leaves and no stip- ules : flowers perfect, white, in dense cylindrical spikes on scape-like stems. — Petrophytum, N utt. 6. S. caespitosa, Nutt. Cespitose, on rocks, with simple or branching scape- like stems : leaves rosulate on the short tufted branches of the woody spreading rootstock, oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, acute, silky on both sides, 2 to 12 lines long ; those of the scape scattered and narrower : scape 2 to 6 inches high : flowers Rubus. ROSACEA. 171 on short bracteate peduncles in spikes |^ to 2 inches long : calyx-lobes silky, exceed- ing the tube and nearly equalling the spatulate petals : filaments and styles exserted : carpels 3 to 8 (as many as the lobes of the calyx), somewhat villous or glabrous, 2-seeded. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 412 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 81. In the mountains from New Mexico and Utah to Northern Nevada ( IValson) and the Cascade Mountains, Oregon (Neivberrij) ; probably in Northern California, A singular subalpine species. S. PECTINATA, Torr. & Gray. A low herbaceous cespitose nearly glabrous perennial, with creep- ing stems and erect leafy branches : leaves rigid, attenuate-linear below, twice or thrice 3-cleft, the lobes acute, narrow, spreading : raceme short, simple or compound, pubescent : calyx-lobes ex- ceeding the tube, nearly equalling the white obovate petals : filaments included : carpels 4 to 6, nearly smooth, 4-6-seeded. — Fl. i. 417. LiUkca sibbaldioidcs, Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, 130, t. 2. Eriogynia pectinata, Hook. Fl. i. 255, t. 88. From Behring Straits to the Cascade Moun- tains {Newberry), and perhaps on the higher mountains of Northern California. 4. NEILLIA, Don. Nine-bark. Carpels 1 to 5, in our species inflated and divergent : ovules two to several, some ascending, some pendulous : seeds obovoid or subglobose, with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa, evident rhaphe, and copious albumen : otherwise as Spiraea. — Diffuse shrubs ; leaves simple, toothed or lobed ; stipules rather large, deciduous ; flowers large, white, in simple corymbs or panicled racemes. Only 4 or 5 species, confined to the mountains of Asia, with the following exceptions. 1. N. opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with slender spreading or recurved branches and ash-colored shreddy bark : leaves ovate or often cordate, 3-lobed and toothed, 1 to 3 inches long, on slender petioles, nearly gla- brous : flowers on long slender pedicels in simple umbel-like hemispherical tomentose corymbs : calyx-lobes shorter than the rounded petals, usually pubescent on both sides : carpels 2 to 5, at length 2 to 4 lines long and membranaceous, glabrous, 2 - 4-seeded : seeds oblong-ovate, a line long. — Spiraea opulifolia, Linn. Var. mollis, Hook. Leaves somewhat stellate-pubescent beneath, and inflores- cence more densely tomentose. — Fl. i. 171. Spiraea capitata, Pursli. On the rocky banks of streams from the Bay of San Francisco northward to British America, and eastward across the continent. Another species, N. Torreyi, Watson, with smaller leaves and flowers, and tomentose ovaries, is found from the East Humlioldt Mts., Nevada, to Colorado. 5. BUBUS, Linn. Raspberry. Blackberry. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, without bractlets ; tube short and open. Petals 5, con- spicuous. Stamens numerous. Carpels usually numerous upon a convex receptacle, becoming small globose 1-seeded drupes : styles nearly terminal : ovules 2, pen- dulous : putamen reticulately pitted. — Perennial herbs or somewhat woody, erect or trailing, often prickly ; leaves simple or pinnately 3 - 7-foliolate, with stipules adnate to the petioles ; flowers white or reddish, in panicles or corymbs, or solitary ; fruit usually edible, black, red, or yellowish. A large genus of nearly 500 described species, reducible to half as man}', widely distributed over the globe ; 20 or more are North American. The species are variable and often of difficult determination. Two Califoniian species are cultivated abroad for ornament, but none for fruit. The Garden Raspberry is the European A'. Idccus, Linn., which the R. strigosus, Michx., of the Eastern States and Rocky Mountains, approaches very closely. The cultivated Blackberries are mostly forms of R. villosus. Ait. , of the Atlantic States. § 1. Fruit with a bloom, separating from the receptacle lohen ripe. — Raspberry. * Leaves simple, palmately lobed : stem soft-woody, without prickles : flowers large. 1. R. Nutkanus, INIo^ino. (Salmox-berry.) Stems erect or drooping, 3 to 8 feet high ; bark green and smooth or more or less glandular-pubescent, becoming 172 ROSACEA. * Eubus. brown and shreddy : leaves palmately and nearly equally 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally serrate, 4 to 12 inches broad, the lobes acute or acuminate, glabrous or somewhat tomentose, the veins beneath as well as the petioles and peduncles usually more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate : flowers rather few, white, an inch or two broad : calyx densely tomentose : carpels very numerous, tomentose : fruit red, large, hemispherical, sweet and pleasantly flavored. — Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1368 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3453. Var. velutinus, Brewer. Densely tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves. — Ji. velutinus, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beeche'y, 140, In shaded places from Monterey to Alaska, and eastward to New Mexico and Lake Superior. The variety is confined chiefly to California. The species differs little from the li. odorcUtis of the Atlantic States, which has purplish rose-colored petals, more abundant glandular hairs, the lobes of the leaves usually more acuminate, and the fruit smaller. The flowers in Ji. Nutkunus are occasionally pale rose-color. * ^t Leaves ^-foliolate, sometimes simple on the flowering branches, rarely b-foliolate : stems soft-woody, more or less prickly. 2. R. spectabilis, Pursh. Stems rather robust, 5 to 10 feet high, sparingly armed with straight stout prickles : leaves 3-foliolate, or occasionally some simple ; leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate, doubly incised-serrate and often 2 - 3-lobed, acute or acuminate, the veins beneath, as well as the petioles and peduncles, sparingly villous-pubescent ; stipules linear : flowers mostly solitary, red, large and showy : calyx-lobes pubescent, broadly ovate, acuminate : fruit large, ovoid, red or yellow, smooth : styles long, persistent. — Fl. i. 348, t. 16 ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1424. Var. Menziesii, Watson. More or less densely tomentose and silky. — R. Men- ziesii, Hook. I'l. i. 141. Shady woods, near streams, from Mendocino County (Bolander) to Alaska. The variety near San Francisco and northward ; Punta de los Reyes (Bigelow) ; Saucelito Hills {Kellogg k Harford) ; Crater Pass, Oregon, Andrews, &c. 3. R. leucodermis, Dougl. Erect, 3 to 5 feet high, glaucous, armed with stout straight or recurved prickles : leaves 3-foliolate, or sometimes pedately 5-folio- late, never simple ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrate, white- tomentose beneath, the veins, petioles, and peduncles prickly ; stipules setaceous : flowers few, corymbose, white, half an inch broad : sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, exceeding the petals : ovaries tomentose : fruit yellowish-red, rather large, with a white bloom and agreeable flavor. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 454 ; Kegel, Gartenfl. xix. 353, t. 670. E. glaucifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 67. In the Redwoods between Santa Clara and Santa Cruz {Bolander) ; Upper Yosemite Valley {Gray) ; more frequent in Oregon and Washington Territory. Also in N. Utah ( JVatsmi), and in the San Finncisco Mountains, Arizona, Bigelow. Very neartlie Black Raspberry or Thimble- berry (A*, occidentnlis, Linn.) of the Eastern States, from which it is hardly distinguished by rather more coarsely toothed leaflets, stouter and more hooked prickles, and the color of the fruit. * * * Stems herbaceous, trailing, unarmed: leaves 3-foliolaie : the carpels few. 4. R. pedatiiS, Smith. Stems slender, pubescent : leaves smooth or sparingly villous ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, an inch long or less, incisely toothed, the lateral ones often parted to the base ; stipules ovate-oblong : flowers often solitary, on long slender peduncles, white, 6 to 9 lines broad : sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, entire or incised, exceeding the petals, at length reflexed : fruit of 3 to 6 large red pulpy drupelets. — Icon. PI. t. 63 ; Hook. Fl. i. 181, t. 62. In woods, near the coast above San Francisco {Newberry), and northward to Alaska. § 2. Fruit persistent upon the somewhat juicy receptacle, black and shining : stems prickly : flowers white. — Blackberry. 5. R. ursinus, Cham. & Schlecht. Stems becoming woody, weak or trailing, 5 to 20 feet long, sending out numerous lateral fruiting branches, armed with straight Purshia. ROSACEA. 173 rather slender prickles, somewhat glaucous : leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate, often siinple and 3-lobed on the flowering branchlets ; leaflets ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, smooth or more or less pubescent or tomentose ; veins, petioles, peduncles, and calyx aculeate with slender prickles ; stipules oblanceolate to linear, often long and toothed : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or often foliaceously tipped and exceeding the petals : fruit oblong, sweet. — Linna'a, ii. 11. E. maa-o- petalus, Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. i. 178, t. 59. R. vitifolius, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c, the simple-leaved form. Frequent in the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara and Ventura counties (Ojai, Goodale) to Fraser River ; also in Idaho. A very variable species. 6. CHAMiEBATIA, Benth. Calyx persistent, turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, Petals 5, spreading. Stamens very numerous, in several rows on the throat of the calyx, short. Carpel solitary, smooth : style terminal, villous at base, deciduous : stigma decurrent : ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a coriaceous obovoid akene, included. Seed with a spongy testa and small albumen : radicle inferior. — A glandular-pubescent fragrant shrub ; leaves thrice pinnate with numerous minute leaflets ; flowers white, in a loose cyme. 1. C. foliolosa, Benth. An erect shrub, a foot or two high ; branches numer- ous, sleniler, leafy, glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout, the outer integument soon deciduous, leaving a smooth dark-brown bark : leaves ovate or oblong in out- line, 2 or 3 inches long, finely dissected ; leaflets usually glandular-tipped ; stipules small, linear : cymes few-flowered, terminating the young branches ; bracts leafy, toothed or pinnatifld : calyx densely glandular-hairy, villous within, the ovate acu- minate lobes as long as the tube or at length longer : petals white, obovate, 3 or 4 lines long : akene nearly tilling the calyx, abruptly acute. — PI. Hartw. 108 ; Torrey, PI. Fremont. 11, t. 6 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5171. On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, at 3,000 to 7,000 feet altitude, from Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co., flowering from May to July. It is very abundant in some places, filling the air with its strong resinous rather disagreeable odor. 7. PURSHIA, DC. Calyx persistent, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, exceeding the calyx-lobes, yellow. Stamens about 25, in one row. Carpels solitary, sometimes 2, narrowly oblong, attenuate into the persistent style : stigma decurrent : ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a coriaceous akene, pubescent, attenuate at each end, exserted. Seed oblong- obovate, without albumen, the thin seed -coats separated by a layer of dark-purple intensely bitter resinous matter: radicle inferior. — A difl"usely branched shrub; leaves mostly fascicled, cuneate, 3-lobed ; flowers solitary, terminal on the short branchlets. 1. P. tridentata, DC. Usually 2 to 5 (rarely 8 or 10) feet high, with brown or grayish bark ; the young branches and numerous short branchlets pubescent : leaves cuneate-obovate, 3 to 12 lines long, 3-lobed at the apex, petioled, white- tomentose beneath, greener above ; stipules short : flowers nearly sessile : calyx 2 to 4 lines long, tomentose with some glandular hairs, the oblong obtuse lobes shorter than the tube : petals spatulate-obovate, 3 to 5 lines long : fruit half an inch long. — Hook. Fl. i. 170, t. 58; Lindl. Bot. Peg. t. 1446; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 428; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 82. Fre(]uent throughout the interior from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains, and from the British boundary to Arizona and New Mexico. 174 ROSACEA. Coleogyne. 8. COLEOGYNE, Torr. Calyx persistent, 4-parted ; lobes large, ovate, imbricated, with a membranaceous margin, colored within. Petals none. Stamens numerous, inserted upon the base of a tubular torus which includes the ovary. Carpels solitary (rarely 2), glabrous, oblong : style lateral, very villous at base, twisted, exserted, persistent : stigma de- current : ovule solitary, ventrally attached opposite the base of the style. Fruit a coriaceous akene, glabrous, included. Seed with a rather spongy testa, Avithout albumen : radicle superior. — A diffusely branched somewhat spinescent shrub ; leaves opposite, small, entire, coriaceous ; stipules minute ; flowers solitary, termi- nal on the short branchlets, subtended by 1 or 2 pairs of 3-lobed bracts, yellow, showy. A remarkable genus, of a single species. 1. C. ramosissima, Torr. Much branched, 3 to 6 feet high, the short rigid branches opposite and spinescent ; bark gray : leaves approximate upon the branch- lets, linear-oblanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, thick, usually 2 - 4-sulcate on the lower side, puberulent with appressed hairs attached by the middle ; stipules short, trian- gular : flowers half an inch broad : calyx-lobes often ciliate-toothed : tube of the torus membranaceous, dilated below and narrowed to the shortly 5-toothed apex, as long as the calyx and very slender filaments, densely white-villous within : akene somewhat compressed, oblong-ovate, the obtuse apex incurved : seed suspended from near the summit and filling the akene. — PL Frem. 8, t. 4 ; Parry, Am. Naturalist, ix. 270. About the head-waters of the Mohave {Fremont) and eastward in Southern Nevada and Arizona to Southern Colorado. 9. CEBCOCARPUS, HBK. Mottntain Mahogany. Calyx narrowly tubular, the campanulate 5-lobed limb deciduous ; lobes slightly imbricated. Petals none. Stamens 15 to 25, in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Carpels solitary (rarely 2), narrow, terete : style terminal : stigma terminal : ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a coriaceous linear terete villous akene, included in the enlarged calyx-tube, caudate with the elongated exserted plumose twisted style. Seed linear, with membranous testa : radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, simple, evergreen ; stipules very small ; flowers small, axillary or terminal, solitary or somewhat fascicled. A genus of 4 or 5 species, chiefly of the interior of the continent, one being Mexican. 1. C. ledifolius, Nutt. A shrub or small tree, usually 6 to 15 feet high : leaves narrowly lanceolate Avith the margins more or less revolute, thick-coriaceous and somewhat resinous, entire, more or less tomentose, but usually glabrous above, ^ to 1| inches long, acute, narrowed at base to a short petiole; midnerve prominent: flowers sessile, tomentose : limb of the calyx 2 lines long, deeply toothed ; tube be- coming 3 to 5 lines long : tail of the akene at length 2 or 3 inches long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 427; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 324; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 28, t. 51; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 83. Olanche Mts. (Rothrock) at 9,400 feet altitude, and on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass at 9,000 feet altitude (Bolander) to Oregon, and eastward in the mountains to the Wahsatch. It is popularly known as Mountain Mahogany, having a hard and heavy dark- colored wood, susceptible of a fine polish. It sometimes becomes a handsome tree, 40 or 50 feet high, but is usually low, with a compact head. 2. C. parvifolius, Nutt. A shrub, usually 2 to 10 feet high, branching from a thick base, sometimes 15 to 20 feet high : leaves cuneate-obovate, less coriaceous, FaUugia. ROSACEA. 175 serrate toward the obtuse or rounded summit, more or less silky above, densely hoary -tomentose beneath, | to H inches long, shortly petioled ; veins prominent beneath : flowers tomentose, on short slender pedicels : calyx-limb nearly 2 lines long, with short teeth ; tube becoming 4 to 6 lines long, exceeding the pedicel : tail often 4 inches long. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 323 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 337. Var. glaber, Watson. Glabrous throughout, or the calyx somewhat appressed pubescent : leaves dark green. — C. betukefolius, Nutt. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 322. C. hetuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 427. In the Coast Ranges from Lake Co. {Torrey) to S. California, and in the Rocky Mountains from Wyoming Territory to New Mexico and Utah. The variety occurs in the mountains near Santa Barbara {Nuttall) and San Diego, Cleveland, Palmer. 10. COWANIA, Don. Cliff-Rose. Calyx persistent ; tube narrowly turbinate ; limb 5-parted, imbricated. Petals 5, obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, in 2 rows, inserted with the petals at the throat of the calyx-tube. Carpels 4 to 12, free and distinct, sessile, densely vil- lous : style terminal, included : stigma terminal : ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a coriaceous narrowly oblong striate akene, nearly included in the dilated calyx-tube, caudate with the elongated plumose style. Seed linear, somewhat triangular : radicle inferior. — Shrubs or small trees ; leaves small, toothed or pinnatifid, coria- ceous, glandular-dotted ; flowers showy, solitary, terminal. A genus of 3 species, confined to Mexico and the adjacent interior region northward. 1. C. Mexicana, Don. A much-branched shrub, 1 to 6 feet high ; the trunk Avith abundant shreddy light-colored bark : leaves approximate upon the short branchlets, cuneate-obovate in outline, 4 to 7 lines long, pinnately 3 - 7-lobed, dark green above, tomentose beneath, and the margin somewhat revolute : flowers yellow, an inch or less in diameter, the calyx-tube attenuate into a short glandular-hairy pedicel ; calyx-lobes obtuse, tomentose, 2 lines long, equalling the tube : tail of the akene at length 2 inches long or more. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 574, t. 22; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 83. C. Stansburiana, Torrey, Stansbury liep. 386, t. 3. "Mountains of CaUfornia along the Virgeu River" (Fremont, probably in Southern Nevada), and fieciuent eastward in the mountains to N. Utah and New Alexico, and southward to Central Mexico. The wood is light colored and very fine grained. The other species are C. plicata, Don, of Northern Jlexico, with toothed leaves and purplish flowers, and C. ericcefolia, Torr., with smaller white flowers and linear entire leaves, found only by Parry on the Rio Grande. 11. PALLUGIA, Endlicher. Calyx persistent ; tube short-hemispherical, villous within ; limb 5-parted, the ovate lobes imbricated in the bud, with alternate linear bractlets. Petals 5, large and rounded, spreading. Stamens numerous, inserted in a triple row upon the margin of the calyx-tube. Carpels numerous, densely villous, inserted upon a small conical receptacle : style terminal : stigma minute : ovules solitary, erect. Fruit a coriaceous narrowly oblong akene, exserted, caudate with the elongated plumose style. Seed linear : i-adicle inferior. — A low undershrub ; leaves pinnately lobed, margin revolute ; stipules small ; flowers white, showy, solitary or panicled, termi- nating slender elongated naked peduncles. 1. r. paradoza, Endlicher. Much branched with somewhat virgate slender branches, 2 or 3 feet high ; epidermis white, persistent : leaves scattered or fas- cicled, somewhat villous, rather thick, 3 to 10 lines long, sessile, cuneate and atten- uate into a linear base, pinnately 3 - 7-cleft above, the segments linear, obtuse : 176 ROSACEA. * Qeum. flowers few, an incli or more in diameter : calyx-lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long, the apex linear or trifid ; bractlets linear, entire or bitid or 2-parted : akenes very numerous, 1| lines long, the slender plumose tail an inch or two long. — Torrey in Emory Rep. 140, t. 2. Sieversia paradoxa, Don, 1. c. 575, t. 22. Providence Mountains (jOooper) and eastward to S. Utah and tlie Rio Grande ; also Mexican. 12. GEUM, Linn. Calyx persistent, concave ; limb 5-lobed, usually with 5 alternate bractlets, val- vate. Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels numerous, upon a conical or clavate receptacle : style terrahial, straight or geniculate : stigma small : ovules solitary, ascending. Akenes small, compressed, caudate with the elongated naked or plumose styles. Seed erect : radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs ; leaves mostly radical, lyrate or pinnate ; stipules adnate to the sheathing petioles ; flowers rather large, solitary or corymbose. About 30 species, distributed through the temperate and frigid zones. A dozen species occur in the United States, several of them found also in N. Asia and Europe or closely allied to Old World species. § 1. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated: calyx-lobes re flexed. — Geum proper. 1. G. macrophyllum, Willd. A coarse herb : stems mostly solitary, 1 to 3 feet high, bristly-hairy, leafy : radical leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, six inches to a foot long or more, the terminal leaflet very large and round-cordate, lobed and toothed, the lateral very unequal and often very small ; cauline leaves similar but with a short rhachis, or reduced to the terminal leaflet ; stipules large, toothed : flowers yellow, half an inch broad, in an open panicle : bractlets of the calyx small and often wanting : fruit hispid, upon a nearly naked oblong receptacle : styles 3 lines long, at length reflexed. In the Sierra Nevada, on the eastern side ; Mono Pass {Bolander), Sierra Co. (Lemmon), north of Lassen's Peak (Newberry), and northward to Sitka, ranging east to the Atlantic. § 2. Style straight, not Jointed, and wholly persistent, naked or plumose, elongated : calyx-lobes not reflexed. — Sieversia. 2. Gr. triflonim, Pursh. Low, villous ; stems clustered, from stout branching rootstocks, 6 to 15 inches high, simple, nearly naked : radical leaves pinnate some- what interruptedly with numerous cuneate-oblong incised segments ; the cauline reduced to a few small linear-lobed leaves or bracts : flowers large, few, on long peduncles : calyx often purplish, as well as the upper part of the stem, the linear bractlets 4 to 9 lines long, usually exceeding the lobes and equalling the oblong purplish erect petals : tails of the small akenes plumose, at length 2 or 3 inches long : receptacle small, hemispherical. — Sieversia triflora, R. Br. ; Hook. Bot. ^lag. t. 2858.^ In the Sierra Nevada at 4,000 to 9,000 feet altitude {Brewer, Bolander), and in the mountains north and eastward, to Arctic America and Labrador. 13. PRAGARIA, Toum. Strawberry. Calyx persistent, concave ; limb 5-lobed, with 5 alternate bractlets, valvate. Petals 5, white, spreading. Stamens many, in one row. Carpels numeroiis, .smooth : styles lateral, very short : ovule solitary, ascending. Receptacle much enlarged and fleshy in fruit, conical, scarlet, bearing the small turgid crustaceous akenes upon the surface, Radicle superior. — Acaulescent stoloniferous perennials; leaves palmately PotentiUa. ROSACEA. l^'J' * trifoliolate, the leaflets obovate-cuneate, coarsely toothed ; flowers few, cymose upon short erect scapes. A small genus widely distributed through the temperate and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere, and also in the Andes. Many species have been proposed, but scarcely half a dozen are now recognized by botanists. Their unstable character and "the great facility with which fertile cross-breeds are produced, give reason to suspect that the whole genus may prove to con- sist of but one species " {Bcntham). Many varieties are in cultivation, some of which flourish with special luxuriance in this State. The three first following are the generally acknowledged .North American species : but it is difficult to make a satisfactory reference of all the Californian forms as found iu collections. 1 . P. Virginiana, Ehrhart. " Akenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck : calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified : leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture : the hairs of the scapes, and especially of the pedicels, silky and appressed." — Gray, Manual, 155. Var. niinoensis, Gray, 1. c. " A coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct species, the flowers more inclined to be polygamo-dioecious, the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading." — F. Grayana, Vilmorin. The typical form of this si>ecies seems to be confined to the Atlantic States. The variety ex- tends westward to the Rocky Mountains and it is said even to Washington Territory and Oregon. If found in the northern jiart of the State it should be distinguished from the following species by the characters of the fruit. The leaflets are cuneate-obovate, rounded at the summit. 2. F. vesca, Linn. "Akenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemi- spherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits): calyx remaining spreading or re- flexed : hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed : leaflets thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins." — Gray, 1. c. This European species is also widely indigenous through North America, and si)ecimens from the Sierra Nevada have been referred to it. It is doubtful, however, whether it is really found within the State. The leaflets are usually less obtuse than in the last. 3. F. Chilensis, Ehrhart. Usually low, densely villous with silky hairs, spread- ing upon the petioles, scapes and pedicels, appressed upon the under side of the leaves and the calyx : scapes and petioles rather stout : leaflets thick, perfectly smooth above, cuneate-obovate, rounded at the summit : flowers large (often an inch broad) : calyx lobes and bractlets elongated, entire : fruit not described. — Torr. bractlets linear : petals yellow- Ivesia. ROSACEJE. Ig3 * ish, spatulate, equalling the calyx : stamens 20 : carpels 4 to 6. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 288, t. 4; Gray, 1. c. 531. On the Klamath Kiver {Pickering) ; Sierra Valley, Lemmon. 2. I. unguiculata, Gray. Closely resembling the last, sometimes less densely villous : cymes less crowded : calyx 2 or 3 lines long, with narrow acuminate lobes and bractlets : petals white, unguiculate, the blade orbicular, somewhat exceeding the calvx: stamens usually 15 : carpels 5 to 8. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 339; Watson, 1. c. 448. Yosemite valley {Bulander, Gray) ; Sierra Co., Lemmon. 3. I. Webberi, Gray. Low, loosely villous with spreading hairs : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, approximate, 2 - 5-parted, with linear segments, 3 to 5 lines long : stems nearly naked, smooth above : flowers mostly on long pedicels in rather loose cymes : calyx 2 or 3 lines long ; lobes lanceolate ; bractlets small : petals yellow, narrowly oblong, about equalUng the calyx : stamens 5 to 10 : carpels 3 or 4 : akenes large, ovate, a line long or more — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 71. Sierra and Indian valleys, in ravines, Webber, Lemmon. * * Flowers yellow, in a rather compact cyme upon a nearly naked stem : low or dwarf, alpine. 4. I. Gordoni, Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent and often somewhat hirsute, or glabrate : stems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex : leaflets numerous, approximate, 1 to G lines long, obovate, 3-5-cleft or parted, with oblong or spatulate segments ; cauline leaves one or two, pinnatifid : flowers in a close cyme, at length somewhat open : calyx 2 or 3 lines long : petals yellow, narrowly oblong to broadly spatulate, usually not exceeding the calyx : stamens 5 : carpels 2 or 3, or more. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 72; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 530; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 90. Horkelia Gordoni, Hook, in Kew Jour. Bot. v. 341, t. 12. H. (]) multifoliolata, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 159. Var. pygmaea, Watson. Much reduced, an inch or two high or even less, glandular and liirsute : leaflets very small and crowded : stamens sometimes 10. — /. pyqmn^a, Gray, 1. c. 531. Var. lycopodioides, Watson. I^early glabrous : leaflets still more crowded and imbricated, thick and rounded. — /. lycopodioides. Gray, 1. c. 530. In the Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass {Brewer) to Sierra Co. (Lemmon), and in the mountains of Wyoming, Utah, and Aiizona. The varieties in the higher Sierra Nevada, at 11,000 to 12,000 feet altitude. 5. I. Mllirii, Gray. Dwarf, densely silky-villous : stems an inch high, from a thick caudex : leaves terete with the very numerous small crowded and imbricated silky leaflets : flowers small, in a close cyme : calyx a line long, purplish, exceeding the narrow spatulate " yellow " petals : stamens 5 ; filaments short : carpels usually two. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627. On Mt. Hoffmann, at 9,000 feet altitude, John Muir. Except for the reduced number of stamens and shorter filaments it would be referred to /. santolinoides. * * * Flowers in a diffuse panicle : stems leafy. 6. L santalinoides, Gray. Stems 6 to 18 inches high, slender, sparingly villous : leaves densely silky-villous with white hairs, 2 to 4 inches long, terete Avith the very numerous small crowded and imbricated leaflets : panicle very dif- fusely branched; bracts very small, villous : flowers on slender at length elongated pedicels : calyx a line long, villous or nearly glabrous, oTten purplish ; bractlets short : petals white, spatulate to obovate, exceeding the calyx : stamens 15 ; fila- ments long and slender ; anthers purple : carpels solitary. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 531 & vii. 339. 184 ROSACEA. ^ Ivtsia. In the Sierra Nevada, from Mt. Brewer (^Brewer) and Mt. Finos (Rothrock) to Lake Tahoe, Lemmon. 7. I. gracilis, Torr. & Gray. Canescently villous with spreading hairs ; stems slender, a span high, from an apparently annual or biennial root : leaflets 5 to 1 0 pairs, scattered on the slender rhachis, 3 - 5-parted with oblong segments, 2 to 4 lines long : flowers on elongated pedicels in a very diffiise panicle : calyx nearly 2 lines long, broadly campanulate ; bractlets nearly equalling the lobes : petals white, obovate, as long as the calyx : stamens 15 or 20 : carpels numerous : akenes rugose. — Pacif. E. Rep. vi. 72, t. 11. Potentilla Newberryi, Gray, 1. c. 532. On the banks of Rhett Lake, Newberry. A species pecuUar in its annual or biennial root and in the large number of its carpels. 8. L Baileyi, Watson. Viscidly pubescent : stems slender, 6 inches high : leaf- lets 3 to 10 pairs, cuneate-obovate, 3 — 7-toothed or parted : flowers on slender pedi- cels in a dift'use panicle : calyx 1|- lines long, exceeding the yellow spatulate petals: stamens 5 : carpels 1 to 5. — Bot. King Exp. 90. Var. setosa, Watson, 1. c. Leaflets all parted, the lobes setosely tipped : more glandular-hairy. West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada {Bailey) ; the variety in the East Humboldt Mountains, Watson. The remaining species also belong to this group. L KiNGli, Watson, 1. c. 91. Glabrous throughout : stems a span long or more : leaflets numer- ous, entire or 2 - 3-parted, the lobes rounded, a line long : flowers on slender pedicels in an open panicle : calyx 2 lines long, shorter than the white orbicular petals : stamens 15 or 20 : carpels 5 to 8. — Valleys of Northeastern Nevada, in alkaline soil, Watson. L DEPAUPEKATA, Gray in herb. Sparingly pubescent : stems erect, a foot high or more : leaf- lets numerous, <;uneate-obovate or oblong, deeply 2 - 3-cleft : flowers pedicelled, in a rather open panicle : calyx 2 or 3 lines long, purple within, exceeding the linear dark-purple petals : stamens 5, purple : carpels 2. — Potentilla dcpaupcrata, Engelm. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 399. San Francisco Mts., Arizona, Anderson, Palmer, Loew. The only purjde-flowered species. 18. ADENOSTOMA, Hook. & Am. Chamiso. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, calyculate ; tube obconical, 10-ribbed; lobes membra- naceous, broad. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, usually 2 or 3 together between the petals. Ovary simple, obliquely obovoid, the oblique or trun- cate summit pubescent : style lateral, curved, with an obliquely dilated stigma : ovules 1 or 2, suspended. Fruit a membranaceous akene, coriaceous at the summit, included in the indurated calyx-tube. Seeds unknown. — Evergreen shrubs, some- what resinous ; leaves thick and coriaceous, small and numerous, entire, solitary and rarely opposite, or fascicled ; stipules small ; flowers small, white, shortly peduncu- late in terminal racemose panicles. 1. A. fasciculatum, Hook. & Arn. A diff'usely branched shrub, 2 to 20 feet high, with reddish virgate branches, and grayish bark becoming .shreddy : leaves fascicled, linear-subulate, 2 to 4 lines long, acute, usually channelled on one side, smooth and often resinous, rarely lobed above ; stipules small, acute : flowers nearly sessile, rather crowded : calyx green, nearly a line long, much exceeding the calycu- late bracts, strongly nerved, the lobes nuich shorter than the small petals : ovary obliquely truncate, often 1-ovuled: stigma small. — Bot. Beechey, 139, t. 30 ; Torr. 6 Gray, FI. i. 430. Var. obtusifolium, Watson. Leaves short, obtuse : branchlets usually puber- ulent. — A. brevifolia, Nutt. Abundant on dry soils in the Coast Ranges and more rarely in the foot-hills of the Sien-a Nevada, from S. California to Lake Co. {Turrcy) and Sierra Co., Lemmon. The variety near San Diego. It is usually 6 or 8 feet high, often covering extensive areas with a dense and almost impenetrable cliapparal or "chamisal," producing an effect upon the landscape similar to that of the heaths of the Old World. Agrimonia. ROSACEA. 285 2. A. sparsifolium, Torr. A shrub or small tree, 6 to 1 2 or sometimes 30 feet high, glandular and resinous, with yellowish green bark becoming reddish : leaves scattered (rarely opposite), narrowly linear, obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long ; stipules wanting : flowers larger (nearly 2 lines broad), distinctly peduncled, in open pan- icles : calyx scarcely exceeding the membranaceous bracts, thinner, obscurely ribbed, the broad white lobes half as long as the petals : ovary truncate, 2-ovuled : style thickened upward to the broad stigma. — Emory Rep. 140, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 63, t. 20. Mountains east of San Diego, sometimes very abundant ; flowers very fragrant. 19. ALCHEMILLA, Toum. Lady's Mantle. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped, persistent; limb 4-5-parted, with as many minute bractlets. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4, very small. Carpels 1 to 4, free from the calyx, distinct : style basal or ventral : ovule solitary, ascending. Akenes enclosed in the calyx-tube, crustaceous. Seed nearly orthotropous. — Low leafy herbs ; leaves palmately lobed, with sheathing stipules ; flowers minute, usually in small corym- bose clusters. About 30 species, chiefly in the mountains from Mexico to Chili, a few being scattered through Europe, Asia, and S. Africa. The only species known within the limits of the United States is the following. 1. A. arvensis, Scopoli. Annual, leafy, branched at the base, 3 to 8 inches high, somewhat villous : leaves rounded, cuneate at base and shortly petioled, 2 to 4 lines broad, deeply 3-lobed ; segments 2 - 4-cleft ; stipules conspicuous, cleft, en- closing the greenish flowers, which are fascicled in the axils, half a line long, on slender pedicels or nearly sessile : bmctlets very small : stamens 1 or 2 : akenes soli- tary, ovate, compressed. — A. occidentalis & A. cuneifolia, Xutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 432. On sandy soils near the sea from S. California to the Columbia ; Guadalupe Island {Palmer) ; in central Idaho, Spaldinfj. Apparently indigenous, but not differing essentially from the Euro- pean form, which is not elsewhere found on this continent except as introduced in some of the Atlantic States. 20. AGRIMONIA, Toum. Agrimony. Calyx-tube turbinate, persistent, somewhat contracted at the throat and sur- rounded by a dense border of hooked prickles or occasionally 5-bracteolate ; limb 5-lobed, at length connivent. Petals 5, yellow. Stamens 5 to 15, in one row. Carpels 2, free and distinct : styles terminal : stigma dilated, 2-lobed : ovule pen- dulous. Akenes 1 or 2, enclosed in the indurated calyx-tube, membranaceous. — Tall perennial herbs ; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; flowers in slender spicate racemes, with 3-cleft bracts ; fruit pendulous. A genus of perhaps a dozen or more species, of the northern hemisphere and the Andes. Three species are found in the Atlantic States, of which the following reaches California. 1. A. Eupatoria, Linn. Hirsute, 2 to 4 feet high, sparingly branched above : leaflets 5 to 7, usually 2 to 4 inches long, with small ones intermixed, oblong- obovate, coarsely toothed, acute at each end ; stipules large, semicordate, incised : calyx 2 lines (becoming 3 or 4 lines) long, the tube at length 10-sulcate above : petals exceeding the calyx lobes : akenes solitary, subglobose, a line in diameter. Cuiamaca Mountains (Palmer) ; Sierra Co. (J. G. Lemmon) ; and also by Kellogg k Harford probably in Northern California, but locality not given. It occurs rarely in Washington Terii- tory and in New Mexico, but is common in the Atlantic States, in the borders of woods, as well as in Europe and Northern Asia. 186 ROSACEA. * Accena. 21. AC-53NA, Linn. Calyx-tube oblong, persistent, contracted at the throat, at length armed with retrorsely barbed prickles ; limb 3 - 7-parted, valvate, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 10, usually 3 to 5. Carpels 1 or 2, free from the calyx: style ter- minal : stigma capitate and multitid : ovule solitary, suspended. Akene enclosed in the indurated calyx, membranaceous. — Perennial herbs, often woody at the de- cumbent or creeping base ; leaves unequally pinnate, and leaflets incised or pinnati- fid ; flowers in crowded spikes or heads. Species about 30, belonging largely to Chili and Peru, and almost exclusively to the teini)erate and warmer regions of the southern hemisphere. There is a single Mexican species, besides the following Chilian species in California. 1. A. trifida, Ruiz & Pavon. Silky-villous : stems erect from a woody caudex, 3 to 15 inches high; leaves mostly crowded at the base; leaflets about 6 pairs, nearly uniform, oblong-ovate, 3 to 5 lines long, pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments : flowers green, in a cylindrical crowded spike, the lower often remote : calyx-lobes 1-^ lines long, exceeding the tube : spreading stamens purple ; filaments exserted : fruit ovate, 2 lines long, 3 - 4-angled ; angles armed with 2 to 4 stout prickles, and shorter ones in the intervals : akene round-oblong. — Fl. Peruv. i. 67, t. 104. A. pinnatijida, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 339, not Euiz & Pavon; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 430 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 19. Dry hills in the Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Marin Co. 22. POTERIXJM, Linn. Burnet. Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted at the throat, persistent, becoming 3 - 4-angled or winged and thickish ; limb 4-parted, imbricate in the bud, petal-like, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4 to 12 or more ; fllaments often elongated. Carpels 1 to 3, free from the calyx : style terminal, filiform : stigma tufted : ovule solitary, sus- pended. Akene enclosed, membranaceous. — Herbs, mostly perennial ; leaves pin- nate, with coarsely toothed petiolulate leaflets and foliaceous adnate stipules ; flowers small, often polygamous or dioecious, bracteate and 2-bracteolate in a dense spike upon a long naked peduncle. Species 15 or 20, of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following there is a single species in the Atlantic States, and a second in Alaska. 1. P. officinale, Benth. & Hook. Perennial, usually glabrous, often 2 to 4 feet high : leaflets about 4 pairs, ovate to oblong, cordate at base, ^ to 2 inches long : flowers deep purple or red, polygamous, in oblong spikes, a half to an inch long : bracts often pubescent : stamens scarcely exserted : fruit a line long, equalling the calyx-lobes. — SaTiguisorba qffimialis, Linn. S. microcephala, Presl in Epimelise Bot. 202. Mendocino plains (Bolancler) ; Oregon {Hall) ; Alaska, Kinnicut. Frequent in Europe and Northern 7\sia. 2. P. annuum, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, slender, 6 to 15 inches high : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, ovate to oblong, half an inch long or less, deeply pinnatifid ; segments linear : flowers perfect, greenish, in ovoid to oblong heads, ;^ to 1 inch long : bracts scarious, ovate, persistent, a line long : stamens 2 or 4, short : fruit shorter than the bracts. — Hook. Fl. i. 198. Sanguisorba annua, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 429 ; Torrey, Marcy Rep. 285, t. 5. S. myriophylla, Braun & Bouche, Ind. Sem. Berl. 1867, 10. Poleridium anmmm, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. v. 43. In the Sacramento Valley, Hartweg, Bolander. Also in the valley of the Columbia, on the Upper Missouri, and in the Indian Territory. Rosa. ROSACEA. 137 23. BOSA, Tourn. Rose. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped or globose, contracted at the throat : limb 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens many, on the thickened margin of the silky disk, which nearly closes the mouth of the calyx. Ovaries several, hairy, free and distinct : styles ventral, exserted : stigmas thickened : ovules soli- tary, pendulous. Akenes bony, included in the enlarged fleshy red calyx-tube. Eadicle superior. — Shrubs, usually prickly ; leaves pinnate, with adnate stipules and mostly serrate leaflets ; flowers corymbose or solitary, showy. A strongly marked genus, diffused through the temperate and subalpine regions of the whole northern hemisphere, l)ut the species most abundant in the Old World. " It comprises a consid- erable number of true species ; but several of them are of very ancient and universal cultivation, and having been multiplied and hybridized with all the skill of modern horticulture, their more or less marked varieties and races are now reckoned by thousands. Even in the wild state en- deavors have been made to characterize so large a number of proposed si)ecies that the confusion amongst them " is very great. Upwards of 250 species have been enumerated, reduced by modern authors to about 30, and even when thus limited " specimens will occasionally be found that the most experienced botanist will be at a loss to determine" (Bcntham). The North American species number about 10, of which perhaps but two are found in California. Some cultivated varieties are occasionally found near the older settlements, escaped from gardens, and often incapable of determination. 1. R. Californica, Cham. & Schlecht. Erect, diffusely branched, 2 to 8 feet high, sparingly armed with rather stout usually recurved prickles : foliage and inflorescence more or less tomentose : leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, ovate to oblong, acute or obtuse, a half to an inch long : corymbs 1 - 6-flowered ; pedicels often pubescent, occasionally glandular : calyx-tube globose or ovoid, mostly glabrous ; the lobes tomentose, often glandular, foliaceously tipped : petals 6 to 9 lines long, rarely larger : fruit globose, 4 or 5 lines in diameter, abruptly and narrowly constricted below the calyx-lobes, which are spreading or erect. — Linna^a, ii. 35. Var. iiltramontana, Watson. Tomentose, but not glandular : calyx-tube and pedicels glabrous : prickles straight and slender. — B. blanda, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 91, and others. Common on stream-banks, from San Diego northward to Oregon ; the variety on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, ranging to the Rocky Mountains. 2. R. pisocarpa, Gray. Closely resembling R. Californica, from which it is distinguisheil by its smaller globose fruit (about 3 lines in diameter), not constricted below the closely reflexed calyx-lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 382. Collected by Hall in Oregon, and probably extending into California. The characters by which flowering specimens of the two species can be distinguished are not yet apparent. 3. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender, 1 to 4 feet high, armed with often numer- ous straigljt very slender prickles, or sometimes unarmed, glabrous : leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, a half to an inch long or often much less, the serratures as well as the petioles and stipules more or less glandular : flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3, small, rarely an inch in diameter: calyx-lobes scarcely appendaged, at length deciduous : fruit small, ovate or pear-shaped, 3 to 5 lines long, very narrowly constricted at the summit : seeds few, smootli. ^ Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 461 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 21. Var. pubescens, Watson. Leaves finely pubescent. On dry hills in the Coast Ranges from San Diego northward, and to the British boundary ; the variety in the Sierra Nevada, at Clark's {A. Grmj), and on Silver Mountain, at 9,000 feet alti- tude, Brewer. R. BLANDA, Ait. (?) Another species is common in Oregon extending eastward to the Rocky Mountains, resembling the eastern R. blanda, but probably not identical with it. It may be found in Northern California, and can be distinguished from the preceding spe(;ies by its larger flowers and fruit, the latter half an iucdi or more in diameter and not at all constricted at the summit. It is more glabrous than R. Californica, and the prickles are stout, either straight or recurved. 188 ROSACEA. '" HeteromRles. 24. HETEROMELES, J. Ecemer. Calyx turbinate; limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 10, in pairs opposite to the calyx-teeth ; filaments thickened, dilated at base and some- what connate. Carpels 2, lightly united, very tomentose, adnate to the calyx-tube at first only dorsally to the middle : styles terminal, distinct : ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit red, berry-like, ovoid, the fleshy calyx-tube connate with the membranaceous carpels to the middle, and the thickeiifed teeth closed over them above. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. — A shrub or small tree ; leaves simple, coria- ceous and evergreen, sharply serrate ; stipules minute ; flowers white, in terminal corymbose panicles. A single species. 1. H. arbutifolia, Roemer. {To yon orToLLON.) Usually a shrub, 4 to 20 feet higli : young branches, petioles and inflorescence somewhat tomentose-pubescent : leaves dark green, lighter beneath, narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, 2 to 4 inches long, on short petioles, slightly revolute on the margin : flowers numerous, 3 or 4 lines broad, on short pedicels in diff'use panicles ; calyx 2 lines long or less : fruit 3 or 4 lines in diameter : seeds half as long. — Syn. ^lonog. iii. 105; Decaisne, Mem. Pom. in Arch. Mus. x. 144, t. 9. Cratcegus arbutifolia, Ait. f. Hort. Kew, iii. 202. Photinia arhidifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 491 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 473. F. Fremontiana, Decaisne, 1. c. In the Coast Ranges, from Mendocino Co. to San Diego; frequent on stream -banks, flowering in June and July and maturing its fruit in December, when it is very ornamental from the contrast between the abundant bright red fruit and the dark shining foliage. The fruit tastes like that of some species of Cratcegus. 25. PIBXJS, Linn. Pear, Apple, &c. Calyx pitcher-shaped or turbinate ; limb 5-cleft, persistent or deciduous. Petals 5, spreading, sessile or unguiculate. Stamens 20 ; filaments filiform. Carpels 2 to 5, inferior (wholly covered by the adnate tube and disk of the calyx), becoming papery or cartilaginous in fruit : styles woolly at base and distinct or more or less united : ovules 2, ascending. Fruit fleshy or berry-like, pear-shaped or subglobose. — Trees or shrubs ; leaves deciduous, simple or pinnate, mostly serrate ; stipules deciduous ; flowers corymbose, white or pink. A genus of about 40 species, inhabiting the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. As generally received it includes the Pear, Apple, Crab-apple, Quince, Choke-berry, Service Tree, &c., most of which have been at times recognized as distinct genera, and are so ranked by De- caisne in his recent revision of the Pomacece. P. communi% Linn., the common Pear, indige- nous to Europe and Asia, is considered by him as including all the thousands of varieties of that fruit. It is occasionally found escaped from cultivation in neglected places, but rarely fruiting. The Apple, P. Malus, Linn. {Malus communis. Lam.), also a native of Europe and Asia, is likewise sometimes found growing without cultivation and bearing a small sour fruit. § 1. Leaves simple: styles more or less united: fruit fleshy, mostly sunken at each end: cymes simple. — Malus. 1. P. rivnlaris, Dougl. (Oregox Crab-Apple.) A shrub or small tree, 15 to 25 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1 to 3 inches long, sharply serrulate, occasionally 3-lobed, more or less woolly-pubescent, as well as the young branches, pedicels, and calyx: cyme shortly racemose, leafy at base; pedicels slender, an inch long : limb of calyx, with the stamens, at length deciduous : petals white, orbicular, 3 or 4 lines broad : styles 2 to 4, glabrous : fruit red or yellow, obovate- oblong, not sunken at base, half an inch long or more. — Hook. Fl. i. 203, t. 68 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 22, t. 49. P. diversifolia, Bongard, Veg. Sitch. 133. Malm rivur laris & diversifolia, Decaisne, Mem. Pom. 155. Amelanchier. ROSACEA. 189 On hanks of streams, from Sonoma Co. (Bigelow) and northward (Bolandcr, Kellogij) to Alaska. In Oregon it sometimes hecomes a foot in diameter, hut more usually is low, forming dense and almost impenetrahle thickets. The wood is very hard, and the fruit is used as food by the In- dians. There are f.ome discrepancies in the descriptions of the color and size of the fruit. Nut- tall speaks of it as small and purple. § 2. Leaves pinnate : styles distinct, villous at base : fruit herry-Uke, small, globose or turbinate : cymes compound. — Sorbus. 2. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. (Western Mountain Ash.) A shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, nearly glabrous; the leaf-buds and inflorescence usually sparingly villous : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oblong, acute, sharply serrate with some- what spreading teeth, an inch or two long : cymes rather flat : flowers white, 4 or 5 lines broad : fruit red, globose, about 4 lines in diameter. — Linn^ea, ii. 36 ; Gray, Manual, 161. Sen-bus sambucifolia & Sitchensis, Eoemer, Syn. Monog. iii. 139. In the Sierra Nevada at 6,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, on the Big Tree road and Ebbett's Pass {Brewer), and northward to Sitka ; in the higher mountains eastward to Colorado, and through British America to the Atlantic : also in Kamtschatka. The eastern P. Americana, DC, has more acuminate leaflets with less spreading serratures, smaller finiit in more rounded cymes, and glabrous leaf-buds. The more common species in cultivation is the European P. Aucuparia, Gaertner. 26. CRAT^GUS, Linn. Thorn, Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped ; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5 to 20. Carpels 2 to 5, inferior, becoming bony 1 -seeded nutlets, contiguous or united : styles slender, distinct : ovules 2, ascending. Fruit drupe-like, globose or ovoid. — Shrubs or small trees, mostly thorny ; leaves simple, toothed or lobed ; flowers corymbose, mostly white. A genus of 30 or more si)ecies, about half of which are North American and Mexican, the rest (excepting one in New Grenada) belonging to Europe and N. Asia. Many of the species are of veiy difficult limitation, and the characters of the Califomian species are still in some doubt. 1. C. rivularis, Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 15 feet high, glabrous throughout or nearly so : spines short and stout : leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, ob- tuse or acute, cuneate at base into a short slender petiole, serrate more or less irreg- ularly, but rarely at all lobed, 1 or 2 inches long : flowers 4 or 5 lines broad, in small corymbs : calyx-lobes short and obtuse, often purplish and slightly pubescent on the margin : fruit nearly black, probably rather smaller than in the next. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 464 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 9. Sierra and Plumas counties {Mrs. Ames, Lemmon), and northward to the Columbia. 2, C. Douglasii, Liudl. A shrub or small tree, becoming 18 to 25 feet high, with stout spines an inch long or less : leaves broadly ovate, cuneate or sometimes rounded at base, acute, usually somewhat lobed or incised above, rather finely ser- rate, somewhat villous-pubescent on both sides, 1 1 to 3 inches long, shortly petioled : flowers often numerous, 5 to 8 lines broad : calyx-lobes lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube, more or less pubescent : fruit dark purple, nearly half an inch in diameter, sweet and edible. — Bot. Reg. t. 1810. C. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 464 ; Nutt. Sylva, ii. 6, t. 44. Anthomeles Douglasii, Roemer, Syn. Monog. iii. 140. On Pit Eiver {Brewer), and northward to the British boundary. Both these species are apparently common through Oregon and Washington Territory, on stream-banks, ranging east- ward to Montana. The species of Colorado and Utah, which has been referred to C. rivularis, is probably distinct. 27. AMELANCHIEB, Medicus. June-berry. Seevice-bekry. Calyx-tube carapanulate ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, oblong, ascend- ing. Stamens 20, short. Carpels 3 to 5, inferior, becoming membranaceous and 190 CALYCANTHACE^. > Amelanchier. partially 2-cellecl : styles united below or distinct. Fruit berry-like, globose ; the cells 1 -seeded. — Shrubs or small trees; leaves simple, serrate ; flowers white, race- mose ; fruit purplish, edible. A genus of perhaps half a dozen species in Europe, Western Asia, and Japan, besides the North American forms which have received a dozen or more specific names but are usually referred to a single polynior|ihous species. The prevalent form on the western coast is sufficiently well marked to be considered distinct from A. Canadcnsvi of the Atlantic States. 1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub, 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous throughout or often more or less woolly-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occasionally oblong- ovate, obtuse at both ends or rarely acute, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate usually only toward the summit, i to 1^ inches long : racemes short : calyx usually tomentose within ; petals 3 to 1 2 lines long, narrowly oblong : fruit mostly 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Aronia alnifolia, Nutt. Genera, i. 306. Amelanchier fioirida, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1589. A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 473. On mountain-sides througliout the State, from near the level of the sea to an altitude of 10,000 feet in the Sieira Nevada. It ranges northward to British Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains, varying much with the character of the locality in which it is found. 28. CANOTIA, Toney. Calyx small, campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 5, hypogynous ; filaments attenuate-subulate, persistent. Ovary superior, 5-celled : styles united, stout, persistent : stigma terminal : ovules several, amphitropous, attached to the central angle. Capsule woody, oblong, attenuate into the persistent style, septicidally 5-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seed solitary, attached by the middle, oblong, compressed, produced below into a membranaceous wing. Embryo surrounded by fleshy albumen ; cotyledons broad ; radicle inferior. — A leafless shrub or small tree, with straight spinose branches, and smooth green bark ; flowers white, in smaU lateral cymes. A genus of a single s}iecies, veiy anomalous in its characters, and here appended to the Rosacece (with which it has little in common) only because it is so refened by Bentham & Hooker. 1. C. holacantha, Torr. Often 10 to 20 feet high, much branched; the light green striate surface of the branchlets marked by scattered small dark scars from which small scale-like leaves appear to have fallen : cymes few-flowered, bracteate with small thick triangular bracts : calyx very small : petals 2 lines long, equalling the stamens and pistil : capsule 9 to 12 lines long, dehiscent to the middle : seeds half as long, including the wing, which is as long as the dark finely tubercidate body. — Pacif. P. Pep. iv. 68. On the Providence Mountains (Cooper), and in the desert region of W. Arizona, Emory, Bigeloiv, Newberrij, Parry, and Palmer. Order XXXIII. CALYCANTHACE.ZE. Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves (not punctate), no stipules, sepals, petals and stamens indefinite, as it were passing into each other, and all coalescent below into a closed cup which is lined by a hollow receptacle or disk, bearing numerous simple pistils (becoming akenes) in the manner of the Pose : the anthers adnate and extrorse : cotyledons foliaceous and convolute. Consists of the United States genus CalycaiUhus, and the Japanese genus of a single species, Chimmianthus ; probably most allied to the apetalous order Mooiimirwece, of the southern hemi- sphere, but generally ranked next to Rosacece ; by Bentham and Hooker placed next to MagnoHacew, and the cup taken to be wholly receptacle or torus. But the same interpretation is now commonly Calycanthus. CALYCANTHACEuE. 191 given to the rose-hip, pear, &c. Our genus will naturally be looked for among the perigynou3, not among the hypogynous orders. 1. CALYCANTHUS, Linn. Sweet-scented Shrub. Sepals nitmerous, imbricated ; tlieir bases united in many ranks into a persistent obconical cupsliaped tube; the outermost smaller and bract-like, the rest linear-oblong and colored like the petals, deciduous. Petals in several rows on the mouth of the tube, the inner ones shorter. Stamens numerous, inserted at and toward the top of the tube, with very short persistent filaments, the outer (about 12) perfect, the inner ones without anthers ; anthers apiculate, extrorse. Carpels usually numerous, distinct, inserted upon the base and sides of the calyx-tube : styles terminal : ovules 1 or 2, ascending. Akenes enclosed in the enlarged and at length dry ovoid or oblong calyx-tube. Seed erect, without albumen : cotyledons foliaceous, convolute : radicle inferior. — Shrubs ; leaves opposite, entire, without stipules ; flowers terminal, soli- tary, purple or livid, more or less fragrant. A North American genus, of three species confined to the Atlantic States, and the following in California. 1. C. OCCidentalis, Hook. & Arn. An erect shrub, 6 to 12 feet high : leaA^es dark-green, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded or somewhat cordate at base, scabrous, 3 to 6 inches long, on very short petioles : peduncles 1 to 3 inches long : the larger sepals and petals an inch long or more, linear-spatulate, purplish red be- coming tawny at the tips ; inner petals incurved : anthers 2 lines long ; sterile fila- ments linear-subulate, densely villous : fruiting calyx ovate, scarcely contracted at the summit, 1^ inches long : akenes numerous, villous, oblong, 4 lines long. — Bot. Beechey, 340, t. 84 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4808 ; Baillon, Hist. PI. i. 292, fig. 312, 313. Rather common near streams, from the Lower Sacramento northward ; Plumas Co., Mrs. Ames. The flowers and bruised leaves and wood have a fruity fragrance, but less pleasant than that of the Atlantic species. It is said to sometimes have white flowers : blooming from April to November. Order MYRTACE.ffl, the Myrtle Family, a large order of trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical and subtropical, with entire and punctate aromatic leaves, calyx- tube adnate to the ovary, numerous stamens, and undivided style, has no American representatives except near and below the tropic. But Eucalyptus, L'Her., a vast genus of trees in Australia, forming there a large part of the forest growth, furnishes several species which are advantageously planted on the Californian coast, from San Francisco Bay southward. They make perhaps the most rapid growth of all shade trees, and yet furnish excellent timber. In Australia some trees rival our Redwoods in altitude and girth. The foliage of seedling trees consists of opposite leaves of the ordinary kind, generally broad ; but when older they produce alternate leaves of another shape, usually narrower, longer, falcate, and hanging in a vertical position, which is assumed through a twist of the petiole. The calyx never opens ; but the upper part, shaped like a candle-extinguisher or an inverted cup, separates trans- versely and falls away as a lid, under this is commonly another lid, thin and decid- uous, which answers to the concreted petals, and then the very numerous inflexed stamens rise up and expand, producing a tassel-like blossom. The fruit is a 3-5- celled capsule imbedded in the indurated calyx-tube, and opening at the top : the seeds numerous and small. 192 SAXIFRAGACE^. .^ Saxifraga. Order XXXIV. SAXIFRAGACE^. (By A. Gray.) Herbs, shrubs, or sometimes small trees, distinguished from Rosacece by albumi- nous seeds and small embryo ; usually by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes ; commonly by the want of stipules ; sometimes by the leaves being opposite ; and in most by the partial or complete union of the 2 to 6 carpels (even when free from the calyx) into a conipeund ovary, with either axile or parietal placentae. Seeds usually indefinitely numerous. Petals and stamens perigynous. Styles inclined to be distinct. Only the Hydrangieoe have numerous stamens. A large and polymorphous order, of about 75 genera and five or six hundred species, mainly of the cooler parts of the world, especially in the northern heniispliere. The Pacific and the Atlantic States have about the same number of genera, of which four or five are peculiar to each. Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEjE. Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate and without distinct stipules. Styles or tips of the carpels distinct and soon divergent. Fruit capsular. * Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells and placenta in tlie axis, or of as many distinct carpels : fruit capsular or follicular. 1. Sa^fraga. Stamens 10 (rarely more). Petals 5, dilated. 2. Boykinia. Stamens 5. Petals 5, dilated, deciduous. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. 3. Bolandra. Stamens 5. Petals 5, filifonn-subulate, persistent. Calyx free. * * Ovary l-ceUed, with 2 or 3 parietal (or sometimes nearly basal) placentie alternate with the styles or stigmas : no sterile filaments. 4. Tolmiea. Stamens only 3. Calyx long and narrow, gibbous at base. Petals filifonn, en- tire. Capsule tapering into a stalk-like base. 5. Tellima. Stamens 10, included. Petals cleft or lobed, rarely entire, conspicuous. Styles 2 or 3, very short. 6. Tiarella. Stamens 10 and styles 2 ; both long, filiform and exserted. Petals small, entire, in ours inconspicuous and almost filiform. Capsule early and very unecpially 2-valved to the base. 7. Mitella. Stamens 10 or in ours 5, T^ery short. Petals pinnatifid or 3-cleft into capillary divisions. Styles very short. Capsule depressed. 8. Heuchera. Stamens 5, and styles 2, both commonly slender. Petals entire, small, some- times minute or none. Capsule ovate, 2-beaked, fully half inferior. Chrysosplenium, if found in California, may be known by the prostrate habit, want of petals, and obcordate compressed capsule. * * * Ovary 1 -celled with 3 or 4 parietal placentse directly under as many obtuse sessile stigmas : a cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens. 9. Parnassia. Calyx 5 -parted. Petals 5, large. Stamens 5. Flower solitaiy. Tribe II. HYDRANGIEiE. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple : no stipules. Fruit capsular. * Stamens 20 or more : seeds numerous. 10. Philadelphus. Calyx-tube adnate to the 4-5-celled ovary. Petals convolute in the bud. 11. Carpenteria. Calyx nearly free from the 5 -7-celled ovary and capsule. * * Stamens fewer : seeds and ovules solitary in the cells. 12. Whipplea. Calyx nearly free from the 3-5-celled ovary : styles distinct. Tribe 111. GROSSULARIEvE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple : stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. 13. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary : placentae 2, parietal, many-seeded. 1. SAXIFRAGA, Linn. Saxifrage. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, free, or its tube more or less coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, either withering-persist- ent or deciduous. Stamens 10 (rarely more), inserted with or below the petals on Saxifraga. SAX I FRAG ACE Jil. 193 the base or tube of the calyx : anthers 2-celled. Carpels 2 (rarely 3 or more) nearly or quite distinct, or more or less united into a 2-celIed ovary : styles distinct, persistent and at length diverging : stigmas thickish, mostly depressed-capitate or reniform. Fruit of 2 follicles or a 2-lobed or 2-beaked capsule, opening down the beaks or by the ventral suture. Seeds numerous ; the coat not wing-margined or appendaged, mostly thin. — Herbs, either stemless or short-stemmed; with alternate simple leaves, their petioles commonly slieathing at base, and small flowers in cymes, cyraose panicles, or clusters, or sometimes solitary. A large genus, mainly of the northern hemisphere, and of cool or frigid regions : nearly 50 are North American, fully lialf of them being common to the New and the Okl World and chiefly of high northern range. There are few in California ; but two of thera (forming the first two sec- tions) are peculiar. § 1. Stemless and large-leaved from a very thick and fleshy creeping rootstock: calyx 5-parted, spreading in fruit, nearly free from the two quite separate ovate diverging follicles : seeds pretty large, angled. 1. S. peltata, Torr, Rootstock large and long (1 to 3 incbes in diameter), the younger part scaly ; the apex sending up a stout scape (from a foot to at length sometimes a yard high) and later one or more large centrally peltate and orbicular 9-14-lobed leaves on long and stout petioles : flowers pink-purple, numerous in a corymbose cyme : petals roundish-oval, without claws : mature follicles turgid-ovate. — Benth. PI. Hartw. 311, & Bot. Wilkes Exp. Atl. t. 5 (1862), & 309 (1874); Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6074. Leptarrhena inundata, Behr in Proc. Calif. Acad, i 45 & 57. Along and in the beds of quick-flowing streamlets, through the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. northward to the head-watei-s of the Sacramento {Pickering & Brackcnridge, Fremont, Hart- weg, &c.) ; also in Mendocino Co. {Bolander), &c. The rather fleshy stout scapes and petioles (greedily eaten by the Indians, according to Dr. Kellogg) hirsute with rough tawny bristles ; the former earliest appearing in spring, and bearing the ample at length loose cyme of flowers : the leaves, beginning to appear a little later, are at first from 3 to 5 inches in diameter, but at length a foot or more wide, of membranaceous texture, cupped or umbilicate at the centre, and the short lobes or incisions irregularly toothed ; the 5 to 9 ribs rather strong at base, branching above the middle. Calyx-lobes very obtuse. Petals 2 or 3 lines long and round-oval, becoming longer and narrower with age. Filaments subulate. Carpels dehiscent down to the base. Seeds rather few anil large for the genus, oval or oblong, obtuse or truncate at both ends ; the coat thin, rather soft and lax. Embryo proportionally large, more than half the length of the nucleus. — Engler, in his monogi-aph of the genus, makes of this remarkable species a section, PeHiphyllum. But, except in the foliage, and in the soon spreading calyx, it accords with the section Bergenia, which Engler even excludes from the Saxifrage genus. § 2. Stemless; the naked scape and later a short leaf or ttoo from a bulb-like corm : calyx slightly 5-lobed, campamilate, free from and nearly enclosing the two- lobed cajjsule. 2. S. Parryi, Torr. Somewhat pubescent : scape filiform and naked, 2 to 4 inches high, bearing 3 to 7 short-pedicel led flowers, followed by one or more short- petioled rounded-subcordate slightly several-lobed and crenate-toothed leaves (an inch or less in diameter) : petals white, marked with brown-purple veins, ovate and at length spatulate-oblong, inserted by short claws nearly in the sinuses of the cam- panulate brown-nerved calyx : filaments slender-subulate, borne lower down : styles slender, in fruit exserted out of the calyx : seeds minute, somewhat angled; the coat rather loose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 69, t. 25. Dry hills, in and around San Diego and San Luis Rey, Parrtf, Ncviberry, Cleveland, &c. Flower- ing in November and December after the rains begin ; then sending up its leaves ; after fruiting all above the surface soon disap])ears until the next rainy season. Calyx barely 3 lines long, with a broadly truncate base, and with triangular-ovate short erect lobes. Petals 2 lines long. The habit and the high insertion of the petals in the orifice of the campanulate calyx axe peculiar. 194 SAXIFKAGACE^. fr Saxi/raga. § 3. Stemless, or sometimes a leaf or two on the lower part of the scape, no perma- nent caudex rising above the ground : calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft : petals almost alivays white. * Leaves not cordate, contracted at base into a margined petiole or nearly sessile: fila- ments not enlarged upward or rarely slightly so : herbage or at least the inflores- cence more or less glandular or viscid-pubescent. •i- Nahed simple scape and cluster of rather large thickish leaves rising from a short and thickish root or caudex : base of calyx coherent with the base of the 2-parted ovary: petals roundish, obovate or oblong-spatulate, very obtuse; the claw very short or none. 3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Leaves from roundish- to oblong-ovate or spatulate- obovate, coarsely toothed or almost entire, an inch or two long, and the margined petiole often as long : scape a span to a foot high, at length loosely many-flowered in a paniculate cyme : some of the pedicels slender : petals obovate, twice the length of the merely spreading calyx. Shaded rocky places in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada: also in Oregon, the Rocky Moun- tains, and common in the Atlantic States. The Californian specimens resemble slender forms of the common vei-nal eastern species. 4. S. nivalis, Linn. Like the preceding, but mostly smaller and condensed : scape 2 to 5 inches high : flowers fewer, sessile or very short-pedicelled, and crowded in a capitate simple or compound cluster : petals oblong or spatulate, little exceed- ing the erect calyx-lobes : styles very short or hardly any : ovary and fruit usually dark purple. High Sierra Nevada, above the Yosemite {Brewer) and above Cisco (Bolander) ; thence to the arctic regions, &c., and round the frigid zone. The var. tenuis, Walil. (E. Humboldt Mountains, Watson, tlience northward and eastward), may occur in the State. It has more open inflores- cence, rather larger petals, and probably passes into S. Virginiensis. Its filaments are not rarely distinctly broadened above the middle. 5. S. integrifolia, Hook. Leaves from ovate or obovate to lanceolate-spatulate, 1 to 5 inches long, denticulate or entire, narrowed at base into a very short and margined (or rarely longer and more' distinct) petiole : scape 1 to 3 feet high, viscid : flowers in small clusters usually in a narrow thyrsiform i)anicle : petals obovate or broadly spatulate, somewhat longer than the retiexed calyx-lobes : seeds much larger and with a looser coat than in the foregoing. — Fl. i. 249, t. 86 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 93. aS'. hieracifolia, var. (?), Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiii. 409. S. nivalis, var., Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 62. Swamps, through the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, thence northward to "Washington Terri- tory, and east to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. -t- -t- Slender scapes often paniculately branching and hracteate, and, with the tuft of thinner leaves, from a small annual or bieimial root or offset : calyx free from the tvx) almost distinct ovaries and rejlexed : petals acute, on distinct claws, 2-spotted towards the base : filaments filiform : inflorescence not rarely bearing leaf-buds or bulblets in place of blossoms. 6. S. bryophora, Gray. Slender root or oflshoots annual : leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, entire, thickish and nearly veinless, barely half an inch long, almost sessile, sparsely ciliate : scape glabrous, loosely paniculate and with filiform branches and pedicels, flowering only at the apex ; the lateral branches or pedicels bearing a green globose leaf-bud or bulblet, soon deflexed : flower 3 or 4 lines in diameter : petals oblong-ovate, slightly unequal, and witli a pair of yellowish spots at the abrupt base, twice the length of the broadly ovate and reflexed sepals : styles hardly any. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 533. S. leucanthemifolia, var. integrifolia, Engler, Saxifr. 135. Boyhinia. SAXIFRAaACE^. 195 In the high Sierra Nevada, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet, from Mt. Dana to SieiTa Co., Brewer, Bo- lander, Torrey, Lemmon. S. LF.rcANTHEMiFOLiA, Michx., or an ambiguous form between it and S. stellar is, Linn, (agem- miparous state of which occurs in the Rocky Mountains and northward), is found from Wash- ington Territory to Alaska. It has larger and toothed or incised leaves, narrow and dissimilar petals, evident styles, and is generally a much larger plant. * * Leaves rounded and cordate on long naked petioles : filaments broadened up- loard, spatulate, sometimes almost petaloid : calyx free from the '2-cleft ovary and capsule, soon refiexed : petals obovate or at length oblong, obtuse, on a short claw : scape panicidately and loosely many- flowered : pedicels filiform. 7. S. Mertensiana, Bongard. Scape and leaves from a scaly granulate bulb, more or less glandular-pubescent : base of petioles dilated into thin scarious bud- scales : leaves crenately or incisely many-lobed ; the lobes often 3-toothed at the end : panicle effuse ; the brandies mostly flowering only at the apex and bearing granulate bulblets down the sides : filaments sometimes 1 2 or more, occasionally sterile and petaloid: capsule inflated-ovate. — Veg. Sitcha, 141. S. heterantlia, Hook. Fl. i. 252, t. 78. S. cestivalis, var. (heterantha), Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 568. Wooded banks in the Coast Ranges, from Sonoma Co. northward, extending to Alaska. Well marked by the stout and bulb-like caudex, producing bulblets, and usually by the clusters of little granulate bulblets on the slender branches of the panicle. Leaves 2 to 4 inches in diameter. Petals about 2 lines long. 8. S. punctata, Linn. Scape and leaves from a short creeping rootstock, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : leaves reniform to round-cordate, of rather firm texture, coarsely and almost equally many-toothed or somewhat incised : petioles hardly dilated except at the insertion : panicle usually narrow, not bulblet-bearing : capsule oblong. — aS^. cestivalis, Fischer, &c. Sierra Nevada at 8,000 feet and over {Torrey, Lemmon), and on the mountains eastward to Colorado ; northward to Behring Straits, and in N. Asia. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diameter. Scape a span to 2 feet high. Petals about 2 lines long. § 4. Leafy stems short, cespitose, and thickly beset with the small evergreen sessile leaves: scape-like peduncle few-flowered : calyx b-parted, nearly free. 9. S. Tolmiei, Torr. & Gray. Forming depressed tufts, glabrous or nearly so : leaves much crowded, spatulate, coriaceous, nerveless, or with obscure midrib, with revolute entire margins (3 to 5 lines long) : peduncles 2 inches long, cymosely 1-6- flowered : petals lanceolate, white, about twice the length of the ovate obtuse spreading calyx-lobes : filaments dilated at the summit : carpels (often 3 or 4) in fruit very obtuse and large, united only at the base. High Sierra Nevada, at 9,000 feet and upward {Brewer, Muir, Lemmon) ; also northward in the Cascade Mountains to Washington Territory. Flowers only 2 lines long : fruit 3 or 4 lines long. 2. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-lobod ; the lobes valvate but early open in the bud ; the tube at length globular or ovate, adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, entire (varying from imbricate to convolute in the bud), the base contracted into a short claw, deciduous. Stamens 5, short, alternate with the petals : anthers 2-celled. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, dehiscent down the styliferous beaks. Seeds small and very numerous, ovoid, with a close somewhat crustaceous coat, very minutely and evenly papillose. — Peren- nial herbs (X. American) ; with creeping rootstocks, leafy simple stems, and panicu- late or corymbose cymes of white flowers ; the leaves all alternate, round-reniform, palmately lobed and incised or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips, and the petiole mostly with stipule-like dilations or appendages at base. 196 SAXIFRAGACEvE. BoyUnia. 1. B. OCCidentaliS, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish, or with some rusty liairs, above somewhat glandular : stem slender, a foot or two high : leaves thin-membranaceous, 3 — 7-lobed : petioles with slightl)' dilated base fringed with some ramentaceous bristles: calyx-lobes lanceolate-triangular, very acute. — Fl, i. 577. Saxifraga ranunculifolia, Hook. Fl. i. 246, t. 83, probably, but surely no bulblets in the axils of the radical petioles. S. elata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 575, in part or wholly. Woods of the Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara to Mendocino counties and nortli to "Wash- ington Ten-itoiy. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diameter. Petals 2 or 3 lines long. 2. B. major, Gray. Stouter and larger, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 4 to 8 inches in diameter, 5 — 9-clet't : petioles abruptly appendaged at base, the lower with scari- ous, the upper with foliaceous and rounded naked stipules : calyx-lobes triangular. — B. occidentalis, var. elala, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 383. Wooded region of the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. northward (^Bridges, Brewer, Bolander), and Oregon {E. Hall). As this extends to Oregon it may possibly be Nuttall's Saxifraga elata or have been confounded with it ; but the "tufts of long chaffy hairs" at the base of the petiole must rather refer to the preceding. The stipules in this are conspicuous, not bristly-appendaged, the upper foliaceous, partly clasping or appressed to the stem, 4 or 5 lines long. B. ACONiTiFOLiA, Nutt., of the Alleghany Mountains, with more laciniate leaves, has some ramentaceous bristles either in the axils or fringing the slightly dilated base of the petiole. B. RiCHARDSONii, Gray, the Arctic species, has contracted thyrsoid inflorescence and no ramen- taceous bristles on the dilated base or in the axil of the leaf-stalk. 3. BOLANDRA, Gray. Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes triangular-lanceolate and acumi- nate, valvate in the bud, recurved ; the tube free from the ovary. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, very slender-subulate, recurved, persistent. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, short : anthers 2-celled, cordate - 2-lobed. Ovary in- cluded in but wholly free from the dilated calyx, ovate with a broad 2-celled base, deeply 2-cleft above, into two tapering horns, each tipped by a truncate nearly sessile stigma. Capsule membranaceous, included in the calyx, early opening down the inside of the horns or beaks. Seeds very numerous and minute, with a thin rather loose coat. — A single species, with the foliage and habit of Boykinia or some Saxifrages, the calyx of Tellima, petals rather of Tolmiea, and perhaps the early dehiscent fruit of Tiarella, but the beaks equal. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 341. 1. B. Califomica, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high, weak and ascending appar- ently from a filiform rontstock, granulate - bulblet- bearing at the base of the stem, glabrous or nearly so : leaves alternate, membranaceous ; the lower round-reniform, about 5-lobed, on long and filiform petioles (the base of which is sometimes dilated and stipule-like) ; the upper sessile or clasping, merely incised or few-toothed, gradually reduced upward to small ovate or lanceolate bracts, borne on or subtend- ing the slender one-flowered somewhat paniculate peduncles : petals dull purplish. On wet rocks in and near the Yosemite ; Mariposa trail {Bolander) ; Tenaya Falls, A. Gray. Larger leaves an inch or more in diameter, and the ultimate bracts only a line or two in length. Calyx 3 lines high. Attenuated petals 2 lines long. A hnrable plant, but a very distinct genus, which commemorates the signal services rendered by the discoverer. Dr. H. N. Bolander, to Cali- fornian botany. Thus far it seems to have been collected only by Dr. Bolander and by the founder of the genus. 4. TOLMIEA, ToiT. & Gray. Calyx funnelform, free from the ovary, thin and membranaceous, gibbous at base ; the 5 short lobes somewhat unequal and imbricated in the bud ; the tube in age Tdlima. SAXIFRAGACEJE. 197 longitudinally splitting down one side. Petals 5, filiform or capillary, inserted in the sinuses of the calyx, recurved, persistent. Stamens 3, inserted in the throat of the calyx opposite the uppermost and lateral lobes : filaments short : cells of the anther confluent into one. Ovary elongated-oblong or clavate, much attenuate at base, above 2-cleft, 1 -celled with 2 parietal placentae : styles slender : stigmas capi- tellate. Capsule obversely sagittate (the base tapering into a stipe partly invested by the withering cleft calyx, &c.), membranaceous, strongly few-veined lengthwise, dehiscent between the diverging equal beaks. Seeds numerous, globose ; the close firm coat minutely muricate. — A single species. 1 . T. Menziesii, Torr. & Gray. A hispidly pubescent perennial ; a foot or two high, with sleniler creeping rootstocks and some summer runners, and the foliage and inflorescence of a Tiarella or Hexichera : leaves round-cordate, more or less lobed and creiiately toothed, slender-petioled, all alternate, those of the stem 2 to 4 : scarious stipules more or less manifest : loose raceme a span or two long : flowers and capsule nearly half an inch long, greenish or somewliat tinged with purple. — Fl. i. 582. Tiardla Menziesii, Pursh, Fl. i, 313. Heuchera Menziesii, Hook. Fl. i. 237, t. 80. Forests of Mendocino Co. (Bolander), and north to Paget Sound. Propagating freely by ad- ventitious buds, produced at the apex of the petioles of the radical leaves, and rooting when these fall to the ground. 5. TELLIMA, R. Brown. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed ; the base of the tube coherent with the base or lower half of the ovary , the short triangular lobes valvate in the bud. Petals 5, inserted in the throat or sinuses of the calyx, laciniate-pinnatifid, 3-7- lobed, or entire, distant and sometimes involute in the bud. Stamens 10, short, included : anthers 2-celled. Ovary short, 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae: styles 2 or 3, very short . stigmas capitate. Capsule conical, either all but the base or only the upper half free, slightly 2 - 3-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds very numerous, and with a close coat. — Perennials (all W. North American) ; with round-cordate and toothed or palmately divided chiefly alternate leaves, few on the simple stems, their petioles with stipule-like dilatations at base, and the flowers in a simple terminal raceme ; petals white, Avhitish, or pink. — Benth. & Hook, Gen. PI. i. 637. Tellima & Lithophragma (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 583. § 1. Petals laciniate-pinnatifid, sessile xvith a broad base, small : styles and placentae generally 2 : plant and the {didl-colored) flowers proportionally large. — EuTELLiMA. {Tellima, E, Brown.) 1, T. grandiflora, R. Br. A foot or two high, from short and rather stout tufted rootstocks, hirsute or pubescent : leaves rounded-cordate and more or less lobed, 2 to 4 inches in diameter : calyx inflated-campanulate, from a quarter to nearly half an inch long, enclosing the short three-fourths free capsule : seeds short- oblong, minutely rugose, — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1178. Mitella grandiflora, Pursh. Woods, from Santa Cruz Co. northward, extending to Alaska. § 2. Petals palmately 3- 1 -cleft or sometimes entire, on a slender claw, large for the size of the flower, bright white or rose-color : styles and placentae commonly 3 : stem and rootstock slender. — Lithophragma, Nutt. * Petals (white or nearly so) with the limb merely 3-lobed or entire, dilated: radical leaves undivided and ruund-reniform : no grain-like bulblets on the rootstocks. 198 SAXIFRAGACE^. > Tellima. ■4- Ovary fully half free : petals entire : seeds minutely roughened. 2. T. Cymbalaria, Walp. Stem or scape filiform, a span to a foot high, bear- ing mostly only a pair of opposite 3-lobed or parted leaves : radical leaves round- reniform, somewhat 3 - 5-lobed (about half an inch in diameter) : flowers few and slender-pedicelled : calyx short and dilated-campanulate, with an acute adnate base ; its lobes very short and broad : petals spatulate-obovate, entire. — Lithophi-agma Cymbalaria, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 585 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 535. Moist shady woods, Santa Barbara to San Diego, Nuttall, "Brewer, Cleveland. Calyx 2 lines and petals 3 or 4 lines long. -t- +- Ovary and capsule almost wholly free from the broadly campanidate truncate- or round-based calyx : seeds minutely roughened : styles smooth. 3. T. Bolanderi, Boland. Stems a foot or two high, not rarely branching, 1-4- leaved : radical and lower leaves round-reniform and more or less lobed (l^^to 2| inches in diameter), the upper 3 - 5-parted : flowers very short-pedicelled : petals obovate or oval, entire, rarely with a small lateral tooth on each side, white. — Lithojjhragma Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Contra Costa to Mendocino counties, Brewer, Bolander, &c. Calyx 2J and petals 3 or 4 lines long. 4. T. heterophylla, Hook. & Arn. Stems slender, a foot or less in height, 1 — 3-leaved : leaves nearly as in the preceding, but smaller and usually more hirsute : flowers fewer and smaller : petals obtusely 3-lobed, sometimes flesh-colored. — Bot. Beechey, 346. Lithophragma heterophylla, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. Shady grounds, in the western part of the State, especially near San Francisco and on the Sacramento. Calyx 2 and petals 3 or 4 lines long. -{--{--{- Lower half or more of the ovary and capsule coherent with the turbinate calyx-tube : seeds smooth : styles granulose. 5. T. aflfinis, Boland. Rougher-pubescent or scabrous-puberulent : stem a span to a foot or more high, slender : leaves nearly as in the preceding or smaller (rarely an inch in diameter) : flowers 5 to 1 2 in the lax raceme : pedicels mostly longer than the densely rough glandular-puberulent calyx : petals somewhat cuneate and with 3 short acute lobes or teeth. — Lithophragma affinis. Gray, 1. c. Rocky and shady places, common through the western part of the State, and northeast to Plumas County in the Sierra Nevada. Petals 4 or 5 lines long, white or flesh-color, large in i)ro- portion to the calyx. * * Petals ( pink or sometimes white) with limb palmately 3 - 1 -parted into narrow divisions : even the radical leaves mostly 3 — 5-parted or divided : slender or fili- form rootstock and sometimes even the few-flowered raceme bearing clusters of small grain-like bulblets. 6. T. parviflora, Hook. Eoughish-hirsute or scabrous-pubescent, a span to a foot high : divisions of the leaves narrowly cuneate and once or twice 3-cleft into narrow lobes : pedicels erect, about the length of the obconical or at length almost clavate calyx : petals deeply 3-cleft into linear or oblong divisions : ovary and capsule fully half inferior. — Fl. i. 239, t. 78. T. parvifolia, Hook. & Arn. Lithophragma parviflora, Nutt. ; Gray, 1. c. Shady and rocky places, Btitish Columbia to the mountains of Utah and Colorado, and proba- bly in the northern part of California. "N. California, Mcnzies," according to Hooker : but the plant may more probably be T. affinis. 7. T. tenella, Walpers. Small and slender, 2 to 9 inches high, roughish with a minute glandular pubescence ; leaves smaller than in the preceding (about half an inch in diameter) : pedicels ascending or spreading: calyx campanulate, the base either roundish or acutish : petals 3 - 5-parted or even irregularly 7-parted into mostly linear divisions : ovary and capsule free except the base. — Bot. King. Mitella. SAXIFRAGACE^. 199 Exp. 95. Lithophragma tenella & L. glabra (a smoother form), Nutt. in Ton. & Gray, Fl. i. 584 ; Gray, 1. c. Rocky moist gi-oiind, througli the northern portion of the Sierra Nevada ; thence to the Rocky Mountains. Calyx 1 or 2 lines long. Petals 2 or 3 lines long, generally pink or rose-color. Granulate bulblets copious at the root, and sometimes in the place of flowers in the raceme. 6. TIARELLA, Linn. Calyx 5-parted ; the base almost free from the ovary, the lobes more or less colored. Petals 5, undivided, small, with short claws. Stamens 10 : filaments long and slender : anthers with 2 parallel cells. Ovary 1-celled, compressed, 2-horned (the horns or lobes tapering into long filiform styles), soon unequal and dehiscent, one valve or carpel in fruit lanceolate-elongated, the other remaining very much shorter. Seeds rather few and only at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, with a smooth and shining crustaceous coat. — Perennial low or slender herbs, often multiplying by summer runners ; with palmately lobed or divided alternate leaves, and sometimes scaly stipules at the base of the petiole, and a terminal raceme or panicle of small white flowers. A North American and North Asiatic genus of five species, one inhabiting the Atlantic States and two the Pacific coast. 1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Somewhat pubescent or hairy: floweriug stems a span to a foot or more long : leaves thin, cordate, either rounded or somewhat triangular, 3 - 5-lobed and the lobes creuate-toothed ; the radical ones slender-petioled ; the cauline mostly one, smaller, and short-petioled, or sometimes (mainly on decumbent and later flowering shoots) 2 or 3 similar to the radical : panicle raceme-like and loose: petals small and inconspicuous, almost filiform. — Fl. i. 238, t. 81. Heuchera longipetala, Moyino, Ic. Ined. t. 423. Shaded ravines an(i woods, San Mateo Co. {Kellogg), Mendocino Co. (Bolander), and north through British Columbia. The C^alifornian and some of the more northern specimens incline to have elongated and 2-3-leaved flowering stems, and whole plant more hairy, the var. procera: but this is merely a luxuriant state. The lobing of the leaves varies, so that it may pass into T. TRiFOLiATA, Linn. (T. stenoiMala, Presl), which extends from the mountains of Oregon to Alaska and N. W. Asia, has most of its leaves divided into three distinct leaflets. 7. MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Calyx short ; the broad tube coherent with the base of the ovary and dilated beyond it, 5-lobed ; the lobes valvate in the bud, spreading. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, very slender, pinnately parted or 3-cleft ; the divisions almost capillary. Stamens 10 or 5, very short : anthers cordate or reniform, 2- celled. Ovary short and broad, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or almost basal placentae, mainly or partly superior : styles 2, very short : stigmas capitellate. Capsule glob- ular or depressed, hardly at all lobed, opening across the broad summit. Seeds several to each placenta, obovate, with a firm and smooth black and shining close crustaceous coat. — Small perennials (X. American and N. E. Asian) ; with more or less creeping slender rootstocks and summer runners, small and greenish or some- times white flowers in a simple raceme, and cordate or round-reniform simple leaves, Avhich are all radical and long-petioled, or two or more on flowering stems, these in one species (of E. North America) opposite. Petioles, &c., mostly loosely hirsute. 1. M. Brcweri, Gray. Leaves all in a cluster on the rootstock, round-reniform, crenate and crenately incised, of comparatively firm texture, soon nearly glabrous, 200 SAXIFRAGACE^. ^ Mlidlcu 2 or 3 inches in diameter: scape leafless, a span high, 10-20-flowered : flowers greenish : petals pectinately once or even twice pinnately parted : stamens 5, oppo- site the calyx-lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 533. Woods of the Siena Nevada at 6,000 to 11,000 feet, Mariposa Co. (^Brewer, &c.) to Sierra Co., Torrcy, Lemmon. Capillary multifid petals 2 lines long, much exceeding the calyx. 2. M. trifida, Graham. Leaves all from the rootstock, round-reniform or cor- date, crenatcly toothed and sometimes incised or lobed, thinnish, sparsely hairy, 1 to 3 inches in diameter : scape filiform, a span to a* -foot high : flowers whitish, numerous and rather scattered in the commonly one-sided slender spike or spike- like raceme ; the pedicels mostly very short : petals 3 - a-parted, small : stamens 5, opposite tlie calyx-lobes. — Hook. Fl. i. 241, t. 82. Mountain woo) ; the large scarlet Fuchsia- like flowers in a loose spike. A single variable species. 1. Z. Californica, Presl. More or less villous and often tomentose, much branched, the ascending or decumbent stems a foot or two long : leaves narrowly lanceolate to ovate, | to 1|^ inches long, acute, entire or denticulate: flowers 10 to 1 6 lines long above the ovary ; the calyx-lobes 4 lines long : capsule attenuate to the slender base, i to 1 inch long, sometimes shortly pedicellate. — Eel. Haenk. ii. 28, t. 52 ; Bot. ]\Iag. t. 4493. Z. Mexicana, Presl, 1. c, ii. 29. Var. microphylla, Gray in herb. Pubescence tomentose, scarcely or not at all villous : leaves linear, often very small (3 to 4 lines long), fascicled in the axils. In dry localities from Napa and Plumas counties to S. California and Northern Mexico, and eastward of the Great Basin from N. W. Wyoming {Parry) to the Wahsatch ( Watson) and New Mexico ( Wright) ; the variety in S. Califoniia. Very variable in its foliage and pubescence, and in its Howers, which are broadly or narrowly fimnelform, more or less deeply colored, and with the style and stamens more or less exserted. 4. EPILOBIUM, Linn. Wili.ow-Herb. (By W. Barbey.) Tube of the calyx not conspicuously prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb deeply 4-cleft, canipanulate or funnelform, or 4-parted to the base with the lobes spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, spreading or somewhat erect. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate ones shorter; anthers elhptical or roundish, fixed near the middle. Stigma oblong, clavate, or with 4 spreading or revolute lobes. Capsule linear, 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, ascending ; the summit furnished with a coma or tuft of long hairs. — Perennial or annual herbs ; leaves alternate or opposite, nearly sessile, denticulate or entire, often fascicled ; flowers rose-colored, purple or white, very rarely yellow. A genus of about 100 species, inhabiting the temperate and colder regions of the globe, many of them very variable, and the number gieatly multiplied by authors. * Flowers large : stamens and style declined : stigma-lohes spreading : perennial. 1. E. spicatum, Lam. Stem erect, simple, often 4 to 7 feet high, mostly glabrous : leaves scattered, lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire, the veins anastomosed near the edge : flowers in a long spicate raceme, bracteate, purplish lilac : limb of the calyx nearly 4-parted, often colored, spreading : petals obovate, unguiculate, spreading : stamens purple : style yellow, hairy at the base, at first deflexed ; stigma- lobes linear : capsule canescent. — E. angustifolium, Linn. In the Sierra Nevada {Bridges) ; northward to Behring Straits and eastward across the con- tinent. Also in Europe and Asia. 2. E. obcordatum, Gray. Roots diffuse : stems branching from the base, decumbent, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 - 5-flowered, glabrous throughout : leaves opposite, ovate, sessile, numerous, mostly longer than the internudes (4 to 8 lines long), glaucous, opaque : flower-buds of somewhat irregular shape : calyx-limb 4-cleft, the lobes of irregular width : petals obcordately 2-lobed, spreading, of a bright rose-color, half an inch long : stamens yellow, shorter than tlie purple declinate style : stigma Epilohium. ONAGRACE^. 219 * shortly 4-lobed : capsule short, thick, pedicellate, with comparatively few seeds. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 532 ; Barbey, Mon. Epil. ined. t. 3. In the SieiTa Nevada, from Tulare County northward, at an altitude of 8,000 to 11,000 feet {Brncer, Bolandcr, Toi-rey, Muir, Rothrock) ; also in the East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. A channing alpine species, connecting this section (Chamwncrion) with the others of the genus. E. LATIFOLU'M, Linn., of Europe and Asia, differing from E. spicatum in its short ascending occasionally branched stem, ovate-lanceolate somewhat i)ubescent rather thick and rigid leaves, veins not apparent, very large axillaiy and terminal flowers on short pedicels, and the somewhat erect glabrous style shorter than the stamens, is found from Arctic America to the higher moun- tains in Colorado and perhaps reaches California. The E. oiMciun, Lelim. in Hook. Fl. i. 205, from the banks of the Columbia {Douglas, Scolder), with erect pubescent stem, narrowly lanceo- late leaves, and the flowers of E. latifolium, may be a hybrid between it and E. spicatum. E. LUTEUM, Pursh, may be mentioned as our only other allied species, and remarkable in the genus for its large yellow flowers. It ranges from Alaska to Oregon. * * Flowers small : petals, stamens, and style ei-ect : stigma clavate or cylindrical : limb of tlie calyx '^-cleft. -(- Herhaceoits perennials. ■¥+ Leaves not strictly sessile : more or less pubescent. 3. E. Watsoni, Barbey. Hoary-pubescent throughout : roots spreading in mud, with stolons {() : stems terete, branching, about 18 inches high : leaves oblong- lanceolate (the length thrice the width), denticulate-serrulate, shortly petioled : petals elongated obcordate, comparatively narrow : stigma cylindrical and not ex- panded : seeds granulately furrowed. — Mon. Epilob. ined. t. 6. Near the Russian settlement, Sonoma Co. ; only from Russian collectors. The flowers are of medium size. Much resembling £". hirsutum, Linn., differing in its smaller petals, cylindrical not expanded stigma, furrowed seeds, and leaves not clasping. 4. £j. coloratum, Muhl. Eoots spreading in rich wet soil : stem nearly terete, erect, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, puberulent : leaves mostly opposite, lanceo- late, acute, on very short petioles, denticulate-serrulate, the veins often reddish : flowers small, purplish : stigma clavate : capsules on short pedicels, slightly pubes- cent. — Barbey, Mon. Epilob. ined. t. 9. Throughout the Sierra Nevada, and to the Cuiamaca Mountains {Palmer) ; also northward and eastward through the Northern United States. With better material it is probable that the Pacific form will have to be distinguished from the eastern by the fonn of the seeds, the glabrous teeth of the leaves, &c. 5. E. alpinum, Linn. Alpine : roots capillary, with occasional filiform stolons : stems creeping at the base, 2 to 6 inches high, usually with two pubescent lines : leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, obscurely denticulate or nearly entire, hardly petioled, glabrous : flower-buds ovoid : sepals hairy, not acuminate : petals pale rose- color, with a few hairs on the outer surface, little longer than the calyx : anthers nearly spherical ; filaments broader at base : stigma undivided : capsules long, thick, purple, often partly nodding, as also the top of the plant : seeds rather rounded at the top. In the Sierra Nevada ; Westfall's Meadows {Bolandcr) ; near Soda Springs, at 9,000 feet alti- tude, Brcv'cr. Throughout the northern part of the continent, as well as Northern Europe and Asia. Distinguished from the following closely allied species by its ovoid buds. 6. E. origanifoliuin, Lam. Eoots spreading on the banks of alpine rivulets, with occasional stolons : stem generally simple, terete, with two pubescent lines, 6 to 12 inches high : leaves mostly opposite, more or less petioled ; the lower rounded, the middle ones oval and equally pointed at each end, the upper acuminate : buds somewhat angular at tlie base : flowers large, varying from tlark purple to pure white : sepals half the length of the obcordate petals : capsules sometimes nodding: seeds rather long-acuminate at both ends, somewhat light colored. 220 ONAGRACE^. • Epilobium. In the Sierra Nevada, from the head of Kern River {Rothrock) northward ; at Ebbett's Pass and Mt. Shasta {Brewer) ; at Crater Pass in the Cascade Mountains {Newberry) ; through all the colder portion of North America, and also in the European Alps and the Himalayas. ++ ++ Leaves strictly sessile : not alpine. 7. E. Franciscanum, Barbey. Somewhat hoary, roots spreading in the mud : stem straight, branching above, with 2 to 4 elevated longitudinal lines, 12 to 20 inches high : leaves mostly opposite, connected at base, nearly glabrous, oblong- lanceolate, rounded at base, serrulate : bud ovoid : top' of the ovary much contracted at the insertion of the calyx : sepals slightly hoary : petals purple, emarginate : stamens shorter than the style : stigma cylindrical : capsule hoar}"- : seeds with striate testa and broad sides to the furrows. — Mon. Epil. ined. Near San Francisco (Bigelou-, Torrey) ; Lobos Creek {Kellogg) ; also at the Shumagin Islands, Alaska, Harrington. 8. E. brevistyliim, Barbey. Somewhat hoary : stem terete, erect, 10 to 18 inches high, sliglitly branched at top, marked with 2 or 4 decurrent glabrous lines, tinted with purple : leaves mostly opposite, sessile, broadly lanceolate, slightly den- ticulate with rigid teeth : flowers small : calyx cleft nearly to the middle, almost glabrous: petals slightly cleft, obcordate, pinkish : inner row of stamens short; the outer ones longer than the style : capsule nearly sessile : seeds acuminate at the top, tufted with silvery hairs. - — Mon. Epilob. ined. Sierra County, Lcmmon. Conesponding somewhat to the European E. roseum, Schreber. 9. E. glaberrimum, Barbey. Whole plant glaucous and perfectly glabrous, stoloniferous : stem terete, straight, simple or somewhat curved and branching, 6 to 15 inches high: leaves mostly opposite and connected at the base, broadest below, bluntly lanceolate, slightly serrulate : sepals somewhat shorter than the petals, which are deeply notched : filaments rather short and thick : stigma club- shaped, with a slight depression at top : capsule very slightly hoary : seeds with furrows terminating below the apex, tufted with very fine hairs. — Mon. Epilob. ined. t. 5. Var. latifolium, Barbey, 1. c. Leaves broader : stem more branching, curved. In the Sierra Nevada : Yosemite Valley {Bolander) ; Sierra Valley {Lemmon) ; and collected also hy Bridges. The variety in Sierra Co. {Lemmon), and above Carson City, Anderson. Rather variable and perhaps embracing several species. -(- -(- Annuals. 10. E. paniculatum, Nutt. Glabrous or pubescent above (rarely throughout): roots spreading : stem erect, slender, 10 inches to 10 feet high, terete, dichotomous above : leaves narrowly linear, obscurely serrulate, acute, attenuate at the base, mostly alternate and fascicled ; the uppermost subulate : flowers few, terminating the spreading filiform and almost leafless branches : pedicels pubescent : calyx-tube funnelform : petals obcordate, nearly twice the length of the calyx-lobes : capsule short, acute at each end, straight or a little curved, erect or speading. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 490 ; Barbey, Mon. Epil. ined. t. 8. From the Cuiamaca Mountains and the Southern Sierra Nevada to Washington Territory, and eastward to the Rocky Mountains ; frequent. 11. E. minutum, Lindl. Eoots bright and shining: stem terete, erect, puber- ulent, occasionally branching, 3 to 10 inches high : leaves mostly alternate, elliptic- lanceolate, rather obtuse, nearly entire, slightly pubescent : flowers minute, con- tracted at the base of the calyx : petals pale rose-color, obcordate : the four longer stamens equalling the style : stigma clavate, the lobes at length expanded and fim- briate : capsule short, somewhat pedicelled, slightly arcuate, at length erect : seeds large and not very numerous. — Hook. Fl. i. 207 ; Barbey, Mon. Epil. ined. t. 7. Crossostigma Lindleyi, Spach, Mon. Onag. 84. Euhhus. ONAGRACE^. 221 Var. foliosum, Torr. & Gr^. Leaves linear-spatulate, nearly glabrous, with smaller ones tascicled in the axils : petals nearly white. — Fl. i. 490. Napa Valley and Knight's Ferry (Bigeloiv) ; Geysers (Greene) ; dry woods near Ukiah {Bolan- dcr) ; and northward to Oregon. Guadalupe Island, Palmer. 5. GAYOPHYTUM, A. Juss. Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary ; the 4-parted deciduous limb reflexed. Petals 4, white or rose-colored, very small, obovate or oval with a very short claw. Stamens 8 ; anthers broad or rounded, attached by the middle, those opposite to the petals on shorter filaments and usually sterile. Ovary 2-celled : style short : stigma capitate or clavate. Capsule membranaceous, clavate, 2-ceUed, 4-valved. Seeds few to many, in one row in each cell, small, smooth, oblong, naked, ascending. — • Very slender branching annuals, of western !North America and Chili, with alter- nate linear entire leaves and axillary flowers. The following are the only North American species. 1. Gp. ramosissimum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or the inflorescence sometimes puberulent, diffusely much branched, 6 to 18 inches high : leaves an inch long or less : flowei-s half a line long, mostly near the ends of the branches : capsule oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, on pedicels of about the same length or shorter, often deflexed, 3 - 5-seeded. — Fl. i. 513 ; Watson, Bot. King Eep. 105. From Oregon to Mariposa Co. and eastward to Colorado, in the mountains on dry slopes. 2. Gp. racemosum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or more or less canescent with short appressed pubescence, 6 to 18 inches high, the elongated branches mostly simple : flowers half a line long, axillary the whole length of the branches : capsules linear, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, 8 to 10 lines long, usually many-seeded. — Watson, 1. c. G. Nuttallii and G. caesium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. From the Columbia River to Central California and eastward to Colorado. 3. G. diffusum, Torr. k Gray, 1. c. Nearly glabrous, 6 to 18 inches high : flowers larger, 1 ^ to 3 lines broad, mostly toward the ends of the branches : capsules 3 to 6 lines long, a little exceeding the pedicels, often deflexed, the cells 4 - 8- seeded. — Watson, 1. c. Less frequent ; from Oregon to Southern California and eastward to Idaho and N. Utah. 6. EULOBUS, Nutt. Calyx-tube scarcely at all produced beyond the ovary ; the 4-parted limb reflexed. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, sessile, light yellow turning to red. Stamens 8 ; anthers oblong, attached near the middle ; the filaments opposite to the petals much shorter and with smaller globose anthers. Ovary 4-celled : stigma capitate. Capsule linear, elongated, 4-angled, 4-valved, imperfectly 4-celled, strongly refracted. Seeds very many, obovate-oblong, naked, erect. — A smooth erect annual, with somewhat of the habit of some species of (Enothera § Chylismia; leaves few, alternate; flowers sessile along the virgate branches. A single species. 1. E. Califomicus, Nutt. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, with a few spreading virgate branches : leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches long, sinuately pinnatifid with numerous short unequal divaricate acute teeth : calyx-tube prolonged less than half a line above the ovary : petals 4 or 5 lines long, the flowers rather showy : capsules 3 or 4 inches long : seeds smooth, 3-angled, two thirds of a line long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 515. Dry places, from Santa Barbara to San Diego ; Camp Grant, Arizona, Palmer. 222 ONAGRACE^. H (Enoihera. 7. (ENOTHERA, Linn. Calyx-tube more or less prolonged above the ovary (obconic to linear), deciduous (except in § 2) ; segments reflexed. Petals 4, obcordate to obovate, sessile, yellow to wliite, often tinged with red or turning red in fading. Stamens 8, equal or those opposite to the petals shorter; anthers perfect, versatile. Ovary 4-celled, many- ovuled : style filiform : stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Capsule coriaceous or somewhat woody to membranaceous, dehiscing loculicidally and more or less perfectly 4-valved ; the partitions more or less coherent to the valves. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows in each cell, horizontal or ascending, often somewhat margined. — Herbs, or sometimes woody at base; leaves alternate; flowers axillary, spicate, or racemose. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 573. A genus of perhaps 100 species, almost exclusively American, there being over 50 in the United States and most of the remainder Mexican or South American. Many of them are ornamental and several have long been in cultivation. Our species are usually found frequenting dry valleys and hillsides. ♦ Calyx-tube linear above the ovary : anthers and stigma-lobes linear : capsule rigid-coriaceous. Tall : flowers yellow, erect in the bud ; calyx-tips free : seeds in two rows in each cell. 1. Qi. BIENNIS. Low : flowers large, whitish, nodding in the bud : capsule narrow : seeds in 1 row. Perennial : calyx-tips free : capsule linear : seeds not compressed. Smooth or puberulent : calyx not villous : seed terete, narrowly oblong. 2. CE. albicaulis. Villous and pubescent : seeds oblong, turgid, somewhat angled. 3. (E. Califounica. Annual, villous and pubescent : calyx-tijis not free : capsule thicker toward the base : seeds ovate-oblong, compressed. 4. CE. trichocalyx. Acaulescent or nearly so : flowers large, erect in ])ud : capsule ovate- oblong, winged or crested : seeds in 2 rows. Capsule strongly ribbed or tuberculately crested : more or less pubescent. 5. ffi. CiESPiTOSA. Capsule winged at the angles : nearly glabrous. 6. CE. triloba. ♦ * Calyx-tube filiform : anthers oblong : sligma capitate : capsule ovoid-oblong, membranaceous, sessile : seeds in 2 rows. Acaulescent, mostly perenniid : flowers yellow, erect in bud, tips of calyx not free. Densely pubescent : leaves deeply pinnatifid. Glabrous : leaves oblanceolate, nearly entire. Somewhat pubescent : leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, cili- ate : seeds punctate. Annual, dwarf, hirsute : leaves linear : capsules winged above. ♦ * * Calyx-tube obconic : anthers oblong : stigma capitate : capsule narrow, membranaceous, sessile : seeds in 1 row : caulescent, mostly anuual. Flowers axillary, yellow, mostly showy, often turning green : capsule usually contoitpd, shar])ly 4-angled. Canescently pubescent : leaves thick, mostly entire : maritime, often woody at base. 11. CE, CHEIKANTHIFOLIA. More or less hirsute : leaves thinner, denticulate. Petals 4 to 7 linos long, usually with a brown spot at base. 12. CE. bistorta. Petals a line or two long, not spotted. _ 13. CE. MiCRANTiiA. Flowers axillary, yellow, mostly very small and usually turning red. Capsule elongated, very narrowly linear, obtusely angled : slender, with narrow leaves. More or less hirsute : petals rarely reddening : capsules shortly beaked. 14. CE. dentata. Somewhat appressed-pubenilent or hirsute : petals usually red- dening : capsules obtuse, often pedicellate. 15. CE. STRIGULOSA. Capsule short, attenuated upward from the base : dwarf. 16. CE. anrina. Flowere in a nodding spike, white or rose-colored : capsule naiTowly linear, terete, much contorted. 7. CE. Nuttallii. 8. CE. UETEUANTHA. 9. a?. OVATA. 10. CE. GRACILIFLORA. (Enothera. ONAGRACE^. 223 Canescently puberulent, slender t leaves nearly entire : capsule very slender, not attenuate upward. 17. CE. ALYSSOIDES. Viscidly pubescent : leaves denticulate : capsule attenuate from the base. 18. (E. BoOTHll. Glabrous : stem white and shining : spike nearly erect : capside attenuate from the base. 19. (E. gaur^floka, * « * Nc Capsule pedicellate, linear or somewhat clavate, obtuse, not contorted : otherwise as in the preceding. Flowers in a nearly naked raceme : calyx-tube funnelfomi. Leaves all near the base, usually lyrate. Puberulent or nearly glabrous : calyx-tips not free : capsule an inch long or less. 20. OH. SCAPOIDEA, Villous : calyx-tips free, stout : capsule 1 to 3 inches long. 21. (E. brevipes. Leaves scattered, cordate or ovate : calyx-tube long-funnelfonn ; tips not free. 22. (E. cardiophylla. Flowers with leafy bracts, very small : calyx-tube obconic : seeds with involute margins : dwarf, slender. 23. (E. pterosperma. § 1. Calyis much prolonged heyond the ovary : stamens nearly equal; anthers linear or linear-oblong : stigma-lobes linear: capside coriaceous. — Eucenothera. * Tall, erect : floivers yellow, in a leafy spilce, erect in the bud, opening at evening : tips of the calyx-lobes free : capsule narrowly oblong, sessile, straight : seeds in 2 roivs in each cell. — Evening Primrose. 1. CG. biennis, Linn. Biennial, stout and usually simple, 1 to 5 feet high, canescently puberulent and more or less hirsute : leaves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2 to 6 inches long, repandly denticulate, mostly sessile : calyx-ttibe 1 to 2| inches long : petals 6 to 9 lines long : capsule about an inch long or less : seeds oblong, with somewhat margined angles. Var. grandiflora, Lindl. Petals as long as the calyx-tube : capsule more or less pubescent. — Bot. Peg. t. 1604. (E. grandiflora. Ait. ; Bot. Mag. t. 2068. Var. hirsutissima, Gray. Flowers as in the last, hut the ovary especially more hirsute. — PI. Eendl. 43. (E. Hooheri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 493. From Oregon to the Atlantic and from British America to Mexico ; forms of it are also widely naturalized in Europe (where it has long been cultivated), as well as in S. Africa, India, and Australia. The var. hirsutissima is the more common form in California, ranging to New Mexico, the others being more prevalent east of the Sierra Nevada. * * Usually low : stems white : flowers large, ivhite becovdng pinkish, axillary, nod- ding in bud, opening by day : capsules long and narrow, sessile, often curved: seeds in a. single row in each cell, ascending. 2. CE. albicaulis, I^utt. Glabrous or puberulent : stems herbaceous, from a perennial subterranean running rootstock, erect, | to 4 feet high, simple or branched : leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or attenuate at base or abruptly petioled, entire or repand-denticulate or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base, 1 to 3 inches long : tips of the calyx-lobes free in the bud ; the tube an inch long or less : petals about as long as the tube, entire or emarginate : capsule an inch or two long, not broader at base: seeds narrowly oblong, terete, a line long. — Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv. 334. (E. pallida, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Peg. t. 1142. A variable species, common eastward of the Sierra Nevada, ranging from Washington Territory to the Saskatchewan and southward to the Mexican boundary. 3. QB. Californica, "Watson. Hoary-pubescent and more or less villous : stems herbaceous from a running rootstock, decumbent, about a span long : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, mostly petioled, sinuately tootbed or irregularly pinnatifid, 2 to 4 inclies long : flowers as in the last but often larger ; the ovary and calyx vil- lous, and the petals lobed with a rounded sinus : capsule 2 inches long, not thick- ened at base : seeds oblong, turgid, somewhat obtusely angled. — CE. albicaulis, var. Californica, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 582. 224 ONAGRACE^. Oenothera. ■it Central and Southern California : at Larken's station, east of San Diego (Palmer) ; Fort Mo- have {Cooper) ; also by Wallace, and others. Flowers flagrant. 4. CE. trichocalyx, Nutt. A very similar species in appearance, glabrous or canescently pubenilent or somewhat yillous : root annual : stem mostly erect, often stout, a span high : calyx very villous, the tips of the lobes not free in the bud : petals large, usually with a deep sinus: capsule thickened toward the base: seeds ovate-oblong, somewhat compressed. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 494. (E. deltoidea, Torr. in Fremont Eep. 315 ; Watson, Bot. King Rep. 107. Chiefly eastward of the Sierra Nevada from Northern California to Arizona and New Mexico ; Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; also in Corral Hollow and Tulare Plain^ 'Brewer. * * * Acaulescent or nearly so: floicers large, axillary, erect in hud, opening hy day: capsule ovate or ovate-oblong, mostly sessile: seeds large, in 2 rows in each cell. 5. CE. caespitosa, Nutt. Glabrous or usually more or less villous with spread- ing hairs : root apparently biennial : leaves oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, on long petioles, usually irregularly sinuate-toothed or repand-denticulate, often some- what pinnatifid : calyx-tube 2 to 7 inches long, the tips of the lobes not free in the bud : petals white or rose-color, broadly obcordate, f to If inches long : capsules ovate-oblong, attenuate above, usually sessile, 1 to 1| inches long, strongly ribbed on the sides and with a thick more or less tuberculate crest on each side of the sutures : seeds \\ lines long, oval-oblong, with a narrow groove along the ventral side, minutely tuberculate on the back. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1593. GE. montana & CE. marginata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 500 ; Hook. f. Bot. :Mag. t. 5828. Near Carson City {Anderson, Stretch) ; Oregon {Nevius) ; and frequent eastward to the Upper Missouri, Nebraska and New Mexico. 6. CTi. triloba, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : root annual or biennial : leaves nar- rowly oblanceolate, often large, usually irregularly pinnatifid with narrow lobes : calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long, the tips of the lobes free in the bud : petals yellow, broadly obovate, |^ to 1|^ inches long, somewhat 3-5-nerved: capsule sessile, ob- long to obovate with more or less broadly winged angles, 9 to 15 lines long, i;sually somewhat beaked above, the sides ribbed and at length net-veined : seeds a line long, angled and minutely tuberculate. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2566. Sierra Valley {Mrs. Ames, Lemmon) ; Triickee Valley ( Watson) ; Oregon (Nevius) ; and east- ward to the Saskatchawan, Colorado and Texas. § 2. Calyx-tube filiform above the ovary, somewhat persistent : stamens opposite to the petals shorter ; anthers oval or oblong : stigma capitate : capsule sessile, ovate- oblong to linear, somewhat mejnhranaceous : seeds ascending, in 2 rows in each cell : flowers yellow, erect in hud and the tips of the lobes not free: acaulescent. — Taraxia. 7. Qj. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Canescently pubescent : root biennial or peren- nial : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long, petioled, deeply sinuate-pin- natifid ; the numerous very unequal segments usually rounded or obtuse : calyx- tube 1 to 2| inches long : petals about half an inch (5 to 9 lines) long : capsules rarely developed, narrow, attenuate upward, 6 to 10 lines long, obtusely 4-sided : seeds oblong, terete, a line long, obscurely lined. — Fl. i. 506. (E. tanacetifolia, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. E. Rep. ii. 121, t. 4; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 110. At the eastern base of the SieiTa Nevada, from Cai-son City {Anderson, Stretch, &c.) to the Columbia River. CE. BREViFLORA, Torr. & Gray. A similar species, but nearly glabrous, flowers smaller and shorter, and segments of the leaves acute or acutish : seeds more numerous, half a line long. — Oregon {Nevius) to W. Wyoming and Colorado ; may be found in the northern part of the State. 8. CE. heterantha, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : root biennial or perennial : leaves oblong-lauceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or slightly repand-denticulate, 6 inches (Enothera. ONAGRACE.E. 225 long : calyx-tube 1 to 3 inches long : petals 3 to 6 lines long : capsules ovoid- oblong, narrowed at each end, nearly an inch long, rather acutely angled, sometimes shortly pedicellate : seeds minutely pitted. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 507. Vai". taraxacifolia, Watson. Leaves larger, more or less lyrately pinnatifid, — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 589. East of the Sierra Nevada in moist meadows, from N. Nevada to Idaho and Utah ; the variety in Plumas and Sierra counties {Mrs. Ames, Lcmmon), and near Austin, Nevada, Watson. 9. CE. ovata, Nutt. Resembling the last : leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, entire or denticulate, ciliate with short hairs : calyx-tube 1 to 4 inches long : petals 3 to 10 lines long : capsules obtusely angled, strongly torulose, short : seeds ovoid- oblong, few, smooth, a line long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 507. Near the coast, from about San Francisco to Monterey. 10. CTi. graciliflora, Hook. & Arn. Canescently villous : root annual : leaves linear, short, entire or obscurely denticulate : calyx-tube nearly equalling the leaves, ^ to 1 1 inches long : petals obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long, turning greenish : capsule somewhat coriaceous, half an inch long or less, angled at base and 4-winged above the middle; the wings obliquely truncate and hairy: seeds smooth. — Bot. Beechey, 341 ; Hook. Ic. PL t. 338. Dry hillsides and valleys near the coast, from the Sacramento River to Monterey, § 3. Cab/x-tube obcnnic or shortly funnelform : stamens someiohat unequal ; anthers oblong : stigma capitate : capsules narrow, sessile, terete or angled, membrana- ceous, often contorted : seeds ascending in 1 row in each cell. Caulescent an- nuals or biennials : fioivers usually spicate : the tips of the calyx-lobes not free in the bud. — Sphjerostigma. * Flowers axillary, yelloiv, often turning greenish, mostly showy : calyx-tube obconic : capsides linear-oblong to linear, sharply 4:-angled, often much contorted: seeds ovate- oblong : stem leafy throughout or early specimens acaulescent. 11. CE. cheiranthifolia, Hornemann. Canescently pubescent : stems decumbent or ascending, often 2 feet long or more : leaves thick, oblong or narrowly oblanceo- late, sometimes broadly ovate and cordate, ^ to 2^ inches long, mostly entire ; the lower petiolate, the upper sessile and often clasping: ovary and calyx villous; calyx- tube a line or two long, about half the length of the petals : capsules stout, linear- oblong, 4 to 8 lines long : seeds oblong-ovate, compressed, smooth, nearly half a line long. — Liudl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1040. (E. spiralis. Hook. Fl. i. 214. Var. sufi&uticosa, Watson. Woody at base and very leafy, densely hoary- pubescent with short appressed hairs, rarely nearly glabrous : leaves ovate to oblong, mostly small and sessile : flowers larger, the petals 4 to 9 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 592. CE. viridescens. Hook. Fl. i. 214. Near the sea on dry drifting sands, often abundant, from San Francisco southward ; the variety from Monterey to San Diego. The typical form is said also to be Chilian. 12. Qi. bistorta, Nutt. Somewhat hirsute, the leaves sometimes appressed- pubescent : stems rather stout, decumbent or ascending, a foot or two high : leaves thinner, narrowly lanceolate to ovate, the upper mostly sessile and rounded or cor- date at base, all denticulate or dentate : petals 4 to 7 lines long, usually with a dark brown spot at base : capsule 4 to 9 lines long, a line or more wide, attenuate up- ward : seeds nearly black. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 508. Var. (1) Veitchiana, Hook. More slender : capside more elongated and nar- rowed (1 to \^ inches long and less than a line broad), attenuate into a narrow beak. — Bot. Mag. t. 5078. On sand-hills near the sea, San Diego ; the variety from Los Angeles southward. Early flower- ing specimens are often very small and nearly or quite acaulescent, much resembling (E. gracili- fiora, from which they are leadily distinguished by the linear ovary. 226 ONAaRACE^. .^ CEnothera. 13. CE. micrantha, Hornemann. A very variable species closely resembling the last : flowers very small : the petals a line or two long, not spotted at the base, entire or emarginate or sometimes 3-lobed at the summit : capsules 8 to 18 lines long, about a line wide, usually much contorted, — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 509. From the Lower Sacramento to San Diego. Probably a mere variety of CE. bistorta. * * Flowers axillary, yellow, often reddish or turning red, mostly very small : calyx- tube ohconic, very short. •4- Capsule elongated, very narrowly linear, obtusely angled, slightly curved : slender leafy annuals. 14. CE. dentata, Cavanilles, Usually diffusely branched, a span high or less, more or less hirsute with short spreading hairs especially below, the pubescence above often shorter and somewhat glandular or wanting : leaves linear, sessile, usu- ally narrowed at base, denticulate, | to 1|^ inches long : petals rounded, entire, 2 to 4 lines long, rarely reddening : capsules an inch long or more, less than half a line broad, somewhat attenuate at the summit. — Icon. iv. 67, t. 398; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 511. Var. cruciata, Watson. Petals narrowly obovate to oblong, often emarginate, 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 594. From San Francisco southward ; also in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada : less frequent than the following. A Chilian species ; perhaps also Australian. 1 5. CB. Strigulosa, Torr. & Gray. Like the last : nearly glabrous, the ovary and calyx usually somewhat appressed-puberulent : leaves entire or sparingly dentic- ulate : petals a line or two long, usually reddening : capsules sessile or upon a very short pedicel adnate to the base of the leaf, abruptly obtuse or scarcely attenuate at the summit. — Fl. i. 512. (E. contorta. Hook. Fl. i. 214. (E. parvula, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Var. pubens, Watson, 1. c. Pubescence hirsute and spreading as in CE. dentata, especially below, often somewhat glandular above and shorter. From the Columbia River to San Diego, frequent ; the variety also ranging eastward through Northern Nevada to the Wahsatch Mountains. -H -i- Capsule shorter, attenuated upward from the base : dtvarf annuals. 16. Qj. andina, Nutt. Canescently puberulent, only 1 to 3 inches high, braiTched : leaves linear-spatulate, entire, attenuate into slender petioles, a half to an inch long : spikes leafy, many-flowered : petals a line long or less : capsules 3 to 6 lines long, obtusely angled, somewhat curved. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 512. From Oregon and N. W. Nevada to Colorado ; probably in Northeastern California. (E. GuADALUPENSis, Watsou, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 137, collected by Palmer on Guadalupe Island, is stouter, with larger oblanceolate leaves, few flowers, and the capsule oblong-pyramidal, half an inch long, rather acutely angled. * * * Flowers white or rose-colored, in a nodding spike: calyx-tube short-funnelform: capsule narrowly linear, terete or obtusely angled, much contorted : seeds linear- oblong : annuals. 17. CB. alyssoides, Hook. & Am. Slender, canescently puberulent: stems simple or branching from the base, erect or ascending, 3 to 12 inches high : leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a slender petiole, entire or repand- denticulate, 1 to 2| inches long ; the floral leaves much smaller but similar : spike often many-flowered, becoming elongated : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long, equalling the rounded petals : capsules an inch long or less, very slender, not attenuate upward from the base, puberulent : seeds ash-colored, very minutely pitted. — Bot. Beechey, 340 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 339. (Enothera. ONAGRACE^. 227 Var. villosa, Watson, 1. c. More or less villous throughout. Var. minutiflora, Watson. Flowers much reduced, scarcely more than a line long. — Eot. Iviug Exp. 111. Through the inteiior from the base of the Sierra Nevada eastward to Utah. 18. CB. Boothii, Dougl. Like the last, but viscidly pubescent : leaves ovate to lanceolate : capsules somewhat broader : seeds brownish, angled, very minutely tuberculate. — Hook. Fl. i. 213. CE. i^ygmcea, Dougl. 1. c. Eastward of the Sierra Nevada from S. Oregon to N. W. Nevada. 19. CE. gauraeflora, Torr. & Gray. Often stout, erect, | to 2 feet high, gla- brous or the inflorescence and younger leaves sparingly puberulent ; the bark loose, white, and shining : leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate into the petiole, usually denticulate : spike often many-llowered, nearly erect : calyx-tube and the obovate petals 1|^ to 3 lines long: capsules attenuate from the base to a narrow beak, 8 to 15 lines long : seeds dark, a line long, angled. — Fl. i. 510, From the Lower Sacramento to the Colorado Desert and eastward to S. Utah. § 4. Capsule pedicellate, linear or somewlmt clavate, obtuse, not contorted : otiierwise as in ^ \. Caulescent annuals : tips of the calyx-lobes sometimes free in the bud. — Chylismia. * Racemes usually few-flowered, loose and with minute bracts : calyx-tube funnelform : seeds narroivly oblong, smooth : leaves mostly lyrate or pinnatifid. 20. GB. scapoidea, Nutt. Erect, usually branching from near the base, | to 1^ feet high, puberulent or nearly glabrous : leaves mostly near the base, with long petioles, lyrately pinnate; the terminal leaflet much the largest, ovate to oblong- lanceolate, cuneate or cordate at base, sinuate-toothed, the prominent veins often darker colored ; lateral leaflets few or many, sometimes wanting, very irregular : raceme at first nodding ; bracts very small or none : calyx-tube a line or two long ; tips not free : petals yellow, 1 or 2 lines long : capsules glabrous, clavate, 4 to 12 lines long : pedicels spreading, 2 to 8 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 506. Var. purpiirascens, Watson. Usually stouter : flowers larger and rose-colored or purplish, rarely yellow : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long : petals 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 595. (E. clavaeformis, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. E. Eep. ii. 121. (E. cruciformis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 227, fig. 71. (E. scapoidea, var. clavceformis, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 109. Var. aurantiaca, Watson, 1. c. Low : inflorescence puberulent : flowers of the size of tlie last, but the calyx-tube tinged more or less deeply with orange : petals light rose-color or orange : capsule usually puberulent. — (E. clavceformis, Torrey in Fremont Eep. 314. On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Oregon to Mono Lake, W. Wyoming and Utah ; the var. aurantiaca from Southeastern California to Southern Utah. 21. Qi. brevipes, Gray. Like (E. scapoidea, but usually stouter, more or less villous with stitt" hairs, not puberulent : calyx-tube obconic to funnelform, 1 to 3 lines long ; the lobes strongly nerved and their stout tips free : petals apparently pale yellow or whitish, 3 to 6 lines long : capsules 1 to 3 inches long, 1;^ lines Isroad : pedicels 2 to 12 lines long. — Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 87. Near the Colorado River and eastward to Southern Utah. 22. CTi. cardiophylla, Torr. Canescently hirsute with short spreading hairs: stems leafy, often rather slender, 3 to 10 inches high, simple, erect or ascending : leaves simple, cordate or ovate, repandly serrate, long-petioled, an inch long or less : calyx-tube rather narrowly funnelform, 3 to 8 lines long, usually tinged with red ; tips of the lobes not free : petals yellow becoming reddish, 3 or 4 lines long : cap- sule I to 1 inch long : pedicel only 1 to 3 lines long. — Pacif. E. Eep. v. 360. Near the Colorado River, and eastward in Arizona. 228 ONAGRACEiE. ^ (Enothera. * * Floivers few, vrith leafy bracts : calyx-tuhe short, ohconic : leaves simple : tips of the calyx not free in the bud. 23. CB. pterosperma, Watson. Slender, erect, 2 or 3 inches high, simple or branched, more or less hispid or glabrous : leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, 6 to 9 lines long : flowers very small : petals obcordate, rose-colored, a line long or less : capsule linear-clavate, 6 to 9 lines long, on a spreading pedicel half as long : seeds nearly a line long, with thin incurved margins, minutely cellularly papillose. — Bot. King Exp. 112, t. 14. Foot-hills of tlie Trinity Mountains, N. W. Nevada (Watson) ; S. Utah, Parry. Very peculiar in the character of its seeds. 8. GODETIA, Spach. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconic or shortly funnelform, deciduous ; lobes reflexed. . Petals 4, broad and sessile, entire or emarginate or very rarely 2-lobed, lilac-purple or rose-colored. Stamens 8, unequal, the filaments opposite to the petals shortest ; anthers perfect, oblong, attached at the base and erect or arcuate. Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled : style filiform : stigma-lobes short, linear or roundish. Capsule ovate to linear, 4-sided, somewhat coriaceous, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds ascending or horizontal, in 1 or 2 rows, obliquely angled, the upper surface with a thin tuberculate margin. — Annuals, simple or branched, erect ; leaves alternate, denticulate or entire ; flowers mostly showy, in usually leafy racemes or spikes. — (Enothera § Godetia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 502 ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 596. A genus confined to the western coast of North and South America, chiefly Californian. Sev- eral of the species are ornamental and have been introduced into cultivation. » Flowers in a strict mostly compact spike : capsule ovate to oblong : stems leafy. Calyx-tips not free in the bud : sides of the capsule not 2-costate : seeds in 2 rows. Flowers very large : stigma-lobes 3 lines long : capsule puberulent. Petals ^ inch long or less : stigma-lobes very short : capsule villous. Calyx-tips slightly free : capsule somewhat 2-costate on alternate sides : seeds in 1 row. Flowers in a short simple spike : petals 1 inch long or less. Flowers in lateral mostly crowded spikelets : petals half an inch long or less. * * Flowers in a simple usually loose spike or raceme, mostly nodding in bud : capsule linear seeds in 1 row : leaves distant. Capsule sessile : calyx-tips slightly free. Calyx-tube funnelform and villous ; lobes villous : capsule short, puberulent, attenuate from the base. 5. G. Williamsoni. Ovary and short capsule villous : flowers small. 6. G. quadrivulneea. Capsule puberulent, 8 to 14 lines long, not costate : flowers small. 7. G. tenella. Capsule smoother, 8 to 18 lines long; sides 2-costate : flowers large. 8. G. VIMINEA. Capsule pedicellate, not costate : calyx-tips not free. Capsule attenuate at each end. Anthers purple : stigma-lobes linear : petals 8 to 15 lines long : capsule 1 to 1^ inches long : leaves mostly entire. Cen- tral and Northern California. 9. G. AMffiNA. Stigma-lobes mostly short : petals 6 to 12 lines long : capsule 10 to 15 lines long, long- pedicellate : leaves often dentate : nearly glabrous. Southern California. 10. G. BoTT^. Tomentose-puberulent : stigma-lobes short ; petals 3 to 6 lines long : capsule 6 to 14 lines long : pedicels short. Capsule abruptly narrowed at base. Calyx and ovary with short spreading pubescence : stigma-lobes linear : capsule 4 to 9 lines long. Puberulent : pedicels short : petals 2-lobed. 1. G. GRANDIFLORA, 2. G. PURPUREA. 3. G. LEPIDA. 4. G. ALBESCENS. 11. G. EPILOBIOIDES. 12. G. HISPIDULA. 13. G. BILOBA. Godetia. ONAGRACE.E. 229 * Flowers in a strict mostly c(ftnpact spike : stems leafy : capsule ovate to oblong. -J- Tips of the calyx-lohes not at all free in the hud : sides of the capsule not 2-costate : seeds in 2 7'ows in each cell. 1. G-. grandiilora, Lindl. Puberulent : stem a foot or two high, stout, simple or with a few short branches near the top : leaves lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, acute at each end, shortly petioled, obscurely repand-denticulate or entire : spike dense, leafy : calyx-tube broadly obconical, 4 to 6 lines long : petals an inch or two long, emarginate, light purple with often a large crimson spot in the centre : stigma-lobes linear, 3 lines long : capsule puberulent, oblong to linear, 8 to 15 lines long, a line or two broad or more, 4-toothcd at the apex : seeds in 2 rows in each cell. — Bot. Eeg. xxvi, t. 61. CEnothera Whitneyi, Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. vii. 340 & 400; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5867. (E. grandijiora-, Watson, 1. c. 596. On hillsides, Humboldt and Mendocino counties, Bolander, Kellogg & Harford. "With larger flowei-s than any other species ; in cultivation. 2. Gr. purpurea Watson. Mostly very leafy, a foot or two high, puberulent, the ovary densely villous : leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, usually an inch or two long, entire, sessile with an obtuse or narrowed base : flowers mostly in a leafy terminal cluster : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long, half the length of the deep purple petals : style shorter than the stamens ; stigma-lobes very short, purple : capsules ovate to linear-oblong, 6 to 9 lines long, 2 to 2^ lines broad, acute, obtuse at base, hairy ; the sides nearly flat, with a strong mid vein. — CEnothera purpurea, Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 352 ; Watson, 1. c. Godetia Willdenowiana, Spach. From the valley of the Columbia to Monterey. +- +- Tips of the calyx-lobes slightly free in the bud: capsule 2-costate on at least the alternate sides : seeds in one row in each cell. 3. G. lepida, Lindl. Canescently puberulent, the stem usually white and shining, |^ to 2 feet high : leaves oblong to oblanceolate, an inch or two long, mostly obtuse, sessile and scarcely narrowed at base, sparingly denticulate : flowers in a short simple spike : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long : petals rose-colored with a dark spot near the summit, 9 to 12 lines long : stigmas very short, purple : capsule short- hairy, 5 to 8 lines long, 2 lines broad near the base and attenuate to the apex. — Bot. Reg. t. 1 849. CEnothera lepida, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 342. Var. parviflora, Watson, 1. c. Flowers and capsules somewhat smaller ; the petals 3 to 8 lines long, purple to rose-colored : stems slender, erect or ascending, 3 inches to 3 feet high : leaves linear to oblong, a half to an inch long. — CE. decum- bens, Dougl. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2889; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1221 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 504. Var. Arnottii, Watson, 1. c. Nearly glabrous or somewhat puberulent : leaves linear to lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate, 1 to 1|^ inches long: petals 4 to 8 lines long : capsules glabrous or nearly so. — CEnothera Arnottii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. From the Columbia Eiver to Monterey and San Simeon. 4. Gr. albescens, Lindl. Canescently puberulent : stem erect, simple or branch- ing from the base, a foot or two high : leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, acutish, sparingly denticulate, an inch long : flowers small, in numerous short lateral mostly crowded spikelets : calyx-tube 2 lines long : petals purplish-blue, 3 to 5 lines long : stigmas greenish to purple: capsules oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, 1| lines broad, shortly hirsute or pubescent. — Bot. Reg. xxviii, t. 9. CEnothera albescens, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 597. In woods near Monterey {Hartwcg) ; Napa Valley and near Borax Lake {Torrey) : rarely col- lected. Said to have been first received from the Columbia Valley. 230 ONAaRACE^. *? Godeiia. * * Flowers in a simple spike or raceme, usually scattered and mostly nodding in hud : capsules linear : seeds in one row : stems slender, ivith leaves rather distant. "t- Caj)sides sessile : calyx-tips slightly free. Exceptions in No. 8. 5. G-. Williamsoni, Watson. Canescently piiberuleiit, the calyx-tii"be and lobes villous : steiu erect, a foot high : leaves linear, sessile, entire, 1 to 1 1- inclies long : calyx-tube funneltbrm, 3 to 5 lines long; tips of the lobes free: petals yellow at base and with a deep purple spot in the centre, 6 to 12 lines long : stigma-lobes short, oblong, yellow : capsules attenuate upward from the base, 6 to 8 lines long, puberulent, 2-costate on the sides. — CEnothera Williamsoni, Durand & Hilgard, Pacif. E. Kep. v. 7, t. 5 ; Watson, 1. c. 597. In the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada from Millerton {Ueermann) to Placer Co., Rattan. 6. Gr. quadrivulnera, Spach. Puberulent, ovary and capsule more or less villous : stem usually very slender, a foot or two high : leaves linear to linear-lance- olate, sessile or attenuate to a short petiole, entire or slightly denticulate, an inch or two long : calyx-tube obconic, 2 (rarely 3) lines long : petals deep purple or pur- plish, 3 to 6 lines long : stigma-lobes short, purple : capsules 5 to 10 lines long, usually short, attenuate at the apex, 2-costate at the alternate angles. — CEnothera quadrivulnera, Dough; LindL Bot. Eeg. t. 1119 ; Watson, 1. c. 598. Near the coast from Puget Sound to San Diego. 7. Cr. tenella, Watson. Puberulent, erect and slender, G to 18 inches high, very rarely decumbent : leaves linear, acute or obtuse, mostly entire, more or less attenuate at base, ^ to 2 inches long : calyx-tube shortly obconic, 1 to 3 lines long ; tips of the lobes rarely not free : petals deep purple, 3 to 5 lines long : style shorter than the stamens ; stigma-lobes purplish : capsules puberulent, attenuate at the apex, 8 to 14 lines long, nearly flat upon the sides. — (Enothera tenella, Cav. Icon, iv. t. 396, fig. 2 ; Euiz & Pavon, PI. Peruv. iii. t. 316 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 167. Godetia Cavanillesii, Spach, Monog. Onagr. 71. Near the coast from Oregon to San Diego ; also in Chili and Peru. 8. Gr. viminea, Spach. Like the last : sometimes stout, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base, an inch or two long : calyx-tube 2 to 4 lines long : petals deep purple or purplish, sometimes yellowish at base with a dark spot in the centre, 9 to 15 lines long: capsules smoothish, 8 or 18 lines long, 2-costate on the sides, occasionally shortly pedicellate. — Monog. Onagr. 69. CEnothera viminea, Dougl. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2873; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1220. From the Columbia southward to the Sacramento, and in the Sierra Nevada to the Yoseniite Valley. G. RoMANZOVii, Spach {CEnothera, Ledebour), is known only from cultivated specimens, origi- nally from seeds collected by Chamisso on the "Northwest Coast." It is rather stout, puberu- lent, the ovaiy white with a silky pubescence : leaves oblanceolate, j^tioled : calyx-tube very short, and tips not free : filaments stout, the alternate anthers nearly sessile ; stigmas included within the calyx-tube : capsule attenuate at each end, sometimes shortly pedicellate, the sides 2-costate. -J- +■ Capsules pedicellate, not costate : stigma-lobes mostly yellow : calyx-tips not free in the bud, or rarely so in the first species. 9. G-. amcena, Lilja. Minutely puberulent, usually slender, a foot or two high : leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate or sometimes lanceolate, entire or nearly so, petiolate, 1 to 3 inches long: calyx-tube obconic, 2 to 4 lines long: petals frequently rather villous (as also the purple anthers), varying from nearly white to rose-color, with more or less of purple, 8 to 15 lines long: filaments rather stout : stigma-lobes linear, 1| lines long: capsules 1 to 1| inches long, attenuate to each end: pedicel 2 to 6 lines long. — Linnaea, xv. 265. (Enothera amoenn, Lehm. Nov. Act. Leop. xiv. 811, t. 45 ; Eegel, Gartenfl. xiii. t. 443. (E. roseo-alba, Hornem. (E. Lindleyi, aarkia. ONAGRACE^. 231 Dougl.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 28^; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1405. Godetia rubicunda & G. vinma, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1856 & t. 1880. From Vancouver Island and Fraser River to Santa Cruz ; Plumas Co., Mrs. Ames. 10. Gr. Bottce, Spach. Canescently puberulent or nearly glabrous, erect or somewhat decumbent, 1 to 1| feet high: leaves narrowly linear to lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, an inch or two long, on slender petioles : calyx-tube short : petals light purple, 6 to 1 2 lines long : filaments usually slender and style elongated : stigma-lobes yellow or purple, a line or two long : capsule attenuate at each end, 10 to 15 lines long : pedicel 3 to 9 lines long. — (Enothera Bottce, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. 505. In the Coast Ranges, from Monterey to San Diego. 11. Gr. epilobioides, Watson. Tomentosely puberulent, erect, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, an inch or two long, petioled : calyx-tube a line or two long : petals light purple or rose-color, 3 to 6 lines long : stigma-lobes short : capsules acuminate, attenuate to a short pedicel or rarely nearly sessile, 6 to 14 lines long. — (Enothera epilobioides, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 511 ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 599. Frequent in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada upon both sides, and ranging from Oregon to Mariposa County and southward ; San Diego, Nuttall, Thurber, Cleveland. 1 2. Gr. hispidula, Watson. Hispid with short spreading pubescence, especially above, erect, mostly simple and often 1-flowered, about a span high : leaves very narrowly linear, an inch or two long : calyx-tube 2 or 3 lines long : petals purple, 6 to 12 lines long: filaments rather slender : style elongated and stigma-lobes linear: capsules attenuate at top, abruptly contracted at base, 4 to 9 lines long, perhaps costate : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. — (Enothera hispidula, Watson, 1. c. 599. Sacramento and Tulare Valleys, Fremont, Pratten, Rattan. 1 3. G-. biloba, Watson. Minutely puberulent, erect, a span or two high : leaves nearly glabrous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, an inch or two long, obscurely den- ticulate, the lower on long slender petioles : calyx-tube a line or two long : petals light purple, cuneate-obovate, more or less deeply 2-lobed, 4 to 9 lines long : cap- sules puberulent, 6 to 9 lines long, attenuate at the apex, abruptly contracted at base into a pedicel about a line in length. — (Enotliera biloba, Durand, PI. Pratten. 87 ; Watson, 1. c. In the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne to Nevada counties. 9. CLARKIA, Pursh. Calyx-tube obconical above the ovary, deciduous; the 4-cleft limb reflexed. Petals 4, with claws, lobed or entire, purple or violet. Stamens 8, those opposite to the petals often sterile or rudimentary ; anthers oblong or linear, attached by the base. Ovary 4-celled : style elongated : stigma with 4 broad lobes, sometimes un- equal, at length spreading. Capsule linear, attenuate above, coriaceous, erect, some- what 4-angled, 4-celled, and 4-valved to the middle. Seeds numerous, angled or margined. — Annuals, with erect brittle stems and alternate leaves on short slender petioles, the uppermost sessile; flowers showy, nodding in the bud, in terminal racemes. A genus confined to our Pacific coast, some of the species well known in cultivation. 1. C. pulchella, Pursh. Stem (| to 2 feet high) and inflorescence puberulent: leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 1 to 3 inches long, nearly glabrous, entire : petals 6 to 9 lines long, 3-lobed, attenuate to a long claw which has a spreading tooth on 232 ONAGRACE^. ^ Clarlda. each side : perfect stamens with a linear scale on each side at base, the alternate stamens rudimentary and filiform : stigma-lobes equal, dilated : capsule 8 to 1 2 lines long, 8-angled, on a spreading pedicel 2 to 3 lines long: seed obliquely cubical, minutely tuberculate, two thirds of a line long. — Fl. 260, t. 11. Washington Territory, Oregon and Idaho ; not yet collected in California. Frequent in culti- vation, in several A'arieties, and often figured. 2. C. Xantiana, Gray. 8tem glabrous, about a foot high : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, ashy-puberulent, as also the. inflorescence: petals 2-lobed with a subulate tooth in the sinus ; the claw short and broad, not hairy nor appen- daged at base : stamens 8, all perfect, without scales at the base : stigma-lobes broadly oval, short : capsule nearly sessile, 9 lines long. — Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. 145. Near Fort Tejon, Xantus. 3. C. elegans, Dougl. Glabrous or puberulent, | to 6 feet high, simple or branched : leaves broadly ovate to linear, repandly toothed : petals entire, rhom- boidal ; the long slender claw without teeth : anthers all perfect ; filaments with a densely hairy scale at each side of the broader base : stigma- lobes equal : capsule nearly sessile, 6 to 9 lines long, obtusely 4-angled, rather stout and often curved, somewhat villous. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1575. C. Mrt^?acM/a^a, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. under t. 1981. Phceostoma Douglasii, Spach, Monog. Onagr. 74. Valleys and hillsides, fi'om Mendocino Co. to Los Angeles and the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. Common in cultivation. 4. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Puberulent or nearly glabroiis, 1 or 2 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, 2 inches long, the upper narrower, all on slender petioles, entire : petals entire, rhomboidal, with a short broad claw Avhich is often broadly toothed: anthers all perfect; filaments with hairy scales at the base: stigma- lobes short: capsules 8 to 12 lines long, 4-angled, nearly glabrous, on pedicels about a line long. — Hook. Fl. i. 214 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1981. C. ganroides, Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 379. Opsianthes gatiroides, Lilja, Linnaja, xv. 2G1. Of wider range than the preceding, but not frequent. San Diego {Cleveland) ; in the Sierra Nevada northward to Washington Territory, and in the mountains eastward through Nevada to the Wahsatch. 10. EUCHARIDIUM, Fischer & Meyer. Calyx- tube linear-elongated above the ovary. Stamens 4, opposite to the sepals, not appendaged at base. Otherwise as Clarkia, to which it should probably be referred. — Only the following species. 1. £!. concinnum, Fisch. & Mey. Glabrous or puberulent, closely resembling Clarkia rhomboidea in habit and foliage : calyx-tube nearly filiform, an inch long : petals 3-lobed, without teeth upon the claw, 6 to 9 lines long : filaments filiform : stigma-lobes unequal : capsules 8 to 1 2 lines long, sessile : seeds imbricated, papil- lose, concave and margined on the upper side. — Ind. Sem. Petr. ii. 11; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1962 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3589. E. grandiflorum, Fisch. k Mey. 1. c. vii. 40; C. A. Meyer, Sert. Petr. t. 13. In the Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara to Mendocino County, and especially about the Bay of San Francisco. 2. £j. Breweri, Gray. A foot high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, an inch long or more, attenuate to a short petiole : calyx-tube 12 to 18 lines long : petals large, cuneate-obcordate, with a narrow subulate lobe in the deep sinus : filaments clavate : stigma-lobes linear: capsule stout, sessile, 15 to 18 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 532. On the dry summit of Mount Oso, Stanislaus Co., Brewer. Gaura. ONAGRACE^. 233 11. BOISDUVALIA, Spach. Calyx-tube fuunelform above the ovary, deciduous; the lobes erect. Petals 4, obovate-cuneiform, sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Stamens 8, those opposite to the petals shorter ; hlaments very slender, naked at base ; anthers all perfect, ob- long, attached near their base. Ovary 4-celled, several-ovuled : style filiform : stigma-lobes short, somewhat cuneate. Capsule membranaceous, ovate-oblong to linear, nearly terete, acute, sessile, dehiscent to the base. Seeds ascending, few (3 to 8) in one row in each cell; ovate-oblong, somewhat angled, smooth. — Erect leafy annuals ; leaves alternate, sessile, simple ; flowers small, in leafy simple or compound spikes. — (Enoth&ra § Boisduvalia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 505 ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 600. A small genus confined to \Yestem America, there being two Chilian species in addition to the following. 1. B. densiflora, Watson. Canescently pubescent and more or less villous, often stout, | to 2 feet high : leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly denticulate, 1 to 3 inches long ; the floral leaves usually much shorter and broader : flowers in a usually close terminal spike or numerous short lateral spike- lets : calyx 1 ^ to 3 lines long, about half the length of the petals : capsules ovate- oblong, smooth or slightly villous, 2 to 4 lines long ; cells 3 - 6-seeded, the parti- tions wholly separating from the valves and adherent to the placenta : seeds nearly or quite a line long. — (Enothera densijtora, Lindl. Bot. lieg. t. 1593, Boisduvalia Douglasii, Spach, Monog. Onagr. 80, t. 31, tig. 2. From Washington Territory to Monterey {Nutlall), near Fort Tejon {Rothrock), and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to Tuolumne County : near Carson City, An(Ursmi. Very variable. 2. B. Torreyi, Watson. Villous throughout "with short stiffish spreading hairs, rather slender, a span or two high : leaves linear to lanceolate, usually narrow at base, entire or somewhat denticulate, 4 to 9 lines long ; the floral leaves similar and scarcely smaller : flowers in a loose simple spike, very small (a line or two long), purplish : capsules linear, acuminate, 4 to 6 lines long ; cells 6 - 8-seeded, the partitions adherent to the valves : seeds more ovate and smaller, half a line long or less. — Gaynphytum strictum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 340. (Enothera Torreyi, Watson, 1. c. Oregon {Hall) and southward in the Coast Ranges ; New Almaden, Tcrrrey. 3. B. glabella, Walpers. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, a foot high : leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, a half to an inch long ; the floral bracts scarcely smaller : flowers in a simple spike, shorter than the leaves : petals deep purple, less than a line long : capsules ovate-oblong, 2 to 4 lines long ; parti- tions adherent to the valves : seeds 4 to 6 in each cell, linear-lanceolate, a line long. — (Enothera glabella, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 505. Valley of the Columbia {Nuttall, Hall) ; Truckee and Carson River valleys, Nevada, Bailey, Watson. 12. GAURA, Linn. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the obconic or clavate ovary ; the 4-parted limb deciduous. Petals 4, with claws. Stamens 8, nearly equal ; filaments furnished with a scale-like appendage on the inside next the base ; anthers oval, versatile. Ovary 4-celled : ovules 1 to 2 in each cell, pendulous : style filiform, hairy be- low : stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by an obscure ring or indusium. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent or splitting at the apex, obtusely 4-angled and ridged upon the sides. — 234 ONAGRACE^. -^ Gaura. Herbs, with mostly sessile alternate leaves ; flowers in spikes or racemes, white or rose-colored, turning to red. A genus of about 20 species, belonging chiefly to the wanner portions of N. America east of the Rocky Mountains, extending into Mexico. 1. Gr. parviflora, Dougl. Annual, usually with a dense soft spreading pubes- cence, erect, 1 to 5 feet high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, repand-denticulate : flowers very small, in rather dense strict spikes : petals spatulate-oblong, scarcely unguicu- late, shorter than the calyx-lobes : fruit 3 to 4 lines long, obscurely 4-angled at the summit, 4-nerved, about 2-seeded, indehiscent. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 519; Bot. Mag. t. 3.506 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 1 1 3. Schizocarya micrantha, Spach, Monog. Onagr. 62. Fort Mohave {Cooper) ; Oregon {Douglas, Hull) ; Salt Lake ( Watson) ; more common eastward from Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. 13. HETEROGATJRA, Rothrock. Calyx-tube with a short obconic prolongation above the small ovary ; limb 4-cleft, spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, entire, with claws. Stamens 8 ; filaments naked ; anthers ovate-cordate, attached by the base and not versatile ; those opposite to the petals on shorter filaments, lanceolate, acute, sterile. Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule in each cell: style long: stigma discoid, entire. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent, obovoid, 2-4-celled, 1- 2-seeded. — Rothrock, Proc. Am. A.cad. vi. 354. A single species : a Clarkia in every respect but the fruit and stigma. 1. H. Californica, Rothr. 1. c. Smooth or sparingly puberulent, 1 to 1| feet high : leaves lanceolate, entire, 1 or 2 inches long, tapering to a slender petiole : petals purple, narrowly spatulate, 2 lines long : anthers very small : fruit 2 lines long, obovate, 4 angled, 1^ lines long, smooth, on a short spreading pedicel. — Gaura heterantha, Torrey, Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 87. In the mountains from Fort Tejon to Placer Co. 14. CIRC^A, Linn. Enchanter's Nightshade. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged above the ovoid ovary, the base nearly filled by a cup-shaped disk ; the limb 2-parted, deciduous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, alternate with the petals ; anthers small, nearly round. Ovary 1 - 2-celled : ovule solitary in each cell, ascending. Fruit indehiscent, pear-shaped, covered with hooked bristles. — Low slender erect perennial herbs ; leaves thin, opposite, petio- late ; flowers small, white, in terminal and lateral racemes ; fruit on slender spread- ing or deflexed pedicels. A genus of 3 or 4 species, inhabiting cool damp woods throughout the northern poition of the hemisphere. 1. C. Pacifica, Ascherson & Magnus. Mostly glabrous : stem usually simple, ^ to 1 foot high, from a perennial slender running rootstock : leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at base, somewhat acuminate, repandly denticulate, 1 to 2 J inches long; the slender petioles about as long : racemes without bracts : flowers half a line long : calyx white, with a very short tube : fruit a line long, rather loosely covered with soft hairs curved above, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. — Bot. Zeit. xxix. 392. C. alpina, var. intermedia, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 113. In the mountains from Washington Territory to the Yosemite Valley, and eastward to Colorado and the Saskatchewan. Distinguished from C. alpina by its less toothed leaves, and more clearly from C. Lutetiana by its smaller less acuminate leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller less bristly 1 -celled fruit. Mentzelia. LOASACE^. 235 Order 'XL. LOASACE^. Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough-barbed hairs, no stipules, calyx-tube adnate to a 1 -celled ovary, parietal placentae, or sometimes a solitary suspended ovule, a single style, and anatropous seeds with a straight em- bryo, mostly with little or no albumen. Stamens usually very numerous, rarely few and definite, some of the outer occasionally petaloid or intermediate between stamens and petals. Flowers perfect, often showy. An American order (with one African exception), of about 100 species, many in ornamental cultivation, especially species of Loasa and Bbimcnbachia of S. America (which twine and sting), and of our first two genera. Of no other economical importance. 1. Mentzelia. Stamens many, inserted below the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Seeds few to many, on 3 parietal placentsE. 2. Eucnide. Stamens many, adnate to the united bases of the petals and deciduous with them in a ring. Style 5-cleft. Seeds minute, very numerous, covering 5 expanded placentae. 3. Petalonyx. Stamens 5. Style entire. Seed solitary. 1. MENTZELIA, Linn. Calyx-tube cylindrical to ovoid or turbinate ; the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx and not adnate to them : filaments free or in clusters opposite the petals, filiform, or the outer more or less dilated or sometimes petaloid and barren. Ovary truncate at the summit, 1 -celled : style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted : ovules pendulous or horizontal, few to many in one or two rows on the three linear parietal placentae. Capsule short-oblong to cylindrical, few - many-seeded, opening by valves or usually irregularly at the truncate apex. Seeds flat or angled. — Annual or biennial herbs, erect, more or less rough with rigid tenacioiis barbed hairs, the stems becoming white and shining ; leaves alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers cymose or solitary, sessile or nearly so, orange, golden yellow, yellowish, or white. About 30 species, nearly all confined to western North and South America ; forming several well- marked subgenera. Confined, like the other genera, to dry hillsides and valleys. § 1. Seeds feiv, peyididous, oblong {\ to 2 lines long), somewhat flattened, not winged, minutely flexuous-striate longitudinally : petals 5, not large : filaments all filiform : leaves petioled, serrately toothed. — Eumextzelia. M. ASPERA, Linn. Annual, slender : leaves hastately 3-lobed, on slender petioles : flowers axillary, sessile : petals about 3 lines long, but little exceeding the calyx-lobes : capsule narrowly linear-clavate, an inch long. — A tropical species reaching to Lower California {Xantica), Sonora (Thurber), and Arizona (Eothrock), and to be looked for in Southeastern California. This is the only species of true Menzelia that approaches the borders of the State. § 2. Seeds pendulous, few to rather many, small, in \ to Z rows, irregxdarly angled or somewhat cubical, not ivinged, opaque, minutely tuberculate : fiowers in ter- minal cymes, mostly small: calyx- limb 5-parted : petals 5 : filaments all fili- form or the 5 outer more or less dilated : capsule linear : leaves sessile, flat, sinuately tootJied or pinnatifid : annuals. — Tkachyphytum, Torr. & Gray. {Trachyphytum, Nutt.) 1. M. albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, ^^ to 1 foot high or more : leaves linear- lanceolate, pinnatifid with nunierous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broader and often lobed or toothed at base only : flowers mostly approximate near the ends of the branches : calyx-lobes 1 i to 2 lines long, a little shorter than the spatulate or obovate petals : filaments not dilated : capsule linear-clavate, 6 to 9 lines long : seeds numerous, rather strongly tuberculate, irregularly angled with obtuse margins, 236 LOASACE^. ^ Mentzdia. less than half a line long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 534; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 113, excl. vars. M. Veatchiana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 99, lig. 28. Dry valleys and foot-hills in early spring. Southeastern California (Fort Tejon, Xantus ; Mo- have Creek, Bigelow, Cooper), and on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to Oregon ; also east- ward to Colorado and New Mexico. The tuberculate seeds distinguish it from the next two. 2. M. dispersa, Watson. Very similar to the last, but the leaves sinuate- toothed, sometimes entire, rarely pinnatifid, the uppermost often ovate : calyx-lobes a line long: capsule narrowly linear-clavate: seeds very often in a single row, some- what cubical, more or less grooved upon the angles, very nearly smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 137. M. albicaulis, var. integrifoUa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. Washington Territory and Oregon to Colorado ; Yosemite Valley {Bolanclcr) ; Guadalupe Island, Pahncr. Apparently confined to lather higher altitudes than the last. 3. M. micrantha, Torr. & Gray. Leafy, branched, 1 to 2| feet high : leaves ovate, an inch long or less, somewhat sinuately toothed : flowers clustered, shorter than the broad floral leaves : calyx-lobes a line long ; the ovate petals a half longer : outer fllaments more or less dilated: capsule broadly linear, 3 to 5 lines long: seeds few, irregularly angled, a line long, very nearly smooth. — Fl. i. o35. Bartonia micrantha, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 343, t. 85. Rarely collected. Qsliiorma. {Douglas, fFallace) ; Clear Lake (Torrei/) ; Ojai, Peck/iam. Dis- tinguished from the last by its foliage and habit, and especially by its shorter broader and few- seeded capsules and larger seeds. 4. M. congesta, Torr. & Gray. Habit and foliage of M. albicaulis ; a foot high : flowers clustered at the ends of the branches, conspicuously bracted with broad toothed bracts, which are membranaceous at base : calyx-lobes 1 1 to 2 lines long : petals bright orange, 3 to 6 lines long : filaments all filiform : capsule clavate, half an inch long : seeds irregularly angled, minutely tuberculate, nearly a line long. — Fl. i. 534 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. A rare species, on dry hillsides. Interior of Oregon (Nuttall) ; Sierra County {Lemmon) ; near Austin, Nevada, Watson. 5. M. gracilenta, Torr. & Gray. Stems often simple, 1 to H feet high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid with many narrow lobes or sometimes Only coarsely sinuate-toothed : flowers usually clustered at the summit : calyx-lobes 2 to 5 lines long : petals obovate to oblanceolate, rounded or acutish at the apex, 4 to 8 lines long : capsule linear-clavate, | to 1 inch long ; seeds in 3 rows, irregularly angled, very minutely tuberculate, two thirds of a line long. — Fl. i. 534. M. albicaulis, var. gracilenta, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 114. From Los Angeles northward to the Sacramento ; also in Northwestern Nevada, Watson. Pos- sibly a small form of the next species. 6. M. Lindleyi, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, branched : leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, pectinately pinnatifid or only coarsely sinuate-toothed : flowers axillary and terminal : calyx-lobes 5 to 9 lines long, lanceolate : petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, an inch long : filaments all very slender: capsule linear-clavate, 12 to 15 lines long: seeds as in the last. — Fl. i. 533. Bartonia aurea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 3649 ; etc. Rarely collected ; first found by Douglas, probably in Central California, and introduced into British gardens, and afterward by Bridges ; Corral Hollow, Breiver. It is also rei)orted as found by Bigelow on gravelly hills near the Colorado River, but this locality is somewhat uncertain. § 3. Seeds numerous in double rows upon the 3 broad placentce, horizontal, flattened, suborbicular-winged, minutely tuberculate or nearly smooth : flotvers often large and showy: calyx-limb 5-cleft nearly to the base: jMals 5 or 10: filaments numerous, the outer often more or less dilated or petaloid : capside broad, oblong : leaves sessile {or petioled in No. 8), sinuately toothed or pin- natifid: biennials. — Bartonia, Torr. & Gray. [Bartonia, Nutt.) Eucnide. LOASACE^. 237 7. M. laevicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, branching : leaves lanceolate, 2 to 8 inclies long : flowers sessile on short branches, very large, light yellow, opening in sunshine : calyx-tube naked, the lobes 1 to 1 1 inches long : petals acute at each end, 2 to 2i inches long, the filaments and slender style a little shorter: capsule 1^ inches long, 3 to 4 lines in diameter: seeds very minutely tuberculate, U lines in diameter. — Fl. i. 535; Watson, Bot, King Exp. 114. Bartoiiia Icevicaulis, Dougl. ; Hook. Fl. i. 221, t. 69. From Santa Barbara ( Torrey) to the Columbia River, and more frequent east of the Sierra Nevada, in tlie valleys and on dry foot-hills, to Salt Lake and Western Wyoming. Other spe- cies of this section are common in Colorado and New Mexico. 8. M. tricuspis, Gray. Apparently annual, 6 inches high or more, rather stout : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, coarsely sinuate- toothed, attenuate at base to a petiole, the upper ovate and sessile : flowers sessile on the short branches : calyx-limb half an inch long : petals broadly spatulate, light yellow, 12 to 15 lines long : fllaments very numerous, shorter than the calyx, linear, somewhat dilated above and marked by a transverse orange band, and pro- longed into two lateral linear cusps nearly equalling the oblong-linear anther : style stout and rigid, 3-cleft, equalling the stamens : capsule half an inch long. — Am, Naturalist, ix. 271. Only two specimens have been collected, one at Fort Mohave {Cooper), the other in S. Utah, Parry. The mature fruit and seed are unknown, and the species is probably to be excluded from this section. § 4. Seeds few, oblong, pointed at base, obscurely angled, smooth and shining, some- what rugose : calyx-limh b-cleft to below the middle : petals 5 : filaments all filiform : capsule nrceolate : leaves sessile, coarsely pinnatifid, with revolute margins : a cespitose perennial, very densely and tenaciously hispid. 9. M. Torreyi, Gray. Stems several from a perennial root, much branched and densely tufted, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves oblong, an inch long, acuminate, attenuate at base, deeply pinnatifid with about 2 (1 to 3) lobes on each side, which are acuminate by the strong revolution of the margin : flowers solitary, axillary, shorter than the leaves : calyx-limb 3 lines long : petals oblanceolate, 5 lines long, pubescent on the outside : style cleft to the middle, not twisted : capsule ovate, con- tracted below the broad summit, 2| lines long : seeds a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. X. 72. A veiy peculiar species, collected by Dr. Torrey in the dry valleys of Humboldt County, Nevada, and also by Lemmon in similar localities in Washoe County. 2. EUCNIDE, Zuccarini. Calyx-tube oblong ; the limb 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, united at base and inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens numerous ; filaments all filiform, adnate to the base of the petals and deciduous with them in a ring. Ovary short- conical at the summit, 1-celled : style 5-angled, 5-cleft, the lobes often twisted : ovules very numerous, covering the 5 prominent expanded placentae. Capsule obovate, very many-seeded, opening by 5 valves at the short-conical summit. Seeds minute, longitudinally striate. — Annual or biennial herbs, armed with stinging hairs and barbed pubescence ; leaves alternate, cordate or ovate, petioled, lobed and serrately toothed ; flowers yellow, pedicelled, in terminal cymes. A genus of three species (or more), confined to Northern Mexico and the adjacent region ; made a section of Mentzelia by Bentham & Hooker. 1. E. urens, Parry. Stout, low, very hairy and pubescent : leaves broadly ovate, 1 or 2 inches long, cordate or rounded at base, obscurely lobed, coarsely 238 CUCURBITACE^. ^^ Petalonyx. toothed, the upper sessile, the lower on rather short petioles : flowers large, on pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, in terminal bracteate cymes : calyx-lobes lanceolate, 6 to 10 lines long; petals twice longer, broadly spatulate, abruptly acuminate, hairy at the apex, united at base into a tube 3 lines long : lilaments equalling the calyx- lobes : style stout, cleft to the middle : capsule broadly obovoid, half an inch long, opening by 5 erect valves as in the other species; the seeds also exceedingly numer- ous, linear-oblong, about a hfth of a line long, marked by a few longitudinal striaj. — Am. Naturalist, ix. 144. Mentzelia urens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 71, Aiu. Naturalist, ix. 271. Collected by Bigelow in rocky arroyos near the confluence of the Williams River with the Colo- rado, and eastward to Southern Utah, Parry. 3. PETALONYX, Gray. Calyx-tube very small, cylindrical, with 5 linear deciduous lobes as long as the ovary. Petals 5, with long connivent claws and ovate-spatulate blade. Stamens 5, with free filiform filaments, inserted with the petals on the outer edge of an epigy- nous disk ; anthers small, didymous. Ovary 1-celled : style simple, elongated : stigma entire : ovule solitary, pendulous from the summit of the cell. Capsule very small, oblong, bursting irregularly. Seed oblong, smooth. — Erect perennial herbs, or shrubby at base, pubescent or rough with short barbed hairs; leaves alternate, entire or toothed ; flowers small, yellowish, in terminal heads or short leafy spikes. Three species, of Arizona and the adjacent region. 1. P. Thurberi, Gray. Stems 1 to 2 feet high from a somewhat woody base, branching : leaves ovate to oblong, an inch long or less, smaller and becoming bract- like (2 to 3 lines long) on the branches, sessile, acute, entire or rarely few-toothed ; the floral bracts ovate, acuminate, toothed at base : flowers in short and dense spikes, sessile : calyx 2 lines long : petals light yellow, 2 lines long or more, slightly hispid : filaments and style half an inch long : capsule a line long, not angled or winged. — PI. Thurb. 319 ; Torrcy, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 22. San Diego and San Bernardino counties, and adjacent parts of Arizona to S. Nevada, Thur- ler, Cooper, Schott, Palmer, &c. P. NiTiDUS, Watson, is found in S. Nevada and probably extends into S. E. California ; dis- tinguished by its ovate petioled coarsely toothed leaves, rounded at base, not greatly reduced on the branches, and with a somewhat vitreous and shining surface. P. Parkyi, Gray, is a more eastern species, of S. Utah, decidedly shrubby, the leaves rliom- boidal-ovate, cuneate into a short petiole, scarcely smaller above. Order XLI. CUCURBITACE^. Herbs, mostly tendril-bearing and climbing, rather succulent, with alternate and palmately veined or lobed leaves, no proper stipules ; the flowers monoecious or dioe- cious, with petals more commonly united into a cup or tube and also blended with the calyx. Sterile flowers with 2^ stamens, that is, two complete, with 2-celled anthers, and one with a 1-celled anther; the cells usually long and contorted. Fer- tile flowers with calyx-tube adnate to a 1-celled or 2 - 3-celled ovary ; the placentae either parietal, or confluent in or projecting from the axis. Seeds anatropous, with- out albumen. A peculiar but familiar family, of great diversity as to the fruit, &c., yet easy to recognize, widely distributed over the world, but mainly indigenous to warm regions. Chiefly imj)ortant for the esculent fruits it produces (Melon, Watermelon, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Sijuash, &c.), and Cucurbita. CrCURBITACE^. 239 for the hard-rinded Gourd, used for f essels. But the fleshy fruits of several are acid and i)urgative (as in Elaterium and Colocynth, valuable in medicine), and so are the roots of all the perennial species. The ilegarrhiza-roots of California in this respect, as in size, are like those of Bryony in Eurojie. * Seeds flattened : cotyledons thin, rising out of the ground and foliaceous in germination : fmit fleshy : united calyx and corolla tubular-campanulate. 1. Cucurbita. Flowers all solitary, large, yellow. Filaments distinct, but the flexuous anthers continent. 2. Melothria. Sterile flowers racemose, small, yellowish. Filaments and anthers distinct ; the cells of the latter straight. Berry small and juicy. * * Seeds large, turgid : cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under gi'ound in germination. 3. Megarrhiza. Flowers small, white ; the sterile racemose. Corolla rotate. Fruit becoming dry and fibrous, few-seeded. 1. CUCURBITA, Linn. Flowers monoecious, solitary. Calyx-tube cainpanulate ; lobes 5. Corolla cam- panulate, 5-cleft to the middle or lower ; lobes recurved. Sterile flowers with the stamens at the base : filaments free ; anthers linear, confluent, flexuous. Fertile flowers with 3 rudimentary stamens : ovary oblong, with 3 placentas and numerous horizontal ovules : style short : stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, often with a hard rind. Seed ovate or oblong, flattened. — Annual or perennial, mostly prostrate and rooting at the joints ; leaves cordate, lobed ; tendrils compound ; flowers large, yellow; fruit often large. A genus of half a dozen or more species, from some of which have come by cultivation all the many difl"erent varieties of Pumpkin and Squash. 1. C. perennis, Gray. Root perennial, very large and fusiform: stems long, trailing : leaves thick and scabrous, slightly tomentose beneath, triangular-cordate, 6 to 12 inches long, 4 to 8 wide, acute, the basal lobes rounded or angled, usually mucronately denticulate, rarely sinuate ; petioles shorter than the leaves : tendrils 3 — 5-cleft : flowers violet-scented, 3 or 4 inches long, with obtuse mucronate lobes : calyx-tube half an inch long, equalling the linear lobes : ovary pubescent : fruit globose or obovoid, 2 or 3 inches in diameter, smooth, yellow, on a slender pedicel an inch or two long ; shell filled with bitter fibrous pulp : seed thin, obovate, 4 or 5 lines long, obtusely margined. — PI. Lindh. 193. Cucumis if) perennis, 5 woxqb', Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 543. Temescal {Brewer), San Diego {Cleveland, Palmer), and thmugh Arizona and Northern Mexico to Texas. The root sometimes descends 4 to 6 feet in the ground, with a circumfeience nearly as great. In Southern California the plant is known as Chili Cojole and Calabazil/a, and the pulp of the green fruit is used with soap in washing and to remove stains from clothing. The macerated root is also used as a remedy for piles, and the seeds are eaten by the Indians. 2. C. digitata, Gray. Root perennial, fleshy : stems slender, elongated, usually prostrate and rooting : tendrils short and delicate, 3 - 5-cleft : leaves scabrous, pal- mately 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, entire or somewhat sinuate-toothed, or the lower lobed at base, about equalling the petioles : flowers 2 or 3 inches long, acutely lobed, on slender pedicels 1 to 4 inches long : calyx-tube | to 1 inch long, the narrow teeth only a line or two long : fruit subglo- bose, 2 or 3 inches in diameter, yellow, long-pedicelled : seeds thin, oval. — PL Wright, ii. 60. Lower Colorado Valley to New Mexico ; authentic specimens have not been collected within the limits of the State. 3. C. palmata, Watson. Canescent with short rough pubescence, appressed on the leaves : stems leafy : leaves thick, cordate in outline, 2 or 3 inches broad, pal- 240 CUCURBIT ACE^. Cucurbita. mately 5 -cleft to the middle with lanceolate acuminate lobes, which are often ob- tusely toothed near the base, usually exceeding the petioles : flowers 3 inches long, on stout pedicels, lobes acutish : calyx-tube an inch long, the teeth broader and three lines long or more : fruit globose : seeds 5 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 137. San Diego County ; Cajon Valley (Cleveland) ; Laiken's Station, near the Jacumba Mountains, Palmer. 4. C. Californica, Torrey in herb. Canescent with. a short white rigid pubes- cence : leaves thick, 5-lobed, two inches broad, the triangular lobes acute or acumi- nate, mucronate : tendrils slender, parted to the base : flowers an inch long or more, on pedicels | to 1 inch long ; calyx 4 or 5 lines long, the linear teeth 2 lines long. — Watson, 1. c. 138. Imperfect specimens of this evidently distinct species were collected by Dr. Pickering on the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, in Sacramento Valley, and what is apparently the same was also found by Emoiy on Cariso Creek in the southern part of the State. 2. MELOTHRIA, Linn. Flowers monoecious ; the sterile in axillary racemes ; the fertile solitary. Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla 5-parted into oblong or linear-oblong seg- ments. Sterile flowers with the stamens on the calyx-tube : filaments short, free ; anthers free, short and ovoid, rarely all 2-celled ; the cells straight and connective usually produced. Pistillate flower on a long and slender pedicel, with 3 abortive or rarely perfect stamens : ovary ovoid, constricted below the flower, with 3 pla- centas and numerous horizontal ovules : style short, on an annular disk : stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit small, baccate, juicy. Seed ovate, flattened. — Slender herbs, with simple tendrils, and small yellow or white flowers. About 30 sjjecies, in the wanner regions of the world. 1. M. pendula, Linn. Steins very slender, climbing : leaves rather thin, cor- date, an inch or two broad, repand-toothed, or acutely 5-angled or lobed, scabrous or nearly smooth : sterile flowers few, in small racemes, 2 lines long, yellowish ; calyx-teeth minute : fertile flowers on filiform pedicels at length as long as the leaves: ovary oblong: fruit subglobose, half an inch long, blackish when ripe: seed numerous, 1^ lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 541. From the southern Atlantic States westward across the continent. In Southeastern California, on the Colorado River, Bigelow. 3. MEGAERHIZA, Torrey. Big-Root. Flowers monoecious ; the sterile racemose or panicled ; the fertile solitary, from the same axils. Calyx-tube broadly campanidate : teeth obsolete or very small. Corolla rotate, deeply 5 - 7-lobed, with oblong papillose segments. Sterile flowers with the stamens at the base: filaments short and connate : anthers free or somewhat adherent ; the cells somewhat horizontal, flexuous. Pistillate flowers pedicelled : abortive stamens present or none : ovary oblong to globose, usually more or less echinate, 2-celled or more : cells 1 - several-ovuled : ovules ascending, horizontal, or pendulous, the attachment mostly parietal : style short : stigma 2 - 3-lobed or parted. Fruit mostly echinate, more or less fibrous within, becoming dry, at length bursting irregularly 1 Seed large, turgid, ovoid or subglobose, smooth, not margined ; hilum linear, acute : cotyledons thick, remaining under ground in germination. — Stems MegarrUza. CUCURBITACE^. 241 elongated and climbing, from lafge fusiform perennial roots ; leaves cordate, pal- mately 5 - 7-lobed or angled ; tendrils 2— 5-cleft; flowers small, white. Flowering in early spring. — \Yatson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 138. A genus confined to the Pacific Coast, the species not well known, nearly allied to the Echino- cystis of the Atlantic States, to which it has been referred, but from which it is sejjarated by its thick perennial roots, its large turgid immarginate seeds, and its thick fleshy cotyledons, which remain under ground in germination. The fruit in some species appears to be wholly indehiscent. 1. M. Californica, Torr. Nearly glabrous, with short scattered curved hairs : stem 20 to 30 feet long : leaves 2 to 6 inches broad, with a deep closed sinus, more or less deeply 5 -7-lobed, but rarely to the middle ; lobes broad-triangular, abruptly acute, mucronate, the sinuses obtuse : sterile flowers (5 to 20) in slender racemes 3 to 5 inches long, somewhat pubescent, on slender pedicels a line or two long ; corolla 3 or 4 lines broad : fertile flowers 5 or 6 lines broad, without abortive stamens : ovary globose, densely echinate, 2- (rarely 3-4)- celled, the cells 1-2-ovuled ; lower ovule ascending, the upper horizontal, attached to the outer side of the cell : fruit globose or ovoid, 2 inches long, densely covered with stout almost pungent spines (^ to 1 inch long), 1-4-seeded: seed obovoid, 10 lines long, 6 in diameter, sur- rounded by a shallow groove or darker line, the hilum at the narrow base. — Pacif. K. Rep. vi. 74. Echinocystis fabacea, Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xii. 154, t, 9, and xvi. 188. Near the coast from San Diego to Punta de los Reyes. A specimen from Knight's Ferry on the Stanislaus (Biijclow) has the ripe fruit much less strongly armed. Specimens from Cocomungo {Bigeloic) may also belong here, though having the leaves more deeply divided with narrower lobes, and the 4-celled fruit with 4 or 5 seeds in each cell. 2. M. Marah, Watson, 1. c. Scabrous or nearly smooth : stems 10 to 30 feet long : leaves cordate or reniform, 3 to 6 inclies broad, lobed nearly as in the last : sterile flowers a half to an inch broad, in simple or panicled loosely flowered racemes, 4 to 1 2 inches long ; pedicels slender, 2 to 6 lines long : fertile flowers with abortive stamens : ovary oblong-ovate, more or less covered with soft spines, 2 — 3-celled ; ovules 1 to 4 or more in each cell, ascending or horizontal, attached to the outer side of the cell : fruit ovate-oblong, 4 inches long, somewhat attenuate at each end, more or less muricate all over with weak spines : seeds horizontally imposed, flattish, suborbicular or irregularly elliptical, an inch in diameter, about half as thick, with an obscure marginal furrow and prominent lateral hilum. — Mnrah muricatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 38. Conmion around and near San Francisco Bay. Catalina Island {Baker), but sterile flowers only. 3. M. Oregona, Torr. ;Much resembling the last : fertile flowers without abor- tive stamens : young fruit similar in shape, sparingly muricate with soft spines, 3 -4-celled, the cells imbricated above each other, 1 -seeded : mature fruit (so far as known) an inch or two long, unarmed, with very thin walls : seeds as in the last, or somewhat smaller (8 to 11 lines broad), attached to the outer side of the cell. — Pacif. Pt. Rep. vi. 74. Common in Washington Territory and said to range from Puget Sound to Klamath Lake. 4. M. muricata, Watson, 1. c. Nearly glabrous or somewhat scabrous, often more or less glaucous : stems 6 to 8 feet long : leaves 2 to 4 inches broad, orbicular- cordate with a nearly closed sinus or broadly reniform, deeply 5-lobed, the divisions all broader above and sharply sinuate-toothed or -lobed : sterile racemes slender, often very few-flowered : fertile flowers 3 to 4 lines broad, without abortive stamens, on slender pedicels an inch or two long : ovary smooth or sparingly muricate, oblong, acute at each end : fruit nearly globose, an inch in diameter, naked or with a few short Aveak spines near the base, 2-celled, 2-seeded : seed nearly globose, half an inch in diameter, ascending, attached to the outer side of the cell near the base, the margin smooth. — Echinocystis muricata, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. i. 57. 242 DATISCACE.E. .^ Megarrhiza. Angels Camp, Calaveras County (Rich, Bigelow) ; near Placerville, Kellogg, Bolanider. Speci- mens collected by Fremont, Hulse, and others, in the same region (from the Mokelumne River to the Upper Sacramento), may belong here though with the ovary 3- or 4-celled, and in some other minor respects dirterent. 5. Ad. Gruadalupensis, \Yatson, 1. c. Nearly glabrous, the inflorescence some- what pubescent : leaves thin, 3 to 8 inches broad, 3- 5-lobed to the middle, the lower lobes quadrangular, the upper acuminate, with few short teeth : racemes nearly simple, 4 to 6 inches long : calyx-teeth hliform : corolla 6 to 8 lines broad : fertile flowers without abortive stamens : ovary on a. slender pedicel an inch long, ovoid, densely covered with short soft spines, 2-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, ascending : fruit ovoid, 1^ to 2 inches long, acute above, somewhat pubescent and with short scattered stiff" spines, usually 2-seeded : seeds subglobose, an inch in diameter, attached to the inner side of the cell, the margin smooth. Guadalupe Island, on high rocks near the centre of the island, Palmex, 1875. Order XLII. DATISCACE^. A very small and peculiar order, chiefly represented by the following genus of only two species. 1. DATISCA, Linn. Flowers dioecious, sometimes perfect. Calyx of sterile flowers very short, with 4 to 9 unequal lobes : stamens 10 to 25 ; filaments short : rudimentary ovary none. Pistillate flowers with calyx-tube ovoid, somewhat 3-augled, 3-toothed : stamens three, when present, alternate with the teeth : styles 3, bifid, opposite the teeth, the linear lobes stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule oblong, coriaceous, 1 -celled, open- ing at the apex between the styles. Seeds very numerous and small, in two to several rows upon the 3 parietal placentae : embryo cylindrical, in the axis of small albumen. — Smooth stout perennial lierbs ; leaves unequally pinnatifid, with coarsely toothed lanceolate segments, the upper scarcely lobed ; flowers axillary, fascicled, nearly sessile. Only two species known, one native of W. Asia, the other of California. 1. D. glomerata, Benth. & Hook. Erect, 2 or 3 feet high or more, branching : leaves ovate to lanceolate in outline, acuminate, 6 inches long, the numerous floral ones shorter and more narrowly lanceolate : flowers 4 to 7 in each axil of the elon- gated leafy raceme, the fertile mostly perfect : anthers nearly sessile, 2 lines long : styles longer than the ovary : capsule oblong-ovate, 3 or 4 lines long, slightly nar- rowed toward the truncate triangular 3-toothed summit. — Gen. PI. i. 845. Tri- cerastes glomerata, Presl, Eel. Hsenk. ii. 88, t. 64; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 316, fig. On stream-banks from Napa County to San Bernardino, and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada from Amador to Tuolumne County. Order XLIII. CACTACEiE. (By Dr. George Engelmann.) Green fleshy and thickened persistent mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect : globular or columnar, tuberculated or ribbed, or jointed and often flattened, usually armed with bundles of spines from the " areolce," which constitute the axils of the (mostly absent) leaves. Flowers with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens, usually MamUlaria. CACTACE^. 243 in many series, the cohering bases of all of which coat the inferior 1 -celled many- ovuled ovary, and above it form a tube or cup, nectariferous at base. Style 1, with several or numerous stigmas. Fruit a pulpy or rarely dry l-ceUed berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds (without or with some albumen) on several parietal placentae. An order of few genera, comprising a large number of species, peculiar to the warmer parts of America, and confined in California to the southern and southeastern districts. Suborder I. CACTEyE. No leaves proper : spines never barbed. Flower-bearing and spine-bearing areolas distinct. Tube of the sessile solitary flowers well developed, often long. Seeds brown or black, mostly small. — The limits between the genera are arbitrary. 1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers (usually small) from between the tubercles. Ovary naked. Seeds without albumen. 2. Echinocactus. Globose or oval plants, stouter than the last, usually ribbed ; bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers mostly larger, from the youngest part of the ribs close above the nascent bunches of spines. Ovary covered with sepals. Seeds albuminous. 3. Cereus. Oval or columnar plants, sometimes tall, ribbed or angled ; bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers usually larger, close above bundles of full grown (older) spines. Ovary covered with sepals. Seeds without albumen. Suborder II. OPUNTIE^. Leaves small, subulate, early deciduous. Sessile and solitary flowers from the same areolae as the always barbed spines : tube of the flowers short, cup-shaped. Seeds larger, whitish, covered with a bony arillus. 4. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants : joints flattened or cylindrical. Suborder III. PEIRESCIEiE, with flat persistent leaves, spines never barbed, flowers usually peduncled and often paniculate, with a very short tube, and large black albuminous seeds, includes the genus Pcirescia of the tropics, in aspect very unlike the rest of the order. No species have been found in California, but they may be expected in the Peninsula. 1. MAMILLAEIA, Haworth. Flowers about as long as wide ; the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary, often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, as well as the exsert succulent berry, naked. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, exalbuminous or nearly so. Embryo mostly short and straight, with extremely short cotyledons parallel to the sides of the seed. — Small more or less globose or oval simple or cespitose plants, the spine- bearing areolae borne on cylindric, oval, conic, or angular tubercles, which cover the body of the plant. Flowers from a distinct woolly or bristly areola at the base of these tubercles, fully open in sunlight, mostly only for a few hours. § 1. Flowers usually small, lateral from the axils of older or full-grown tubercles. Our species have limpid juice and exsert ovaries. — Eumamillaria. 1. M. GrOOdridgii, Scheer. Oval to subcylindrical, mostly single, covered with crowded ovate tubercles and a dense mass of gray and dusky thin spines ; axils of the younger tubercles woolly and bristly : the 10 to 15 outer spines radiating and whitish ; the 1 to 3 inner ones longer, stouter and dark brown, of which the stout- est is strongly hooked : lower sepals fringed : petals about 8, ovate, awned : stigmas 5 to 6 : club-shaped berry scarlet : seeds obovate, minute, black, delicately pitted. — Salm. Cact. 1849, 91 ; Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 8, t. 8, fig. 9-14. 244 CACTACE^. > Mamillaria. Common on sandy or gravelly soil or among rocks about San Diego {Parry, Agassiz, Hitchcock), and on the neighboring islands, and southward through the Peninsula, IV. Guhh. From 2 or 3 to 6 or 7 inches high, 1 to 1| thick ; tubercles 2^ to 3 lines long ; radial spines 2\ to 5, and cen- tral ones 5 to 7 lines long ; flowers 9 to 12 lines in diameter, dirty yellowish tinged with red. 2. M. Grrahanii, Engelm. Similar to the last : smaller, with smaller less closely pitted seeds, but longer and more numerous (15 to 30) spines, and without axillary bristles. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 7, t. 6, tig. 1-8. Common on the most ragged rocks on both sides of the Colorado (SchoU, Newberry), and east- ward into New Mexico. Heads 1 to 3 inches high, 1 to 1^ tiijck. 3. M. phellosperma, Engelm. Ovate to cylindrical, usually simple : tubercles long-oval, with wool and bristles in their axils, and 30 to 60 spines at the apex, in 2 or 3 series ; the outer thinner and paler ; the inner stouter and often darker ; the 3 or 4 central spines stouter, dark brown, and one or several hooked : flowers with ciliate sepals and 12 to 13 acuminate petals : stigmas 5 : berry obovate or clavate, crimson, containing rather few large globose reticulated and warty brown seeds, with a large spongy appendage. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 6, t. 7. From the eastern slope of the mountains near San Felipe to the Mohave country, and through- out Western Arizona. Heads 2 to 5 inches high, 1^ to 2 inches thick ; tubercles 4 to 7 lines long, not as much crowded as in the last two species, but with a much larger number of spines, 4 to 9 lines in length ; flower dirty yellowish red, about an inch wide. The seed is partially imbedded in a curious spongy mass, an aril-like enlargement of the funiculus. § 2. Flowers larger, vertical, from the base of a groove on the young or nascent tubercles. — Coryphantha. 4. M. Arizonica, Engelm. n. sp. Globose or ovate ; tubercles long-cylindrical, ascending, deeply grooved, bearing numerous straight rigid spines: the 15 to 20 exterior spines whitish ; the 3 to 6 interior ones stouter, deep brown above : flowers large, rose-colored : sepals 30 to 40, linear-subulate, fimbriate : petals 40 to 50, lance-linear, awned: stigmas 8 to 10, white: berry oval, green, with obovate com- pressed pitted light brown seeds. On sandy and rocky soil in Northern Arizona, from the Colorado eastward (Coiccs, Palmer, F. Bischof), and into Southern Utah {J. E. Johnson) ; probably in Southeastern California. Larger in all its parts than the foregoing species ; 3 or 4 inches thick ; tubercles an inch long ; spines 5 to 15 lines long ; flowers 2 to 2^ inches wide, very showy. 2. BCHINOCACTUS, Link & Otto. Flowers about as long as wide. Ovary covered with sepaloid scales, naked or woolly in their axils. Fruit succulent or sometimes dry, covered with the persistent calyx-scales, sometimes enveloped in copious wool, and usually crowned with the persistent remnants of the flower. Seed obliquely obovate, black. Embryo curved over the small albumen ; cotyledons parallel to the sides of the seed. — Mostly larger, sometimes gigantic, globose or depressed, or ovate, or rarely subcylindric, simple or very rarely cespitose ; bunches of spines on the more or less vertical ribs. Flowers contiguous to and above the spines, on the latest growth of the plant, often from the nascent woolly areolae and therefore more or less vertical, open only in sunlight. * Scales of the ovary ovate, orbicular, or cordate, and mostly fringed, their axils almost naked: fruit scaly, never woolly. — Leiocarpi. •¥- Spines smooth. 1. Xi. "Whipple!, Engelm. & Big. Heads solitary, globose or ovate, middle-sized, with 13 (to 15) compressed and interrupted ribs : of the 7 to 11 outer and 4 inner spines, the ivory-white upper ones are the longest and broadest and recurved or Echinocadus. CACTACE^. 245 twisted ; the lower are shorter, darker, and terete, and the lowest middle one hooked : flowers 1 to 1| inches long, yellow: few (2 to 5) rounded fringed sepals on the ovary, 10 to 15 oblong ones on the tube : petals about 8 : stigmas 5 to 7, short : seeds large, minutely tuberculated. — Cact. of Pacif, R. Rep. iv. 28, t. 1 ; Bot. Ives Colorado Ex^x 12. On the lower Colorado, on the confines of California, Arizona, and Utah (Bigelow, Newberry, H. Engclmann), and to Southern Colorado, Brandegee. Heads 3 to 5 inches high ; spines 3 to 20 or 24 lines long, on prominent tubercles, which give the ribs a wavy or interrupted appearance : seeds 1^ to 1^ lines long. 2. E. polyancistnis, Engelra. & Big. Heads solitary, middle-sized, ovate to cylindrical, with 1 3 (to 1 7) interrupted ribs : outer spines 20 or more, white, the uppermost broader and longer; central spines 5 to 10, the upper one broadest, long- est, recurved, white, the others brown, terete, and mostly hooked : flowers yellow, 2 to 2h inches long, Avith about 8 rounded fringed sepals on the ovary : seeds as in the last —Cact. of Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 29, t. 2, tig. 1, 2. From the head-waters of the Mohave River {Bigelow) to the sage plains of Southwestern Nevada, Gabb. Perhaps too near the last, fi'om which it is distinguished by the more numerous spines, many of the inner ones being hooked, the larger flowers, and more numerous sepals and petals. Heads 3 to 10 inches high, 2 to 4 thick ; larger spines of the Mohave form 3 to 5, of the Nevada plant only 1 or 2 inches long. -«- -(- Spines, at least the larger ones, transversely ribbed or annulated. 3. E. viridescens, Nutt. Heads solitary, middle-sized, globose or depressed, with about 1 3 obtuse tuberculated ribs and a woolly depressed summit : spines stout, reddish, straight or recurved, all annulated, about 12 radiating and 4 (to 6) stouter central ones : flowers greenish (1^ inches long), with numerous (25 or more) roundish denticulate imbricated sepals on the ovary, as many on the tube, and about the same number of oblong obtuse denticulate petals : stigmas 12 to 15, linear : berry pulpy, green, scaly, with numerous small pitted seeds. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 554 ; Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 24, t. 29. About San Diego, from the sea-beach to the arid hills and ridges inland ; cultivated in Europe imder the name of E. Cah'fornicics. Heads 4 to 7 inches in diameter, 3 to 5 inches high, more rarely glolwse ; woolly vertical area (the youngest growth, where the spines are not yet developed) an inch wide, surrounded by the numerous flowers. 4. E. cylindraceus, Engelm. Heads middle-sized or large, oval or cylindrical, often proliferous at base, with 21 (to 27) obtuse somewhat tuberculate ribs, and a woolly spineless depressed top : reddish spines all stout and annulated, recurved or flexuous, 12 to 18 exterior, the lowest usually hooked, and 4 very stout central ones : yellowish flowers 2 inches long, with 40 to 50 rounded fringed sepals on the ovary, and about 25 fringed petals : stigmas and fruit as in the last. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 25, t. 30. E. viridescem, var. (?) /3. cylindraceus, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 338. Colorado desert {Palmer, Bischqff), to the eastern slope of the mountains near San Felipe, Pan-y. Closely allied to the last, from which it is distinguished by its higher gi-owth, more numerous ribs, larger and more numerous spines, and larger flower and fruit. Young plants globose, with fewer ribs ; older ones much higher than thick, 2 or 3 feet high, a foot in diameter, with 20 to nearly 30 ribs ; radial spines 1 or 2, the central 2 inches or over in length ; green beny about an inch thick. * 5. E. Emoryi, Engelm. Heads solitary, large, globose or oval, with 13 to 20 obtuse tuberculated ribs : on the ovate areolae 8 or 9 robust reddish spines, angled and annulated and slightly recurved, a stouter and longer one in the centre, turned downward or more or less hooked : flowers large, purple. Math numerous (25) reni- form ciliate sepals on the ovary and as many spatulate ones on the tube : petals about the same number, lanceolate, laciniate-toothed towards the acuminate tip : stigmas 18 to 20, erect, almost as long as the very robust style. — Emory Rep. 156 ; Cact. Mex. Bound. 23, t. 28, 246 CACTACE^. * Echinocactus. Arizona and Sonora to the Mohave region {Emory, BUjelow, Schott), and into Lower California, Gabb. Plants 1 or 2 and even 3 feet high, 1 or 2 feet thick ; all the spines very stout and strongly cross ribbed, 1^ to 3 inches long ; flowers 3 inches long, purplish brown outside ; petals red, with yellow margin ; seeds much like those of the next species. 6. E. Wislizeni, Engelra. Very large, oval, at last cylindrical or often club- shaped, with 21 to 30 compressed crenate ribs: oblong areolae bearing various spines ; in the centre 4 stout cross-ribbed ones, the lower one flattened and curved or hooked; above and below 6 to 10 slightly ribbed, and laterally 10 to 20 long slender often flexuous ones : flowers greenish yellow, 2 to 2^ inches long : ovary and fruit imbricately covered with 30 or 40 to 60 or 100 roundish cordate sepals ; inner sepals spatulate, 20 to 30 : petals as many, lanceolate, crenulate : style divided to the middle into 12 to 20 stigmas : yellowish berry at last hard and dry ; seeds over a line long, reticulated. — Wislizenus Rep. 1848, note 14; Cact. Max. Bound. 23, t. 25, 26. From the Rio Grande to the Colorado, northward into Utah and west into California ; flower- ing throughout the summer and autumn. Often 3 and even 4 feet high and 1 or 2 in diameter, ■with a woolly spineless top ; spines 1^ to 2 J inches long, grayish red, the thinner ones whitish. E. Lecontei, Engelm., seems to have been founded on weaker plants of this, with the seeds of per- haps No. 4. * * Scales of the ovary subulate, often spinescent, copiously woolly in their axils ; fruit enveloped in wool. — Eriocarpi. 7. E. polycephalus, Engelm. & Big. Middle-sized or large, globose, at last cylindric, sprouting from the base; ribs 13 to 21, acute : circular areolae bearing 8 to 1 2 stout compressed annulated curved reddish gray spines : flowers enveloped in a mass of dense white wool : petals about 30, lance-linear, yellow : stigmas 8 to 11, linear: dry berry full of large angular seeds. — Cact. of Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 31, t. 3, fig. 4-6. Gravelly or stony soil on the Colorado and Mohave rivers, and in the Californian desert {Bigc- Imc) ; flowering in February, fruiting in March. Heads sometimes 20 or 30 from a single base, ^ to IJ feet high, the larger cjdindric ones 2 to 2| feet high ; spines either all radial, or 6 to 8 outer ones surrounding 4 stouter central ones ; flowers H inches long ; about 100 rigid dark pointed sepals upon the ovary are hidden in the wool, those of the tube similar and about as many ; pt'tals about 30, narrow, yellow, just emerging from the wool ; seeds 2 lines long, wrinkled and minutely tuberculate. 3. CEREUS, Haworth. Flowers about as long as wide or elongated. Scales of the ovary distinct, with naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete and the axils spiny. Berry succulent, covered with spines or scales or almost naked. Seeds black, without albumen. Embryo short and straight or curved or hooked ; cotyledons usually contrary to the sides of the seed. — Plants of all sizes, low or climbing or erect, sometimes enor- mous ; spine-bearing areolae on vertical ribs. Flowers from the older or, at least, fully formed parts of the plant, not from any preformed areola, but bursting through the epidermis just above the bunches of spines; some open only in sunlight, others only at night, others again are not thus influenced. Fruit often edible, sometimes of very large size. § 1. Low and usually cespitose plants, mostly with numerous oval or cylindric heads, short flowers, green stigmas, and spin y fruit : seeds subglohose, covered with con- fluent tubercles : embryo straight, with very short cotyledons. — Echinocereus. 1. C. Engelmanni, Parry. Heads several from a single base, oval or cylin- drical, with 11 to 13 interrupted ribs : radial spines about 13, whitish, often some- what angled, straight or curved, the lateral ones the longest ; central ones 4, longer, Opuntia. CACTACE^. 247 angular, variously colored : large purple flowers open only in sunlight : ovary and fruit -with 25 to 30 spiny areolae, 15 to 20 upper sepals, and as many lance-oblong petals: stigmas about 12, erect. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 338; Cact. of Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 35, t. 5, fig. 4-10. From the eastern slopes of tlie Soutbera Sierra Nevada, at San Felipe, into Arizona and Utah, appajently abundant, Parry, Newberry, Palmer, and others. Heads usually 4 to 6 together, 5 to 10 inches high, 2 or 3 thick ; outer spines ^ to f, inner 1 or 2 inches long ; flowers 2^ to 3 inches long and wide, appearing in June. § 2. Prismatic or cylindric, mostly branching : flowers usually longer than wide : stigmas whitish : seeds obovate, usually smooth or pitted : embryo with foli- aceous mrved cotyledons. — Eucereus. * Ovary and fruit spiny. 2. C. £!moryi, Engelm. Stems erect, branching from the base, cylindric, with 16 to 20 ribs, closely set with prominent hemispherical areolae bearing numerous (30 to 50) thin straight yellow spines ;^ to 1 or If inches long; the 3 to 6 inner ones longer and deflexed : flowers short, greenish yellow, crowded on one side of the top of the stems : ovary with few short spines, which become formidable upon the subglobose fruit. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. ; Cact. Mex. Bound. 40, t. 60, fig. 1-4. On the gravelly mesas near the sea-shore at San Diego {Parry, Agassiz, Hitchcock), and quite abundant on rocky hills I'rom Los Angeles to the Salinas Valley {Brewer), and into the Peninsula to Kosario, Gahb. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, \h to 2 inches thick, often from a prostrate rooting base, and forming dense thickets ; areolae 2 lines wide and 3 or 4 lines apart, densely covered with the thin shai-p and very brittle spines ; flowers usually on one side only, like those of § Pilo- cereus, 1^ to 1^ inches long and a little less wide ; fruit about an inch long ; seeds over a line long, shining, minutely tuberculate. * * Ovary and fruit scaly. C. GIGANTEUS, Engelm., 15 to 30 or even 40 feet high, very stout, with few erect branches towards the upjier part, cream -white short-tubed flowers, and large oval edible fmit, which at maturity bursts irregularly, and C. Thurberi, Engelm., 10 to 15 feet high, more slender, with many equally high ascending branches from the base, similar flowers, and larger globose delicious fnxits, are found in the adjoining territories of Arizona and Lower Caliioruia, and may be looked for in this State. § 3. Tall, cylindric, mostly unhranched ; tipper flower-bearing portion toith more crowded areolae and longer denser thinner bristly or hairy sjnnes : flowers short : seeds as in the last. — Pilocereus. C. ScHOTTir, Engelm., 4 to 10 feet high, the lower part 5-angled, with distant areolae and few very short and stout spines ; the upper flowering portion deeply 5-ribbed, with close-set areolae bearing numerous setaceous spines, almost hiding the small flowers and small berries, — from the same localities as the last two sj^ecies, — may also be found in Southern California. 4. OPUNTIA, Tourn., Miller. Tube of the flower very short, cup-shaped. Petals spreading or rarely erect. Ovary with bristle-bearing areolae in the axils of small terete deciduous sepals. Berry succulent or sometimes dry, marked with bristly or spiny areolae, truncate with a wide umbilicus. Seeds large, white, compressed, with the embryo coiled around the albumen : cotyledons large, foliaceous. — Articulated much-branched plants, of various shapes, low and prostrate, or erect and shrub-like ; young branches with small terete subulate early deciduous leaves, and in their axils an areola with numeroTis short easily detached bristles and, usually, stouter spines, all barbed. Flowers on the joints of the previous year, on the same areolae with the spines, mostly large, open only in sunlight. Fruit often edible, often large. 248 CACTACE^. .* Opuntia. § 1. Joints compressed : rJiapTie forming a prominent hony margin around the seed : embryo completing a little more than one circle arotmd the scanty albumen ; cotyledons contrary to the sides of the seed, — Platopuntia. * Fruit pulj)y. 1. O. Engelmanni, Salm, Bushy, erect-spreading, luuch branched : obovate joints 2^ to 1 toot long, sparsely armed with bundles of 1 to 3 or sometimes even 5 spines, the stouter ones angled, yellow, sometimes witira red-brown basej old trunks losing their spines : flowers yellow, about 3 inches wide : petals broadly obovate, truncate : the purple oval juicy berry about 2 inches long, with a large flat um- bilicus, and with 20 to 25 brown-woolly and slightly bristly areolte. — Salm. Cact. cult. 1849, 235 ; Engelm. Cact. Mex. Bound. 47, t. 75, lig. 1-4. Var. /3. OCCidentaliS, Engelm. Spines fewer, stouter, farther apart : seeds larger. — 0. occideutaiis, Engelm. & Big. in Cact. of Pacif. E. Kep. iv. 38, t. 7. Var. {l,)y. littoralis, Engelm. Joints often larger, 1 to 1^ feet long: bunches of longer and more slender spines closer together : fruit similar, but with 40 to 50 areolae : seeds smaller. Apparently a iwlyniorphous species, extending fiom Southern Texas to the Pacific, which will probably be identified with some older Mexican species when these plants come to be better understood. The two ibrms of Calitbrnia are easily distinguished by the characters given above. The var. occiden talis has been found on the western slope of the mountains east of Los Angeles and southAvard to San Isabel, etc., at an elevation of 1,000 to 2,000 feet, Parry, SchoLt. The areolae of the joints are IJ to 2 inches apart ; spines ^ to 1^ inches long ; flowers 3 to 3^ inches wide, yellow with orange centre ; fruit often 1^- inches thick ; seeds 2i to 2f lines wide. The second fomi, var. Httoralis, extends on the coast from Santa Barbara and the islands in its gulf {0. Tittmann) to San Diego, and southward, G. N. Hitchcock. Seeds 2 to 2^ lines in diameter. — The limits of the.se species are difficult to circumsciibe, esi)ccially because complete speci- mens are so hard to preserve and extensive observations in the field have not yet been made. Of the three following no more is known now than there was twenty years ago. 2. O. chlorotica, Engelm. & Big. Erect, bushy ; old trunks covered with large areohu which, retaining their vitality, constantly produce new spines ; joints large, pale green, orbicular-obovate, with close-set areolae, each bearing 1 to 5 slender deflexed yellow spines : flowers yellow, 2| to 3 inches wide, with spatulate petals. — Cact. of Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 38, t. 6, flg. 1 - 3. From Mohave Creek eastward to Bill Williams Mountain in Arizona {Bigeloiv) ; 4, 5, or even 7 feet high, readily recognized by the very spiny trunk and very pale broad joints | to 1 foot long. 3. O. angustata, Engelm. & Big. Prostrate or ascending, with obovate elon- gated joints : large oblong areolae sparse, bearing brown bristles and few (1 to 3) deflexed spines : fruit rather small, deeply umbilicate, with few large seeds. — Cact. 1. c. 39, t. 7, flg. 3, 4. From Cajon Pass eastward into Arizona, Bigclow. Joints 10 inches long or more, not half as wide above, narrowed downward ; berry \\ inches long, narrow ; seeds 3 lines wide. 4. O. Mohavensis, Engelm. & Big. Prostrate, with large nearly orbicular joints, and more numerous (2 to 6) stout and long often curved brown spines. — Cact. 1. c. 40, t. 9, fig. 6-8. On Mohave Creek, BigcJov). A doubtful form, of which flowers and fruit are unknown. It seems to approach 0. pliccacanthi of New Mexico, and perhaps even the stouter western forms of 0. Rdfnesqiiii. It is indicated here merely for the attention of future explorers. 0. Tuna and 0. Ficus-Indica, Mill., are probably both naturalized about the old missions; one with stout yellow spines and insipid fruit, the last with weaker whitish spines, fruit delicious. * * Fruit dry. -1— Joints and fruit spiny. 5. O. rutila, Nutt. Prostrate, with thick obovate or elongated joints : areole close, armed with numerous slender reddish or gray flexible spines : large flowers purple : stigmas green : berry deeply umbilicate, with large flat broadly margined Opuntia. CACTACE^. 249 ivory-white seeds. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 155. 0. erinacea, Engelm. & Big. Cact. 1. c. 47, t. 13, fig. 8-11. From the Mohave region (Bigelow) to Southern Utah {Palmer), and up the Colorado Valley, Nuttall. This plant seems to be Nuttall's long-lost 0. rutila, and also 0. erinacea of the Mohave, the flower of which is unknown. Joints 2 to 4 inches long, 1^ to 3 wide, and often, especially in young plants, thick and almost terete, thus approaching to 0. fragilis: seeds 3 Hues wide. +- -i- Joints aiid fruit pubescent, vdthout spines. 6. O. basilaris, Engelm. & Big. Low, with obovate often retuse or fan-shaped joints, brandling only from the base : areohe very close, densely covered with short brown bristles : flowers large, rose-purple : fruit subglobose, with deep umbilicus, and rather few large and thick seeds. — Cact. 1. c. 43, t. 13, fig. 1 - 5. Fiom the eastern base of the mountains near San Felipe through the desert and into Arizona, Bii/efmc, Neivbcrry, Palmer, &c. Joints 5 to 8 inches long, and often as wide near the top ; dis- tinct from all other species of this region in its mode of growth, its pubescence, absence of spines proper, and its very large seeds (3^ to 5 lines wide), which have a thicker but less prominent rim than any other of this section. § 2. Joints cylindrical, more or less tuherculated : rhaphe usually not prominent, therefore seed not margined: embryo forming less than one circle around the more copious albumen ; cotyledons inconstant, contrary, oblique, or parallel to the sides of the seed. — Cylindropuntia. * Low plants with clavate joints, without a firm ligneous skeleton : larger spines angular-compressed, vdthout sheaths : bei'ries dry and very bristly. 7. O. Emoryi, Engelm. Joints long, clavate-cylindrical, with linear-oblong and very prominent tubercles : spines numerous (15 to 30) in the upper bundles, the 5 to 9 inner ones stouter, angular-compressed : seeds large, irregular, the rhaphe in- distinct. — Cact. Mex. Bound. 53, t. 70, 71. Colorado desert from San Felipe {Parry, Bigelow) eastward, and into Aiizona {Schotf, Palmer) and the Peninsula, Gabb. Joints 5 to 9 inches long, 1 to 1^ thick ; tubercles 1 to 1^ inches long ; fruit 2 to 2i inches long ; seeds 2^ to 3 lines wide. 8. O. Parryi, Engelm. Joints short, ovate-clavate with oblong tubercles : spines 12 to 20, reddish gray, the 3 or 4 inner ones stouter, triangular-compressed : seeds smaller, regularly circular, with a broad and distinct rhaphe. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 339 ; Cact. of Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 48, t. 22, fig. 4-7. Gravelly plains near the Mohave River {Bigelow), and through the desert to the base of the mountains, Parry. Joints 3 or 4 inches long, 1^ thick ; tubercles about f inch long. 9. O. pulchella, Engelm. Joints smaller, .slender : tubercles small: spines 15 to 25, of which usually one only is stouter, flattened, deflexed : flowers purple : ovary and fruit with long flexuous bristles : seeds small, with a broad rhaphe. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 201 ; Bot. King Exp. 119 ; fig. in Simpson Rep. ined. Sandy deserts of Southeastern California and Nevada, and among the sage-bushes of the moun- tains, H. Engelnmnn, IF. Gnbb, Watson. The prettiest and smallest of the clavate Ojyuntias, the only one with purple flowers ; joints rarely longer than 1 or 2 inches ; flowers 1^ to 1^ inches wide ; seeds 2 lines in diameter. * * More or less erect, much branched : joints cylindric : ligneotis skeleton solid or tubular and reticulated : larger spines terete, coated with a loose sheath. -H Fruit dry and spiny : flowers yelloio. 10. O. tessellata, Engelm. Much branched, bushy, from a stout ligneous trunk : joints slender, covered with angular flattened ashy-gray tubercles, bearing above long single loosely sheathed spines : flowers small, yellow : small oval fruit covered with long brown bristles : seeds with a very broad flat rhaphe. — Cact. of Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 52, t. 21. 250 FICOIDE^. Opuntia. Throughout the Californian desert from the mountains to the Colorado, and into Arizona. Bushes 4 to 6 feet high ; trunk solid, sometimes 2 inches in diameter ; joints only ^ or J inch thick ; spines an inch or two long ; flowers 6 to 9 lines wide ; fruit 9 lines long ; seeds 2 lines wide. 11. O. echinocarpa, Engelm. & Big. A low much-branched and spreading shrub : joints ovate-clavate, densely covered with numerous spines (3 or 4 stouter, 8 to 16 weaker ones in a bunch), which are loosely coated with a whitish gHstening sheath : flowers pale greenish yellow, about \h inches wide : fruit depressed, deeply umbilicate, very spiny : seeds few (2 lines wide), with a broad flat rhaphe. — Cact. 1. c. 51, t. 18, flg. 5 - 10 ; Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 14. Common in the desert from the mountains to the Colorado River, and into Arizona. Usually only 1 to 1^ feet high, very showy from its conspicuous shining spines, an inch or two long. 1 2. O. serpentina, Engelm. A large straggling densely branched shrub : joints elongated, covered with oblong prominent tubercles, which bear bunches of numer- ous short spines, very soon losing their inconspicuous sheaths : flowers clustered, greenish yellow, reddish externally : petals spatulate, obtuse : stigmas 8, whitish : fruit broadly oval, deeply umbilicate : seeds thick, irregular, with a narrow rhaphe. — Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv. 338. Common near the coast, at San Diego, Parry, Hitxihcock. Bushes 3 to 5 feet high ; spines 8 to 15 in a bunch, 3 to 6 lines long ; flowers IJ inches wide ; fi-uit about 9 lines long. ++ Fruit green, fleshy, and without spines : flowers red. 13. O. prolifera, Engelm. An arborescent shrub with elongated joints, covered with oblong obtuse tubercles, which bear 3 to 6 or 8 spines, obsciirely sheathed : flowers densely clustered at the ends of the branches, small, brick-red : fruit clavate, obovate, or subglobose, strongly tubercled, deeply umbilicate, almost always sterile and often proliferous : seeds large, regular, with a broad prominent rhaphe. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. San Diego {Parry, Schott, Agassiz), up the coast to San Buenaventura, and southward into the Peninsula, Gahh. Larger than the last, with stouter more strongly tubercled joints, and fewer and shorter spines, and easily distinguished from it in flower and fruit : longest spines 1 to 1^ inches long ; flowers 1^ inches wide.; seeds 3 lines in diameter, with a more j)rominent and broader rhaphe than its allies. Several other Opuntice, belonging to this last section, all with red flowers and fleshy fruit, are found in \Yestern Arizona and may also be expected on the western side of the Colorado. They are all erect much-branched bushes, covered with shining sheathed spines. The more northern 0. BiOELOvn, Engelm., has short tubercles. 0. FULGIDA, Engelm. & Big., and 0. mamillata, Schott, both south of the Gila (perhaps forms of a single species), have very prominent tubercles, and small curiously irregular seeds 1^ to 2 lines long, with a linear rhaphe. 0. LEPTOCAULis, DC, including 0. frutescens, Engelm., 0. vaginata, Engelm., and several other synonyms, is the slenderest of all Opuntice, with long branches scarcely thicker than a goose-quill, small yellow flowers, and a small pulpy scarlet fruit ; common throughout all Northern Mexico, ranging into Texas, New Mexico, and Western Arizona, and may also be found west of the Colorado River. Order XLIV. PICOIDEiE. A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly opposite leaves and no stipules ; differing from Caryophyllacece and Portulacaceoe by having distinct partitions to the -ovary and capsule (which are therefore 2 - many-celled) ; the petals and stamens sometimes numerous in the manner of Cactaceoe (but the former wanting in most of the genera) ; agreeing with all these orders in the campy- lotropous or amphitropous seeds ; the slender embryo curved partly or completely round a mealy albumen. Sesuvium. FICOIDE^. 251 i It is mainly a tropical and subtropical family, of the Old World. Our Pacific Coast has only two indigenous representatives, both insignificant, and as many naturalized ones, which appear as if wild on the sea-shore. * Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary : petals and stamens very numerous. 1. Mesembryanthemum. Capsule 5-valved or more. Very fleshy. * * Ovary free : petals none ; stamens few or many. 2. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5 to 60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent. 3. MoUugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent 1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Linn. Ice-Plant. Fig-Marygold. Calyx-tube atlnate to the ovary; the lobes usually 5, unequal, foliaceous. Petals very numerous, linear. Stamens innumerable, with slender filaments, inserted with the petals on the tube of the calyx. Styles 4 to 20, usually 5. Capsule 4 - 20- celled, dehiscing in a star-like manner at the depressed summit. Seeds minute, very numerous. — Fleshy herbs or shrubs, rarely annual ; leaves mostly opposite, without stipules ; flowers mostly showy, terminal and in the forks of the branches. A genus of about 300 species, principally S. African, but a few found in the Mediterranean region, Western S. America, and Australia. The Caliiomian species are probably introduced. 1. M. aequilaterale, Haworth. Perennial, with stout prostrate or ascending stems and short ascending flowering branches : leaves very fleshy, opposite and clasping, linear, acutely triangular, 1 to 3 inches long, smooth : flowers solitary, red, pedicellate or nearly sessile, about I ^ inches in diameter : calyx-tube turbinate, half an inch long or more, angled or terete ; the larger lobes often as long : stigmas 6 to 10. — DC. Prod. iii. 429. On the sea-shore and in saline soils from San Diego to Pimta de los Eeyes. Also in Chili and abundant in Australia and Tasmania, and very similar to M. acinaciforme of S. Africa. Fruit edible and pleasant, and the flowers very fragrant. 2. M. crystallinum, Linn. Annual or biennial, diff"usely procumbent, covered with large white glistening papillae : leaves flat, fleshy, often alternate on the branches, clasping, ovate or spatulate, undulate : flowers axillary, nearly sessile, white or rose-colored : calyx-tube campanulate, terete, 4 or 5 lines long ; lobes ovate, retuse or acute : stigmas 5. — DC. Prodr. iii. 448. San Diego {Cleveland) ; Santa Cruz Island {Rolhrock) ; collected also by Fremont. Apparently identical with S. African specimens. 2. SESUVIUM, Linn. Sea Pukslane. Calyx-tube turbinate, free from the ovary ; the lobes 5, oblong-lanceolate, apic- ulate on the back near the top, membranously margined, often colored within. Petals none. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes, or many, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule ovate-oblong, membranaceous, 3 — 5-celled, circumscissile at the middle, many-seeded. — Succulent smooth branching mostly prostrate herbs, sometimes woody at base ; leaves opposite, linear to spatulate, entire, without stipules or united by a stipule-like membrane ; flowers axillary and terminal, solitary or clustered. About 4 species are known, frequenting the sea-coast and saline localities through the tropics and warmer regions of the globe. 1. S. Fortulacastrum, Linn. Perennial : stems prostrate or ascending, herba- ceous, often a foot long or more: leaves linear- to oblong-oblanceolate, ^ to 1| inches long, acute or obtuse : flowers sessile or pedicellate : calyx 3 to 5 lines long ; 252 UMBELLIFERJE, "^ Mollugo. the lobes more or less purple : stamens many, — Eohrbach in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv^. 310, t. 70. A very variable species, widely distributed around the globe. It has been collected near Fort Mohave {Coo2)er), and is frequent in saline or alkaline valleys through the interior from N. Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico, often with much broader leaves than is usual in the sea-coast forms. 3. MOLLUGO, Linn. Carpet-weed. Calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base ; the lobes herbaceous,- membranously margined. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 5, rarely twice as many, hypogynous. Styles 3. Cap- sule free, thin-membranaceous, 3 - 5-celled, loculicidally 3 - 5-valved, the partitions breaking away from the persistent central placenta. Seeds several in each cell, longitudinally sulcate on the back. — Annuals, low and much branched, glabrous, not succulent ; leaves linear to obovate-spatulate, entire, opposite and apparently verticillate ; stipules obsolete ; flowers mostly on long pedicels and axillary. About a dozen species in the warmer regions of the globe. The following is the only one in- digenous to N. America. 1. M. verticillata, Linn. Prostrate, covering the ground, slender : leaves sjDat- ulate to linear-oblanceolate, an inch long or less : pedicels umbellately fascicled at the nodes, slender, 2 or 3 lines long : sepals and oblong-ovoid capsule about \^ lines long : seeds reniform, shining. — Kohrbach, 1. c. 240, t. 55. On light sandy soils from the Columbia River southward ; at Eagle Creek, near Shasta, and at McCumber's Flat {Brewer, Newberry) ; from Arizona to Colorado and New Mexico, and fre- quent in the Atlantic States as a weed in cultivated grounds : thence southward to the W. Indies and Brazil. Order XLV. UMBELLIPER^. Herbs with small flowers in umbels (sometimes contracted into heads), five epi- gynous stamens and petals, and two styles ; the calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary, which contains a solitary ovule suspended from the summit of each cell ; and the fruit splitting into a pair of dry seed-like indehiscent carpels. Seed with a minute embryo in hard albumen. Petals mostly valvate in the bud. Stem commonly hollow. Leaves mainly alternate, mostly compound, often decompound : the petiole expanded or sheathing at base. Umbels usually themselves umbellate, forming a compound umbel : this is then usually called the umbel, and the partial umbels are called umhellets. The bracts under the general umbel, when present, form an invo- lucre ; those under the umbellets, an involucel. The enlarged base of the styles, or the common base of the two, takes the name of stylopodium : it is often surrounded by or confluent with an epigynous disk. Each of the two carpels is commonly traversed by 5 longitudinal ribs : in the intervals between them are usually lodged one or more longitudinal canals containing aromatic oil, the vittce or oil-tubes. The face by which the two carpels cohere is the commissure : a slender prolongation of the axis between them is the carpophore : it is apt to split into two branches, a carpel suspended for some time from the tip of each. A family of almost 200 genera and much above a thousand species, dispersed over all parts of the world, but abundant only in warm, temperate, or cooler regions. Many are poisonous (Hem- lock, Water- Hemlock, &c.) : others afford esculent roots (Parsnip, Carrot), or their herbage may be eaten after blanching (Celery) ; several are innocent and aromatic (Dill, Fennel), at least the fruits (Caraway, Anise, &c.). rMBELLIFER^E. 253 The genera are difficult, as tlie/have to rest mainly on the fruit and seed : these are best ex- amined in tiansverse slices. The whole order is divided into numerous tribes. These, being somewhat recondite, are here dispensed with. I. Umbels simple, or irregularly or imperfectly compound, the flowers sessile or slightly pedi- cellate. Oil-tubes none or obscure. * Leaves simple, not strongly lobed nor toothed : umbels simple or proliferous : flowers white, without bracts : oil-tubes none. 1. Hydrocotyle. Leaves peltate or orbicular. Fruit rounded, laterally compressed, smooth : ribs filitorm. Creeping, aquatic or subaquatic. 2. Bowlesia. Leaves reniform, opposite ! Fruit ovate, turgid and ribless, pubescent. * * Leaves spinosely toothed, or palmately lobed or pinnatifid : oil-tubes obscure. 3. Eryngium. Leaves rigid, spinosely toothed. Flowers perfect, bracteate, sessile in dense heads, bluish. Fruit covered with hyaline scales. 4. Sanicula. Leaves lobed and incised. Flowers polygamous, in irregularly compound um- bels, mostly yellow. Fruit covered with hooked prickles or tubercles. II. Umbels regularly comjMjund. Fruit witliout prominent secondary ribs and not furnished with hooked or barbed prickles. Oil-tubes rarely wanting. * Fruit more or less compressed laterally, broadly ovate or subglobose to elliptic-oblong, not broadly winged. HI- Seed terete, with involute margins : oil-tubes conspicuous : carpophore entire : flowers yellow. 5. Deweya. Fruit oblong or nearly orbicular ; ribs filiform or prominent : oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. -1- -1- Seed deeply sulcate on the face : oil-tubes wanting : carpophore 2-pai-ted : flowers white. 6. Conium. Fruit broadly ovate, with prominent equal obtuse ribs. -*-+■+- Seed nearly terete or but slightly concave on the face : flowers white. ++ Fruit small, not prominently ribbed : oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium depressed : umbels naked, sessile or nearly so. 7. Apium. Fruit broadly ovate : seed not concave : carpophore entire. Biennial. 8. Apiastrum. Fruit cordate : seed concave and longitudinally incurved : carjwphore 2-parted. Aimual. ++ ++ Fruit not prominently ribbed : stylopodium more or less prominent : carpophore bifid or 2-parted. 9. Carum. Fniit ovate or oblong : rilw filiform : oil-tubes solitary. Involucre and involucels usually present. Leaflets linear, entire. 10. Fimpinella. Fruit ovate, with a broad commissure : ribs slightly prominent : oil-tubes numerous. Umbels nearly naked. Leaflets cuneate-ovate, pinnatifid. 11. Berula. Fruit nearly globose, emarginate at base, with thickened epicarp: oil-tubes numer- ous and contiguous. Involucre and involucels present. Leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, laciniately toothed. ++ ++ ++ Fruit with prominent coiky wings, didymous : stylopodium depressed : cai-pophore 2-parted. Stout perennials, with involucels and often involucres also. 12. Cicuta. Fruit broadly ovate, with thick obtuse wings : oil-tubes solitary. 13. Slum. Fruit oblong or ovate : ribs wing-like : oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. * * Fruit somewhat compressed laterally, linear-oblong, with broad commissure, not winged ; seed sulcate or reniform in section : carirophore 2-parted, persistent : flowere white. 14. Osmorrhiza. Fruit narrowly attenuate at base, hispid on the acuti.sh angles : oil-tubes very obscure : seed sulcate on the face or somewhat involute. Umbels nearly naked. Leaf- lets ovate, cleft and toothed. 15. Glycosma. Similar ; fruit not attenuate at base, veiy rarely hispid : seed broadly sulcate. 16. Podosciadium. Fruit not attenuate at base, glabrous : ribs filiform : oil-tubes solitary or in pairs : seed reniform in section and longitudinally ridged on the face. Involucre and involucels present. Leaflets linear. * ♦ * Fruit not compressed, or more or less compressed dorsally, oblong to orbicular. +- Fruit not compressed : flowers white. 17. CSnanthe. Fruit oblong to globose : ribs corky and rounded, with very narrow intervals and solitary oil-tubes. 254 UMBELLIFER^. ^.Hydrocotyle. -i- 4- Fruit somewhat compressed dorsally ; the dorsal ribs rather narrowly winged ; the lateral wings broader, distinct : stylopodium somewhat prominent : seed sulcate or concave : tall herbs, with white flowers. 18. Ligusticum. Dorsal ribs narrowly winged : oil-tubes several in the intervals, obscure : seed renit'orm in section. 19. Selinum. Dorsal wings broader : oil-tubes solitary : seed nearly flat on the face. +- -I- -i- Fruit much flattened dorsally. ++ Lateral wings broad, distinct, the dorsal more or less prominent : seed concave on the face or nearly flat. 20. Angelica. Dorsal wings narrower than the lateral : oil-tubes solitaiy. Stout herbs, with white flowers and naked or nearly naked umbels. 21. Cymopterus. Dorsal wings as broad as the lateial ones : oil-tubes one to several in the intervals. Low perennial herbs ; flowers yellow or white ; involucres present. ++ ++ Lateral wings coherent till maturity ; dorsal ribs filiform : seed nearly flat on the face. 22. Peucedanum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes as long as the fruit. Involucre none. Low perennials ; flowers yellow or white, not radiate. 23. Heracleum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes solitaiy, clavate, not reaching the base of the fruit. Stout j)ubescent perennials, with white, often ladiate flowers. 24. Ferula. Lateral wings corky, as thick as the fmit : oil-tubes numerous, mostly obscure, III. Umbels regularly compound. Secondary ribs most prominent, aimed with barbed or hooked prickles : oil-tubes solitary under the wings or ribs, conspicuous. Hispid herbs, with white flowers. 25. Daucus. Seed flat on the face. Biennial or annual. 26. Caucalis. Seed furrowed on the face or involute. Annuals. 1. HYDROCOTYLE, Touin. Marsh Pennywort. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals slightly concave, valvate. Fruit flattened laterally, suborbicular, acutely margined, and with 2 or 3 more or less prominent nerve-like ribs on each side ; oil-tubes none ; carpels not separating. — Smooth herbaceous perennials, growing in or near water, with slender creeping stems ; leaves orbicular- peltate or reniform, with scale-like stipules ; flowers inconspicuous, appearing through the summer, the umbels simple or proliferous one above the other, on slender peduncles, A genus widely dispersed over the globe, of about 70 species, the larger number belonging to the southeiTi hernisphere ; sparingly represented in the United States. 1. H, prolifera, Kellogg. Leaves peltate, emarginate at base, simply crenate, on petioles 1 to 3 inches long : peduncles about equalling or exceeding the leaves : whorls 1 to 4, about 8-flowered (12-20-flowered, Kellogg), with numerous bractlets, the pedicels a line or two long (3 to 6 lines, Kellogg) : fruit a line broad, slightly emarginate at base ; ribs two on each side, prominent ; commissure narrow. — Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 15, A slender species, growing about San Francisco and elsewhere, first collected by Chaniisso ; collected also by Coulter in "Sonora Alta," and by others in Mexico. It has been referred to H. viilgaris of the Old World, from which it is distinguished by its much longer peduncles and pedicels, the fruit in H. vulgaris being nearly sessile. 2. H. ranunculoides, Linn. fil. Stouter, usually floating : leaves not peltate, orbicular, with 3 to 7 crenate lobes, on petioles 2 to 9 inches long: peduncles much shorter than the petioles, | to 3 inches long, reflexed in fruit : flowers 5 to 10 in a capitate umbel: fruit 1 to'li lines broad, with thickened scarcely angled margins, rather obscurely 3-nerved on each side, longer than the pedicels. About San Francisco ; San Diego Co. {Palmer) ; and probably elsewhere. Common also in the Atlantic States, and from Florida westward through Mexico, Sanicula. UMBELLIFER^. 256 2. BOWLESIA, Euiz &L Pavon. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. Petals elliptical, obtusish. Fruit broadly ovate in outline, with a narrow commissure, turgid, becoming depressed on the back, Avithout ribs or oil-tubes. Seed flat on the face, slightly hollowed on the back, not filling the calyx. — Slender herbs, with scattered stellate pubescence ; leaves oppo- site, simple, with scarious and lacerate stipules ; flowers white, minute, in simple few-flowered umbels on axillary peduncles. A dozen species, chiefly South American, one ranging northward to Mexico, Arizona, and CaUfornia. 1. B. lobata, Kuiz & Pavon. Annual, weak and slender, thinly pubescent, the stems (lichotomously branched, a foot or two long : leaves thin, reniform to cordate, ^ to 1| inches broad, shorter than the slender petioles, deeply 5-lobed, the acutish lobes entire or 1 -2-toothed: peduncles much shorter than the petioles; the umbels 1 - 4-flowered : fruit a line long, sessile or nearly so, pubescent, the inflated calyx not adherent to the carpels, which are at first but partially occupied by the seed. — PL Peruv. iii. 28, t. 251 ; Torr. & Gray, PL i. 601. In damp shady places, from the Sacramento Valley southward, rather rare. The species doubtless includes £. tencra, Sprengel. 3. ERYNGIUM, Toum. Button Snakeroot. Calyx-teeth manifest, rigid and persistent. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, scarcely com- pressed, covered with hyaline scales or vesicles ; the ribs obsolete, and oil-tubes (in our species) wanting ; carpels and seeds semi-terete. — Herbs, chiefly perennial ; leaves rigid, coriaceous, spinosely toothed or divided ; flowers white or blue, sessile in dense heads, bracteate, the outer bracts forming an involucre. A genus of 100 or more species, of the warm and temperate regions of the globe. The 15 to 18 American species are mostly confined to the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States. a 1. E. petiolatum, Hook. Erect, 1 to 5 feet high, dichotomously branched above, glaucous : radical leaves oblanceolate, spinosely and unequally serrate, atten- uate into an elongated^ fistulous petiole, the cauline mostly sessile : heads globose, half an inch in diameter, peduncled ; bracts linear-lanceolate, spinosely tipped, at least the outer ones much exceeding the bluish flowers : calyx-teeth a line long, exceeding the fruit, which is covered with subulate at length rigid scales. — PI. i. 250; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 315. U. articulatum, Hook, in Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 232. Var. armatum, Watson. Bracts broader, entire, all similar and much exceed- ing the flowers, scarcely dilated at base, rigid and with a thickened margin : style shorter than the calyx : usually less glaucous. In marshes from San Diego to the Columbia ; or in drier places, a dwarf state but 2 or 3 inches high. The submerged leaves consist only of the terete jointed petiole without lamina. The usual form has the bracts more or less toothed, the inner ones but little exceeding the flowers or rarely as long as the outer ones, the styles exceeding the calyx-teeth. The variety is men- tioned by Dr. Torrey, in Bot. Wilkes Exp. 315, as perhaps distinct. It has been collected from Monterey to Humboldt County, Brewer, Samuels, Kellogg, &c. 4. SANICULA, Toum. Sanicle. Calyx-teeth somewhat foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid, densely covered with hooked prickles or tuberculkte ; ribs obsolete ; oil-tubes numerous. Seed hemispherical. — Smooth perennials, with nearly naked stems ; leaves pal- mately divided, the lobes more or less pinnatifid or incised ; flowers unisexual^ 256 rMBELLIFER^E. -^ Sanicula. in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, involucrate with sessile leafy usually toothed bracts, the bracts of the involucels small and entire. A genus of a few scattered species, more than lialf of them native of North America, and of these only two are confined to the region east of the Rocky Mountains. The Californian species are chiefly Umited to the Coast Ranges and are peculiar in their habit, small fruit, &c. * Leaves palmately divided, the lobes toothed, or lacerate, or pinnatifid with decur- rent segments : rootstocks thickened. •*- Mature fruit shortly pedicellate : flowers yellow. 1. S. arctopoides, Hook. & Arn. Stems very short, with several divergent scape-like branches, often much exceeding the leaves (3 to 6 inches long), each bear- ing an umbel of 1 to 3 elongated rays : leaves deeply 3-lobed, the cuneate divisions once or twice laciniately cleft, with lanceolate acute spreading segments : involucre of 1 or 2 similar leaflets : heads large, 3 to 6 lines in diameter, with conspicuous involucels of 8 to 10 narrowly oblanceolate mostly entire bracts : fruit shortly pedicellate, H lines long, naked at base, strongly armed above. — Bot. Beechey. 141 ; Hook. Fl. i. 258, t. 91. About San Francisco and eastward in the Sacramento Valley, in the plains and on dry hillsides. Strongly marked by its low scape-like branches, large involucels, and laciniately lobed leaves ; {)lant yellowish gi'een. The figure in Hook. Fl. represents the species poorly, and but for the arge solitary head might be supposed to be from a low fonn of S. laciniata. 2. S. Menziesii, Hook. & Am. Stem solitary, erect, 1 to 2i feet high, branch- ing: leaves rounded-cordate, 2 or 3 inches broad, very deeply 3-5-lobed ; the broad lobes sharply toothed or somewhat cleft and the teeth tipped with slender bristles ; upper leaves more narrowly lobed and laciniately toothed : umbel of 3 or 4 slender rays ; involucre often small, of 2 or 3 narrow leaflets, the involucels of 6 to 8 lan- ceolate entire bracts a line or two long : sterile flowers nearly sessile : fruit 4 to 8 in each head, becoming distinctly pedicellate and divergent, obovate, a line long or more, covered with hooked prickles. — Bot. Beechey, 142; Hook. Fl. i. 258, t. 90. In shaded woods from Santa Clara County to the British boundary. -K +■' Fruit sessile. 3. S. Nevadensis, Watson. Stem very short, the peduncles mostly from the base, 1 to 6 inches long : leaves ternate, the divisions oblong-ovate, 3-5-lobed; the segments lobed or toothed : involucre pinnatifid and toothed, a half to an inch long : rays about 5, sometimes branched, 2 to 5 lines long in flower, becoming ^ to 1| inches long ; involucels somewhat one-sided, of several oblong acute bracts more or less united at base : flowers yellow, the sterile equalling the pedicels : fruit covered with stout hooked prickles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 139. Indian Valley, Plumas County, Mrs. M. E. P. Ames, 1874 ; Lemmon. 4. S. laciniata, Hook. & Arn. With the habit of S. Menziesii : leaves cordate or triangular, 3-parted, the divisions laciniately 1 - 2-pinnatifid and the segments laciniately toothed ; the teeth spinosely pointed : flowers yellow : mature heads small, globose ; the numerous fruit naked at base, hooked-bristly above. — Bot. Beechey, 347. S. nudicaulis. Hook. & Arn. 1. c. From San Diego to Humboldt County. A form is collected at San Diego and on the Buena- ventura with larger heads of flowers and the divisions of the leaves more oblong ; perhaps dis- tinct, but the fruit is unknown. 5. S. bipinnatifida, Dougl. Erect, a foot high or less, with usually a pair of opposite leaves at base and 1 to 3 leav^ above : leaves long-petioled, triangular to oblong in outline, 2 or 3 inches long, pinnately 3 - 5-lobed ; the segments distant, incisely toothed or lobed, decurrent on the toothed rachis ; teeth spinose-pointed or only acute : umbel with usually 3 or 4 elongated rays, the cleft involucre lateral : Deweya. UMBELLIFER^. 257 lieads dense, 3 lines in diameter : flowers purple or sometimes yellowish ; iuvolucels very short : fruit covered with hooked bristles. — Hook. Fl. i. 258, t. 92 ; Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 314. From the Sacramento Valley to the Columbia ; Sierra Co., Lemmon. * * Leaves Uvice or thrice pinnate, the segments small and not decarreni : flowers yellow : fruit sessile : erect, very slender, branching. 6. S. bipinnata, Hook. & Am. Eoot fusiform, slender : stems a foot high or more : ultimate segments of the leaves 3 or 4 lines long, acutely toothed : umbels about 3-i"ayed, with a leafy involucre ; heads small, two lines in diameter, with a small membranaceous 6 - 8-parted involucel : fruit tuberculate at base, armed above, 1| lines long. — Bot. Beechey, 347. From Monterey to the Upper Sacramento Valley. 7. S. tuberosa, Torrey. Stem 3 inches to a foot high, from a small tuberous root : leaves usually very finely divided, the segments less than a line in length : rays 1 to 4 ; involucres leafy ; involucels small, of unequal lobed segments : heads small, the sterile flowers on long pedicels : fruit few, depressed, strongly tuberculate, unarmed. — Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 91. Dry hills, Mendocino County, to the Sacramento Valley. In the Sierra Nevada (DufReld's Ranch, Bic/elow, and Plumas County, Mrs. Ames) there is found a low form with less finely divided leaves. 6. DEWEYA, Torr. & Gray. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk and stylopodium depressed or wanting. Fruit oblong-elliptical or orbicular, compressed laterally ; ribs somewhat prominent, and with 2 or 3 obscure secondary lines between each pair ; oil-tubes 2 to 3 in the intervals, conspicuous. Seed terete, involute, often enclosing a central cavity. Carpophore entire. — Smooth erect perennial herbs, 1 or 2 feet high ; leaves pin- nate or bipinnate, mostly radical ; flowers yellow, in large umbels ; involucre none or partial, the involucels 1 -sided. An exclusively Californian genus, distinguished from Conium by the conspicuous oil-tubes, from Arrncacia (to which it is referred by Benth. & Hook, in Gen. PI. i. 885) by the depressed stylopodium and terete seed, and from both by the undivided carpophore and more involute seed. 1. D. argllta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves simply pinnate ; leaflets 7, ovate to oblong- ovate, the lowest shortly petiolulate and often subcordate, 1 to IJ inches long, finely and sharply serrate with mucronate teeth, the terminal one often 3-lobed : peduncle elongated: mys about 12, without involucre, 2 or 3 inches long: invo- lucels of 2 or 3 linear acuminate entire or toothed bracts : pedicels two lines long : fruit oblong, three lines long, acutely ribbed, with rather broad commissure and somewhat prominent erect calyx-teeth. — Fl. i. 641 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 26. Southern California, near the coast, from Santa Barbara to San Diego. In woods and on dry hillsides, rarely collected : root large and fusiform. 2. D. Hartivegi, Gray. Eather stout : leaves biternate and quinate, the leaf- lets more deeply lobed and less sharply toothed than in the last : umbels similar; involucre none or of 1 or 2 leaflets : fruit broader, 3 lines long ; calyx-teeth obso- lete ; ribs prominent, and oil-tubes marked by intervening ridges : seed involute, enclosing a central cavity. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 342. Hills bordering the lower Sacramento {Hartweg) ; near San Francisco, Kellogg. 3. D. Kelloggii, Gray. More slender, leafy at base : leaves 3-temate, the leaf- lets a half to an incli long, mostly 3-lobed, mucronately toothed : involucre none : rays 10 to 12, an inch long or more; involucels of very small subulate bracts : 258 UMBELLIFER^. -# Conium. fruit two lines long and broad, with narrow commissure and no calyx-teeth, the ribs filiform : seed involute, enclosing a central cavity. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 343. About San Francisco and Bolinas Bay, Kellogg, Bolander. 6. CONIUM, Linn. Poison Hemlock. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate, laterally compressed, the carpels with 5 prominent obtuse equal ribs ; oil-tubes none. Seed terete, with a deep narrow groove on the inner face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Tall smooth biennials ; leaves large, decompound ; involucres and involucels small, 3 - 5-bracted ; flowers white. A genus of only 2 or 3 species, natives of the Old World, with virulently poisonous but valu- able medicinal properties. 1. C. maculatum, Linn. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, from a white fusiform root, branching, often spotted with purple : leaves bright green, the segments half an inch long, pinnatitid, with acute lobes: umbels 12-20-rayed, the rays 1 to 1| inches long : petals obtuse or with a very short inflexed point : fruit 1^ lines long, shorter than the pedicels. Sparingly introduced in waste places in the neighborhood of the older towns. The bruised leaves exhale a sickly disagieeable odor. The extract of the plant has powerful narcotic and alterative properties, and is a valuable remedial agent in the hands of competent physicians. The root ignorantly eaten by children and others has not rarely proved fatal in its effects. 7. APIUM, Linn. Celery. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit broadly ovate, laterally compressed, the carpels nearly straight, somewhat ribbed obtusely ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed nearly terete, not channelled nor concave on the face. Carpo- phore entire. — Smooth ; leaves decompound ; umbels terminal, often nearly sessile opposite the leaves ; flowers white ; involucre and involucels small or none. Including about a dozen species, as limited by Bentham & Hooker, some widely distributed, but half of them confined to the Southern United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The only species found in California is a native of the coasts of Europe, widely naturalized, under cultiva- tion much changed and improved, becoming the garden Celery. The cultivated Parsley is another member of the genus {A. Petrosclinum). 1. A. graveolens, Linn. Biennial, with a fibrous root, erect, branching and rather leafy, a foot or two high : leaves pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of broadly cuneate- obovate or rhomboidal leaflets, 3 - 5-lobed and sparingly toothed, an inch or two long, the upper ternate with nearly entire oblanceolate leaflets : umbels sessile or very shortly pedunculate, naked ; rays 6 to 12 or fewer, slender, an inch long or less : fruit two thirds of a line long. Rare in California, but has been collected in salt marehes from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and also at Fort Tejon. 8. APIASTRUM, Kutt. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, concave, obtuse. Stylopodium depressed ; styles short. Fruit cordate in outline, laterally compressed with a narrow commis- sure ; carpels incurved when mature, with 5 often obscure rugulose ribs ; oil-tubes broad and solitary in the intervals, and a narrow one under each rib. Seed con- cave and somewhat incurved longitudinally. Carpophore 2-parted, rigid. — A smooth slender branching Californian annual; leaves dissected, with linear seg- ments ; umbels sessile, naked, few-rayed, in the forks or opposite to the leaves ; flowers small, white. Pimpinella. UMBELLIFERJE. 259 1. A. angustifolium, Xutt. A span or two high ; branches somewhat dichoto- mous : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, biteruately or triternately divided, with linear or nearly tiiiforui segments : umbels and umbellets very unequally 3 - 4-rayed, the slender pedicels at length spiuosely pointed with the persistent carpophore : fruit half a line long, somewhat broader, variable in the curvature of the carpels and in the prominence of the ribs, which are sometimes nine, the primary and intermediate ones being nearly equally developed. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 644 ; Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 28. A. latifolimn, Kutt. 1. c, the more coarsely dissected form. Helo- sciadium leptophyllum, var. (?) latifolium, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 347. Frequent in spring in the western portion of the State, from San Diego to Mendocino County, on hillsides. In the figure cited, some of the characters of the fruit are incoiTectly shown. 9. CARUM, Linn. Calyx-teeth small. Stylopodium conical. Fruit ovate or oblong, laterally com- pressed; ribs obtuse, scarcely prominent or nerve-like; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- vals. Seed subterete or somewhat dorsally compressed, convex, flat, or slightly concave on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — The American species form the sec- tion Edosmia, — smooth erect slender biennial herbs, with tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots ; leaves mostly simply pinnate with few linear leaflets ; involucre and involucels of few to many entire leaflets ; flowers white ; calyx-teeth rather prominent ; section of the seed very variable in outline. The genus as limited by Bentham & Hooker includes about 50 species in temperate and sub- tropical regions, chiefly of the Old Workl, one species (C Carvi, the garden Carroway) being often cultivated and extensively naturalized. The roots of both the Califomian species are a prominent article of food among the Indians. 1. C. Grairdneri, Benth. & Hook. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, from a tuberous root : leaves few, usually simply pinnate, with 3 to 7 linear leaflets 2 to 6 inches long, the lower leaflets rarely pinnate with entire or toothed divisions ; upper leaves usually simple : umbels on long peduncles, 6 to 12 rayed ; the involucre of a single linear leaflet, or often wanting ; rays an inch or two long; involucels of several linear acuminate bracts equalling the flowers : fruit 1 to 1^ lines long, ovate to oblong, the styles usually half as long as the fruit. — Atenia Gairdneri, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 349. Edosmia Gairdneri, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 612. Frequent from Washington Territoiy and Idaho to Southern California (chiefly in the Sierra Nevada) and Utah, on hillsides and in the mountains ; flowering in June and July. The most southern locality is Julian, San Diego Co., Palmer. A broader leaved fomi (leaflets 2 to 8 lines wide) is the var. latifoliiun of Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. 2. C. Kelloggii, Gray. Root tuberous and fascicled : stem 2 to 5 feet high : lower leaves ternate or biternate with pinnate divisions and linear segments ; upper leaves becoming linear : involucre and involucels of 1 to 9 linear-subulate leaflets : fruit ovate to oblong, 1|^ to 2| lines long, with prominent stylopodium and very short styles, the ribs flliform. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. Central California, near the coast. A rather stouter plant with larger flowers and fruit. 10. PIMPINELLA, Linn. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Stylopodium cushion-like or conical. Fruit ovate or broader than long, laterally compressed, with a broad commissure ; carpels 5-angled, with distant usually slender ribs and several oil-tubes in the intervals. Seed subterete or dorsally compressed, nearly flat on the face, often free from the loose epicarp. Carpophore divided. — Mostly smooth perennials ; leaves decom- pound ; umbels nearly naked; flowers white or yellow. 260 UMBELLIFER^. ^ Pimpinella. A large genus in the Old World of 60 to 70 species, the following almost its only representa- tive in America. 1. P. apiodora, Gray. Smooth, erect, 2 or 3 feet high, rather stout : leaves mostly radical, 2 - 3-ternate, the cuneate-ovate leaflets laciniately pinnatifid and toothed, an inch long: umbels long-peduncled ; rays 6 to 15, hispidly puberulent, an inch or two long ; involucre and involucels of 1 or 2 bracts, or wanting : flowers white or pinkish : fruit broadly ovate, 1| lines long, the carpels 5-angled with slightly prominent ribs : oil-tubes numerous (4 to 5 in the dorsal intervals, 6 in the lateral, and 8 or more in the commissure) : styles shdrt : carpophore 2-parted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 345, & viii. 385 j Watson, Bot. King Exp. 121. San Francisco and northward ; Mendocino County (Bolandcr) ; Oregon (Hall) ; Eastern Ne- vada, Watson. Perfectly mature fruit has not yet been collected. The plant has a strong pleasant odor, like that of Celery. 11. BERULA, Koch. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conical and styles short. Fruit nearly globose, with a broad commissure, emarginate at base, the ribs nerve-like, not raised above the thick epicarp ; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, surrounding the terete seed. Carpophore 2-parted, very slender. — A smooth perennial aquatic ; leaves pinnate and serrate ; involucres and involucels of several leaflets ; flowers white. A single species (often refen-ed to the genus Siiwi) common in Europe, and widely though sparingly distributed through the United States and Mexico. 1 . B. angllStifolia, Koch. Erect but usually low, | to 3 feet high, the stem stout and angled : leaflets about 6 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, | to 2 inches long, often laciniately lobed at base, and the upper ones especially more or less deeply cut-toothed : peduncles 1 or 2 inches long: rays an inch long or less; involucre and involucels of 6 to 8 entire linear-lanceolate leaflets : fruit two thirds of a line long. — Sium angustifolium, Linn. Collected at Fort Tejon {Xantus, Rothrock) though without fruit, and reported from San Fran- cisco ; Sierra Co., Lemmon. The Helosdadium (?) Calif ornicum of Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 142, has been doubtfully referred to tins species, but is described as procumbent, the lower leaflets I)innatifid or pinnate, and the styles long. Benth. & Hook. (Gen. PI. i. 893) speak of the fruit of the specimen in herb. Kew as having the epicarp thin over the intervals as in species of Sunn. The reference is therefore probably incorrect and the species remains uncertain. 12. CICUTA, Linn. Water Hemlock. Calyx-teeth small, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit broadly ovate or sub- orbicular, slightly compressed laterally but the commissure narrow ; ribs broad and obtuse, corky ; the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed subterete, flat or rounded on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Smooth tall branching marsh peren- nials, with stout hollow stems ; leaves pinnate or pinnately decompound ; umbels of white flowers many-rayed, the involucre small or none, and involucels of several small bracts : roots thick and fascicled, very poisonous : flowering in summer. A small genus of about half a dozen species, growing in damp or wet places, two of them very widely distributed round the world in the northern hemis[)here. The aromatic roots of the first species have often proved fatal to those eating them, and the others are probably as dangerous. 1. C. maculata, Linn. Stout, 3 to 6 feet high : lower leaves on petioles 1 or 2 feet long, bipinnate ; the leaflets (1 or 2 inches, sometimes 4 inches, long) oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate with the veinlets running to the sinuses, occasionally lobed, the lower petiolulate : rays an inch or two long, rather slender ; involucre usually wanting ; involucels of G to 8 narrow lanceolate leaflets : fruit Osmorrhiza. UMBELLIFER^. 261 nearly 1 1 lines long, broadly ovate ; ribs and broad oil-tubes conspicuous : seed nearly terete or somewhat hollowed on the face. Across the continent from New England and Florida to "Washington Tenitory and the Sierra Nevada ; Mono Pass (Bolmider), and reported from Fort Tejon, Xantiis. It is doubtful whether it extends to the coast, most of the specimens reported from that region belonging apparently to C Califomica. The species is also native of Europe and Asia. 2. C. Bolanderi, Watson. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets narrowly lanceolate, sharply long-acuminate, two inches in length, very acutely serrate, the veinlets passing to the sinuses ; the lower leaflets petiolulate and often deeply lobed : in- volucre of several linear leaflets : fruit two lines long, nearly orbicular, strongly ribbed and with broad oil-tubes, which are sunk in the channelled seed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 139. At Suisun, in salt mai-shes, Bolander. 3. C. Califomica, Gray. Very stout, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves pinnate, or the lower bipinnate at base ; the leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, lanceolate, shortly acumi- nate, rounded at base, serrate with the veinlets running to the teeth, often deeply lobed on the lower side : involucre none, or a narrow leaflet ; involucels of several lanceolate bracts : fruit broadly ovate, \\ lines long, strongly ribbed : seed not channelled under the oil-tubes, rhomboidal or ovate in section, thinnest at the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 344. In the neighborhood of San Francisco and southward to Santa Cruz {Hartweg) and Monterey, Brewer. 13. SIUM, Linn. Water Parsnip. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium depressed and styles short. Fruit oblong or ovate, laterally compressed with a narrow commissure, the ribs prominent and wing- like, corky ; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. Carpophore 2-parted, slender and usually deciduous with the fruit. — Smooth perennial aquatics, with angled stems ; leaves piiniate and leaflets serrate or pinnatifid ; involucre and involucels of several bracts ; flowers white. Half a dozen species are found in the northern temperate zone and a single one in South Africa. The following species, also Asiatic, is the only one indigenous in California. 1. S. cicutaefolium, Gmelin. Stout, 3 to 6 feet high, branching: lower leaves long-petioled, the cauline with a short dilated base ; leaflets 6 to 8 pairs, oblong- lanceolate to linear, 2 to 4 inches long, acuminate, sharply serrate or rarely pinnat- ihd, the upper ones shorter and narrower: rays 1 to 1| inches long; involucre and involucels of 6 to 8 linear bracts : fruit oblong, 1| lines long, very strongly ribbed. — S. Uneare, Michx. Reported from Pose Creek, and mentioned by Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. and by Bolander as growing near San Francisco. It is certainly found on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in Sierra and Truckee Valleys, and thence ranges to Washington Territory, Colorado, the Sas- katchewan, and the Atlantic. It is also identical with the plant of Siberia, the older name of which is here adopted. Bentham & Hooker refer both this species and the eastern S. Carsoni to the genus Apium, but they are certainly not to be separated from the typical species S. lati- Joliuin and land/olium of tlie Old World. In all, the carpophore though delicate is always 2-parted, and the oil-tubes are 2 or 3 (perhaps rarely solitary) in the intervals. 14. OSMOBBHIZA, Eafinesque. Sweet Cicely. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, narrowly attenuate at base, acute above and tipped by the erect style, compressed laterally and narrowed at the com- missure ; carpels 5-angled, with somewhat prominent slightly corky wings, hispid with short ascending bristles ; oil-tubes numerous and very obscure. Seed terete, 262 UMBELLIFER^. > Osmorrhiza. sulcate on the face or with margins contiguous and enclosing a central cavity. Carpophore 2-cleft. — Perennials, with thick aromatic roots, more or less hirsute ; leaves large, 2-3-ternately compound; involucre small or none; umbels few, few- rayed and few-fruited ; flowers white. A genus of half a dozen species. The two species of Eastern America extend to Asia, while the two of California are conlined to the western coast. 1. O. nuda, Torrey. Rather slender, 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs : leaves twice ternate ; leaflets ovate, an inch or two long, acute or obtusish, rather deeply cleft and toothed : umbel long-peduncled, 3-5- rayed, naked or with small caducous involucre and involucels ; rays 2 or 3 inches long : pedicels 3 to 9 lines long : fruit slender, 6 or 7 lines long and a line broad or less, acutely ribbed ; the style and stylopodium very short ; the attenuated base 2 lines long : seed terete, sulcate on the inner face. — Pacif. E. Rep. iv, 93. 0. bre- vistylis, Hook. Fl. i. 272 in part, t. 97. In the mountains from San Diego Co. to Alaska and eastward to Colorado. It is doubtful if the allied 0. brevistylis extends so far west as the Rocky Mountains. That species is distinguished by its larger and more acuminate leaflets, involucrate umbels, and larger fniit, and the seed more angular and involute. 2. O. brachypoda, Torrey. About a foot high : leaves 2 - 3-ternate ; leaflets ovate, an inch long or less, acute, laciniately lobed and toothed : rays rather shorter; involucre of one or few and involucels of 4 to 6 linear-acuminate bracts, the latter equalling the flowei-s ; pedicels very short : fruit strongly and acutely ribbed, 6 lines long by 1 1 broad, the stout base but a line long ; stylopodium depressed and styles very short : seed strongly 5-angled, the margins contiguous and closing the deep central sulcus. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 93. A strongly marked sj)ecies, seemingly confined to Central California ; Nevada Co. (Bigclow, Pratten), Santa Clara Valley (Goodale), and Monterey, Parry. 15. GLYCOSMA, Nutt. Characters as in Osmorrhiza except-as regards the fruit, which is linear but not attenuate to a narrow base, and usually glabrous ; stylopodium depressed and styles very short : seed semiterete or angled, with a rather broad sulcus on the face. In- volucre and involucels wanting. A group of plants of Western America, more nearly allied to Osmorrhiza than to Myrrhis of the Old World, to which it is referred by Bentham & Hooker. The species are very much alike. 1. Gr. OCCidentale, J^utt. Rather stout, 2 feet high or more, finely puberulent throughout, excepting the inflorescence : leaves 2-temate, the leaflets oblong-lanceo- late, 1| to 2| inches long, serrate : rays somewhat erect ; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, exceeding the sterile flowers : fruit 7 or 8 lines long, rather acutely angled. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 639 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 386. Myrrhis occidentalis, Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. i. 897 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. In the mountains from Oregon to Mono Pass, and eastward to the Wahsatch ; S. Utah, Parry. 2. Qr. ambiguum, Gray. Glabrous, or somewhat hairy near the nodes : leaflets rather smaller and more deeply gash-toothed, an inch or two long, ovate-oblong, acute : rays more spreading ; pedicels a line or two long, not exceeding the barren flowers : fruit 6 or 7 lines long, rarely bristly on the ribs at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 386. Collected by Kellogg & Harford in shady woods at Cahto, California, and by Hall at the foot of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon. 3. Gr. Bolanderi, Gray. Stout, somewhat puberulent : leaflets ovate, acute, rather deeply gash-toothed and lobed : rays spreading ; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long, CEnanthe. UMBELLIFER^. 263 shorter than the sterile flowers: fruit 9 or 10 lines long, 1| lines broad. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 346 & viii. 386. Shady woods of Humboldt and Mendocino counties, Bolander, Kellogg. 16. PODOSCIADIUM, Gray. Calyx-teeth small, scarious, subulate. Stylopodium short, conical. Fruit linear- oblong, laterally compressed, with a rather broad commissure, somewhat contracted at the apex ; ribs narrow and filiform ; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. Seed reniform in section, ^lightly channelled on the back under the oil-tubes, broadly furrowed on the face, with a central longitudinal ridge. Car- pophore 2-parted. — Smooth branching Californian perennials ; leaves pinnately or somewhat ternately decompound, with linear leaflets ; umbels long-peduncled, with involucres and involucels of several lanceolate acuminate subscarious bracts; flowers white, polygamous. 1. P. Californicum, Gray. Stem 3 or 4 feet high : segments of the leaves linear, entire or toothed, the terminal one elongated, an inch or two long ; upper- most leaves simple : umbels 9 - 12-rayed, the primary umbel fertile, with rays two inches long ; the others sterile, with rays an inch long and very slender pedicels exceeding the bracts : petals shortly acuminate : fruit 4 lines long, shorter than the pedicels, H lines broad, with obtuse ribs : oil-tubes and seeds as described in the generic character. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. Choerophyllum (?) Californicum, Torrey, Pacif. E. Pep. iv. 93. Collected only by Bigelow at Knight's FeiTy ; May. 2. P. Bolanderi, Gi-ay. Two feet high : leaflets pinnate, the segments more narrowly linear : umbels many-rayed ; rays 5 to 9 Hnes long ; the conspicuous scarious involucels exceeding the pedicels : petals very long-acuminate, with the mid vein strongly impressed : fruit 1| lines long, oblong, the narrow ribs becoming elevated and undulate ; oil-tubes more numerous and obscure, 2 or 3 in the inter- vals : seed more compressed dorsally, and broader in proportion, not grooved on the back, the facial sulcus broad and shallow and but slightly raised in the centre. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 346. Mariposa Trail, among rocks, Bolander. A closely allied plant, but differing from any of the preceding genera, has been collected in the Yosemite Valley by both Dr. Torrey and Dr. Gray, with the fruit however too immature for its satisfactory determination. The fruit as found is narrowly oblong, 4 lines long, laterally com- pressed with a rather wide commissure, slightly ribbed on the back ; disk evident, but stylopodium depressed ; oil-tubes obscure, probably solitary in the intervals ; seed subterete, with a deep tri- angular facial sulcus ; carpophore 2-parted. The plant is a foot high or less, glabrous, slender, shortly caulescent ; leaves ternate or bipinnate, with linear acute segments, 1 to 3 lines long ; umbels few-rayed, the rays very unequal, an inch long or less ; involucre none ; involucels of 1 or 2 small bractlets ; flowers yellow, the calyx-teeth obsolete. 17. CENANTHE, Linn. Calyx-teeth rather prominent, acute. Stylopodium short-conical, the styles at length elongated. Fruit oblong to globose, not compressed, with a broad commis- sure, the ribs rounded and corky, with very narrow intervals ; oil-tubes solitary. Seed somewhat compressed dorsally, flat on the face. Carpophore none. — Gla- brous herbs, mostly aquatic ; leaves pinnate or decompound ; umbels usually in- volucrate ; flowers white. The following are our only representatives of this genus, of which there are 20 or more s^jecies in the temperate regions of the Old World. 264 ' UMBELLIFER^. * (Enanthe. 1. QEi. Californica, Watson. Biennial or perennial ; stems succulent, usually weak, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves teruate and bipinnate, the pinnai nearly sessile ; leaflets approximate, ovate, acute or acutish, toothed, often lobed at base, a half to an inch long : umbels many-rayed, with one or two linear involucral bracts or naked ; rays an inch long or less ; pedicels numerous, short : fruit crowded, nearly 1^ lines long, oblong, obtuse at each end, tipped with the long spreading styles ; ribs and commissure very corky : seed somewhat dorsally compressed, usually angled ; oil-tubes at the angles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 1 39. In marshes at Point Lobos, and southward to San Diego County. 2. CTi. sarmentosa, Nutt. Very similar : leaves usually broader and more open; leaflets acuminate, mostly smaller. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 617. Phellan- drium aquaticum, Pursh. Washington Territoiy and Oregon ; Plumas Co., Lemmon. The succulent stems have the taste of Celery and are eaten by the Indians. 18. LIGUSTICUM, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium usually conical ; margin of the disk undu- late. Fruit ovate or oblong, with a broad commissure, somewhat dorsally com- pressed ; ribs somewhat prominent and acute or narrowly winged, the lateral ones usually broadest; oil-tubes obscure. Seed dorsally flattened, somewhat concave on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Smooth perennials, usually tall; leaves pinnately or temate and pinnately decompound ; umbels many-rayed, naked or involucrate ; flowers white. A genus of about 20 or 25 species, of the northern hemisphere, chiefly of the Old World and most of them rather obscurely characterized. 1. L. apiifolium, Benth. & Hook. Eather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, branching above : leaves ternate or biternate, the divisions pinnate or bipinnate ; segments ovate, f to 1|^ inclies long, laciniately pinnatitid, the lobes acute or acuminate : um- bels long-peduncled, without involucre or rarely with 1 or 2 slender bracts, the rays 1 or 2 inches long, scabrous-puberulent above; involucels of several narrowly linear entire bractlets ; pedicels slender, 2 or 3 lines long : fruit oval, 2 lines long, with a conical stylophore ; carpels somewhat quadrangular ; ribs narrow, acute ; oil-tubes 3 to 5 in the intervals, 4 to 8 on the commissure : seed reniform in section, with a medial longitudinal ridge. — Gen. i. 912. Cynapium apiifolium, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 641. In the mountains from the Columbia River southward ; Yosemite Valley {Bolandcr) \ Big Tree road and Ebbett's V?iss{Brewer) ; Donner Lake, Torrcy. The Califoniian plant agrees with that of Oregon in all its characters. Specimens collected at Tamalpais by Bigclow were referred here by Dr. Torrey, probably con-ectly, but they were only in flower. What appears to be the same is also found in Colorado, but the segments of the leaves are smaller, the involucels wanting, and the fruit (immature) somewhat larger. A doubtful fonn, var. minus, Gray in herb., is found at Ostrander's Meadows {Bolandcr), and Ebbett's V&ssiBreiixr) ; stem 9 to 15 inches high, with 1 or 2 umbels ; leaves all nearly radical, ternate-pinnate ; the still immature fruit 2^ lines long, rather strongly ribbed, the seed more depressed and without the central ridge. L. scopui-ORUM, Gray, the more prevalent species in the Eocky Mountains, may perhaps be found in the northern Sierra Nevada, distinguished by the more depressed-reniform seed and by the oval more broadly winged fruit. 19. SELINUM, Linn. Characters of Ligusticum, but the fruit rather more prominently winged, the oil- tubes solitary and conspicuous in the intervals, and the seed nearly flat on the face. — Tall stout branching perennials, with pinnately decompound leaves. Angelica. UMBELLIFER^E. 265 A genus of about 25 species (according to Benth. & Hook.), almost exclusively of the northern hemisphere ; perhaps half a dozen in North America. * Involvcel.s conspicuous : pedicels slender : fruit smooth, ivith thin wings. 1. S. Faciiicuin, Watson. Leaves ternate-bipinnate, the ovate acutish seg- ments an inch long, laciniately tootlied and lobed : umbels on stout peduncles, about 15-rayed, with an involucre of 2 or 3 lobed and toothed leaflets, an inch long, equalling the rays ; involucels of several narrowly linear entire or 3-toothed bracts equalling the flowers ; pedicels 2 or 4 lines long : fruit oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, 1| lines broad; stylopodium slightly prominent above the disk; the wings rather narrow ; oil-tubes conspicuous, very rarely in pairs : seed channelled under the dorsal oil-tubes. — -Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 140. Saucelito Hills, near San Francisco, Kellogg & Harford. * * Umbels naked ; pedicels very short or none, the flowers and hirsute fruit croioded or in globose heads : urings cork?/. 2. S. capitellatuni, Benth. e. Another closely allied species is found in the mountains of Northern Nevada, S. Kingii, Watson, 1. c, with less tomentose inflorescence, the fruit oblong-oval, on pedicels a line or two long. 20. ANGELICA, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate, strongly flattened dorsally with a very broad commissure, margined by the broad membra- nous distinct lateral wing ; dorsal ribs prominent but narrower ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, or the lateral in pairs. Seed flattened, the face flat or slightly con- cave. Carpophore 2-parted. — Usually tall and stout perennials ; leaves pinnate or compound, the toothed segments usually broad and the petioles much dilated ; um- bels many-rayed, naked or nearly so ; flowers white or purple. About 30 species in the north temperate and Arctic zones ; ten or more North American. 1 . A. Brevreri, Gray, Glabrous or somewhat puberulent, 3 or 4 feet high : leaves ternate or quinate and pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate, 2 or 3 inches long, sharply serrate with cuspidate teeth, the lower some- times lobed at base: peduncles long, often with 1 or 2 entire dilated somewhat membranous bracts : umbels naked ; rays 2 inches long : fruit pubescent, oblong, 4 lines long and 2 broad, the lateral wings narrow and corky, as thick as the seed, the dorsal obtuse and little prominent ; oil-tubes usually 6, besides 2 to 4 on the commissure, the lateral or dorsal in pairs : seed more or less concave on the face, with sometimes a longitudinal medial ridge, the oil-tubes sunk in deep depressions on the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 126. In the Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. {Mrs. Ames) to Ebbett's Pass and the Big Tree road {Bolancler, Torrey, Brewer) ; N. W. Nevada, Watson. 2. A. toxnentosa, Watson. Very stout, hoary-tomentose throughout or the stem glabrous : leaves quinately bipinnate, the leaflets thick, ovate, acute, very 266 UMBELLIFERiE. jj Angelica. oblique at base, 2 to 4 inches long, the lower sometimes lobed, unequally serrate with acutish teeth : umbels naked, often dense, the rays 1 to 3 inches long : fruit broad-elliptical, 3 lines long by 2 to 2 1 broad, the lateral wings thin and the dorsal acutish : seed thin, flat on the face, the solitary oil-tubes in channels on the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 141. In the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco to Mendocino County. 3. A. lineariloba, Gray. Glabrous, stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves twice to thrice quinate, the leaflets linear, 1 or 2 inches long, cu§pidately acuminate, entire or the lower ones 3-parted with the decurrent sometimes coarsely toothed lobes divaricate : umbels naked, the rays an inch or two long : fruit smooth, 4 lines long by two wide ; lateral wings a little narrower than the seed, rather corky : oil-tubes solitary, the lateral in pairs : seed nearly flat on the face, channelled under the dorsal oil-tubes. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 347. Mono Pass {Bolandcr) ; in the Southern Sierra Nevada, Eothrock. The thick root is said not to be sweet-scented. 21. CYMOPTERUS, Raf. Calyx-teeth prominent or often small or obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or elliptical, obtuse or retuse, dorsally flattened, the lateral ribs and some or all of the dorsal ones expanded into more or less thickened and corky wings ; oil- tubes narrow, one to several in the intervals. Seed dorsally flattened, and more or less concave on the face. Carpophore 2-parted. — Perennials, mostly low and often cespitose, with a thickened root ; leaves pinnately and finely decompound, with small narrow segments ; umbels usually both involucrate and involucellate, few- rayed ; flowers white or yellow. Natives of Western North America, about 15 species, most of them confined to the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. The roots are extensively used by the Indians for food. * Shortly caulescent : flowers yellow. 1. C. terebinthinus, Torr. & Gray. Erect, 6 to 18 inches high, smooth, leafy at base : leaves rather rigid, thrice pinnate ; leaflets a line long or less, linear-oblong, acute, entire or 1 - 2-toothed : fertile rays 4 to 6, unequal, ^ to 2 inches long ; invo- lucre a single linear leaflet or wanting, the involucels of several short linear bracts ; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long : fruit 3 or 4 lines long, 2 or 3 broad, the rather thin corky ribs a line broad ; calyx-teeth evident : oil-tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commissure: carpophore persistent. — Fl. i. 624. Selinum terebinthinum, Hook. Fl. i. 266, t. 95. C. foeniculaceus, C. albiflorus, & C. thapsoides, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 624. One of the most widely distributed of the species, ranging from the Cascade Mountains in Washington Territory to Ebbett's Pass {Brewer, at 9,000 feet alt.), and the Yosemite Valley {Gray), and in the mountains eastward to Colorado. As in other species the number of developed dorsal wings is variable. * * Acaulescent or nearly so : flowers white. -i~ Not alpine. 2. C. montanus, Nutt. Xearly acaulescent : leaves clustered at the summit of the very short stem, smooth and glaucous, pinnate or bipinnate, the oblong seg- ments pinnatifid with oblong obtuse entire or toothed lobes : peduncles 1 to 4 inches high, rather stout : involucre and involucels of broad and membranaceous bracts, united at base, the involucre often short and cup-like : rays about half an inch long or less ; pedicels a line or two long : fruit 3 to 6 lines long, with thin flat wings 1 or 2 lines broad ; calyx-teeth small ; oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, 6 to 8 on Peucedanum. UMBELLIFER^. 267 the commissure : seed concave. — Ton. & Gray, Fl. i. 624 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 123, excl. var. Var. purpurascens, Gray. Involucres and involucels very broad and conspic- uous, nearly enclosing the flowers, obtuse, tinged or veined with purple and green : fruit nearly sessile, large and very broadly winged. — Ives Colorado Kep. 15. One of the earliest spping flowers in the Great Basin, from Western Nevada and Northern Ari- zona to Utah ; doubtless in Eastern California. The typical form seems to be mostly confined to the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. 3. C. globosus, Watson. With the habit of the last, the segments of the leaves somewhat broailer in outline : involucre and involucels apparently none, and the rays and ])edicels obsolete, the flowers and fruit being in dense globose heads, ^ to 1 inch in diameter ; fruit 3 or 4 lines long, the thin flat wings a line broad, narrower at base : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure : seed slightly con- cave on the face. — Proc, Am. Acad. xi. 141. Northern Nevada ; near Cai-son City (Stretch, Watsmi) ; Goshoot Mountains, Bcckivith. Re- ferred to by Dr. Torrey, in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 120, under C. montanus as an abnormal form, and made a variety of the same species in Bot. King Exp. 124, the true fruit not having been examined. -f- -t- Dwarf and alpine. 4. C. cinerarius, Gray. Acaulescent, with a subterranean creeping rhizoma : scape (2 or 3 inches high) and petioles glabrous : leaves somewhat cordate in out- line, bipinnate with toothed segments, glaucous-cinereous with a flne rough puber- ulence : rays few, short or almost none ; involucre of numerous united somewhat membranous long-acuminate segments : flowers purplish ; calyx-teeth small : fruit 3 lines long, the undulate wings less than a line broad ; oil-tubes 3 in the inter- vals, several on the commissure : seed narrow, strongly curved with a deep central channel. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 535. At Sonora Pass and above Mono Lake in the Sierra Nevada {Brewer), at 9,000 to 10,000 feet altitude. 5. C. Nevadensis, Gray. Cespitose, leafy, roughish puberulent : leaves rather rigid, half an inch long, on short petioles, 3-lobed, the lobes 3 - 5-parted with lan- ceolate-subulate segments : scape less than an inch high, terminated by an umbel of 3 to 5 nearly sessile umbellets, involucrate by several broad 3 - 5-cleft herbaceous acute bracts : calyx-teeth lance-subulate ; styles long ; ovary obscurely winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 536. On the summit of Mt. Dana, at over 13,000 feet altitude, Brewer. Ripe fruit is wanting, and the determination of the plant is therefore in some measure uncertain. 22. PEUCEDANUM, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete or slightly prominent. Disk and stylopodium small and depressed (in western species). Fruit suborbicular to oblong, strongly compressed dorsally, the dorsal ribs filiform or slightly prominent, the lateral borders thin and coherent till maturity ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, or in pairs, or in a few species still more numerous. Seed flattened, scarcely concave on the face, not chan- nelled under the oil-tubes. — Perennials, with fusiform or tuberous roots, caulescent (usually shortly so) or acaulescent ; umbels without involucres (in western species), mostly involucellate ; leaves pinnate to decompoundly dissected ; flowers yellow or white. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121. A comprehensive genus of 100 or more species, restricted in America to the region west of the Mississippi, where 20 species are found. They differ in general habit from most of those of the Old World, but there seems no good ground for a separation. The roots of nearly all, as in the last genus, are an important article of food among the Indians. 5. P. CARUIFOLIUM. 6. P. UTRICULATUM. 7. P. VILLOSUM. 8. P. MACROCARPUM, 9. P. DASYCARPUM. 10. P. Nevadense. 268 UMBELLIFER^. ■ ^ Peucedanum. * Leaves not decompound, the segments large or broad or elongated : flowers yellow : fruit gla- brous ; oil-tubes solitary. Acaulescent, glabrous : leaflets ovate to naiTowly lanceolate, entire or toothed at the apex : involucels none : fruit oblong. 1. P. LEIOCARPUM. Mostly caulescent, puberulent : leaflets linear, entire : involucels small : fruit oblong. 2. P. triternatitm. Shortly caulescent, glabrous : leaflets ovate, toothed : involucels pres- ■ ent : fruit orbicular. Leaves ternate : leaflets cordate : fruit large, eniarginate at each end. 3. P. Euryptera. Leaves biternate : leaflets oval, laciniate or pinnatifid : fruit smaller, scarcely emarginate : calyx-teeth prominent. 4. P. parvifolium. ♦ * Leaves decompound ; segments narrowly linear ; petioles broadly dilated : involucels con- spicuous : flowers yellow : fruit glabrous, elliptical : caulescent, puberulent. Segments ^ to 2 inches long : bractlets often lanceolate ; ribs obsolete : oil-tubes indistinct. Segments rarely J inch long : bractlets usually much dilated : ribs dis- tinct : oil-tubes broad. * * * Leaves much dissected : low, pubescent. Segments narrow : flowers yellow : fiiiit pubescent, oval : acaulescent. Segments small : flowers white : somewhat caulescent. Pubescent : fruit glabrous, oblong or broadly elliptical : involucels conspicuous. Villous-tomentose : fniit tomentose, orbicular or ovat«. Glaucous, puberulent : fruit somewhat pubescent, roundish to ovate. § 1. Leaves not finely dissected, ternate or biternate, sometimes quinate or vuith pin- nate divisions, the segments large, broad, or elongated: involucels small or none : flowers yellow; calyx-teeth obsolete, except in No. ^ : fruit glabrous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. * Acatdescent, glabrous : fruit oblong : involucels none. 1. P. leiocarpum, Nutt. Scape often very stout, | to 1| feet high, from a thick elongated root : leaves biternate or ternate-quinate ; leaflets usually thick, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, an inch or two long, acute, sharply few-toothed near the apex or the narrower form entire : base of the umbel and umbellets often dilated ; rays usually few, unequal, 2 to 8 inches long ; pedicels 1 to 5 lines long, usually short : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, 2 lines broad, narrowed below, the ribs rather promi- nent, and the wing half as wide as the seed ; oil-tubes distinct, the lateral sometimes in pairs, 4 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 626 ; Seseli leiocarpum, Hook. Fl. i. 262, t. 93. From Puget Sound to the Sacramento River, and in the mountains eastward from Idaho to Sierra County, Lemmon. The Californian specimens are the broader-leaved form, approaching P. NuTTALLii, Watson (P. lafifolium, Nutt.), which appears not to have been collected within the State. It is distinguished by its more ovate, very narrowly winged and more obscurely ribbed fruit (3 to 4 lines long and 2 wide), with 3 or 4 obscure oil-tubes in the intervals and 4 to 6 on the commissure ; leaves biternate and leaflets ovate to orbicular. * * Caulescent, except sometimes in No. 2 : involucellate. +- Fruit oblong : leaflets linear, entire : puberulent. 2. P. triternatTim, Nutt. Finely puberulent : stems 1 to 2| feet high, with rarely more than a single cauline leaf, often acaulescent : leaves biternate or ternate- quinate, the divisions rarely pinnate; the segments linear, or rarely oblong, acute, 1 to 4 inches long : rays few, unequal, 1 to 4 inches long ; involucels of a few narrow bractlets, usually small ; pedicels very short : fruit rarely pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long, 1 to IJ lines wide, narrowest below, very narrowly winged, distinctly ribbed; oil-tubes distinct, 2 broad ones on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 626. Seseli triternatum, Pursh ; Hook. Fl. i. 204, t. 94. Feucedanvm. ITMBELLIFER^. 269 From Puget Sound and Idaho to Mendocino and Placer counties. The acaulescent form (P. leptocarpiini, Nutt.) is the more frequent in California, and may perhaps be found to differ in the form of the fruit, which sometimes at least is broadest near the base, narrowing upward. P. SIMPLEX, Nutt., of Utah, is very similar, but with leaves only ternate or biternate, fruit orbicular, 5 or 6 lines long, emarginate at each end, the wings broader than the body, and the ribs prominent. P. AMBIGUUM, Nutt., which includes P. Icevigatum, Nutt, extends from Oregon and Washing- ton Territory to Western Montana, and probably also occurs in Northern Calitornia. It is gla- brous, a foot high or often much less : leaves with much dilated petioles, at least the lower ones 1 - 2-pinnate with long linear entire leaflets, the upper often more dissected : involucels very small or none ; rays an inch or two long : fruit narrowly oblong, 4 lines long, a line wide, the wing half the width of the seed ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 broad and thin ones on the commissure. P. FAUixosuM, Geyer, Hook. Jour. Bot. vi. 235, is a dwarf .species of Oregon and Idaho, which has not yet been collected in mature fruit. The short stems are slender, from a small round tuber ; leaves twice or thrice pinnate, with linear entire leaflets ; flowers white, in small open few-rayed umbels ; involucels of one or few small linear bracts. There is apparently at least another allied species among those used extensively by the Oregon Indians, and which may extend into Northern California, but of which the fruit has not been col- lected. It is low and acaulescent, with a very thick root, glabrous, the leaflets linear ; flowers white (?), nearly sessile in the umbellets, with often a quite conspicuous involucel. +- +■ Fruit orbicular : leaflets ovate, toothed : glabrous. 3. P. Euryptera, Gray. Shortly caulescent, 6 to 10 inches high, rather stout : leaves ternate ; leatiets broadly cordate, somewhat lobed, coarsely and ruucronately toothed, i to 1 inch long : rays 10 to 15, a half to an inch long, the pedicels short ; involucels unilateral, of 'several lanceolate bractlets : fruit 5 lines in diameter, emar- ginate at each end, the wings broader than the body; oil-tubes solitary in the inter- vals and on each side of the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348. Euryptera lucida, Js^utt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 629 ; Torrey, Bot. Max. Bound. 70, t. 27. Gravelly hills near San Diego, Nuttall, Parry. 4. P. parvifolium, Torr. & Gray. Very shortly caulescent, slender, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves biternate, deltoid in outline, 2 inches long, the divisions ovate, laciniately lobcd and acutely toothed or pinnatifid : rays about ten, a half to an inch long ; pedicels 3 or 4 lines long ; involucels of a few linear bractlets : calyx- teeth acute, one or two usually prominent : fruit orbicular to broadly elliptical, 3 to 3i lines long, scarcely emarginate, the wings broader than the body ; ribs rather prominent ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Fl. i. 628. Ferula parvifolia, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 348. Pine woods near Monterey {Douglas, Coulter, Parry) ; probably from the Sacramento to Santa Barbara. A somewhat similar species, P. Hallit, Watson, occurs in Oregon, but •with leaves more oblong in outline, pinnate, with deeply toothed or finely pinnatifid divisions ; fruit broadly elliptical, the wing half as broad as the body ; oil-tubes 3 in the intervals, 4 or 6 on the commissure. § 2. Leaves decompound with narrowly linear segments and very broadly dilated peti- oles : involucels conspicuous, of usually dilated scariously margined spatulate or lanceolate bracts : flowers yellow ; calyx-teeth obsolete : fruit broadly ellip- tical, glabrous: caulescent, finely puberulent. 5. P. caruifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stems short, with elongated peduncles, ^ to 1 1 feet high : segments of the leaves | to 2 inches long : rays ^ to 3 inches long ; bractlets of the involucels often lanceolate : fruit 3 or 4 lines long, 2 lines broad, the ribs obsolete ; wings half as wide as the body : oil-tubes indistinct, 2 or 3 in the intervals, none on the commissure. — Fl. i. 628. P. marginatum, Benth. PI. Hartw. 312. Central California, valleys and hillsides ; from Sacramento Valley to Santa Barbara, frequent. 6. P. utriculatum, Nutt. More caulescent : leaves more finely divided, the segments 1 to 6 lines long : bractlets rarely lanceolate, usually much dilated : fruit 270 UMBELLIFERJE. ^ Peucedanum. similar but distinctly ribbed ; the broad oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 628. From Washington Territory and Idaho to Southern California, frequent ; Los Angeles (Etch) ; Ojai, Goodale, § 3. Leaves very finely dissected voiih narroio segments : flowers yelloiv : acaulescent, pubescent. 7. P. villosum, Nutt. More or less densely pubescent, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves witli very numerous somewhat crowded small harrow segments : flowerinfr umbels dense ; involucels of several small linear bractlets : fruit oval, pubescent ; oil-tubes probably several in the intervals. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 131. The mature fruit is not known. The range appears to be from the base of the Sierra Nevada in "Western Nevada to Northern Arizona and eastward to Nebraska and S. Utah. The si>eeies nearly resembles P. foeniculaeeum, Nutt., of the eastern plains, which is taller, with ample leaves and nearly filiform segments, the fiiiit smooth, with prominent ribs and 1 to 3 oil-tubes in the intervals. Another species, allied to P. foeniculaeeum, ranging from N. Utah to Idaho and possibly to N. E. California, is P. millefolium, Watson. This is glabrous throughout, with ample finely dissected leaves, lai-ge broadly winged glabrous fruit, and solitary oil-tubes. § 4. Leaves much dissected with small segments : flowers white ; calyx-teeth present : somewhat caulescent or nearly acaulescent, 2?ubescent. * Fruit glabrous, oblong or broadly elliptical. 8. P. macrocarpum, Nutt. More or less pubescent : stems usually tufted, \ to 1 foot high : fertile rays nearly equal, an inch or two long ; involucels conspic- uous, of several somewhat foliaceous lanceolate or linear bracts, often united and unilateral: fruit oblong, 4 to 10 lines long, 2 or 3 lines wide, exceeding the pedi- cels ; ribs filiform ; wings half as wide as the seed ; oil-tubes solitary or rarely 2 or 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 627 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 130. Var. eurycarpum, Gray. Fruit 4 or 5 lines wide, but slightly narrower at the ends, the wings broader than the seed : leaves usually rather more coarsely divided. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 385. P. nvdicaide, var. (?) ellipticum, Torr. & Gray, Pacif R Eep. ii. 121. Frequent from Washington Territoiy to the Saskatchewan, southward to N. California and N. Nevada. The variety is apparently the more prevalent form in California, ranging from Oregon to the Sacramento, and scarcely occurring east of the Sierra Nevada. -Y: * Fruit tomentose or puberulent, oval-orbicular. 9. P. dasycarpum, Torr. & Gray. More or less densely villous-toraentose, ;J to 1 foot high : leaves finely dissected with narrow or filiform segments : fertile rays nearly equal, an inch or two long ; involucels of several linear to lanceolate or oval bractlets, free or united at base : fruit orbicular or ovate, often acutish above, tomentose, 4 to 7 lines long, 3 to 5 broad ; ribs prominent ; oil-tubes usually 3 (rarely solitary) in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. — Fl. i. 628. J\ tomentosum, Benth. PI. Hartw. 312. Central CaliTomia, from Mendocino and Placer counties to San Luis Obispo, on dry hillsides. 10. P. Nevadense, Watson. Glaucous, puberulent : leaves less compoundly dissected, the segments coarser : rays often unequal, 1 or 2 inches long ; involucels smaller, of several linear-lanceolate bractlets, usually distinct : fruit somewhat pubes- cent, nearly orbicular to ovate, 3 to 5 lines long, 2 to 4 wide ; ribs prominent ; calyx-teeth obsolete ; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, or 4 in the lateral ones (per- haps very rarely solitary), 4 to 6 on the commissure. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 143. F. nudicaule, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 130, and others, not Nuttall. On the eastern side of the SieiTa Nevada from Northeastern California to Sonora and New Mexico. This much resembles P. nudicaule, Nutt., to which it has been ordinarily referred, a more northern and eastern species, ranging from Nebraska and Northern Colorado to Idaho. Ferula. UMBELLIFER.E. 271 23. HERACLEUM, Linn. Cow Parsnip. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk undulate; stylopodium conical. Fruit strongly flattened, orbicular or elliptical, the broad wings coherent till maturity ; dorsal ribs filiform or obscure ; oil-tubes obclavate, extending downward from the apex rarely to the base, solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Seed flat and thin. — Perennials or biennials, mostly stout and pubescent ; leaves ample, lobed or compound ; umbels many-rayed ; involucre usually few-leaved, caducous j involucels many-leaved ; flowers white. About 50 species are found in the north temperate zone of the Old World, a single one extend- ing to America and langing through much of British America and the United States. 1. H. lanatum, Miclix. Very stout, 4 to 8 feet high, pubescent : petioles greatly dilated; leaves ternate; the divisions petiolulate, round-cordate, 4 to 10 inches broad, unequally lobed ; lobes acuminate, toothed : rays 3 to 6 inches long : flowers large, the outer petals often dilated : fruit broadly obovate, 4 to 6 lines long, slightly pubescent. Wet soils in the mountains, from Monterey northward, and in the Sierra Nevada at a height of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. 24. FERULA, Linn. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Disk small and stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong- elliptical or nearly orbicular, strongly compressed dorsally, the corky marginal wings (in American species) as thick as the seed, coherent till maturity ; the dorsal ribs filiform ; oil-tubes very numerous, obscure, or sometimes wanting. Seed flattened. Carpophore bifid. — Smooth, nearly acaulescent perennials, with thick fusiform roots ; leaves pinnately decompound ; flowers yellow, in many-rayed umbels. Nuttall's genus Leptotcenia, of the western coast, kept distinct by Bentham & Hooker, is re- ferred by Dr. Gray to this large Old World genus. Polytcenia, of the Eastern States, is separated only by its manifest calyx-teeth and more acuminate and impressed petals. In addition to the following western species a fourth is found in S. Utah and New Mexico, F. Newberryi {Pence- danum A'eivhcrryi, Watson, in Am. Naturalist, vii. 301), of dwarfer habit, strictly acaulescent, and with less divided leaves. % Leaves finely divided. 1. F. dissoluta, Watson. A stout coarse plant, the short stems numerous from a very thick root, leafy at base : leaves broad, ternate and thrice pinnate, the ovate or oblong segments a half to an inch long, pinnatifidly laciniate-lobed and toothed, puberulent on the veins beneath : peduncles stout, 1 or 2 feet long ; rays 2 to 5 inches long, involucrate with a few linear entire or lobed bracts ; involucels of several linear bractlets : flowers yellow or purplish, numerous : fruit 8 or 9 lines long, 3 1 broad, almost sessile, the thickened margin | of a line broad; dorsal ribs filiform ; oil-tubes very obscure and much interrupted, wanting on the commissure. — LejMt^enia dissecta, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 630. Cynapium {V) Bigelovii, Torrey, Pacif. E. Eep. iv. 94. Ferula dissecta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348, not Ledebour. Valleys and hillsides, flowering in early spring, from Mendocino County north to Puget Sound ; Klaniath Lake {Fremont) ; Murphy's Camp, Bic/elow. A specimen from Borax Lake (Torrey), having broad regularly elliptical fruit only 5 lines long, is no otherwise different. 2. F. multifida, Gray, 1. c. Like the last, but with more finely divided leaves, the umbels without involucre, flowers less densely crowded, and the pedicels of the fruit 2 to 12 lines long. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 127. Leptotaenia multifida, Xutt. 1. c. On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Carson City northward to Oregon, and east to Utah. The root is often very large. 272 UMBELLIFER^. -|f Ferula. * * Leaves more coarsely divided. 3. F. Californica, Gray. Habit of the preceding : leaves ternate and pinnate, or twice ternate, the leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong, an inch or two long, usu- ally 3-lobed, coarsely toothed above, smooth : rays 2 to 4 inches long ; involucre of 1 or 2 narrow elongated bracts ; involucels wanting : fruit 5 to 7 lines long, 3 or 4 wide, a little narrower below, on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long ; dorsal ribs indistinct except at the ends ; oil-tubes distinct, somewhat anastomosing ; wing thinner than in the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348. Leptotoenia Californica, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torrey, Pacif. K. Eep. iv. 92. Napa Valley to Mendocino County. 25. DAUCUS, Toum. Carrot. Calyx 5-toothed. Disk and stylopodium mostly small and depressed. Fruit ovate or oblong, the carpels semiterete or somewhat dorsally flattened; primary ribs filiform and bristly, the intermediate more prominent and winged with a row of more or less united barbed prickles ; oil-tubes solitary under the wings. Seed flat on the face or nearly so. — Annual or biennial, setosely hispid ; leaves pinnately decompound with very small segments ; involucral bracts foliaceous and divided, those of the involucels entire or 3-lobed ; outer rays of the umbels often longest and conuivent over the inner ones in fruit ; flowers mostly white. Some 30 or more species inhabit the northern temperate regions of the Old World, of which the cultivated Carrot, D. Carota, is in many places naturalized, becoming a noxious weed. The only recognized native species of the United States is the following. 1. D. pusillus, Michx. Annual or biennial, erect, a foot or two high, retrorsely hispid : leaves bipinnate, the segments pinnatifid, with short narrowly linear lobes : rays 2 to 6 lines long, nearly equal ; involucre bipinnatitid, as long as the small umbel ; involucels equalling the yellowish floAvers : fruit 1 ^ to 2 lines long, shortly pedicellate, the prickles usually equalling or exceeding" the width of the body : seed somewhat concave on the face. Widely distributed, ranging from the S. Atlantic States to the Pacific, and on the western coast from Nootka Sound to Mexico. It has also been found in N. Patagonia and the Sandwich Islands. A peculiar form was collected by Dr. Torrey near San Francisco, very low and scarcely caulescent, the stout peduncles 2 or 3 inches long ; fruit 1 to 1^ lines long, in dense subglobose heads, the rays being obsolete. 26. CAUCALIS, Linn. Calyx-teeth prominent. Stylopodium thick and conical. Fruit as in Daucus, but somewhat more laterally compressed, and the seed involute or deeply channelled. — Annuals, mostly hispid ; leaves dissected ; umbels few-rayed, often opposite the leaves or sessile ; flowers white or purplish. About 20 species, chiefly of the Mediterranean region, one or two widely naturalized. 1. C. nodosa, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, the stems 1 or 2 feet long, retrorsely hispid : leaves pinnate with pinnatifid divisions : umbels naked, opposite to the leaves, nearly sessile, of 2 or 3 very short rays : fruit ovate-oblong, a line long, entirely covered with rough tubercles or usually with stout prickles barbed or bent at the point : seed involute. Native of Europe and N. Africa, inti'oduced into Chili and Peru, and thence into California : seen only from around San Francisco, Holder, Kellogg. 2. C. microcarpa, Hook & Arn. Erect, slender, 6 to 15 inches high, nearly glabrous : leaves much dissected, slightly hispid : umbels apparently sessile at the Aralia. ARALIACE^. 273 ends of the stem and branches, Subtended by 2 or more foliaceous dissected bracts, 3 - 6-rayed ; rays slender, 1 to 3 inches long ; umbellets few-flowered, with unequal pedicels ; involucels of short entire bracts, rarely more foliaceous and divided : fruit oblong-oval, 2 lines long, armed with rows of hooked prickles : seed deeply chan- nelled. — Bot. Beechey, 348. Dry liillsides, Sacramento Valley. Of reputed efficacy, applied in poultice, as a remedy for the bite of rattlesnakes. This plant is peculiar in habit, but has a seed similar to that of several of the species of C'aucalis. It has been referred to Daacus brachiatus of Australia, which however has the prickles always barbed and is a true Daucus. Order XLVI. ARALIACEiE. Like Umhelliferce, but the umbels not regularly compound, stems apt to be woody, petals imbricated in the bud, styles and carpels more than two, and the fruit fleshy (berry-like or drupaceous). A rather large order in the warm parts of the world, represented in Europe and in cultivation by the Ivy, and in North America and Northern Asia mainly by the following genus. 1. AHAIiIA, Linn. Spikenard. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate, slightly imbricate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2 — 5-celled : styles free or connate at base, at length divaricate : stigmas terminal. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3 - 5-angled, fleshy externally ; endocarp chartaceous. — Perennial herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate, digitate or compound, with serrate leaflets : umbels mostly simple, solitary, racemed, or panicled ; pedicels jointed ; bracts small. About 30 species, of which 8 belong to North America, chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains, the remainder to Eastern Asia. Probably the only Californian representative of the order is the following species. 1. A. Californica, Watson. Herbaceous, unarmed and nearly glabrous, 8 to 10 feet high, from a large thick root : leaves bipinnate, or the upper pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets, which are cordate-ovate, 4 to 8 inches long or more, shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate with short acute teeth ; uppermost leaves ovate- lanceolate : umbels in loose terminal and axillary compound or simple racemose panicles, which are a foot or two long and more or less gland ular-tomentose; rays numerous, 4 to 6 lines long; involucres of several linear bractlets : flowers 1| to 2 lines long ; disk and stylopodium obsolete ; styles united to the middle : fruit (im- mature) 1| lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 144. In shaded mountain ravines and moist places ; Gavilan Mountains {Breioer) ; Bolinas Bay {Bigelow) ; Sierra County, Levfimon. Much resembling the eastern A. racemosa, but differing in its much greater size, fewer umbels, larger and with more numerous rays, and larger flowers and invohicres. It has not been collected in mature fruit. A. humilis, of Mexico and New Mexico, is distinguished especially by its large pulvinate stylopodium. A. SPINOSA, another eastern species, known as Hercules' Club, has become somewhat common in cultivation. Fatsia nouRiDA, Benth. & Hook. (Echinopanax, Decaisne & Planch.), is reported in Hook. Fl. as having been collected in California by Douglas. It is frequent in shady fir woods in the Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the Columbia northward to Sitka, and also extends southward in the Coast Range, but it is doubtful as belonging to tliis State. It has a stout woody stem 6 to 12 feet long, creeping at base, leafy at the summit, and very prickly throughout, making the for- ests in places almost impas.sable ; the very large leaves palmately lobed, and the capitate umbels in a long raceme. The genus is distinguished by valvate petals, 2-3-celled fruit, pedicels not jointed, and palmatifid leaves. Hedera Helix, the European Ivy, is very frequently cultivated, and near the coast is already half wild. 274 CORNACEiE. Cornus. Order XLVII. CORNACEiE. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple and entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes (or capitate clusters) or spikes ; the valvate petals and stamens 4 and epigynous in fertile flowers (the former sometimes wanting) ; calyx adnate to the 1 - 2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1 - 2-seeded drupe or berry in fruit. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard albumen. An order of a dozen genera and less than a hundred species, widely distributed, but mainly in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere ; most related to the first tribe of Caprifoliacece, but with distinct petals valvate in the bud. Many are cultivated for ornament. The bark of Cornus is bitter, and has been used as a substitute for Cincliona. 1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, in cymes or a head-like cluster. Petals 4. Style 1 : stigma ter- minal. Ovary 2-eelled. 2. Garry a. Flowers dioecious, in catkin-like spikes. Petals none. Styles 2, stigmatic down . the inner side. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovuled. 1. CORNUS, Linn. Dogwood. Cornel. Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong or ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, with slender filaments. Style slender : stigma capitate or truncate. Drupe ovoid or oblong, with a 2-celled 2-seeded stone. Cotyledons foli- aceous. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, rarely arborescent ; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers small, in dichotomous cymes or involucrate heads, white, yellowish or greenish. Mostly of the northern hemisphere, a single species giowing in Peru ; about 25 species, of which 15 are found in the United States. * Flmvers greenish, in a close cyme or head, surrounded hy a consjncuous involucre of 4 to 6 white petal-like bracts : fruit red. 1. C. Canadensis, Linn. Stem simple, herbaceous, 3 to 8 inches high, from a slender creeping subterranean rootstock : leaves mostly in an apparent whorl of 6 at the summit, slightly pubescent with appressed hairs, nearly sessile, ovate to oblong, acute at each end, 1 to 2^ inches long ; in the middle of the stem a pair of smaller leaves, and scale-like bracts below : ]:)eduncle about an inch long : involucral bracts 4, ovate, 4 to 8 lines long : ovary silky : fruit globular, 2 lines in diameter. Mendocino County {BolaiuLer), in swamps ; north to Sitka and across the continent, 2. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. Usually a small tree, sometimes becoming 50 to 70 feet high : bark smooth : leaves more or less pubescent, obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, acute at each end : involucre of 4 to 6 obovate to oblong bracts, 1 1 to 3 inches long, abruptly acute to acuminate, yellowish or white, often tinged with red : flow- ers numerous, in dense heads 6 to 9 lines broad : fruit crowded among the large abortive ovaries, 5 to 6 lines long, crowned by the broad limb of the calyx. — Nut- tall, Sylva, iii. 51, t. 97 ; Newberry, Pacif. E. Eep. vi. 24. From Monterey and Mendocino to Plumas counties, and northward to Fraser Eiver. A showy tree, or large shrub, flowering in May, the flowers followed by large clusters of crimson berries. Much resembling the eastern C. fiorida, and apparently even more worthy of cultivation. Wood close-grained and very hard. * * Flowers yellowish, in sessile umbels, appearing before the leaves, involucrate with 4 small caducous bracts. 3. C. sessilis, Torr. A shrub, 10 to 15 feet high, with green bark : leaves approximate, ovate, shortly acuminate, pale beneath and appressed silky-pubescent : umbel terminal, becoming lateral by the development of the shoot ; pedicels numer- Oarrya. CORNACEiE. 275 ous, slender, silkj^, 3 to 4 lines long : involucre nearly as long, membranaceous, soon deciduous : petals narrow, acuminate : fruit oblong, 3 lines long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 94, t. 7. Moist ravines and foot-hills, Placer County. Mature fruit has not been collected. The Amer- ican representative of an Old World group of two species, C. mas and C. officinalis. * * * Flowers white or cream-colored, cymose, not mvolucrate : fruit white, lead- colored, or blue. 4. C. Califomica, C. A, iMeyer. A shrub, 6 to 15 feet high, with smooth purplish branches : leaves ovate, acute, mostly rounded or obtuse at base, 2 to 4 inches long, lighter colored and more or less pubescent beneath with loose silky hairs (not straight and appressed) : flowers in small dense round-topped cymes : fruit small, 2 lines broad, subglobose, but little fleshy, slightly pubescent, blue {V) : stone broader than high, somewhat compressed, furrowed on the edges. — Mem. Acad. Petr. v. 30, and Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. iv. 72. C. cirdnatus (]), Cham, in Linntea, iii. 139. C. alba. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beecliey, 142. From San Francisco southward to San Diego County ; on stream-banks. 5. C. pubescens, Nutt. Resembling the last and with a similar pubescence : leaves oblong-elliptical or rarely ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, shortly cune- ate at base : flowers in a somewhat larger and more spreading round-topped cyme : fruit white, larger and more fleshy, becoming glabrous; the stone similar, 2| lines broad. — Sylva, iii. 34. C. sericea, var. (]) occidentalis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 652. Oregon and Washington Territory, and in the Sierra Nevada to the Yosemite Valley ; also in the Cuiamaca Jits., San Diego Co. , Palmer. These two species have always been confounded, but seem to be separated by good characters. The Gomel of the Kocky Mountains and Utah, which has been referred to this species, is the eastern C. slolonifera, which also extends westwaixl to the Columbia. It is at once distinguished by the straight appressed hairs, attached by the middle, and has not been found in California. 6. C. glabrata, Benth. A shrub, 5 to 12 feet high, glabrous or very nearly so ; bark gray : leaves oblong to narrowly ovate, acute at each end or somewhat acumi- nate above, an inch or two long, alike green on both sides, on short slender petioles : flowers in numerous small open flat cymes ; ovaries silky : fruit white, globose ; stone broader than high, 2 lines wide or more, scarcely compressed, not furrowed. — P>ot. Sulph. 18. In the Coast Ranges from Lake County to the southern part of Monterey ; also on the Cosumnes Kiver, Rattan. 7. C. Torreyi, Watson. Shrubby : leaves obovate or oblanceolate, abruptly acute or sliortly acuminate, on rather long slender petioles, lighter colored and some- wliat pubescent beneath with loose silky hairs : cyme loose and spreading : fruit white ; the stone obovoid, 2^ to 3| lines long, somewhat compressed, acute at base, ridged on the edges, tubercled at the summit. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 145. Collected by Dr. Torrcy in Central California, but the locality not noted. The characters of the fruit are very i)eculiar. 2. GABRYA, Dougl. Flowers dioecious, in axillary aments, solitary or in threes between the decussately connate bracts, without petals. Calyx of sterile flowers 4-parted, with linear val- vate segments : stamens 4, with distinct filaments : disk and ovary none. Fertile flowers with the calyx-limb shortly 2-lobed or obsolete : disk and stamens none : ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendent ovules : styles 2, stigmatic on the inner side, per- sistent. Berry ovoid, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed oblong, compressed : embryo minute, with oblong cotyledons. — Evergreen shrubs, with 4-angled branchlets ; leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, the short petioles connate at base ; fruit blue or purple. 276 CORNACE^. -ff Garrya. A genus of about a dozen species, peculiar to the region from California to Texas and southward, with a single one in the West Indies. 1. Gr. elliptica, Dougl. A stout shrub or small tree, usually only 5 to 8 feet high : leaves elliptical. 1| to 3 inches long, rounded or acute and niucronate at the apex, mostly truncate or rounded at base, undulate on the margin, densely tomen- tose beneath, smooth above : aments solitary or chistered ; the sterile 2 to 5 inches long, with bracts truncate or acute, silky, as also the calyx-lobes ; fertile aments stouter, 1 to 3 inches long, with acuminate or acute bracts : ovary densely silky- tomentose, sessile: fruit globose, 4 lines in diameter. —=- Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1686; Maout & Decne, Traite Bot. 256, tigs. From Monterey northward to the Columbia near the coast ; dry soil and hillsides, flowering in winter and early spring ; the staminate plant then very ornamental. 2. G". Fremontii, Torr. Shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, becoming glabrous : leaves ovate to oblong, not undulate, 1^ to 2| inches long, acute at each end, on petioles 4 to 6 lines long : aments solitary, 2 or 3 inches long, with acute somewhat silky bracts ; the fertile aments rather slender : ovaries nearly glabrous : fruit globose, 2 to 2^ lines in diameter, shortly pedicellate. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 136. From the Upper Sacramento to the Yosemite Valley and in the Coast Ranges to Mount Hamil- ton, Breivcr. Leaves lighter green and less pubescent than in the last. 3. Gr. buxifolia, Gray, A small shrub, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong-elliptical, 1 to 1^ inches long, 4 to 8 lines broad, acute at each end, smooth above, densely white appressed-silky beneath ; petioles 1 to 3 lines long : fertile aments an inch long, the short bracts acute, more or less silky : fruit globose, glabrous, nearly ses- sile, 2| to 3 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 349. Eed Mountains, Mendocino Co., Bolander, Kellogg. 4. Gr. flavescens, Watson. A rather spreading shrub, 6 to 8 feet high, pubes- cent with closely appressed silky hairs : leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ovate to -oblong, acute at each end, scarcely mucronate, an inch or two long, flat, entire, at length nearly glabrous above, on petioles 3 to 6 lines long : aments pendulous ; bracts 6 to 10 pairs, broad, connate, acute or the lower acuminate, silky ; sterile aments 1 or 2 inches long, loose, the pedicels (1 to 3 together) equalling or exceeding the bracts ; fertile aments an inch long, dense, with solitary se.ssile flowers : fruit densely silky, ovate, 3 lines long. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 301. G. 1, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 421. Var. Falmeri, Watson. Pubescence densely tomentose : leaves smooth above, mucronate, on shorter petioles : fruit globose, 3 or 4 lines in diameter. Frequent from Southern Nevada and Utah into Arizona and New Mexico. The variety at Mil- quatay, 60 miles from San Diego, on the Fort Yuma road, Palmer. Branches and leaves yellow- ish ; the pulp upon the seed stains a bright violet color. Sambucus. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 277 Division II. GAI^IOPETAL^. (By A. Gray.) Floral envelopes both present ; the petals more or less united into a gamopeta- lous (otherwise called monopetalous) corolla. Order XLVIII. CAPRIPOLIACEiE. Distinguished generally by having opposite leaves without stipules, an inferior 2 - 5-celled ovary, and 4 or 5 equal stamens borne on the tube of the coroUa, as many as the lobes of the latter (in a single instance one fewer) and alternate with them. — Flowers perfect. Corolla 4 - 5-cleft, sometimes irregular ; the lobes im- bricated in the bud. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, or not rarely by abor- tion becoming one-celled : ovules either solitary and suspended or more numer- ous, anatropous. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Embryo small, commonly minute, in fleshy albumen. — Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with a colorless juice and no very active sensible properties, normally destitute of stipules, but in several species these, or appendages resembling them, appear : the inflorescence generally cymose. A family of about a dozen genera and 200 species, of small economical importance (except as affording Honeysuckles and some other plants for ornamental cultivation), mainly indigenous to the northern temperate zone, rather feebly represented in California, Tribe I. SAMBUCE^E. Corolla wheel-shaped or open bell-shaped, regular. Style short and 2 - 5-parted, or as many sessile stigmas. Ovules solitary in the cells, suspended. Fruit a beiTv-Iike drupe. 1. Sambucus. Leaves pinnate. Seed-like nutlets of the berry-like fruit 3 to 5. 2. Viburnum. Leaves simple. Nutlet of berry-like drupe only one, flattened. Tribe II. LONICEREtE. Corolla from bell-shaped to tubular, often irregular. Style elon- gated, entire : stigma capitate. Leaves simple, mostly entire, but occasionally sinuate- toothed or pinnatifid on some vigorous shoots. 3. Linnaea. Corolla obscurely irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, unequal. Ovary 3-celled, two of the cells containing several imperfect ovules, the third a solitary fertile ovule. Fruit dry, 1 -seeded. 4. Symphoricarpus. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes. Ovary 4-celled ; but the berry-like fruit only 2-seeded. 6. Lonicera. Corolla more or less irregular, commonly 2-lipped (f ). Stamens 5, Ovary and berry 2 - 3-celled, several-seeded. 1. SAMBUCUS, Toum. Elder. Calyx with 5 minute teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped or open urn-shaped, regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. "Benies," really drupes, small and globose, juicy, containing usually 3 (rarely 4 or 5) separate seed- like nutlets, each filled by a single seed. — Shrubs, or even small trees, or some nearly herbaceous, their rank and thick shoots filled by a large pith, the herbage with a heavy odor. Leaves pinnately 5- 11-foliolate : leaflets serrate, occasionally incised or even divided, acuminate, sometimes stipellate. Flowers small and very numerous, in compound cymes, in ours white. 278 CAPRIFOLIACE^. '^ Samhucus. 1. S. glauca, Xutt. Arborescent, glabrous, or often somewhat pubescent with short and stitt' spreading hairs : leaflets 3 to 9, of firm texture, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate with rigid spreading teeth : cyme flat, 5-parted : fruit black, but very glaucous, so appearing to be white : nutlets obscurely rugose : pith of shoots white. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13. Common throughout the State, and north and east of it ; 6 to 1 8 feet high, sometimes with trunk 6 to 12 inches in diameter. Not easy to distinguish from ecially the western species, which are all dif- ferent from the eastern. Some good characters may be furnished by the ripe akenes, which are known in few species. The balsamic resin which exudes from the herbage, most largely from the forming heads, is used medicinally, esiwcially as a remedy for the effects of Poison Oak {Rhiis lobata). Either the bruised plant is applied ilirectly, or a decoction or alcoholic infusion. « Stems a foot to a yard high, leafy : leaves frorti obovate to lanceolate. 1. G-. hlrsutula, Hook. & Am. Hirsutely pubescent or sometimes almost tomen- tose with soft spreading hairs, or lower part of the stem glabrous, one to three feet high : leaves sharply and irregularly serrate, from lanceolate to oblong, the lovver spatulate, uppermost usually with broad clasping base : awns of the pappus 2 or 3, flattish, nearly smooth. — Bot. Beech. 147. G. rubricaulis, DC. Prodr. v. 316. Under redwoods, &c., from Monterey northward, extending along the coast to Puget Sound. Known by the pubescence, and usually by the red or purplish stem : the involucre sometimes tomentose, sometimes almost naked ; the tijjs of the scales, as in other species, either straight or squarrose. 2. Gr. glutmosa, Dunal. Glabrous : leaves obovate, oblong, or oblong-spatu- late, rounded at apex, sharply serrate above the middle : scales of the involucre with short tips : pappus of 5 to 8 rigid flattened chaflf-like awns, their thin edges sparsely serrulate-ciliolate. — Aster glutinosus, Cav. Ic. ii. t. 168. Sandy moist grounds, on the coast, Fort Point and Lobos Creek, near San Francisco : intro- duced (0. The original of this species is said to have come from Southern Peru (not Mexico), a district which has given not a few plants to the coast of California. 304 COMPOSIT.E. ^ GrindeUa. 3. Gr. robusta, Nutt. Very glabrous, pale, usually stout : leaves from broadly spatulate or oblong to lanceolate, or the upper cordate-clasping, commonly obtuse, sharply more or less serrate : involucre with at length squarrose tips : pappus of 2 to 3 or rarely 5 rigid and llattish nearly smooth awns : akenes mostly 1 - 3 -toothed at the apex. —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 314. Var. latifolia {G. latifoUa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36) is a robust and broad-leaved form, with leaves 3 or 4 inches long, and the cordate-clasping oval upper ones almost as broad : heads proportionally large. Var. angustifolia {G. cuneifoUa, Nutt. 1. c.) is a coast form, Avith rather fleshy leaves varying ir(nu cuneate-spatulate to lanceolate, the upper nearly entire, all nar- rowed at base. Var. (?) rigida. A more glutinous and rigid form, with naked corymbose or paniculate heads, and rigid coriaceous leaves, some of them very sharply serrate : growing in dry or arid exposures, away from the sea. Common along the coast ; tlie last variety more inland, on the coast-range, the Contra Costa Mountains, &c. A polymorphous species. G. INTEGRIFOLIA, DC, of Oregon (which includes G. stricta, DC.) may occiir in the northern part of the State. The larger forms of it and the more entire-leaved forms of the preceding are not clearly distinguished. G. DiscoiDKA, Nutt., of Oregon is a small -headed species wholly destitute of rays. G. NANA, Nutt., from the same region, is a somewhat similar species, but dwarf, and with rays. * * A span or so in height : leaves narrowly and spatulate-linear, mainly radical. 4. G-. huxnilis, Hook. & Am. " Glabrous : stem herbaceous, simple, with a single head : radical leaA^es linear, obtuse, tapering to the base ; the cauline ones sessile, the lower narrowly linear and the upper reduced to subulate bracts : scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with squarrose tips." — Bot. Beech. 147. Although Lay and Collie must have collected the specimen in the vicinity either of Monterey or of San Francisco Bay, it has not since been identified. From a description and sketch of the specimen in the Hookerian herbarium, it is ascertained that it is unlike any other known species : the narrow radical leaves 2 inches long : involucre about half an inch high, its scales acute, only the outermost loosely i-ecurved or spreading, the others appressed. Rays rather numerous and elongated. The pappus is not described. 9. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, Gray. Heads many- (12- 30-) flowered, homogamous, the flowers all perfect and with tubular corollas. Involucre hemispherical ; the scales imbricated in about three ranks and closely appressed, oval or oblong, very obtuse, concave, coriaceo-charta- ceous and whitish, with a greenish spot next the summit, margined with a scarious and lacerately ciliate or fringed border ; the outer successively shorter. Receptacle convex, alveolate, fimbrillate. Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed. Branches of the style tipped with a thickish subulate appendage. Akenes short and thick, turbinate, densely silky- villous with very long white wool, 5-nerved under the wool. Pappus between chaffy and bristly, rigid, of 12 to 18 palege or flattened chaffy bristles, equalling the akene and the corolla in length and mostly somewhat dilated at tip, and of about as many more slender and unequal shorter bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 634. — A single species : — 1. A. sphaerocephalus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous low shrub (1 to 3 feet high), not at all glandular nor resiniferous, with rigid and angular straggling branches : leaves narrow, entire : flowers light yellow. — Aplopappus (Acamptopappus) sphcero- cephalus, Gray, PI. Fendl. 76; Torr, in Pacif. R. Eep. vii. 12, t. 6. Desert region bordering Arizona, first described from Coulter's Califomian collection (So. 281), Pentaclmta. COMPOSITE. 305 who very probably found it only in Arizona, where it has since been collected by Dr. Antisell and Dv. Palmer, and in S. Utah by Parry. — Heads less than half an inch in diameter. Leaves linear-lanceolate and somewhat spatulate, half an inch or less in length, about a line wide. Akenes 2 lines long, when mature resembling pellets of wool. 10. PENTACH^TA, Nutt. Heads solitary, terminating slender branches, heterogamous with the rays fertile, or sometimes rayless, several - many-flowered. Involucre of numerous or rather few thin and smooth more or less scariously margined oblong or lanceolate scales, loosely imbricated in two or more series, destitute of green tips. Eeceptacle convex, some- what foveolate. Eays few or numerous, with oblong ligule on a slender tube, or sometimes the ligule and sometimes the whole pistillate ray-flowers wanting. Disk- corollas 5-toothed, Anthers tipped with a small subulate appendage. Branches of the style in the disk-flowers bearing a long filiform-subulate but flattish appendage, much longer than the stigmatic portion. Akenes oblong, compressed, hirsute. Pappus of 5 (rarely somewhat fewer or more numerous) slender and rigid persistent serrulate-scabrous bristles, which are shorter than the disk-corollas, abruptly en- larged (but not paleaceous) at the very base, occasionally unequal, sometimes all reduced to short rudiments or wholly obsolete. — Low and slender annuals (wholly Californian), more or less pubescent, or sometimes glabrous, with filiform-linear and entire alternate leaves, and small or middle-sized heads. Corollas either all yellow, or those of the disk sometimes turning purple, the rays when present usually yel- low, sometimes white ! — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 249 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633. Aphantochceta, Gray in Pacif. R, Eep. iv. 43, t. 11. A peculiarly Californian genus of two species (P. gracilis, Benth., of Mexico, being an Oxy- pappus), remarkable for having, like Lessingia, either yellow or white rays. 1. P. aurea, Nutt. At length difl'usely branched, 3 to 12 inches high: heads many-flowered : scales of the involucre lanceolate, mostly acuminate or acute, and with broad and thin scarious margins, the outer successively shorter : rays 7 to 40, deep golden yellow : pappus of 5 (or sometimes 6 to 8) bristles. Dry plains, southern 2>art of the State, chiefly known from San Diego Co., Nuttall, Parry, &c. Leaves an inch or less in length, the upper reduced to small subulate bracts on the terminal peduncle. Heads varying from a quarter to half an inch in length. Mature akenes not seen, but apparently compressed as in the next. To this apparently belongs both the varieties described in Bot. Mex. Boundary, 81. 2. P. exilis, Gray, 1. c. Erect or with ascending branches, 3 to 8 inches high : scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, but commonly mucronate, all of nearly equal length and with narrow scarious margins : heads in the larger forms many-flowered and with 10 to 14 sulphur-colored or sometimes white rays : pappus of 5 equal or somewhat unequal bristles, or occasionally with some or all the bristles obsolete. (To this belongs the P. aurea of Bigelow's collection in Whipple's Expedition, of Bolander's Catalogue, &c.) Var. discoidea. Heads with from 9 to 20 disk-flowers and no rays : bristles of the pappus present. Var. aphantochceta. Heads, &c., as in var. discoidea, or with 3 to 5 pistillate marginal flowers destitute of ligule : pappus obsolete or nearly so. — Aphantochceta exilis. Gray, 1. c. 99, t. 11. Hillsides, from Santa Cruz to Napa Co., &c. Much like the foregoing, except in the particu- lars mentioned. Scales of the involucre seldom over 2 lines long, about 16 or 18 in the fuller- flowered heads, occupying two ranks of about equal length, reduced to 7 or 10 and sometimes almost to a single rank in the fewer-flowered and depauperate states. Matui'e akenes flat and 306 COMPOSITE. Monoptilon. obovate, or some of them perhaps rather triangular, obscurely few-nerved, hairy. Forms without pappus, or with more or less reduced bristles, grow mingled with the normal state. The rayless variety has been collected at Auburn, llussian River, San Lorenzo Valley, &c., and a very depauperate state about San Francisco. But the state with ray-corollas reduced to a tube, on which ApliMiitochoita was founded, has as yet been detected only in l)r. J. M. Bigelow's specimens, from Napa Valley. Near Vallejo a form was collected by liev. E. L. Greene with well-developed rays pure white, except a pale yellow base. 11. MONOPTILON, ToiT. & Gray. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays numerous in a single series, fertile. Involucre of numerous narrow equal thin scales, almost in a single rank. Eecep- tacle barely convex, naked. Corollas with rather hairy tube ; the white or purple ligules oblong-obovate. Branches of the style tipped with a short obtuse appendage, Akenes oblong-obovate, compressed, one-nerved on each margin, or in the ray with a lateral nerve also. Pappus double; the outer a minute almost entire crown; the inner a deciduous bristle which nearly equals the disk-corolla, scabrous below and plumose for some distance from the summit downward. — Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. V. 106, t. 13. Only one species : — 1. M. bellidifonne, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A delicate Daisy-like little annual, spreading on the ground, an inch or two high, villous-pubescent : leaves alternate, narrowly spatulate, entire : heads scattered, hardly peduncled, barely half an inch in diameter, including the white and purplish-tipped or pink-purple rays : disk- flowers yellow. On the Mohave desert or between California and the southwestern part of Utah, where a single specimen was collected by Fremmit. Recently rediscovered in the latter region by Parry. 12. EREMIASTRUM, Gray. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the white rays numerous in a single series, fertile. Involucre campanulate, of nearly equal narrow scales, the outermost nearly foliaceous. Eeceptacle flattish, naked. Ligules oblong, entire. Branches of the style tipped with a lanceolate appendage. Akenes obovate-oblong, flat, one-nerved on each margin. Pappus of two sorts, i. e. the outer of 8 or 10 thin laciniately dis- sected scales, each apparently composed of several xanited bristles ; the inner of about as many stout bristles or awns, and some smaller ones intervening. — Gray, PI. Thurb. (Mem. Am. Acad, v.) 320. — A single species : — 1. Zj. bellioides, Gray, 1. c. — A low, Daisy-like, hirsute or hispid annual, 1 to 4 inches high, and sending off" procumbent branches ; resembling Monoptilon but larger : leaves alternate, narrowly spatulate, entire, disposed to be crowded under the terminal solitary heads, and passing into scales of the involucre : head (includ- ing the expanded white rays) about two thirds of an inch in diameter, handsome ; the disk yellow. Dry plains on the Colorado and Mohave Rivers, Thurber, ScJwtt, Newberry, Cooper, &c. Also Southern Utah, Parry, 13. LESSINGIA, Cham. Head 5 - 25-flowered ; the flowers all perfect, with limb of the corolla regularly or sometimes obliquely parted down to the slender tube into 5 linear lobes, or the marginal ones with the enlarged limb palmately parted into a kind of ray, in these the stamens often abortive. Involucre campanulate or turbinate ; its scales imbri- • cated, appressed, and mostly with herbaceous often spreading tips. Eeceptacle flat, Lessingia. COMPOSITE. 307 alveolate. Anthers included, tipf ed with a setaceous-subulate appendage. Branches of the style tipped with a very short and obtuse or truncate appendage which is thickly covered with hispid bristles in a tuft, and often with a central cusp, or else with a longer subulate and less strongly hispid appendage. Akenes all fertile, silky-villous, turbinate or cuneiform, more or less compressed. Pappus simple, mostly shorter than the corolla (especially in the marginal flowers), of numerous unequal rigid scabrous bristles, usually turning reddish-brown. — Annual or bien- nial (probably never truly perennial) herbs, all Californian, with slender branches, clothed (at least when young) with flocculent more or less deciduous wool. Leaves alternate, thickish, those of the branches sessile. Heads rather small. Flowers in the original species yellow (sometimes turning purple in age), in most if not all the others blue-purple or white. (Nerves of the corolla-lobes deeply intramarginal, the aestivation induplicate up to the nerve.) — Cham, in Linnaea, iv. 203; Gray in Benth. PI. Hartw. 315, in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & viii. 634. § 1. Limb of the corolla more or less obliquely or palm/itely 5-parted, at least in tlie marginal flowers : branches of the style very obtuse and vrith a brush-like tuft of bristles, in which the mimde setiform appendage {when there is any) is nearly hidden. 1. L. Germanomxn, Cham. Low, much branched, spreading on the ground, at first whitish-tomentose, soon greener : lower leaves spatulate and pinnatiftd ; the upper oblong or linear and sparingly incised or toothed, or on the branchlets small and bract-like, and occasionally granulose-glandular, as are the spreading green tips of the involucre : heads terminating slender divergent branchlets, 15 -25-flowered: corollas yellow, the marginal ones conspicuously enlarged, palmate and forming a kind of ray, their stamens sometimes abortive. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 336, t. 7, (style wrongly delineated.) Hillsides and open grounds, rather abundant from San Diego Co. to San Francisco. Head with flowers expanded about half an inch in diameter, the larger and palmate marginal corollas form- ing a Centaurea-\\k.e ray. 2. L. ramulosa, Gray. Erect and diffusely paniculate-branched, a span to a foot or two in height, white-woolly, becoming naked and usually glandular with age : cauline leaves oblong or lanceolate, thickish, entire or serrulate ; those of the branches small, ovate or oblong, closely sessile by a cordate partly clasping base, gradually reduced to minute bracts : heads terminating slender diverging branchlets, 10-20-flowered : scales of the involucre acute and the greenish tips appressed : corollas violet-purple, the marginal ones a little enlarged and slightly oblique. — PL ' Hartw. 1. c. ; Bot. Wilkes Exp. 1. c. Plains, &c., from near San Francisco to Mendocino Co. Heads rather smaller than of the preceding. A slender and diffuse form, with smaller heads (var. tenuis), occurs from Monterey 1 {Douglas) to Peru Creek, at 5,100 feet, Rothrock. 3. L. nana, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf and depressed, 1 to 3 inches high, very woolly : simple or clustered stems thickly beset with the spatulate or lanceolate entire leaves : heads terminal and axillary, closely sessile, 10 — 12-flowered : scales of the invo- lucre linear-lanceolate, chartaceous and with scarious margins ; the innermost con- spicuously acuminate, almost cartilaginous when dry, equalling the disk : corollas (apparently purplish) little exserted, mostly regularly 5-lobed. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 1. c. t. 7. On the Sacramento, Dr. Pickering, Rev. Mr. Fitch. Foot-hills of the southern Sierra Nevada, J. Muir, Dr. Rothrock. A singular little plant, with the heads comparatively large, i. e. half an inch long ; the purple pappus nearly equalling the corollas, and conspicuously contrasting with the white wool. It is poorly figured in the work referred to. 303 COMPOSITJi:. Lessingia. § 2. Limb of the corolla regularly ^-'parted : branches of the style tipped with a conspicuous slender subidate and less hispid appendage. 4. L. virgata, Gray, 1. c. Erect, 1 or 2 feet high, with virgate branches, densely floccose-woully, becoming naked with age, but not glandular : cauline leaves partly clasping, entire, oblong, or the lowest spatulate ; those of the branches very short, appressed, concave, carinately one-nerved, somewhat sagittate, about the length of the 5 - 7-flowered heads, which are solitary and sessile in their axils, so as to form a narrow interrupted bracteate spike : involucre cylindraceous, of rather few and blunt appressed scales : pappus much shorter than the tube of the (probably pale purple) corolla. Nortliern part of California, Dr. Pickering, Prof. Newberry. Heads about 4 lines long. 5. L. leptoclada, Gray. Finely white-woolly : the erect slender stem and fili- form branches soon glabrous : lower cauline leaves spatulate and sparingly toothed ; the upper lanceolate or linear and entire, closely sessile by a sagittate adnate base ; the uppermost diminished into remote subulate bracts ; heads terminating the very slender and mostly naked paniculate branches, 5 - 20-flowered : involucre turbinate, especially when many-flowered ; its scales many-ranked and the outer successively shorter, all appressed and with acute greenish tips : corollas purple or sometimes white, the pappus equalling their tube. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351. Gravelly or sandy soil, near San Francisco (Crystal Springs, &c. ), and throughout the foot-hills and mountains in Mariposa Co., flowering July and August. Varies from 3 or 4 inches to a foot or two in height, and exceedingly in the number of flowers in the head, from 18 or 20 in the var. TYPiCA, Gray, 1. c, to only live in the var. mickocephala, in which the inflorescence is most depauperate, while the var. tenuis is a reduced fomi, only 3 to 8 inches high. All are evidently states of one species, — to which seemingly belongs a very branched small form collected by Dr. Horn in Owens Valley. 14. HETEROTHECA, Cass. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays numerous and fertile. Involucre hemispherical, of numerous narrow imbricated scales. Eeceptacle nearly flat, alve- olate. Ligules narrow. Branches of the style tipped with a hispid appendage. Akenes compressed ; those of the ray -triangular, very obtuse at summit, thickened and destitute of pappus ; those of the disk thinner and flatter, silky-pubescent, with a copious pappus of rusty or reddish capillary bristles nearly equalling the disk- corollas, and an outer set of very short chaffy bristles. — Perennial or biennial hir- sute or scabrous herbs, with alternate and mostly dentate leaves, and middle-sized heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. 1. H. grandiflora, Nutt. A span to a foot high : the leaves as well as the stem hirsute with long and rather soft spreading hairs ; lower ones oval, sparingly toothed, contracted into a slender petiole ; upper ones small and narrow : heads mostly solitary : involucre glandular but not hairy : appendages of the style short and obtuse : short outer pappus copious. Near the coast, on sandy plains, from Monterey to San Diego. Heads not so large as those of the Mexican H. imdoidcs. Akenes of the ray when young minutely pubescent, but becoming glabrous. 2. H. floribunda, Benth. Stem 2 feet or more in height, very leafy to the top, hispid, also minutely glandular : leaves mostly with a fine and appressed pubes- cence ; the lower ones ovate and with petiole auricled at base ; upper oblong and closely sessile : heads numerous, corymbed or panicled, small : involucre glandular : appendages of the style acute : short outer pappus copious. — Bot. Voy. Sulph. 24. Near the coast, from San Pedro southward, Hinds, Coulter, Parry. Heads less than half an inch long ; rays small. Chrysopsis. COMPOSITE. * 309 15. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with numerous fertile rays, or in two species homogamous, the rays being wanting. Involucre campanxdate or hemispherical ; the scales imbricated, narrow, acute, mostly with somewhat scarious margins, desti- tute of herbaceous tips. Eeceptacle flat, foveolate, or alveolate-toothed. Appen- dages of the style-branches linear or subulate and hispid. Akenes oblong-linear or obovate -oblong, compressed, hairy, the margins and each face commonly 1-nerved. Pappus alike in disk and ray, double ; the interior of copious rather rusty scabrous capillary bristles of unequal length, the longer about equalling the corolla ; the exte- rior a set of very short chaffy bristles or narrow little scales (slender and incon- spicuous in § 2). — Low herbs (the Californian species perennial), with stems rather thickly beset with alternate sessile leaves, and terminated by soUtary or corymbose (middle-sized) heads of yellow flowers. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 252. § 1. Heads with rays: exterior pappus evident and more or less chaffy : herbage hir- sute or villous. — Chrysopsis proper. 1. C. sessiliflora, Nutt. Hirsute, varying from hispid to soft-villous : stems a foot or so in height, erect or ascending from tufted thick rootstocks : leaves oblong, or the lower spatulate, mostly entire : disk-corollas beset externally near the summit with some scattered very slender hairs : outer pappus squamellate. — The following apparently all of one variable species. Nuttall's original, from Santa Barbara, &c. : not canescent, somewhat hispid and glandular : stem and branches leafy up to the head, which is as it were involucrate by some leafy bracts : scales of the involucre slightly hirsute, usually glandular : outer pappus hardly longer than the breadth of the ovary. (Involucre half an inch long.) — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 317. Var. JBolanderi, Gray. Less glandular and more villous ; the obtuser leaves densely so, sometimes canescently silky : involucre mostly leafy-bracted and more pubescent : the conspicuous squamellate outer pappus longer. — C. Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. — Both this and the first pass into Var. echioides, Gray. Stem and branches more slender and less leafy, the heads only half as large and not leafy-bracted : outer pappus as in the last or less conspicuous. — C. echioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25, & PI. Hartw. 316. Santa Barbara and vicinity, Nuttall, Cooper ; only their scanty specimens of the original form yet seen. The var. Bolanderi, San Francisco to Noyo on the coast, Bolander, Kellogg. Var. echioides, Santa Cruz to San Diego, Hinds, Coulter, Newberry, Hartweg, Bolander, &c. — ■ C. Bo- landeri does not belong to the Achyrcea section, which is well marked by its scanty inner and truly chaffy outer pappus. The present species is in some forms hard to distinguish from C. viLLOSA, Nutt., an equally polymorphous species, extending from the eastern side of the Mississippi to the coast of Oregon and to the State of Nevada ; therefore very probably inhabiting the northern part of California. It is destitute of the scattered long hairs near the tip of the disk-corolla, and the involucre is not glandular, but commonly minutely canescent. § 2. Heads rayless : exterior pappus settdose, inconspicuous or obscure. — Ammodia, Gray. (Ammodia, Nutt.) 2. C. Oregana, Gray. Much branched, erect, a foot or two high, somewhat hirsutely pubescent and rather viscid : leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, with a prominent midrib : heads paniculate : involucre almost glabrous, composed of 3 or 4 ranks of successively longer thin and acuminate scales, only their midrib green, the innermost equalling the pappus : corollas slender : akenes narrow : exterior pap- pus indistinct. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Ammodia Oregana, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. t. 9. In sand or gravel along streams, mouth of Eel River (Kellogg), Calistoga (E. L. Greene), and north through Oregon. 310 COMPOSITE. * Chrysopsis. 3. C. Brcweri, Gray, 1. c. More minutely and sparingly pubescent and also viscid glandular, a foot or two high, with scattered and slender branches, which are mostly terminated by single pedunculate heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, entire, 3 -ribbed from the closely sessile broad base : scales of the involucre of firmer tex- ture, lanceolate, rather few and in only about two ranks, the longer little exceeding the obovate and flat akenes : corollas funnelform : exterior pappus of numerous very fine and short bristles. Sierra Nevada, in or near forests, from Mariposa Co. to Sierr% Co. at the altitude of from 4,000 to 11,000 feet, Brewer, Torrey, Greene, &c. Heads half an inch long, fewer than in the preced- ing : pappus soft, merely tawny. 16. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads solitary, terminating the branches, or sometimes corymbosely or spicately clustered, many-flowered, rarely several-Jiowered, heterogamous and with fertile rays, or very rarely homogamous, the rays being wanting. Involucre imbricated, the scales with or sometimes without herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Receptacle flat or flatfish, foveolate or alveolate-dentate. Appendages of the style-branches trian- gular-lanceolate, or in the N. American species more commonly elongated-subulate. Akenes varying from turbinate to linear, terete, angled, or more or less compressed. Pappus simple, of copious and unequal rigid capillary (scabrous or almost barbellate) bristles. — Herbs or low under-shrubby plants, of various aspect and foliage ; with yellow flowers, and pappus varying from tawny to reddish, very rarely bright white. Leaves alternate, rigid. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 634. Aplopappus, Pyrrocoma (Hook.), Stenotus (Nutt.), Macronema (Nutt.), Frionopsis (Nutt.), Isopappus, (Torr. & Gray), & Ericameria (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. Haplopappus, Ericameria (and Macronema under Chrysopsis), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 253. A pretty large American genus, which, like its analogiie, Aster, has to take in a great diversity of forms, mainly andine and of the Rocky-Mountain region and adjacent dry plains, but so scantily represented in California that the species are more conveniently exhibited under an arti- ficial key than in their natural subgenera or sections : — Rays none : involucre elongated obconical, its coriaceous scales many- ranked, all with short and abrupt squan-ose herbaceous tips. 1. A. SQUARROSUS. Rays none : involucre of a few thin and loose and 3 or 4 outer nearly foliaceous scales : style appendages long and exserted. 13. A. Macronema. Rays 10 to 20 or more. Akenes silky-villous : pappus white : head solitary, peduncled. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high : leaves narrow linear. 2. A. linearifolius. Tufted plant 3 or 4 inches high : leaves spatulate. 3. A. acaulis. Akenes silky-pubescent : pappus whitish : heads several. 5. A. paniculatus, var. Akenes glabrous or nearly so at maturity. Herbs : pappus tawny or reddish. Leaves laciniate : heads 1 to 3, peduncled. 4. A. apargioides. Leaves serrate or entire : heads spicate or clustered. 5. A. paniculatus. Shrub : pappus white : leaves filiform. 8. A. pinifolius. Rays 1 to 9. Herbaceous, with leaves serrate and oblong. 6. A. Whitneyi. Shrubby or suffruticose, with leaves entire, and Cuneiform-dilated. 7. A. cuneatus. Filiform or shorter and very crowded : akenes glabrous. 9. A. ericoides. Filiform-linear with tapering base : involucral scales naked : akenes pubescent. 10. A. RESINOSUS. Narrowly or spatulate-linear : involucre narrow, with outer scales leafy-tipi^ed, and the inner ones ciliate. 11. A. Bloomeri. Spatulate-lanceolate or linear : involucre broad, with outer scales loose and leafy, and the inner ones naked. 12. A. suffruticosus. Aplopappus. COMPOSITJE. 311 1. A. squarrosus, Hook. &, Am. Shrubby, minutely pubescent ai^d some- what glutinous : branches very leafy : leaves rigid, oblong-obovate, obtuse, thickly serrate with rigid pointed teeth, closely sessile or partly clasping, the midrib promi- nent and the veins indistinct : heads several, spicate or racemose-clustered, elon- gated-obconical : the linear coriaceous scales of the involucre regularly imbricated in many series, all with short and obtuse glandular herbaceous tips, which are usually squarrose-spreading : rays none : disk-flowers numerous : appendages of the style ovate-lanceolate : akenes glabrous : pappus rather scanty, rigid. — Pyrrocoma grin- delioides, DC. Probably near Monterey ; collected only by Douglas. Leaves an inch long. Heads three quarters of an inch : outer scales of the involucre very short ; inner successively longer ; inner- most equalling the disk. 2. A. linearifolius, DC. Shrub one to four feet high, much branched, nearly glabrous, glutinous from a resinous exudation ; the branches slender, terminated by a solitary pedunculate large and showy head : leaves much crowded, narrowly linear, mostly tapering to each end, fully an inch long, entire, more or less punc- tate : scales of the hemispherical involucre about in two series, all nearly equalling the disk, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, with scarious margins and no herbaceous tip : rays 12 to 14, oblong-lanceolate : disk-flowers numerous : akenes white silky-villous ; pappus bright white, rather soft and deciduous. — /Stenotics linearifolius, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 238. Rocks and diy ridges, Monte Diablo and the Contra Costa range, and in the Sierra Nevada (Mono Pass, &c.), extending to S. Utah. — Head almost an inch in diameter ; the bright yellow- rays nearly an inch long. Appendages of the style rather broad. 3. A. acaulis, Gray. Depressed : suflfruticose caudex caespitose, bearing rosu- late tufts of leaves : the flowering shoots simple and scape-like, or leafy only below, terminated by a solitary head : leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, entire, mucronate-acute, rigid, about 3-nerved, veiny, pale, scabrous with a very minute harsh pubescence : scales of the hemispherical involucre rather few in 2 or 3 series, ovate, acute, chartaceous with more or less scarious edges and a carinate midrib : rays 9 to 1 2 : disk-flowers rather numerous : akenes silky-pubescent : pappus white, rigid and rather scanty. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353. Stenotiis acaulis, Nutt. 1. c. A-plvpappus Nevadensis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 9, a large form. High Sierra Nevada, at Summit {Bolander, Kellogg, &c.), and in similar stations east to the Eocky Mountains. Flowering stems or scapes 2 to 4 inches high. Heads a third of an inch long : rays half an inch. Lassen's Peak, Lemmon. 4. A. apargioides, Gray. Herbaceous, tufted from a thick and firm rootstock, glabrous except some scattered slender and usually deciduous hairs : flowering stems slender, a span high, bearing solitary or 2 to 3 peduncled heads : leaves lanceolate or linear in outline, laciniately pinnatifid or spinulosely toothed, one-nerved and minutely reticulate-veiny ; the radical ones 3 or 4 inches long, those of the flowering stems few and smaller : scales of the somewhat hemispherical involucre closely imbricated in about 3 series, linear-oblong, obtuse, appressed, with herbaceous tips ; the outer successively shorter : rays 20 to 24, oblong : disk-flowers numerous : akenes linear-oblong, glabrous : pappus of tawny slender bristles, rather deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354. Sierra Nevada, at Soda Springs, Tuolumne River, at 7,000 to 9,000 feet, Bolander. Heads half an inch long, exclusive of the ray. 5. A. paniculatus, Gray, 1. c. Herbaceous, glabrous : stems nearly simple from a thickish rootstock, rigid and mostly virgate, a span to a foot or more in height : leaves thick and coriaceous, lanceolate, acute ; the radical ones elongated, sometimes spinulose-serrate ; the cauline small, closely sessile, entire, ciliolate : heads rather numerous, single or 2 or 3 together in the axils of bract-like leaves, forming a loose virgate spike or raceme, or sometimes pedunculate and panicled : scales of the 312 COMPOSITE. > Aplopappus. hemispherical involucre rigid, linear-spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, with mostly obtuse but mucronate herbaceous tips, appressed, in 3 or 4 series, the outermost commonly short : rays 8 to 16, narrow : disk-flowers numerous : ovaries more or less pubescent : akenes rarely pubescent : pappus tawny or reddish, rather rigid. — Uomopappus paniculatus, Nutt. 1. c, Fyrrocoma paniculata, Torr, & Gray, 1. c. Var. virgatus, Gray, 1. c. Slender : heads much smaller but broadish, race- mose or spicule. Var. stenocephalus, Gray. Slender : larger stems branching and bearing paniculate heads : involucre narrow-oblong or cylindraceous, 4 or 5 lines in length, rather few-flowered : rays 7 to 10 : immature akenes silky -pubescent : pappus whitish. Eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada ; Carson, Anderson ; a virgate foi-m, to which also belongs Hall's No. 256 of Oregon coll. (referred to A. lanceolatus), only that has very silky-pubescent akenes. Bridgeport, Mono Co., Bolandcr ; the var. virgatus. Sierra Co., Lemmon ; the var. stenocephalus. — A. tenuicaulis, Eaton, Bot. King., is another form, similar to the last variety, but soft-hairy when young, with broader involucre of less rigid scales : it has the same silky- pubescent ovaries. 6. A. Whitney i, Gray, 1. c. Herbaceous, slightly ronghish-pubescent and glu- tinous : stems numerous and one or two feet high from a thickish rootstock, equably leafy to the summit : cauline leaves oblong (an inch long), thin-coriaceous, sharply dentate with rigid teeth, partly clasping, minutely reticulate-veiny : heads panicu- late-clustered and mostly leafy-bracteate : involucre oblong-campanulate 20 - 25- flowered ; its scales narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, almost glabrous, between chartaceous and coriaceous, mostly destitute of herbaceous tips, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, appressed, the outer successively shorter : rays 6 to 8, small, little surpassing the disk : akenes glabrous, oblong-linear, striate : pappus copious, tawny or reddish, fine but rigid. Open woods of the Sierra Nevada, Mono trail and Sonora Pass, alt. 9,000 feet, Bolandcr. Heads half an inch long. Disk-corollas naiTow and merely S-toothed as in Pyrrocoma ; but invo- lucral scales narrow and thin. Style-appendages subulate-filiform. A good link between the sections Pyrrocoma and Ericameria. 7. A. cuneatus, Gray. Shrub low and intricately branched, glabrous, at length glutinous with resinous exudation : branchlets very leafy : leaves small (merely half an inch long), thick, cuneate or obovate-spatulate with a narrowed base, and a broad truncate retuse or emarginate apex, conspicuously resinous-punctate, one- nerved, veinless, entire : heads corymbose at the summit of the branches, about 24-floAvered : involucre turbinate, shorter than the disk ; its scales regularly imbri- cated in several series, lanceolate, coriaceo-chartaceous, with somewhat scarious mar- gins and tip, carinate one-nerved ; the outer successively shorter : rays about 3, not exceeding the disk : style-appendages lanceolate-subulate, about the length of the stigmatic portion : akenes linear-oblong, compressed, sparsely hirsute : pappus rather soft, scarcely tawny. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 635. Bear Valley, Placer Co. in the Sierra Nevada, alt. 4,500 feet, Sept., Kellogg and Bolandcr. Plant exhaling a creosotic balsamic odor, apj)arently a low and matted bush or underslirub. Head of the Ericameria section, somewhat larger and thicker than those of A. ericoides, the invo- lucral scales more numerous and not ciliate ; the outer ones decreasing into very short and loose squarrose bracts on the peduncle, none of them with foliaceous tips. In one (abnormal) head all the flowers were furnished with five or fewer linear or spatulate external accessory divisions, borne on the middle of the tube. 8. A. pinifolius, Gray. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, erect, with fastigiate branches excessively leafy, slightly pubescent when young, glabrate, hardly glutinous : leaves crowded, filiform-linear or acerose, cuspidate-acute, an inch long, somewhat punctate, the fascicled ones when present very much sliorter : heads solitary and sessile at the summit of the branchlets, mostly exceeded by the closely involucrate uppermost leaves, 25 - 30-flowered : involucre campanulate ; its scales appressed, oblong or broadly lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, with somewhat scarious minutely villous-ciliate Aplopappus. COMPOSITE. 313 margins : rays 20 or more, sfiort and narrow : style-appendages subulate-filiform : akenes linear, nearly glabrous : pappus white. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 636. Near Los Angeles, in a dry river-bed, Bolander, 1873. Head 4 lines high. Rays 2 or 3 lines long. In some of the few specimens seen there are chatfy scales among the flowers and a transfor- mation of some of the disk-corollas to mys, which is doubtless abnormal. The species is peculiar and anomalous, but belongs to the same group as the next. 9. A. ericoides, Hook. & Arn. Shrub a foot or two high, much branched, erect or decumbent, glabrous or cinereous-pubescent, more or less glutinous, exces- sively leafy : leaves crowded and fascicled, nearly terete, the cauline filiform and half an inch or less in length, the fascicled ones only half as long and blunt : heads corymbose and panicled, 7 - 10-flowered : involucre turbinate, shorter than the disk ; its scales chartaceous, imbricated in few series, linear-oblong, obtuse, with finely ciliate margins, the outermost passing into short and loose subulate bracts-: rays 3 or 4, short : style-appendages filiform-subulate : akenes glabrous : pappus soft, tawny. — Ericameria microphylla, Xutt., &c. Dry hills, Santa Barbara to San Francisco near the coast : common. A remarkable Heath-like shrub. Heads narrow, hardly half an inch long. 10. A. resinosus, Gray. Shrubby, a span or so in height, very much branched, glabrous, becoming very glutinous, leafy : leaves filiform-linear, about an inch long, acute, tapering to the base, mostly with some very short ones fascicled in their axils : heads loosely corymbose, smaller than those of the preceding species, but with rather more numerous flowers both of ray and disk, and the scales of the involucre not ciliate : akenes pubescent. — Ericameria resinosa, Nutt. 1. c. Not yet found in California, but may be expected on the frontiers of Oregon. Apparently col- lected as yet only by Nuttall, in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, along with A. nanus. 11. A. Bloomeri, Gray. Shrub a foot or two high, with numerous slender virgate brandies, glabrous, little if at all glutinous, leafy to the top : leaves narrowly linear with tapering base, or spatulate-linear, mucronate, scarcely punctate, an inch or two long : heads narrowly panicled or corymbed, leafy- bracted, 10-25-flowered : scales of the oblong cylindraceous involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 series, chartaceo- coriaceous with a greenish midrib and scarious margins;. the inner linear-oblong, thinner, and villose-ciliate, obtuse, a little shorter than the disk ; the outer shorter and abruptly tipped with a subulate foliaceous appendage : rays 2 to 4 or solitary, oblong, conspicuously exserted : style-appendages subulate-filiform and much ex- serted : akenes linear, finely pubescent, glabrate : pappus whitish or ferruginous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, vii. 354 (var. angustatus), viii. 636. A. resinosus, Gray in Bot. Wilkes Exp. t. 10, not of Nutt. Dry ridges and sterile plains ; head waters of the Sacramento {Dr. Pickcrincf) ; Mount Shasta at 6,000 feet {Brewer) ; Sierra Nevada east of the Yosemite, at 9,700 feet ; Sierra Valley {Lem- mon) ; to Kern Co. {Rothrock) ; and in W. Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Bolander. Heads from two thirds to three quarters of an inch in length, with bright yellow lignle conspicuous (half an inch long), and at least some of the outer involuci-al scales leafy-tipped in the manner of Biijelovia Parnji and Howardii. The figure in the Botany of the Wilkes Expedition does not represent these, although clearly made from a slender specimen of this species. The leaves vary from almost filiform to a line and a half in width. 12. A. SUfEiruticosus, Gray, 1. c. Woody at base, sending up tufted almost herbaceous branches a span or more in height, minutely glandular-pubescent and somewhat viscid throughout, leafy to the top, the corymbose or fastigiate branches mostly terminated with single heads : leaves linear with narrowed base, or spatulate, mucronate-acuminate, not rigid : involucre hemispherical or carapanulate ; its scales in few series and almost equal in length, lanceolate, acute, thin, slightly glandular, some of the outermost foliaceous-tipped or passing into foliaceous bracts : rays 3 to 9, exserted (or rarely none) : disk-flowers 20 to 30 : style-appendages filiform : akenes oblong-linear, compressed, pubescent : pappus rather soft, M'hitish, at length ferruginous. — Macronema suffruticosa, Nutt. 1. c. , I 314 COMPOSITE. -^ Aplopappus. High Sierra Nevada, at Mono Pass, Pyramid Peak, Summit, &c., and through Nevada. Head nearly two thirds of an inch long. 1 3. A. Macronema, Gray, 1. c. Woody at base, sending up somewhat simple white-w^oolly branches, a span liigh : leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, viscidly glandular-puberulent, not rigid : heads terminal and solitary or somewhat clustered, about 25-fiowered : involucre broadly campauulate, shorter than the disk ; its inner scales thin, lanceolate or linear ; the outer of equal length, more or less foliaceous or passing into leaves : rays none : style-appendages filiform and much exserted : akenes linear, 5-nerved, somewliat pubescent : pappus, &C., as in the preceding. — Alacronema discoidea, Nutt. 1. c. On rocks in the Sierra Nevada ; Mono Pass, at 10,000 feet (Bolander) ; Mount Stanford, at 8,000 feet (Lcmmon) ; thence east to Colorado or Wyoming. A. AiiENARius, Benth., known only from Cape San Lucas, at the southern end of Lower Cali- fornia, is quite out of our district. A. .si'iNULOSUs, DC, with pinnately cleft leaves, the commonest species east of the Rocky Mountains, occurs in Coulter's Californian collection ; but a part of it was made between Califor- nia and Mexico, and this species was in all probability picked up in Arizona. A. NANUS, Eaton, from Nevada, a broader-leaved iorm of Ericameria nana, Nutt. (which, as the latter states, is near his E. resinosa), in its broader forms approaches A. suffruticosus, and may occur in the northeastern part of the State. 17. BIGELOVIA, DC. Heads corymbose or cymose-clustered, rarely paniculate, 5 - 30-flowered, homo- gamous, the flowers being all perfect and with tubular corollas. Involucre imbri- cated ; the scales dry, chartaceous or coriaceous, chiefly destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat, foveolate or alveolate-dentate, rarely with a chafl- like projection in the centre. Appendages of the style-branches varying from ovate- lanceolate to subulate or filiform. Akenes narrow, terete or angular, slightly if at all compressed. Pappus simple, of copious unequal capillary bristles as in Aplo- pappus, or softer and more equal, tawny at maturity. — Herbs or undershrubs, with narrow alternate leaves, and mostly small heads of yellow flowers (usually autum- nal) ; all American and chiefly of the United States. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 638. Linosyris, Torr. & Gray, &c. Chrysothamnus, (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 255, changed in appendix to Bigelovia. It appears that the genuine species of Linosyris, of the Old World, occasionally develop white or purple rays, thereby showing that they belong to Galatella, a subgenus of Aster. These American plants are, on the other hand, closely related to Aplopappus, from which some of them (even of the Chrysothamnus section, which is on the whole so well-marked) are only arbitrarily separated. Bigelovia and Chrysothamnus are strictly of the same genus, so that the former name must be adopted. The species are more numerous in the interior region than in California. Ours may be most readily made out by means of the following analytical key, which is mainly founded, however, upon the proper characters of the natural sections here represented. Scales of the involucre not in conspicuous vertical ranks. Style-appendages ovate or triangular-subulate, shorter than the stigma- bearing portion. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, toothed or lobed : heads half an inch long, 12- 20-flowered. 1. B. Menziesii. Leaves filiform or nearly so, entire.* Heads a quarter of an inch long, densely corymbed, 20 - 25-flowered : scales of involucre lanceolate, acute. 2. B. ARBORESCENS. Heads fewer : scales of involucre oblong. 3. B. Cooperi. Style-appendages very long and slender : branches mostly white-woolly. Heads 20 - 30-flowered, broad, leafy-braeted (see above). Aplopappus Macronema. * B. diffusa, Gray (Ericameria diffusa, Bentli. Bot. Sulph., and SoHdago diffusa, Gray, also Lino- syris Sonoriensis, Gray) belongs here. As it has iieen found only at the southern extreTiiity of Lower California and on the opposite side of the Gulf, it is not likely to come within our limits. Bigdovia. COMPOSIT.E. 315 Heads 7-ll-flowere(i, narrow : *scales all tHn, gradually acuminate. 4. B. Bolanderi. Heads 5-flowered, narrow : scales abruptly slender-acuminate. 5. B. Howardii. Scales of the involucre carinate and obviously imbricated in 5 or sometimes 4 vertical ranks : style-appendages slender-subulate or filiform (less so in No. 10) : heads small, 5-flowered. Involucre with abruptly much-acuminate scales, 6. B. CERUMINOSA. Involucre with obtuse or hardly acute scales. Having distinct abrupt green tips. 7. B. teretifolia. Destitute of green tips. Leaves punctate, very narrow. 8. B. paniculata. Leaves not punctate. Branchlets and leaves more or less white-woolly, at least when young : heads i inch long. 9. B. graveolens. Branchlets and leaves glabrous or roughish-puberulent : heads less than \ inch long : style-ai)pendages shorter. 10. B. Douglasii. 1. B. Menziesii, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby at base, a foot or two high, nearly gla- brous, often a little glutinous : leaves spatulate or lanceolate, rigid, spiuulose-serrate or pinnatilid-toothed : heads in small clusters terminating leafy branches, nearly half an inch long, 12- 20-flowered : scales of the campanulate involucre numerous and regularly imbricated, coriaceous, with obtuse or rounded abrupt green tips : style-appendages short and broad : akenes short-linear, silky-hirsute : pappus rather rigid. — Ptirrocoma Menziedi, Hook. & Arn. Aplopappus (Aplodiscus) Menziesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 242. Southern part of the State, extending into Arizona and LTtah, and along the coast from San Diego to Santa Barbara, and perhaps farther north. Variable in foliage, &c. To this may pos- sibly belong Limsijris dcntalm, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 16, from Cerros Island, Lower California. 2. B. arborescens, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, with numerous tufted erect branches on a short tree-like stem, 3 to 9 feet high : leaves very numerous, 2 to 4 inches long, very narrowly linear or soon by revolution of the margins becoming filiform, resinous-punctate, glutinous : heads numerous in crowded corymbs terminating paniculate branchlets, 20 - 25-flowered, barely 3 lines long : scales of the turbinate involucre numerous and regularly imbricated, lanceolate, acute, destitute of green tips : style-appendages lanceolate-subulate, little shorter than the stigma-bearing portion : akenes turbinate, minutely silky-pubescent. — Linosyris arborescens, Gray, in Bot. Mex. Bound. Dry hills through the Coast Range, Santa Cruz to Tamalpais. Except in the woody trunk, this resembles a Solidago of the Euthamia section ; and, indeed, a specimen collected by Prof. Brewer shows a decided tendency to fonn rays ; so that it may have to be transferred to that genus. But the shrubby character and the unequal bristles of the pappus are more congruous with the present genus. 3. B. Cooperi, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, apparently low : leaves (only those of the branches known) linear-filiform, thickish, obtuse, resinous-punctate, glutinous, about a quarter of an inch long : heads few in the terminal clusters, 6 — 7-flowered, 3 lines long : involucre narrow ; its scales rather few, regularly imbricated, oval or oblong, chartaceous, destitute of green tips : style-appendages short, triangidar-ovate : akenes turbinate, silky-villous, 10-ribbed. Eastern slope of Providence Mountain, in the southeastern borders of the State, Br. J. G, Cooper. Resembles B. ericoid/is, which has the 4-ranked involucre and filiform style-appendages of another section : also resembles B. diffusa. Gray, of N. W. Mexico (mentioned in foot-note on the preceding page), which has more slender leaves with acute and recurved tip, blunter and greenish tips to the involucre, and deeply-cleft corolla. 4. B. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, a foot or two high, slightly viscid-glandu- lar, except the branches, which are coated with a close matted white wool : leaves spatulate-linear or oblanceolate, about an inch long, not rigid, rather indistinctly 3-nerved : heads several in a corymb-like or somewhat racemose cluster, 7-11- flowered, nearly three fourths of an inch long : involucre narrow ; its scales about 316 COMPOSITE. .^ Bigelovia. 10, all thin, lanceolate, gradually acuminate, and wholly destitute of green tips, except perhaps an outermost one passing into a bract : style-appendages much exserted, long and suhulate-liliform : akenes linear, slender, silky-villous. Sierra Nevada at Mono Pass, at 9 to 10,000 feet, Bolander. Much like ^plopappus Macronama (which was found near by, and might almost as well be of this genus) ; but the heads narrower, few-flowered, the outer scales of the involucre successively shorter and not foliaceous. 5. B. Ho'^ardii, Gray, 1. c. Low, more or less shrubby, coated with some close white wool when young, almost naked when old : leaves rigid, 1-nerved, linear, 1 or 2 inches long, the upper forming bracts to the somewhat spicate heads or clus- ters : involucre narrow, only 5-flowered ; its scales 12 to 15, regularly imbricated, broadly lanceolate, more or less cobwebby-woolly, particularly at the margins, abruptly and conspicuously acuminate, the outermost with a more or less foliaceous appendage, the inner with a slender cusp : style-appendages much exserted, long and subulate-til iform : akenes linear, silky-villous. — Linosyris Hovjardii, Parry. Var. Nevadensis, Gray, 1. c. More rigid, especially the leaves, which incline to be oblanceolate and indistinctly 3-nerved : involucre more cobwebby and some- times glutinous, as well as more coriaceous, and with longer-tapering somewhat recurving tips. Sierra Nevada, at Mono Pass, alt. 10,000 feet : a stunted form, Bolander. The var. Nevadeiisis at Ebbett's Pass, alt. 9,000 feet {Brewer), and in N. W. Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Watson, &c. The typical form chiefly in Colorado and N. E. New Mexico. Heads 8 or 9 lines long. This var. Nevadetisis, which is at least a very marked variety, inclines to have its involucral scales in 5 rather obvious vertical ranks, and so connects the preceding with the succeeding species. 6. B. ceruminosa, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, fastigiately much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, minutely woolly-pubescent when young, becoming glabrate and usually balsamic-resinous with age : leaves filiform or narrowly linear with involute margins (an inch or less long) ; those of the flowering branches scattered, their tips often recurved or uncinate : heads in small and naked terminal clusters, barely 3 lines long, 5-flowered : involucre very narrow, resinous ; the lanceolate carinate scales imbricated in 5 strict vertical ranks, yellowish, the keel extended into a long and slender recurved tail-like acumination : limb of the corolla rather deeply 5-lobed, its lobes linear-lanceolate : ovary silky-pubescent : pappus rather scanty : style-append- ages very slender. — Linosyris ceruminosa, Durand & Hilgard, PI. Heerm. and in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 9, t. 6. Tejon Pass, Dr. Heermann ; who only has as yet collected it. B. DEPKESSA, Gray, 1. c, Nuttall's Clirysothamnus dci^ressus, one of the three species with gla- brous akenes as well as with involucral scales 5-ranked and taj)er-pointed, is said by Nuttall in PI. Gambel. to have been collected "in the Sierra of Upper California." This must be wrong ; for Dr. Gambel's own specimens are ticketed "Rocky Mountains," and were in all probability collected in the mountains of New Mexico, where alone others have met'with this species. 7. B. teretifolia, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, corymbosely very much branched, a foot or less in height, copiously balsamic-resuious, glabrous : leaves filiform, obtuse or somewhat thickened upwards, half an inch to an inch long, thickly resinous- punctate, minutely pruinose-hoary, but soon coated with transparent resinous exuda- tion : heads almost half an inch long, numerous in somewhat spicate or racemose clusters, 5-flowered : involucre very narrow ; its scales imbricated in 4 or 5 vertical ranks, carinate, all with small and abrupt thickish obtuse green tips, the inner linear-oblong, the outer successively shorter and passing into very short scale-like bracts : lobes of the corolla very short : akenes linear, silky-pubescent : style append- ages long and filiform. — Linosyris teretifolia, Durand & Hilgard, 1. c. t. 7. Common on the bare mountains around Tejon Valley, Dr. Heermann. "A small shrub, strongly varnished and smelling of fir-balsam, covering extensive tracts of land." Also collected, but past flowering, at Union Pass, Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer. The small green tip of the invo- luciul scales commonly beai"s a gland. Bigelovia. COMPOSIT.E. 317 8. B. paniculata, Gray, 1. jc. Shrubby {T), minutely pruinose-cinereous or gla- brous : leaves (of tlie branches) linear-liliform, 3 to 5 lines long, and the uppermost very short and subulate, resinous-punctate, as also the slender branchlets : heads barely half an inch long at maturity, loosely panicled, 5-flowered : scales of the short involucre only 10 to 12, oblong, obtuse, thin-chartaceous and pale throughout, little carinate, the innermost hardly exceeding the full groAvn linear villous akenes : limb of the corolla rather deeply 5-lobed : style-appendages long and filiform. — Lino- sp-is viscidiflora, var. paniculata, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 80. CaUfornia, Schott : the station unknown, but doubtless in the southern part, and probably in the interior. Imperfectly known, but seemingly a quite distinct species. 9. B. graveolens, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, 1 to 4 feet high, when young whitened more or less with a close white wool, at least on the branches, sometimes becoming green and glabrous with age : flowering branches virgate, leafy : leaves linear (one or two inches long, one or two lines wide), the broader ones 3-nerved, the narrower 1-nerved and at length often involute : heads half an inch long, mostly very numer- ous, in corymbose clusters, 5-flovvered : involucre narrow ; its scales imbricated in 5 vertical ranks, narrow-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or hardly acute, moderately carinate, thinnish, destitute of greenish tips, imbricated in 5 vertical ranks : lobes of the corolla short : akenes linear, silky-pubescent : style-appendages subulate- filiform, considerably longer than the stigmatic portion. — B. draeunculoides & Missouriensis, DC. Prodr. v. 329. Chrysocoma graveolens & nauseosa, Nutt. Gen. Chrijsothainnus draeunculoides & C. speciosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 324. Linosyris graveolens & L. alhicaulis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 234. — Has a wide range, and runs into several varieties, of which the following occur in California : — ■ Var. glabrata, Gray, 1. c, with little woolliness, and that deciduous, at least from the leaves and involucre, or the latter glabrous from the first. Var. hololeuca, Gray, 1. c. Clothed with a dense close coat of white wool : scales of the involucre oblong-linear and very obtuse, only the innermost glabrous : corolla with very short lobes, its tube beset with a few long and delicate cobweb- like hairs. Var. albicaulis, Gray, 1. c. Like the preceding variety in the white-woolliness, or the leaves (becoming naked in age) and the narrower and less obtuse scales of the involucre sliglitly or not at all woolly : corolla with rather long lobes (the length double the width), its tube beset with abundant long and cobwebby hairs. — Chrysothamnus speciosus, var. albicaulis, Nutt. 1. c. Linosyris albicaulis, Torr. 6 Gray, FI. 1. c. In alkaline soil, on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Lake to Sierra Valley ; thence abundant through the interior to the borders of British Columbia and the plains east of the Kocky Mountains. The var. hololeuca, Owens Valley, Dr. Horn. Var. alhimulis, above Conner Lake, at 10,000 feet, E. L. Greene, a rare form, apparently confined to a narrow district in the interior, extending to the eastern part of Oregon and adjacent parts of Idaho. 10. B. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby, from 6 inches to 6 feet high, never woolly, glabrous, or rough ish with a minute harsh pubescence, fastigiately branched : leaves varying from very narrowly to broadly linear or lanceolate, rather rigid (an inch or two long), the broader ones 3-nerved : heads a quarter to a third of an inch long, mostly numerous in a close corymb or cyme, 5-flowered : scales of the invo- lucre oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, rather firm, destitute of greenish tips, rather few in 4 or 5 vertical ranks : lobes of the corolla rather long, spreading : akenes rather short, silky-villous : style-appendages narrowly subulate, usually only half the length of the stigmatic portion. — Linosyris viscidiflora, Torr. & Gray, with the syn. Crinitaria viscidiflora. Hook. Fl. ii. 24, but the flowers not viscid, even the invo- lucre rarely so. — Besides the smooth and glabrous ordinary form, there are in Cali- fornia or on its borders, — 318 COMPOSITJE. .ff SoUdago. Var. serrulata, Gray, 1. c. : the leaves minutely ciliate or as if sernilate with short and sliarp rigid bristles. — L. serrulata, Torr. Var. tortifolia, Gray, 1. c. : nearly the same, but with the rather broad leaves rem.arkably twisted. Var, puberula, Gray, 1. c. : chiefly a dwarf form, either minutely or more con- spicuously and roughly puberulent. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada ; thence eastward to the Rocky Mountains, and northward to Washington Territory ; abundant through the dry interior districts. Var. tortifolia, near Aurora {Brewer), on Mount Davidson, Nevada {Bloomer), and SieiTa Valley {Lemmon). 18. SOLIDAGO, Linn. Goldenrod. Heads small, mostly in panicles or panicled racemose clusters, rarely in corymbs, heterogamous ; the rays fertile. Involucre narrow, imbricated and the outer scales successively shorter, appressed, usually destitute of herbaceous tips. Eeceptacle small, alveolate or fimbrillate. Style-appendages lanceolate or triangular subulate. Akenes terete or angular, 5-1 2-ribbed. Pappus simple, of a single series of mostly equal and slender scabrous capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with virgate stems, alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, the pappus mostly dull white. A large genus with headquarters in the Atlantic United States, only a few on the Pacific side of the continent ; flowering in autumn. § 1. Stem branching freely ; the branches erect, leafy, and terminated by dense some- times paniculate corymbs of clustered small heads :■ leaves linear : scales of the involucre narrow : rays inconspicuous but numerous : akenes pubescent. — EUTHAMIA, IS^utt. 1. S. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Glabrous throughout, 3 or 4 feet high, paniculately branched, slender : leaves linear, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide : heads in numerous small clusters {\ inch long) : scales of the involucre rather acute : rays 16 to 20, not exceeding the 8 to 14 disk-flowers. Common in wet places, especially near the coast, extending to British America. § 2. Stem mostly simple : heads not in corymbs : rays usually more conspicuous and fewer than the disk-flowers : akenes glabrous or nearly so. — Virgaurea, DC. * Heads rather few and large (a third of an inch long), in a narrow or raceme-like panicle, or in simple clusters : disk-flowers 20 to 30. 2. S. spiciforxnis, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, glutinous : stem rather stout, a foot or two high : leaves thickish, spatulate, serrate, tapering (espe- cially the lowest ones) into a long and narrow entire base or winged petiole ; the upper ones small and gradually passing into bracts of the narrow and spike-hke panicle, becoming shorter than tlie heads and entire : involucre campanulate ; its scales oblong and obtuse, the outer with somewhat greenish tips : rays about 7, very small and inconspicuous : akenes silky-pubescent. — Fl. ii. 202. S. petiolaris. Less. (?), Hook. & Arn. in part. About Monterey. Leaves so glutinous that they adhere firmly to the paper in drying. Spike- like interrupted panicle strictly erect, 5 to 9 inches long. 3. S. Virga-aurea, Linn., Vax. multiradiata, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, a span to a foot high : leaves few, lanceolate, acute, slightly serrate or entire, the lower with long narrowed base : heads few in a rather loose cluster or panicle : scales of the involucre rather loose, lanceolate, acute, thin : rays about 1 2, narrow, conspicuous : akenes minutely pubescent. — *S'. corymbosa, Nutt. Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada ; apparently rare in California, more common in the Rocky Mountains, as are some other forms of this polymorphous or perhaps compound species. Sericocarpus. COMPOSITE. 319 * * Heads smaller and numetous, crowded in a pyramidal or elongated panicle. 4. S. Californica, Xutt. Hoary or grayish with a fine and close pubescence : stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong and entire, or the lower spatulate or obovate and with a few scattered sharp teeth : heads in short erect or barely spreading racemes, which are collected in a narrow close virgate or pyramidal panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, acutish or obtuse, at least the outer ones puberulent : rays 7 to 12 and about as many as the disk-ttowers, small : akenes minutely pubescent. — Varies with longer, more spreading, and then commonly one-sided racemes. — S. petiolaris, Hook. & Arn. in part. S. puberula, Cham. & Schlecht. Var. Nevadensis. Hoary with minuter pubescence, smaller, with looser and fewer decidedly one-sided racemes, the involucre mostly glabrous : approaching .S". nemoralis, but wants the canesceut-silky akenes, &c. Dry ground, Santa Barbara to Sonoma Co. A Californian representative of S. nemoralis ; but mostly more tall and strict. Like that, it has its gi'eener and rougher (*S'. radula) state. The heads of the latter sometimes 4 lines long and full ; ordinarily 3 lines long. Rays occasionally abortive. Receptacle sometimes with alveoli extended into one or two awn-shaped scales, or else bearing chaff resembling the inner scales of the involucre. Leaves one, two, or the lowest three inches long. — The ambiguous var. Nevadensis, collected by Anderson near Carson City, and by Dr. Horn in Owens Valley, &c. 5. S. elongata, ^utt. Slightly and minutely pubescent, or nearly glabrous : stem strict, very leafy to the top, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves green, rather thin, lanceo- late or sometimes oblong, acute or acuminate, mostly serrate with some narrow and sharp teeth (occasionally all the upper ones entire), triple-ribbed from below the middle, veiny : heads very many, in compact erect or at length recurving racemes, which are crowded in a narrow or pyramidal panicle : scales of the involucre linear, small : i-ays 12 to 20, slender, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers : akenes slightly pubescent. — aS'. stricta, Less. (?) Moist or shady gi'ound, from above Monterey, and along the Sierra Nevada, to Oregon and British Columbia. Heads 2 to 3 lines long. Var. microcepJiala, Kellogg ; a form with depau- perate inflorescence. 6. S. Guiradonis, Gray. Completely glabrous : stem strict, slender, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves bright green, thickish, entire ; the upper linear and one-ribbed ; the lower lanceolate or oblanceolate and tajDering gmdually into the long narrow base or margined petiole, somewhat triple-ribbed : heads in a virgate panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate: rays 8 or 9, small: disk-flowers 10 or 12: akenes almost glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Base of San Carlos, Fresno Co. (Gnirado) ; Tejon, &c., Rothrock. The var. spedabilis, Eaton, in Bot. King., if of this species, as is likely, has broader and pbtuser scales to the involucre, broader lower leaves, &c., and answere to narrow-leaved forms of S. speciosa. It inhabits Nevada, and probably occurs within the limits of California. 7. S. sempervirens, Linn. Completely glabrous : stem strict, and 2 or 3 feet high : leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate, entire, the lower tapering into a long narrow base, the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts of the virgate and rather dense panicle : scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse : rays 8 to 10 : akenes minutely pubescent. Salt marshes near San Francisco, Bolander. Near the southern boundary, 60 miles east of San Diego, Palmer. Appears to be the same as the Salt-Marsh Goldenrod of the whole Atlantic shore down to Mexico. It is a form with small heads (3 lines long), approaching S. angtisti/olia of Elliott. 19. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. Head 12-15-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays about 5, distant, fertile, white, sometimes inconspicuous. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanulate ; its scales appressed, linear-oblong, firm-coriaceous or cartilaginous and white, with abrupt 320 COMPOSITE. .^Sericocarpus. short and more or less spreading green tips, imbricated ; the outer successively- shorter. Eeceptacle small, alveolate-toothed. Style-appendages lanceolate-subulate. Akenes narrow, little if at all compressed, silky-pubescent or villous (whence the generic name). Pappus simple, of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial Aster-like herbs, with corymbed and rather small heads ; the disk-flowers pale yellow, and the rather small rays white. A genus of three species of the Atlantic United States, and of the following on the Pacific side of the continent. 1. S. rigidus, Lindl. A foot or two high, scabrous with some very short and rigid pubescence, or almost glabrous, leafy to the top : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire, an inch or two in length : heads half an inch or less in length : rays narrowly oblong, sometimes not exceeding the white pappus : akenes slender, clothed with fine short pubescence. — S. Oregonensis, Nutt., the state with rays conspicuous. In woods, base of Mt. Shasta {Brewer), Yosemite Valley {Bolander), and near Donner Lake {Torrey) ; extending to Washington Territory. 20. CORETHROGYNE, DC. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays numerous in a single series, neutral ! Involucre hemispherical or turbinate ; the scales narrow, mostly with green or green- ish and more or less spreading tips, imbricated in several series, the exterior mostly shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked or somewhat alveolate, rarely with some chaff simi- lar to the innermost involucral scales interposed among the outer flowers. Anthers tipped with a slender cuspidate appendage, as in Lessingia. Style-appendages short, triangular-lanceolate or subixlate, densely beset with long hispid bristles, forming a brush-like tuft (whence the generic name). Akenes and pappus of the ray abor- tive or rudimentary, of the disk compressed like those of Aster, silky-villous or pubescent : the pappus simple, of rather copious but rigid and unequal capillary bristles. — Rather low Aster-like herbs, apparently always perennial, branched from a somewhat woody base or rootstock, more or less white- woolly at least when young; the alternate leaves serrate with some sharp or coarse teeth towards the apex, or entire ; heads middle-sized, solitary terminating the branches or somewhat corymbose-panicled : rays violet, purple or blue : disk yellow, sometimes changing to purple : pappus becoming tawny or reddish. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 97 ; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 76, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351. De Candolle's character of chaff on the receptacle applies only to Douglas's specimens of the original C. Calif omiai; and in those it is not constant ; so that the species must include C. incana, Nutt. Then all those with smaller and (when well developed) corymbose-panicled heads appear to belong to one species which blossoms through the season and under different exposures : some of the forms gathered and described were winter states. The genus is a particularly well-marked one, most related on the one hand to LessiTigia, on the other to Aster. * Bristles on the style-tips forming a rather scatiiy and small tuft : involucre cam- panulate or turbinate. 1. C. filaginifolia, Nutt. Stems erect or ascending, about a foot high, com- monly branching corymbosely or paniculately at the summit and bearing several or immerous rather small heads : leaves oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, the upper gradually reduced to subulate bracts : involucre (4 lines long) between turbinate and campanulate ; the numerous scales appressed, or with only the short greenish tips squarrose-spreading, the outer regularly shorter, all glabrous or at first more or Aster. COMPOSITE. 321 less floccose-woolly, or minutely granulose-glandular but not pubescent. — Aster (1) Jilaginifolius, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146. — Runs into various forms, of which a commou one with the floccose wool considerably persistent on the stems and nar- row leaves, and the involucre sliglitly if at all either glandular or squarrose, is the original type of tlie species ; the more marked variant forms may be arranged under the following vai'ieties. Var. virgata, Gray. Becoming glabrate and the involucre more rigid and glandular : heads usually luimerous and corymbed or panicled. — C. virgata, Benth, Bot. Sulph. 23. Aplopajipus (?) {Pyrochceta) Hcenkei, DC. Prodr. v. 349. (Hsenke's plant is from ^lonterey, California, not Mexico.) Var. tomentella, Gray. Very white-woolly, at least when young, and the leaves mostly shorter and broader. — C. tomentella, Torr. & Gray. Aster (1) tomen- tellus, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. Diplopappus leucophi/llm, Lindl. in DC. Corethrogyne obovata, Benth. 1. c. C. incana (T) var., Benth. PI. Hartw., is between the two vari- eties, and unusually glandular. Open places, San Diego to Santa Cruz, and in the interior to Tejon and the Yosemite. Eay.s violet, a quarter of an inch long. * * Bristles on the stylt-tips a dense and strong tuft : involucre hemispJierical. 2. C. Californica, DC. Stems erect or ascending, a foot or more high ; the branches rather equably leafy throughout and terminated by single pretty large heads : leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, chiefly entire : involucre broadly hemi- spherical (nearly half an inch long) ; its scales mostly narrow and acute, in fewer ranks, and the outer only moderately shorter, rather loose, all glandular-pubescent : rarely some chaff on the receptacle among the outer flowers. — C. incana, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, n. ser. vii. 290 (excl. syn. Lindl.) ; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 98, the form with no chaff on the receptacle. Sandy soil, Monterey to San Diego : seldom collected. Rays light purple. 3. C. spathulata, Gray. Stems decumbent, often a foot or so in length ; the simple flowering branches 3 to 10 inches high, bearing single large heads : leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the larger half an inch to an inch wide, serrate at apex, those of the flowering branches gradually reduced to subulate or linear : the hemi- spherical involucre glandular ; its scales moderately unequal, and with loose herba- ceous tips : no chaff on the receptacle. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 317. Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, near the coast, at Shelter Cove and Fort Bragg, Bolander, Kellogg. Heads as large as in the last : rays violet-blue, half an inch long. The dense white wool sometimes deciduous from the leaves, which then become glandular-scabrous. 21. ASTER, Linn., Benth. & Hook. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays several or numerous in a single series, fertile, very rarely neutral. Involucre imbricated ; the scales commonly with herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Eeceptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers tipped with the usual lanceolate ovate appendage. Style-appendages varying from trian- gular-lanceolate to subulate. Akenes more or less compressed, rarely slender, 4-5- nerved. Pappus simple, of copious slender scabrous capillary bristles. — Mostly perennial herbs, with various alternate leaves, and solitary, corymbed, or panicled heads ; flowering late. Rays white, purple, or blue : disk-flowers yellow, often turning purple : pappus dull white or tawny. An immense genus, especially in North America, its headquarters, but remarkably inconspicu- ous in California. For this flora at least it is best to receive it in the extended form which it reassumes in Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum. There are no species west of the Rocky Mountains with cordate petioled leaves. 322 COMPOSITE. .^ Aster. § 1. Biennials, rarely annuals or perennials, with leaves disposed to he incised or pin- natifid : scales of the involucre with green tips : rays sometimes sterile : akenes with strong marginal ribs and some slender nerves on both faces. [Invohicre commonly resembling that of Corethrogyne.) — Mach^ranthera. (Machce- ranthera, iS'^ees. Dieteria, Kutt.) * Rays styliferous, but sometimes infertile. 1. A. tanacetifolius, HBK. Biennial or annual, pubescent and somewhat viscid, a foot or less high : leaves once to thrice pinnaitifid, the lobes small and nar- row : heads large, loosely corymbose : scales of the hemispherical involucre linear and with spreading herbaceous tips : rays 20 or more, violet : akenes villous. — Machoer anther a tanacetifolia, Nees ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4624. Dieteria coronoin- folia, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 301. S. E. California, on the east side of Providence Mountains, Dr. Cooper ; thence through Ari- zona to Colorado, east of the Rocky Mountains, and into Mexico. A. (MacHjERAnthera) parviflorus, Gray, which occurs on the Gila in Arizona, and may be found within the State, is smoother and much smaller. 2. A. incanus, Gray. Hoary with a fine and close soft pubescence, slightly if at all viscid, a foot or two high, loosely branched : leaves linear or narrowly lanceo- late, entire, or some with a few lateral teeth, acute (an inch or so in length, about 2 lines wide) : heads solitary terminating the branches, large : scales of the hemi- spherical involucre linear-lanceolate, with long and squarrose-spreading or reflexed foliaceous tips : rays 30 or more, violet : akenes canescent. — Diplopappus in- canus, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1693 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3382. Dieteria incana, Terr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 100. California, raised in England from seed collected by Douglas ; the station unknown. Speci- mens which accord with it were gathered in Guadalupe Canon, Sonora, by Capt. E. K. Smith. Head over half an inch in diameter across the disk : rays two thirds of an inch long. 3. A. canescens, Pursh. Biennial, minutely puberulent-hoary or often green, a foot or so in height : stems rigid, corymbosely or paniculately branched above : leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate to linear, incisely or almost spinulosely toothed, or sometimes entire, those of the flowering branches reduced to subulate bracts : heads few or numerous, solitary, or mostly corymbose or panicled : scales of the campanulate or obconical involucre rigid, appressed, with short more or less squarrose-spreading green tips, the outer successively shorter : rays 20 to 30, violet or bluish-purple : akenes canescently-pubescent. — A. biennis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155. Dieteria canescens, pulverulenta, divaricata, viscosa, & sessiliflora, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Macha^ranthera canescens, Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton in Bot. King. Dry regions, in the mountains behind San Diego and on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada (Mono and Tahoe Lakes, &c.), extending north to the British boundary, and east to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains : a characteristic and most variable species of the region. Heads in the larger forms half an inch in diameter, and the rays half an inch long ; in others barely half that size, and the flowers much fewer. It is useless to distinguish particular varieties. Only low and small-headed forms have as yet been found in California. * * Rays completely neutral. — Hesperastrum, Gray. 4. A. Shastensis, Gray. Dwarf from a perennial rootstock, branched and tufted from the base, a span high, puberulent-hoary : leaves small, spatulate or ob- long, entire : heads solitary terminating the branches, small : scales of the campanu- late involucre lanceolate, somewhat hoary and viscid, the outer with loose green tips, the inner nearly destitute of herbaceous tips : rays 15 to 20, rose- violet. — Machoeranthera (Hesperastrum) Shastensis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539. On Mount Shasta, at about 9,000 feet. Brewer. Resembles a dwarf state of the last. Involu- cre 4 lines long : rays 3 lines. Aster. COMPOSITE. 323 * § 2. Perennials (I) toitk leaves spinulosely pinnatifid-toothed or incised {or sometimes entire) : scales of the involucre with long-acuminate hut not green tips : pappus of comparatively few (20 to 35) and very rigid bristles. {^Transition to Toion- sendia.) — Megalastrum, Gi-ay. 5. A. tortifolius, Gray (not Michx.). At first loosely white-woolly, when old somewhat ruughish-hirsute or glabrate, a foot or so high : branches naked and peduncle-like at summit, bearing a solitary very large head : leaves coriaceous, rigid, often twisted, oblong or lanceolate, veiny, strongly dentate or incisely pinnat- itid with divaricate spinulose teeth : involucre hemispherical ; its very numerous scales lanceolate-subulate and setaceous-acuminate, the outer a little shorter : rays violet-purple, very numerous, an inch long : pappus becoming reddish. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353. Aplopappus to7-tifolius, Torr. & Gray, in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Mountains near the southeastern borders of California {Dr. Cooper) ; thence to S. Utah, Fre- mont, Newberry, Mrs. Thompson. This and A. {Megalastrum) WriyJdii, Gray, form a remarkable section of the genus, which might almost as well be referred to Towjisendia. Style-appendages short, obtuse. Akenes (young) linear-oblong, silky- villous. Bristles of the pappus about 20 in a single series, strong, flattish, serrulate-scabrous, nearly equalling the disk-corolla, and a few slender and shorter ones intermixed. § 3. Pa'ennials, with leaves merely serrate or entire. — Aster proper. * Pappus ratlter rigid, some of the longer bristles thickened towards the summit : in- volucre campanulate or turbinate ; its scales very regularly imbricated in many ranks, rigid, with short green or greenish tijjs, the outer successively shorter. 6. A. radulinus, Gray. Roughish-pubescent throughout : stem rather stout, one or two feet high, branching above and bearing an open corymb of middle-sized heads : leaves rigid and coriaceous, oblong, or the lower obovate-spatulate, sharply serrate above, tapering below into a narrowed entire base, prominently reticulate- veiny, scabrous both sides, the midrib very prominent beneath : peduncles short : involucre obconical, 4 or 5 lines long ; its scales rigid, appressed, lanceolate or ob- long, obtuse or abruptly pointed or mucronate, more or less glandular-pubescent, the tips mostly green : rays 15 to 18, white (perhaps not always so) : akenes mi- nutely pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388. A . Radula, Less, in Linnsea, vi. 125 ; Durand & Hilgard PI. Pratten., not of Ait. Dry open gi-ound, Monterey to Mendocino Co. (thence to Oregon, E. Rail) : also in the Sierra from Nevada Co. northward, Torrey, Leminon. This is nearly related to A. conspicuus, Lindl., of the region much farther north, — a plant with larger lieads and leaves, — while the smaller forms are more like A, rrumtanus, equally a northern species. « « Pappus softer and equable. -(- Loio and diffuse : branches leafy to the top and bearing small mostly single heads. 7. A. Bloomeri, Gray, 1. c. Cespitose, a span or less in height, minutely cine- reous-hirsute, and near the heads somewhat glandular : branches ascending : leaves oblong-linear or the lower spatulate, 3 to 10 lines long, obtuse, entire, very rough both sides with the short minutely hispid pubescence, the uppermost passing into scales of the involucre ; these 25 to 30, linear, acute, glandular and greenish : rays 12 to 15, apparently purple, about 4 lines long : akenes minutely pubescent. Moist flats near Mount Davidson, Nevada (probably also within the State boundary). Bloomer, Lemmon. Heads 4 lines long. ■t- +■ Stems erect and branching, leafy, bearing several or numerous commonly panicu- late or racemose heads : involucre imbricated, ++ Its scales many-ranked, close, and loith short green tips. 8. A. Menziesii, Lindl. Minutely hoary with a fine (either soft or scabrous) pubescence, or glabrate below, a foot or two high : stem and branches virgate, rigid : 824 COMPOSITE. Aster. leaves lanceolate or linear, acnte, entire, or the lower obtusely serrate, rather rigid (an inch or two long, 2 to 4 lines wide) : heads racemose or panicled, 4 or 5 lines long : involucre campanulate ; its scales numerous and imbricated in several ranks, thickish, linear, with short usually somewhat dilated and obtuse green tips, ap- pressed, the outer successively shorter : rays about 20, purple or violet : akenes compressed, minutely pubescent. — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. t. 8. " California, Menzies," according to Herb. Banks : but in Herb. Hook, said to be from "N. W. coast." Upper Sacramento, I)r. Pickering. Fort Tejon, Dr. Horn, Dr. Hecrmann {A. Duran- dii, Nutt., ex Durand, in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 8), and conmion in W. Nevada, mostly in a glabrate form, the pubescence only on the ultimate branches. The species has been mistaken for A. fal- catus, Lindl., which may indeed belong to it, and likewise with the next. It is not at all re- lated to A. concolor, as Lindley supposed, 9. A. Chamissonis, Gray. Glabrous, or above somewhat hirsute : stems 2 to 5 feet high, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the larger obscurely serrate, 2 to 5 inches long, scabrous with sparse appressed pubescence, or glabrous ; those of the flowering branchlets becoming small or minute and squar- rose-spreading : heads loosely panicled, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre broadly cam- panulate or somewhat obconical ; its scales numerous and imbricated in several ranks, thickish, linear or linear-spatulate, with short and rounded green tips, the outer successively shorter : rays 20 to 25, purple or violet, nearly half an inch long : akenes sparsely and minutely pubescent. — Gray, in Torr, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 341. A. Radula, Less, ex Nees. A. Chilensis, Nees Ast. 112 ; Torr, & Gray, 1, c. A. spectabilis (?) Hook. & Am, Bot, Beechey, Moist thickets, &c., common from San Francisco to San Luis Obispo, and probably elsewhere. As this is not a Chilian species, and as Hsenke's no less than Chamisso's plant (if the former be of this species) must have been gathered in California, we ought not to continue the false name. Probably this as well as the preceding was included by Niittall under the species (still unpub- lished) which he proposed to call A. Durandii. That name it was fonnerly thought might be adopted for the present species, but it appears strictly to belong to the foregoing. And so the present may be named after the first, or next to the first, discoverer. ++ ++ Involucral scales looser and more foliaceous. 10. A. Douglasii, Lindl. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so : stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or rarely serrate, mostly tapering at base, 2\ to 5 inches long : heads in a loose and leafy panicle, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre hemispherical ; its scales glabrous, linear or spatulate-linear, mostly green except the base, loosely imbricated, the outer little shorter : rays 25 or more, purple, half an inch or more in length. Moist soil, northern part of the State and in the Sierra Nevada ; common northward. 11. A. adscendens, Lindl. (1) Smooth and glabrous or nearly so : stems rather simple, a span to two feet high : leaves lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate, entire : heads few, panicled or corymbose, peduncled, half an inch long : involucre hemispherical ; its scales glabrous, linear or oblong, obtuse, chiefly green, few- ranked, and of nearly equal length : rays, &c., as in the preceding. In the High Sierra Nevada, Yosemite Valley to foot of Mount Dana (Bolander), near Donner Lake (Torrey, Greene), and eastward in the Humboldt and Rocky Mountains. Whether this belong to the original A. adscendens or no, it is the var. Parryi, Eaton in Bot. King's Exjiloration, and apparently the same as the plant of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 1 2. A. integrifolius, Nutt. Villous-pubescent when young, becoming glandu- lar and viscid toward the summit : stem rather stout, simple, a span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lanceolate and the lower spatulate, entire, thickish, 2 to 4 inches long, with strong midrib and inconspicuous veins ; the upper clasping : heads few or several, somewhat racemose or corymbose, half an inch long : involucre cam- panulate ; the loosely imbricated scales nearly equal in length, lanceolate, the iimer ones thin and without green tips, the outermost partly foliaceous, all glandular- pubescent : rays 15 to 25, bluish-purple : akenes pubescent : pappus rather rigid. Aster. COMPOSITE. 325 SieiTa Nevada, between Clark's an9 the Yosemite, at about 8,000 feet, Bolande.r, Near Donner Lake {Torrey, Greene), and Sierra Valley, Lemmon. Found near Carson by Dr. Anderson; thence east to the Rocky Mountains. -t- -i~+- Stems simple, naked at the stcmmit, and bearing a single head, or rarely tu'o or three : scales of the hemisj^herical involucre very little imbricated, narrow, nearly equal, and destitute of foliaceous or green tips. {^A transition from, Aster to Erigeron.) ++ Leaves broad or narrowish : styh-appendages short and broad. 1 3. A. salsuginosus, Richardson. Minutely pubescent or glabrate : stem 6 to 18 inches high, leafy to near the summit : leaves entire ; the lowest spatulate, obo- vate, or oblauceolate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper becoming lance- olate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, with broad base usually half-clasping ; uppermost reduced to one or two subulate bracts : head solitary or two or three on naked peduncles : scales of the involucre slender, glandular, nearly equal, 4 lines long, loose : rays 30 to 40, violet or purple : akenes of the ray 5 - 6-nerved, of the disk 3 - 4:nerved. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2942. Var. angustifolius, Gray. Radical and lowest cauline leaves linear-spatulate, 2 to 5 lines wide ; the upper linear : stems a foot high, naked above, bearing two or three slender-peduncled heads. Subalpine and alpine meadows, in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,000 to 10,000 feet ; thence to alpine regions of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and north to Alaska and the subarctic regions. A handsome species ; the heads an inch and a half in diameter, including the expanded rays. The variety, Siena County, Lemmon. ++ ++ Leaves very narrow : style-appendages long and slender-subulate. 14. A. Andersonii, Gray. Lightly woolly when young, becoming glabrous : stem simple and scape-like, a span to a foot high, terminated by a single rather large head : radical leaves tufted, linear, almost grassy (2 to 8 inches long, from a line to 4 lines wide), coriaceous, 3 - 7-nerved ; the cauline smaller, the uppermost subulate : S3ales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, loose, more or less tomentose, almost equal in length (4 or 5 lines long), the outer ones greenish : rays 16 to 20, purple : akenes oblong, 4 - 6-nerved : bristles of the pappus barbellate-serrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 352. Erigeron Andersonii, Gray, 1. c. vi. 540. Wet alpine meadows, &c.. Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa to Sierra Co., at 7,500 to 10,000 feet Discovered by Dr. Anderson, near Carson, Nevada. Expanded head with the rays an inch or more in diameter. A. PULCHELLus, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. is perhaps too near this, and A. alpiCxENUS, Gray, 1. c. viii. 389, is also closely related ; they fonn a peculiar group in the Xylorhiza section of Ortliomcris. § 4. Annuals or biennials, tvith chiefly entire narrow leaves : scales of the involucre imbricated, narrow, destitute of distinct green tips : akenes narrow and 3-5- nerved: pappus fine and soft. — Oxytripolium, Torr. & Gray. 15. A. divaricatus, Xutt. Glabrous, diffusely much branched, a foot or two high : the branches slender : lower cauline leaves lanceolate ; the upper linear and at length subulate, very acute : heads small (3 or 4 lines long), loosely panicled : scales of tlie involucre 25 to 30, lanceolate-subulate, with greenish back and scari- ous margins : rays linear, exserted, numerous in a single row : akenes very minutely pubescent, 5 -6-nerved. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 163. Salt marshes, San Francisco, &c., Bolander. This is the Pacific form, viz., Tripolium con- spicuum of Lindley, and A. Orcganus of Nuttall, which inliabits tlie western coast of the conti- nent down to Chili, and apparently is only local so far north as California. It diffei-s from the A. divaricatus of the Atlantic coast in the rather firmer and greener scales of the involucre, heads inclined to be larger, and the branches less slender. The mature akenes in both are little com- pressed and more or less distinctly 5-nerved. 326 COMPOSITE. ^ Brachyadis. 22. BRACHYACTIS, Ledeb. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays very numerous and occupying more than one series, fertile : ligules small and very slender or almost wanting. Involucre loosely imbricated in few series of herbaceous scales, or the innermost somewhat scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akenes more or less compressed. Pappus simple, of copious fine and soft capillary bristles. — Ours are annual and nearly glabrous herbs, with narrow and entire somewhat succulent alternate leaves, minutely ciliate towards their base, and paniculate or racemose heads ; the rays when developed purple or rose-color. — Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. HOG, & Gen. PI. ii. 279 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. 1. B. frondosa, Gray, 1. c. A span to a foot or so high, sometimes spreading on the ground, sometimes upright : leaves spatulate-linear, about an inch long, the uppermost passing into the rather broad and obtuse herbaceous scales of the invo- lucre : heads hemispherical, 4 lines long : rays with exserted ligule when well developed a line long, linear, much longer than its style : akenes narrow, appressed- pubescent. — £. ciliata, var. camosula, Benth. 1. c. 7'ripolium frondosum, Nutt. Aster frondosus, Torr. & Gray. A. angustus, Gray, PI. Wright., &c. ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144. Borders of boiling spring, Sonora Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, Bolander ; thence to N. Nevada, S. Idaho, and New Mexico. B. CILIATA, Ledeb., found east of the Eocky Mountains and far north, also in Siberia, has narrow linear leaves, linear and acute scales of the involucre, and ligule a mere nidiment, much shorter than the pappus and the style. It is Tripolium angusium, Lindl., and Aster anguslus, ToiT. & Gi-ay, &c. 23. ERIGERON, Linn. Fleabane. Heads many-flowered, heterogamous; the rays fertile, very numerous and com- monly occupying more than one series (in one or two species occasionally wanting) ; the ligules narrow, commonly elongated, in the last section very short and incon- spicuous. Involucre hemispherical or sometimes campanulate, of numerous and narrow rather Arm and not foliaceous nor green-tipped scales, which are little imbri- cated and hardly unequal. Receptacle flat, rarely convex, naked. Corolla of the disk-flowers narrow, 5-toothed, sometimes 4 toothed. Style-appendages mostly short and broad, obtuse. Akenes small, flat, and with only marginal ribs, rarely 1-2- nerved on the face (especially in the ray-flowers). Pappus rather scanty, i. e. of a single series of capillary rather fragile bristles, with or most commonly without an external series of short bristles, these occasionally united into a crown or ring. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and heads terminating the stem or branches ; the rays violet-purple or white ; the disk yellow, often changing to purplish. A large genus, widely dispersed over the world, especially the northern hemisphere, passing on the one hand into Aster, from which it is chiefly distinguished by a simpler involucre and more scanty and fragile pappus, and by more numerous and narrower rays ; while on the other hand a j»eculiar section, with short and often minute rays, passes into Conyza. § 1. Perennial (or No, 12 perhajys biennial). * Rays inconspicuous, hut exserted, short, filiform, extremely numerous : heads some- what racemed, small : pappus simple. 1. H. armeriaefoliuiu, Turcz. Sparsely more or less hirsute with spreading bristly hairs : stems clustered on the small rootstock, a span to a foot high, leafy : Engeron. COMPOSITE. 327 leaves hirsutely ciliate below the middle, otherwise glabrous or glabrate, entire ; the cauline liuear or linear-lanceolate (1^ to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), the lowest linear-spatulate or oblanceolate and usually tapering into slender petioles : heads peduncled and simply racemose, or rarely panicled : involucre 3 or 4 lines long : rays more numerous than the disk-flowers, the purplish or whitish nearly filiform ligules when fully developed projecting only one line beyond the pappus ; disk-flowers uniform. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648. E. lonchophyUum, Hook., apparently a large form. E. fflabratum, var. minor, Hook. E. racemosum, or at least the var. angustifoliu7n, Nutt. Saline gravel and moist meadows in the Sierra Nevada, at 6,500 to 9,700 feet. Brewer, Bolan- der. Also on mountains east to Colorado, and thence northward. Rare in Siberia. E. ACRE, Linn., especially in smoother forms {E. Drobachcnsis, Mill., E. elongatus, Ledeb. &c.), occurring in the Eocky Mountains from Colorado north, may be expected in the Sierra Nevada. It may be known by its broader leaves, and an inner set of pistillate flowers with tubu- lar-filiform corolla. There are none of these in E. armericefolium. * * liai/s elongated and conspicuous, or wanting in some specimens. •4- Leaves once to thrice ternately compound : j)(ipi^us simple. 2. E. compositum, Pursh. Dwarf : leaves all or mostly crowded on the ces- pitose rootstocks, slender-petioled, hirsute ; their divisions linear, obtuse, spreading ; the cauline (if any) simpler, or the uppermost mere linear bracts : scape an inch to a span high, bearing a solitary proportionally large head (involucre 3 or 4 lines high) : rays 30 to 50, violet, purple, or white, 2 or 3 lines long, occasionally none. High peaks of the Sierra Nevada, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, on Mount Dana and Wood's Peak, Brewer. Thence through the Rocky Mountains to Arctic America and Greenland. -f--i- Leaves entire and narrow, clustered on the rootstocks, fewer and scattered or sometimes hardly any on the mostly simple stems, ivhich are terminated by solitary heads. {No. 5 and No. 8 have stems more leafy and disposed to branch.) 3. E. ursinum, Eaton. Sparsely more or less hirsute, green, a span or less high : leaves on tlie rootstock spatulate or linear-spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; those of the simple scape-like flowering stems linear-lanceolate (6 to 18 lines long), glabrate, the uppermost remote from the solitary head : scales of the involucre loose, glandular and sparsely hirsute : rays about 50, broadish, purple, fully 3 lines long : pappus with a few distinct short bristles of an outer series. — Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 148. On Mount Dana, at 12,800 feet, Bolander. More dwarf than the plant collected by Watson in the Uinta Mountains, Utah ; the scape less than 3 inches high. Perhaps this is E. radi- calum. Hook. 4. E. uniflonim, Linn. Green and slightly hirsute, or almost glabrous below, a span or less in height : leaves of the rootstock tufted, spatulate, tapering into a petiole ; those of the simple and sometimes scape-like stem becoming lanceolate : scales of the involucre loose, equal, very hirsute- woolly : rays 100 or more, blue or purple, about 4 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 168. High Sierra Nevada, in Sierra Co., at 10,000 feet (Kellogg), thence northward along the high mountains and through the Rocky Mountains to the Arctic regions, and in N. Asia and Europe. A dwarf state, but otherwise like that of the Colorado mountains, with the copious and character- istic long liaiis of tlie involucre gray or whitish, not dark as in the more northern specimens. 5. E. caespitosum, Nutt. ^lore or less hoary with a fine chiefly spreading and rougliish pubescence : stems decumbent or ascending from the somewhat woody rootstock, about a span high, mostly leafy : leaves from the rootstock oblanceolate, tapering into a petiole, an inch or two long ; the cauline Unear or somewhat lan- ceolate and sessile, obtuse : heads solitary (or sometimes two or three and rather small), short-peduncled : involucre hirsute with short hairs : rays 30 to 50, white 328 COMPOSITE. •^ Erigeron. or purplish (about 3 lines long) : appendages of the style extremely short and obtuse : akenes 2 - 3-nerved, minutely hairy : the short squamellate outer pappus conspicuous. Var. tenerum, Gray. Slender and small, with weaker stems and small heads ; involucre only 2 lines high, less hirsute. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada ; thence to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. The only genuine Ibnn collected on the borders of the State is from C'arson City, Dr. Anderson. — Var. tcncrum, summit of Silver Mountain near Ebbett's Pass, alt. 11,000 feet, Brewer. Also col- lected by Watson on Star Peak, N. W. Nevada, at 9,000 feet. At Mono Pass, around rocks, Dr. Bolander collected a plant which would appear to belong to E. cccspitosum, although with rather longer and narrower leaves : but the pappus appears to be simple. 6. E. Nevadense, Gray, Slightly hoary with fine mostly appressed roughish pubescence : stems erect or ascending from long and slender subterranean rootstocks, a span to a foot high, simple, leafy below, mostly naked above or scape-like, bearing a solitary large head : leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate-linear, narrowed below, the lowest into a petiole (the whole 2 to 6 inches long), the cauline acute, the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts : involucre hirsute, also minutely glandular ; the scales mostly equal (4 lines long) : rays 25 to 30 in a single series, rather broadly linear, white, 3 or 4 lines long : style- appendages ovate and acute : akenes minutely pubescent, flat, oblong, 2-nerved, or some of the outer 3-nerved (2 lines long) : the short setiform outer pappus scanty and inconspicuous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649. E. ccespitosum, var. grandijlorum,, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 153, in part (viz. No. 548), not of Torr. & Gray. Var. (?) pygmaeum, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf and densely cespitose : leaves spatulate- linear (half an inch or less than an inch long, barely a line wide at the summit), crowded on the rootstocks : flowering stems nearly naked and scape-like, an inch or two high : heads much smaller : rays narrower, barely 3 lines long, purple. Sierra Nevada : Mount Stanford and Sierra Valley {Bolander, Kellngc/, Levimon) ; and in Nevada, Cedar Hill and on Mount Davidson {Bloomer), and West Humboldt Mountains, Watson. Var. pi/gmceum, Ebbett's and Mono Pass, alt. 9,500 to 10,750 feet. Brewer. E. ARGENTATUM, Gray, 1. c, which S» Watson collected on the foot-hills of the Pah-Ute Mountains in Nevada, may be known by the fine silvery-silky foliage, soft-pubescent several- nerved akenes, and conspicuous outer pappus. E. canum, Gray, has glabrous, naiTOvv, several- ribbed akenes. 7. "E. Bloomeri, Gray. Somewhat hoary with minute appressed pubescence : leafy stems short and tufted on the thickish rootstock : leaves crowded, filiform- linear, or the broadest spatulate-linear tapering into a filiform petiolp, 1 or 2 inches long : flowering stems erect, naked and scape-like at least above the middle, a span high, bearing a solitary head : involucre somewhat campanulate (4 or 5 lines high), villous ; the scales equal : rays none : style-appendages acute : akenes minutely pubescent, flat, oblong-linear, and with only marginal nerves (2 lines long) : pappus simple. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 148. Sierra Valley (?) Bolander. Virginia and Carson City {Bloomer, Anderson), and W. Nevada, Watson. Allied to the foregoing ; with foliage nearly of the following. 8. E. ochroleucum, Nutt. Minutely somewhat hoary with a fine appressed hirsute pubescence, or glabrate : leaves very narrowly linear and tapering to the base or nearly filiform, mostly crowded on the rootstocks, one or two inches long, the cauline rather few and scattered : flowering stems slender, about a span high, naked at summit, bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 heads : involucre more or less hirsute (barely 3 lines high) ; the scales rather rigid : rays 30 or 40, cream-color or white (2 or 3 lines long) : akenes minutely pubescent, 2 - 3-nerved : pappus plainly double, the outer of very short subulate squamellaj. Sierra Nevada near Summit ; thence eastward and northward nearly to British Columbia. The forms with leafy stems approach the next. Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 329 4- -t- -t- Leaves entire and narrow, numerous all along the branching flowering steins: akenes in all 2-nerved or only some of the outermost ^-nerved, ++ Leaves all filiform, canescent. 9. S. filifolium, Nutt. Hoary with minute appressed pubescence ; stems a span to a foot or more high from a somewhat woody decumbent base or branching rootstock, slender, xisually corymbosely branching : leaves very narrowly linear (an inch or two long, a line or much less in width), and becoming tiliform, the upper- most reduced to minute subulate bracts : involucre canescent and somewhat hirsute, 2 or 3 lines high, the outer scales shorter : rays 50 to 80, white or pink (3 or 4 lines long) : akenes sparsely and minutely hairy, becoming glabrous : pappus almost simple, the short outer bristles indistinct. — Diplopappus filifolius, Hook. Chrysopsis canesceiis, DC. Plumas Co. {Lcmmon) ; near Carson City {Anderson), thence northward, rather common in the interior districts to Oregon and Idaho. ++ ++ Leaves flat, from narrowly linear to lanceolate. = Papptis simple or the older of fine and short bristles : heads (except in the last) corymbose at the summit of the very leafy stem : rays in a single series. 10. E. Breweri, Gray. Somewhat hoary with fine and short scabrous-hirsute pubescence : stems ascending or erect from a slender creeping rootstock, a span to a foot high, slender, leafy to the summit, bearing solitary or few corymbose heads : leaves short (half an inch to aji inch long), linear-spatulate or narrowly oblance- olate : involucre glabrous (2 or 3 lines high) ; its scales glabrous, unequal, the outer successively shorter : rays only about 15 (remarkably few for an Erigeron), violet, narrow : pappus nearly simple, the outer set of bristles if present very short and inconspicuous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541. Woods of the Sierra Nevada, Mariposa Co., at 4,000 to 6,000 feet, Brewer, Torrey, Gray. Above Carson City, Nevada, Anderson. This might as well be ranked as an Aster, of the Orthomeris section, except lor the style-appendages and an obvious relationship to some of tlie following species. 11. £. corymbosum, Nutt. Scabrous-hirsute and somewhat hoary with short spreading pubescence : stems clustered, erect, a span to a foot or moi*e high, corym- bose at the summit, bearing several pedunculate heads : leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, about 2 inches long: involucre canescently hirsute (2 or 3 lines high), formed of nearly equal scales : rays 30 or 40, violet or purple, slender : the short bristles of the outer pappus rather manifest. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 178. Eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Dr. Cooper. Incomplete specimens, perhaps not of this species, which belongs much further north, in the interior of Oregon, &c., but may be expected along the northeastern borders of the State. The hoary pubescence principally, and probably insufficiently, distinguishes this from E. decumhcns, Nutt., of Oregon, which, in turn, nearly approaches the next. 12. E. foliosum, Xutt. Sparsely and minutely scabrous-hirsute, or nearly gla- brous : stems erect from a creeping rootstock, one or two feet high, corymbosely branched above, bearing sevei'al short-peduncled heads : leaves numerous to the summit, either broadly or narrowly linear, obtuse- (from an inch to at most 2 inches long, and from 2 lines to half a line wide), the lowest sometimes spatulate : invo- luci-e varying from minutely hirsute to glabrous (3 lines high), the narrow scales unequal : rays 30 or 40, narrow, purple-blue or white (sometimes none) : short bristles of the outer pappus present, but inconspicuous. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 309, & PI. Gamb. 177. E. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 177. Diplopappus (1) occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. — A broader-leaved form with conspicu- ous purple rays is the type of this polymorphous species. The extreme forms to be noted as varieties are 330 COMPOSITE. ■* Erigeron. Var. Stenophyllum, Gray. Leaves a line or less in width, sometimes becoming almost filiform. — E. steaophyllum, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 176, not of Gray in Pacif. R. liep. iv. 98. Var. inornatum, Gray. Leaves varying from spatulate-linear and 2 or 3 lines wide to very narrowly linear •. involucre glabrous : rays none. Open woods, &c., from Humboldt and Nevada to San Diego Counties, both the broader and the narrow-leaved forms. Var. inornatum, which may prove distinct, Mendocino Co., Kellogg and Harford, in several forms; Upper Sacramento (Axwberrj/, "A'. Douglasii, var."): near Douner Lake {Torrey), and Sierra Valley, Lemmon, &c. If this species, through its longer- leaved forms, should be found to pass into E. decumbens, Nutt., of Oregon, it will still be most proi>er to preserve the name of E. foliosum, of the same age as the other, although Nuttall first described it from an imperfect specimen, and not very correctly as to the akene ; but he re-identi- fied it in his paper on Dr. Gambel's collection. Kellogg and Harford's No. 398 is a remarkable dwarf form, apparently of the var. inornatum, approaching E. supplcx : the involucre is minutely glandular, as also is the minute roughLsh pubescence on the branches and leaves. 13. E. supples, Gray. Villous-hirsute ; stems a span or two long from slender rootstocks, decumbent, mostly simple, terminated by a solitary and ped uncled head : leaves spatulate-lanceolate, mostly acute (about an inch long and 2 lines wide), the uppermost becoming linear : involucre villous (about 4 lines high), the scales nearly equal and loose : rays wholly wanting : pappus nearly simple. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 353. Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, Bolandcr, Kellogg. Collected by Mr. Andrews several years ago, station unknown. = = Pappus conspicuously double, the outer manifestly chaffy : rays very numerous or none. {Root perhaps not j^erennial.) 1 4. E. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs : stems tufted, a span or more high, commonly branching, more or less leafy : leaves spatulate-linear or the radical ones spatulate : involucre hirsute (about 2 lines high), its scales nearly equal : rays narrow, purple or white, 4 or 5 lines long, or in the Var. aphanactis, Gray ; the rays wanting or reduced to an abortive ligule shorter than its style. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540. Sierra Nevada on the eastern slope in Nevada {Anderson, Torrey), near to and doubtless within the State line ; only the rayless form : thence eastward throughout the interior region. In both forms the outer pappus is sometimes of narrow and acute, sometimes of decidedly broad and erose or truncate chaffy scales. If not perennial-rooted tlie species should be placed next to E. divergens. ++ ++ ++ Leaves broader (from lanceolate to obovate), in one species serrate : rays extremely numerous : outer pappus indistinct if any. 15. E. speciosum, DC. Sparsely hirsute or almost glabrous : stem stout, erect, 1 to 2 J feet high, furrowed, branching above, very leafy to the top, bearing several or numerous corymbose heads : cauline leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, bright green, hirautely ciliate (1| to 4 inches long), closely sessile or partly clasping ; the radical ones spatulate and tapering into a petiole : heads rather large : scales of the involucre sparsely hirsute, very narrowly subulate : rays very narrow and numerous, violet-purple. — Stenactis speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Peg. t. 1577; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3607. *' California, Douglas " ; but it has not since been collected in the State ; yet probably it occurs in the northern districts, as it is common throughout the moister i)arts of Oregon and "Washington Territory, whence it was long ago inti-oduced into gardens. Heads showy, fully an inch and a half in diameter, including the rays, which are half an inch long. 16. E. glaucum, Ker. Hirsute or villous with spreading hairs : stems ascend- ing, a span to a foot high, leafy below, bearing solitary or few very large heads : Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 331 leaves somewhat succulent, glabrale with age, 1 to 4 inches long, all broad and obtuse, obovate or spatulate-oblong, entire ; the lowest and radical ones narrowed below into a margined petiole, and rarely Avith a few teeth : involucre villous and somewhat viscid : rays not very narrow, violet. — Aster Californicus, Less. Stenactu ylaiica, Nees. Woodvillea calendidacea, DC. Erigeron maritimum, and probably E. hispidum, Xutt. 1. c. Sea-shore, from Monterey to Oregon ; flowering at almost all seasons. Head 2 inches in diam- eter, including the rays. The name inappropriate, as the herbage is seldom at all glaucous. 1 7. E. Fhiladelphicuxn, Linn. Pubescent or rather hirsute : stems erect from a perhaps biennial root, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to the summit, bearing several or numerous corymbose rather small heads : leaves oblong, or the upper oblong-lan- ceolate and partly clasping at base ; the lowest obovate or spatulate ; all more or less irregularly toothed, occasionally nearly entire : involucre minutely appressed- hirsute : rays very narrow and numerous, flesh-colored or reddish-purple : pappus simple. — E. purpureum, Ait. Moist open grounds, apparently not rare through the length of California and in Oregon ; com- mon in the Atlantic States. Heads less than an inch in diameter, including the slender rays. § 2. Annuals or sometimes biennials, with small or rather small heads and conspicuous rays : pappiis plainly double. ; the outer a crown or circle of chaffy squamellce rather than bristles, hardly longer than the breadth of the akene and persistent ; the inner of the ordinary slender bristles, but scanty, and deciduous or cadu- cous. — Phalacroloma, Torr. & Gray. « Branclied from the base and spreading : pappus alike in ray and disk flowers. 18. E. divergens, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-pubescent, diffuse, a span to a foot or so high, corymbosely branching ; the branches terminated by solitary peduncled heads : leaves linear, the lowest spatulate and sometimes sparingly toothed or incised : involucre hirsute (about two lines high) : rays very numerous and slender, pale purple and white, or sometimes bright blue-purple, 3 lines long : receptacle commonly very convex. — E. Be II id last rum. Gray in Hall, Oregon Coll. ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 150, not of Nutt. (which has simple very deciduous pappus, broad white top to the akene, very flat receptacle, and is unknown west of the Eocky Mountains). Sierra Valley (Lemvion, with bright-colored rays) : common in Oregon and Nevada, probably in all adjacent pails of California ; extending to Nebraska and New Mexico. Near Fort Mohave, Br. Cooper; a form like E. cinereum. Gray, which is apparently a low variety, with less convex receptacle. * * Stem erect, 2 to 5 feet high, branching only above : heads numerous, loosely corym- bose, comparatively small : ray-floivers having only the short outer pappus, tlie slender bristles loanting, and in the disk-flowers very deciduous : rays white. 19. E. strigosum, j\Iuhl. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high, roughish or somewhat grayish with a very short appressed pubescence : leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower spatulate and sometimes toothed : heads loosely corymbed : rays 2 or 3 lines long. Plumas Co. (Lemmoji) to Oregon ; a form with coarser and looser hairiness than the eastern plant, approaching E. annuum. E. ANNUUM, Pers., differs from this in being larger (3 to 5 feet high), hirsute with spreading hail's, and the ovate or ovate-lanceolate lower leaves coarsely toothed or cut. It is a weed of cul- tivated grounds, originally from the Atlantic States, now dispersed over the northern temperate regions, and probably has reached or will reach California. § 3. Annuals, with very numerous small (not over 2 lines long) and narrow heads in a panicle : rays inconspicuous or m,inute {ivhitish), hardly exceeding the pale yellow or lohitish disk-flowers : pappus simple. — C^enotus. 20. E. Canadense, Linn. (Horseweed.) A homely weed, with slender strictly erect stem, from a few inches to 4 or 5 feet high, nearly glabrous or sparsely 332 COMPOSITE. ■» Conyza. hirsute, thickly beset witli linear entire leaves, or those at the base broader and cut- lobed : leafy panicle generally long and narrow : pappus simple. Waste and cultivated grounds, everywhere having the aspect of an introduced weed, common almost all over the world. 24. CONYZA, Linn. Heads many -flowered, heterogamous, but not radiate ; the pistillate flowers in many series and more numerous than the fertile one§, with only a filiform truncate corolla shorter than the style ; the few central flowers tubular and perfect, or some of them infertile. Involucre of narrow numerous scales. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Style-appendages short. Akenes small, flattened, usually nerved only on the margins. Pappus as in Erigeron, in ours of simple scanty capillary bristles, — Mostly tropical or subtropical weeds, with alternate toothed or lobed leaves, and small corymbose or panicled heads of whitish or yellowish flowers. 1 . C. Coulteri, Gray. Annual (?), somewhat viscidly pubescent, one or two feet high, very leafy to the top : leaves closely sessile, linear-oblong or the lower spatu- late, coarsely toothed or incisely pinnatifid, about an incli long : panicle narrow, virgate : heads very numerous, small, barely 2 lines long : involucre hairy : central perfect flowers 5 to 7. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355. C. subdecurrens, Gray, PI. Fendl. &c., not of DC. Erigeron discoidea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif Acad. v. 55. S. E. borders of the State (Coulter, Cooper) ; on the San Joaquin {Kellogg) ; and through Ari- zona to Colorado and Texas. A homely weed. 25. BACCHAEIS, Linn. Heads many-flowered, homogamous, dioecious; in the sterile plant the flowers seemingly perfect as to style &c., but with abortive ovary ; in the fertile pistillate only. Involucre of dry imbricated scales, destitute of herbaceous tips, the exterior successively shorter. Eeceptacle commonly flat and naked. Corolla of the fertile flowers small and filiform, truncate, wholly destitute of ligule, shorter than the style : in the sterile flowers tubular with a somewhat expanded 5-cleft limb : the style usually 2-cleft at summit, sometimes undivided. Akenes small, several-ribbed. Pappus in the fertile flowers of copious mostly soft and fine capillary bristles ; in the sterile commoidy less copious or less elongated, often tortuous and more den- ticulate. — Shrubby or sometimes herbaceous plants, ours all glabrous, often gluti- nous, with alternate leaves and small mostly clustered heads of white or yellowish inconspicuous flowers. A very large genus in South America, a few reaching the United States throughout its southern borders, and extending northward along either coast. * Leaves broad, short and obtuse, commonly few-toothed : heads panictdate-glomerate on the very numerous branches : pappus in the fertile flowers at length much exceeding the involucre. 1. B. pilularis, DC. Shrub | to 4 feet high, glutinous : leaves sessile, obovate or cuneiform, about an inch long, coarsely or sinuately few-toothed, or occasionally entire : heads 2 or 3 or more in a cluster from the axils of the upper leaves, globu- lar, 2 or 3 lines long, the fertile pappus becoming 4 or 5 lines long. — B. pilidaris & B. consanguinea, DC. Common in sandy soil along the whole length of the coast, and reaching Oregon ; flowering in autumn. De CandoUe's specific name may relate to the size and form of the flowering heads, or to small globular excrescences, probably galls, which often occur on some branchlets. Baccharis. COMPOSITE. 333 * * Leaves long and narroiv, acute, sharply serrulate or entire : heads in a naked com- pound corymb or cyme terminatitig the hei'haceous striate flowering branches : bristles of the pappus in fertile flowers less copious (20 to 30) and little elongating. 2. B. Douglasii, DC. Shrubby at base, glutinous : leaves lanceolate and very- acute, or the lower ovate-lanceolate (3 or 4 inches long) and sharply more or less serrulate, triple-ribbed, the uppermost smaller and narrow : heads numerous in a terminal corapoun who makes of this a genus (Ifemiambrosia), says that the up[>er fertile mvolucres are 2-celled and 2-flowered, the lower one-celled and one-flowered. Nut- tall assigns short spines to tlie fruit. Very probably this species is a dwarf Ambrosia tenuifolia. 4. F. bipinnatifida, Xutt. Herbaceous : stems decumbent or trailing, 2 or 3 feet long, somewhat hirsute : leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid, canescently hirsute or almost silky : spike dense : fruiting involucre nearly glabrous ; its spines rather short, stout, conical-subulate, flattened. Along the sea-shore from San Diego to British Columbia. Fruiting involucre 4 or 5 lines long, rather narrow. Perhaps, as Lessing supposed, a fonn of the next. +- -f- Leaves undivided or merely incised. 5. F. Chamissonis, Less. Herbaceous : stems trailing, a foot or two long, stout, a{)pressed-hirsute : leaves silky-canescent or silvery, varying from oval to cuneate-oblong, contracted at base into a long petiole, unequally and obtusely ser- rate, sometimes incised, rarely almost pinnatifld : spike dense : fruiting involucre sparsely hirsute ; its spines very stout and flattish. — F. C/iamissonis, var. malvoe- folia, Less. F. citnei/olia, Xutt. 1. c. Sea-shore, in sand, from San Francisco north to British Columbia. 6. F. deltoidea, Torr. Herbaceous with more or less woody base, low, canes- cent witli a tine antl close woolliness, which is partly deciduous with age : branches slender : leaves varying from deltoid-OA'ate or almost hastate to rhombic-lanceolate, obtusely and finely serrate, sometimes sparingly incised, on slender petioles : sterile heads rather loosely racemed : spines of the ovoid 2-flowered involucre flat and thin, broadly lanceolate subulate, pubescent or almost glabrous. — PI. Fremont. 15, & Eot. Mex. Bound. 86. Southeastern frontiers of the State : common on the Gila : also in Lower California if, as is probable, this is also F. chenopodiifolia, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 26, the older name. 7. F. eriocentra, Gray. Shrubby, low, hoary-pubescent : branches slender : leaves varying from cuneate to lanceolate, sparingly incised : heads mostly glomerate : fruiting involucre and its rigid nearly terete subulate spines clothed with long vil- lous wool. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355. 346 COMPOSITE. * Franseria. Southeastern borders of the State : eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Cooper. On the Coloi-ado, Newberry. Fruiting involucre in the specimens examined one-celled and one-seeded. § 2, Fertile involucre mostly 1-celled and 2-flowered, small, armed with short and stout incurved hook-tipped spines : leaves dissected. 8. F. tenuifolia, Gray. Herbaceous, apparently perennial : stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, hirsute : leaves twice or thrice pinnatitid or dissected, strigosely pubescent or hirsute, or sometimes even canescent beneath ; the ultimate divisions linear ; small lobes often interposed on the rhachis : sterile spikes simple and elongated or paniculate : fertile involucres glomerate, at maturity only one or two lines long, ovoid or globular, minutely pubescent : its short and stout subulate spines more or less incurved and with uncinate tips. — PI. Fendl. 80 ; PI. Wright., &c. Southeastern borders of the State, thence eastward to the Gulf of Mexico : also in the Sand- wich Islands, and in Lower California, Cape San Lucas, Xantus. Doubtless it is also F. hispida, Benth. Bot. Sulph. (although that is said to have sometimes four flowers in the involucre) : but the present name will still hold, as Ambrosia tenuifolia, Spreng., is, it appears, the very same species. § 3. Fertile involucre 2-i-celled, 2 - A-Jlowered, thickly beset {like Xanthium) with slender and rather soft hook-tipped prickles. 9. F. axnbrosioides, Cav. Tall, 4 to 6 feet high, with a woody base, hirsute- pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate with mostly truncate or cordate base, acuminate, unequally toothed, 3 to 5 inches long, the petiole sometimes wing-appendaged at base : sterile raceme rather loose : fruiting involucre haK an inch long, minutely hispid. Occurs near the southeastern and the southern frontiers of the State, and probably within its limits. Not rare in Mexico. 42. XANTHIUM, Toum. Cocklebur, Clotbur. Heads homogamous and unisexual, moncecious, in axillary or terminal clusters or short interrupted spikes ; the pistillate 2-flowered and underneath the several- flowered staminate. Staminate flowers as in Ambrosia, except that the involucre is of several distinct and narrow scales, and the receptacle more or less elevated, its chaff" broader. Pistillate flowers enclosed in a bur-like ovoid or oblong closed indurated involucre, which is 2-celled, 2-flowered, and armed all over with strong- ly hook-tipped prickles : corolla none. Akenes obovoid, thick : pappus none. — Coarse and vile annual weeds, with alternate petioled leaves ; the three or four species perhaps all natives of America, but now widely dispei'sed over the world ; probably none indigenous to California. 1. X. Struxnarium, Linn. Stems a foot or two high, not prickly : leaves del- toid-ovate or somewhat cordate, irregularly serrate, often slightly incised, rough and green both sides, on long petioles : fruiting involucre over half an inch long, thick, tipped with a pair of strong beaks, pubescent or sometimes hispid between and on the lower part of the crowded prickles. Waste ground near dwellings, &c. ; also on the sea-coast. The common Cocklebur, apparently less common than at the east ; but both the ordinaiy form occurs and var. echiiiatum, Torr. & Gray, with thicker and glandular-hispid involucre. 2. X. spinosum, Linn. Hoary-pubescent : stems much branched, bearing long and yellowish triple spines by the side of the leaves : these lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, canescent beneath, often 2 - 3-lobed or cut, tapering into a short petiole : fruiting involucre narrow, half an inch or less long, more sparsely prickly, the beak inconspicuous. Sea-coast, San Juan, &c. ; also in the foot-hills, Calavei-as Co. : introduced from Chili. Bcdsamorhiza. COMPOSITE. 347 43. RUDBECKIA, Linn. Cone-flower. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with neutral ray-flowers, rarely homogamous by the absence of these ; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre of foliaceous commonly unequal scales in one or two series, mostly spreading. Eeceptacle remarkably ele- vated, in ours columnar, at least at maturity, so that the perfect flowers are spicate ; each flower subtended or partly embraced by a chaff. Rays long and nearly entire. Disk-corollas cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Akenes quadrangular and mostly laterally compressed, smooth, crowned (in our species) with a persistent chaff-like cup or 4 chaffy teeth more or less united into a cup. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, disk-flowers from dark brown to greenishyellow, and mostly yeUow rays; all North American, but only two west of the Eocky Mountains. 1. R. Californica, Gray. Stem simple, about 3 feet high, 3 — 5-leaved, the long and naked peduncle-like summit bearing a single large head : leaves finely soft-pubescent, 3 to 5 inches long, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, pinnately veined, somewhat toothed ; the middle ones sometimes with a pair of lateral lanceolate lobes at base ; uppermost sessile ; lower tapering into a slender petiole : scales of the involucre linear : rays 2 or 3 inches long, narrowly oblong, yellow : disk columnar, one or two inches long, dusky brownish : akenes com- pressed-prismatic, 2 lines long, crowned with a pappus of 4 irregular thickish chaffy teeth more or less united at base into a cup. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357. Wet grassy places in the Sierra Nevada : at the Mariposa grove, Bolander. Previously col- lected by BHdges, perhaps in the same district. R. occiDENTALis, Nutt., of Oregon and Utah, differs in its smooth and more numerous as well as broader leaves, and has no rays at all. 44. BALSAMORHIZA, Hook., Nutt. Balsam-root. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with fertile ray-flowers, and perfect disk- flowers. Involucre hemispherical or broader, of more or less imbricated scales, the outer loose and herbaceous or often foliaceous. Eeceptacle flat or barely convex, with linear-lanceolate chaff (often with herbaceous tips), subtending and partly embracing the disk-flowers. Eays oblong or lanceolate, with short tube (deciduous except in one species) : disk-corollas cylindrical. Branches of the style of perfect flowers slender, hispid throughout or on the long filiform appendages. Akenes of the ray obcompressed (i. e. flattened parallel with the scales) and oblong, of the disk prismatic-quadrangular or more or less compressed. Pappus none. — Low peren- nials of Western North America, mostly of the arid plains ; with thick terebinthine roots, chiefly radical leaves, and scape-like stems ; the few cauline leaves alternate or occasionally opposite, and the rather large head of yellow flowers commonly soli- tary. (Named from the resin or balsam of the root.) The thick roots, or tubers, from which sometimes the turpentine-tasted resinous bark is peeled, are cooked for food by the Indians, especially in Oregon, under the names of Pash, Kayoum, &c. The seeds are also eaten. — Besides the species here described, B. (Kalliactis) Careyana, Gray, of the interior of Oregon, forms a peculiar subgenus, having rays which become papery, like those of a Zinnia, and persist on the fruit ; the akenes are cinere- ous-pubescent and all quadrangular, those of the ray less flattened (obcompressed) than is com- mon in the genus. The stem, moreover, bears several heads. B. MACROPHYLLA, Nutt., of the Kocky Mountain region only, is a genuine species, near the variable B. Hookcri, and like it with leaves both undivided and pinnately parted on the same root ; but these or their divisions are entire, almost glabrous and smooth, and the involucre is generally foliaceous. 348 COMPOSITE. ■* Balsamorhiza. 1. B. Hookeri, ^utt. Canescent with fine mostly soft and close pubescence : leaves usually once or twice pinnately parted or divided, lanceolate in outline, a span to a foot long, spreading ; the divisions crowded, commonly incised : scapes naked or 2-leaved near the base, equalling or surpassing the leaves in length, bear- ing a single head : scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, acuminate, rarely some of the outermost broader and foliaceous. - — Ileliopsis (() balsamorhiza & tere- hinthacea, Hook. Balsamorhiza Hookeri, terehinthacea, hirsuta, & incana, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 349. Hills near Oakland, Kellogg. Near Sonoma, BigcJow (wrongly named B. macrophijUa). On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Lemmon. Common on the plains of Nevada, Oregon, &c. B. hirsuta is a form with more hirsute pubescence : B. incana, a variety remarkable for its soft and white wool : B. tcrebinthacea, with roughish pubescence, has some of the leaves merely incised or sharply toothed, others piunately-parted or pinnatifid. 2. B. sagittata, Nutt. Silvery-canescent with dense mostly appressed soft wool : leaves entire, cordate-sagittate or sometimes deltoid-hastate, 4 to 9 inches long, on still longer petioles, all radical, or one or two small lanceolate petiolate bracts on the scape, which bears a single or sometimes 2 or 3 heads : involucre mostly very woolly. — Buphthalmum sagittatum, Pursh. EspeJ^etia sagittata. & helianthoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38. Balsamorhiza (Artorhiza) sagittata & heli- anthoides, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, on the borders of the State, &c. (Anderson, Bloomer, Wat- son) ; thence to and beyond the Kocky Mountains from Colorado to Idaho and Dakotah. 3. B. deltoidea, Nutt. Green and more or less pubescent, or almost glabrous : leaves deltoid-cordate or more broadly and deeply cordate, more or less serrate, occa- sionally entire, 3 to 9 inches long and on longer petioles, all radical, or 2 or 3 small ones or bracts on the scape : heads solitary or rarely a pair : scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, obtuse. — B, glabrescens, Benth. PI. Hartw., is only a smoothish form, with leaves entire. Moist ground, from Tejon and Ojai to Humboldt Co. and Oregon. Akenes flat, those of the disk compressed ; of the ray obcompressed, as they are in all these species. 4. B. Bolanderi, Gray. Glabrous or glabrate, somewhat glutinous ; a span to a foot high, with mostly scales instead of leaves from the rootstock : leaves about 3, alternate along the stout stem, cordate or ovate, entire, 3 or 4 inches long, on moderately long petioles : head solitary, short-peduncled ; outer scales of the invo- lucre oval or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, foliaceous ;. the inner ones nar- row and very villous, resembling the chaff of the receptacle. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 356. Auburn (BoJander), and on the Upper Sacramento, Fremont, Rich. Head large. Akenes flat, of the disk compressed, of the ray obcompressed. 45. WYETHIA, Nutt. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with fertile ray-flowers and perfect disk- flowers. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of scales ; the outermost foliaceous and often enlarged, the innermost mostly smaller and chaffy. Receptacle flat or nearly so ; the rigid linear or lanceolate chaff" subtending the disk- flowers flattish or partially folded around the akenes. Rays elongated : disk-corollas cylindrical, 5-toothed, glabrous or nearly so. Branches of the style in perfect flowers produced into subulate-filiform hispid appendages. Akenes prismatic-quad- rangular, or those of the disk laterally compressed, and with obtuse or acutish angles, nervose, their broad summit continued into a persistent and firm chaffy-cori- aceous crown or cup, which is unequally cleft into 5 or more lobes or teeth, or is Wyethia. COMPOSITE. 349 more truncate and produced (at tfte angles) into 1 to 4 chaffy rigid awns. — Peren- nial herbs ; with simple (rarely branching) stems from a stout root, rootstock, or caudex, alternate mostly entire and ample leaves, and solitary or few and large or middle-sized heads of yellow flowers. — ]S^utt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 351 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 654. Alar^onia, DC. Prodr. A genus of several species, all natives of the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific ; — dedicated by Nuttall to Captain Wyeth, with whom he afterwards crossed the continent, and by De Candolle, two years later, to Hernando de Alarcon, a noble Spanish navigator who first (in 1540) visited and surveyed the coast of California. It is to be regretted that the genus cannot commemorate one of the earliest explorers of the country : but the name may designate a section. § 1. Akenes thick, obtusely quadrangular, crowned with a conspicuotts calyx-like pap- pus of ovate or lanceolate coriaceous teeth more or less united at base into a cup : heads very large and broad [the disk \\ to 2 inches in diameter) ; invo- lucre open and leafy. — Alarqonia, Gray. 1. W. helenioides, Nutt. Soft-tomentose, or with age becoming almost gla- brous, a foot or two high : leaves oblong or oval ; radical ones a foot or more long, 4 to 6 inches wide ; cauline about half the size, all contracted at base into a short petiole : heads mostly leafy at base : outer scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate or ovate, sometimes toothed : akenes more or less pubescent at top when young. — Gray, PI. Fendl. 82. Alar(^onia helenioides, DC. Melarhiza inuloides, Kellogg. Hillsides ; common near San Francisco and through the valley of the Sacramento. Akenes half an inch and the pappus 2 or 3 lines long. Teeth of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, somewhat hairy outside. 2. W. glabra, Gray. Green and glabrous throughout, minutely resinous-glan- dular or viscid : leaves otherwise as in the preceding, or more commonly toothed, and the upper perhaps narrower : akenes and pappus glabrous, the lobes of the lat- ter minutely ciliate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Hillsides, San Luis Obispo to Marin Co. (A specimen from Bolander's collection is said to come fiom Mount Dana, ecies which resembles the well-known C. titictoria of the Arkansas region, common in all gardens, — belongs to Oregon, and may be expected in the bordering part of California. 1 . P. calliopsideus, Gray. A foot or two high, leafy below : lobes of the leaves linear : head large : scales of the outer involucre ovate, united at base : rays obovate- cuneiform : rayakenes with a thin winged margin ; those of the disk clothed with very long vQlous hairs on the margins and inner face. — Agarista calliopsidea, DC. Prodr. V. 569. Coreopsis calliopsidea, Bolander, Cat. PI. San Francisco. Moist hillsides and plains, from the Bay of San Francisco southward. Variable in size : rays from half an inch to an inch long, and from 4 to 10 lines wide. Disk-corollas with a short- bearded ring on the tube. 2. P. Brexveri, Gray, 1. c. Much smaller than the preceding, with finer divis- ions to the leaves : scales of the outer involucre linear : rays rather narrow : akenes of the disk long-villous on the margins and the middle of the inner face, otherwise glabrous : chaffy awns of the pappus stouter, only half the length of the akeue. Dry hills near San Buenaventura, March (Brewer) ; San Bernardino desert. Parry. Rays half or two thirds of an inch long, 2 to 4 lines wide : disk-corollas with a beardless ring. Ray akenes nearly as in the next ; those of the disk more like those of the preceding, except in their smaller size. 3. P. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. A span high, leafy only at the base : the small head on a nearly naked scape : leaves almost simply pinnately parted into a few narrowly linear rather fleshy divisions : scales of the outer involucre broadly linear : rays broad : ray-akenes narrowly oblong, roughish, and with thickish wing-like margins ; those of the disk slightly ciliate. Dry plains, on Mohave Creek (Bigeloiv) and Fort Tejon, Dr. Horn. The plant from San Buena- ventura, inadvertently referred to this species in Proc. Am. Acad. v. 645, is the preceding. The head of this only half as large. Rays quadrate-oblong, 4 or 5 lines in length. Ring on the tube of disk-corollas distinct but beardless. Akenes of the disk inclined to be sterile ; but this is also the case in the first species. 52. LEPTOSYNE, DC. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; the rays several or numerous, pistillate ; disk-flowers perfect. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 to 8 narrow and loose folia- ceous scales ; the inner of 8 to 12 erect more membranaceous scales. Eeceptacle nearly flat ; its chaff thin and scarious, linear or lanceolate, deciduous with the fruit. Rays oblong or obovate, 3-toothed or lobed at the end, 10-nerved. Disk- 356 COMPOSITE. Leptosyne. corollas with slender tube girt by a ring at the summit, and a funnelform or more dilated 5-lobed limb. Style-branches of the disk-llowers truncate-capitate or tipped with a very short cone ; those of the rays little exserted, Akenes obcom- pressed, flat, more or less wing-margined, similar in disk and ray. Pappus none, or a minute callous cup. — Low glabrous annuals, or larger and more enduring plants with thickened succulent stems, all Californian ; leaves chiefly alternate, once to thrice pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes ; the showy heads of yellow flowers terminating long naked peduncles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657. Tuckermannia, !N^utt. CoEEOCAKPUS (with Acoma), Benth. Bot. Sulph. , contains two or three still obscure species of Lower California, allied to this and the preceding genus, but not veiy likely to occur within the limits of the State. § 1. Annuals, a span or more high, with long naked pedtincles : heads an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, including the oblong or cuneate-obovate more or less 3-lobed rays : scales of the outer involucre linear. — True Leptosyne. 1. L. Douglasii, DC. Leafy only at the base : the peduncles all scape-like : disk-corollas with a conspicuously bearded ring : akenes sparsely beset with capitate rigid bristles, the winged border at length very thick and corky, the summit with an entire cup-like ring in place of pappus. Dry or sandy soil, from near San Francisco (?) to San Diego. Except in the southern part of the State apparently less common than the next. 2. L. StUlmani, Gray. Stems more leafy below : involucre commonly some- what hairy at base : disk-corollas beardless : akenes surrounded by a thick and corky rugose wing, smooth and glabrous except the inner face, which mostly be- comes sparsely papillose, and often bears a row of tubercles on the midnerve : the cup in place of pappus either entire or 2-lobed. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 92. Hillsides and plains, Valley of the Sacramento to the Bay, &c. ; the common species in the central part of the State. Rays somewhat cuneate-obovate. 3. L. Newbenyi, Gray. Leafy only at base : the peduncles scape-like : disk- corollas with a shorter tube bearing an inconspicuously bearded ring : akenes (young) with a very thin wing, both faces minutely glandular-bristly, the cup at the summit obsciire. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. Sitgreaves Pass, on the Colorado, Newheri-y. Camp Grant, Arizona, Palmer. Perhaps not within the State. § 2. Succulent thickened stems or rootstocks perennial, leafy, often branched : leaves rather fleshy : heads large. — Tuckermannia, Gray. 4. L. maritima, Gray. Stems rather low, herbaceous, from a fleshy tuberous base or caudex : peduncles a span to a foot or more long : heads (including the nar- rowly oblong slightly 3-toothed rays) 3 or 4 inches in diameter : ring of tube of the corolla naked : akenes smooth and glabrous, bordered by a narrow thinnish wing or margin, wholly destitute of pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 538 ; Kegel, Eev. Hort. 1872, with plate. Tuckermannia maritima, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 355 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 92, t. 3L Sea beach at San Diego, and on the islands. A striking and showy plant. In cultivation a short naked awn is rarely produced from each margin of the akene ! 5. L. gigantea, Kellogg. Stems shrubby or fleshy-woody, 2 to 8 feet high and 1 to 5 inches in diameter, leafy at the top : heads numerous and corymbose, rather short-peduncled : inner scales of involucre with a prominent midrib : divis- ions of the leaves more filiform. San Miguel and Santa Barbara Islands, Harford, Capt. Forney. Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Blepharipappus. COMPOSITE. 357 53. BIDENS, Linn. Bur-Marigold. Head many-flowered, heterogamous and the 3 to 10 rays neutral, or homogamous and the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre double ; the outer of a few mostly foliaceous loose or spreading scales ; the inner of several erect and more membrana- ceous scales. Eeceptacle flat or convex ; the thin narrow chaff" deciduous with the fruit. Akenes obcompressed, either broad and very flat or narrow, beakless, bearing a pappus of 2 to 4 rigid and retrorsely barbed awns, — Annual or perennial herbs ; with opposite leaves, and small or middle-sized heads of yellow or sometimes white flowers ; some of them vile weeds. The species are numerous, and very "widely distributed over the world, but there are remarkably few in California or in the Pacific region. % Akenes broad : leaves merely serrate. 1. B. chiysanthemoides, Michx. Annual, glabrous, leafy to the top, a foot or two high : leaves broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, closely sessile, serrate, 3 to 5 inches long : heads rather large and showy : scales of inner involucre broad : rays 8 to 10, golden yellow, oblong or oval, an inch long: akenes wedge-shaped ; their margins and the 2 to 4 rather long awns barbed with rigid or almost prickly reflexed bristles. Wet places, apparently not rare through the western part of the State. Extends to Mexico, and is common in all the Atlantic States. B. CERNUA, Linn. , a tall variety of which gi'ows in Oregon, has smaller leaves, heads without rays, or with short ones of lighter yellow, and smaller barbs to the akene and awns. The two per- haps run together. The plant named B. cernua by Hooker and Amott, in the Botany of Beechey's Voyage, is probably the preceding. % * Akenes long and narrow (Spanish Needles) : leaves divided or compound. 2. B. pilosa, Linn. Annual, more or less hairy, or merely the leaves sparsely pubescent : these 3-parted or the lower 5-parted into ovate incisely cleft or sharply serrate thin leaflets : heads small, without rays or with 2 or 3 small and whitish ones : akenes linear, smooth, or the outer ones upwardly hispid-scabrous, at least towards the summit, 2 - 4-awned. — B. Californica, DC. Prodr. v. 599. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 354. Santa Barbara to Los Angeles, near water-courses, &c. A weed, widely diffused over the wamier coasts, especially of the Pacific : if correctly indentified with B. jdlosa, doubtless intro- duced with cattle into California. Heterospermum Xanti, Gray, of Lower California, resembles a Bidens with finely divided leaves, and is intermediate between the two genera. 64. BLEPHARIPAPPUS, Hook., Torr. & Gray. Head heterogamous, with 3 to 6 pistillate rays : disk-flowers 7 to 12 perfect, some of the central infertile. Scales of the involucre 6 to 10, nearly in a single series, lanceolate, erect, almost equal. Receptacle convex, chaffy; the chaff thin and membranaceous, deciduous with the fruit. Rays short and broad, cuneiform, 3- lobed. Style in the disk-flowers long, thickened upwards and hairy, 2-cleft only at the apex (the branches obtuse and not appendaged), or in the central and sterile flowers nearly entire. Akenes turbinate, silky-villous. Pappus of 10 or 12 linear hyaline scales, traversed by a stout awn-like midrib, the margins lacerately fringed so as to appear plumose, rarely wanting. — Annual, corymbosely or paniculately branched ; both rays and disk-coroUas white ; the anthers brown-purple. Only one variable species. 358 COMPOSITiE. Blepharipappus. 1. B. scaber, Hook. A span to a foot high, rough-puherulent and somewhat hispid, above more or less glandular : leaves alternate, narrowly linear and with margins revolute (or small ones on the branchlets involute) : heads a quarter or less than half an inch long, terminating slender branches. Yar. laevis, Gray : a form vrith the leaves, at least those of the branches, almost smooth and much appressed. Var. subcalviis, Gray : a state with the pappus both of ray and disk reduced to minute hyaline vestiges, hardly exceeding the hairs of the akene. Sierra Valley, and along the eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada : common through the interior in Oregon and Nevada. Var. Icevis is No. 118 of Bridges coll. in herb. Kew, referred to under Hemizonia in Gen. PI. ; the locality not recorded. Var. subcalvus, Sierra Valley, Bolander, Lemmon: apparently mixed with the common state. 55. MADIA, Molina. Tarweed. Head few - many-flowered, heterogamous, with 1 to 20 pistillate rays, or rarely the rays entirely wanting ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite, either fertile or sterile. Involucre a single series of herbaceous scales, which are carinate and conduplicate, enclosing as many akenes, their free tips erect or involute. Receptacle flat or convex, with somewhat herbaceous chaff" between the ray- and disk-flowers, usually more or less united into a cup, otherwise naked or fimbrillate-hirsute. Rays more or less cuneiform, 3-lobed at summit. Akenes linear-oblong or clavate-oblong, incurved or nearly straight, laterally compressed, minutely many-striate, glabrous (those of the ray with flat sides), wholly destitute of pappus, or in one section a chaffy-plumose pappus to mostly sterile disk-flowers. — Glandular and more or less viscid heavy-scented annuals ; with linear or lanceolate entire or slightly toothed leaves, at least the upper alternate ; and either peduncled corymbose, or panicled, or clustered heads of yellow flowers, opening at evening, early morning, or in cloudy weather. All natives of the Pacific States, one species also in Chili. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 293; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 187. Madia, with Madaria (DC), Anisocarpus (Xutt.), Amida (Nutt.), & Harpoicarpus (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. § 1. Rays conspicuous and mostly numerous (9 to 20) : disk-flowers also numerous hut sterile, or the exterior ones fertile, with pubescent corollas. — Madaria. * Disk-flowers udth a pappus composed of flmbriate or plumose-lacerate and slender chaffy scales. (Anisocarpus, Nutt.) 1 . !M. Nuttallii, Gray. Hirsute : stem slender, a foot or two high : all the lower leaves opposite, denticulate or occasionally beset with slender salient teeth : heads rather small and paniculate, terminating slender glandular peduncles : scales of the involucre with short inconspicuous tips, rather large for the size of the head : fertile akenes obovate-falcate, the many-striate sides nerveless ; those of the disk all abortive : pappus very much shorter than the corolla. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 391, & ix. 188. Anisocarpus madioides, Nutt. In woods, not rare from Monterey to Oregon. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, 2 to 6 lines wide, thin. Rays half an inch or less in length, cuneiform, strongly three-lobed, twice the length of the involucre. 2. M. Bolanderi, Gray. Villous-hirsute : stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves all but the lower alternate, chiefly entire (the lower 3 to 10 inches long) : heads middle-sized, racemose (on short or long peduncles) : scales of the involucre with rather slender tips : rays short but exserted : chaff" of the receptacle linear, uncon- Madia. COMPOSITE. 359 * nected : akenes narrow and elongated, minutely and all sparsely hairy, even those of the ray, the latter saliently 1 - 2-nerved on each face ; outer ones of the disk apparently fertile : pappus of almost setiform plumose unequal chaffy scales, the longer ones little shorter than the corolla. — Anisocarpus Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360. Woods of the Sierra Nevada : in the Mariposa Sequoia grove, and at Conner Lake, Bolander. Heads half an inch high : rays 3 lines long. Akenes 3 lines long ; those of the ray lanceolate- falcate, sometimes bearing the rudiments of a pappus like that of the disk, but much reduced ! * * Disk-flowers wholly destitute of pappus, either all or only the central ones sterile : leaves almost all alternate. (Madaria, DC.) 3. M. elegans, Don. Pubescent, and more or less hirsute or even hispid, as well as glandular, one or two feet high, or in depauperate slender forms only a span or so in height : heads loosely corymbose or paniculate : scales of the involucre with slender linear tips : rays (10 to 15 in the larger, 5 to 9 in depauperate forms) elon- gated, acutely 3-lobed at apex, yellow throughout, or often with a brown-red spot at base : disk-flowers all sterile, on a strongly convex hirsute-fimbrillate receptacle : fertile akenes obliquely obovate, the areola at the thick truncate summit depressed. — Madaria elegans k M. corymhosa, DC, &c. M. racemosa, N^utt., one of the slender forms. Hills and plains, throughout California and in Oregon and Nevada. Very variable in size, pubescence, glandulosity, and number of flowers in the head ; but all apparently of one species. The larger forms are handsome in cultivation. 4. M. radiata, Kellogg. Viscid-pubescent and glandular, 2 or 3 feet high : heads pretty large : scales of the involucre with short tips : rays 9 to 20, golden- yellow, broadly oblong or somewhat cuneiform, obtusely 3-toothed : disk-flowers also fertile except the central ones, on a nearly flat and glabrous receptacle ; their akenes somewhat clavate and 4-angular, straightish, with depressed areola at summit ; ray-akenes narrowly obovate-falcate, flat, tipped with a very short beak which is reflexed upon the summit of the akene. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 190. Near the mouth of the San Joaquin River, Bolander. Head broad : ligules half an inch long, abrupt at base. § 2. Bays short and more or less inconspicuous, 12 to 1, or rarely wanting altogether: disk-flowers numerous or few, all fertile, destitute of pappus, aiid with corolla- tube pubescent : receptacle flat and smooth. — Eumadia. 5. M. sativa, Molina. Viscid-hirsute and glandular, heavy-scented, one to three feet high : heads racemose or paniculate, often glomerate : ray-flowers 5 to 12 : disk-flowers about the same number : akenes obovate-oblong and slightly curved, or those of the ray obovate-lunate, those of the disk commonly (and of the ray sometimes) 1 -nerved down the sides. — The following forms pass freely into each other. Var. congesta, Torr. & Gray : a large and very glandular, common form : the many-flowered heads sessile in crowded clusters : akenes (as in the Chilian plant) rather narrow and mostly angled by the prominent nerve on the two sides. — M. capitata, Xutt., not "congesta" as printed in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 404. Var. racemosa, Gray : a smaller and more slender form : commonly fewer-flow- ered heads rather loosely racemose or panicled : akenes usual with less prominent or obsolete lateral nerves. — M. racemosa, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Madorella racemosa, Nutt. Var. dissitiflora, Gray : like the preceding or more depauperate, with scattered or panicled smaller and mostly fewer-flowered heads, often only 5 rays and as few disk-flowers : akenes inclined to short-obovate (1^ to 2 lines long), and with either flat and nerveless or else 1-nerved sides. — M. dissitiflora, Torr. & Gray. Madorella dissitiflora, Nutt. . 360 COMPOSITE. ■ Madia. Plains and hills, throughout California, Oregon, and the interior region ; the Tarweed of the eastern part of the State. An exceedingly variable species. 6. M. glomerata, Hook. Eoughish-hirsute and glandular, slender, very leafy, about a foot high : leaves narrowly linear, entire (1 to 3 inches long) : heads small and narrow, in close clusters terminating the stem or paniculate branches, or in the upper axils : ray-flowers 2 to 4, or sometimes solitary or wanting altogether : disk- flowers 2 to 4 : akenes slender and straightish, at least those of the disk, which are either compressed or prismatic-fusiform and rather acutely 4-5-angled (2 to nearly 3 lines long). — Amida gracilis & A. hirsuta, Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Sierra Valley, and all the adjacent eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada ; thence through the interior even to the Saskatchewan. A true Madia with flowers reduced, sometimes to a mini- mum. § 3. Jiai/s 4 to 8, very short, not exceeding the solitary dish-Jlower, which is fertile, and enclosed in a 3 - 5 -toothed herbaceous cup : corolla glabrous : akenes of the ray obovate-lunate and more ar less pointed : those of the disk straight and obliquely obovate. — Hare^carpus. (Harpcecarpus, Nutt.) 7. M. filipes, Gray. Hirsute and glandular, a span to a foot high, slender : leaves narrowly linear : heads small (hardly 2 lines in diameter), globular, on long filiform peduncles, loosely paniculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 391. Sclerocarpus exiguus, Smith (?). Harpcecarpus madarioides, I^utt. H. exiguus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 101. Common in open gi'ounds, at least from Monterey northwards, extending near the coast to Puget Sound. 56. HEMIZONELLA, Gray. Head few -flowered, heterogamous ; the rays 4 to 5, pistillate ; the disk-flowers solitary or rarely a pair, perfect and fertile. Invohxcre torosely lobed in the manner of Madia, i. e. of as many herbaceous scales as there are ray-flowers, each infolded and completely enclosing its akene, but rounded on the back and generally flattish on the inner face. Chaff of the receptacle an herbaceous 3 - 5-toothed cup or inter- nal involucre enclosing the disk-flower. Corollas glabrous or merely glandular : rays extremely short. Akenes obovate or fusiform and more or less obcompressed, and those of the ray incurved, glabrous or sparsely hairy; the small terminal areola oblique, either sessile or raised on an apiculation or short beak. Pappus none. — Low and diffusely branched or diminutive annuals, all Californian, hirsute and glandular ; with linear entire and mostly opposite leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, at least the lateral ones leafy-bracted. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189. In their heads, and somewhat in their general aspect, these little plants resemble the Harpae- carpufs section of Madia ; their akenes are as completely enclosed, although from the form of the akene the involucral scales are not conduplicate or carinate. It is better to separate them from Jlemizonia, as a genus intermediate between that, or Lagophylla, and Madia. 1. H. parvula, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branched, 2 or 3 inches high, hispid with white hairs : leaves narrowly linear, an inch or less long, the uppermost clustered around the short-peduncled or almost sessile heads : akenes narrow, Mcate, between triangular-obcompressed and fusiform, tipped with a very short incurved beak. — Hemizonia (Hemizonella) parvula, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 549. Klamath Valley, within the borders of Oregon, Cronkhite. Also in the collection of Kellogg and Harford, the station not recorded, and the specimens too young. 2. H. Durandi, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely much branched, a span or so high, hirsute or somewhat hispid : leaves linear, about half an inch long : central heads naked on slender peduncles, the lateral ones 2-bracteate at base or short-peduncled : akejies Hemizonia. COMPOSITE. 361 slightly hairy; those of the ray obovate-oblong and obcorapressed, tipped with a short inflexed beak. — Hemizonia [Hemizonella) Burandi, Gray, 1. c. Harpcecar- pus viadarioides, Duraiid, not of Nutt. Dry hills, common through the foot-hills and the Sierra Nevada from ilariposa County north- ward, and in Nevada. 3. H. minima, Gray, 1. c. An inch or two high : leaves half an inch or less in length ; the uppermost equalling or barely surpassing the short-peduncled or almost sessile heads : akenes obovate, decidedly obcompressed, glabrous or nearly so, tipped with an inflexed apiculation, but not beaked. — Hemizonia [Hemizonella) minima, Gray, 1. c. Dry sterile soil in the Sierra Nevada : Soda Springs, Brewer. Between Nevada Fall and Cloud's Rest, Gray. 57. HEMIZONIA, DC, Ton-. & Gray. Tarweed. Head many - few-flowered, heterogamous, with 1 to 20 pistillate rays ; the disk- flowers several or numerous, hermaphrodite but usually all and always the central ones infertile. Involucre of as many scales as ray-flowers, which are concave and half enclosing their turgid akenes, or sometimes a few loose and empty outer ones. Eeceptacle flat or conical, chaffy only between the ray- and disk-flowers, or through- out. Rays 2 - 3-toothed, cleft, or parted : disk-corollas funnelform, 5-lobed. Akenes of the ray turgid, more or less gibbous, obovoid and often triangular, commonly minutely stipitate ; those of the disk, when formed, narrower and seldom truly fertile. Pappus none in the ray, or in one species rudimentary ; either none or of several chaff'y scales or awns in the disk. — Annuals or biennials, some with indu- rated stems, and one frutescent, all Californian, mostly glandular and viscid, heavy- scented : some of them are Tarweeds or Rosin-weeds of the Californians. Leaves narrow, all but the lowest alternate : heads middle-sized or small; the flowers yel- low or white, with brownish anthers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 394 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Ac. ix. 190. Hemizonia, Hartmannia, & Calycadenia, DC. Osmadenia, Nutt. Hemizonia & Calycadenia, Torr. & Gray. § 1. Fertile akenes very oblique, the small terminal areola from the summit of the inner angle or face on a narrow beak or apiculation ; the surface dull, often rngose or tuberculate : flowers yellow. — Hartmannia, Gray. * Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy only between the ray- and disk-flowers ; the chaff mostly united into a cup or internal involucre : heads small or middle-sized : akenes of the ray rugose or somewhat tuberculate when mature, inserted by a short and thickish incurved stipe : disk-akenes all sterile and mostly abortive, usually bearing a pappus of small scales. {Hartmannia, DC.) •+- Rays and disk-flowers few or several ; the former with tvhe thickish at base ; the latter with conspicuous pappus of chaffy la cerate-toothed scales : heads comparatively sviall, bracteate, mostly sessile or fascicled : scales of the involucre lanceolate, more or less carinate toivard the base. ++ Perennial and woody, exceedingly leafy : rays about 8. 1. H. frutescens, Gray. Erect, 2 feet or more high, decidedly shrubby, with numerous fastigiate flowering branches very leafy to the top, hirsute, aromatic and viscid : leaves hliform, and with tufts of shorter ones in the axils, entire, or rarely with one or two short lateral lobes : heads thyrsoid-racemose : involucre nearly gla- brous : rays 8 or 9 ; the ligules obovate-oblong, 2 - 3-toothed, about the length of 362 COMPOSITE. ^ Ilemizonia. the involucre : chaff of the receptacle of as many narrow linear scales which are mostly distinct: receptacle convex: disk-flowers 10 to 12, with well-formed but empty ovary : pappus of 5 linear denticulate scales, about half the length of the ovary. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79. Rocky precipice in the interior of Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Dr. Palmer, 1875. The only known species which does not inhabit the State, here given to complete the account of the genus. Leaves an inch or so long. Involucre little over 2 lines high. Ray-akenes as in the section ; the stipe at base and the curved beak at the apex pretty long : sterile disk-akenes con- taining an abortive ovule. ++ ++ Annuals or biennials (as are all the following sj^ecies of the genus), the stems, however, sometimes indurated in age : raps only 5, broad and short : disk-flowers 5 or 6. 2. H. raxnosissima, Benth. Diffusely and paniculately much branched, slen- der, a foot or so in height, almost glabrous, above viscid-glandular : cauline leaves chiefly entire, linear, small, sessile with broadish base, occasionally and sparsely beset, especially on the margins (as also are the branchlets), with some hispid or hir- sute hairs : heads scattered or somewhat fascicled on the leafy branchlets : pappus of sterile akenes of 8 or 10 broad and thickish chafly scales. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 30; Bot. Mex. Bound. 100. Common from Santa Barbara southward. Heads 2 or 3 lines long. 3. H. fasciculata, Torr. & Gray. Paniculately branched above the base, a span to a foot or two high, sparsely hirsute or hispid : radical leaves once or twice pinnately parted ; cauline leaves linear, either laciniate-pinnatifid, few-toothed, or entire, an inch or two long, those of the branchlets shorter and mostly entire : heads fascicled in corymbose clusters : pappus of the sterile akenes of narrower chaffy scales. — Hartmannia fascic%data, DC. H. glomerata, Nutt. Common from Monterey to San Diego. Exhales a strong balsam which is injurious to wool. ■t- +■ Rays \2 to 20, oblong-cuneiform, with slender glandular tube ; their akenes gen- erally occupying two series : disk-flowers more numerous : heads larger and mostly loose, terminating corymbosely panicvlate branches. 4. H. angustifolia, DC. Diffusely branched from an at length indurated base, a span to a foot high, hirsute and viscid-glandular throughout : cauline leaves all entire, linear (chiefly less than an inch long) : rays 12 to 15 : pappus of the sterile disk-ovaries none, or a row of minute short bristles rather than scales. — H. muUi- caulis, Hook. & Am., ex Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 100. H. decumbens, Nutt, PI. Gamb. 17-^. Var. Barcla3d differs in having the ovaries of the disk-flowers enlarging into sterile akenes bearing a conspicuous chaffy laciniate pappus : mature fertile akenes more incurved and with an unusually conspicuous terminal beak. Open grounds, from San Francisco and Monterey southward. Var. Barclayi, Monterey {Bar- clay, with laciniate pappus), San Luis Obispo (Brewer, with broader scales to the pappus, much as in H. ramosissima). Akenes rather obscurely rugose, tipped with the more or less prominent narrow beak, the little stipe at the base usually incurved and dilated at the insertion. 5. H. corjrmbosa, Torr. & Gray. Corymbosely branched, a foot or so high, hirsute, more or less viscid and glandular : radical and most of the cauline leaves pinnatifid with linear lobes ; uppermost and those of the branches linear and entire : rays 15 to 25 : pappus of the sterile disk-ovaries of minute scales, mostly cut into chaffy bristles, or sometimes almost none. — H. angustifolia, Benth. PL Hartw., not of DC. Hartmannia corymbosa, DC. Hemizonia macrocepihala, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 174. //. balsamifera, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 64, fig. 13. Low grounds, common through the central and western portions of the State. Heads, including the expanded golden yellow rays, an inch or mpre in diameter, many-flowered. Ray-akenes with the short upturned beak somewhat dilated at the tip. Hemizonia. COMPOSITE. 363 * * Receptacle fiat, with a distinct chaff for each of the 8 or 10 dish-fiowers, half en- closing its sterile akene : heads small : rays 5 : akenes smooth and even, but dull. 6. H. virgata, Gray. More or less glandular, but glabrous or slightly hirsute : stem slender, a loot or two high, simple or virgately branched : cauline leaves linear ; the lower laciniate or almost pinnatifid ; upper entire ; those of the branches and of axillary fascicles very small (2 or 3 lines long), crowded, each tipped with a truncate gland : heads numerous, virgately racemose : corollas glandular, the 5 ligules short and broad : scales of the involucre and the similar chaff of the recep- tacle rather chartaceous, obovate or oblong, conspicuously beset over the back with large and prominent tack-shaped stipitate glands : akenes obovate, 5-angled : pappus none. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 100. Foot-hills, &c., from Napa to Los Angeles. Heads narrow, 3 or 4 lines long ; the glands often a full half line in length, resembling those of the section Calycadenia. The gland terminating tlie smaller leaves is more or less cup- shaped in the dried specimens. Disk-akenes almost fertUe. The plant exhales a balsamic odor. * * * Receptacle convex or conical, many-flowered, chaffy throughout; the chaff distinct : heads middle-sized : rays rather numerous, and usually in more tJian one series, short, apparently pale yellow : akenes hardly if at all rugose, those of the disk some of them more or less fertile (these with a depressed central terminal areola). — (§ Olocarpha, DC, excl. sp.) 7. "EL. macradenia, DC. Loosely branched, a foot or two high, stout, hirsute and viscid-glandular : lower cauline and radical leaves laciniate-pinnatitid ; the others narrowly linear; uppermost and those of the axillary fascicles filiform-subulate, tipped with a truncate gland : heads mostly glomerate at the end of the branches : scales of the involucre and some of the chaff beset on the back with large long- stipitate glands : rays roundish-cuneiform, 3-lobed : fertile akenes obovate, 5-angled, short-beaked from the inner angle : receptacle strongly conical : pappus none. Dry open ground, from the Bay of San Francis(!0 southward. One of the commoner "Tar- weeds," exuding a heavy-scented viscid matter, which blackens the noses of horses. Notwith- standing its frutescent aspect, the root is annual, or at most biennial. 8. H. pungens, Torr. & Gray. Simple and at length much branched, a span to nearly a yartl high, hirsute or sparsely hispid : cauline leaves pinnatifid, or the lower bipinnatitid with short spinulose-acuminate lobes ; those of the branchlets and fascicles entire, small and crowded, lanceolate or linear-subulate, rigid, spinu- lose-tipped, as are the scales of the leafy -bracted involucre and the narrow chaff of the receptacle : rays scarcely exceeding the disk, narrow, 2 - 3-toothed : pappus none : receptacle strongly convex. — Hartmannia pungens, Hook. & Arn. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 334. Dry hillsides, from San Francisco southward to San Diego, where a very sparingly hirsute form occurs. The root of this species also is annual. Akenes as in the preceding, but smaller. 9. H. Fitchii, Gray. Paniculately branched, rigid, a span to a foot high, villous or somewhat hirsute : radical leaves 1 - 2-pirmately parted into few linear or subu- late divisions ; cauline leaves (or the upper ones) like those of the branches, sub- ulate-linear (about an inch long), rigid and spinulose-tipped, very pungent, the villous pubescence generally accompanied with small very long-stalked glands : heads foliose-bracteate : scales of the involucre subulate : rays oblong, 2-toothed, little exceeding the disk : chaff of the convex and hairy receptacle pointless, bearded with long villous hairs : fertile akenes obovate, 3-angled, smooth, very gibbous ; sterile disk-akenes with a pappus nearly equalling their corollas, composed of 8 to 12 narrowly linear and rigid chaffy scales, Avhich are more or less united at base and fringed or bearded at tip. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 1 08. Valley of the Sacramento ; Clear Lake ; Long Valley, Plumas Co., &c., to Carson Valley, Alpine Co. A well-marked species : some younger and less villous forms resemble H. pungois; but the chaff is not pungent, always more or less villous- bearded, and the pappus is characteristic. 364 COMPOSITE. > Hemizonia. § 2. Fertile akenes slightly oblique and with depressed terminal areola hardly eccen- tric, glabrous, smooth and even, obovate and obscurely triangular, inserted by a minide inflexed stipe, mostly in ttoo series : heads {corymbose) many-flowered, and with conspicuous strongly ^-lobed rays {expanding in sunshine) : receptacle convex, chaffy throughout, tlie inner chaff very thin : disk-akenes abortive, desti- tute of pappus. — EuHEMizoNiA, Gray. {Hemizonia, DC.., as to the typical species of both sections.) 10. H. congesta, DC. Somewhat corymbosely. or paniculately branched above, a foot high, rather villous than hirsute with long mostly soft hairs, slightly glandular towards the summit : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower (commonly opposite) oblanceolate and sparsely serrulate : heads rather few : scales of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips : outer series of chaff of the receptacle somewhat similar to the scales and distinct or partly united : rays light yellow. Low ground, in the western part of the State, Douglas, &c. Head, including the expanded broad rays, about an inch in diameter. This species is insufficiently known. Some specimens whicli have been refeiTcd to it prove to have white rays, and to be a less glandular and more villous form of the next ; from which, however, the yellow flowers ought to distinguish the present species. 1 1. H. luzulsefolia, DC. Corymbosely or paniculately much branched, a span to 2 feet high, villous, or below fioccose- woolly when young, above becoming very glandular and viscid : leaves linear, entire or merely denticulate, the lower elongated and 3 - 5-nerved : heads numerous, middle-sized or small, mostly on short naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre with short herbaceous tips : outer series of chaff united into a cup : rays (6 to 10) and disk-flowers white, sometimes tinged with pink. — H. sericea. Hook. & Am. H. rudis, Benth. Bot. Sulph. ; a much-branched summer state, with small heads and small very glandular upper leaves ; the long and silky- woolly Luzula-like lower leaves gone. Dry open grounds, common throughout all the western part of the State, and very variable, espeedally in the size and number of flowers in the head ; blooming continuously from April or even March till November. Involucre from 5 or 6 to 2 lines high : rays from 5 to 2 lines long, broadly cuneiform. The var. fragarioides^ Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 70, fig. 14, apjtears not different from the ordinary form of the species, but is said to have " the refreshing odor of strawberries." § 3. Akenes of disk mostly well-formed and sometimes the outermost truly fertile {then hairy), turbinate-quadrangidar or slightly obcompressed, straight, furnished with a conspicuous chaffy pappus; of the ray obovoid-triangular, slightly oblique, and the terminal areola little if at all eccentric : rays 1 to 7, very broad, palmately 3-lobed or parted: heads narrow, small: receptacle small and flat, tlie herbaceous chaff only between the ray- and disk-flowers : leaves entire and narrowly linear with revolute margins, or filiform, or those in axillary fascicles and clusters about tlie heads subulate, but obtuse, commonly tipped, and sometimes beset on the back, tvith disk-like or ivhen dry saucer- shaped and either sessile or short-stipitate glands {whence the name). — Caly- CADENIA, Gray. {Calycadenia, DC.) * Diffusely paniculate-branclied : branches filiform : chaff of the receptacle united. +- Disk-shaped glands none : ray-akenes apiculate at both ends, rugose. 12. H. tenella, Gray. A span to a foot high, minutely glandular, also sparsely hispid when young : leaves linear-filiform, the lower an inch or two long, upper- most reduced to filifonn bracts : heads terminating the very numerous and widely spreading filiform branchlets, cylindraceous : rays 3 to 5, white, 3-parted down to the long and slender tube ; disk-flowers 5, white marked Avith purple : ray-akenes glabrous, rugose, raised on a short stipe and tipped with a short and thick truncate Hemizonia. COMPOSITE. 365 beak ; disk-akenes obscurely hairy, their pappus of 4 or 5 lanceolate firm-chaffy scales tapering into stout rough awns, and of as many intermediate short truncate and lacerate scales. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 191. Osmadeiiia tenella, Nutt. Caiyca- denia tenella, Torr. k Gray. Southern part of the State, especially around San Diego. Heads 3 or 4 lines long. Some of the disk-akenes are perfectly fertile. -t- -t- Disk-shaped or saucer-shaped short-stalked gland terminating the fascicled leaves and bracts : ray-akenes not apiculate at either end, the terminal areola depressed, the surface smooth and even : flowers apparently white. 1 3. H. Fremontii, Gray. A span high, with ascending branches, slightly hir- sute or hispid : leaves narrowly linear, roughish : heads several-bracted, terminal and axillary, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, campanulate : rays 5 to 7, 3-parted, their tube very short ; disk-flowers about 20 : chaff of the receptacle forming a 12- 14-toothed cup : pappus of disk-akenes 10 chaffy scales, at least the alternate ones longer and subulate-awned, not longer than the akene. — Calycadenia Fremontii, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100. California, Fremont. The particular station unknown. 14. H. pauciflora, Gray, About a foot high, with filiform diverging often zigzag branches, minutely scabrous, sparingly hispid, especially along the margins of the lower portion of the linear-filiform leaves : heads distant and sessile in the axils along the branches as well as terminal, cylindrical : ray solitary, 3-parted down to its short tube ; disk-flowers 3 combined into a 3-toothed tubular cup, their pappus of 5 subulate-awned and 5 small intermediate truncate chaffy scales. — Calycadenia pauciflora. Gray, 1. c. California, Fremont: the station unknown. Both species were collected in 1846, and have not since been met with. * * Virgate; the stem or braiiches strict: heads mostly in the axils, either solitary or " clustered : rays deeply 3-lobed or sometimes Sported ; their akenes with truncate sum.mit slightly if at cdl apiculate : disk-corollas narrow and long, 5-toothed : flowers in some and perhaps all the species open only through evening and morning. -«- Soft-pubescent, not at all hispid : heads somewhat paniculate or in short-pediinded axillary clusters. 15. H. mollis, Gray. About 2 feet high, grayish with a soft fine pubescence, not even liiisute except on the margins of the uppermost leaves and bracts : these tipped with a tack-shaped or saucer-shaped and short-stalked gland, or sparsely beset with similar glands : flowers white ; rays 3 to 5, almost equally 3-parted and with short but slender tube; disk-flowers 5 to 10 : chaff of the receptacle united into a 6 - 8-toothed cup : ray-akenes somewhat rugose, and the broad terminal areola rather protuberant : pappus in the disk of 5 or 6 subulate-awned scales nearly twice the length of the akenes, and of one or two additional short and blunt scales. — H. angustifolia, Durand, PI. Herm., Pacif. E. Eep. iii. 10, not of DC. Caly- cidenia mollis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360. Foot-hills, Mariposa and Fresno Counties ; very common at White and Hatch's, Bolander, Gray. -t- -{- Glabrous and smooth, or some of the lower leaves slightly and sparsely hispid : heads scattered, solitary in the axils and terminal. 1 6. H. truncata, Gray. Slender, a foot or two high ; the virgate stem some- times paniculately branched above : leaves very narrowly linear, the short upper- most and the bracts tipped with a very large and almost sessile saucer-shaped gland : flowers yellow ; rays 5 to 8, 3-cleft, with very short tube j disk-flowers 10 366 COMPOSITE. ^ Hemizonia. to 20 : chaff of receptacle more or less distinct, truncate : ray-akenes as in the pre- cedinj^ : pappus of those of the disk short and awnless ; the scales 7 to 10, oblong, incisely or timbriately toothed, very much shorter than the akene, rarely wanting. — Calycadenia truncata, DC. Dry ground, Valley of the Sacramento to Mendocino Co. , &e. -(- -H "H Setose-hirsute or hispid, at least on the margin of the leaves or bi'ads : heads sessile or nearly so, and often clustered in the axils and at the summit of the stem : short-stipitate or almost sessile saucer-shaped glands' Cit the tips of the upper and fascicled leaves, bracts, Perityle. Moist ground, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego. Scales of the involucre sometimes tipped with i)urple. Kays 2 or 3 lines long. The minute papilliB on the akene, as seen under the microscope, swell uj) when wetted, open at the extremity or split into two valves, and emit two long filaments of extreme tenuity, the whole apparently forming a gelatinous mass enveloping the akene ; just as occurs in Crocidium and in some species of Scnecio, kc. From this peculiarity it took its generic name, which means "mucilaginous seed." Cjiocidium multicaule. Hook., is a small plant resembling Blcnnosperma, but with a fuga- cious capillary j)apiius. It is common along the coast of Oregon, but has not been detected in California ; the specimen so named in the Botany of the Mexican Boundary, collected by Dr. Stillman, proving to be Blennospcrma. See Proc. Am. Acac^. ix. 206. 84. PERITYLE, Benth. Head many-flowered, with pistillate rays or occasionally none ; the flowers all fertile. Involucre campanulate, of nearly equal scales, slightly carinate on the back, in a single or double series. Receptacle flattish or conical, naked. Eays 3- toothed : disk-corollas 4-toothed ; the tube glandular. Style-branches tipped with (or insensibly changing into) a short and obtuse or more commonly subulate or filiform, hairy appendage. Akenes oblong, flat (laterally compressed), dark-colored, bordered by a cartilaginous mostly ciliate- bearded margin. Pappus a series of hyaline or setiform scales, usually more or less united into a cup or crown, and commonly a slender awn from one or both margins. — Low annuals or perennials, of the southern part of California and adjacent regions ; with petioled usually palmately-lobed or incised and membranaceous leaves, at least the lower ones oppo- site, and pedunculate rather small heads terminating corymbose or paniculate branches (rarely in a corymbose cyme). Eays white (or sometimes yeUow 1) : disk- flowers yellow. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 23, t. 15, & Gen. PI. ii. 398; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194. In our view, as stated in the paper above cited, the crown of pappus furnishes a better character than the style-appendages, or anything in the involucre, to distinguish this genus from Lap- hamia, one species of which also has short and blunt style-appendages. Laphami'i iieai'ly takes the place of Perityle eastward, and one species of it inhabits the southern part of Nevada. P. IXCANA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, ined., recently discovered on Guadalupe Island, Lower California, is an anomalous species, stout and somewhat frutescent, as white-woolly as Scnccio Cineraria, and with numerous rayless heads in a crowded and naked pedunculate corymb. 1. P. Califomica, Benth. Pubescent or glabrate : leaves mostly opposite, broadly ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed or somewhat lobed : rays oblong, perhaps yellow : style-appendages short and obtuse : akenes hispid-ciliate : the outermost obovate and with much thickened corky-cartilaginous margins, the inner obovate- oblong and with nerve-like margins, narrowed at the top : awns of the pappus one or two, scabrous. Probably only in Lower California; Bay of Magdalena, Hinds; Cape San Lucas, Xantics. Heads 3 or 4 lines long. Throat, i. e. the expanded upper part, of the disk-corolla, rather shorter than its tube. Receptacle almost flat. 2. P. plumigera, Gray. Glandular-puberulent above, the base of stem un- known : leaves of the branches ovate or oblong, small, toothed : heads smaller than in the foregoing : rays oblong, apparently white : style-appendages short and obtuse : akenes oblong, not contracted at the apex, very densely villous-ciliate : awn of the pappus only one, nearly equalling the corolla, sparsely hispid-plumose above. — PI. Fendl. 77. California, Coiolter. Probably from the southeastern borders of the State or adjacent portion of Arizona. Eecei)tacle strongly convex. 3. P. Acmella, Gray, 1. c. Puberulent and somewhat glandular : lower leaves opposite, ovate and deeply 3-cleft ; the upper alternate and somewhat hastately Dysodia. COMPOSITE. . 397 3-lobed : heads small : rays broadly cuneate-oblong : style-appendages short and acutish : akenes oblong, densely hispid-ciliate : awns of the pappus 2, much shorter than the corolla, scabrous. — SpUanthes Pseiido-Acmella, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 150. Boltonia § Dichetophora, sp., Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 269. Monterey Bay, Lay & Collie. Southern part of the State, Coulter. Receptacle merely convex. Heads 2 lines high. Throat and limb of the disk-corollas longer than the tube. 4. P. Emoryi, Torr. Sparsely hirsute as well as glandular : leaves round-cordate or fan-shaped in outline, 5 — 9-cleft and the lobes copiously incised, the upper alter- nate and less lobed : scales of the involucre rather broad : rays short, white, broadly oval : style-appendages oblong and obtuse : akenes narrowly oblong, hispid-ciliate : awn of the pappus only one, very slender, sparsely barbellate above, or in Var. nuda, Gray, with no awn. — P. nuda, Torr. in Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 100. Desert region, along the Rio Colorado on both sides, near Fort Yuma, &c., and on the Gila. Heads rather large for the genus, 3 or 4 lines high : receptacle broad, nearly flat. Rays said in the Botany of the Mexican Boundary, p. 82, to be " plainly yellow " ; but the ticket of Dr. Cooper's specimens from the same district states that they are white. So they are in Palmer's Giiadalupe plant. Throat or expanded part of the disk-corolla shorter than the tube. Style- appendages certainly short and obtuse in the original specimens. Yet in one, seemingly of the same species (var. nuda), but with larger rays, collected in 1870 on Carmen Island, Lower California, by Dr. E. Palmer, these appendages are somewhat longer and subulate-acute ! So, also, in specimens recently collected by him on Guadalupe Island. This is evidently a winter- annual ; and so apparently are all the foregoing. 5. P. leptoglossa, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves (of branches) small and alternate, ovate and somewhat cordate, slender-petioled, coarsely or doubly toothed : scales of the involucre narrow : rays linear, rather long : style-appendages filiform and acute : akenes linear-oblong, hispid-ciliolate : awn of the pappus only one, very slender, barely scabrous. — PI. Fendl. 77. California, Coulter. Known only from his collection. Heads large for the genus, 5 lines long ; receptacle merely convex. Rays 4 to 6 lines long : disk-corollas with slender tube and a remark- ably long and narrow cylindrical throat. P. Paiiryi, p. aglossa, and P. coronopifolia, Gray, the latter with distinctly white rays, belong to a region further eastward. 85. DYSODIA, Cav. Head many-flowered, with few or numerous pistillate rays or sometimes none ; all the flowers fertile. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, of rather rigid equal scales in a single series, often united below, commonly subtended by a row of bracts. Eeceptacle flattish, naked, often alveolate, fimbrillate, or hirsute. Rays entire or 2 - .3-toothed at the apex : disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothed. Style-branches of the perfect flowers slender and tipped with a subulate or nearly filiform hispid append- age. Akenes linear or linear-cuneate, 4 - 5-angled or many-nerved. Pappus single, of 10 (or rarely more) firm chaffy scales which are deeply dissected into many rigid scabrous bristles, about equalling the corolla. — Herbs (all Mexican and N. Ameri- can) ; with strong and mostly disagreeable scent (whence the generic name), opposite or alternate leaves, and peduncled heads of yellow, orange, or reddish flowers : scat- tered oil-glands rather conspicuous in the foliage and involucre. D. CHRYSAXTHEMOiDES, Lagasca, common along the waters of the Mississippi and thence to Mexico, may ap[troach California by way of Arizona. D. SPECIOSA, Gray, a striking and apparently shrubby species, Avith rounded ternate leaflets and large heads, was discovered at Cape San Lucas in Lower California, far beyond our limits. The following have been found in the State. 1. D. porophylloides, Gray. Loosely much branched, about 2 feet high, glabrous : branches slender and rigid, striate, terminated by middle-sized heads : 398 COMPOSITE. * Dysodia. leaves alternate, small, mostly 3 — 5-parted into linear-lanceolate or subulate divis- ions, which are seldom gland-bearing ; all the upper reduced to subulate bracts ; those subtending the involucre very short and simple : scales of the involucre linear, abruptly acute, beset with oblong oil-glands, coalescent : rays few and inconspicu- ous : " flowers yellow " : scales of the pappus deeply parted into about 9 bristles. — PL Thurb. 322. Southeastern borders of the State at San Felipe (Thurber), and Fort Mohave, Dr. Cooper. Also collected at Camp Grant, S. Arizona, by Dr. Palmer, wjth more developed leaflets. Head half to three quarters of an inch long. Rays linear, not longer than the disk, hardly surpassing the style. 2. D. Cooperi, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent, " 2 feet high," stouter than the preceding and with head fully an inch long : leaves (of branch) lanceolate, rigid, coarsely and spinulosely few-toothed, and parted near the sessile base so as to form a pair of subulate stipule-like lateral lobes : bracts of the involucre and scales linear- subulate and attenuate-acuminate, gradually passing into each other, carinate with strong midrib : rays somewhat exserted, " purple " : pappus as in the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 201. Southeastern borders of the State, eastern side of Providence Mountains, Dr. Cooper. The lower leaves are probably more divided. 86. NICOLLETIA, Gray. Head many-flowered, with a series of pistillate rays ; all the flowers fertile. Invo- lucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 12 equal oblong scales, calyculate with one or two small exterior scales. Receptacle convex, naked. Rays oblong, minutely 2 - 3-toothed : disk-corollas slender, 5-toothed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers slender, con- tinued into filiform acute hispid appendages. Akenes linear, slender, terete, taper- ing to the base, pubescent. Pappus double ; the outer a series of capillary bristles like those of Porophyllum ; the inner of 5 thin chaffy scales with midrib produced into a bristle or awn, nearly equalling the disk-corolla. — Low and branching glabrous annuals ; with alternate leaves, pinnately divided into a few narrowly linear or subulate lobes, and short-peduncled rather large heads terminating the branches. Oil-glands in the foliage and involucre few and large. Rays pink or purple, the disk-flowers (always?) yellow. — Torr. Frem. Rep. 2d Exp. 315; PI. Wright, i. 119, t. 8 ; Bot. Mex. Bound. 93. There are two species, both rare ; one found near the southwestern borders of Texas, the other near the southeastern borders of California. The genus was dedicated to the memory of the distinguished geographical explorer and astronomer, J.N. Nicollet, under whom Fremont initiated his work. 1. N. OCCidentaliS, Gray, 1. c. A span or more high : leaves thickish and with short lobes, the uppermost close to the head : scales of the pappus lanceolate- subulate, tapering into a short slender awn. Sandy banks of the Mohave River, Fremont, Dr. Cooper. The latter found it at Camp Cady, and has recoi*ded that the rays are purple, the disk yellow. 87. POROPHYLLUM, VaiUant. Head several - many-flowered, with all the flowers perfect. Involucre cyhndrical or cylindraceous, of 5 to 10 oblong or linear equal scales in a single series. Recep- tacle small, naked. Corollas with a slender or filiform tube, and a narrow 5-cleft limb. Style-branches slender, tipped with a subulate-filiform hispid appendage. Akenes long and slender, nearly terete, striate or angled. Pappus of copious rather Pectis. COMPOSITE. 399 rigid scabrous capillary bristles, about the length of the corolla. — Herbs, sometimes with ligneous base, glabrous and often glaucous ; with slender branches terminated by pedunculate heads of yellow, whitish, or purplish flowers, and alternate or below opposite leaves ; these and the scales of the involucre marked by scattered immersed Oil-glands, in the manner of Tagetes, &c., therefore strong-scented. Species all American, chiefly of Mexico and farther south, a few along the borders of the United States, two in Lower California, but only the following within the State. 1. P. gracile, Benth. Slender, loosely much branched from a rather woody base, a foot or two high : lower leaves linear with tapering base, the upper nearly filiform or slender-subulate : scales of the involucre 4 to 6, oblong-linear, obtuse, with narrow scarious margins: head 5 — 15-flowered : akenes scabrous-puberulent, narrowed at the summit. — Bot. Sulph. 29. P. Greggii, var. minor, Gray. Gravelly banks, Fort Mohave and southward {Dr. Cooper, &c.), San Diego, Cleveland. Heads three quarters of an inch long : flowers "purple" or "dirty white." Herbage with a strong fragrant or fennel-like odor. According to Air. Johnson, who collected it on the Colorado River, it is there called " Poison-flower." 88. PECTIS, Linn. Head several -many-flowered, with pistillate rays; the flowers all fertile. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate, of a few equal and mostly carinate-concave scales in a single series. Eeceptacle small, naked. Rays entire or 2- 3-toothed at the apex : disk-corollas mostly slender, 5-toothed, sometimes unequally. Style long, somewhat thickened up- wards and minutely hispid ; the branches very short and obtuse or truncate. Akenes linear or filiform, many-striate. Pappus of few or rather numerous bristles, or some- times of a few awns, with or without some small chaffy scales, sometimes in some or all the flowers of little scales only, these united into a crown. — Low odorous herbs (all American) ; with opposite narrow and chiefly entire leaves, their margins beset with some long bristles, at least toward the base, in tlieir substance as in that of the involucre bearing some scattered oil-glands. Heads small, or sometimes rather ample for the size of the plant, scattered : flowers yellow. P. PUNCTATA, Jacq. (Pectidium, DC), with its pappus of 3 or 4 very rigid smooth awns, and P. MlTLTiSETA, Benth., with a pappus of 2 or 3 bristles or none in the disk, and leaves conspicu- iusly bristle-fringed, grow in Lower California. P. vrostrata, Cav., with broadish leaves and sessJe hea s, comes into Arizona ; as does P. IxMBKubis, Gray, a tall species remarkable for the want of bristles to the leaves. The following are attributed to California solely on the authority of Coulter's collection, fi'om which they were fii-st described ; and they may all have been col- lected east of the Rio Colorado. 1. P. papposa, Gray. Annual, glabrous, diff'usely much branched, a span to a foot high, " lemon-scented " : leaves elongated-linear (2 or 3 inches long, less than a line wide), furnished with very few bristles at base : heads slender-peduncled, scat- tered or corymbose, about 20-flowered : scales of the involucre 6 to 8, linear : rays elongated, linear-oblong : pappus in the ray a scaly crown, in the disk of 15 to 20 capillary and very unequal barbellate bristles. — PI. Fendl. 62. California, Coulter, No. 331. Common in the Gila Valley and through Arizona, Schott, Palmer, Wnght, kc. Akenes slender, minutely hirsute with glandular-tipped and sometimes hooked hairs. Scales of the involucre nearly infolding the ray-akenes, as in all our s^iecies. 2. P. Conlteri, Gray, 1. c. Annual, pubenilent, diffuse, 2 or 3 inches high : leaves narrowly linear (about half an inch long), sparsely bristle-fringed : heads on peduncles mostly longer than the leaves : scales of the involucre and exserted rays about 5, both oblong : pappus in ray and disk nearly alike, of 2 to 4 short and stout awns which are retrorsely bristly-barbed. 400 COMPOSITE. ^ Pedis. California, Cmilter, No. 330. Arizona, Dr. Palmer. Involucre 2 or 3 lines long ; the -whole head 4 or 5 lines long, rather few-flowered. 3. P. filipes, Gray, 1. c. Annual, slender and diffuse, glabrous : leaves narrowly linear (an incli or more long, seldom a line wide), sparingly bristle-fringed at base : peduncles capillary, one or two inches long : scales of the involucre 5, rather broadly linear, obtuse : rays exserted, oblong : disk-flowers about 5 : akenes slender : pappus of about 2 (1 to 3) slender awns which are gradually slightly dilated at base and minutely scabrous towards the apex, in the disk sometimes a minute crown with a solitary awn. California, Coulter, No. 329. New Mexico, Thurber, Bigclow, Henry. Janos, Chihuahua, SchoU. Involucre narrow, 2 to 2^ lines long. Only Coulter's plant shows the short crown of the disk-pappus. There is no trace of it, and the awns are 2 or 3, in the other specimens, which are from a district farther east than that probably traversed by Coulter. Bentham thinks it likely to be P. Taliscana, Hook. & Am. ; but it does not accord with the character of that species. Probably it has not been collected within California, Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDE^. Distinguished from Helenioidece by the drier more scariously margined or tipped and imbricated scales of the involucre ; from AsteroidecB by the same and by the truncate tips of the style in the perfect flowers, never continued into an appendage ; the pappus none or a mere crown. Belonging mainly to the Old World, very few in Western North America, except of Artemisia. 89. ACHILLEA, Linn. Yarrow. Head many-flowered, with few or several pistillate rays ; all the flowers fertile. Scales of the narrow involucre imbricated in few series, appressed, mostly with scarious margins. Eeceptacle from flattish to conical, with thin chaff subtending the flowers. Eays mostly short or broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcompressed, surrounded by a narrow and cartilaginous margin, destitute of pappus. — Perennial iierbs (numerous in the Old World, but very few in the New), rather strong-scented; with alternate either serrate or pinnately dissected leaves, and small corymbose heads of yellow or white or sometimes rose-colored flowers. 1. A. IVEillefoliliin, Linn. A foot or two high, or lower on mountains, villous- Avoolly at least when young : leaves lanceolate or linear in general outline, twice pinnately parted into fine linear acute and 3 — 5-cleft lobes : heads small, crowded in a compound corymb-like cyme : rays 4 or 5, obovate, white, rarely rose-color (occasionally becoming tubular) : akenes slightly margined. Common in the Sierra Nevada up to 11,000 feet, extending through all the mountains north- ward and eastward ; not rare in the western part of the State at the level of the sea ; there perhaps introduced from the Old World ; but clearly indigenous all round the northern hemi- sphere. 90. ANTHEMIS, Linn. Chamomile. Head many-flowered, with numerous pistillate or sometimes neutral rays ; the disk-flowers fertile. Involucre hemispherical ; the scales very numerous, imbricated and appressed, scarious-margined, with a more rigid centre. Receptacle from con- vex to oblong-conical, chaffy with slender or thin scales or awns, subtending the flowers, at least the central ones. Eays comm:)nly conspicuous. Akenes obovoid or oblong, 4-5-angled, 8-10-ribbed, or many-striate, truncate at the apex. Pappus Matricaria. COMPOSITE. 40 1 none or a short chaffy crown. — Herbs, of numerous species in the Old World, a very few have become roadside weeds in the United States. The only common one is the May-weed, which has reached California, viz., 1. A. Cotula, Linn. A much branched, somewhat pubescent, strong-scented and acrid annual, a foot or less high : the alternate leaves thrice pinnately divided into small linear-subulate lobes : heads rather small terminating the branches, somewhat corymbose : rays soon reflexed, white, sterile, having an imperfect style or none : disk-flowers yellow : receptacle conical, naked toward the margin, but with almost bristle-shaped chaff near the centre : pappus none. — Maruta Cotula, Cass. : differing from true Anthemis in the sterile rays, &c. Sparingly found along roadsides : introduced, but not yet common. 91. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn. Head many-flowered, with numerous pistillate rays ; the disk-flowers usually all fertile. Involucre hemispherical or flatter ; the more or less scarious short and appressed scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Eays usually elongated : disk-corollas often flattened (obeompressed) or 2-winged below, 4 - 5-toothed. Akenes short, nearly terete, several-ribbed or angled, trun- cate at the tip, mostly (in ours) destitute of pappus. A large and diversified genus in the Old World (especially when it includes Leucanthemwm, and Pijrcthrwm), but not indigenous to North America except in the arctic regions. Only one species is much naturalized in the United States, viz. 1. C. Leucanthemum, Linn. A perennial weed, spreading from short run- ning rootstocks, nearly glabrous, a foot or two high : stems simple or sparingly branched, the naked summit bearing a large head : leaves incisely pinnatifid or toothed ; the lower spatulate ; the upper becoming linear and smaller : scales of the involucre with somewhat rusty tips : rays white (over half an inch long) : disk yellow : akenes many-ribbed. — Leucanthemum, vulgare, Lam. In fields at Santa Cruz ; probably in some other places : introduced from the Old "World. Not yet, perhaps may not become, in California the troublesome weed that it is in the Atlantic States, where it takes possession of meadows, and is known as Ox-eye Daisy, White Daisy, and White- weed. 92. MATRICARIA, Linn. Head many-flowered, with or without rays. Involucre hemispherical or flatter, of numerous and more or less scarioiis appressed scales in few series. Eeceptacle conical or ovate, naked. Corollas, akenes, &c., as in the preceding genus. Pappus none or a minute crown. — A rather large genus of the Old World ; only the fol- lowing on the Pacific coast, where it is apparently indigenous. 1. M. discoidea, DC. Annual, a span or two high, branching, glabrous, leafy : leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected into numerous short and narrow linear divisions : heads small, short-peduncled : involucre of broadly oval scales with Avhite-scarious margins : rays none : disk greenish-yellow, much elevated : receptacle high conical : akenes with an obscure coroniform margin in place of pap- pus. — M. tanacetoides, Fischer & Meyer. Santolina suaveolens, Pursh. Tanacetum. matricarioides. Less. T. suaveolens, Hook. T. pauciflorum, DC. Artemisia matri- carioides, Less. Cotula matricarioides, Bongard. Lepidotheca (in errata) or Lepi- danthiis suaveoleiu, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Waste grounds, through the whole length of the State, and north to Unalaska. It has migrated to and beyond the Mississippi as a weed, as also to some places in the north of Europe. Said to be used in California as a domestic remedy for agues and bowel-complaints. Heads a quarter of an inch, or in fruit half an inch in length, greenish-yellow. 402 COMPOSITE. a Tanacetum. 93. TANACETUM, Linn. Tansy. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, with the flowers all tubular, the outermost series pistillate, or rarely these wanting when the flowers are all perfect, mostly all fertile. Involucre of numerous dry more or less scarious and brownish imbricated and appressed scales. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Corollas of the pistillate flowers equally or obliquely 2 - 5-toothed ; of the perfect flowers 5-toothed. Akenes generally about 5-ribbed or angled, or the marginal ones 3-sided ; the broad trun- cate summit bearing a short and scarious coroniform pappus, or none. — Strong- scented herbs ; with alternate mostly compound or lobed leaves, and corymbose or rarely solitary erect heads of yellow flowers. A moderately large genus in the Old World, widely represented by T. vulgare, Linn., the com- mon Tansy, which, so far as we know, is not at all naturalized in California ; but there is a stouter indigenous species on the coast related to it. Then, in the interior dry region there are three or four peculiar species (section Spliceromeria of Nuttall) related to certain others in Asia ; the one found in California much approaches Artemisia. Ours are perennials. * Pappus evident : leaves very much dissected into innumei'able divisions. 1. T. Huronense, Nutt. Soft-hairy, usually much so when young : stems stout, a foot or two high, very leafy : leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected ; the very small and numerous lobes oblong or linear and much crowded : heads large, half an inch in diameter, on stout peduncles : corollas of the pistillate flowers rather conspicuous and somewhat ray-like, 3 - 5-lobed, the tube flattened, slightly winged at base : akenes very obscurely ribbed : pappus toothed. — T. camphoratum, Less. T. Doiiglasii, DC. T. elegans, Decaisne, Fl. Serres, t. 1191. Omalanthus camplio- ratus, Less. Omalotes camphorata, DC. Sandhills, along the coast, from San Francisco to Puget Sound. Also on the Upper Great Jjakes, and from Hudson's Bay to the northern borders of Maine. * * Pappus none : leaves once or twice pinnately dissected into ratJier few divisions. 2. T. potentilloides, Gray. ^Silvery-silky : stems numerous from a stout root, diffuse or ascending, a span to a foot long, sparsely leafy : radical leaves twice pin- nately divided and petioled, the cauline mostly sessile and once divided into linear entire lobes ; uppermost reduced to nearly simple bracts : heads 3 to 6 in a loose corymb (sometimes rather panicled), hemispherical, about 3 lines broad : scales of the involucre about 10, broadly obovate, silky-tomentose : receptacle flattish, very hirsute : flowers all fertile ; the pistillate ones with a small and slender 2-3- toothed corolla ; akenes obovate-turbinate, 3 - 5-angular, thin and vesicular, with truncate broad summit. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 204. Artemisia potentilloides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 551. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, in Sierra Valley (Lemmon), and Carson City, Nevada, Anderson. The corymbose heads as well as the broad and abrupt top of the akene refer this to Tanacetum. The akene is thin and utricular, forming a loose investment to the seed : when soaked it swells up and becomes jelly-like ; and its cells under the microscope show spiral threads. 94. ARTEMISIA, Linn. Wormwood. Sage-bush. Head several r- many-flowered, heterogamous, with the flowers all tubular and the outermost series pistillate, or homogamous by the absence of these ; the more numerous perfect flowers either fertile or sterile. Scales of the involucre dry and more or less scarious-margined, imbricated in few series, appressed. Receptacle flat- "^ish, convex, or hemispherical, naked, sometimes hairy. Corollas of the pistillate flowers slender and small, 2 - 3-toothed ; of the perfect flowers enlarged above. 6. A. DRACUNCULOIDES. 2. A. NORVEGICA. 3. A. VULGARIS. 4. A. DISCOLOR. 5. A. LUDOVICIANA. 7. A. PYCNOCEPHALA. 8. A. SPINESCENS. 1. A. Califoenica. 9. A. TRIDENTATA. 10. A. TRIFIDA, 11. A. ARBUSCULA- Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 403 5-toothe(l. Anthers usually with narrow tips. Akenes ohovoid or oblong, mostly rounded at the apex and with a rather small terminal areola, almost always glabrous. Pappus none, or in one species a A'^estige. — Herbs or undershrubs, bitter and odorous ; with alternate leaves most commonly dissected, and the numerous small heads of yellow or yellowish flowers usually nodding, and racemose or panicled, sometimes paniculate-spicate. An immense genus mainly of the northern hemisphere, its headquarters in Northern Asia ; not many species in California, and fewer still in the Atlantic States ; but abounding through the interior arid region, where the Sngc-bushes form a characteristic feature. Our species are all per- ennials, A. biennis, Willd., not having been found so far west. To facilitate the determination of the species an artificial key is appended. Herbaceous, or hardly woody at the base ; Green and nearly glabrous : leaves linear, entire, Green, becoming glabrous : leaves twice pinnately parted, White-cottony underneath the leaves ; upper face green. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, acute, Lobes of the leaves narrowly linear, White-cottony throughout, Silky villous all over. Shrubby and spiny : heads few and scattered, Shrubby, unarmed. (See also No. 7.) Grayish-puberulent : pinnate leaves with long filiform divisions, White-pubescent : leaves palmately cleft or toothed, sometimes entire. One to 6 feet high : leaves about 3-toothed, A span or two high : leaves deeply cleft or some entire : Their 3 lobes linear. Their 3 to 5 lobes obovate or spatulate, § 1. Flowers heterogamoiis (some of the marginal ones pistillate only), hut all fertile : receptacle not villous. — Abrotanum, Besser. « Shrubbp : lobes of the cinereou^-puhervlent leaves filiform-linear. 1. A. Califomica, Less. About 4 feet high, with a decidedly woody base, very leafy : leaves all pinnately 3 — 7-parted into almost filiform divisions, or some of the uppermost entire : heads small and numerous in narrow racemose panicles : scales of the involucre broad, nearly glabrous : akenes somewhat turbinate and 3 - 5-ribbed, utricular, with a very broad and somewhat toothed summit. — A. Fischeriana, Besser. A. foliosa & A. abrotanoides, Nutt. Dry banks, from below Santa Barbara to San Francisco. Heads roundish, about 2 lines in diameter. Receptacle hemispherical, naked, not hairy, as said by Nuttall. * * Herbaceous : leaves or their lobes linear-lanceolate or broader. -f- Not white-cottony : corolla sparsely hairy. 2. A. Norvegica, Fries. A span to 2 feet high, stout, loosely villous-pubescent when young, or glabrous : leaves mostly bipinnately parted or cleft into linear- lanceolate or broader acute lobes, or the uppermost reduced to trifid or simple bracts : heads large, in a simple naked panicle or loose raceme : scales of the invo- lucre oblong, brownish : akenes oblong, about 5-angled. — Novit. Suec. ed. 1 (1817), 56. A. rupestris, Fl. Dan. t. 801. A. arctica, Less. (1831). A. Chamissoniana, Besser in Hook. Fl. North side of Wood's Peak in the Sierra Nevada, at 9,000 feet. Brewer. Also in the Rocky and other high mountains to Alaska, Arctic America, E. Siberia, and the Norwegian Alps. Heads globular, about 4 lines in diameter. +■ +- Leaves white-cottony-tomentose underneath or on both sides : corolla glabrous. 3. A. vulgaris, Linn. A foot or two high ; branching : leaves green and gla- brous or soon becoming so above, cottony-tomentose beneath, laciniately once or twice pinnatifid, or some of the upper sparingly lobed or toothed ; the lobes lanceo-- 404 COMPOSITiE. > Artemisia. late, tapering and acute : heads numerous, spicately clustered in a leafy panicle, ovoid or globular, loosely woolly-canescent or becoming glabrous, — The typical forms are common throughout the northern portion of the Old World, especially in Asia. Var. Californica, Besser. Stems commonly simple and tall : leaves sparingly pinnatifid, 3 - 5-parted, and the upper merely toothed or entire. — A. heteropkylla, Nutt., &c. Dry soil, not rare near the coast from San Francisco noBthward (a very large form at Shelter Cove, Humboldt Co., Bolander) : also in the Sierra Nevada. A very widely spread and most variable species, into which both the following appear to pass by transitions. 4. A. discolor, Dough Low and slender, a foot high : leaves green and gla- brous above, linely cottony-tomentose beneath, nearly all once or twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : heads smaller, spicately clustered in a narrow and rather naked raceme-like panicle, globular, nearly glabrous. SieiTa Nevada at Ebbett's Pass, &c. , Brewer. Thence northward and eastward to the Cascade and the Rocky Mountains. Exactly the A. discolor has not been met with in California. The specimens are between it and some forms of the preceding, and, with the Nevada plant of King's Expedition, varying to A. incompta, Nutt. 5. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. From one to three feet high, cottony-tomentose throughout : leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, entire, sparingly toothed, or some of the lower occasionally 3 — 5-cleft, the upper surfaces ometimes losing its wool ; heads very numerous and spicately clustered in a narrow and usually dense panicle, ovoid or globular, small. Dry open grounds, Monterey and elsewhere in the western part of the State (with broad and entire leaves, Hartweg, Rattan, &c.) : more common, in narrow-leaved forms, on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, thence abundant to and much beyond the Rocky Mountains. § 2. Flowers heterogamous, as in the preceding section, hut only the pistillate flowers at the margin fertile ; the ovary of the otJierivise perfect flowers abortive, their style mostly undivided and tufted at the apex. — Dracunculus, Besser, -(- Fertile akenes and corollas glabrous : stems herbaceous or barely woody at base, 6. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Green and glabrous, or a little pubescent when young, branching, 2 to 4 feet high, in tufts : leaves linear, entire, some of the lower rarely 3-cleft : heads small and very numerous in an ample compound leafy panicle, mostly pedicelled. Common in the Sierra Nevada, also found westward (banks of San Leandro Creek, Bolander ; Fort Tejon, Dr. Hm-n) ; and through Nevada and Oregon to beyond the Mississippi. Heads only a line or so in diameter, glabrous. The herbage is destitute of the sharp odor and taste of A. Dracuiiculus. 7. A. pycnocephala, DC. Densely silky-villous all over : stems mostly sim- ple, a foot or two high, somewhat woody at base : leaves once to thrice pinnately parted into rather few and crowded chiefly linear lobes : heads numerous, spicately clustered in a dense virgate panicle. — Also A. pachystachya, DC. Sand hills along the coast from Monterey to Humboldt Co. Heads fully 2 lines in diameter : involucre very villous. +■ -t- Fertile akenes and the corollas villous tvith long crisped hairs : stems woody. (^Picrothamnus, Nutt.) 8. A. spinescens, D. C. Eaton. A span to a foot or so high, with stout and spreading rigid branches, bearing sharp spines, villous-tomentose : leaves small, petioled, pedately once or twice parted into linear-spatulate or oblong lobes : heads rather few and loosely racemose or spicate on a persistent spinescent rhachis : scales of the involucre few (5 or 6), round-obovate, herbaceous with scarious margins. — Bot. King Exp. 180, t. 19. Picrothamntis desertorum, Nutt. Cotula. COMPOSITE. 405 Through the interior desert, from the Rocky Mountains to the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada ; probably within the borders of the State. Well refeiTed by Prof. Eaton to Artemisia; but the habit and the woolly akenes are peculiar. § 3. Floivers in the head all perfect and fertile. — Seriphidium, Besser. The N. American species of this section are the true Sage-bushes or Sage-brushes of the interior arid region. Their heads are always few-flowered, generally narrow, and the scales of the invo- lucre little scarious. A. CAXA, Puish, the IFild Sage of I^ewis and Clarke, or what Pursh took to represent it, is the more northern species, with linear entire leaves, and probably does not nearly approach the borders of California. 9. A. tridentata, N"utt. Shrubby, a foot to 5 or 6 feet high, bushy-branched, canescent : leaves crowded, cuneate varying to linear-cuneate, obtusely 3-toothed at the truncate apex, or the uppermost entire : heads spicate-clustered on the branches of the compound narrow panicle, obovoid or oblong, 5 - 6-flowered. Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, from Sonora and Mono Passes, through Nevada and the Rocky Mountains, in immense abundance. The larger stems attain the diameter of 5 or 6 inches in favorable situations. Heads about 2 lines long. 10. A. trifida, Nutt. Shrubby, a span or two high, in tufts, canescent : leaves linear and entire, or many of them linear-cuneate and deeply cleft into 3 linear lobes : heads more simply spicate, 3 - 8-flowered. Ebbett's Pass and Mount Dana (Brewer, Bolander) ; and through Northern Nevada to the Rocky Mountains ; often accompanying the foregoing. 11. A. arbuscula, Nutt. Shrubby in dense tufts, barely a span high, very canescent : leaves cuneate, deeply 3-cleft, or the side divisions again 3-lobed ; the lobes from obovate to linear-spatulate : heads loosely spicate, about 8-flowered : outer scales of the involucre more herbaceous and rigid. High Sierra Nevada, near Summit Station, E. L. Greeiu. Thence eastward to the Rocky Mountains. 95. COTULA, Linn. Head many-flowered, heterogamous ; one or more rows of marginal flowers pistil- late and apetalous, mostly pedicellate; the proper disk-flowers perfect and either fertile or sterile. Involucre of about two ranks of nearly equal somewhat scarious- margined scales. Receptacle commonly flat or convex, naked, papillose. Disk- corollas short, 4-toothed. Akenes obcompressed, mostly with thick or spongy margins or wings, and notched at summit, destitute of pappus. — Small annuals or some perennials, strong-scented when bruised ; with alternate leaves, and solitary slender-ped uncled inconspicuous heads of yellow flowers : chiefly of the southern hemisphere, whence two species have reached California. 1. C. coronopifolia, Linn. Glabrous, rather succulent : stems creeping and ascending, a span to a foot long : leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, laciniate-pin- natilid, toothed, or the upper entire, the base or broad petiole clasping or sheathing : marginal and pistillate flowers in a single series and on long pedicels : disk-flowers on shorter pedicels. Wet places around San Francisco Bay : doubtless introduced. Now widely diffused over the world, mainly in the southern hemisphere. Head half an inch in diameter or less. 2. C. australis, Hook. f. Somewhat hairy : stems slender, diflFusely much branched, a span high : leaves usually twice pinnately parted into linear divisions : heads very small : marginal pistillate flowers in two or three ranks, pedicelled ; the disk-flowers hardly so. — Fl. N. Zeal. i. 128. Waste places, San Francisco, Kellogg : also gathered in Oregon by E. Mall. Probably a waif from Australia or New Zealand, where it abounds. 406 COMPOSITE. Soliva. 96. SOLIVA, Ruiz & Pavon. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, of many pistillate and apetalous flowers, and a few perfect but mostly sterile flowers in the centre. Scales of the involucre 5 to 10, nearly equal, in one or two series, scarious-margined. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Disk-flowers tubular, thickish, 2 - 6-toothed ; their style often undivided. Akenes obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous margins, t^e summit of which is usually pointed, and the apex armed by the indurated persistent style, destitute of pappus. — Small and depressed herbs of S. America (one naturalized on the shores of the Atlantic United States, and one seemingly indigenous to California) : leaves petioled and pinnately divided into small and narrow segments : heads sessile, in fruit glo- bose : flowers greenish or yellowish. 1. S. daucifolia, Nutt. Annual, diffuse or creeping, about a span high, soft- hairy : leaves once or twice pinnately dissected into rather few linear acute divisions : heads small (2 or 3 lines broad), sessile in the forks : scales of the involucre ovate, acuminate : akenes minutely hairy, obovate, with the broad or narrow and thin wings entire, each terminating upwards in an incurved tooth or point. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 425. Moist grounds near the coast, from Santa Barbara to Mendocino Co. Much like S. sessilis of Chili ; the wings of the akenes very variable in breadth, broad and thin in some well-developed specimens, often wanting towards the base of the akene, or rarely developed there into separate teeth or lobes. Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^. Distinguished generally by the involucre of one or two series of more or less herbaceous equal scales, or calyculate with some shorter ones at base ; the pappus of soft and fine capillary bristles, generally more delicate than in any of the preceding tribes ; and the receptacle not chafiy. Anthers often sagittate at base, but without tails. Style-branches of perfect flowers various, but commonly truncate or somewhat capitate at tip, rarely prolonged into an appendage. Flowers almost always yellow. Crocidium mui.ticattle, Hook., found on the banks of the Columbia River, a delicate little plant with the aspect of Scnecio, is likely to occur on the northwestern borders of the State. 97. PETASITES, Toum. Head many-flowered, heterogamous, more or less dioecious ; the numerous pistillate flowers in the margin either with filiform or (in ours) with distinctly ligulate rays. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous ; its scales nearly in a single series, and usually with some small and loose subulate bracts at base. Eeceptacle flat. Flowers in the sterile plant very numerous in the disk and rather few m the ray ; in the fertile very few perfect or infertile ones at the centre, the rest pistillate. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers with a 5-cleft limb ; their style entire or barely 2-lobed at the club-shaped puberulent summit. Akenes glabrous, 5 - 10-ribbed. Pappus of copious long and soft capillary bristles, fewer in the sterile flowers. — Herbs of northern regions ; with creeping rootstocks, sending up large radical pal- mately veined leaves on long petioles, and stout scapes in spring, beset with scaly or imperfectly foliaceous clasping bracts, and terminated by a racemose or cymose cluster of rather small heads : flowers purplish or white. — Petasit€s& Nardosmia, DC. Tetradijmia. COMPOSITJi:. 407 * The American species are of the Nardosmia section, with more corymbose heads and decided rays. Tlie few species of the group are very nearly related : the most southern one, and the only one found in California, is the following. But P. sagittata {Nardosmia, Hook.), of the Rocky JSIountains, may possibly occur. 1. P. palmata. Clothed with loose cottony wool Avhen young, becoming gla- brous with age : leaves rounded in outline, very deeply 5 — 7-cleft, the lobes incisely toothed or lobed : flowers dull white, deliciously scented : rays in the sterile heads oblong and conspicuous, in the fertile ones narrow and shorter than their style. — Tiissilago palmata, Ait. Kew. ed. 1., iii. 188, t. 2. Nardosmia palmata, Hook. Damp woodlands, from San Francisco northward. Also in Oregon and sparingly to New Eng- land and Labrador. 98. TETRADYMIA, DC. Head 4-9- (rarely 18-) flowered, homogamous ; the flowers all tubular and per- fect. Involucre cylindrical or rarely campanulate ; its scales 4, 5, or sometimes more numerous, oblong or narrower, rather rigid, more or less concave and carinate, nearly equal, in one or two series, and rarely with short external ones at the base. Eeceptacle small, flat or nearly so. Corolla with a slender tube, abruptly dilated into a 5-parted limb ; the lobes linear or lanceolate, traversed by a more or less evident mid-nerve. Anthers exserted, linear, mucronately sagittate, the auricles connate. Style-branches with minutely penicillate apex tipped with a very short and obtuse or sometimes more conspicuous and acute cone. Akenes terete, oblong or somewhat fusiform, obscurely 5-nerved, long-villous or glabrous. Pappus of copious fine and soft capillary scabrous bristles. — Low and much branched shrubs (of the interior arid region, mainly between the Sierra and the Rocky Mountains) ; with alternate linear or subulate entire leaves, and corymbose or racemose clusters of middle-sized heads : corollas yellow. — DC. Prodr. vi. 240 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207. In the paper above cited, the genus is extended so as to include an ambiguous species, con- stituting the third section. § 1. White-woolli/, except the small terete fascicled leaves in the axils of the primary leaves converted into spines : involucre of 5 or 6 scales, 5 - ^-flowered : bristles of the pappus in a single series, almost equalled and concealed by the finer but similar pajypiis-like long white hairs which densely clothe the akene ! — Lago- THAMNUS, Torr. & Gray. {Lagothamnns, ISTutt.) 1. T. spinosa, Hook. & Am. From 2 to 4 feet high, with rigid divaricate branches, clothed with dense white wool and armed with sharp slender spines : leaves crowded in the fascicles, succulent, linear or terete, glabrous (about 3 lines long), mostly shorter than the spines : heads racemose or scattered along the branches (half an inch long), short-peduncled. — Lagothamnus microphyllus & L. ambiguus, is"utt. Eastern borders of the State ; San Bemadino Co., on Providence Mountains (Cooper), and through the Nevada desert to Idaho. § 2. White-woolly, or sometimes almost glabrate : involucre of 4: or 5 concave scales containing four flowers : bristles of the pappus very copious : akenes either very villous or in the same species glabrate or glabrous/ — Eutetradymia, Torr. & Gray. 2. T. canescens, DC. A foot or two high, unarmed, silvery-tomentose : leaves narrowly linear, varying to linear-lanceolate or somewhat spatulate (and from an 408 COMPOSITE, Tetradymia. inch to barely half an inch long), the wool persistent ; heads cotymbosely clustered. — Deless. Ic. iv, t. GO. Dry hills and plains ; from Mono Lake, &c. (Bretcer) through Nevada to the interior of Oregon and Idaho, and, in the var. inernds {T. inermis, Nutt., which has shorter leaves and heads) east- ward to New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. Heads in the larger-leaved form about three quarters of an inch long ; in the other sometimes only half an inch. Lobes of the corolla nearly linear, the mid-nei"ve or axis commonly carinate-thickened from the apex downward. Tips of the style-branches usually nearly as figured in the plate cited, or, the base of the cone distinctly his- pid, but occasionally the cone is more prominent, acute, and hispid with a few stiff bristles. In such specimens, and also in some others, the ovaries are perfectly glabrous ; in others, the akenes become glabrous. 3. T. glabrata, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, unarmed, cottony-tomentose with very white but more deciduous wool : leaves rather fleshy, becoming glabrous in age ; the primary ones linear-subulate and conspicuously mucronate (half an inch long), erect or appressed on the branches of the season ; those of the fascicles shorter and obtuse: heads corymbose. — Pacif. R. Eep. ii. 122, t. 5; Eaton in Eot, King Exp. 193. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada on the borders of the State, Beckwith, Anderson, Lemmon. Thence through the desert to Salt Lake. Heads and flowers nearly as in the preceding. Style- branches tipped with a very short and obtuse cone. Akenes seemingly always densely villous. T. NuTTALLii, Torr. & Gray, the spiny species of this section, apparently has not been met with west of Utah or Idaho. § 3. Early glabrate, unarmed : leaves all reduced to subulate green scales ; those at the summit of the hranchlets passing into the scales of the 15 — IS-Jlowered campanulate invobicre, which thus becomes imbricated! — Lepidosparton, Gray. 4. T. squamata, Gray. Paniculately branched, 3 or 4 feet high : branches slender : leaves reduced to very small thick and rigid-pointed scales : heads ra- cemose or paniculate : involucre glabrous, of 8 to 1 2 inner scales in 2 or more series and subtended by several or numerous shorter bracts : lobes of the corolla linear- lanceolate : style-branches with acute and minutely hairy tips : akenes rather short, completely glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207. Linosyris squamata, Gray, 1. c. viii. 290. Var. Bre'Weri, Gray, 1. c. Branches slender and rush- like, minutely and remotely scaly : involucre subtended by few bracts. — Carphephorus junceus, Durand, Pi. Heerm. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 8, not of Benth. Low hills and canons. Sierra Santa Monica, towards the sea. Brewer. Tejon Pass, Hecrmann. The above is the var. Brewcri. The var. Pabncri is of the Colorado desert in Arizona {Dr. Pahncr) : it has more rigid branchlets, rather closely beset with thickish green scales, those of the pedicels thinner, imbricated and passing into those of the involucre, wdiich thus appears to be many-ranked ; and the pappus is very copious. Head in both forms about 4 lines long. Although quite glabrous, the vestiges of wool in the axils, at least in var. Pahneri, show that the plant may have been white-cottony at first. 99. LUINA, Benth. Head about lO-flowered, homogamous; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Invo- lucre campanulate, of 10 or 12 linear-lanceolate dry and rather rigid carinate-one- nerved equal scales, shorter than the flowers. Receptacle flat. Corollas with a slender tube and a tubular-funnelform 5-lobed limb ; its lobes ovate- lanceolate, spreading, with mid-nerves more or less evident and extending down the throat. Anthers soon exserted, linear, minutely and mucronately sagittate at base. Style- branches linear-semiterete, minutely papillose-pubenilent externally, very obtuse, totally destitute of appendage. Akenes terete, obscurely lO-striate, glabrous, or with a few scattered fine hairs. Pappus of copious soft and white scabrous capil- lary bristles. — A cottony-woolly low herb ; with simple stems from a stout woody Psathyrotes. COMPOSITE. 409 rootstock or caudex, alternate sessile and entire leaves, and small corymbose heads of light yellow flowers. — Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1139, & Gen. PI. ii. 438. 1. L. hypoleuca, Benth. A foot high, equally leafy to the top : leaves ovate- oblong or elliptical, obtuse, an inch long, reticulate-veiny, very white beneath, becoming green and glabrous above with age : heads half an inch long, on rather slender peduncles, 3 to 9 in an open cluster : corolla-lobes almost half the length of the funnelform throat. Var. Californica, Gray. More densely woolly : upper surface of the leaves hardly becoming naked : lobes of the corolla only a third or fourth of the length of the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206. The species was collected by Dr. Lyall only in the Cascade Mountains, on the frontiers of Brit- ish Columbia. Var. Calif ortiica, on Chimney Rock, Mendocino Co., and on the coast mountains back of Santa Cruz, California, Kellogg. 100. PSATHYROTES, Gray. Head rather many-flowered, homogamous; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre campanulate, of one or two series of nearly equal somewhat herbaceous scales, or the inner more scarious. Eeceptacle flat or barely convex, naked. Corol- las narrow, with proper tube usually very short, 5-toothed ; the teeth short and obtuse, externally glandular or visoid-bearded. Anthers minutely sagittate-auricled at base. Style-branches obtuse or somewhat truncate, destitute of any distinct appendage. Akenes turbinate or oblong with narrow base, villous or hirsute. Pappus of copious and unequal rather rigid (naked or merely scabrous) capillary bristles, shorter than the corolla, generally rusty or brownish. — Low and more or less glandular or viscid-pubescent herbs, of heavy or balsamic odor (mostly of the interior desert region) ; with alternate leaves, and rather small or middle sized heads of light yellow or yellowish flowers. — PI. Wright, ii. 100, t. 13, & Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 363, & ix. 206. § 1. Very low or prostrate and diffusely much branched annuals : leaves rounded and toothed or angled, on long petioles : heads short-petioled in the forks, nodding after flowering : akenes turbinate, very villous : bristles of tlie pappus rigid and. almost in a single series. 1. P. annua, Gray, 1. c. Scurfy-pubescent or mealy-hoary : leaves coarsely an- gulate-toothed, the lower rounded or reniform and the upper dilated-cuneate : corol- las yellowish. — Bulbostylis {Psathyrotes) annua, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 179. In saline desert soil, Mono Lake {Brewer), western part of Nevada {Torrey, Watson), and prob- ably Arizona (not New Mexico) ; first collected by Dr. Gambcl. A span high : leaves about half an inch long and broad : heads 3 or 4 lines high. The herbage much resembles some species of Alriplex of the Obione section. Style-branches of this and the following capitellate-truncate with a slight penicillation, of the Senecionoid or Helenioid type. 2. P. ramosissima, Gray, 1. c. Resembles the foregoing, but truly woolly : leaves crenately few-toothed : corollas bright yellow : akenes short-turbinate. — Tetradymia {Polydymia) ramosissima, Torr. in Emory Rep. 1848, 145. Gravelly hills of the southeastern borders of the State, near Fort Mohave (Cooper) : and in Arizona on the Gila, Emory, Fremont, Thurber, Parry. § 2. Erect, rigid, and seemingly rather woody at base : leaves sessile and filiform : akenes oblong : bristles of the pappus less rigid. — Peucephyllum, Gray. 3. P. Schottii, Gray, 1. c. A span to a foot high, with ascending branches, leafy to the solitary erect head, nearly or quite glabrous, but somewhat glutinous : 410 COMPOSITE. Senecio. leaves rigid, almost acerose but pointless, impressed-punctate : head 10-16-flowered, fully half an inch long ; scales of the involucre about 1 2 in a single series, witli tips resembling the leaves, and the thinner base somewhat dilated : akenes (or rather ovaries) oblong. — PeucephyUum Schottii, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 74. Colorado bottom in Sonora (Mexico), Schott, Feb. 3, 1855. A flowerless specimen collected by Dr. Newberry on the " Colorado of California, January 15," may be this ; but is more gluti- nous, and is perhaps a Bigelovia or jlplopappus. Leaves an inch or less in length, punctate in the manner of Ajjlopappus and of many Eupatoriaccoe. The. flowers were said to be yellow, but they seem to have been only yellowish. The style-branches" are like those of Luina, or more obtuse, and wholly destitute of any appendage or tip. 101. SENECIO, Linn. Groundsel. Head many-flowered, with pistillate rays, or occasionally homogamous by the want of the rays ; the flowers all fertile. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, mostly narrow, equal in a single series, or calyculate with a few short scales at the base. Receptacle flat or merely convex, naked. Disk-corollas usually narrow, 5-tootlied or 5-lobed. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers mostly capitate-truncate, the apex minutely tufted or hispid, rarely with a little cusp. Akenes terete or somewhat angled, usually 5- 10-ribbed. Pappus of very numerous and mostly white fine and soft capillary and merely scabrous bristles. — Herbs or shrubby plants ; with alter- nate leaves, and usually corymbose or solitary heads of yellow flowers (at least in all the American species) : akenes commonly glabrous, or beset with some short hairs or papillae, which become turgid when wetted, open at the apex, and emit one or two uncoiling spiral threads. This is counted as the largest genus of Phsenogamous plants (of little under 1,000 species), and is very widely spread over the world, the species of each great region for the most part peculiar. But North America is by no means lich in species, the central regions, however, more so than either the Atlantic States or the Pacific slope. S. Cineraria, DC, of the Mediterranean region, a common house-plant (known in cultiva- tion as the Dusty Miller, from its whiteness), is in Kellogg and Harford's distributed collection, said to have been gathered on the shore of the Bay of San Francisco, near Alameda. It is doubt- less a waif from cultivation. S. ? FLOCCIFERUS, DC, is MalacothHx saxatilis. * Root annual : rays none or minute : weeds introduced from Europe into waste or cultivated grounds. 1. S. vulgaris, Linn. A span to a foot high, branching, leafy to the top : leaves clasping at base, pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes and the spaces between them sharply toothed: scales at the base of the involucre conspicuous and blackish- tipped: rays none. Near San Francisco, &c. : the common Groicndsel of Europe. 2. S. sylvaticus, Linn. More slender : leaves less clasping and with narrower lobes : heads smaller : scales at the base of the involucre few, minute, not blackish : rays present but minute, hardly longer than the disk-flowers. Introduced from Europe : San Luis Obispo {Brewer), and San Diego, Cooper. Mare Island, Greene. * * Root annual : rays conspicuous : indigenous species. 3. S. Califomicus, DC. A foot or two high, wdth slender rather simple stem, glabrous or with some scattered hairs : leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest oblong, varying from sparsely denticulate to pinnatifid ; the cauline with mostly clasping base ; their lobes oblong or broadly linear : heads corymbose : rays elongated : akenes canescent. — aS". Coronopus, Nutt., a form of this with the leaves deeply or even doubly pinnatifid. Smecio. COMPOSITE. 411 Low grounds, common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and in all the soutliera part of the State. Heads barely or less than half an inch in length. * * * Root iMrennial. -t- Leaves or the lubes of pinnately parted leaves all linear and entire : stems often more or less woody at base. 4. S. Douglasii, DC. White Avith cottony wool, or becoming nearly glabrous : stems in tufts, 2 to 6 or 7 feet high, the lower portion or base persistent and even shrubby, leafy to the top : leaves linear, entire and acute (2 to 4 inches long and less than 2 lines wide), or pinnately parted into 3 to 9 similar lob.s : heads corym- bose or sometimes nearly solitary terminating the branches, rather large (half to two thirds of an inch long) : involucre calyculate with loose slender subulate bracts, some of them little shorter than the acute or acuminate proper scales of the involu- cre : rays elongated : akenes minutely canescent. Gravelly or rocky banks of streams, &c., from Lake Co. southward through the State, and into Arizona and Nevada. S. lomjilobus, Benth., of Mexico, to which belongs S. filifolius, S. sparti- oides, and probably S. lliddellii, Torr. & Gray, with mostly smaller heads, more herbaceous involucre, and shorter and few calyculate bracts, represents this in and eastward of the Rocky Mountains, and apparently passes into it. S. Jiegiomontanas, DC. Prodr. vi. 429, is probably another synonym, and the "Keal del Monte" of Ha^nke is Monterey, California. -f- +- Leaves broader, all or some of them pinnately parted or pinnate: rays num,erous or several and conspicuous : akenes glabrous. 5. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Early glabrous : stem slender, a span to a foot or more high from a slender creeping rootstock, sparsely leaved : radical and lower cauline leaves petioled and pinnately divided, thin and membranaceous ; leaflets 3 to 7, roundish or cuneate, incisely and obtusely lobeil, the terminal leaflet larger and sometimes slightly cordate, the lower on the radical leaves often small or minute and entire, on the cauline leaves stipule-like : heads few or several and corym- bose : involucre nearly destitute of bracts at the base : rays 4 to 6. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362. Sandstone bluffs, Mendocino Co., Bolander. Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Harford d^ndi Dunn. 6. S. eurycephalus, Torr. & Gray. Floccose- woolly or early glabrous : stem rather stout, 2 feet or more high : leaves pinnately parted or divided, somewhat lyrate ; lobes or leaflets 7 to 15, cuneate and acutely incised or cleft, or in the upper leaves becoming linear : heads mostly numerous in an ample corymb and large : involucre broadly campanulate, with very few and inconspicuous calyculate bracts : rays 10 to 12, elongated. — PL Fendl. 109. Low grounds, from Sonoma Co. and the Sacramento, along the Contra Costa Range, &c. A very large and coarse-leaved form (var. major. Gray, in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. Ill) in Calaveras Co., near Murphy's, BUielow. A variable species, both in foliage and the size of the heads. These, in the larger, two thirds of an inch long and fully half an inch broad, and bearing rays half an inch in length : in specimens from Monte Diablo, in Kellogg and Harford's collection, of only about half that size, not larger than those of S. aureus. 7. S. aureus, Linn. Very loosely floccose-woolly -when young, soon naked, or even glabrous from the first, a foot or two high, or alpine forms smaller : radical leaves or some of them entire or merely serrate, from round-cordate to oblong or spatulate, slender-petioled ; the others mostly lyrately pinnatifid or lyrate, or only incisely toothed ; upper sessile or partly clasping, spatulate or lanceolate : heads few or numerous, corymbose (3 to 5 lines high) : involucre scarcely cidyculate : mys 8 to 12, occasionally wanting. — An exceedingly variable species; the typical form with thinnish and soon glabrous leaves, the radical ones cordate or roundish and toothed, and the lowest cauline apt to be lyrate. Var. multilobatUS, Gray (or -S'. multilobatus, Torr. & Gray, PI. Fendl., and -S*. Fendleri, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. in part), if perennial, is a form with thickish leaves, nearly all lyrately or otherwise pinnately parted, and the heads numerous. 412 COMPOSITE. Senecio. Var. Balsamitae, Torr. & Gray, has thinner leaves, even the radical ones lan- ceolate or elongated-oblong, the cauline pinuately-parted, Var. borealis, Torr. & Gray, is a low form, a span to a foot or more high, soon glabrous, with tliick and firm small leaves; the radical obovate or spatulate and merely toothed, sometimes only at the apex ; cauline ones usually few : heads on? or two, or several. Alpine forms of this pass into the next species. Moist or wet ground, cliiefly in the Sierra Nevada : the ordinary form from near Mount Dana {Brewer), thence eastward and northward to the AtLantic. /The var. multilobatas hardly in Cali- fornia (as the original is from Nevada or Utah, and Coulter's jjlant very likely is of the foregoing species), but occurs as near as the Pah-Ute Mountains in Nevada. Var. Balsamitce has been collected no nearer than Oregon. Var. borealis at Carson, Summit, &c., and an alpine form connecting it with S. canus from high peaks. Mount Dana, &c. The most polymorphous species of the genus. -i- -f- -(- Leaves lanceolate or broader, entire, serrate, or rarely some of them laciniate : akenes glabrous. ++ Low, small-leaved : heads few or solitary. 8. S. canus, Hook. A span or two high, white with a dense close wool which is mostly permanent : leaves entire or rarely few-toothed ; the radical and lowest oblong, oval, or spatulate (an inch or less in length and with rather slender peti- oles) ; the upper occasionally sinuate-pinnatifid : heads few : involucre nearly naked at base: rays 8 to 12, oblong, yellow, occasionally wanting. — Hook. Fl. i. 333, t. 116. Highest portions of the Sierra Nevada, Mount Dana to Silver Mountain, &c., at 9,000 to 12,000 feet {Brewer, Bolandcr) ; also on the Humboldt and Rocky Mountains, and thence far northward. On the higher peaks of the Sierra apparently passing into an alpine state of *S'. aureus. Heads 4 to 6 lines high : rays 3 or 4 lines long. 9. S. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray. A span or two in height, diffusely much branched from the root, glabrous, leafy : leaves thickish and rather succulent, an inch long or less, from round-obovate to spatulate, obtusely and irregularly toothed, tapering into a narrow-cuneate base or short winged petiole : heads on short and bracted peduncles terminating the stems or short branches : involucre sparingly calyculate at base: rays 8 to 12, yellow. — Fl. ii. 445; Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67 ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 192. On Lassen's Peak, Lemmon. A rather small form. A species of the Rocky Mountains, before found as far west as those of Utah. 10. S. Gi-reenei, Gray. Less than a foot high, lightly clothed with loose cob- webby wool when young, inclined to be glabrous with age : leaves chiefly radical, oval or roundish and mostly with a cuneate base, coarsely crenate-serrate (an inch or more in length) rather long-petioled; the cauline smaller and nearly sessile, sometimes reduced to subulate bracts : heads mostly solitary, sometimes 3, large : involucre (half an inch or more long) campanulate, wholly naked at base : rays 9 to 14, oblong- linear, deep orange or flame color; disk-corollas also orange at the tips: style- branches bristly-fringed round the base of the obtusely conical tip, which is pointed with a central cusp. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75. Woods near the Geysers, Napa Co., E. L. Greeiu. Rays fully half an inch long. Akenes glabrous. A showy species. ++ ++ Taller, a foot or two, sometimes a yard or more high, naked at summit, the upper leaves decreasing to bracts, commonly with loose woolliness ivhen young, but green and glabrous or nearly so with age. = Heads pretty large and broad ; the campanulate or hemispherical involucre 4 to 6 lines long, loosely calyculate with some slender-subulate bracts. 11. S. Clarkianus, Gray. Nearly glabrous, apparently from the first: stem strict, 3 or 4 feet high, striate-angled, leafy almost to the top, bearing several or Senecio. COMPOSITE. 413 * numerous corymbose heads : cauline leaves lanceolate, elongated (4 to 8 inches long), tai^ering to both ends and the lower into petioles, laciniately dentate or even pin- natitid into narrow and acute salient teeth or lobes : bracts subtending the involucre ahnost hliform, some of them nearly equalling the numerous and narrow acute proper scales: rays 10 to 15, elongated. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362. Mariposa Co. , in the natural meadow at Clark's Eancli (named for the proprietor, Galen Clark, Esq., Commissioner of the Mariposa Grove and Yosemite Valley), Bolander. Heads from half to two thirds of an inch long. Teeth or lobes of the leaves horizontal, sometimes half an inch long and subulate-lanceolate, sometimes very short. Kern Co., Rothrock. 12. S. Mendocinensis, Gray, 1. c. Beset or clothed with some loose wool when young, almost glabrous with age : stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, striate, naked at summit, bearing several corymbose heads : leaves somewhat succulent, repand- toothed or denticulate ; the radical and lower cauline varying from oval to lanceo- late (3 to 5 inches long), mostly narrowed into margined petioles ; the upper much smaller, narrowly lanceolate and sessile, and above reduced to subulate bracts : calyculate bracts of the involucre slender-subulate, rather copious, little shorter than the numerous lanceolate very acuminate proper scales: rays 12 to 15, oblong, rather short : akenes prismatic. Near the coast of Mendocino and Humboldt Counties, Bolander, Harford. Also collected in Oregon by Kellogg. Heads two thirds of an inch or more in length, broad and very many- flowered, with thickened turbinate base or summit of peduncle, which is doubtless fleshy in the manner of the allied S. integerrimus. Akenes prismatic and strongly striate-angled, nearly 3 lines long. It is this species rather than S. luyr.ns that is to be compared with the East Asian forms of S. prcUensis (var. polycephalus, Eegel ; S. Pierotii, Mifjuel, &c.), which have heads of about the same size, but the involucre not calyculate. S. INTEGERRIMUS, Nutt., of the mouutains of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming, perhaps also in Nevada, is less tall, barely a foot or two high, with entire or finely glandular-denticulate leaves, and smaller heads similarly fleshy-thickened at base. The scales of the involucre are broader and rather obtuse, and the calyculate bracts much fewer and mostly short : akenes more striate. = = Heads smaller and narrower : involucre not over 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, obscurely and sparingly calyculate. 1 3. S. lugens, Richards. Clothed with a thin and loose floccose wool when young, early or later glabrate, sometimes appearing as if wholly glabrous : stem from a foot or less to 2 or rarely 3 feet high, bearing several or numerous closely corym- bose heads : radical and lower leaves obovate-oblong and oblanceolate or rarely ovate, glandular-denticulate, rarely more toothed (2 to 5 inches long), tapering into short margined petioles ; the upper cauline mostly reduced to lanceolate or subu- late bracts : scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, barely acute or obtusish, their tips almost always blackish : rays 6 to 12, linear-oblong, conspicuous (rarely want- ing) : akenes angled. — Hook. Fl.-i. 332, t. 114. Var. exaltatus. Taller or more robust : leaves repandly or some of the upper even laciniately toothed ; the radical slender-petioled. — S. exaltatus & S. cordatns, :N"utt. Low grounds, not rare in the Sierra Nevada, at the altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet ; eastward to the Rocky Mountains, northward to Arctic America. Var. exaltatus, at Cisco, Cahto, &c., and in Oregon. Involucre 3 or at most 4 lines liigh, from cylindraceous to campanulate. Rays 4 or 5 lines long. The typical S. lugens is green or early glabrous, rather narrow-leaved, and the upper or even almost all the cauline leaves much reduced in size, so that the stem, which seldom e cceeds a foot or two in height, is often naked for most of its length. The var. exaltatus (as understood from Nuttall's character rather than from some specimens named by him) is a coarser form, wholly of the Pacific side, with leaves inclined to be toothed or even laciniate, the radical rather long-petioled : indeed, with the rays and involucre of this species along with the foliage of the next. Var. FOLiosus, Gray {S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Eaton, in Bot. King Exp.), of the Rocky Moun- tains in Colorado and Utah, but not yet met with in California, is hoary with the white wool up to the flowering state, and the stem conspicuously leafy almost to the top. 414 COMPOSITE. ^ Senecio. 14. S. aronicoides, DC. Loosely and somewhat hirsutely woolly when young, glabrous when old : stem stout, a foot to a yard high, bearing numerous small heads in dense compound cymose clusters : leaves oblong, varying to ovate or lanceolate (3 to 5 inches long), irregularly and often coarsely toothed, or the lower cauline sometimes laciniate-pinnatifid, the uppermost reduced to bracts : scales of the invo- lucre lanceolate, acuminate, not black-tipped : rays none, or occasionally one or two short ones : disk-flowers 10 to 20. — aS'. exaltatus var. unijiosculosus, Gray in Pacif. R Eep. iv. 111. Low grounds, common about the Bay of San Francisco, the Geysers, &c. A dwarf and nearly entire-leaved variety, around Lassen's Peak, Lemmon. Involucre 3 lines long. 15. S. hydrophilus, Nutt. Very glabrous apparently from the first, pale or even glaucous : stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high, many-leaved and bearing numerous paniculate-corymbose small heads : leaves thickish, entire or occasionally denticulate or repand, mostly lanceolate, with broad and strong midrib ; the lower 5 to 9 inches long and tapering into a stout petiole ; the upper successively shorter and sessile : scales of the narrow involucre oblong-linear, rather obtuse, mostly brownish-tipped : rays 2 to 6 and linear, or sometimes wanting : disk-flowers 8 to 20. — Torr. & Gray, n. ii. 440. Wet gi'ounds, Lake Co. and Shasta Co. {Brewer) ; salt marsh at Vallejo {Greene) ; in the Sierra at Mono Pass {Bolander) ; near Carson {Anderson) ; and tlience to the Rocky Mountains. A peculiar species. Involucre 3 lines long, in specimens from Vallejo 4 lines long and rayless. ++ ++ ++ Tall, 1 tab feet high, equably leafy to the top, glabrous throughout or nearly so, not wool/y when young : involucre cylindraxeous, subtended by a few loose and nearly setaceous bracts : akenes glabrous. 16. S. Andinus, Nutt. Stems extremely leafy, often branching: leaA'^es lan- ceolate or linear-lanceolate (or the lower oblong), tapering to both ends, either sharply and closely denticuhate or entire ; the cauline nearly sessile : heads small, very numerous, corymbose-paniculate : rays 6 to 8. Near Carson City, Nevada (Anderson), and therefore probably within the limits of the State : not rare northward and eastward to the Rocky Mountains, along streams. Heads variable in size and in number of the flowers, from''4 to 6 lines high. 1 7. S. triangularis, Hook. Stems mostly simple : leaves all but the upper- most petioled and deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, or even hastate, acuminate, thickly dentate (either coarsely or sometimes finely) with sharp salient teeth : heads rather numerous, corymbose : rays 6 to 12. — Hook. Fl. ii. 332, t. 115. Low or wooded moist grounds of the Sierra Nevada ; Mariposa Grove, &c. {Bretccr, Bolander), Conner Lake (Torrey), Sierra Valley (Lemmon) ; through Nevada to the Rocky Mountains, and north to British Columbia. Heads varying from 4 to 7 lines high. 102. ARNICA, Linn. Head many-flowered, with pistillate rays, or sometimes homogamous by the absence of the rays ; the flowers all fertile. Involucre usually broadly campanulate, naked at base ; the scales thin-herbaceous, lanceolate or linear, equal, in one or two series. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays elongated : disk-corollas with distinct and usually elongated tube and funnelform or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb. Style-append- ages obtuse, pubescent. Akenes linear, 5-angled or 5-10-ribbed, somewhat hirsute or nearly glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather rigid strongly scabrous or barbellate capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs ; with mostly simple stems from creeping rootstocks, bearing solitary or few usually long-peduncled and rather large heads of yellow flowers ; the leaves opposite (!) or in one or two Californian species occasionally alternate, simple, entire or merely toothed. Arnica. COMPOSITE. 4^5 A genus of few species, of difficult discrimination. One, the officinal Arnica mcmtana, is peculiar to Europe ; another, found in high northern regions all round the world, but sparingly in Europe, extends southward along the mountains of the western part of our continent as far as California ; the others are indigenous to similar regions in this coimtry, except that one is con- lined to the somewhat Southern Atlantic States. * Radical and lower cauline leaves cordate or truncate at base and long-petioled. -f- Some or most of the leaves alternate : heads several in a naked panicle, rayless. 1. A. parviflora, Gray. A foot or so in height : leaves mainly at or near the base of the slender stem, deltoid-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, seldom cordate at base, unequally dentate ; the upper ones small ; all petioled and commonly alter- nate : heads small (only half an inch long) : akenes not pubescent but minutely glandular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363. Chaparral, Humboldt Co., Bolander. Leaves an inch or two long, on petioles of at least equal length. 2. A. discoidea, Benth. About two feet high, stouter and more hairy : leaves ovate or oblong, coarsely and in-egularly dentate, either cordate or truncate or rarely somewhat cuneate at base ; the upper small and sessile, often alternate : heads 7 to 9 lines long : involucre villous and glandular : akenes sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrate, not glandular. — PI. Hartw. 319. In woods, not rare from Monterey northward. Lower leaves 2 or 3 inches long, on petioles of equal length. -t- -f- Leaves all opposite : heads solitary or few, usually tvith long rays. 3. A. cordifolia, Hook. A foot or two (or in alpine forms a span or so) high, sparsely more or less hairy : lower leaves ovate or roundish and deeply cordate, mostly coarsely toothed, commonly only 2 pairs on the stem ; the upper pair sessile or nearly so, small, and often narrowed at base : head an inch long : akenes hirsute : rays usually about 12 and an inch long, rarely wanting. Sierra Nevada, near Sierra Valley {Lemmon) and Carson {Anderson) ; thence east to the Rocky Mountains and northward through Oregon. Mt. Hamilton in the Contra Costa Range, Brewer : a rayless form ; the same collected also in Sien-a Valley by Lemmon, along with an ordinary form. % * Radical leaves rounded or somexohat cordate at ha^e and sUnder-pdioled ; the cauline mostly closely sessile by a broad base. 4. A. latifolia, Bongard. A foot or so high, sparsely pubescent or almost glabrous, bearing solitary or few heads : cauline leaves 2 to 4 pairs, ovate or deltoid- ovate, sharply and usually coarsely serrate, all alike, or the uppermost smaller and narrower : head half to three fourths of an inch long : akenes slightly pubescent or at length glabrous. — A. Menziesii, Hook. Fh t. 111. Sierra Nevada, from Nevada Co. {Lemmon, Greerie) ; thence north through Oregon to Alaska, and east to the Rocky Mountains. * * * Radical and loiver cauline leaves never cordate or truncate at base, but often tapering into petioles, the lowermost pairs of petioles commonly sheathing at base. These species are exceedingly difficult, and apparently pass into each other throughout the whole series. The akenes vary too greatly in the character and amount or absence of the pubescence to furnish distinctions. 5. A. mollis, Hook. A foot or two high, somewhat hairy with either soft or slightly harsh pubescence, leafy to the top, bearing solitary or 3 rather large broad heads : leaves thin, oblong or the upper and closely sessile ones ovate-lanceolate with a broad base, mostly serrate or denticulate : rays pretty large, deep yellow : pappus so densely and strongly barbellate as to be almost plumose. Yosemite Valley or near it, and near Mount Dana {Brewer) : north to British Columbia and eastward to Lake Superior, the White Mountains of New Hampshire, &c. Leaves 3 to 5 inches 416 COMPOSITE. ^ Arnica. long, an inch or so wide ; the cauline 2 to 4 paii-s. Peduncles 2 or 3 inches long. An ambigu- ous and reduced alpine fomi in the high ranges east of the Yosemite Valley, Brewer. 6. A. Chamissonis, Less. Differs from the last in its narrower (commonly oblong-lanceolate) acuminate or acute leaves, all but the uppermost with tapering base, the cauline 4 or 5 pairs ; and the pappus barbellate with fine and rather sparse denticulations as in most of the species. — DC. Prodr. vi. 317. On the Truckee Eiver in Nevada (according to Bot. King Exp.), therefore doubtless also in California, as it is a species of wooded districts : thence northward to Alaska, &c. The plants of the Kocky Mountains, kc, referred to this in the Flora of North America, and later, mainly belong to the next. 7. A. foliosa, Nutt. A foot or two high, commonly strict, from running root- stocks, tomentose-pubescent, leafy to the top, bearing 3 to 7 corymbose rather small and shortish-peduncled heads : leaves lanceolate, mostly callous-denticulate, and with about 5 parallel nerves or ribs : rays rather short, usually pale yellow. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 407, excl. var. nana. A. Chamissonis, Torn & Gray, FL, in part. A. montana, Hook., in part. Var. incana, Gray. White with floccose dense wool, which is deciduous with age. Wet meadows, in the Sierra Nevada, from Kern Co. (Rothrock) to Oregon ; extending east- ward to the Rocky Mountains and Saskatchewan. In California more commonly tlie var. incana : Lake Tahoe {Brewer) : Lake Washoe {Torrey) : Sierra Valley, "in deep water," Bolander. Leaves from 2 or 3 to 5 or 6 inches long, from 4 lines to an inch in width, mostly obtuse ; the upper closely sessile, the lower with tapering bases or petioles clasping at the insertion. Involu- cre half an inch high, somewhat viscid-glandular under the deciduous pubescence, as is the herb- age generally, not at all hirsute or hispid. Rays 4 or 5 lines long. Akenes minutely hairy or glandular, or nearly glabrous. The white-woolly form is very striking ; but it passes insensibly into Nuttall's A. foliosa ; of which A. longifolia, Eaton in Bot. King Exp., may be also a forai. 8. A. alpina, Murr., Lsestad. A span to a foot and a half high, more or less hirsute-pubescent, bearing solitary or sometimes 3 long-peduncled mostly large heads : leaves entire or sparingly denticulate ; the cauline in one to 3 pairs, lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones small ; radical ones spatulate, oblong, or oval, about 3-nerved : rays large, deep yellow. — A. angustifolia, Vahl in Fl. Dan. t. 1524 ; Torr. & Gray, 1, c. A. fulgens & A. plantaginea, Pursh. In the Sierra Nevada (in meadows of Sierra Valley, Lemmon, &c.) ; thence northward through Oregon to the Arctic regions, and east to the Rocky Mountains and plains of the Missouri ; also Greenland and high northern Europe and Asia. Exceedingly variable. The Californian specimens are large and rather broad-leaved forms. Rays three quarters of an inch long. J. alpina is the more appropriate name, and is conceded to be the older ; but we cannot find it in " Murr. Syst. Veg. 1774," as cited by Fries. 103. RAILLARDELLA, Gray. Head several - many-flowered, homogamous ; the flowers all fertile. Involucre cylindraceous, naked at base ; the scales 7 to 14 in a single series, linear, equal, lightly united into a tube or cup to or above the middle. Eeceptacle flat or barely convex, naked. Corollas like those of the disk in Arnica. Style-branches elongated, hirsute, and produced beyond the long stigmatic lines into an acuminate tip. Akenes linear, flattish, striate-nerved, hirsute. Pappus a single series of (20 to 25) rather stout and rigid strongly ciliate-plumose bristles, about the length of the corolla, bright white. — Acaulescent herbs (of the Sierra Nevada) ; with stout creeping rootstocks, bearing tufts of linear or oblanceolate entire radical leaves, and a simple naked viscid-glandular scape, terminated by a rather large head of yellow flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 442. Raillardia, Sect. Raillardella, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 550. This interesting genus, along with the Hawaiian Raillardia, seems rather to belong to the Helenioideoc, next to Dubautia ; but the technical characters would cause it to be looked for here. Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 417 wliere Bentliam has placed these genera, although the bristles of the pappus are somewhat too stout and flattisli. 1. R. scaposa, Gray. Somewhat hirsute as well as glandular : scape a span to a foot high, sometimes with a leaf or two towards the base : involucre 20 - 30-flow- ered (an inch or less long). Sierra Nevada, in the Yosemite and Mono districts, at the elevation of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, Breioer, Bolander, Gray. 2. R. argentea, Gray. Leaves shorter, only one or two inches long, silvery- silky : scape one to four inches high: involucre narrower, 7 — 15-flowered (half an inch or more long). Higher Sien-a Nevada, at 8,000 to 11,000 feet ; Mount Dana to Sonora Pass (Brewer, Bolander), above Donner Lake (B. L. Greene), and on Lassen's Peak, Lcmmon. Tribe IX. CYNAEOIDILE. The only Californian representatives of the tribe are Thistles, of well-known appearance, and a Centaurea or two, of the Mediterranean region, sparingly natural- ized in fields and around harbors. Even Burdocks are unknown. Cynara Scolymus, Linn., the Artichoke of the Old "World, — remarkable for the thick fleshi- ness of the receptacle and scales of the involucre, which are edible, — is occasionally spontaneous, probably escaped from cultivation. 104. CNICUS, Linn. Thistle. Head many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and fertile, with, tubular corollas deeply (often more or less unequally) 5-cleft into narrow lobes. Involucre globular, ovoid, or at maturity sometimes campanulate ; the mostly narrow scales imbricated in many series, more commonly tipped with a spine or cuspidate point. Recep- tacle flat, fleshy, densely clothed with bristles. Filaments commonly papillose- hairy, distinct : anthers sagittate at base, the auricles frequently extended into tails. Style filiform, sometimes thickened or with a pubescent ring or node at the base of the minutely puberulent stigmatic portion ; which in our species is almost always slender, consisting of two filiform branches which are more or less firmly united by their inner faces up nearly or quite to the tip. Akenes glabrous and smooth, thick- walled, obovate or oblong, more or less compressed, attached by their very base. Pappus of copious and rather rigid long and plumose bristles in a single series, con- nected at the very base into a ring, so that they remain united after detaching. N'ot rarely the bristles of some of the outermost flowers are slightly or not at all plumose, — Stout herbs, more commonly biennials, with alternate and usually prickly leaves, and large or middle-sized heads; the flowers purple, red, pale yellow, or white. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 468 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 39. Cirsium, Touru., DC. Prodr., &c. A large genus, widely dispersed over the northern hemisphere, most numerous in the Old "World. It seems necessary to follow Bentham in restoring the Linnsean name of Cnicus, includ- ing, however, a good deal more than the Cirsium of Cassini, De Candolle, &c. Two European species, which are common and troublesome in the Atlantic States, seem not to have reached California, viz. — C. LANCEOLATUS, the commou Field Thistle, which is well marked by the leaves being decur- rent on the stem, and their upper surface very harsh or almost prickly. C. ARVENsis, the Canada Thistle (but not indigenous to Canada), with numerous small heads which incline to be dioecious. 418 COMPOSITE. * Cnicus. § 1. Scales of the involucre appressed and closely imbricated {except in the last species) ; the outer scales successively shorter, not appendaged nor margined, tipped vdth a mostly spi-eading prickle or point ; the innermost rarely with a small scarious tip. * Low species, with simple stem and green or greenish leaves, at least when old, al- though more or less cobwebby when young : heads proportionally large : anthej'-tips sharp-pointed. 1. C. Dminmondii, var. acaulescens, Gray, 1. c. The larger forms of the species (which occur in the Eocky Mountains, and from Oregon to Saskatchewan and the Arctic region) have a stem from a span to a foot or even 3 or 4 feet high, and large heads : the variety, which reaches California, has the more or less smaller heads sessile or almost so in the centre of the tuft of radical leaves ; these lightly woolly when young, at least beneath, lanceolate, not deeply pinnatifid, with short and broad-margined petiole : scales of the involucre thin and proportionally large ; the outer ovate-lanceolate passing into lanceolate, tapering into a weak and short or slender prickle : corollas mostly reddish purple ; the lobes shorter than the throat. — Cirsium acaule, var. Americanum, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863. Open ground along the Sierra Nevada, chiefly on the eastern side. Corollas an inch or more in length. The heads when several in a close cluster are smaller and narrower, when single occa- sionally 2 inches long. 2. C. quercetorum, Gray. Lightly w^oolly when young, and somewhat hairy : stem a foot or less high, occasionally branching, leafy : leaves rather rigid, pinnately or sometimes even almost bipinnately parted, more prickly : heads large and broad (about two inches high) : scales of the involucre very numerous, closely appressed, all but the inner ones firm-coriaceous, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, and rather abruptly tipped with a short rigid cusp or prickle : corollas apparently purple, four of the lobes much higher united, the other longer than the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. X. 40. Hills at Oakland and elsewhere near San Francisco, Bolander, Kellogg. In Bolander's specimens the heads are naked-peduncled ; the outer scales veiy I'igid, with thinnish and erose-ciliolate margins, the outermost very short and almost ovate, all merely mucronate or cuspidate-tipped. Dr. Kellogg's specimens, probably from less exposed ground, have less rigid foliage, and involucre- scales more like those of C. Drummondii, less abniptly tipped with a short rigid prickle. * * Taller species, with permanently and densely white-woolly leaves, at least under- neath, sometimes becoming green and naked above. -t- Involucre globular, of firm or thick-coriaceous closely appressed scales, tipped with an abrupt spreading prickle : floioers purple, sometimes cream-color or white. 3. C. Brevreri, Gray, 1. c Tall (4 to 10 feet high), branching, white- woolly : leaves elongated and pinnatifid : heads numerous and panicled, rather small (an inch or less long) : involucre at first cobwebby ; the outer scales short and broadish, the back marked with a greenish or purplish thickened and somewhat glutinous or glandular spot at the blunt tip, which bears a weak prickle : lobes of the corolla shorter than the throat : anther-tips almost obtuse. In a caflon near San Juan, Monterey Co. {Brewer) : and in swamps and moist grounds of Strawberry Valley near Mt. Shasta (Brewer), also in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties (Bolan- der, Kellogg and Harford) : near Carson City, Nevada, Anderson. The tall growth and the deltoid almost blunt tip to the anther-appendages mark this species. 4. C. undulatus, Gray, 1. c. Eather low (a foot or two high), white-woolly : leaves rarely becoming naked above : heads solitary or few (from 1 to 2 inches long) : involucre nearly as in the last or sooner naked, with or without the viscid or greenish spot or elevated line at the tip : lobes of the corolla as long as the throat: anther-tips very sharp-pointed. — Cirsium undulatum (Spreng.), C. Doug- lasii (DC), and C. hrevifolium, Nutt. Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 419 « Var. ochrocentrus, Gray. Leaves deeply pinnatifid and exceedingly armed with slender yellowish prickles : scales of the involucre broader and flatter, destitute of glutinous spot or ridge, and armed with a long and rigid prickle. — Cirsium ochrocentrum, Gray, PL Fendl. 110. Open grounds, from the upper Mississippi and from Texas to the coast of Oregon, from which the ordinary form probably extends into the northern part of Calilbniia. Var. ochroccnlrus, a mostly southern variety affecting arid districts, generally very distinct in character, reaches the Sierra Nevada at Silver Mountain, where it was collected by Prof. Brewer. -j- -«- Involucre narrower, becoming campanulate or cylindraceous ; its scales fewer and less closely imbricated, thinner and chartaceous, gradually longer, more tapering into the prickle or prickly point : flowers carmine or purple-red : anther-tips merely acute. 5. C. Arizonicus, Gray, 1, c. White- woolly, leafy to the top, 2 to 4 feet high, branching and bearing several short-peduncled or sessile heads : leaves lanceolate, pectinately toothed or pinnatifid, slender-spiny : outer scales of the involucre ovate- oblong, the next lanceolate and rather abruptly narrowed into a prickly-tipped acumination : lobes of the corolla fuUy twice the length of the throat : stigmatic tip of the style short. Common in Arizona and S. Utah ; most likely inhabiting the southeastern borders of our State. Heads 1^ to 2 inches long, apparently oblong or cylindraceous before expansion, the involucre becoming campanulate. "Flowers bright carmine" or "bright red-purple." Filaments spar- ingly hairy or sometimes almost glabrous. Anther-tips remarkably blunt. Stigmatic summit of the style only half a line or in age a line long above the manifest node, much shorter than in any other of our indigenous North American species. 6. C. Anders onii, Gray, 1. c. Slender, 2 or 3 feet high, sparsely leaved, the white wool rather cobwebby and deciduous : leaves mostly pinnatifid and moder- ately prickly-toothed : heads naked-peduncled : scales of the campanulate involucre less unequal and in fewer series than in any of the foregoing, somewhat loose ; the outer rather narrowly lanceolate and the succeeding more subulate, gradually taper- ing into a short prickly point ; the innermost very long and slender : lobes of the corolla not longer than the throat. SieiTa Nevada, from Tulare Co. to Carson City and Donner Lake, Anderson, Torrey, Bo- Innder. Head 2 inches long. Flowers crimson-red. Tips of the appendages of the anthers trian- gular, either acute or acutish. Stigmatic tip to the style filiform and moderately elongated ; node obsolete. § 2. Scales of the involucre of almost equal or moderately unequal length, all hut the innermost tapering gradually into a long marginless and mxistly greenish and spreading or ascending usually spiny-tipped acumination. * Heads large {mostly 2 inches high) : floicers crimson : involucre densely long-woolly when young ; the scales tapering gradually from a short coriaceous appressed base into long and slender but rigid spreading spinescent tips. 7. C. OCCidentaliS, Gray, 1. c. Very white with long and dense wool, 2 to 5 feet high, stout : leaves lanceolate and the lowest oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid or the upper merely toothed, rather weak-prickly, the upper surface often becoming naked with age : involucre globose ; its scales with very long and slender rigid mostly subulate or almost needle-shaped and merely prickly-pointed tips, the lowermost usually widely spreading : corollas bright crimson or purple-red, regularly 5-cleft ; the lobes one and a half to twice the length of the throat : tips of the anther-append- ages triangular-actiminate. — Cardans occidentalis, Nutt. 1. c, with erroneous char- acter. Cirsium Coulteri, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 110 ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 195. Open grounds, not rare apparently throughout the State, and within the bordei-s of Nevada. A striking sj)ecies, with its white cottony wool, and large and broad heads of bright red flowei-s. Heads 2 inches high, or sometimes considerably less. Scales of the involucre an inch and a half or less in length, mostly retaining the dense and long cobwebby wool. Flowers an inch and a 420 COMPOSIT.E. Cnicus. half long in the larger heads. Stigmatic tip of the style naked and rather short. This proves to be Nuttall's Cardans occidentalis, and this specific name may well be used iu the changes of nomenclature rendered necessary by the adoption of the generic name Cnicus. As in several species of the genus, some of the outermost pappus wants the plumes, but in the rest it is as con- spicuous and the bristles as stout and numerous as in most Thistles. * * Heads smaller (not over an inch and a half high) : flowers white, cream-color, or in one species purple : herbage and involucre less densely white-woolly, or naked with age. -I- Scales of the i7ivolucre rather rigid, with hroadish appressed coriaceous base, taper- ing into pungently spiny-pointed tips ; the outer somewhat shorter and spreading. 8. C. Andre'WSii, Gray, 1. c. At length green, the thin and loose cobwebby wool being deciduous, apparently tall and paniculately branched : cauline leaves lanceolate and laciniate-pinnatitid : involucre very cobwebby : lobes of the equally- cleft (apparently white or whitish) corolla about twice the length of the throat : anther-tips triangular-acute. Founded on a single specnmen, collected by Dr. Andrews, probably not far from San Francisco or Sacramento ; differing from the following in the length of the corolla-lobes (3 or 4 lines) compared with the throat (1^ to 2 lines) ; the whole corolla hardly an inch long. 9. C. Californiciis, Gray, 1. c. Rather loosely white-woolly, at least when young, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves either sinuately or deeply pinnatifid : involucre more or less cobwebby, or at length almost naked : lobes of the white or cream- colored corolla shorter (the four more united often much shorter) than the throat. — Cirsium Calif ornicum. Gray in Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 112. Dry open ground, from the Stanislaus River {Bigeloiv) to Santa Clara Co. {Brcicer), and near San Diego {Cooper, Cleveland) : apparently in other parts of the State and the borders of Nevada, in varying fomis. -t- -H Scales of the involucre thinner and lesi rigid, looser and more slender from the base ; the outer only weakly prickly-pointed. 10. C. edulis, Gray, 1. c. Loosely cobwebby when young, soon green : stem 3 to 8 feet high, rather succulent and tender, leafy to the top, bearing rather few more or less panicled or clustered'heads : leaves thin, mostly only sinuate-pinnatifid and obtuse : involucre very cobwebby when young, mostly innocuous : corolla pur- ple (perhaps sometimes whitish), slender, equally or somewhat unequally 5-cleft ; the lobes becoming nearly filiform with a thickened tip, considerably shorter than the throat. — Cirsium edule, Nutt. 1. c. Wet or shady places, especially in Redwoods, from San Francisco Bay northward through Oregon to British Columbia. The stems, stripped of bark and leaves, are said to be. eaten raw by the Oregon Indians ; whence the name of the species. 11. C. remotifolius, Gray, 1. c. Tall (3 to 8 feet high), sparsely-leaved, especially towards the naked panicle, scarcely or lightly woolly, except the under side of the leaves, which also is commonly white but sometimes naked with age : leaves mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate or linear prickly-tipped and spinulose- edged divisions : involucre lightly cobwebby when young, at length nearly naked ; its scales all slender and thinnish, linear-attenuate and mostly equal in length, loosely ascending, slightly and weakly prickly-pointed : corolla yellowish-white ; three or four of the lobes united higher up, shorter than the throat. — Carduus remotifolius. Hook. Cirsium remotifolium, DC. C. stennlepidum, Nutt. 1. c. Low grounds along streams, in Oregon, and south to Humboldt Co. , California, Kellogg and Harford. A well-marked species, although the name is not always appropriate. § 3. Scales of the globular involucre, or most of them, with a dilated and erosely lacer- ate or cut-fringed scarious appendage. {Echinais, Cass., DC.) 12. C. carlinoides, Schrank, var. Americanus, Gray. A foot or two high, branching : leaves sinuately or sometimes deeply pinnatitid, more or less prickly. Centaurea. COMPOSITE. 421 white beneath with a close coat of cottony wool : heads solitary (or rarely clustered) at the summit of the branches, at first nodding (about an inch high) ; scales of the involucre nearly glabrous (or slightly woolly when young, but wholly destitute of jointed hairs), most of them terminated by a conspicuous and pectinately lacerate ovate or lanceolate scarious spreading appendage, tipped with a short prickle or cusp : corolla unequally cleft, the four more united lobes considerably shorter than the throat : antlier-tails laciniate. — C. scariosum, Nutt. 1. c. Marin and Mendocino Counties, Samuels, Bolander, Kellogg, &c. Also in the Eocky Moun- tains of Colorado. Apparently not distinct from the Caucasian and Siberian C. carlinoides, Schrank, Ilort. Monac. t. 11 (Echinais airlinoidcs & E. nutans, Cass., DC. Hort. Genev. t. 22), although the outer scales of the involucre are not spinosely fringed, nor so prickly-pointed, and sometimes are not at all appendaged. I f distinct, Nuttall's name of scariosus could be used. His description seems best to accord with Hall and Harbour's No. 559, which looks very much like a hybrid between C. airlinoidcs and C. rcmotifolius. C. Parryi, Gray, 1. c, of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, is another species of this section verging to the preceding. 105. SILYBUM, Gaertn. Milk-Thistle. Head many-flowered, with leafy-bracted spinose involucre ; the flowers all perfect and fertile. Filaments smooth and monadelphous. Pappus of stiff and almost chaffy bristles in several series, not plumose. Leaves blotched with white. Other- wise as in common Thistles. 1. S. Marianum, Gsertn. A stout annual, nearly glabrous : leaves large, ob- long or obovate, sinuate or pinnatitid and prickly-margined, clasping : head very large, solitary : flowers pink-purple or red. San Luis Obispo, on rocky hills, and probably elsewhere : a native of the Mediterranean region, introduced, probably through cultivation. 106. CENTAUREA, Linn. Star-Thistle. Head many-flowered ; the flowers all with tubular and deeply 5-cleft corollas, some of the marginal ones commonly neutral (and often with their corollas en- larged) ; the others perfect and fertile. Involucre globular ; the scales tipped or margined with spines or a scarious appendage. Eeceptacle very bristly. Akenes mostly compressed, attached by one margin just above the base. Pappus of numer- ous rigid or sometimes chaffy naked bristles, — Herbs of various aspect (300 to 400 species), nearly all of the Old World, whence two have reached California as weeds of cultivation ; both species destitute of the " false-rays," i. e. their marginal neutral flowers not enlarged and conspicuous. 1. C. Melitensis, Linn. Annual, a foot or two high, paniculately branched, roughish-pubescent, and when young with a little deciduous wool : leaves broadly linear ; the radical pinnatifid ; cauline barely toothed or entire, decurrent : heads rather small : most of the scales of the involucre tipped with a spine which is fringed at base with a few prickles : corollas yellow, not enlarged. Old fields and waste grounds ; common on the western borders of the State : introduced from Southern Europe. 2. C. solstitialis, Linn. Annual,' loosely white-woolly : cauline leaves hnear : heads larger than in the foregoing: outer scales of the involucre with 3 to 5 palmate small prickles at the tip ; the middle ones with a long and stout spine in addition : corollas more conspicuous, yellow. Fields, Oakland {Bolander), San Diego {Palmer), and probably elsewhere near the coast : a weed of cultivation ; introduced from Southern Europe. 422 COMPOSITE. * Perezia. Tribe X. MUTISIACE^. These are Bilabiati florae, i. e. have their corollas bilahiate, one lip mostly 3- toothed, the other 2-lobed or cleft, the lobes or lips revolute. As the floAvers are more commonly all perfect, and the style similar, they may be confounded with the Thistle-tribe, in which the corolla is often more or less two-lipped or irregular. But the lobes of the latter become revolute in the present tribe, and the receptacle is never clothed with a coat of bristles. — The tribe is most largely represented in South America ; only one genus reaches California. 107. PEREZIA, Lagasca. Head several - many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect. Involucre turbinate or campanulate ; its scales imbricated, lanceolate or oblong, mostly chartaceous. Recep- tacle flat and naked. Corolla with slender tube and bilabiate limb ; the outer lip mostly longer and 3-toothed ; the inner 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Anthers with long naked tails at base, and a lanceolate terminal appendage. Akenes elongated-oblong, terete or slightly angled, often obscurely narrowed at apex, commonly glandular. Pappus of copious scabrous capillary bristles, — Herbs ; with alternate and mostly rigid leaves, and solitary or usually paniculate heads of purple or white flowers. — Gray, PL Fendl. & PL Wright. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 500. A genus of 40 or 50 species, South American and Mexican, and a few within the borders of the United States. 1. P. microcephala, Gray, 1. c. Two or three feet high, branched and glan- dular-puberulent above, leafy to the top : leaves thin, oblong and the upper ovate, all cordate-clasping, with the sinus shallow, minutely glandular-scabrous, coarsely reticulate-veiny, closely spinulose-denticulate : heads copious, corymbose at tlie summit of the paniculate branches : scales cf the involucre all abruptly very acute, puberulent-glandular ; the innermost a little sliorter than the 10 to 15 rose-purple flowers. — Aconrtia microcepliala, DC. Prodr. vii. 66. Near Monterey {Douglas), Santa Barbara {Torrcy), and San Diego Co., D. Cleveland, Palmer. Involucre 3 or 4 or at length 5 lines high : pappus at maturity half an inch long. In the speci- mens of Douglas, described by De CandoUe, the flowers are immature. 2. P. Arizonica, Gray. A foot or two high, almost glabrous : leaves more deeply cordately or sagittately clasping : heads fewer and rather smaller, in cymose corymbs : scales of the involucre obtuse, pubescent on the edges, otherwise glabrous and not glandular; the innermost only half the length of the 8 to 12 white or flesh-colored flowers. — P. microcephala, Gray in coll. Parry, No. 141, Am. Nat. ix. 273. Arizona, D?-. Palmer. S. Utah, Dr. Parry. Probably also No. 293 of California collection, Coulter, Palmer's plant is said to exhale "an agreeable aroma." Tribe XL CICHORIACEJi:. Completely marked by the ligulate and perfect flowers throughout the head : the ligules almost always 5-toothed at the apex. Herbs, with a bitter milky juice. Lettuce, Endive (a'variety of the Cichory), and Salsify ( Tracfopogon porrifolius, which is apt to run wild around cultivated groiuids), are the common cultivated esculent plants of the tribe, all of the Old World. The tribe consists of 50 or 60 genera, even as consolidated by Bentham in the new Genera Plantanmi, and is fairly well represented in California. It is so strictly natural that it is difficult to divide it into well-limited natural subtribes or into genera. Microseris. COMPOSITE. 423 108. PHALACROSERIS, Gray. Head rather many-flowered. Involucre campanulate, of 12 to 16 equal lanceolate and somewhat herbaceous scales, in one or two series, their barely united bases becoming somewhat dilated and concave in fruit, occasionally a loose and linear subtending bractlet. Eeceptacle convex, naked. Ligules linear, rather short. Akenes short-oblong, becoming slightly incurved, obscurely 4 - 5-angled or nerved, truncate at both ends, smooth and even, destitute of pappus. — A single species. 1. P. Bolanderi, Gray. Perennial, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceolate or oblan- ceolate, entire, in a tuft from the short and thickish dark-colored rootstock : scapes perfectly simple and naked, a span to a foot high : flowers orange-yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 507. Wet meadows (WestfaU's, &c.) of the Sierra Nevada, alt. 7,000 to 8,000 feet, south of the Yosemite Valley, Bolander, Torrcij, A. Gray. Head not nodding before expansion ; involucre barely half an inch high. Flowers open in sunshine. 109. MICROSERIS, Don. Head several - many-flowered. Involucre cylindraceous or campanulate ; the thin-herbaceous or membranaceous scales from linear-lanceolate to ovate, either regu- larly imbricated or mainly in a double series, the outer short and calyculate. Eecep- tacle flat, naked. Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes terete or rarely somewhat angled, 8-10- (sometimes 12-14-) ribbed, truncate at the apex, occa- sionally narrowed above into a sort of neck or beak, furnished with a basal callosity which is more or less hollowed at the insertion ; the outermost frequently pubes- cent. Pappus of few or several (mostly 5 to 10, sometimes 12 to 24) awn-bearing, chaffy scales, or slender awns or bristles with more or less paleaceous dilated base, either naked or sometimes plumose, rarely by abortion wanting. — Annuals, bien- nials, or some perhaps perennials, glabrous or slightly furfuraceous-puberulent, with chiefly radical and often pinnatifid leaves, and heads of yellow flowers terminating scapes or long peduncles, commonly nodding before expansion. — Don in Phil. Mag. xi. 388 (1832); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207. Bellardia, CoUa (1835). Lepi- donevia, Fischer & Meyer (1835). Fichtea, Schultz in Linnsea (1835). Calais, DC. (1838); Gray in Pacif. R Rep. iv. 121. Pkyllopappus, Walp. in Linnsea (1840). Urapappus & Scorzonella, Nutt. (1840). Mia^oseris & Scorzonella, Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 506, 533. A genus of sixteen species, all Western North American, excepting two in the southern hemi- sphere (one in Chili and one in New Zealand and Australia). De CandoUe's name of Calais, under which our species have become familiar, has to give way to the much older and less happily chosen one of Microseris, to include also Scononella, contrary to Mr. Bentham's opinion. The hollowed callus at the insertion of the akene is about the same in all, and the imbrication of the involucre passes by degrees into the simpler calyculate mode. The fusiform roots of the so-called perennial species seem to be only biennial. § 1. Pappus plumose and white: akenes slender, terete, not attenuate either towards apex or base : stems mare or less branching, from a fusiform {jprobably bien- nial) simple or fascicled root. — Ptilophora, Gray. 1. .VI. nutans, Gray. Slender, a foot or so high, mostly at length loosely branched : leaves entire or laciniate-pinnatitid into linear lobes, A'^arying from fili- form-linear to spatulate, or the radical even oval : heads 8 - 20-flowered, on slender peduncles : involucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate gratlually acumi- nate principal scales and a few short and loose calyculate ones : pappus of 12 to 20 424 COMPOSITE. * Microseris. oblong small scales tipped with a several times longer Avhite and soft plumose awn. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. Scorzonella nutans (Geyer), Hook, in Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253. Ptilophora nutans, Gray, PI. Fendl. 113. Calais [Ptilophora) nutans, Gray in Pacif. I\. Kep. iv. 112. Stephanomeria intermedia, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 39. Low or moist grounds, throughout the Sierra Nevada, from ^lariposa Co. north to Washington Territory and tlience east to Montana. Heads in flower half an inch high, narrow ; the golden- yellow flowers open through the day. Akenes 3 lines and pappus about 4 lines long. The root is said to be eaten raw by the Indians. 2. M. major, var. laciniata, Gray, 1. c Mostly stouter and more branched from the base, and the leaves in this variety generally pinnately parted into slender linear divisions : involucre of lanceolate and more acuminate scales, wiiich are im- bricated in three lengths, the outermost shortest : bristles of the pappus not quite so plumose as in M. nuta7is. — Calais [Ptilophora) major, var. laciniata, Gray, PL Fendl. 113. C. gracililoba., Kellogg, 1. c. 48. Long Valley, Mendocino Co. (^Kellogg), and Idaho, on Clear Water, Spalding. § 2. Pappus of 5 to 10 very long-awned scales, either almost plumose or naked: akenes not attenuate towards the apex and hardly towards the base : involucre regu- larly imbricated, the outer scales gradually shorter : stems simple or mostly branching : root fusiform and jjrobably biennial. — Scorzonella, Gray. [Scorzonella, Nutt., Benth. Calais § Scorzonella, Gray.) * Akenes slender, as in the first section : awns or bristles of the pappus barbellate or almost plumose, rusty-colored. 3. M. sylvatica, Gray, 1. c. Stem a foot or so high, rather stout, commonly simple and scape-like, rarely leafy to the middle : leaves laciniate-pianatitid or toothed : head many-flowered : involucre campaiudate ; the scales all acuminate, the outer from an ovate or ovate-lanceolate base : ligules rather long : scales of the pappus 6 to 10 (mostly 10), oblong-lanceolate, considerably shorter than the slender awn. — Scorzonella sylvatica, Benth. PI. Hartw. 320. Calais [Anacalais) sylvatica, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv, 113. Var. Stillmani, Gray, 1. c. 'Differs in the narrower scales of the involucre, which are lanceolate and gradually tapering from the base, and the awns of the pappus (sometimes at least) less strongly barbellate. In woods or low grounds, on the Sacramento and its tributaries, Hartweg, Bigelow, &c. The var. collected by Stillmnn, SamticJs, and on Mark West Creek by Bu/elow. Peduncle or scape 6 to 12 inches long. Head an inch high. Akenes (seen in the mature state only in the variety) 3 lines long, glabrous or minutely scabrous. * * Akenes mostly shorter [terete, or in one species sometimes more or less i-d-angled) : aivns of the pappus only denticulate or scabrous. -t- Scales of the involucre all long-aciiminate : pappus of 8 or 10 shoi^t and small entire scales tipped loith a very long capillary awn : stems more or less branching and leafy below : ligules elongated. 4. M, laciniata, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, commonly stout : leaves from narrowly to very broadly lanceolate in outline (4 to 16 inches long), commonly laciniate-pinnatifid and the lobes long and slender : heads large : scales of tlie in- volucre all broad, the outer ovate and abruptly acuminate : scales of the pappus ovate or ovate-lanceolate, only a third or fourth the length of the (sometimes pris- matic) akene. — Hymenonema? laciniatum. Hook. Fl. i. 301. Scorzonella lacini- ata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 426. Calais [Scofzonella) laciniata. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c. — Passes into Var. procera, Gray, 1. c. Stem stouter and more leafy, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong (1 to 2^^ inches wide), merely denticulate, occasionally laciniate : scales of the pappus mostly rather narrower or more tapering into the Mkroseris. COMPOSITE. 425 awn, occasionally almost obsolete. — Ilymenonema ? glaucum, Hook., seems to be a small form of this. Calais glauca, var. procera, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364. Along streams, common in Oregon towards the coast : Ukiah {Kellogg) ; with laciniate-pinnati- fid leaves, but with narrower pappus-scales. The var. procera, on hills, Sonoma Co. to Alendocino Co., &c. {Bolander, Torrey, Kellogg) and to Klamath Co., Oregon, Cronkhile. Peduncles often a foot long. Head three quarters of an inch to an inch long, especially in the variety, which has it broad in jiroportion, and the outer scales of the involucre from 3 to 5 lines wide. Corollas bright sulphur-yellow. Akenes 2 to nearly 2^ lines long when mature. 5. M. leptosepala, Gray, 1. c. Mostly more slender than the preceding : leaves similmiy either entire or laciniate-pinnatifid : head smaller : scales of the involucre all lanceolate (or the outermost ovate-lanceolate) and gradually acuminate : pappus-scales about one lifth of the length of the more slender akene. — Scorzonella leptosepala, Nutt., 1. c. Calais Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 365. C. laciniata, Gray, 1. c. viii. 392, coll. Hall, No. 313. Swamps, Mendocino and Humboldt Counties (Bolaiidcr, Kellogg) : also in Oregon. Involucre half an inch or more high, narrower than in the last, as well as the scales narrow and more taper- ing ; but the outermost are sometimes rather broad. -t- -{- Scales of the involucre all rather obtuse : pappus of 5 tivo-cleft scales, ivith a proportionally shorter awn in the sinus : acaulescent : ligules short. 6. M. Parr5ri, Gray, 1. c. Scapes a span or two high, simple : leaves linear- lanceolate, laciniate-pinnatitid or entire : scales of the involucre ovate or oblong, in about 3 series : awns of the pappus rather strongly denticulate, extending to only twice or thrice the length of the 2-cleft scale. — Calais Parryi, Gray in Pacif. K. Eeix iv. 122, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 104. Near Sau Diego, Parry. Head barely half an inch high. Akenes not formed in the specimen. The species was referred to the Calocalais section on account of the pappus ; but the involucre refers it to Scorzonella. § 3. Pappus of 5 (or rarely fewer) .scales or aivns, not plumose nor barbellate, sordid : akenes taperiiic/ more or less from beloiv the truncate apex to the base : involucre of mostly equal principcd scales and a few short calyculate ones at base : an- nuals, acaulescent, with siitiple scapes and small or mediocre heads. Proper scales of the involucre lanceolate, and leaves either laciniate-pinnatifid or entire, in all the species. — Eucalais. {Calais § Eucalais, DC.) * Atvns of tJie pappus slender, naked and fragile, and, with the scale at base nearly obsolete, sometimes deciduous or wanting. 7. M. aphantocarpha, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, rather slender : head half an inch high, many-llowered : ligules short : capillary awns of the pappus barely scabrous, nearly twice the length of the akene. — Calais apJmntocarpha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. Var. tenella, Gray, 1. c. Slender, a span high, with smaller and fewer-flowered heads : akenes inclining to clavate, the summit being mostly a little contracted : awns of the pajipus 2 to 5, with a distinct chafty-dilated base, deciduous or very fragile, sometimes apparently wanting. — Calais {Aplianocalais) tenella, Gray in Pacif. R Rep. iv. 114, t. 17. Hills of the Contra Costa Range near Monte Diablo {Brewer), and in the same part of the State, Samuels. The var. tenella, Napa Valley, in grassy places {Bigelow), and on the Sacramento, Fitch. Akenes scabrous on the strong ribs, tapering towards the base, and the summit also slightly contracted, but with no neck : the outermost pubescent, fully 2 lines long iu the larger form. The variety is most probably only a depauperate form of the larger. * -* Scales of the pappus conspicuous, +■ From oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate and acute, more or less tapering into the awn. 8. M. Eigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Scapes a span to a foot or more high : leaves generally pinnately parted into numerous divisions : calyculate scales of the invo- 426 COMPOSITE. Mtcroseris. lucre rather numerous and of two lengths : akenes short and not at all narrowed at the summit : scales of the pappus naked or minutely scabrous externally, varying from ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, and tapering gradually into a slender longer awn. — Calais Bigelovii, Gray in Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 113, t. 17. C. Boitg- lasii. Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, not of DC.- . Moist places, common especially about the Bay of San Francisco. Head haK an inch high. Akenes 2 or at most 2^ lines long, rather turbinate : pappus 3 to 5 lines long. 9. M. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c. Between the last and the next : akenes more slender, fusiform, tapering toward the summit almost as much as toward the base : scales of the pappus silky-villous externally, of firmer texture, ovate-oblong and more or less tapering into a rather stout long awn. — Calais Douglasii, DC. Prodr. vii. 85 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 361. California, probably near Monterey, Douglas. As yet known only from his specimens. Akenes 3 to 34 lines long, in shape most like those of the section Calocalais. Pappus including the awn fully 5 lines long ; its scales resembling those of the next species in texture, but narrower and acute : the akenes very different from those of the next or of the preceding species. But the plant is too little known. -t- 4- Pappus-scales orbicular or very broadly ovate, and obtuse or retuse at the apex, abruptly awned : akenes thick, slightly or not at all constricted under the broad apex. 10. IVE. cyclocarpha, Gray, 1. c. Like larger forms of M. Bigelovii: awns of the pappus slender, twice or thrice the length of the ample and (in the typical form) mostly glabrous and smooth scales. — Calais cyclocarpha. Gray in Pacif. K. Eep. iv. 115, t. 18. Var. eriocarpha, Gray, 1. c. Awns of the pappus rather shorter, and its scales conspicuously silky-villous externally. — C. eriocarplia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. Grassy plains and hillsides, Napa Vall^ (Bi'gelow), and Humboldt Co. (Kellogg) ; the latter showing a few long loose hairs on the back of the jiappus-scales, Avhich suggest the union of the var. eriocarpha : this collected at Nipoma {Brewer) and on Monte Diablo, Bloomer. The larger heads three quarters of an inch high. Akenes 2J to 3 lines long ; and the pappus-scales some- times nearly 2 lines in length, slightly erose-denticulate at the broad summit, more or less invo- lute when dry. 11. M. platycarpha, Gray, 1. c. Resembles the preceding : awns of the pap- pus only about one third of the length of the broad round scale : young akenes not contracted under the summit. — Calais platycarpha. Gray, 1. c. San Luis Rey, on clay hills. Parry. Known only in a single specimen, without full-grown akenes. Scales of the pappus nearly smooth, almost 3 lines long and fully 2 lines broad. § 4. Pappus not plumose, of 5 or rarely more awned chaffy scales : akenes long and slender, fusiform, tapering gradually upwards into a narrow neck or even beak : involucre cylindraceous or campanulate, of lanceolate scales, the few exterior ones unequal and less distinctly calyculate : stem very short, branching and leafy at the base, and sending up simple scape-like peduncles : corollas very short, apparently transiently expanded, at evening or morning C?). — Calocalais, Gray. {Calais § Calocalais, DC.) * Scales of the papjms only 5, lanceolate or oblong, abruptly awned from a notch caused by the early splitting of the apex of the scale : leaves linear, mostly narrow, either laciniate-pinnatijid or entire : root annual, slender. 12. M. Lindle3ri, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high : pappus rusty-brownish ; its scales about the length of the beakless but somewhat contracted akene, scabrous- puberulent externally, oblong-lanceolate, their midrib continued beyond the (at first shallow) notch into a rather stout scabrous awn of nearly its own length. — Calais Lindleyi, DC, 1. c. Stephanomeria. COMPOSITE. 427 Apparently not uncommon through the western part of the State, down to San Diego {Cleve- land) ; mixed with the next in collections, and generally confounded with it. 13. M. linearifolia, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high, either slender or the long scape-like peduncle thickening upwards : leaves when young sometimes lightly pubescent or villous-ciliate : pappus bright white ; its scales equalling or shorter than the more or less beaked akene, linear-lanceolate, smooth, bearing a very slender short awn from the deep notch. — Calais linearifolia, DC. 1. c, excl. syn. Uro- pappus litieari/olius & U. grandijloriis, Nutt. 1. c. Plains and low grounds, common, extending eastward to Nevada and New Mexico. Varying much in size and in the number of flowers in the head : this from half an inch (in depauperate plants) to fully an inch long. Akenes 4 or 5 lines long, slender, some of them merely much tapering upwards, some very distinctly beaked. Delicate awn of the pappus from one foui-th to less than half the length of the silvery-white scale. 14. M. macrochaeta, Gray, 1. c. A foot or so high : pappus probably white ; its scales oblong, much shorter than the beaked akene and the very slender awn which rises from a deep notch. — Calais tnacrochoeta, Gray, PI. Fendl. 112, & Pacif. II. Rep. iv. 113. Near San Francisco, Bic/elow. Known only from Bigelow's immature specimens, and from the original ones collected on the northeastern borders of Oregon by Mr. Spalding : also a poor specimen ticketed by Nuttall " Uropappus grandijlorus, San Diego," given by him to Mr. Durand. * * Scales of the pappus 20 to 24, slender and awn-like, tapering gradualli/ into a true au'n : root apparently perennial, or perhaps biennial. 15. M. troximoides, Gray. Nearly acaulescent : leaves narrowly linear, entire, thickish : scape about a foot high : pappus white, longer than the akene, which is fusiform, smooth, gradually tapering toward the summit, but not beaked. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211. California, No. 600 of Kellogg and Harford's distribution : probably from Humboldt Co. A remai'kable plant, between Microseris and Troximon. Also in Idaho {Spalding) and Montana. Head in fruit an inch long, narrow : corollas not seen. Akenes 4 lines long. Pappus two or more series of awn-shaped scales, a quarter of a line wide at base and to the middle, thence tapering into the merely scabrous rather rigid awn. 110. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. Head 3-1 2-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or rarely campanulate, of a series of linear equal scales and some short calyculate ones at base, rarely with some inter- mediate ones so as to be more or less imbricate. Receptacle flat, naked (in one anomalous species alveolate). Akenes oblong or short-linear, mostly columnar and strongly 5-ribbed or angled, glabrous, often rugose, truncate at both ends, the broad base hollowed at the insertion, the apex rarely somewhat narrowed into a neck. Pappus white, a single series of (5 to 25) more or less rigid bristles, which are plu- mose for their whole length or at the upper part, occasionally somewhat chaflfy-dilated at base. — Paniculately branching and usually slender glabrous herbs (all W. North American) ; with narrow leaves (the upper diminished to scales or bracts), and small heads of pink or flesh-colored flowers, open in the early morning. — Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 533, excl. Rafinesquia. § 1. Heads small : pappus of 5 to 15 rigid bristles with more or less scale-like dilated base, or even scale-like throughout, plumose towards the summit. — Hemiptilium, Gray. {Hemiptilium, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 105.) 1. S. Schottii, Gray. Resembles the next, and with similar 5 -flowered heads : pappus of 5 or 6 linear-lanceolate and blunt rigid scales or scariously margined awns, 428 COMPOSITE. Stephanomeria. which are rather shorter than the minutely scahrous akenes, naked below, and sparingly barbellate-plumose towards the summit. — Uemiptilium Schottii, Gray, in Eot. Mex, Bound. 105. On the Gila, Schott, therefore beyond the limits of California, but likely to occur on the Colorado. 2. S. pentachaeta, Etiton. A foot high, probably annual, excessively branched, paniculate : lower leaves linear and sometimes runcinate-toothed ; upper reduced to minute scale-like bracts : heads 3 or 4 lines long, 5-flowered : involucre of about 5 principal scales : akenes oblong-linear, columnar, truncate at both ends, slightly narrowed only at base, rugose-tubercled between the angles : pappus of 5 slender rigid bristles, longer than the akene, sparingly pectinate at the somewhat dilated base, thence naked to the middle, above rather copiously plumose. — Bot. King Exp. 199, t. 20. Tmckee and Humboldt Valleys, Nevada {Watson): probably reaching the borders of the State. Perhaps a foim of the next, with a diminished number of bristles to the pappus. 3. S. exigua, Nutt. A foot or two high, paniculately and diffusely much branched from an annual root : radical and lower leaves linear or narrowly lanceo- late, runcinate-pinnatifid or toothed ; the upper slender and mostly entire except at the partly clasping base ; those of the branchlets reduced to minute and obtuse bracts : heads 3 to 5 lines long, 3— 9-flowered : akenes and pappus as in the preced- ing, but the latter of more numerous bristles, " usually 3 from each angle of the akene, and with their slightly dilated bases commonly united." — Eaton, 1. c. 198, t. 20, fig. 6, 7. Hemiptilium Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Near Fort Mohave {Cooper), to Sierra Co. {Lemmon), and Carson City {Anderson, &c.) ; thence through Nevada and New Mexico to the borders of Texas. § 2. Heads mostly small: bristles of the papjjus \2 to 25, slender and plumose throughout : receptacle completely naked. — Stephanomeria proper. * Involucre narrow, 3 — 8-Jlowered, most commonly b-jlowered, its outer scales all short and calycidate : branches striate, slender and naked; their leaves iisually reduced to small bracts : lower leaves linear ; the radical ones generally runcinate- pinnatifid. 4. S. paniculata, N'utt. Stem erect from an annual root, 1| to 3 feet high, with rather simple ascending virgate branches, along which the short-pedicelled heads are commonly racemose-panicled : involucre 3 or 4 lines long : akenes more or less rugose or tuberculate between the narrow ribs. — Eaton, 1. c. fig. 5. S. vir- gata, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 32. Hills and plains ; common through the State and in Nevada. There are two forms as to the akenes ; one shorter and thicker, with narrowed base, and usually strong and numerous rugosities between the distant ribs, as figured by Prof. Eaton in the Botany of King's exploration : this is S. virgata, Benth., and is the common Californian form, with the heads disposed to be spicate- raccmose along the rather rigid virgate (sometimes somewhat pubescent) branches. The other fonn has narrower akenes, like those of as(i of the (luito ili.stiin-t Htanicns. JStyle not longer than the ovary : soods 30 or more. K. rANiciM.ATA, Torr. in Pacif. R. Hop. iv. 126, is a Now Mexican species of this section, im- IHuToetly known. § 2. A single gland with a. notched summit on each division of the thickish corolla : divisions of the calyx ovate-lanceolate or broader : Jiowers loosely and effusely cyinose-pa/iicled. (Mature caj>sule uukuoivn.) 2. F. Panyi, Torr. Stout, 2 or 3 le(it high : leaves opposite and in thn-es, lance(»lat(^, witii cartilaginous white margins; the lloral and bracts oblong and ovate : divisions of tlie whitisii and dark-dotted corolla ovate, commonly acute, half an inch long ; th(^ fringed gland below its middle, lunatcdy obcordate and with rounded 7iak»Ml ba.se. — Hot. Mex. liound. 115G. yontherii jtart of the State, east of San Diego and Los Angeles, Coulter, Wallace., Parry. Ovary apparently llatlish ]>arallt«l with the carpels : ovules rather few. K. Al.ltoMAlKilNATA, Watson, Uut. King Kxp. 280, of Southern Utah and Nevada, and to ho looked for on the soutlieast(>rn horders of Californin, is of this section. It is a small spciics, nar- row huived ; the divisions of the corolla (Minspicuously cuspidate ; and the fringed olxordatc daik gland on the i\udille of the petjd runs into an adniite scale-like api)endage, tixcd liy its hack (piite down to the Imse, the free margins fring<nt ns in t\ alblcauli.i), a foot or moiv high, sh^nder : leaves oidy 3 to ,5 ])airs, linear (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide, the radical longer and gnimineous), whito- inargined ; flowei's glomerate in 3 or 4 jiairs of short peduncled or subsesailo dense cymes or glomerules, forming a naked and interrupted spicato thyreus : lobes of tho corolla ovato-oblong, b(»coming lanceolate (3 or 4 lines long) ; the gland with a short inflexed fringe all round, which is Uuigtu' and moiH) laeiniato at the booded base : crown stni\d>»eal, consisting of linear or oblong laciniate or nearly entire scales alter- nate ai\d partly connate with thi* bases of tin* Iilaments. — IM. Ilartw. 322 ; Torr. in Taeif. 1{. K'ep.iv. 12G. FiM)t-hills t)f the Sierra Nevada (//rtr^Mr^, Bigelow, &c.), and Sierra VtaWey {lAnnmon, &<•.), to Oivgon, l.ijidl, NiviuD. Pi-olxihly this njay Ih^ only a variety of F. alhicaulis of Oirgon (llook. Fl. t. lf)i), extending as it dtws into the range of that spcoici. Tho ci-owii appears) to Ihj dilfercnt, but its chamctei-s are variahle. Menyanthes. POLEMONIACEiE. 485 5. MENYANTHES, Toum. Buckbean. Calyx /J-partod. Corolla nearly caiiipanulatij, the lobos valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward, the upper surface densely white-bearded, deciduous. Stylo slender, persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, rather fleshy, inclined to burst irregularly. Heeds not very numerous, but large in proportion : the seed- coat hard, smooth and shining. — A single genuine species, flowering in spring. 1. M. trifoliata, Linn. Low and smooth perennial, with long and stout creep- ing rootstock, bearing alternate leaves, with long petioles sheathing at base, and 3 oblong leaflets : scape naked, elongated, Uirminatod by a short raceme of white or j)iiiki.sii flowers : anthers dark brown, sagittate : in some flowers the stylo, in others the filaments are long-exserted. In shallow water or wet jrroinid, near San Francisoo (liirfdow), and Sierra Valley (Afra. Pulai/er Ames) ; cxtctKling roimd tlu! world in the northern portion of the temperate zone. Order LOGANIACEiE. There la a Buddleia in Coulter's Califomian Collection, No. 625, which we do not possesH. As none has Iwen detected since, it is more probable that Coulter's 8[>ecimcn was gathered on the route to California, as for south and cast at least as Arizona. Order LXIII. POLEMONIACEiE. Chiefly herbs, with bland and colorless juice, simple or divided leaves, and no stipules ; readily distinguished from related orders by having all the parts of the regular flower five, except the pistil, which has a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobed style; the fruit a loculiciubescence or some of it hispid or hirside, especially the inflorescence of spikes conspAcuously coiled in the bud, and mostly in pairs or cymose-clustered : internal a]:>pendages of the corolla manifest, and more or less united with the base of the filaments. •+- Leaves either simple and entire, or toith a pair or two of similar and smaller leaf- lets or lobes : capsule ovate, acute. 2. P. circinata, Jacq. f. A span to 2 feet high from a perennial or biennial stout root, hispid, and the foliage strigose, either green, grayish, or canescent with a softish pubescence : leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, acute, obliquely and simply straight-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole and some of them more commonly bearing one or two pairs of lateral leaflets : inflorescence hispid ; the dense spikes thyrsoid and crowded : corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer than the linear or oblong-lanceolate calyx-lobes : filaments much exserted, sparingly bearded. — Eclog. i. 135, t. 91 ; A. DC. Prodr. ix. 298. P. heterophylla, Pursh. P. Californica, Cham. Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 507 Var. calycosa, Gray, 1. c. Divisions of the calyx larger and more foliaceous, at length witli narrowed base, obovate-spatulate or oblong, Avhen old reticulated. Very common in dry open gi-ounds, extending north to British Columbia, east to and beyond the Uocky Mountains, southward into Mexico, and even to Patagonia. A very variable species ; the more dwarf states sometimes with nearly leafless and scape-like stem. The variety may be common in California ; but thus far seen only in a cultivated specimen raised by iJ. Hall, and wild from Borax Lake (Tonry), and foot-hills, Mariposa Co., A. Gray ; also, a form with lai-ge and green entire and ovate leaves, collected on the Mission hills, San Francisco, by Kellogg. 3. P. Brevreri, Gray, 1. c. Foliage, habit, and pubescence as in the foregoing, but smaller and more slender, from an annual root : leaves seldom an inch long, many of them 3 - 5-parted, the lanceolate lateral lobes ascending : corolla (barely 3 lines long) more broadly campanulate, blue or violet, nearly twice the length of the linear calyx-lobes : lilaments glabrous, a little shorter than the corolla. On Monte Diablo, on dry and soft sandstone, Brewer. In character this approaches the Chilian P. brachyanUui, Benth. ; but that has softer pubescence, broader and almost all entire leaves, longer calyx, narrower corolla, and still shorter stamens. 4. P. humilis, Torr. & Gray. A span high, diffusely branched from a slender annual root, pubescent, or the inflorescence hirsute : leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, rather obtuse, all entire, or rarely some of the lower with 1 to 3 lateral ascending lobes, the veins lax and sparingly branching : spikes at length slender, solitary or loosely panicled : corolla (2 or 3 lines long) bright indigo-blue, rather deeply 5-lobed, surpassing the linear calyx-lobes : filaments moderately exserted, glabrous or bearded with very few hairs. — Pacif E. liep. ii. 122, t. 7 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 250. Var. calycosa, Gray, 1. c. A less-branched and more slender form, with corolla apparently pale, and the calyx-lobes dilated-spatulate, as in the analogous variety of P. circinata. Nortlieastem part of the State ; Sierra and Nevada Counties, at 5,000 to 6,000 feet {BechcUh, Bolander, Lemmon) : also in the adjacent parts of Nevada, Andcrsmi, Watson, &c. The var. calycosa, from near Mono Lake, Bolander. Only in Bolander's specimens have any divided leaves been seen. -H -t- Leaves simple, rounded and cordate, incisely lohed and serrate. 5. P. malvsefolia, Cham, Eather tall and stout, loosely branching, hispid with spreading or retlexed stinging hairs, and the foliage more or less pubescent : root unknown : leaves green, membranaceous, all petioled, somewhat palmately 5-9- lobed, acutely toothed (2 inches or more in diameter) : spikes solitary or in pairs : corolla (pale or white (1), 3 or 4 lines long) surpassing the unequal linear and spatu- late calyx-lobes : stamens much exserted : seeds alveolate-scabrous. Bay of San Francisco, Outmisso (lAxmisa., iv. 494) ; not since detected, until lately collected by Dr. Kellogg, at Potrero. The bristles appear to sting like those of a Loasa. -f- -t- -H Leaves once to thrice pinnatifid or pinnately compound, oblong or lutkroiDer in general outline : style %parted : corolla light violet or blue, varying to white : calyx {excepting the first species) bristly-hispid, its lobes not rarely dissimilar. An- nuals, the species difficult to discriminate. 6. P. crenulata, Torr. A span or a foot high, viscid-pubescent and very glandular, and tlie calyx hirsute but not hispid : leaves oblong or linear-oblong in outline, crenately lobed or pinnatifid, or at base lyrately divided ; the lobes short and rounded, the larger ones oblong and sometimes crenately incised : spikes clus- tered : corolla rotate-campanulate, bright violet : stamens and style much exserted : calyx-lobes oblong-linear or somewhat spatiUate, equalling the globular capsule: seeds with corky-thickened and transversely corrugated inflexed margins and centml ridge, — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 251. Near the border of the State in Washoe Co., Nevada, Lemmm. The deeply pinnatifid form : occurs through Nevada to Arizona and New Mexico. 508 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacelia. 7. P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Erect, 1 to 3 feet high, roughish-hirsute or hispid : leaves 9-17-divided into linear or oblong linear once or twice pinnately-parted or cleft divisions, all sessile or nearly so ; the lobes small and mostly linear oblong : spikes cymosely clustered, at length elongated ; thp very short pedicels ascending or erect : corolla light violet or bluish : stamens and style usually very much exserted : calyx-lobes linear or linear-spatulate, not twice the length of the oval or oblong-oval capsule. — Bot. Eeg. t. 1696 ; Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 360; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3703. Sandy or gravelly banks of streams, &c., throughout the western part of the State. Generally well marked by its much dissected Tansy-like foliage, which gives the specific name : this is particularly applicable to the foim called by Thurber var. tenuifolia (Bot. Mex. Bound. 143), a very fine-leaved state. 8. P. ramosissima, Dougl. Divergently branched or straggling, below merely pubescent or hispid, above hispid and commonly glandular-viscid : leaves pinnately 5 - 7-divided or parted into oblong or even linear pinnatihd-incised divisions : spikes clustered and elongating little in age, the short pedicels soon horizontal : stamens and style moderately exserted : calyx-lobes from linear or spatulate to obovate, more than twice the length of the almost globular capsule. — Benth. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 280 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 80. P. taiiacetifolia, var. latifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. Var. hispida, Gray, 1. c. Conspicuously bearded with long and white spreading bristles, like Borrage, especially the spikes, which are more open and racemose in fruit, sometimes elongated : calyx-lobes from narrow spatulate-linear to more broadly spatulate, in fruit sometimes half an inch long. Dry ground, apparently from San Francisco Bay to the southern limits of the State, and in all the dry regions east of the crests of the Sierra Nevada, whence it ranges far northward and southward, passing into the foregoing. The var. hispida, a striking and less known Ibmi, if not distinct species, occurs from Santa Barbara southward, Nuttall, Xantus, Torrcy, Cleveland. 9. P. ciliata, Benth. 1. c. A span or two high, resembles depauperate or low forms of the two preceding with less dissected foliage : leaves rarely divided but much incised or cleft and toothed : spikes simple or in pairs, at length loosely-flowered, the short pedicels ascending in fruit : stamens and commonly the style not surpass- ing the more open or almost rotate corolla : calyx-lobes from linear-lanceolate to ovate, thin, bristly only or chiefly along their edges (whence the specific name). Near the coast, from San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento southward. The included stamens, if constant, should mark this species. P. PHYLLOMANICA, Gray, is a remarkiible new species of this subdivision, most peculiar in having all or a part of the sepals pinnatifid or trifid and foliaceous ; and the pubescence is very soft. It was discovered on Guadalupe Island, Lower California, by Dr. E. Palmer. § 2. Ovules and seeds several or numerons to each placenta, the latter not transversely corrugated: tube of the corolla appendaged with 10 internal vertical plates or lamellce in pairs. — Eutoca, Gray. [JEutoca, R. Brown.) * Stamens and style capillary and much longer than the open-campamdate corolla. -t- Perennial, silky-pubescent or canescent : leaves once to thrice jnnnatifid. 10. P. sericea, Gray. A span or two high : stems simple, rather leafy : leaves with numerous narrow and mostly linear lobes : flowers much crowded in a narrow spike-like cluster : corolla violet-blue or sometimes whitish, cleft to the middle, persistent in fruit around the base of the ca])sule (as in no other species) ; the in- ternal appendages oblong and free from the stamens : style 2-cleft at the apex only : seeds 12 to 18, ribbed and reticulated. — Amer. Jour. Science (1862), xxxiv. 254; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 252. Eutoca sericea, Graham ; Bot. Mag. t. 3003. In the higher mountains of Nevada (as well as in the Rocky Mountains), also in tlie south- eastern borders of Oregon, and thence northward ; therefore probably in the northern sierras of California. Phacdia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 509 -{- -{- Perennials, tvith soft and not bristly pubescence : corolla short-campanulate, with very large and broad internal appendages united in pairs to or across the base of the Jilajnent : leaves all p)€tioled : stems nearly simple: flowers cymose-clustered. 11. P. hydrophylloides, Torr. A span or two high from a thickened root or rootstock, canescently pubescent, above hirsute and glandular : leaves silky-pubes- cent both sides, ovate or rhombic (an inch or two long), obtuse, incisely few-toothed or lobed, or the lowest lyrate, having one or two nearly .separate small basal lobes : flowers in a glomerate pedunculate cyme, the short spikes of which hardly lengthen : corolla violet or whitish : anthers short-linear : style almost 2-parted : capsule about the length of the slightly hispid calyx, short-pointed, 6 - 8-seeded. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, & x. 323. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, in the higher sierras, from Mariposa to Sierra Counties, Brewer, Bolander, Lcmmon, &e. Has the aspect of a U ydrophyllum, whence the name. 12. P. procera, Gray, 1. c. Several feet high, minutely soft-pubescent, glan- dular at summit : leaves green and membranaceous, 2 to 5 inches long, ovate- lanceolate and ovate, acute, mostly incised-pinnatitid or cleft ; the lobes 2 to 4 pairs and acute : spikes in a 2-parted or crowded cyme, somewhat lengthened when old : corolla white or bluish : anthers oblong : style cleft hardly to the middle : calyx not at all hispid : capsule nearly blunt, 10- 1 8-seeded. Mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada, at 4,000 to 5,000 feet, in Nevada and Sierra Counties, Bolander, Lemmon. -H -i- -f- Annual, bristly hispid, branching. 13. P. loasaefolia, Torr. A foot high, very hispid with long and spreading bristly hairs (as in P. malvcefolia, which it resembles), also viscid-pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower almost cordate, more or less pinnatifid and the lobes incisely toothed : spikes rather crowded : corolla whitish, a little longer than the calyx-lobes ; the semi-cordate broad internal appendages auriculate-inflexed at the base, where they are united with the base of the filament, free and pointed at the apex : ovules 12 to 18. — Eutoca loasaefolia, Beuth. 1. c. Near Monterey, Douglas, Parry. Seldom collected and little known ; in aspect between P. malvafolia and P. rarnosissima. * * Stamens equalling or slightly exceeding the rotate-campanulate corolla. +■ Appendages of the corolla large, semi-obovate, the pairs united at base before the base of the filament : root perennial ? 14. P. Bolanderi, Gray. Hispid with slender bristles, above viscid-pubescent: stem stout, a foot or two high, loosely branched : lower and radical leaves lyrate and oblong in outline, at base usually with one or two pairs of small and incised lateral divisions ; the terminal division and the short-petioled upper leaves ovate or oval (2 or 3 inches long), coarsely lobed or toothed, truncate or subcordate at base : cymes once to thrice forked, the divisions racemose : corolla large (almost an inch in diameter), white ; its internal appendages almost as broad as long : anthers ob- long : style cleft to near the middle : ovules 40 or 50 on each dilated placenta : capsule ovate, acute, many-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322. Mendocino Co., on Cottonaby Creek, 20 miles north of Noyo, Bolander. A striking and pe- culiar species, allied in most respects to No. 10 and 11, in others to P. loasoifolia ; but the stamens and style slightly if at all longer than the lobes of the ample and almost rotate corolla. It is uncertain if the root is perennial, -{- -{- Ajjpendages of the corolla long and narrow, free from, the filaments : calyx-lobes linear : style 2-cleft at apex : annuals, a span to a foot high. 15. P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hirsute or pubescent : stem simple or corymbose at summit : leaves once or twice pinnately divided or parted into numerous short 510 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacdia. oblong or linear lobes ; the lower petioled ; the upper sessile and less divided : flowers cymose-clustered : corolla pale blue or nearly white : capsule about the length of the calyx : ovules 40 or more : seeds minu.tely alveolate in vertical lines. — Eutoca Franklinii, K. Brown in Frankl. Jour. App.- 1. 27 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2985. Southwestern borders of Idaho, and therefore likely to occur in the northeastern borders of California : extends northeastward to Lake Superior and Bear Lake. IG. P. Menziesii, Torr. Cinereous-pubescent, and above mostly roughish-hir- sute or even hispid, at length paniculately branched : leaves usually sessile, linear or lanceolate and entire, or some of them cleft into 2 to 5 linear or lanceolate entire divisions or lobes : inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, the spikes or spike-like racemes at length elongated and strict : corolla bright violet, varying to white : capsule shorter than the calyx : ovules 12 to 16 : seeds oblong, reticulate-])itted. — Hydro- phylium lineare, Pursh., Fl. i. 134. Eutoca Menziesii, R. Brown, 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 37G2. E. viultijiora, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1180. Common in open ground through the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, thence to Utah, Brit- ish Columbia, &c. It is veryrfloriferous and handsome ; the corolla usually deep violet, half to three fourths of an inch in diameter. * * * Stamens shorter than the corolla [in No. 20, 21, sometimes equalling it) : inflorescence spiciform or racemose. -t- Leaves pinnatifid, elongated-ohlong or spatidate ; the lobes short and obtuse : appen- dages of the corolla narrow and nearly free from the filaments. ++ Flowers (small) in at length elongated spikes. 1 7. P. brachyloba, Gray. A foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, above viscid-glandular : leaves short-petioled ; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or obtusely few- toothed : spikes solitary or in pairs, slender : flowers very short-pedicelled : lobes of the campanulate nearly white corolla about half the length of the tube : style 2-cleft above the middle : capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, thin, shorter than the calyx : seeds 6 or fewer to each placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324. Eidoca brachyloba, Benth. 1. c. Near Monterey and Santa Barbara, in open ground, Douglas, Brewer, Torrcy. ++ ++ Flowers loosely racemose and long-pedicelled : stems low or diffuse, a span or less high : leaves mainly at or near the base. 18. P. Douglasii, Torr. Pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs : leaves elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into sev- eral or numerous pairs of lobes ; the terminal lobe hardly larger than the others and not parallel-veined : calyx-lobes spatulate : corolla open-cam panulate, rather large : ovules 12 to 14 on each dilated placenta: capsule ovate, mucronate. — Exdoca Doug- lasii, Benth. 1. c. Open grounds, rather common from Monterey southward. In aspect considerably resembling Netnophila insignis. Pedicels an inch or less in length, spreading. Corolla half an inch high, and proportionally broad when expanded. 19. P. Davidsonii, Gray, 1. c. Low and depressed : hoary with appressed hir- sute hairs and a minute close pubescence : leaves deeply pinnatifid into one or two pairs of triangular entire lateral lobes, and a much larger oblong or lanceolate termi- nal one, the conspicuous veins of which are nearly parallel, or some upper leaves entire : racemes few-flowered : calyx-lobes oblanceolate or linear : corolla small (3 lines long), violet-colored : ovules 8 or 10 to each placenta. Kern Co., Califoniia, Prof. Davidson. In aspect resembling the species of the next section and P. humilis, but with the long pedicels of the preceding ; the llowers much smaller. +■ -(- Leaves entire, or the lower rarely 1 — 2-lobed, not cordate, the veins parallel or converging as in P. circinata : no glandular pubescence : calyx hirsute or hispid Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 511 vnth long spreading liairs . appendages of corolla united to the base of the fila- ments. 20. P. circinatifonuis, Gray. Erect, a span high, hispid and puberulent : leaves ovate and oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously parallel -veined, somewhat strigose : racemes or spikes dense : corolla naiTOw, almost funnelform, little longer than the calyx, apparently pale or white, much surpassing the stamens : ovules about 4 to each placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 325. Eutoca phacelioides, Benth. 1. c. Califoniia, Douglas ; only known in Ms collection, probably from Monterey. Has the aspect of a small form of P. circinata. 21. P. curvipes, Torr. Diifuse, 3 or 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent : leaves oval or lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender petiole : racemes simple, soon loose ; the lower pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla open-campanidate, violet or blue: style 2-cleft to the middle: ovules 8 or 10 to each placenta. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 252. Eastern foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada ( Wat,s(m\ extending to Owens Valley, Dr. Horn. Re- sembles P. humilis. Pedicels a quarter to half an inch long, even the lowest not commonly deflexed and then upturned ; so that the name is seldom applicable. Corolla 3 lines long : the hispid calyx in fruit 4 or 5 lines long. 22. P. divaricata, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less hirsute and pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occa- sionally 1 - 2-toothed or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards : spikes or racemes at length loose : the pedicels usually much shorter than the calyx : style 2-cleft at the apex : corolla open-campanulate, pretty large (three fourths of an inch in diam- eter when expanded), violet : ovules 1 2 to 20 on each placenta. — Eutoca divaricata, Benth.; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1784; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3706. E. Wrangeliana, Fischer & Meyer ; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 362, a form with leaves inclined to be 1 - 2-lobed or toothed. Common about Sau Francisco Bay, &c. : a showy species in cultivation. -i- -t- -t- Leaves entire or crenate-lohed, roundish ; the veins divergent, mostly obscure : pubescence glandular, not at all hispid: appendages of the narrow-campanulate white corolla nearly free from the unequal filaments : flowers small (only about 2 lines long) in a loose raceme. 23. P. pusilla, Torr. 1. c. Only 2 or 3 inches high, slender : leaves roundish- oval or oblong, entire, seldom half an inch long : flowers few on filiform pedicels : capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and slightly pointed, 18-24-seeded. Under sage-brush and junipers, east of the Sierra Nevada, extending to the borders of Califor- nia, fVafson. 24. P. rotundifolia, Torr. 1. c. Diffusely branched, slender, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves thin, round-cordate, crenately 7-13-toothed or somewhat lobed, much shorter than the petiole : flowers on pedicels shorter than the calyx-lobes : style obscurely 2-cleft at the apex: capsule oval-oblong, abruptly pointed, 60-100- seeded. Southeastern borders of California (on the Mohave, &c. Cooper) to Southern Utah. Leaves half an inch or less in diameter, nearly palmately veined. § 3. Seeds (several or numerous) transversely corrugated : otherwise as in § 2. Low annuals : stamens unequal and shorter than the corolla : style 2-cleft only at the tip. — MiCROGENETES, Gray. (Microgenetes, A. DC.) * Corolla almost, rotate, the tube being shorter than the lobes : the internal appendages 10 transverse callous ridges just beloiv the throat, remote from tlie stamens. 25. P. micrantha, Torr. Slender and delicate herb, branching and spreading or procumbent, slightly hirsute and glandular : leaves thin, pinnately parted into 512 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacelia. 5 to 9 obovate or oblong mostly entire divisions ; the upper with dilated and some- times auricled and partly clasping base ; the lower with margined petiole : racemes geminate or panicled, very loose : pedicels as long as calyx : corolla blue with yel- lowish tube (barely 2 lines broad), little surpassing -the spatulate enlarging calyx- lobes : capsule globular, 20 - 24-seeded : seeds cylindraceous, incurved, very deeply rugose transversely and tuberculate. — Eot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, Proc Am Acad. x. 327. Along the Rio Colorado {Parry, Bigelow), and eastward through S. Arizona to the Rio Grande. « * Corolla funnelform or cylindraceous ; the internal appendaxjes vertical, long and narrow, united more or less extensively to the base of the filaments : style mc/re or less hairy below : leaves pinnaiifid and with naked petioles : seeds finely reticulated as well as coarsely rugose. {^Phacelia § Euglypta, Watson.) -«- Corolla white or pale purple, little longer than the calyx. 26. P. Ivesiana, Torr. A span high, diffusely branched from the base, hir- sute-pubescent and glandular : leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or oblong divisions, rarely twice pinnatifid : racemes loose, 6-20-flowered : appendages of the corolla almost free from the iilament : calyx-lobes linear : capsule oblong, 16 -24-seeded. — Bot. Ives Colorado Exp. 21. Arizona from the borders of California {Ives), Southern Nevada, and Utah. •<- -t- Corolla conspicuously longer than the calyx ; the limb mostly bright purple or violet-blue ; the throat and tube whitish or yellowish. 27. P. Fremontii, Torr. 1. c. A span to a foot high, much branched from the base, viscid-puberulent : leaves simply pinnatifid into 7 to 15 obovate or short- oblong mostly entire lobes : flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in an elongating spike : funnelform corolla (3 to 5 lines long) fully twice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes ; the appendages united below to the filament : capsule oblong, 20 - 30- seeded. From Kern County through Western Arizona and Southern Nevada to Southern Utah. 28. P. bicolor, Torr. Diffusely branched from tlie base, barely a span higli, viscid-pubescent : leaves twice pinnately parted or merely pinnatifid into small short-linear or oblong lobes: racemes or spikes loosely 10-20-flowered : funnelform corolla (5 to 7 lines long) about thrice the length of the almost linear calyx-lobes ; the long and narrow appendages united for more than half their length with the filament, forming a narrow tubular cavity behind it : capsule oval-oblong, about 16-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 255. Eastern portion of tlie Sierra Nevada (Sierra Co., Lemmon, &c.), and adjacent parts of Nevada, first collected by Dr. Anderson. The largest-flowered of these species ; the rather showy corolla purple, with a yellowish tube and eye. 29. P. gymnoclada, Torr. 1. c. Branched from the base, low, somewhat viscid- pubescent; the primary branches decumbent, long and naked below: leaves obovate, oyal, or oblong, obtusely toothed or almost pinnatifid, mostly shorter than the petiole : spikes several-flowered : the short-funnelform corolla (3 or 4 lines lonj.) not twice the length of the obscurely spatulate and hirsute calyx-lobes (its appen- dages as in the preceding) : capsule oval, or oblong, 5-1 6-seeded. Truckee Pass and Winnemucca, Watson, Lemmon. Therefore probably within the eastern border of California. Lemmon's specimens are better developed than Watson's, without such long naked branches from the root ; the ovules about 12, only 4 or 5 ripening into pretty large seeds : the capsule oval or elliptical. 30. P. crassifolia, Torr. 1. c. Diffusely branched, 3 or 4 inches high, viscid- pubescent : leaves thickish and rather fleshy, roughish, half an inch or less long, oblong-ovate, tapering into a short petiole, the lower with some short blunt teeth, Phacdia. HYDROPHYLLACE^ 513 the upper entire : racemes loosely few-flowered ; short pedicels spreading : funnel- form corolla (3 or 4 lines long) fully twice the length of the linear calyx-lobes ; the appendages small and obscure : capsule ovoid, 6 - 8-seeded. — Watson, 1. c. Reese River Valley, Nevada, Watson. Not unlikely to be also Californian. § 4. Like § 2, hut no appendages loithin the rotate-campanulate corolla or on the hose of the filaments : ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated placentae^ the latter pitted : very glandular annuals. — Gymnobythus, Gray. 31. P. viscida, Torr, A foot or two high, branching and hirsute at base, very glandular-viscitl above : leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly and irregularly toothed or incised, an inch or two long : flowers in loose racemes : corolla deep blue with purple or pale centre (sometimes wliite), from 6 to 10 lines broad, about the length of the very slender filaments : style 2-parted : capsule ovate, abruptly pointed. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143 ; Gray, 1. c. Eidoca viscida, Benth. in Bot. Keg. t. 1808; Bot. Mag. t. 3572. Cosmanthus {Gymnobythus) viscidus, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 296. Var. albiflora, Gray {Eutoca albiftora, Kutt.), is a white-iiowered form, other- "wise similar. Open grounds near the coast, from Santa Barbara southward. 32. P. grandiflora, Gray, 1. c. Very like the preceding, perhaps more hispid at the base of the stem ; but the light blue or white almost rotate corolla about double the size. — Eutoca grandiflora, Benth, 1. c. E. speciosa, Nutt. PL Gamb. 158, Cosmanthus [Gymnobythus) grandiflorus, A. DC. 1. c. Santa Barbara to San Diego, Douglas, Nuttall, Pecklmm, Cleveland, &c, § 5. Like § 4, but vtith a small truncate or emarginate scale adnate to the inner base of each capillary exserted filament: style 2-cleft above the middle: corolla either oblong-cavipanulate or open-campamdate : glandidar annuals. — Whitlavia, Gray. * Corolla open-campanulate : ovules and seeds not very numerous. 33. P. Panyi, Torr. 1. c. A span or two high, hireute or even hispid as well as glandular-viscid : leaves ovate, irregularly doubly toothed or laciniate, or the lowest pinnately parted, the upper cauline longer than their petioles : racemes very loose, at length elongated : pedicels widely spreading, slender (from half to a full inch long) : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet with a yellowish or white 5-rayed eye, half an inch long, about twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes : filaments bearded, a little exserted : ovules 20 or 30 to each placenta. Near San Diego and Los Angeles, Parry, Cooper, &c. 34. P. longipes, Torr. Apparently low, slender, loosely branched, glandular and slightly hispid (base of the stem iinknown) : cauline leaves round-oval or cordate, coarsely and obtusely 5 - 8-toothed (half an inch long), shorter than their petioles : racemes very loose : corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white, 5-cleft to the middle, nearly twice the length of the spatu late-linear sparsely hispid calyx-lobes: style rather deeply 2-cleft: ovules only 8 or 10 to each placenta: seeds few. — Gray, 1. c. 322. Santa Barbara Co., Torrey. No one else has yet met with it. * * Corolla oblong-campamdate, the tube cylindraceous-ventricose : ovules and seeds very numerous on tlie dilated placentae. — ( Whitlavia, Harvey.) 35. P. Whitlavia, Gray. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular : leaves ovate or deltoid, obtusely and incisely toothed, longer than the petiole : raceme loose and elongating : tube of the violet (or rarely white) corolla an inch or so long, twice or thrice the length of the rounded lobes and of the narrow calyx-lobes : stamens conspicuously exserted. — Whitlavia grandiflora, Harv, in 514 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Emmenanthe. Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 312, t. 11 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4813. W. minor, Harvey, 1. c, a depauperate form. Los Angeles to San Bernardino, Coulter, Wallace, Antiscll, &c. Prized in cultivation, as are several of the foregoing species. 6. EMMENANTHE, Benth. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the divisions similar. Corolla campanulate, yellow or cream-colored, persistent. Otherwise as in Pliacelia § Eutoca & Microgenetes. Low Californian annuals. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. x. 328. Emmenanthe & Miltitzia, A. DC. § 1. Resembling Pliacelia § Microgenetes: seeds more or less rugose transve7'sely : flowers small : calyx-lobes broader uj^wards. — Miltitzia, Gray. (Miltitzia, A. DC.) « Corolla bright yellow, merely 5-lobed, exceeding or at least equalling the calyx both in floiver and in fruit, withering-persistent and enclosing the capsule ; tlie tube within mostly with 10 narrow appendages : style persistent : Jierbage pubescent. 1. E. parviflora, Gray. Low and depressed, rather densely pubescent, viscid : leaves deeply pinnatitid : flowers spicate-crowded, very short-pedicelled : corolla not longer than the almost linear sepals : style hardly longer than the 20 - 40-ovuled ovary. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 85, t. 15, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 328. Shore of Lake Klamath, Oregon, Neivberry. Therefore probably extending into the northern borders of California. 2. E. lutea, Gray, 1. c. Diff"use, minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid but slightly if at all glandular : leaves oblong or obovate, incisely few-toothed or pin- natifid : flowers rather crowded in short racemes : corolla (3 lines long) surpassing the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes :- style flliform, much longer than the about 12- ovuled ovary. — E. parviflora, "Watson, Bot. King Exp. 257, not of Gray. Eutoca lutea, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, & Ic. PI. t. 354. Miltitzia lutea, A. DC. Northeastern part of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Watson, &c.), and through Nevada to the borders of Idaho. 3. E. glandulifera, Torr. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high, diffuse, glandular as well as viscid : leaves small (half an inch or less in length), oblong or spatulate, incisely few-toothed, or the upper entire : flowers numerous in slender spikes or racemes : corolla narrowly campanulate, exceeding the linear calyx-lobes : style fili- form : ovules 6 to 12. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 257. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, at Carson City, on the borders of California, Anderson, Wat- son. Corolla 2 lines long ; no appendages detected. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding. « * Corolla apparently nearly white, 5-cleft, usually shorter than the calyx and cap- sule ; internal appendages not manifest : leaves rather fleshy and entire, tapering into a petiole : capsule 8 — 10-seeded. 4. E. glaberrima, Torr. 1. c. Wholly glabrous and glandless, stout and some- what succulent, a span or less high, diffusely decumbent : leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate (half an inch or more long), some of the lower occasionally 2 — 4-toothed : flowers few or several in short or at length elongated spikes or strict racemes ; pedi- cels short and appressed : corolla not exceeding the thick spatulate or oblong calyx- lobes, hardly surpassing the glabrous ovary, rather shorter than the firm-coriaceous capsule, which is pointed with the indurated base of the style. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 257 ; Gray, 1. c. Low saline ground, Humboldt Sink and Reese Valley, Nevada, Watson, on whose authority it is said to be the "Eutoca arctioidrs" of the Botany of the Ives Colorado Expedition. Not yet found within California, but may be expected. Fruiting calyx and capsule 2^ lines long, thick, tardily dehiscent. Tricar dia. HYDKOPHYLLACE^. 515 5. C pusilla, Gray. Soft-pubescent, an inch or two high, erect, at length branclied from the base : leaves oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, 2 to 5 lines long and with slender petiole of equal length : flowers 3 to 7, scattered in a filiform loose raceme, the primary one scapiform ; pedicels spreading : corolla about half the leugth of the linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes and also of the ovoid very obtuse and pointless capsule : style very short and deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad, xi. 87. Northwestern Nevada, Watson (young specimens, taken for a state of Phacelia pusilla), also Zeminon. Calyx in blossom one line, in fruit 2 lines long. Corolla apparently white, persistent, investing the base of the capsule. Seeds strongly corrugated. § 2. Larger, with loose panicled racemes : seeds coarsely pitted : calyx-lobes broader doivnivard : style deciduous : corolla cream-colored, with short roanded lobes, destitute of appendages. — Emmenanthe proper. 6. E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous-pubesceut, some- wliat viscid : leaves pinnatifid; the lobes numerous, short, somewhat toothed or incised : pedicels filiform, at base sometimes bracted, as long as the at length nod- ding flowers : filaments almost free from the broadly campauulate unwithering corolla : ovules about 16. Open ground, not rare from Lake Co. to San Diego, extending east to Southern Utali. Flowers handsome : corolla almost half an inch long. Seeds a line long. 7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes very narrow and similar. Corolla funnelform, not appendaged, deciduous. Stamens unequally inserted more or less high on the tube of the corolla : filaments slender. Style 2-cleft at apex, sometimes nearly entire : stigmas capitellate. Ovary and capsule 2-ceUed, 10 - 20-seeded. Seeds with a thin and translucent coat, nearly smooth, the sides obscurely rugose or excavated when mature. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 256 ; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. X. 329. Eutoca (1) sect. Conanthus, A. DC. 1 . C. aretioides, Watson, 1. c. A small and depressed winter-annual, repeatedly forked from the very base, two or three inches high, soon forming a matted tuft, hirsute-hispid, flowering copiously a long time : leaves spatulate-linear (an inch or less long) : flowers sessile in the forks, half an inch long : corolla with a nar- row tube and rather ample limb, purple. — Eutoca aretioides. Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 374 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 355. Dry eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and adjacent portions of the interior region, from Oregon to Arizona. Plant with mostly the characters of Nama, except the united styles. Stamens and style varying in length and height of insertion, apparently from dimorphism. 8. TRICARDIA, Torr. Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar, three outer ample and round-cordate, thin- herbaceous, enlarging and becoming scarious and reticulated with age ; the two inner small and linear. Corolla broadly campanulate, deciduous ; internal appen- dages 10 narrow plaits, free and rather distant from the unequal filaments. Style 2-cleft. Ovary glabrous, incompletely 2-celled : ovules 4 to each placenta. Flowers racemose, rather few : corolla purplish. — S. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 258, t. 24. 1. T. Watsoni, Torr. in Bot. King, 1. c. A low perennial, branched from the base, a span high, cottony-pubescent, but nearly glabrous when old : leaves all alter- nate, entire ; the radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate (one or two inches long) and tapering into a margined petiole; the upper much smaller and more 516 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Romanzoffia. oblong, short-petioled or sessile : pedicels recurved in fruit : the enlarged heart- shaped sepals much longer than the ovate pointed 8-seeded capsule : stamens and style included. Truckee Pass, &c., Nevada, Watson, Probably extending to the California line. 9. BOMANZOPFIA, Cham. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes similar. Corolla more or less funnelform, not appendaged within, deciduous. Stamens inserted on the base of the tube of the corolla, unequal. Style undivided, filiform : stigma small, entire. Ovary and the retuse capsule 2-celled or nearly so. Ovules and pitted-reticulated seeds numerous, on narrow-linear jilacentse. — Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect of Saxifrages : the leaves mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, cre- iiately 7-11-lobed, long-petioled : the scapes or flowering stems racemosely or pa- uiculately and loosely several-flowered. Corolla pink or purple, varying to white, delicately veiny. A genus of two species, the original one, R. Uhalaschkcnsis of Chamisso, found only on Una- laska and adjacent islands. 1. R. Sitchensis, Bongard. Slender filiform rootstocks bearing small grain-like tubers : scapes weak, a span long : pedicels spreading and longer than the flowers : calyx-lobes glabrous, oblong-linear or lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla, a little shorter than the capsule : style long and slender. — Veg. Sitka, 41, t. 4 : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6109. In shady woods along the Coast Range, especially in redwoods, from Santa Cruz northward ; extending to Alaska. 10. HESPEROCHIEON, S. Watson. Calyx 5-parted, rarely 6 - 7-parted, and the lanceolate or linear lobes sometimes unequal. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-cleft, rarely 6 - 7-cleft, deciduous. Sta- mens inserted on the base of the tube of the corolla, unequal, included : filaments subulate. Ovary partly one-celled, tapering into a short style, which is barely 2-cleft at the tip : stigmas minute. Ovules numerous, on dilated placentee, borne on incomplete semi-dissepiments. Capsule loculicidal, 15 - 20-seeded. — Dwarf and stemless perennials or possibly biennials, soft-pubescent ; with spatulate or oblong entire leaves on margined petioles, and from their axils naked one-flowered scapes, of about the same length, bearing a solitary purplish or nearl}'^ Avhite flower. Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary : seeds rather large, and with a somewhat fleshy minutely reticulated coat. — Bot. King Exp. 281, t. 30 ; Gray, 1. c. 330. An anomalous genus, but probably of this order, peculiar to California, Oregon, and the adja- cent interior region. Only one species has been found in California, and it is doubtful if the second is distinct. 1. H. Californicus, Watson, 1. c. Leaves co])ious in a rosulate tuft (an inch or two long, besides the petiole into which the blade abruptly contracts or gradually tapers) : corolla oblong-campanulate ; its lobes shorter than the tube. — Ourisia Californica, Benth. PI. liartw. 327. U. latif alius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. V. 44, a large state. Hills and meadows of the Sierra Nevada, from the Yosemite northward to "Washington Territory, and east to Nevada and Utah. Corolla from 5 to 8 or 9 lines long : the lobes oblong. Nama. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 517 H. PUMTLUS, Porter {Villarsia immila, Dougl. ; Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 70, t. 157), has fewer leaves from a more slender rootstock, and a nearly rotate corolla with lobes longer than the tube, this densely bearded within. It gi'ows in springy or marshy ground, in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Northern Utah (near Ogden, Haijden), &c. 11. NAMA, Linn. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform; the tube destitute of internal appendages. Stamens often unequal, and unequally inserted, included. Styles 2, distinct to the base : stigmas somewhat capitate. Capsule thin, completely or incompletely 2-celled by the meeting or approximation in the axis of the two thin and dilated placentae, 2-valved ; the valves entire. Seeds usu- ally numerous. — Low herbs or suffrutescent plants ; with entire leaves, and purple, bluish, or white flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 337, viii. 282, & x. 330. The species are all American, excepting one in the Sandwich Islands, most numerous near and in Mexico. Of the seven known within the United States four inhabit California ; and a fifth, N. stenocarpum, Gray, common on the southern border of Arizona (and well marked by its almost linear capsule) may yet be found near the southeastern frontiers of our State. § 1. Annuals, pubescent or hirsute : flowers terminal and lateral or in the forks, short- j^eduncled or sessile : seeds with a thin and translucent close coat. 1. N. hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, hirsute or hispid : leaves liuear-spatulate, most of the upper ones sessile : flowers lateral and solitary, or 3 to 5 in terminal and one-sided nearly bractless clusters: sepals narrow- linear, hardly if at all broadened upward, shorter than the purple corolla : capsule narrowly oblong, 30-40-seeded : seeds nearly smooth. Along the Rio Colorado (mostly a low form, with soft pubescence, and occasionally 3 or 4 styles and placentfe ! ), thence east to Texas. 2. N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf and depressed, commonly 2 or 3 inches high, pubescent, hirsute, or sometimes rather hispid : leaves linear-spatulate, all or most of them tapering into a petiole : flowers subsessile in the forks : sepals very narrow- linear, not at all broader upward, usually much shorter than the bright purple or "crimson" corolla: capsule sliort- oblong, 10 - 16-seeded. Interior desert region, from the Rio Colorado and the Mohave, tlirough "W. Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, to Washington Territory. Flowers showy, as in Conantkm, wliich it much resembles (but that has the styles united into one) : corolla 4 or 5 or even 6 lines long : filaments veiy unequally inserted, somewhat subulate. Seeds much larger and fewer than in the preceding. 3. N. Coulteri, Gray. A span high, difl'usely branched, hirsute-pubescent and somewhat viscid : leaves short, oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole : flowers short-pedicelled in the forks : sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not half the length of tlie narrow funnelform corolla : capsule narrowly oblong, 50 - 60-seeded : seeds obscurely wrinkled or pitted. No. 463 of the Califomian collection of Coulter ^ not since found ; perhaps really collected in Ai'izona or Mexico. § 2. Svffruticose, silky-woolly : flowers clustered : ovary and styles hirsute, 4. N. Lobbii, Gray. Depressed and procumbent, forming broad matted tufts ; the older stems woody and rigid : leaves narrowly spatulate or linear, tapering to a nearly sessile base, an inch or two long ; the younger ones white with the soft vil- lous wool ; the older becoming naked and their margins revolute, more or less per- sistent : flowers clustered in the upper axils and at the summit : se{)als very slender, more than half the length of the funnelform purj)le corolla (this half an inch long). On rocks, &c., not rare in the northern part of the Sien-a Nevada, first collected by Lobb. Fruit not yet seen. 518 BORRAGINACE^. Eriodidyon. 12. ERIODICTYON, Benth. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes or sepals not broader upwards. Corolla funnel- form or approaching campanulate or salverform. -Stamens more or less included. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; their tips or the stigmas clavate-capitate. Capsule crustaceous, small, globose-ovate and pointed, 2-celled and with dilated placentae, 4-valved, i. e. at first loculicidal in the manner of the tribe, then septicidal, thus splitting into four hard and thick half-valves, closed by a portion of the partition on one side and partly open on the other. Ovules rather numerous, but seeds few. — Low shrubs (CaUfornian, &c.) ; the leaves alternate, of rigid coriaceous texture, pinnately veined and with finely reticulated veinlets conspicuous on a fine woolly ground (whence the generic name), at least underneath, their margins beset with rigid teeth, the base tapering into more or less of a petiole. Flowers in scorpioid cymes collected in a terminal panicle : corolla violet or purple, varying to white. Filaments variably adnate to the tube of the corolla, sometimes almost up to the throat. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 35. 1. Zi. tomentosum, Benth. White or in age rusty-colored with a dense coat of short villous down, G to 10 feet high ; branches leafy to the top : leaves oblong or oval, very rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long) : calyx and corolla villous, the latter somewhat salverform and about twice the length of the former. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 148. E. crassifolium & E. tomentosum, Benth. 1. c. San Gabriel and Fort Tejon to San Diego, &c. Corolla hardly half an inch long. 2. Ii. glutinosum, Benth. Smoothish, glutinous with a resinous exudation, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves (3 to 6 inches long) lanceolate, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute close woolliness, glabrous above : cymes in a long naked panicle : corolla tubular-funnelform, thrice the length of the sparsely and slightly hairy calyx. — Wigandia Californica, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 364, t. 88. Dry hills ; common through the western and southern portion of the State. Corolla half an inch long. Infusion of the balsamic-resiniferous leaves in spirit used as a tonic. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Nutt. PL Gamb. {E. glutinosum, var. angiistifolium, Torr.), is found only in the interior, from S. Nevada and Utah to the adjacent borders of New Mexico. It is barely distinguished from E. glutinosum by its linear leaves with revolute margins, and almost camjjan- ulate corolla only 2 or 3 lines long. Order LXV. BORRAGINACE^. Mostly roughish-pubescent herbs, with colorless and inert juice, alternate entire leaves without stipules, scorpioid inflorescence, and perfect regular 5-androus flowers; the ovary of 4 lobes or divisions around a central style, ripening into seed-like nutlets, or when undivided 4-celled and 4-ovuled and splitting into nutlets (if drupaceous containing seed-like stones). Calyx free, 5-parted or 5-cleft, persist- ent. Corolla with a 5-lobed limb, commonly imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with the lobes ; an- thers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovules solitary, anatropous, amphitropous, or almost orthotropous ; tlie orifice and the radicle of the straight embryo (mostly with- out albumen) always superior or when the nutlets are horizontal centripetal, or in one anomalous genus inferior in an erect nutlet. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. BORRAGnTACE^. 519 The one-sided and coiled apparent spikes or racemes straighten as the blossoms develop : these sometimes scattered : bracts frequently wanting. Echium, an Old World genus with irregular corolla and stamens, has not reached California (altliough the common species is naturalized in the United States) : nor are there any of the first and second tribes with flashy or berry-like drupaceous fruit ; these belonging mainly to tropical regions. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 48. A rather large order, of wide distribution, comprising between 60 and 70 genera, of no economi- cal imiwrtance, except that the roots of several yield a red dye, and those of Coiufrey were of re- pute in popular medicine as a demulcent, while some, such as Heliotropes and Forget-me-nots, are cultivated for ornament. Although the Califoniiau genera are hardly more numerous than those of the Atlantic States, the species are twice as many. As in the foregoing order, the scorpioid flower-clustei"s are termed spikes or racemes, although the flowers are not in the axils of the bracts, when these are present. EcuiDiocAiiYA AuizoNicA, Gray, a new genus of a single species from the middle of Arizona, is doubtless wholly out of our range. The asjject of the plant is wholly that of an Eritrichimn : but the nutlets are as it were stipitate and iuflexed over the short free style, with the thick and cartilaginous elongated bases or stalks united in paii-s, the whole bearing some likeness to four viper-heads. Tribe I. CORDlEiE. Style tenniual, once or twice forked ; the branches tipped with a simple stigma. Ovary laterally 4-lobed or entire. Generally woody, ours herbaceous. 1. Coldenia. Corolla-lobes imbricated or partly convolute in the bud. Style simply and deeply 2-clelt. Fruit separating into 4 (or by abortion fewer) one-seeded dry nutlets. Tribe II. HELIOTROPIE/E. Style teiminal, sometimes very short or none, entire : stigma a fleshy ring or the margin of a disk, which is mostly sunnounted by a conical appendage. Ovary entire or laterally 2 - l-lobed. Inflorescence unilateral. Herbs or sometimes shrubby plants. 2. Heliotropium. Corolla imbricated in the bud, with the sinuses plaited. Fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded or 2 two-celled and two-seeded nutlets. Tribe III. BORRAGEiE. Style central, entire or nearly so, terminated by a single stigma or pair of stigmas destitute of any appendage, its base surrounded by the divisions of the deeply 4-parted ovary, which in fruit are separate dry nutlets. Inflorescence mostly uni- lateral and scorpioid. Herbs, rarely somewhat shrubby plants, commonly scabrous or hispid. * Nutlets naked in the base of the equal and imchanged calyx. -H Nutlets fixed by their very base to a flat receptacle, erect ; the scar flat and rather small. 3. Lithospermum. Nutlets bony. Flowers leafy-bracted. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud, as in all the following but No. 4. 4. Myosotis. Nutlets thin-crustaceous, smooth. Inflorescence bractless. Corolla-lobes con- volute in the bud. -i- +■ Nutlets fixed by some part of the inner angle or face, either next the base or higher up, to a conical, low-pyramidal, or more elevated receptacle (gynobase), ++ Unarmed and except one species unappendaged, erect. 5. Mertensia. Flowers violet or blue. Nutlets rather fleshy, becoming coriaceous. Smooth or soft-pubescent perennials. 6. Amsinckia. Flowers bright yellow. Nutlets coriaceous or crustaceous, fixed above the base. Cotyledons 4, that is each of the pair 2-parted ! Bristly-hispid annuals. 7. Eritrichium. Flowers in ours white. Nutlets coriaceous or cartilaginous, ovate or tri- angidar. Hirsute or hispid, mostly annuals. ++ ++ Glochiiliate or otherwise armed or prickly nutlets, becoming burs (sticking in the fleece or hair of sheep and cattle) ; calyx open or spreading in fniit : corolla blue or white. 8. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect : the margin surrounded by barbed-tipped prickles. Flow- ers small, in partly bracted racemes or spikes. Annuals or biennials. 9. Cynoglossum. Nutlets becoming dejiressed, oblique or horizontal, all the back covered with short and stout barbed-tipped bristles or prickles, at maturity separating from the receptacle from the base upwards and hanging awhile from the style. Flowers larger, in bractless panicled racemes. Oure jjerennial. 520 BORRAGINACEiE. Coldenia. 10. Pectocarya. Nutlets divergent and horizontal in pairs, oblong, somewhat boat-shaped by a wing-like tootlied or pectinate border, which bears more or less hook-tipped bristles. Flowers very small, white, scattered along leafy branches. * * Fertile nutlet invested by two united and cornute-appehdaged divisions of the very unequal calyx ; the others sterile : seed erect and radicle inferior ! 11. Harpagonella. Fnictiferous portion of the calyx bur-like, about 7-horned, the horns or processes armed with hooked bristles. Flowers very small, scattered along the leafy stem and branches. 1. COLDENIA, Linn. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft (or in one species 4-parted). Corolla short- funnelform or salverform; the lobes rounded and usually between convolute and imbricated in the bud (one lobe wholly exterior). Anthers oval. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigmas small, capitate. Ovary more or less 4-lobed, in fruit forming 4 or fewer one-seeded nutlets. Seeds destitute of albumen : cotyledons thick. — Low herbs or suffrutescent plants, with mostly white small flowers in sessile terminal and lateral clusters. — DC. Prodr. ix. 558 ; Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. v. 340, viii. 292, & x. 48. I'iquilia, Pers. Galapagoa, Hook. f. Stegnocarpiis, Ptilocalyx & Mdya, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. K. Eep. ii. 169. The original species is East Indian and also widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the world ; the sections Stegnocarjms and Ptilocalyx, and also Eddya, inhabit the southern borders of the United States from Arizona or New ^lexico eastward (one of them C. hispidissima, which has narrow and excessively hispid leaves, &c., may approach the eastern borders of our State) ; the section Tiquilia consists of two Western South American species ; and finally ours form the section Tiquiliopsis, characterized by scales or plaits at the base of the corolla- tube, and cotyledons either horseshoe-shaped and surrounding or else entire and incumbent on the radicle. 1. C. Nuttallii, Hook. Annual, prostrate and many times forked, hoary-pubes- cent and sparingly hispid : leaves ovate or roundish, about 2 lines long and on petioles of equal or gi-eater length, marked with 2 or 3 strong veins on each side of the midrib : flowers densely clustered in the forks of the stem : lobes of the 5-parted calyx linear, sparsely hispid, equalling the tube of the pinkish or white corolla : filaments shorter than the anthers, inserted high up on the corolla-tube, at the base of which within are 5 very short adnate scales : style almost 2-parted : nutlets ob- long-ovate, smooth and shining, rather thin, marked with a linear ventral scar : embryo straight : cotyledons elongated horseshoe-form, the 4 long basal lobes almost enclosing the long radicle. — Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot, iii. 296; Watson, Bot, King Exp. 248. Tiquilia hrevifolia, Nutt. in herb.; Torr, Bot. Mex. Bound. 136, & Bot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 411, t. 12 A. Arid plains, along the eastern borders of the State {Anderson, Torrey, &c.), extending through the arid interior district from Washington Territory to Arizona, and eastward to Wyoming Territory. 2. C. Falzneri, Gray. Perhaps perennial and slightly woody at base, Avhitened with a tine and close pubescence, not hispid : branches ascending : leaves obovate or ovate, 2 to 4 lines long and with shorter petioles, strongly marked or lineate by about 6 pairs of straight veins : lobes of the 5-cleft calyx lanceolate, about half the length of the tube of the (bluish) corolla, Avhich bears 5 salient plaits extending upwards quite to the base of the slender filaments : nutlets only one or two ripen- ing, these globular and with a round scar : cotyledons entire and thick, incumbent on the radicle ! — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 247. Tiquilia hrevifolia, xht. plicata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136. Sand-hills, along the Rio Colorado and the lower part of the Mohave, and adjacent parts of Arizona, Cooper, Emory, Schott, Palmer. Mr. Watson found evident albumen ; but in mature seeds there is merely a trace. Heliotropium. BORRAGINACE^. 521 2. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Heliotrope. Turnsole. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnelform or salverform, imbricated and the sinuses plaited in the bud. Stamens included : filaments mostly short or none : anthers connivent and sometimes cohering by their usually acuminate or mucronate tips. Style entire or none : stigma a fleshy ring or the edge of a peltate or umbrella- shaped disk, which is surmounted by a conical, capitate, or subulate often 2-cleft appendage (this obsolete in H. Curassavicuvi). Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit dry, often 4-Iobed, sometimes 2-lobed, splitting into 4 one-seeded or sometimes into 2 two-seeded nutlets. Embryo either straight or curved, commonly surrounded by some albumen. — Herbs or low shrubby plants, with the usually small flowers more commonly spiked and bractless, sometimes accompanied by leafy bracts; the so- called "spikes" one-sided and coiled at the apex, straightening as the blossoms open. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49. A large genus, widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the world, represented in the United States by fully a dozen species, only three of which occur in California, and two of these are of great range. The Sweet Heliotrope of cultivation is Peruvian {H. Pcruvianum, Linn.). H. Indi- cum, Linn., the common representative of the section Tiaridium, Lehm., or He liophy turn, DC. (by these and other authors regarded as a distinct genus), although a common weed of waste giounds in wann-tem[ierate and tropical countries, appears not to have run wild in California. The two following are true Heliotropes, with fruit of i one-seeded nutlets, distinct stamens, flowers in bractless spikes, &c. § 1. Fruit i-lohed, splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets. — True Heliotropium. 1. H. Curassavicum, Linn. A glabrous and somewhat glaucous succulent herb, a span to a foot high, diffiisely spreading : leaves oblanceolate, varying either to linear or to obovate-oblong (an inch or two in length) : spikes mostly either in pairs or twice forked, forming a kind of cyme : flowers crowded, pure white, rather large for the genus : stigma sessile, umbrella-shaped, nearly flat-topped, as broad as the glabrous ovary. Sands of the sea-shore, also in damp saline soil in the interior ; widely spread over the world. Specimens from Tcjoii {UoUirock) apparently have blue flowers ! 2. H. inundatuin, Swartz. Annual, hoary with a fine appressed pubescence, a foot or two high : leaves spatulate-oblong or sometimes oblanceolate, tapering at base into a slender petiole : spikes 2 to 4 in a cluster, filiform : flowers very small and close : corolla only a line long, white : stigma sessile, thick, surmounted by a short blunt cone. California, Coulter (probably on the Rio Colorado) : thence to Texas ; also West Indies, Tropical America, &c. § 2. Fruit 2-fflobose, solid, each lobe or carpel splitting into 2 hemispherical one-seeded nutlets : corolla pretty large : style long : truncate cone of the stigma bearded with a tuft of strong bristles. — Euploca, Gray. {Euploca, Xutt.) 3. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Annual, with diff"use or spreading branches from the base (a span to a foot long), hoary or strigose-hispid : leaves oblong-lance- olate or ovate, petioled : flowers scattered, short-pedicel led, generally opposite the leaves, sweet-scented, opening towards evening : corolla white, with the upper part of the hairy tube somewhat enlarged and the orifice narrowed, and a rotate scarcely lobed but plaited border : anthers with slightly cohering tips. — Mem. Am. Acad, vi. 403 ; Proc. Am. Acad. v. 340, x. 50. Euploca convolvulacea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 189 ; Torr. in Marcy, Eep. t. 15. In white sand near "Soda Lake," Dr. Cooper. Otherwise known only east of the Rocky Mountains, on sandy plains, from Nebraska to Texas. 522 BORRAGINACE^. Lithospermum. 3. LITHOSPERMUM, Toum. Gromwell. Puccoon. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salverform or funnelform ; its lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud. Filaments short. Style slender : stig^ma capitate - 2-lobed or some- times truncate. Ovary of 4 distinct lobes. Nutlets 4, or by abortion fewer, ovate, bony, naked, usually white and smooth, erect, attached to the flat receptacle by the base ; the scar flat, rather small. — Herbs, usually with red or violet-colored roots which contain coloring-matter, pubescent or hairy ; the flowers in or near the axils of the upper leaves, or leafy-spiked. A genus of a considerable number of species in the Old World, several in North America, of which the most striking are the Fuccoons. One of these, L. caiiescens, reaches Arizona, and a species much like it has been sparingly found in California, viz. : 1. L. Califomicum, Gray. Perennial, a foot or two high, soft-hirsute through- out : leaves lanceolate or oblong (about 2 inches long) : corolla apparently bright light yellow, hardly an inch long ; its narrow tube almost twice the length of the soft-hirsute calyx ; the open and enlarged throat nearly naked ; lobes very short. — L. canescens, var., Torr. Pacif. li. Pep. iv, 124. Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Bigelow. Plumas Co., Lemmon. The former in flower, the latter in fruit : fruiting branches not elongated. 2. L. pilosum, Nutt. Perennial, pale or hoary with a soft hirsute pubescence : stems nuruerous from a stout root, a foot high, very leafy : leaves narrowly lanceo- late (2 to 4 inches long), mostly tapering from base to apex : flowers crowded in a leafy cluster : corolla dull greenish-yellow, hardly half an inch long, silky outside, the open throat naked or nearly so : nutlets broadly ovate, acute, smooth and pol- ished. — Jour. Acad. Philad. viii. 43 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 238. L. ruderale, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 89. Hills and canons of the Sierra Nevada (Sierra Valley, Carson, &c. ), and through the interior to British Columbia, and east to Dakota. 4. MYOSOTIS, Linn. Scorpion-Geass. Forget-me-not. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft. Corolla between salverform and rotate ; the tube rarely surpassing the calyx ; throat with small and blunt crests at base of the rounded lobes ; these convolute in the bud. Stamens, pistil, &c., as in Lithosper- mum. Nutlets smooth, somewhat compressed, thin-crustaceous in texture, attached to the flat receptacle by the very base ; the scar minute. — Low herbs, mostly soft- hairy ; with small flowers in so-called spikes or racemes, bractless, but sometimes there is a leaf or two at base of the inflorescence. Corolla blue, varying to purple or white. Species rather numerous in the cooler parts of the Old World, very few in the New. None have yet been detected in California ; but the following are not unlikely to occur, and are there- fore briefly characterized. Both are of the section in whiiih the calyx is closed or with lobes erect in fruit, and some of its loose hairs or bristles minutely hooked at tip. 1. M. vema, Nutt. Annual or biennial, at first erect, a span to a foot high, roughish-hirsute : leaves spatu late-oblong : racemes strict, often leafy at base : pedi- cels in fruit equalling or shorter than the rather unequally 5-cleft hispid calyx, the lower part erect, the upper spreading : corolla white, very small. — M. versicolor & M. flaccida in part. Hook. Fl. (1). Lycopsis Virginica, Linn. Coast of Oregon ; a large and loose form, with nutlets unusually large (var. macrosperma, Chapman) ; rather common through the Atlantic States. 2. M. sylvatica, Hoff"mann, var. alpestris, Koch. Perennial, in loose tufts, pubescent or barely hirsute, a span or so in height : leaves oblong-linear or lance- Amsinckia. BORRAG-INACE^. 523 olate ; racemes rather dense : pedicels short and mostly spreading : corolla with briglit blue or at firet purple limb about 3 lines in diameter. Mountains of Oregon and northward (to be souglit in the high SieiTa Nevada or on the north- western borders of the State) : extending to the Arctic regions, and in Asia and Europe. 5. MERTENSIA, Roth. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, herbaceous. Corolla salverform or somewhat funnel- form, with rounded lobes, the open throat naked or with mostly inconspicuous crests. Filaments in our species broader than the anthers. Style filiform : stigma minutely capitate. Nutlets ovate or somewhat triangular, between fleshy and cori- aceous, dull, commonly somewhat wrinkled when dry, sometimes smooth and vesicular, fixed, usually by a projection of the ventral angle towards or above the base, to a low pyramidal or convex receptacle or gynobase. — Perennials, remarkable in this order for their smoothness ; witli broad leaves, and racemose or paniculate- clustered flowers, which are usually nodding or inclined on rather slender pedicels, only the lowest leafy-bracted : flowers blue, violet-purple, or rarely white. — DC. 1. c. ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339 & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 52. A gemis of a dozen or more species, divided between North America and Northern Asia, one species, tlie liandsomest and largest-flowered, peculiar to the Atlantic States, and one small- flowered maiitinie species (J/. ruarUima) on all the northern shores. On the Pacific coast this is not known to occur south of Puget Sound. Besides the following, M. paniculaia, Don, and J/, alpina, Don, Ijoth common in the higher Rocky Mountains, are likely to be found also in the Sierra Nevada. 1. M. Sibirica, Don. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so, a foot or more higli, rather succulent, leafy : leaves pale, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, 2 to 5 inches long, or the lowest larger and broader, minutely ciliate : flowers at first clustered : corolla half an inch or less long, much longer than the oblong obtuse divisions of the calyx ; the 5-cleft limb about half the length of the tube : stamens protrud- ing out of the throat, and the capillary style early projecting beyond the lobes, — Gray, 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 239. Pulmonaria Sibirica, Linn. Mertensia dentiadata & ciliata, DC. Along mountain streams, in the Sien-a Nevada, Bolander, Lemmon. Also in the mountains eastward, and in N. E. Asia. Flowers handsome, violet-blue. 6. AMSINCKIA, Lehm. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform, or at the throat somewhat funnel- form, more or less plaited in bud at the sinuses, Avith tube exceeding the calyx, and rounded lobes : throat naked or rarely with minute hairy tufts opposite the lobes. Filaments short : anthers oblong or oblong-linear. Style filiform : stigma capitate- 2-lobed. Nutlets ovate-triangular or triquetrous, coriaceous or crustaceous, affixed above the base to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase ; the scar ovate or oblong. Coty- ledons each 2-parted ! — Hispid annuals (of Western America, one in Chili), with oblong-ovate to linear leaves, and yellow flowers in at length loose spikes or racemes, without bracts, except sometimes to the lowest. Bristles mostly from a conspic- uous pustulate base. Flowers, at least in some species, dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. — Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1835, 26 ; DC. Prodr. x. 117 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. The species are difficult to characterize, except the last, which has a peculiar fruit. » 524 BORRAGINACE^. Amsinckia. § 1. Nutlets hroadbj ovate-triangular, someivhat incurved, narrowed at the apex, con- vex and somewhat ridged on the back, dull, roughened-granulate, rugose, or muricate ; ventral angle acute and prominent down to the ratlier broad scar. * Nutlets beset with slender prickly^projections. 1. A. echinata, Gray, 1. c. Erect, 3 feet liigh : leaves lanceolate or broadly- linear : corolla slender, apparently light yellow, 3 or 4 lines long, not broadened at the throat, twice the length of the yellowish-hispid calyx : anthers borne in the throat, oval-oblong : nutlets thickly armed with long and narrow rather soft spiny projections, and between these sharp granulate points, not rugose. Sandy plains, west of Fort Mohave, Cooper. The nutlets are peculiar ; otherwise the species resembles some fomis of the next. * * Nutlets granulate-roughened or rugose, the muricate points very short if any, the back convex or at length keeled or ridged. 2. A. spectabilis, Fischer & Meyer, 1. c. Erect, slender, a span (when depau- perate) to a foot high : leaves mostly linear : tube of the bright orange-yellow corolla twice or thrice the length of the linear lobes of the rusty or reddish-yellow-hispid calyx, nearly half an inch long ; the throat enlarging, and the expanded limb a third to half an inch in diameter : anthers oblong- linear, when high protruding from the throat: nutlets granulate-rugose, roundish on the back. — A. Bouglasiana, A. DC. Prodr. x. 118. Open ground, throughout the southern and western part of the State, and as far northeast as Plumas Co. The corolla has 5 minute bearded tufts in place of crests in the throat, when the stamens are inserted low down the tube ; these not found when the anthers are borne in the throat, which is more plaited than in the other species. 3. A. intermedia, Fischer & Meyer, 1. c. Erect, usually a foot or two high : the Ijristles even of the calyx whitish or merely yellowish : leaves linear or only the lower lanceolate : corolla bright yellow, 3 or 4 lines long ; its tube a little surpass- ing the narrow-linear calyx-lobes ; the limb barely 2 or 3 lines in diameter : anthers oblong, high or sometimes low on the tube : nutlets not half the length of the narrow calyx-lobes. — A. lycopsoides, partly, of authors, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Dry open grounds, on the eastern borders of the State (Carson City, Andersmi) and common in the interior country to Utah, Idaho, and Oregon. Also near the coast in Sonoma Co., &c. ; on the sea-shore perhaps passing into the next species. 4. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. More branching and diffuse in age : leaves mostly lanceolate, or even oblong, greener, and the sparse bristles with conspicuous pustu- late base : lower part of the at length lax spikes commonly leafy-bracted : corolla light yellow, 3 lines long or less ; the tube equalling or hardly surpassing the lan- ceolate calyx-lobes, which are hardly twice the length of the nutlets : anthers short. — Del. Sera. Hort. Hamb. 1831, 7 ; Gray, 1. c. in part. Lithospermum lycopsoides, Lehra. Pug. PL ii. 28, & Hook. Fl. ii. 89. On the coast, San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound. Limb of the corolla a line or two broad. * * * Nutlets nearly flat on the back, not keeled, coarsely granulate. 5. A. tessellata, Gray. About a foot high, rather stout, coarsely hispid, the bristles of the calyx rusty-reddish or paler : corolla orange-yellow, 3 or 4 lines long ; the throat plaited ; the tube rather longer than the lanceolate obtuse calyx-lobes : anthers oblong ; nutlets broadly ovate, obscurely ridged on the flattened back, thickly covered with truncate warty granulations, which are compacted in more or less wavy transverse lines (so as to appear rugose), closely fitting like the blocks of a pavement. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. Dry or arid grounds, from Tejon (Xantus), and the mountains north of Monte Diablo (Brewer), to the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Lemmon), and through Nevada {Watson, &c.) to Southern Utah, Parry. Eritrichium. BORRAGINACE^. 525 § 2. Nutlets ovate-triquetrous, straight, at maturity whitish, smooth and polished, attached by the lotver part of the sharp inner angle, the scar narrow, all three faces fiat or nearly so. 6. A. vernicosa, Hook. & Aru. Sparsely bristly, simple or loosely branched, a foot or two high : leaves from linear to ovate-lanceolate- : corolla light yellow, 4 or 5 lines long, and the limb 2 lines in diameter ; the tube longer than the linear-lan- ceolate calyx-lolies : nutlets shaped like a grain of buckwheat. Var. grandiflora, Gray. Kobust, more hispid, and remarkably large-flowered ; the more exserted and somewhat funnelform tube of the corolla nearly half an inch long, and the ample limb broader : calyx-lobes often combined, so as to appear as 3 or 4 : nutlets broader, and rather concave on the back. — A. grandijlora, Klee- berger, ined. (Stamens low on the tube, and style very long, in the specimen ; whUe in those known of A. vernicosa the stamens are borne in the throat.) Westem part of the State, probably near Monterey, Coulter, Dourjlas. The remarkable variety, which may be quite distinct, at Autioch, Kellogg. 7. ERITRICHIUM, Schrader. Calyx 5-parted and persistent (one species excepted), erect or closed in fruit. Corolla salverform with tube mostly short and not exceeding the calyx, with or "without arching crests iu the throat ; the rounded lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments short. Style short or sometimes long : stigma minutely capitate. Ovary of 4 lobes. ^Nutlets 4, or sometimes by abortion fewer, usually ovate and more or less triangular, coriaceous or cartilaginous, destitute of wings or appendages except iu one species, attached by the inside of the base or some part of the ventral face or angle to a convex, pyramidal, or more elevated and even subulate receptacle {gynohase), which when slender is usually called the base of the style. — Mostly hispid or hairy herbs, mainly annuals, with usually small or minute and either bracteate or bractless flowers, which are white in all our species, except No. 15 ; the leaves narrow. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 55. Eritrichium, Plagiobothrys, & Krynitzkia, Fischer & Meyer ; A. DC. Prodr. Piptocalyx, Torr. A rather large genus, of N. America, N. Asia, &c., one extending into the Alps of Europe, a few South American. The greater part of our species inhabit the region stretching from Rupert's Land to Texas and westward. § 1. Nutlets attached by the inside of the base only to a slightly elevated receptacle : small or low and diffuse or spreading annuals, more or less hirsute, vnth linear leaves, the lower ones oftener opposite: flowers with or without bracts : fruiting calyx rather open, except in No. 2. 1. E. Chorisianmn, DC. Diffusely branching or at length decumbent stems a span or two long : leaves broadly or narrowly linear (1 to 3 inches long, 1 to 4 lines wide) : flowers loosely racemose, on spreading pedicels which are generally 3 to 5 times longer than the calyx, both yellowish-hirsute when young : corolla with lobes longer than its tube and much surpassing the calyx ; the limb 2 to 4 lines in diameter ; yellow crests in the throat conspicuous : nutlets roughish, somewhat keeled down the back. — Myosotis Chori^ana, Cham. & Schlecht. Eritrichium connatifolium, Kellogg, Proc. Calif Acad. ii. 103, fig. 51. Wet ground, shores of San Francisco Bay and south to Monterey. Known by the pedicels, of which the earlier and longer are usually half an inch long, but the later ones much shorter. 2. E, Scouleri, A. DC. Slender, generally upright, a span to a foot high : leaves, narrow : flowers rather crowded in naked spikes (these often in pairs), the lowest leafy-bracted, the rest bractless : pedicels very short and nearly erect, 626 BORRAGINACE^. Eritrichium. only half the length of the fruiting calyx (half a line to a line long) : corolla smaller than in the preceding : nutlets smaller and smoother, but rugose, broadly ovate. — Myosotis Scotderi, Hook. & Arn. Eritrichium plebeium, Torr. in Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 124, not of DC, which is an Alaskan species more like the preceding. Moist or rather dry soil, San Francisco Bay to Oregon, &c. Between the last and the next. 3. E. Californicum, DC. Slender, spreading, 2 to 10 inches high : leaves mainly alternate, small, narrowly linear : flowers very small, almost sessile, in fruit scattered, chiefly accompanied by a leaf or bract : corolla hardly surpassing the calyx, its limb only a line or less in diameter and shorter than its" tube ; the crests in the throat smooth and inconspicuous : nutlets ovate or oblong, more or less rugose- roughened. — Myosotis Californica, Fischer & Meyer. Var. subglochidiatum, Gray. Somewhat succulent : nutlets Avhen young more or less hirsute or hispid (especially on the crests of the rugosities), some of the bristles at length stouter and glochidiate under a lens ; the roundish carunculate scar almost strictly basal. Springy or wet places, rather common, extending through Oregon and Nevada to and beyond the Rocky Mountains. The remarkable variety (which passes into the accomimnying ordinary form), Placer to Sierra Co. {Kellogg, Lemmon), Nevada ( IVatson), &c. § 2. Nutlets attached by the middle of the somewhat concave inner face by a large and roundish jxrotuherant scar to a hemispherical or globular receptacle, broadly ovate-triangular and somewhat incurved, rugose on the back : low, mostly vtl- lous-hirsute annuals, with small flowers like those of the preceding section. — Plagiobothrys, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 57. * Nidlets not vitreous-shining, the wrinhles elevated narrow meshes. 4. E. falvum, A. DC. An inch or so to a foot high, slender : leaves linear or the lowest rather spatulate : spike naiked, at first dense, in fruit elongating : calyx densely clothed with rusty-yellow or reddish hairs : corolla 2 or 3 lines in diameter : nutlets (a line long) dull, rugose with elevated narrow meshes bounding minutely granulated- roughened or at length smooth surfaces, an indistinct ridge down the back. — Myosotis fulva. Hook. & Arn. Plagiobothrys rufescens, Fischer & Meyer, &c. Common through the State, in open grounds, extending through Oregon, &c. Also in Chili. 5. E. canescens, Gray, 1. c. Generally larger than the foregoing, villous-hir- sute with white or whitish hairs : nutlets larger (1|^ lines long), less dull, with longer transverse but otherwise similar meshes and a more distinct dorsal ridge, the surface either granulate with some projecting points or smoothish. — Plagiobothrys canescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 336. Open grounds, common through the State, mainly towards the coast, and Washington Terr. * * Nutlets vitreous-shining or porcelain-like, the vrrinkles narrow and impressed transverse lines mostly running unbroken from the low and narrow dorsal ridge to tlie margin of the broad posterior face. 6. E. tenellum, Gray, 1. c. Seldom a span high, hirsute with rather soft hairs, those of the calyx only fulvous or yellowish : stems erect and slender from the rosulate tuft of radical leaves : these broadly linear or spatulate-lanceolate (one third to an inch long), the cauline shorter or smaller : seldom any bracts among the rather few flowers of the spike : corolla a line or two in diameter : nutlets (a line long) broadly ovate and obscurely cruciform from the abrupt contraction of base and apex, cartilaginous, the broad and low transverse ridges separated by very narrow impressed lines and conspicuously muricate. — Myosotis tenella, Nutt. in Kew Jour. Bot. v. 295. Eritrichium fulvnm, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 243, not of DC. Sierra Nevada and foot-hills, especially northward, to British Columbia and through Nevada, Idaho, &c. The fruit is very characteristic. Eritrichium. BORRAGINACE^. 527 7. £j. Torre3a, Gray, 1. c. Diffuse or decumbent, rough-hirsute or even hispid, the hairs even of the calyx not yellowish : stems branching and uniformly leafy : leaves oblong (half an inch or less in length) ; the uppermost forming similar bmcts to the lax leafy and interrupted spikes : corolla apparently as in the preced- ing species: nutlets broadly ovate and only the apex contracted, the broad trans- verse ridges separated by narrow sunken lines, very smooth, or obscurely tuberculate along the sides. Sierra Nevada : Yosemite Valley and Mountains, Torrey (a rather slender and upright form, with bracts hardly surpassing the flowers). Sierra Valley, Lemmon : a diffusely spreading form, with copious bracteal leaves, like those below, accompanying and much exceeding the fiowera. § 3. Calyx only 5-cleft, at maturity separating about the middle of the short tube by a transvei'se division, the membranaceous base lyersisthiy under the fruit, while tJie rest falls away : otherwise as in tJie next section. — Piptocalyx, Gray, 1. c. (^Piptocalyx, Torr.) 8. E. circmuscissuin, Gray, 1. c. Very low and diffusely much-branched annual, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout : narrow linear leaves (half an inch or less long) and minute flowers crowded on the branches, forming leafy spikes : corolla without crests in the throat, bearing the stamens on the mid- dle of the tube : nutlets (less than a line long) oblong-ovate, very smooth, attached by almost the whole length of the narrow-grooved inner angle to the narrow almost subulate receptacle (gynobase) which bears the short style. — Lithospermum circum- scissum. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 370. Piptocalyx circumscissus, Torr. Bot, Wilkes Exp. 414, t. 12 B; Watson, 1. c. 240. Southwestern borders of the State and along the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada ; also through- out the interior arid region to Utah, Washington Territory, and Wyoming. § 4. Calyx (as in the genus generally) deeply 5-parted, persistent, or sometimes at maturity falling off lohole with the fruit enclosed: nutlets attached by the ven- tral face or angle, either from base to near the middle or for almost tlie xohole length, to a high pyramidal or subulate receptacle {gynobase), which when slender is commonly called the base of the style : the scar either a naiTOW groove or broader. — Kbynitzkia, Gray, 1. c. There are several species besides the following in the interior region, some extending to the plains east of tlie Rocliy Mountains and to Texas. * Nutlets rounded (or at least not margined or acute-angled) at the sides, attached to a slender mostly subulate gynobase by a narrow {or in No. 12 downwardly ividen- ing) scar or groove, occupying nearly its whole length: calyx very hispid, much disposed to fall off when ripe as a sort of bur : style short : corolla small or minute : annuals, mostly low and slender : Jlowers in at length elongated bractless spikes. {Krynitzkia, Fischer & Meyer.) -t- Nutlets very smooth and shining. 9. E. oxycaryum, Gray. Hirsute and somewhat canescent, a span to a foot high, slender : leaves narrowly linear : spikes rather densely* flowered, at length strict : corolla naked in the throat : bristles of fruiting calyx rigid, partly reflexed, inclined to have hooked tips : only one nutlet maturing, that lanceolate-ovate (a line and a half long), much longer than the gynobase, to which it is attached only by the lower part of the slender ventral groove. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Open grounds from Tcjon to Oregon, also Arizona. Corolla only about 2 lines wide. 1 0. E. leiocarpuxn, Watson, 1, c. Rough-hispid and loosely branched : leaves linear : spikes often becoming loosely-flowered below : corolla (2 or 3 lines wide) with crests in the throat : calyx very bristly : nutlets all 4 maturing, ovate or oblong-ovate (barely a line long), attached by the greater part of the slender groove 528 BORRAGmACE^. EritricMum. to the subulate gynobase. — Echinospermum leiocarpum, and afterwards Krynitzhia leiocarpa, Fischer & Meyer. Myosotis flaccida, Dougl., at least in part. Common in open grounds, extending to British Columbia and across the Eocky Mountains. Variable in size and appeamnce. -t- -j- Nutlets granulate-roughened. 11. E. muriculatum, A. DC. (?); Torr. Eesembles the foregoing ; but the nut- lets are mostly larger and broader, the grooved scar when ripe wider and deeper at base, and the rounded back either sparsely or densely granulate-roughened. • — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 416, t. 13 A. E. angustifolium, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 241, not the true one of Torrey. Nearly the same range as the last, and not uncommon. 12. E. angustifolium, Torr. Hispid with very stiff spreading bristles, often accompanied by softer hairs, low, diffusely branched : leaves narrowly linear : calyx very closely sessile and mostly persistent in the densely flowered spikes, its lobes almost filiform in fruit (less than 2 lines long, not longer indeed than their rigid divaricate bristles) : corolla minute, but its crests prominent : nutlets minute (barely half a line long), oblong-ovate, minutely and densely granulate, the scar gradually broadening from apex to base, affixed by its whole length to the conical-subulate gynobase. — Pacif. E. Eep. v. 363. Southeastern bordere of California {Coulter, Thonias, Thurber, &c.) and adjacent parts of Ari- zona ; also Lower California. * * Nutlets roundish at the sides, somewhat incurved at maturity, attached to a pp-a- midal gynobase by a shorter narrow salient scar : calyx less hispid, not separating at maturity : style short : corolla larger [limb 3 or 4 lines in diameter). (Intermedi- ate between this section and § Plagiobothrys.) 13. E. Kingii, Watson. Apparently biennial, villous-hirsute and somewhat his- pid : stems erect or spreading, a span high, rather stout : leaves from spatulate or the upper oblong to oblong-linear : flowers very short-pedicelled, crowded in short spikes or clusters, which are sometimes leafy at base : calyx-lobes lanceolate : tube of the corolla not longer than its lobes, the crests conspicuous : nutlets triangular- ovate, with the summit at maturity incurved, roughish-rugose on the flattish back ; the scar linear-lanceolate in outline and somewhat salient, extending from above the broad rounded base to beyond the middle. — Bot. King Exp. 243, t. 23; Gray, 1. c. 60. Eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada ; Truckee Pass, Sierra Valley, and adjacent parts of Nevada, Watson, Lemmmi. Mature fruit of an apparently decumbent form was collected by Mr. Lemmon, in 1874 and 1875. * * * Nutlets three-sided and with acute lateral angles, attached by the lower part of the ventral angle to a subulate or narroxv-columnar gynobase; style mostly long: anthers linear-oblong : corolla rather large and the crests in its throat very promi- nent and. arching : stout biennials or perennials, with thyrsiform leafy-bracteate infiorescence : the cnlyx and pedicels persistent in fruit. 14. E. glomeratum, DC. Eoot biennial, or in the mountain form perhaps perennial, a span to a foot high, grayish-hirsute and hispid : leaves spatulate and linear-spatulate : tube of the corolla not surpassing the linear-lanceolate lobes of the very bristly hispid (sometimes yellowish) calyx, and hardly longer than its lobes, the limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter : nutlets tuberculate-rugose on the back. — Cynoglossum glomeratum, Pursh. Myosotis glomerata, Nutt. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 82, t. 162. High Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa to Sierra counties, thence eastward and northward to British Columbia and the plains east of the Rocky Mountains : only the low and less hispid form (var. humile, Gray) in California. — The two following species, not yet actually found within tlie State, may be expected. EcUnospermum. BORRAGINACE^. 529 15. E. fdlvocanescens, Gray, 1. c. Differs from the preceding in the peren- nial ciespitose roots, softer silky-strigose hairiness of the leaves, and ferrugineous- yellow hairs of the calyx : tube of corolla longer than the calyx, twice or thrice the length of its own lobes (limb 3 or 4 lines in diameter) : nutlets granulate-rough- ened. — E. glomeratum, var. (?) fulvocanescens, Watson, 1. c. High mountains of Nevada, to New Mexico and Wyoming. Intermediate in aspect between the last and the next. 16. E. leucophaeum, A. DC. Perennial, and almost woody at base, a span to a foot high in tufts, silvery-canescent and somewhat strigose : letives lanceolate and linear, acute : spicate-glomerate inflorescence and calyx hirsute and hispid with whitish or yellowish hairs and slender bristles : tube of the (cream-colored or yel- low!) corolla exceeding the calyx and twice or thrice the length of its lobes : style very long : nutlets whitish, ivory-like, smooth and polished (1^ to 2 lines long). — Myosotis leucophoea, Dougl. in Hook. 1. c. t. 163. Dry and barren interior region, from British Columbia to Southern Utah, reaching the bor- ders of California near Mono Lake, Brewer. * * * * Nutlets narrowly ovate, affiled by their whole length to the subulate gyno- base by a very narrow groove having a more or less widened base, one of them ivithout lateral angles (as in 9 <£-• 10), t/ie other three ivith their lateral angles extended into a continuoxis broad and somewhat crenate or pectinate wing, rarely all four winged. 1 7. E. pterocaryuin, Torr. Slender annual, hirsute, loosely branching : leaves linear or tlie lowest spatulate : flowers in naked and mostly bractless geminate or c3'raosely clustered spikes : calyx-lobes oblong or in fruit ovate, enclosing the nut- lets : corolla minute, barely a line long. — Bot. Wilkes Exp. 415, t. 13 B ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 245. Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada {Anderson, Watson, Lemmon), and through the dry interior region, fiom the borders of British Columbia to New Mexico and the borders of Texas. Nutlets a line and a half long ; the wing on either side as wide as the body, usually merely toothed, in var. pcctinatum cut half-way down into narrow and crowded lineai'-oblong lobes. 8. ECHINOSPEEMUM, Swartz. Stickseed. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, spreading or reflexed. in finiit. Corolla short-salver- form and with conspicuous arching crests at the throat. Short filaments, style, ovary, &c., as in Uritrichium. Nutlets 4, erect, attached by their ventral angle for most of their length to a subulate or broadly pyramidal gynobase, the sides sur- rounded by one or more rows of rigid prickles with backwardly barbed (glochidiate) tips, either distinct or confluent into a border or wing, the back unarmed or some- times similarly prickly, — forming a bur, which is carried in the wool and hair of animals. — DC. 1. c. A genus of about 30 species, mostly rather coarse and small- (blue- or rarely white-) flowered weedy plants, abounding through Northern Asia, a few reaching Europe, one of which, E. Lap- pula, is a naturalized weed throughout the Atlantic United States. We have also two or three indigenous species. 1. E. RedO'WSkii, Lehm. Annual, roughish hirsute, a span to a foot or two high, much branched : leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate, obtuse ; the upper becoming bracts of the loose leafy spikes : pedicels erect or merely spreading, stout, shorter than the narrow and at length unequal lobes of the calyx, which mostly exceed the fruit : corolla small, a line or two long, blue : nut- lets bordered by a single row of subulate barbed prickles, their bases often broad- ened and more or less confluent ; the back and sides thickly beset with irregular sharp points or tubercles ; scar and gynobase slender. — E. Redowskii, var. occiden- 530 BORRAGINACE^. Echinospermum. tale, Watson, Bot. King Exp, 246, t. 23, fig. 9 to 12. E. patulum, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ; Torn Bot. Wilkes Exp. 418, not of Lehm. Asper. E. Lajypula, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, not of Lehm. Var. cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the fruit with broadened bases united into a coriaceous wing, which sometimes forms a deep cup on the back of the nutlet, its margins incurved and thickened. — E. stridum, Nees in !Neu-Wied, Trav., not of Ledeb. E. Redoivskii, var. strictum, Watson, 1. c. Dry plains, along the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada ( Watson, &c.), and through the whole interior region, eastward to Minnesota and Texas (also in N. Asia). The variety with the other form, and passing into it by gradations ; sometimes one of the four nutlets bordered with distinct prickles, while the other three are deeply cupped by their union up to near their barbed tips. — The E. patulum of Siberia has the little tubercles on the back and sides of the nutlets fewer and arranged in regular rows, as indicated by Mr. W^atson. 2. E. deflexum, Lehm., var. floribundum, Watson. Biennial, hoary-pubes- cent or hirsute : stem erect, from a foot to 4 feet high, with erect paniculate branches : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long : racemes pan- icled, at length slender ; the lower bract rather leafy, the upper ones minute or wanting : pedicels slender, a line or two long, much longer than the calyx, deflexed in fruit : corolla sky-blue (rarely white), conspicuous, the limb a quarter to fully half an inch in diameter : nutlets bordered by a single row of numerous subulate barbed prickles with bases more or less confluent ; the flattish back minutely rough- granulate or rarely smooth ; the scar short and broad : gynobase broadly conical- pyramidal. — E. floribundum, Lehm. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 164. Open woods, not rare through the State, and eastward to and beyond the Rocky Mountains ; northward, on the borders of British Columbia, passing into the smaller-flowered and greener fonn which well represents the European and Siberian K deflexum. On Mount Shasta, Prof. Brewer collected an ambiguous form, tall and stout, with upper cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping, and fruit laige, the nutlets equally prickly all over the back ; perhaps a distinct species, possibly E. diff'usum, Lehm. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Toum. Hound's-tongue. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, open in fruit. Corolla short-salverform or funnelform, with conspicuous arching crests at the throat. Stamens and style included. Nut- lets 4, clothed over the whole back with short and stout prickles having minutely barbed (glochidiate) tips, or sometimes merely muricate, oblique or horizontal (although the lobes of the ovary are erect or ascending, and with an ascendiug anatropous ovule), the inner angle being carried upwards by the growth of the pyramidal gynobase to which the nutlets are affixed by a large scar, separating at maturity from below upwards, hanging for some time by a process which at length peels off from the style. — Coarse and broad-leaved herbs, with lower leaves large and long-petioled, and middle-sized flowers in bractless panicled racemes ; the nutlets forming " burs," C. OFFICINALE, Linn. , the common Hound's-tongue, is a coarse biennial weed of the Old World, abundantly naturalized in the northern Atlantic States. It has not reached California, appar- ently. The plant so named in the Botany of Beechey's Voyage doubtless belongs to the following species. 1. C. grande, Dougl. A thick-rooted perennial, about 2 feet high, pubescent when young with mostly soft slender hairs, or the stem and the upper face of the leaves glabrous : radical and lower cauline leaves ovate-oblong, usually rounded or cordate at base, long-petioled ; the upper ones similar, but smaller and with taper- ing base or short margined petiole : panicled racemes or cyme small, on a long naked peduncle terminating the stem : corolla blue or violet, its tube longer than the calyx, but hardly longer than the ample roundish lobes. Harpagonella. BORRAG-INACE^. 531 "Woods, from Monterey to Washington Territory. An unusually smooth form from Plumas Co., Mrs. PiUsifer Ames. Nutlets not seen; the moderately enlarging lobes of the ovary only spai-sely and minutely muricate on the back. 2. C. OCCidentale, Gray. About a foot high, leafy to the top or nearly, rough- ish-hirsute : leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse and with a small point ; radical and lower ones oblong-spatulate and tapering gradually into a long narrow base or winged petiole ; the upper closely sessile and half-clasping : peduncle 2 or 3 inches long, bearing a small mostly forked cyme : corolla purple or violet, its tube twice or thrice the length of the short and roundish lobes : nutlets horizontal at maturity, very convex and tumid as in the Eastern G. Virginicum. — Proc. Am. Acad. X. 58. Sierra Co. and northward, Lemmon (in fruit), Eev. E. Burgess (in flower). 10. PECTOCABYA, DC. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, spreading. Corolla very small, salverform or funnel- form, with crests in the throat. Stamens and very short style included. Nutlets widely spreading in pairs, horizontal, oblong or almost linear, surrounded by a more or less incurved wing-like border, which is sometimes deeply cut into stout bristle- bearing teeth, or is more or less beset with stiff bristles or slender prickles, the tips of which are simply hooked. Gynobase very short. Radicle of the embryo centrip- etal, i. e. pointing to the gynobase. — Low and insignificant slender annuals, dif- fusely branching; with hoary strigose-hirsute pubescence, narrow linear leaves (barely half a line wide), and very small lateral flowers scattered along the branches, on very short peduncles: corolla white. — DC. Prodr. x. 120; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. X. 61. A genus of probably only two variable species, and perhaps of only one, inhabiting the western coast of America from Chili to California, perhaps diffused since the introduction of sheep and cattle, the nutlets being bur-like. 1. P. lateriflora, DC, Nutlets about 2 lines long, surrounded by a rather broad and thick expanded wing, which is deeply cut or parted into about 9 to 15 triangular-subukte teeth, more or less tipped with hook-bristly points. — Cynoglos- sum lateriflarum, Lam. C. pilosum, Ruiz & Pav. Pectocarya lateriflora, linearis, & (a slender form) Chilensis, DC. 1. c. P. Chilensis, var. Californica, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, where the character in the Prodromus as to the position of the radicle is corrected. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Los Angeles to Arizona and Southern Utah {Parry, Bigelow, &c.). Also coast of Peru and Chili. 2. P. penicillata, A. DC. Plants very slender : nutlets little over a line long, with narrow and entire or rarely few-toothed wing, the apex thickly beset with hooked bristles, the sides more or less incurved and naked or sometimes bearing a few scattered bristles. — Cynoglossum penicillattim, Hook. & Arn. Common in sandy or gravelly soil along and near the coast. Also in N. "W. Nevada, between Long Lake and Soda Lake Valleys, Lemmon. Probably passes into the preceding. 11. HAKPAGONELLA, Gray. Calyx irregular ; three of the sepals distinct nearly to the base, two imited to near the middle. Corolla almost rotate, hardly surpassing the calyx ; the throat with obtuse crests ; the roundish lobes imbricated in the bud. Style short : stigma somewhat capitate. Divisions of the ovary globular, attached by the base to a nearly flat receptacle, two of them apparently always abortive. Ovule nearly erect. 532 CONVOLVULACE^. Harpagondla. anatropous, the orifice inferior. Nutlets mostly 2, collateral, oblong, coriaceous, perfectly smooth, obliquely fixed by the base ; one of them naked, ascending, and usually if not always infertile ; the other larger and completely invested by the two united lobes of the now A^ery oblique calyx, in tbe form of a bur (somewhat resembling that of a small Franseria), being sparsely beset with 7 to 9 long and diverging soft spines, which are armed with short hook-tipped bristles. Eadicle inferior or centripetal. — A little herb with the aspect of Pectocarya. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 88. 1. H. Falmeri, Gray, 1. c. Difiuse and slender annual, a span high, minutely strigose-hirsute : leaves linear-lanceolate : flowers very small, lateral at all the nodes, on short at length deflexed peduncles : corolla white, minute : spines of the fruiting calyx as long as the bur-like body ; the 3 free calyx-lobes small and rather remote. Guadalupe Island, Lower California, Dr. E. Pabner. Although from a station two hundred miles below the line of the State, this curious little plant is not unlikely to occur along the borders, in company with Pectocarya, with which it is associated on Guadalupe Island, Order LXVI. CONVOLVULACEiEI. Herbs, or some shrubs in warm climates, more commonly twining or trailing, many with milky juice; all with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular perfect flowers ; the stamens as many as the lobes or angles of the corolla and alternate with them (5, rarely 4) ; the free pei-sistent calyx of mostly distinct much-imbri- cated sepals ; ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a pair of erect or ascending ovules in each cell, the cells occasionally divided, so as to form 4 one-ovuled half-cells ; capsule generally globular ; seeds 1 to 4, proportionally large, with a large embryo and a little mucilaginous albumen. Inflorescence axillary : peduncles 1 -flowered or cymosely several-flowered. Flowers oftener large and showy, and opening only once. An order of nearly 30 genera and numerous species, widely spread over the w-orld, but most abundant in warm countries, moderately well represented in the Atlantic United States, at least in the Southern, but there are wonderfully few on the Pacific side. Lower California has several, all of the tropical types and quite beyond our reach. The order yields purgative medicines, such as Jalap and Scammony, and one important article of food. Sweet- Potato, the root of Ipomoea Ba- tatas ; also some ornamental flowers. EvoLVULUS, Linn., a genus of low and slender plants, not twining, small-flowered, and remark- able for having two styles each 2-cleft, is represented by two or three species reaching as near as Lower California and Arizona. DiCHONDRA, Forster, a genus of two small creeping herbs, — one of them most widely diff'used throughout the warm-temperate and tropical regions of the world, the other Mexican extending into Arizona, &c. , — appears to be wholly absent from California. The genus is known by the anomaly of two distinct ovaries as well as styles. Tribe I. CONVOLULE.^^. Plants with ordinary green herbage. Embryo with broad and thin foliaceous cotyledons, folded and crumpled in the seed. 1. Convolvulus. Corolla plaited and usually convolute in the bud ; the limb mostly entire or 5-angled. Style single : stigmas 2, linear, or oblong. (Ipomcea will be known by its capitate or 2-3-capitate stigma.) 2. Cressa. Corolla not plaited, 5-cleft. Styles 2, distinct, each with a capitate stigma. Tribe II. CUSCUTINEyE. Twining parasites, whitish or yellowish, wholly destitute of green foliage. Embryo filiform and spiral, destitute of cotyledons. 3. Cuscuta. The only genus. Corolla not plaited, 4 - 5-lobed. Styles in ours 2, and stigmas capitate. Convolvulus. CONVOLVULACE^ 533 1. CONVOLVULUS, Linn. Bindweed. Corolla campanulate or sliort and open-funnelform, with more or less 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobecl border, deeply plaited down the sinuses in the bud ; the plaits convolute, commonly straight, sometimes contorted (either in the same direction as the plaits overlap or in the opposite). Stamens included. Style filiform : stigmas 2, subulate, or in ours flat, and from narrowly linear to oval. Capside globose, 2-celled (sometimes imperfectly so) : cells 2-ovuled and commonly 2-seeded : dehis- cence when perfect septifragal, i. e. the valves separating from the partition. Em- bryo with broad and foliaceous cotyledons, folded and crumpled in the seed. — Stems twining, trailing, or in some erect and bushy. Peduncles solitary in the axils, in ours one-flowered, or occasionally 2-flowered. Ours are all perennial herbs. A rather large genus in the Old World, sparingly represented in the New. Ipomcea (Pharbitis) purpurea, and I. Nil, the common species of annual Moming-Glory of cultivation and occasional naturalization in the Atlantic States, natives of Mexico, &c. , might be expected to occur, either indigenous or adventive, in the southern part of the State ; but we have not met with them. Calystegia, R. Brown, in view of the Californian species, is not even a well-marked section. All the following species would belong to it except the last, and the next to the last, which is ambiguous. * A pair of thin membranaceo-foliaceous bracts close to the calyx, and enveloping it or partly so. — {Calystegia, E. Brown.) -f- Herbage rather fleshy : stigmas ovate or oval. 1. C. Soldanella, Linn. Maritime, low, glabrous : stems a foot or less in length, trailing, rarely attempting to climb : leaves kidney-shaped, entire or ob- scurely angvilate-lobed, an inch or two broad, long-petioled : bracts ovate-cordate, not longer than the sepals : corolla pink or purplish, an inch or more in length : capsule becoming one-celled. — Calystegia Soldanella & C. reniformis, E.. Brown. Sandy sea-shore, San Diego and northward to Puget Sound. Widely distributed over the Pacific and Eurojjean coasts. -(- ■¥- Not fleshy : stigmas linear, or at most oblong-linear. 2. C. OCCidentalis, Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent : stems twining, several feet high : leaves from broadly ovate-triangular with a deep and naiTOW basal sinus to narrowly lanceolate-hastate ; the posterior lobes often 1 - 2-toothed : peduncle elongated, not rarely 2-flowered within the bracts ; these ovate or i-arely oblong, commonly surpassing and enclosing the calyx : corolla white or pinkish, 1 to 1| inches long, and the expanded limb as Avide. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89. Dry hills, through the western part of the State, from near San Francisco {Dr. Gibbons, with SBwller ovate-lanceolate and not enveloping bracts, and a second flower from the axil of one of them) to San Diego {Ooopcr, Cleveland) : var. angnstissimiis, an extreme form, with 2-flowered fKeduneles and very narrow linear-lanceolate sagittate leaves, Santa Barbara, Nuttall. The oppo- site extreme, resembling a large and broad-leaved C. sepium, and with peduncle occasionally 3-flowered, is from Guadalupe Island, off" Lower California, Dr. Palmer. The stigmas are linear : the style in age inclines to split in two. C. SEPIUM, Linn., which occurs northeast of California, and extends round the world, is distin- guished by its ovate or oblong stigmas, and only one-flowered peduncles have been observed. 3. C. Califomicus, Choisy. Minutely and rather densely pubescent, or some- what glabrate, a span or less high and subcaulescent, or producing trailing stems a span to a foot long : leaves mostly obtuse, from ovate or obovate and obscurely has- tate to triangular-hastate and the later ones acute, and the basal lobes sometimes 1 - 2-toothed, long-petioled : peduncles shorter than the petiole : bracts oblong or oval, not unlike the outer sepals and equalling them, or rather shorter : corolla 534 CONVOLVULACE^. Convolvulus. white, cream-color, or flesh-color, 1| to 2 inches long. — DC. Prodr. ix. 405. Caly- stegia suhacaulis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 363. Hills and banks, Marin Co. to San Luis Obispo. Blade of the leaf from half an inch to an inch or more in length : peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. 4. C. villosus, Gray. Densely and softly white-tomentose throughout : stems a span to 2 feet long, trailing or feebly twining : leaves from reniform-hastate to sagittate, the upper acuminate, mostly longer than the petiole ; the basal lobes often augulate-1 - 2-toothed : peduncles mostly shorter than the petiole : bracts oval or ovate, as long as the calyx : corolla cream-color, an inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Convolvulus (n. sp. 1), Torr. in Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 127. Calystegia villosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17. Dry hills, from the Upper Salinas Kiver, Monterey Co., and Tejon, to Plumas and Sierra counties. The silky-villous wool veiy soft and velvety. « * No calyx-like bracts, sometimes a pair of leaves close under the flower or a pair of bracts at some distance below it. 5. C. luteolus, Gray. Glabrous or pubescent : stems at length 2 or 3 feet long and twining : leaves triangular-hastate or sagittate, the basal lobes sometimes 2-lobed : peduncles commonly as long as the leaves, bearing a pair of linear or lanceolate entire foliaceous bracts a little below the flower ; a second flower occa- sionally from the axil of one of them : sepals mostly broad and roundish : corolla pale yellow, an inch or more in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Ipomoea sagiitifolia. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 151 (1), but the stigmas are linear. Var. fiilcratUS, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent : a pair of hastate or sagittate small leaves for bracts either below or close to the flower. — C. Calif amicus, Torr. Pacif. R Eep. iv. 127, not of Choisy. Hillsides from Lake and Colusa to Alameda counties. Variable in foliage, generally glabrous ; the bracts from 1 to 4 lines long and ab6ut the same distance below the calyx. Var. fulcratus, which in aspect sometimes much resembles the less downy fomis of the preceding species, comes from the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada (Sonora, Bi(/elow) to Fort Tejon ( Wallace, Horn), and Cajon Pass (jCoopcr) : its bracteal leaves commonly half an inch long. 6. C. longipes, Watson. Glabrous throughout, erect and much branched, the filiform branches sometimes twining : leaves small and sparse, rather short-petioled, or the upper sessile, entire, or most of the lower hastate by a pair of oblong or linear divaricate basal lobes : peduncles 1-flowered, 2 to 6 inches long, naked, or with one or two distant small leaves remote from the bractless calyx : corolla yel- lowish, over an inch long. — Am. Nat. vii. 302. Owen's Valley or near Fort Tejon, Dr. Horn. Southern Nevada, Liewt. IVhceler. 2. CBESSA, Linn. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, not plaited ; the oblong or ovate lobes more than half the length of the somewhat campanulate tube, lightly convolute in the bud, or Avith one lobe external. Stamens and the two distinct entire styles exserted. Stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-valved, by abortion commonly one-seeded. — A single species. 1. C. Cretica, Linn, Perennial herb, a span or two high, erect or difl'use, exceedingly branched, silky-villous and hoary : leaves very numerous, small (2 to 4 lines long), almost sessile, mostly ovate-lanceolate or oblong : flowers sessile or short-peduncled in the upper axils : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, white, silky-pubescent outside, a little longer than the calyx. — C. Truxillensis, HBK., a name for the American form, which does not much differ from that of Australia {C. australis, R. Brown), but is more silky than that of Europe. Saline soil, along the whole length of the coast. Also in alkaline soil in valleys of the Monte Diablo Range, Brewer. Extends to Arizona, kc, and coast of S. America round to S. Brazil. Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE^. 535 3. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. (By Dr. George Engelmann.) Calyx 5- (sometimes 4-) cleft or parted. Corolla campanulate or short-tubular, the spreading limb 5 - 4-parted, between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not plaited. Stamens mostly furnished with a scale-like fringed appendage below their insertion in the throat. Ovary globose, 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles in all our species 2, distinct. Capsule 1 - 4-seeded, circumscissile (bursting transversely), or mostly baccate. Embryo filiform, spirally coiled in the (when dry) hard-fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes furnished at the upper part with a few alter- nate scales (belonging to the plumule), germinating in the soil, but not rooting in it, developing into filiform and branching annual stems of a yellowish or reddish hue, which become parasitic on the bark of herbs or small shrubs, being attached by means of suckers at the whole surface of contact (the base soon dying away), twining extensively, bearing occasional small scales in the place of leaves. Flowers small, cymose or densely clustered, white or whitish, usually produced late in the season. — Engelm. in Amer. Jour. Sci. 1842, & Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. (1859) i. 453. A widely distributed genus of nearly 80 species, divided into three subgenera ; the first, Eucus- cula (with distinct styles and elongated stigmas, and circumscissile capsule), indigenous exclu- sively to the Old World, although the injxu-ious Flax-Dodder has been introduced with flax-seed into the New ; the second and largest, Grammica (with distinct styles and capitate stigmas), belonging principally to the New ; the third and smallest, Monogyna (with styles united into one), scattered over the whole globe. The Californian species are all of the section Clisf.ogram- mica, having capitate stigmas and a baccate or indehiscent capsule. The following species, natives of Arizona or Utah, are not unlikely to reach California : — C. TENiTiFLORA, Engelm. and C. obtusifloha, HBK., both with closed or baccate capsule: C. APPLANATA, Engelm., C. odontolepis, Engelm., and C. umbellata, HBK., with capsule opting regularly round the base. ^4^ * Capsule depressed-glohose. 1. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems capillary : flowers small (about a line long), in small umbel-like cymes, pedicellate : tube of the broad-campanulate corolla included in the broadly lobed calyx, as long as or rather shorter than its ovate- lanceolate inflexed-pointed lobes: scales large, broadly oval, deeply fringed: styles shorter than the large depressed ovary : capsule depressed-globose, girt at the base by the persistent corolla : seeds 4. — Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 336, & ed. 5, 378. Long Valley, Mendocino Co., Kellogg. Not rare from the Middle Atlantic States to Texas, but thus far found only once in California. 2. C. Califomica, Choisy, and Hook. & Arn. Stems capillary ; flowers small or middle-sized, pediceUed in loose few-flowered cymes : lobes of the calyx acute : lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the shallow cam- panulate tube : filaments mostly as long as the linear-oblong anthers : scales none, or sometimes indicated by rudimentary inverted arches near the base of the tube : ovary small, mostly depressed, with slender styles; capsule depressed. — DC. Prodr. ix. 457. — The extreme forms are : Var. breviflora, Engelm. Flowers scarcely more than a line long : calyx-lobes acuminate, eijualling or surpassing the tube of the corolla : filaments and anthers short : styles as long as the ovary : corolla withering at base of or around the 2-4- seeded capsule. — Engelm. in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 1. c. 499. Var. longiloba, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers longer-pedicelled, H to 2| lines long: calyx-lobes sliort, or sometimes long and acuminate and even recurved at tip : lobes 536 CONVOLVULACE^. Cuscuta. of the corolla slender, longer than the tube or even twice as long : filaments and anthei-s more slender : styles much longer than the ovary : capsule mostly 1 -seeded and enveloped by the corolla. Not rare through the western part of the State. The shortei'-flowered. variety from the coast at Monterey {Hartweg) to Clear Lake {Torrcy), and to the Tuolumne in tlie Sierra Nevada {Bolan- der) : a low plant, often only a few inches high. The var. longiloba, principally near the coast in the southern i)art of the State, Santa Barbara to San Diego and into Arizona, in arid localities, on Eriogonum, &c. These extreme and the numerous intermediate forms are easily recognized by the delicate white sharply-lobed flowers destitute of the substamineal scales : lobes of calyx and corolla never overlapping. * * Capsule more or less conical or pointed. 3. C. salina, n. sp. Engelm. Stems slender : flowers (1| to 2| lines long) pedicelled in loose cymes, shorter and wider than in the next : lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and overlapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow campanulate tube of the corolla : lilaments about as long as the oval anthers ; fringed scales mostly shorter tlian tlie tube, sometimes incomplete : styles as long as or shorter than the pointed ovary ; capsule conical, surrounded (not covered) by the withered corolla, mostly 1 -seeded. — C. subinclusa, war. abhreviata, & C. Calif arnica, var. (1) squamigera, Engelm. 1. c. 499, 500. Saline marshes, on various Chenopodiaceous plants, especially Salicornia: Bay of San Francisco, C. Wright, Bolander, Kellogg. Also extending to British Columbia {Lyall), and in the inteiior to Arizona and Southern Utah. In many respects intermediate between the preceding and the following species ; but distinguished from the former by the presence of infrastamineal scales and the larger flowers ; from the latter by the less crowded flowers, with shorter more delicate and open corolla. 4. C. subinclusa, Durand & Hilgard. Stems rather coarse : flowers sessile or short-pedicelled, at length in large (half-inch or inch thick) clusters, 2\ to 3| or 4 lines long : calyx-lobes ovate-lance'olate, acutish, overlapping, much shorter than the cylindrical at last urn-shaped tube of the corolla : lobes of the corolla much shorter than tube, ovate-lanceolate, acute, minutely crenulate or papillose : anthers oval, nearly sessile : scales narrow, fringed, reaching only to the middle of the tube : slender styles longer than the pointed ovary : capsule conical, capped by the with- ered corolla : seeds mostly solitary. The most common Californian sj)ecies, on shrubs or coarse herbs throughout the State, mostly in the mountains, the coast ranges as well as the Sierra Nevada, but also along the coast. The long and naiTow tube of the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and fleshy and usually reddish calyx, readily distinguishes this species. 5. C. decora, Choisy, Engelm. Stems coarse: flowers (1| to 2|- lines long) pedicelled in loose clusters : lobes of the fleshy calyx acute, as long as the broadly campanulate tube of the corolla : lobes of the latter as long as its tube, ovate-lance- olate, minutely papillose-crenate, spreading and with acute inflexed tips : scales large, broadly oval, deeply fringed : capsule pointed, enveloped by the remains of the corolla ; seeds about 4. Near Clear Lake, Bolander ; on a Senecio. A variable species of the southern Atlantic States, extending through a large part of America, apparently rare in California. The only specimen seen belongs to the large-flowered form, which often has deep purple anthers and stigmas. Tex- ture of the corolla fleshy, granular-papillose. 6. C. denticulata, Engelm. Stems capillary : flowers small (about a line long), short-pedicelled in small umbel-like clusters : tube of the broadly campanulate corolla included in the rounded-lobed and denticulate calyx, and as long as its round-ovate spreading lobes : anthers oval, on very short filaments : scales reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip : styles as long as the pointed ovary : stigmas very small and hardly capitate : capsule covered by the withered corolla, 1 - 2-seeded. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix. 348. Southwestern Utah, Parry. To be looked for in adjacent parts of California. SOLANACE^. 537 Order LXVII. SOLANACE^. Herbs or shrubs (commonly rank-scented), with colorless juice, alternate leaves and no stipules, regular 5-merous 5-androus flowers on bractless pedicels, the corolla valvate or sometimes imbricated and usually plaited in the bud, a single style, and a (normally) 2-celled ovary ; the fruit a many-seeded berry or capsule ; the embryo slender and mostly curved in fleshy albumen : — distinguished from Scrophulariacece by the regular 5-androus flowers ; from the preceding orders with free calyx and stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, by the plaited corolla along with a single style, placentae in the axis, numerous seeds, curved embryo, &c. Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Calyx usually persistent. Flowers solitary or cymose, mostly unaccompanied by bracts, and the cymes or their branches oftener secund or scorpioid and imitating racemes, in the manner of Borraginacece, &c. Leaves commonly unequally geminate, and peduncle distant from the nearest leaf, A large and widely diffused order, mainly affecting the warmer parts of the world, but most sparingly represented in California. Narcotic and poisonous properties prevail in it, as exempli- fied by the Deadly Nightshade of Europe {Atro}^ Belladonna), Henbane (ffi/oscyamtis), Tobacco, &c. Nevertheless it furnishes important esculents, such as the Tomato and Egg-plant, condi- ments, such as CnpsicAim, and one staple article of farinaceous food, the Potato. The five natural tribes which the order comprises being rather difficult to characterize, and the Californian genera few, it is more convenient to omit the former from the synopsis, in which, however, the natural arrangement is mainly followed. NiCANDKA PHYSALOiDEs, Gsertner, sometimes called Apple of Peru, a widely dispersed weed of waste grounds and gardens, is very likely to be introduced, but has not yet been met with. It is like a tall Pht/salis, but larger-flowered, very smooth, and with a Jive-celled berry, which dries as it ripens and bursts irregularly like a capsule. I. Fruit a berry, from an ovary of 2 or rarely (except in cultivated plants) of 3 or more cells : embrj'^o coiled or curved. * Corolla rotate or barely campanulate, valvate and mostly induplicate or plaited in the bud. 1. Lycopersicum. Anthers united into a cone ; the cells opening lengthwise down the inside : filaments very short. Leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets stalked. Beny naked. 2. Solanutn. Anthers distinct, but generally conniving, longer than the filaments ; their cells opening at the apex by a hole or slit, but often also longitudinally. 3. Capsicum. Anthers distinct, short, not longer than the filament, the cells opening length- wise, without a terminal hole. Calyx herbaceous, girting only the base of the berry, and with little or no border or lobes. 4. Chamaesaracha. Anthers distinct and not connivent, short, on slender filaments, opening lengthwise. Calyx enlarging close around but not completely enclosing the berry, not reticulate- veiny. 5. Physalis. Anthers distinct, opening lengthwise, without pores. Calyx enlarging, becoming bladdery-inflated and reticulate- veiny, enclosing the berry. * * Corolla tubular or funnelform, imbricated or induplicate-plaited in the bud. 6. Oryctes. Herbaceous. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-toothed. 7. Lyciiun. Diffusely branched shrubs, commonly spiny, with entire leaves. Calyx 3-5- toothed or cleft. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed. Berry minutely stalked in the calyx. II. Fruit a capsule, but sometimes a fleshy one : corolla plaited in the bud. ♦ Calyx deciduous, leaving a short base under the fruit : seeds large : embryo curved. 8. Datura. Capsule dry, or somewhat succulent but at length bursting, prickly, 2-celled, and the cells incompletely again 2-celled. Corolla convulute as well as plaited (i. e. the plaits convolute) in the bud. * * Calyx persistent : seeds small : embryo shorter, straightish. 9. Nicotiana. Capsule smooth, with 2 (rarely more) simple cells, splitting at the a])ex into as many valves, and these 2-cleft, mostly enclosed in the tube of the toothed or lobed calyx. 10. Petunia. Capsule smooth, 2-celled, simply 2-valved. Calyx 5-parted, with narrow and foliaceous lobes. 538 SOLANACE^. Lycopersicum. 1. LYCOPERSICUM, Tourn. Tomato. Flowers as in Solanum, except that the anthers (on very short filaments) are united hy their contiguous edges into a cone, and their cells open longitudinally down the whole length of the inner face, not by a hole at the apex. — Herbs of the warmer part of America, one species widely dispersed in cultivation ; the small racemose flowers on peduncles which soon become lateral or opposite a leaf : pedicels articu- lated and reflexed in fruit. 1. L. esculentum, Mill. (Tomato.) Annual, widely spreading, rank-scented, hirsute and glandular, at least the branches : leaves interruptedly once or twice pinnate ; the larger leaflets cut and toothed, the interposed small ones rounder and often entire : corolla yellow : berry edible. — Solanum Lycopersicum, Linn. The common Tomato probably has run wild in cultivated and waste grounds in the southern part of the State. Var. cekasiforme (Cherry Tomato) is seemingly native along the southern borders of the United States as far west as Arizona, probably reaching California. The parts of the flower, normally five, and two in the ovary, are often increased in the cultivated plant, and very commonly two or more flowers are blended into one. 2. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nightshade. Potato. Calyx and rotate corolla 5-parted or cleft (or sometimes 4-10-parted or lobed); the lobes of the latter valvate in the bud, with margins usually turned inwards more or less, or the sinuses plaited. Filaments short : anthers distinct, although often conniving ; the cells with a hole or chink at the apex, in many species also opening lengthwise. Style elongated : stigma mostly entire. Ovary with 2 cells, or rarely more, becoming a berry. Seeds many, flat. — Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, of various aspect and foliage. One of the largest genera known, chiefly indigenous to warm climates, a moderate miniber in temperate regions, but exceedingly few in the Pacific United States. S. tuberosum is the com- mon Potato. S. Melongena, the Aubergine or Egg-plant. S. heteuodoxum, Dunal, and S. rostratum, Dunal, peculiar species extending from Mexico well into the United States east of the Kocky Mountains (and remarkable for prickliness, for somewhat iri-egular corolla, one anther much larger and longer than the rest, and the berry completely and closely invested by the prickly calyx), might be expected to reach California by way of Aiizona ; but they have not been met with here. « Never prickly : anthers not tapering iipward, disposed to dehisce from top to bottom. •4- Corolla (mostly white) deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, small. 1. S. nigrum, Linn. Annual, or sometimes becoming woody at base and more enduring, widely branching, green and almost glabrous : leaves more or less ovate and sinuate-toothed, sometimes merely repand or nearly entire, acute or acuminate : flowers in small and pedunculate lateral umbellate clusters : berries small, black when ripe, or rarely reddish. (The common Black Nightshade.) Var. Douglasii, Gray. Varying from almost glabrous to hoary-puberulent, and from one to several feet high : leaves apt to be coarsely toothed, and the flowers larger (sometimes half an inch or more in diameter) : fruiting calyx erect. — S. Doug- lasii, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 49, Waste and cultivated grounds and along streams towards the coast ; mainly or wholly the var. Douglasii, which is seemingly indigenous, sometimes very large, and "shrubby at base." S. umhellifenom, var. trachydadon, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 12, from Santa Inez, is of this form. Southward it runs into the var. iwdiflorum, which inclines to have entire leaves and glabrous filaments, and the fruiting calyx reflexed. In multifarious forms this weed occurs in almost every country. At least fifty of the species admitted by Dunal in De Candolle's Prodromus are by other authors reduced to this. The berries have the reputation of being poisonous, but in some parts of the world they are safely eaten. Capsicum. SOLANACE^. 539 2. S. triquetrum, Cav. Perennial and more or less woody at base, glabrous : the slender and triangular branches disposed to climb or to be flexuous : leaves deltoid-cordate or hastate, sometimes 3 - 5-lobed, the margins entire ; the middle lobe varying to lanceolate or even linear : umbellate pedunculate clusters rather few- flowered ; berry red. — Cav. Ic. iii. 30, t. 259. >S'. LindheimeriaHum, Scheele in Linnsea, xxi. 766. From Texas westward along the southern frontier ; given on the authority of a sterile specimen said to be Caliibmiau, but more likely from Arizona. +■ -t- Corolla {violet or blue and showy, often green and yellow in the throat), b-angled or very moderately 5-lobed, very flat : peduncles short, terminal or becoming lateral, bearing an open forking or umbellate cyme ; a nodose or cupshaped enlargement under the articulation at tlie base of each slender pedicel : berries purple, the base covered by the somewhat enlarged calyx. 3. S. Xanti, Gray. Perennial, nearly herbaceous except the base, pubescent with simple glandular hairs, or sometimes almost glabrous: branches slender: leaves thinnish, ovate or ovate-oblong, entire or repand, or rarely auriculate-lobed at the usually obtuse or rounded or subcordate base : corolla from three fourths to a full inch in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90. Var. Wallace!, Gray, 1. c. Leaves and flowers much larger ; the former 3 or 4 inches long and the corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter : inflorescence and branches villous with long and viscid many-jointed hairs. Common through the southern part of the State, and north to Santa Barbara ; also on the bor- ders of Nevada, and in Sierra Co. Has been confounded with the following, and is almost as polymorphous ; is known by the pubescence of simple and jointed hairs, commonly tipped with a gland. Named for Xantus de Veseij, one of the first to collect it. Var. Wallacei, Catalina Island, a striking form. 4. S. umbeUiferum, Eschscholtz. Perennial from a shrubby base, minutely hoary-pubescent or tomentose with short many-branched hairs, occasionally almost glabrous : flowering branches mostly short and leafy : leaves obovate and oblong and commonly obtuse, sometimes ovate and acute, entire (half an inch to an inch or two in length) ; the upper acute or narrowed, the lower and larger ones rounded at base : flowers few or sever.d in umbel-like clusters : corolla about three fourths of an inch in diameter. — aS'. Californiciim & S. genistoides, Dunal in DC. ; the latter a starved and twiggy form with small leaves. Common from the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the coast, and south to San Diego Co. A very polymorphous species, producing through the season its handsome violet-blue (or rarely white) flowers. * * Sometimes pricJcly : antJiers longer, tapering upwards, opening only at the tip. 5. S. elseagnifolium, Cav. Low perennial, or the base somewhat woody, silvery- whitened all over by a dense and rather scurfy pubescence composed of many- rayed stellate hairs : prickles straight and small on the branches and midribs, but some- times wanting : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sinuate or entire : peduncles at first terminal, few-flowered : calyx 5-angled and with slender lobes : corolla violet, moderately 5-lobed, an inch or less in diameter : ovary tomentose : berry yellowish, at length nearly black. A Mexican and extra-tropical South American species, extending from Texas to Arizona, and in a shrubby form (.S^. Hindsianum, Benth.) to Lower California : probably in the southeastern part of the State. 3. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayenne Pepper. Chile. Calyx short, minutely toothed or truncate, little enlarging, girting the base of the acrid and sometimes juiceless berry. Corolla 5 - 6-cleft. Anthers shorter or not longer than the filament, oblong, blunt ; the cells opening lengthwise. Other- 540 SOLANACE^. Capsicum. wise as Solanum. — Herbs or shrubs, natives of the warm parts of America, green and mostly glabrous ; with many-times forking stems, ovate and entire or barely repand thinnish leaves, and small flowers on solitary or cymose-clustered pedicels. Corolla mostly white and the anthers bluish. Capsicum annuum, Linn., is the Cayenne Pepper, or Chile Colorado of the Mexicans, with large and long pod-like fruit, of very warm and pungent acridity. 1. C. baccatum, Linn. Shrubby, a foot or two high, with slender diverging branches : leaves ovate, slender-petioled : berry globiilar, as large as a pea, on a slender erect peduncle. Wild along the Mexican frontier, and in Arizona, probably within the borders of the State, the form called 0. microphyllum by Dunal in DC. Prodr. 4. CHAM^SARACHA, Gray. Calyx 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering, but remaining rather herbaceous, not reticulated, incompletely investing the rather dry-globose berry. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate. Anthers short, on slender (not at all connivent) filaments ; the cells opening lengthwise throughout. — Low perennial (Texano-Californian) herbs ; with the corolla of Saracha and a calyx between that of Solanum and PhysaJis, with rather narrow leaves tapering into margined petioles, and in their axils filiform solitary or sometimes geminate pedicels, which are mostly refracted or recurved in fruit. Corolla white, yellowish, or tinged with \nolet. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 11. 891. Saracha § Chamcesaracha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. Q'2. 1. C. Coronopus, Gray. Difi"usely much branched, green, almost glabrox;s, or beset with some short and roughish- hairs, a span high ; leaves lanceolate or linear with cuneate-attenuate base, varying from almost entire to laciniate-pinnatifid : calyx somewhat scurfy-hirsute with 2-forked hairs : corolla yellowish, half an inch or less in diameter : berry nearly white : seeds thickish, rugose and favose. — Sola- num Coronopus, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 64. Withania \V) Coronopus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Saracha {Chamcesaracha) Coronopus, Gray, 1. c. Saracha acutifolia, Miers in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 18491 (but the flowers too small). Arizona {Palmer) and S. Utah (Capt. Bishop) to Texas and Colorado. Not met with in Cali- fornia, unless it be Saracha acutifolia of Jtliers, and it is probable Coulter's specimen on which that was founded came from Arizona. The more eastern and broader-leaved specimens are near to C. sordida, which is pubescent and glandular. 2. C. nana. Gray. Many-stemmed from slender creeping rootstocks, barely a span high, cinereous-puberulent, comparatively large-leaved : leaves crowded, ob- long-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, entire or undulate (the blade an inch or two long, and at base contracted into a petiole of equal length) : peduncles mostly shorter than the petiole : corolla white or bluish, 7 to 9 lines in diameter : fruiting calyx hemispherical and with distant subulate teeth : seeds flat, smoothish. — Saracha nana, Gray, 1. c. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada in Nevada and Sierra counties, Kellogg or Bolander, Lem- mon. Connects with Physalis through P. graiidiflora. 5. PHYSALIS, Linn. Ground Cherry. Calyx 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering and becoming membranaceous and veiny, forming a loose bladdery envelope enclosing the 2-celled juicy berry. Corolla rotate or commonly with an open-campanulate base, 5-angulate or obscurely lobed. An- thers oblong or linear, not connivent, on short or slender filaments ; the cells open- ing lengthwise throughout. — Herbs, widely distributed over the world, mainly in Orydes. SOLANACE^. 541 the warmer regions, the greater number American, but there are remarkably few in Oregon and California, and those only on the borders. The fruit of several species is edible when cooked, but of little importance. § 1. Corolla violet or purple, open-rotate : seeds thickish and obscurely tuber culate- rugose : calyx, pedicels, and all the young parts scurf y-granuli/erous or mealy, otherwise wholly glabrous. — Cham^physalis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. X. 62. 1. P. lobata, Torr. Low, diffusely branched or at length spreading and de- cumbent from a thickish perennial root : leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate, vary- ing from nearly entire to angulate-toothed and pinnatitid, tapering into a margined petiole : pedicels usually in pairs, longer than the Hower : corolla from half to two thirds of an inch wide : fruiting calyx globular-inflated, about half an inch long. — Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 226. Solanum luteolijlorum, Dunal in DC. 1. c. Saracha acutifolia, Miers ? Dry plains, from Texas to Arizona ; probably reaching the southeastern border of California. § 2. Corolla white, greenish, or yellow, mostly rotate-campanulate : seeds smx)oth and even, minutely punctate : no scurf or mealiness, and leaves never truly pin- natifid. — True Physalis. * Root perennial : anthers yellow : corolla not spotted or dark in the centre : leaves thickish. 2. P. crassifolia, Benth. Pale or minutely hoary with an extremely short and fine almost imperceptible pubescence : leaves at length nearly glabrous (half to an inch and a half long), ovate or round-cordate, repandly few-toothed or almost entire : pedicels long and slender : corolla apparently cream-color, half an inch in diameter : fruiting calyx an inch long, 5-angled. — Bot. Sulph. 40. P. cardiophylla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 153, a form with mostly round-cordate leaves. Along the Rio Colorado (JSigelow, &c.), east of San Bernardino {Parry), and in Lower California. P. GLABRA, Benth. 1. c, is a diffuse and small-leaved species, as yet known only in Lower Califomia, well marked by being perfectly glabrous, even to the calyx, the leaves ovate-lanceo- late and approaching hastate ; otherwise nearly like P. crassifolia. * * Root annual : anthers tinged toith blue or violet : corolla greenish-yellow vnth a dark centre : leaves thin or soft. 3. P. aequata, Jacq. Green and almost glabrous, a foot or two high, widely spreading : leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate-toothed or repand : pedicels very short : corolla less than half an inch broad : fruiting calyx ovate-globose and little angled at maturity. — Jacq. f Eclog. 2, t. 137 ; Gray, 1. c. This is in Coulter's Californian collection, probably from the most southern part of the State, as it is a Mexican species. 4. P. pubescens, Linn. A foot or two high, widely spreading, villous or pubescent with viscid spreading soft hairs, strong-scented : leaves ovate or cordate, varying from entire to angulate-toothed, rather tender, about 2 inches long : pedi- cels shorter than the ovate strongly 5-angled fruiting calyx : corolla barely half an inch in diameter. Fort Yuma, on the Rio Colorado {Thomas, &c.), thence eastward to the Atlantic States, where it is common. 6. OEYCTES, Watson. Calyx deeply 5 -cleft, with narrow lobes, somewhat enlarging in fruit and loose, nearly the length of the globose rather few-seeded dry berry. Corolla short-tubular, a little exceeding the calyx, 5-toothed, plaited in the bud ; the lobes nearly erect. ■* 542 SOLAN ACE^. Oryctes. Stamens somewhat unequal in length : filaments slender, included : anthers very short. Seeds, habit, &c., of Phy sails and the related genera. — A single species. 1. O. Nevadensis, Watson. Annual herb, a span high, with some rather scurfy viscid pubescence : leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, with undulate margins, the base tapering into a petiole : pedicels 2 to 4 in an axillary sessile umbel : corolla blue or purplish, 3 lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 274, t. 18, fig. 5-10. Eastern foot-hills of the Virginia Mountains, Nevada, in stony barren soil under Artemisia bushes, near the Big Bend of the Truckee, Walson. Not again met with as yet. Mature fmit is desired. Evidently the seed figured was immature and the embryo not fully grown. 7. LYCIUM, Linn. Calyx 4-5-toothed or more deeply cleft, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla varying from short-funnelform to tubular, the 4 or 5 lobes commonly im- bricated in the bud, the sinuses often plaited. Filaments filiform, included or exserted : anthers short, fixed by the middle ; the cells opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-celled, slightly stalked in the calyx : style filiform : stigma capitate. Berry many- seeded. Seeds roundish : embryo coiled or curved, slender. — Shrubs, mostly spiny, diflfusely much branched ; with entire alternate leaves, commonly fascicled in the axils or on short axillary spurs, in our species small and spatulate or somewhat linear, nearly veinless. Pedicels solitary or fascicled, mostly from the leafy fas- cicles. Flowers white or purplish. Berries small, usually red, sometimes white. A large genus, dispersed over the warm-temperate and subtropical zones, one species, native of the Levant, &c., commonly planted for ornament in the Atlantic United States (under the name of Matrimony Vine), but it is by no means showy ; several are indigenous to the Mexican frontier and its vicinity. Of these L. pallidum, Miei-s, the largest flowered of all, with corolla nearly an inch long, L. Palmehi, Gray, from W. Sonora, Mexico, with long calyx-lobes, L. PARVIFLORUM, Gray, from S. Arizona, with corolla only one sixth of an inch long, and two little- known species of Lower California, viz. L. brevipes, Benth., with 5-merous slender flowers and acicular spines, and L. Kichii, Gray, may hereafter be found within the State. But the follow- ing are all that are now known -within or near its bordei-s. For an account of the North American species, see Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45, vii. 388, & viiL 292. * Lobes of the calyx foliaceous, as long as the tnbe. 1. L. Cooperi, Gray. Minutely pubescent, with stout branches and some very short spines : leaves spatulate, apparently somewhat viscid, half an inch or more long : pedicels about the length of the cylindraceous or when old campanulate calyx, both somewhat hirsute ; lobes of the latter oblong and not longer than tlie tube : corolla apparently white, narrow-funnelform, half an inch long, its ovate lobes short : filaments hairy at base: anthers oval, mucronulate. — Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 388. San Bernardino Co., on the eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Cooper. 2. L. xnacrodon, Gray. Puberulent, becoming glabrate : leaves spatulate -ob- lanceolate, only 2 to 4 lines long ; pedicels very short : calyx minutely viscid ; its lobes narrowly linear and twice the length of the short campanulate tube, half the length of the narrow coroUa : filaments slightly hairy at base : anthers oval- oblong. — Proc. 1. c. vi. 46. California or Nevada, Fre'mont (coll. 1849 ; not otherwise known). * * Calyx with A or 5 short teeth, or sometimes irregularly 2 - 3-cleft. •i- Corolla very small and short. 3. L. Califomiciim, Nutt. in herb. Glabrous, very much branched, 2 to 4 feet high : branchlets spinescent : leaves thick and fleshy, very small, in the fascicles Datura. SOLANACE^. 543 a line or two long, from oval or obovate to oblong or spatulate, or on vigorous shoots 3 lines long and almost linear : flowers nearly sessile or on pedicels of one or two lines in length : tube of the white corolla included in the campanulate 4-toothed calyx, its 4 oval rotately spreading lobes hardly a line long. Near San Diego, on clay-liill slopes, Nxdtall (without flowers), Coojtcr, Cleveland. The flowers barely 2 lines long, on slender short pedicels in Dr. Cooper's specimen, but nearly sessile in those of Jtlr. Cleveland ; the plants otherwise similar. Foliage apparently as fleshy as in L. CarolinUinum. -I- -(- Corolla a third to half an inch in length. 4. L. Fremontii, Gray, 1. c. IVIinutely soft-puberulent, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves spatulate, 4 to 9 lines long : pedicels not longer than the oblong-campanulate or cylindraceous calyx : corolla white with some purplish, tubular, 4 to 6 lines long, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate and very short : filaments nearly naked. California or Nevada ? Frcmmit, 1849 (the station unknown). There is a var. (?) Bigelovii, Gray, with shorter flowei-s, in Arizona. 5. L. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous, 3 to 8 feet high : leaves nearly spatulate or oblanceolate, 6 to 14 lines long: pedicels usually as long as the calyx (2 lines long) : corolla white or tinged with purple, 5 or 6 lines long, tubular-funnelform gradually enlarging from base to summit, with 4 or 5 short and broad spreading lobes, the edges of these minutely tomentose : filaments woolly at base : berries red, " not edible." — Parry in Am. Nat. ix. 348. Southeastern borders of the State, lower part of the Rio Colorado to S. Utah, on low saline flats, Thomas, Cooper, Parry, &c. Extends eastward to the bordei-s of Texas. 6. L. Anders onii, Gray. Eesembles the preceding ; but is lower, 2 to 4 feet high, smaller-leaved, very abundantly flowered ; the white corolla narrower and more tubular, 5 lines long, its limb only 2 or 3 lines wide, and its short rounded lobes with naked edges : pedicels and calyx only a line long : berries bright red, or amber-colored, "ripening a month earlier than those of the preceding, edible." — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 275 ; Parry, 1. c. Rocky hills in the desert region, borders of S. Nevada {Anderson) to Utah ( Watson, Parry) ; not certiiinly known within the limits of the State. — Var. IVrightii, Gray, is a more leafy and sparsely flowered fomi, with smaller flowers, collected by C. Wright and E. Palmer in Arizona, and perhaps to be found on the Rio Colorado. 8. DATURA, Linn. Stramonium. Thorn-Apple. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-toothed, deciduous after flowering by a transverse separation near the base, which persists as a circular plate under the fruit. Corolla funnelform, with an ample expanded border which is strongly 5-plaited and the plaits convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly included : filaments long and filiform : anthers opening lengthwise. Style long : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule thickish, prickly or muricate all over, with 2 proper cells, each divided more or less by a false partition which bears the two broad transverse placentae across its middle. Seeds very numerous, rather large, reniform. Embryo slender and coiled. — Plants (our species coarse herbs), of rank odor and narcotic-poisonous qualities ; with ovate petioled leaves, and solitary mostly large flowers in the forks of the stem, on short peduncles, produced through the season. Corolla commonly white or tinged with violet, sometimes fragrant. Chiefly natives of tropical America, but now widely diffiised over the world. There is a section, Briupiutnsia, consisting of soft-wooded arborescent or shrubby plants, with pendulous flowers of huge size, of which the commonest is D. arborea, the Tree Stramonium, not rare in cultivation, and which may stand the winter without protection in the southern part of the State. — Our wild or spontaneous species are herbs, with the flower erect. 544 S0LANACEJE3. Datura. § 1. Calyx-tube prismatic, acutely 5-angled : border of the corolla vdth 5 acute teeth: cajisule dry and of firm texture, ^-valved from the top : seeds with a thick and rough dark-colored coat : root annual. * Capsule erect as well as the fifiiver. 1. D. Stramonium, Linn. (Common Stramonium.) Smooth, green, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves siuuately and laciniately angled and toothed : corolla white, about 3 inches long : capsule thickly beset with short and stout prickles, the lower ones commonly shorter than the upper. Waste giounds, especially near towns, sparingly naturalized, probably originally from Asia. 2. D. Tatula, Linn. Like the preceding, except that the stem is reddish- purple, the corolla pale violet, and the prickles on the fruit about equal. Not yet recorded from California, but probably introduced in some places, from Tropical America. 3. D. quercifolia, HBK. Green, and the young herbage commonly a little pubescent : leaves sparingly but deeply sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla nearly as in the foregoing : capsule armed with unequal and flattened prickles, some of them large and strong, even an inch long. Along the Eio Colorado, especially in Arizona ; perhaps indigenous, as it is a Mexican species. * * Capsule nodding on a recurred peduncle. 4. D. discolor, Bernh. Eather low, pubescent : leaves laciniately or sinuately toothed : corolla 2 or 3 inches long, white with a purple tinge: capsule globose, pubescent, armed with stout large prickles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165. 1). Thomasii, Torr. in Pacif E. Eep. v. 362, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Along the Eio Colorado, at Fort Yuma, &c. ; thence into Mexico, from which it is likely to have been introduced : yet it may be indigenous. § 2. Calyx tvhular and nearly cylindrical: capsule nodding on the recurved short peduncle, globose, succident, bursting from the apex someivhat irregularly at maturity : seeds flatter, with a softer and pale smoothish coat. 5. D. meteloides, DC. Perennial, pale, being coated with a very minute and soft whitish pubescence, from one to 4 feet high : leaves mostly only repand or entire : calyx 3 and corolla 7 or 8 inches long ; the latter white or suffused with violet, the widely expanded border with 5 (not 10) slender-subulate conspicuous teeth : capsule 2 inches in diameter, thickly beset with short and weak equal prickles : seeds bordered by a narrow and uniform cord-like margin. — Dun. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 544 (with erroneous descr.); Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 154. Z>. Metel, var. quinquecuspida, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. vii. 18. D. Wrightii of the gardens, & Eegel, Gartenfl. viii. t. 260. Southern part of the State, extending northward as far as to Santa Barbara on the sea-shore, and eastward to Texas, and in adjacent parts of Mexico. Now common and very ornamental in cultivation. 9. NICOTIANA, Touni. Tobacco. Calyx campanulate or oblong, 5-toothed or moderately lobed, pei-sistent, closely investing the capsule. Corolla various, but commonly funnelform or salverform ; the limb plaited and the plaits more or less convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly included : anthers short, opening lengthwise. Style long : stigma capitate or de- pressed, somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule smooth, with 2 (rarely more) cells, and very numerous seeds on broad placentae borne in the axis, 2-valved from the top, and the valves themselves soon 2-cleft, thus becoming as it were 4-valved. Seeds very numerous and small, oval or roundish, somewhat pitted. Embryo straightish. — Nicotiana. SOLAN ACE^. 545 Herbs (or one or two soft-woody plants), nearly all of American origin, heavy- scented, viscid-pubescent, narcotic-poisonous, with mostly entire leaves and panicu- late or racemose flowers, some of them rather showy. Our species all annuals. § 1. Flowers pink-red {sometimes in cultivation white), open through tlie day: capsule septicidal, dividing the two placentae as well as the partition. — Tabacum. 1. N. Tabacum, Linn. (Common Tobacco.) Tall, large-leaved, with a panicle of sliort-pedicelled flowers : corolla 2 inches long, funnelform with a wide or inflated throat, and spreading acute or acuminate lobes. Var. undulata, Sendtner. Leaves very long and narrowly lanceolate, undulate below the middle, gradually and much tapering to the slender apex : corolla-lobes also much acuminate. — N. caudata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 181 ] The common Tobacco, of Central or South American origin, is merely cultivated in California. This may have been the case also with Nuttall's N. caudata, from Monterey ; wliicli appears to be the same as the Vaqui Tobacco, found in a cultivated state in Arizona or Sonora, by Br, Palmer. It is probably the N. lanci/olia, Willd., and N. Ybarrcnsis, HBK. § 2. Flowers white, greenish, or yellowish : capsule septifragal, leaving the thin par- tition with the undivided placental column in the centre. * Corolla more or less constricted at the orifice, dull-colored, open through the day ; the lobes short and rounded. 2. N. rustica, Linn. Eather stout, a foot or two high : leaves petioled, ovate, or the lower somewhat cordate, these oftener a foot long : panicle thyrsiform : calyx broad, and with short and broad teeth, shorter than tlxe globular at flrst only 2-valved capsule : corolla short and broad, less than an inch long, hardly thrice the length of the calyx, oblong-inflated from the short narrow base ; the broad lobes reticulate-veiny. Waste giounds, in California, as well as eastward and northward, probably escaped from al)original cultivation : the native country uucei-tain. 3. N. trigonophylla, DunaL Eather slender, one to three feet high : leaves sessile, oblong, 2 to 4 inches long, or the upper smaller ; the lower obovate, with narrow tapering auriculate and partly clasping, the upper with broader and more clasping base : raceme at length loose and virgate, with bracts small or sometimes wanting ; pedicels rather unilateral : calyx with subulate-lanceolate teeth, about equalling the ovate 4-valved capsule : corolla greenish-white, less than an inch long, narrowly tubular and gradually enlarging upwards, a little constricted at the oriflce, the very short limb obscurely 5-lobed. — DC. Prodr. xiii. 562. N. ipomopsifiora, Dunal, 1. c. 559 (Mo9ino & Sesse, Ic. Mex. Ined. t. 909) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. V. 166. N. multifiora, Torr. in Pacif. E. Eep. v. 302. Southern part of the State ; "Monterey" (Coulter, but probably from farther south), and on the Mohave and Colorado (Bigelow, Cooper) ; thence southward into Mexico and east to Texas. Comparison of a tracing of Mo9ino and Sesse's figure leaves little doubt of the identity of Dunal's two species : but the name here adopted was founded on specimens, the other upon a figure only. * « Corolla with open more or less dilated orifice to the long tube, white, sometimes ivith a greenish or bluish tinge, expanding at sunset, closed by day except in very cloudy weather. 4. N. attenuata, Torr. A foot or two high : leaves all petioled ; the radical oval or oblong ; the lower cauline ovate-lanceolate or narrower ; the upper narrowly lanceolate or linear and long-tapering to the point : flowers loosely panicled, short- pedicelled : upper bracts minute or none : calyx with triangular-lanceolate teeth much shorter than the tube and rather shorter than the 4-valved capsule : corolla fully an inch long, narrow-salverform, with obtusely 5-lobed border a third to half an inch in diameter. — Watson, Bot. King Exp. 276, t. 27. 546 SCROPHULARIACE^. Nicotiana. Dry plains and hills, Monterey Co. to the Mohave, and along the eastern borders of the State in Nevada ; east to Colorado. 5. N. Bigelovii, Watson. Larger and stouter than the preceding : leaves ob- long or oblong-lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long, or the uppermost smaller), only the lower ones petioled ; some of the upper often with bYoader and partly clasping base : flowers scattered : teeth of the calyx linear-lanceolate and surpassing the ovate 4-valved capsule : corolla nearly salverform, with tube an inch and a half long, and a 5-cleft border of an inch or more in diameter, its lobes triangular and acute. ■ — Bot. King Exp. 1. c. t. 27. N. plumbagini folia, var. {V) Bigelovii, Torr. in Pacif. E. Kep. iv. 27. Not uncommon, from Lake Co. to San Diego, and east to the borders of Nevada. Very viscid and stinking : this and the preceding much used by the Indians. N. QUADRiVALVis, Pursh, and its variety multivalvis {N. multivalvis, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1057), may be expected in the northern part of the State, being not uncommon in Oregon. It may be distinguished from N. Bigelovii by its lower and stouter habit, corolla with proportion- ally shorter tube, broader obtusely 5 - 7-lobed border, and globose at length thin-walled capsule of four cells, in the var. multivalvis of several cells ; — an anomaly in the genus. No certain indigenous habitat is known : the plant was cultivated by the aborigines from the Missouri Eiver to the Pacific, and greatly piized for its tobacco. N. Bigelovii is perhaps the original of it. 10. PETUNIA, Juss. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the divisions narrow and foliaceous. Corolla funnel- form or somewhat salverform ; the 5-lobed limb plaited in the bud. Stamens unequal, included : filaments and tip of the style more or less incurved. Stigma dilated-capitate and 2-lobed. Capsule simply 2-valved (the valves entire), leaving the placenta in the axis. Seeds numerous, small, scrobiculate. Embryo straightish. — Viscid-pubescent herbs, with entire leaves and lateral or at first terminal flowers. The common Petunias of the gardens are mixtures of two showy species from Buenos Ayres. Very different in appearance is the following. 1. P. parviflora, Juss. A small and insignificant annual, much branched, spread- ing or nearly prostrate, pubescent : leaves narrow-spatulate, hardly half an inch long, almost sessile : flowers small (about a third of an inch long), very short- peduncled : calyx-lobes resembling the leaves : corolla purple with a yellowish tube, its short retuse lobes slightly unequal : capsule ovoid. — Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 216, t. 47. Salpiglossis prostrata, Hook. & Am. Eot. Beechey, 123, 376. Common on the sea-shore from the Bay of Monterey south : also in Texas, and S. America. Order LXVIII. SCROPHULARIACE^. Known by the irregular (more or less bilabiate) corolla with lobes imbricated in the bud, didynamous or diandrous stamens, single style, 2-celled many - few-seeded capsule with the placentae in the axis, and seeds with a small embryo in copious albumen. The exceptions do not concern the Californian flora, except an intro- duced MuDeiu, which has 5 perfect stamens. — Flowers perfect. Calyx of 5 or sometimes 4 distinct or variously united sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed or cleft, com- monly bilabiate (|, i. e. two lobes forming the upper and three the lower lip), im- bricated in the bud, not plaited. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, 4 and didynamous or only 2, tha fifth and upper stamen and sometimes the two lateral or anterior ones either absent or reduced to sterile filaments or vestiges, rarely (in Verbascum, &c.) all five present and fertile. Stigma entire, or with two (upper and SCROPHULARIACE^. 547 lower) lobes. Ovary 2-celled, the placentae being firmly united in the axis (or in Mimulus § Diplacus little if at aU so) : ovules very numerous or occasionally few ; aiiatro[)ous or amphitropous. Seeds mostly small. — Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, very rarely trees, destitute of colored juice, with the general inflorescence indeter- minate in all genuine members of the order, but when compound the partial in- florescence determinate, i. e. the axillary clusters are cymes : in Veronica, robably the specific name. The upper face of tlie lateral lobes of the lower lip of the corolla is sparsely bearded, and the margins of the leaves are scabrous. +■ +- Corolla less declined or curved ; the gibbous but not saccate throat much longer than broad : low species, a span or so high : leaves crenate or obtusely toothed, ob- tuse, often thickish in texture, seldom over an inch long. 554 SCROPHULARIACE^. Collinsia. ++ Filaments and interior of the throat of the corolla somewhat bearded: upper lip of the latter crestless : calyx-lobes broadish, obtuse. 3. C. bartsisefolia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular, rarely hairy above : stem strict and simple or loosely branched':- leaves from ovate-oblong to linear : flower-whorls 2 to 5, rarely only one : calyx either naked or villous : upper lip of the corolla about the length of the curved gibbous throat ; the lower narrow at the base, its lateral lobes emarginate or obcordate : gland sessile and elongated, porrect. — DC. Prodr. x. 318. C. bicolor, var., Benth. PI. Hartw. 328, no. 1884. C. hirsuta, Kellogg, 1. c. 110, fig. 34, hairy form. Common throughout the central and western parts of the State to the foot-lulls of the Sierra Nevada, mostly in sandy soil. Corolla from half to two thirds of an inch long, purplish, pale violet, or whitish : upper lip with a low transverse callosity at the origin of the limb, bordering a small hooded depression. 4. C. COrymbosa, Herder. Minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from the base and diffuse or decumbent, tufted : leaves oblong or oval, very obtuse, rather fleshy : flowers mainly in a single terminal and leafy-bracted capitate cluster : upper lip of the straightish corolla very shoit, its limb (spreading above the trans- verse callosity) almost obsolete ; lobes of the elongated lower lip entire : gland small, oblong, flattish, short-stipitate. — Ind. Sem. Petersb. 1867, & Gartenfl. 1868, 35, t. 568 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378. Coast of the northern part of the State ; on the beach at Fort Bragg, Humboldt Co., Bolander. Described from cultivated specimens, the seed said to come from Mexico, which is most unlikely. Corolla three fourths of an inch long ; lower lip white or somewhat cream-colored, the very short upper one blue or bluish. ++ -M- Filaments and interior of the corolla glabrous : upper lip of the latter promi- nently crested. 5. C. G-reenei, Gray. Small a»d slender, glandular-puberulent : leaves oblong- linear and tapering to the base, rather coarsely and sparsely dentate : flowers few (2 to 6) in the clusters, on pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx : lobes of the latter acutish : upper lip of the violet purple corolla much shorter than the oblong throat, about half the length of the lower, crested above the gorge and under the origin of the limb with a pair of conspicuous callous teeth on each side, which are connected by a less elevated transverse ridge; the lateral lobes of the lower lip small : gland small and sessile. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75. Crevices of rocks, Lake Co., E. L. Greene. Corolla 5 lines long : the callosity of the upper lip, which is obvious in some other species, is in this developed into a projecting 2-toothed crest. * « Flowers slender-pedicel led, solitary or nmbellate-whorled. -t- Glabrous or minutely more or less puberulent : at least the lowest leaves broadish or roundish and more or less toothed: lobes of t/te calyx acute, longer than the capside. 6. C. grandiflora, Dougl. A span to a foot or so in height : upper leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate ; the floral mostly in whorls of 3 to 7 : pedicels at least as many in the whorls, not longer than the flowers : calyx-lobes tapering from a broad base to a slender subulate point : corolla strongly declined ; the very saccate throat broader than long, and with its axis almost transverse with that of the tube, about the length of the pale or white upper lip ; the larger lower lip deep bright blue or violet : filaments glabrous : gland sessile and capitate. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1107. Shady hillsides, Mendocino Co. (Bolander, Kellogg) ; thence north to Washington Tenitory. Corolla about half an inc^h long ; the lobes a little undulate or merely emarginate : a pair of strong and hood-like callosities on the upper lip. Nearest O. violacea of Arkansas, which has obcordate-cleft lateral lobes to the corolla and much less acute calyx-lobes. Notwithstanding the name, this is by no means the largest-flowered species, but the blossoms are numerous and showy. Toneaa. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 555 7. C. sparsiflora, Fischer & Meyer. Slender, diffuse or erect, a span to a foot high : upper leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, seldom tapering at base, merely opposite, or the minute upper tioral ones in threes : pedicels solitary, in pairs, or some of the upper in whorls of three, longer or shorter than the flower : calyx-lobes from ovate to deltoid-lanceolate : corolla (mostly violet) strongly de- clined ; the inflated saccate throat very oblique on the tube, about the length of the upper lip : filaments hairy below: gland sessile and projecting forwards, cylindrical- subulate. — Ind. Sem. Petersb. (1835) ii. 33. C. parvijiora, var, sparsiflora, Benth. in DC. C. solitaria, Kellogg, 1. c. ii. 10. Shaded hillsides, &c. , from near San Francisco northward. Corolla 4 to 6 lines long : the upper lip and the middle lobe of the lower commonly yellowish and purple-dotted, or paler than the ample and violet lateral lobes. Calyx-tube commonly tinged with purple. 8. C. parviflora, Dougl. Low, at length diffuse, a span high : leaves mostly oblong or lanceolate ; the upper narrowed at base and entire ; the floral often in tlirees or fours or even fives : pedicels 1 to 5, mostly longer than the small flowers : calyx-lobes lanceolate, a little shorter than the blue moderately oblicpie corolla, the oblong gibbous-saccate throat of which is longer than the lips : filaments all gla- brous : gland small and capitate, short-stipitate : stigma 2-cleft. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1802; Hook. Fl. ii. 94, by misprint as C. pauciflora. C. minima, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. Shady moist grounds, from the coast north of San Francisco to the Sierra Nevada ; thence northward to Washington Territory and Lake Superior. Corolla 2 to 4 lines long, rather narrow. Nuttall's C minima is a depauperate form, early flowering from the seed, with corolla (3 or 4 lines long) fully twice the length of the shortish calyx. -J- "i- Glandular : leaves entire, narrow: lobes of the calyx obtuse, shoHer tJian the capsule. 9. C. Torreyi, Gray. Slender, erect, a span or so high, divergently branched : leaves thickish ; the lowest narrowly spatulate ; the others linear with a tapering base, mainly opposite, or the floral in threes or fours ; all the uppermost of these reduced to minute bracts : pedicels 2 to 7 in a whorl, rather longer than the flowers : corolla deep violet-blue, almost thrice the length of the calyx, moderately declined, the gibbous throat with the tube about the length of the lower lip : filaments gla- brous : gland sessile, subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378. Common in the higher parts of the Sien-a Nevada, from Mariposa Co. to Nevada Co., Tmrrey, Boln,rtder, Watson, &c. Somewhat viscid, beset with minute dark glands. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long ; the plaits forming the margins of the sac of the lower lip terminating below in a spur-like f)rojection. Seeds oblong, more terete than usual, and large for the size of the capsule, a line ong. 7. TONELLA, Nutt. Corolla obscurely bilabiate ; the 5 more or less unequal lobes somewhat rotately spreading, the lower not complicate nor enclosing the soon ascending stamens and style ; the tube slightly gibbous posteriorly. Ovules and seeds from one to four in each cell. Cauline leaves mainly temately divided or 3-parted. Otherwise as in Gollinsia. — ^Xutt. ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 593 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, & xi. 92. 1. T. collinsioides, Xutt, 1. c. Slender annual, diffusely branched from the base, nearly glabrous : branches filiform, a span to a foot long : radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate or roundish, somewhat lobed, crenate or entire (a quarter to half an inch long), on slender petioles ; the others sliorter-petioled or sessile, 3-parted or divided into oblong or lanceolate divisions or leaflets ; the flonil ones sometimes in whorls of three, and the uppermost simple, and shorter than the slender filiform pedicels ; these solitary, or in pairs, or sometimes 3 in a whorl : flowers minute, at * 556 SCROPHULARIACEJE. Pentstemon. most a line and a half long : corolla a little longer than the calyx ; its 5 lobes of equal length, but the anterior one transversely oval or roundish, very much larger tlian the lateral and posterior oblong ones, and separated from them by deeper sinuses : ovules solitary in each cell : capsule considerably exceeding the calyx, — Collinsia tenella, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. Mendocino Co., near Ukiah, in shady ground {Kellogg, Bolander) ; also in Oregon, where it was first collected by Nidtall and later by E. Hall. T. FLOitiBUNDA, Gray, the other species, has been collected only in Idaho, on the Koos- kooskie River, by Spalding, Gcyer, &c. It is much larger, a foot or two high ; the stems termi- nating in a rather crowded raceme of whorls, each of 3 to 6 comparatively showy flowers ; the open (purple) corolla over a quarter of an inch in diameter and thrice the length of the calyx ; the three lobes answering to the lower lip obovate and nearly alike, smaller than those of the 2-cleit upper lip ; the ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. 8. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a conspicuous and mostly elongated or ventricose tube ; the throat gibbous on the lower if on either side ; the limb more or less bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-cleft, recurved or spreading. Stamens 4, declined at base, ascending above ; the fifth (posterior) stamen represented by a conspicuous sterile filament : anthers with their cells mostly united or confluent at the summit. Style long : stigma entire. Capsule ovate, septicidal, many-seeded. Seeds angled, wingless. — Perennial herbs, or a few shrubby ; with opposite (rarely verticillate) leaves, the upper sessile or partly clasping, the floral gradually or abruptly reduced to bracts. Flowers (appearing in summer) commonly showy and racemose-panicled, the peduncle from the axil of the floral leaves or bracts generally 2-bracteolate when single-flowered, oftener cymosely few-several-flowered. Corolla red, blue, purple, or white, rarely yellow. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 56 ; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 456. A well-marked genus of nearly 70 species, all North American with a few Mexican, much more numerous in the Pacific than the Atlantic States, most so in the intennediate region. Several are common in ornamental cultivation. In a few instances the mdimentary stamen has been found to be antheriferous. Chklonf, nemorosa, Dougl., a native of the woods of Oregon, has been met with in the Cas- cade Mountains about 200 miles north of the California line. It would be taken for a Pentstemon except for the seeds, which are broadly winged. § 1. Anthers vrlth cells at length diverging or divaricate, so as to become transverse, and ojtening for their whole length. * Anthers long-tvoolly : stems suffrutescent. 1. P. ]V[enziesii, Hook. Branching and tufted at the woody base, a span to a foot high, nearly glabrous ; the flowering shoots erect : leaves coriaceous, oval or oblong, mostly beset with some small rigid teeth, an inch or less in length : pedun- cles almost always 1-flowered, and forming a short somewhat glandidar raceme : corolla about an inch long, pink-red ; the narrow but gradually expanding tube and throat much longer than the lips. — Gerardia fruticosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 423, t. 18. P. Newberryi, Gray, in Pacif. Ii. Pep. vi. 82, t. 14, the var. Newherryi, Gray, Proc. 1. c. On rocks, through the Sierra Nevada at 5,000 to 12,000 feet ; thence north to British Columbia and the northern Kocky Mountains. Showy in blossom, running into several varieties ; the Cali- fomian form apparently always with pink or rose-red corollas. * * Anthers glabrous, or sometimes toith a few scattered beard-like hairs. -f- Stems woody, at least the base : leaves somewhat coriaceous or chartaceous, snuill, mostly very short-petioled : f laments all bearded at base. Fentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 557 ++ Corolla red, long and narrow-tubular (an inch or more in length) ; the ujyper lip erect; lower more or less spreading: injlorescence somewhat glandular, paniculate or cgmose : sterile filament bearded down one side. 2. P. cordifolius, Benth. Scrambling over bushes by long sarmentose branches to several feet in height, scabrous-puberulent, very leafy : leaves somewhat cordate, or some ovate with a truncate base, mostly acute and serrate or denticulate with sharp salient teeth : the veins impressed on the upper and prominent on the lower face : flowers in a somewhat leafy panicle : peduncles divaricate : calyx-lobes ovate- lanceolate: corolla scarlet (an inch and a half long, the upper lip over half an inch). Towards the coast, from Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. Sterile filament densely yellowish- bearded from the apex for some distance downward. 3. P. corymbosus, Benth. Lower than the foregoing, a foot or two high, soft- pubescent or nearly glabrous, leafy to the tip : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, acute or acutish at base, slightly and sparsely denticulate (half an inch to nearly 2 inches long), the veins disposed to be parallel : flowers few or rather numerous in a close corymbiform terminal cyme : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla scarlet (an inch long). — Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 395. Shasta Co. to Santa Craz ; first collected by Coulter (small branches or depauperate specimens), but the station unknown. Nearly related to the preceding ; the steiile filament about e(j[ually bearded above and sparsely so lower down. 4. P. ternatus, Torr. Glabrous, the long virgate shoots glaucous, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate or denticulate with sharp rigid teeth, all but the uppermost in whorls of three : flowers in a more naked long and narrow virgate panicle : calyx-lobes ovate or broadly lanceolate : corolla pale scarlet (an inch long, the lobes or lips 3 lines long). — Bot. Mex. Bound. 115. Mountains east of San Diego {Parry, Cleveland), and Fort Tejon, Xantus. ++ ++ Corolla more or less yelloiv or tinged with purple {half to two thirds of an inch long), the tube much shorter than the widely gaping lips, of which the upper is arch- ing and merely notched, and the lower pendulous-recurved. 5. P. breviflorus, Lindl, Glabrous, 3 to 6 feet high, with long and slender flowering branches, leafy up to the panicle : leaves only opposite, lanceolate, some- times ovate-lanceolate, denticulate : peduncles few - several-flowered, racemose- pan icled : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate : corolla yellowish or flesh- colored, striped within with pink, externally especially the upper lip beset with some long and rather viscid beard-like hairs ; these sometimes on the calyx also : sterile filament naked. — Bot. Reg. t. 1946. Dry hills and banks, throughout the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range. 6. P. antirrhinoides, Benth. Very minutely puberulent or cinereous, or gla- brous, dittusely much branched and spreading, 1 to 5 feet high, very leafy ; leaves thickish, spatulate-oblong or oval, entire (seldom half an inch long, not diminishing upwards) : peduncles 1-flowered, terminating leafy paniculate branches and in the upper axils : calyx-lobes roundish-ovate : corolla very broad for its length, pure lemon-yellow : short sterile filament very densely bearded on one side. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6157. P. Lobbii, of the gardens, Illiist. Hort. 1862, t. 315. Southern part of the State, not rare about San Diego and San Pascual. Peculiar for its clear yellow flowers. +-{- +-^ +-h Corolla flesh-color or purplish {half an inch long) ; the tube and throat longer than the short spreading lips. 7. P. Lemmoni, Gray. Two to 4 feet high, slender ; the virgate simple branches rather leafy, and whole plant glabrous up to the pedicels : leaves ovate-lanceolate, 558 SCROPHULARIACE^. Penistemon. sharply and sparsely denticulate (about an inch or less long), shorter than the inter- nodes : panicle virgate and racemose, loose : peduncles longer than the subtending floral leaves, cymosely 2 - 7-flowered : very short pedicels and calyx glandular : sterile filament strongly yellow-bearded on one side x)f the curved apex. Long Valley, Mendocino Co. (Kellogg, 1869) ; Plumas Co. (Lemmon, 1874). Resembles/*. hrcviflorus in habit and foliage ; but the leaves proiwrtionally broader and the flowers fewer ; the form of the corolla nearly that of the succeeding sjjeeies. Divisions of the calyx ovate-lanceolate and gradually much acuminate, rather dry. Corolla in Dr. Kellogg's specimens "flesh-colored, inclining to pink veins, with red-pui-]ile throat," externally somewhat glandular, not bearded, the general form campanulate, the lips about 2 lines long ; upper 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Main peduncles an inch or more long. •»— -f— Stems herbaceous, generally simple. -f+ Corolla at least an inch long, showy, never red ; the short tube abruptly dilated into an ample and vride veyitricose throat ; the broad and roundish lobes spreading : plants glabrotis : leaves lanceolate or ovate : panicle naked and elongated. = Leaves all entire and distinct at the base : panicle strict and raceme-like or spicate; the peduncles and pedicels both short. 8. P. glaber, Pursh. Very smooth throughout, a foot or two high : leaves mostly lanceolate or the lowest oblong or spatulate, tlie upper closely sessile : panicle very narrow, a span to a foot long : corolla blue or violet, or varying to purple, ventricose-oblong or between campanulate and funnelform above the narrow tube : anthers either glabrous or with some scattered short hairs ; the cells not dehiscent quite to the tip, so that they never open widely : sterile filament either naked or a little bearded on one side at the apex. — P. glabra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 738 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1672. P. Erianthera, Nutt. in Fraser Cat. P. speciosus, Dough; Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1720. P. Gordoni, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4319. In the Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. northward to Oregon (mainly the western form with narrow leaves and wholly naked sterile filament and anthers, the P. speciosus of Douglas) ; thence eastward to and much beyond the Kocky Mountains. = = Leaves or some of them beset with rigid sharp teeth ; the %ipper connate-per- foliate : panicle long and open, most of the peduncles and pedicels of the several- flowered cymes being slender. 9. P. Palmeri, Gray. Glaucous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate, or the lower oblong-lanceolate, the upper pairs broadly united : panicle and calyx commonly puberulent and a little glandular : corolla white or cream-color partly suffused with pink or rose, very abruptly dilated and broad-canipanulate above the narrow short tube, the limb an inch broad : sterile filament densely yellow -bearded above. — Proc. 1. c. vii. 378, & viii. 291 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6064. Native of Arizona, Utah, and Nevada, in the latter found on the foot-hills of Trinity Moiui- tains ( Watson) so near the eastern line of California that it doubtless occurs within it. 10. P. spectabilis, Thurber. Smooth throughout, inclined to be glaucous, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong, the upper pairs united into a roundish or oblong disk with acuminate ends : panicle often 2 feet long, loosely many-flowered : corolla abruptly oblong-campanulate beyond the narrow tube, purple and the lobes often blue : sterile filament naked. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 119, &Bot. Mex. Bound. 113; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5260. Dry plains and hills, Ventura Co. to San Diego (fii-st collected by W. A. Wallace), thence to the northern part of Arizona. One of the handsomest species. ■¥■¥■¥+ Corolla two thirds or three fourths of an inch long, not scarlet-red; the tube gradually and moderately enlarged above ; the roundish lobes short and spreading : plants glabrous throughout and glaucous : leaves thickish, closely sessile. Pentsiemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 559 1 1 . P. Cleveland!, Gray. About 3 feet high, rather leafy : leaves oblong, irreg- ularly and sharply toothed (2 inches long) ; the floral merely small ovate-subulate bracts of the loose and naked virgate panicle : few-flowered peduncles and pedicels slender: calyx herbaceous; the lobes ovate: corolla crimson (three fourths of an inch long), tubular-funnelform, distinctly bilabiate ; the lobes barely one quarter of the length of the tube including the throat : sterile tilament moderately bearded at and below the dilated tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. Canon Tantillas, in Lower California, about 25 miles below the State boundary {Cleveland, Palmer) ; east of San Bernardino, Parry. 12. P. acuminatus, Dougl. A foot or so high, leafy: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate (an inch or two long), entire; the upper and the floral ones inclined to be cordate-clasping : flowers numerous in a long and mostly interrupted virgate spike-like panicle, the base of which is usually leafy, mostly several in the floriferous axils : pedicels and especially the peduncles short : lobes of the calyx narrow or acuminate : corolla lilac-purple or violet, with open throat and widely spreading lobes : sterile filament strongly bearded at the dilated tip (rarely naked) : capsule firm-coriaceous and acuminate. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1285. P. nitidus, Dougl. P. Fendleri, Gray in Pacif. E. Rep. ii. 168, t. 5. Near Humboldt Lake, Nevada, Watson. Therefore not improbably reaching the borders of the State. A neat species, widely diffused northward and eastward through the interior region to and beyond the Rocky Mountains. ++ ++ ++ Corolla half an inch or less in length, blue, jnirplish, or whitish, moderately enlarging above ; the roundish lobes spreading. = Leaves serrate or toothed. 13. P. deustUS, Dougl, A span to a foot high, in tufts from an almost woody branching base, glabrous : leaves all sessile, from ovate to linear-oblong, seldom over an inch long, sharply serrate with many or rarely few naiTow teeth (occasionally some of them entire) : narrow and virgate or spike-like panicle mostly leafy below ; the clusters several - many-flowered, close : peduncles and pedicels short : corolla cream-color or buff", sometimes with a tinge of rose : sterile filament naked. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1318. P. heterander, Torr. & Gray, in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 123, t. 8. Dry rocks and banks, eastern side of the Sierra Nevada (Sierra Valley, Lemmon, &c.), to the interior borders of British Columbia and Wyoming Terr. Varies much in the foliage and more or less dense or internipted inflorescence ; also in the sepals, which are commonly lanceolate and rather long, sometimes shorter, rarely almost ovate. P. heterander is a narrow-leaved and strict fomi, from Beckwith's Pass, in which the sterile filament was found to be antheriferous ; but this occasionally happens in cultivated plants of other species, and has not been found a second time in this. P. ovATUs, Dougl. Bot. Mag. t. 2903, a native of the woods of Oregon, may reach California : it is a foot or two high, minutely pubescent, has thinnish and blight green ovate or somewhat cordate and acutely serrate leaves, and a rather open naked panicle of blue flowers. = = Leaves quite entire. 1 4. P. Gairdneri, Hook. A span high, in tufts from a somewhat woody base, minutely cinereous-puberulent throughout : leaves all linear or the radical linear- spatulate, seldom an inch long, the margins soon revolute : flowers few and almost simply racemose : calyx somewhat glandular : sterile filament bearded down one side. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321. Virginia City, Nevada (Bloomer), doubtless also within the State line : also in the dry interior of Oregon. P. LARiciFOLics, Hook. & Am., a still dwarfer species, wholly glabrous, with simple stems and leaves almost filiform, sparingly inhabits the same interior region, and may reach the north- eastern borders of the State. P. AMBiGUUS, Torr., also witli filifonn leaves and racemose flowers, but taller and branching, is of more southern range through the interior, and is not known farther west than Southern Utah. 560 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemon. 15. P. confertus, Dougl. A span to a foot or more high, wholly glabrous : stem strict and simple : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatiilate- oblong, an inch or two long : the upper pairs often distant : floAvers numerous and crowded in short-peduncled or sessile clusters and very short-pedicelled, forming an interrupted spike of 2 to 5 apparent whorls, or sometimes a solitary terminal head : edges of the calyx-lobes usually scarious and lacerate : corolla (a third to half an inch long), either yellowish cream-color, violet or blue, the short lower lip bearded inside: sterile filament bearded at the tip, — Bot. Eeg. t. 1260. P. procerus, Dougl. ; Bot. Mag. t. 2954 ; the var. cceruleo-purpureus, Gray, 1. c. Moist grounds, common in the higher portions of the Siena Nevada ; thence north to Wash- ington Territory and east to the Rocky Mountains. Only violet- or blue-flowered forms yet found in California, but some are pale. ++ ++ ++ ++ Corolla deep and bright red, tubular, fully an inch long : the short lobes or lips less spreading, hardly longer than the diameter of the throat: perfectly glabrous plants: leaves thickish, all but the loivest closely sessile by a broadish base, the tipper pairs more or less cordate-clasping : stamens included: slender stei'ile filament naked. 16. P. centranthifolius, Benth. Glaucous, strict and virgate, very leafy, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or the lower lanceolate-oblong or narrower : panicle narrow, commonly a foot or two long : pedicels slender : corolla very narrow- tubular and obscurely bilabiate ; the short-oblong lobes alike except that the pos- terior are united higher : anthers opening widely (in the usual way). — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5142. Open and dry grounds, from Monterey ? and Santa Barbara southward. A showy species ; the narrow corolla bright vermilion-colored. The name comes from the resemblance of the foliage to that of Gcntranthus ruber. 1 7. P. Eatoni, Gray. Hardly if at all glaucous, a foot or two high : leaves from lanceolate to nearly ovate: panicle narrow and racemose, a span to a foot long: corolla gradually a little broadening upwards ; the roundish-oval lobes nearly alike except that the two of the upper lip are united higher, all nearly erect : cells of the anther diverging from the first or divaricate, never spreading open, the line of dehis- cence stopping short of the apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 395. P. centranthifolius, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 219. Open dry gi-ound, from the southern part of the State ( Wallace) to Utah. Also a very showy species, with broader corollas than the last, in color less verging to scarlet. It belongs to the same group as P. harbat.us (which is common in cultivation) and F. imberbis, natives of the southern Rocky Mountains and Northern Mexico. P. PUNiCKUS, Gray, is another red-flowered species in Arizona, but it has not been found very near California. § 2. Anthers horseshoe-shaped, reniform, or sagittate ; the cells opening from the con- fluent apex down only to or below the middle, leaving the bases saccate (the edges of the chink usually denticulate or bristly-ciliate). * Leaves entire : corolla scarlet, tubular. 18. P. Bridgesii, Gray. A foot or two high, up to the inflorescence glabrous : leaves pale or glaucous, thickish, spatulate-lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ob- long-spatulate ; the upper not broadened at base (as in the two preceding) : flowers iu a loose virgate naked panicle or raceme; the clusters 1-5-flowered: short pedun- cles and pedicels as well as calyx somewhat glandular-pubescent : corolla slightly and gradually enlarging upwards, an inch long ; the short lips 3 or 4 lines long, upper one erect and 2-lobed at apex, the lower 3-parted and its oblong lobes recurved : anthers deeply sagittate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379. Rocky l>anks, Yosemite Valley, &c. (Bridges, Bolander), to Kern Co. (Rothrock) ; and east- ward to' Bill Williams Mountain, in N. Arizona {Palmer), and S. W. Colorado, Brandegee. Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 561 * * Leaves entire : corolla purple or blue. +- Corolla rather slender, half an inch or so long : stei'ile jUament commonly a little bearded down one side. 19. P. gracilentus, Gray. A foot or more high, up to the inflorescence gla- brous : stems slender, few-leaved and with long internodes above, terminating in a loose mostly naked and short panicle : leaves lanceolate, or the upper ones linear and the lowest oblong : slender 2 - 5-ttowered peduncles and short pedicels as well as the calyx glandular-pubescent : corolla bright violet-blue, tubular and gradually broadening upwards; the lips (2 lines long) moderately spreading. — Pacif. E. Eep. vi. 82, & Proc. Am, Acad, vi, 75. Shaded ground or banks, through the northern jwrtion of the Sierra Nevada {Newberry, An- derson, &c.), and on Mt. Shasta above 8,000 feet, Brewer. -t- -t- Corolla larger and ventricose-dilated above ; the broad lips widely spreading : sterile filament glabrous : flowers racemose-panicled, showy. 20. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Glabrous or minutely hoary-puberulent, not glandular, pale, and sometimes glaucous, sending up many virgate leafy stems, 2 to 5 feet high from a persistent woody base : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-lanceolate, the floral diminishing into narrow subulate bracts : peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, mostly short and erect : corolla pink or rose-purple, or with shades of violet, fully an inch long, ventricose-funnelform above the narrow rather slender base. — Bot. Reg. t. 1899; Bot. Mag. t. 3853. Diy banks of streams, through the western part of the State, from San Diego to Mendocino Co. Tlie anthers, as in all the following, are ciliate with short and stiff bristles along the line of opening, and otherwise either glabrous or sparsely hirsute underneath. All these are showy species ; and they seem to run into one another. The calyx is variable. 21. P. azureus, Be nth. Glabrous and glaucous, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves as in the preceding, or inclined to be more lanceolate or with a broader base : corolla similar, but azure-blue or approaching violet, sometimes with red-purple tube, mostly rather broader and larger. — PI. Hartw. 327 ; Gray, Proc. 1. c. vi. 75. Var. Jafi&ayanus, Gray. A foot high : leaves broader ; the lower spatulate- oblong, the upper from oblong-lanceolate to ovate. — P. glaticifolius, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82. P. Joffrayanus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5045. P. heterophyllus, var. latifolius, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 222. Common through the interior, from the Sacramento Valley eastward : the variety in the Sierra Nevada ; also in the Wahsatch Movmtains of Utah. 22. P. laetus, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent or pubescent and above glandular, a foot high : leaves from lanceolate to linear or below to spatulate : panicle more open ; the peduncles and pedicels often spreading : coroUa as of the preceding or smaller, an inch long, blue. — Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 147, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 76. Near Los Angeles ( Wallace) and Tejon (Xantics) to the Sierra above the Yosemite Valley, &c. 23. P. Roezli, Regel. Smaller, a span to a foot or so high, below glabrous or minutely puberulent, above (at least the inflorescence) glandular-pubescent : leaves all lanceolate or linear (an inch or more long) : panicle open and often compound ; the few-flowered or loosely several-flowered peduncles and the pedicels commonly diverging : corolla from half to two thirds of an inch long, bluish or pale violet. — Regel in Proc. St. Petersb. Bot. Gard. ii. 326. P. heterophyllus, var. (]), Ton. & Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122. Higher Sierra Nevada, in Nevada and SieiTa counties, Beckicith, Lemmon, &c. Also Washoe Valley, Nevada, Stretch, &c. Resembles a reduced form of P. Imtus, but more glabrous, and the flowers much smaller. Regel finds occasionally some scattered hairs on the sterile filament : we find none. * 562 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemon. * * * Leaves all or some of them sharply serrate or ladniate : corolla purple or mostly violet, with ample ventricose-injlated throat ; the tipj)er lip somewhat and the lower more vndely spreading ; the lobes short and roundish. 24. P. triphyllus, Dougl. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous : stems slender, paniculately branched, leafy : leaves lanceolate or linear, sharply toothed or laciniate- pinnatitid, about an inch long, many of the middle ones in whorls of three or four, and of the uppermost alternate : peduncles 1 - 3-fiowered in a simple or compound loose and sometimes leafy panicle : corolla fully half an inch long, less enlarged in the throat than the following : sterile filament densely bearded at the tip. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1245. Not rare in Oregon and Washington Temtory ; said in the Botanical Register to have been found by Douglas in Northern Calit'oniia also. 25. P. Richardsonii, Dougl. Like the preceding, but more branched and diffuse, 2 feet or more high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrow, acute, laciniate- toothed or pinnatifid, an inch or two long, opposite or on the branchlets alternate : panicle loose and irregular, glandular ; corolla an inch long, much enlarged at the throat, violet : sterile filament slightly bearded at the tip. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1121 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3391. Northern part of the State, Kellogg & Harford. Thence through Oregon to Washington Ten-. — The three following Oregon species have not been detected in California, but are so likely to occur that their names and main distinctions are appended. P. DiFFrsus, Dougl. Glabrous or merely pubemlent above, 2 or 3 feet high ; the ascending stems simple or branching at the summit : leaves ovate or ovatedanceolate, coarsely or finely ser- rate, the upper slightly cordate and clasping at base : panicle rather leafy ; peduncles and pedicels rather short : corolla over half an inch long, light purple : sterile filament bearded at the tip. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1132 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3645. In aspect most like P. ovaius. P. VENUSTUS, Dougl. Glabrous throughout: stems strict and simple, erect, very leafy: leaves narrower than in P. diffusus, of firmer texture, mostly oblong-lanceolate, beset with close sharp teeth : panicle narrow or thyi"siform, usually naked : corolla usually more than an inch long, violet-purple ; the lobes ciliate. — Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1309. P. GLANDULOSus, Dougl., is a rather large-leaved and large-flow-ered species, probably growing in shade, clothed with a short and soft-downy more or less glandular pubescence : leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, moderately serrate ; the upper cordate-clasping, acuminate, often nearly entire ; the floral ones mostly longer than the short peduncles in their axils : pedicels very short : corolla pale violet, fully an inch long, much broadened above : sterile filament glabrous. P. CANOSo-BAKBATUM, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 15, — described from a specimen col- lected in the Sierra Nevada by Mr. HutcMngs, said to have "scarlet or red" peduncles, a • ' colored " corolla with ' ' lower lip slightly 2-notched, carinate, densely bearded below, mostly at the extremity, with white or long transparent frosted hairs," — is a complete puzzle. As the tube of the corolla is said to be "short, like that of P. breviflorus," it may belong to that species. P. ROSTRiFLOiiiTM, Kellogg, 1. c, from the same source, — said to have linear-lanceolate leaves, narrow creamy-yellow corolla, with linear and acute lobes to the lower lip, — is wholly confound- ing in its characters. 9. MIMULUS, Linn. Monkey-flower. Calyx tubular-prismatic or campanulate, mostly plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed, rarely 5-cleft, often oblique. Corolla funnelform, with included or rarely prolonged and exserted tube, bilabiately 5-lobed ; the upper lip 2- and the lower 3-lobed or parted ; the lobes plane or roundish, more or less spreading or those of the upper lip turned back; a pair of palatine ridges (either bearded or naked, and more or less intruded) running down the lower side of the throat. Stamens 4 : the anthers oftener approximate in pairs, their cells divergent. Style filiform : stigma bilamellar, with the lips or lobes commonly petaloid-dilated, or more or less entire and peltate- funnelform. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved, the placentae either remaining united in Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 563 the axis, or separating and borne by the half-partitions on the middle of the valves. Seeds very numerous, small, oval or oblong, mostly with a close smooth coat, often apiculate at each end. — Herbs, or one peculiar species shrubby ; with opposite simple leaves, and axillary flowers on simple peduncles, whoUy destitute of bractlets, sometimes becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper leaves to bracts ; the flowers various in color, commonly handsome, usually appearing in long succession, — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 95. Mimulus, Diplac.us (Nutt.), & Eunamis (Benth.), with Herpestis § Mimuloides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 368. A genus, as here maintained, of 40 or 50 species, far the greater number Pacific-North American, a few extending to extra-tropical South America, one or two Asiatic, Austmlian, or even South African. Several species, chiefly indigenous to California, are prized in ornamental cultivation. In this and related genera, the lips of the stigma close with a quick movement upon receiving pollen or being otherwise touched. § 1. Corolla with a long filiform tube, very much exserted beyond the narrow pris- matic oblique calyx : stamens strongly didynamous ; tlie anthers approximate in pairs, forming crosses : style pubescent above : stigma variable : capsule cartilaginous, filling the calyx or its lower part, gibbous at base, sulcate at the septiferous sutures, very tardily dehiscent; the valves bearing the placentae: dwarf Californian annuals, in the earlier stage the {purple or variegated') corolla much longer than all the rest of the plant : leaves entire or obscurely few-toothed. — CEnoe, Gray. M. LATiFOLius, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, a species recently discovered by Dr. Palmer on Guadalupe Island, Lower California, accords with this section except in having a shorter and barely exseited tube to the corolla (which otherwise is nearly that of M. Dcniglasii) : so that this section might as well be merged in Eunamis, to which Bentham referred it ; but the very long and slender tube of the corolla in the two following species is very characteristic. 1. M. Douglasii, Gray. Leaves ovate or oblong, 3 — 5-nerved at base, mostly contracted abruptly into a short petiole : calyx soon very gibbous at base on the upper side : lower lip of the corolla very much shorter than the ample erect upper one, sometimes almost wanting : capsule linear or linear-oblong, nearly terete but strongly 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at the very base : seeds oval, apiculate at both ends. — M. nanus, var. subunifiortis. Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey, 378. Eimamis Douglasii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 374. Gravelly hills and banks, rather common through nearly the whole length of the State. Stems at first flowering half an inch or less, soon rising to a span in height. Later flowers distinctly peduncled. Calyx about half an inch long ; its orifice very oblique and the teeth short and obtuse. Corolla with tube an inch to an inch and a half long ; the funnelform dilated throat about 3 lines long, deeper pink or purple or spotted, with some yellow below ; the broad and 2-cleft upper lip as long as the throat. Stigma in some specimens with a long and lanceolate upper lip and a very short and obtuse lower one, or with two broad and unequal connate lips, or eccentrically disk-shaped, or sometimes with very broad and equal connate lips and appearing saucer-shajjed or centrally peltate when expanded, in the manner of the next section : the differences unaccompanied by other distinctions. Capsule 3 to 5 lines long. Seeds hardly half a line long. 2. M. tricolor, Lindl. Leaves from oblong to linear, with narrowed base sessile or nearly so, obscurely nerved : calyx hardly gibbous at base, ampler toward the very oblique orifice, and the teeth longer : lower lip of the corolla about the length of tlie upper ; tlie 5 lobes somewhat similar : capsule somewhat compressed, short- oval or ovate, very obtuse, the anterior and posterior edges acute : seeds obovate, obUque. — Jour. Hort. Soc. iv. 222, June, 1849. Eunanus Coulteri, Gray ex Benth. PL Hartw. 329, Aug., 1849. Var. angustatus, Gray. Leaves small and narrow : tube of corolla (2 inches long) very slender. — Eunanus Coulteri, var. angustatus. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 38L 564 SCROPHULARIACE^. Mimulus. Valley of the Sacramento to Plumas and Mendocino counties. The slender var. in Long Valley, Plumas Co., Bolmider. Much like the preceding, except in the points noted. Tube of the corolla from 1 to 2 inches long ; the limb oblique, but the roundish lobes of the two lips nearly equal, " pink with a deep crimson spot upon the base of each lobe, and a bright yellow stain along the lower lip" (Lindley ; hence the name). Stigma of two broad and rounded and mostly equal lips, which are imited so as to form when expanded a saucer-shaped disk. Capsule almost bony, only 2 or 3 lines long, and about 2 lines wide, furnished with a groove at the septiferous suture on the sides. Seeds double the size of those of M. Douglasii. — it is well that Lindley's appro- priate name is the earlier ; as there was a mistake in supposing this species to have been in Coul- ter's collection. § 2. Corolla from tuhular-funnelform to nearly campanulate ; its lobes about equal in length : calyx campanulate or barely oblong, angled in the manner of Mimulus proper : style glandular-pubescent above : stigma a peltate-funnelform and entire or obscurely 2-lobed dilated disk : capsule between membranaceous and coriaceous ; the valves in dehiscence bearing the placentae : dwarf or low annuals, viscid-pubescent or glandular. — Eunanus, Gray. {Eunanus, Benth. in part.) Closely connects the preceding section witli true Mimulus. * Small- and slender-flowered : corolla 3 to 6 lines long : calyx-teeth nearly equal. 3. M. leptaleus, Gray. At length much branched, 1 to 3 inclies high : leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear (half an inch or less long) : teeth of the campanulate calyx ovate or triangular, a quarter or one third the length of the tube, a little shorter than the oblong-ovate obtuse capsule : corolla crimson-red, slender, with filiform tube, little enlarged throat, and oblique limb (1^- to 3 lines wide). — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 96. Sierra Nevada, in gravelly soil, above the Yosemite, at about 6,000 feet (3fiss Dix, Gray), and Sierra Co., Lemmon. Capsule 2 lines long. * * Large-flowered for the size of the plant {an inch to a span high) : corolla 7 to 11 lines long, funnelform, with widely spreading limb ; the proper tube not much if at all longer than the calyx : calyx hardly at all obliqiie, the teeth almost equal. (Species seemingly too nearly related.) 4. M. Bigelovii, Gray. An inch to a span high : leaves oblong and the tipper ovate, acute or acuminate : teeth of the calyx subulate (about 2 lines long when well developed), half tlie length of the broadly campanulate tube ; the lower ones shorter : corolla with cylindraceous or narrow throat and ample rotate-spreading limb : capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish, a little exceeding the calyx, the valves membranaceous. — Eunanus Bigelovii, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121. Gravelly hills and ravines, on the Mohave and Colorado (Bigdow, Cooper), and Tejon {Xantus), to "Western Nevada {Bloomer, Torrey), and Southern Utah, Parry. Corolla crimson or purple, with yellow centre. 5. M. nanus, Hook. & Am. From an inch to at length a span in height : leaves from oblong or the lowest obovate to lanceolate : teeth of the calyx broadly lanceolate or triangular, acute (a line long, fully one fourth the length of the tube) : corolla (either deep crimson-purple or yellow) with narrow tube rather longer than the calyx, and a gradually dilated funnelform throat : capsule with tapering apex rather exceeding the calyx; valves chartaceous. — Bot. Beechey, 378 (var. plu- riflorus). Eunanus Tolmioii, Benth. 1. c. E.Fremonti, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 226. Var. (1) bicolor, Gray: a doubtful form, with throat of the corolla abruptly much dilated and " dark purple, the limb yellow." — Eunanus bicolor. Gray, Pi'oc. Am. Acad. vii. 381. Hillsides and banks, throughout the Sierra Nevada, extending more or less into the western part of the State, and into Nevada, the eastern borders of Oregon, and to Wyoming. The greater pai't of Hooker and Arnott's description of M. nanus relates to var. subuniflorus, i. e. to M. Douglasii. The var. bicolor, from the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co. (^Brewer), is known only from scanty young specimens, and may be quite distinct. Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE^. 565 6. ]M. Fremonti, Gray. Two to four inches high : leaves narrowly oblong, or the lowest spatulate, obtuse : teeth of the calyx (less than a line long) ovate, obtuse or acutish, less than a quarter of the length of the tube, surpassing the proper tube of the crimson corolla : throat of the latter gradually dilated, funnelform. — Eunanus Frem<*nti, Benth. 1. c. Southern part of the State, Coulter, Fremont (his specimens probably from the San Joaquin Valley or fixrther south), Wallace, &c. * * * Ample-flowered: calyx with manifestly oblique orifi.ce and unequal teeth, the upper larger ; pi'oper tube of the corolla short and included. 7. in. Panyi, Gray. Less than a span high, slightly glandular : leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire (half an inch long) : teeth of the campanulate oblique calyx acute ; the upper and larger one ovate ; the others subulate from a broad base, a third or a fourth the length of the campanulate tube : corolla yellow or sometimes pink, funnelform, two thirds of an inch long : capsule oblong-lanceolate, not longer than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 97. Gravelly hills, near St. George, Southern Utah, Parry (No. 147). Beginning to flower at the first or second 2)air of leaves. 8. M. Torre3a, Gray, 1. c. A span to a foot high, simple or loosely branching, viscid-pubescent : leaves oblong or almost lanceolate, entire (half to a full inch long) : teeth of the moderately oblique calyx all very broad and obtuse, the upper and larger one barely a line long : corolla funnelform, from half to three fourths of an inch long, pink-purple : capsule lanceolate-oblong, chartaceous. — Eunanus Fre- monti, Gray in Pacif. R. Eep. vi. 83, not of Benth. Through the Sierra Nevada, in moist grounds, at 4, 000 feet and upwards, from Mariposa Co. northwards : first collected by Newberry in Plumas Co., and next by Torrey and others. Calyx teeth fully as broad as long. Capsule 3 or 4 lines long. 9. M. Bolanderi, Gray. A foot or less high, somewhat simple, viscid-pubes- cent : leaves oblong, entire or sharply denticulate (one or two inches long), the lower exceeding the ilowers : teeth of the very oblique calyx lanceolate ; the upper and longer one 3 lines long, half the length of the oblong tube : corolla purple, about an inch long, with short wholly included tube and ample throat : capsule fusiform-subulate, somewhat coriaceous. — ■ Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380. M. brevipes. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, not of Benth., a large form. Foot-hills and lower part of the Sierra Nevada, Bridges, Bolander (at Clark's), Bigelow (at Knight's Ferry on the Stanislaus). Lobes of the corolla rather short. Stigma sometimes un- equally bilamellate or very obli(i[uely peltate. 10. M. brevipes, Benth. A foot or two high, viscid- pubescent : stem mostly simple : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest somewhat oblong, entire or sharply denticulate with salient teeth (from 1 to 4 inches long) : teeth of the calyx very unequal, acuminate, the upper one fully half the length of the broadly campan- ulate tube : corolla yellow, with very short included tube, campanulate-ventricose throat, and ample rounded lobes, when expanded an inch and a half in diameter : capsule ovate, acuminate, firm-coriaceous. — DC. Prodr. x. 369 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 116. Hillsides, San Diego to Santa Barbara. A very large-flowered species, quite unlike the rest of the section, but connected with it through the immediately preceding species. § 3. Corolla funnelform, with the proper tube little or not at all exceeding the long and narrow prismatic calyx: style glandular: stigma almost equally 2-lipped : placentce meeting but not cohering in the axis, in dehiscence borne on the linear firm-corUiceous valves : shrubby plants, with glutinous exudation and thickish firm leaves. — -Diplacus, Gray. {^Diplacus, Nutt.) 11. M. glutinosus, Wendland. Two to six feet high, nearly glabrous or mi- nutely pubescent : leaves from narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, and from minutely 566 SCROPHULARIACE^. Mimulus. dentate to nearly entire (1 to 4 inches long), the margins inclined to be revolute : peduncles in the axils of the leaves, either a little or much shorter than the narrow- prismatic calyx : corolla 1|^ to 2 inches long, in the typical form bulf or salmon- color ; the lobes either erose-toothed or emarginate, -r-r Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. iii. 364. M. aurantiacus, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 354. Diplacus glutinosMH & latifolius, Nutt. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. i. 137. D. stellatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 18. A common and very polymorphous species, which runs into the following principal but indefinite varieties. Var. puniceus, with red or scarlet flowers on mostly slender peduncles : lobes of the corolla simply obcordate or emarginate, or sometimes irregularly toothed : calyx glabrous. — Diplacus puniceiis, Nutt. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3655. D. glutinosns, var. punicens, Benth. in DC. Var. linearis, with red-brown or salmon-colored flowers on very short pedun- cles : calyx commonly pubescent : leaves linear and with nearly entire soon revolute margins, more rigid. — M. linearis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27. Biplacus leptanthus, Nutt. 1. c. Var. brachypus, with salmon-colored flowers of pretty large size (fully 2 inches long), on very short peduncles : calyx viscid-pubescent or villous : leaves linear- lanceolate, entire or nearly so. — Diplacus longiflorus, Nutt. 1. c. Dry and rocky banks, &c., common from San Diego to San Francisco Bay ; common and very ornamental in cultivation, especially ."vS a green-house plant : flowering almost through the year. Even in the wild state it exliibits a great diversity of colors ; but it seems impossible to distin- guish the forms as species. The last variety collected by Coulter (No. 639), near Santa Barbara by Nuttall, and a fonn of it, connecting with ordinary M. glutinosus, in San Luis Obispo Co., by Brewer. § 4. Corolla toith short and included proper tube : calyx tvith plaited-carinate salient angles, 5-toothed, the strong nerve traversing the teeth : style glabrous : stigma 2-lipped, the lips ovate or roamdish and equal : placentce remaining united in the axis of the capstde, or dividing m,erely at to]) {in M. ruhellus sometimes completely) ; the thin and often membranaceous valves tardily separating from the axis : annual or perennial herbs. — Mimulus proper. * Large-flowered : corolla 1^ to 2 indies long, red or rose-color, with cylindrical tube and throat longer than the limb : calyx oblong-prismatic ; the short teeth nearly equal : anthers hairy or nearly glabrous in the same species : peduncles elongated : seeds toith a loose dull epidermis wrinkled lengthwise : leaves several-nerved from the base : root perennial. 1 2. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous with viscid hairs : leaves ovate and the upper often connate, the lower commonly obovate-lanceolate, all erosely dentate : corolla scarlet, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx ; the limb remarkably oblique, the upper lip nearly erect with the lobes turned back, the lower reflexed : stamens projecting. — Lindl. in Hort. Trans, ii. 70, t. 3; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 358; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3560. Common along water-courses throughout the State and in Oregon ; much prized in cultivation. Capsule oblong, thin-chartaceous when dry ; the valves tardily separating from the placenta- bearing axis. 13. M. Levnsii, Pursh. More slender than the foregoing, greener, minutely somewhat viscid-pubescent : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, merely denticu- late : corolla rose-red or paler (the throat spotted with yellow) ; its tube longer than the calyx ; the roundish lobes all spreading : stamens included. — Pursh, Fl. ii. 427, t.'20. M. roseus, Dougl. in Bot. Eeg. t. 1591; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3353; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 210. Shady or damp places and along streams, throughout the Sierra Nevada and in tlie northern part of the State, extending through Oregon and to the Rocky Mountains. Capsule as in the preceding. Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 567 * * Smaller-flowered or small-flowered, hut tlie yellow {sometimes coppery or reddish) corolla often a full inch or more long in M. luteus : seeds, except in the first species, with smooth and thin polished coat. -i- Leafy-stemmed, glabrous, or merely pubescent or glandular. ++ Calyx oblique at the orifice, especially in fruit; the upper tooth largest: leaves mostly broad and thin, at least the lower very distinctlg or abruptly petioled, all 3 — several-nerved at base. 14. M. luteus, Linn. Erect or diffuse, from a fibrous annual root, and com- monly perennial by short stolons, glabrous or merely puberulent ; the ordinary erect form a foot or two or even 3 or 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval or roundish, sometimes cordate, several-nerved from base and near it, sharply and irregularly dentate, or the lower occasionally lyrate-laciniate ; the upper sessile ; the floral becoming small and bract-like, often connate : peduncles becoming racemose, equal- ling or shorter tlian the flower : calyx becoming ovate-inflated in fruit and the upper tooth conspicuously largest : corolla from 1^ to f of an inch long, yellow, often dotted within and sometimes blotched with brown-red or purple. — Bot. Mag. t. 1501, 3363; Bot. Eeg. t. 1030, 1796; Andr. Bot. Eep. t. 661. M. guttatus, DC. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 99. M. variegatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1872. M. rivularis, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1575 ; ^utt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. M. lyratus, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 1. c, a state with lower leaves lyrately laciniate at base. M. Scouleri, Hook. 1. c, a narrow-leaved form. M. glabratus, HBK. (V) M. Roezli, Kegel. — Runs through numerous and very various forms. The following are dwarf or depauperate varieties. Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or less high, equably leafy to the top : leaves half an inch to an iucli long, ovate or oval, denticulate or some of them entire : stems 1' — 4- flowered : corolla proportionally large (an inch or less long). — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 224. M. Tilingii, Kegel, Gartenfl. 1869, t. 631, — the same plants the second year developing into the ordinary condition of the species, and figured by Regel, 1. c. 1870, 290, t. 665. M. cupreus, Veitch, in Gard. Chron. 1864, 2; Regel, 1. c. 1864, t. 422 (i/. luteus, var. cuprea. Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5478), — a form with the corolla turning orange or copper-red. Var. depauperatUS, Gray. Slender, mostly smooth, and with sharply-toothed or laciniate leaves (from a fourth to half an inch long), slender petioles, and filiform peduncles twice or thrice the length of the small flowers : corolla only a third or half an inch long : some forms much approaching M. alsinoides ; but the calyx is that of M. luteus, except in size. — M. microphyllus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. M. tenel- lus, I^utt. herb., not of Bunge. Moist or wet grounds, very common, extending north to the Alaskan Islands, east to the Rocky Mountains, and south along the Andes to the extremity of Chili. The var. alpinus in the Sierra Nevada, &c. Tlie var. dcjmuperatus consists of reduced forms, flowering as tiny or slender annuals, in Oregon and California. M. PENTATL'S, Nutt., from the woods of Oregon, if a variety of this species is a peculiar one, growing in much shade. The plant so named in the Botany of Whipple s Expedition (Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 64) is a smaller-flowered and depauperate form of if. luteus. M. ALSINOIDES, Dougl., of Oregon and British Columbia, resembles the last Variety of 3f. ^iftots, but is known by the narrower calyx, in fruit oblong (3 or 4 lines long), and the teeth very short ; also by the filiform at length divaricate peduncles, of an inch or more in length, and nearly all of them longer than the ovate or roundish leaves, these all petioled. The largest forms are a foot high, and diffusely much branched, with naiTow corolla half an inch long. The smallest (var. minimus, Benth.) are minute, with corolla only 2 lines long. 15. M. laciniatus, Gray. Annual, glabrous, small and very slender, a span or less in height, diffuse : cauline leaves oblong or spatulate, mostly laciniately few- tootiied or lobed, sometimes hastate, 1 -nerved, a quarter to half an inch long and with filiform petiole of equal or greater length : peduncles about the length of the 568 SCROPHULARIACE^. Mimulus. leaf: flowers very small : calyx short, ovate in fruit, the upper tooth prominently largest : corolla yellow, barely 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 98. Mariposa Co., on the south fork of the Merced, at Clark's Ranch, Gray. A peculiar little species. ++ ++ Calyx not oblique or scarcely so, the teeth all equal : erect and small annuals. = Leaves all distinctly petioled. 1 6. M. FulsifercG, Gray. Puberulent-glandular throughout and viscid, branched from the base, barely a span high : leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, or the radical roundish, sparingly denticulate or entire, 3-nerved at the acute or cuneate base, about half an inch long (on petioles of 2 to 4 lines), about the length of the peduncles : calyx with very short ovate-triangular teeth, tlie tube oblong in fruit (3 or 4 lines long) : corolla yeUow (5 lines long), barely twice the length of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. SieiTa and Indian Valleys in the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, Mrs. PuMfcr Ames. = = Leaves all hut the lowest sessile. 17. M. inconspicuus, Gray. Glabrous throughout, 2 inches to a span high, simple or branched from the base : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, entire, more or less 3 - 5-nerved, all but the lowest closely sessile by a broad base (a quarter to half an inch long), equalling or shorter than the peduncles : calyx with minute teeth, in fruit oval and appearing truncate (4 or 5 lines long) : corolla about 5 lines long, yellow or rose-color. — Pacif R Eep. iv. 120. Damp hillsides, from Los Angeles to the Sacramento River, Bigclow, Bridges, Rattan. An ambiguous form with more evident calyx-teeth. Contra Costa Mountains, southwest of Monte Diablo, Brewer. 1 8. ]V[. bicolor, Benth. Viscid-pubescent, from 2 inches to a span or more high, simple or branched from the base : leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate with tapering base, denticulate or toothed, very obscurely 3-nerved at base, seldom an inch long ; the lower tapering into somewhat of a margined petiole ; the upper shorter than the peduncles : teeth of the calyx conspicuous, triangular (about a line long) ; the tube oblong, 4 lines long in fruit : corolla more than twice tlie length of the calyx ; the limb comparatively ample, yellow, or the lower lip usually white. — PI. Hartw. 328. 3f. Prattenii, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 98 (1855). Moist banks, not uncommon in the foot-hills of the Sien-a Nevada, and through the central part of the State. Calyx commonly dotted with purple. Corolla two thirds to three fourths of an inch long. 19. M. rubellus, Gray. Viscid- puberulent or even pubescent, varying to glabrous "with some viscidity, 1 to 6 inches high, branched from the base : leaves from spatu- late-oblong to linear, narrowed at base, entire (rarely with one or two denticulations, a quarter to two thirds of an inch long) ; the lowest often obovate or roundish, and tapering into somewhat of a petiole ; the nerves obscure and the texture rather fleshy : peduncles about the length of the flower : calyx oblong (mostly 3 lines long in fruit) ; the teeth short and usually roundish : corolla either little or else double the length of the calyx, yellow, red or crimson-purple. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 116; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 225. M. montioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in part. Var. latifloms, Watson, 1. c, A low and large-flowered form, blossoming almost from the ground, nearly glabrous : corolla much surpassing the calyx, often half an inch long, with narrow exserted tube rather abruptly expanded into an ample limb, deep yellow with purple spots. — M. montioides. Gray, 1. c, mainly. Common through the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills, and through the dry interior to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. The variety near Carson, and in the high southern Sierras. A polymorphous little species, the size of the flower varying wonderfully. There is also a form Mimulm. SCROPHULARIACE^. 569 with calyx-teeth as long in proportion as those of M. hicolor. In the dehiscence of the mem- hranaceous capsule tlie placenta sometimes splits into two portions adnata to the valves, but as commonly is barely 2-cleft at the summit. The whole plant is often purplish. +- -(- Leafy-stemmed, viscidly villous or pilose : leaves all petioled, thin and hroad, toothed, more or less j^innately veined : corolla yellow : calyx slightly if at all oblique. 20. M. floribundus, Dougl. Annual, erect or with numerous ascending branches, a span or two liigh, flowering from the base : leaves ovate (half to a full inch long), the lower slightly cordate : upper peduncles longer than the leaves : calyx sliort-campanulate, becoming ovate in fruit (barely a quarter of an incli long) ; the teeth short, equal, broadly triangular : corolla barely half an inch long : capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 11 25. Moist ground, throughout the Sierra Nevada region {Bigelow, Lemmon, Eothrock) ; thence to Oregon and the Rocky Mountains. 21. M. moschatUS, Dougl. Annual, or perennial by the creeping stems, diffuse and decumbent, beset with very soft long hairs, strongly musk-scented : leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled (an inch or two long), mostly exceeding the peduncles : calyx short-prismatic, oblong-cam panulate in fruit (a third of an inch long) ; the teeth somewhat unequal, rather long, acuminate : corolla two thirds to a full inch long : capsule ovate, acute. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118. Wet and muddy gi'ound ; common in the mountains, especially northward, extending to British Columbia, and eastward to Utah. The Californian specimens of this, the Musk-plant of the gardens, incline to have a longer corolla, fully thrice the length of the calyx, and twice the size of that of the plant in common cultivation. -«--{--{- Scapose. 22. M. primuloides, Benth. Perennial by stolons, dwarf : leaves sessile, from broadly obovate to linear-oblong, entire or toothed, 3 - 5-nerved, obtuse (a quarter to a full inch long), all crowded in a radical tuft at the base of the tiliform (1 to 3 inches long) scape, or, in large and vigorous plants, in several approximate pairs on a stem which is as long as the one or two peduncles (1 to 4 inches) : calyx narrow (in fruit oblong and at most 3 lines long), with short and equal teeth, less than half the length of the funnelform golden yellow corolla. — Regel, Gartenfl. 1872, t. 739. Wet meadows in the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Whitney northward to Oregon, and in Nevada ; only at considerable elevations. Leaves at Krst villous with long and soft jointed hairs : petluncles and calyx glabrous. Corolla vaiying from 3 to 8 lines in length. § 5. Corolla, Nettle, Leonurus Cardiaca & L. Siriricus, Linn., Motherwort, and Lamium amplexicaitle, Linn., &c., Dead-Nettie, — weeds from the Old World, — are to be expected in California, but apparently have not yet found their way thither. I. Nutlets not reticulated, quite distinct and attached at the veiy base : corolla not more deeply cleft down the upper side. Teibe I. OCIMOIDEjE. Stamens declined towards or resting upon the lower lip of the corolla, all four fertile. Corolla declined, the 4 somewhat equal lobes forming the upj)er lip, and the fifth dissimilar one the lower. (Ocimum Basilicum, Linn., the Sweet Basil, cultivated as a sweet herb, is the type of this tribe.) 1. Hyptis. Calyx 5-toothed. Lower lobe of the corolla saccate, abruptly deflexed at the base. Tribe II. SATUREIEiE. Stamens erect or ascending ; the posterior pair shorter or wanting : anthers 2- celled, and the short cells never far separated, sometimes partly confluent but not blended. Upper lip of the corolla never hooded : all the lobes flat or flattish. * Corolla (small and short) about equally 4-lobed and calyx 4 - 5-toothed : tube naked within. 2. Mentha. Stamens 4 , nearly equal, erect, straight and distant. 3. Lycopus. Stamens 2 with anthers : the posterior pair sterile or wanting. * * Corolla with border bilabiate, and no hairy ring within the base of the tube. +- Calyx about equally 5-toothed and 13-nerved: style beardless. 4. Pycnanthemum. Flowers glomerate-capitate. Stamens 4, straight, distant and divergent : anther-cells parallel. Corolla-lips and lobes short. 5. Monardella. Flowers glomerate-capitate. Stamens 4, straight, exserted : anther-cells at length divergent. Corolla-lobes nan-ow. 6. Micromeria. Flowers solitary or loosely clustered in the axils. Stamens 4, cui-ving and ascending, shorter than corolla. +- +- Calyx distinctly bilabiate : style beardless. 7. Calamintha. Flowers scattered or loosely clustered. Stamens 4, the shorter pair sometimes sterile, conniving in pairs or ascending parallel. Hf- -J- tK Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cleft, mostly 15-nerved: style bearded above. 8. Pogogyne. Stamens 4, sometimes the upper pair sterile, ascending. * * ♦ Corolla not manifestly bilabiate : a hairy ring at the base of the tube within. 9. Sphacele. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, membranaceous and enlarging in fruit, only 10-nerved, reticulated. Stamens 4, distant. Corolla with 5 roundish lobes, the lower longest. Tribe III. MONARDE^. Stamens only 2 fertile, the upper pair rudimentary or wanting : anthers apparently or really of a single linear-oblong cell, or of 2 cells very widely sepa- rated upon the two ends of a filament-like connective. 10. Salvia. Connective longer than the filament itself, which it strides, a narrow anther-cell at its upper end, a smaller one or a long process at the lower. 11. Audibertia. Connective much shorter th,in the filiform filament and continuous or barely articulated with its apex, or apparently none : anther 1-celled, no rudiment of the second cell below. Tribe IV. NEPETE^. Stamens all four with good anthers, ascending or divergent ; the posterior pair surpassing the anterior. Corolla distinctly bilabiate : calyx 15-nerved. (Nei'ETA, the type of this tribe, would be expected to give two European weeds, the Cat- nip and Ground Ivy ; but they have not yet been seen in collections.) 12. Lophanthus. Calyx 15-nerved, 5-toothed. Stamens divergent, the pairs crossing : anther- cells parallel. Tribe V. STACHYDEiE. Stamens all 4 with good anthers, ascending and parallel under the concave or galeate ujjper lip of the corolla. Calyx 5 -10-nerved. Herbage much less aromatic than in the preceding tribes, the glandular dots or oil-glands scanty. ♦ Anthers of the longer pair of stamens with one cell abortive or wanting, as also is the upper fork of the style : embryo cui"ved ; the short radicle resting against one of the cotyledons : Mentha. LABIATJS. 591 lateral lobes of the corolla commonly united rather to the upper than to the lower : calyx with sliort entire lips. 13. Scutellaria. Calyx with a strong projection on the upper side, becoming casque-shaped, finally splitting and the upper part usually falling. 14. Salazaria. Calyx with no projection on the back, enlarged and bladdery-inflated in fruit. * * Anthers all alike 2-celled. Embryo straight, as in the order generally. 15. Brunella. Calyx reticulate-veiny, strongly bilabiate ; upper lip truncate-3-toothed, lower 2-(deft. Filaments 2-forked at apex, one fork bearing the anther. 16. Marrubium. Calyx 5-10-nerved, 10-toothed. Stamens enclosed in the short tube of the corolla. 17. Stachys. Calyx 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Stamens rising out of the throat and under the upper lip of the corolla. II. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, somewhat united at base or obliquely fixed : corolla most deeply cleft between the two upper lobes. Tribe VI. AJUGOIDEJ?. Stamens ascending parallel, and protruded from the cleft on the upper side of the corolla, which thus divides completely the upper lip : the anterior longer than the posterior pair. 18. Trichostema. Calyx cam j)anulate, 5-cleft. Corolla with 5 somewhat similar oblong lobes; the limb oblique in the bud and containing the spirally coiled stamens. 1. HYPTIS, Jacq. Calyx somewhat equally 5-tootlied. Corolla short ; the lower lohe saccate, abruptly deflexed at the contracted and callous-margined base ; the other 4 lobes nearly equal and flat. Stamens 4, declined, included in the sac of the lower lobe. — Herbs or low shrubs, of very many South American and Mexican species, a few reaching the United States. 1. H. Emoryi, Torr. Minutely scurfy-tomentose and canescent, shrubby, 4 or 5 feet high, with slender branches : leaves ovate or oval, obscurely crenate, an inch or less in length, slender-petioled : flowers in loose short-peduncled axillary clusters : pedicels about the length of tlie somewhat turbinate calyx, both densely scurfy. — I>ot. Ives Colorado Exp. 20. H. lanata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 129, a slip for H. laniflora, excl. syn. Gravelly ravines of the Mohave {Fremont, Cooper) and eastward, Einory, Newberry, &c. Ca&on Tantillas, within the borders of Lower California, Palmer, "Fragrant." Corolla 2 or 3 lines long, apparently purplish. H. ALBiDA, HBK., a related Mexican species, sparingly occurs in Arizona, but no nearer than Camp Grant, Pahncr. H. LANIFLORA, Benth., and H. tepiirodes. Gray, are known only from the southern part of Lower California. H. POLYSTACiiYA, HBK., which is probably only H. spicata, Poiteau, an annual species, of Mexico, &c., is doubtfully enumerated in Bot. Beechey's voyage ; but notlxtng like it is known from California. 2. MENTHA, Linn. Mint. Calyx about equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a short included tube, and a cam- panulate almost equally 4-cleft border; the upper lobe broadest, either entire or sometimes emarginate. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, distant. — Odorous perennial herbs, usually multiplying by creeping shoots or rootstocks ; with very small flowers in dense clusters, the two opposite ones forming an apparent whorl, either in the axils or else spicate at the top of the branches : corolla whitish or purplish. 1 . M. Canadensis, Linn. About a foot high, sweet-scented, sometimes soft- pubescent, sometimes almost glabrous : leaves from oblong-ovate to almost lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, short-petioled : flowers all in short axillary clusters, the sum- mit of the .stem being sterile : calyx hairy, its teeth short. 592 LABIATE. Lycopus. Border of streams and springs, San Francisco Bay and eastward to Nevada, &c. Extends northward to Puget Sound, and east to the Atlantic. M. PIPERITA, Linn., the Peppennint, which is glabrous, the leaves petioled, and the flowers crowded in a terminal spike, is probably in cultivation, and therefore likely to be naturalized. M. viKiDis, Linn., the Spearmint, like the last, but withjp^iny less smooth and sessile leaves, probably in large demand for juleps, is sure to be naturaliijed before long. 3. LYCOPUS, Toum. Water Horehound. Like Mentha, "but the posterior pair of stamens wanting or sterile. Calyx in the same species either 5-toothed or 4-toothed. Corolla apparently regular, being about equally 4-lobed. Nutlets with thickened margins at the top. Flowers white or nearly so, in close sessile whorl-like clusters in the axils of the leaves. — A genus of few species, Avidely dispersed. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285. 1. L. sinuatus, Ell. Not stoloniferous nor tuberiferous, but with rootstocks more or less creeping, glabrous or minutely roughish-pubescent, a foot or two high, loosely branching : leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, laciniate-pinnatitid or irregularly incised, or merely sinuate, petioled : outer bracts barely equalling the flowers : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate antl cuspidate, rigid, nearly equalling the corolla, in fruit surpassing the nutlets : rudiments of sterile stamens slender and with a thickened tip. Wet grounds ; rare in the northern part of the State, not uncommon in Oregon, extending through the Atlantic States. 2. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat stoloniferous from the base of the stem, and with stouter subterranean runners producing large tubers, nearly glabrous, or usually puberulent-hirsute : stem stout and strictly erect, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy, ^cutely angled towards the summit : leaves lan- ceolate (2 to 4 inches long), acute or acuminate, sliarply and coarsely serrate with ascending teeth, sessile or nearly so : subulate outermost bracts as long as the flowers : calyx-teeth slender-subulate, equalling the corolla, not exceeding the nut- lets : rudiments of sterile stamens slender and with a thickened tip. Low grounds near San Francisco {Kellogg, &c. ) : also from Arizona and New Mexico to Sas- katchewan. Foliage not at all lucid as in the Siberian plant. L. ViRGiNlcus, Linn., in a large-leaved foi-m {L. macrophyllus, Benth.) occurs in Oregon and eastward. It may be known by the abundance of filifoiTU runners produced during the summer, and the pointless calyx-teeth, which are mostly 4, while 5 largely j)revails in the other species. An unusual bitterness gave this plant a ceiiain repute in medicine, but it is of no account. 4. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Calyx ovate-oblong or short-tubular, ours with 5 short equal teeth ; the throat naked within. Corolla short, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx, and a distinctly 2-lipped border; both lips nearly flat; the upper entire or nearly so and rather erect; the lower spreading and 3-cleft into short and obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, straight, distant and divergent ; the anterior pair slightly longer : anther-cells close and parallel. — Perennial erect herbs, with densely-crowded flowers (whence the name) ; consisting of 1 6 species of the Atlantic United States, and one in California. 1. P. Calif omicum, Torr. About 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, sweet- odorous, whitened with a fine and soft close pubescence, or in age sometimes smoothish and greener : leaves from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile by a roundish or slightly cordate base, sparingly denticulate or entire (1 to 3 inches long) : heads of flowers very dense at summit and in 2 or 3 upper pairs of axils, compacted with slender bracts, white-villous : flowers whitish. — Pacif. K. Kep. iv. 122. MonardeUa. LABIATE. 593 Dry and open ground ; common neai-ly throughout the State to the southern boundary and the frontiers of Nevada. The var. glabellum is a green and glabrate state, hardly needing a distinc- tive name. "* 5. MONARDELLA, Benth. Calyx tubular, narrow or elongated, 10 - 13-nerved, 5-tootlied; the teeth short, straight, and nearly equal ; the throat naked within. Corolla Avith the tube either slightly or manifestly longer than the calyx, glabrous within ; the 2-cleft upper lip and the lobes of the 3-parted lower one all flat and linear or oblong. Stamens 4, exserted, either strongly or moderately unequal : anther-cells often divergent or divaricate. — Annual or perennial sweet-odorous herbs (all Californian, one or two extending to Oregon) ; with the aspect, inflorescence and calyx of Monarda, and the corolla rather of P ycnanthemum, but mostly on a larger scale : the flowers compacted in terminal heads involucrate with bracts, rose-color, purple, or white. Leaves entire or obscurely toothed. — Lab. 331, & DC. Prodr. xii. 190. § \. Flowers comparatively few and loose in the head, large: corolla mostly with long- exserted tube : anther-cells oval-oblo7ig, divaricate. L ]VI. macrantha, Gray. Perennial, tufted, a span high from creeping rather woody rootstocks, puberulent or pubescent : leaves thickish, ovate, obtuse (6 to 10 lines long), glabrate, slender-petioled : bracts of the 10- 20-flowered head ovate or oblong, obtuse, thin-membranaceous or somewhat scarious, sometimes whitish or purplish -tinged, externally like the calyx villous-pubescent : teeth of the latter lan- ceolate, merely acute : corolla about an inch and a half long, glabrous, orange-red ; its tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes lanceolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. Cuiamaca Mountains and near Julian City, northeast of San Diego, Cleveland, Palmer. Calyx three fourths or in fruit even a full inch long. Corolla often nearly 2 inches long, apparently bright orange-colored with the limb scarlet, the tube gradually enlarging upward. 2. M. nana, Gray, 1. c. Eesembles the preceding, with somewhat hirsute pu- bescence : flowers smaller : corolla not twice the length of the calyx, white or tinged with rose-color ; the slender tube pubescent : bracts whitish and rose-color. Mountains behind San Diego, Cleveland. Specimens hardly sufficient. Calyx barely two thirds of an inch long : tube of the pale corolla sometimes hardly exceeding its lanceolate teeth, sometimes 2 lines longer. § 2. Flowers numerous and densely capitate : calyx from a fourth to a third of an inch long : anther-cells shorter and less divaricate. * Perennial, in tufts from a procumheM and almost woody base, or from somewhat creeping slender rootstocks : corolla from flesh-color to purple, the tithe little if at all exceeding the calyx. 3. M. villosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous, a foot or two high : leaves ovate, often with a few obtuse teeth, veiny (6 to 10 lines long), petioled : bracts ovate, foliaceous, pinnately veined. — Lab. 332, & Bot. Sulph. 42, t. 21. — Varying greatly, especially in the pubescence. Var. leptosiphon, Torr. : a less pubescent form, with thinner and almost entire leaves, on slender petioles, and slender more exserted tube to the corolla. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 129. Var. glabella. Gray : a form with nearly oblong leaves, sometimes almost ses- sile, varying from 5 to 18 lines in length ; the pubescence very close and minute. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386. M. Sheltoni, Torr. in Durand, PI. Pratten. Dry and mostly wooded grounds, common through the State ; the more villous fonn, which suggested the specific name, chiefly southward. 594 LABIATE. MonardeUa. 4. M. odoratissima, Benth. Pale and nearly glabrous, or canescently-tomen- tulose, a span to a foot high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire (4 to 15 lines long), and short-petioled ; the veins not prominent : bracts thin-membranaceous and colored (whitish or pinkish), inclining to parallel-veined, ciliate or villous : calyx-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, hirsute without and Avithin. Dry liills along the Sierra Nevada at 5,000 to 10,000 feet, aiul through the interior of Oregon to Washington Territoiy. Phmt with a strong scent of Pennyroyal : in California it is hardly if at all pubescent, except the head. 5. lul. linoides, Gray. Minutely canescent, but the pubescence imperceptible : stems more erect and rigid, a foot high, slender : leaves small (about half au inch long), lanceolate, or the upper linear and sessile and the lowest oblong-spatulate, ob- tuse, the veins very obscure : bracts nearly as in the preceding but barely ciliate : calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, merely pubescent, — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 101. Mountains east of San Diego, near the Oroflamme mine, Palmer. Redolent of Bergamot. * * Annual, less leafy : leaves entire or merely undulate. "(- Corolla {from flesh-color to rose or purple) with tube slightly or moderately ex- serted from the calyx : the lobes linear or elongated-oblong. ++ Bracts pointless, parallel-veined or chiefly so : calyx-teeth ratlier broad and blunt. 6. M. undulata, Benth. A span to a foot or more high : leaves from oblong- spatulate to nearly linear with a narrowed base, obtuse, undulate-margined (com- monly an inch long), tapering into a petiole, minutely pubescent or glabrous : bracts and calyx villous ; the former broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, thin-membranaceous or scarious, destitute of cross- veinlets between the nerves : corolla rose-color. Not uncommon in the western part of the State, from near San Francisco to its southern bor- ders. " Exhales a strong odor of Peppermint." 7. IVE. lanceolata, Gray. A foot or so high, brachiately branched, green and almost glabrous, or the stem puberulent : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (an inch or two long), tapering below into slender petioles ; the upper acute ; all with entire and even margins : bracts foliaceous or nearly so, ovate or oblong, mostly acute, copiously reticulated between the ascending or parallel ribs or primary veins by cross veinlets : calyx inconspicuously nerved ; the short teeth densely hirsute within, sparsely if at all so Avithoufc : corolla bright rose-color or purple, sometimes spotted with darker dots. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 102. Dry gi-ound, common along the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from Plumas Co. to Tejon and San Diego Co. It has been confounded both with M. undulata and M. candicans. Apparently mixch handsomer than either. 8. M. candicans, Benth. A foot or so in height, at length loosely branched, canescently soft-puberulent, at least above : leaves oblong or lanceolate (about an inch long), commonly obtuse, rather abruptly contracted at the base into a slender petiole, the margins even : bracts thin-membranaceous or almost scarious, ovate, obtuse, reticulated by some cross-veinlets between the parallel ribs : calyx evidently nerved ; the teeth very villous both within and without : corolla pale or white, the tube not exserted. — PI. Hartw. 330. Foot-hills on the Sacramento, Stanislaus, Cosumnes, &c. ++ ++ Bracts cuspidate, mostly scarious except the strong ribs : calyx-teeth subulate. 9. M. Bre'weri, Gray. A span or more high, puberulent : leaves oblong or ovate, abruptly petioled, pinnately veined (the larger an inch long) : bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate-cuspidate, whitish-scarious, the outer pinnately and the inner nervosely 7 - 9-ribbed, most of the ribs converging into the point : corolla rose-purple, the tube surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 38G. Corral Hollow, Contra Costa Co., south of Monte Diablo, on a very di-y sandy hill. Brewer. The plant has the aspect of a small Monarda Jistulosa. Micromeria. ' LABIATE. 595 10. M. Douglasii, Bentli. A span to a foot or more high, loosely branched, puberulent and above hirsute : leaves lanceolate (about an inch long), tapering into the petiole, the veins inconspicuous and ascending : bracts ovate and ovate-lan- ceolate, gradually acuminate to a cuspidate point, wholly or mainly trausparent- scarious (silvery white or tinged purplish), except the strong midrib and divergent piimate veins which all run into a marginal false vein of equal strength, forming a rigid framework : corolla deep rose-color, the tube little exserted beyond the sharp- pointed calyx -teeth, — Lab. 332, & DC. Prodr. 1. c. M. candicans, var. venosa, Torr. Pacif. R. Pep. iv. 123. Hills and plains, around San Francisco Bay and north to Yuba Co. Plant strong-scented. The very thin and transparent veinless substance of the bracts set as in frames formed of the ribs and simple veins. -i- +- Corolla {white ?) small, vdth wholly included tube and short ovate-oblong lobes. 11. M. leucocephala, Gray. A span or two high, minutely cinereous-pubes- cent : leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled : bracts orbicular-ovate, pointless, thin-scarious, bright white, 7 - 9-nerved, and with a few indistinct vein- lets : calyx hirsute, finely and closely nerved ; the teeth subulate and whitish. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 385. Plains near Merced, Brewer. Bracts 4 or 5 lines long, the veins minutely hispid underneath. Calyx 2^ lines long. Corolla probably more conspicuous in other specimens. Tlie species is a very peculiar one. 6. MICROMERIA, Benth. Calyx oblong or tubular, about 13-striate, terete, not gibbous nor declined, about equally 5-toothed. Corolla short, naked within, distinctly bilabiate ; upper lip erect, flattish, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading, 3-parted, Stamens 4 : filaments arcuate-ascending ; the anterior pair longer : anthers 2-celled. Style glabrous. — Low plants, sweet-odorous, various in habit, with small flowers in the axils of the leaves. A genus of numerous Old World and several South American species, one of which (of the peculiar section, Hespekotuymus) reaches the Southern Atlantic States, and has a relative on the Pacific Coast. 1. M. Douglasii, Benth. Perennial herb, slightly pubescent, with long and slender creeping and trailing stems : leaves round-ovate, thin, sparingly toothed (an inch or less in diameter) short-petioled : flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on a long and filiform 2-bracteolate peduncle : calyx-teeth subulate : corolla purplish, 4 lines long, twice the length of the calyx, the tube exserted. — Lab. 372. Thymus Douglasii & Chamissonis, Benth. in Linnsea, vi. 82. Micromeria barbata, Fischer & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. viii. 67. Woods of the Coast Ranges, mostly in sandy soil, from Santa Barbara Co. northward to Wash- ington Territory. A sweet-scented herb, the well-known Verba Buena. 2. M. purpurea, Gray. Erect and much branched, a foot or two high, rather finely and loosely pubescent : leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely serrate with sharp appressed teeth (an inch long) : flowers numerous in umbel-like sessile or short-peduncled fascicles in the axils of the leaves : calyx oblong-campanu- late, about the length of the pedicels, naked in the throat ; the slender-subulate teeth one third the length of the tube : corolla " purple-blue," 2 lines long, little exceed- ing the calyx. — Hedeoma purpurea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 52. Webb's Landing, on an island in the San Joaquin River, Kellogy. Plant with "the strong odor and carminative properties of the comm(jn Pennyroyal." Not otherwise met with, and rather obscure. It is in no respect a Hedeoma : in unexpauded flower-buds all four filaments bear fertile and similar anthers. 596 LABIATE. Calamintha. 7. CALAMINTHA, Mcench. Calaminth. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, about 13-striate, bilabiate; the upper lip S-tootbed or 3-cleft ; lower 3-parted ; tlie throat either naked or bearded. Corolla with a straight tube mostly exceeding the calyx, an enlarging throat, and a distinctly bilabiate limb ; upper lip erect, flattish or concave, entire or emargiuate, the lower spreading, 3-lobed or parted. Stamens 4 ; the upper pair sometimes smaller and sterile : filaments ascending parallel under or beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs : anthers 2-celled, with or without a thickened connective. — Herbs or some- what suffruticose plants, of various habit, forming four or five very distinct sections ; the species dispersed around the northern hemisphere. C. Palmeri, Gray, is a new species of the Acinos section, a low and small-flowered annual, with wholly the aspect of a Hedeoma. It was recently discovered on Guadalupe Island off Lower California, by Dr. E. Palmer. 1. C. mimuloides, Benth. Erect, 2 feet high, somewhat viscidly villous : leaves ovate, thin, coarsely serrate, an inch or two in length, slender- petioled: flowers nearly solitary in the axils ; their slender peduncle leafy-bracteate at the base : calyx tubular, two thirds of an inch long, nearly naked in the throat, barely bilabiate, the three teeth of the upper lip united higher than the two lower, all cuspidate from a broadly triangular base : corolla orange, an inch and a half long, its cylin- drical tube twice the length of the calyx. — PL Hartw. 331. Shady places, Carmel River, Monterey Co., Hartweg. 2. C. (]) ilicifolia, Gray. Annual, branched from the base, 3 to 6 inches high, rigid, puberulent or glabrate : leaves coriaceous, ovate-spatulate or cuneate, coarsely few-toothed, about half an inch long and with a petiole of equal length : bracts nearly as large as the leaves, but 'closely sessile, rigid-coriaceous, broadly ovate or roundish, callous-margined ; the stout midrib and 3 or 4 pairs of pinnate divaricate veins projecting into long prickles : flowers several and sessile in each axillary cluster, each pair of clusters (making a false whorl) involucrate by 4 bracts : calyx oblong, villous-pubescent, moderately bilabiate ; the teeth spinulose-subulate from a broad base : corolla apparently purplish or white (half an inch long) ; the tube twice the length of the calyx ; upper lip erect, oblong and concave, entire; the lower broad and spreading, 3-lobed ; the lobes short and rounded ; middle one deeply and the lateral ones slightly emarginate : stamens inserted high in the enlarged throat ; the pairs very unequal ; anterior pair with stout filaments and divaricate almost confluent anthers ; posterior pair with slender filaments and much smaller or abor- tive anthers. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 368. California, Major Rich, in herb. Torrey. Near San Diego, D. Cleveland. Described as consti- tuting a peculiar section, Acanthomintha. Additional sjwcimens, from Mr. Cleveland, show abortive anthers to the upper pair of stamens (and no villosity to the fertile stamens, as described from Ilich's specimen in the Torreyan herbarium); and the upper lip is so concave that, taking the singular bracts and the habit into view, the plant may with reason be ranked as a genus. 8. POGOGYNE, Benth. Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cleft ; the lanceolate teeth longer than the campan- ulate or turbinate mostly 15-nerved tube, the two lower longer ; throat naked. Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips ; the erect and entire upper lip and the three lobes of the spreading lower one oval and somewhat alike. Stamens 4 with anthers, or the upper and shorter pair sterile, ascending, and above more or less approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled ; the cells parallel and pointless. Style somewhat exserted, bearded above with hirsute hairs. — Low annuals (all Californian), Pogogyne. / LABIATE. 597 sweet-aromatic ; with oblong or oblanceolate mostly entire leaves, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers mostly crowded and interrupted spicate ; bracts and calyx hirsute- ciliate, the teeth of the latter mostly 3-nerved; the corolla blue or purplish. — Benth. Lab. 414. § 1. Stamens all four vdth anthers : style conspicuously bearded above, and its subulate lobes almost equal : corolla (6 to 9 lines long) tubular-funnelform, the tube surpassing the calyx {calyx-teeth variable). * Flower-clusters densely crowded into an oblong or cylindrical spike, which is con- spicuously white-hirsute with the long and stiff dilate hairs of the bracts and calyx. 1. P. Douglasii, Benth. Eather stout, a span to a foot high: leaves oblong, spatulate, or oblanceolate, veiny, sometimes sparingly toothed: spikes dense : bracts linear, acute : lower divisions of the calyx twice or thrice the length of the tube and much longer and narrower than the others : corolla half to three fourths of an inch long, blue, or sometimes purplish. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5886. P. multiflora, Benth. Lab. ifec, a smaller form with rather shorter bracts. Open and shady grounds, throughout the western part of the State and into the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. 2. P. parviflora, Benth. More slender, 5 to 8 inches high : leaves narrower : spike shorter : bracts mostly obtuse : divisions of the calyx rather broad, the lower hardly longer and the upper shorter than its tube : corolla barely half an inch long. San Francisco Bay to Mendocino Co., Douglas, Bolander, &c. * * Whorl-like floiver-clusters more or less distant : bracts and calyx sparsely and rather slightly hirsute-ciliate. 3. P. nudiuscula, Gray. A span to a foot high, with slender puberulent branches : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate, obtuse (an inch or less in length), glabrous : bracts linear-subulate and cuspidate : corolla half an inch long, twice the length of the calyx : anthers of the posterior stamens usually smaller than the others, but polliniferous. Near San Diego, D. Cleveland. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate or linear-subulate, in the later flowers all twice or thrice the length of the tube, but in some of the earlier ones little longer than the tube. § 2. Upper stamens sterile : style sparingly hairy, its lobes very unequal : flowers small. — Hedeomoides, Gray. * Tube of the corolla slender and manifestly exceeding the calyx, 4: or 5 lines long : inflorescence capitate. 4. P. tenuiflora, Gray. A span or less in height, puberulent or at the summit pubescent, corymbosely branched or simple : leaves spatulate or obovate, their peti- oles and the narrow bracts slightly and sparsely and sometimes not at all bristly- ciliate : calyx-lobes unequal, linear-lanceolate, about half the length of the filiform tube of the corolla : sterile filaments tipped with a small capitate gland. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. Guadalupe Island, Lower California, Dr. Palmer. Added to complete the account of the genus. * * Corolla at most 2 lines long, little if at all surpassing the calyx. 5. P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Stems 2 to 6 inches high : leaves ovate or oval, thickisli ; the floral with the rigid narrow bracts and the calyx hirsute-ciliate with strong white hairs : inflorescence capitate or spicate, sometimes interrupted, or with a few solitary flowers in the lower axils : calyx-lobes slightly unequal, broadly lan- ceolate, very acute, hardly twice the length of the tube, the longer equalling the 598 LABIATE. Pogogyne. corolla : posterior filaments not reduced in size, but bearing only abortive anthers. — PL Hartw. 330. Valley of the Sacramento, Hartwcg, Andrews, Bolandcr. 6. P. serpylloides, Gray. Stems slender, diffuse, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves obovate-oval or spatulate : lower flowers remote and often solitary in the axils, leafy- bracted ; the upper usually interruptedly spicate : calyx-lobes unequal and with the bracts more minutely and sparsely ciliate, all much longer than the tube, the larger fully equalling the violet or bluish corolla : sterile filaments of the posterior stamens tipped with minute rudiments of anthers : style bearded above with very few and coarse haii-s. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386. Hedeoma (?) serpylloides, Ton*. Pacif. K. Eep. iv. 123. Monterey to Mendocino Co. : apparently common. Leaves 2 or 3 lines long, besides the petiole. Corolla inconspicuous. 9. SPHACELE, Benth. Calyx campanulate, nearly equally 5-cleft, thin-membranaceous and reticulated, especially when enlarged in fruit, irregularly about 10-nerved, naked within. Corolla cylindraceous or oblong-ca:upanulate, with 5 broad and roundisli rather erect lobes, the lower one longest : a hairy riug at the base of the tube within. Stamens 4, distant, somewhat ascending : filaments naked ; the posterior pair shorter : anther- cells diverging. — Somewhat shrubby, veiny-leaved, and rather large-flowered. All South American and Mexican, excepting one in the Sandwich Islands and the following. 1. S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby oidy at the base, 2 to 5 feet high, villous- pnbescent or tomentose, leafy : leaVes 2 to 4 inches long, ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse, crenate or serrate, sometimes almost entire, thinnish, either roundish, cune- ate, or occasionally obscurely cordate at base, usually petioled ; the floral ovate-lan- ceolate and sessile : flowers an inch long, mostly solitary in the upper axils, forming a short leafy raceme ; calyx a little shorter than the purplish or lead -colored corolla, soon inflated; the lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Lab. 568, & in DC. Prodr. xii. 25.5. Var. glabella, Cray : a form with pubescence minute or hardly any, the veinlets sometimes inconspicuous, sometimes more prominently reticulated. Yar. TVallacei, Gray : loosely villous : lower leaves with truncate or sometimes hastate-subcordate base : lobes of the calyx attenuately linear-lanceolate from a broader base. Not uncommon on hillsides, from San Francisco Bay southward : the var. glabella collected by Bridges and S. F. Peckliam (Santa Barbara Co. ) : var. IVallacci only by Wallace, near Los Angeles ? 10. SALVIA, Linn. Sage. Chia. Calyx bilabiate; its upper lip (2-) 3-toothed or entire, lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, straight or falcate, entire or emarginate, or rarely 2-lobed ; the lower spreading or drooping, its middle lobe sometimes notched or obcordate, commonly large. Stamens 2, inserted in the throat of the corolla : filaments short, sometimes very short, apparently forked, i. e. a slender connective attached by the middle to its apex, its posterior portion ascending and bearing a linear anther-cell ; its anterior or descending end bearing a smaller and deformed anther-cell or a mere rudiment. Posterior stamens mere vestiges or none. Nutlets when wetted mostly developing abundant mucilage and long spiral threads. — Her- Salvia. LABIATE. 599 "baceous or suffruticose plants, aromatic and titterish, of various aspect, many with showy flowers. A genus of about 450 species, found in all parts of the world, but mainly in warm temperate and subtropical regions. There are about two dozen species in the United SUites, but only two, and of a peculiar section, have yet been met with in the State of California. § 1 . Throat of the calyx villous or naked ; its upper lip much longer than the loiver, more or less incurved, 3 — 2-toothed ; the lower 2-jxa'ted ; the teeth all spin- ulose-aivned : corolla ringent^ blue or purple ; its tube ivith a hairy ring inside, and the upper Up 1-lobed : stamens distant from the upper Up, unconnected ; the lower fork of the long filiform connective bearing a polliniferous anther- cell : root anmial or perhaps biennial : leaves p)innatifid : flowers in solitary or 2 to 4: proliferous dense capitate clusters, which are involucrate with persist- ent bract-like floral leaves. — Echinosphace. (§ Echinosphace & Pycnosphace, Beuth.) 1. S. carduacea, Benth. White-woolly with lax cohwehby hairs : stem stout, simple, a foot or two high, nearly naked, at base surrounded by a cluster of oblong sinuate-pinnatihd and spinulose-toothed Thistle-like leaves : head-like false whorls 1 to 4, an inch or more in diameter, very many-flowered, equalled or surpassed by the involucrate lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and spinescently pectinate-toothed bracts : calyx long-woolly, many-nerved ; its ample upper lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle tooth much the larger, the lateral ones distant ; the throat villous : tube of the corolla slightly exserted ; its upper lip erose-denticiilate and 2-cleft ; the lower with small lateral lobes and a larger flabelliform and fimbriately many-cleft middle one : proper filaments hardly any : anther-cells hairy. — Hook. JBot. Mag. t. 4874. S. gos- sypina, Benth. PI. Hartw. 330. Sandy soil, not uncommon throughout the western and middle parts of the State to San Diego. Corolla an inch long. 2. S. ColumbariaB, Benth. Minutely tomentose or soft-pubescent : stem com- monly slender, branching, and leafy below, a span to a foot or two high from an annual root, naked and peduncle-like below, terminated by a solitary or two prolif- erous head-like false Avhorls : leaves deeply once or twice pinnatitid or parted into oblong and crenately-toothed or incised divisions, pointless, rugose : involucrate floral leaves bract-like and short, ovate, entire : bracts similar but membranaceous, sometimes purplish, abruptly acuminate-awned : flowers small : calyx naked within ; its large upper lip arched, hispid at base outside, tipped Avith a pair of connivent and partly connate short-awned teeth, much exceeding the two small and porrected teeth of the lower lip : corolla (blue) hardly exceeding the calyx ; its npper lip merely notched ; the lower with small lateral lobes ; the middle one much larger, transversely oval, on a short claw, 2-lobed, and otherwise nearly entire : filaments slender. Common through the State, Nevada, and Arizona, especially soiithward. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. Calyx with middle tooth of the upper lip always wanting. This is the " Cliia" of the aborigines : the seed-like nutlets, infused in water, form a pleasant mucilaginous druik, which is largely used. § 2. Throat of the calyx naked: anthers tvith only one polliniferous cell; the lower fork of the connective naked, deflexed into the throat of the corolla, linear or oblong ; the pair more or less united lengthwise or at the tip. (None indigenous.) S. COCCINEA, Linn., an herbaceous scarlet-flowered species of tropical America, with green and deciduous bracts-and loose inflorescence, is not unlikely to be spontaneous in the southern part of the State, as it is in the Gulf States. S. SPLENDENS, with floral leaves or bracts and calyx also bright scarlet, and S. fulgkns, with these nearly gi'een and corolla red-hairy, are the common Scarlet Sages of cultivation : but they seem not to have become spontaneous. 600 LABIATiE. Audibertia. S. rLATYCiiEiLA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 292, a shrubby and hoary bhiish-flowered species, the funiiclfonn dilated calyx with ovate lips, was discovered liy I)r. Palmer, at Carmen Islajid, Lower California, lat. 26°. It is related to S. BALLOTiEFLORA, Benth., of New Mexico and Texas. 11. AUDIBERTIA, Benth. Calyx nearly as in Salvia, or more cleft on the lower side, as if spathaceons. Corolla with the upper lip spreading, 2-lobed or emarginate ; the lower spreading and 3-lobed, the broad middle lobe emarginate. Stamens 2 : filaments slender, ex- serted, apparently simple and bearing a linear one-celled anther, or with an articula- tion, showing that the portion above it answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which sometimes projects into a subulate point, but never shows any trace of a second anther-cell. Vestiges of the posterior stamens often present. Perennial aromatic herbs or undershrubs (all Californian extending into the regions adjacent), hoary ; with rugose-veiny mostly crenulate leaves, resembling those of Sage, and capitate-glomerate or sometimes a more open and paniculate inflorescence : the flowers prized for bees. § 1. Flowers densely capitate-glomerate : bracts crowded and conspicuous. » Large : corolla an inch and a half long, crimson-purple ; its upper lip rather erect and short : lower leaves cordate or hastate at base. 1. A. grandiflora, Benth. Stem villous and glandular, stout, 1 to 3 feet high from a scarcely woody base : leaves very rugose, sinuately crenate, white-tomentose beneath ; the lower hastate-lanceolate and obtuse, 3 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles ; the upper oblong and sessile ; floral ones and bracts broadly ovate, mem- branaceous, villous, cuspidate-tipped : heads large, interruptedly spicate : stamens much exserted : a conspicuous slender tooth representing the lower fork of the connective. — Ton*. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1 32, t. 38, the sterile filaments incorrectly represented. On the Coast Eanges, from San Mateo Co. southward. A showy plant * * Smaller-flowered : corolla from half to three fourths of an inch long, violet or bluish-purple : leaves not cordate. -t- Bracts, most of the floral leaves, and the bilabiate calyx scarious-membranaceous, reticulated, more or less colored; the tip obtuse, pointless, or at most mucronate: dense heads interrupted-spicate or rarely solitary : corolla not over half an inch long : low species of the interior arid region. 2. A. incana, Benth. Shrubby, a foot or so in height, finely tomentose-canescent, leafy : leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, not rugose, glandular-dot- ted, seldom an inch long, all but the uppermost tapering into a petiole : bracts and upper floral leaves obovate or oval, the innermost spatulate, pubescent and ciliate, tinged with rose or purple : calyx turbinate, its ovate or oblong anterior teeth nearly equalling the very broad truncate and emarginate upper lip : stamens much exserted. — Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 1469. From San Diego Co. along the eastern borders of the State, and from S. Utah northward to the Upper Columbia River. 3. A. capitata, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent : leaves oblong, acutish, very rugose, crenulate, somewliat abruptly petioled : flowers usually in a single terminal head : bracts a:id floral leaves apparently whitish, ovate or oval, minutely glandular : other- wise resembling the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. Summit of Providence Mountains, San Bemadino Co., Cooper. Audihertia. LABIATiE. 601 -H- -t- Bracts more or less herbaceous : leaves minutely rugose and crenulate. ++ Corolla half an inch or less in length : all the calyx-teeth and the bracts subulate or awn-pointed. 4. A. humilis, Benth. A span high, tomentulose-caiiescent, cespitose : flowering stem scape-like : leaves mainly radical, oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, tapering into a slender petiole : spike of 3 or 4 small and closely sessile head-like clusters : bracts lanceolate oi: ovate, villous-hirsute, their tips and the calyx-teeth subulate, not rigid : stamens and style long-exserted. Near San Francisco or Monterey, Douglas. Hillsides near Nevada, Bigelow. Mountains of San Diego Co., Palmer. 5. A. Stachyoides, Benth. Decidedly shrubby, 3 to 8 feet high, rigid, with herbaceous flowering branchlets, leafy, cinereous-tomentulose, becoming greener and glabrate : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into more or less of a petiole, obviously crenate, the upper surface glabrous with age : bracts of the 3 to 5 dense sessile and mostly remote heads ovate or oblong, and with the calyx-teeth abruptly cuspidate or awned : style and especially the stamens little exserted. Common from the Contra Costa Mountains to the southern borders of the State. ++ ++ Corolla two thirds to three fourths of an inch long, its tube much exceeding the calyx and the short bracts: upper lip of the calyx barely I —3-mucronate, the teeth of the lower more pointed : stamens and style moderately exserted : stems 4 ^o 8 feet high, with 'paniculate and virgate herbaceous remotely-leaved flowering branches ; the stem below woody. 6. A. Falmeri, Gray. Minutely tomentulose-canescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute (the larger 2 or 3 inches long) : head-like clusters of flowers 5 to 8, remote in the elongated virgate naked spike : bracts oblong or lanceolate, acuminate into a slen- der cuspidate tip : lower calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous. NearTighes Ranch in the mountains northeast of San Diego. "Corolla a delicate blue." In some respects intennediate between the foregoing and the following. The virgate much inter- rupted spikes often a foot or more in length ; the whorl-like capitate clusters from 3 inches to half an inch apart. 7. A. Cleveland!, Gray. Minutely tomentulose-canescent : leaves oblong or the upper lanceolate-oblong, all obtuse (an inch or two long) : head-like clusters one or two (rarely 3) and rather distant, or single terminating peduncle-like branch- lets : bracts ovate or oblong, merely mucronate or abruptly short-pointed, viscid- pubescent, as is the calyx : upper lip of the latter short and subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. X. 76. Mountains northeast of San Diego, at about 2,200 feet, Cleveland, Palmer. The latter found it growing in or near the habitat of the preceding and closely related species. ++ ++ ++ Corolla barely half an inch long, its tube hardly exceeding the herbaceous blunt and pointless bracts and calyx. 8. A. nivea, Benth. Shrubby, 3 or 4 feet high, leafy, mealy-tomentose, and very white : leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, very short-petioled, the upper trun- cate at base : bracts ovate or oblong, much imbricated : calyx splitting down the front and at length notched posteriorly: corolla "light purple"; the tube hardly longer than the lips : stamens and style conspicuously exserted. Dry hillsides from Santa Barbara southward. Full-grown capitate flower-clusters an inch broad (rather larger than in the two preceding species), from 2 to 4 in the interrupted spike. § 2. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate : the floral leaves and the few bracts of the small and numerotis clusters lanceolate or subulate. 9. A. polystachya, Benth. Shrubby, 3 to 10 feet high, closely and finely tomentose-canescent : herbaceous flowering branches virgate : leaves lanceolate or 602 LABIATE. Audibertia. the lower oblong, minutely rugose, tapering into a petiole ; the floral small and bract-like ; the uppermost minute : open thyrsoid-virgate inflorescence a foot or so in length, naked : flowers nearly sessile : the broad upper lip of the calyx entire or obsoletely 3-toothed, double the length of the triang^ilar-subulate teeth of the lower lip : corolla apparently white or pale, with very short tube and ample lower lip : stamens and style long-exserted. Dry hills and banks, Santa Barbara to San Diego and eastward, where it is one of the various shrubs called Grease-wood. Corolla half an inch or more in length. The open inflorescence of this species gives it a peculiar asjject. 12. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 15-nerved, rather oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla with tube not surpassing the calyx : upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ; the lower some- what spreading and 3-cleft, its broad middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, straight ; the upper pair declined and the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross : anthers short, 2-celled, the cells nearly parallel. — Tall perennial herbs, mostly coarse ; with ovate and serrate petioled leaves, and small, purplish, violet, or whitish flowers, crowded into terminal spikes. A small genus, of two N. E. Asiatic, three Eastern North American species, and one in Oregon and California. L. anisntus, Benth. , the sweet-scented species of the Upper Mississippi region, is in Bolander's published list of plants growing in the vicinity of San Francisco ; but the fol- lowing was doubtless intended. 1. L. urticifolillS, Benth. Glabrous or nearly so, 4 to 6 feet high: leaves ovate and cordate, coarsely or crenately toothed (2 to 4 inches long, pleasantly scented), rather short-petioled : flower-clusters compacted in a close oblong or cylindrical pedunculate spike : calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, membranaceous, whit- ish and purplish : corolla light violet-purple. ' Through the wooded i:egion of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. noi-thward, extending to Oregon and to the Rocky Mountains. 13. SCUTELLARIA, Linn. Skull-cap. Calyx in flower campanulate, with two entire lips and a gibbous projection on the back, closed and with the dorsal projection enlarged after flowering, becoming casque- shaped, at length splitting to the base, and the upper or casque-shaped por- tion usually falling away. Corolla with an elongated and curved ascending tube, a dilated throat, naked within, an erect arched or galeate upper lip (entire or barely notched), with which the lateral lobes belonging to the lower lip appear to be more or less connected ; the anterior lobe (convex or with the sides recurved and apex notched) appearing to form the whole lower lip. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla ; the lower or anterior pair longer and with one-celled (or half-) anthers ; the posterior pair with 2-celled cordate anthers : these in all ours ciliate or bearded. Upper fork of the style very small or abortive. Outlets gran- ulate or tuberculate. Embryo curved ! — Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, chiefly perennial ; with single flowers in the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the corolla more commonly blue or bluish. A genus of almost 100 species, widely distributed over the world, most largely in temperate regions, well represented in the Atlantic United States, but few in California, none of them with racemose or spicate inflorescen<;e. S. LATERIFLORA, Linu., Well characterized by its small flowers in axillary one-sided racemes, extends northwardly across the continent to Oregon, and may therefore reach the northern por- ScuteUaria. LABIATE. 603 tion of California. — The following all bear single and short-peduncled flowers in the axils of ordinary cauline leaves, but the uppermost leaves are sometimes a little reduced, giving a ten- dency to racemose inflorescence. * Leaves all broad and somewhat cordate or truncate at base: stems very leafy : propa- gating by filiform subterranean shoots : tubers none or hardly any. 1. S. galericulata, Linn. Minutely pubescent or partly glabrous : stem a foot or two high, simple or at length loosely branched : leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, an inch or two long, acute, pinnately veiny, all but the upper- most seiTate : corolla pubescent, light blue (about two thirds or three fourths of an inch long), with slender tube and enlarging throat ; the lower lip nearly erect and larger than the upper. Wet gi-ounds in the Sierra Nevada (Plumas Co., Lemmon) : extending north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic. The only species common to America and the Old World. 2. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Minutely soft-pubescent : stem a foot high, simple or branched from the base, equally very leafy to the summit : leaves thinnish, oval, obtuse, with subcordate base, closely sessile, an inch long or less, entire, or the lower sparingly somewhat crenately toothed, a pair of veins from the base on each side : corolla whitish or cream-colored, two thirds of an inch long, much enlarged above from a short tube ; the lower lip ample. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. Wooded portion of the Sierra Nevada : at Clark's, Mariposa Co., Bolandcr. Also Indian Valley, Plumas Co., Lemmon. Leaves 18 to 22 pairs, mostly longer than the intemodes. Neither tubera nor filiform subterranean shoots have been seen. * * Leaves, at least the upper ones, narrowed or merely obtuse at base, -H From oblong to linear, entire or nearly so : stems erect : filiform subterranean shoots abundant, but slightly if at all tuberiferous. 3. S. angustifolia, Pursh. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or almost glabrous, a span to a foot high : stems simple or branching from below : leaves from linear to narrowly oblong (about an inch long), all but the lower acute at the sessile base or tapering into a slight petiole ; tlie radical leaves often roundish or even cordate and sometimes toothed : pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla blue or violet, an inch long, Avith slender tube and moderately enlarged throat ; lower lobe villous inside. Var. canescens, Gray : a fonn with soft-hoary pubescence, and the tube of the corolla often with recurving base, and above this erect or thrown somewhat back- ward. — S. siphocampyloides, Vatke in Bot. Zeit. xxx. 717. Sierra Nevada and foot-hills, from Placer Co. northward, extending to British Columbia. The var. canescens along the mountains from Monterey Co. to Lake Co. 4. S. antirrhinoides, Benth. A span to a foot and a half high, resembles the preceding, but with broader and oblong leaves abruptly short-petioled ; the upper sometimes lanceolate ; the lower often serrate : corolla shorter and broader tlirough- out, from half to three fourths of an inch long, apparently paler. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 396. .S'. resinosa, Watson, Bot. King Exp. in part. Var. Califomica, Gray, 1. c. Stems more rigid : corolla apparently yellowish, more ventricose, its tube more enlarging immediately above the calyx. — S. angusti- folia, Benth. PI. Hartw. 331 (Xo. 1918), is a narrow-leaved form of this. Along streams, Alameda to Mendocino Co. Also in Oregon and the mountains of Nevada. +- -i- Leaves ovate, petioled: stems low or diffuse: propagating by filiform subterranean shoots terminated by moniliform tubers. 5. S. tuberosa, Benth. Soft-villous or pubescent, an inch or two high, or at length with diffuse or trailing stems a foot long, slender : leaves thin, from cordate- ovate to obovate or the upper cuneate-oblong, slender-petioled, coarsely more or less toothed : corolla pubescent, blue or violet, over half an inch long, and with rather slender tube. 604 LABIATE. Scutellaria. Plains and hillsides, rather common from Monterey Co. northward ; beginning to blossom in February. Varying gi-eatly in size. Upper flowers iu vernal specimens sometimes much exceeding the leaves, on the longer trailing stems much exceeded by them. 6. S. nana, Gray. Dej^ressed, cinereous-puberul.ent throughout : stems tufted on the filiform subterranean shoots, 2 or 3 inches high : leaves thickish, obovate or ovate, very obtuse, entire, lialf an inch long, tapering into a short petiole, equalling the flow^ers : pedicels very short : corolla " white," half an inch long, rather broad, and with short equal lips. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. On a clay ridge, Winnemucca Valley, near Pyramid Lake, N. W. Nevada, Lemmon. Tubers copious, moniliform, an inch or two long. Corolla appearing purplish in the dried specimens, said to be white. 14. SALAZARIA, Torr. Calyx at first campanulate or oblong, with two entire lips and no gibbous projec- tion on the back, in fruit much enlarged and globose-inflated, thin and bladdery, reticulated, closed. Corolla, stamens, &c., as in Scutellaria. Upper fork of the style wanting. — A single species. 1. S. Mezicana, Torr. Shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, with slender and divaricate straggling branches, somewhat sarmentose, canescent : leaves becoming green and glabrate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire, an inch or less in length, on short slender petioles ; those of the flowering branches reduced to bracts of the loose raceme or spike : corolla purple or whitish, nearly an incli long, pubescent : scarious fruiting calyx over half an inch in diameter : nutlets depressed, minutely muricate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 133, t. 39. S. E. borders of the State, on the Mohave, &c., to S. Utah, and south to the adjacent part of Mexico, Fremont, Parry, Cooper, &c. Named in honor of Signor Salazar, Mexican Boundary Commissioner. 15. BHTJNELLA, Toum. Self-heal. Calyx oblong, about 10-nerved and reticulate-veiny, bilabiate; the lips flattened and closed in fruit ; the upper dilated, truncate and 3-toothed, its teeth very broad and short ; lower 2-cleft, the teeth lanceolate. Corolla with ascending tube, open lips, and slightly contracted orifice : upper lip arched and entire ; lower 3-lobed, its middle lobe drooping, rounded, concave, denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the lower lip : filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing tlie 2-celled anther, the ceUs of which are divergent. Nutlets smooth. — Low perennials, of two or three very similar species : the flowers crowded in a terminal oblong or cylin- draceous head or spike. 1. B. vulgaris, Linn. A span to a foot high, roughish-pubescent or almost glabrous : leaves ovate or oblong, slender-petioled, entire or toothed : corolla violet, purple, or rarely white, not twice the length of the purplish calyx. Open grounds or borders of woods, near San Francisco and near the Yosemite, probably in- digenous, as it certainly is in Oregon, British Columbia, and eastward : extending round the northern hemisphere. 16. MARRUBITJM, Linn. Horehound. Calyx cylindraceous, 5 -10-nerved, of firm texture, 10-toothed ; the alternate (accessory) teeth shorter, spiny-tipped and recurved at maturity. Corolla short, its tube included in the calyx ; the upper lip erect and concave, narrow, 2-lobed at the tip ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, but the cells confluent. — Bitter-aromatic whitish- woolly Stachys. LABIATE. 6()5 perennials, branched from the base : leaves rugose : flowers small, much crowded in axillary false whorls or heads. — An Old World genus, a single species naturalized in the !New, used iu popular medicine. 1. M. vulgare, Linn. A foot or two high, hoary- woolly : leaves roundish, crenate : flowers crowded in the upper axils : corolla small, white : calyx-teeth and bracts hooked at the tip. Waste and dry gi'ounds near the coast : naturalized from Europe. 17. STACHYS, Linn. Hedge-Nettle. Calyx tubular-campanidate or turbinate, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed ; the teeth sometimes rigid or spiny-pointed. Corolla with cylindrical tube, not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip erect and concave or arched, entire or merely emarginate ; the lower spreading and 3-lobed, its middle lo})e larger. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : filaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled ; the cells either parallel or divergent. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. — Herbs (or a few undershrubs), not aromatic ; with flowers clustered, capitate, or scattered, often spicate or racemose at the summit of the stem or branches : ours all perennials, and the flowers sessile or nearly so. * Tube of the corolla little if at all longer tJian the calyx. -(- Corolla white or ivhitish ; the upper lip bearded or woolly on tlie back : herbage tomentose or soft-hairy. 1. S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous or silky-hirsute with whitish hairs : leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenately toothed (1 to 3 inches long), the base either obtuse or tapering into the petiole ; the upper sessile : flowers about 3 in the axils of tlie distant upper ordinary leaves, and loosely leafy-spicate at the summit, mostly surpassed by the floral leaves: calyx short-campanulate, very hairy; its teeth ovate and merely mucronate-acuminate. — Prodr. xii. 474. Moist grounds, common from Monterey to Lake Co. 2. S. albens, Gray. Tall (3 to 5 feet high) and rather strict, soft-tomentose throughout with white or whitish wool, leafy : leaves oblong or ovate and mostly cordate, obtuse, crenate (2 or 3 inches long), the lower short-pet ioled, the upper nearly sessile : flowers several or numerous in tlie capitate clusters, which mostly exceed the floral leaves and form an interrupted at length elongated virgate spike (from 3 to 9 inches long): calyx turbinate-campanulate, its teeth triangular and awn-pointed : corolla white with purple dots on the lower lip, glabrous except the villous beard on the back of the upper lip. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. Moist and rich soil, on the mountains and foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from Fort Tejon to Santa Clara and Tuolumne Co. 3. S. pycnantha, Benth. Two feet high or more, very hirsute or villous with long and mostly soft spreading hairs, not white : leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat cordate, obtuse, crenate {2 to 4 inches long), all but the floral ones rather long petioled : flowers in a dense cylindraceous naked spike (an inch or two long), ex- ceeding the small bract-like floral leaves except in the lowest and sometimes rather distant clusters : calyx-teeth triangular and slightly mucronate : corolla apparently white or cream color with purple on the lower lip, the upper lip strongly bearded on the back. — PL Hartw. 331. Monterey Co. {Uartwcg) to near San Francisco, Kellogg. +- -(- Corolla purple, the upper lip more or less hairy on the bach : pubescence hirsute or hispid, at least on the stem ; no tomenttim. g06 LABIATJE. Stachys. 4. S. bullata, Benth. Stem retrorsely hispid or hirsute especially on the angles, a foot or two high : leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, at least the lower more or less cordate, coarsely crenate, obtuse, veiny, sometimes rugose, nearly all petioled (an inch or two long), most of the floral much reduced and shorter than the calyx : flowers usually 6 in the false whorls, these rather distant, forming a narrow much interrupted spike : calyx turbinate-campanulate, mostly hirsute or villous with widely spreading hairs ; the teeth triangular-ovate and subulate-cuspidate, rigid : lower lip of the corolla fully as long as the tube, much larger than the upper. — S. bullata, & S. Californica, Benth. in DC. S. Nuttallii, var. leptoatachya, Benth. PI. Hartw. 331. Mendocino Co. to San Diego and Fort Mohave ; apparently a very common as well as wide- spread and variable species ; the pubescence of the leaves often soft. Lower lip of the corolla 4 or 5 lines long, the upper 2 or 3. S. PALUsTius, Linn., in some of its foi-ms occurs in Oregon, and may reach the northern bor- ders of California. * * Tube of the red corolla much surpassing the calyx, over half to three fourths of an inch long : flowers mostly 6 in the false whorls. 5. S. Chamissonis, Benth. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, stout, mostly rough-hispid ■with rigid retrurse bristles, at least on the angles: leaves (2 to 5 inches long) oblong- ovate and mostly a little cordate, crenately serrate, usually villous or hirsute above and villous-tomentose beneath, nearly all petioled; all but the lowest floral ones shorter than the loosely interrupted spicate flowers : calyx tubular-canipanulate ; its triangular-ovate teeth cuspidate-tipped : corolla rose-red ; its tube twice the length of the calyx ; the lips pubescent outside. Wet grounds ; common around San Francisco Bay. S. CILIATA, Dougl., a smoother and thinner-leaved species of this section, with the lower flowers in the axils of ordinary leaves, belongs to the coast of Oregon and northward, perhaps also in the northern part of California. - S. cocciNEA, Jacq., a handsome Mexican species, with a tubular scarlet corolla, occurs in Arizona and may jierhaps reach the lower borders of California. 18. TBICHOSTEMA, Linn. Bltje-curls. Calyx campanulate, in ours little oblique and almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with short or rather slender tube and almost equally 5-parted limb, which is gibbous or oblique in bud ; the lobes oblong and similar. Stamens 4 : filaments long and capillary, spij-ally coiled in the bud, long-exserted from the upper side of the corolla, sometimes monadelphous at base : anther-cells divergent or divaricate, and soon confluent. Nutlets coarsely rugose-reticulated. — Sweet-aromatic herbs or sufirutes- cent plants (all North American) ; with entire leaves, and blue or purple corolla and stamens. — The two species of the Atlantic United States have scattered and pedunculate flowers, with a very oblique and unequally 2-lipped calyx ; the inter- mediate T. Arizonicum has the loose inflorescence of the foregoing with the almost regitlar calyx of the western species, all Avhich have very short axillary peduncles, bearing several or numerous flowers in dense and mostly unilateral cymose clusters. * Corolla hardly if at all surpassing the calyx. 1. T. oblongum, Benth. Annual, soft-villous : stem a span or two high, diffusely branching, equally leafy to the top : leaves oval-oblong, thin, contracted at base into a short petiole, much exceeding the small and dense cluster of nearly sessile flowers : calyx very villous, deeply 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate-subulate. — Lab. 659 & in DC'. Prodr. xii. 573. Trichostema. VERBENACE^. 607 Wooded poi-tion of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa to Shasta Co., and in Oregon. Plant with a pungent and very pleasant aroma. Leaves barely an inch long ; the pinnate veins ascend- ing. Corolla barely 3 lines long, and the stamens 2 lines longer. * * Corolla vrith slender tube exceeding the calyx : cymose flower-clusters disposed to fork and to become raceme-like in age. 2. T. lazuiu, Gray. Annual, minutely soft-pubescent, about a foot high, simple or loosely branched from the base : leaves rather distant, lanceolate and oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rather obscurely pinnately veined (an inch or two long), tapering at the base mostly into a slender petiole : axillary cymose clusters distinctly peduncled, usually forked and in age equalling the leaves ; the flowers pedicelled : calyx-lobes ovate-triangular and equalling the tube : corolla almost glabrous, 3 or 4 lines long, and the stamens half an inch longer. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387. Diy ground, from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co. ; apparently a rather common species. Flowers indigo-blue. 3. T. lanceolatum, Benth. Annual, cinereous-pubescent or villous, a span to a foot or more in height, with virgate stem or branches very leafy : leaves much longer than the internodes, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a broad base, gradually acuminate, traversed by 3 to 5 strong and almost parallel nervose veins or ribs (an inch or less long) : cymose axillary clusters nearly sessile, short, one- sided : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla somewhat pubescent, half an inch long, the tube almost filiform. Dry ground, chiefly in the western part of the State, rather common from Los Angeles Co. northward and in Oregon. 4. T. lanatuxn, Benth. Shrubby below, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy : branches and foliage canescently puberulent or tomentulose and glabrate with age : leaves very narrowly linear, obtuse, 1 -nerved and with revolute margins, Rosemary-like, many fascicled in the axils ; the floral ones mostly small and bract-like : flower- cluster's glomerate and se&sile, numerous in a virgate interrupted purple-woolly spike (of a foot or less in length) : corolla very woolly, nearly an inch long, and the stamens and style an inch or two longer. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 40. Kocky ledges, Monterey ? or Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. Flowers violet. Very striking for the purple-woolly spike and long capillary stamens and style. Order LXXIV. VERBENACEiE. Herbs or shrubs, differing from Labiatce mainly in the ovary and fruit, which is undivided and 2-4-celled, at maturity either dry and splitting into as many 1 -seeded nutlets, or drupaceous containing as many little stones. — Calyx persistent. Corolla either bilabiate or merely somewhat irregular ; the lobes imbricate in aestiva- tion. Stamens 4, didynamous. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Solitary ovule erect or ascending and anatropous. Seed with a straight embryo, its radicle inferior, and no albumen. Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, with- out stipules, sometimes aromatic, but not glandular-punctate in the manner of most Labiatce. Flowers perfect : inflorescence various. An order of moderate extent in tropical and warm-temperate regions, a few, chiefly weeds, in the cool-temperate, of no striking sensible properties or economical importance, excepting the American Verbenas so common in ornamental cultivation, and a few species of Lantana. The Californian representation of the order is feeble. 1. Verbena. Fruit of 4 united nutlets. Calyx tubular or prismatic. 2. Lippia. Fruit of 2 united nutlets. Calyx 2-cleft. 608 VERBENACE^. Verbena. 1. VERBENA, Linn. Vervain. Calyx tubular or plicately prismatic, 5-toothed, one tooth often shorter. Corolla salverform ; the tube sometimes curved ; the limb more or less unequally 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included ; the upper pair sometimes ste'rile. Stigma of two dissimilar lobes, one of them smaller and mostly abortive. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded little nutlets. — Herbs (or a few South American species shrubby); with the flowers in single or panicled spikes or heads, small, or in some showy. The commoner species are apt to hybridize naturally, and the hybrids are not rarely fertile. Chiefly an American genus, mainly South American ; the few Californian representatives weeds or weedy, and only two or three truly indigenous. § 1. Flowers small in proportion to the spike: antliers glandless. * Stem erect : spikes filiform and vrith the flowers or fruits at length more or less scattering : bracts usually shorter than the fruiting calyx. -(- Annual, or the base becoming ligneous and of longer duration. : stems a span to 2 feet high, slender : some of the leaves pinnatifid, tajiering at base, the lower into a margined petiole. 1. V. canescens, HBK. Hoary-hirsute : leaves oblong-lanceolate and cuneate- obovate, rigid, sharply incised or pinnatifid : spikes mostly solitary, terminating the branches ; some of the bracts exceeding the flowers : corolla bluish, the limb a line or so in diameter. — Nov. Gen. & Sp. ii. 274, t. 136. V. remota, Benth. PI. Hartw., from Mexico, is a simple-stemmed form. Cafton Tantillas, south of San Diego Co., Palmer. Probably extends within the State, as it does eastward to Texas and Mexico. 2. V. officinalis, Linn. Minutely roughish-pubescent, loosely branched : leaves obovate or oblong, or the upper lanceolate, some merely incised, others once or twice pinnatifid or 3 -5-cleft : bracts all shorter than the calyx : corolla purplish or lilac, the limb 2 lines in diameter, sometimes more. Dry waste gioimds through the western part of the State, probably naturalized, but the species occurs round the world. A stouter form, and with limb of corolla 3 or more lines in diameter, answering to V. sororia, Don, was sent from San Diego by Dr. Hitdicock. 4- -t- Perennial, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves serrate or merely incised. 3. V. polystachya, HBK. Scabrous with very short partly hispid pubescence, green, paniculately branched : leaves from oblong to lanceolate (mostly about 2 inches long), sessile by a narrowed base, or the lower short-petioled, coarsely seiTate or sparingly incised : spikes loosely panicled or sometimes solitary : corolla purplish or nearly white, the limb about a line in diameter. — V. polystachya, V. biserrata, (fe (according to Schauer) V. veronicoefolia,WPiK. 1. c. V. Carolinensis, &c.. Dill. Hort. Elth. 407, t. 301. V. Carolina, Linn., but it is a Mexican, not a Carolinian spe- cies. V. Caroliniana, Spreng. ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey, 156; Schauer in DC. Prodr, xi. 546. Monterey or San Francisco, according to Hooker & Arnott in the Botany of Beechey's Voyage. Los Angeles, IVallace ? V. xjRTiciFOT.iA, Linn. Green, minutely roughish-pubescent : leaves ovate and ovate-lanceo- late, mostly acute or acuminate, simply or doubly serrate, all but the uppermost with rounded base and a slender petiole, the larger 4 or 5 inches long : panicled spikes very slender : corolla mostly white. A common weed in the Atlantic States, extending into Mexico, &c. ; very likely to reach Cali- fornia : the specimen sent by Wallace, mentioned under the preceding, is too incomplete to deter- mine whether it belongs to that or the present species. Lippia. / VERBENACEiB. 609 * * Stem erect: spikes slender-cylinch'ical, densely-flowered; the flowers and fridt overlapping : bracts shoi't. 4. V. hastata, Linn. Perennial, minutely pubescent : stem stouter, 3 to 6 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, coarsely or incisely serrate, petioled, some of the lower ones commonly hastate-3-lobed : spikes numerous in a terminal panicle, 2 to 4 inches long : corolla blue, 2 lines long, and the limb as broad. — V. panicidata, Lam., the name given to the form, not uncommon, which has no lobes to the leaves. Marshes on the Lower Sacramento, according to Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exp. 403. Probably else- where in the State. * * * Stems spreading or merely ascending : sjnkes not filiform. 5. V. prostrata, R. Brown. Soft-hirsute or villous : stems at first erect or ascending, a foot high, at length widely branched and diffuse, rarely prostrate : leaves obovate, ovate, or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, sharply serrate, incised, or 3 - 5-cleft : spikes solitary or panicled, rather slender but dense when in flower, becoming 4 to 10 inches long, hirsute or villous : bracts subulate, not longer than the calyx : corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long. — Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 41. V. lasiostachys, Link; Hook, k Arn. Bot. Beechey, 156. Common in dry ground through the western parts of the State. Root probably perennial. Plant very variable. From Jamuel Valley, below San Diego, Dr. Pahiur sends a more upright and thiekish-spiked plant, which might be a cross between this and V. strida, if the latter were Californian ; or perhaps it has some V. Imstata in it. 6. V. bracteosa, Michx. Perennial, hirsute, a span to a foot high, at length diffusely much branched : leaves cuneate-oblong or obovate, pinnately incised or 3-cleft and coarsely toothed; the lower narrowed into a short margined petiole; the uppermost passing into bracts : spikes terminating the branches, thickish, rather dense, and squarrose with the rigid lanceolate or linear acuminate and sparsely his- pid foliaceous bracts, which surpass the flowers : corolla purplish or blue, small and slender. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2910. Near Monterey, in alkaline soil, Bolander: a peculiar and rigid form, with bracts or bract-like leaves far down the stem. The ordinary form occurs in Oregon, and extends to the Atlantic States. § 2. Flowers more showy : spike at first short and capitate : connective of the anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a gland. 7. V. ciliata, Benth. Low and diffuse, apparently annual, villous-hirsute ; or the leaves somewhat strigose-hispid, once or twice 3-parted or cleft, short-petioled ; the lateral divisions commonly 2-lobed and the middle one 3-5-lobed or incised: bracts lanceolate-subulate, shorter than the calyx : tube of the latter oblong ; the teeth rather short-subulate, nearly equal : corolla '* blue," or purple ; the tube hardly twice the length of the calyx. — PI. Hartw. 21 ; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 553. Tantillas Mountains on the southern borders of the State (Palnier), a form with rather coarsely cleft leaves : extends through Aiizona {Palmer, Lieut. Wheeler, -deft or entire. (Sphceromeria, N"utt.) 3. T. canum, T). C. Eaton. A span high or more, in tufts from a woody base, silvery-canescent : flowering stems simple, terminated by one or two or several corym- bose-crowded heads : leaves half an inch or more long, sessile, some cuneate and 618 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 3-cleft into naiTow-entire lobes, others linear or lanceolate and entire : involucre 2 lines high, of about 12 obovate scales: flowers yellowish; a few of the outer ones pistillate ; the rest perfect. — Bot. King Exp. 180, t. 19. Olanche Mountain, Tulare Co., at 10,000 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. Elsewhere found only in the E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. Page 405. 94. ARTEMISIA. 1 2. A. Rothrockii, Gray. Shrubby, a foot or less high, bushy, cinereous with a minute appressed pubescence, but green or greenish, and sometimes almost gla- brous, or slightly viscid : leaves from cuneate and 3 - 4-cleft above into oblong lobes to cuneate-linear or spatulate and (especially on flowering shoots) entire, or some of the upper linear-oblong : heads crowded, spicate-panicled, greenish, 2| to 3 lines long, 10 - 12-flowered : scales of the campanulate involucre concave, rather firm; the outer ovate and largely herbaceous ; tlie inner oblong : flowers all perfect and fertile. Sierras of Tulare Co., Olanche Mountains and Monachay Meadows, at 8,000 to 9,300 feet, Roth- rock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. The Sagc-hrush of the region. Heads even thicker than those oi A. cana. 13. A. Falmeri, Gray. Apparently wholly herbaceous and at least 3 feet high, cinereous-puberulent : leaves narrowly linear and the lower 3 - 5-parted (the divi- sions an inch or two long and a line or more wide), with revolute margins, the lower surface minutely white-woolly : heads greenish, very numerous in an ample open panicle : scales of the involucre ovate, thin : flowers all perfect, most of them subtended by chaff similar to the inner scales of the involucre (or the innermost much smaller), — an anomaly in the genus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79. Jamuel Valley, 20 miles east of south of San Diego, Palrner. Page 412. 101. SENECIO. 9. S. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray. A very well-marked form of this species is Var. OCCidentalis, Gray. Much more slender, a span to a foot high : leaves from ovate-orbicular and repand to obovate or spatulate and incised, thinner, most of them on rather long and wing-margined petioles : heads smaller (4 lines high), fewer-flowered, and slender-peduncled. Sierra Nevada, on Mount Whitney at 12,000 feet, and S. Fork of Kem Eiver down to 9,800 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. Lemmon's plant from Lassen's Peak is between this and Watson's and Pany's specimens from the mountains of Utah and Wyoming. Page 417. 103. RAILLARDELLA. A part of the generic character to be modified, and a portion of it thrown into a § 1, to contrast with the following : — § 2. Scales of the involucre distinct to the base, the margins heloiv at length more or less involute : central flowers {always ?) sterile, both anthers and ovary imper- fect : stem leafy. 3. R. Muirii, Gray. A span or two high, slender, hirsute, and with some stalked glands above : leaves (about an inch long) linear, with somewhat revolute margins, acute : heads terminal and short-peduncled, and also 2 or 3 lateral ones : involucre campanulate : bristles of the pappus 10 to 12, stouter, fully equalling the corolla in length. In the Sierra Nevada (the station unknown), J. Miiir. Head little over half an inch long. Stem slender, very leafy below, sparsely so above. In habit unlike the genuine species of Raillar- della, but the floral characters accord. The mature akenes are terete, but so they may be when ripe in the original species. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. gig Page 441. 122. LYGODESMIA. 2. L. spinosa, var. cladopappa, Gray ; a state with many of the stiff bristles of the pappus bearing a few slender branches toward the base. Carson Valley, Lemmon, 1875. Specimens by other collectors from the same neighborhood do not show this peculiarity of the pappus, in which, as well as in the rigidity, there is an approach to Chcetadelpha. Page 442. 123. LACTUCA. Lactuca Canadensis, Linn., was collected in a grain-field in Sierra Valley, in the summer of 1875. Being otherwise unknown west of the Rocky Mountains, it was probably a waif or chance- comer. Page 443. Order LI. LOBELIACE.S!. Eeplace the key to the genera under the Tribe LOBELIILE by the following. * Capsule short, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top. 1. Lobelia. Corolla with the more or less elongated tube split from top to bottom on the appar- ently upper side. Stamens free from the corolla. 2. Palmereila. Corolla with a long tube, which is entire at the summit ; the stamens adnate to its upper part. 3. Laurentia. Corolla with a rather long entire tube ; the stamens free from it, except perhaps at the very base. * ♦ Capsule and ovary long and linear, one-celled, opening down the sides. 4. Downingia. Corolla with a very short and entire tube. Prefix no. 5 to Nemacladus. 1. LOBELIA, Linn. Calyx 5-cleft, and with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube split down to the base on one (apparently the upper) side ; the two lobes on that side erect or more separated from the three more united ones ; all the petals sometimes inclined to separate at the base. Anthers and all the upper part of the filaments united around the style : these inserted with the corolla. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the top. Seeds very numerous and small. — Chiefly herbs, of wide geographical distribution ; with racemose or spicate flowers, produced in summer. 1. L. splendens, Willd. Glabrous or nearly so : simple stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves linear- lanceolate, glandular-denticulate : raceme naked, many-flowered : tube of the calyx hemisplierical ; its lobes slenderly linear-subulate : corolla intense red, an inch long ; its lobes (in our plant) only half the length of the tube : two of the anthers strongly bearded at the tip. — Hort. Berol. t. 86. Mountains northeast of San Diego, Cleveland, Pabner. Extends through Arizona to Texas and Mexico, probably only in shaded and moist or wet places. Much resembles the eastern L. cardi- nalis or Cai-dinal-flower. Lobes of the corolla much smaller than in the cultivated and some of the wild Mexican specimens. 2. PALMERBLLA, Gi-ay. Calyx 5-parted down to the turbinate tube, which is wholly adnate to the ovary ; the lobes slenderly linear-subulate. Corolla with its long and straight narrow-cylin- drical tube, entire (at least the upper part), not at all dilated at the throat ; the short lobes abruptly spreading ; two smaller distinct, spatulate-linear and turned back- 620 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. wards ; the other three ohloiig, united at the very base. Filaments (more or less) adnate to near the throat or the upper part of the tube of tlie corolla, then free or further adnate to one side, and monadelphous : anthers oblong, united, three of them naked, two tipped with a small tuft of very unequal rigid bristles. Stigma, ovary, and apparently capsule of Lobelia, of which the plant has the habit, except in the remarkably long tube of the corolla. — Name in acknowledgment of the services to North American Botany rendered by the discoverer. Dr. Edward Palmer, who more than any one else has explored the botany of the region to which it belongs, viz. Arizona, the southern frontiers of the State of California, and Lower California. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 80. 1. P. debilis, Gray. Herb a foot or two high, probably from a perennial root, smooth and glabrous except the inside of the corolla ; stem weak and slender, sim- ple or at length loosely branched : leaves thin (the lowest not seen) : the cauline ones linear-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, entire or rarely a little denticulate, sessile, alternate, above gradually diminished into slender bracts of the several-flowered leafy raceme : limb of the corolla bright blue ; the tube whitish, half or three fourths of an inch long, hairy inside. Var. serrata, Gray. Minutely puberulent, at least toward the summit and the tube of the corolla : leaves almost all acutely serrate, or the upper merely denticu- late ; the lower spatulate or obovate (one or two inches long, sometimes an inch broad) : flowei"s rather few and crowded. Great Canon of the Tantillas Mountains, in Lower California, Sept. 1875, Dr. E. Palmer. The variety, on wet sandstone rocks in the valley of Ojai Creek, Ventura Co., July, 1875, Dr. Roth- rock in Wheeler's Exped. The base of the corolla-tube inclines to break up in age as it were into claws of the five component petals, as in Lobelia splendens, &c. Then the adnate fila- ments become fi'ee below, remaining coalescent above. Page 476. 1. ASCLEPIAS. 7. A. leucophylla, Engelm., var. obtusa, Gray. Wool deciduous, hardly any on the outside of the corolla : leaves oblong, all the lower very obtuse or trun- cate : hoods rather broader and truncate. Bartlett's Canon, near Santa Barbara, Rothrock in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. The hoods in this species and in A. eriocarpa have a lamelliform fold or duplication on each side below near the interior margin. Page 478. 4. LACHNOSTOMA, HBK. Calyx, corolla, fruit, &c., nearly as in Sarcostemma. Crown (in the following species) consisting of a hood-like appendage behind each anther, not unlike that of Asclepias. Anthers short, and the pollen-masses horizontal, otherwise nearly as in Asclepias. — A tropical and subtropical American genus of the Gonolobus tribe, chiefly of twiners ; mostly with opposite cordate and petioled leaves, and small dull-colored flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 767. 1. L. hastulatum, Gray. A slender twining plant, herbaceous or nearly so, clothed with a fine and dense soft pubescence : leaves hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, on a slender petiole : flowers solitary and scattered, nearly sessile, whitish : calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear : corolla 5-parted, the divisions oblong-linear, almost glabrous inside : hoods behind the anthers oblong-obovate, white, acutely 3-toothed at the apex, and with a short triangular-subulate internal horn : follicles fusiform, beset with a few small and soft processes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87. Tantillas Cafion, within the Iwrders of Lower California, Dr. E. Palmer. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 621 Page 483. 4. EUSTOMA, Salisb. Calyx 5 - 6-parted ; the divisions slender-subulate, carinate. Corolla campan- ulate, not appendaged or gland-bearing ; the tube shorter than the 5 or 6 obovate or oblong ample lobes. Filaments filiform, borne in the throat. Anthers oblong, not twisted. Style filiform,' persistent : stigma of 2 broad plates. Capsule ovoid, many- seeded. — Glaucous annuals or biennials ; with oblong partly clasping leaves, and showy slender-peduncled flowers ; the corolla generally sky-blue or lavender-color. Of the two published species, one, E. Russelianum, very ornamental in cultivation, belongs to Texas and adjacent districts. E. gracile, Engelm. ined., of Northern Mexico, is perhaps a slender variety of it. The remaining less showy species is — 1. C exaltatum, Grisebach. A foot or two high : leaves cordate-clasping and often connate, 1 to 3 inches long : corolla about an inch long ; its lobes nearly oblong and only twice the length of the tube : capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. — Lisiantluis exaltatuSy Lam. L. glaucifolius, Jacq. Ic. liar. t. 33. Canon Tantillas, near the southern boundary of the State, Dr. Palmer. Also San Bernardino Co., Parry. Page 500. 5. LCESELIA. 2. L. eSilsa, Gray. Resembles L. tenuifolia, but more diffusely much branched from an annual root : leaves apparently all entire, short-filiform, from half to a fourth of an inch long (but the lowest are wanting) : flowers loosely panicled : calyx- teeth very short, pointed from a broad base : corolla barely half an inch long, " pink " or purple ; the cuneate and truncate obscurely 3-toothed lobes as long as the tube (which little surpasses the calyx) and nearly equalling the declined incurved capillary filaments and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86, where a section, Giliopsis, is proposed for this very Gilia-like species and L. tenuifolia. Tantillas Mountains, within the borders of Lower California, Dr. Palmer. Page 517. . U. NAMA. To the character of the genus add : leaves sometimes toothed. § 3. Perennials, sometimes woody below; the pubescence hispid or hirsute: flouoers densely clustered : leaves toith undulate or sinuate-toothed margins, sessile. 5. N. Rothrockii, Gray. A span or two high from a perennial root, cinereous- pubescent or minutely hirsute and slightly viscid : the stem, calyx, &c., hispid with long and sharp ( Wigandia-VikQ) bristles : leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtusely pinnati- fid-toothed : flowers numerous in a terminal and sessile capitate cluster : sepals hardly at all dilated upward, half an inch long, nearly equalling the corolla : seeds rather few, large (almost a line long), oval, closely reticulate-pitted. Meadows on S. Kern River, at 5,000 feet, Rothrock, in Wheeler's Exped., 1875. Leaves an inch or more long ; the rather prominent pinnate veins running to the sinuses between the strong teeth, and there forking. Corolla whitish or purplish. Ovary and 2-celled capsule somewhat hii-sute. Most remarkable in the genus for the toothing of the leaves and for the almost stinging hairs, like those of Wigandia. But the narrow funnelform corolla and the habit are those of Navia. 6. N. Parryii, Gray. Six feet high ! from a woody stout base : leaves linear, villous-hirsute throughout, numerously pinnately veined and somewhat bullate, the margins revolute and undulate or repand : flowers unilateral and at length densely spicate on the few branches of the compact scorpioid cyme : sepals nearly filiform, little surpassing the oval capsule : seeds oval, half a line long, minutely marked with narrow tmnsverse reticulations. 622 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. On the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, Parry, Dec. 1875, in fruit only. Leaves on new shoots 2 or 3 inches long and only 2 or 3 lines wide. Cymes apparently pedun- culate. Capsule and calyx only 2 lines or so in length. Stem Wigandia-\\k&, over half an inch in diameter at base, decidedly woody, but with a large pith. Page 550, 3. ANTIRRHINUM. 8, A. Nuttallianum, var. efiiisum, Gray, Climbing over bushes, 5 feet high : flowering branches paniculate : pedicels all hliform and longer than the flowers : ribs of the seeds less wing-like : calyx-lobes rather less unequal. Jamuel Valley, southeast of San Diego, Dr. Pahncr, Page 556. 8. PENTSTEMON. 14'. P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray, A span or more high, pruinose-puberulent or below glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, and the lowest spatulate or oval, an inch or two long : flowers racemose-thyrsoid, rather crowded and numer- ous : pedicels and mostly the peduncles short and glandular-pubescent : corolla pur- ple or whitish, half an inch or more in length, tubular-funnelform : anthers not opening widely : sterile filament dilated and bearded at the tip. — Proc, Am. Acad, vi. 60; Watson, Bot. King. Exp. 218. Sierra Nevada, on a high mountain near Donner Pass ( Torrey) ; Utah, Fremont. A smoother and taller variety (Parryi), Nevada, Watson, Wheeler, &c. After no. 17, add a fifth subdivision, as follows : — ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Corolla scarlet, tubular ; its upper lip erect and 2-toothed ; the lower reflexed and 3-parted. 17'. P. barbatus, Nutt., var, labrosus, Gray. Entirely glabrous, somewhat glaucous : stems virgate, 2 feet high or more : lowest leaves oblanceolate ; the upper narrowly linear ; panicle slender and raceme-like : sepals ovate, short : corolla an inch and a half long ; its lips half an inch or more ; the upper oblong and concave, barely 2-lobed at the tip ; the lower 3-parted into linear divisions ; these and the throat glabrous, as also the stamens and style : anther-cells divaricate, never spread- ing open, the inner portion of the line of dehiscence remaining cl'osed. On Mount Pinos, south of Tejon, at 7,000 feet, Rothrock in Wheeler's Expcd., 1875. A remark- able fonn, seemingly, of P. barbatus, agi'eeing with the var. Torreyi of New Mexico and Colorado in the want of beard ; but the lobes of the lower lip remarkably long and narrow. The tube of the corolla appeal's to have been yellowish, the lips scarlet. Page 575. 17. ORTHOCARPUS. Chloropyron palnstre, Behr in Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 62, 66, is some one of the species of this genus, vaih. reduced anther-cells ; perhaps 0. faucibarbatus or 0. floribundus. Page 581. 18. CORDYLANTHUS. 3. C. filifolius, Nutt. The ripe seeds are ovate or oval ; the coat close, and in the dry state lineate-reticulated under a lens with innumerable slender wavy lines or wrinkles : embryo little shorter than the nucleus, the cotyledons orbicular. The ovules are slender, tapering to the apex, which is coiled into a helix. Var. brevibracteatus, Gray. Tall and stouter, glabrous u]} to the floral leaves ; these hirsute-ciliate and all shorter than the flowers, more dilated, and not gland- tipped : cauline leaves not seen. Near Soda Spring on Kern Eiver, at 8,500 feet, Rothrock in "Wheeler's Exped., 1875, A rather smooth fonn collected by D. Cleveland near San Diego approaches this. INDEX. Namrs of OnnEns and SinoRPrRS in small capitjils, of Genera and Sections in Roman lower case, and Sininnymy in Italics. Alirotnnnm, 403. Ahiitilon, 87. Acacia, 16,3. Accna, 186. A<;ann>tn|iappns, 304. ACANTIIACK.B, f>^l . Acanthoniintha, 596; yicnnfhonifcJn'a, 72. Acarph^a, 391. Acer, 107. AcrrnJrs, 476, 477. AnKlMNF.^-, 106. Achillea, 400. ArhiHra, 381. Achlys, 15. Acliyrachsena, 371. Acliyronyehia, 72. Acoina, .356. Aconitum, 12. Acourlin, 422. Act-ea, 12. Actinella, 3!>3. Aetinolepis, 377. AdenocaiiIf;s(ulus, 106. Aqnrifilfi, 'i'l't. yhlTafum, 388. Ajiriinoiiia, 185. Acrimony, 185. Alar(;onia, 349. Alchemilla, 185. Alfalfa. 132. AKilaria, 94. Al^^aroliia, 16.3. Alloseris. 42".t. Allotropn. 461. Alsine, 69. Alum-root, 200. Alyssum, 27. ATnaiiria, 385. AniblyopappuR, 385. Amyoualk.'K, 164. Ambrosia, 344. Amhrosin, 34.5, 346. Amelanchier, 189. American Ijaurel, 456. Amida, 360. Annnannia, 21 4. Aniniobronia, 464. Amnioflia, 3i)0. Aniorplia. 140. Ampliia.liyris, ,302. A in/>hi/i'i/i/)iipap|>n9, 310, 613. ,ti>lof,„pp„.t, 304, 311, :n.5, 321, 323. ArncYNACF..*;, 472. .Xpocynnm, 473. Apple, 188. Apple of Peru, 537. A<|uilegia, 9. Arabis, 31. Aralia, 273. AllALIACKvF,, 273. Arbutus, 451. Arhiiliis, 453. Arctomecon, 21. Arctostapbylos, 452. Arennria, 68. Argemone, 21. Anneri.i, 465. Ariiii-a, 414. Aionia, 190. A mm in, 385. Arrow -wood, 335. Artemisia, 40'2, 618. Arlrminn, 401, 402. Articlioke, 417. AnuKus, 170 Asnijnrn, 14:<. .\s( i,F.riADA< ^ F.. 474. Asclcfiias, 474, 620. Axrirpins, 477. Asli. 472. Aster, 321, 614. Axtir. 303, 321, 326, 331. .Astragalus, 144. A-ihnpliiff., 160. .\taniisqnrPA, 50. .\trnia, 2.59. .Xtiajjene, 3. AuIm rxine, 538. AudilxTtia, 600. Awl wort, 4.3. Azalea, 458. Ha-vbaris, 332, 614. I'leria, 375. Hahia, 379. H'f/iut, 379. liiifiiripsi.t, 354. Hnileva, 373. Balsam, 93. Ualsam-root, 347. Balsjunorhi/A, 347. Haneberry, 12. Barbarea, 40. Bar^K-rry, 14. Barkhausia, 438. Bartonia, 236. Unrlxia, 575, 577. Batrachium, 5. Bearln-ny, 453. Bedstraw, 282. Hflhrdia, 423. Bellflower, 447. BelojMM-one, 588. BKURKIMDACEiB, 14. Berberis, 14, Brrgrlln, 80. Ber«,Ma, 80. Uerginia, 583. Bemla, 260. Bi.lens, 357. Bifi-Root, 240. Bigelovia, 314, 613. Hitjnnniii, 587. Bn;N<>\MArF,;K, 586. BillK'rry, 450. Bindweed, 53.3. Biscutrlla, 48. Bla.k Ni^dit'ibade, 538. inackberrv. 171 Bladder Nnt, 108. Blaod, 43. Bladd.Mwort, 586." Bleunosj>erma, 395. Blijibaripappns, 357. lUrpfiJirip'ippiis, 368. Blepliari/onia, 366. Blne-.urls. 608. Boisdnvalia, 233. Bolan.lra. 196. liolirnrlii, 471. Boi:ka(;i\ \( k f. 518. lioschniakia, 585. Bowlesia. 255. lV>xKld.r. 108. Bovkinia. 195. Bra-liyactis. 326. lirnrhiirin, 302. Brasenia, 16. Brassii'a, 39. lirrirrrin/r, 69. Brickellia, 299, 613. Brooklime, 572. Brookweed, 470. Brunella, 604. Bryantbus, 456. Bn. klx'an, 485. r.ii.keye, 106. Buektiiorn, 100. Buddleia, 48.5. Hii/hai/if'is, 299, 409. Bidliarda, 209. Bnphthnhnum,, 348. BurCIover, 133. Bur- Marigold, 357. Burnet, 186. Burning-bush, 98. Burrielia, 374. Bnrriclia, 375, 379. ButttTCUp, 6. 624 INDEX. Buttcrwort, .ISB, Button-lnish, 281. Biitton Hnakcroot, 255. Cncnlin, 301. CACTACK.K, 242. CflEnotns, 331, Ci*:MAt,HNEi?;, 113. Cnlabazilla, 239. Calais, 423. Calnininth, .506. Calamintha, 596. Calandrinia, 74. Cairfi-Hcad, 18. California Lilar,, 102. Callinrhyrin, 370. ("allirhroa, 369. ('nllifilossa, 370. Vnllirrhm, 83. Callitrichc, 215. Calooalais, 426. Caltha, 9. Cftlyradenia, 364. CAI.YCANTIIArEiK, 190. CalycanthiiR, 191. Calj'coscris, 431. ("fllyptiidimn, 78. Calystrfjt/i, 633. Comnrostaphylis, 454. Campanula, 447. Campanula, 446. Campanulace*, 445. Campion, 62. Cmnpyloccra, 446. Cancer-root, 584. Canrhalagna, 479. Candlcwood, 79. Cunotia, 190. Caiiftia, 493, 496, 498. Cnpvorchix, 24. Capparidaoe^, 49. Caprarur., 571. Capri roLiACE.^, 277. Caprifolium, 280. CapscUa, 44. Cajisicum, 539. Cardamine, 30. Cardiospcrmum, 106. Cardiiu.i, 419, 420. Carpentaria, 203. Carpetwced, 252. Carjihcphonis, 30l. Carphrphnruft, 408. Carrot, 272. Carroway, 259. Canim, 259. Cauyophyi-laceje, 61. Cassia, 161. Cassiope, 455. Castill.'ia, 578. Catchfly, 62. C^atnip, 590. Caucalis, 272. Cautanthus, 36. Cayenne Pepper, 639. Ceanothus, 102. Celastrace*, 98. Cclnstrus, 98. Celery, 258. Ccntanrea, 421. ('(•iituiiculnH, 469. Cephaliuitlms, 281. (,'erastr's, 104. Ccrastiiini, 66. Ol-nsuR, 107. ('emtophyllnm, 216. Ccrcidivm, 162. Ccrris, IrtO. ("erco<;ai*pus, 174. Ccreiis, 246. Chsennctis, 388. Chnrnphyllnw, 263. C'lifTtadripha, 429. Chaniirlwtia, 173. rhamfrlMitiaria, 170. ("hiimaphysalis, 541. < 'hamii'siiracha, 540. Chaniiso, 184. Chamomile, 400. Chnrlock, 40. Cltriranthndnidron, 88. ClieimnthuR, 35. Cliclone, 556. Cborry, 166. Cherry Tomato, 538. Chia, .598. Chiralote, 21. duckweed, 66, 67. Chile, 539. Chile Colomdo, 540. Chili Cojot/^, 240. Chilopsi's, .587. Chiniaphila, 459. Chimmiiflivs, 472. Chlnrnpyrnn, 622. Choke Cherry, 167. Chrysanthemum, 401. Chrysnhntrya, 207. Chryso<'apnos, 24. Chrysnr.nmn, 317. Chrysopsis, 309. Chrympxh, 329. Cli rysnfh-mnnux, 31 4. Chylismia, 227. Cknidia, 480. Ciouta, 260. Circea, 234. Cirsinm, 417. CisTAcK^:, 54. Clackia, 231. Clnririrrn, 299. Claytouin, 75. Cleavers, 282. Clematis, 2. Cleome, 51. Cleomella, 51. ClifT-Rose, 175. Clintnnifi, 444. Clotbur, 346. Clover, 125. Cneoridium, 97. Cnicus, 417. Cobrea, 485. Cocklebur, 346. Cninngyne,, 372. Coldenia, 520. f'oleofjyne, 174. CoUinsia, 552. Collinsia, 5;»6. ( oUomia, 487. Col/omia, 4!>2. Cobnnbine, 9. Comarum, 180. Compos I TiR, 28^. Con an thus, 515. Cone-flower, 347. Cmiinthclc, 395. Conitim, 258. C'()NV()i,vui-AfE«, 532. 'onvolvuliis. ,533. <'ony7ji, ,332. < 'on'lylanthus, 580, 622. Coreocarpus, 3.56. ( 'oicomia, 3,5.5. <'"ntlirojuntia, 249. Cymopterus, 266. Cynapium, 264. ('i/nnpiuni, 271. f'vnara, 417. f'ynoglossum, 530. ('ifnnatura, 543. Daucus. 272. Jhiiirus, 273. Dead-Nettie, 590. Dcljihiiiiutn, 10. DDidroniccon, 22. Dcntjiria, 20. Ilrntiirin, 31. Desert -Willow, 687. Deweya, 2.57. Dicen'tra, 23. Dich.Tt., 376. Diehoii.lni, .5,32. Diclipti>ra, 589. Dicona, 615. IHrtrrin, 322. Dipl.iens, 565. J>ipli)IHippiis, 321, 322, 329. DiPsACEi*;, 287. Dii)sacus, 287. Dilhirtrn, 48. Dodder, 535. Dode()gwooT-aba, 27. Di-acunculns, 404. !>raperia, 50.5. Drosrra, 213. DRDSKItACF.V,, 212. Drymaria, 62. Dusty Miller, 410. Duteli Clover, 129. Dyer's Weed, 53. />ysvi icod^on , 446. Dvsodia, 397. Kfitonella, 379. FHrvrrin, 210. Kcliidocarya, 519. K'/n II ais,' 420. K.liinella, 8. Ivliinocactus, 244. Ivbinoccreus, 246. luliiiiorys/is, 241. Erhiiinjiannr, 278. Kehinospermum, 629. Erhiiwspcnmim, 528. Fichino.sphaee, 599. Edosmia, 259. Eddya, 520. Eggplant, 538. Elaphoeera, 495. Fil.ATINACK^., 80. Klatine, 80. Ehtinr, 80. Elder, 277. Enimia., 54. Ellisia, 504. Emmenanthe. 514. INDEX. 625 Emplcctorlaiius, 168. Kiircliii, :{51, 616. Kiiirliii, 3.'i4. Eiichaiitor'H NighU shaflr, 2.'}4. En.livr-, 42-2. Kpilohiiim, 218. K)iiiiii-iliii\n, 1,5. Krciniastnnn. 306. Ekhacf..*;, J 48. Kricnmrrin, .113, 314. Kri^«>rnn, .126. Eritfrnn, .'52.'», 332. Kiiodii-tyon, 518. Erioffipiin, 171. Eri'ipnppu.i, 368. E!io|ihyllniu, 380, Eritiifliitini, ,525, Erodiuin, P4. Eiynjjiiini, 2r)5. Eiysinmni, 38. Erifxinni.in, 36, 41. Eiyllinra. 470. Esilisrholtziiv, 22. Esjirlptia, 348. Eiiraly|)tus, lf>l. EiKhniirliiim, 232. Eiifhrnmn, .576. F^ncniflc, 237. Eiirrypte, 505. Enlolms, 221. EunnnnA, 564. Eimnnitx, 66.3. Euoiiymna, 98. Enpatorium. 299. E>ir]iptrra,, 269. Eiistonia, 621. Enthaniia, 318. Eutora, 508. Extoca, 513, 614, 615. Evax. 337. Evc?)iii^ Primrose, 223. EvcrlasfiiiR. 340, 341. Evolviilu.s, 532. Erncnm, 480. Fapotiia, 92. Fallngia, 175. Fatsia, 273. Fnizlia, 490. Ferula, 271. FieninK;K, 250. Firhtfji, 423. Fifj- Mary gold, 261. Figwfirt, 552. Filago, 338. Fivp-fiiig(!r, 177, Flax, 89. Flax-I)otalon, 108. (nvosnia. 262. Giy.yrrliiza, 1 43. t«plinra, 431, Gnaplialiiun. :!41. Gnnphaliiim, 338, 339, 341. Gol)criiarlora, 92, (Jwlftia, 228. Goinj»hocarpuR, 477. Goowlicrry, 480. Gossypiutn, 82, Grajle, 105. Gras.s-of- Pamawjus, 201 . Gratiola, 570. Grrck Valerian, 499. Grintlelia, 303. Grotiiwell, 522. Grossnlari.a, 204. Groumi <'hi"<, 36 1 , Harpagoinlla, ."(31. Hartniannia, 3fil. Hnrtmannia, 370. Hnwkwecd, 440. Hnirnifxi, 595, 598. Hedge- Hys.sop, 570. iiedxi-' • Mujstaitl, i.(L.. . Hedge- Nettle, 605. Mel.niiim. 392. If, /r>,, II III, .381. Heliaiithella, .352. Meli.'Mitliemuni, 54. Heliaiitiius, 352. 616. Uriiiiiiihiis, 350, 354. Hrliup'iix, 348. II.dio»i..|>e, .521. Ileljotropiutn, 521, llrl.uiytu, 299. f/i/nxii/niiuw, 259, 260. Iletiiiptilium, 427. Ileiiiistegia, 581. Urmilnints, 464. Ilenn/onella, 360. Heniizojiia, 361, »>16. Ifriiiizimia, 360, 361, 367. I f cm p- Nettle, 590. Ifi-radeum, 271. Jlrrjifsli'i, 669. Iles|i<'rastnim, 322. llsjiermum, 357. H.t.Tiitlieca, .308. lieu, hera, 200. If'Urhrril, 197, 199. Ililiisriis, 87. Ilid.oiido, 92. HiciMiiiijii, 440. Hii niriiiin, 434. Ilipp!iri><, 215. Ifot'm.istcria, 298. Ilmtzin, 493, Hologyinnc, 384, noniiilnhiuf^ 1,53. Ifnino/Hipptct, 312. Money iMtwquit, lfi3, HoneVsiiekle, 280. Hoj. tr-e, 97, H.iKJiound, 604. lIorkrliH, 181. Ilorhlix, 183. Morse. Iicatnut, 106. Morsf radish, 43. Mos.i. ki.i, 1.33. Mound s-tonguc, 630. Mugelia, 496. Mulsea. 385. Ilutrhin.tia, 42. MYnilANOIBi15, 192. Mydro<<.tyle, 254. MYI»U, 9. Iv.i, 343, 615. Ivcsi,a, 182. firsi't, 182. Jiirohhiin, 589. Jawi.tia, 428. .laumea, 371. .Icwcl-weed, 9,3. .ludns-tree, 160. .Iiinelierry, 189. .lussiipa, 217. K'lllinrtix, 347. k'nff.sfrmiiin, 91. Kalmia, 4.56. Karwiiiskia, 100. Kclloggia, 282. K' nlntplnjtn, 156, Kiiitiikinick, 453. Kraineria, 59. Kryiiitzkiii, 527. Kulinioi<|es, 301. Eifmnp/nira, 439. Labiat/k. ,589. liabnulor Te.a, 458. F/ice-|K»d, 49. liMly's Mantle, 185. Lagophylla, 367. I>agotlmmnus, 407. liapbaniia, 396. larkspur, 10, liarrea, 92. Laathenin, 384. Lfi-ifJicnui, 382. IjathyniH, 158. Ijaurel, 356. Laurentia, 443. Laurwemsus, 168. Ijavatera, 82. Layia, 368. Ledum, 458. 626 INDEX. LKOITMIVOfS^, 111. lyf-na Hinaiilla, 15. licnnoa, 464. LksnoatK;*-,, 464. LKNTiniihAuiK*, 586. Lrontodnn, \'W, 440. Fieoimnis, 500. Le.piilanthus, 401. Ijepidinm, 45. Lr./)ulnnrtnii, 423. ly»picttti«-.-, 422", 442. l^iCHi-anthomum, 401. I/Citronr.ris, 434. JjCUfothoc, 455. l/cwisia, 78. Lignsticnm, 264. Lilac, 102. LiiDimnthcs, 95. liiiiiosella, 571. Linages, 88. Linanthns, 490. liinaiia, 548. Liiinasa, 278. Linmijrix, 314, 408. Lintiin, 89. Livtnn, 54. Lippia, 609. Li(jHoricc, 143. Liainnthv^, 621. Litliophragma, 197. Lithosiyrmum, 522. Lilhoxpcrmum, 524, 627. Litlinea, 111. LoASACK.*;, 235. Iy:>l)adiutn, 110. Lolx-lia, 619. Lobelia, 444. LoBEUACK^., 443, 619. Loeflingia, 71. I^ocsHia, 500, 621. liOr.ANiArF,*;, 485. I/Oiiiocra, 280. Ijooscstrife, 214. Lophanthus, 602. Lotm, 135, 137. liOnsewort, 582. Lucerne, 132. Lndwigia, 217. liuina, 408. Lupine, 115. Lupinellua, 125. Lupinus, 116. Ltitkea, 171. Lychnis, 64. Lycinm, 542. Lycopersicum, 63.8. Lycopsix, 522. Tjyropns, 592. I2. Maple, 107. Mnrnh, 241. Marcs Tiiil, 215. Maniilntim, 604. Marsh rcnnywort, 254. Marsh Hoscniary, 465. Martynia, 587. Mnruin, 401. Matricaria, 401. MauraiKlclla, .'iSO. Mnnrnniiift, 550, 551. May-Ai)ple, 16. May- Weed. 401. Meadow Sw.i't, 169. Meconclla, 20. Me<<)nopsi.s, 21. Medieago, 132. Megala.'^truni, 323. Megarrhiza, 240. Mr/nndn/nm, 64. Melilotiis, 132. Melothfia, 240. Mcno7. Own Inn tin IX, 402. fhnafn/fs, 402 ()NA(;r.A« i.,»;, 216. Opsin )i//ii.i, 232. Opuntia, 247. Oregon- Ash, 47 J. < tregon < rab- Apple, 1 88. Ori'gon (Jrajv. 15. Orritphiht, 9i». OlSrinAM 1IA( R.F., 58,3. Ornhnvrhr, 584. 58.5. Ornhiis, 160. Orthocnrpua, 575, 622. Orv't.s. .541. Osiiin(/t)iin, 365. Osmonhiza, 261. Oso Merry, 168. Onriftin, 516. O.x-eye Daisy, 401. f).\alis, 96. O.rjipnppiis, 378. Oxystvlis, 53. Oxytenia, 343. Oxytri|)olinni, 325. Oxytropis, 144. ih-f/uni, 370. PnihtijHirlinm, 37. Pachvstima, 98. Pad us, 167. I'iPonia, 13. I'ainted-Cup, 573. Talafoxia, 3f<7. I'alnierella, 619. I'apaver, 19. I'aIVW F.KA( E^,, 18. I'arabryanthus, 456. Parkinfbnia, 161. Parnassia, 201. I'nrni) i/ckin , 72. Pai-sley, 258. Pear, 188. Pcariwort, 70. Peavine, 158. Pectis, 399, 617. Pectocarya, 631. Pedicularis, 582. Pelargonium, 93. Pentaca^na, 72. Pentaehreta, 305. Pcntstenion, 556, 622. Peppcr-gra.ss, 45. Pcpi)crmint, 592. Perezia, 422. Perityle, 396. Petnlonyx, 238. Pctaioptemon, 141. Petasites, 406. TNDEX. 627 rrfrophytitm, 170. Pet nil in, r>4r.. PiMi(((l;uinni, 267. roii'TpJivlInni, 409. Phafn, i46, 148-151, 155. Phncclia, 506. Ph'treJin, 505, 515. Phrtwfnni'r, 2^2. riiiilacrolonin, 331. Phfilai'inspris. 423. PhAipin^ .r,S4^ 5S5, Phrlhnidriiim, 2fi4. Pliilaaj>pns, 354. Piihtiminriti, 523. Pnlsatilla, 3. Pnrsliia, 173. Purslane, 73. Pvcnantliemnm, 5P2. i'vrola, 460. P'urola, 4.*>9, 46n. Pinrncmna, 311, 312, 315. Radish, 49. Pafines-inia, 429. Hngwcfnl, 344. Haillnnlella, 416, 618. RANfNIltt.ACF.it;, 2. Rannneulns, 5. Kaphanns, 49. Raspl>enT, 171. Rattleweed, 144. Re.l-btid, 160. Red Clover, 128. Redwood, 104. Rellmninm, 283. Reseda, 53. Rf-skoack.^, 53. RirAMNACK.f., 99. Rhamnns, 100. Rliodoion-(!ra.s.s, 522. Scoizonella, 424. Srvivum, 208. Seiiebiera, 48. Seneeio, 410, 618. Srjifrio, 434. Senna, 161. Serieorarpns, 31 P. Sirirotfrnphis, 589. Reriphidium, 40.5. Scrvice-I erry, 189. Sr.vh; 268. Sesavium, 251. Sheplierds Pnrse, 44. Sfiorfi'i, 37S. Siblialdia, 180. Sida, 86. Sidfi, 83, 84, 87. Sidaleca, 83. Siriyrnia, 1 76. Sileiie, 62. Silybiini, 421. Silk weed, 474. Simsin, 351. SinnpiJt, 39. Siplioralyx, 207. Si|)lionella, 492. .•>isyiiibrinni, 40. Sinni, 261. Si II 111, 260. Sknil.'ap, 602. Small Manzanita, 453. Sinelowskia, 42. S'liiffnii'xHrt, 41. Sna|Mli-agon, 548. Sii.fze-wee.l, 392. Snow-I'lant, 462. .Snowlx-rry, 279. Siiowlnisb, 103. Sni.ANA* F,.F,, .537. Solannm, 538. Sill mi inn, 538. S.>li.lag».. 318. Sniiihiifn, .114. Soliva, 40(5. Soiichiis, 442. Soiirkii.t, 412. .Sopliora, 1 1 4. Sorbns, 189. Sow-Thistle, 442. Spanish Needles, 357. .Spearmint, 592. S|MMnlaria, 446. Speedwell, 572. Spergnla, 70. Sprrijnln, 70. SfhTfiu/'irin, 71. Sphaeele, 598. Sphn'noscindinm., 265. Spha'raleea, 86. Sphcernlcca, 87. Sph/rrn merin, 617. Sph.'Prostigma, 226. Spikenard, 27.3. Spilnvihr!*, 397. Spill. lie-tree, 98. Spira>a, 169. Spirit a, 171. Spragnea, 77. Stachys, 605. Stanleya, 38. Stnphylca, 108. Star-flower, 468. Star-Thistle, 421. Statiee, 465. Sfafirr, 465. Sfrt/nncarpim, 620. Stellaria, 67. Steniofron, 422. Tree Mnllow, 82. Tree Stramonitim, 543. Tribnln.s, 91. Tricardia, 515. Trircrnx/rs, 242. Trirfioph>//htm. 381. Trichoptilium, 395. Triehostema, 606. Trientalis, 468. Trifolium, 125. Tri])hysaria, 578. Tripoliwni, 325, 326. Tro[weoluin, 93. TropiMm, 44. Troximon, K57. 'i'i\( kernianiriii, 356. Turnip, 3'.i. Turnsole; 521. Turrit is, 41. Tum/iujo, 407. Twin -flower, 278. rMRKLt.IFF.I!*, 252. rnit;orn-]>]ant, 587. rroiHtpjms, 427. Uslnrin, 551. rtnc.ulariii, 586. I'va-ursi, 4."i3. V^aeciniuni. 450. Valerian 286. Valerian i. 286. Vai.kui \N\( !•:-«, 286. Vancouvcriii, 16. V^enegasiii, 372. Verlwiscum, 548. Verlx'ua. 608. VerV)ena-sliriib, 609. Veubknack^,, 607. Venbesina, 3r>0. Veronica, 572. Vervain, 608. Vesicaria, 43. fcsiatria, 47. Vetch, 157. Vibnmuni, 278. Vicia, l.'>7. Viguieni, 354. fu/ar.iiff, l>\7. Vine-Maple, 107. Viola, 5.5. VioLA( KK, 54. Violet, :>'' Virgaurea, 318. VITACK.T., 105. Vitis, 105. IVahlenhrrfjia, 448. Water-Cres.s, 43. Water Hemlock, 260. Water Horehound, 592. W.iter Milfoil. 215. Wnter I'aisnip, 216. Watcr-Shi.ld. 16. Waterleaf, 502. Weld, 53. Western Mountain Ash, 189. Whipplea, 203. White Clover, 129. White Daisy, 401. White-weed", 401. Whitlavia, 513. Whitui vn, 374. U-ina.i'.ho, 518. WiidMo,k( herrv, 167. Willi (nl.bnge. 36. Wild ( luirv, 167. Willi I'lnni; 167. Wild Kadish, 49. Willow- Herb, 218. Winter ( 'ress, 40. Wintergiccn, 454, 460. Wisli/enia. 52. Ilifhoni.f, 540. Wood-Anemone, 4. Woo". "? ■■; ^.- f ' . ' ■^ ,r ■,:-->yi-- , .": " ■ - J." * I ~